AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY,
MEMOIK III.
THE
ATOLL OF FUNAFUTI,
ELLICE GROUP:
ITS ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ETHNOLOGY, AND
GENERAL STRUCTURE
BASED ON COLLECTIONS MADE BY
AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,
SYDNEY, N.S.W.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
R. ETHERZDGE, Junr., Curator.
SYDNEY, 1896-97.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
THE Local Committee of the " Funafuti Coral Reef Boring
Expedition, of the Royal Society " (London), in charge of
Prof. Sollas, LL.D., F.R.S., having suggested to the Trustees
of the Australian Museum that one of their Officers should be
deputed to accompany the Expedition, Mr. Charles Hedley was
selected for the purpose.
Mr. Hedley left Sydney in H.M.S. "Penguin," under the
command of Capt. Mervyn Field, R.N., on May 1st, arriving at
Funafuti on May 21st. He remained on the island for two and
a half months, leaving in the same vessel. On the return voyage
to Fiji, the Island of Nukulailai was touched at, where scientific
investigations were renewed for two days. Mr. Hedley finally
reached Sydney on August 22nd.
During his stay on Funafuti, Mr. Hedley succeeded in amassing
an interesting collection, particularly of Invertebrate and Ethno-
logical objects, together with much valuable scientific information.
The collections are now in process of description by the Scientific
Staff of the Museum, and the results are being published in the
order in which the study of the various groups is completed.
A brief account of the results of the boring operations at
Funafuti, extracted from Prof. Sollas' letters, will be found in
"Nature" of 24th Sept., 1896, p. 517.
R. ETHERIDGE, Junr.,
Curator.
Sydney, 21st December, 1896.
AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY.
MEMOIR III.
THE
ATOLL OF FUNAFUTI,
ELLICE GROUP:
ITS ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ETHNOLOGY, AND
GENERAL STRUCTURE
BASED ON COLLECTIONS MADE BY
AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM,
SYDNEY, N.S.W.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
R. ETHERIDGE, Junr., J.P., Curator.
SYDNEY, 1896-1900.
DU
M
Part I. Published 21st December, 1893.
Page. Plate.
Introductory Note ... ... 1
I. General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. By
Charles Hedley 1
II. Eock Specimens from Funafuti. By T.
Cooksey ... ... ... 73
III. Aves from Funafuti. By A. J. North ... 79
Part n. Published 25th February, 1897.
IV. The Insect Fauna. By W. J. Rainbow ... 89 i.
V. The Arachnidan Fauna. By W. J. Eainbow 105 ii. - v.
VI. The Crustacea By Thomas Whitelegge ... .127 vi. -vii.
VII. The Echinodermata. By Thomas Whitelegge 155
Part HI. Published 12th July, 1897.
VIII. The Mammals, Reptiles, and Fishes of
Funafuti. By Edgar R. Waite 165 viii.
IX. The Enteropneusta of Funafuti, Part I. By
Jas P. Hill 203 ix.
X. The Alcyonaria of Funafuti, Part I. By
Thomas Whitelegge 211 x.-xii.
Part IV. Published 27th September, 1897.
XI. The Ethnology of Funafuti. By Charles
Hedley 227 xiii.-xv.
Part V. Published 17th November, 1897.
XII. The Alcyonaria of Funafuti, Part 2. By
Thomas Whitelegge 307 xvi.-xvii.
XIII. The Sponges of Funafuti. By Thomas
Whitelegge 323 xviii.
XIV. The Enteropneusta of Funafuti, Part 2. By
Jas. P. Hill ., . 336xix.-xxii.
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Part VI. Published 21st February, 1898.
Page. Plate.
XV. The Madreporaria of Funafuti. By Thomas
Whitelegge 349
Part VII. Published 6th March, 1899.
XVI. The Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Actinozoa and
Vermes. By Thomas Whitelegge and
James P. Hill 369 xxiii.
XVII. TheMolluscaof Funafuti, Parti. By Charles
Hedley 395 xxvii.
Part VIII. Published 3rd July, 1899.
XVIII. The Mollusca of Funafuti, Part II. By Charles
Hedley 489
XIX. Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti 511
Part IX. Published 7th August, 1899.
XX. The Fishes of Funafuti (Supplement). By
Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S 539
XXI. The Mollusca of Funafuti (Supplement). By
Charles Hedley 547
Part X. Published 16th May, 1900.
Title Page, Contents, and Index 571
LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTOR.
Cooksey, Thomas Page
Rock Specimens 73
Etheridge, B., Junr.
Introductory Note ... ... ... ... I.
Medley, Charles-
General Account of the Atoll 1
The Ethnology 227
The Mollusca, Part 1 395
The Mollusca, Part II 489
The Mollusca (Supplement) 547
Hedley, Charles, and others-
Summary of the Fauna ... .... 511
Hill, James P. -
The Enteropneusta, Part 1 203
The Enteropneusta, Part II 336
North, Alfred J.
Aves 79
Rainbow, W. J.-
The Insect Fauna 89
The Arachnidan Fauna 105
Waite, Edgar E.-
The Mammals, Beptiles, and Fishes 165
The Fishes of Funafuti (Supplement) 539
Whitelegge, Thomas
The Crustacea 127
The Echinodermata 155
The Alcyonaria, Part 1 213
The Alcyonaria, Part II 307
The Sponges 323
The Madreporaria 349
Whitelegge, Thomas, and James P. Hill-
The Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes 371
LIST OF THE PLATES.
[NOTE. For the convenience of those who prefer to bind the Plates
with the text, rather than at end of the volume, the pages which
they should face are indicated in margin.]
Plate. To face Pag e
I. Insects 92
II. Arachnids 108
III. Arachnids 112
IV. Arachnids .'. 116
V. Arachnids 120
VI. Crustacea 134
VII. Crustacea 144
VIII. Mammals and Fishes 166
IX. Enteropneusta 206
X. Alcyonaria 216
XL Alcyonaria 218
XII. Alcyonaria ... 224
XIII. Method of putting on a " tukai " dress 240
XIV. Method of scraping coconut with the "twaikarea" 262
XV. Canoe and appurtenances 280
XVI. Alcyonaria 308
XVII. Alcyonaria 314
XVIII. Sponges 326
XIX. Enteropneusta 336
XX. Enteropneusta 338
XXI. Enteropneueta 342
XXII. Enteropneusta 344
XXIII. Hydrozoa 372
XXIV. Zoantharia 385
XXV. Zoantharia 386
XXVI. Zoantharia 388
XXVII. Zoantharia ., .390
CORRECTIONS.
Page iii., paragraph 2, line 2 -for " Mervyn " read " Mostyn.
9, 4, line I for " Mervyn " read " Mostyn."
20, foot-note for " 1844" read " 1884, p. ."
71, paragraphs, line 4 for " supplied '' read " applied."
97, line 6 for " Nob " read " Latr."
98, line 17 for " Nob " read " Macq."
155, heading, above Echinodermata, read, " [VII.] "
220, line 34 for " VIRIDE " read " VIBIDIS."
231, line 2 for " genealologies" read " genealogies.'
250, foot-note -for " ix." read " xi."
276, foot-note t for " 1897" read " 1887."
301, foot-note * for " 1876 " read " 1878."
389, paragraphs, line 1 add after fig. 2, "and Plate xxvii., fig. 1.'
389, 4, line 3 /or "fig. 6" read "fig. 2."
389, 4, line 7 /or " fig. 7 " read " fig. 1."
390, 3, line 2 for " fig. 8 " read " Plate xxvii., fig. 2."
390, 3, line 10 delete "&g. 8."
392, 2, line 4 for " perceptable " read " perceptible."
398, 2, line 4- for " indicate " read " indicates."
398, 4, line 4 for " have " read " has."
,, 399, 4, lineS for " reject " read " rejects."
528, line 16 for " davidi " read " davidis."
530, line 38 for " Chiridota " read " Chirodota."
CATALOGUE SLIPS.
MAIN SERIES ENTRY.
Australian Museum, Sydney, Memoir iii. The Atoll of
Funafuti, Ellice Group : Its Zoology, Botany, Ethnology,
and General Structure, based on Collections made by Mr.
Charles Hedley, of the Australian Museum. Published by
order of the Trustees. R. Etheridge, Junr., Curator.
1 vol. 8vo., Sydney, 1896-1900-
CONTENTS.
PART 1. Introductory Note.
General Account, by C. Hedley.
Eock Specimens, by T. Cooksey.
Aves, by A. J. North. 21st Dec. 1896
PART 2. The Insect Fauna, by W. J. Rainbow.
The Arachnidan Fauna, by W. J. Rainbow.
The Crustacea, by Thomas Whitelegge.
The Echinodermata, by Thomas Whitelegge. 25th Feb. 1897
PART 3. The Mammals, Reptiles, and Fishes, by Edgar R. Waite.
The Enteropneusta, Part I., by Jas. P. Hill.
The Alcyonaria, by Thomas Whitelegge. 12th July, 1897
PART 4. The Ethnology, by Charles Hedley. 27th Sep. 1897
PART 5. The Alcyonaria, Part II., by Thomas Whitelegge.
The Sponges, by Thomas Whitelegge.
The Enteropneusta, Part II., by Jas. P. Hill.
PART 6. The Madreporaria, by Thomas Whitelegge. 2lst Feb. 1898
PART 7. The Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes, by Thomas
Whitelegge and Jas. P. Hill.
The Mollusca, Part I., by Charles Hedley. 6th March, 1899
PART 8. The Mollusca. Part II., by Charles Hedley.
Summary of the Fauna. 3rd July, 1899
PART 9. The Fishes (Supplement), by Edgar R. Waite.
The Mollusca (Supplement), by Charles Hedley. 7th Aug. 1899
Part 10. Title Page, Preface, Contents, and Index. 16th May, 1900
[II.]
AUTHOR ENTRIES.
Cooksey, T.
Eook Specimens from Funafuti. Sydney, 1896.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 1, 1896.
Hedley, Charles-
General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. Sydney, 1896.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 1, 1896.
Hedley, Charles-
Ethnology (The) of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir in., part 4, 1897.
Hedley, Charles
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti : Part I. Gastropoda. Sydney, 1899.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti : Part II. Pelecypoda and Brachi-
poda. Sydney, 1899.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti : Supplement. Sydney, 1899.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., parts 7, 8, 9, 1899.
Hedley, C., and others-
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti. Sydney, 1899.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Hill, James P.
Enteropneusta (The) of Funafuti : Parts I. and II. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., parts 3, 5, 1897.
Hill, James P.-
Zoanthariaof Funafuti. (See Whitelegge and Hill Hydrozoa, &c.,
of Funafuti).
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 7, 1899.
North, Alfred J.-
Aves from Funafuti. Sydney, 1896.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2. 1896,
EM
Rainbow, W. J.-
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Rainbow, W. J.-
Arachnidan (The) Fauna of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Waite, Edgar R.
Mammals (The), Fishes and Eeptiles of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 3, 1897.
Waite, Edgar R.-
Fishes (The) of Funafuti : Supplement. Sydney, 1899.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part y, 1899.
WkiteJegge, Thomas-
Crustacea (The) of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Whitelegge, Thomas
Echinodermata (The) of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Whitelegrge, Thomas
Alcyonaria (The) of Funafuti : Parts I and 2. Sydney, 1897
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi , parts 8, 5, 1897.
Whitelegge, Thomas-
Sponges (The) of Funafuti. Sydney, 1897.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi , part 5, 1897.
Whitclegge, Thomas -
Madreporaria (The) of Funafuti. Sydney, 1898.
Australian Museum, M9moir Hi., part 6, 1898.
Whitelegge, Thomas and James P. Hill
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes of Funafuti.
Sydney, 1899.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi , part 7, 18U9.
SUBJECT ENTRIES.
Periodicals. D. 1. Museum Publication.
Australian Museum, Memoir HI. The Atoll of Funafuti.
Sydney, 8vo., 1896-1900.
Topography. E. 2. Voyages and Travels, Australia and
Pacific.
Funafuti, Atoll of.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., 1896 - 1900.
Geology. C. 1. 59-9.
General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. C. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir- Hi., par I i., 1896.
Eock Specimens from Funafuti. T. Cooksey.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part i., 189G.
Ethnology. B. 3. 57'2.
General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. C. Hedley. Sydney,
1896.
Ethnology (The) of Funafuti. Chas. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 4, 1897-
Botany. B. 1. 58 'O.
General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. C. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 1, 1896.
Funafuti. 59*19.
General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti. C. Hedley. Sydney,
1896.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 1, 1896.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 8, 1899.
Formanifera. A. 8. 59*31 '2.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii .part U, 189U.
[v.]
Sponges. A. 8. 59*34.
Sponges (The) of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 5, 1897.
Actinozoa. A. 8. 59*36.
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, &c., of Funafuti.
T. Whitelegge and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 7, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Actinozoa. A. 8. 593G"2.
Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Thos. Whitelegge.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., parts 3 and 5, 1897.
Zoantharia. A. 8. 59-36-3.
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermesof Funafuti.
T. Whitelegge and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 7, 1899.
Corals. A. 8. SO'SG'G.
Madreporaria (The) of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 6, 1898.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Hydrozoa. A. 8. 59*37.
Hydrozoa (The), &c., of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 7, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Scyphozoa. A. 8. 59*37'3.
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, &c., of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge
and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi , part 7, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part S, 1899.
Echinodermata. A. 7. 59*39.
Echinodermata (The) of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Lvi.1
Enteropneusta. 59*39*9.
Enteropneusta (The) of Funafuti. James P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., parts 3,5, 1897.
Hemichorda. 59*39*9.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Mollusca. A. 5. 59*4.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti. C. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir in,, parts 7, 8, 9, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Mollusca. A. 5. Felecypoda. 59*41.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti. C. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 8, 1899.
Mollusca. A. 5. Gasteropoda. 59-43.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti. C. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 7, 1899.
Mollusca. A. 5. Brachiopoda. 59*48.
Mollusca (The) of Funafuti. G. Hedley.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 8, 1899.
Chzetopoda. A. 7. 59-51-4.
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes of Funafuti.
T. Whitelegge and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir in., part 7, 1899.
Annelida. A. 7. 59*51-4.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 8, 1899.
Gephyrea. A. 7. 59'51*74.
Hydrozoa (The), Scyphozoa, Actinozoa, and Vermes of Funafuti.
T. Whitelegge and J. P. Hill.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 7, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii., part 8, 1899.
[VII.]
Crustacea. A. 7. 59'53.
Crustacea (The) of Funafuti. T. Whitelegge.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Musvum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Arachnida. A. 7. 59'54.
Arachnidan (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Eainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii , part 2, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Myriopoda. A. 7. 59-56.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Insecta. A. 6. 59'57.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Insecta. A. 6. Orthoptera 59-57*2.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Insecta. A. 6. Fseudoneuroptera. 59*57*3.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi , part 2, 1897.
Insecta. A. 6. Hemiptera. 59'57'5.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Insecta. A. 6. Coleoptera. 59*57-6.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. .1. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
[VIII.]
Insecta. A. 6. Diptera. 59'57'7.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, emoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Insecta. A. 6. Lepidoptera. 59'57"8.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Iiisecta. A. 6. Hymenoptera. 59'57'9.
Insect (The) Fauna of Funafuti. W. J. Rainbow.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 2, 1897.
Vertebrata. 59'6.
Mammals, Fishes, and Reptiles of Funafuti. Edgar R. Waite.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 3, 1897.
Fishes. A: 4. 59'7.
Mammals, Fishes, &c., of Funafuti. Edgar R. Waite.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 3, 1897.
Fishes (The) of Funafuti : Supplement. Edgar R. Waite.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 9, 1899.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
Reptiles. A. 3. 59-81.
Mammals, Fishes, and Reptiles of Funafuti. Edgar R. Waite.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 3, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part #, 1899.
Birds. A. 2. 59'82.
Aves from Funafuti. A. J. North.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 1, 1896.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir iii. t part 8, 1899.
Mammalia. A. 1. 59'9.
Mammals (The), &c., of Funafuti. Edgar R. Waite.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 3, 1897.
Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti.
Australian Museum, Memoir Hi., part 8, 1899.
GENERAL ACCOUNT
OF FUNAFUTI
BY C. HEDLEY,
Conchologist to the Australian Museum.
p.]
GENERAL ACCOUNT
OIF
BY C. HEDLEY, Conchologist to the Australian Museum.
THE ARCHIPELAGO.
THE Ellice Group is an Archipelago of somewhat vague limits,
which trends for about four hundred miles in a north-westerly
and south-easterly direction, and lies between Lat. 5 35' and
11 20' South, and Long. 176 a and 180 East. After a gap
of a hundred and fifty miles, the same general trend is con-
tinued across the equator into the Northern Hemisphere by the
Gilberts, otherwise known as the Kingsmill or Line Islands,
whose physical features repeat those of the Ellice Group, though
the character of their inhabitants is widely different.
This particular archipelago is indeed but a link in a huge chain
of islands which extends for about 3,500 miles from the Austral
Islands through the Herveys, Samoas, Ellices, and Gilberts, to
the Marshalls, forming the S.W. edge of that axial trough
described by Dana* as the Central Depression of the Pacific,
mapped by Whitmeef as the Great Atoll Valley, and mentioned
by Lapworth as " the mightiest of all the submarine buckles of
the earth crust ;"i the opposite N.E. edge of which is indicated
by the answering chain of islands stretching from Hawaii to
Kure. West of this Marshall- Austral chain (the " zone pacifique
australe " of Sacco), and roughly parallel both to it and to the
East Australian coast, is a second series of elevations whose
contour, as shown by the " Challenger's " cross sections, |j is that of
waves directed westward. These latter elevations have in com-
mon a fauna and flora characteristically continental, in contrast
to the essentially drift fauna and flora of the outer chain, from
which they are also distinguished by a system of volcanoes. The
term Melanesian Plateau has been proposedU as a collective
geographical name for these elevations, whose summits, now pro-
jecting as dry land, are New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, New
* Dana Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, p. 328.
t Encyc. Britt., (9) xix., 1885, PI. iii.
+ Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1892 (1893), p. 705.
Sacco Essai sur 1'Orogenie de la Terre, Turin, 1895, p. 31.
j| Challenger Eeports Deep Sea Deposits, 1891, Diagrams, 11, 12, 13.
IF Hedley Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), vii., 1892 (1893), p. 335.
4 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji and the Solomons, which during
the life of the existing fauna have been first deeply sunk and
then slightly elevated. Viewing Australia as the massif around
which have been concentrically heaped up* this inner and
outer chain, it is noteworthy that the only point in which the
outer chain has swelled into large and lofty islands is where, in
the Samoan Archipelago, it has swept on to the heel of the
Melanesian Plateau.
Proceeding southwards the following are the inhabited islands
of the Ellice : Nanomea, Niutao, Nanomana, Nui, Vaitapu,
Nukufetau, Funafuti, Nukulailai, and Nurakita. Every member
of the group is essentially an atoll or lagoon island, but in the
smallest, like Nurakita, the structure is masked by the filling in of
the lagoon having reached completion, and converted the interior
of the atoll from water to land.
To elucidate the relation of Funafuti to the other members of
the group, the following sketch of the archipelago is compiled
from the notes of various travellers :
NUEAKITA. " Six hundred miles from Samoa, sailing north-
westerly, the first of the group, Sophia Island, is sighted. It is
the south-easterly outlier of the group, and is the only one of
sufficient height to be seen from the vessel's deck at a distance of
twenty miles. Until a few years ago it was uninhabited, although
the people of the next island, Nukulaelae, say that ' in the old,
old time, many people lived there. 'f It is about three miles and
a half in circumference, has bub few cocoanuts growing upon it,
and would have remained untenanted in its loneliness to this day
'out for the discovery of a fairly valuable deposit of guano. Then
it was taken possession of by an enterprising American store-
keeper in Samoa, named Moors, who landed native labourers and
worked, and is still working, the deposit. The old native name
* In this connection Messrs. Haddon, Sollas and Cole (On the Geology
of Torres Straits, Trans. E. Irish Acad., xxx., 1894, p. 473) have
remarked that, " As our knowledge grows, we the more distinctly see
in Australia and its islands the ruins of a great southern continent,
fractured and submerged, possibly during the great Alpine Himalayan
revolutions, and now in process of resurgence, as the vast folds of the
earth's crust roll slowly inwards upon the central continental mass."
f Other instances of Pacific islands once inhabited but afterwards
depopulated by war, famine, disease or storm, are : Caroline Island,
where the American Scientific Expedition discovered maraes, &c. (Mem.
Nat. Acad. Sci., ii., 1884) j Gente Hermosa, of which Whitmee says, " The
island was formerly inhabited by a large race of people whose skeletons
are now found, all of them I am told exceeding six feet in length. No
one knows by what means they became extinct, but the fact that their
skeletons are lying unburied in various parts of the island, points to
famine, or an epidemic which quickly proved fatal to all the people, as
the probable cause " (Missionary Cruise in the S. Pacific, 1871, p. 6) ; and
Palmerston Island, described by Gill (Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 37).
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 5
of this spot is Ulakita a name, by. the way, that is almost
unknown, even to the local traders in the Ellice Group."*
NUKULAILAI. " Eighty or ninety miles away is Nukulaelae,t
a cluster of thirteen low-lying islets, forming a perfect atoll, and
enclosing with a passageless and continuous reef a lagoon five
miles in length by three in width. This narrow belt of land in
no case are any of the islets over a mile in width is densely
covered with cocoanuts, and, seen from the ship, presents an
enchanting appearance of the highest green, accentuated on the
westerly or lee shore by beaches of the most dazzling white.
Thirty years ago Nukulaelae had a population of four hundred
natives. Then one day there came along two strange vessels a
barque and a brig and hove-to close to the reef ; and in a few
hours nearly three hundred of the unfortunate, unsuspecting, and
amiable natives were seized and taken on board by the Peruvian
throat-cutters and kidnappers that had swept down upon them,
and, with other companions in misery, torn from their island
homes, were taken away to slavery in the guano fields of the
Chincha Islands. Of the Nukulaelae people none ever returned,
and all but two perished miserably under their cruel taskmasters
on the gloomy Chinchas."+ " Fangafana is the name of the islet
on which the settlement stands. Nukulaelae is the name of
another islet and is used to designate the group. Near tradition
traces the people to the island of Funafuti ; remote mythology
says that Mauke, the first man, had his origin in a stone."
The next atoll, FUNAFUTI or Ellice Island, is reserved for a more
extended description, and passing over it we come to NUKUFETAU,
or DePeyster's Group, lying sixty miles to the leeward and con-
sisting of " A very beautiful group of thirty-seven islets almost
surrounding a lagoon. The name signifies the land of the fetau
( C ' alopliyllum inophyllum), the only indigenous tree of large
size found there. The settlement is located on the island of
Te anamu, and there are houses also on Sakuru.|| Fairly good
water can be obtained at Te anamu. Other islets in this group
are Te afuavea, Te afuana, Te afatule, Paifa, Funata, Mata
Nukulaelae (like Nukulaelae), Teafualoi, Nualei, Niuatangi,
Teafuanono, Motu tu lua, Teafuniua, Niuatui, Niuatibu (a Gil-
bert Island name), Oua, Lafaga (where there is said to be fresh
water), Niuaruko, Faiava, Potiki, Moturaro (here also water is
to be found), Motufetau, Motuloa, Te afua, Te motumua (here
* Becke Evening News, Sydney, 25 April, 1896.
f Officially spelt Nukulailai, otherwise the Mitchell Group.
J Becke loc. cit.
Turner Samoa, 1884, p. 280.
j| " Sakuru seems to have been uplifted ten or twelve feet." Turner,
loc. cit., p. 284.
6 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
also there is water), Te afualoto, Motuloto, Te afua fale niu,
Te afuatakalau, Te fale (here also there is said to be water).
The names here given will, to those acquainted with Gilbert
Island, Tongan, Samoan, and Rarotongan dialects, furnish
instances of the influence of all these dialects in the nomen-
clature of the group."* In 1884 Mr. C. M. Woodford estimated
the population at 240. t
VAITUPU. "Oaitupuj (literally 'the fountain of water') is
although nearly the smallest, the most thickly populated of all.
It has no lagoon accessible from the sea, and landing even is not
always easy. Here, although the soil is better than that of the
other islands, and the natives have taro, bananas, and pumpkins
to vary the monotonous diet of cocoanut and fish obtaining
elsewhere in the Ellices, they are very subject to that species of
eczema known as tinea dequamans (locally it is called 'lafa')."
The Rev. S. J. Whitmee says|| : " It is nearly round, about
four miles across, and has a salt water lagoon in the centre, com-
pletely shut off from the sea by a ring-like strip of land about
half a mile across. The population amounting to three hundred
and seventy-six are very advanced."
The next island, Nui, Egg or Netherland Island, is remarkable
for being in the possession of an outlying colony of Gilbert
Islanders or " Tafitos," differing from the Ellice Islanders in
language, customs, appearance and demeanor.H Moresby says:
" We communicated with Egg or Netherland Island, a crescent-
shaped reef, with the horns of the crescent lying about two and
a half miles north and south of each other. The two hundred
inhabitants were all Christians, and had escaped the kidnapper ;
their village stands on an islet on the southern horn."**
NANOMANA. "Nanomaga, the Hudson Island ft of Commodore
Wilkes, is the smallest of the group. It is barely a mile and a
half long, and not one in width, yet supports a population of
six hundred people. The writer (who was the second white trader
there since the people accepted Christianity in 1870) spent a year
on the island, and can bear testimony to the kindly nature and
honesty of its people. During all the time he lived there as
* Kev. J. E. Newell Proc. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1895 (1896), p. 609.
fGeogr. Journ. 1895, vi , p. 344.
I Officially Vaitupu, otherwise Tracey Island.
Becke loc. tit.
|| In Findlay Directory of the South Pacific Ocean, 1877, p. 753.
T Turner, Becke, Newell and Findlay loc. cit. Whitmee Journ.
Anthrop. Inst., viii., 1879, p. 274.
** Moresby New Guinea, 1876, p. 77.
ft After the Commander of the " Peacock."
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 7
agent for Messrs. John S. De Wolf and Company, of Liverpool,
he never had as much as a scrap of tobacco stolen from him,
although his trade goods were piled up indiscriminately on the
floor of his house, which had neither doors, locks, nor a bolt of
any kind. In this, however, the Nanomagans are peculiar the
other islanders are not so particular."* " There is a lagoon here,
centre very deep, sides very muddy," writes Dr. Gill in a MS.
account of a visit to this island in 1872, which he has kindly
allowed me to peruse. Wilkes, however, denied it a lagoon, and
none is shown upon the Admirality Chart (South Pacific, No. 766,
Ed. 1893).
" NIUTAO, Lynx or Speidenf Island is an atoll about three and
a half miles in circumference, and has two small lagoons. It is
said to have had its origin with other islands in two ladies, the
one called Pai and the other Vau. They came from the Gilbert
Islands with a basket of earth, and wherever they threw it about
the islands sprang up. Other traditions say that the people came
from Samoa in two canoes which drifted thither. The one went
to Vaitupu and the other to Niutao."| "This island," Moresby
informs us, " differs from the others of the group in having no
guarding reef, and no companion islands near it. It stands
alone in the ocean, scarcely raised above its level, and is simply
a huge flat-topped coral rock, two and a half miles by one and
a half in extent, which rises perpendicularly from fathomless
depths, and is only saved from being washed over by the sea
by a narrow shore reef, on which the great surf expends itself.
We pulled to the edge of the boiling surf and met canoes,
which landed us without a wetting, and were received on the
beach with the most intense curiosity by the natives, who
had never seen a man-of-war before. They are a well-looking,
dark, straight-haired race, and number four hundred and seventeen
souls, a large population for so small an island, but their food is
abundant, an unlimited supply of cocoanuts, fowls, pigs, flying-
fish, skipjack and sharks Their mode of
procuring water is curious. They cut the coral rock to a depth
of twenty feet, and make an opening wide at the top and
narrowing into three small holes below, which fill with a brackish
water as the tide rises. They have not any other supply, but
do not need it as they have an unlimited supply of cocoanut
milk."
* Becke loc. cit.
t So named by Wilkes,
of the " Peacock." " Niutao," says Gill (Jottings, p. 1), signifies " baked
cocoanut."
'ilkes, who sighted the island in 1841, after the pur
" Niutao," says GDI (Jottings, p. 1), signifies " bal
t Turner loc. cit. p. 287.
Loc. cit., p. 79.
8 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
NANOMEA. This is the northernmost of the Ellice Group, it
is probably the San Augustin Island of Murelle (1781), and
Taswell and Sherson Islands of the brig "Elizabeth."* (1809).
The Rev. S. J. Whitmeef says (1870), "There are two islands
within three or four miles of each other connected by a reef, dry
at low water. The westerly island is named Lakena ; it is
nearly round, two miles or more across, well stocked with cocoa-
nut and other trees, and has a deep fresh water lagoon in its
centre. It is not inhabited, but is used by the people of the
other island for the cultivation of food. Nanomea, the second
island, is about four miles long by one to two wide ; it has a
shallow water lagoon towards the east end, partially open to the
sea. The inhabitants are taken together the finest race of men,
so far as muscular development goes, I have ever seen. They are
almost a race of giants. I believe nine out of every ten would
measure six feet or more high, and their breadth is proportionate
to their height. The Englishman resident on the island estimates
the population at about one thousand." Becke writesj " There
were last year eight hundred and thirty people on the two
islands, Nanomea and Lakena." Here " the men are heavily
bearded, and not a little proud thereof."
The Ellice Islanders seem ethnologically to have segregated
themselves in three groups. Nukulailai and Nukufetau were
anciently more or less dependents of Funafuti, with which
Vaitupu was allied ; all four for instance united in the worship
of Foilape or Firafi. In 1841, the Nukufetau people described
their world to Wilkes as consisting of Funafuti, Vaitupu, and
the Tokelaus. Nanomana and Nanomea were closely linked by
their extraordinary quarantine rites, Niutao by its position and
skull worship was associated with these ; the north and south
group also differed in their method of making the titi (see Vege-
tation post). As we have already remarked Nui stood apart.
The atoll of Funafuti was discovered by Captain Peyster[| in
the " Rebecca," on March 18th, 1819. According to the observa-
tions^! of Captain Wilkes, it lies in Lat. 8 30' 45" South,
Long. 179 13' 30" East. A position which may otherwise be
described as due north of Fiji, and precisely half way between that
and the Equator. It is about a thousand miles south-south-west
of what Dana considered** as the centre of the great Pacific
subsidence.
* Mercantile Magazine, Sept., 1873, p. 257.
f In Findlay loc. cit. p. 755.
J Loc. cit.
J. B. Davis Anthrop. Eev., vii., 1870, p. 191.
|| Findlay loc. cit., p. 751.
j[ Wilkes Narrative U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1845, p. 295.
** Dana Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, p. 324.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 9
The nearest high land is the small island of Rotumah, two
hundred and sixty miles to the south-west ; but the nearest land
of any considerable size is Vanua Levu, four hundred and fifty
miles south.
On nearing Funafuti, as with any South Sea atoll, a long low
line of vegetation on the horizon gives the first intimation of the
approach to land. Looming larger, the tallest palm trees show
their plumed heads sharp against the sky. Nearer, if to wind-
ward, the dense vegetation is framed by a long white line of ever
breaking surf ; to leeward, a beach of sand, dazzling white in the
sunshine, limits the forest. Not till the observer has entered the
lagoon by one of the navigable channels does the atoll as a whole
extend before him. In this instance Dana's poetic comparison* of
an atoll to "a garland thrown upon the waters" is scarcely appli-
cable, so many and so wide are the rents in the wreath of foliage.
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND GEOLOGY.
The outline of Funafuti is that of a pear, the curved stem of
which is directed southwards. On the east or windward side the
outline is sketched in most firmly, the thread of reef and palm
being here almost continuous ; but on the leeward side so many
and so wide are the gaps that the interspaces of surf far exceed
those dots where the atoll rim emerges as dry land. The lagoon,
a noble shest of water about ten miles long and eight broad, thus
bounded, is plentifully besprinkled with shoals, many of which
rise to the surface and " break." Its maximum depth is thirty
fathoms, the general level of the floor being about twenty, whence
it steeply rises to the beach.
Beyond the atoll rim, I am informed by Captain Mervyn Field,
R.N., of H.M.S. " Penguin," that his exhaustive series of sound-
ings developed the interesting fact that Funafuti is not seated on
any common ridge, or connected with the other members of the
Ellice Group by any bank, but that it rises independently from the
abyssal floor of the Pacific. The same was demonstrated to be
the case with Nukulailai, and therefore the remainder of the
Archipelago will probably prove " a range of deep sea cones,"
which Dana saidf would be so " interesting a discovery." From
the reef the atoll sloped steeply outwards to forty fathoms, whence
to a hundred and fifty fathoms an almost precipitous cliff sur-
rounded the island. Below this its lower slope, as was suggested
to me by Prof. Sollas, compared with the contour of Mount Etna.
The outlines of the atoll, as it appears on the surface, are repeated
with astonishing fidelity by the five hundred, thousand, and fifteen
hundred fathom levels.
* Loc. cit., p. 167.
t Loc. cit., p. 372.
10 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The largest islet of the atoll extends for seven miles, occupying
about half the windward side. In shape it resembles a reversed
capital L, or more nearly the Australian aboriginal club called
" Liangle." The concave side is presented to the lagoon ; against
the centre of concavity sand has been banked up, so as to greatly
increase the diameter of the islet, which here attains its maximum
breath of seven hundred yards. Here is situated the principal
or permanent village, Fungafari ; here also is the only supply of
fresh water and the gardens. North and south of this area the
islet rapidly narrows to a width of about a hundred yards, which
is maintained for the greater part of its length. About a mile
south of the village, at a spot called Luamanif, is a well beaten
track, the porterage, where, to avoid the long pull by the passage,
the natives haul their canoes overland across the islet, a distance
of about seventy yards, and launch them on the other side. A
considerable area of perhaps a dozen acres in the centre of the
islet is occupied by a swamp, which from the fact of being ringed
round with Rhizophora will be called the Mangrove Swamp. The
native name of this locality is, I believe, Tisala. This swamp is
somewhat the shape of a sagittate leaf of an aroid like the taro ;
the tip of the leaf answering to the south-east corner, while the
lobes represent two branches, a broad western one stretching
nearly across the island and penetrating almost to the village,
and a narrow northern branch. Along its whole eastern border
the swamp is walled in by a bank of shingle and rolled coral
blocks, which rise twelve or fifteen feet above the flat, and on the
further side of which the waves break at high tide. This shingle
bank is narrowest and lowest in the centre, and carries a few
scattered palms and pandanus. On its inland face a strip of
Rhizophora luxuriates in soft, dark brown, rather deep mud.
The chief expanse of the Mangrove Swamp is bare of vegetation,
extremely level, of soft decomposing coral rock, whose interstices
are filled with mud. At high tide it is covered ankle deep with
water which drains away at half ebb. Following the retreating
water northward, several large deep pools are encountered in the
northern arm. On closer approach these are seen to be in such
free communication with the ocean, that not the tides alone but
every individual wave pulsates therein. Some have an easterly
and westerly disposition, which suggests that they are breaks in
the roofs of tunnels which extend under the shingle rampart,
and open outside the reef a hundred yards away. A child,
I was told, once disappeared into one of these pools, the dead
body of which was afterwards recovered on the ocean beach.
Striking as may be this natural siphon of the northern arm, by
which the rising tide floods the swamp, yet the western limb sur-
passes it in interest. Here, at a spot a quarter of a mile east of
the Mission Church, round flat-topped table-like bosses three to
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 11
four feet across rise a few inches above the general level. Just
such masses occur as living coral in the reefs in the lagoon, and
on flaking off a chip these prove to be a small-pored Porites.
From these bosses of Porites extend in rays for several yards in
every direction, thin flat stones on edge like tiles along a garden
walk. A glance at a fragment serves to identify the latter as
slabs of blue coral, Heliopora ccerulea. On drawing Prof. Solias'
attention to this formation, he suggested that the Porites and its
surrounding star of Heliopora evidently both lived in situ, and
that they could not have existed at their present level where high
tide alone bathes them. I am of opinion that the action of the
tides is impeded in the Mangrove Swamp, but that the high tide,
not the low one, must be the affected level ; the height of coral
growth is determined by the low tide not the high.
We are therefore here facing unequivocal evidence of elevation
in Funafuti to the extent at least of the range of the tide, since
low water springs is the highest level to which the Porites and
Heliopora could have reached. They probably also grew in
smooth and sheltered water. The cone in which the island rises
from the abyss suggests the proximity of volcanic force to give
an upward thrust. In Honden Island and Osnaburgh Island
Dana* has given striking instances of slightly upheaved atolls.
Around the western edge of the Mangrove Swamp, and most
noticeable in the north arm, is an old beach where a breccia of
coral fragments in a platform two or three feet above the swamp
has been eaten back by wave action. That this breccia formerly
extended as a sheet over what is now the surface of the swamp,
is indicated by a few isolated and worn cakes of it, outliers in
other words, near the centre of the flat ; but whether or not it
overlaid the Heliopora I possess no evidence to show, although I
incline to the opinion that it did.f
The beach outside the Mangrove Swamp is furthest to wind-
ward of any land in the atoll ; reverting to my comparison of the
islet to a Liangle, this spot corresponds to the blade of the weapon.
In other words it is the most exposed corner of Funafuti.
The history of the Mangrove Swamp as indicated by these
features seems to me to be, that a hurricane breaking on the
eastern face of Funafuti, tore down the shingle rampart and
*Loc. cil., pp. 333 and 335. Darwin declined (Structure and Distri-
bution of Coral Keefs, 1874, p. 169) to accept these evidences of slight
elevation, and endeavoured to otherwise explain an apparent instance of
it which he observed (op. cit., p. 21) at Keeling Island.
fA too brief note (Qt. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1872, xxviii., p. 381) by
S. J. Whitnell (? Rev. S. J. Whitmee) upon raised coral rock in situ at
Funafuti, may refer to the place I have here described, but I rather
suppose that the subfossil coral exposed by the beach section of breccia
was mistaken for coral in the position of growth.
12 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
eroded the loose coral blocks with the breccia sheet that lay
behind it, until the storm had made a breach half across the islet.
Afterwards the waves in the usual course of their work rebuilt
the shingle bank as it now stands. Before the re-erection of
the latter, drifting seeds of mangrove reached the swamp and
originated the present thicket.
The shingle embankment referred to continues along the whole
windward face of the atoll, being highest at the eastern angle
and diminishing north and south where the trade winds strike
the beach obliquely. On the leeward side it is entirely absent.
Six feet above the usual level of the ocean waves it represents
the greatest altitude, the culminating peak, of the atoll. Great
blocks of coral packed high and toppled over by gales of past
years, all weathered and discoloured, compose the inland face of
the bank, their appearance recalling a heap of blackened lava and
scoriae from some volcanic hill side. A similar scene reminded
Dana of " a vast field of ruins. Angular masses of coral rock,
varying in dimensions from one to a hundred cubic feet, lie piled
together in the utmost confusion ; and they are so blackened by
exposure, or from incrusting lichens, as to resemble the clinkers
of Mauna Loa ; moreover, they ring like metal under the hammer.
Such regions may be traversed by leaping from block to block,
with the risk of falling into the many recesses among the huge
masses. On breaking an edge from the black masses, the usual
white colour of coral is at once apparent."* On the seaward
face the blocks of coral are smoothed, rounded, and beach worn,
till all semblance of their Actinozoan origin has been ground
away.
On examining the beach at low water, the shingle bank was seen
to be underlaid throughout, like that of the north arm of the swamp,
by a breccia of angular coral fragments, in size usually of a man's
head or fist. The corals appeared to belong to the same species
as those now thrown up on the beach, some of which, presumably
deep water species, only occurred too ground and battered to be
worth collecting. A species, apparently a large Mussa, I knew
well by sight, but was never fortunate enough to find in even toler-
able preservation. Here and there this breccia was carved by
the waves into fantastic turrets and pinnacles or extended sea-
ward in shelves. The highest point it reached was a little above
high tide mark. I thought sometimes that the mode of weather-
ing and the composition of the rock indicated an upper and a
lower bed, but of this I could not satisfy myself. The history of
this stratum appears to be that fragments of coral torn from the
growing edge have been packed in a bank like that now facing
the surf, that sea or rain water cemented these into a sheet of
breccia, and that a shift of winds set the waves to tear down what
* Loc. cit., p. 178.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 13
they had formerly built.* In general wherever rock appeared on
the atoll it was definitely related to the situation. Thus the
breccia above described was peculiar to the ocean beach, and was
always overlaid by coarse shingle and rough freshly broken coral
fragments ; on the leeward shore of the atoll the coral-sand-rock
always accompanied stretches of clean sand composed of foramini-
fera, coral and molluscan fragments ; again on the lagoon beach
of the Funafuti islet there occur low scarps of shingle conglomerate
overspread by shingle beaches.
It would appear, therefore, that these rocks were here con-
solidated under the conditions which still prevail. A little
excavation with a crowbar shows the surface to be usually
harder than the underlying strata. Often an apparently solid
crust when overturned exhibited a lower surface bristling with
pebbles that adhered to the mass by one end only. The process
of consolidation, whether solution by sea water and deposition or
not, having operated apparently on the upper surface and to a
slight depth only.
On the outer edge of the reef the surf does not permit much
close examination. From the base of the shingle bank or low
scarp of breccia, the beach usually stretches seawards for forty or
fifty yards in a bare and level expanse, which dries at very low
tides in calm weather. It then appears from its Nullipore carpet
as a sheet of dull crimson. Moresby noticed this colour on
Nanomana Island but erroneously ascribed it to coral. f Deep
fissures appear which rapidly widen into crevasses, between which
the ground rises into knobs or hillocks, pitted and honeycombed
throughout. These breast the surf, beyond them the reef plunges
at once into deep water. The coral appears to grow seaward in
piers, as these broaden their interstices first form wide trenches,
then narrow crevasses that may be stepped across, which clefts
tend to be roofed in by growth of Nullipores and are narrowest
at the surface, ultimately (proceeding inshore) they become mere
fissures and then disappear. This disappearance only refers to
the surface, for they probably form tunnels far into the centre of
the islet, as shown by the openings through which the sea floods
the mangrove swamp. At Nui, the Rev. S. J. Whitmee observed
that " the seawater gains access to the central lagoon through the
reef underneath the islands. In some it bubbles up at the rise
of the tide in the midst of the lagoons, forming immense natural
fountains."! Further inshore the roof may be broken, and a
* A formation apparently similar to this breccia is described by Darwin
from Keeling Island, and by Chamisso from the Marshall Group.
Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1874, pp. 16 & 34.
t Moresby New Guinea, 1876, p. 79.
I In article " Polynesia," Encyc. Britt., (9), xix., 1885, p. 420.
14 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
sea fountain be forced through the blow-hole by every wave.
Peering down into these coral crevasses, for a moment there is
shown an abyss as narrow, as green, and as deep as a cleft in
some vast alpine glacier, in perspective beyond perspective swim
a shoal of brilliant hued fishes, another instant and a rising
wave blots out the scene in a volume of spray and foam. Dana
remarks that " Among the scattered coral islands north of the
Samoan Group, the shore platform is seldom as extensive as at
the Paumotus. It rarely exceeds fifty yards in width, and is cut
up by passages often reaching almost to the beach. Enderby's
Island is one of the number to which this description applies. . .
As a key to the explanation of the peculiarities here observed,
it may be remarked that the tides in the Paumotus are two
to three feet, and about Enderby's Island five to six feet in
height."*
Passing inland from the coast anywhere on the windward islets
a descent is gradually made on a surface of loose blocks, from a
yard in diameter downwards, of broken and decaying coral. The
weather has etched the upper faces deeply, and exhibits beautifully
the structure particularly of the astrean species. The hardest
kinds, as Montipora, Heliopora, and Millepora, had suffered little,
but softer species crumbled readily under the blows of a hammer.
Most of the surface of the eastern islets was of this inhospitable
description, and very cruel to a traveller's limbs and raiment was
it. Now and then among the loose, broken blocks, a ridge of
breccia running parallel to the islet's length could be detected.
Though of so barren an aspect, this country supports a vegetation
of Ngia, Ngashu, Fau, Fala, Boua, and palms, sufficiently dense
to everywhere shade the ground, Nowhere is this description of
country more than a foot or two above high water mark, and little
depressions commonly occur even in places remotest from the sea,
where, when high, the tide leaks in and spreads in shallow pools,
such are always densely enclosed by a thicket of Ngia and
Ngashu.
Traverses across such places suggested to me that the low area
of decaying coral blocks represents a final stage of the high
shingle bank which faces the ocean ; the loss in height resulting
from decay and collapse natural to a loosely piled mass, such loss
being gradual on retreating from the beach as this hypothesis
demands. An accompanying transition in the state of decay
may be noted likewise, the blocks furthest from the sea being
most rotten. This explanation implies that the islet is growing
peripherally, and that seaward from the present embankment
another will in the future form. I am prepared to accept this
implication, and fortify the position by quoting an opinion in
support from that experienced and acute observer, the Rev. S. J.
i*.,p. 186.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLET. 15
Whitmee,* who writes of Peru in the Gilberts : " The island
itself is formed of successive ridges of sand, broken coral, and
shells. These ridges are most of them from thirty to fifty feet
across, and the hollows formed between them are generally from
four to six feet in depth. For some distance, at that end of the
island which I examined, they run across, and in the middle they
run parallel with the sides of the island. The whole extent
examined presented the same appearance, and the ridges were so
regular that they gave one the idea of being artificially formed.
The waves must exert a mighty force during heavy weather to
form these extensive ridges. There is little doubt but each
ridge is the result of a single storm. I have already referred, in
the notice of Atafu in the Tokelau group, to a similar ridge of
smaller dimensions which was thrown up during the present year ;
and I have seen several small islands of broken coral and shells,
which were formed on the reefs in Samoa during a hurricane of a
few hours duration."
North and south of the Mangrove Swamp the region of decayed
coral blocks does not immediately occur, but a considerable area
of sandy soil intervenes. To the south a large tract of this is
under cultivation, and more was so used when the atoll carried a
larger population. Here also are the wells and bathing pools.
To this area Dana's remarks! are quite applicable : " There is
but little depth of coral soil, although the land may appear buried
in the richest foliage. In fact, the soil is scarcely anything but
coral sand. It is seldom discoloured beyond four or five inches,
and but little of it to this extent ; there is no proper vegetable
mould, but only a mixture of darker particles with the white
grains of coral sand. It is often rather a coral gravel, and below
a foot or two it is usually cemented together into a more or less
compact coral sand-rock."
The northernmost islet of the Funafuti atoll stands out of
water higher by several feet than does any other. It occurred
to me that the whole atoll had indeed a slight tilt from north to
south, but I had no opportunity to decide whether it were so.
On this particular islet there was richer red soil, plants grow here
unseen elsewhere, there is also the best garden with flourishing
bananas, not cultivated in a swamp in the usual Ellice Island
fashion but on dry ground.
A traverse of a leeward islet crosses formation quite different
to that of the windward islets. The dry land is a tolerably level
expanse of sandy soil, the islets are not arranged so strictly along
the margin of the reef as they are to windward, but may be
seated far within its border. The major axis of one islet is even
* Whitmee A Missionary Cruise in the South Pacific, 1871, p. 35.
t Loc. cit. p. 179.
16 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
at right angles to the general trend of the reef. From the base
of the vegetation a broad sandy beach extends around the islet,
it is largely composed of two species of Foraminifera, which
Mr. Whitelegge informs me are Tinoporus baculatus, Mont., and
Orbitolites cornplanata, Lamarck. High water mark indicated by
lines of drifted leaves and shells implies a quiet sea. At about
half tide mark, especially upon the ocean side, sheets of regularly
bedded coral-sand-rock appear, answering in position to the breccia
of the windward beaches. At a lower level the shore extends in
rough ledges and deep pools for perhaps a hundred yards, beyond
this it becomes more level and carries numerous loose boulders of
coral rock, as large as ah ordinary chair or table ; such boulders
are known as " niggerheads " on the Great Barrier Reef of
Queensland, and have been described by Dana,* Jukes, f and
Kent. I
Everywhere small peebles of pumice the size of a walnut
might be collected on the beaches. The natives say that a few
years ago much pumice came ashore, coincident with which the
fish from without the lagoon became unfit for food. A further
account of this pumice will be found in the accompanying Report
by my colleague, Dr. T. Cooksey.
"Funafuti," writes Newell, || is a group of some thirty islets
surrounding a lagoon twelve miles in length. . . . The names
of many of the islets in this group were given me. Not only
here but all through the Ellice Group I found that not merely
did every little atoll bear a name, but that the names of atolls
and of known spots on these atolls were significant of some fact
in its history, either original ownership or some physical feature
of the islet, or some historical fact connected with the place.
The following names of islets in the Funafuti Group are interest-
ing : Te Pava (the name of a Samoan, Upolu, war god) ; Te fua
te fe'e, the offspring of the Fe'e (either the ancestor or the god
incarnate in the cuttlefish) ; Aumatupu ; Te muri te fala, the end
of the Pandanus ; Te af u alii, the sweat of the chief ; Te puka,
the name of a tree;51 Te puka savilivili ; Te fua lopa ; Te fua
fatu ; Fuage'a ; Te fala, the pandanus ; Te fala o Ingo ; Tutanga ;
* Loc. cit., p. 179, figs. 1 and 2.
t Jukes Voyage of the "Fly," 1847, i., p. 16.
J Kent Great Barrier Eeef of Queensland, 1893, pp. 49, 104, PL xxx.
These peebles of pumice are of very frequent occurrence on the
shores of the inlets of the east coast of Australia. This subject lias
been discussed at length by Messrs. David and Etheridge in Rec. Geol.
Surv. N.S.W., 1890, ii., 2, p. 27. And for Polynesia see Guppy The
Solomon Islands, their Geology, &c., 1887, Chap. x.
|| Loc. cit. p. 608.
T Hernandia peltata, Meissn. See Vegetation post.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 17
Te ngasu ;* Te afua fou, the new beginning (the name refers to an
unfortunate incident in connection with their first contact with
the white man, and their first knowledge of the deadly firearms
of the foreigner. A vessel called at the mouth of the lagoon,
and the natives were allowed on board. On leaving one of them
stole a bucket, f The canoe containing the thief was pursued,
and, to the astonishment and dismay of the company, the man
in pursuit was able to produce lightning and thunder and to
inflict death) ; Avalau (this islet is said to possess a spring of
fresh water) ; Motu ninie, ironwood islands ; Nuku savalivali,
the place where people can walk about ; Motu loa, long island ;
Motu sa Nafa, the island of the Nafa clan ; Te rere ; Te fata, the
platform ; Funafala, the pandanus of Funa, the name of a chief,
after whom also the group has been named Funafuti."
An exact survey of the islets of the atoll was executed by
Captain Mervyn Field and his officers during the visit of H.M.S.
" Penguin," and for further details their work in the forthcoming
Admiralty chart may be consulted.
The lagoon at Funafuti appears to be in course of filling up,
though the agencies at work must take long to make a perceptible
advance in so huge a task. In Vaitupu this has been partly,
and in Nurakita wholly accomplished. The land gains upon
the water at many points. A small cay in the heart of the
lake presents a permanently dry surface, while low tide shows
many patches of sand and gravel above water. Scattered over
the whole lagoon are numerous small reefs of upwards of an
acre in extent, for all of which (being good fishing grounds) the
natives have distinguishing names as Fasua Takau, the Clam Shell
Reef. These reefs are in a thriving condition and evidently
growing vigorously. Those near enough to the surface to permit
wading at low water, offered to the naturalists of the Expedition
their best collecting grounds. Other reefs lying deeper seen
through a water telescope, called to fancy a " rockery " in some
botanical garden, if for boulders be taken round masses of Porites
or Goniastrcea, tufts of soft Alcyonaria for ferns, and branching
Gorgonia for shrubs.
Along the centre of the concave side of the main islet is
banked, as already mentioned, masses of sand which are arranged
in low broad undulations, parallel to the long axis of the islet.
Nowhere do they form dunes as occur on other atolls, probably
because an active vegetation fences off the wind. This increment
of sand is still adding to the islet's breadth. A space was pointed
out in front of the village where a man could formerly take a
* Sccevola, Jccenigii, Vahl. See Vegetation.
t The version I heard on Funafuti was tbat the ship's chronometer
was taken through a port of the captain's cabin, a much more serious
offence.
18 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
deep dive, but which is now barely knee deep. Mr. O'Brien, the
resident trader, told me that within his recollection this place
had become much shallower. A similar spot in the lagoon of
Nukulailai was shown to me by Mr. Collins, the local trader,
who had remarked that it had shoaled visibly during his residence
on the atoll.
North and south of Funafuti islet are shallow passages* a few
hundred yards in width, interruptions in the thread of land
which encloses the lagoon but not in the reef rim upon which the
islets stand. At low water these are nearly dry, to windward the
surf breaks upon the outer edge of the reef, which continues from
islet to islet without reference to the passage, and to which my
previous description of low mounds, crevasses, and inner platform
applies. Within these the passage offers a broad, almost level
floor of shingle and rolled blocks. This area is nearly destitute
of life, the great rush of water sweeping all before it and the
unstable floor giving little holdfast. A few of the hardiest
Gasteropods and odd scraps of living coral contrive however to
withstand these adversities. Coming to the lagoon shore the
passage floor is seen to extend into it in a fan, identical in shape
and structure with the fan a mountain torrent spreads on entering
a lake. Below and beyond the steep delta slope a coral garden
stocked with fish, shells, sea anemones, and many other pretty
things, flourishes exceedingly. A collector remembers with what
cupidity he, floating over them in a canoe, gazed at treasures so
near in the clear water and yet so far from sketch book or micro-
scope. As well as I could ascertain the water, driven by the
surf, pours from without to within across the passage, during
ebb tide as well as flood. Whether or not these passages are
growing into islets there was nothing to show, if so the shingle
floor might represent the breccia in course of formation ; but
certainly the filling in of the lagoon proceeds at the passage
delta.
SUMMARY OP PRECEDING GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
1. An elevation of Funafuti by at -least four feet is proved by
dead sub-fossil reef-corals in the position of life near high water
mark.
2. Darwin's theory of coral reefs as opposed to Murray's is
favoured by these facts : Firstly, soundings show the atoll to be
planted not on a bank but on a cone ; secondly, they also show
it girdled by a precipitous submarine cliff, explicable only on the
subsidence theory ; thirdly, our observations and the experience
of residents agree that the lagoon is filling up, whereas Murray
demands its excavation.
* These " passages " are not to be confounded with the deep and
navigable channels through which warships may enter the lagoon.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 19
8. A peripheral growth at present level is indicated on both
sides of the islets.
CLIMATE.
During our visit in the "winter" of this latitude, the ther-
mometer never fell below 75 ; when it approached this minimum
the natives seemed to feel the cold, as their bare skins puckered
into "gooseflesh." A native who had visited Auckland, New
Zealand, amused me with a description of how in that, to him,
distant and frigid clime, he saw his breath appear one cold
morning " like smoke," and how he felt alarmed that he were
stricken by some dire malady. The highest temperature we
noticed was about 92, sometimes for days together the ther-
mometer would oscillate within a few degrees of 80, the latter
being the temperature of the surface of the lagoon. The readings
of the wet and dry bulb were seldom far apart in that humid
atmosphere.
A week hardly ever passed without rain, and it sometimes
poured hard all day.
The wind rarely shifted out of the east. Our hut upon the
lee side of the islet had its sides open to the weather, yet it
seldom blew enough there to extinguish a match. Only twice do
I recollect a gust from the westward strong enough to scatter
loose papers on the table.
The zodiacal light was sometimes seen distinctly.
Hurricanes seldom occur, but a few have impressed their
memory upon residents. I have already stated my belief that
the Mangrove Swamp is a scar upon the islet resulting from one
of these conflicts of the elements. " The group," says Becke,
" suffers but seldom from droughts or hurricanes, although the
terrible drought experienced in the near-to Gilbert Group in
1892, which has not yet broken up, has also affected the Ellices,
and at the present time Nanomea and Nanomaga present a
parched up appearance. A heavy blow in 1890 also did terrible
havoc among the cocoanuts, which had not the strength to bear
up against the drought."* Describing the Gilbert Islands,
Woodfordf remarks : " I suspect that it is not till the cyclone
in its course reaches a latitude of about 12 to 18 from the
equator, that the level of the water accompanying it attains a
height sufficient to do serious damage. Were it not so, the
Ellice Group, of similar formation, which lies much further to
the southward, would he rendered uninhabitable. A wave of
the height of eighteen feet would be sufficient to sweep away the
whole of the population of the Gilbert and Ellice Groups."
* Becke loc. cit. f Woodford loc. cit.
20 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
VEGETATION.
I regret that I was unable to form a Botanical Collection in
Funafuti. I did indeed attempt to dry plants in blotting paper,
but the extreme mmst.nrfi of the climat.R caused the specimens to
rot even in the press. Zoological study being the principal aim
of my visit, and the exhausting 'work of reef collecting leaving
little time or energy, botany was reluctantly sacrificed ; speci-
mens of such plants only as related to ethnological inquiry being
preserved in a solution of two or three per cent, of formol.
The study of atoll floras was initiated by Henslow's examina-
tion* of the plants collected by Darwin on the Keeling Islands,
our knowledge of which was expanded by Forbesf and by
Guppy.J Lists of plants from the Marshall Islands, Maid on
Island,jl Gilbert Islands,!! Sikaiana Island,** Caroline Island,ft and
Fanning Island, JJ show a small number of the same species
repeated from atoll to atoll over enormous distances across the
Pacific Ocean. The identity of the vegetation possessed by tiny
islets separated by thousands of miles of deepest ocean is very
striking, since paradoxically they present a greater continuity of
life range than any continent can show. The inferences deducible
from the distribution of atoll plants are so admirably drawn by
Dr. H. B. Guppy, and are so entirely in accordance with my own
conclusions, that I extract from his article " The Polynesians and
their Plant-names, " the following expression of his views :
"The low coral islands and the shores of the more elevated
and mountainous islands are occupied by plants such as Barring-
tonia speciosa, Calophyllum inophyllum, the Mangrove, Morinda
citrifolia, the Pandanus, Thespesia populnea, &c., that are known
to be dispersed by the currents ; and they are all plants that are
widely distributed over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The
only doubt arises as to the particular route along which the
floating seed were drifted, and if that can be established we may
obtain a clue as to the route pursued by the Polynesians. Now
a species that, like Barringtonia speciosa or Thespesia populnea,
* Florula Keelingensis, Ann. Nat. Hist., i., 1838, p. 337.
t Forbes A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,
1885, p. 42.
J Nature, xli., 1890, p. 492.
E. Betche, Berliner Gartenzeitung, 1844.
|| Hooker in Hemsley, Challenger Beports Botany, i., 1885, p. 18.
*[Woodford Geogr. Journ., vi., 1895, p. 34G.
** Beck Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., iii., 1888, pp. 251-256.
tf Dixon Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., ii., 1884, p. 88.
JJ Hemsley " Challenger " Eeports Botany, iii., 1885, p. 116.
Trans. Viet. Inst., 1896.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 21
is almost universally distributed in the tropical islands of the
Pacific can scarcely aid us in the matter. If, however, we can
find a littoral plant that has only partly performed the traverse
of this region, then we shall possess in the interrupted operation
an important piece of evidence. The Mangrove (Rhizophora,
Bruguiera, &c.) is absent, or very rare, in Eastern Polynesia,
but unfortunately for our purpose this is in great part explained
by the lack of a suitable station on the precipitous shores of the
larger islands. We have, however, in Nipa fruticans a plant
well fitted for our object, and one well known to be dispersed by
the currents. . For a littoral species it has a limited range. It
is found on the tropical shores of Asia, east of the Ganges, and
in the Indian Archipelago, where it abounds ; and there is no
question as to its great antiquity in this region. Now the Nipa
Palm, as it is sometimes termed, has attempted to reach Polynesia
by two routes from the Indian Archipelago, viz., by Melanesia
and Micronesia. Along the first route it has in the course of
ages reached the Solomon Islands, where I found it in 1884.
Along the second route it has extended its range to Ualan or
Kusaie, at the eastern end of the Caroline Group, where it was
observed by Kittlitz about seventy years ago. Since its intru-
sion so far into the Pacific seems to have escaped the notice of
later botanists, and as no reference is made to it by Hemsley in
his account of the floras of oceanic islands, given in his ' Botany
of the " Challenger," ' I may here remark that it is described in
general terms in the narrative of Kittlitz, and is figured in his
' Views of the Pacific Vegetation,' where it was also identified
and noted by Dr. Seemann in his English edition of the ' Views.'
Now the island of Kusaie lies in the course of the Pacific Counter
Current, which runs to the eastward from the Malay Archipelago
right across the Pacific between the parallels of about 4 to 8 N.
Here the Nipa Palm has reached the last spot where it could find
a station. Beyond lie the coral atolls of the Marshall Group that
could afford no home to a plant that frequents the extensive coast
swamps, and lines the mouths of large rivers in Asia and in the
Archipelago. Most of the familiar littoral plants of Polynesia
have probably reached their present home by the path attempted
in vain by the Nipa Palm. Since they for the most part frequent
coral islands, the atolls of the Marshall, Gilbert, and Ellice Groups
would form so many stepping-stones by which, in the season of
the north-west winds, they would be able to find their way to
Samoa and Fiji in spite of the westerly drift of the Equatorial
Current."*
* Among Mollusca the Trochomorph<e would seeru to have " reached their
present home by the path attempted in vain by the Nipa Palm ;" and
Rhysota sowerbyana, Pfr., to have accompanied the Nipa to the Carolines,
and like it to have there " reached the last spot where it could find a
station." C.H.
22 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
No account of the botany of the Ellice Group appears to have
been published. In his recent works on Polynesian Botany,
Drake del Castello neglects to make any reference to this Archi-
pelago. A few plants were gathered by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee
during his missionary tours and presented to the Kew Herbarium.
From this collection Hemsley in the ' ' Challenger Reports Botany "
incidentally quotes Suriana inaritima, Linn., and JRhizophora
mucronata, Lamarck, from Funafuti itself, and from the Ellice
in general the following : Ochrosia parviflora, Henslow, Tourne-
fortia argentea, Linn, f., Acalypha grandis, Bentham, Pipturus
argenteus, Weld, Guettarda speciosa, Linn., Premna taitensis,
Schauer, Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott, and Octoblepharum smarag-
dinum, Mitten.
The vegetable monarch of the atoll world is the coconut palm
(Cocos nucifera, Linn.), tall individuals of which, rearing their
plumes to a height of over eighty feet, give to the mariner his first
landfall. Every available rod of dry land is planted with coco-
nuts, one tiny islet, a mere shingle bank, so swept with spray
that lichens are the only other vegetable life, yet grows three poor
stunted and battered palms. It is to be emphasised that all
coconuts are planted ; the idea of a wild palm being as strange
in Funafuti as that of a wild peach might be in England. Gill in
describing the primeval forest of the uninhabited island of Nassau
in 1862, alludes to but a single coconut tree among the indigenous
vegetation.* I doubt whether, despite popular opinion to the
contrary, a wild coconut palm is to be found throughout the
breadth of the Pacific. Certainly it is most rare, again contrary
to popular theory, for a drifted coconut thrown upon the beach
by winds and waves to produce a tree.f So intimately is this
palm now associated with native life that it is difficult to imagine
an atoll before its introduction.
* Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 30.
f From eye-witnesses I have heard of several wild coconut palms on
Facing Island, Queensland, and again of one at Emu Park, Queensland.
But, if the popular idea were correct, the Queensland beaches should
have presented many hundred miles of coconut groves to their earliest
explorers, receiving, as I can testify they do, abundance of drifted nuts
and fulfilling every requirement of soil and climate. As Jukes says :
" The entire absence of these trees from every part of Australia is a most
striking fact, since it is I believe the only country in the world so much
of which lies within the tropics in which they have never been found."
(Voy. " Fly," i., 1847, p. 132.) I have been told by Queensland Aborigines
that they always tore up and ate any sprouting nuts they might find,
but even this scarcely accounts for the remarkable absence of the
coconut palm from Queensland. Guppy's remarks on the germination
of stranded coconuts (Nature, xli., p. 492) will repay perusal, also
Dana's in Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, p. 181. Where the original
home of this palm was, has been discussed at length by Seemann in
the Flora Vitiensis, and by De Candolle Origin of Cultivated Plants,
1884, p. 429.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 23
Though romance and poetry have always linked together reef
and palm, yet truth to tell, the coconut does not attain its
greatest luxuriance upon the low reef islands. To an eye, not to
mention an appetite, accustomed to the coconuts of New Guinea,
the fruit of Funafuti seems to be dwarfed and stunted, and the
palm trunks to be small and slender. A hundred nuts on a stem
is a maximum yield for Funafuti, but double that amount is
obtained elsewhere. " As big as a Rotumah nut," is a phrase
often heard upon Funafuti, the richer soil of that high island
producing larger nuts than the atolls ; the shells of very large
nuts being valued for flasks and toddy vessels.
Native traditions point not only to the fact that the coconut
is an introduced plant, but that the date of its introduction into
Funafuti is, historically speaking, comparatively modern, possibly
a couple of centuries ago. Certain of the tallest and presumably
oldest* palms about the principal village are known as "Touassa's
trees," having been planted in the reign of that chieftain.
Tradition narrates how the priest Erivada despatched double
canoes, "fouroua," or ocean-going craft, to Vaitupu to bring
thence seed nuts, Vaitupu having previously received the coconut
from the Gilberts. On the canoes returning with their cargo,
the sprouting nuts were dexteriously split so that the spongy
core could be extracted for food, while the germinating plant,
uninjured by this treatment, was cultivated. At this period land
other than the village site and the taro gardens first acquired a
value, and the whole atoll was then parcelled out among the tribe,
each man proceeding to plant his portion with coconuts. Two
generations ago so valuable were the nuts that to steal them was
a crime which these gentle islanders punished by drowning the
culprit in the lagoon. Two varieties of coconut are recognised,
the sweet nut " uta maunga " and bitter "niu."
When the nut is a couple of inches long it is called " kaieri,"
a little olderf when the creamy deposit begins to form it is
" mukkamuk," the contained liquid being " swanu," later when
it is sufficiently ripe to be plucked for drinking the nut is termed
"bee," the milk of which is "swabee," and the kernel "ingati;"
a more mature nut whose shell begins to turn black is " mutta-
mutta," and when the nut drops naturally from the tree it is
"niu." A store of these old nuts is kept always in the huts
against time of famine, they are partially husked, but care is
* Dr. Gill states that " The coconut palm attains the age of from 180
to 200 years in well sheltered places." Jottings from the Pacific, 1885,
p. 203.
t The stage in ripeness which the nut has reached is ascertained by
tapping on it with the knuckles, as in Fiji. See Seemann Flora Vitiensis,
1865-73, p. 278.
24 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
taken to leave the husk intact over the " eyes," else the cock-
roaches would gnaw through at this point and spoil the fruit.
A rib of husk like the crest on a fireman's helmet is usually left,
and the nuts are tied in couples by a wisp of husk fibre. After
the lapse of a year the liquid has dried out, and the kernel turning
red and soft is considered more palatable and termed " tukka-
tukka gea ;" this is eaten with bonito. Preserved for three
years the kernel turns black and still softer, and, though it
now stings the tongue, is yet thought wholesome ; this stage is
known as " tukkatukka kula." In a sprouting nut the contained
liquid turns to a white spongy mass filling the cavity. I found
this, as do the natives, an agreeable food. From the old times
the people here have extracted (by what process I unfortunately
neglected to ascertain) coconut oil, with which, scented, they
anoint themselves.
In former years a considerable trade was done in coconut oil
locally expressed and casked. The dried kernel or copra now
furnishes the sole export of Funafuti, amounting annually to
about 8,000 Bbs. In return the natives receive through the local
trader, tobacco, calico, tools and other requirements. Out of the
revenue so obtained, the salary of the native missionary teacher
and the taxes due to the Imperial Government are both paid.
Palms devoted to the manufacture of toddy (Fig. 1) are readily
distinguished by having step notches cut in their trunks. Every
month the palm puts forth a budding spathe. In toddy palms this
is not permitted to dovelope into flower and fruit, but on its first
appearance is lashed round with twine, " marled " in seafaring
language, from the base to the apex. The peduncle of the spathe
is scraped and slightly split to allow it to bend more freely.
Then the spathe is bent downwards gradually by tying down the
tip for two or three days, the cord being shortened at intervals,
till the spathe has acquired the proper inclination. Three or four
inches are cut off with a knife from the tip, to which a little
spout or gutter of leaf is attached. This spout guides the drip
of the sap into an empty coconut shell hung from the spathe.
Twice a day a lad ascends the tree, unbinds the tip, shaves a
little off it with his knife to make the sap run freer, re-binds it
and exchanges the full shell for an empty one. Several spathes
in one palm are in operation simultaneously.
The juice so obtained is strained, and lest it should turn sour
is kept warm in a coconut shell by the fire. " Freshly drawn
from the tree, it is of an agreeable taste resembling ginger-beer."*
When sufficient is accuinrnulated it is boiled down to molasses,
from which a native sweetmeat is made. For the following recipe
I am indebted to a Funafuti lady : " Beret," adopted from the
* Woodf ord loc. tit.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY.
Fig. 1. Method of collecting sap diopping from wounded spathes (toddy)
into suspended coconut-shell flasks.
Gilbert Islands, take hard old coconut kernel, grate fine, dry
in the sun and pound to the consistency of oatmeal : upon this
pour boiling syrup of molasses. Water sweetened with molasses
is an ordinary drink, and as an alternative to coconut milk a
thrifty householder pointed out that the supply of beverage for his
family from one tree yielding toddy, equalled that from ten trees
yielding nuts. The Ellice Islanders, who were also unacquainted
with kava or' betelnut, never fermented or distilled their toddy
into an intoxicant like the Gilbert Islanders, among whom free
26 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
indulgence in toddy was the usual prelude to murderous fights.
The manufacture of toddy is an art unknown to either Polynesians
or Melanesians, and was certainly derived from Micronesia, reach-
ing in the Ellice its furthest extension southward.
The green heart of a coconut palm being only to be obtained by
sacrificing the tree, was a dainty seldom eaten by the islanders.
The timber of the palm was not as far as my observation went
ever employed by the natives. The only insect foes to the palm
in Funafuti were the white ants, which committed much damage
by eating away the trunk a few feet from the ground. I saw
several tall palms snapped by the wind where these pests had
weakened the stem. My colleague, Mr. W. J. Rainbow, recognised
in this pest Calotermes margrinipennis, Latr.
The cultivation of the coconut is confined to the simple opera-
tions of placing a sprouting nut where it is to grow, of clearing
the shrubs and vines from around it, and of gathering the produce.
The work of collecting and husking the nuts devolves solely upon
the men. For climbing the palms a stout rope loop, " kaf unga,"
is twisted into a figure of eight, into this each foot is thrust as
far as the instep. Placing his hands around the stem the man
leaps on to the trunk, resting his manacled feet on either side of
it. Raising his hands to a higher grasp he makes another leap,
and ascends the tree by bounds of a couple of feet or so. Arrived
at the summit he plucks from his belt a short notched stick and
attached cord, " kouteki." Applying the stick against the palm
stem like a ship's crosstrees against her mast, he winds the rope
half round the trunk, over the notch on the stick, back round the
tree and over the other notched end. Repeating this twice or
thrice the stick is securely hitched to the trunk, and the native
standing upon the crosstrees may conveniently do his work. A
nut is gathered by seizing the apex with the fingers and twirling
it round till the twisted stalk breaks, when the nut is allowed to
drop to the ground.
Husking is effected by fixing a stout stake, which presents a
sharp spear point, in the ground at an angle of about 45. The
nut held in both hands is driven against the stake so that the point
penetrates the husk but not the shell, and with a twist a strip of
husk is wrenched off. After two or three repetitions the husk is
torn off, except a strip by which it is fastened to another nut.
The labourer returns from his work with his plane iron adze
caught in a loop of the kafunga, and these with the koutekei
slung' with his freshly husked nuts from the husking stake, a
valued implement and potential weapon, over his shoulder.
A proprietor wishing his tree to be untouched resorts to the
" Niu tabu," (Fig. 2) effected by tying a coconut frond around the
stem. This widespread South Sea warning, equivalent to our
" Trespassers will be prosecuted," I saw in use throughout British
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY.
27
Fig. 2. A palin reserved by the " Niu Tabu."
New Guinea, and the Rev. W. W. Gill described* it in Rarotonga.
There it is held to represent the owner clasping the tree with his
arms and legs, separate bunches of pinnules being knotted to
represent the limbs. Dr. Gill tells me that in old Rarotonga, if
the midrib of the niu tabu was injured the owner would consider
that his spine was figuratively broken, a mortal injury only to be
atoned by the blood of the offender. In Tonga the trespasser
incurred a curse that his child would die within the year, but in
peaceful Funafuti I did not learn of any dire evil befalling the
offender. The tip of the coconut frond, the sacred "iku kukau,"
was a religious emblem in former days.}
Anyone athirst in another man's land was in Funafuti at
liberty to pluck his neighbour's coconut, but he was expected to
report the circumstance to the owner on his return.
* Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 205.
t Gill loc. cit., pp. 15 and 22. On Nukufetau the American Expedi-
tion observed a coconut leaflet tied around the neck, probably as a sign of
amity and peace. Wilkes Narr. Amer. Explor. Exped., v., 1845, p. 48.
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Baskets similar to, but not identical with that recently figured
and described* by the writer from New Guinea, are constructed
from palm fronds, as are trays for carrying fish, eyeshades, and
rough mats for the floors and walls of houses. Rough dresses,
"titi," for working in are made from palm leaves. Temporary huts
are thatched with coconut, but pandanus replaces it in permanent
residences.! A leaning palm is used to collect rain water (Fig. 3),
Fig. 3. Method of draining rain water from a leaning palm.
which trickling down the stem is turned by a wisp of leaves and
caught in a wooden trough. The fashion is not in vogue in
Funafuti which Danaj describes from the neighbouring Tokelaus
as follows: "Water is sometimes obtained by making a large
* Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) x., 1895, p. 615, PI. Iviii., f. 2.
f " The thatch of Atupa's house [in Nanomanga] is merely the leaf of
the coconut, which is very pervious to rain ; whilst the idol-temples are
well covered with the leaf of Pandanus odoroMssimus, the finest thatch in
the world. We suggested to a chief that the king's dwelling might
have a better thatch. He replied, " The king's house is thatched with
coconut leaves, not with pandanus, because he is but mortal." The
same feeling formerly existed on Mangaia with reference to this cele-
brated thatch tree." Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 23.
J Loc. cit. p. 284.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 29
cavity in the body of a coconut tree, two feet or so from the
ground. At the Duke of York's Island, and probably also at
the adjacent Bowditch Island, this method is put in practice ; the
cavities hold five or six gallons of water."
The dried leaves tied in bundles are used at night for torches
while fishing.
Fibre for sinnet is obtained by macerating green coconut husk
for three or four weeks in fresh or salt water, such is known as
"loukafa."
A kind of fish trap like our crab pot was wove in basket work
from the roots of the palm.
After the coconut the principal tree, both in numbers and
utility, is the Fala, Screw Pine, probably Pandanus odoratis-
simus, Linn., but the confused literature* of this difficult genus
has not allowed a satisfactory identification of this species. The
natives recognise and name several varieties of the native Fala,
but I do not know whether these are botanical species. On
the third islet south of the permanent village I remarked an
apparently starved form with scanty foliage and slender limbs.
Approaching the atoll from the sea, the pyramidal shape and vivid
green of the Fala enables the eye to detect it before any other
indigenous plant. It extends over the whole of every islet, and
appears to have no especial choice of soil or situation, attaining a
height of 25 -30 feet, and a diameter of trunk of 12-14 inches.
The facetted fruit, " fui Fala," about the size of a man's head, is
orange-red when ripe and then emits a sweet smell, three or four
in different stages of maturity being usually carried on one tree.
The fruit being broken open the proximal soft portion of the
phalanges is chewed. The sweet sugary taste is a favourite with
adults and children alike, and meets the approval of the Robber
Crab, Birgus latro, but does not commend itself to a European
palate. Having chewed the ends into the semblance of a paint
brush, the eater throws the phalanges away and never opens them
for the edible seeds they contain. There appears to be no private
property in Pandanus, anyone may take any ripe fruit he may
meet.
The trunk and branches of the Fandango, as the beach-combers
call it, are soft and useless for fuel or building, but the leaves,
" lau Fala," yield material for the local arts and manufactures.
For thatch the leaves are dressed, stripped of their thorns, folded
in a row over a batten and pinned by a riblet of palm frond ;
battens so loaded are arranged on the roof one above another
with a considerable lap. Such a thatch is excellent and lasts
four or five years. The leaves yields material for fine mats, and
* Vide Balfour, Observations on the genus Pandanus, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. xvii. p. 54.
30 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
is one of the fabrics for the titi, or native kilt. These leaves
readily take a dye, and patterns of red, white and black, have of
old figured in the mats and dresses. The aerial roots were in
other atolls of the Ellice chewed* into fibre for the titi. " It is
believed to attain to a great age. . . I have seen the veritable
screw-pine on which Mautara, some hundred and fifty years ago,
disembowelled Kikau in revenge for the murder of his son
Teuanuku. The tree was uprooted in the cyclone of 1860, or it
might well have lived on for many a long year."f
A different Pandanus from the wild one is cultivated near the
village, it has a sweeter fruit, twice as large as the indigenous
species, longer, broader leaves, and stouter stem. The natives
call it the Fala kai, edible Screw Pine, and they told me that it
had been introduced from the Gilbert Islands. This is probably
the species mentioned by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee, who writes of
Peru :| " The natives appear to value the Pandanus even more
than the cocoanut palm. They consume immense quantities of
the fruit raw, and the variety which they cultivate in the Gilbert
Group (which is much superior to that found in the Ellice Islands,
and immeasureably superior to the kind cultivated in Samoa)
produces a very palatable fruit. The women prepare a kind of
cake by baking the fruit till it becomes soft ; they then pound a
large number in a large mat, and spread the prepared pulp in
cakes two or three feet wide by six or eight long, and one-sixth
of an inch thick. The whole is then dried in the sun, and made
into a roll like an ancient manuscript. This keeps for a length
of time and tastes something like old dates."
" In the Line Islands, during frequent seasons of drought, when
the cocoanut palm ceases to bear fruit, the natives contrive to
exist upon fish and the drupes of the never failing screw pine.
The inner part of the drupe is fleshy and pleasantly sweet.
Several tiny kernels, in extremely hard shells, fill up the outer
part. On many of the Gilbert Islands preparations of the
Pandanus were presented to us, as the most valuable gifts they
could bestow. First, the ripe fleshy parts of the drupe, pounded
into a flat cake, in appearance like a mass of pressed oakum ;
this we could not eat. Next came extremely thin, paper like
stuff, consisting of the sugary juice of the fruit dried in the sun ;
this was very palatable. Lastly came a sort of sawdust, or fine
nutritious particles out of the kernel and drupe dried ; this too
* In the New Hebrides the petticoat worn by women find girls is pre-
pared from the exposed roots of the Pandanus by splitting and chewing
them. Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 186.
t Gill loc. tit., p. 187.
J Whitmee A Missionary Cruise iu the South Pacific, Sydney, 1871,
p. 36.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLET. 31
was very nice, but it would take a great deal of such food to
satisfy the appetite."*
Leichhardt writes of Northern Australia : " At the deserted
camp of the natives, which I visited yesterday, I saw half a cone
of the Pandanus covered up in hot ashes, large vessels (koolimans)
filled with water in which roasted seed-vessels were soaking ; seed
vessels which had been soaked, were roasting on the coals, and
large quantities of them broken on stones and deprived of their
seeds. This seems to shew that, in preparing the fruit when ripe
for use, it is first baked in hot ashes, then soaked in water to
obtain the sweet substance contained between its fibres, after
which it is put on the coals and roasted to render it brittle, when
it is broken to obtain the kernels."!
In Funafuti the children make necklaces out of bits of the
brightly coloured nuts. J
Of the timber trees the most imposing is the Fetau (Calophyllum
inophyllum, Linn.). On the lagoon side of the north-eastern islet
and overhanging the water are some handsome examples of this
tree forty feet in height and six or seven in diameter, whose roots
extend downwards to the hightide mark, and clasp the rocks in
the fashion of the Maritime Pines of Europe, or the Spotted Gums
of Australia. The rough barked, short, stout trunk branches
like an oak abruptly into heavy, thick limbs. The foliage is
dense, glossy and dark green ; among which is borne a profusion
of delicate, sweet smelling, white flowers, greatly valued by the
natives, and woven by them into garlands for feasts and festivals.
On the main islet were a few small trees, but the species was not
abundant thore. I did not notice the hard dark timber in use
by the natives. Probably it was not workable by the shell adzes
used before civilisation.^
Another of the taller timber trees is the Pouka|| (Hernandia
peltala, Meissn.). On a sandy flat just behind the village, is a
wood chiefly composed of this species. Hemmed in by each other
and the palms they have shot up into straight, unbranched,
slender saplings, forty feet high and twenty inches in diameter ;
* Gill loc. cit., p. 185.
t Leichhardt Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia, 1847,
p. 406.
J As described by Gill loc. cit., p. 186.
Seemann (Flora Vitiensis, 1865-73, p. 12) says of the oil of this tree in
Fiji, " the natives use it for polishing arms and greasing their bodies,
when coconut is not at hand. The leaves ere torn in small pieces, soaked
in water for a night and then used for washing inflamed eyes. Boats
and canoes are built of the wood and it is named with the Vesi (Afzelia
bijuga) as the best timber produced in Fiji."
|| " Buka " in Karotonga Gill, loc. cit., p. 166.
32 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
these, the first examples noted, were too lofty to show flower or
fruit, but the peltate leaf, alluded to by the specific name, enabled
me to recognise later the species, in a graceful round topped tree,
twenty feet high, growing in the open. The curious capsule of
the bell shaped fruit recalled that of the Cape Gooseberry.
During our stay on Funafuti several canoes, " vaka," were built,
all of which were carved out of the soft white Pouka wood,
together with their accessories, balers, outriggers and paddles.
In past times, from seed of this, the pigment used in tatooing
was made.
For posts and the frames of houses the natives had recourse to
the hard, heavy, white wood of the Fau (Ochrosia parviflorus,
Henslow), a smooth barked, small, round topped tree, twenty-five
feet in height and a foot in diameter, which flourished among
broken coral debris, independent of sand or soil. In hot weather
the dense foliage of large, smooth, glossy leaves offered a refresh-
ing shade. The nuts, which Darwin aptly compared to walnuts
in appearance, turn yellow when ripe, and hang from long stalks
in clusters of twos and threes. Beneath the tree are thickly
scattered on the ground the fallen fruit, looking, when the outer
rind decays, as if meshed in netting. No use is made of these
nuts by the natives.*
Only one clump of the handsome Barringtonia butonica, Forst.,
was seen, it grew a little beyond the north arm of the mangrove
swamp. I am not aware if the Rarotongan methodf of poisoning
fish with Barringtonia was practised by the Ellice Islanders.
Of the uses to which this tree is put in Fiji, Seemann writes : " A
magnificent seaside tree, from which liku (woman's dress) is made.
The large square fruits are used by the natives for floats of fishing
nets, and in a favourite game (veitegi vutu). The outer portion
of the fruit, which is poisonous, is employed for stupefying fish,
for the purpose of catching them."|
Around the swamp a hedge of Tonga (Rhizophora mucronata,
Lamk.) extended for most of its circumference. This was the
only spot it inhabited in the atoll, and no other species of
mangrove grows in Funafuti. The arched hoop-like roots, spring-
ing high from the trunk, stretch out for yards across the mud,
and from them spring smaller and yet smaller hoops that anchor
the tree further and further into the swamp. The pendulous
viviparous fruit is called " pika." It is not used for food upon
* In the Solomons, "The fruit of the common littoral tree Ochrosia
parviflora ("pokosola") contains an edible flat kernel." Guppy Solomon
Islands, 1887, p. 87.
f Gill loc. cit., p. 140.
Seemann loc. cit., p. 87. See also Guppy Solomon Islands, 1887,
p. 158.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLBY. 33
Funafuti, but is eaten on neighbouring atolls where food is less
plentiful.* Rhizophora tan was formerly used as a dye, but its
place is now taken by European tar. " A mangrove which
supplies a black dye" is noted by Dr. Steinbach from the
Marshall Islands."! The hard wood of this mangrove was
carved into " afa," meshing needles. In Fiji, Dr. Seemann
observes of this tree: "The sap has a blood red colour, and
is much employed by the natives, amongst whom it is as
fashionable to dye their hair red as it was amongst the ladies of
ancient Rome, after their roving husbands had become acquainted
with the fair locks of the Teutonic race. On the Island of
Nukubati I also saw the sap employed by potters for painting
their crockery. Just after the pots had been baked, and were
still quite hot, a mixture consisting of this fluid and the sap of
of Hibiscus moschatus, L., was used for that purpose, the colours
of the paint remaining almost unchanged after the vessels had
become cool and dry. The aerial roots, being very elastic, offer
good materials for bows of which the Fijians avail themselves." \
Both the Solomon Islanders and the Tongans also used this wood
for bows.
The Fo fafini, or Woman's Fibre tree (Hibiscus iiliaceus, Linn.),
grows in abundance as a small tree thirty feet in height, bearing
numerous large, showy, lemon coloured flowers, with a brown
centre. The western end of the mangrove swamp was overgrown
by a dense thicket of this tree. I did not notice that its very
soft white wood was applied to any purpose by the natives.
The bark, as elsewhere in the Pacific, is a favourite material
with the local costumieres, who soak it in sea water for a couple
of weeks, dry it in the sun, and bleach it with lime, or stain it
red with Nonou bark, or blacken it with charcoal, bonito blood,
or Tonga tan. In the Ellice this use of Fo was restricted to
Nukulailai, Funafuti, Nukufetau, and Vaitupu, beyond which
it was replaced by Pandanus.
Seemann says : " In most countries the fibre of this species is
extensively used for cordage, but in Fiji the chief use made of it
and that of the foregoing species (H. tricuspis) is for women's
"liku," a dress consisting of a number of fringes attached to a
waistband. The bark of these trees is stripped off, steeped in
* Near Cooktown, Queensland, the writer saw in a black's camp a
quantity of Rhitophora fruit collected for food, and in Western British
New Guinea he learnt that it was resorted to in time of famine. In Proc.
Roy. Soc. Qd., v., 1888, p. 11, it is recorded as eaten by the Solomon
Islanders. For an allusion to its use as an esculent in Torres Straits,
see Haddon Folklore, i., 1890, p. 190.
t Review, in Geogr. Journ., 1896, p. 297.
J Seemann loc. cit., p. 91.
Mariner Tonga, ii., 1817, p. 287.
34 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
water to render it soft and pliable and to allow the fibres to
separate. The fibres are either permitted to retain their original
whiteness, or they are dyed yellow, red, or black. The yellow
colour is imparted with turmeric, the black with mud and the
leaves of the Favola (Terminalia catappa, Linn.), and the red
with the bark of the Kura (Morinda citrifolia, Linn.), and that
of the Tiri. The liku worn by the common women consists
always of one row of fibres, all of the same colour ; whilst those
worn by ladies of rank are often composed of two or three rows
or layers (flounces), every one of which exhibits a different
colour. In Captain Cook's time the Tahitians used to suck the
bark of this plant when the breadfruit season was unproductive,
and the New Caledonians ate it, as they probably still do."*
" It is the Talwalphin of some of our Aborigines, who use the
fibre of the bark for fishing lines and nets."f " By the Central
Queensland natives the roots and tops are used as food."|
In Hawaii, Hillebrand says: "The light wood serves for out-
riggers of canoes, the bark furnishes a tough and pliable bast for
ropes, and a decoction of the flowers is a useful emollient in
bronchial and intestinal catarrhs.
Near the village were several bushes of Fo tangata (Brous-
sonetia papyracca, Vent.), distinguished from the other Fo |j
(Hibiscus) as the Man's Fibre tree. These grew as shrubs eight
feet high, with slender withy branches and coarsely veined soft
leaves ; apparently they were limited to two or three acres. No
care was bestowed on them, and while on the island I considered
the plants to be quite wild. Numerous references to this species,
as widely cultivated throughout Polynesia, make me now suspect
that this tract had originally been planted. Of Fiji Seemann
writes : " The cultivation of the plant does not seem to extend
further westwards towards the New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
and the Loyalty Groups ; nor does it seem to be in vogue amongst
the islands of the Indian Archipelago and in India
Materials for the scanty clothing worn by the Fijians are readily
supplied by a variety of plants, foremost among which stands
the Malo or Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyracea, Vent.), a
middle sized tree, with rough trilobed leaves, cultivated all over
Fiji."H Hillebrand thought that B. papyracea was a native of
* Seemann loc. cit., p. 18.
f Maiden Useful Native Plants, 1889, p. 624.
J Thozet quoted id.
Hillebrand Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888, p. 49.
|| " Botanical classification has often no place in vernacular nomencla-
ture, and through some resemblance in habit or in utility plants are
often placed together that to a botanist lie far apart." Guppy Trans.
Viet. Inst., 1896.
1 Seemann loc. cit., p. 246.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 35
Japan. The bark is used for manufacturing fishing lines, which
are white, hard and extremely strong. After it is peeled from
the twig the fibre is obtained, not by maceration, but by scraping
away the inner and outer layers of bark.
An indigenous Fig is known as Ferra. It resembles the
illustration, PL Ixiv., of Ficus aspera in the Flora Vitiensis,
producing small green fruit the size of marbles, and rarely
attaining an altitude of twenty feet. The root, " djakka ferra,"
formerly yielded excellent fibre for cordage, equal to that obtained
from Broiissonetia, but is no longer employed. It was manufac-
tured from the bark of the root by peeling, chewing, and drying
it in the sun. A dish from the fruit of the Ferra was prepared
by pounding it up with coconut milk. In Fiji, "when the
plantations of Broussonetia papyrifera fail to produce a sufficient
quantity of raw material for making native cloth, recourse is had
to the Baka, Ficus obliqua, Forster."*
Several different species of trees which agree in having white,
scented, night flowering blossoms, and somewhat similar foliage,
are apt at first acquaintance to be confounded with each other.
Indeed, all the flowers seen on the island, with the exception of
Malvaceous plants, the Dioclea, and a minute small flowered
convolvulus, were white or green.
On landing, the first plant encountered is almost sure to be
the Ngashu (Sccevola kcenigii). This is a thickly growing shrub
about eight feet high, with bare stems and terminal tufts of large
fleshy leaves, among which are borne the inconspicuous white
flowers and white berries. The wood is very soft, hollow, with a
white central pith like elder. These plants love to grow at the
very margin of the sea. The pith is said to have been used for
caulking the seams of canoes.
Some of the most sterile tracts in Funafuti, of decaying coral
washed by high tides, were densely overgrown by the Ngia or
Ingia bush, for the botanical name of which, Femphis acidula,
Forst., I am indebted to Mr. E. Betche, who made the acquain-
tance of this plant in the Marshall Islands. To whites it is
known as ironwood, and is valued as furnishing the best firewood
on the island. The natives carve the hard wood into various
implements, and in former times weapons. The Ngia has small
white flowers, narrow linear leaves, stem and branches like an
overgrown heath, and attains a height of six or seven feet. Its
general aspect reminded me of the " Manuka " of New Zealand,
also a gregarious shrub delighting in the worst of soils. To this
widespread species, a characteristic of atoll floras, evidently refer
* Seemann loc. tit., p. 251.
36 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Cooper's* notes of " Nangiia " on San Bernardo and Palmerston
Islands.
Besides the Fetau already described, there are two other
blossoms especially valued for their scent by the natives, the
Boua and the Jiali. In " the old times " flowers were worn
lavishly, and are interwoven with many native tales and customs.
A lover's wishes were granted by the lady of his choice, who
crowned him with a scented garland, but a refusal was conveyed
by handing to the less fortunate swain an unscented wreath.
The passion for scent among the Polynesians was illustrated by
the Hawaiian chiefs, who reserved the choicest scent trees for
themselves by tabuing them to the common people.
The Boua (Guettarda speciosa, Linn.), grows abundantly as a
small tree twenty feet high, with large, ovate, opposite, rough
leaves, bearing in cymes a profusion of richly perfumed white
flowers, with long slender corolla tubes. The leaves are used for
poultices, and the flowers are employed both for scenting the
anointing coconut oil and are worn as wreaths, f
The Jiali, determined by the kind help of Mr. R. T. Baker as
Gardenia taitensis, D.C., is not so common, I noticed it only at
Luamanif. It grows into a small tree, with glossy, opposite,
obovate leaves, and bears large, handsome, white, sweet smelling,
hypocrateriform flowers, which are used in the same way as the
Boua. " A singular enchantment was employed [in the Hervey
Group] to kill off the husband of a pretty woman desired by
someone else. The expanded flower of a Gardenia was stuck
upright a very difficult performance in a cup (i.e. half a large
coconut shell) of water. A "prayer" was then offered for the
husband's speedy death, the sorcerer earnestly watching the
flower. Should it fall the incantation was successful."! For
a married Mangaiian man to dream of Gardenia meant, if the
blossom were expanded, that he was about to become the father
of a boy, if unoxpanded, of a girl. The Gardenia blossom (the
flower of flowers in native estimation) was, and still is, worn in
the pierced ears of both sexes. In Tonga the same plant appar
ently had the same name and use, for a verse in an old song ran :
* Cooper Coral Lands of the Pacific, ii., 1880, p. 76. " On Palmerston
Island Damana timber is very plentiful, and so is a wood called Nangiia,
generally found in the Pacific on desert shores, or on the brink of
lagoons where its roots are bathed by the tide. Its characteristics are
great weight, intense hardness, and closeness of grain. Mr, Sterndale
considers that it would be very valuable as a substitute for boxwood for
engravers. The logs were about 18 in. in diameter."
fThe Vitians make necklaces (taube or salusalu) of the corollas of
this and other white odoriferous Monopetalae." Seemann loc. tit., p. 131.
J Gill The South Pacific and New Guinea, Sydney, 1892, p. 22.
Gill Proc. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1892 (1893), p. 613.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 37
" We will plait thick wreaths ofjiale for our heads, and prepare
strings of hooni for our necks, that their whiteness may show off
the colour of our skins ;"* and we read that " sweet scented
plants, principally the jiale," were planted before the grave of
the Tongan king.f
Near the town were a few Crinum plants, whose flowers were
woven by the girls into wreaths. They seemed to me to have
been planted there, but the natives assured me that the species
was indigenous, which I am more inclined to believe after reading
that Woodford remarked it in the Gilberts. J
Thespesia populnea, Soland., known both to the Ellice Islanders
and Tahitians by the name of Miro, grew on the embankments
between the cultivated swamps, I saw none undoubtedly wild.
It is chiefly valued for producing the long, straight poles used in
bonitp fly fishing. The handsome dark wood I saw carved into
a native drum. ||
The Tausoun (Tournefortla argentea, Linn.) grows upon sandy
soil and flourishes upon the leeward islands, where it gives its
name to one locality. It appears as a low, round-topped tree
with rough bark, dense foliage, and large dense cymes of small
purple flowers. The large, obovate silky leaves attract a visitor's
attention. No use is made of the soft wood, but the leaves are
applied as a styptic to incised wounds ; they are also collected to
enrich the soil of the Taro plantations.
A bush, Valla valla (Premna taitensis, Schauer), grows abundantly
on sandy ground, the large, thin, light green leaves of which emit
an agreeable scent when crushed in the hand. These are used by
the natives to scent coconut oil. When matches were unknown,
the usual material for raising fire was Valla valla wood, a pencil
being ploughed in a groove till friction produced ignition. At
Nukulailai cauterisation was practised by applying a piece of
Valla valla bark glowing from the fire to the seat of the pain.U I
was told on this island that the root of this shrub was sometimes
used as a dye. " The natives of Fiji, who call the tree ' Yaro,'
employ the wood for house building."**
* Mariner Tonga, i., 1817, p. 308.
t Mariner loc. cit., p. 409.
j Woodford loc. cit., p. 346.
Guppy Trans. Viet. Inst., 1896.
|| "The natives in Fiji do not seem to make any use of the fibre of
the Mulomulo (T. p.) so frequently used in other countries for cordage,
but bestow great praise on the tree on account of the almost indestruc-
tible nature of the wood whilst under water. In Tahiti the tree was
formerly regarded as sacred and planted on the ' Marae.' " Seemann
loc. cit., p. 19.
1 Mariner tells us that the Tongans applied ignited tappa to cases of
hard indolent tumours. Loc. cit., p. 261.
** Seemann loc. cit., p. 187.
38 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The favourite dye wood of Funafuti is the Nonou* (Morinda
citrifolia, Linn.), a shrub growing plentifully wherever soil and
shelter could be found. A height of ten or twelve feet is reached
by this as a weak, straggling shrub, whose leaves are opposite,
ovate-acuminate, large and glossy. The peculiar green fruit, an
inch or two in length, somewhat resembles a green strawberry or
a small, immature pine cone. The terminal twigs are four square.
By the natives the fruit is eatenf medicinally, but they chiefly
value the plant as a dye producer. A bright crimson-vermilion
stain results from grating the bark of the root with a piece of
rough coral and applying lime thereto. The native kilt or titi is
thus coloured,! and the red strands in mat patterns similarly
produced. Where the natives have more communication with
Europeans the Nonou dye is discarded for aniline dyes. At
Tonga, Mariner observed the Pandanus leaf, "first soaked for six
or eight hours in lime water, and afterwards in an infusion of
the root of the nono, where it remains for about a week ; it is
afterwards exposed to the sun, and becomes of a bright red ; the
root of the nono is of a dark bright yellow, which, upon the
action of lime water becomes red."
Once only was a Cordyline, probably C. terminalis, seen ; upon
the north-eastern islet I saw a few plants of this genus about
three or four feet high, without flower or fruit. A native guide
to whom it was pointed out called it Ti, a name by which it is
known from Hawaii to New Zealand ; he added that the root
was "allee same sugar." Two species of Cordyline are cultivated
in Fiji, where their roots are eaten by the natives. ||
A rampant climber, smothering shrubs and young palms in its
embrace, is the Sageta, a "vine" which Mr. E. Betche has kindly
identified for me as Dioclea violacea, Mart. The large, purple,
papilionaceous blossom is succeeded by a broad pod three inches
long and an inch wide, along the flat side of which runs a raised
ridge or keel. English residents of the Ellice assure me that the
* The island in the Tokolau Group, Nukunonou, seems to have taken
its name from this plant.
f " The Queensland Aborigines are said by Thozet to be very fond of
the bitter-flavoured granulated fruit." Maiden Useful Native Plants,
1889, p. 45.
" The fruit though rather insipid is eaten either raw or after under-
going some kind of cooking in Fiji." Seemann loc. cit., p. 129.
" The natives of the Shortland Islands informed me that the neigh-
bouring people of Eubiana were accustomed to eat the fruits of the
common littoral tree Morinda citrifolia (urati), but that they themselves
did not eat it." Guppy Solomon Islands, 1887, p. 89.
^It was doubtless with this not with "red ochre" that the dress
presented to Capt. Moresby (New Guinea, p. 79) on Niutao was coloured.
Mariner loc. cit., p. 209.
|| Seemann loc. cit., p. 311.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 39
bean of this plant is excellent eating, as indeed its botanical
affinities would suggest. Yet as a source of food it is entirely
neglected by a race whose diet is almost limited to the two
staples of fish and coconut. As I have elsewhere remarked,* " we
must remember that even among the most degraded races every-
thing eatable is not eaten. As famine presses heavier upon a
tribe so are coarser and less agreeable foods used." Dr. Guppy
also points out "the singular fact that the inhabitants of one
Pacific group are often unacquainted with, or make but little use
of, sources of vegetable food which in other groups afford a staple
diet."f I gathered from one source that the Sageta was used to
caulk the seams of canoes, but I do not know exactly how it was
applied. In general the natives described it to me as but a weed,
and the only use to which they put it is to crop the foliage for
green-soiling the gardens.
A common herb everywhere was the Tulla tulla (Triumfetta
procumbens, Forst.), whose prostrate stems trailed for several
feet over the ground. In sunshine only did the golden yellow
petals unfold, but the burr-like seeds attracted attention in all
weathers. This was the most valued medicinal plant for the
native doctors, who made of its foliage both decoctions and
poultices. The native pharmacopeia included several other plants,
as the Talla talla gemoa (Psilotum triquetrum, Linn.) ; wounds
from the spine of the Monacanthus fishes were treated with a poul-
tice of this, and another mode of treatment was to pile the plant
on a fire and hold the wounded limb in the smoke then produced.
For ear ache a remedy was sought in the cruciferous herb Lou
(Cardamine sarmentosa, Forst.), the leaves of which being chewed
the juice is strained in a cloth and poured into the ear. " In New
Caledonia this species is eaten instead of Cress and as an anti-
scorbutic."! A cure for boils is a poultice of the leaves of the
Lakoumonong, kindly identified for me by Mr. R. T. Baker,
as Wedelia slriyulosa, D.C., a tall composite herb with yellow
flowers, which grew among the Brousonnetia bushes and reached
a height of about six feet. It was further used as a scent plant.
The leaves are chopped fine, wrapped in a cloth and strained
by twisting, cloth and leaves are then soaked in coconut oil
to impart to it a perfume.
Another scent was given to the anointing oil by crushing in
it the fronds of Meili (Polypodium, sp.), a common fern there.
Several other species of ferns nourished in shady places in the
centre of the island, the most conspicuous of which were the
large tufts of Asplenium nidus, Linn.
* In J. P. Thomson British New Guinea, 1892, p. 283.
t Guppy loc. cit., p. 90.
Seemann loc. cit., p. 5.
40 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
An Abutilon grew as a small shrub with handsome orange-
brown blossoms in dry sunny places. On the north-eastern islet
I once noticed an Ipomcea trailing over the ground. It resembled
in habit but differed in leaf from /. biloba, Forsk. ; neither flower
nor fruit was seen. No parasites or epiphytes were noticed with
the exception of a Cuscuta, which entangled low bushes in its
skeins of thread. The introduced couch grass, Cynodon dactylon,
had obtained a footing around the village. Another grass grew
thickly in small patches of swampy flats clear of trees. Two
species of mosses occurred, one probably Octoblepharum smarag-
dinum* Mitten, wrapped around the butts of the palms as a soft
green mantle a handsbreadth deep.
The fallen trunks of trees were encrusted by a fungus, possibly
a species of Polyporus.
A specimen of Azolla rubra, floating in the men's bathing pool,
was the only instance of aquatic 'vegetation that came under my
notice.
A log came ashore upon the windward reef, which an
experienced bushman of our party having split and chewed,
determined by its grain and taste to be New Zealand kauri,
Dammar a australis, Lamb. "An occasional log drifts to the
shores, and at some of the more isolated atolls, where the natives
are ignorant of any land but the spot they inhabit, they are
deemed direct gifts from a propitiated deity. These drift logs
were noticed by Kotzebue at the Marshall Islands, and he
remarked also that they often brought stones in their roots.
Similar facts have been observed at the Gilbert Group, and
also at Enderby's Island, and many other coral islands in the
Pacific, "f
SUMMARY.
My observations on the Funafuti plants used by the islanders
are far from exhaustive. A thorough inquiry into such a
subject can only be undertaken with success by one speaking
the language fluently. Medicine and magic are too intimately
associated to be lightly discussed by a native herbalist, even in
the present stage of civilisation. I could not attempt to unravel
the sources of information, but some ideas at least of the virtues
of plants are recent importations from Fiji or Samoa.
The above notes may thus be briefly classified : Food plants
Cocos, Pandanus, Ficus, and Cordyline; Fibre Cocos, Pan-
danus, Ficus, Hibiscus, and Broussonetia ; Timber Hernandia,
Ochrosia, Thespesia, Rhizophora, and Pemphis ; Dye Premna,
Morinda, and Rhizophora ; Scent Calophyllum, Guettarda,
* Mitten Challenger Reports, Bot., ii., p. 254.
t Dana loc. cit., p. 287.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 41
Premna, Gardenia, Crinum, Wedelia, and Poly podium; Medi-
cinal Triumfetta, Tournefortia, Morinda, Premna, Psilotum,
Cardamine, and Wedelia. Neglected by the islanders as food are
the seeds of Pandanus, eaten in Australia ; of Ochrosia, eaten in
the Solomons ; of Rkizophora, eaten in Papua ; and of Dioclea,
eaten by Europeans.
POPULATION.
Louis Becke, author of those charming and vivid South Sea
stories, " By Reef and Palm," and who once resided upon Funa-
futi writes,* " sixty or seventy years ago, so the American whale-
ship captains of those days said, there were 3,000 people in the
thirty and odd islets. Then, for the next thirty years, unknown
and terrible diseases, introduced by the white men, ravaged not
Funafuti alone, but the whole group, and where there were once
thousands only hundreds could be counted; and until about 1860
it looked as if the total extinction of the whole race was but a
matter of another decade. But, fortunately, such was not the
case. In 1870 the writer counted one hundred and sixty people ;
in 1882 they had increased to nearly two hundred."
At the time of our visit (May - August, 1896) the census
amounted to two hundred and fifty or sixty. Woodfordf remarks
upon a similar decrease in the Gilberts.
HISTORY.
" Seven of these islands or groups are probably Samoan in origin,
with an admixture of Tongese. In some cases the Tongan was
introduced at a late stage, in others the Tougan element was
almost contemporaneous with the Samoan, but in all cases the
Samoan preponderates so much as to have controlled the language.
As far as I am able to judge from a comparison of the most
familiar words, the Tokelau and the Ellice Island dialects have
become practically assimilated to each other. Samoan largely
prevails in the whole of the Tokelau and the Ellice Islands ; it is
the literary language, except in the Gilbert or Kingsmill Island
colony of Nui, where the Gilbert Island dialect is spoken with a
small admixture of Samoan or Ellice Island words and construc-
tions. "{ Captain Wilkes in 1841 observed of Funafuti that: "It
was soon found that they understood the Samoan language, and
spoke a purely Polynesian dialect. The Samoan native easily con-
versed with them." Mr. John O'Brien tells me that he remarked
* Becke loc. cit.
fWoodford loc. cit., p. 334. An exhaustive Report on the diminution
of the native population of Fiji is, I understand, in course of publication
by Dr. Corney.
I Newell, loc. cit.
Wilkes, loc. cit.
42 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
thirty or forty years ago that both the natives of Fotuna Island*
and the Tokelau Group use the same dialect as the Ellice Islanders
but a few words have different meanings.
"A most decisive proof of their history [the people of the Ellice
Group] was recently obtained by Dr. G. A. Turner while visiting
the missions of the group. He was shown, and he ultimately
obtained, a spear or staff, which their orators held while speaking,
a Samoan custom indicating the holder's right to speak ; this staff
was very ancient, and the greatest treasure of their heralds and
genealogists ; they said they brought it with them from Samoa,
and named the valley where they came from thirty generations
back. The staff was decayed or worm eaten, and bound together
by splints and sinnet. Dr. Turner took it to Samoa, found that
it was made of Samoan timber, visited the valley they named, and
discovered a tradition there of a large party having gone to sea
exploring, and never returning."!
The Samoans themselves look down upon the Ellice Islanders as
rough, uncultured boors and would not acknowledge them as close
relations. Their physical appearance, broad faces, large frames,
hair often curly but sometimes straight, and short beards, J all
support the conclusion drawn from the language and customs that
a Micronesian element has here been grafted on a Polynesian
stock.
Funafuti is, however, a most unfavourable locality for studying
the relations of the Ellice Islanders. About thirty years ago
most of the adult population were kidnapped by a Peruvian slaver
recruiting labour for the Cincha Islands. The atoll has since
received an immigrant population from various sources. Colonists
from Samoa, the Tokelaus, Manihiki, and other of the Ellices
settled in the depopulated village. There are two half caste
families by white fathers and one by an American negro.
Altogether there are not a dozen left of tattooed, white headed
men and women who remember the Funafuti of forty years ago.
" Tradition says that the place was first inhabited by the porcu-
pine fish, whose progeny became men and women. Another
account traces the origin of the people to Samoa. It is said also
that the islands were formed by a man who went about on the
* A comparison of the manners and customs of this island with those
of the Ellice Group would be of much interest. I have not, however,
met sufficient information relating to this French Possession to do so.
Potuna or Horn Island must not be confounded with Futuna near Tanna
in the New Hebrides.
f W. L. Eanken Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vi., 1877, p. 233. See also
Whitmee Journ. Anthrop. Inst., viii., 1879, p. 271,
J For characteristic figures of Funafuti natives of the pre-Christian
time, see Wilkes Amer. Explor. Exped., v., 1845, pp. 40 and 41.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 43
ocean with a basket of sand on his back, and wherever some ran
out an island sprang up."* Under a slightly different guise the
latter version of the genesis was repeated at Niutao.
A native tradition related to me names the Kaounga as the
first inhabitants of Funafuti and tells that they swam from Samoa.
According to Newell a similar legend prevailed in Vaitupu.
Among the Kaounga were the chiefs Toa, Touiriki and Moroti,
the names of the two former are still perpetuated by the localities
in Funafuti called after them. According to Newell, "The people
are descended from Samoans, known to posterity as Lafai, Le Fe'e
(cuttlefish), Sa Seve (the clan of Seve), and two others, five clans
in all."
The following account of the ruling dynasty was given to me,
through the interpretation of Mr. O'Brien, by the present king of
Funafuti. Terematua, he said, was the first king of Funafuti ;
he was succeeded by his eldest son, Kisosunga ; and he by his
eldest son Tiro, and he by his son Tiro the Second. A system
long prevailed on the island of government by a king and sub-
ordinate chief. The latter succeeding to the supreme office on
the death of the former and being succeeded in the subordinate
position by the late king's son.
"The so-callod king of Fakaofo bears the title of "ariki"
(Samoan, alii = chief), and is the only person until quite recently so
described. The " ariki " is always the oldest male member of the
four principal families of Fakaofo, all of whom trace their descent
from the two brothers above referred to namely Kava and Pi'o.
When the "ariki" dies the oldest man then living among these
four families becomes "ariki." No others possess this title, and
there are no clan names or titles outside this circle. The Samoaii
custom of conferring the name of the head of the family upon
the heir does not exist in the Tokelaus."f An arrangement
resembling this seems latterly to have prevailed in Funafuti.
Turner says of Funafuti,! "The kingship alternated in four or
five leading families, and when one king died, another was chosen
by the family next in turn." Whitmee says of Niutao "the king
and chief have sole authority on the island. Although the king
has the higher title, he pays great deference to the chief, and they
live on excellent terms with each other."
Now Tiro the Second and Tibouro were kings together. And
Tibouro was killed by his brother Ningi, who assumed the king-
ship but was killed by a spirit a fortnight afterwards. Takamiti
succeeded Ningi. The next king was Palou, the son of Tibouro,
who was followed by Touassa. In Touassa's reign the land was
* Turner loc. cvt. t Newell loc. ci*.
J Loc. cvt., p. 282. Whitmee loc. tit., p, 22.
44 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
first portioned out, every individual receiving a share. But after
Touassa's death, Erivada the priest instituted a redistribution in
which the adult males or fighting men alone participated. The
conflicting land titles granted by Touassa and Erivada breed
dispute to this day.
Touassa's son Sirimiou succeeded him and was in turn suc-
ceeded by his son Jira, who was followed by his son Sikamani.
Tarafo, another grandson of Touassa next ruled Funafuti; followed
first by his son Taturi and then by his brother Teriki, who was
reigning when Mr. O'Brien arrived on the island about forty years
ago. The next king was Matavai his cousin, followed by the
latter's eldest son, Yakoba (Jacob), in whose reign the people
adopted Christianity. Manu his brother succeeded and was
followed by the reigning king.
Another native gave me a story of the Tongan invaders who
harassed the Ellice in bygone times. The marauders sailed from
Tonga in two or three war canoes,* each holding a hundred men,
and were accustomed to make the circuit of the entire Archipelago
landing at each atoll and massacring the people. Their object
was not head hunting or to procure the means of a cannibal feast,
but merely slaughter to indulge their lust for bloodshed. On
their return south they habitually carried with them a boy captive
to Tonga, to serve, when he grew to manhood, as a reminder that
the northern islands were ripe for another foray. When it is
considered that these feats of navigation were performed without
sextant or compass, and with but the rudest of charts, they may
well be held to eclipse the boasted deeds of the mediaeval
Venetians, Genoese, or Portuguese, and to rival alone in daring
or in seamanship the voyages of Scandinavian vikings.
Borouselif, the son of Toua and grandson of another Toua, the
latter of whom was killed by the Tongans, was a great warrior.
He drove back several of the Tongan incursions and slew many
Tongans, including Tinaman,f a celebrated Tongan warrior, but
was at last slain in battle by the Tongans. The last Tongan
invasion, which occurred before the grandfather of my informant
was born, is represented as having been repulsed with much
slaughter. A spot in the reef is still pointed out where a fugitive
was speared while swimming back to his vessel.
The Rev. J. E. Newell thus writes| of the neighbouring atoll
of Nukufetau : "A full and explicit account is given here of a
Tongan invasion. Unfortunately I could get no clue as to the
probable date of that invasion and the war which ensued. Two
* For a description of one of these vessels, see Cook's Second Voyage,
ii., 1777, p. 17.
t Probably the Tinaimanu of the Nukuf etau legend.
J Newell loc. tit., p. 608.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 45
large war canoes were sighted, and with one of them, the warrior
of Nukufetau, named Laupapa (evidently a Samoan name), was
speedily in contact. After a parley a battle took place in which
two Tongan "chiefs" named Savea and Tinaimanu were engaged.
Tinaimanu is referred to as the breeder of wars in the " Eight
Islands " i.e., the Ellice Group. The Tongans were driven off
and went to Funafuti. There one of the Tongan chiefs (it is not
clear whether this was Tinaimanu or not) established himself,
but Savea and his people returned to Tonga. The chief who
remained at Funafuti very quickly acquired a reputation for
savagery. He practised cannibalism to such an extent that very
shortly there were none but women and children left. Ten young
boys, who were attached to the chief as his servants, when they
grew up, formed a plot to murder the cannibal, which they
successfully accomplished, thus ridding the Eight Islands of a
scourge At Fakaofo, too, I heard that they had a
tradition (which I could not obtain) of a war which had, hundreds
of years ago, been waged between the Tokelau Islanders and the
Tongans."
In the early days of the present king (say forty or fifty years
ago), a feud existed between Funafuti and Nukulailai. To
avenge the starvation of some Funafuti travellers on Nukulailai,
a war party from the former island sailed across to Nukulailai
and killed many men.
The Funafuti natives have long ceased to make or use any
weapons,* but to resist the Tongans spears were fashioned of
split palm tipped with shark's teeth. A shark toothed sabre,
like that made in the Gilbert Islands, was called " kei ;" another
with a bristling knob of sharks' teeth was " kekana." An aged,
white haired and tatooed man, made for me models of a war
missile, " tiapa," and a club, " lakoutoua," also a slender unarmed
spear, as formerly used by his people.
In the canoes which put off from Funafuti to the " Peacock,"
" Their spears were only poles of coconut wood, pointed at one
end ; and their knives made of small shark's teeth, inserted into
a stick with gum and fine sennit, and are about a foot long.f
" Clubs and great double-edged wooden swords, fifteen feet
long, and edged with sharks' teeth, were kept in the larger
temples for display on festive occasions in honour of the gods,
and taken occasionally to the rocks at the landing-place to
flourish about and frighten away any party from a ship, or from
another island attempting to land " J at Nanomana.
* Whitmee wrote in 1870 (loc. cit., p. 27), "On some of the islands
wars are unknown. An old man on Vaitupu brought me a hatchet made
out of the back of a turtle, and I asked if it ever had been used in war.
He replied that he had never heard of war on Vaitupu."
t Wilkes loc. cit. J Turner loc. cit., p. 290.
46 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In some of the Northern Atolls the natives were adepts at
singlestick and wrestling. Some of these men showed me a
variety of adroit tricks, whereby an unarmed man might safely
seize a knife from his enemy's hand, break down his guard, or trip
him. This skill at fence was taught them by the Gilbert Islanders.
A British Protectorate was proclaimed over the Ellice Group
in Sept., 1892, by Captain Gibson of H.M.S. " CuraQoa."
HEATHEN WORSHIP.
To-day Paganism claims not a single adherent throughout the
Archipelago. Christianity has now been embraced for a quarter
of a century, and the memory of- the old rites is rapidly
vanishing. In a few years the knowledge of these that might
still be gleaned will have become extinct. I have therefore
added to my own gatherings a digest of information relating to
the Ellice previously published. The religious customs of this
Group, no doubt, were closely approximated to those of the
Tokelaus described by Turner.*
On the subject of heathen worship, and indeed upon Funafuti
lore in general, I owe most of the information gathered to the
unwearied kindness of Mr. John O'Brien, who during forty years'
residence has acquired a greater knowledge of native manners
and customs than the younger generation of natives possesses.
Mr. O'Brien kindly supplemented his recollections by questioning
and interpreting from aged men on my behalf.
The first objects to which worship was addressed seem to have
been Thunder and Lightning. A spirit, Tufokoula, was worshipped
in the form of a sea bird. The Areva or cuckoo (Urodynamis
iaitensis, Sparrm.) was sacred on Nanomana.f For the interest-
ing superstition regarding this bird on the Gilberts, see a paper
by Mr. A. J. North. J To this succeeded ancestor worship.
Toa, one of the traditionary " Kaounga," or first inhabitants,
believed to have swum from Samoa, was one of the earliest
deified. Erivada, son of Erikobai, a famous and powerful priest
of the olden time, appears to have arranged the rites and deities.
Firafi, a former king and famous warrior, was introduced as an
object of worship, and any distinguished tribesman was on his
death added to the Funafuti pantheon. "They appear," remarks
Newell, " to have had more elaborate religious rites than other
* Turner loc. cit., p. 267. f Gill Jottings, p. 25.
JProc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), ix., p. 585.
Turner writes (loc. cit., p. 285) the name "Foilape," and adds that
he was also one of the principal gods of Nukufetau. The reigning chief
of Nukufetau when the " Peacock " visited the group bore his name.
Newell says (Joe. cit.), " Foilape was a man of enormous physical strength
and a fearful despot. He had to flee for his life to Vaitupu, where he
was honoured as a god, after he had been murdered as a despot."
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 47
islands in the group. The group of atolls seems to have been
filled with sacred places and shrines."
Erivada related that in a dream he was instructed by seven*
spirits to make a god of a red stone, obtained by diving in the
passage, wrapped in pandanus leaves and placed in a case, " fe'ou,"
like (as O'Brien described it) a hen-coop. If anyone fell sick the
stone was taken out and beseeched to relieve or cure the sufferer.
Erivada also manufactured from coloured pandanus leaves and
shells the sacred casket, " bourou," supposed to be worn like a hat
by Firafi. O'Brien, on his arrival, saw a ceremony performed by
the priest, or as he termed him the "devil-master," to induce the
spirit to send abundance of fish. This consisted of the bourou
being taken out of the temple and carried thrice around it,
followed by a procession of men and women stripped naked for
the occasion. "Foilape," writes Turner, "was the principal god,
and they had a stone at his temple. There was an altar also on
which offerings of food were laid. At the order of the priest the
altar was carried about the settlement, and as the god was
supposed to be on it, the people danced in front and all around
to please him." On Nukufetau, "Occasionally, after a death for
instance, the people assembled, and in honour of the god paraded
about the settlement, carrying shoulder high the box containing
his treasures."!
No fisher would use his catch till an offering was made to the
temple. Receiving the first fruits of every haul, the priest would
walk around the temple, and calling each of the numerous spirits
by its name, would deposit upon post after post for each his fish
in sacrifice. A barracouta was always appropriated by the
temple, presenting this perquisite was called "greasing the mats
of the temples."
Such valuables as fine mats or pearl shell fish-hooks were
frequently offered. When any new or wonderful object was
acquired, if for instance a bottle or tin came ashore, it was at
once taken to the temple. In Nukufetau, Turner tells usj
that " Any rare beads or other fancy articles from a ship were
presented. If concealed, the god knew it, he was omniscient,
and brought death on the culprit." At Fotuna, "It forms
an important part of the religion of this island to consider
everything that arrives there, whether of great or little value, as
the property of the gods, no matter whether it be a largs canoe
or a log of wood."
* Referring to this mystic number, Newell writes (loc. cit.) of the
ransom for a child's life upon Nukufetau of seven bowls of faausi, " So
far as I know this is the only instance of the number seven being con-
sidered the number of completeness, as in the Hebrew Scriptures."
t Turner loc. cit. J Turner loc. cit., p. 205.
Mariner Tonga, i., 1817, p. 318.
48 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Sometimes it would be announced by the sorcerer that a certain
person was about to fall sick. The threatened victim then had
to reside in the temple, and enchantments were pronounced over
him twice a day ; he was anointed with coconut oil, and was
placed in the smoke of a fire so that the demon's eyes might be
blinded and he escape.
A kind of divination was practised by spinning a coconut
before the altar ; if it came to rest in a particular position
success was prophesied, but if the result was unpropitious the
nut would be coaxed, fondled, and spun again. A similar
divination by spinning a coconut is described by Mariner in
Tonga.*
" A temple with a covering was known as a ' Fale-Atua,' a
shrine was an ' Afu,' and the priest, as in the Tokelaus and in
Samoa, was a 'Vakatua.' Long after the significance of the
temple was forgotten the stone shrine or memorial was wor-
shipped."! A beautiful illustration of the gods and temple of
Fakaafu by a member of the first European party who visited
that island of the Tokelau Group, faces p. 274 of Dana's Corals
and Coral Islands, 1872.
The last temple on Funafuti was destroyed by the hands of
Mr. O'Brien.
On this atoll the priests chose the sailing dates for canoes
visiting other islands. If the vessel missed her destination,
the drifting and starving crew used first to kill and eat the
" devil-master."
Regarding heathen worship, the Rev. S. J. Whitmee writes j
of the Ellice Group in general at the time when the Archipelago
was passing from Paganism to Christianity : " They worshipped
the spirits of their ancestors; mostly those who originally peopled
the islands, but some of later generations have been deified in
some of the islands. They have shrines in some places where
they offer their devotions, and where the gods come to hear their
prayers and accept their offerings. Some have tangible repre-
sentatives of their gods in the shape of stones : but as far as I
could learn, they always had the idea of spiritual beings taking
up their abode in them either for a time or permanently. They
have also a number of sacred men through whom they communi-
cate with their gods. In some of the southern islands, now
Christianized, there was only one sacred man in each village.
He was chosen by the people from one particular family. At
* Mariner Tonga, ii., 1817, p. 239.
t Newell Joe. cit.
I Whitmee loc. cit., pp. 26, 27.
At the temple of Maumau on Nanomea, there stood a nine feet
high coral sandstone slab from the beach. Turner loc. cit., p. 291.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 49
his death, his successor was generally, but not necessarily, his
brother or son. If one failed to satisfy the people, he was
deposed and another chosen. This man was regarded as very
holy. He dwelt with his family apart from the rest of the
people. His house was generally built on piles over the shallow
water in the lagoon. He never worked, but he and his family
were fed by the community. He gained power over individuals
and abundance of food, by promising the favour of the gods to
those who treated him well, and denouncing their anger upon
those who were niggardly and brought him little food. When
the gods communicated with him he pretended to be possessed,*
threw himself into all kinds of attitudes, raved, foamed at the
mouth, and his eyes glared wildly. Then he pronounced the
oracle to the people who had assembled around at a respectful
distance. On two islands, the places where the houses of the
priests stood were pointed out to me, and also the places where
the people congregated. The distance between them could not
have been less than two hundred yards. The priest performed
incantations before the people went out to fish ; and to the anger
or favour of the gods the success or non-success of a fishing
expedition was ascribed. On the northern islands there are
several priests ; they mix with the people, and seem to be far
less exclusive than the single priest was on the southern
islands."
"The natives of Niutao," writes Dr. Gill,f "were accustomed
to worship their heathen deities in a marae in the centre of the
village. Of this great marae only one stone is now left, repre-
senting Tangaloa, god of heaven and principal deity of Polynesia.
. . . . Only forty [Aug., 1872,] still adhered to their ancient
faith, and these were easily distinguished by a single sacred leaf
of the coconut worn on the left arm Half a mile
distant in the bush is their ancient burial ground. Adjoining it
is their pantheon, consisting of an oval, low enclosure, composed
of flat stones, some higher than others, each representing a
distinct divinity ; so that the sacred men standing inside the
enclosure the people of course outside could worship all the
gods at once Returning to the village, we entered
an idol-house. The god is the central side post, stouter than the
rest and crooked. To the crooked post utterly destitute of
ornament three green coconuts and a sacred leaflet were offered {
morning and evening. On these 'occasions the worshipper (with
*" When the priest on Vaitupu became ' red,' by which they meant
flushed and excited, it was a sign that the god had something to say."
(Turner loc. cit., p. 284.) For a description of Tongan priests in
religious frenzy see Mariner loc. cit., p. 106.
fGill loc. cit., p. 12.
JThis act is illustrated by a woodcut in the text on p. 15.
50 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
whom we conversed) goes through his incantations, and, husking
the nuts with a stick kept for the purpose, drinks the water and
eats the kernel, and then puts newly-plucked nuts in their place.
Each new act of worship necessitates the tying of a fresh leaf
round the post, and another round the arm of the worshipper.
Four old coconuts lay at the foot of this queer post god. In
another idol house, we saw on a swinging tray, a smooth round
pebble worshipped as a god. Offerings of green coconuts lay
near it, with the sacred leaflet."
Of the same island, Niutao, Moresby observed :* " Native
missionaries have been two years at work here, but half the
people are as yet devil worshippers, and adore the evil spirit
under the form of coconut leaves, skip jacks, and wooden posts.
Every heathen family has a small devil hut, in which a tiny
grass hammock is slung for the evil spirit to sleep in, and where
offerings of fresh nuts are brought him every morning ; many of
these huts were in full use, but we were pleased to find others
forsaken."
Turner informs! us that " Kulu was the principal god in
Niutao, and at the evening meal was prayed to for rain, coco-
nuts, fish, freedom from disease, &c. Offerings to Kulu were
eaten only by the priest, or by any stranger to whom he might
hand a share."
The same author says of Nanomana, | " Foelangi and Maumau
were the principal gods. They had each a temple ; and under
the altars, on which were laid out in rows the skulls of departed
chiefs and people, were suspended offerings of pearl shell and
other valuables. Foelangi had an unchiseled block of stone to
represent him, something like a six feet high gravestone. The
household gods were incarnate in the fish. Offerings of food
were taken to the temples, that the gods might first partake
before anyone else ate anything. While visiting one of these
temples I saw a number of fresh plucked and husked coconuts
laid down, one before each skull. After a time the nuts were
taken away and eaten by the family who laid them there. Clubs
and great double edged wooden swords, fifteen feet long, and
edged with sharks' teeth, were kept in the larger temples for
display on festive occasions in honour of the gods, and taken
occasionally to the rocks at the landing place to flourish about
and frighten away any party from a ship or from another island
attempting to land, until at least special permission from the
* Moresby New Guinea, 1876, p. 78.
f Turner Samoa, 1884, p. 288.
J Turner op. cit., p. 289.
In Nanomana " On a ' paata ' ( = shelf) were laid human skulls and
jawbones." Dr. Gill's MS. Diary.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLBY. 51
gods had been asked." The destruction of these temples by
Christian converts in 1877 is related by Dr. Gill.*
Upon Nanomana Dr. Gill remarked to a native : " ' Jehovah
made the sky, the ocean, and all men.' The prompt reply was,
' Very likely Jehovah made you and your land ; but the good
gods Maumau and Foelangi' (their ancestors who came from
Samoa) 'made us and Nanomanga.' .... They worship
shooting stars and rainbows ; but the principal objects of adora-
tion are the skulls and jawbones of the dead Crowds
of men ran to the beach to meet us, besmeared with ashes mixed
with oil, each wearing the sacred leaflet on the left arm, with
necklaces of flowers. In this costume they had been dancing
and performing their wild incantations to the gods during the
night. The response of the oracle was, that no foreign god or
instructor should dwell on the land sacred to Maumau and
Foilangi In one of these temples on a large swing
tray we counted eleven human skulls ; on another tray, nine.
It was to accommodate these skulls that the temples were built.
It is the disgusting custom in Nanomanga, when a great chief
or much loved head of a family dies, to bury the corpse, but
on the third day, the head is removed, and the flesh gnawed
off and eaten raw with coconut by the sacred men.f The clean
skull with the jawbone are then put on a tray in the appropriate
temple, and thenceforth become objects of worship
I called on King Atupa. He was reclining on a mat, with an
ominous cough, and seemingly far gone in consumption. We
were told that on his death his skull would be added to the tray
of gods in the adjoining temple."J
" In Ellice's Group skulls of head chiefs are hung up in houses
and taken down periodically, and oiled during the weeping and
wailing of women. I was present at one such ceremony, At
some islands the women not only weep, but beat their eyes from
time to time with their fingers, until the eyelids are so swollen
as to render it necessary to keep in the house for some days."
An extraordinary species of quarantine is thus described by
Mr. Whitmee || at Nanomea : " At this island and at Nanomanga
there are some singular heathen ceremonies gone through on the
arrival of a ship or a canoe from another island. As these
ceremonies occupy from six to eight hours, the whole of which is
spent in a burning sun, and the ceremonies are not of the most
pleasant nature, I was desirous of escaping their infliction if
* Gill loc. cit., p. 24.
t" By the teeth of children," according to Turner loc. cit., p. 289.
J Gill loc. cit., p. 21.
(? Gill in) Davis Anthrop. Rev., vii., p. 192.
|| Whitmee loc. cit., p. 24.
52 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
possible The four new arrivals were marched to
the place where the representatives of their gods were, and there
a number of prayers were offered by the priests. These were to
deprecate the wrath of the gods on account of the arrival of a
foreign ship, and especially this ship of the foreigner's God.
They also prayed that no disease might be brought by the ship
to their island ; but if disease was on board that it might be
taken to Fiji. And as they are suffering at the present time
from drought, they also prayed the gods to send them plenty of
rain, and plenty of food. These prayers were repeated at the
shrines of the different gods (and they seem to be very numerous),
and were followed by an offering of a large quantity of coconuts,
which the people themselves eat after they have been presented
to the gods. Then they marched around the gods in single file,
and marched around the strangers, and afterwards joined in a
dance I was told by Tavita there was no fear of a
repetition of the previous days ceremonies, as they were vicarious,
and gave all on board the freedom of the island while our ship
remained. Had any other vessel arrived while we were there,
those on board of her would have been free also, but for one
arriving after we were out of sight the ceremonies must be
repeated."
In describing the same rite, Turner says :* " Meat offerings
were also laid on the altars, accompanied by songs and dances in
honour of the god. While these ceremonies were going on all
the population, except the priests and their attendants, kept out
of sight."
Gill writesf of Nanomana under date August 13, 1872 : "We
were the first visitors fortunate enough to escape being ' devilled '
whilst the heathen performed incantations to prevent the intro-
duction of disease."f
BURIAL.
As in New Guinea the dead are buried in the village streets
near the houses of their relatives. A few small cemetries, or
groups of a dozen graves, occur besides close to the village.
Whitmee's description is as correct of the Funafuti fashion of
to-day as it was at the time of his visit. "Their dead are
interred in the earth, and their graves are surrounded by a
border of large stones with a covering of small pieces of broken
coral in the middle. These are generally very carefully kept in
order. In the case of a chief, a mound is raised for two to four
feet high over the grave, and all around is kept free from weeds."
* Turner loc. cit. p. 292. f Gill loc. cit., p. 19.
J Admiral Moresby has described a like exorcism which he as a visitor
underwent in the New Hebrides. New Guinea, 1876, p. 102.
Whitmee loc. cit., p. 27.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 53
On Vaitupu : " The dead were buried inside the houses, and in
the grave they deposited with the body pearl-shell fish hooks,
necklaces, and other ornaments."* In the Hervey Group : " If
a body were buried in the earth, the face was invariably laid
downwards, chin and knees meeting, and the linibs well secured
with strongest sinnet cord. A thin covering of earth was laid
over the corpse, and large heavy stones piled over the grave.
The intention was to render it impossible for the dead to rise up
and injure the living. The head of the buried corpse was always
turned to the rising sun, in accordance with their ancient solar
worship. It was customary to bury with the dead some article
of value a female would have a cloth-mallet laid by her side,
whilst her husband would enjoin his friends to bury with him a
favourite stone adze, or a beautiful white shell (Ovula ovum)
worn by him in the dance. Such articles were never touched
afterwards by the living."!
DOMESTIC LIFE.
The old order has changed to such an extent that it is difficult
to gain information upon the former social system. The elder
natives are averse to discussing what they now regard as the
shameful and deplorable past, From tales and odd remarks I
was however able to glean a little.
As usual among the Polynesians, sexual morality on Funafuti
was of the laxest before the introduction of Christianity, and
chastity was unknown. A wife belonged to her husband in so
far as she shared his home, he supported her and he was entitled
to the produce of her labour in cooking, weaving, fishing, garden-
ing, and so forth, but he did not claim the exclusive right to her
person. If a man desired the society of another's wife, he might
throw a pebble into the hut as he walked past ; the complaisant
husband, accepting the signal, would then leave and allow the
visitor to enter unmolested.
A marriage was celebrated by the presentation of coconuts and
other trifling gifts. Where friends or relatives opposed a union,
the couple would sleep in the bush, and stay away from the
village till they were forgiven, much in the way that Pritchard
describes runaway matches in Samoa.J Matriarchal rule pre-
vailed over patriarchal ; a bridegroom left his father's house to
join his wife's family, sometimes two sisters and their husbands
shared a hut. Dr. Gill writes of Nanomana : "Women here
though married are common ; but the children belong to the
legal husband."
* Turner loc. cit., p. 284.
t GUI The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1892, p. 23.
I Pritchard Polynesian Reminiscences, 1866, p. 136.
Dr. Gill's MS. Diary.
54 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The usual sequence of such unrestricted intercourse, infanticide,
was generally practised upon Funafuti. Indeed it was once obli-
gatory to destroy each alternate child. Mr. O'Brien tells me
that thirty or forty years ago, he knew women to enter the
lagoon before the occurrence of birth, that the child might be
immediately drowned. On Niutao, " the ancient rule was to
rear only two children in each family. The life of the third
might be redeemed ; the rest were put to death as soon as born."*
" On Nukufetau, as elsewhere, infanticide or foeticide was the
law of the land. Only one some say two were allowed to live
in each family, the rest were strangled. But it was possible for
parents to ransom their offspring by giving a present to the
chiefs."!
At times, to allow the coconuts to grow up and to give the
fishing grounds a rest, the permanent village is temporarily aban-
doned, and the whole tribe move to another locality. Several
duplicate villages are built about the lagoon, perfect sometimes
even to the chapel and court house, wherein each family owns a
residence, and to which they periodically move to enjoy a change
of air and scene. Probably it was one of these temporary
settlements which Moresby| saw at Funafuti, and mistook for a
deserted village.
The permanent village consists of a score of huts arranged in a
long straggling street parallel to the beach. This street has a hard
beaten floor, which is kept swept and weeded with great care by
the women, who devote fixed hours to this work. From the
main street branch roads, which are metalled with shingle and
curbed with blocks of coral. Wrong doers are punished, under
the modern system, in imitation of colonial justice, by being set
to repair these roads. An avenue of breadfruit trees casts a
pleasant shade along the street, while around and above all
tower the loftier coconut palms. Each hut is at least a dozen
yards from its next door neighbour, and has its own kitchen
situated some little distance away. Two or more married couples
sometimes live together in a hut of about twelve by twenty feet.
The floor is usually carpeted with large pandanus mats, but in
the more pretentious stone dwellings the ground is covered
with fine shingle. The roof, pitched in European style with
* Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 27.
t Newell Proc. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1895 (1896), p. 609.
J Moresby New Guinea, 1876, p. 74.
Until lately the caverns of Atiu and Mangaiia were despoiled of the
finest stalactite columns, in order to adorn the premises of the chiefs by
keeping the snow white sea peebles in their place, much as at home we
use ornamental tiles for gravelled walks. Anciently the maraes of their
gods were thus adorned." Gill loc. cit., p. 86. The graves in Funafuti
were likewise gravelled.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 55
ridge pole and rafters, is covered by an excellent thatch of
pandanus leaves. Sometimes the walls are protected by the
same, but more often are enclosed by palm mats swung on cords,
which may be raised, lowered, or pushed aside at discretion, and
doors or windows are thus formed anywhere caprice directs.
All small articles, tools, garments, or fishing utensils are
usually suspended from the roof or stuck in the thatch. By day
the only furniture visible is the usual locked trade box in the
corner, but by night the hut is partitioned off into numerous
small chambers by the calico mosquito curtain of each single
individual or married couple.
"A house after the usual Samoan fashion just described has
but one apartment. It is the common parlour, dining room, &c.,
by day, and the bedroom of the whole family by night. They do
not, however, altogether herd indiscriminately. If you peep into
a Samoan house at midnight, you will see five or six low oblong
tents pitched (or rather strung up) here and there throughout the
house. They are made of native cloth, five feet high, and close
all round down to the mat. They shut out the mosquitoes, and
enclose a place some eight feet by five ; and these said tent-
looking places may be called the bedrooms of the family. Four
or five mats laid loosely, the one on the top of the other, form
the bed."*
The Papuan custom of avoiding mosquitoes by sleeping in the
smoke seems unknown here. For further particulars about the
mosquitoes, the reader is referred to Mr. Rainbow's article on
the Entomology of Funafuti.
A European on entering is always requested to seat himself
on a bunk or trade box, and is at once welcomed with a drinking
coconut, opened and handed to him by a daughter of the house.
Artificial light was quite unknown upon Funafuti before the
advent of the whites. Mr. O'Brien told me that to bring fire
into a dwelling house was most strictly tabued ; he described to
me the astonishment of the natives when an early visitor impro-
vised a rough lamp from a coconut shell bowl filled with coconut
oil. On Niutao, " No fire was kindled at night lest it should pre-
vent the gods from coming in a shadowy form with a message."!
And on Fakaafu, in the Tokelau Group, Dr. Turner likewise tells
us " No fire was allowed to be kindled at night in the houses
of the people all the year round. It was sacred to the gods, and
so, after sundown they sat and chatted in the dark."J
* Turner Samoa, 1884, p. 155.
t Turner loc. cit., p. 288.
JId. Op. cit.,p. 269.
56 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
No cooking is ever done in the house, but each family has a
separate kitchen, a roughly built hut, some distance away from
the. dwelling. No native pottery exists, nor do the islanders
seem to app'reciate European earthenware, but iron pots are
valued. Coconut shells are used to heat fluids. The usual
Polynesian method of cooking with hob stones in a hole in the
ground still prevails, it has been well described by the Rev. S.
Ella,* as well as by numerous other writers. For lack of better
stones the cooks are obliged to use coral, of which they select the
hardest kinds, such as Montipora and Millepora, even these soon
crumble in the tire. If any volcanic rock was brought as ship's
ballast from Fiji or elsewhere, it was eagerly seized upon for
cooking-stones. The roots of trees drifted ashore were also care-
fully searched for hard stones.
A missionary says : " Missionaries are by some charged with
too great strictness in their dealings with the failings and weak-
nesses of recent converts. If those who make the charges took
the trouble to enquire, they would find that missionaries generally
take the opposite side, and endeavour to modify the severity of
the converts themselves towards their erring brethren."! The
severity of the Native Teacher towards the gentle, submissive
Islanders, remarked upon by all the members of the Expedition,
is probably, as indicated by the foregoing quotation, contrary to
the wishes of his superiors. He seemed as anxious to obliterate
native manners, and to substitute the habits and customs of the
European, as. he understood them, as to preach the European's
creed. One instance of this that came under my notice was
where children were scolded for indulging in the pretty native
custom of wearing wreaths of flowers in their hair. In their
progress towards civilisation the natives have lost most of their
old amusements. The elders often look back with regret to
the merry old days of heathendom, when the village was not
so dull. Foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing,
wrestling, and dancing have died out under the Native Teacher's
disapproval. Singing is still keenly enjoyed, but is only per-
mitted under the supervision of the Native Teacher or Deacon,
and in a subdued tone. Attention is directed rather to singing
passages from the Scriptures, or the multiplication table set
to verse than to the stirring native chants. A public meet-
ing for singing takes place twice or thrice a week. The sexes
sit apart, usually facing each other from opposite sides of the
house ; they both sit cross legged or tailor-wise. A leader on
one side or the other usually strikes up, and the rest at once
fall in. The old Funafuti airs which were danced to wild
* Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1892 (1893), p. 636.
t Whitmee Joe. cit., p. 13.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 57
and stirring music are now, I am told, entirely forgotten
except by a few of the oldest inhabitants, yet Mr. O'Brien
tells me they survive on Vaitupu still. On asking the inter-
preter for a translation of the song, I am answered that such
a one is the story of Lot's wife being turned to salt, another
is in praise of the Bible or composed of passages from the Scrip-
tures, another subject is a battle between England and France ;
Captain Webb's feat of swimming across the Straits of Dover
forms, oddly enough, the theme of yet another. All these songs
are sung squatting on the ground, anyone attempting to rise is
promptly suppressed by the Native Teacher. Appropriate gesti-
culation is given with hands and arms, paddles are swung, axes
are lifted, guns are aimed, and strokes are swum in unison.
Time is marked by incessant clapping of the hands, for variety
the palm is occasionally slapped against the arm, the thigh, or
upon the ground. As the fervour grows the music sinks and
swells, time beats grow faster and faster till the words and notes
cannot be more quickly repeated, and in a paroxysm of clapping
a dead stop is reached by the breathless and perspiring chorus.
Watching in the lamplight the soft, brown arms tossing with the
cadence of the song, the waving hair, the gleaming teeth and
glistening eyes of a score of handsome women, one can imagine
to what a pitch of excitement the dances, the real dances of the
olden time, roused this impressionable people. The music is
simple, yet thrilling, and to most Europeans though attractive is
singularly evanescent. I, for one, could never afterwards recall
a tune however much I had enjoyed it. Hickson has noted a
similar impression of savage music.* The natives on the other
hand seem to find as much difficulty in catching European tunes
as we do in recollecting theirs. An exception, however, 1 noted
in "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay," which was a favourite and correctly
repeated air on Funafuti.
A popular song on Funafuti, an importation I believe from
Samoa, runs as follows :
E piu i se sevi lou manamea,
E i ai i le maunga o Peteri,
Ina ta tuu ia Lepanona,
La'u ava ina ta tuu.
O loo silasila i faamalama
O loo pupula inai lona tino
Ina ta tuu, <kc.
Internal evidence, reference to Lebanon, <kc., show the words
to be a modern composition, the tune is however probably older.
I am indebted to the kindness and musical talent of my friend,
* Hickson-A Naturalist in North Celebes, 1889, p. 79.
58
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Mr. H. Foden, R.N., Acting Paymaster of H.M.S. "Penguin,
for the following air current on Funafuti :*
J.JlM'rJ
|@
e/
is
t*=E=4
i,
G |
f
6
n J
i
|
I
-1
X
c
1 %
J J
J
I
A
r
- *L
fl/ J\'- J J
^
The narrow bounds of habitable land has restricted the intro-
duction of domestic animals. Pigs are owned by every family,
*But few of the native chants of Polynesia appear to have been
reduced to writing. A Tongan tune is given by Mariner Tonga, 1817,
ii., p. 338 ; Samoan by Wilkes loc. cit., ii., pp. 152-3 ; and Melanesian
by Guppy loc. cit., p. 140.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 59
they are usually confined in sties and fed upon waste coconuts.
No other Ungulates have been brought to the atoll.
Dogs were at one time domesticated, the manner of their
extermination, told me upon Funafuti, is thus related by Moss :
" At Funafuti the Turimen inarch round the village during the
night, and quietly steal into the houses to see if all is right. It
was found that the house dogs barked and gave notice of their
approach, so they forthwith decreed the destruction of all dogs
on the island and again became masters of the situation."* This
little episode illustrates the severity of the Inquisition which the
rule of converts imposes on Polynesia,
Cats have long been introduced, they are known to the natives
by the name of " pussy," and have proved of service in destroying
the brown rat, formerly a great pest to the Islands. The
European rat and mouse have effected an uninvited entrance to
the village, and have multiplied fast.
The Frigate-bird is tamed in the Ellice Group, and is
said to have been used like carrier pigeons (vide Ornithology).
.None were kept at Funafuti during the visit of the Expedi-
tion, but I saw one in captivity at Nukulailai. On Niutao,
"They are fond of taming the frigate-bird (Atagen aquila) or
man-of-war bird. A high perch is built near the sea, and the
bird secured to it by a long string. The native pastors on most
of the islands lying about sixty miles apart of the Ellice
Group, correspond with each other by means of the frigate-bird.
The note is concealed in a bit of reed and tied to one of the
wings. In the olden time pearl fish hooks were in this way sent
from one island to another. Its long black feathers were formerly
in great request for head dresses."! That this system of taming
Frigate-birds prevailed beyond the Ellice and the Gilberts, where
Woodford has remarked it, is suggested by an incident related
by Webster. Landing in 1851 on Ocean Island or Paanopa, he
says, "I was well nigh making an unlucky mistake ; observing
a number of large birds at a short distance, I raised my gun to
fire at them, but was suddenly checked by my companions, who
motioned me not to fire. They turned out to be tame fish hawks
belonging to the king ; but for what purpose I am at a loss to
determine."! Moss also noticed these birds tamed on Pleasant
Island. Probably the habit was a Micronesian custom received
with the art of toddy making from the North. The natives of
the Solomons delight in portraying this bird in their carvings. ||
* Through Atolls and Islands in the Great South Sea, 1889, p. 118.
t Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 17.
J Webster The last Cruise of the Wanderer, Sydney, n.d., p. 43.
Moss loc. cit., p. 187.
|| See Brencbley Cruise of the Curagoa, 1873, p. 260.
60 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fowls, of which there are abundance, complete the list of
domesticated animals.
During the last ten years the Islanders have abandoned their
native names, and call each other by Saraoan forms of Scriptural
names, as Salamona, Solomon ; Paulo, Paul ; Yakoba, Jacob, &c.
In former days incorrigible criminals were drowned by throwing
them into the lagoon with a stone tied round the neck. A
story was told me of a woman convicted of theft, who was
exposed with her infant upon a distant, small islet, and allowed
to slowly perish there. On Nanomana, "It is reported by the
traders that if any one breaks their laws, he is sunk in the mud
of the lagoon shore, out of which it is impossible to get, and
there is miserably suffocated."* On Funafuti, and probably
throughout the group, Mr. O'Brien told me that any condemned
could claim sanctuary who could escape to the king's house.
A similar practise prevailed in Samoa f Upon Nukulailai,
"Stealing was punished by restoring double, adultery and murder
by sending off the culprit to sea alone in a canoe, there to die
or take his chance of drifting to some other island. "J Mariner
describes such an execution in Tonga, by drowning in a leaking
canoe.
Near the village, a quarter of a mile apart, were two small
ponds about four feet deep, twenty or thirty long, and half as
wide, containing foul green water. These were the public bath-
ing places, one was reserved for men, the other for women.
Clothes were also washed here. There were also several small
circular wells with stone walls about six feet deep, above ground
they were carefully fenced round with sticks. A pole to which an
empty coconut shell was attached was always kept handy to bail
water out with. Dr. Gill records a case where two Europeans so
exasperated the inhabitants of Niutao by bathing in one such
well that they were put to death.
CULTIVATION.
Landed property is here of three species ; the town allotment
or stand of a hut in the village street, the bush land planted with
coconuts, and the garden land. The culture of the coconut,
pandanus, and paper mulberry has been noticed under the pre-
ceding section on Vegetation. The whole chain of islets is
parcelled out, usually divided by lines running across from
ocean to lagoon, which boundary lines are strictly preserved.
Considerable disparity of wealth exists, some families owning as
* Dr. GUI's MS. Diary.
t Wilkes loc. cit., ii., p. 158.
J Turner loc. cit., p. 281.
Mariner Tonga, i., 1817, p. 295.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 61
many as forty blocks, others but a single piece of land. In the
past overtures for selling or leasing the coconut lands to copra
traders were steadfastly resisted by the natives, and under
British rule the title is inalienably vested*" in them. Parents
sometimes divide their estate to provide for their married chil-
dren. Lands pass by will on the owner's death ; instances have
occurred where relatives have been cut off with the proverbial
shilling, and being left to starve have been supported by public
charity.
A space of about ten or twelve acres south of the Mangrove
Swamp is occupied by the gardens, which in former times, when
the population was more numerous, covered a larger area. The
gardens are in excavations six or eight feet deep, the object of
excavation being to reach the level of permanent swamp. At
Nukulailai, where I saw the cultivation ground being enlarged,
the natives were digging down ten or twelve feet. The gardens
are irregularly divided into blocks of a couple of acres or more
by embankments, which represent the original level of the land,
and are three or four yards in breadth. These serve as paths,
and are usually planted with Artocarpus, Thespesia, or Hibiscus.
Each family has at least one plot of garden land, and most
have more, a plot may be as small as ten paces square. The
plots of one owner are not necessarily contiguous, nor are the
lands of various owners divided from each other by any boundary
visible to a stranger.
The wooden shovel or turtle shell hoe of the past is now
replaced by metal bladed spades, and these are their only agri-
cultural implement. Like all semi-civilised people the Ellice
Islanders keep their gardens beautifully free from weeds. An
analysis of the soil from one of their gardens by my colleague,
Dr. Oooksey, follows in another Section. The appearance of
phosphate of lime I am unable to account for. The only system
of manuring I observed was that of twisting palm leaves in a
wreath, and laying them around the roots of the brokka, in a
basin thus made were buried basketfuls of leaves of various
bush trees gathered by the women, f
The staple vegetable food of the Funafuti Islanders is furnished
by the Alocasia indica, Schott, known to them as " brokka."|
It is said to require from six to eight years to reach maturity,
* By Proclamation in The Fiji Royal Gazette, 5th Sept., 1894.
t Cultivation on Funafuti is also described by Whitmee A Missionaiy
Cruise, 1871, p. 12.
J In the Hervey Islands (Gill The South Pacific and New Guinea,
1892, p. 10) it is called " kape." Some writers refer to it as Puraka.
Guppy (Trans. Vic. Inst., 1896) quotes numerous other names from the
Pacific and Indian Ocean.
62 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
when the leaves attain a height of twelve or fifteen feet, and the
flower stalk six or seven, the root, a greater load than a man can
carry, is then about four feet long and twenty inches in diameter.
As the plant grows the root is " hilled up " to two or three feet.
It is generally harvested about a year after planting, before it
has attained the full size. The tuber is hard and unpalatable to
Europeans, when cooked it looked to me like brown soap. The
Islanders preserve it cooked and packed in coconut shells. At
the time of our visit a quantity of brokka so prepared was
collected to send to a Native Teacher on one of the Gilbert
Islands where a famine was then occurring. Dr. Seemann thus
describes this plant in Fiji : "The Via Mila, always growing in
swamps, is a gigantic species, often twelve feet high, the trunk
or corm of which the edible part is when fully developed, as
large as a man's leg, a single leaf weighing three and a half
pounds. The petiole was found to be four feet long, and ten
inches in circumference at the base ; the blade of the leaf three
feet two inches long, two feet six inches broad, and thirteen feet
six inches in circumference. The plant emits a nauseous smell,
amply warning, as well as the various popular names it bears,
against any incautious contact with it. Besides the name of
Via mila, which signifies " acrid Via," we have that of Via gaga
or poisonous Via. What may be the meaning of Via seri and
Dranu, occasionally applied to it, I have not been able to find
out. In order to remove the acrid properties, the trunk is baked,
or first grated and then treated as madrai, or bread ; yet, not-
withstanding all precautions, the natives are frequently ill from
eating it."*
With the brokka is planted the "taro" or "talo," as is indiffer-
ently called the Colocasia antiquorum, var. esculenta, of Botanists.
Two varieties are distinguished, one with a green another with a
red petiole. The leaves are cooked and remind a European of
spinach, and the root is roasted or grated as in general use
throughout the Pacific.
Besides brokka and taro there are two other species of aroids,
"Ikamakini" and " Ikourourou," which I have not been able to
identify botanically. I commend to future travellers the impor-
tance of ascertaining exactly the species of aroids cultivated in
Polynesia.
Other varieties of these in cultivation, which have probably
been introduced during the present generation from the Gilbert
Islands via Nui or Vaitupu, are "Ikoroa," "Kairoro," "Ikamava,"
and "Teioumai."
Bananas (Musa sapientium) were planted by the natives in
the ground excavated to grow brokka. These low lying swamps
* Seemann Flora Vitiensis, 1865-73, p. 286.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLKY. 63
do not agree with the constitution of this plant, which never
here attains ordinary height and thickness, and the yield was but
a few meagre bunches. On the north-eastern islet there is a
plantation on red soil and dry ground, and the bananas here
grow more vigorously. In the old time but three varieties were
known, the "Sai," " Fungiotagnia," and the "Ngiangia." Of
later introduction are the " Fouamouarounga," " Butta," " Tama-
tamilema, " " Fungipalangi " (lit. white man's banana), and
" Fouamoualara." That the natives should plant bananas in the
swamp suggests that their acquaintance with brokka preceded
their knowledge of bananas. The people of Nukufetau possessed
no bananas at the time of the visit of the " Peacock," but they
recognised some they saw on board as " futi o rotuma."*
An avenue of breadfruit (Artocarpus incisus) runs down the
length of the village street, whose well grown, leafy and symme-
trical trees about forty feet in height add greatly to the beauty
of the landscape. A few are also planted on the embankments
that separate the fields of brokka, but these are straggling trees
with small, scanty foliage, and generally unhealthy in appearance.
I was shown by Mr. O'Brien a fruit of another variety introduced
from the Gilberts, which he called jackfruit. The leaf I did not
see, but I do not think that this Gilbert Island tree was
A. integrifolia, or I should have detected its presence on the
Island by its familiar leaf.
A recent addition from Fiji to the stock of cultivated plants is
the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), which the natives have
not yet learned how to grow properly. Instead of planting joints
to propagate the species, a whole cane was sacrificed. The sandy
soil yields poor, thin rattoons.
A few trees of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) planted by the
Samoan Mission Teacher near his house, presented a healthy
appearance.
FISHING.
Throughout the coral islands of the Pacific fish abound. So
plentiful a food supply do they furnish that these specks of land
have been able to support a population paralleled alone in density
by the cities of civilisation. The two staples upon which human
life in every atoll archipelago depends, and around which cluster
their distinctive myths, traditions, customs, manners and habits,
are fish and coconut.
Skilful fishermen as are the Ellice Islanders, they are surpassed
by the inhabitants of the Northern Groups, who having less
cultivatable land are probably even more dependent upon their
dexterity for their livelihood. They employ in fishing, hooks and
line, nets, crab-pots, and torch and spear.
* Wilkes toe. cit., v., p. 45.
64 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Various hooks (which will later be described more fully in the
appropriate section) were designed for different methods of angling.
Large wooden hooks were baited with split fish and sunk scores of
fathoms for the "palu" and other deep sea fish. Pearl shell hooks
t( bawonga," were trailed unbaited over the surface to tempt the
bonito with their gleaming nacre. Large almost ringed hooks,
the "matou tifa," were formerly carved out of pearl shell or hard
coral, but these have passed out of use. Though special modes
of fishing, as for palu and bonito, still engage the ancient types of
hooks used by past generations, yet for ordinary sport the metal
hooks of Europeans are in great demand and constant use.
European fishing lines I did not see used, the (probably superior)
native cord of Broussonetia being invariably employed. A
favourite bait is the scarlet hermit crab which may be at any
time .gathered ensconced in a borrowed Turbo shell, among coral
blocks and palm debris in the most barren parts of the islet. This
in Funafuti is known as the " ounga koula," Mr. Whitelegge calls
it Cenobita olivieri. My tutor in Funafuti fishing taught me to
tie the crab bait securely to the hook with English thread.
An extraordinary bait, attractive where all others failed was
the ink of the "Feki" or Sepia. This was preserved, dried to the
consistency of tar, and before using was moistened with kerosene;
it was esteemed more fatal if a little European perfume were
added. For use, this was just smeared on the tip of an unbarbed
hook. It was with some incredulity that I first received this ;
but experience soon showed that when fishing, not " for the pot,"
but for the Museum collecting drum, I could obtain numerous
dainty species which declined a free passage to Sydney when lured
by any ordinary bait. Fish are often devoured raw the moment
they are pulled from the sea.* The heavy toll taken by friends
and relations when a successful angler returns sometimes induces
him to snatch a meal while he may.
Two kinds of fishing nets were observed, a seine and a cast net.
They were of the type common throughout the Pacific, and are
well described by Turner, f As has been observed by Moresby
in New Guinea, Turner in Samoa, and Guppy in the Solomons, j
the mesh and meshing are identical with European modes. A
torn net belonging to one of our party was readily repaired by
a native.
The native crab pots I did not see, they were described to me
as wove basket-wise out of palm rootlets. No line and floating
buoy was used to mark the sunken trap. The fish, they said,
* To show the prevalence of this custom throughout Polynesia, I will
merely cite Fanning's notice of it in the Marquesas in the east (Voyages
round the World, 1834, p. 145), and Marinei's in Tonga in the west.
f Turner Zee. tit., p. 167. J Guppy loc. tit., p. 154.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HRDLET. 65
seeing through the clear water the line extending to the surface
would thereby be scared away. The trap was lowered to the
bottom and unhooked. By taking careful bearings the position
could be found and the trap recovered by dragging for and hook-
ing it up. An apparently similar crab pot is described by Dr.
Wiley* as employed by the natives of New Britain for capturing
Nautili.
At low tide on the reef fish were speared by torch light at
night. In the lagoon flaming brands of dry palm attracted the
gar fish and flying fish to the canoes. A scene described at
Nukunau in the Gilberts by Webster,! was often mirrored by the
Funafuti Lagoon, " In the evening, the Island appeared to be
completely illuminated along the margin of the beach ; hundreds
of little lights were in motion by the water's edge, and dancing
in the surf. We presently discovered that the natives were busily
employed catching flying fish, torches being carried in the canoes
for the purpose of attracting them, when they were caught in
scoop nets as they rose to the light." Eels in the shore pools were
taken by hoop-nets, " titiesi." The " palolo " worm is not known
in the Ellice Group.
A year or two ago considerable quantities of pumice drifted
ashore, and the native mind linked this to the fact that a man
died after a meal of fish taken on the outer reef. All fish from
the outer beach were after this occurrence held to be unwholesome,
but the fish from within the lagoon still continued to be eaten.
At the time of our visit, it was yet considered unsafe to eat any
fish from the ocean beach, though it was believed that at some
future date they would again become fit for consumption.
The bright hued labroid fishes are eaten though poorly esteemed.
A Giant Ray, Ceratoptera sp., was harpooned in shoal water in
the Lagoon ; the huge fins were cut off to make a meal for the
families of its captors. As previously noted the barracouta in
former days was sacred to the priests. On Arorae in the Gilberts
the Rev. W. W. Gill records in his Diary that sacred fish only
eaten by the priests were the shark and the turtle.
The only turtle occuring at Funafuti is the Green Turtle, "Fonu,"
Chelone midas, which is far from common, one example only being
taken during our stay on the atoll. From its shell an axe, " taku-
fonu," was formerly made, and domestic utensils are still fashioned
from its bones. In Queensland the Aborigines manufacture the
carapace of this Chelonian into a shield. J In past times, owing
doubtless to its rarity, the flesh of the Funafuti turtle was meat
* Wiley Natural Science, vi., 1895, pp. 409 and 414, fig.
f Webster loc. cit., n.d., p. 31.
tEtheridge, Junr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), ix., 1894, p. 508,
pis. xxxv. and xxxvi.
E
66 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
tabued to all but the king. If the captor of a turtle tasted a
morsel thereof lie was heavily fined, being required to at once
bring it to the king. Then, according to ancient ceremonial, the
turtle being laid upon its back, the head turned towards the door
before the house of the king, the king himself wrapped in fine
mats pronounced over it the following incantation :
Te ulu o te Fonu e soa,
Te ikamua e soa,
Te ikamuli e soa,
Te vaesiosio e soa,
Te alaya mua e soa,
Te matua tinae e soa,
Te pulou e soa,
Te matua tua e soa,
Te gakau e soa,
Te laukape e soa,
Te fatumanava e soa,
Te ate e soa,
Te mama e soa,
E kiukiu te fua.
For the following translation of the above I am indebted to
Mr. John O'Brien, the resident trader :
Incantation to Turtle.
The head of the turtle is alike,
The two fore flappers are alike,
The two hind flappers are alike,
The white and the green fats aro alike,
The heart is alike,
The belly shell is alike,
The back shell is alike,
The guts are alike,
The yellow fat is alike,
The heart is alike,
The rump is alike,
The lights are alike,
Thousands and thousands of eggs.
At Tonga Mariner tells us that, " Turtle are considered almost
a prohibited food, at least very few will venture to eat them
without first offering a portion to some god, or sending some to
any chief that may Tt>e at hand."*
At Rakaanga Dr. Gill informs us that, " All turtle were
formerly sacred, being eaten only by kings and priests, f It is
* Mariner Tonga, ii., 1817, p. 133.
fThis writer has published an interesting legend from Rakaanga
(The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1892, p. 38), where the " motif" is
the failure of the people to bring to the king the sacred turtle."
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 67
quite otherwise now (except at Rarotonga, .fee.)." And at
Penrhyns, " Turtle and porpoises were eaten only by men. The
superstition of those days was that if a woman ate of the
porpoise, her children would have porpoise faces."*
At Daudai, New Guinea, " Everything is eaten without regard
to persons or occasions except the flesh of the porpoise."!
Porpoises^ are occasionally captured by the men in a fleet of
canoes, who drive a shoal of them to the beach in front of the
village, and when penned in shallow water the women wade into
the sea and haul them ashore. It is impossible, I am told, to
grasp a porpoise by the tail, but by putting an arm round the
animal's head, it may be dragged ashore with ease. Some women
even capture two at once, and with one tucked under each arm
successfully land them.
The following graphic description is from the pen of Dr. Gill :
" Shoals of porpoises are occasionally driven ashore by the
Penrhyn Islanders ; they think it poor fun if the result is less
than four or five porpoises apiece. When a shoal comes in sight,
as many boats and canoes as they can muster, each carrying
large stones, go right out to sea to cut off their retreat. The
porpoises are easily driven towards shore by the sight of approach-
ing boats and the shouts of excited natives. On nearing the
reef, some of the big stones are dropped into the sea to add to
their alarm. Again and again great stones are dropped. When
close in, numbers of natives dive down among them, until, in
sheer terror, they rush through the boiling surf on the reef, and
are at once despatched by those ashore."
With expressions of disgust, the natives received the informa-
tion that beche-de-mer were eaten in some countries. Unlike the
Samoans, the Funafuti Islanders were unacquainted with Echini
as articles of food.
I was surprised to find how little the Mollusca were laid under
contribution. The large Pteroceras lambis, " Karea," I saw eaten
raw and roasted. Tridacna squamosa, " Fasua tuka," and T.
* Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, pp. 128 and 146.
t Beardmore Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, p. 462.
J Throughout Australasia this is the only name by which Delphinus is
known, a misapplication of even greater popularity than the Australian
" Iguana " and " Alligator."
Gill loc. cit., p. 147. Whilst these pages were receiving their final
revision, the friends of this veteran Missionary and Author are deploring
his loss. The late reverend gentleman evinced a most kindly interest
in the progress of this Report, and, as will be seen from the numerous
references, placed his MS. notes and experience unreservedly at my
disposal.
68 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
elongata, " Fasua noa," were habitually used. The former clam
was sometimes collected and stored near the village on rocks
under water till required. A Sepia, which I did not see, the
"Feki," was esteemed a delicacy. The children amused themselves
by collecting from the sandy beach, cooking and eating Paplda
mitis, "Assouri." Piles of shells confirmed the statement that
the Strombus luhuanus, " Paneia," was consumed. There were
pointed out to me as eatable, an Area, " Kashi," a Chama,
" Saupou," Nerita, " Sebo," Asaphis deftorata, " Kosh," and
Vermetus maximus, " Gea."
Of Crustacea the Robber Crab, Burgus latro, " Taou," and the
crawfish Palinurus guttaius, " Oula," were prized.
HYGIENE.
The visit of a ship, though an agreeable break in the dull
monotony of atoll life, is yet almost as much dreaded as welcomed.
For such contact with the outside world almost invariably induces
a severe cold from which the whole population suffers. Upon the
arrival of our party in H.M.S. "Penguin," it was not observed
that any of the visitors had a cold, yet in a few days all the
islanders were coughing and sneezing from a severe attack of cold
which they said the ship brought.
Mr. Whitmee, "once visited several islands of the Ellice Group
about a fortnight after a trading vessel from Sydney, which had
influenza on board. This vessel had taken some of the natives
from one island to another as passengers, and at three of the
islands the entire population was suffering from the epidemic.
Had this been a more severe disease the people would have been
utterly helpless."*
From some manuscript notes made during his voyage round the
Ellice Archipelago and kindly placed at my disposal by the Rev.
W. W. Gill, LL.D., I learn that he saw on Nanomana, "a woman
carrying a pendulous excrescence weighing doubtless 75 fcs.
( = elephantiasis pudendi a rare thing)," also that it was the
custom for the women in attendance at a birth to taste the uterine
haemorrhage which occurs after parturition. From the same
source T extract the following: "At Vaitupu, circumcision is
not practised ; but instead of it the prepuce of little boys is drawn
back over the glans and left thus. As at Niue it is clear (indeed
they assert the fact) that their ancestors were in the habit of
practising circumcision." Also at Vaitupu, " It was a common
custom before the introduction of Christianity, to cut off a joint
of a finger on the death of a child, or any other member of the
* Whitmee Art. Polynesia, Eucy. Brit*. (9), 1885, xix., p. 422,
foot note.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLEY. 69
family specially beloved. On shaking hands I noticed almost
every third woman had lost a finger or more of the right hand,
and some gave the left rather than expose the mutilated hand."*
Under the heading of Vegetation will be found what notes I
could collect of plants used medicinally by the natives. And in
the Ethnological Section will follow an account of the lancets used
for blood letting. To the kindness of my friend, Surgeon F. W.
Collingwood, R.N., of H.M.S. " Penguin," I am indebted for the
following interesting notes.
Prevalent Diseases of Funafuti.
" Ruffa, or Tokelau ringworm, Tinea desquamosa.j The skin
appears rough and scaly from constant desquamation, in many
cases the whole body is affected, in others the face and neck are
the parts attacked. The rate of desquamation varies considerably,
where the process is slow the skin is covered in small patches an
inch and a half by an inch in size ; desquamation commencing at
the borders of these small patches causes sinuous outlines running
one into the other. Tha scalp seems to entirely escape the disease.
As indications of scratching are only occasionally seen, it seems
that the irritation caused by this condition is only moderate, and
in the two cases where such indications occurred the disease had
attacked the face and neck.
" Ruffa, when cured, leaves a peculiar mottled appearance of the
skin, usually a lighter tint is produced by diminution of the colour,
but the opposite effect appeared when persons of advanced ago
had been attacked. Never does the skin regain its smooth velvety
condition.
" Most encouraging results were obtained by a treatment of this
disease which consisted in washing the patient with soap and
water to remove as many of the scales as possible, after thorough
drying the patient was told to rub with ointment two or three
times a day for three days, then to leave the ointment on the
body for two or three days and finally to again wash the body
with soap and water : the process being repeated two or three
times. In a case under my treatment where the disease was
limited in area, three such applications sufficed to effect a cure.
" The following perscription proved very beneficial, and after
employment in cases which I personally superintended, and with
* Whitmee A Missionary Cruise in the South Pacific, 1871, p. 16. A
finger joint was sacrificed in Tonga for the recovery of sick relations.
Mariner Tonga, ii., 1817, p. 222.
t Bakua or Tiripa in New Britain. Danks Proc. Austr. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. for 1892 (1893), p. 616. For a full discussion of this disease, see
Guppy Solomon Islands, 1887, p. 172.
70 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
whose results I was most gratified, was an ointment in great
request among the natives :
Chrysophanic acid ... ... 2 drachms
Liquor picis ligni ... ... 2 ounces
Carbolic acid ... ... ... 20 drops
Beeswax... ... ... ... 2 J drachms
Clarified Lard ... 1 pound
There is little doubt that the essential element in killing the
parasite is the Chrysophanic Acid, and the Liquor picis ligni
diminishes the tendency to inflammation which is apt to be
caused by the Chrysophanic Acid. The latter also gives a
pleasant smell which is congenial to the native.
" After constant application for a fortnight one case was cured
by this prescription :
Ammonia chloride of mercury... 1 ounce
Liquor picis ligni ... ... 1 ounce
Beeswax ... ... ... ... 2 ounces
Clarified lard ... ... ... 1 pound
"Tonna.* There is a disease called Tonna, which consists of a
scattered pustular eruption attacking the face, neck, trunk and
limbs of children between one and three years of age. In severe
cases it lasts from three to eighteen months, during which time
the general health of the child seems to be deficient. The com-
paratively healthy skin between the pustules is dull, dry, and
has, as a rule, lost its smooth soft state. In severe cases the
pustules, through dirt, neglect, and unhealthiness of constitution,
are apt to break down into an ulcerative process causing cicatrical
contraction in healing.
" In a few cases this ulcerative condition and its results are seen
in adults, and, when attacking the face and neck, causes much
disfigurement, exposing the mucous surface of the eyelids, lips, &c ,
and in one case, if not fixing the head in an immobile position, at
least rendering considerable diminution in movement.
" Amongst the adult population, besides the above described
conditions, periosteal enlargement of the tibia and arm bones
occur, which is occasionally accompanied with pyrexial attacks
lasting for a few days, when increased pain and tenderness over
the nodular masses is experienced.
" Again, a similar ulcerative process that attacks the skin, takes
place in the mucous membrane, bones and cartilage of the nose
and larynx, causing a marked flattening of the nose.
* Compare H. S. Cooper Coral Lands, ii., 1880, p. 73. The Tongans
knew this disease by the same name in the first decade of the century,
vide Mariner loc. cit., ii., p. 270.
GENERAL ACCOUNT HEDLET.
71
" From the foregoing remarks it will be gathered, that between
these symptoms and the ordinary course of specific disease there
are many points of similarity. Before proceeding further it is
well to state that I was unable to find any venereal disease
amongst the natives ; in fact, disease the result of intercourse
seemed unknown. Yet though, in the disease called " tonna,"
there was no point observable of primary inoculation, many of
the symptoms are allied to those noticed in the course of a
syphilitic history ; thus the pustular symptom is similar to the
secondary rash of syphilis, the ulcerative process apt to follow
the above lesion might be said to correspond to the reminder or
early tertiary stages, while the periosteal nodes and the ulcerative
process of the nasal cartilages would be the tertiary stage. This
comparison of course presumes that the periosteal condition, <kc.,
is a direct result or sequence of the early pustular disease. And
in support of this presumption it may be added, that in all
patients who had these periosteal manifestations that there were
indications or history of tonna. On the other hand, it may be
said that most natives have had tonna.
" Ordinary care and protection much improved the pustular or
early ulcerative state, and specific remedies were most efficacious
in ulcerative and periosteal conditions.
" Several cases of permanent blindness among the natives had
been caused by Keratites and Irites. One case of Irites develop-
ing in a lad of eighteen from no apparent cause, was effectually
cured by atropine solution locally supplied, with two grains of
mercury and chalk given twice a day for a fortnight."
ROCK SPECIMENS FROM FUNAFUTI.
BY T. COOKSEY, PH. D., B. So.,
^[Mineralogist and Chemist, Australian Museum.
[II.]
ROCK SPECIMENS.
BY T. COOKSEY, Ph.D., B. Sc.,
Mineralogist and Chemist, Australian Museum.
THE following are brief Notes on the Rock Specimens collected
by Mr. C. Hedley :
Coarse Sand. A specimen of coarse sand from the western
sea beach of the Atoll, consists principally of waterworn frag-
ments of coral and coral rock, comminuted or small shells, the
tests of the Foraminifera Orbitolites complanata, Tinoporus bacn-
latus, and to a smaller extent Polytrema muriaceum, Amphistegina
lessonii, and a few fragments of Echinoderms. It is entirely
calcareous.
Calcareous Conglomerate. A calcareous conglomerate was
obtained from the bore put down at Luamanif, on the southern
sea coast of the islet of Funafuti, at a depth of ten feet. The
mass is rather loosely cemented together, and the individual
particles are similar to those composing the beach sand. Their
relative quantities, however, differ somewhat. The tests of
Orbitolites complanata although numerous, do not form such a
large proportion of the mass, while those of Amphistegina lesscnii
are much more numerously represented. It also contains well
worn pebbles of coral rock up to one inch and one inch and a half
in length. A thin layer of carbonate of lime encrusts all the
components and forms the cementing material. This coating has
previously been noticed by Mr. J. E. Carne* to occur on surface
sand at Norfolk Island.
Conglomerate. A firmly coherent conglomerate containing
similar materials to those of the preceding rock, the tests of
Orbitolites complanata, however, appearing to be relatively still
less numerous. The mass consists more especially of waterworn
pieces of coral-rock, with a large proportion of the tests of both
Tinoporus baculatus and Amphistegina lessonii. It is much con-
solidated by a deposit of carbonate of lime around each separate
* An. Rep. Dep. Mines, N.S.W., for 1885, p. 145.
76 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
particle, which is considerably heavier than that in the preceding
specimen, but has not been sufficient to till up the intersticial
spaces.
Coral-Hock. A portion of coral-rock obtained from the breccia
about a mile south of Luamanif at about the high tide level.
The structure of the coral has been much impaired. This is due
to subsequent alteration, which has consolidated the mass leaving
only a few small pores.
Hygroscopic moisture... ... ... 0-27
CaC0 3 97-69
MgC0 3 1-69
P 3 fi trace
99-65
Soil from Taro Plantation. The plantation lies in the centre
of the main islet of Funafuti, and the soil has been formed from
beach sand, enriched with decayed vegetable matter. The various
components of the sand are distinctly seen, some of the tests of
the smaller Foraminifera being still but slightly damaged.
An analysis of an air-dried sample gave the following results :
Hygroscopic moisture... ... ... 1*81
CaO 47-23
MgO 1-07
K 3 -05
Na 3 O -44
Fe 2 3 -28
P 2 O 6 6-00
S0 8 -44
01 -02
C0 2 33-65
Organic matter ... ... ... 8'97
Residue (insol. HOI.) -04
100-00
The large percentage of phosphoric acid would seem to shew
that a considerable quantity of animal matter, either in the shape
of bones or excrement has been added to this soil as a manure,
Mr. Hedley, however, failed to observe that any other means of
enriching it was employed beside the addition of green leaves and
decayed vegetable matter.
ROCK SPECIMENS COOKSEY. 77
Pumice Pebbles. Pebbles of pumice stone, the largest of which
resemble a walnut in size, all much water worn and rounded,
were collected from various places on the outer circumference of
the Atoll, and possibly occur on all of these islets. They possess
a fibrous texture, and contain macroscopic crystals of sanidine.
The colour varies from light to dark grey, one or two having a
brown or greenish tinge. Similar pebbles occur on most of these
Pacific Islands,* and along the eastern coast of Australia.!
An analysis of one which was much rounded by attrition, and
possessed a very light grey colour, gave the following percentage
composition :
Hygroscopic moisture ... -09
Loss on ignition 2-29
SiO 2 66-50
Fe 2 O 3 3-21
Al a 3 16-84
CaO 3-03
MgO 1-03
K 2 5-44
Na 3 O 2-53
P 2 O 5 trace
100-96
A partial analysis of another pebble of a darker shade gave
60-37 % of Si0 2 .
On referring to analyses already published of drift pumice,
the figures above are seen to agree very closely with that
made by Prof. A. Liversidge, F.R.S., of white pumice found on
the beach at Bondi, near Sydney, j and again with some others
published somewhat earlier of ashes and pumice derived from the
eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. The pebbles examined by Prof.
Liversidge were collected before this eruption took place, but he
suggests that this volcano may have been the source from which
the pebbles were derived.
It is possible, of course, that the specimen obtained from
Funafuti may have found its way from there also, as its analysis
would seem to suggest ; but its path would have been so long
and devious, that one naturally turns to a nearer and more likely
source. An obvious one is that of Tanna, in the New Hebrides.
In the same publication, however, Prof. Liversidge gives some
analyses of dark or black lava from the latter place, which differ
* Of. The Solomon Islands, by H. B. Guppy. Nature, Dec. 5, 1878.
t Of. Jukes. Voyage of H.M.S. " Fly," 1847, p. 336.
t Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., xx., 1886, p. 235.
78
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
very considerably in composition from that of the white pumice
found either at Bondi or Funafuti.
It would perhaps be of interest to append these analyses for
comparison.
White Pumice, Bondi.
Moisture at 100 1-818
SiO 3 68-149
A1 3 S 16-493
Fe 3 O 8 3-255
MnO -256
CaO 4-005
MgO ... ... ... ... ... none
Na 8 3-881
K a O 1-59.0
99-447
Krakatoa, 1883.
No. 1
Loss of ignition...
2-17
SiO 3
63-30
A1 3 3
14-52
Fe 3 O 3
FeO
[ 5-82
MnO
23
QaO
4-00
MgO
1-66
Na 3
5-14
K 3 O
1-43
TiO 3
1-08
99-35
No. 2
2-74
65-04
14-63
4-47
2-82
trace
3-34
1-20
4-23
97
9944
No. 3
2-12
68-06
15-03
28
3-66
trace
2-71
81
4-25
3-41
38
100-71
NOTE. No. 1 by Sauer, No. 2 by Eenard, No. 3 by K. Oebbeke.-
Journ. Chem. Soc., 1884, pp. 974-5.
AVKS FROM FUNAFUTI.
BY A. J. NORTH,
Ornithologist to the Australian Museum.
[III.]
AVES.
BY ALFRED J. NORTH, C.M.Z.S.,
Ornithologist to the Australian Museum.
THE Ornithological Collection made by Mr. Hedley consists of six
specimens, referable to four well known Australasian species, and
one egg. Mr. Hedley has supplied an interesting note on the
" Lakea " (Micranous leucocapillus). Although found on most
islets near the line, Tetanus incanus and Sterna melanauchen
have not, I believe, been previously recorded from the Ellice
Islands.
1. TOT ANUS INCANUS.
Grey-rumped Sandpiper.
Scolopax incana, Grnel. Syst. Nat., Vol. i. p. 651 (1788).
Totanus incanus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet., torn. vi. p. 400 (1816).
Totanus griseopygius, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 39; id.
Bds. Austr. Vol. vi. pi. 38 (1848).
Actitis incana, Finch, Ibis, 1880, pp. 432, 434 (Gilbert Islands).
One adult female in winter plumage. Wing 6'9 in. This
specimen was obtained on the margin of a mangrove-lined swamp
on Funafuti. T. incanus in winter dress is not uncommon on
the shores of Botany Bay, New South Wales, during the months
of October and November.
2. DEMIEGRETTA SACRA.
Reef Heron.
Ardea sacra, Gmel. Syst. Nat., Vol. ii. p. 640 (1788); Finsch,
Ibis, 1880, pp. 432, 433 (Gilbert Islands).
Herodias jugularis, G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 80
(1844) ; Gould, Bds. Austr. Vol. vi. pi. 60 (1848).
Herodias greyi, G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 80
(1844) ; Gould, Bds. Austr. Vol. vi. pi. 61 (1848).
82 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
One adult specimen obtained on the reefs near the village.
Throat whitish, remainder of the plumage dark slate-colour.
Fairly common on the reefs and beaches, specimens being seen
in all stages of plumage, white, dark slate colour, and parti-
coloured birds. Dr. Finsch, who met with this species in the
Gilberts, writes as follows in his interesting " Letters from the
Pacific"*:
"Ardea sacra was more plentiful than in the Marshalls, and
on some places not at all shy, coming close to the huts of the
natives and perching on the neighbouring trees. That white and
slate-coloured specimens belong to one and the same species is a
well known fact, which I confirmed formerly by the investigation
of full materials received from the Pacific, and which I can now
verify from my own experience. In Butari-tari I saw uniformly
white birds going always in pairs ; I also saw pairs, undoubtedly
male and female, of which the one was white the other slate-
coloured, or both of the latter colour or mixed with white. There
seems to be no regularity of sex or age, for even birds in the dirty
pale slate garb, which I always took for the first plumage, proved
to be old.
When on Tarowa, 12th December, a gentleman of the vessel
went out shooting, and brought home six specimens ; there were
two males slate-coloured, one female white, spotted with slate,
one female uniformly white. All the females, even one which I
thought to be a young bird, had very small ovaries, but a large
patch destitute of feathers (a so-called breeding patch) covering
the whole belly. The gentleman told me that he had met a whole
colony of this Heron in some shrubs, and that he felt sure they
would have nests there. We intended to visit the spot again,
but were disappointed, for the vessel was not going in pursuit of
eggs and birds but natives, and to make a harvest the brig had
to leave, so we could not remain behind."
This species has been found breeding on the small islets lying
off the north-east coast of Australia, also on the islands of Bass
Strait. The nests are built of small sticks and are placed in low
trees, or are constructed of coarse grasses and hidden under the
shelter of an overhanging ledge of rock. The eggs are of a pale
greenish-white, and vary in shape from a true ellipse to swollen
oval, an average specimen measures 1-95 x T4 in. Nests found
by Mr. Macgillivray on the islands off the north-east coast of
Australia and Torres Strait contained two eggs for a sitting,
those found by Mr. J. A Boyd in Fiji had three eggs, while nests
found by Dr. Holden on the islands adjacent to the north-west
coast of Tasmania contained from two to four eggs for a sitting.
Three, however, is the usual number laid in the latter locality.
* Ibis, 1880, p. 432.
AVES NORTH. 83
3. STERNA MELANAUCHEN.
Black-naped Tern.
Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PL Col., Vol iv. pi. 427 (1827);
Gould, Bds. Austr., Vol. vii. pi. 28 (1848, Torres Strait) ;
Finsch, Ibis, 1880, pp. 431, 433 (Gilbert Islands) ; North,
Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds. p. 356 (1889), egg ; Saunders,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., Vol. xxv. p. 126 (1896).
" Agiagi," Natives of Funafuti.
One adult female, shot while feeding on the beach not far from
the village. Wing 8 '5 in. Not common.
4. MlCRANOUS LEUCOCAPILLUS.
White-capped Tern.
Anous leucocapillus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 103 (Raine
Islet, North Australia); id. Bds. Austr., Vol. vii. pi. 36 (1848);
Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 273 (Ellice Islands).
Anous melanogenys, Gray, Gen. Bds., Vol. iii. p. 661, pi. 182
(1846) ; Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 246 (Norfolk Island, breed-
ing) ; North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 376, pi. xxi.
fig. 5 (1889), Norfolk and Phillip Islands.
Micranous leucocapillus, Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., Vol. xxv.
p. 146 (1896).
" Lakea," Natives of Funafuti.
Two adult males in full breeding plumage, and a nestling.
Wings of adult measures 9 inches. One egg of a faint creamy-
white ground colour, minutely dotted and blotched with dull
purplish brown particularly on the larger end, some of the mark-
ings appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell ; length
1-82 x 1-26 in.
Mr. Hedley has contributed the following note relative to this
species :
"The 'Lakea' breeds freely on the smaller islets of the atoll,
which being destitute of fresh water are not habitable by natives.
On the main islet it is too harrassed to nest. In the tall Pouka
trees (Hernandia peltata, Meissn.) it swarms in such numbers
that half-a-dozen birds may be knocked over at a shot. Uttering
their hoarse cry the remainder of the flock wheel round and settle
in a few moments on the adjacent trees. On June 30th I landed
on one of the leewards islets with a native, and found the
' Lakea ' nesting in great numbers in the branches of the Fala
(Pandanus odoratissimus) ; each tree was so crowded with nests
that a fork was rarely unoccupied, and where a limb was suffi-
ciently broad and horizontal that too was utilised for a site, one
bough might thus carry a dozen nests. Their structure was of
the most flimsy description, and defied my efforts to preserve a
84 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
whole specimen for the Museum, consisting as they did of scraps
of Fala leaves plastered together with excrement, and scantily
lined with a few tufts of coarse fibre. I sent the native to
procure the eggs, but in most cases the young birds were com-
mencing to fly, and my friend Tanai ascended several trees in
vain before he was rewarded with a couple of eggs, one of which
proved addled, and the other was safely brought to Sydney.
With a few well directed stones Tanai knocked over some fledg-
lings. Plucking but not drawing these, he spitted them on a
split cocoanut midrib, and toasted them over a wood fire. They
were very fat and tender, and on these and the pithy interior of
a sprouting cocoanut we made an excellent breakfast.
Netting these birds is a sport much enjoyed by the natives.
The 'shaou shaou,' made like a butterfly net, has a bag about
3 ft. by 2 ft. of four-inch meshes of fine sinnet twine, spread on a
wooden hoop and mounted on a ten foot pole. After dark the
party of hunters walk out quietly to the scene of operations.
One, divesting himself of his dress for greater freedom of move-
ment, ascends a low tree and gaining a suitable station, imitates
by a purring sound of his lips the call of the Lakea. A bird flies
up answering the call, and at a sweep the decoyed tern is
struggling in the net. The trapper does not kill the bird, but
twisting its wings across its back ties the longer quills together
or latches one wing into the other, and flings the struggling bird
to his mates. If another kind of bird comes in sight the
call is changed, and with a whizzing sound it too is deluded to
within reach of the fatal net. These calls are very difficult to
voice, few even of the natives do it well, and a European can
hardly hope to succeed. When the man aloft is tired another of
the party relieves him. Perhaps in one night a hundred birds
would fall to a net, providing a great feast on returning to the
village. Another method requiring less skill is to take the birds
by a smaller net set at an angle to the long handle. Creeping
quietly up to the tree the fowler, standing on the ground, sweeps
or rather 'spoons' the roosting birds off the bough."
The following is a list of the birds obtained in the Ellice
Islands by Mr. Fritz Jansen in 1876, and which formed the basis
of a short paper by Dr. R. B. Sharpe, to whom they were sub-
mitted by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee for determination* :
1. Ardea sacra.
2. Procelsterna ccerulea,
3. Anous stolidus.
4. Micranous leucocapillus.
5. Sterna ancestheta.
*On a Small Collection of Birds from the Ellice Islands. By E.
Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. With a note on the other birds
found there. By the Rev. S. J. Whitmee. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 271.
AVES NORTH 85
In a note contributed by Mr. Whitmee he writes as follows :
"In addition to the birds included in the foregoing list, he
(Mr. Jansen) saw a Carpophaga in the Ellice Islands ; and the
Frigate-bird (Fregata aquild) also occurs there. In fact the
latter bird is domesticated by the natives ; and when I was in
those islands in 1870, I saw scores of them about the villages
sitting on long perches erected for them near the beach. The
natives procure the ) oung birds and tie them by the leg and feed
them till they are tame. Afterwards they let them loose, and
they go out to sea to get their food, and return to their perches
in the villages a* intervals. I cnnnot say to what species the
Carpoplaga is referable, not having seen it myself. Mr. Jansen
procured young ones in May and June ; but he thinking that
they were the same as the Pigeon found in Samoa (C. pacifica),
did not preserve any specimens. Natives of the Ellice Islands
who were in Samoa when I left tl.ere told me their Pigeon is like
the Samoan species, ' " except that it is smaller owing to its food
being less plentiful."
Mr. Hedley informs me that he did not see any tame Frigate-
birds on Funafuti, but on Nukulailai on August 2nd, 1896, he
saw one unattached on a tall perch in front of the teacher's house.
There is no doubt, however, that Fregata aquila still inhabits
Funafuti or some of the neighbouring atolls, for the " titi's "
brought back by Mr. Hc-dley and worn by the natives of both
sexes on festive occasions, were ornamented with the feathers of
this species.
The use these birds were put to as message carriers between
the scattered atolls of the Ellice Group, is thus described by the
Rev. Dr. George Turner, of the London Missionary Society* :
" When I visited the group in 1876, I found that the Samoan
native pastors on four of the islands were in the habit of corres-
ponding by means of carrier Frigate-birds. While I was in the
pastor's house on Funafuti on a Sunday afternoon, a bird arrived
with a note from another pastor on Nukufetau, sixty miles
distant. It was a foolscap 8vo leaf dated on the Friday, done up
inside a light piece of reed, plugged with a bit of cloth, and
attached to the wing of the bird. In former times the natives
sent pearl-shell fish-hooks by Frigate-birds from island to island.
I observed they had them as pets on perches at a number of
islands in this "Ellice Group," fed them on fish, and when there
was a favourable wind the creatures had an instinctive curiosity
to go and visit another island, where on looking down they saw a
perch, and hence our Samoan pastors, when they were located
there, found an ocean postal service all ready to their hand !"
* Turner Samoa a hundred years ago and long before. 1884, p. 282.
86 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Mr. C. M. Woodford, who visited the Gilbert Group in 1884,
records in the " Geographical Journal "* seeing several of these
birds captured on one of the islands, and which he was informed
were used for similar purposes. He writes as follows :
"These natives catch and partially tame the Frigate-bird, and
employ it to convey messages from island to island. I was
informed of this fact by the natives, but was loth to believe it.
At Apamama I saw, however, three of the birds kept upon
T-shaped wooden perches opposite to the king's house. A long
line was tied to their tails. When wild birds were seen, some
fish were thrown upon the ground, and the captive birds made to
take wing. By this means the strangers were induced to settle,
and while engaged in feeding on the fish, a line at the end of a
rod about six feet long, having at the end a stone about the size
and shape of a fowl's egg, was thrown over them, whereby their
wings became entangled and they were caught. I saw the tame
birds and the apparatus for catching the wild ones ; but although
some were seen, they could not be induced to settle, so that I
missed seeing the most interesting part of the performance."
In June, 1896, the Hon. C. R. Swayne, late H.B.M.'s Resident
at the Gilbert and Ellice Groups writes me as follows : " I could
never find that the Frigate-bird was used to convey messages
between islands. The old men always laughed at the idea."
Although the Pigeon inhabiting the Ellice Islands has been
often observed, I can find no record of adult specimens ha\ ing
been obtained, but there is little doubt that the birds seen by
Mr. Jansen on Funafuti in 1876, and on Niu in 1895, were
correctly identified by them as Globicera pacifica.
To Dr. Sharpe's and the Rev. S. J. Whitmee's list of th
Ellice Island birds may now be added Urodynamis taitensis,
observed by Mr. Swayne on Niu,f and Totanus incanus and
Sterna melanauchen, collected by Mr. Hedley.
The number of species at present known to frequent the islands
of the Ellice Group will be considerably augmented when the
collection formed by Mr. Gardiner, one of the members of the
same expedition, is worked out.
*The Gilbert Islands Geogr. Journ. (1895), vi., 4, p. 347.
fNote on a Cuckoo taking possession of a Tern's nest, by A. J.
North Proc. Zool. Soc. (in lit.)
THE INSECT FAUNA OF FUNAFUTI.
BY W. J. RAINBOW,
Entomologist, Australian Museum.
[IV.]
THE INSECT FAUNA.
BY W. J. RAINBOW,
Entomologist, Australian Museum.
AMONG the memoranda handed to me by Mr. Hedley in connection
with the insects collected at Funafuti, the following remark
occurs : " The collection brought back does scanty justice to the
Entomological fauna of Funafuti, whose claims were, I fear,
unduly subordinated to the demands of the Marine Invertebrata,
the spiders being the only group whose proportions are at all
fairly represented."
Small as the collection is, however, it is not by any means
devoid of interest, for while there are individuals amongst it that
are well known to Entomologists, there are also some that are
new. Indeed, it would be strange if it were not so, when we
consider the rich fields awaiting the labours of systematic workers
among the islands of the Pacific, that are, as yet, comparatively
untouched. And it must also be borne in mind, that the fauna
of the islands comprising the various groups of which the Ellice
Group is one is of a more or less derived nature that is to say,
the fauna of any one island or group can scarcely be considered
as appertaining solely to it, but must be studied from a much
broader standpoint, not only as regards the distribution of the
genera, but also of the species. Thus, for instance, amongst the
beetles, Sphenophorus sulcipes, Karsch, originally recorded from
the Marshall Islands* was obtained by Mr. Hedley at Funafuti ;
and amongst the butterflies Junonia vellida, Fabr., also obtained
by Mr. Hedley, is not only common in the Ellice Group, f but
also at the Gilbert Islands, J and coming nearer home Australia.
Then there are the mosquitoes Meyarrhina inornata, Walk.,
being found both in New Guinea and the Ellice Islands. Being
possessed of this knowledge, therefore, it is only reasonable to
* Berlin. Ent. Zeit., xxv., 1880, p. 11, pi. i., fig. 16.
fProc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 297; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xv.,
p. 258.
I Geogr. Journ.,;vi., 4., 1895, p. 348.
90 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
assume that a systematic collection would bring to light other
facts of an interesting nature, and demonstrate clearly that the
insect fauna of one island or group is only more or less the reflex
of another. In his valuable paper on " The Gilbert Islands,"*
Mr. C. M. Woodford says, in endeavouring to account for the
insect fauna he found there :
" Of the insect fauna, the scorpions, spiders, most of the beetles,
Evania appendig aster, the ants, the blatta, and the earwig, were
most probably conveyed to the islands by ships.
" The remaining insect fauna, comprising the butterflies, eleven
moths, three species of hymenoptera, one of the hemiptera, the
locusta and the dragon-flies, were probably wind-borne, and I
think that such of then) as are not of almost cosmopolitan range
most probably reached the group through the Marshalls.
" Of the two species of butterflies, Junonia vellida is generally
distributed throughout the Pacific Islands, but Hypolimnas rarick,
so far as I know, although found in the Marshalls, does not extend
further to the south-east than the Gilbert Group."
The eleven species of moths taken by Woodford during his
visit to the Gilbert Islands in 1884 weref : (1) Chwrocampa
erotoides, (2) Cephonodes hylas, (3) Deiopeia pulchella, (4) Pro-
denia retina, (5) Amy no, oeto, (6) Heliothis armigera, (7) Catephia
linteola, (8) Archcea melicerte, (&) Remigia translata, (10) Marasmia
creonalis, and (11) Chloanges suralis. The latter insect was
described by Mr. Butler as a new species, under the name of Mar-
geronia woodfordi, but he has since identified it with Chloanges
suralis of Zeller.
Of these Mr. Woodford remarks j : " Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and
10 may be said to be cosmopolitan, extending throughout the
East generally, and to the more remote islands of the Pacific from
Australia to Tahiti.
" No. 2, Cephonodes hylas, is also found in West Africa, South
Africa, Natal, North India, Moulmein, More ton Bay, and Japan.
Being a very handsome and conspicuous insect, it would not be
likely to escape observation ; but I never observed it in the
Solomons nor in Fiji, so that its range into this group was most
probably through the Marshalls.
" No. 9, Remigia translata, is recorded from Ceylon, and from
the Marshall Islands. I also met with this insect in the Ellice
Group.
* Loc. cit., p. 349.
fGeogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, p. 348; also Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5),
xv., pp. 238-241.
I Geogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, pp. 349-350.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 91
"No. 11, Ckloanges suralis, occurs in Amboina, in the Mar-
shalls, and Mr. Matthew took it in the Ellice Group. Its food
plant occurs commonly in Fiji, but I never noticed the insect
there, nor is it recorded among the extensive collection made
there by Mr. Matthew. I did not notice it in the Solomons.
"It would appear probable, therefore, that the three last-named
species have reached the Gilberts via, the Marshall Group."
In the Gilbert Group, Dr. O. Finch collected the following
moths : Sesia mylas, Sphinx urotus, and Utetheria pulchella.*
While upon the subject of the Heterocera, it will be of interest
to point out that Deiopeia pulchella was recorded by Butler, in
"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London," 1878, among
a small collection of Lepidoptera obtained by the Rev. J. S.
Whitmee at the Ellice Islands ; also a worn example of a widely
distributed moth, Achcea melicerte. Amongst those moths ob-
tained by Mr. Woodford as having been obtained by him at the
Gilberts in 1884, and recorded by Butler in "Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History," 5th Series, Vol. xv., pp. 239-242, the
following were also taken at Nukufetau, in the Ellice Group :
Deiopeia pulchella, Amyna octo, Remigia translata, Erilita modes-
talis, Rinecera mirabilis, and Harpagoneura complexa.
COLEOPTERA.
Obs. Seven species of Coleoptera, which, with the exception of
two, were referable to known species, were obtained by Mr.
Hedley, and are enumerated below. I am indebted to Mr.
George Masters, Curator of the Macleay Museum, and to Mr.
T. G. Sloane, for much valuable assistance and information.
The following are the known species of Coleoptera obtained
from Funafuti :
FAMILY ELATERID^E.
Monocrepidius ferrugineus, Montrouz One specimen .
Monocrepidius umbraculatus, Cand One specimen.
FAMILY TENEBRIONID^.
Uloma camcollis, Fairm One specimen.
UloDia insularia, Guer One specimen.
FAMILY CALANDRID^E.
Sphenophorus sulcipes, Karsch Four specimens.
* Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, p. 22.
92 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
FAMILY (EDEMERLD^E.
Genus NACBKDES, Schmidt.
Nacerdes transmarina, sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 6.)
Long. 14 mm., lat. 4 mm.
Eliptic, elongate, yellowish-brown, thorax narrowed in front and
at base, scarcely as long as it is wide.
Head yellowish-brown, obscurely punctate, sparingly clothed
with very short and fine yellowish pubescence. Eyes prominent,
finely granulated, black. Thorax moderately convex, narrowed
in front, truncated, abruptly and strongly bulging out laterally
to about one-third its length, thence gradually tapering inwards
to its posterior extremity where it is again truncated ; disc
clothed with very short yellowish pubescence. Elytra somewhat
shorter than abdomen, yellowish-brown, moderately arched, ob-
scurely punctate, clothed with short, fine, yellowish pubescence,
broadest at the shoulders, gently tapering to abdominal extremity.
Menturn small, somewhat concave. Underside concolorous,
clothed with exceedingly fine pubescence ; sterna obscurely
punctate-striate. Legs moderately long, yellow-brown, thickly
clothed with short yellowish pubescence, and armed with short
black spines at joints. Antenna?, concolorous.
Three specimens.
FAMILY OTIORHYCIDES.
Genus ELYTRURUS, Schonherr.
Elytrurus squamatus, sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 7.)
Long. 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.
Eliptic, robust, bluish-grey ; thorax narrowed in front and at
base, punctate; elytra, punctate-striate.
Rostrum black, with a broad central shallow depression.
Thorax convex, scarcely as broad as long, closely covered with
minute shining granules, slightly narrower in front than behind,
gradually widening towards the middle, and then narrowing
again. Elytra arched, striate-punctate, slightly wider at the
shoulders than the thorax at its base, gradually widening towards
the middle, thence narrowing again to the apex ; the apices acute ;
the whole surface thickly covered with minute shining granules ;
there are also a few short hoary hairs towards the apex, and along
the sides. The general colour is bluish-grey. Legs and antenna?
concolorous, thickly covered with minute shining granules, and
furnished with a few short hoary hairs. Antenmu long, slender.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 93
Obs. This was the most representative species of the series
collected, fifteen specimens having been obtained. In some of
the members there is a slight difference in colouration, some
being brownish-grey, but this is doubtless a sexual distinction.
The chief interest attaching to this genus, however, is the fact
that it is confined solely to the Pacific Islands. The following are
the localities from which representatives have hitherto been
obtained : New Hebrides, New Guinea, Fiji, Tahiti, Vanikoro,
and Nukuhiva.
Mr. Woodford, in his paper on " The Gilbert Islands,"* gives
the following list of species as obtained by him in that group :
Amarygmus, sp., Pantopoeus guisens, Coccinella transversalis, C,
arcuata, Necrobia nifipes, Tribolium ferrugineurn, Dermesles, sp.,
Carpophilus, sp., Silvanus, sp., Carcinops (?) sp., Trogosita mauri-
tanica, Alphitobius piceus, A. diapariuus, Sitophilus, sp., Adelocera
modesta, Monocrepidius, sp., Nacerdes, sp. (2), and a genus allied
to Tribolium (?) sp.
HYMENOPTERA.
Only two species of Hymenoptera were obtained one a bee,
Megackile, sp., the other being a few workers of a species of ant
Pheidole sexspinosa (Mayr). According to Mr. Woodford, " A
leaf-cutting-bee of the genus Megachile was very common on all
the [Gilbert] islands, making its nest under the thatch of the
houses, and using portions of the leaves of Morinda citrifolia for
the construction of its cells. "f My colleague, Mr. Hedley,
informs me that Morinda citrifolia is common on the Island of
Funafuti, but he did not notice that it was attacked by the leaf-
cutting bees as reported by Mr. Woodford in the Gilberts.
Nevertheless the leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus, a plant that
is also common in the Gilberts, had the appearance of portions
having been cut out of them apparently by some leaf-cutting
insect.
FAMILY
Genus MEGACHILE, Latr.
Megachile hedleyi, sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 5.)
Long. 11 mm., lat. 4 mm.
Expanse of anterior wings Long. 7 mm., lat. 3 linn.
posterior wings 5 ,,2
* Geogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, p. 348.
4- I ..,- ,-.'/ IL Q f Q
f Loc. cit., p. 348.
94 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Head, forehead, and cheeks black, clothed with cinerous
pubescence ; head closely and finely punctured ; occilli promi-
nent ; antennae black ; labrum black, closely arid finely punctured;
ligula and mouth parts ferruginous. Thorax black, finely and
closely punctured, sparingly clothed with cinerous pubescence.
Abdomen cordate, dorsal surface black, segments fringed with
short black hairs ; anterior extremity sparingly furnished with
short cinerous pubescence, and posterior extremity with black ;
sides clothed with ferruginous pubescence ; ventral surface black,
clothed with long reddish hairs, except at posterior extremity
where the hairs are shorter and black. Breast black, finely and
closely punctured ; a few short cinerous hairs are distributed
over its surface. Legs black ; coxae and underside of each
ambulatory limb clothed with short cinerous hairs ; underside of
tibiae and tarsi ferruginous. Wings dark fuscous ; veins and
nervures black.
Two specimens.
I have very great pleasure in dedicating this species to my
esteemed friend and colleague, Mr. Charles Hedley.
FAMILY FORMICID^.
Pheldole sexspinosa, Mayr Twelve specimens, all workers.
Dr, Gustav. Mayr described the g and worker of this species
in a paper entitled "Neue.Formiciden,"* and recorded it "Auf
den Ellice-Inseln in grossen Ocean, vom Museum Godeffroy." To
his description he appended a note which may be of interest to
students, and of which the following is a translation :
" The genus founded by Mr. Smith, and for which he proposed
the name Pheidoxlacanthinus, would appear to suit the above
species, but there is a difference in the structure of the antennae.
The one named by Mr. Smith has eleven joints, while the
antennae of Pheidole sexspinosa has twelve joints."
In Mr. Hedley's memoranda I read the following : " Several
ants occurred in the area of sandy soil near the cultivation
grounds, one with a metallic colour could inflict an unpleasant
bite upon bare feet." Mr. Woodford says of the Gilbert Islands :
" Three or four species of small ants were common on all the
islands, and the firewood taken on board at several places swarmed
with them."f
* Verb. K.K. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xx., 1870, pp. 978-9.
t Geogr. Journ., vi., -1, 1895, p. 348.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 95
LEPIDOPTERA.
FAMILY NEPHALID^.
Junonia vellida, Fabr One specimen, damaged.
Only one species and of that a single specimen of Lepidoptera
was obtained, namely Junonia vellida. This species with four
others, namely, Euplcea eleutho, E. distincta, Diadema nerina,
and D. otaheitce, were obtained by the Rev. J. S. Whitmee
at the Ellice Islands, and was duly recorded in a paper by
A. G. Butler, in 1878."* Referring to J. vellida, the writer
penned the following interesting note : " Resembles Australian
examples, being less suffused with orange-tawny than Samoan
specimens." In another paper, entitled " Lepidoptera collected
by Mr. C. M. Woodford in the Ellice and Gilbert Islands,"!
Mr. Butler records J. vellida from Nukufetau (Ellice Group)
and Tapetewea (Gilbert Group), and Hypolimnas rarick from
Tapetewea. Mr. Woodford also refers to the two last-named
species in his paper, J and states that the larva of /. vellida
feeds upon Sccevola kcenigii, and the larva of H. rarick on an
Abutilon. He says that "Of the two species of butterflies,
J. vellida is generally distributed throughout the Pacific Islands,
but H. rarick, so far as I know, although found in the Marshalls,
does not extend further to the south-east than the Gilbert Group."
Commenting on the Lepidoptera of the island, Mr. Hedley
says : " Large green caterpillars whose clawed tails proclaimed
them of the Sphingidre were occasionally brought by the natives,
and were probably related to a large day-flying hawk-moth, like
the European clearwing which was rarely seen, hovering and
dashing from tree to tree above the sweep of a butterfly net.
Small moths were to be obtained by beating the bushes, and
swarmed to our lamp at night through the open sides of our
native hut."
DIPTERA.
Amongst the Muscadte procured four appear to be new to
science, and are herewith described and figured. Other specimens
obtained at Funafuti were so mangled by the natives who caught
them as to be absolutely useless.
Speaking of the flies, Mr. Hedley says : " They were a great
nuisance ; they swarmed on the ship's boats as they came ashore,
and on their return invaded the vessel, to which they kept for
* Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, pp. 296-7.
t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xv., pp. 238-9.
JQeogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, p. 348.
Loc. cit., p. 349.
96 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
several days after leaving the land. The mosquitoes of several
kinds, larger and smaller, were an intolerable nuisance, not only
to the whites but also to the natives. On the lee side of Funafuti
neither black nor white could snatch an hour's sleep at night
without the protection of curtains. Before civilisation mats
were used for this purpose on Funafuti. Writing of Stewart's
Islands in 1851, Mr. John Webster says*: 'A screen of fine
matting was let down from the ceiling and surrounded my bed
to keep out mosquitoes and other noxious insects.' To avoid the
mosquitoes the natives often crossed the islet and slept on the
windward side. The small islets on the leeward side of the
atoll were much freer from these pests, and I have slept there all
night in comfort in the open."
Although mosquitoes have been known to the natives of these
islands, probably from time immemorial, there is no doubt that
some species have been introduced by the agency of traders, for
the few brought home by Mr.'Hedley show that Culex hispiodosus,
Sk., and Megarrhina inornata, Walk. the former common in
Australia and the latter in New Guinea have each taken up
their abode in the Ellice Group. The Rev. Dr. W. Wyatt Gill,
writing of the mosquitoes in the Hervey Islands,! says : " There
are some islands where this annoying insect was until lately
unknown. The old men of Penrhyns, Rakaanga, and Manihiki
assure me that no mosquito was ever seen on those atolls until
some years after the introduction of Christianity. Although
mosquitoes were (accidentally) conveyed to Penrhyns and Ra-
kaanga in 1859, and to Manihiki so lately as 1862, in water-casks
filled at Raratonga, they are plentiful in all three islands."
Again, Mr. Woodford in his paper on " The Gilbert Islands,"
says: "Mosquitoes occurred on some islands; on others, as at
Kuria, I did not notice them."J
Looking over Mr. Medley's memoranda, I read the following
interesting note, describing the ingenious method adopted by the
natives at Funafuti for the purpose of capturing insects :
" Mosquitoes and other insects were caught thus by the natives :
a forked stick was converted into a hoop by tying together the
arms of the fork. This was passed over and over through the
snares of the orb-weaving spiders till the hoop was filled by a
membrane of glutinous spider-threads. By this any insect would
be struck and meshed."
So far as fleas are concerned, Mr. Medley says that notwith-
standing the fact that all conditions suitable for their propagation
are present, they are unknown at Funafuti.
* Webster Last Cruise of the " Wanderer," Sydney (n.d.), p. 59.
f Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 162.
I Geogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, p. 348.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 97
The following are the species obtained :
FAMILY CULIOTD^.
Culex hispiodostts, Sk Two specimens.
Megarrkina inornata, Walk Six specimens.
FAMILY ANTHOMIZID^.
Genus LISPE, Nob.
Lispe vittata, $ , sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 1.)
Long. 5 mm., lat. 1 mm.
Expanse of wings Long. 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.
Head occiput black, hairy ; forehead reddish-brown, grey
laterally, clothed with black hairs ; eyes, rich mahogany-brown ;
occilli, three ; antennae, short. Thorax grsy, three dark brown
longitudinal lines running the entire length, upper surface clothed
with short black hairs ; sides furnished with few long coarse
black bristles. Abdomen dorsal surface dull yellowish with
black median and lateral markings and patches, clothed sparingly
with moderately long coarse black bristles ; sides, pale yellowish
with small black patches at junction of segments, and furnished
with a few moderately long coarse black hairs. Breast, hairy
and ashy-coloured. Legs yellowish, clothed with short black
hairs and armed with few short strong spines. Wings covered
with hair-like scales, semi-transparent, with brassy reflections.
A single specimen.
FAMILY TACHINARIDJE.
Genus DEGEERIA, Meig.
Deyeeria dawsoni, <$ et $ , sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 2.)
Long. 8 mm., lat. 3 mm.
Expanse of wings Long. 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.
Head occiput black, clothed with black hairs ; forehead black
with coarse black hairs or bristles ; cheeks, grey ; eyes, rich
mahogany-brown ; occelli, three ; antennae, black. Thorax grey,
clothed on superior surface with short coarse black hairs or
bristles, seven dark grey longitudinal bars run the entire length
of pro- and meso-thorax. Abdomen dorsal surface grey with
98 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
black median patches, and black transverse bars at junctions of
segments, clothed with few short black hairs ; sides yellow-brown,
darkest at posterior extremity, sparingly furnished with short
black hairs ; ventral surface dull white, with two small oblong
yellow-brown patches, each patch fringed with short black hairs.
Anus, black. Breast, dark brown. Legs black, clothed with
black hairs and few short strong spines. Wings covered with
hair-like scales, semi-transparent, with brassy reflections.
(J Copulatory organ, a long telescopic, fleshy, pale yellowish
process, consisting of seven segments, the extremity of each
segment furnished with long, strong bristles.
One $ and three $ specimens.
At the request of Mr. Hedley this species is named after
W. Pudsey Dawson, R.N., First Lieutenant of H.M.S. "Penguin,"
who did so much to facilitate the scientific objects for which the
expedition was organised.
Genus EBENIA, Nob.
Ebenia nigricruris, ? , sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 3.)
Long. 4^ mm., lat. 1 mm.
Expanse of wings Long. 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.
Head occiput black, clothed with black hairs ; forehead black
with coarse black hairs or bristles ; cheeks, grey ; eyes, rich
mahogany-brown ; occilli, three ; antenme, black. Thorax dark
brown, shoulders grey ; superior surface clothed with few short
black hairs ; sides furnished with long coarse bristles. Abdomen
black at anterior extremity, second, third, and fourth segments
grey, with broad black median transverse bar, the latter uneven
in outline; junction of segments black; dorsal surface thinly
clothed with moderately long, strong, black hairs ; ventral surface
dirty white with moderately long black hairs ; anus, black.
Breast black, with few short black hairs. Legs black, clothed
with black hairs, and armed with short strong spines. Wings
covered with hair-like scales, semi-transparent, with brassy re-
flections ; veins, black.
A single specimen.
Ebenia fieldi, ? , sp. nov.
(Plate i., fig. 4.)
Long. 4 mm., lat. 1 mm.
Expanse of wings Long. 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 99
Head occiput black, clothed with black hairs ; forehead black,
with long, coarse black hairs or bristles ; cheeks, white ; eyes,
rich mahogany-brown ; occilli, three ; antennae, black. Thorax
grey ; two dark longitudinal bars extend from anterior extremity
of pro- to near posterior extremity of meta-thorax ; few rather
long coarse black hairs; sides of a lighter grey colour, and
furnished with a few long coarse black hairs. Abdomen, dark,
with lateral patches of a light grey colour ; posterior extremity
black ; dorsal surface furnished sparingly with short black hairs ;
ventral surface grey, and sparingly furnished with short black
hairs ; anus, black. Breast black, with few short black hairs.
Legs black, clothed with black hairs, and armed with few short
strong spines. Wings covered with hair-like scales, semi-
transparent, with brassy reflections ; veins, black.
A single specimen.
By request I have named this species after Captain Mostyn
Field, R.N., Captain of H.M.S. "Penguin," as a permanent
tribute to his courtesy, and a mark of the sense of indebtedness
felt by the members of the Expedition for assistance in many
ways.
HEMIPTERA.
A species of Halobates was taken by one of the party on a
single occasion from a pool between tide-marks. On one occasion
at dusk Mr. Hedley saw some Halobates in one of the saltwater
pools which at high tide appear in the centre of the island, but
failed to secure any. Lice were very common and afflicted the
natives very much.
ORTHOPTERA.
Although the Libellulidje are not represented in the collection
from Funafuti, Mr. Hedley remarks that a large dragon-fly was
a conspicuous object, flashing across the more open spaces in the
woodland on sunny days. In the Gilbert Group the three follow-
ing species are common : Anax guttata, Pantala flavescens,
Trithemis bipunctata.*
So far as the collection under discussion is concerned, this Order
is represented by the following species :
FAMILY LACERSTIDuE.
Concephalus ensiger(f) Har One specimen.
* Geogr. Journ., vi., 4, 1895, p. 349.
100 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
FAMILY BLATTID^.
Panesthia cethops, Stoll One <$ et two ? specimens.
Loboptera decipiens, Germ One specimen.
FAMILY GUILLIDJE.
Arachnocephalus vestitus, Costa One specimen.
PSEUDONEUROPTERA.
TERMITID^.
Calotermes marginipennis, Latr.
Calotermes marginipennis, Latr., Hag. Monogr., p. 47.
Catalogue of Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum, by Dr. H. Hagen ; Part I.,
Termitina, p. 7.
Not the least interesting feature of the Insecta from Funafuti
is a small collection of White Ants Calotermes marginipennis,
Latr.. The localities recorded so far from whence examples
have been obtained are California, Mexico, and Hawaii. The
Rev. Thomas Blackburn collected it in the Hawaiian Islands,
and it was recorded from there by McLachlan in a paper*
dealing with Mr. Blackburn's collection.
This species of White Ant confines its attention at Funafuti
to the coconut trees (Cocos nucifera). The insects generally
attack the palms from three to six feet from the ground, tunnel-
ling their way through, and as a result the trees are snapped off
by the gales. At night, attracted by the lamps, these insects fly
into dwellings. The Rev. Thomas Blackburn in a paper, " Notes
on Hawaiian Neuroptera,"f writes : " I have not met with any
more than the two American species recorded in Mr. McLachlan's
paper. They are both extremely common near Honolulu, flying
in numbers to lamps at night, and doing much damage in the
destruction of furniture and other woodwork, also frequently
destroying trees. Without having given sufficient attention to
the subject to generalize with absolute confidence, I may say that
Termitia connected with household depredations, when identified
by me, has always been Calotermes castaneus, Burm. (which,
however, I have never observed outside Honolulu), while the tree
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), xii., pp. 2G6-7.
fLoc. cit. (5), xiv., p. 413.
INSECT FAUNA RAINBOW. 101
devastator when identified by me has always been C. margini-
pennis, Latr. This latter species I have observed on several
of the islands."
The headquarters of Calotermes, as indeed the Termitidse as a
whole, is Tropical America, more species having been recorded
from Brazil than any other part of the globe, and from whence
many have distributed. Arguing from the same premises, Tropical
America would appear to be the home of the Cocos tribe, the
majority of its species being found within that zone. In discussing
this question, Mr. W. Botting Hemsley says*: "De Candolle
statesf he formerly believed it to have spread from Western
America, but with fuller data and more experience in such ques-
tions, he inclines to the opinion that its original home is the
Indian Archipelago ; but as the thirty other species belonging to
the genus are restricted to Tropical America, the first opinion
seems the sounder." It is quite probable that Cocos nucifera,
being an introduced plant into the Islands of the Pacific, the
insect that proves so destructive to it, may also have been
introduced, if not actually with, at any rate at no late date after
its introduction. The distribution and association of this species
of Termitid, with its host plant, therefore affords an interesting
study when considered in the light of faunistic distribution, coming
as it did, originally from Mexico and California. From the early
days of settlement in California, the Hawaiian Islands have been
a centre of commercial enterprise with the Californians, and it is
possible therefore that Calotermes marginipennis may have been
introduced in Hawaii by human agency, and that when swarming
numbers of these destructive insects may have been wafted from
island to island. The coconut palm was first introduced into
the Ellice Group during the reign of King Touassa, somewhere
about two centuries ago. During the period intervening, and up
to more recent times, the islands were frequently visited and
raided by neighbouring islanders (see pp. 44 and 45 of Part I. of
this Memoir) ; besides this the Ellice Group was the field of a
great whaling fishery in the early forties, and this industry was
pursued chiefly by Americans, who not only visited the group,
but also other islands of the Pacific from Hawaii onwards, so
that, taking all these facts into consideration, it is quite reasonable
to suppose that this, and other species of insects, may have been
introduced by the agency of man. It is unfortunate, considering
its many important bearings, that the fauna of the Pacific Islands
has not been more thoroughly worked ; when it is, however, the
distribution of sppcies both fauna and flora will doubtless form
one of the most interesting and instructive lessons of modern
biological investigation.
* Challenger Reports Botany, i., 2, 1885, p. 203.
t De Candolle Origin des Plantes Cultivees, p. 350.
102 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
MYRIAPODA.
FAMILY CHILOPODA.
Scolopendra platypus, Brandt Two specimens.
Centipedes were fairly common on the island, and were apt to
creep into and hide amongst the folds of any unworn titi dresses.
If such clothes had been laid aside, it was necessary before using
to have them carefully fumigated. This was done by placing a
handful of " Gnashu " (Sccevola) leaves on some embers around
which the titi dresses were arranged, and a couple of mats were
packed round to keep the smoke in. Karsel and Finch* recorded
S. platypus, Brandt, Orphnteus lividus, Mein., and Otostignus
orientalis, For., from the Marshall Group in 1880.
* Berlin, Ent. Zeit,, xxv. p. 15.
THK ARACHNIDAN FAUNA OF FUNAFUTI.
BY W. J. RAINBOW,
Entomologist, Australian Museum.
THE ARACHNIDAN FAUNA.
BY W. J. RAINBOW,
Entomologist, Australian Museum.
THE Arachnological Collection obtained by Mr. Hedley during
his sojourn on the Island of Funafuti, although not large, is,
nevertheless, more representative of its branch of Invertebrate
Fauna than was the Entomological Collection. Had it been
possible to have made a thorough and systematic search, there
is little doubt but that many interesting forms would have been
brought to light. As it is, however, the collection is not without
interest, and it is hoped, value. In all there were 88 specimens
procured, and these are distributed as follows :
Order ' Fami *- Spedmens.
Scorpionidfe .. ... Androctonidae ... ... 4
Chelonethi Cheliferidaa 8
Acarina ... ... Oribatidae ... ... 14
Araneidae ... ... Epeiridse ... ... 32
... Tetragnathidae ... ... 1
Uloboridaa 12
Drassidaa 3
Scytodre 3
... Thomisidae ... ... 4
... Salticidae ... ... 7
Total ... "88
Of these the following table will show the results of the exami-
nation of the collection :
S^eS Spates.
Scorpionidse ... Androctonidae ... ... .1
Chelonethi ... Cheliferidoa 1 ... 1
Acarina3 ... ... Oribatidaa ... ... ... 1
Araneidae ... ... Epeiridse ... ... 2 ... 10
Tetragnathidaa ... 1 ...
Uloboridaa 1 ...
Drassidse 1 ...
Scytodae 1 ...
Thomisidw 2 ...
Salticidse 1 . . 2
Total 10 15
106 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
It will be seen, therefore, that of the twenty-five species
obtained, fifteen would appear to be new to science. The most
numerously represented family in the collection is that of the
Epeiridfe (known to the natives by the name of " Marakau "), of
which two species proved to be known, and ten appear to be
new. Of the former Epeira mangareva, Walck,, has a very wide
distribution, extending from the Celebes to New Guinea, and
from there to the Island of Mangareva, in the Paumotu or Low
Archipelago ; the other, E. plfibeja, L. Koch, was previously
recorded Ly L. Koch from Ovalau and Tonga.* One of the prin-
cipal features that strikes a student upon examining a collection
nf Island (female) Epeiridne, is the close resemblance the different
species bear to one another in shape and contour of the epigynum.
In the two species enumerated as previously known, and in
each of those described below, with three exceptions, namely,
E. distiticta, Rainb., E. hoyyi, Rainb., and E. speciosa, Rainl>.,
the same general uniformity prevails. There are differences,
truly, as will be seen on reference to the figures accompanying
this paper ; thus in one species, the long dark brown, slightly
curved chitinous process is closely adpressed, while in another it
is poised upon a high tubercle and stands prominently out.
The commonest spider on the Island appeared to be ULoborus
zosis, Walck. This beautiful Arachnid possesses a very wide geo-
graphical range, having been previously recorded from Madagascar,
Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, St. Helena, Bombay, Java,
Amboina, Upolu, Permambuci, Parana, Rio Grande, Guyana,
St. Fe cli Bogota, and the Antilles, f
The other previously known species were formerly recorded
as follows: Obisium atiti/ odum, Sim., from New Caledonia;
Tetraffnatka laqueatn, L. Koch, Upolu ; Clubiona alveolata, L.
Koch, Upolu ; .Dictus striatipc.s, L. Koch, Upolu, Tonga, and
Viti ; Acompse suavin, L. Koch, Huaheine, Raietea, and Tahiti ;
Sarotes debilis, L. Koch, Upolu ; S. reyius, Fabr., is another
species having a very wide geographical range, as the following
list of localities will testify : Singapore, China, Japan, Africa,
Dafetaj Mombus, Zanzibar, Isle of France, Senegal, St. Thomas,
California, Mexico, Martinique, Brazil, Valparaiso, Fiji, Samoan
Archipelago, Tongan Archipelago, Rarotongn, Pelew, Tahiti,
Huaheine, Island of Meduro, and New Caledonia. In addition
to the species enumerated, there were ten specimens of Epeirid;o,
and four of the Salticida^, that were too young for determination
or description, and these have not been enumerated in the
tables.
* Koch Die Ara -hniden Australiens, i., p. 70, 1871.
f Vide Thorell, " Studi Sni Rigni," etc 1 ., ii. " Ragni <li Amboina,"
p. 133. 1878.
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 107
Order SCORPIONZDJE.
FAMILY ANDROCTONID^E.
SUB FAMILY ANDROCTININI.
Genus BUTHUS, Leach.
ttuthus brevicaudatus, <$ et ? , sp. nov.
(Plate ii., figs. 1, la, 16, Ic.)
Colour somewhat variable, but generally of an obscure yellowish
grey above, and pale yellowish underneath ; sides dull brown ;
palpi brown above, yellow-brown underneath ; tail dark brown
above and laterally, somewhat paler underneath ; vesicle pale
yellow, glossy; aculeus brown, glossy; eyes black; legs obscure
yellow above, pale yellowish underneath.
Cephalothorax as wide behind as it is long, gradually narrowing
until near anterior extremity, and thence narrowing off abruptly to
anterior margin ; anterior and posterior margins strongly indented ;
a strong longitudinal groove runs down the centre from anterior to
posterior extremity, and separates the median eyes ; these latter
are slightly elevated on small tubercles ^ the surface is closely and
minutely punctured, somewhat uneven and depressed at centre,
but more strongly so behind the median eyes ; there are also
shallow lateral depressions at rear of anterior e) es ; behind the
median eyes, and at the anterior margin there are a few small
granules; in the male the anterior margin is more thickly granulated
than in the female examples ; a few short hairs fringe the anterior
line of the cephalothorax. Tergites finely punctured, but the
punctures are somewhat deepest laterally ; each is marked with
a median keel. Sternites smooth, glossy, with shallow lateral
and median depressions, closely and minutely punctured ; each
is marked with a median keel. Tail short, almost parallel-
sided ; the first segment is somewhat the shortest, the second and
third rather longer and co-equal in length, the fourth and fifth
slightly longer than the two preceding and co-equal in length ;
each segment is keeled laterally, has a median longitudinal de-
pression, and is slightly shagreened and granulated above and
laterally ; the inferior surface is less distinctly keeled, but more
strongly shagreened and granulated, the fifth segment especially
so ; each segment is sparingly furnished with rather long, strong
brown hairs. Vesicle smooth and glossy, furnished with a few
moderately long yellowish hairs ; aculeus dark brown, strong, and
gently curved ; vesicle and aculeus together are somewhat longer
than the fifth caudal segment. Palpi : superior surface of huinerus,
brachium, and manus thickly but finely granulated, the granules
on their lateral and anterior and posterior extremities are sensibly
108 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
the largest and darkest; lower surface exceedingly finely granulated
with the exception of the lateral ridges, where the granules are
nearly as large as those upon the lateral extremities of the superior
surface ; manus long, broad, and thicker than brachium ; hand-
back keeled, similar in colour to superior surface, and thickly
furnished with black granules ; fingers short, black, incurved,
without lobe or excavation ; the movable finger is somewhat the
longer ; humerus, brachium, and manus sparingly furnished with
short, fine whitish hairs. Legs sparingly furnished with yellowish
hairs, upper surface finely granulated, under surface smooth and
glossy. Pectines about half as long as cephalothorax, and furnished
with six teeth.
The sexes are distinguished by the palpi, which in the male
are longer, broader, and thicker than in the female.
Measurements (in millemeters) : Total length, 27 ; length of
cephalothorax, 3 ; width, in front 2, behind 3J ; length of tail,
10 ; length of male humerus 3|, of brachium 3, of hand 6, of
hand-back 6, of moveable finger 4 ; width of male humerus 1^,
of brachium 2, of hand 3^, of hand-back 1^ ; length of female
humerus 3, of brachium 3, of hand 5, of hand-back 5, of moveable
finger 3 ; width of female humerus 1, of brachium 1^, of hand 3,
of hand-back 1.
One male and three female specimens.
Order CHELONETHI.
Sub-Order DIPLOCELONTHI.
FAMILY CHELERIFIM3.
Obisium antipoduni, Simon Six specimens.
C.R. Ent. Belg., xxiii., p. clxxiv.
Genus CHELIFER, Geoffr.
Chelifer longidigitatus, sp. nov.
(Plate ii., fig. 2.)
Body obovate, narrowed before, rounded behind. Caput dark
brown, granulated. Cephalothorax granulated ; anterior segment
dark brown, hinder segment pale yellowish above, brown laterally.
Eyes prominent, and of an opaline tint. Legs pale yellowish,
moderately clothed with short white hair. Palpi dark brown,
granulated ; basal joints bulbous ; hand broad, thick, slightly
darker than humerus and brachium ; fingers long, reddish-brown,
incurved, and furnished with a few elongated, flexible hairs.
Abdomen pale yellowish above, with brown submedian and
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 109
lateral granulations ; inferior surface pale yellowish, with two
longitudinal sub-median rows of brown granulations.
Measurements : Length of body, l|mm. ; breadth, 1 mui. ;
palpi, 2uim.
Two specimens.
Order ACARINA.
FAMILY ORIBATID^.
Genus ORIBATA, Lat.
Oribata lamellata, sp. nov.
(Plate ii., figs. 3, 3a, 36, 3c, 3d.)
Cephalothorax, |mm. long; abdomen, 1mm. long, liiim. wide.
Black, opaque ; tergum laminated ; venter somewhat rugulose,
closely punctated.
Cephalothorax arched, closely and deeply punctated ; anterior
half conical, posterior half suddenly widening ; rostrum round
pointed ; rostral hairs long ; palpi invisible from the dorsal
aspect ; pseudo-stigmata nearly at the base of the Cephalothorax.
but not hidden by the abdomen or lamellae ; pseudo-stigmatic
organ rather short, with thin peduncles ; the latter gradually
thickening and terminating with somewhat clavate heads ; apode-
mata not joined to the sternum. Legs strong, closely and finely
punctated, furnished with short, strong white hairs ; claws
tridactyle, heterodactyle. Abdomen strongly arched, somewhat
oval, closely punctated, laminated, the plates overlapping,
broadest about the middle, strongly keeled behind ; genital and
anal plates large, oval, and occupying nearly the whole length of
the ventral plate.
In respect of this creature Mr. Hedley says : " On the western
side of the north arm of the mangrove swamp is a low scarp of
breccia, apparently an old beach, and which is described more
fully in the Section treating on the Geology of the Atoll. A
dense growth of Ngia (Pemphis acidula) overhung this spot, and
under fallen damp leaves and sticks beneath these bushes I found
this animal in considerable abundance. Its movements were
lethargic in the extreme."
Order ARANBID^E.
FAMILY EPEIRID^.
Epeira mangareva ? Walck One specimen.
Walck. Hist. Nat. des. Ins. Apt., iv., p. 469, 1847.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 85-88, T. vii., figs.
4-5a, 1871.
110 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Bradley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., i., The Araneides of the
"Chevert" Expedition, pp. 144-5, 1876.
Thor., Studi Sui Ragni, etc., i. Ragni di Selebes, loc. cit., p. 394
(54), 1877.
Thor., Studi Sui Ragni, etc., ii., Ragni di Amboina, loc. cit.,
pp. 65-69, 1878.
Epeira plebeja, Koch Three immature specimens.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 69-70, T. vi., figs.
10, 10a, 1871.
Genus EPEIRA, Walck.
Epeira ventricosa, sp. nov.
(Plate ii., figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4c.)
? . Cephalothorax, 4|mm. long, 3mm. broad; abdomen, lOirnm.
long, 7^mm. broad.
Cephalothorax convex, hairy, yellowish, with median and lateral
brown longitudinal bars. Caput moderately high, truncated in
front, clothed with moderately long hoary hairs ; normal grooves
and indentations distinct. Clypeus clothed with short hoary
hairs, convex, with lateral grooves radiating from near the centre.
Marginal band narrow, yellowish, fringed with hoary hairs. Eyes
of an opaline tint ; the four comprising the central group are
seated upon a somewhat quadrangular tubercle, and form a
trapezium, narrowest at the rear ; of these the front pair are the
largest, and are separated from each other by about twice their
individual diameter ; the second pair are smaller and are seated
to the rear by about twice, and from each other by about once-
and-a-half their individual diameter ; lateral eyes much the
smallest, seated obliquely upon small tubercles, and are almost
contiguous to each other. Legs moderately long and strong,
with black and yellow annulations, hairy, armed with rather
long and strong spines; relative lengths, 1, 2, 4, 3; the second
and fourth pairs equal in length, the third much the shortest.
Palpi moderately long and strong, similar in colour and armature
to legs. Falces long and strong, glossy brown in front and on
outer sides ; insides pale yellow, fringed at their base with a few
short hoary hairs ; the margins of the furrow of each falx are
armed with a row of three teeth ; fangs moderately long and
strong, wine-red. Maxillee rather longer than broad, arched ;
from base to near apex the colour is' brown, thence yellowish ;
fringed with moderately long and strong black hairs. Labium
concolorous, broader than high, rounded off at apex. Sternum
shield-shaped, dark brown, approaching bistre, relieved by a
longitudinal median line of yellow ; surface uneven, hairy.
Abdomen ovate, projecting over base of Cephalothorax ; superior
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. Ill
surface dark, approaching bistre, ornamented with white and
grey median patches, and with a broad leaf-like design ; sides
dark brown also, with a broad uneven longitudinal patch of grey
near superior surface, and below this a series of irregular tawny
markings ; inferior surface sooty black with four white lateral
patches. Epigyne a long dark brown chitinous process, terminat-
ing in a blunt point.
One specimen.
JSpeira longispina, et $ , sp. nov.
(Plate iii., fig. 2.)
$ . Cephalothorax 2^mm. long, 2mm. broad ; abdomen 5mui.
long, Simin. broad.
Cephalothorax pale yellow, clothed with hoary hairs ; the median
and lateral longitudinal markings less distinct than in the female.
Caput slightly elevated, arched. Clypeus broad, strongly arched,
clothed with long hoary hairs, the median cleft, from which the
lateral grooves radiate, more distinct than in female example.
Marginal band, eyes, and legs similar to those of female.
Palpi short, club-shaped, simple. Maxillee, labium, and sternum
similar to those of female. Abdomen ovate, slightly over-
hanging base of Cephalothorax ; colour mottled grey ; the broad
leaf-like design with which the superior surface is ornamented,
is of a dark brown colour, and commences near the middle,
terminating near spinnerets ; the sides, inferior surface and
spinnerets similar in coloration and general features to those of
the female.
One specimen (immature).
(Plate iii., figs. 1, la, 16.)
$ . Cephalothorax, 4|mm. long, 3mm. broad; abdomen, 6mm.
long, 4mm. broad.
Cephalothorax pale yellow with median and lateral yellow-
brown longitudinal markings, arid clothed with long hoary hairs.
Caput moderately elevated, rounded on the sides and upper part,
normal grooves and indentations distinct. Clypeus broad, strongly
arched, clothed with moderately long hoary hairs ; there is a deep
longitudinal cleft or groove in the centre, from whence the lateral
grooves radiate. Marginal band moderately broad, glossy, and
fringed with short hoary pubescence. Eyes reddish-brown with
black rings, the central group forming a trapezium ; of these, the
two eyes that constitute the front row are sensibly the largest,
and are separated from each other by about once their individual
diameter ; those of the second row are separated from the first by
about once their individual diameter, and from each other by a
space equal to about two-thirds of the diameter of an eye of the
112 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
second row ; the lateral pairs are much the smallest of the group,
are seated obliquely on small tubercles, and are almost contiguous.
Legs long, moderately strong, pale yellow with yellow-brown
annulations at ultimate extremity of joints ; the limbs clothed
with pale yellowish pubescence, and armed with long, strong
black spines; relative lengths: 1, 2, 4, 3; of these the second and
fourth pairs of legs are co-equal in length, and the third pair the
shortest. Palpi similar in colour and armature to legs. Falces
glossy, pale yellow, somewhat darkest at base ; the upper margin
of the furrow of each falx armed with a row of four teeth, and
the lower margin with three. Maxillfe pale yellowish, strongly
arched, broader at apex than base, sparingly clothed with long
black hairs. Labium of a dull obscure colour, broader than long,
arched, and rounded off at apex. Sternum oblong-cordate,
concolorous, clothed with short hoary pubescence. Abdomen
oblong-ovate, projecting over base of cephalothorax, pale yellow,
ornamented with a long leaf-like design and dark markings and
dots ; sides pale yellow also, with yellow-brown markings and
dots ; inferior surface pale yellow with a broad median patch of
dark brown, the patch broader at its anterior than at its posterior
extremity, and narrowest at the middle. Spinnerets long, pro-
minent. Epigyne a long, glossy, dark-brown chitinous protuber-
ance, terminating in a blunt point, slightly curved, hollowed out
on the under-side, and clothed on its upper side with long dark
hairs.
A single specimen.
Epeira multispina, $ et ? , sp. nov.
Plate iii., figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4c.
cj Cephalothorax, 3|mm. long, 3mm. broad ; abdomen, 4mm.
long, 3mm. broad.
Cephalothorax pale yellow, clothed with moderately long hoary
hairs. Caput slightly elevated, moderately arched, truncated in
front, normal grooves indistinct. Clypeus broad, arched, pale
yellow, with broad obscure lateral bands, and clothed with
moderately long hoary hairs ; there is a deep longitudinal cleft
(having the appearance of a fine black line) commencing at
junction of cephalic and thoracic segments, from whence radiate
the lateral grooves. Marginal band narrow, fringed with fine
hoary pubescence. Eyes of an opaline tint with black rings, the
four comprising the median group forming a trapezium ; of these
the front eyes are the largest, and are separated from each other
by about once their individual diameter ; those in the second row
are somewhat smaller, and are separated from the front pair by a
space equal to about one diameter of an eye of the second row,
and from each other by a space equal to one-half a diameter ;
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 113
lateral eyes minute, seated obliquely on tubercles and con-
tiguous to each other. Legs pale yellow, clothed with yellowish
pubescence, and armed with long black spines ; relative lengths :
1, 2, 4, 3. Palpi pale yellow, clothed with yellowish pubescence
and long black bristles ; copulatory organs dark brown, compli-
cated in structure. Falces pale yellow, divergent, clothed with
yellowish pubescence ; fangs glossy, dark brown at base, wine-
red at points. Maxilla? glossy, pale yellow, arched, inclining
inwards, fringed with long, coarse hairs at sides and ultimate
extremities. Labiuni somewhat darker, arched, broader than
long, furnished with a few moderately long yellowish hairs.
Sternum cordate, moderately convex, pale yellowish at its centre,
darker laterally, clothed with yellowish pubescence. Abdomen
ovate, overhanging base of cephalotharax, pale yellowish, with
dark brown leaf-like pattern down the centre, and clothed with
long, coarse, yellowish hairs ; sides yellowish, with dark brown
markings, and long, coarse yellow hairs ; inferior surface pale
yellow, with dark brown median patch, broader in front than
behind, narrowest at the centre. Spinnerets long, prominent.
One specimen.
(Plate iii., figs. 3, 3a, 36, 3c.)
? . Cephalothorax, 5mm. long, 3mm. broad ; abdomen, 9mm.
long, G.^mm. broad.
Cephalothorax convex, hairy, yellowish, with median and lateral
dark brown longitudinal bars. Caput moderately high, truncated
in front, rounded on the sides and upper part, normal grooves
distinct, thickly clothed with coarse hoary hairs. Clypeus broad,
strongly arched, clothed with long, coarse hoary hairs ; a deep
longitudinal cleft, situated at junction of cephalic and thoracic
segments from whence radiate the lateral grooves. Marginal band
broad, fringed with pale yellowish pubescence. Eyes of an opaline
tint with black rings ; the four central eyes are seated upon a
somewhat quadrangular eminence, and form a trapezium ; of
these, the two forming the front row are the largest of the group,
and are separated from each other by a space equal to once their
individual diameter ; the second row are somewhat smaller than
those of the first, and are separated from the latter by rather
more than one diameter of an eye of the second row, and from
each other by a space equal to about two-thirds of u diameter ;
lateral eyes seated on small tubercles and contiguous to each other.
Legs long and strong, pale yellow with dark brown annulations
at ultimate extremities of joints ; in addition to the annulations
referred to, the femurs of the first and second pairs of legs have
each a long, dark brown patch on the outer surface ; limbs
clothed with short yellowish pubescence, and armed with numerous
114 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
long and strong black spines ; relative lengths : 1, 2, 4, 3 ; the
second and fourth pairs co-equal, and the third the shortest.
Palpi moderately long, clothed with yellowish pubescence and
long black hairs ; colour and armature similar to legs. Falces
pale yellowish, somewhat darker at base, divergent, inner margins
at the base fringed with yellowish pubescence ; the upper margin
of the furrow of each falx armed with a row of four teeth, and
the lower with a row of three ; fangs long, strong, glossy, brown
at base, wine-red at points. Maxillae widely divergent, obscurely
tinted at base, pale yellowish above, moderately arched, fringed
on the outer and inner margins with white and a few long black
hairs. Labium concolorous, broader than long. Sternum cordate,
moderately convex, dark brown, with a pale yellowish median
wedge-shaped patch, broadest in the front, clothed with long, fine
yellowish and a few black hairs. Abdomen ovate, yellowish-
grey, clothed with short yellowish pubescence ; projecting over
base of cephalothorax ; the broad leaf-like design upon superior
surface darkest laterally ; sides somewhat lighter in colour ;
inferior surface grey with a median patch of dark brown,
the latter broader in front than behind, and indented laterally
with pale yellowish, and this again bordered with dark brown.
Spinnerets long and prominent. Epigyne, a long and slightly
curved chitinous process, dark brown laterally, yellowish on
the upper surface, and fringed with long, yellowish hairs above,
and hollowed on the underside ; at the base of this process
there is a large and somewhat globose fleshy lobe, hollow within,
the lobe of a dirty yejlowish colour.
One specimen.
Epeira etheridgei, sp. nov.
(Plate iii., figs. 5, 5a, 56, 5c.)
$ . Cephalothorax, 4mm. long, 3mm. broad ; abdomen, 7mm.
long, 5jnim. broad.
Cephalothorax pale yellow, with median and lateral longitu-
dinal brown bars ; the median bar oblong wedge-shaped, broadest
in the vicinity of the median eye, and terminating in a fine point
immediately below the junction of the cephalic and thoracic
segments, the whole surface of the cephalothorax clothed with
long hoary hairs. Caput moderately high, truncated in front,
rounded on the sides and upper part. Clypeus broad, strongly
arched ; a strong, deep longitudinal cleft at the centre, from
whence radiate the lateral grooves. Marginal band broad, pale
yellow, fringed with short yellowish pubescence. Eyes as in female
example of E. multispina, Rainb. Legs long and strong, yellow
with brown annulations ; each limb clothed with yellow and
black hairs, and armed with long, strong black spines ; relative
AUACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 115
lengths : 1, 2, 4, 3 ; the second and fourth pairs co-equal in
length, and the third much the shortest. Palpi moderately long
and strong, similar in colour and armature to legs. Falces
yellow, fringed on inner side with few moderately long hoary
hairs, divergent at apex ; the upper margins of the grooves of
the furrow of each falx armed with four teeth, and the lower
with three ; fangs long and strong, dark brown at base, wine-red
at tips. Maxillre widely divergent, arched, obscurely tinted at
base, pale yellowish at apex, outer margins fringed with long
coarse black hairs. Labium concolorous, arched, broader than
long. Sternum cordate, dark brown, clothed with moderately
long, hoary hairs. Abdomen ovate, projecting over base of
cephalothorax, clothed with short whitish hairs, superior surface
yellowish-grey ; the broad leaf-like design much the darkest
laterally ; sides clothed with short whitish hairs, yellowish-grey
towards superior surface, somewhat darker below, especially
towards posterior extremity ; inferior surface dark grey, clothed
with short, yellowish hairs ; there is also a median patch of dark
brown, slightly broader behind than in front, and indented later-
ally with two white patches : two white spots are located on each
side of spinnerets, of which the front pair are considerably the
largest. Spinnerets long and prominent, obscure yellowish-brown,
and clothed with rather long black hairs. Epigyne seated on a
pale fleshy lobe ; the long chitinous process similar in colour and
structure to E. tnultispina, Rainb.
One mature and one immature specimen. The latter is smaller
and much ligher in colour than the former, and the longitudinal
median and lateral bars, so prominent on the cephalothorax of
the adult, are not present ; the same remark also applies to the
dark annulations upon the legs and palpi of the adult form.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. R.
Etheridge, Junr., Curator of the Australian Museum.
Epeira /"estiva, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., figs. 1, la, 16.)
? . Cephalothorax, 4mm. long, 3mm. broad; abdomen, 8Jmm.
long, 6mm. broad.
Cephalothorax yellow-brown with broad longitudinal median
and dark brown bars ; the entire surface clothed with coarse
hoary hairs. Caput elevated, truncated in front, normal grooves
distinct. Clypeus broad, arched, and has a deep median depression,
from whence radiate lateral grooves, the latter indistinct. Mar-
ginal band broad, pale yellowish, fringed with hoary pubescence.
Eyes of an opaline tint, with black rings ; the four comprising
the central group seated upon a somewhat quadrangular eminence,
and form a trapezium ; of these the eyes comprising the front row
116 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
arc the largest of the group, and are separated from each other
by a space equal to about one-and-a-half their individual diameter;
those of the second row are somewhat smaller and are separated
from their front neighbours by a space equal to about two-and-a-
half their individual diameter, and from each other by a space
equal to once their individual diameter ; lateral eyes much the
smallest, placed obliquely on small tubercles, and contiguous to
each other ; of these the front lateral eyes are somewhat the
largest. Legs long and strong, with yellow and dark brown annu-
lations ; each limb clothed with long yellow and black hairs, and
armed with moderately long, strong black spines ; relative lengths,
1, 4, 2, 3. Palpi similar in colour and armature to legs. Falces
long, strong, divergent at apex, glossy, dark brown, inner margins
yellow-brown, and fringed with rather long yellowish hairs ; the
margins of the furrow of each falx armed with a row of three
teeth ; fangs long, dark brown at base, wine-red at points.
Maxilhe long, broad, moderately arched, divergent, dark-brown
at base, flesh- coloured at apex ; inner margins thickly fringed
with fine yellowish hairs ; a few white hairs on outer surface.
Labium arched, short, broad, dark brown, approaching bistre.
Sternum concolorous, shield-shaped ; surface uneven, slightly de-
pressed at centre, sparingly clothed with hoary hairs. Abdomen
ovate, projecting over base of cephalothorax ; superior surface
ornamented with a long, narrow, whitish leaf-like design at centre,
with broad lateral dark brown sinuous bands flecked with white,
immediately below which there is on each side a dull white sinuous
band ; superior surface and sides sparingly clothed with short
whitish hairs ; sides and inferior surface dark-brown with white
markings. Spinnerets long, prominent, yellow-brown. Epigyne
seated upon a high, pale fleshy lobe ; the long chitinous process
similar to E. multispina, Rainb.
One specimen.
Epeira obsciira, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., figs. 2, 2a, 25, 2c.)
? . Cephalothorax 4mm. long, 3mm broad ; abdomen, 6mm.
long, 4Jmm. broad.
Cephalothorax yellow, with broad median and lateral longi-
tudinal dark brown bars, uneven in outline. Caput arched,
truncated in front, clothed with long white and dark brown
hairs, normal grooves distinct. Clypeus broad, arched ; there is
a deep longitudinal cleft commencing near junction of cephalic
and thoracic segments, from whence radiate lateral grooves, the
latter faintly discernable. Marginal band broad, yellow, fringed
with a few short yellowish hairs. Eyes similar to female example
of E. multispina. Legs long and strong, yellow, with dark
brown annulations, clothed with long, black and yellow hair,
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 117
and armed with numerous long black spines ; relative lengths,
1, 2, 4, 3 ; the second and fourth pairs somewhat shorter than the
first, and co-equal in length ; the third pair much the shortest.
Falces moderately long, obscure yellowish, divergent at apex,
inner margins fringed with long yellowish hairs ; the upper
margin of the furrow of each falx armed with four teeth, and the
lower with three. Maxillae long, arched, widely divergent ; outer
margins fringed with long black hairs, and the inner with yel-
lowish ; colours : dark brown, apex and inner margins of each
pale yellow. Labium broader than long, dark brown, apex pale
yellow. Sternum cordate, dark brown, hairy. Abdomen over-
hanging base of cephalothorax ; superior surface clothed with
pale yellowish hairs ; colour : dark brown, flecked laterally with
yellow ; a long, broken, uneven yellowish patch at centre, com-
mencing at anterior extremity, and terminating about midway ;
sides dark brown, streaked with yellow ; inferior surface dark
brown, with yellow lateral patches, and clothed with dark brown
and yellowish hairs. Spinnerets long, prominent, yellow-brown,
clothed with coarse black hairs. Epigyne elevated on a pale
fleshy lobe, the latter cleft deeply and longitudinally in front ;
the long chitinous process similar to E. multispina, Rainb.
One mature and two immature specimens.
Epeira annulipes, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., figs. 3, 3a, 36, 3c.)
5 . Cephalothorax, 4mm. long, 3mm. broad ; abdomen, 8mm.
long, 4^mm. broad.
Cephalothorax convex, hairy, with pale yellow and dark brown
longitudinal bars. Caput moderately high, strongly arched, trun-
cated in front, clothed with long hoary hairs ; normal grooves
distinct. Clypeus broad, arched, clothed on upper part with long
hoary hairs, and on the sides with short white and brown hairs ;
at the centre, commencing at junction of cephalic and thoracic
segments there is a deep, longitudinal, moderately long cleft ;
lateral grooves somewhat indistinct. Marginal band, pale yellow,
fringed with short hoary pubescence. Eyes of a greyish lustre
with black rings ; the four comprising the central group are
seated on a slightly elevated quadrangular eminence, and form
a trapezium ; of these the front pair are slightly the largest, and
are separated from each other by a space equal to one and a half
their individual diameter ; those of the second row are separated
from their anterior neighbours by a space equal to twice their
individual diameter, and from each other by about one diameter;
side eyes seated obliquely on small tubercles, and contiguous to
each other. Legs long and strong ; coxre dark brown above,
greyish underneath ; femurs yellow, with dark brown annula-
tions above, white underneath ; trochanters, tibii, and metatarsi
118 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
grey, with dark brown annulations ; each limb armed with long,
strong, black spines ; in addition to the latter there are also a
few short black spines on the femural joints ; relative lengths,
1, 2, 4, 3 the second and fourth pairs somewhat shorter than
the first pair, but co-equal in length. Palpi similar in colour
and armature to legs. Falces long, glossy, dark brown, approach-
ing bistre ; inner margins yellow, divergent at apex, fringed with
rather long hoary hairs on the inner margins ; the upper margin
of the furrow of each falx is armed with a row of four teeth,
and the lower with three; fangs, long, strong, dark brown at
base, wine-red at points. Maxillpe broad, divergent, moderately
arched, dark brown at base, yellowish at apex and inner margins ;
a few short hoary hairs on the outer surface, inner margins
thickly fringed with yellowish hairs. Labium broader than long,
dark brown at base, yellowish at apex. Sternum cordate, shiny,
moderately convex ; colour : black, with a pale yellowish median
streak commencing in front, and running to about two-thirds
its length. Abdomen oblong-ovate, projecting over base of
cephalothorax, strongly arched, clothed with moderately long,
fine hairs ; anterior portion and sides light grey, with dark
brown markings ; from the centre to posterior extremity there
is a dark yellowish-brown patch, sinuous laterally ; inferior
surface dark brown laterally ; at the centre there is a broad
brownish-grey patch extending from epigyne to near the spin-
nerets, from which it is separated by a rather broad transverse
greyish bar ; on each side of the patch there is a longitudinal
band of white, narrowest at the centre. Epigyne a long
chitinous process, yellowish-brown above, and clothed with
rather long dark hair, dark brown laterally, and grooved under-
neath ; the process elevated on a small, broad white fleshy
eminence.
One mature and one immature specimen.
Epeira distincta, sp. nov.
(Plate iv., figs. 4, 4a, 46.)
? . Oephalothorax, 4mm. long, 3mm. broad ; abdomen, 10mm.
long, 7mm. broad.
Cephalothorax pale yellow with long narrow longitudinal dark
brown bars ; the whole surface clothed with long, coarse hoary
hairs. Caput arched, slightly elevated, truncated in front ;
normal grooves distinct. Clypeus strongly arched ; a deep longi-
tudinal cleft or groove commencing at base of cephalic and
thoracic segments ; lateral grooves fairly distinct. Marginal
band broad, fringed with yellowish hairs, of which those in front
are much the shortest. Eyes pearl-grey lustre with black rings ;
the four comprising the central group form a trapezium, and of
ARACHNID AN FAUNA RAINBOW. 119
these the eyes of the front pair are sensibly the largest, and are
separated from each other by a space equal to about once their indi-
vidual diameter ; the eyes comprising the second pair are separated
from their anterior neighbours by a space equal to once the diameter
of an eye of the second row, and from each other by a space equal
to about two-thirds of a diameter ; side eyes seated obliquely on
small tubercles and contiguous to each other. Legs long and
moderately strong, yellowish-grey with yellow-brown annulations,
clothed with yellowish hairs, and armed with long black spines ;
relative lengths, 1 , 2, 4, 3 ; the second and fourth pair somewhat
shorter than the first, and co-equal. Palpi similar in colour and
armature to the legs. Falces long, divergent at apex, shiny,
yellowish, inner margins fringed with yellowish hairs ; apex dark
brown on inner margins ; the upper margin of the furrow of each
falx is armed with a row of four teeth, and the lower with three.
Maxilla) broad, arched, yellow-brown, widely divergent ; the outer
lateral surface is thinly fringed with yellowish hairs, and the
inner lateral surface thickly so. Labium concolorous. Sternum
cordate, dark brown, yellowish in the centre, surface uneven,
clothed with long yellowish hairs. Abdomen ovate, large, pro-
jecting over base of cephalothorax, clothed with short yellowish
hairs ; colour, yellowish-grey, the upper surface ornamented with
a large and prominent dark grey leaf -like design, extending from
near anterior to posterior extremity ; sides yellowish-grey, with
dark markings ; inferior surface light grey at sides ; at centre,
extending from epigyne to spinnerets, there is a long sooty-black
patch, broadest near anterior extremity; on each side of this
patch there is a long white band, broadest at posterior extremity,
and these are bordered again with a sooty-black stripe somewhat
broadest at its anterior extremity ; on each side of spinnerets,
and seated somewhat in front, there is a large white spot.
Epigyne a long, transverse slit, with a broad, and fairly pro-
minent dark brown lip overhanging.
One mature and one immature specimen.
Epeira hoggi, sp. nov.
(Plate v., figs. 1, la.)
? . Cephalothorax, 4mm. long, 2|mm. broad; abdomen, 6mm.
long, 3|mm. broad.
Cephalothorax convex, pale yellow with broad lateral longi-
tudinal brown bars, the whole surface clothed with hoary hairs.
Caput arched, moderately high, truncated in front ; a longitudinal
dark brown stripe commences at ocular area, where it is much
the broadest and terminates at the median longitudinal cleft
situated at the junction of cephalic and thoracic segments.
Clypeus broad, arched, lateral radial grooves indistinct. Mar-
ginal band broad, yellow, fringed with short, hoary hairs. Eyes
I
120 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
of an opaline tint with black rings ; the four central eyes are
seated upon a slightly elevated and somewhat quadrangular
surface, and form a trapezium ; of this group the two comprising
the front row are somewhat larger than those of the second, and
are separated from each other by a space equal to about twice
their individual diameter ; those of the second row are separated
from their front neighbours by a space equal to about one-and-a-
half the diameter of an eye of the front row, and from each other
by once their individual diameter ; side eyes seated obliquely on
small tubercles, and nearly contiguous to each other. Legs long
and strong, of a somewhat yellowish-green colour with broad dark
brown annulations ; each limb clothed with yellowish and dark
brown hairs, and armed with long, black spines ; relative lengths,
1, 4, 2, 3. Palpi similar in colour and armature to legs. Falces
long, glossy, strong, divergent at apex, inner margins fringed
with white hairs ; colour, at base, dark brown, at apex, yellowish-
brown ; each margin of the furrow of each falx armed with a row
of three teeth ; fangs dark brown at base, wine-red at points.
Maxillte broad, moderately arched, divergent, dark brown at
base, yellow at apex at inner margins ; fringed on outer margins
with long dark hairs and on the inner with yellowish pubescence.
Labium short, broad, arched, dark brown at base, yellowish at
apex. Sternum shield -shaped, convex, dark brown with yellowish
median streak, commencing at anterior extremity and continuing
to about two-thirds its length ; moderately clothed with short
hairs. Abdomen ovate, projecting over base of cephalothorax,
moderately clothed with rather long yellowish hairs ; colour,
yellowish-grey, with a large dark brown leaf-like design, some-
what lighter at the middle, and relieved laterally with whitish
necks ; sides grey with dark brown markings, terminating in a
large dark patch near spinnerets ; inferior surface dark brown
with lateral patches of yellowish-grey in front, and patches of
white near spinnerets. Spinnerets long, prominent, yellow-brown.
Epigyne a transverse slit, with large yellow overhanging lip.
One specimen.
I have very much pleasure in dedicating this species to my
esteemed friend and correspondent, Mr. H. R. Hogg, M.A., of
Cheniston, Victoria, author of the admirable and valuable paper
on " The Araneidpe of the Horn Exploring Expedition."*
Epeira speciosa, sp. nov.
(Plate v., figs. 2, 2a.)
9 . Cephalothorax l|mm. long, 1mm. broad ; abdomen, 2mm.
long, lmm. broad.
*Rep. Horn Expl. Exp., ii., Zool., pp. 309-356, pi. 24. 1896.
ARACIINIDAX FAUNA RAINBOW. 121
Cephalothorax convex, yellow-brown, with a longitudinal dark
brown stripe proceeding from the front to posterior extremity.
Caput high, strongly arched, truncated in front, normal grooves
distinct ; furnished with a few long hoary hairs. Clypeus arched,
furnished with a few hoary hairs ; lateral radial grooves indistinct.
Marginal band narrow, fringed with hoary pubescence. Eyes of
a glassy-yellowish colour ; the four comprising the central group
are equal in size, and form a trapezium ; of these the two consti-
tuting the front row are separated from each other by a space
equal to fully twice their individual diameter ; the second row is
separated from the first by a space equal to nearly two diameters,
and from each other by rather more than one diameter ; lateral
pairs placed obliquely on small tubercles, and nearly contiguous.
Logs long, strong, yellowish-brown, clothed with long yellowish
hairs, and armed with long yellowish spines ; relative lengths,
1, 2, 4, 3 ; the second and fourth pair co-equal, but somewhat
shorter than the first. Palpi similar in colour and armature to
legs. Falces dark brown, long, strong, divergent at apex.
Maxillre dark brown, arched, inclining inwards. Labium con-
colorous, broader than long. Sternum dark brown, shield-shaped,
convex, surface sparingly clothed with hoary hairs, the sides
rather thickly so. Abdomen ovate, overhanging base of cephalo-
thorax, clothed with pale yellowish pubescence ; colour : saffron,
a longitudinal dark brown mark extends for a short distance
from anterior extremity, at the termination of which there are
three dark brown spots, two of which are somewhat lateral, and
the third, which is placed a little lower down is seated in the
median line ; commencing about midway there is a broad, dark
leaf-like design which terminates near the posterior extremity ;
sides of a s-iffron colour also ; inferior surface concolorous laterally
with dark brown markings ; a dark brown patch, narrowest at
centre, extends from epigyne to spinnerets. Epigyne a transverse
curved slit with a large broad lip overhanging.
Three specimens.
FAMILY TETRAGNATHID^E.
Tetragnatha laqueata, L. Koch One ? specimen.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 190-2, T. xvi.,
figs. 5-5/, 1871.
FAMILY EULOBORID^.
Uloborus zosis, Walck Twelve ? specimens.
Uloborus zosis, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt., ii., p. 231,
pi. 20, fig. 2 (Zosis caraibe), 1841.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 221-4, T. xix.,
figs. 3-3e, 1871.
122 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Thor., Studi sui Ragni, etc., ii., Ragni cli Amboina, loc. cit.,
pp. 129-33, 1878. ,
Thor., Studi sui Ragni, etc., iii., Ragni dell' Austro-Malesia e del
Capo York, p. 158, 1881.
FAMILY SCYTOD^.
Dictis striatipes, L. Koch One ? specimen.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 294-6, T. xxiv.,
figs. 5-50, 1871.
FAMILY DRASSID^.
Clubiona alveolata, L. Koch Three $ specimens.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 421-3, T. xxxiii.,
figs. 1-1 a, 1871.
FAMILY THOMISID^E.
Sarotes debilis, L. Koch One $ specimen.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 671-3, T. lv.,
figs. 3-3a, 1871.
S. regius, Fabr Three ? specimens.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, i., pp. 675-8, T. Ivi.,
figs. 1-la, 2-26, 1871.
The specimens were taken in a native's hut.
FAMILY SALTICIDJE.
Acompse suavis, L. Koch One immature $ specimen.
L. Koch, Die Arachniden Australiens, ii., pp. 1146-9, T. xcix.,
figs. 6-64 7-7^, 1883.
Genus HYLLUS, C. Koch.
Hyllus ferox, sp. nov.
(Plate v., figs. 3, 3a, 36, 3c.)
5 . Cephalothorax, 6mm. long, 5mm. broad ; abdomen, 7mm.
long, 4mm. broad.
Cephalothorax somewhat shield-shaped, long, broad, high,
reddish-brown. Caput reddish-brown, with purple tinge in front,
and clothed with a few yellowish scale-like hairs ; besides these
latter it is also fringed in front and at the sides with a few rather
long reddish-brown hairs; below the front row of eyes the margin
is thickly clothed with yellowish pubescence. Clypeus broad,
arched, reddish-brown, sparingly clothed with short yellowish
pubescence ; a moderately deep depression is seated midway
between the two eyes comprising the third or posterior row ;
laterally, immediately under each eye of the second row, and
seated rather low down, there is a large and prominent tubercle.
ARACHNIDAN FAUNA RAINBOW. 123
Marginal band narrow, black. Eyes of a pearl-grey lustre with
black rings ; each is surrounded with a thick fringe of red scale-
like hairs ; those comprising the front series form a curved row,
the curvature directed forward ; of these the two central eyes
are much the largest ; the two comprising the second row are
exceedingly minute, and are placed midway between the lateral
eyes of the front row, and those of the third series ; the latter
are equal in size, or nearly so, to the lateral eyes of the front
row, and are separated from them by a distance of one and a half
millimeters. Legs moderately long, reddish-brown ; the anterior
pair are the longest and much the strongest ; each ambulatory
limb is clothed with yellowish hairs, and armed with long, strong,
black spines ; relative lengths, 1, 2, 4, 3. Palpi rather long,
slender, yellowish, clothed with long yellow hairs, and armed
with short, strong, black spines. Falces robust, moderately long,
strongly arched in front, divergent at apex, reddish-brown, with
a somewhat purple tinge, thickly clothed at base with rather long
yellowish hairs, and scantily so in front, and at outer margins
with short yellowish pubescence ; inner margins rather more
freely clothed with somewhat longer hairs ; the upper margin of
the furrow of each falx is armed with a row of four teeth, and
the lower margin with a row of two ; fangs long, strong, reddish-
brown. Maxillae long, club-shaped, moderately arched ; the surface
sparingly clothed with rather long hoary hairs, and the inner
margins at apex thickly so with long dark brown hairs. Labium
concolorous, long, conical, thickly clothed with long yellowish hairs.
Sternum elliptical, convex, pale-yellowish, thickly clothed with
long yellowish hairs. Abdomen oblong-ovate ; superior surface
thickly clothed with short, closely adpressed golden scale-like
hairs, and are furnished with a few long yellowish hairs ; com-
mencing at a distance of two millimetres from "anterior extremity,
and continuing towards spinnerets, there are two lateral sooty-
black bands, the margins of which are sinuous ; these Viands are
rounded off in front and pointed at posterior extremity ; sides
lightly grooved or furrowed, thickly clothed with short adpressed
golden scale-like hairs ; inferior surface pale yellow, thickly clothed
with short yellowish pubescence. Epigyne slightly elevated in
front, with two somewhat spherical lobes ; deeply grooved laterally
and in front. Spinnerets long, yellow-brown, thickly clothed
with long yellowish hairs.
One specimen.
Speaking of this capture Mr. Hedley says : " This example
was the only one seen by any of the party ; but no credit accrues
to me for collecting it, for the creature obligingly collected itself.
With an interest for biological research, and in a spirit of self-
sacrifice which other undescribed species would do well to copy,
she dropped straight into a collecting-tube. I was at the time
124 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
crouched under a mangrove tree (Rkizophora mucronata), at the
edge of the swamp, picking specimens of an Enter opneusla from
a puddle, so I permitted the spider, when it descended from the
leaves above, to drown in the water, and transferred it to formol
when I reached camp."
Hyllus audax, sp. nov.
(Plate v., figs. 4, 4a.)
$ . Cephalothorax, 4min. long, 3^mm. broad ; abdomen, Strain,
long, 3mm. broad.
Cephalothorax somewhat shield-shaped, long, broad, high.
Caput dark brown approaching bistre, glabrous above, fringed in
front and at sides with a few rather long dark brown hairs, and
below the front row of eyes thickly clothed with silvery scale-
like hairs. Clypeus broad, arched, reddish-brown, sparingly
clothed with short hoary pubescence ; there is a moderately deep
depression seated midway between the two eyes comprising the
third posterior row ; immediately under each eye of the second
row, and seated moderately low down, there is a large and pro-
minent tubercle. Marginal band narrow, black. Eyes similar to
those of H.ferox, Rainb., except in so far as the space intervening
between the third row and the lateral eyes of the front series, the
distance in this species being one millimetre. Legs moderately
long, reddish-brown; the first pair much the longest and strongest;
each ambulatory limb is clothed with brown hairs, and armed
with long, black, strong spines ; relative lengths, 1, 2, 4, 3. Palpi
long, somewhat lighter in colour, clothed with long yellowish
hairs, and armed with short, strong, black spines. Falces robust,
moderately long, strongly arched in front, divergent at apex,
dark brown, clothed with a few short hoary hairs at base ; inner
margins rather thickly fringed with long dark brown hairs ; the
upper margin of the furrow of each falx is armed with a row of
four teeth, arid the lower margin with a row of two ; fangs long,
strong, reddish-brown. Maxillae and labium as in H. ferox.
Sternum elliptical, convex, pale yellow, moderately clothed with
long, yellowish hairs. Abdomen oblong-ovate : superior surface
thickly clothed with short, closely adpressed golden scale-like
hairs ; commencing at anterior extremity, and terminating near
spinnerets, there are two lateral sooty-black bands, the margins
of which are sinuous ; sides lightly grooved or furrowed longi-
tudinally, and thickly clothed with short adpressed golden scale-
like hairs ; inferior surface pale yellowish, thickly clothed with
silvery pubescence. Epigyne slightly elevated in front, with two
somewhat spherical lobes ; deeply grooved laterally and in front.
Spinnerets long, yellow-brown, thickly clothed with long yellowish
hairs.
One specimen.
THE CRUSTACEA OF FUNAFUTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE CRUSTACEA.
BY THOMAS WHITBLEGGE.
THE Collection consists of over three hundred specimens, repre-
senting sixty-two species, five of which are herein described as
new. The various tribes are represented as follows :
Species.
Cyclometopa ... ... ... ... 24
Catornetopa ... ... ... ... 7
Oxystomata ... ... ... ... 1
Anomura ... ... ... ... ... 19
Macrura ... ... ... ... ... 7
Stomatopoda ... ... ... ... 1
Isopoda ... ... ... ... ... 1
Epicaridea... ... ... ... ... 1
Cirripedia ... ... ... ... ... 1
The species regarded as new have been described as fully as
possible, and include one each of Pilummts, Diogenes, Porcellana,
et(Kus, and a very interesting Epicarid of the genus Athelgue,
which was found on a Hermit Crab Aniculus typicus.
I have also added such notes as would tend to aid in the iden-
tification of some of the lesser known species, and of any varia-
tions or departures from the typical forms. Among the rarer
species noticed may be mentioned Xantkodes nitidulus, Dana ;
Carpilodes margaritatus, M. Edw. ; Actaeodes speciosa, Dana;
Pseudoozius caystrus, Ads. & White ; Tetralia cavimana, Heller ;
Geograpsus crinipes, Dana ; Harpilius miersii, De Mann ; Ciro-
lana latistylis, Dana, and Lithotrya nicobarica, Reinhardt.
The Geograpsus crinipes appears to be a strictly terrestrial
form, breathing air direct by means of the hair-lined pores
situated between the bases of the third and fourth pairs of legs,
as in the genus Ocypoda. As far as I can ascertain, this is the
first instance of a Grapsoid Crab living wholly on dry land.
Mr. C. Hedley has kindly supplied the following field notes on
the Crustacea :
"The dominent note in the life of a coral atoll, as expressed
by the Funafuti fauna, struck me as the abundance and ubiquity
of Crustacea. The Avifauna were but sea fowl, the indigenous
Mammalia but rats, the Reptilia only a stray scink and gecko,
128 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
while insects and land mollusca, usually so profuse in tropical lati-
tudes, were barely represented. Into the vacant places swarmed
Crustacea. Not an inch of the atoll world is secure from them.
The Ccenobita wander across from shore to shore and dispute any
stray edibles with the rats. Some crabs even take up their
residence in the tree tops of Pandanus, while, as everybody
knows, Birgus is as much at home on a palm bole as a squirrel
on an oak. As I believe, and have endeavoured to demonstrate
(pp. 22, 23, ante), that the coconut is foreign to the native flora,
and of comparatively recent introduction from abroad, it follows
that the taste for this nut has been acquired in historical times
by Birgus, whose original food was probably Pandanus fruit.
" Human habitations are not even secure from crabs. Often
while quietly reading or writing, especially at night, have I seen
crabs, for instance Ocypoda ceratophthalma, steal warily across
the floor towards some attractive food. Deterred for the moment
by a missile or an exclamation, they would recommence like any
impertinent mouse their pertinaceous efforts when attention lulled.
One impudent intruder established himself in a burrow under my
very bunk.
"Active as they are during the day, it is at night that the
land crabs hold high carnival. A traveller has thus described
his experience of his first night on an atoll* : ' It was fortunate
that we had provided ourselves with lights, or we might have
imagined our habitation to be occupied by every noxious reptile.
As far as the fading daylight had shown us, the Island appeared
covered with rough pebbles of coral. Imagine our surprise on
lying down to sleep, to find that all these imaginary pebbles had
become endowed with animation. A dull crackling, or rather
rustling, noise seemed to pervade the air, earth and sea, and so
disagreeably near to us, that I started up to ascertain the cause.
Judge of my astonishment, when I perceived the numerous rough
looking pebbles all alive, moving about briskly upon the floor of
our hut, and crawling over our mats in all directions. A little
nearer inspection discovered them to be shells of a species of
perrywinkle of all sizes, each being occupied by a kind of hermit
crab, projecting his rough and ugly looking claws from the orifice
of the shell. I went outside, and found the entire surface of the
Island in motion. The moon enabled us to see that not only on
the ground, but even on the trunks of the trees, on the roofs of
the huts, and every place to which their claws could gain access,
there were these creatures to be found.'
" On the beaches the Crustacea were everywhere abundant,
particular species possessing each their special zone. About high
tide mark on the windward shore promenaded Grapsus maculatus,
* Webster Last Cruise of the " Wanderer," n.d., p. 55.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 129
a crowd of which scattered before the footsteps of a visitor, and
sought refuge under loose coral blocks or in deep pools. Rolling
over a slab of dead coral rock anywhere between tide marks
exposed the haunt of a little community of Petrolisthes dentata
and Leiolophus planissiinus. Intercepted in their efforts to
escape, these would flatten themselves down to the surface of the
stone so closely that the collector's fingers with difficulty grasped
them. The deeper rock-pools at the border of the reef-flat, the
chief home of Salarius, were usually tenanted by a few Calcinus
elegans, whose brilliant red, blue, and white claws distinguished
it as the dandy of the company. This species is never found out
of the range of rough waves. The extreme windward portion of
the reef left dry at low tide was but rarely attainable ; Aniculus,
whose bristly claws usually protruded from a stolen Turbo shell,
was a distinctive feature of this zone. In the honey-combed pits
of the nullipore mounds that breasted the surf, cowered Daira
perlata. The close resemblance of colour and contour to the sur-
rounding rock, rendered this crab difficult to detect, and when
seen the creature's powers of adherence and the sweep of the
Pacific rollers rendered it as difficult to seize.
" The mangrove swamp was very barren of Crustacea compared
to the usual population of such places. One quite missed the
droll little Gelasmus, waving his big claw in defiance. After
gathering coconuts, the natives usually husk them on the spot
and throw the discarded husks in a pile to decay. These stacks
of rotting husks are prolific collecting grounds for Invertebrata in
general, and the favourite shelter in day time for Birgus and
Cardisoma, the latter of which also burrowed in soft muddy
places."
BRACHYURA.
Tribe CYCLOMETOPA.
ATERGATIS FLORIDUS, Rumph.
Atergatis jioridus (Rumph.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 159, pi. vii., fig. 4.
Fourteen specimens of this very common species were obtained
on the outer reef at low tide line.
RUGATA, Adams & White.
Actim rugata, Adams & White, Voy. "Samarang," Crust., 1848,
p. 43, pi. viii., fig. 5.
One half grown example, the colour being well preserved. The
upper surface of the carapace presents three reddish and four
white longitudinal lines, disposed as follows : a median red line
extending from the front to the first post abdominal segment,
130 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
where it bifurcates and is continued on the second. The two
lateral red bands commence at the external orbital angles, and by
slight curves extend to the commencement of the postero-lateral
borders ; the external white lines are confined to the antero-lateral
lobes ; the inner pair of white lines commences at the orbital
borders and is continued to the posterior margin of the carapace.
The cardiac region appears to the unaided eye as if it had a
median groove, but on closer inspection with a lens it is seen that
this appearance is due to the deeper shade of red rather than
to a depression.
The hairs on the carapace are yellowish, the longer ones form-
ing fringes around the bases of the lobules, and the shorter ones
at the bases of the granules.
Length of carapace 8mm.
Breadth of carapace 10mm.
XANTHODES LAMARCKII, M. Edw.
Xanthodes lamarckii, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust., i., p. 391 ;
Nouv. Arch. Mus., ix., p. 200, pi. vii., fig. 3 ; X. granoso-
manus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 175, pi. viii.,
fig. 10a.
There are five examples of this species three males and two
females : the post abdomen in the latter is fringed with long hairs.
XANTHODES NITIDULUS, Dana.
Xanthodes nitidulus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 177,
pi. viii., fig. 11, a, b, c.
A solitary female of this rare and beautiful species was
collected.
It presents several important characters not mentioned in the
original description by Dana. The carapace is smooth, shining,
and minutely punctate ; when viewed with a lens it is seen to be
covered with a uniform but microscopic granulation. On the
chelipedes and ambulatory legs the granules tend to become seriate
and form reticulating lines with smooth spaces between.
On the sub-hepatic and pterygostomial regions the granules are
larger and visible to the unaided eye, more especially along the
line defining the regions, and extending from below the basal
joint of the external antennae to below the second antero-lateral
spine.
The chelipedes are equal ; the ischium is hairy and granulose,
on its anterior edge, at its distal extremity, is a low tooth bounded
by a transverse groove.
The external surface of the merus is smooth and convex ; the
anterior granular ; the internal concave, adapted to the shape of
CRUSTACEA WHITKLEOOE. 131
the carapace, and its margins fringed with hairs ; a compressed
tooth exists near the distal end of the upper margin, which is
separated by a groove from a similar but smaller tooth at the
extremity. The carpus has two blunt teeth on its inner distal
angle, the lower and smaller one granular at the base. The im-
pression mentioned by Dana on its upper surface is more like Y
reversed than V.
The fingers are acute, crossed at the tips and in contact through-
out when closed ; they are blackish-brown with white points.
The ambulatory legs are fringed above with long yellow hairs.
The upper edges of the merus joints are acute to within a short
distance of the distal extremity. The hairs on the carpal, propodal
and tarsal joints are shorter than those on the meral.
The carapace and limbs are marbled with flesh-colour, red, and
orange.
Length of carapace, 28mm. ; breadth (posterior pair of lateral
spines included), 44mm.
Obtained on the edge of the outer reef amongst the Nullipores.
ZOZYMUS JENEUS, Dana.
Zozymus ceneus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 192,
pi. x, fig. 3.
One male of this very common species, obtained amongst the
nullipores on the outer reef.
DAIRA PERLATA, Herbst.
Daira perlata (Herbst.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 204, pi. x., fig. 14.
One adult female, found in the honeycomb crevices of the nulli-
pore mounds on the outer reef.
ETISUS L.EVIMANUS, Randall.
Etisus Icevimanus (Randall), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 185, pi. x., fig. la.
One adult male.
ETISODES C^LATUS, Dana.
Etisodes ccelatus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 188,
pi. ix., fig. 4.
Two immature males.
CARPILODES MARGARITATUS, M. Edw.
Carpilodes margarilatus, M. Edw., Nouv. Arch. Mus., ix., p. 182,
pi. v., fig. 2.
One half-grown male of this pretty little species is in the
collection.
132 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The specimen agrees well with the description and figure,
excepting the chelipedes ; the slight difference may be sexual
(the sex of the the type is not stated).
The black colour of the immobile finger extends a short distance
on the palm ; there are also indications of two faint longitudinal
ridges, one in a line with the upper border of the immobile finger
and the other opposite the space between the fingers.
This species is also found in New Caledonia.
PlLUMNUS VESTITUS, HdSWell.
Pilumnus vestitus, Haswell, Cat. Amtr Mus., v., Crust., p. 68,
1882 ; Miers, in Chall. Rep. Zool., xvii., p. 159, pi. xiv.,
fig. 3.
There is one small male in the collection.
As Dr. De Mann in his Crustacea of the Mergui Archipelago*
remarks that a more exact knowledge of this species is desirable,
I venture to give a few of the characters which may aid in its
future identification, derived from the examination of specimens
obtained in Port Jackson. The frontal, gastric, cardiac, and
postero-lateral regions of the carapace are smooth, appearing
punctate only when the hairs are removed, each hair arising
from a small depression, more especially on the posterior portion
of the pterygostomial region which is minutely and closely
punctate, as is also *ie posterior lateral sides and the hinder
margin of the carapace.
The slightly elevated line marking the posterior border of the
carapace is granulose, the line is continued on each side as far as
the insertion of the chelipedes but the granules are much smaller
and closer.
The lobes of the front and the external halves of the upper
orbital borders are more or less granulose, the lower orbital border
with from eight to twelve subspiniform granules. The lower in-
ternal and the external angles are distinctly spinose. A sub-hepatic
spine is also present.
The first and second antero-lateral teeth are a little compressed
at the base ; they are punctate and granular on their external
aspect ; the third tooth is without granules ; each tooth ends in
a conical horny point.
On the upper surface of the carapace, near the antero-lateral
teeth are situated a few horny spines and numerous subspiniform
granules which extend towards the gastric and cardiac regions.
In some large male examples, the first and second teeth have
each an accessory spine behind.
The chelipedes are unequal, the right being the largest.
* Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., xx., 1888, p. 65.
CRUSTACEA WT1ITELEOOE. 1 33
The merus is armed on its upper distal border with two spines
separated by a groove ; there are also two spiniforni granules
posterior to these, about the middle.
The carpus has five more or less distinct rows of spines on its
outer and upper surface ; four of the rows form a reversed V
within a V, the larger V interrupted at its base near the articula-
tion with the hand. The fifth row occupies the upper margin
and consists of from four to six spines.
On the external surface of the palm there are three or four
rows of spines, sometimes incomplete.
The mobile finger is sulcate near its base, and has three rows
of subspiniform granules ; in the right chelipede of the male the
granules are scattered.
The lower border and internal surface of the large hand are
smooth ; the left chelipede in both male and female has the lower
border granulose, and there is a longitudinal line of from four to
six granules on the inner median surface of the palm.
The upper edges of the merus of the first three pairs of ambula-
tory legs are armed with three spines, two of which are curved
and situated about the middle ; the third is straight, and projects
at the distal extremity. The lower margins have a few spiniforrn
granules. The carpal joints of the first and second pairs of legs
are armed above with five spines, four of which are equal in size
and apart ; they are confined to the proximal two-thirds of the
upper edge ; the fifth spine is at the distal extremity.
External to the spines on the crest of the carpus on the posterior
upper surface are situated four similar spines not extending beyond
the proximal half of the joint. These spines are bounded below
by a shallow longitudinal groove which is quite smooth and shining.
Both raerus and carpus of the fourth pair of legs are without
spines, excepting those at the distal extremities.
Length of carapace of male 17mm.
Breadth male 23mm.
Length female 1 tram.
Breadth ,, female 19rnm.
PlLUMNUS PRUNOSUS, sp. nOV.
(Plate vi., fig. 1, a, b.)
The carapace is transversely and longitudinally convex ; both
it and the legs are clothed with a short down and stiff yellowish
brown hairs. The antero-lateral margins are longer than, the
postero-lateral. The surface of the carapace is smooth ; if the
hairs are removed the surface appears punctate, the pits being
the depressions from which the hairs originate ; regions scarcely
perceptible.
134 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The front is declivous, thin, smooth, and consisting of two
rounded lobes separated by a median notch, from which a shallow
groove extends to the epigastric region. Laterally the lobes are
separated from the internal orbital angles by a very slight sinus
and a pair of granules, the outer of which is the largest.
Front, upper and lower orbital margins defined by a narrow
continuous line, several shades lighter in colour than the adjacent
parts ; a similar line exists on the margins of the episternum and
of the post-abdomen.
The upper orbital borders are smooth, the internal angle
rounded ; the external marked by a wide sinus and a small spine.
The lower orbital border distantly granulose, four of the inner
granules tending to become spiniform, the second one much larger
than the others ; a narrow hiatus exists at the infero-.external
angle.
The suborbital surface, apart from the margin, is smooth ex-
ternally, a narrow band of granules extend from the base of the
inter-orbital to the external and first antero-lateral spines.
The sub-hepatic spine is absent, its place is occupied by three
or four small rounded granules.
First and second antero-lateral spines compressed, the third
round and broad at the base. Each spine terminates in an acute
point. In the female the external orbital spine has a small
accessory spine at its base.
The outer antenna; are fairly long and reach to the first antero-
lateral spine ; the basal joint is almost in contact with the descend-
ing process of the front ; it narrows distally and is twice as long
as broad ; penultimate shorter and stouter than the ultimate ;
the latter and the distal half of the former can be seen from
above, projecting beyond the external angle of the front.
The chelipedes are unequal, the right the larger. Merus and
carpus equal in length, the former trigonous and smooth excepting
the margins. The inferior angle has a row of about nine granules,
the four proximal forming a curved line towards the antero-
internal angle. The short anterior angle has two granules, the
distal one subspiniform. The superior margin is armed with two
or three subspiniform granules and two acute spines distally,
which are separated by a well-defined groove. The carpus is
clothed with long hairs and subspiniform but seldom acute
tubercles ; there is an impressed line near its articulation with
the hand, and a spine on its inner margin.
The subspiniform granules on the hand are seriate and consist
of seven longitudinal rows ; the lower border is granulose near
the base of the finger ; proximally it is smooth in the male, but
granular and hairy throughout in the female. On the outer sur-
face of the palm are four rows, the lowest in line with the third
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 135
denticle of the finger, the next in line with the basal denticle, the
third opposite the space between the fingers, and the fourth in a
line with base of the mobile finger. Between the first and second
rows, and opposite the middle tooth of the immobile finger, is
situated a short line of three granules ; one of these granules is
on the finger. On the upper surface are situated two rows, one
extending from a notch above the articulation of the middle
finger to the articulatory boss where the hand joins the carpus,
the other opposite to the superior base of the mobile finger. The
crest has four or five spiniform granules, which are similar to
those on the rest of the .palm. The inner surface of the palm is
convex, with a few small granules near the centre and several
long hairs. Hand, with the lower border of palm, twice as long
as the upper (immobile finger excluded) and as broad distally as
the carpus is long. The immobile fingers are bent downwards,
faintly sulcate, deeper coloured in their distal halves only ; armed
with six denticles, the three proximal ones a little larger than the
distal. The mobile fingers are faintly denticulate on their edges;
they are granuloss above at the base, but elsewhere the surface
is smooth.
The merus joints of the ambulatory legs are compressed and
sharp edged above, rounded below and smooth, excepting the last
pair which are finely granulose below, as are also the ischium
joints distally. There is a well marked transverse groove near
their distal end.
The carpus joints are armed with two rows of spinules, the
superior one consisting of six or seven spines, somewhat equi-
distant but unequal in size. The second row is situated on the
median posterior surface, and consists of four or five spiniform
granules. On the propodal joints, in a line with the latter, are
also five similar spinules. At the distal ends of the propodal
joints of the first pair there are three spines superiorly and two
laterally ; in the succeeding pairs they are indicated by granules.
Tarsi shorter than than the preceding joints, fringed above and
below with long hairs and terminating in a slightly curved horny
point.
The post abdomen is smooth, shining, and distantly punctate,
its edges fringed with long hairs in the female, and with very
short ones in the male. The terminal segment in the latter does
not extend beyond the articular nodules of the first joints of the
chelipedes ; if a line is drawn from one nodule to the other across
the sternum, it would pass clear of the tip of the seventh joint.
This character appears to be important, and may be of use in
separating the species of this most difficult genus into groups.
I have examined most of the males in the Museum Collection,
the results are as follows : in twelve males of Pilumnus rufo-
punctatus and in the type of P. monilifera the seventh segment
136 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
just reaches the line above-mentioned, in one male each of
P. glaberrimus and of P. cursor and in twelve males of P. fissi-
frons, the terminal joint extends a little beyond the line. Whilst
in thirty-one males of P. vestitus, five of P. terce-regina, and five
of P. vespertilio, the seventh joint extends over the line from 1|
to 2mm. The specimens examined include large and small of all
ages, the character appears to be a constant one as far as the
material in hand shows, whether it is so in other species of the
genus remains to be seen, by the examination of a larger series
of specimens.
The carapace is plum coloured with -the cardiac region and
posterior margin reddish-brown, the chelipedes are ornamented
with orange-coloured spiniform granules. The ambulatory legs
and under surface of the body similar to but grayer than the
carapace. The chelipedes are a shade lighter, the mobile fingers
dark reddish-brown with the base pale and of the same tint as
the palm, the immobile fingers darker coloured in their distal
half only.
Length of carapace of male ..................... 10mm.
Breadth (spines included) 15mm.
Length of carapace of female .......... ........ 8^ mm.
Breadth .................. 12mm.
Seven males and one female.
SPECIOSA, Dana.
ActcKodes speciosa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., pi. xi.,
fig. 4a.
Three small males somewhat doubtfully referred to this species.
The blackish-brown colouration of the fingers extends on the lower
border and the exterior surface of the palm for a considerable
distance. The body and ambulatory legs are yellowish-white.
PHYMODIUS MONTICULOSUS, Dana.
Phymodius monticulosus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 206, pi. xi., fig. 9.
There are four males and two females in the collection.
PSEUDOZIUS CAYSTRUS, Adams & White.
Pseudozius caystrus, Adams & White, Voy. "Samarang," Crust.,
p 42, pi. ix., fig. 2.
Fourteen specimens.
The " Ozius sp." in HaswelFs Cat. Austr. Mus., v., Crust., p. 68,
No. 108, is identical with this species. There are specimens in
the Museum from Tasmania, Solomon Islands, Holborn Island,
Woodlark Island, and Port Denison.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 137
LEPTODIUS EXARATUS, M. Edw.
Leptodius exaralus, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., i., p. 402;
Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 207.
Five specimens of this widely distributed species. Found
under stones on the outer reef at low tide.
LEPTODIUS SANGUINEUS, M. Edw.
Leptodius sanguineus, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., i., p. 404 ;
Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 207, pi. xi., fig. 11.
Three examples two males and one female.
RUPPELLIA ANNULIPES, M. Edw.
Ruppellia annulipes (M. Edw.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 346, pi. xiv., fig. 4.
One small male which agrees with Dana's figure as to coloura-
tion and structural characters generally.
ERIPHIA SCABRICULA, Dana.
Eriphia scabricula, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped , i., p. 247,
pi. xiv., fig. 5a.
Five specimens three males and two females.
The carapace is mottled with brown spots ; the legs are trans-
versely banded with the same colour ; when viewed with a lens
the brown pigment is seen to form reticulating lines.
ERIPHIA L^EVIMANA, Latr.
Eriphia Icevimana (Latr.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 249, pi. xiv., fig. 7, a, b, c.
Five adult specimens three males and two females with ova.
Found on the lagoon shore between tide-marks on sandy flats.
TRAPEZIA CYMODOCE, Herbst.
Trapezia cymodoce (Herbst.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 257, pi. xv., fig. 5.
Eight specimens, mostly immature. Obtained from pools at
low water on the lagoon shore.
TRAPEZIA FERRUGINEA, Latr.
Trapezia ferruginea (Latr.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 260, pi. xvi., fig. 1.
Four specimens obtained from a depth of forty fathoms.
138 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
TETRALIA CAVIMANA, Heller.
Tetralia cavimana, Heller., Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien., xliii.,
p. 353, taf. iii., figs. 24, 25.
One adult female.
The characteristic depression, near the proximal end of the
palm, is well defined in the larger hand (the right), and clothed
with hairs, the more elongate of which appear to be confined to
the margin of the depression ; there are also a few similar hairs
present on the distal end of the carpus.
THALAMITA INTEGRA, Dana.
Thalamita integra, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 281,
pi. xvii., fig. 6.
Five specimens four males and one female with ova.
THALAMITA ADMETE, Herbst.
Thalamita admete (Herbst.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 281, pi. xvii., fig. 5.
Seven males and seven females, two bearing ova.
Tribe CATOMETOPA.
CARDISOMA HIRTIPES, Dana.
Cardisoma Jiirtipes, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 376,
pi. xxiv., fig. 2.
Thirteen specimens. Native name " Keibea."
OCYPODA CERATOPHTHALMA, Pallas.
Ocypoda ceratophthalma (Pallas), Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5), x., p. 379, pi. xvii., fig. 1.
Six specimens four adult males and two immature females.
GELASIMUS TETRAGONON, Herbst.
Gelasimus tetragonon (Herbst.), M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust.,
ii., p. 52 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), xviii., p. 147, pi. iii., fig. 9.
Two males and one female.
The granulation of the merus joints of the ambulatory legs
differs considerably in the two sexes. In the male the lower
edges of the merus joints are finely granular, the space between
and also the posterior lateral surface is punctate and very dis-
tantly granulose. In the female the inferior edges of the last
two pairs of legs are almost denticulate, the posterior surface and
the proximal half of the lower are very closely granulate, on the
upper posterior surface the granules are transversely seriate.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 139
METOPOGRAPSUS MESSOR, ForsJc.
Metopograpsus messor (Forsk.), M. Edw., Ana. Sci. Nat. (3),
xix., p. 165.
Three small males.
GRAPSUS MACULATUS, Catesby.
Grapsus maculatus (Catesby), M. Edw., Ann. Sci. Nat. (3),
xx., p. 167, pi. vi., fig. 1.
Four adult females.
One of the specimens has both the distal extremities of the
merus joints of the last pair of legs denticulate. Very common
amongst the rocks about high-tide mark on the outer reef, but
never observed in the calmer waters of the lagoon.
GEOGRAPSUS CRINIPES, Dana.
Geoyrapsus crinipes, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 341,
pi. xxi., fig. 6.
Two adult females.
The bases of the second and third ambulatory legs are furnished
with fringes of hairs, as in Ocypoda, but they are longer and
much finer than those usually found in members of that genus.
Mr. C. Hedley informs me that the specimens occurred in associa-
tion with Cenobita and Cardisoma, at a distance from the sea,
among broken coral blocks shaded by palms and other vegetation.
This appears to be a highly interesting instance of adaptation to
terrestrial conditions, not only as to breathing by means of the
hair-clothed apertures between the bases of the second and third
pairs of legs, but also in colour which is a dirty yellowish-white,
and seems well suited to harmonize with the tint of the coral
fragments amongst which it lives. The left chelipede is slightly
the larger, the fingers when closed have a large gap at the base,
the fingers of the smaller hand almost meet throughout when
closed.
LEIOLOPHUS PLANISSIMUS, Herbst.
Leiolophus planissimus (Herbst.), Miers, Ann. fe Mag. Nat.
Hist. (5), i., p. 153.
Two specimens one male and one female.
This species occurred under stones in company with Petrolisthes
dentatus, at low water mark.
Tribe OXYSTOMATA.
CALAPPA HEPATICA, Linn.
Calappa hepatica, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. xii., p. 1048, 1766.
One adult female.
140 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Tribe ANOMURA.
CRYPTODROMIA JAPONICA, Henderson.
Cryptodromia japonica, Henderson, Chall. Rep. Zool., xxvii.,
p. 6, pi. i., fig. 2.
Two specimens one male and one female.
The examples agree fairly well with the description and figure
given by Henderson, the hairs on the carapace are more abundant,
and the ill defined tubercle mentioned as occurring at the posterior
end of the medium groove leading to between the lateral rostral
teeth is absent. The hairs on the body and limbs are plumose in
their distal halves only, whilst the hairs on C. lateralis are
plumose throughout, but the branchlets are much shorter than
those on the hairs of C. japonica.
REMIPES TESTUDINARIUS, Latr.
Remipes testudinarius (Latr.), M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii.,
p. 406, pi. xxi., figs. 14-15.
Five specimens two males and three females with ova. Found
on the sandy shore of the lagoon.
BIRGUS LATRO, Linn.
Birgus latro (Linn.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 474,
pi. xxx., fig. 5.
Four half grown examples and one young specimen 25mm.
long, which does not differ materially from the adult, except in
size and colour ; the carapace and abdominal plates are pale
yellow, the ambulatory legs are a warm brown, the carpus and
hand are yellowish-white with the spines brown. The colour
generally is very similar to that of some of the young of
Cenobita rugosa.
CENOBITA OLIVIERI, Owen.
Cenobita olivieri, Owen, Voy. " Blossom," Zool. Crust., p. 84.
Two specimens in the shells of Turbo setosus, Gmelin. Native
name, " Ounga Koula."
CENOBITA CLYPEATA, M. Edw.
Cenobita clypeata, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii., p. 239.
Two specimens inhabiting the same kind of shell as the
preceding species. Native name, " Ounga Ouri."
CENOBITA RUGOSA, M. Edw.
Cenobita rugosa, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii., p. 241 ; Dana,
Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 471, pi. xxx., fig. 1.
Seven examples, inhabiting the following species of shells :
Planaxis sulcatus. Lam., Vertagus lineatus, Brug., Triton pilearis,
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 141
Linn., T. yemmatus, Reeve, Eanella granifera, Lam., and Natica
mamilla, Linn. Obtained about high water mark on the sandy
beaches ; very abundant.
DIOGENES PALLESCENS, sp. nov.
(Plate vi., fig. 2, a, b, c.)
The carapace is transversely convex anteriorly, the median
anterior region is smooth and is bounded on each side by several
low spinulose elevations.
The antero-lateral margin is armed with eight spinules, the
first one situated a very short distance from the external lobe of
the front ; immediately posterior to this spine is situated an
accessory spine not quite in the same line ; the second one is
over the base of the antenna, the remaining six are situated on
the lateral margin. The carapace is slightly tomentose behind
the cervical groove.
The front is three-lobed, the median lobe rounded, the lateral
lobes angular but not acute.
The ophthalmic scales triangular, each with three small spinules
and a few setse at their distal extremities. The rostriform process
is entire, acicular, and projecting but a very short distance beyond
the eye scales.
The ocular peduncles are equal in length to the peduncles of
the internal antennse. The peduncles of the external antennae
are about two-thirds the length of the eye stalks. The antennal
acicle is short, scarcely exceeding the distal extremity of the
penultimate joint, it is armed with three spines distally and one
at its base. The second exposed joints of the external antennas
are armed with a spine at their extero-distal angles.
The left chelipede has the meral and carpal joints sub-equal in
length, the former trigonus, with the angles spinulose, the latter
armed on its superior margin with five curved spines, its upper
and external surface with a few spiniform granules, the distal
extremity is also similarly but more distinctly spinulose.
The lower border of the hand finger included is as long as
the merus and carpus combined, the breadth of the hand at its
distal end exceeds half the length of the lower border and
finger.
The proximal external surface of the palm is convex and
angular, with three or four spines in a line on the angle and two
or three at a short distance above. The lower border of the palm
and of the immobile finger is closely granulate, the crest of the
hand is armed with from seven to nine small curved spines,
exterior to which are a few granules, whilst the distal portion of
the palm opposite the base of the mobile finger is smooth and
punctate.
142 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The inner surface of the palm is smooth, punctate, and presents
a series of transverse, loop-like reticulations, the reticulse are
more or less visible on the inner surfaces of the three preceding
joints.
The upper surface of the mobile finger is closely studded with
small bead-like granules, the inner and outer surfaces are punctate,
the lower edge has three denticles near the base.
The spinulation of the right chelipede is similar to that of the
left, except that the spines are larger, the angular convexity on
the proximal part of the palm is also present.
The ischium joint of first ambulatory leg of the left side is
short, and not more than half the length of the same joint of the
second leg. The merus of the first leg is compressed and some-
what acutely edged above and below, the lower edge is armed
with six curved spines, situated close together about midway
between the distal and proximal extremities. The merus of the
second leg is shorter and less compressed than the merus of the
first leg, moreover it is not spinose on its lower border.
The carpal joints of the first and second legs are about equal in
length, they are each armed above with two spines one distal and
the other proximal. The propodal joints are slightly curved, that
of the first leg a little shorter than that of the second.
The tarsus is almost as long in the first, quite as long in the
second, as carpus and propodus combined, it is slightly curved,
sparsely fringed with long hairs, and terminates in a minute
horny point.
The carapace and ambulatory legs are white, the larger cheli-
pede has a slight reddish tint which is more intense on the merus
and carpus than on the hand.
The legs are clothed with long yellowish hairs, which are often
in tufts, especially on the fingers of the chelae.
The hairs on the carapace, last two pairs of legs, and the
proximal halves of the first three pairs are plumose, whilst those
on the distal halves of the latter are simple and unbranched.
Total length of largest specimen 25mm.
Length of carapace 6mm.
Length of first ambulatory leg (left side) 12 mm .
Length of left chelipede 9mm.
Length of right chelipede 5Jmm.
Seven specimens in the shells of Vertagus lineatus.
PAGURUS FABIMANUS, Dana.
Pagurus fabimanus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 454,
pi. xxviii., fig. 7, a, b, c, d, e.
One specimen in the shell of Strombus urceus, Linn.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 143
PAGURUS GUTTATUS, Olivier.
Pagurus guttatus (Olivier), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 451, pi. xxxviii., fig. 3, a, b.
Four specimens of this fairly common species inhabiting the
shells of Pterocerus chiragra, Linn., and Strombus urceus, Linn.
CLIBANARIUS VIRESCENS, Dana.
Clibanarius virescens, Dana, Crust. U. S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 466, pi. xxix., fig. 6, a, b.
One specimen in the shell of Triton gemmatus, Reeve.
CLIBANARIUS CRUENTATUS, M. Edw.
Clibanarius cruentatus, M. Edw., Ann. Sci. Nat., (3), x., 1848,
p. 62 Filhol, Mission de 1' He Campbell, 1885, p. 424,
pi. xlii., fig. 4.
Two specimens in the shells of Purpura armigera, Chemn.
The so-called yellowish-white spots characteristic of this species
are blister-like in appearance, being everywhere more or less
raised above the rest of the surface. On the carapace and ambu-
latory legs they appear to be chitinous, and are easily perforated
with a needle point, whilst the dark red parts adjacent require
considerable pressure before the needle can be forced through.
On exposed situations subject to friction, such as the joints of
the legs, they become worn down level with the rest of the sur-
face, they then present an abraded aspect, being closely punctate
and devoid of the glossy surface common to the yellowish-white
blisters and the dark red calcareous portions of the body and legs.
CALCINUS ELEGANS, M. Edw.
Calcinus elegans, M. Edw., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), vi., p. 278,
pi. xiii., fig. 2.
Eight examples inhabiting the following species of shells :
Turbo setosus, Gmelin, Ricinula horrida, Lam., Mitra literata,
Lam., Harpa minor, Lam., and Conus sponsalis, Chemn. Abun-
dant in pools on the outer reef.
CALCINUS GAIMARDI, M. Edw.
Calcinus gaimardi, M. Edw., Ann. des Sci. Nat., 3rd Ser., x.,
p. 63, 1848; Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 457,
pi. xxviii., fig. 9.
One specimen in the shell of Harpa minor, Lam.
CALCINUS LATENS, Randall.
Calcinus latens (Randall), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 459, pi. xxviii., fig. 11.
Twelve examples in the shells of Vertagus lineatus, Brug., and
Strombus urceus, Linn.
144 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CALCINUS TIBICEN, Herbst.
Calcinus tibicen (Herbst.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 457; Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1849, pi. xliv., fig. 3.
Four specimens in the shells of Vertagus cedo-nulli, Sowb.,
Triton pilearius, Linn. ; Peristerna nassatula, Lam., and Cylindra
dactylus, Linn.
ANICULUS TYPICUS, Fabr.
Aniculus typicus (Fabr.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 461, pi. xxix., fig. 1.
Four specimens in the shells of Turbo setosus, Gmel.
PETROLISTHES DENTATUS, M. Edw.
Petrolisthes dentatus, M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii., p. 251,
1837; De Mann, Arch. f. Nat., p. 409, pi. xii., fig. 7, 1887.
Sixteen specimens. Obtained under stones at low tide on the
outer reef.
PETROLISTHES HASWELLI, Miers.
Petrolisthes haswelli, Miers, "Alert" Report, p. 69, pi. xxix.,
fig. a.
Four specimens.
PETROLISTHES SPECIOSA, Dana.
Petrolisthes speciosa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i., p. 417,
pi. 26, fig. 8.
Six specimens.
PORCELLANA SOLLASI, sp. 11OV.
(Plate vii., fig. 3, a.)
The carapace is as broad as long, shining, and transversely
striate, the striae are prominent anteriorly and gradually diminish
towards the extremities of the postero-lateral borders, the cardiac
region is smooth. Front straight when viewed from above, when
seen from the frontal aspect it is depressed at the sides and in
the centre, where there exists a small notch.
The upper orbital border is smooth, rounded at the inner, and
with an acute spine at the outer angle. Antero-lateral margin
with five oblique striae, the first short, compressed and toothlike,
fourth and fifth much longer and extending towards the gastric
region. The antipenultimate joints of the antenna? are half as
long as the penultimate, and about as long as the ultimate, the
former with two small spines on its inner margin, and the latter
with two spines at its distal extremity. The flagellum is naked
and is as long as the larger chelipede.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 145
The external maxillipes have the ischium and raerus joints
obliquely striate, the latter with a prominent internal lobe near
its proximal end, the former is subquadrate and slightly convex
on its inner edge.
The chelipedes in the male are unequal, the left slightly the
larger. The merus has a transverse ridge rather nearer to the
distal end than the proximal, on the distal edge there are three
or four flattened granules. The antero-internal extremity with a
compressed denticulate lobe.
The carpus is armed on its inner border with four compressed
compound spines, the proximal large, the other three forming a
diminishing series. Each tooth or spine branching and bearing
several accessory spinules.
The superior and external surfaces are ornamented with
peculiar hooked spines, which are broad, flattened, and minutely
denticulate at their apices, very few are single pointed, they are
apically curved, and their tips are directed towards the distal
end. The under surface is smooth, the infero-internal angle has
a few small compressed granules near its base. The hooked
spines are at least their own diameter apart and irregularly
disposed.
The lower border of the hand is straight, the upper forms
almost a right angle with the mobile finger. The spines on the
lower and external surfaces of the palm are similar to but smaller
than those on the carpus, the upper surface has a few flat
granules and the crest is smooth.
The mobile finger has two rows of sub-imbricated spines, which
when viewed in profile with a lens gives it a serrate appearance.
The two lower rows of spines of the palm are continued to the
extremity of the immobile finger. The internal surface of the
palm is convex and obliquely striate, especially on the lower
portion, strise are also present on inner surface of the immobile
finger, the mobile finger has a pair of denticles near its base, and
a small hooked spine at its extremity, which is opposed to a
similar spine at the tip of the immobile finger.
The merus joints of the ambulatory legs are transversely striate
on their posterior surfaces, the upper edge of the merus has from
four to six minute spinules, the distal one large.
The carpus is armed above with eight spines in two rows, of a
similar kind to those on the carpus of the chelipedes, i.e., flat-
tened, curved, and minutely denticulate at the summit, the distal
being long and considerably overlapping the base of the propodus.
The length of inferior margin of the carpus scarcely exceeds the
transverse diameter of the merus.
The posterior surface of the propodus is crossed by four or five
oblique strise, the upper edge is armed like the preceding joint
146 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
but the distal spines are smaller. The dactylus is robust, about
half the length of the propodus, and ending distally in a curved
horny point, the lower edge having three or four horny spinules.
The carapace and chelipedes are white, glossy and shining.
The ambulatory legs have the carpus and propodus coloured red
One male and one female with ova.
Length of carapace of female 2Jmm.
Breadth female 2lmm.
Length male 3 mm.
Breadth male 3 mm.
Total length of larger chelipede 8 Jmm.
Named in honour of Prof. W. J. Sollas, LL.D., F.R.S.
Tribe MACEURA.
IBACUS ANTARCTICUS, Rumph.
Ibacus antarcticus (Rumph.), M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii.,
p. 287.
One adult female purchased from the natives, who called it
" Tappa Tappa."
PALINURUS GUTTATUS, Latr.
Palinurus guttatus (Latr.), M. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., ii.,
p. 297, pi. xxiii., fig. 1.
One adult male. Native name, " Oula."
This species lives in burrows on the sandy portions of the
lagoon, and is much used by the natives as food.
HlPPOLYTE GIBBEROSUS, M. Edw.
Hlppolyte gibberosus (M. Edw.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 565, pi. xxxvi., fig. 4.
One female with ova, the dorsal spines on the carapace are
furnished with hairs similar to those between the spines of the
upper and lower margins of the rostrum.
ALPHEUS EDWARDSII, Audouin.
Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 542, pi. xxxiv., fig. 2.
Five specimens.
ALPHEUS L^EVIS, Randall.
Alpheus Icevis (Randall), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., i.,
p. 556, pi. xxx., fig. 8.
One specimen.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 147
MINUTUS, sp. nov.
(Plate vii., fig. 4, a, b.)
The carapace and abdomen is slightly compressed, smooth, and
shining. Front with a short rostrum, which is broad at the base
and acute at the apex. On each side of the base is situated a
shallow sinus, bounded externally by a minute denticle.
The antero-lateral frontal margin is straight from the internal
denticle to the outer angle, which is slightly produced. The
inferior margin of the branchial walls forms a gentle curve from
the front to the rounded posterior angle.
The peduncles of the first antennae are stout and a little longer
than the peduncles of the second. The first joint is gibbous in
the middle internally, it is longer than the second, and nearly
twice as long as the last, the lanceolate basal scale slightly
exceeds the extremity of the first joint. The flagella are ciliated
and subequal, the inner with a short lobe bordered by six tufts
of filaments. The peduncles of the second antennae as long as
the scale, the latter is internally ciliate and externally armed
with a short spine near the distal end, which however falls short
of the foliate apex.
The last joint of the peduncle is very long and equal to the
externaUmargin of the scale, the joint bearing the antennal scale
has a spine on its inner distal extremity. The chelae of the first
pair of legs are equal. The ischium and merus are subtrigonal,
the former slightly longer than the carpus, the latter as long as
the carpus and the hand combined (fingers excluded). The
carpus is obconical with the distal edge smooth and even. The
palm of the hand is a little compressed, swollen in the middle
and as long as the mobile finger. An ill-defined longitudinal line
extends from the base of the immobile finger along the palm,
fading away a short distance from the proximal end.
The fingers are sub-equal, a little curved, meeting along their
edges when closed, and furnished with a few tufts of hairs at
their extremities. The carpus of the second pair of legs is five-
jointed, the first is the longest, the third and fifth are equal,
whilst the fourth is the shortest.
The propodal joints of the fifth pair of legs more elongate than
those of the third and fourth.
The dactyli are short and slightly curved at their extremities.
The telson is somewhat cunate, shorter than the uropoda, with
two spines on each side close to the margin, and four at the
truncated extremity, the inner pair of which are much the longest.
The inner ramus of the caudal appendages is much narrower
than the outer, the latter with a broad scale-like spine at the
base, and three at the outer distal extremity, the median one is
148 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
large, slightly curved and inserted close to the outer and smallest
of the spines.
The inner branch of the pleopoda in the female has a short
club-shaped process, situated on the margin in the middle or at a
short distance below.
The legs are slightly hairy, when alive the specimens were of a
reddish-sand colour, in spirit the posterior two-thirds of the
carapace is scarlet, the abdominal segments are also tinted on
the upper surface with the same colour.
About fifty specimens were obtained under stones and in
sponges in the mangrove swamp.
Length of largest specimen from the tip of the
rostrum to extremity of telson 14mm.
Length of external antennse 15mm.
Length of chelipedes ; 6mm.
Length of hand and fingers 2^mm.
Length of fifth leg 7^mm.
HARPILIUS MIERSI, De Mann.
Harpilius miersi, De Mann, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxii.,
p. 274, pi. xvii., figs. 6-10.
Two females somewhat doubtfully referred to De Mann's
The specimens seem to differ slightly from the type as figured
by the author.
The rostrum is five or rather seven toothed if the terminal and
inferior teeth are included, they occupy the same relative positions
to each other as those on the rostrum figured by De Mann. The
small processes of the frontal margin between the insertion of
the external antennse and the eye-stalks can scarcely be termed
spinose, they consist of thin projections of the frontal margin of
the carapace.
The colour of the specimens preserved in formol when received
was a light cream with bluish spots, similar to Dana's figure of
(Edipus superbus, the spots were uniformly distributed over the
whole body and appendages.
Total length of largest specimen 25mm., rostrum and telson
included.
Tribe STOMATOPODA.
GONODACTYLUS CIIIRAGRA, Fabr.
Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.), Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped.,
i., p. 623, pi. xli., fig. 5.
One specimen.
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGE. 149
Tribe ISOPODA.
ClROLANA LATYSTYLIS, Dana.
Cirolana latystylis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped., ii., p. 772,
pi. li., fig. 6.
Twelve examples of this rare species were obtained on spongrs
in sandy pools.
Tribe EPICARIDEA.
ATHELGUE ANICULI, sp. nov.
(Plate vii., fig. 5, a, b, c.)
Body oval, twice as long as broad, slightly transversely convex
above and depressed below.
Upper antennae short, with two exposed joints and a short
flagellum, surmounted by a pencil of setae, the last joint equal in
length to the third joint of the outer antennae ; the latter with
four joints, the first short, broad and boss-like, the second stout,
elongate and equal to the last, which is rather slender, third
joint a little longer than broad, the flagellum is slightly longer
than the breadth of the last joint and ends in a tuft of hairs.
Immediately posterior to the upper antennae is situated a
transverse lip-like process (the frontal edge of the cephalon)
which extends to between the bases of the second antenna? and
of the first pair of legs. Eyes not discernible.
The cephalic shield is separated from the frontal margin by a
slight groove, its anterior edge is almost straight, the antero-
lateral angles are oblique and in contact with the bases of the
first pair of legs, the posterior margin is evenly rounded.
The segments of the peraeon are rather indistinct ventrally,
but well marked dorsally, the first segment scarcely visible behind
and almost in contact with the cephalic shield, the second much
longer than the first, the third and fourth equal ; fifth and sixth
a little longer and broader than the preceding pair, seventh equal
in length but considerably narrower than the sixth.
On the posterior margins of each segment there are a pair of
flat triangular teeth, directed towards the pleon, they form two
longitudinal rows, and are situated nearer the bases of the legs
than the median line of the body, the first and last pairs are
small, the intermediate pairs subequal.
The legs are curved over towards the dorsal surface, and
excepting the first pair are equal in length, the first five are
equidistant, a rather wide space exists between the fifth and
sixth. The short basal joints are tumid, and have a short lobe
which is acute in the last three pairs, second joints of the fifth,
150 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
sixth and seventh legs, have a bead-shaped elevation on the
posterior surface a little below the middle ; third joints shorter
than the second, and in all the legs more or less produced and
lobate at the infero-distal extremities ; fourth joints short, the
fifth bent over and opposable to the distal lobe of the third joint,
sixth joint minute, triangular, and opposed to a projection of the
propodus.
The first and second segments of the pleon are as long but not
quite so broad as the last segment of the perseon, the fourth is
about half the size of the third, fifth and sixth very short and
subcylindrical, the latter terminating abruptly, and bearing a
pair of minute lanceolate appendages.
The pleopoda are inserted on the margins of the pleon. They
are pedunculate and consist of sixteen foliate plates ; the first
joint is about twice as long as broad, the outer and inner rami
are situated at its distal extremity, the inner ramus is obovate
and almost sessile, the outer with a peduncle as long or longer
than the basal joint, the lamina is subfalcate with an even curve
on the outer margin, its inner straight distally and lobate proxi-
mally ; the fourth outer ramus is a little shorter than the
perseon.
The first pair of marsupial plates is folded in front of the
head so as to produce a kind of funnel, consisting of two spout-
shaped lobes ; posteriorly on the ventral surface they are pro-
duced and form a pair of subfalcate blades, which are evidently
of a vibratory character and seem well adapted to drive a current
of water through the brood pouch.
There are five pairs of functional marsupial plates, the second
pair overlaps the falcate prolongations of the first pair, the
posterior ciliate margins of the last and largest pair do not
extend beyond the terminal segment of the perseon.
The colour of the peneon above and below, and of the lower
surface of the pleon is light salmon yellow, the legs and the
peduncles of the pleopods are yellowish-white, the pleopodal rami
are opaque-white, with a few translucent lines radiating from the
midrib ; the anterior and posterior marsupial plates are somewhat
opaque, the intermediate plates are translucent.
As the specific name implies, the host of this Epicarid is
Aniculus typictis, which hermit crab invariably occupied the
shell of Turbo setosus, Gmelin, and was never seen except at low
water, on the edge of the outer reef most exposed to the surf,
where it was rather rare. This most interesting parasite the
only one procured by the Expedition was accidently discovered
on the anterior surface of the abdomen, near the hinder margin
of the carapace. The host was drowned in fresh water, and
when dead was found somewhat exserted from its shell, exposing
CRUSTACEA WHITELEGGB. 151
the epicarid to view. In one of the bottles was a specimen of
what might possibly be the male of this species, but which is
too much damaged for accurate description, and it is doubtful
whether it really belongs to the Atkdgue.
Total length 22mm.
Breadth 8mm.
Length of cephalon and peneon 11 nun.
Length of pleon 6mm.
Breadth 5ram.
Length of outer ramus of third and fourth
pleopods, peduncle included 9mm.
OIRRIPEDIA.
LITHOTRYA NICOBARICA, Reinhardt.
Lithotrya nicobarica (Reinhardt), Darwin, Mon. Oirripedia, i.,
p. 359, pi. viii., fig. 2.
Three specimens, the largest measures 64mm. in the total
length, the smallest 22mm.
Found in crevices under large blocks of coral.
I owe the accompanying illustrations to my colleague, Mr.
Edgar R. Waite, from whose careful drawings they were repro-
duced by lithography.
THE ECHINODERMATA OF FUNAFUTI.
4
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE ECHINODERMATA.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE.
THE Collection of Echinodermata comprises one hundred and
thirty specimens representing nineteen species, most of which
belong to well known forms, common to the Pacific coral reefs.
Although devoid of new species, the material includes a few
rare examples of great interest not hitherto represented in the
Museum Collection.
The following are the Orders represented :
Species.
Echinoidea ... ... ... ... 7
Asteroidea ... ... ... ... 3
Ophiuroidea ... ... ... ... 3
Holothuroidea ... ... ... ... 6
The species of interest are Echinolhrix turcarum, Echinometra
oblonga, Laganum depressum, Ophidiaster cylindricus, Culcita
acutispinosa, Ophiarthrum elegans, and Holothuria imitans.
The Culcita acutispinosa has been noticed at some length, and
the non-specific value of external form has also been pointed out.
In a subsequent article by Mr. Waite a note will be found on
the commensalism of Fierasfer with Holothuria argus. Mr.
Saville Kent has recorded a species of Fierasfer as occurring in
in the body cavity of Holothuria mammifera, on the Queensland
coast.* In this connection I venture to suggest that future
observers should try to ascertain if Fierasfer is ever found
in members of the genus Muelleria. Possibly the presence of
anal teeth in Muelleria may be of use in excluding the fish from
the body cavity.
ECHINODERMATA.
ECHINOIDEA.
ECHINOTHRIX TURCARUM, Schynv.
Echinothrix turcarum (Schynv.), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, Mem.
Mus. Comp. Zool., iii., p. U6, pi. Ilia, fig. 3.
Six specimens, in the two largest the spines are of a uniform
dark colour, whilst the four smaller examples have the spines
* Saville Kent Great Barrier Keef, 1893, p. 240.
156 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
annulated with from five to nine whitish bands a little narrower
than the intervening dark bands, except in the youngest speci-
mens, which have them about equal in width.
Diameter of test of largest example 92mm.
Height 48mm.
Diameter of smallest example 25mm.
Height ,, ,, llmm.
Native name, " Vanna."
HETEROCENTROTUS MAMILLATUS, Klein.
Heterocentrotus mamillatus (Klein), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, I. c.,
iii., p. 428.
Only a few spines of this species were obtained ; there is a fine
specimen in the Museum Collection, from the Ellice Group,
collected and presented by Dr. Luther, of H.M.S. "Dart."
Native name, " Fatuki."
ECHINOMETRA LUCUNTER, Leske.
JEchinometra lucunter (Leske), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, iii., I. c.,
p. 431.
One specimen.
This species is exceedingly common on the outer reefs and in
the lagoon.
ECHINOMETRA OBLONGA, Blainv.
Echinometra oblonga (Blainv.), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, I. c., iii.,
p. 433.
Nine specimens were obtained. Common on the outer reefs
and in the lagoon.
ECHINUS ANGULOSUS, Leske.
Echinus angulosus (Leske), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, I.e., i., p. 122;
id. iii., p. 489.
There are two very small specimens which I refer to this
species, the largest example is only 12mm. in diameter.
LAGANUM DEPRESSUM, Less.
Laganum depressum (Less.), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, Z.c., iii.,
p. 518.
A very fine series consisting of (sixteen specimens, found in
company with the following species.
ECHINODERMATA WHITELEGOE. 157
MARETIA PLANULATA, Lam.
Maretia planulata (Lam.), Agassiz, Rev. Echini, iii., 1. c., p. 570.
Forty-eight examples, exhibiting great variation in colour ;
about one half of the specimens are of a uniform yellowish-white,
the rest are more or less streaked or spotted with brown.
Dredged in abundance in thirteen fathoms of water in the
lagoon, one mile west of the Mission Church.
ASTEROIDEA.
OPHIDIASTER CYLINDRICUS, Lam.
Ophidiaster cyliudricus (Lam.), Perrier, Rev. Stellerides, Arch,
de Zool. Exper., iv., p. 389 ; Loriol, Cat. Raisonne des
Echin. Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, xxix.,
4, p. 20, pi. xi., figs. 3-4.
Two specimens obtained under stones on the leeward or western
side of the Atoll.
LINCKIA PACIFICA, Gray.
Linckia pacifica, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., vi., 1840, p. 285 ;
Perrier, I.e., iv., p. 404.
Three examples, which were a brilliant blue colour when alive.
Common in the lagoon.
Native name, " Munga-munga ti."
CULCITA ACUTISPINA, Jef. Bell.
Culcita acutispina, Jef. Bell, Ann. &, Mag. Nat Hist. (5), xii.,
p. 334.
To this species are referred, though with some hesitation, two
specimens obtained in the lagoon. Generally both examples
agree with the description given by the author, there are, how-
ever, a few characters present which are only slightly touched
upon in the original diagnosis.
In the larger specimen the adambulacral spines are in two
rows, the inner consisting of four or five spines to each plate ;
they are a little compressed, the central three being the longest.
The outer row consists of two spines to each plate which are
very unequal in size, the one nearest the actinostome is large,
bluntly conical, and not as a rule higher than broad at the base.
The smaller outer spine is almost undistinguishable from the
granules which beset the surface generally ; occasionally, how-
ever, they are more evident, and resemble the larger spines of
the inner row.
158 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The central interambulacral space of the actinal surface is closely
studded with bead-like granules, varying in size from one to two
millimetres in diameter. They are not seriate but scattered
irregularly, and are either in contact with each other at the base
or separated by a few granules.
On the space near the mouth angle, along the ambulacral
groove and on the sides below the porous areas, the large granules
are mostly acute, about as high as broad, and are at least their
own diameter apart.
The sides of the porous areas and the whole of the abactinal
surface is furnished with spines, narrower at the base and more
acute than any of those on the actinal surface. The larger
spines are mostly confined to the interporous spaces, and in the
large specimen under notice give the upper surface a reticulate
appearance.
In the smaller example the large acute spines are scattered
over the porous and non-porous areas alike, and the areolate
feature visible in the larger specimen is wanting. These spines
are usually a little higher than broad, and two or three times
their diameter apart.
The porous areas are densely packed with short acute spines,
subspiniform granules and pedicellarise, the latter are about two-
thirds of a millimetre in length ; when viewed from the lateral
aspect they are seen to be slightly convex externally and meeting
only at their tips.
Each pedicel is narrow in the middle with the base and apex
dilated, the latter has it's inner surface excavated, and the semi-
circular margin minutely denticulated. The pedicellarise are
much more abundant on the lower half of the abactinal surface
than in the upper central region, usually from six to ten in a
centimetre, they are mostly confined to the porous areas, but
occasionally they occur on the interporous spaces.
The minute granules on the abactinal surface are more or less
acute and a little longer than broad at the base. The somewhat
larger granules on the actinal surface are also mostly acute and
about as high as broad ; very few are rounded at the summit.
The pedicellariaj on the actinal surface are not very abundant,
the majority are elevated a little above the adjacent granules,
and present when closed an almost circular outline, some of the
larger, however, are a little elongated.
Owing to their slight elevation, larger size, and lighter colour,
the actinal pedicellarire are quite conspicuous and easily distin-
guished from the small granules.
The madreporic plate is oval in shape, and has a few conical
spines around its margin, similar spines surround the anus, and
in the larger specimen some of the spines are granulose at
the apex.
ECHINODERMATA WHITELEGGE. 159
The number of marginal pore areas in the interambulacral
space is thirteen in both specimens. From the margin to the
anus there are nine or ten pore areas, and from the tip of the
ambulacral groove to the anus there are seven in the large
specimen. In the smaller example they are fewer, being eight
or nine in the interambulacral space, and five from the apex of
the arm to the anus.
There are seventy clusters of adambulacral spines along each
side of the ambulacral groove, counting from the mouth angle to
the end of the groove.
The following are the measurements of both examples :
Large specimen R., 155mm.; r., 100mm.
Small ditto R., 115mm.; r., 85mm.
R., measured along the side of the groove from mouth angle to
the extremity of the arm ; r., from mouth to commencement of
pore areas.
Diameter, large specimen 220mm.
Height 85mm.
Diameter, small specimen 172mm.
Height 60mm.
An examination of the members of the genus Culcita shows
that it is greatly in need of revision ; too much attention has
been paid to the outward form, which presents characters of
little specific value.
If a specimen is obtained and placed in a vessel with sea water,
and allowed to assume a symmetrical shape, and afterwards
killed in strong spirit, when thoroughly preserved it may be
dried and will retain its shape, having the abactinal surface
convex. If on the other hand it is plunged direct into strong
alcohol without regard to its shape, it will retain its original and
often very unsymmetrical form. Cake-like or flat examples are
in most cases due either to drying without previous curing in
spirits, or drying after being in very weak spirit.
In Anthenea acuta, Perrier common in Port Jackson we
have a good example in illustration of the above remarks.
This species often attains to nine or ten inches in diameter,
and is a most variable species as far as the convexity of the
abactinal surface is concerned and in the granulation. Having
trawled thousands of specimens, and noted that, however un-
symmetrical when brought up in the trawl, if placed on a
level surface in a little sea water they soon regain their natural
form, and may be killed in that state either by flooding them
with fresh water or by placing them in strong spirit.
160- FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
It has often happened when we have obtained the Antheuea in
abundance that some have been lying about the deck, others
entangled in the trawl, or buried beneath the seaweeds for many
hours. Ultimately these specimens have been hastily gathered
up and placed in spirits, resulting in a series of distorted
examples, which would be very misleading to a worker un-
acquainted with the form of a well preserved specimen.
The following are the measurements of four specimens of
Anthenea acuta, Perr., showing the differences due to the mode
of preservation :
R 130mm. R 115mm. |
r 63mm. r 65mm. > Well preserved.
Height 50mm. Height 37mm. )
R 110mm. R 113mm. |
r 50mm. r 65mm. > Badly preserved.
Height 17mm. Height 20mm. j
OPHIUROIDEA.
OPHIOCOMA SCOLOPENDRINA, Ayass.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Agass., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel,
i., p. 192, 1835 ; Lyman, Chall. Rep. Zool., v., p. 170,
pi. xlvii., fig. 3.
One half grown specimen.
OPHIOCOMA ERINACEUS, Mull. & Trosch.
Ophiocoma erinaceus, Mull. & Trosch., Syst. Asteriden, p. 94,
1842; Lyman, 111. Cat. Mus. Com. Zool., 5., 1865, p. 85.
Twenty-two examples, mostly young.
OPHIARTHRUM ELEGANS, Peters.
Ophiar thrum elegans, Peters, Monatsb., K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1851, p. 464.
One half grown specimen.
HOLOTHUROIDEA.
MUELLEKIA ECHINITES, Jaeger.
Muellvria echinites, Jaeger, De Holoth., 1883, pp. 17-18, pi. iii.,
tig. 6 ; Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Holoth., 1868, p. 76,
pi. xxx., fig. 8.
One specimen obtained at low water line on the outer reef-
Native name, ' Funafuna."
ECHINODEKMATA WHITBLEGGE. 161
HOLOTHURIA ARGUS, Jaeger.
Holothuria argus, Jaeger, DeHoloth., 1833, p. 19, pi. ii., fig. 1 ;
Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Holoth., 1868, p. 80, pi. xxx.,
fig. 11 ; Saville Kent, Great Barrier Reef, p. 56, p. 238,
pi. xii., fig. 7.
One example, found on a sandy bottom in the lagoon, where it
was fairly common.
HOLOTHURIA ATRA, Jaeger.
Holothuria atra, Jaeger, DeHolotb., 1833, p. 22 ; Semper, Reisen
Arch. Phil. Holoth., 1868, p. 88, pi. xxvi. ; Theel, Chall.
Rep., Zool., xiv., p. 181, pi. vii., fig. 4.
Four specimens ; very abundant on the outer reefs.
Native name, " Malorli."
HOLOTHURIA VAGABUNDA, Selenka.
Holothuria vagabunda, Selenka, Beitrage Anat. Syst. Holoth.,
Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool., xvii., 1867, p. 334, pi. xix.,
figs. 75-76 ; Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Holoth., 1868,
p. 88, pi. xxi. ; Lampert in Semper's Reisen Arch. Phil.,
iv., p. 71, pi. i., figs. 3-19.
Two specimens, obtained in the mangrove swamps under stones
at low tide.
HOLOTHURIA PARDALIS, Selenka.
Holothuria pardalis, Selenka, Beitrage, Anat. Syst. Holoth.
Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool., xvii., 1867, p. 336, pi. xix., fig. 85 ;
Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Holoth., 1868, p. 87, pi. xxx.,
%. 31.
Four specimens, obtained in the mangrove swamps.
HOLOTHURIA IMITANS, Ludwig.
Holothuria imitans, Ludwig, Arb. Zool. Zoot. Inst. Wurzburg,
ii., 1875, p. 109, pi. vii., tig. 41 ; Lampert in Semper's
Reisen Arch. Phil., iv., p. 80.
With some hesitation I refer to this species five small speci-
mens, which agree in the main with the descriptions given by
Ludwig, Lampert, and Theel.
The tentacles are twenty in number, the colour is dark brown,
the deposits consist of curved bars and tables. The bars appear
to be confined to the ambulacral appendages and to the tentacles ;
162 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
in the former the bars have processes on each side which often
join, forming a series of more or less complete holes ; in the
latter the bars are strongly curved, and have very small processes
along the convex edges and ends only the concave side is smooth.
The tables have the smaller four toothed ends pointed outwards
towards the skin, the inner and very much larger ends have eight
teeth or rather four pairs, each pair being closer together than
the space separating them ; these teeth are often dilated and
denticulate at the ends.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Lispe vittata, Rainb.
Degeeria dawsoni, Rainb.
Ebenia nigricruris, E/ainb.
fieldi, Rainb.
Megachile hedleyi, Rainb.
Nacerdes transmarina , Rainb.
Elytrurus squamatus, Rainb.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE I.
r. J. RAINBOW, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Buthus brevicaudatus, Eainb.
,, la. ,, comb.
16. 2nd & 3rd segment of tail, superior surface.
Ic. inferior surface.
2. Chelifer longidigitatus, Eainb.
,, 3. Oribata lamellata, Eainb.
3a. abdomen, side view.
36. pseudo-stigmata.
3c. tarsus.
3d. ,, natural size.
4. Epeira ventricosa, 9 , Eainb.
4a. underside of abdomen.
46. epigyne, side view.
4c. abdomen, in profile.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. ITI.
PLATE II.
h.
W. J. BAIN BOW, del.
EXPLANATION OP PLATE III.
Pig. 1. Epeira longispina, ? , Eainb.
la. ,, abdomen, side view.
16. ,, ,. epigyne.
,, 2. ,, $ (immature), Eainb.
,, 3. Epeira multispina, ? , Riinb.
Ba. ,. abdomen, side view.
36. epigyne.
3c. ,, fair.
4. ,, $ , Rainb.
,, 4a. ,, trochanter of second pair of legs, underside.
46. ,, femur of do., underside.
4c. right palpus, viewed from above.
,, 5. Epeira etheridgei, 9 , Raiub.
5a. ,, abdomen, side view.
56. ,, epigyne.
5c. falx.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE III.
W. J. EAINBOW, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Epeira f estiva, ? , Eainb.
,, la. ,, abdomen, side view.
,, 16. ,, epigyne.
2. Epeira obscura, ? , Eainb.
2a. abdomen, side view.
26. epigyne.
2c. falx.
3. Epeira annulipes, J, Eainb.
3a. ,, ,, abdomen, side view.
36. ,, epigyne.
3c. ,' falx.
4. Epeira distincta, $ , Eainb.
4a. ,, epigyne.
46. falx.
MEMOIRS. AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE IV
W. J. RAINBOW, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Epeira hoggi, ? , Eainb.
la. epigyne.
2. Epeira speciosa, 9, Eainb.
2a. epigyne.
3. Hyllusferox, ?, Eainb.
3a. falces and front row of eyes.
36. falx.
3c. epigyne.
4. Hyllus audax, ? , Eainb.
4o. epigyne.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. IIT.
PLATE V.
W. J. RAINBOW, del,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. Pilumnus prunosus. x 2.
la. right chelipede. x 3.
,,16. first left leg. x 4.
2. Diogenes pallescens. x 8.
2a. left chelipede. x 5.
26. ,, first left leg. x 6.
, 2c. second left leg. x 6.
MEMOIRS, AUST. MUS. Ill
PLATE VI.
2b.
f ^^
EDGAR K. WAITE. Del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Fig. 3. Porcellana sollasi. x 6.
3a. right external maxillipede. x 10.
4. Betaus minutus. x 5.
4a. telson and uropods. x 8.
46. rostrum.
,, 5. Athelgue aniculi. x 3.
5a. vibratory appendages, x 3.
56. sixth leg. x 10.
5c. third pleopod. x 4.
MEMOIRS, AU8T. MUS III
PLATE VII.
EDGAR R. WAITE, Del.
THE MAMMALS, REPTILES, AND FISHES
OF FUNAFUTI.
BY EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE MAMMALS, EEPTILES, AND FISHES.
BY EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
[Plate VIII.]
EXCLUDING the Birds, the indigenous terrestrial Vertebrate fauna
of the Funafuti Atoll appears to be comprised in five species :
a rat and four lizards. Introduced, are the European rat and
mouse, of which, however, examples were not obtained for certain
identification ; and, as domestic animals, the pig and cat.
Dogs, now unknown on the Atoll, were at one time common,
but were purposely exterminated, the reason, according to Moss,
being as follows* : " At Funafuti the Turimen march round the
village during the night, and quietly steal into the houses to see
if all is right. It was found that the house dogs barked and
gave notice of their approach, so they forthwith decreed the
destruction of all dogs on the island and again became masters of
the situation."
Of marine animals, we are told that " Porpoises " are common
off the coast at certain periods,! and that a turtle is also occa-
sionally obtained ; Bats, Crocodiles, Ophidians, and Batrachians
are unknown.
There being no fresh water on the Atoll beyond what the
inhabitants can obtain by artificially arresting the rainfall, the
Fish fauna is represented only by marine forms. Of these a fair
number was collected, and indirect evidence respecting a few
others is noted in the accompanying list.
MAMMALS.
Much of the literature of the Pacific Islands contains some
mention of a native rat, described as living in the bush or infest-
ing the houses and feeding upon vegetables and fruit, but for the
* Moss Through Atolls and Islands in the Great South Sea, 1889,
p. 118.
t See p. 67, " General Account."
166 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
most part no scientific description of the animal is attempted,
nor is reference made to previous records in other islands.
Although the rat is frequently mentioned, it has not in all cases
been thought of sufficient interest to be indexed, and therefore
many possible records are not apparent. The geographical dis-
tribution of the Pacific rat is so wide, and therefore of such
interest, that I have thought it wise to include all definite
localities met with during casual reading, to form a basis on
which to build.
Before doing so, however, some notice of its identity is
IDENTITY.
Apart from the Maori rat, the only technical notice appears
to be that by Peale, 18 * who named (and figured) rats obtained
from widely separated islands as Mus exulans. In this con-
nection it may be mentioned that the Editor of the second
edition of the work cited, remarks that he is not without
suspicion that the animal is either Mus pencillatus, Gould, f or
Mus jacobice, Waterh. J There is, however, small likelihood of
the Pacific rat being identical with either of these species, and
indeed Thomas, 22 by adopting Peale's name, has practically
decided that it is distinct. His interesting note reads as
follows :
"The Rats from Sunday Island, Kermadec group, apparently
belong to a species widely spread over the Pacific, the earliest
name of which seems to be Mus exulans, Peale, based on Fijian
examples. It is possible that examples from the different groups
of islands may hereafter show certain differences from each other,
but, so far as we can see at present, all should be united under
one heading. Indeed the fine Maori Rat of New Zealand (Mus
maorium, Hutton) seems to be very doubtfully separable from
the same form, which has probably travelled from island to
island in native canoes, or on floating logs &c., long before
European ships began to bring over the ubiquitous Grey and
Black Rats, which now threaten to exterminate the native
species throughout the world."
It will be remarked that Fiji is not included in the localities
enumerated by Peale at which Mus exulans was obtained : for
rats from this group that writer proposed another name Mus
vitiensis ; there can be little doubt, however, that notwith-
standing the slight differences mentioned, the two forms are not
specifically distinct.
* A List of Works referred to will be found on p. 177.
t Gould Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 12.
J Waterhouse Voy. " Beagle," Mam., 1840, p. 34.
MAMMALS WAITE. 167
All circumstances being taken into account, it appears probable
that the Maori rat is also identical with this widely distributed
Pacific species, and in one of his papers Hutton 13 has pointedly
remarked : " It will be interesting to compare these skulls with
specimens of the black rat* from Polynesia, for they will probably
be found to be identical." And again, writing on Mus novce-
zealandice, Buller, he adds 14 "There can, I think, be no doubt that
these rats belong to the Polynesian variety." More recently
Thomas has also expressed doubts as to the specific identity of
the Maori rat, in the note previously quoted, and as mentioned
by Buller, 5 who further remarks that there are specimens of this
form in the British Museum from the Fiji Islands, Norfolk
Island, and New Caledonia. This view is supported by Maori
tradition as related by Hochstetter, 12 to the effect that : " the
Kumara, or sweet potato (Convolvulus batata), the taro (Arum
esculentum), the calabash-plant Hue (Lagenaria vulgaris), the
Karaki tree (Corynocarpus Icevigata), the rat Kiore, the Pukeko
(Porphyrio), and the green parrot Kakariki, are said to have
been imported from Hawaiki." This traditional ancestral home
is considered by modern Ethnologists to be Savaii, one of the
Samoan Islands.
The New Zealand rat has a literature to itself, which will be
found mainly in Trans, and Proc. N.Z. Institute. This literature I
have not attempted to epitomise, and ha've referred to it only for
odd records of habits. There is apparently still room for research
among the New Zealand rats. The Kiore rat is said to be extinct,
the Mus maorium to swarm, fide Meeson, 17 Rutland, 19 etc.
DISTRIBUTION.
If, as seems probable, the rat from all the Pacific Islands is
referable to Mus exulans, the range of the species is very great
indeed. Considering the native interchange which has taken
place between islands hundreds of miles apart for ages past, this
is not so remarkable as would at first sight appear.
For a long distance in the West Pacific there runs an enormous
chain of islands, extending in a semi-circular sweep from the
Marshall Archipelago, north of the equator to the Austral or
Tubai Islands in the south-east. Our colleague has written of
this as the Marshall-Austral chain, and dealt with it more
particularly in his report. f
From each of the main links of this long chain of islands, we
possess records of the occurrence of a native rat, as below
enumerated.
* Our examples and also all other accounts agree in describing the
colour of the Pacific rat as being similar to that of Mus decumanus, and
not black as above indicated.
t See p. 3, " General Account."
168 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Wake Island, an isolated atoll, which I would regard as an
extension of the chain, is recorded by Peale, 18 and is at the same
time the most northerly and westerly (with New Caledonia) rat-
inhabited island of which I have notice. Passing southward and
westward the rat next appears to have been observed at Odia in
the Marshall Group, and is represented by Kotzebue 15 in an illus-
tration as impudently trespassing in a Marshall Island house.
Continuing the chain, the rat is recorded from the Gilbert
Group by Woodford, 25 who remarks that the only wild mammal
he met with was a small species of rat common to the islands " in
this part of the world."
The next group is that of the Ellice, of which the island of
Funafuti at least, is tenanted, and supplied the examples, to be
more fully described, and which prompted the present essay.
Mention has previously been made of Savaii being the traditional
ancestral home of the Maori rat, but further evidence of its
occurrence in Samoa is indicated by the reference to it in ancient
tradition detailed by Turner, 23 and direct evidence is afforded 24
by this writer in the following note : " The only indigenous
quadruped is a small rat, something between a mouse and the
Norwegian rat, the latter of which was introduced some years
ago."
The last in the direct chain to which I have reference to
the rat is the Cook Group, its occurrence being mentioned at
Raratonga and Mangaia by Gill. 9 & 10
Of localities to the east of the main chain the following have
been published. In the Phoenix Group Peale 18 records it from
Hull Island, and Arundel 2 from Sydney Island. Much further
to the east it has been met with by Dixon 7 at Maiden Island,
and also further to the south by Lament, as quoted by Smith 21
at Penhryn Island, and Dixon 8 at Caroline Island, all isolated
atolls. In the Paumotu Group or Low Archipelago Peale again
records it from Disappointment and Dog Islands, and also from
the Society Islands, remarking that the species was seen on but
one "high" island, Tahiti.
Its north-eastern limit is suggested by a statement by Brigham 3
that " Hats and mice have always been a pest on the Hawaiian
Islands ; and the old Hawaiian, before the introduction of cats,
used a bow and arrows to destroy them. It is curious that
knowing the principle of the bow they never used it as a weapon
of offence, nor developed it beyond a very feeble instrument only
suited to the killing of 'rats and mice and such small deer.' "
To the westward of the main chain Allardyce 1 records it from
Ho tu in ah, and it is once more mentioned by Peale from Fiji
as Mus vitiensis, and from Hoonga in the Tonga Islands by
MAMMALS WAITE. 169
Mariner. 16 The occurrence of a rat in the Kermadec Islands
was first recorded by Smith, 20 who wrote: "The only animal
native to the island is a small grey rat, which is very plentiful
in summer, but is supposed to hybernate during the winter. We
saw one that had been partly eaten by a hawk probably, it
was about five inches long." Thomas also received it from
Sunday Island in this group, as already quoted. Away to the
west it appears in New Caledonia, and again at Norfolk Island
on the authority of Buller, 5 who states that there are specimens
in the British Museum from these localities.
The list of localities is closed by the inclusion of New Zealand
as the most southern limit, and to which previous mention has
been made in notices by Hutton, Thomas, Hochstetter, and
others.
Although a systematic search of the literature of the Pacific
Islands would doubtless disclose many more references to the rat,
the above are the only definite localities I have so far met with.
There is little doubt that the rat exists, or rather did exist, at
one time or another on all the islands of the Pacific. Gill 9
writing in 1876, and mentioning the islands of the South Seas as
being inhabited by dogs, hogs, and rats, says : " The rat alone
is universal."
Arundel, 2 who called at many of the atolls in the Central
Pacific, states : " I have never visited an island, however small
or barren, without finding these animals living upon it."
HABITS.
Unlike its European relative, the Pacific rat is usually said to
feed only on vegetable substances. Writing of Mangaia, in the
Cook Group, Gill 9 states that it feeds exclusively upon cocoanuts,
bananas, arrowroot, candle nuts, and papao (pawpaw) apples, and
that it was usual to defend growing cocoanuts from the depreda-
tions of the native rat by making a sort of screen cleverly secured
all round the tree, close to the fronds at a great height from the
ground. In Mariner's 10 book the rats are described as living
chiefly upon such vegetable substances as sugar cane, bread fruit,
etc., and it is incidentally mentioned that roasted cocoanut was
used as a bait.
Peale 18 adds the Pandanus to this list, and states that the fruit
of this plant forms the principal food of the rat, hazarding the
suggestion that if its appetite was at all carnivorous it would be
found to feed upon the land crabs and molluscs on the shore,
such however not being the case. He describes it (Mus vitiensis)
as attacking pockets and packs containing edibles.
The Kiore Maori is described by Dieffenbach 6 and others as
being a frugivorous rat.
170 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Rutland 19 writes of the New Zealand bush-rat : " Considering
the vast numbers of these rats that periodically congregate round
the homes of settlers in the bush, the mischief done by them is
extremely small. This is owing to their food during the time
being green vegetables. In kitchen gardens they are certainly
annoying, devouring peas, beans, cabbages, and even onions, as
they appear above ground, climbing up poles to nip off the shoots
of the vines, etc."
Of Sydney Island Arundel 2 ascribes a partial animal diet to
them, writing : " Before any settlements are formed they live in
the ground and roots of trees, and subsist on young birds, birds'
eggs, seeds, etc. As soon, however, as anyone comes to live on
an island they gather round the settlement, particularly round
the native quarters, natives being, as a rule, rather wasteful in
their eating, and scattering round about them rice, bread, pieces
of fish, etc."
If the native rat preceded the human inhabitants of the atolls,
the pandanus, being indigenous, would probably be its staple
food, and as the cocoanut, breadfruit, arrowroot, etc., were intro-
duced, the rat would acquire a taste for these articles.
As to its nesting habits the accounts are somewhat varied,
Peale describes it as constructing a nest in the tussocks of grass,
and making shallow burrows like an Arvicola. He describes
Mus vitiensis as being a great pest in most of the houses of the
Fiji Islands, making its nest in the thatched roof. Being an
excellent climber it sallies forth at night in such numbers as to
be exceedingly troublesome. Gill 9 relates an instance of a pair
having made a nest within a mummy conserved in a cave.
Of Caroline Island Dixon 8 writes: "The brown rat has a
foot-hold, but is not numerous. Their nests were made in the
cocoanut trees, just at the base of the fronds." Our colleague
understood that it nested in similar situations in Funafuti.
In New Zealand, too, Rutland 19 records how nests, evidently
of rats, were found in the crowns of tree ferns and also under the
roots of trees and among rushes. This writer describes the rats
as being awkward on the ground but extremely active when
climbing trees, ascending with the nimbleness of flies and running
out to the very extremities of the branches. Hence, he adds,
" when pursued they invariably make to trees if any are within
reach." Peale mentions a similar habit in connection with
the rats recorded by him.
In Tonga, Mariner 16 describes it as being an inhabitant of the
bush, writing : " Every now and then the natives make a
peculiar noise with the lips, like the squeaking of a rat, which
frequently brings them out of the bushes."
In Mangaia, as mentioned by Gill, 9 and as previously recorded,
rats inhabited the mountain fern, whence they were occasionally
MAMMALS WAITE. 171
driven by fire. Arundel 2 describes the rats of Sydney Island as
naturally living in the ground and roots of trees, but gathering
round the dwellings as soon as a settlement is formed.
As elsewhere, the great enemy of the native rat is the common
brown rat of Europe, introduced by ships throughout the world.
Its depredations are such that Gill states that in many of the
islands the indigenous breed has been exterminated by the
imported rat. Some idea of the successful war waged by the
introduced rat may be gathered from the following graphic
account by the same writer 9 : " In 1852 a solitary male Norway
rat got ashore at Mangaia from the wreck of an American
whaler. It made war upon the native rat, so that one of the bed-
rooms of the mission-house became uninhabitable. On removing
the flooring about thirty dead native rats were found. We
caught the offender in a trap."
Writing of Raratonga, another island of the Cook Group, the
same author 11 incidentally records how the native rat has been
subjected to even more deadly onslaught, being almost exter-
minated by the domestic cats which, originally introduced by
missionaries and afterwards emigrating to the bush, took to
hunting birds when rats became scarce.
On p. 59 of the present Memoir we read : " Cats have long
been introduced, they are known to the natives by the name of
' pussy,' and have proved of service in destroying the brown rat,
formerly a great pest to the Islands." Dieffenbach, 6 writing on
New Zealand, states that the cat often runs wild and is another
cause of the extermination of indigenous animals.
The natives themselves destroy the rats : first, as vermin ;
second, shooting them for sport ; third, killing them for food.
When unchecked, rats became very numerous on some of the
islands. Writing of Sydney Island, Arundel 2 mentions how on
moonlight nights he has often seen hundreds of rats gathered
together round the native quarters feeding upon waste rice, bread,
pieces of fish, etc., thrown out. He adds that they frequently
caught one hundred a night in tubs made into traps in the store.
In Mangaia they were also numerous, for Gill 9 states that, like
most of the Pacific Islands, it was literally overrun with rats, and
describes how a large bottle-shaped hole was dug in the earth and
baited with candle-nuts, adding that when the hole was pretty
well filled with rats, two men would go down with knobbed
sticks to kill them. A hole which would contain two men
would accommodate a goodly number of rats ! If the Mangaian
rats were equally vicious with those mentioned by Peale, rat-
killing under such conditions would not be unattended by danger,
for he states that the animal resists pertinaciously and bites
severely.
172 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The reduction in the number of rats was a matter of such
importance with the inhabitants, that we find a number of
ingenious traps were in use for the purpose ; these will be treated
of in the Ethnological Report.
We have mentioned that sport may constitute a second way in
which the rat is subject to persecution by the natives, Mariner 1G
has given an exhaustive account of the sport of " fanna gooma "
or rat shooting, as practised on the island of Hoonga in the
Tonga Group, from which it appears that it was an amusement
in which only chiefs were permitted to participate, and was
undertaken with much ceremony. The rats attracted by bait
previously distributed, were shot with unfeathered arrows six
feet long, projected from bows of similar length. The game was
a party and not an individual affair, the party first killing ten
rats was accounted the winner. If, Mariner adds, there be
plenty of rats, they generally play three or four games. For a
full account of the rules of the game the reader is referred to
Mariner's book, which contains much of interest about the
Tonga Islands. In Honolulu, as mentioned by Brigham, 3 the
bow was exclusively devoted to " killing rats and mice and such
small deer."
The third reason for the native destruction of rats is of greater
interest, and may be more fully mentioned,
In many of the islands of the Pacific the native rat formed an
article of food with the inhabitants ; feeding upon fruit or
vegetables it would be less objectionable than the omnivorous
European rat, and indeed Buller 4 remarks that : "Unlike the
common rat, the rat of New Zealand is perfectly free from odour
of any kind, probably due to the nature of its food, this consisting
almost entirely of fruits and berries." The introduced rats were
nowhere eaten : it may be that they were considered to be
unpalatable, but it is equally possible that at the time they obtained
a footing on the islands, pigs and other edible animals would also
be introduced, and the necessity of eating rats removed. These
native rats must have been considered good eating, for Gill, 9
writing on the Cook Islands, states : " The proverb ' sweet as a
rat ' survives in Mangaia to this day, although the adults of this
generation have given up the disgusting practice of rat-eating."
This prolific and entertaining writer 10 has given a valuable
historical account of the capture and cooking of rats as practiced
in Mangaia : it may be epitomised as follows :
" In those days ere the cat had been introduced rats were
very plentiful. Rat-hunting was the grave employment of bearded
men, the flesh being regarded as most delicious. The rat, though
but slightly larger than the English mouse, was the only quad-
ruped on the island.
MAMMALS WAITK. 173
" Tamangoru, a solitary cannibal, on one occasion discovered
two boys roasting a number of rats over a fire, a joyful sight
for a famishing Mangaian, he ambiguously remarked, ' cooked
rats are capital eating.' The word ' rats ' thus used might apply
to the lads as well as to the little quadrupeds. A cooked boy
would be indifferently called a ( fish ' or a ' rat.'
"These two brothers subsisted chiefly by rat-catching, in which
they were adepts.
" On the previous evening they dug a deep hole in the earth
and covered the bottom of it with candlenuts, of which rats are
excessively fond. A narrow pathway was made on either side
for the rats to get down and eat. The lads lay in wait at a little
distance, until they thought that the hole must be pretty full.
Each lad carried a lighted torch in one hand, and a stout iron-
wood stick in the other. They quickly killed a large number
of rats.
"The boys now made a fire to roast the spoil. They then
thrust long green reeds (previously prepared) through the rats,
eight on each reed, and grilled them over the fire. There were
four skewers or reeds of rats, that is, thirty-two in all. When
the rats were done, the elder took two reeds of rats (sixteen) to
Tamangoru ; the famished man greedily devoured them and
called for the remaining two reeds."
The same author 9 informs us that in the neighbouring island
of Raratonga, rats were not eaten, the inhabitants reviling the
natives of Mangaia as the rat-eating Mangaians.
It would, however, appear that rats were not eaten when fish
was procurable, for Gill relates how, when the sea was too rough
for fishing, the boys set fire to the mountain fern, so that the rats
rushing out of the fern, half blinded with fire and smoke, were
easily killed with long sticks.
In Tonga (Hoonga Island) the rats formed an article of food
with the lower orders of people, but in the account above referred
to, Mariner 16 says they are not allowed to make a sport of
shooting them, this privilege being reserved for " chiefs, mata-
booles, and mooas."
Of the rat in New Zealand, Dieffenbach 6 tells us that the
frugivorous Kiore Maori was formerly largely eaten by the
natives, but that it had in 1843 become so scarce, owing to the
extermination carried on against it by the European rat, that he
could never obtain one.
Buller 4 describes how during certain seasons the New Zealand
rat was captured by thousands and eaten, or potted down in
their own fat for future use.
At Penhryn Island, Smith 21 informs us that the only animal on
the atoll was a small rat, which was not eaten.
174 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In Funafuti the native rat is described to me as having been
driven from the village, and indeed almost exterminated upon
the main islet by the foreign rat. Upon the other islets it exists
and in some cases swarms, but as these islets are not permanently
tenanted the rat can scarcely be regarded as a pest.
It constructs its nest in the cocoanut trees, just at the base of
the fronds, and Mr. Hedley tells me that he frequently noticed
the rats peeping out of the matting that sheathes the butts of
the cocoanut fronds, and scampering about the heads of palms,
fifteen or twenty feet high. In pre-civilised times these rats
were a great plague to the natives, who did not use them as food.
By law each individual was at times obliged to catch and destroy
a set number of these vermin, for which purpose an ingenious trap
was used.
NATIVE RAT.
Mus EXULANS, Peale.
Mus exulans, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Mamm., 1st Ed., 1848, p. 47.
(Plate viii., figs, la-/.)
Fur fine, scanty, and of medium length ; colour warm brown,
reddish on the nape and back, basal half of the hair delicate grey,
the tips yellowish or brown. On the back the fur is mixed with
longer and comparatively thick hairs of bristly texture, these are
white or very pale yellow throughout their length, the extreme
tip only being dark brown. Muzzle and face warm brown ; the
hairs on the sides of the body are tipped with pale yellow with
no longer or darker hairs intermixed, The whole under surface
including the inside of the limbs white, fur pale grey at the base.
Ears rounded and of considerable breadth, but on being laid
forward they do not reach the eye. Outside of limbs coloured
like the back ; on the hind foot the colour extends scarcely
further than the heel leaving nearly all the foot white. Foot
and claw-pads very large. Tail longer than the head and body,
quite rat-like. Hairs longer than the scales, but not so long as
two scales, excepting towards the tip which is inclined to be
pencilled. Scales 9| to the centimeter; mammse 2*2 = 8.
Skull of delicate proportions ; the nasals project considerably
beyond the line of the premaxillary supraorbital ridge thin but
very prominent, it becomes lower in the temporal region and is
little more than discernable above the aural aperture : condition
of occipital region unknown. The anterior palatina foramina are
somewhat broad and reach the anterior margin of the molar
alveoli. The anterior zygoma root is rounded above and the
front edge scarcely emarginate.
MAMMALS WAITE.
175
Teeth. The teeth do not call for special reference, the character
of the molar pattern being sufficiently represented on the accom-
panying plate (fig. Id).
Dimensions. Millim,
Head and body 125-0
Tail 148-0
Length of head 37-5
Muzzle to ear ... ... ... ... 30-0
Ear ... 17-5
Forearm and hand ... ... ... ... 35-0
Hind foot 28-0
Heel to front of last foot-pad 13-7
Last foot pad 5-0
Skull.
Greatest length ?35'0 ... ?
Basal length 30-0 ... ?
Greatest breadth 17-6 ... 1
Nasals, length 14'0 ... 14'5
Nasals, greatest breadth ... 4'0 ... 4 - l
Interorbital breadth ... 5-5 ... ?
Interparietal length ... 4'7 ... ?
Interparietal breadth ... 10-0 ... ?
Brain-case, breadth 13 -6 ... ?
Anterior zygoma root ... 3-5 ... 3 -8
Diastema 9'0 ... 9-8
Palate, length 18'4 ... ?
Anterior palatina foramina... 5'7 ... 6*0
Upper molars, length ... 5 -7 ... 6-2
Lower molars, length ... 6'0 ... 1
Condyle to incisor tip ... ? 23'0 ... 1
Coronoid tip to angle ... 9'2 ... ?
Peale 18 states that in his examples " the females have two
pectoral and four abdominal teats," whereas in mine the pectorals
are four. This may be reconciled by supposing that Peale over-
looked a pair of mammae, an error, as I have in a former article
indicated, easily committed.
Three examples of the Funafuti native rat were included in
the collection : two of these I had not the opportunity of
examining. The third had the skull a little but not very
seriously damaged, and fragments of a fourth specimen enabled
me to add the few figures in the second column of skull
dimensions.
The stomach of the rat examined contained a white vegetable
substance, possibly cocoanut or pandanus.
On the Funafuti Atoll this rat is known to the inhabitants by
the name of "Tikimoa."
176 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The Pacific Ocean being bounded by the land masses of Asia,
Australia, South and North America, and the genus Mus being
exclusively confined to the Old World, it necessarily follows that
this rat has entered the islands of the Pacific from an Asiatic
source. This agrees with the origin of the flora of the region as
sketched by Guppy,* and also with the distribution of the
Lepidoptera independently remarked by Woodford.f It is thus
opposed to the theory of a migration westward from America
across a Mesozoic Pacific continent as advocated by Hutton.J
POSTSCRIPT.
As previously indicated, it only needs more extensive reading
to add materially to the known distribution of the Pacific rat,
and already several localities may be added to those enumerated.
A perusal of Brenchley, " Cruise of the Cura9oa," 2(X shows that it
has been observed at Niue or Savage Island, situated between
the Samoan and Cook Groups, and again at Aneitium, Tanna, and
Efate, in the New Hebrides. It is also said to be indigenous to
Upolu and Tutuila in the Samoan Islands, being at the latter
place described as " the mouse." At Tongatabu the rat is said
to be imported.
It may be mentioned that the only group in the South Pacific
from which I have not quoted references is the Marquesas ; an
hiatus which would doubtless be filled did time permit to search
its literature.
* Guppy Trans. Vic. Inst., 1896. (Keprinted on p. 20 of the " General
Account.")
fWoodford Geogr. Journ., vi., 1895, pp. 349-350; also ante, p. 90.
J Button Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxi., 1896, pp. 36-47.
MAMMALS WAITB. 177
NATIVE RAT.
WORKS REFERRED TO.
1. Allardyce, G. W. L. Proc. Geogr. Soc. Aust. (Queensland Branch),
i., 1886, p. 134.
2. Arundel, John T. The Phoenix Group and other Islands of the
Pacific.
2a. Brenchley, Julius L. Cruise of " Curacoa," 1873, pp. 25, 60, 86, 134,
199, 213, 231.
3. Brigham, William T. Cat. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu,
3892, p. 31.
4. Buller, Walter Trans. N.Z. Inst., iii., 1870, p. 1.
5. Buller, W. L. Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv., 1892, p. 49.
6. Dieffenbach, Ernest Travels in New Zealand, ii., 1843, p. 185.
7. Dixon, W. A. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., xi., 1877, p. 172. Foot-note.
8. Dixon, W. S. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., ii., 1883, p. 91.
9. Gill, William Wyatt Life in the Southern Isles, 1876, pp. 316-7.
10. Gill, William Wyatt Savage Life in Polynesia, 1880, p. 85.
11. Gill, William Wyatt Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 127.
12. Hochstetter, F. von. New Zealand, 1867, p. 205. Foot-note.
13. Hutton, F. W. Trans. N.Z. Inst., ix., 1876, p. 348.
14. Hutton, F. W. Trans. N.Z. Inst., xi., 1878, p. 344, and other papers.
15. Kotzebue, Otto von Voy. Discovery, ii., 1821, plate facing p. 63.
16. Mariner, Wm. (Martin's) Natives of the Tonga Islands, i., 1817,
pp. 279-83.
17. Meeson, John Trans. N.Z. Inst., xvii., 1884, p. 199.
18. Peale, Titian E. Mamm., U.S. Explor. Exped., 2nd Ed., 1858, p. 38,
pi. 4, fig. 1.
19. Rutland, J. Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxii., 1889, pp. 302-3.
20. Smith, S. Percy The Kermadec Islands, 1887, p. 24.
21. Smith, S. Percy Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxii., 1889, p. 99.
22. Thomas, Oldfield Pacific Rat, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1895, p. 338.
23. Turner, George Samoa, 1884, pp. 25, 187, 216, 218.
24. Turner, George Scot. Geogr. Mag., v., 1889, p. 246.
25. Woodford, C. M. The Gilbert Islands, Geogr. Journ., vi., 1895,
pp. 347-9.
178 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
REPTILES.
The only turtle found in the neighbourhood of the Atoll is
Chelone mydas, and this was regarded as by no means common.
Further notice of the green turtle will be found in the introduc-
tory article (pp. 65-7), and Mr. Hedley asks me to insert the
following references which he found after the preceding pages
had been printed :
As stated on p. 66, turtles were sacred animals in Polynesia,
only eaten after certain ceremonies. One of the best descriptions
of these we owe to Lamont,* who writes of Penrhyn Island :
"The following day, to my surprise, we were again all mar-
shalled and marched to the sea shore, where I found a turtle
sprawling on its back. After some words were repeated over it
by one of the priests who had officiated at the mara, Turua
stepped forward to the edge of the water, and, in a menacing
attitude, seemed to denounce someone, throwing up his arms, and
vociferating at the top of his voice, as if threatening an imaginary
being at sea. The turtle (or 'hona,' as they call it) had, it
appeared, a spirit in it, which, being driven out by one of the
priests, was threatened with vengeance by the bold warrior if he
attempted to return. The unfortunate turtle was at once con-
veyed to a mara, different from the one we had visited the
previous day, and after a few ceremonies was beheaded and
disembowelled. A large fire was then prepared on an elevation
of stones, and it was sacrificed to the gods. On our return to
the gravel plot, where the people had again all assembled, a mat
was placed in the centre for me, and the cooked turtle, cut into
small pieces, was served up in the shell, in which it had been
roasted. Monitu, Taharua, and Turua sat at a respectful distance
on the mat, the rest of the people forming an extensive circle
somewhat further off. My three privileged friends, diving their
hands into the meat, selected the most tempting pieces, with
which they endeavoured to feed me. This I rather declined, and
was allowed to help myself. As they looked, at every mouthful I
took, like hungry dogs, I offered one or the other a piece, which
was laughingly accepted and devoured, my generosity being
received with flattering comments from the circle. Extending
my liberality I threw some pieces to Ocura and Mau Kakara,
when, to my astonishment, the women jumped up and fled in
terror, shouting ' Huie atua ! ' Taharua and Turua held my
hands, and shaking their heads, gravely repeated the same words,
but Monitu only laughed heartily at my mistake."
* Lamont Wild Life among the Pacific Islanders, 1867, p. 182.
REPTILES WAITB. 179
The natives of Futuna likewise made the slaughter of a turtle
an occasion of great ceremony.* By the people of llotuma it
was held in like regard, f
No sea snakes were heard of, and were apparently unknown to
the islanders. The terrestrial Reptilian fauna is represented by
the four Lacertilians below mentioned, which were the only
members of the order included in the collection.
Mr. Hedley informs me that specimens of the geckos could at
any time be secured by pulling back the pinnse of young palms;
the little creature was snugly ensconced between the base of the
leaves, expanded to embrace the stem and the trunk. A search
of half-a-dozen palms rarely failed to reveal one or more specimens.
The skinks afforded sport to the children, who fished for them
with hook and thread among the broken undergrowth of the
island : they were exceedingly numerous and could be found
almost everywhere.
Mr. C. M. Woodford, in the course of some interesting remarks
upon the transference, by human agency, of these reptiles from
island to island, observes} : " It is the rule rather than the
exception for one or more lizards to be unwilling passengers when
one of the large native canoes is at any time put into the water.
On one voyage from the Solomons to Australia I remember that
a lizard frequented the foretop for several days; and on two
occasions when bringing orchids to Sydney from the Solomons, I
have, on opening the case, found a living gecko among the plants.
They are easily brought on board ship among the firewood, and
their presence, therefore, even upon remote islands, supposing that
they are occasionally visited by ships, presents little difficulty."
FAMILY GECKONID^.
GYMNODACTYLUS, Spix.
GYMNODACTYLUS PELAGICUS, Girard.
Gymnodactylus pelagicus, Girard, sp., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
1857, p. 197; Gunther, Voy. "Cura9oa," p. 404, pi. xxiv.,
fig. a.
This species, so widely distributed in the islands of the Pacific,
is represented by specimens which differ slightly from the descrip-
tions of the species. The dorsal tubercles are not so closely set
as shown in Giinther's figure, but are separated by two or three
* Smith Journ. Polyn. Soc., i., 1892, p. 41.
t Allardyce, G. W. L. Proc. and Trans. R. Geogr. Soc. Austr., Qd.,
i., 1886, p. 142.
J Woodford Geogr. Journ., vi., 1895, p. 349.
180 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
tubercles. Those on the hind limb are arranged in rows almost
as regular as those of the back. The specimens do not exhibit
tubercles on the tail as found in some examples, and as the
markings are similar to those on the body it does not appear that
the member has been reproduced.
GEHYRA, Gray.
GEHYRA OCEANICA, Lesson.
Gehyra oceanica, Lesson, sp., Voy. "Coquille," Zool., ii., p. 42,
pi. ii., fig. 3.
The specimens collected do not in any way differ from those
obtained in the other Polynesian Islands, throughout which the
species is widely distributed.
FAMILY SCINCID^E.
LYGOSOMA (EMOA), Gray.
LYGOSOMA CYANURUM, Lesson.
Lygosoma cyanurum, Lesson, sp., Voy. "Coquille," Zool., ii., p. 49,
pi. iv., fig. 2.
The phrase* "four labials anterior to the large subocular"
should read "four or five labials," etc., in order to receive the
examples from Funafuti which do not otherwise differ from
specimens received from elsewhere.
LYGOSOMA ADSPERSUM, Steindachner.
Lygosoma adspersum, Steindachner, sp., Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss.
Wien., Ixii., 1870, pi. iv., fig. 1.
This species, apparently the least widely known of the four
Lacertilians received, is very common on the Funafuti Atoll.
Eggs were obtained ; they are very nearly spherical, their
greatest diameter measuring ISmillim., and their least diameter
12 millim.
Finsch has recorded! four Lacertilians from the Gilbert Group,
two of which only are identical with ours. He enumerates the
following : Gehyra oceanica, Platydactylus ( Lepidodactylus )
lugubris, Mabouia (Lygosoma) cyanura, and Ablepharus pcecilo-
pleurus (A. boutonii).
* Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, iii., 1887, p. 290.
t Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, p. 21.
FISHES WAITE. 181
FISHES.
The Collection of Fishes comprises fifty -four species, which are
for the most part well known forms. A large number of them
are widely distributed, and range from the Red Sea and the east
coast of Africa across the Indian and Java Seas to Polynesia.
Smaller and possibly more interesting species were not obtained,
due to the only possible method of procuring them. The natives
brought in the fishes as caught by net or hook, and not conceiving
that they were required for other than edible purposes, naturally
preserved only the best examples from their point of view. At
first they very seduously avoided bringing to land any specimens
they regarded as poisonous, and it was some time before they
could be made to understand that the fishes were not to be eaten.
Zoologically this notice is little more than a list, which is of
value more especially for extending the known range, and by
supplying an exact locality for the species enumerated.
Some of the short notes may be of wider interest, and this
refers especially to the native names which have an Ethnological
value.
All the specimens have been referred to described species, but
in a few instances the identification is doubtful, due to insufficient
descriptions, the fugitive nature of the characters described, or
to the necessary literature not being accessible.
EPINEPHELUS, Block.
EPINEPHELUS URODELUS, Cuv. & Vol.
Epinephelus urodelus, Cuv. & Val., sp., Hist. Nat., ii., p. 306 ;
Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 3, pi. iii., fig. a.
This brilliantly coloured '' rock-cod " is called " Matiri " by
the natives, and the only example obt-iiaed is of the variety with
the white convergent lines on the tail.
EPINEPHELUS LEOPARDUS, Lacepede.
Eplnephehis leopardus Lacepede, sp., Poiss., iii., p. 517, pi. xxx.,
fig. 1 ; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 4, pi. iii., fig. b.
Although many of the Serranidse are nearly allied, I have no
doubt that the only specimen available is correctly assigned to
the present species. In addition to its comparative proportions
it agrees well with Giinther's figure, the black band on the upper
lobe of the tail is however alone developed.
182 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
EPINEPHELUS TAUVINA, Forsk.
Epinephelus tauvina, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 39 ; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichth., pi. cclxxxiii., fig. 1.
Greatly esteemed as food on the island and fished for with
hook and line, both within the lagoon and from the outer reefs.
In the absence of a good series (having only one example) I
cannot be certain of the identification, its characters, however,
agree most nearly with the descriptions of this widely distributed
Indo-Pacific species. It is evidently a young fish, measuring
only 272 millim.
The native name is "Mou."
EPINEPHELUS MERRA, Bloch.
Epinephelus merra, Bloch., Ausl. Fische, vii., p. 17, pi. cccxxix. ;
Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 7, pi. vii.
One example of the typical form, namely no white spots on the
body, and the pectorals with round black spots. This species so
far as could be ascertained did not frequent the lagoon, at least
it was not caught there, but Mr. Hedley hooked some ofT the
outer reef, where they entered the crevasses and took the bait
greedily. The natives, it appears, at the time of the Expedition,
only fished the lagoon, all species from the reefs being indiscrimi-
nately condemned.
Quantities of pumice were recently washed on to the beach,
and several of the inhabitants became ill and one died after
eating fish caught from the reefs. As this was supposed to be
in consequence of the presence of the pumice, the fish were con-
demned, but will again be utilised when the pumice ceases to be
thrown up. This ban did not refer to fishes caught in the lagoon,
which was free from pumice.
As pumice is a harmless substance, Mr. Hedley suggests that
its occurrence was coincident with the arrival of some marine
organism, which might vitiate the food supply of the fish, and
thus indirectly have a harmful effect upon the natives.
In this connection Wyatt Gill writes*: "On the outer edge
of our coral reefs exists a sea-centipede (Nereis), in appearance
like a black thread slowly moving amongst the rugged submarine
growths. The ae attains the length of five or six feet. Good
fish become poisonous through feeding on these sea-centipedes.
" Strangely enough, fish that are excellent eating on one
island may be poisonous on another. Thus the dainty matakiva
of Mangaia is poisonous on the neighbouring island of Mitiaro.
A chief of that atoll, hearing that it is much prized in Mangaia,
*GiU Life in the Southern Isles, 1876, p. 274.
PISHES WAITB. 183
concluded it was a mere fancy of his countrymen that it should
be hurtful at Mitiaro. Accordingly, he ate one, and died a few
hours afterwards."
The native name of this species is " Natala," and the size of
the specimen preserved 198 millim.
LUTIANUS, Block.
LUTIANUS BENGALENSIS, Block.
Lutianus bengalensis, Bloch., sp., Fisch., pi. ccxlvi., fig. 2, Bl. Schn.,
p. 316; Temm. & Schleg., Fauna Japon. Poiss., pi. vi., fig. 2.
Attaining a length of ten inches this fish is a valuable source
of food supply, and two names were obtained for it, namely
" Savani " and " Tumti." After the large depopulation of the
island of Funafuti by American slave traders, immigrants arrived
from adjacent shores. Mr. Hedley therefore supposes that one
of these names was imported from some neighbouring tribe.
A very young example of only 38 millim., and without doubt
of this species, is, as is common with young forms, much more
spiniferous than the adult. The preopercle is strongly denticu-
lated, and is produced into a strong spine at the angle.
LUTIANUS GIBBUS, Forsk.
Lutianus gibbusy Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 46; Giinther, Fische
der Siidsee, p. 12, pi. xii.
The native name " Teia " is identical with that recorded by
Giinther "Taea," as in use in the Society Islands. The specimen
which has attained its adult colouration measures 270 millim.
LUTIANUS FULVIPLAMMA, Forsk.
Lutianus fulviflamma, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 45 ; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichth., pi. ccc., fig. 2.
The only specimen received serves to extend the known range
of the species.
CHJETODON, Cuvier.
CH^TODON AURIGA, Forsk.
Chcetodon auriga, Forsk., Descr. Anim., p. 60 ; Gunther, Fische
der Siidsee, p. 36, pi. xxvi., fig. b.
Although the island of Funafuti should be a veritable home
for Chjetodons, Chelrnos, Holacanths, etc., many of which were
seen swimming in the crevasses, this is the only member of the
184 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
family obtained. As previously mentioned this is to be accounted
for by the fact that only the larger species were, as a rule,
collected by the natives. This Chsetodon is of the variety
setifer, and measures 114millim. in length.
MULLIDJE.
MULLOIDES, Sleeker.
9. MULLOIDES FLAVOLINEATUS, Lacepede.
Mulloidesflavolineatus, Lacepede, sp., Poiss., iii., p. 406 ; Riippell,
N.W. Fische, p. 101, pi. xxvi., tig. 1.
This species is represented by a single example.
The Funafuti name is " Malili."
MULLOIDES SAMOENSIS, Gunther.
Mulloides samoensis, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 57, pi. xliii.,
tig. b.
(PI. viii., fig. 2a-b.)
I have referred to this species a small specimen which measures
only 76 millim. in total length, or less than half the dimensions
of the type specimen : " 6J Zoll " ( - 165 millim.). As the species
was founded on a single example, and as it does not appear to
have been met with since first described (1873), the following des-
cription will assist in verifying or disproving the determination :
D. vii., 18. V. I 5. A. II 6. L lat. 40 L tr 2, 6.
Length of head 3'4, of caudal fin 5'0, height of body 4'2 in the
length of the body (exclusive of the caudal fin). Diameter of
eye 3'6, length of snout 2'4 in length of head; interorbital space
very lowly arched 4'0 in length of head. Upper jaw the longer.
The maxilla reaches two-thirds the distance to below the anterior
edge of the orbit.
The barbels extend to slightly beyond the posterior edge of
the preopercle. Upper profile from above the eye to the snout
markedly convex. Opercle with a weak spine and a slight
denticulation, indicative of a second spine above. Teeth in
villiform bands in both jaws. First and second dorsal spines of
equal length, 1*7 in the length of the head. Second dorsal two-
thirds the height of the first. The anal commences slightly
behind the second dorsal. The ventrals do not reach the vent by
fully a third of their length ; caudal deeply forked, the least
height of its pedicle equals the intradorsal space.
Scales ctenoid, in five series between the dorsal fins. Tubes of
the lateral line not much branched, consisting of two main arms
PISHES WAITE. 185
bifurcated anteriorly, but simple from below the second dorsal to
the caudal.
Colours. In formol, silvery white with a greenish tinge on the
dorsal surface : the top of the head is yellowish, and the same
colour is to be traced on the cheeks there is a distinct yellow
spot immediately above the opercular spine. Fins immaculate,
excepting the caudal which, towards the base, is of yellowish hue.
The black and pearl-coloured blotches mentioned by Giinther are
not to be observed in our example. The type specimen was
obtained at Apia in the Samoa Islands, one of the archipelagos
nearest to the Ellice Group.
UPENEUS, Sleeker.
UPENEUS TRIFASCIATUS, Lacepede.
Upeneus trifasciatus, Lacepede, sp., Poiss., iii., p. 104, pi. 15,
fig. 1 : Giinther, Fische der Stidsee, p. 59, pi. xliv., figs. 6, c.
This widely distributed form is represented by a solitary
example, in which the usual dark markings are almost obsolete,
the body band beneath the second dorsal is the most pronounced,
whilst the black mark on the basal half of this fin is the darkest
feature of the specimen. It measures 173 millim.
The native name is " Teforo."
SPARID^B.
LETHRINUS, Cuvier.
LETHBINUS ROSTRATUS, Cuv. & Vol.
Lethrinus roslratus, Cuv. & Val., sp., Hist. Nat., vi., p. 296 ;
Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 44, pi. vii., fig. 2.
Said to be common and a favorite food-fish. When the more
esteemed species are not caught in sufficient numbers, inferior kinds
are eaten in consequence of the limited flesh-foods on the island.
A small example only was brought to Sydney.
Known to the natives as " Nutta."
LETHRINUS RAMAK, Forsk.
Lathrinus ramak, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 52 ; Gunther,
Fische der Sudsee, p. 64, pi. xlvi., fig. 13.
The two yellow longitudinal bands which Gunther remarks are
such a striking feature in the living fish, are very conspicuous in
two of our three examples. There is also a third fainter and
186 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
narrower band immediately below the lateral line, this is indicated
in Giinther's figure but is not referred to in the text. These
specimens appear to be rather larger than any previously recorded,
measuring 315, 307 and 287 millim. respectively.
The native name is " Gropa."
SPH^EODON, Ruppell
SPH^IRODON GRANDOCULIS, Forsk.
Sphcerodon grandoculis, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 53 ; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichth., pi. ccxcix., fig. 1.
Found widely distributed in the South Seas, and extending
across the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, this species is now
recorded from the Ellice Group. The example examined totals a
length of 31 2 millim. The figure referred to represents a young
individual showing the white transverse body bands.
CIRRHITID^}.
CIRRHITES, Cuvier.
OIRRHITBS MACULATUS, Lacepede.
Cirrhites maculatus, Lacepede, Poiss., sp., v., p. 3 ; Giinther,
Fische der Siidsee, p. 71, pi. li., fig. a.
Readily distinguishable, in conjunction with other characters,
by the smallness of the scales on the cheeks, the species is
represented by two individuals, measuring 200 and 164 millim.
respectively. This record is interesting, as the species does
not appear to have been obtained from many of the Pacific
Islands.
BERYCID^B.
HOLOCENTRUM, Artedi.
HOLOCENTRUM ERYTHR^EUM, Giinther.
Holocentrum erythrceum, Giinther, sp., Cat. of Fishes, i., p. 32 ;
Fische der Siidsee, p. 99, pi. Ixiii., fig. b.
The occurrence of this species in the Ellice Group adds one
more definite locality to its known distribution. It has a wide
range in the Southern Seas, but was not regarded as common in
Funafuti, where it is known as " Malou." The single specimen
obtained measures 200 millim. in total length.
FISHES WAITE. 187
HOLOCENTRUM DIPLOXIPHUS, Gunther.
Holocentrum diploxiphus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 660,
pi. Ix.
This species is also known from several of the Polynesian
Islands, and as Gunther remarks, apparently remains of small
size : the only example brought home measures 144 millim. in
length.
It is called " Boutularu " on the island of Funafuti.
* TEUTHID.3S.
TEUTHIS, Linnaeus.
TEUTHIS ROSTRATA, Cuv. & Val.
Teuthis rostrata, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat., x., p. 158 ; Playfair,
Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 50, pi. x., fig. 2.
As the descriptions of the various species are for the most part
little more than a notice of the colour-pattern, and as this
usually fades on contact with spirit, the determination of the
species cannot be satisfactory without a good series of the genus.
Our two examples I determine as Teuthis rostratus, and a com-
parison with Playfair's description and figure largely removes
any doubt as to their identity. Gunther has identified the
species from the Society, Pelew, and Gilbert Islands, so that its
occurrence in Funafuti is merely an extension of the known
range.
Known to the natives as " Mai'ava " or " Meia."
ACRONURID.^.
ACANTHURUS, Block.
ACANTHURUS TRiosTEGUS, Linn.
Acanthurus triostegus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 463; Bennett,
Fishes of Ceylon, p. 11., pi. xi.
One would scarcely expect to receive even a very small col-
lection of fishes from the Pacific Islands without this ubiquitous
species being included. Of three examples the largest measures
158, the smallest 54 millim.
The native name in Funafuti is " Manini," and its universal
application is noteworthy. Gunther remarks : " Throughout
the whole of Polynesia it is called ' Manini.' "
For paper on the Teuthidoidea, see Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii.,
1885, p. 276.
188 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
ACANTHURUS GUTTATUS, Forsk.
Acanlhurus guttatus, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 218 ; Giinther,
Fische der Siidsee, p. 109, pi. Ixix., fig. a.
This species has also a wide range in the Pacific. We have
two specimens from the atoll, measuring 208 and 190 millim
respectively.
The native name is rendered as "Te api " or " Yappi," which
is practically identical with " Hapi " in use in the Sandwich
Islands, as recorded by Giinther.
ACANTHURUS BLOCHII, Cuv. & Val.
Acanthurus blochii, Guv. & Val., Hist. Nat., x., p. 209
(fide Giinther) ; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 109, pi. Ixix.,
fig- &.
Giinther remarks that it is extremely doubtful whether A.
matoides, Klunz., from the Red Sea, is identical with the species
he had hitherto so named. He therefore adopts the name
A. blochii, which species is to be distinguished by the dorsal fin
being lower in proportion to the height of the body. Our speci-
mens quite agree in this respect, for the spines are 3J, whereas
in Klunzinger's species they are much longer, namely 2f in the
height of the body.
ACANTHURUS ACHILLES, Shaw.
Acanthurus achilles, Shaw, Zool., iv., p. 383 ; Giinther, Fische
der Siidsee, p. 115, pi. Ixxi., fig. b.
Several examples of this unmistakable and handsome species
were brought from Funafuti, where they are known to the
inhabitants as "Matto."
NASEUS, Commer.
NASEUS LITURATUS, Forsk.
Naseus lituratus, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 218; Giinther,
Fische der Siidsee, p. 124, pi. Ixxxii.
The natives appear to have associated this genus with the
Acronuridse, for while A. triostegus is designated as " Manini,"
the present species is distinguished by a prefix, the rendering
being " Rakomaniui."
FISHES WAITE. 189
CARANGID^E.
CARANX Lacepede.
CARANX MUROADSI, Temm. & Schleg.
Caranx muroadsi, Temin. & Schleg., Fauna Japon. Poiss.,
p. 108, pi. Iviii., fig. 1.
While I cannot be absolutely certain of the correct determina-
tion of the species, the aggregate characters lead me to name the
only specimen procured as above. Caranx muroadsi has not, so
far as I am aware, been previously recorded from other than the
seas of Japan, with Ternate doubtful. (Giinther.) Length of
specimen 295 millim.
CARANX CRUMENOPTHALMUS, Block.
Caranx crumenopthalmus, Bloch., sp., Fisch., pi. cccxliii. ; Jenyns,
Voy. of " Beagle," Fish, p. 69, pi. xv.
This widely distributed form is represented by two small
specimens of equal size (210 millim.). Together with other small
material they were preserved in a 5% solution of formol, which
has several advantages over spirits. No appreciable shrinkage
takes place, and the flesh remains quite firm, while delicate forms
such as Leptocephalus, and minute membranous structures, as
for example the adipose fin of small scopelids, are perfectly
preserved. As a colour preservative it is incomparable with
spirit, which, as is only too well known, renders nearly all speci-
mens of the same uniform yellowish-brown. The action of formol
is beneficial in yet another way. Fishes killed in this fluid die
with their members extended, so that the fin formulae of the
smallest forms (Gobius, Salarias) can be counted with delightful
ease and without disturbing a single ray. Lastly, spirit cannot
be diluted to more than half its bulk, while formol may be carried
at one-twentieth the bulk at which it can be used, a matter of no
small consideration to a heavily equipped collector.
CHORINEMUS, Cuv. & Vol.
CHORINEMUS SANCTI-PETRI, Cuv. & Vol.
Chorinemus sancti-petri, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat., viii., p. 379,
pi. ccxxxvi.
In Day's " Fishes of India," (p. 230) there is a misprint, by
which the second dorsal is made to commence " midway between
the snout and the front nostril." In the " Fauna of British
India," (p. 174) the passage is simply omitted. It was probably
intended to read : " midway between the snout and the front
(base) of the caudal."
190 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Another palpable error occurs in the measurement of the
pectoral, and as this is copied into the "Fauna," (loc. cit.) it may
be further mentioned. The length of this fin is stated to be
"4J in the total length." In the Funafuti example (525 millim.
to middle caudal rays) it is contained 7*8 times, or 9 times in the
extreme length, which was probably the measurement taken by
Day.
TRACHYNOTUS, Guv. & Val.
TBACHYNOTUS BAILLONII, Lacepede.
Trachynotus baillonii, Lacepede, sp., Poiss., iii., p. 93, pi. iii.,
fig. 1.
Represented only by a very young example measuring 85 millim.
in length.
SCOMBRID^E.
ECHENEIS, Artedi,
ECHENEIS NAUCRATES, Linn.
Echeneis naucrates, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 446 ; Temm. &Schleg.,
Fauna Japon. Poiss., p. 270, pi. cxx., fig. 1.
578 millim. is the length of the only "sucker-fish" collected.
GOBITD.E.
GOBIUS, Artedi.
GOBIUS BIOCELLATUS, CuV. & Val.
Gobius biocellatus, Guv. & Val., Hist. Nat., xii., p. 73 ; Day,
Fishes of India, pi. Ixiii., fig. 8.
To this species I have doubtfully referred a small specimen of
38 millim., but it is too young for certain determination.
BLENNIID^.
SALARIAS, Guv.
SALARIAS MARMORATUS, Bennett.
Salarias marmoratus, Bennett, sp., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 35 ;
Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 204, pi. cxvi., fig. b.
A nice series of this beautiful species was obtained (largest
specimen 72 millim.). Giiuther's figure gives an excellent repre-
sentation of the fish ; it may be remarked that the markings at
the base of the second dorsal are in reality oblique lines directed
PISHES WAITE. 191
backwards and not isolated spots as shown. The white spots on
the head-parts, present only in some examples, are raised tubercles.
Each supra-orbital tentacle consists of a median tapering stem,
whence arises a number of lateral filaments, which are larger and
more numerous on the inner side. The nasal tentacles each
comprise a short stalk and a palm like portion terminating in
7-9 digitations. The occipital tentacles are simple. The short
streak behind the eye, which Giinther remarks is characteristic
of the species is, in formol-preserved examples, of a deep blue
colour.
SALARIAS QUADRICORNIS, Cuv. & Vol.
Salarias quadricornis, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat., xi., p. 329,
pi. cccxxix. ; Giinther, Fische der Sudsee, p. 209, pi. cxvii.,
fig- b.
The collection contains several examples, all small, however,
as the largest one measures only 77 millim. This species was
exceedingly common, swarming in every rock pool, as indeed one
might imagine by the fact of the natives having designated
("Monaco") a fish not edible nor otherwise useful. When
removed from the pools it skipped over the rocks in such a
manner as to induce the belief that it was a Periopthalmus.
MYXUS, Giinther.
MYXUS LEUCISCDS, Giinther.
Myxus leuciscus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 666, pi. Ixv.,
fig. a ; Fische der Sudsee, p. 220, pi. cxxi., fig. c.
The only grey mullet collected is assigned to this species. In
the " Fische der Sudsee " the length of the head is misprinted
as of the total length. It should read , as in the original
description.
The native name is " Foua."
GLYPHIDODONTID^E.
TETRADRACHMUM, Cantor.
TETRADRACHMUM ARUANUM, Block.
Tetradrachmum aruanum, Bloch., sp., Fisch., iii., p. 62,
pi. cxcviii., fig. 2 ; Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, p. 17,
pi. xvii.
Represented by one small specimen of only 32 millim. in length.
Common throughout the South Seas.
192 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
GLYPHIDODON, Cuvier.
GLYPHIDODON BROWNRIGGII, Bennett.
Glyphidodon brownriggii, Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, p. 8, pi. viii.;
Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, p. 232, pi. cxxvii. (varieties).
A number of specimens was collected representing five varieties,
some of which have been specifically named, they are as follows :
(1) The original form figured by Bennett. (Fishes of Ceylon,
pi. viii.)
(2) Coloration uniform. (G. modestus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth.,
pi. cccciii., fig. 9.)
(3) An oblique white band on the body, a dark spot on the
spinous dorsal, and a smaller one at the posterior base of the
soft dorsal.
(4) Same as No. 3 but without the white body-band.
(5) An oblique white band on the body, a dark one across the
base of the caudal. A dark spot on the spinous dorsal, and the
whole base of the soft dorsal dark. Anal wholly dark coloured.
GLYPHIDODON SORDIDUS, Forsk.
Glyphidodon sordidus, Forsk., Descr. Anim., p. 62 ; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichth., pi. ccccx., fig. 5.
Three very young examples are credited to this species. In
addition to the large black spot on the upper surface of the
caudal pedicle, there is a small one at the base of the pectoral,
and a large black mark on the dorsal extending from the second
to the sixth spine ; as the transverse bands become fainter, so
this mark apparently disappears in adult examples : it is notice-
ably more pronounced in our smallest specimen (IS millim.), which
is little more than a third the length of the largest (48 millim.).
GLYPHIDODON SEPTEM-PASCIATUS, Guv. & Vol.
Glyphidodon septem-fasciatus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat., v., p. 463 ;
Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., pi. ccccix., fig. 5.
One specimen, half-grown. Attaining larger dimensions than
some other members of the genus, this species has received a
native name, being known to the inhabitants as " Moutou
moutou."
LA BRIDGE.
CHILINUS, Cuvier.
CHILINUS TRILOBATUS, Lactpede.
Chilinus trilobatus, Lacepede, Poiss., iii., pp. 529, 537, pi. xxxi.,
fig. 3 ; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., p. 66, pi. xxvii., fig. 2.
One example, a widely distributed species in the South Seas,
attains a length of two feet.
FISHES WAITE. 193
CHILINUS FASCIATUS, Block.
Chilinus fasciatus, Bloch., Fisch, v., p. 18, pi. cclvii. ; Giinther,
Fische der Stidsee, p. 246, pi. cxxxiv.
A smaller species, but equally well known. Two specimens
were collected under the native name, " Moree."
JULIS, Cuv. & Vol.
JULIS LUNARIS, Linn.
Jnlis Innaris, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 474 ; Bleeker, Atlas Tchth.,
p. 90, pi. xxxiii., fig. 5.
One of the commonest fishes of the Indo-Pacific. Name given
by the Funafuti islanders, " Lapi."
PSEUDOSCARUS, Bleeker.
Four species of Pseudoscarus are included in the Collection,
and these have been determined as follows : It is, however,
necessary to mention that the identification is by no means satis-
factory, as there are such a large number of species (valid or
otherwise) named rather than described. " The Pseudoscarus
are beautifully coloured, but the colours change with age, and
vary in an extraordinary degree in the same species. They fade
rapidly after death, so that it is almost impossible to recognise
in preserved specimens the species described from living
individuals."*
Unfortunately none of these fishes were placed in formol, or
judging by results obtained in the case of other Labroids caught
near Sydney, and so preserved, much of the colour might have
been retained.
These individuals, so much alike in our hands, must when alive
exhibit great variety of colour and pattern as delineated by
Bleeker, for the Funafuti natives recognise and name the several
species.
PSEUDOSCARUS PULCHELLUS, Riippell.
Pseudoscarus pulchellus, Riippell, sp., N.W. Fische, p. 25, pi. viii.,
fig. 3 ; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., pi. x., fig. 3.
Previously recorded from the Red Sea, Mauritius, Java,
Celebes, China.?
Funafuti native name, " Oulafi " or " Ourafi."
* Giinther Study of Fishes, p. 532.
194 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PSEUDOSCARUS BATAviENSis, Sleeker.
Pseudoscarns bataviensis, Bleeker, sp., Java, iv., p. 342 ; Atlas,
Ichth., pi. xii., fig. 3.
Previously recorded from Batavia.
Funafuti native name, " Samaria."
PSEUDOSCARUS SINGAPURENSIS, Sleeker.
Pseudoscarus singapurensis, Bleeker, sp., Singapore, p. 69 ; Atlas,
Ichth., pi. xiii., fig. 1.
Previously recorded from Singapore and Java.
Funafuti native name, " Ruggea."
PSEUDOSCARUS TROSCHELLI, Sleeker.
Pseudoscarus troschelli, Bleeker, sp., Batavia, p. 498 ; Atlas,
Ichth., pi. vii., fig. 2.
Previously recorded from Java.
Funafuti native name, " Soumoulaia."
OPHIDTID^E.
FIERASFER, Cuvier.
FIERASFER HOMII, Richardson.
Fierasfer homii, Richardson, sp., Voy. Ereb. and Terr. Fishes,
p. 74, pi. xxxxiv., figs. 718.
Mr. Hedley obtained a large Ifolothurian (//. argus, Semper,)
two feet in length. After it had been in a bucket for half-an-
hour, the Fierasfer swam out and was bottled in formol. These
parasitic Ophidiidse, as is well known, inhabit the breathing
cavities of various invertebrates ; they are said to be quite harm-
less, though possibly inconvenient to their host.
The specimen does not differ from that described by Richardson,
and measures 104 ruillim. in length.
SCOMBRESOCID^E.
BELONE, Cuvier.
BELONE PLATURA, Bennett.
Belone platura, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1830, p. 168 ; Ruppell,
N.W, Fische, p. 73, pi. xx., fig. 1.
Al though I have named the single Belone obtained, as above, I
cannot be certain of the determination. Its characters, however,
on the whole ally it with this species.
Native name, " Kashufi."
PISHES WAITE. 195
HEMIRHAMPHUS, Cuvier.
HEMIRHAMPHUS BALINENSIS, Sleeker.
Hemirhamphus balinensis, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind.,
xvii., p. 170.
I was at first inclined to regard this "half-beak" as H.
intermedius. It agrees more nearly with Bleeker's species, and
as Cantor has decided that they are specifically distinct, I have
no alternative but to name our single example as above. It is
not in good condition, and therefore not suitable for purposes of
re-description. In company with Flying Fish, the Hemirhamphi
were attracted to the canoes at night by means of flaming palm
brands, and were secured in hoop nets within the lagoon.
MUR^ENID^E.
OPHICHTHYS, Ahl.
OPHICHTHYS COLUBRINUS, Boddaert.
(PI. viii., fig. 3.)
Ophichthys colubrinus, Boddaert, Neue Nord. Beytr. (Pallas's),
ii., 1781, p. 56, pi. ii., fig. 3 ; Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran., I.,
p. 243, pi. xlv., fig. 2.
The three examples obtained agree in having the transverse
bands widely interrupted beneath, so that in reality they are
only half-bands adorning the dorsal surface. In some examples
the bands are nearly as wide as the interspaces, in ours they are
very narrow, being but one-sixth the width of the interspaces.
There is no dark spot between the bands as found in some
specimens, and figured by Quoy and Gaimard.
Wyatt Gill* describes how eels live in holes in the coral and
attain formidable dimensions ; he also gives a very recognisable
illustration of a typical example of this species.
The native name is " Boureriva."
MUR^NA, Artedi.
MuR-ffiNA FORMOSA, Bleeker.
Murcena formosa, Bleeker, Ned. Tydschr. Dierk., ii., p. 51 ;
Atlas Ichth., p. 94, pi. clxxiv., fig. 1.
In its general form and proportions, the single specimen secured,
approaches most nearly to this species, but of its absolute identity
I cannot be certain. The colouration and general pattern agree
well with Bleeker's figure of the adult, and our example exhibits
the black spot at the angle of the mouth, and the dark blotch on
* Gill Life in the Southern Isles, 1876, p. 279.
196 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
the gill-opening, which are stated to be of value in determining
the species. Two examples in the British Museum are from
Ceram and Amboyna respectively.
At Funafuti this eel is called " Foussi " or " Poussi."
BUROENSIS, Bleeker.
Murcena buroensis, Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind., xiii.,
p. 79; Atlas Ichth., p. 105, pi. clxxv., fig. 2.
A smaller eel is with some hesitancy assigned to this species ;
while its general characteristics agree with the description, the
colour is slightly different. As, however, the colouration in the
Muraenidae varies much according to age or other conditions, it is
not of such specific value as has unfortunately been relied upon
to determine the many described species. Our example, preserved
in spirits, is of a greenish-brown colour, the dorsal surface includ-
ing the fin and the sides from head to tail closely punctated with
black, none of the dots being as large as a pin's head.
The ventral surface especially anteriorly is immaculate, pos-
teriorly the spots descend, and the last inch or so of the tail,
including the surrounding fin, is dotted like the upper surface.
It would appear that the Funafuti native name for an eel is
"Poussi" ("Foussi"), this species being distinguished as "Poussi-
kenna." Eels were so exceedingly numerous among the reefs
round the island, that the native boys used to secure them by
beating them with a palm leaf stem as they swam in the water.
The three species were obtained in this manner. Eels were also
caught in the rock pools by means of hoop nets.
BALISTID^E.
BALISTES, Artedi.
BALISTES FUSCUS, Block.
Batistes fuscus, Bloch, Schn., p. 471; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth.,
p. Ill, pi. ccxxv., fig. 3.
Two adult examples, wherein the caudal lobes are greatly
produced and the anterior portions of the dorsal and anal fins
much elevated, even more than in Bleeker's figure. The amount
of development, which both these fins and the caudal undergoes
as the fish attains maturity, will be well seen by comparing this
figure with that of Day's,* which represents a young example of
the natural size. Riippellf has illustrated the species of inter-
mediate age.
Funafuti native name, " Oom."
* Day Fishes of India, pi. clxxviii., fig. 4.
t Kiippell Atlas, pi. vii., fig. 2.
PISHES WAITE. 197
BALISTES FLAVOMARGINATUS, Rupp.
Balistes flavomarginatus, Riipp., Atlas Fische, p. 33 ; Bleeker,
Atlas Ichth., pi. ccxxiv., fig. 3.
One specimen secured. It agrees exactly with the figure cited,
both as to size and proportions, but the representation is spoilt
by the delineation of the scales on the snout, which as Giinther
remarks are not correctly drawn.
BALISTES ACULEATUS, Linn.
Balistes aculeatus, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 406 ; Bleeker, Atlas
Ichth., pi. ccxvi,, fig. 3.
Under the name of " Soumou," one example of this beautiful
and very widely distributed species is in the Funafuti Collection,
and is apparently as common in the Ellice Group as in other
islands of the Pacific.
DIODONTID^E.
TETRODON, Linnaeus.
TETRODON NIGROPUNCTATUS, Block.
Tetrodon nigropunctatus, Bloch, Schn., p. 507 ; Bleeker, Atlas
Ichth., pi. ccvi., fig. 4.
The Collection includes two adult examples, both of which
when alive exhibited a beautiful lemon colour on the entire
ventral surface, thus approaching the variety citrinella. One of
the two specimens is very spiny, and the other is in part almost
naked. Although it is known that some Diodons are able to
erect their spines independently of the inflation of the body,
personally I had no idea that Tetrodons could accomplish a
similar result to such an extent as is exhibited by our specimens.
Examining the two side by side one was seen to be exceedingly
spiny, while the other as indicated appeared to be devoid of such
armaments ; it was not until the last named example was turned
over that I realised they were of the same species. The right
side of this specimen lias the spines fully protruded, while
on the left side they are deeply imbedded, but can be readily
found and protruded by means of a knife or other instrument.
A Tetrodon killed with its spines erected may present a very
different appearance to one of the same species killed while the
spines were imbedded beneath the skin. As the spiniferous
character is used in describing or determining the various species,
it has been thought advisable to indicate that it may not be so
constant as has been imagined.
I find that Giinther has drawn attention to the fact that this
species varies in its spiny character, but was apparently unaware
198 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
that an individual might exhibit each variation as circumstances
altered. He writes as follows* :
" This species varies in a remarkable manner in the extent of
the spines over the body : sometimes they project much out of
the skin, and cover nearly the entire body like bristles : some-
times they are much less numerous, and nearly entirely hidden in
the skin, the greater part of which appears to be smooth."
Tetrodon nigropunctatus is included in a division characterised
by the presence on each side of the snout of " two solid nasal
tentacles without opening." Of this species I would rather say
that there is a single tentacle on each side of the snout, each
tentacle consisting of a stalk separated at about half its height
into two lobes. On examining these lobes with a lens they were
seen to be distinctly porous at the apex, and suspecting the
presence of a canal one of the tentacles was removed, when two
depressions were observable in the pedicle, each depression cor-
responding with one of the lobes. On cutting sections, the
microscope revealed the presence of two black spots which may
have been the pigmental and juxtaposed walls of two canals.
The tentacles had however been so shrivelled, that nothing more
satisfactory could be made out.
The native name of the species, which is very common around
the Atoll, is " Soui."
TETRODON IMMACULATUS, Block.
Tetrodon immaculatus, Bloch., Schn., p. 507 ; Bleeker, Atlas
Ichth., p. 75, pi. ccxi., fig. 1,
One half-grown example is included in the Collection. The
stomachs of all these Tetrodons were crowded with coral, which
grated together when the body was touched. In T. nigro-
punctatus the coral consisted of the finer branchlets of a
Pocillopora, found growing in the shallower water where the
Tetrodons were obtained. Some of the pieces swallowed, measured
nearly f inch in length, and were much branched.
The food of T. immaculatus, as exhibited by our specimen, was
composed of pieces of the stock of a coral unbranched, and not
exceeding a pea in size. With these were associated some Fora-
minifera, which my colleague, Mr. Thomas Whitelegge, has
identified as Orbitolites complanata and Tinoporus baculatus.
Darwin has noticed two species of Scarus as browsing upon
corals, f
*GHinther Cat. of Fishes, viii., p. 293.
t Darwin Coral Eeefs, 1874, p. 19.
PISHES WAITE. 199
The fifty -four species here enumerated are those brought to
Sydney, but this number does not exhaust even the common
fishes of the Atoll, many different kinds not obtained were
observed swimming about the coral growth, or in the deep water
beyond. Other species were obtained, but for various reasons
were not preserved. We are told (page 65) how a giant ray
(probably Ceratoptera) was harpooned in shoal water in the
Lagoon, and the large fins cut off to make a meal for the families
of its captors. It is also mentioned that the " Bonito " (Thynnus),
is attracted and caught with pearl-shell hooks trailed unbaited over
the surface, their gleaming nacre being a sufficient temptation.
The Barracouta or Barracuda (Sphyrcena) is also mentioned, and
the flying-fish (Exoccelus), attracted in the lagoon by torches, and
caught in nets, formed a valuable source of food. A shark was
caught and can be readily identified as the "Thresher" (Alopias
vulpes) from a drawing made by Mr. Hedley. This shark is
known as " Mungo " to the natives. There is evidence of another
shark, for the swords figured by Edge-Partington,* as possibly
from the Ellice Group, are armed with teeth, evidently those of
Galeocerdo rayneri.
Mr. Hedley described to me a fish which there was small
difficulty in recognising, and on showing him illustrations of
Epibulus insidiator, he at once identified them as portraying the
fish he described. A species extremely variable in colour, the
example seen was wholly yellow.
A Diodon (or rather portion of the skin) was brought home ;
it was found on the beach, and as it consists of nothing more
than spines held together with skin, the species cannot be
determined.
Mr. Hedley brought us some account of a large fish found off
the Coral Atolls, known to the natives as " Palu," and to the
traders as " Oil fish." It is only caught in the deepest water,
and is described as having an immense head, enormous jaws, and
large scales. I would hazard the suggestion that it is one of the
Macruridce, and as little, if any, information has been published
about the " Palu," have pleasure in transcribing the following
account, for which we are indebted to Mr. W. S. Crummer, of
the Department of Lands, Sydney, who received it from the well
known traveller and author, Mr. Louis Becke :
"This peculiar fish is, as far as I know, only found in the
Tokelau (or Union Group), the Ellice Group, the Kingsmill
Group, and at the isolated islands of Pukapuka (Danger Island),
Suwarrow Island, and Manahiki. I do not know for certain, but
have been told by many intelligent natives, that the ' Palu ' is
never to be found among the high islands, such as the Fijis,
* J. Edge-Partington Ethnological Album (1), i., pi. xxxvii., figs. 6-11.
200 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Samoa, New Hebrides, etc. ; that it affects only the low-lying
coral atolls, such as the above-named. With the exception of an
old trader named Jack O'Brien, now living in Funafuti, in the
Ellice Group, I do not think there is among the white traders of
to-day another man besides myself who has caught ' Palu.' In
the first place, a man must have much experience of deep-sea
fishing ; in the next, the native inhabitants would strongly resent
a strange white man attempting to catch one, for reasons I will
explain hereafter that is, the people of the Line Islands would so
resent it.
" A full-grown ' Palu' would weigh up to 1501bs., and be 6ft.
long ; it being by no means a thick fish ; as far as shape goes it
is much like the Australian Jew fish. In place of scales it
possesses a tough black skin, thickly covered with bright silvery
and small horny excresences growing in the same manner as the
feathers of a French fowl that is, these scales, or whatever you
can call them, curl upwards, and feel loose to the touch. The
most peculiar features of the ' Palu ' are the enormous eyes ; the
jaws are toothless ; the fins resemble those of a Jew fish. The
average size is about 3 or 4ft., and weight 40 to GOlbs.
" The ingeniously constructed wooden ' Palu ' hook you are
already familiar with, so I need not here say anything about it.
The line most in favour for ' Palu ' fishing is made from the very
best cocoanut fibre, 4 or 6 plait. This is of great strength, and
above all very light, for it is not unusual to fish in 150 to 200
fathoms, and at such a depth as that the lines, made from 'fetau'
(Hibiscus), would be too heavy to pull in. A stone sinker, 3 to
51bs., is attached to the line.
" A calm smooth night is chosen, and after catching flying fish
for ' Palu ' bait, the canoes pull out into the open always on the
lee side. It is customary to observe the strictest silence, the
natives having many superstitions in regard to ' Palu ' catching,
which is always conducted in a quiet, noiseless manner, different
from ' Bonito ' fishing, where everyone yells and howls, and
works himself into a frenzy.
" The bite of the ' Palu ' is hardly perceptible, but on the Island
of Nanoinaga, in the Ellice Group, where I was left twelve
months, I do not remember an instance where we did not touch
bottom at 120 fathoms, and almost immediately pull up with a
' Palu ' hooked. The hauling up is done very slowly till the fish
is within 30 or 40 fathoms, and then as fast as possible to avoid
the big Tanifa sharks that would seize the fish. Sometimes in
1 Palu ' fishing we have hooked immense brown eels which, unless
our united strength was put on the line, would tie themselves
round the coral and cut the line. In one of these eels we found
a 'Palu' weighing 201bs., just dead, showing that these brutes
FISHES WAITE. 201
prey on the ( Palu.' When each canoe has caught two ' Palu '
they paddle ashore.
"The fish are apportioned out to the community with the
greatest exactitude every portion of it is edible ; the head,
bones, and fins, when cooked, turning into a rich mass of jelly.
The flesh of the 'Palu,' if left uncooked, never putrefies; it
simply dissolves into a colourless and odourless oil I believe
chemists would like to get hold of ' Palu ' oil. When cooked, it
is not easy to detect any great difference from the flesh of other
fish, except that it looks very rich and is dully transparent. Its
almost immediate effect on the bowels I have described to you
before.
"It is prized above all other fish in the Line and Ellice
Groups. In the Line Islands it is called ' Te icka ne peka '
hardly translatable in polite English ; but not to be too coarse
we will say it means ' the fish that makes you obey the call of
nature in double quick time.'
" When I was living on Savage Island, the people then told
me that in the older times ' Palu ' were caught there, but of late
years very rarely, and that the strong currents racing round the
island made them (the natives) afraid to venture out at night ;
but I surprised them when, with two old warrior fishermen, I
caught five ' Palu ' in one night, in 80 fathoms only, and with a
steel fish-hook. I set the fashion, and the extinct art was
revived during my stay there, and I sold any amount of fishing
lines and 8-in. hooks, as the Nuie people hate to make anything
they 'can buy or steal."
Three types of Funafuti native instruments, in which portions
of fishes have been made use of, have been submitted to me.
One, called a rasp, is simply a dried portion of the tail of
Urogymnus asperrimus. The skin of this ray, as is well known,
is in common use for covering sword and spear handles, etc.
A second, described as a thatching needle, is formed of about
nine inches of the beak of a Sword Fish (Histiophorus).
Another needle used for a similar purpose is the caudal spine of
one of the larger Sting Rays (Trygonidce\ the serrations having
been ground down to render the tool sufficiently smooth. The
native name of the ray is " Feimanu."
A number of lancets form a third type. They are very neatly
made of a piece of stick cleft at the end, into which is lashed a
shark's tooth. The teeth are possibly from Carcharias lamia;
those from the lower jaw would make admirable lancets, but
personally I should not care to be operated upon by the serrated
teeth of the upper jaw both types of teeth having been similarly
utilised.
THE ENTEROPNEUSTA OF FUNAFUTI.
PART I.
BY JAS. P. HILL,
Demonstrator of Biology in the University of Sydney.
[IX.]
THE ENTEROPNEUSTA.
PART. I.
BY JAS. P. HILL,
Demonstrator of Biology in the University of Sydney.
[Plate IX.]
THE Collection of Enteropneusta brought by Mr. Charles Hedley
from Funafuti, and which I have had the privilege of examining
through the kindness of Mr. R. Etheridge, Junr., Curator of the
Museum, comprises two distinct and widely separated species
belonging to the genus Ptychodera.
One of these species is identical with a species found by Dr.
Arthur Willey at three distinct localities in the New Caledonian
Archipelago, and of which he has already communicated an
account to the " Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science."*
Dr. Willey has most kindly sent me his collection for comparison
with that made by Mr. Hedley, together with an account of his
observations. I am thus enabled to speak definitely on the identity
of these two forms. Willey has referred the species concerned
provisionally to Ptychodera flava, Eschscholtz,f recorded from
the Romanzoff Group of the Marshall Archipelago in 1825, and
has suggested that until the Marshall Islands' form is re-examined
it might be advisable to call the New Caledonian form P. flava,
caledonica, or simply P. caledonica. Now, however, that the
same form has been found to occur at such a distinct and widely
separated, but intermediate locality as Funafuti, Willey proposes
(in litt.) to drop the name caledonica, and to regard the species,
provisionally at least, as P. flava, Eschsch., in the amended
sense.
The specimens of this species obtained by Mr. Hedley do not
exceed 3 inches in length. Willey gives 2| inches as the maxi-
mum length of unextended specimens obtained at the islet of
Amedee, close to Noumea, while specimens found by him later at
* In the press.
t J. W. Spengel Die Enteropneusten des Golfes von Neapel, etc.
Fauna u. Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 1893. pp. 190-1, fig. P.
206 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Lifu, in the Loyalty Islands, were much larger, extending to 7
or 8 inches in length, (in Htt.).
The other species in the Funafuti collection is new to science.
I propose to associate it with the name of Mr. Hedley.
FAMILY PTYCHODERID^].
PTYCHODEBA, Spengel.
PTYCHODERA HEDLEYI, sp. nov.
DESCRIPTION.
Mode of Occurrence and External Characters. Mr. Hedley has
supplied me with the following field notes: "The centre of the
principal islet of Funafuti Atoll is occupied by a large bare flat,
surrounded by a hedge of Rhizophora this locality is described
(ante p. 10) as the Mangrove Swamp. At the north end of this,
near the holes through which the tide ebbs and flows, are
numerous, shallow, sandy or muddy puddles covered at half tide ;
the most prolific being some under the shade of the mangroves.
In such a puddle, 3 inches deep and 2 feet across, a dozen
specimens might be found. The animals were best secured by
taking up a handful of wet mud and combing the fingers care-
fully through it. The primrose yellow of the Ptychodera dis-
tinguished the least exposure of its body, and it was carefully
washed off the fingers into a vessel of water. Even with care
many specimens were torn. The two species were found associa-
ted together."
The external characters alone suffice to mark off this species
from all the described species of the genus Ptychodera.
P.flava, as Willey has shown, is at once characterised by the
great development and extreme ventral origin of the genital wings
(or better, genital pleura, as Willey has suggested), and thus belongs
to Spengel's provisional subgenus Chlamydothorax, of the family
Ptychoderidae. P. hedleyi, on the contrary, is entirely devoid
of genital pleura, and is hence to be associated with P. minuta
and P. sarniensis, in the subgenus Ptychodera (sensu stricto).
The complete specimens of this species at my disposal vary in
length from about 6 to 14 cm.
Mr. Hedley supplies the following notes on the mode of pre-
servation : " On arriving at the camp, the tube containing the
take of Ptychodera was emptied into a photographic dish filled
with sea water; a little cocaine was added, which seemed to
induce the animals to crawl about freely. After four or five
hours they had rid themselves of mud and mucus, and were killed
by a weak solution of chromic acid. Having remained in this
for twelve hours, they were finally transferred to three per cent,
solution of formol."
BNTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 207
Proboscis. The proboscis of this species, like that of the
P. minuta and P. sarniensis, is relatively short. It has a greatest
length of 9 mm., and a breadth of 5 mm., i.e., its length is not
quite double its breadth. In form it is somewhat egg-shaped, or
more accurately, its outline may be compared with that of the
human tongue. A distinct median sulcus is present, on its dorsal
surface, in some specimens, but not in all, and may simply be due
to contraction in preservation.
Collar. The collar appears about as broad as long, with a
greatest length and breadth each of 5 mm. It is considerably
shorter than the proboscis, in the proportions of 5 : 9 and 4 : 7
in two individuals.
The five regions of the collar are distinct, and in their relations
are characteristic for the species. The first region includes the
anterior free part of the collar, and occupies about a third of its
entire extent. Its free margin is slightly crinkled, but is not
markedly expanded frill-like, as in P. australiensis* This free
part of the collar narrows posteriorly, and passes over into the
second region, occupying the middle third of the collar.
This second region appears of a darker colour than the first,
and is somewhat broader than the latter. It forms a distinct
circular cushion, narrowing anteriorly where it joins the first, and
broader posteriorly where it adjoins the third region. The
posterior third of the collar, constituting its broadest portion,
includes the third, fourth, and fifth regions.
The third and fifth regions are formed by two prominent
circular ridges of about equal size, and are separated from each
other by a circular groove constituting the fourth region. The
circular rim of the fifth region forms the posterior margin of the
collar, and has a distinctly greater transverse diameter than the
succeeding branchio-genital section of the trunk, so that the
collar appears distinctly marked off from the latter.
In the specimens the collar shows distinct longitudinal grooves,
no doubt produced by the contraction of the collar musculature.
TRUNK.
(1.) Branchio-genital Region. This region is characterised by
the great length of the branchial area, and the absence of genital
pleura, the latter however being represented in the genital region
proper by genital cushions (cf. infra).
It may be subdivided into a branchio-genital region, co-exten-
sive with the gill area, and into an exclusively genital region
behind the point of termination of the gills. In the largest
* J. P. Hill On a New Species of Enteropneusta (P. australiensis),
from the Coast of New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. (2), x.,
1894.
208 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
specimen in the collection the gill area has a total length of
3-3 cm. It is thus relatively much longer than in P. minuta
and P. sarniensis, and is also of a different shape. In these forms
the gill area, when viewed from above, presents, as Spengel
describes it, the appearance of an elongated narrow triangle with
its apex pointing posteriorly. In P. hedleyi, however, the gill
area, viewed from above, appears long and band-like, and is not
pointed at its posterior end. The gill pores open on each side
into a narrow longitudinal groove, which runs parallel with the
deep median groove, marking the position of the dorsal nerve
cord. The narrow bands of epidermis lying, one on each side,
between the median groove and the branchial grooves, and
hardly '5 mm, in width, are divided up by transverse lines into a
definite and fairly regular series of oblong or squarish areas,
characteristic for the species. The openings of the gill cavities
into the branchial grooves can only be made out in sections.
Laterally to the branchial grooves, the epidermis is irregularly,
but very markedly annulated, the annulations being interrupted
below by the median ventral groove marking the course of the
ventral nerve cord. This ventral groove is much shallower than
the dorsal. In the branchial region the trunk is almost quite
cylindrical, measuring in greatest breadth 4.75 mm. It is not
possible, in this region, to speak of genital cushions, such as
Spengel* describes and figures for P. minuta (taf. 2, fig. 10), and
P. sarniensis (taf. 6, fig. 7). Indeed, sections through the
branchial region of P. hedleyi more closely resemble in general
form the section, figured by Spengel, through the branchial region
of Glandiceps talaboti (fig. 13, taf. 19), than similar sections of
P. minuta and P. sarniensis.
Behind the branchial region proper there is a short exclusively
genital segment of the trunk, characterised by its greater trans-
verse breadth and the presence of distinct genital cushions,
similar to the much more extensive cushions described by Spengel
for P. miuuta and P. sarniensis. This region, in a fragment of
a large and apparently sexually mature individual, has a length
of 15 mm., with a transverse breadth of 6 mm. It not only
exceeds the branchial region in breadth but presents in sections
a very different outline ventro-laterally it is rounded, while
dorsally it is markedly concave on each side of the median ridge
formed by the dorsal nerve cord. The genital cushions are the
direct continuations of that portion of the epidermis forming the
lateral boundary of the branchial grooves. They form low and
thick lateral ridges, extending from the posterior end of the
branchial region up to within a short distance of the most
anterior liver sacs.
*Loc. cit.
ENTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 209
Behind the branchial region the dorsal nerve cord no longer
lies in the bottom of a groove but forms a median ridge, traceable
to the posterior extremity of the tail. Just in front of the anus,
however, it becomes much less marked, and may even fade away
from view. The ventral cord similarly comes to the surface at
the end of the branchial region and passes as a median whitish
line up to the extreme posterior end of the tail.
The gonads extend throughout the whole extent of the
branchio-genital region up to within a short distance of the
anterior liver sacs.
(2.) Hepatic Region. May reach a length of 27 mm., and a
breadth of 5.5 mm. The number of liver sacs in the larger
specimens varies from fifty to sixty on each side. The sacs are
arranged in two distinct and uniform longitudinal rows. An-
teriorly, they commence abruptly, just behind the point of fading
away of the genital cushions, while posteriorly they gradually
become smaller, and pass over without definite limit into the
transverse annulations of the dorsal region of the tail. The most
anterior and posterior sacs are colourless in the preserved speci-
mens, while the remaining sacs, as well as the ventral portion of
the body wall in the hepatic region, are of a light slaty brown
colour. The three or four pairs of anterior liver sacs are some-
what smaller and thicker antero-posteriorly than the succeeding
ones. The latter are simple, markedly compressed antero-
posteriorly, and situated close together so that the anterior and
posterior faces of the adjacent sacs touch. Each sac has a broad
base of attachment corresponding in transverse extent with its
free part. The outer ends of the sacs thus do not project freely
so as to overhang the lateral body wall, though owing to the
lesser transverse breadth of the ventral half of the hepatic region
it is not visible when the region is viewed from above. The line
of attachment of the outer ends of the sacs is marked on each
side by a low longitudinal ridge, continuous in front with the
genital cushion.
(3.) Tail Region. In the largest complete specimen this region
is about twice as long as the hepatic region, and measures 5.3
cm. in length, with a breadth of 5 mm. In this species, as in
P. australiensis, the tail region is characterised by the presence
of two dorso-lateral epidermal lines, corresponding to the two
underlying ciliated grooves of the intestine. The lines extend
from the hepatic region over the anterior two-thirds of the tail,
running parallel with the dorsal nerve cord, and about .5 to
.75 mm. distant from it. They enclose between them a band-like
area of the dorsal body wall, with the dorsal cord running along
its middle, and appearing like a direct backward prolongation of
the hepatic region. On each side of the nerve cord the area often
210 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
appears slightly depressed, and thus stands out very distinctly. It
is crossed by a numerous series of close set epidermal ridges, which
may even extend continuously across the dorsal cord. Laterally,
the ridges may either stop short at the epidermal lines, or may
pass across them to become continuous with the annulations of
the ventro-lateral body wall. These latter are invariably inter-
rupted at the ventral nerve cord.
In P. flava, Willey has also recorded the existence of two
dorso-lateral bands in the tail region, but as he describes them,
these bands, which are visible externally do not cause any
interruption in the annulations or islets of the integument,
and in fact are probably only the ciliated bands of the intestine
showing through the epidermis by transparency.
Behind the termination of the epidermal lines the tail gradu-
ally narrows to its posterior end. In this posterior region the
epidermal annulations may, in some specimens, be partly broken
up into small islands. The annulations of the tail region are, on
the whole, more regular than those of the branchio-genital region.
In Part II. I propose to describe and figure the salient features
in the internal anatomy of this species.
THE ALCYONAKIA OF FUNAFUTI.
PART I.
BY THOMAS WH1TELEGGE.
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
[X.]
THE ALCYONARIA.
Part I.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE Alcyonaria collected at the Ellice Group by Mr. 0. Hedley,
prove to be of more than ordinary interest, inasmuch as the
Collection now dealt with includes four new species, and many
rare or but little known forms.
There are three species of the genus Sarcophytum, one of which
was originally described by Dana as Alcyonium latum, from Fiji ;
herein it is referred to the genus Sarcophytum, to which it
undoubtedly belongs.
The genus Lobophytum is represented by six or seven species ;
two are described as new, and four others have been re-described
and illustrated, with a view to aid in their determination in the
future.
In dealing with the species described by the earlier authors,
there is a considerable amount of doubt as to their specific
identity, from the fact that the characters afforded by the spicules
have generally been ignored, and only the external features
given. In such cases 1 have thought it better to accept the
species, when they agreed fairly well with the descriptions,
rather than describe them as new.
Under this category are included Alcyonium tuberculosum,
Q. & G., A. confertum, Dana, and A. viride, Q. & G. The latter
appears to differ greatly from the other species under notice, and
Studer refers it to the genus Lobularia in his account of the
Alcyonaria of S.M.S. " Gazelle."* Judging by the spicules
alone, the species herein enumerated and referred to the genus
Lobophytum are very heterogeneous, -displaying great variation
in the size and also in the tuberculation of the larger spicules ;
the tubercles are not in whorls but are irregularly scattered, this
is so in L. tuberculosum, L. confertum, and L. densum, which in
this respect are closely allied to L. marenzelleri, and also in the size
of the siphonozooids, which are minute and almost rudimentary.
*Monateb. Akad. Wisg. Berlin, 1878, p. 634.
214 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The Nephthyidce are represented by two species of Spongodes,
one S. pallida being regarded as new.
Of the genus Siphonogorgia no less than three out of the seven
known species are in the Collection, together with a new species
possessing very large spicules, the external ones of which resemble
those of Spongodes.
I have again to acknowledge my obligation to my colleague,
Mr. Edgar R. Waite, for the admirable pen and ink drawings,
from which the accompanying illustrations were photographically
reproduced.
Mr. Charles Hedley supplies the following field notes :
" The Alcyonidce, such as Lobophytum and Sarcophytum,
especially nourished on the numerous small reefs which stud
the lagoon, where they grew from low water to as deep as the
eye could follow. Like the hard corals with which they were
interspersed, they loved clear, smooth water, and a rocky bottom,
and could not endure sand or mud. So plentiful were they in
such spots, that I have often walked for twenty or thirty paces
treading upon Alcyonaria continuously. So much do these
resemble in a general way some of the hard corals, among which
they grow, that I have often stooped to feel whether the object
of my attention were hard or soft. On shady days the polyps
might be seen fully exserted, but in bright sunshine they were
invariably retracted. All the -specimens collected were taken at
low water by wading on the lagoon reefs opposite the anchorage.
" The Nephthyidce, embracing Spongodes and Siphonogorgia,
could not be reached but by one having steam power at command.
The only day a steam launch was placed at my disposal, I spent
the time dragging tangles across and along the steep and narrow
slope west of the atoll, between forty and seventy fathoms.
From this rocky mountain side were procured one species of
Spongodes, four species of Siphonogorgia, and a number of
Gorgonias." These latter will be dealt with in the next Part.
. ALCYON ARIA.
FAMILY ALCYONID^.
SARCOPHYTUM GLAUCUM, Quoy & Gaim.
Sarcophytum glaucum, Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, Zoophytes,
iv., p. 270, pi. xxii., figs. 11-12; Marenzeller, Zool. Jahrb.,
Bd. i., 1886, p. 352, pi. ix., fig. 12 ; Wright & Studer, Chall.
Rep., Zool., xxxi., p. 248, pi. xlii., fig. 3.
Four well preserved specimens, with the polyps mostly extended.
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGGE. 215
SARCOPHYTUM TROCHELIOPHORUM, var. AMBOINENSE, Marenz.
Sarcophytum trocheliophorum, var. amboinense, Marenz., Zool.
Jahrb., Bd. i., 1886, p. 361, pi. ix., tig. 6 ; Wright & Studer,
Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi., p. 249, pi. xli., fig. 11.
One small specimen, the polyps are quite retracted, the sipho-
nozooids are distinct and disposed in circles. The short thick
spicules are characteristic of this form. (See fig. 6c on Maren-
zeller's plate.)
SARCOPHYTUM LATUH, Dana.
(Plate x., figs, la-/.)
Alcyonium latum, Dana, Zooph. U.S. Explor. Exped., pi. Iviii.,
figs. 6, a, b, b; Synop. Rep. Zooph., 1859, p. 125.
The single example obtained, differs slightly from the type as
figured by Dana ; it is smaller, more depressed, and the lobes are
fewer.
The sterile column is well developed, it is 55 mm. high at its
highest point, and 30 mm. at its lowest ; the surface is longitu-
dinally sulcate and very harsh to the touch.
The capitular margin is a little swollen, but not at all re volute,
the upper surface generally presents a minutely beaded appear-
ance, due to the elevation of the walls surrounding the orifices of
the polyps.
The autozooids, which are 1 mm. apart, are encircled by six or
seven siphonozooids, the latter being also common to the encircling
series of adjoining autozooids, as shown in Dana's fig. 6a.
The ccenenchyrna spicules are abundant, and consist of fusi-
form, and of subcylindrical spindles, studded with whorled,
granular, or spiny tubercles. Size -3 by -08, '4 by !, -3 by '15,
35 by -15 mm. In addition to these, there are a few crosses and
comparatively smooth spiny spindles.
The spicules of the cortex are tuberculated clubs, which form a
very dense crust, they are variable at the blunt end, some are
broad and others obliquely pointed. Size -12 by -03, -2 by -04mm.
The specimen has the same general shape as that figured by
Dana, consisting of two subfoliate expansions ; there is evidently
an error in fig. 7, the right half having the sterile column coloured
and dotted to represent polyps similar to those on the capitular
surface.
The spirit specimen is dark stone colour.
216 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
LOBOPHYTUM PAUCIFLORUM, Ehr., var. VALIDUM, Marenz.
Lobophytum pauciflorum, Ehr., var. validum, Marenz., Zool.
Jahrb., Bd. i., p. 367, pi. ix., fig. 12, a, b, c.
One specimen 80 mm. long by 52 mm. wide, the sterile column
is 25 mm. high, with a somewhat even surface, excepting at one
point, where it exhibits a few transverse wrinkles.
The capitular margin is slightly thickened, and a little revolute
.in some parts.
The lobes of the capitulum are abruptly rounded at the summits,
they are about ten in number and vary from 15 to 25 mm. in
height, 15 to 40mm. in width, and from 7 to 10mm. in their
least diameter.
The autozooids are 2 mm. apart, the walls surrounding the
orifices are slightly raised, and a shade darker in colour than the
rest of the surface.
The siphonozooids are numerous, small, and scarcely visible to
the unassisted eye ; there are from five to seven between two
autozooids.
The spicules do not differ from those figured by Marenzeller.
The specimen in spirits is a dark stone colour.
LOBOPHYTUM HEDLEYI, sp. nov.
(Plate x., figs. 2o-7t.)
There are three examples, exhibiting great variation in the
lobation of the capitulum.
In the larger specimen the sterile column is complete, rigid,
and harsh to the touch, longitudinally plicate, and measures
50 mm. in diameter and 35 mm. in height.
The capitulum consists of about twelve subflabellate lobes
from 20 to 40 mm. high, 25 to 45 mm. wide, and from 5 to 8 mm.
thick.
The primary lobes are divided into three or four secondary
lobes, 10 to 15mm. high, and 5 to 10mm. wide. Many of the
broader lobes have a longitudinal fold commencing at the base
and continued to the subtruncate apex.
In the two smaller examples, both the primary and secondary
lobes are much narrower, the latter often digitate, compressed,
or subcylindrical, with evenly rounded summits, the wider lobes
exhibit a rather broad median longitudinal groove on at least one
side ; on the widest lobes the grooves are present on both sides.
The primary lobes are from 8 to 30mm. wide, 10 to 25mm. high,
and from 3 to 7 mm. thick ; the secondaries from 5 to 20 mm.
high, 5 to 10 mm. wide, and from 2 to 5 mm. in their narrow
diameter,
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGGB. 217
The autozooids are very irregularly disposed ; they are few in
number, and on the central regions of the lobes separated from
each other by wide intervals. On the margins and summits of
the lobes they are closer, and about 1 to 2 mm. or even less apart.
The siphonozooids are numerous, distinct, and plainly visible
to the unassisted eye ; between the widely separated autozooids
there are as many as twelve, whilst on the margins, where the
autozooids are crowded, they are fewer and disposed in circles.
The spicules of the ccenenchyrna consist of
(1.) Straight rather acute ended spindles, the smaller of which
are often unequal and subclavate. The tubercles are in whorls
and somewhat minutely spinose. Size -15 by -03, -3 by -09 mm.
(2.) Short, stout, subcylindrical, with from four to six whorls
of spiny tubercles. Size '15 by -07, '2 by 1 mm.
In addition to the foregoing there are numerous spiny spindles
and some crosses. The spicules of the cortex are rather narrow
tuberculated clubs. Size -12 by -02, -15 by -05mm.
The colour in spirits is umber.
Reg. No. G. 1537.
LOBOPHYTUM MAEENZELLERI, Wright <k Studer.
Lobophytum marenzelleri, Wright & Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool.
xxxi., p. 251, pi. xlii., fig. 1.
One specimen of an oval shape, 80mm. long and 40 mm. wide.
Only a small portion of the sterile column remains, it is 30mm.
high. The lobation of the capitulum, autozooids, siphonozooids
and spicules, agree with the published description.
The specimen is of a yellowish-white colour.
LOBOPHYTUM TUBERCULOSUM, Quoy & Gaim.
(Plate xi., figs. 3o-/.)
Lobophytum tuberculosum, Quoy & Gaiin., Voy. Astrolabe, Zooph.,
iv., p. 274, pi. xxiii., figs. 4-5.
In a small example referred to this species the sterile stem is
mostly torn away, the remaining portion is 15 mm. high and
25 mm. wide.
The capitulum is 80 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 20 mm. high.
There are seven primary lobes arising from the expanded base,
each bearing from five to twenty secondary round, oblong, or
subreniform lobes, their height seldom exceeding their lesser
diameter.
The autozooids are crowded, with the margins of the orifices
deeply sunk, they are from -5 to 1 mm. apart.
218 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The siphonozooids are exceedingly minute and the orifices
difficult to see even with a strong lens. Their number is from
two to four between two autozooids.
The spicules of the ccenenchyma are straight, or curved, irre"
gularly tuberculated spindles, displaying great variation in outline;
some are cylindrical to within a short distance of the ends, where
they taper rapidly to rather blunt points, others are clavate with
the narrow end acute, and a few taper gradually to acute points.
Size -5 by -12, 2- by -4 mm.
The cortical spicules arc small clubs with tuberculate heads and
spiny sharply pointed shafts. Size -15 by '04, - 25 by "07 mm.
There are also a few smooth or slightly spiny spindles ; crosses
have not been observed. The colour in spirits is yellowish-gray.
LOBOPHYTUM CONFERTUM, Dana.
(Plate xi., figs. 5a-e.)
Lobophytum confertum, Dana, U. S. Explor. Exped., Zooph.,
pi. Mi., fig. 7, a, b ; Synop. Rep. Zooph., 1859, p. 125.
One specimen in which the sterile column is absent is with
some hesitation referred to this species. The colony is -cry hard
to the touch, and densely charged with large spicules, which can
be seen with the unaided eye projecting from the broken surfaces.
The capitulum consists of eight or nine main lobes, upon which
are situated a large number of secondary lobes, varying greatly
in shape ; on the basal expansion they are subcylindrical or
compressed and are from 4 to 15 mm. high, and 3 to 5 mm. thick.
Along the sides of the primaries the secondaries form low ridges
which extend in a more or less broken manner from the bases to
the summits, they are about as high as broad. The apical and
subapical lobes are very variable, scarcely any two being alike ;
they may be round, trigonous, or much compressed, with a slight
longitudinal groove, and the margins folded towards each other;
they are from 5 to 15 mm. high, 3 to 10 mm. in their broad, and
from 3 to 5 mm. in their narrow diameter.
The autozooids are evenly distributed, the marginal walls of
the orifices deeply sunk ; they are tolerably uniformly spaced,
being 1 mm. apart.
The siphonozooids are so minute that a high magnifying lens
fails to render them visible.
The ccenenchyma exhibits when viewed in transverse section a
large number of canals from -5 to 2 mm. in diameter ; the walls
are thickly charged with very large tuberculate spindles.
The tubercles are small, close, rather indistinctly whorled and
minutely granular ; some of the larger spicules have spines only,
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGGE. 219
they appear to be less opaqup than those bearing tubercles, and
the spines can be seen radiating from the axial region of the
spicule.
The spicules of the ccenenchyma vary considerably, and may
be enumerated as follows :
(1.) Large, curved or rarely straight, very variable both in the
amount of curvature, and the acuteness of the points ; most of
those evenly curved, whether boomerang, bow or /-shaped, have
moderately sharp points, whilst those unequally curved usually
have one end blunt. Size 1-7 by '25, 2-5 by -4mm.
(2.) Straight, fusiform, equally tapering to sharp points.
Size 1-4 by -22mm.
(3.) Straight, subcylindrical, with rounded ends. Size *8 by
15 mm.
(4.) Large, straight, or curved, fusiform with spines only.
Size 1-4 by -22, 2- by 45 mm.
The cortical spicules consist of :
(1.) Comparatively smooth fusiform spindles, with small
tubercles or spines. Size '45 by '08mm.
(2.) Straight, spiny, almost cylindrical. Size '35 by '05 mm.
(3.) Clubs with tuberculate heads and long spiny shafts.
Size -2 by -04, -25 by -05 mm.
The colour is coffee-brown, but this may be due to staining
caused by contact with other objects in the cask in which the
specimen was preserved. This is highly probable, as a second
example which at first sight was thought to be distinct, proves to
be the same, or perhaps a variety.
The colour of the second specimen is pale glaiicus or sage green,
the primary lobes are not so high, the secondary lobes are shorter,
thicker, and mostly in contact, each lobe being adapted to the
shape of contiguous lobes. A small portion of the barren stem
is present and exhibits a few longitudinal plications, but it is
comparatively smooth to the touch. Other characters, such as
the size of the autozooids, their distance apart, the rudimentary
siphonozooids, and the spicules, are very similar, and offer no
marked points of difference.
LOBOPHYTUM DEN8UM, Sp. DOV.
(Plate xi., figs. 4o-A.)
The colony is 70 mm. long, 45 mm. wide, and 60 mm. high.
About half of the sterile column is wanting, the height of the
remaining portion varies from 15 to 35mm. in height. The
coanenchyma is thickly charged with large spicules, giving the
stem when viewed in transverse section a solid appearance, the
longitudinal canals are not perceptible to the unassisted eye.
220 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The capitulum consists of numerous digitate lobes, mostly
simple, but some of the larger centrally situated give off from
three to five secondaries. The lobes are more or less compressed
with obtusely rounded summits, they are from 5 to 35 mm. high,
4 to 12 mm. in their narrow, and 7 to 15 in their broad diameter.
The autozooids are few and distant at the bases of the lobes,
elsewhere they are evenly distributed, and are from '5 to 1. mm.
apart
The siphonozooids are minute, and the orifices difficult to
distinguish even with a strong lens.
The ccenenchyma spicules are very large, and exist in such
numbers that the colony is almost of stony hardness. They
usually consist of straight or but little curved tuberculated
spindles, somewhat thick in the middle and tapering to sharp
points, some few have one end blunt, and occasionally branched ;
the tubercles are irregularly disposed.
The measurements of the spicules are as follows :
(1.) Large, fusiform, with simple spine-like tubercles, and
usually with a transverse median constriction. Size, ! by '2,
2-4 by -5.
(2.) Large, fusiform, subcylindrical or subclavate, closely tuber-
culate, the tubercles are thickly studded with minute spiny warts.
Size -8 by -2, 1-4 by -35, 2- by -5, 4- by -9mm.
(3.) Smaller fusiform, strongly but distantly tuberculate.
Size -35 by -1, -65 by -15mm.
(4.) Small fusiform, comparatively smooth, with spines. Size
5 by -09, -6 by ! mm.
The cortical spicules consist of short spiny spindles and clubs.
(1.) Spindles : Size -25 by -03.
(2.) Clubs : Size -1 by -03, -13 by -03mm.
The colour in spirits is pale brown, with the grooves and pits
darker.
Reg. No. G. 1541.
LOBULAEIA (?) VIRIDE, Quoy & Gaim.
(Plate xii., figs. Qad.)
Alcyonum viride, Quoy & Gaim., Voy. 1'Astrolabe, iv., p. 272,
pi. xxiii., figs. 22-23.
Ten specimens, very soft and flexible, displaying great varia-
tion in thg terminal lobes, some being cylindrical, others broad
and compressed or forming a series of rounded undulations on the
summits of .the flabellate branches.
The sterile column in a perfect example is largely developed, it
is 60 mm. high and 50 mm. in diameter.
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGGE. 221
The capitulum consists of five primary branches from 20 to
50mm. wide, 20 to 40mm. high, and from 5 to 8mm. thick.
The secondary lobes are from 8 to 30 mm. high, 7 to 25 mm. wide,
and from 3 to 7 mm. thick, with broadly rounded apices.
In another example the primary branches are from 50 to 75 mm.
wide, 20 to 50 mm. high, and from 5 to 7 mm. thick, the upper
margins having only slight indications of lobes, the central
primary branch has nine low rounded elevations, the highest
being 10mm. high and about the same in width.
The autozooids are irregularly disposed from 1 to 5 mm. apart,
and are much closer together on margins and apices of the lobes
than on the intervening spaces.
The siphonozooids are numerous, large and visible to the
unaided eye, varying greatly as to the number between the auto-
zooids ; usually there are two or three to 1 mm.
The coenenchyma of the sterile stem and of the capitulum is
charged with similar spicules, and I have been unable to detect
any special dermal layer in the capitulum. There exists a cortical
layer of spicules on the barren stem, consisting of small almost
smooth clubs with very few tubercles, and some short irregularly
shaped spindles with blunt ends.
The crenenchyma spicules are as follows :
(1.) Tuberculed spindles with the tubercles in well marked
zones. Size -2 by -05, -35 by -1mm.
(2.) Short, subcylindrical, with from four to six whorls of
tubercles. Size -19 by -08, -23 by 1 mm.
Cortical spicules of the sterile column :
(1.) Smooth spindles, with a few low rounded tubercles.
Size ! by -02 mm.
1 (2.) Clubs with smooth tubercles. Size -15 by -03mm.
The colour in spirits is olive-gray.
There are two small specimens which differ in being of a
delicate greenish-yellow, and the sterile stem is rougher to the
touch, but the other characters appear to be the same, and the
spicules are indistinguishable from those of the typical form.
FAMILY NEPHTHYIDJE.
SUB-FAMILY SPONGODIN.E.
SPONGODES PALLIDA, sp. nov. *
(Plate xii., figs. 7a-c.)
The colony arises from an encrusting base 15mm. long, 8mm.
wide, and from 1 to 2 mm. thick.
222 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
There are three stems about equal in height and in distance
apart; they are 10mm. high, 3 to 5mm. in diameter at their
bases, and from 6 to 9 mm. at their summits.
The polyps commence at the bases of the stems, where they are
arranged singly, irregularly, and at a considerable distance apart.
On the upper portions of the stems the polyps are in clusters
of from three to twelve, and arise from very short secondary
branches ; on the central stem there are about thirteen such
clusters, the largest of which is 3 mm. high and 5 mm. wide.
The polyp heads together with the stalks are from 1 to 1 -5 mm.
high, and from '07 to 1 mm. in diameter.
The solitary polyps are given off from the stem at right angles,
whilst the clusters on the branches are radiate, and the apertures
of many of the lower ones are directed towards the base of the stem.
The stem spicules are arranged transversely, and consist of
slightly curved spindles with obtuse ends, having their surfaces
closely beset with low rounded tubercles, which are generally
smooth, but in some of the larger forms they are minutely
denticulate.
Size -5 by -09, 1-5 by -2mm.
The spicules of the branches are shorter, stouter, and A little
more curved than those of the stem.
The polyp heads have at their bases a number of transversely
arranged spiny spindles with acute points. Size '4 by '03 mm.,
75 by -09 mm. From these there arise larger and longitudinally
disposed spicules in pairs, each pair converging at their apices
and separated at their bases. Usually one of each pair is longer
and projects beyond the margin of the calyx.
These spicules are curved at; the base, pointed at their free end,
and covered with sharp spines. Size '6 by '03, '8 by '05mm.
The tentacular spicules are distantly spinose, and are arranged
en chevron. Size -12 by -02mm.
The colour of the colony is uniform creamy-white. Obtained
by the tangles at a depth of from 40 to 70 fathoms outside the reef.
Reg. No. G. 1543.
SPONGODES CURVICORNIS, Wright & Studer.
Spongodes curvicornis, Wright & Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxxi.,
p. 220, pi. xxxvi., D., figs. 2, a, b.
One specimen dredged in about 20 fathoms in the lagoon.
The lower branches are connected and foliate or rosette-like as
in the type specimen.
ALCYONAEIA WHITELEGGE. 223
The spindle-shaped spicules on the stem and branches are large,
numerous, and easily visible to the unassisted eye ; those on the
main stem are arranged more or less transversely, varying greatly
in size, and are much more strongly spinose than the longitudinally
disposed spicules of the branches.
The colour is yellowish-white, the branches and polyps are
dark reddish-purple. The larger spicules often attain to a length
of 6 mm.
SUB-FAMILY SIPHONOGORGIN^.
SlPHONOGORGIA GODEFFROYI, Kolliker.
Siphonogorgia godeffroyi, Kolliker, Wright & Studer, Chall.
Rep., Zool., xxxi., p. 236, pi. xxxviii., fig. 4.
There are two small broken specimens which I refer to this
species, the larger of which is 25 mm. high and 5 mm. in diameter;
the apex is wanting, the remaining portion consists of an erect
stem giving off eight very short branches with terminal polyps.
The stem is pinkish at the base, the upper part white, and the
polyps very dark red. The longitudinally arranged spicules are
large, and consist of straight or curved tuberculated spindles.
Size 3- by '3 mm.
Obtained at a depth of from 40 to 70 fathoms.
SIPHONOGORGIA PALLIDA, Studer.
Siphonogorgia pallida, Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool.> xxxii., p. 8,
pi. ii., fig. 2 <z, b.
One example preserved in formol, in a much broken condition,
the actual base is wanting and the upper terminal twigs are
reduced to fragments.
The colony notwithstanding its damaged condition is 130 mm.
high and 70 mm. wide, the main stem is laterally compressed, its
widest basal diameter is 8 mm. and its narrowest 5 mm.
At a short distance from the base a large secondary branch
arises, which is slightly less robust than the primary, the general
appearance is like the figure on pi. ii. of the Chall. Rep., but the
main and secondary branches are more undulate.
The polyps on the lower parts of the colony are in many
instances quite flush with the surface, very few projecting like
those on the slender twigs.
The colour is bright brick-red with yellow polyps.
224 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In the walls of the canals there are numerous small spiny
spindles, of a dark carmine colour, offering a striking contrast to
the larger spicules which are yellowish-red by transmitted light.
Size -15 by -01, '35 by -03mm.
SIPHONOGORGIA KOLLIKERI, Wright & Studer.
Siphonogorgia kollikeri, Wright & Studer, Chall. Rep., Zool.,
xxxi., p. 236, pi. xxiv., fig. 2 ; Studer, Chall. Rep., xxxii.,
p. 7, pi. i., fig. 2 ; pi. v., fig. 3 ; pi. vi., figs. 4-5.
One specimen with a slightly enlarged base, and measuring
100 mm. in height, but no doubt much higher when perfect ; all
the terminal twigs are broken.
The colony closely resembles the figure given by Studer, the
large cone-shaped polyps being very characteristic.
The colour in spirits is coral-red.
Obtained at a depth of from 40 to 80 fathoms.
SIPHONOGORGIA MACROSPINA, sp. nov.
(Plate xii., figs. 8a-d.)
There are about twenty fragments of what appears to have
been one colony. Judging by these fragments the growth was
erect and in one plane, lateral branches being given off alternately
at intervals of from 5 to 10 mm., but rarely at right angles ; the
largest branch measures 25 mm. in height, and gives off two
alternate branchlets about 10mm. apart. The thicker branches
are a little compressed and 2 mm. in diameter, the slender ter-
minal twigs are 1 mm. or less. The branches are rigid but
exceedingly brittle owing to the large spicules and the paucity of
the ccenenchyma.
The polyps occur at intervals of 3 mm. apart, and are arranged
subspirally around the twigs either singly or in pairs, they are
placed obliquely to their support, and provided with a slightly
projecting calyx ; there is a distinct operculum composed of
grouped spicules arranged like a A, and a collar of transversely
disposed spicules below the tentacles.
The longitudinally arranged cortical spicules consist of much
curved or bent spindles, they are greatly elongated with slender
acute points, and the surfaces closely studded with warty tubercles.
The walls of the nutrient canals are thickly charged with long,
thin, spiny rods and spindles.
The spicules are as follows :
(1.) Large elongate curved spindles, densely covered with
warty tubercles and tapering to sharp points. Size 1 - 4 by 15mm.,
2- by 21, 3- by 32, 4- by -35, 5-5 by -4, 6- by -45mm.
ALCYONARIA WHITBLBGGE. 225
(2.) Long subcylindrical spiny rods and spindles, abundant in
the canal walls. Size -6 by -02, 1-3 by -03, 1-8 by -04 mm.
(3.) Calicular spicules, spiny subfusiform, with the free ends
acute. Size -7 by 12, 1* by -15mm.
(4.) Opercular spicules, distantly spinose. Size -3 by -03 mm.
(5.) Collar spicules, curved and minutely spinose. Size -25
x -02mm.
The colour in spirit is bright yellow, polyps darker.
Obtained outside the reef at a depth of from 40 to 70 fathoms.
Reg. No. G. 1548.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Mus exulans, Peale.
o. Skull in profile ; enlarged 1 diameters.
b. Ditto, from above ; ditto.
c, Ditto, from below ; ditto.
d. Upper molars ; greatly enlarged.
e, Hind foot ; natural size.
/. Ear; ditto.
Fig 2. Mulloides samoensis, Giinther.
a. Scale from anterior portion of lateral line, showing branched
tube; enlarged.
b. Scale from posterior portion of lateral line showing bifurcated
tube; enlarged.
c. Serrature of scale ; greatly enlarged.
Fig. 3. Ophichthys colubrinus, Boddaert.
Anterior portion of body.
MEMOIRS, AUST. MUS. Ill
PLATE VTII.
EDGAR R. WAITE, Del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Ptychodera hedleyi, sp. nov.
Seen from the dorsal aspect. From a preserved specimen, x
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE IX.
J. P. HILL, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Sarcophytum latum, Dana.
a, b, c, d. Spicules from the ccenenchyma.
e,f. Spicules from the cortex.
Fig. 2. Lobophytum hedleyi, sp. nov.
a. Colony. Nat. size.
b. Portion of colony. Nat. size.
c, d, e, f. Spicules from the coenenchyma.
g, h. Spicules from the cortex.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
FLATE X.
la.
g.c.
b
I.e.
I.e.
Id.
2d.
2.e.
EDUAB_B. WAITB, del.
EXPLANATION OP PLATE XI.
Fig. 3. Lobophytum, tuberculosum, Q. & G.
a, b, c. Spicules from the ccenenchyma.
j. d, e, f. Spicules from the cortex.
Fig. 4. Lobophytum densum, sp nov.
a. Colony. Nat. size.
b. Portion of colony. Nat. size.
c.d,e,f. Spicules from the ccenenchyma.
g, h. Spicules from the cortex.
Fig. 5. Lobophytum confertum, Dana.
a, 6, c. Spicules from the coenenchyma.
d, e. Spicules from the cortex.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XI.
3d.
4e.
i.f
5.d.
5. a.
& 5
3c.
4.h.
EDGAR E. WAITE, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
Fig. 6. Lobularia viride, Q. & G.
| 6a, 66, tic, Qd. Spic,ules from the ccenenchyira
Fig. 7. Spongodes pallida, sp. nov.
7a. Colony. Twice nat. size.
,, 76. Portion of colony greatly enlarged.
7c. Cortical spicule.
Pig. 8. Siphonogorgia macrospina, sp. nov.
,, 8a. Portion of colony. Nat. size.
86. Portion of colony. Greatly enlarged.
,, 8c. Rods from the canal walls.
8d. Cortical spicule.
MEMOIRS ALTST. MUS. III.
PLATE XII.
6 a.
7 c
t
6.G
8 a.
6U.
8.b.
6b
8d.
8.c.
EDGAR E. WAITE, del.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF FUNAFUTI.
BY CHARLES HEDLEY,
Conchologist, Australian Museum.
[XL]
THE ETHNOLOGY OF FUNAFUTI.
BY C. HEDLEY, Conchologist.
INTRODUCTION.
MUCH of the information conveyed in the " Gqneral Account "
could have been included with equal appropriateness in the present
chapter ; to it the reader is therefore referred for details not here
repeated.*
The natives of the Ellice Group appear to be closely allied to
those of the Phoenix and Union Groups, and also to those of
several small outlying islands,! and atolls in the same neighbour-
hood, extending perhaps as far as Rotumah and Fotuna. This
branch of the Polynesian Race may, for want of a better compre-
hensive term, be called the Tokelau People.
We are much in want of a satisfactory subdivision of the
Polynesian Race. The only classification with which I am
acquainted is that of Dr. H. Stolpe, based upon ornamental art.
Good though this undoubtedly is, yet a broader basis including
physique, language, religion, and so on, is required for a sound
arrangement. Dr. Stolpe throws the branch here proposed to be
called Tokelau into his Province of Tonga-Samoa, from the
remainder of which I would clearly distinguish it by, inter alia,
the different gods they worshipped and the difference of tattoo.
The Tokelau People are closely related to the Samoans, whose
standard of civilisation is, however, far superior. Either therefore,
they have degenerated, as is probable, amid unfavourable surround-
ings or they branched from the parent stock before the latter
reached the degree of superiority they afterwards attained.
Glancing for an instant further afield, I would draw attention
to many points of resemblance between the Japanese^ and Poly-
nesians that have occurred to me; such are their graceful courtesy
* For an article " The Legendary History of Funafuti," by Prof. W. J.
Sollas, see Nature, 11 Feb., 1897.
t Compare the account given of Fotuna or Home Island. Journ.
Polyn. Soc. i., 1892, pp. 33-52; of " Botuma and the Kotumans,"
Eev. W. Allen. Proc. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1895, (1896) p. 569 ; and
Lister, '' Notes on the Natives of Fakaofu." Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xxi.,
1892, p. 43.
t Trans. Kochdale Lit. and Sci. Soc., iii. 1893, p. 73.
Polynesian relations to the Corea are noted by Stair. Journ. Polyn.
Soc., iv., 1895, p. 55.
230 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
in peace and fierceness in war, the status and freedom of their
women, the position and authority of their chiefs, the existence
of a court language, their dexterity and daring in navigation and
deep sea fishing, and their skill in tatooing and in manufacturing
bark cloth or paper. In all of which features they are opposed
to the Melanesians. To institute closer comparisons between the
language, manners, customs and implements of the two races is an
inviting task, which opportunity does not permit me to pursue,
but I would submit it as a problem worth investigation, whether
the Polynesians may not stand in the same relation of distant and
degenerate kin to the Japanese as the Australian Blacks are
known to hold towards the Indian Dravidians.
Since the above idea occurred to me I have perused with pleasure
and profit an article by Mr. A. H. Keane, " On the Relations of
the Indo-Chinese and Inter-Oceanic Races and Languages,"* This
writer points out that " for science, there is no organic Malay
type, Malay being a national not a racial designation." Other
writersf have shown that the Japanese of to-day is likewise a
fusion of several distinct stocks. Keane's view that the Poly-
nesian of the Pacific represents an ancestral type now obliterated
almost or altogether as a pure race in South East Asia, but still
there discernable as a component element in existing people, has
much to recommend it.
The route of the Polynesian from South East Asia to his present
abode is generally heldj to have been through Papua, south-east-
wards through the larger islands of the western Pacific, by Fiji to
Samoa, thence to Rarotonga and finally to Hawaii. Against this
it seems to me an insuperable objection that the Samoans and
Eastern Polynesians were without any Papuan strain physically,
and had acquired none of the Papuan manners and customs, such
as the art of pottery, which a transit through Papuan lands could
not fail to impress upon them. Besides, at the point of contact
between the two races, we now see a contrary wave of Polynesian
blood and influence actually in motion from east to west. In the
Fijian Archipelago there is a gradual transition from a preponder-
ance of Polynesian in the east to a preponderance of Melanesian
in the west. Less marked but perceptible is the change in the
New Hebrides, and in the Solomons it can again be faintly seen,
while New Caledonia furthest west appears purest Melanesian.
Even in the east of New Guinea, Polynesian influence is traceable
though here once more it declines westward. That such authorities
as Wyatt Gill and Percy Smith should derive the Maories from
an eastern source the Hervey and Society Groups accords better
with the following hypothesis than with the accepted theory. Ellis
* Journ. Anthrop. lust., ix., 1880, p. 254.
f Griffis The Mikado's Empire, 1887, p. 27.
I Rankin Journ. Antbrop. Inst, vi., 1877, p. 233.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 231
regarded the Tahitian as an offspring of the Hawaiian stock, the
longer genealologies of the latter indicating superior antiquity.*
Had the Polynesian migration taken the route usually ascribed
to it, why should not its influence have been as strongly impressed
on the west as it is on the east of the Melanesian tribes ; why
should that influence rapidly increase eastward, and above all why
should the brown man, while leaving his mark on the susceptible
black, yet have entirely escaped reciprocal treatment ?
An alternative hypothesis, which would avoid these objections
but which does not appear to have been examined, is that the
Polynesian travelled from Asia, first to the Hawaiian Groupf
and after, perhaps, considerable sojourn there, migrated to Tahiti
and thence to Samoa.
Physique, language and tradition alike point to Samoa as the
immediate ancestral home of the Tokelau People Estimated by
the chronological standard of European history it is possible that
this archipelago has been but recently colonised.
Pritchard relates a tradition of Vaitupu, which places the arrival
of the first comers at seventeen generations back.J
Communication with the Gilbert Islands to the north probably
wrought in the life of the Ellice Islanders a change comparable
with the later change induced by European contact. A social
revolution must have been effected by the acclimatisation of the
coconut alone, involving as it did the introduction of the Gilbert
Island system of land tenure. The tattoo patterns certainly
followed the same route, and doubtless various social and religious
practices accompanied these.
* Ellis Polynesian Researches, i., 1832, p. 123.
f Two suggestive facts may here be mentioned ; one is that Hillebrand
considers the Broussonetia or tappa plant, the most peculiar possession
of the Polynesian, to be a native of Japan ; the other that Japanese junks
have drifted to Hawaii with occupants still living.
I Pritchard Polynesian Eeminiscences, 1866, p. 403. Of the Gilbert
Group, Wilkes wrote : That the islands have been peopled within a
period not very remote is believed by the natives themselves" (loc. cit.,
v. p. 86). Kotzebue considered with regard to Bomanzoff Atoll in the
Marshall Group, that, " all the islands had been but lately inhabited,"
(Voy. Discovery ii., 1821, p. 45). And Gill declared that, " The result of
my researches is the belief that the Hervey Islands have been inhabited
not more than six centuries," (Journ. Anthrop. Inst vi., 1877, p. 7). It
is stated (ante p. 61) that the presence of phosphate in the gardens is
inexplicable to me. Dr. Guppy's observations on the Keeling Islands
(Scot. Geogr. Mag., v., 1889, p. 292) have now made it clear to me
that this phosphate is a relic of the bird guano deposited before the
arrival of man. If the rate at which these phosphates disappear could
be ascertained, data would be available for calculating the time the islet
has been inhabited. On Cocos Keeling half a century had reduced it to
a trace.
Compare the account on p. 61 ante with Journ. Polyn. Soc., i., p. 266
and with Wilkes U.S. Explor. Exped., v., Chap. III.
232 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Funafuti is for many reasons an unfavourable centre for Ethno-
logical research. In weeding out the so-called immoral practices of
heathen days, the missionary agents seem, to a casual onlooker, to
crush out many innocent recreations, uprooting the wheat and the
tares together. The trader, another civilising influence, does his
part by substituting European wares for native products. But the
greatest shock the native civilisation suffered was when the South
American raiders almost depopulated the atoll thirty years ago.*
The place of the expatriated natives was largely taken by immi-
grants from other islands.
On glancing over the ground covered by the following paper
my predominant impressions are : firstly, the poverty of our
knowledge of Polynesian Ethnology and the superficial way in
which it has been studied; and secondly, the rapidity with which the
knowledge of it that might yet be gathered is vanishing. Though
in a library catalogue the bulk of Polynesian literature appears
large, yet when consulted upon trivial points it rarely responds
satisfactorily. Travellers seem to have contented themselves with
observing and collecting only the most obvious incidents and
articles. " If investigators and students would seize upon those
features in social life form of etiquette, games, ceremonies, and
other manners and customs which are the first to change in any
contact with alien race, a very important work would be accom-
plished for the future sociologist."!
Although I have constantly appealed to, and derived much
help from Edge-Partington's valuable Ethnographical Album, yet
I am compelled to say that, without confirmation, the use or locality
of any implement he figures, dependent as he often was on second-
hand information, cannot be trusted; indeed the long list of correc-
tions he supplies, are to a thoughtful reader a sufficient warning.
The following remarks of Professor Haddon cannot but receive
the heartiest endorsement of all interested in this study. " Only
those who have a personal acquaintance with Oceana, or those
who have carefully followed the recent literature of the subject,
can have an idea of the pressing need there is for prompt action.
* The blackest pages in the story of the South Sea Islands are those
describing the Peruvian piracies. Twenty-five vessels were fitted out in
Callao for the purpose of procuring ten thousand Polynesians for forced
labour in Peru. The densely peopled and more warlike islands of the
west were avoided, but the gentler people of the mid Pacific were deceived
and deported wholesale, one instance of which is related on p. 5. Early
in 1863 about 2000 Polynesians were captured, transferred to a depot on
Easter Island, and ultimately forwarded to South America. Unaccus-
tomed to hard and continuous labour these unhappy victims soon perished.
Among other groups the Tahitian was raided, but the French, in whose
dominion those islands were, not only captured six vessels and punished
the slavers, but took measures to prevent a repetition of the offence. An
account of the affair is given in the Sydney Morning Herald of June 20th, 1863.
t Morse Japanese Homes, 1888, p. 8.
ETHNOLOGY HKDLEY. 233
In many islands the natives are fast dying out, and in more they
have become so modified by contact with the white man and by
crossings due to deportations by Europeans, that immediate steps
are necessary to record the anthropological data that remain."*
In writing down native names an endeavour has been made to
followthe system of orthography adopted by the Royal Geographical
Society, in which the vowels are pronounced as in Italian and the
consonants as in English. How loose the natives themselves are
in their pronunciation and how difficult it therefore is to decide
upon a correct spelling, only travellers are aware.
The terms Polynesian, Micronesian and Melanesian have
such different values in the writings of different authors that it is
necessary to state that in subsequent pages they are used in the
meaning imposed upon them by Whitmee.f
For a valuable contribution to this section I am again indebted
to the kindness of Surgeon F. W. Collingwood, R.N., late of H.M.S.
" Penguin." To the skilful pen and sympathetic courtesy of my
friend Mr. Norman Hardy, I owe the drawings of the native using
the coconut scraper and the man putting on his "tukai" dress. For
the remainder of the illustrations I am myself responsible.
Any merit which the following descriptions of implements (essays
in an unfamiliar field of research) may possess, is due to the
advantage of a course of study of Australian weapons and imple-
ments, under Mr. R. Etheridge, Junr., whose advice and sugges-
tions have constantly aided me in the preparation of the present
paper.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS.
By the extreme courtesy of Surgeon F. W. Collingwood, R.N.
of H.M.S. " Penguin," whose observations enriched some of my
earlier pages I am enabled to incorporate in this article a series
of measurements of adult males. The plan of the measurements
is that recommended by Dr. John Beddoe, F.R.S., in the " Notes
and Queries on Anthropology for the use of Travellers and
Residents in Uncivilised Lands," 1874, which were drawn up by
a committee appointed by the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. I need hardly point out that the fact of these
measurements having been taken by an experienced medical officer
much enhances their value.
The subject A was a native of Funafuti, aged 26, no wisdom
teeth, dentition otherwise perfect ; B, a native of Funafuti, aged
28, nose straight, slightly flat, lobe of the ear rudimentary, all
* Haddon Nature, 28 Jan., 1897, p. 306.
f Journ. Anthrop. Inst., viii., 1879, pp. 261 - 274, and map ; these
definitions have since been accepted by the Encyclopaedia Brittanica,
Stanford's Compendium of Geography, the Godeffroy Museum Catalogue,
and other standard works.
234 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
wisdom teeth cut, decayed dentition, right upper central incisor,
right lower first molar slight, left upper central incisor, first,
second and third molar, and left lower, second, molar ; C, a native
of Funafuti, aged 20 ; D, a native of Funafuti, aged 18, afflicted
with quinodarus in the left foot, the left leg having a maximum
calf circumference of only 29- cm., wisdom teeth present, dentition
perfect ; E, a native of Funafuti, aged 50 ; F, a native of Funa-
futi, aged 24, intelligent, benevolent face, lobe of ear slight,
wisdom teeth none, dentition perfect ; G, a native of Funafuti,
aged 28, no wisdom teeth, dentition perfect ; H, a native of the
neighbouring atoll of Vaitupu, aged 30, lobe of ear slight, teeth
perfect, wisdom teeth all cut ; /, a native of Nui, aged 24 ; J, a
half-caste, mother a native of Funafuti, aged 20 21 years, angular
chin, no marked lobe of ear, imperfect teeth, left lower, second
and third molars.
Though the women predominated over the men almost in the
proportion of three to two, it was not found possible to subject
them to measurement.
Dr. Oollingwood. further notes that the islanders are a fine race
of people, of good stature, long armed, with intelligent faces and
good manners. The colour of the skin varies somewhat, of a dark
fawn colour, the noses are somewhat flattened and broad, and they
have moderately thick lips. The half-castes surpass, in many
cases, the pure natives in strength, appearance, and their
capability of fishing and other native employments. The women
allow their hair, which is very black, luxuriant, wavy and some-
times distinctly curly, to grow fairly long. In one family of a
mother and three children the hair was distinctly reddish-brown.
Of the series of coloured casts of faces of the South Sea Islanders
published by Dr. Finsch of Bremen, one, No. 48, of an Ellice
Islander does not strike me as a typical specimen. The colour seems
to me too light and the forehead too sloping to be characteristic.
The long arms noticed by Lister* on Fakaafu equally characterise
the natives of Funafuti. Wilkes calls attention to a singular
attitude, which he illustrates, affected by a Funafuti native, who
rested the sole of one foot on the knee of the opposite leg. How
natural a posture this is can scarcely be appreciated by a wearer
of boots and trousers. Collins and Lumholtzf have drawn Aus-
tralian Aborigines in this position, and LesueurJ a Tasmanian.
Mr. Hardy has photographed men at Simbo and at Samarai
resting in this posture.
The following measurements are in centimetres.
* Lister Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxi., 1892, p. 46.
f Collins English Colony in New South Wales, 1804, pi. xvi. ; Lum-
holtz Among Cannibals, 1890, p. 77.
J Lesueur Voyage aux Terres Australes, 1804, Atlas, pi. xv.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 235
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FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
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ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 237
TATOOING.
In their tatooing the Ellice Islanders differed greatly, as the
American Exploring Expedition remarked, from other branches
of the Polynesian Race, both in their patterns and in the sharing
of the custom by both sexes. As far as I can gather, the Micro-
nesians, whose figures resemble more those of Funafuti, use short
straight lines variously arranged in chevrons, diamonds, etc.,*
whereas the tatooing of the Polynesians, at least as shown by the
Maories, seems rather to have been disposed in curves, employing
spirals, scrolls, and circles, f Again, among the Polynesians it was
the rule to tatoo men profusely, women slightly or not at all ; a
rule reversed by the Melanesians. j In Funafuti both sexes were
of old equally tatooed.
Tatooing has long been an extinct art on Funafuti, and I was
unable to procure any of the implements used in it. Only half-
a-dozen, old, white-haired men and women survive who are thus
decorated.
Of the Funafuti men, one of whom he figured, Wilkes wrote :
" They were tatooed differently from any heretofore seen, their
arms being covered, from the shoulder to the wrist, with small
curved figures or zig-zag lines. They had this tatooing also on
the body, extending from the armpits to the waist, and down,
until the whole body was encompassed in the same manner. No
marks were observed on the face or legs, but on two of them were
a few lines across the small of the back." And of the Nukufetau
men the same author continues: "The tatooing was in great variety
on the body, but in all, the arms were tatooed alike, for there it
varied only in quantity. On the body it was frequently extended
across the back and to the abdomen ; and in many, the bodies and
thighs were tatooed down as far as the knee. Many of the natives
designated the figures as intended to represent pigeons." On the
men of Atafu, the same traveller saw, " many marks resembling
fish on the arms, and a sort of triangle, together with figures of
turtles, on the breast." On Funafuti a native of Nanomea ex-
plained to me that certain tatoo marks on his arms represented
Holothuria.
Only one woman from Nukufetau visited the "Peacock." "Her
arms were beautifully tatooed, of the same figure as the men, but
the tatooing was continued down the leg in horizontal stripes an
* For tatooing of the Caroline Islanders see Kubary Journ. Qodeffroy
Museum, vii., 1875, p. 129; for the Marshalls, Kotezbue Voyage of
Discovery, ii. ( 1821, plate facing p. 63 ; for the Gilberts, Wilbes op. cit.,
v., p. 77 ; for Rarotonga, Williams Native Missionary Enterprises, 1837,
p. 503.
t Bobley Moko, or Maori tatooing, 1896.
J Turner Samoa, 1884, p. 55.
238 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
inch and a half wide. This constituted a great difference from
the Polynesians, for with them we have never before met with any
females who were tatooed, excepting a few marks on the fingers
and feet."
All I could learn of the manner of tatooting on Funafuti was
that it was performed with a sharpened bird-bone tapped into the
skin with a mallet ; the pigment used was Hernandia nut reduced
to charcoal, ground, and mixed with water. Except the pigment,
it is probable that the mode of tatooing differed little from that
in general use throughout the Pacific. The instruments and their
use are thus described by a surgeon who endured a tatooing in
the Marquesas : " Eight or ten candlenuts are strung on a piece
of reed, which is stuck in the ground, the upper one being lighted.
An inverted section of a coconut is suspended over it. This con-
denses the smoke, which is very black, and when mixed with a
little water, forms the marking-ink. The marginal lines of any
figure are first marked out with a very small stick, the remainder
is executed without a guide. The instruments for inserting the
colouring matter into the skin are made of pieces of bone made
flat, and serrated at one end, like either a comb or saw. the
breadth of this end differs from the eighth of an inch to one inch,
according to variety or minuteness of work, some having only
two teeth, some a dozen. The other end is brought to a blunt
point, and inserted at right angles into a small cane about six or
eight inches long. The piece of cane is held between the finger and
thumb of the left hand. The stick for beating this into the flesh
is long or short, according to the fancy of the operator. The
hitting of the stick is so very rapid that it resembles nothing that
I know of more accurately than a trunk maker driving his
nails."*
The original pigment of the Polynesian seems to have been the
soot of the candlenut fruit, Aleurites triloba ; where the race
wandered beyond the habitat of that tree, substitutes had to be
found. In Funafuti Hernandia was used, and in New Zealand,
Robley tells us that Dammara gum, Podocarpus, Veronica,
and the vegetable caterpillar Cordiceps larvarum were em-
ployed.
In Funafuti both men and women were tatooed with the same
pattern, which was peculiar to the atoll, and distinguished them
from other islanders.
* Coulter Adventures in the Pacific, 1845, p. 210. The operation is
also described by Pritchard Polynesian Eeminiscences, p. 143; by
Turner Samoa, p. 88 ; by Polack Manners and Customs of the New
Zealanders, ii., 1840, pp. 42-51; by Eobley Moko, 1896, p. 56; by
Quppy Solomon Islands, 1887, p. 135 ; by Buckland Journ. Anthrop.
Inst., xvii., 1888, p. 318.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
239
The subject I examined, Sami, an old white-haired man, was
one of the few tatooed survivors. The tatooing (figs. 1, 2, and 3),
n
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
was confined to the smooth inner surfaces of the arms and the
sides of the body, so that when he faced me " at attention " with
the arms close to the trunk, his tatoo-
ing was scarcely visible. The arms
were tatooed from three inches above
the wrist to two inches below the
armpit. On the back the tatooed
areas extended in triangles from a
point in the lumbar region, two inches
from the spine, upwards to the armpit
and horizontally round the waist. The
pattern is carried under the arm to
a point in front an inch beneath the
nipple of the breast, then vertically
downwards till a right angle is
formed by the junction of the waist-
line.
DRESS.
Fig. 3.
The old-fashioned kilt dress of Polynesia is still made and used
on Funafuti. It is, however, like most native articles, in process
of decadence, being only worn by the poorer people or by those
240 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
engaged in rough work meaning to save more valued clothes.
The Tahitian " tiputa " has been imposed by the mission upon
the women; both sexes wear the Fijian "lava lava" of European
calico, another modern innovation. For state occasions the men
wear shirt and trousers, and the women loose gowns in which they
each appear awkward and uneasy. I did not learn that tappa cloth
was made on the atoll.
THE TUKAI.
The ancient masculine costume, the " tukai," is well sh.>\vn by
the figure given by Wilkes* of the Funafuti native wearing one,
which is described as " a strip of fine matting made of the panJanus
leaf, about eight inches wide and ten feet long, and fringed on each
side." On Nukufetan the same Expedition saw pandanns mats
" worn as a girdle of thick fringe, from eight inches to a foot
broad, tied about the loins so as to cover in part the maro : to
this they gave the name of 'takai'; the last was used as a wrapper
about the body and legs."
Edge-Partington figures! this garment as from Rotumah, des-
cribing it as now obselete.
Whereas the " titi " was simply tied round the waist, the tukai
was first passed between the limbs and then around the body.
From the accompanying sketch (Plate xiii.) of a man putting
on his tukai it will be obvious that although this dress has
acquired a secondary resemblance to the titi, it is really homo-
logous with the T bandage formerly worn by the inhabitants of
the neighbouring atolls of Atafu and Fakaafu.J
The tukai primarily consists of a long narrow mat with a fringe
of unwoven strands. Comparing the dress as it appeared to me
on Funafuti with the drawings of Wilkes and Edge- Parting ton,
it will be noticed that the fringe in the modern specimens 1 pro-
cured, has greatly broadened, while the total length of the dress
has decreased to nearly half. I am unable from the specimens
and illustrations at my disposal to trace all the graduations
between the ordinary form of the T bandage and the tukai, but I
feel convinced of their existence.
A specimen (fig. 4) of a highly ornate dance tukai, made for
me on Funafuti, weighs two pounds four ounces, is six feet six
* Wilkes op. cit., \., p. 41.
f Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. li., fig. 4.
J Wilkes loc. cit., v., plate facing p. 3 and p. 36 ; this loin cloth is
also the ordinary masculine dress in the Solomons, as shown in Guppy's
Solomon Islands, plate facing p. 102 ; and in Eastern British New
Guinea, for example, Finsch Ethnological Atlas, pi. xvi., and Lindt
Picturesque New Guinea, pi. xli. ; the most reduced form of which known
to me is the string " sihi " of the Motu, exemplified by Lindt, op. cit., pi.
xxxiv., the man on the left.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 241
inches in total length, and when folded for use is eighteen inches
in depth, it is made of the inner bark of the fau (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
Fig. 4.
stained red with nonou (Morinda citrifolia). When unfolded, the
centre band (fig. 5) is four and a half inches wide, woven closely
of narrow strands ; along the out-
side edge of the matting is a seam
where additional fibres have been _<**&^> -r^
introduced to lengthen and thicken Up "'
the dress : this latter feature is J
absent from an old, worn and un- ^^^^^^i^^^
ornamented tukai in the collection.
At the inner corners the matting Fig. 5.
is produced into plaited strings for
tying on the dress. The outer part of the fiinge, that which is
exposed when worn, is elaborately decorated with pandanus leaf
ribbons arranged in four series of four, whose symmetry is only
broken by the substitution of red for yellow in the penultimate one.
Each ribbon is attached to the lower edge of the matting, is two
feet long, two to two and a half inches wide, and forked at the
tip. The right-hand streamer is for half its length decorated with
three series of successive breadths of yellow, red, and black leaf,
sewn on with European cotton. A row of five or six white tests
of a Foraminifer (Orbitolites complanala, var. laciniata), is sewn
on each black band. The second ribbon is yellow, with one red
band atop ; the third is black with a black and a red fold above,
thence a series of confluent yellow diamonds extends to the edge
of the fringe ; the fourth is wholly red ; the fifth repeats the first,
and so on. This style of ornament recalls that of a Banks Island
robe, figured by Edge-Partington.* When the dress is put away
these ribbons are carefully doubled up and tied to be out of harm's
way. The native Wilkes figured was similarly decorated with
pandanus ribbons, but as far as I can understand his description
they were attached not to the tukai but to a separate belt. From
Tahiti, Edge-Partington figures a like girdle with pendant tassels, f
and in the New Hebrides there exists a similar overall dress with
streamers five or six feet long.
* Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. Ixxxv., fig. 8.
f Edge-Partington loc. cit. t i., pi. xxxv.
242 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Another ornate tukai was decorated with less elaboration than
the one described. In place of the discs of Foraminifera, white
feathers were used.
A third tukai, intended perhaps for every-day wear, was of the
same dimensions but quite plain.
THE TITI.
The " titi " or woman's dress appears in Funafuti in a form
common alike to Melanesians and Polynesians, and extending
over a wide area of the South Pacific. The name of it suggests a
derivation from the Ti tree (Cordyline) whose handsome, elliptical
leaves tied by their stalks in a belt are in some islands still used
as a temporary or hastily made dress, and which may have been
the earliest form of the garment.*
In making the titi, a woman arranges her material, usually
dressed leaves of pandanus or coconut palm, in convenient heaps.
For the waist-band is selected a double cord of two or three ply
coconut fibre, one end of which is made fast to a post of the hut
the other being attached to the operator's waist. Sitting on the
floor, the workwoman draws from the heap two handfuls of fibre,
one she doubles over the cords, the other she knots across and
Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8.
between them, as shown diagrammatically by fig. 6. A continua-
tion of this process (fig. 7) completes the dress, f The leaves
may afterwards be combed into finer strands by the " tosi." At
one end the waist-band terminates in a loop, at the other in two
strings with which it is tied at the side of the wearer.
Ornamental dance dresses differ from ordinary ones by the
addition of extra flounces, etc. A specimen of the former
now before me (fig. 8) weighs four pounds six ounces and
measures three feet in length and twenty-one inches in depth.
* Guppy loc. cit., p. 130; and Turner loc. cit., p. 118.
t Elsewhere in the Pacific other modes of knotting the fibres to the
belt exist. That none of these have been described is a surprising
instance of the superficialness of our knowledge of Polynesian Ethnology.
Here lies a field for cultivation at once easy and prolific. A Papuan
pattern, very distinct from that described in the text, will shortly be
described in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales for 1897.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 243
It is variegated by the intercalation of a brown coconut leaf
flounce between two of white pandanus leaf, and is also adorned
by four series of three coloured pandanus ribbons and decorated
by the black feathers of the Frigate bird.
Plain dresses from the coconut leaf and from pandanus are also
represented in the collection.
The only Ellice female seen by the American Exploring Expedi-
tion was a Nukufetau woman, who " wore a cincture around her
waist, and a mat over her bosom. The cincture was made of
pandanus leaves ; this was fastened to a cord as a thick fringe,
two feet in length, and extended to her knees."
When a dress has been laid aside for a while it is fumigated as
described (ante p. 102) to rid it of noxious insects.
The grass rain-cloak of Japan has a general resemblance to the
Polynesian titi. The Micronesian loom appeared unknown on
Funafuti.
SANDALS.
A common article of apparel, widespread through the Pacific
and still in daily use, is the sandal, on which scanty attention has
been bestowed by Ethnologists.
Under the title of " Sandal used when fishing on a reef," Edge-
Partington illustrates a type slightly differing from that we are
approaching.* His statement is confirmed by a veteran missionary,
my friend the Rev. George Brown, LL.D., who tells me that the
sandal is thus worn in Samoa.
The Rev. W. W. Gill writes of Mangaiia : " At the top, the
' ungakoa/f is protected against attack by a dense shield, whilst
the circular edge of the cavity is as keen as the edge of a razor.
This animal grows with the bed of coral, the long cavity becoming
increasingly large. Young ' ungakoa,' like young oysters, are
easily detached from the coral by means of a hammer. Children
eat them raw, not forgetting a supply of cooked taro out of their
tiny baskets. Hence the necessity of using sandals for the pro-
tection of the feet ; woe betides the luckless wight who should
tread with his entire weight upon one of these ' cobbler's awls.'
Round pieces of flesh are in this way scooped out of the foot."J
Another reference to this article occurs in a native address
given by Gill : " I now carefully turn my sandals, so that both
sides may be equally worn, pick up my basket and fishing tackle,
and go to the outer edge of the reef to angle." From Tahiti, the
sandal is described by Ellis. ||
* Loc. cit., i., pi. Ixxvii., fig. 7, from Samoa; and pi. clxxvii., fig. 5,
from Mortlock.
t Probably Vermetus maximus, Sowerby.
j Gill Savage Life in Polynesia, 1880, p. 114.
Gill Life in the Southern Isles, 1876, p. 145.
|| Ellis Polynesian Researches, i., 1832, p. 143.
244
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In the Museum at Honolulu there are deposited, " Sandals for
walking on coral reefs," from Santa Cruz. The sandals of the
ancient Hawaiian could hardly be called a regular part of the
national costume, as they were only worn to protect the feet in
journeys over the rough lava beds. The sandals, " malina," were
simply braided cushions attached by cords, often of the same
material, over the toes and around the ankle. Another allusion
to these sandals terms them " kama waoke."*
Webster, ascending Mauna Loa in
1851 observed that his native guide
Sam, " always careful of number one,
had provided himself with sandals made
from the fibre of coconut husk " to save
his feet from the sharp lava.f
The sandal "tukka" is still employed
at Funafuti, whose fishermen are thus
shod when wading on the reefs. A
pair before me, of which one is re-
presented by fig. 9, weighs five ounces.
Each is eight inches long, four wide, and
nearly one thick. Upon an oval, rope
foundation, flat sinnet is woven under
and over ; at the toe end there is a long
loop, at each side two short ones, and,
at one corner of the heel end, a fourth
loop. From the opposite corner of the
heel end arises a flat cord thirty-nine
inches long which is rove through each
of the loops. The sandal is put on (fig. 10), by thrusting the
second and third toes through the largest loop, applying the pad
to the sole of the foot, drawing the cord
tight and fastening it round the ankle.
When fitted, both heel and toe over-
lap the pad. The construction of the
Samoan sandal suggests that it is worn
in a slightly different manner.
The Japanese have a sandal closely
resembling this, but the "kuditcha"
shoes | of Australia are too distant in
use and construction to require com-
parison.
* Brigham loc. cit., pt. ii., p, 87 ; pt. iii., pp. 21 and 61.
t Webster Last Cruise of the Wanderer, n.d., p. 18.
E. Etheridge, Junr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) ix., 1895, p. 544 ;
Favenc The Moccasins of Silence, n.d., f frontispiece ; Edge-Partington
loc. cit., ii., pi. ccviii., figs. 7, 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig, 10.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 245
EYE-SHADE.
The skill of the Polynesians in plaiting has already been shown
by various articles discussed in this essay, and this aptitude is
further exemplified by their eye-shades. In the case of this
object I am beset by the usual difficulty encountered in the study
of the lesser possessions of the Polynesians. Consequent on few
writers having descended to the notice of such apparent trifles,
there are but scanty records available of variation or of geographical
distribution.
The Polynesian eye-shade appears to have been adopted by the
Melanesians, for Edge-Partington pictures it from Papua,* and
it is frequently recorded from the Solomons. Dr. H. B. Guppy
observed that " sunshades in the form of a peak of plaited
grass bound to the forehead and projecting over the eyes are
occasionally worn by the natives of Bougainville Straits, whilst
fishing in canoes, in order to protect their eyes from the sun's
glare on the water. In Ugi, these sun-shades are sometimes worn
on gala days. They did not, however, appear to be in constant
use in any part of the group which we visited." This account is
illustrated by a photograph of "Men of Ugi wearing sun-shades."f
Woodford pictures a Rubiana native wearing one.J From Savo
there is a specimen in the Australian Museum, and Edge-
Partington figures others from Ysabel and San Christoval.
Wilkes shows some of the individuals of a group of Fakaafu
natives wearing the eye-shade, and at Atafu the men wore " on
their head a piece, made in some cases of matting, in others of
tortoiseshell, and occasionally this ornament resembled an eye-
shade, or the front of a cap, to protect the face from the sun."||
A sketch by Webber, in the British Museum, is reproduced by
Ed-ge-Partington, showing Tahitian women making bark cloth,
two of the figures in which are wearing sun-shades. " A sun-shade
from Tahiti made of finely plaited coconut fibre " is also drawn
separately.^! "Here, says Ellis, itiscalled 'taupoo/or'taumata.'"**
The eye-shade of Funafuti, " mataili," was only used when line
fishing from a canoe. It was plaited indifferently from coconut
palm frond or pandanus leaf, was thrown away at the end of the
day's work and made anew as wanted. The specimens that I have
examined of the eye-shades of the Solomon natives are all of coco-
nut frond, they differ from the Ellice Island pattern in having
* Edge-Partington loc. cit , i.,pl. cocvii., fig. 6 and pi. cccxxv., fig. 4;
see also : Eatzel The History of Mankind (English ed.) i., 1896, plate
facing p. 214, fig. 15, and p. 224.
t Guppy Joe. cit., p. 139, and pi. facing p. 102.
J "Wnodford A Naturalist among the Head-hunters, 1890, p. 150.
Edge-Partington Joe. cit., i., pi. cci., fig. 4, and ii., pi. cvii., figs. 7,8.
|| Wilkes loc. cit., v., pp. 6 and 36.
1 Edge-Partington Joe. cit., i., pi. xxxi. and pi. xxxiii., fig. 5.
** Ellis loc cit., ii., p. 399.
246
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
the loop, which passes round the back of the head, made in one
piece instead of being in two strings knotted together ; also in
having the front margin projecting into horns at the corners,
which Mr. N. Hardy suggests to me are ornamental representa-
tions of the wings of Frigate Birds. On some of the other atolls
of the group, Mr. O'Brien tells me that small pouches for the
reception of fish-hooks, etc., were made on the under surface of
the flap. On Funafuti the natives had a trick of thrusting such
sundries as a stick of trade tobacco into the plaits of their eye-shades.
Two specimens of the
eye-shade from Funafuti
present themselves for
description. Both are
of woven pandanus leaf;
the larger shown in
fig. 11 is fifteen inches
ounce and a quarter,
by six, and weighs an
it is coarsely plaited, of
about nine, broad, diago-
nal pandanus strands,
an inch or an inch and
a half wide; from the
Fig. 1 1 . inner margin the strands
are carried in a band
and knotted at the back of the head, so as to form a loop about
a foot long. The smaller example is about twelve by four and a
half inches, of finer pandanus strands, there being about thirty
rows of quarter inch plaits ; the weight of it is half an ounce.
The smaller figure is a sketch, taken on the spot, of a palm frond
tip which I saw a native in process of weaving into an eye-shade.
ORNAMENTS.
Trinkets for personal adornment, except those of European
pattern, are now, through missionary influence, disused on Funa-
futi. A band of small and polished Nautilus shells, somewhat
like that Edge-Partington figures from Samoa,* was purchased
by a member of the Expedition. As the Pearly Nautilus does
not occur alive on the atoll, and rarely if ever drifts there, I am
not satisfied of the local origin of that ornament.
On Nukulailai I found shell necklaces in fashion. One I
purchased called "pouli," weighs an ounce and a half and
measures sixteen inches in length, and was composed of a hundred
and seven bleached and yellow shells of Melampus luteus, each
pierced near its anterior extremity, and strung either backwards
Edge-Partington ?oc. cit., pi. Ixxxvi., fig. 2.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 247
or forwards, alternately left and right, on a
cord plaited of four strands (fig. 12). In
estimating the beauty of such a necklace, it
should be remembered that it is designed not
to contrast with a white skin, where its effect
would be displeasing, but against a brown Fig. 12. -
one, where it is in chromatic harmony.
Models were made for me on Funafuti of a pair of dance orna-
ments, "lilima,"(fig. 13) such as were worn in "the old days." Each
Fig. 13.
armlet is composed of three pandanus leaf ribbons, two feet long,
super-imposed one upon another, except above, where the lower
projects beyond the upper. The uppermost is reddened with
nonou, the second blackened with tar, and the third retains its
natural yellow. The red leaf is crinkled* with transverse creases
an inch and a half apart. Near the upper end the leaves are
gathered with a bow of ornamental cord, on which is strung a
button of white shell, Natica mamilla the ribbons are further
surmounted by a tuft of palm pinnules upon which is arranged a
fold of the bow of the cord. The cord is segmented black and
yellow, consisting of a strand of human hair laid up with a strand
of bark thread, f The whole has a tasteful effect. It was worn,
said the maker, by tying the strings round the biceps of the arm.
Head-dresses were formerly made of the Frigate bird plumes, \
but of these I failed to procure either specimens or models. A
pandanus leaf head-dress is figured by Wilkes, the Funafuti native
wearing it also sports an ankle-ring.
On Nukufetau the American Exploring Expedition observed a
coconut leaflet tied round the necks of some men (ante p. 27).
On Fotuna this was a mark of rank.|| An illustration of a king
of Fakaafu shows him thus adorned. 51
* On Ponape, the dress of chiefs is pandanus leaves crimped. Brigham
loc. cit., iii., p. 49.
t This kind of cord is used in some of the New Ireland dance masks in
the Australian Museum.
t Gill Jottings from the Pacific, 1885, p. 17.
Wilkes loc. cit., p. 41.
|| Journ. Polyn. Soc., L, pp. 41, 42.
IT Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxi., 1892, pi. iii., fig. 1.
248
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
WEAPONS AND TOOLS.
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS.
As previously stated, on p. 45, the Ellice Group
has enjoyed peace so long that not only have the
making and handling of weapons fallen into
disuse, but all instruments of war have now dis-
appeared. No exact account of these seems to have
been preserved in literature. Shark tooth knives
were described to me by old men and are recorded
by early travellers. Figures of such in the Ethno-
logical Album* are referred with doubt by Edge-
Partington to the Ellice Group.
In the absence of extinct originals, models locally
made are of some interest. An aged, white-haired, and
tatooed native of Funafuti made for me such of two
weapons as previously used by his tribe :
A missile, "apa," (fig. 14) is a smooth, spindle-shaped
piece of hard, heavy wood, probably Pemphis, sharply
pointed at each end. It weighs one pound five ounces,
and measures two feet in length and one and three
quarter inches in greatest diameter. In battle it was
Fig. 14. thrown at an enemy, and was probably capable of
inflicting an ugly wound upon a naked foe. The
Tahitians had " the tiora, a polished dart about three
feet long, cast from the hand generally in the naval
engagements, but occasionally on land."f From the
Gilbert Group, Edge-Partington figures a missile club,
"goramaton," similar to this. | An Australian weapon,
" konnung," closely resembles this pattern in use and
appearance. Indeed so simple an article might be
expected to independently recur in different quarters
of the world.
The model of the sword-club, " lakautaua,"|| (fig. 15)
is roughly made, but probably presents the general
appearance of the ancient weapon. A narrow lanceo-
late blade, truncate at the extremity, tapers to a
rounded handle. From a central longitudinal keel,
where the thickness is an inch and a quarter, the
sides thin down to a square edge a quarter of an inch
thick. At half the weapon's length, a notch half an
Fig. 15. inch deep 'is cut on each side. From a point an inch
* Loc. cit., i., pi. xxxvii., figs. 6-11 ; pi. xxxviii., figs. 1-5; Additional
Notes ; ii., pi. Ixxxix., fig. 8.
t Ellis op. cit., i., p. 298. J Id , Loc. cit., ii., pi. xcv., fig. 12.
Brough Smyth loc. cit., p. 302, fig. 64; and R. Etheridge, Junr.
Macleay Memorial Volume, 1803, p. 240.
j| Of. Wilkes loc. cit., v., p. 16.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 249
distant from these notches to the distal end the blade is ornamented
on both sides and faces by twenty shallow grooves, separated by
interstices of equal breadth, so alternating with those of the
opposite surface as to serrate the edge of the weapon. These
grooves perhaps represent a degeneration from the toothed edge
of certain Samoan clubs.* The use of these teeth' and notches
probably was to catch and snap the spears of an enemy.
The lakautaua is of hard wood, probably Pemphis ; it weighs
one pound three ounces, and measures one foot seven inches in
length, and two and a half inches in breadth.
Among the Penrhyn Islanders, Lamont remarked that: "The
long, light, paddle-shaped club used by the women is called
' coerarai,' and is used in battle principally for breaking the
spears of the men of the opposite party."f
The rough sketch and brief notice do not admit of satisfactory
identification, but a species of lakautaua is suggested to me by
a drawing; in the Ethnological Album, described as a " flat
wooden fan, stained black in places: Tokelau Island, Union
Group." Should " fan " be a grimly ironical misnomer for a
messenger of death, the black stains may be those of human
blood. The probable inaccuracy of the ethnological statement is
countenanced by the geographical confusion of this quotation.
A club figured by Edge-Partington as from Fiji, has several
features in common with the Funafuti model, such as the propor-
tion of handle to blade, and the raised central keel and distal
truncation of the latter. Perhaps one of a group of articles
figured by Wilkes from the Kingsmills stands for another.||
ADZES AND AXES.
In 1773 Captain Cook found iron already in the hands of the
South Sea Islanders. The process, then commencing, of replacing
stone,- shell, and bone with metal is now completed. For there is
not an island, however remote, in Polynesia where non-metallic
adzes are any longer used, only the remembrance of them existing
in the minds of the oldest natives.
The collection of Ellice adzes and axes falls into two divisions,
the ancient, non-metallic and extinct types represented by models,
and those now in use in which a metal blade has been adapted to
the ancient tool. Stone blades being obviously unattainable, the
models of ancient adzes were set with shell ones. In every case
the shell was Tridacna, though it is probable that in Funafuti, as
elsewhere in the Pacific, other mollusca such as Mitra episcopalis,
or Terebra maculata, would sometimes furnish adze-heads.
* Such as Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. Ixxiv., fig. 2.
t Lamont Wild Life among the Pacific Islanders, 1867, p. 133.
J Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. xcvi., fig. 3.
Loc. cit., ii., pi. liv., fig. 1.
|| Wilkes loc. cit., v., p. 79, the object lying furthest left.
250 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The Tridacna shell, particularly the thick part near the hinge,
was in former times highly and widely esteemed for this purpose,
as is recorded by Keate from the Pelews,* by Finsch from the
Carolines, Marshalls, and Gilberts,! by Guppy from the Solomons, J
by Dixon from Maiden Island, by Wilkes from the Paumotus,j|
by Moseley from the Admiralties ;1T and from Nanomea in the
Ellice itself Finsch obtained a specimen of a Tridacna axe.
It would hardly have been anticipated that natives, like the
Solomon and Pelew Islanders, in the possession of hard volcanic
rock would have thus used this material, but Finsch repeatedly
remarks that the greater toughness of the shell gives it an
advantage over the more brittle stone.**
In the Carolines the same author found the Tridacna blades to
assume various shapes, of which he figures a broad deltoid and a
narrow chisel form. ft Some of these attain an immense size,
reaching twenty inches in length and ten pounds in weight ; such,
he says, were common property.
Describing relics of the race who formerly inhabited Maiden
Island, Mr. VV. A. Dixon writes : " In the grave was a hatchet
head with polished edge made from the shell of a tridacna. . . In
many places there were numerous axe heads chipped roughly out
of tridacna shells. These are tolerably easily made, the shell being
first broken transversely, when a blow on the fractured surface
breaks out from the interior of the shell an adze-shaped piece
which seems to me to be the pattern on which many of the South
Sea stone adzes are formed." jj
These tools are thus described by Keate, from the Pelews :
" Their hatchets were not unlike those of the South Sea Islands,
the blade part being made of the strongest part of the large Kirna
Cockle, ground to a sharp edge. . . . Uncouth as their hatchets
might appear to our people, it was a matter of surprise to observe
in how little a time the natives were able to fell a tree with
them, though not without breaking several."
A glance at a stone adze in the exhibition case of a museum
might not impress a spectator with a high opinion of its utility
* Keate An Account of the Pelew Islands, 1788, p. 312.
f Finsch Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, p. 65.
J Guppy The Solomon Islands, 1887, p. 76.
Dixon Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., ix., 1877 (1878) p. 175.
|| Wilkes op. cit.
1 Challenger Eeports Narative, i., pt. ii., 1885, p. 716.
** " In Lepers Island, the stone adzes were called talai maeto, black
clam shell, a name now given to iron ; the native adze was evidently at
first of shell, talai, and when stone was used the old name was retained."
Codrington The Melanesians, 1891, p. 314.
ft Finsch op. cit., p. 214, figs. 36-38.
Jit Dixon op, cit.
Keate- op. cit., p. 312.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
251
but on the first occasion on which I saw a stone adze used, my
previous ideas on this subject were promptly dissipated. Passing
a canoe-builder at work in Kerepunu, British New Guinea, I
observed him hewing with a steel tomahawk while beside him
lay a rotary stone adze. Being requested to show how the latter
was employed, the native obligingly laid aside his European tool
and resumed the Papuan one. Three years daily toil in the
Queensland bush with an American axe had made me familiar
with its use, and it was with the critical eye of a fellow-craftsman
that I watched the Papuan axeman. I expected to see him chop
with short, light strokes, but with astonishment I siw him plant
his feet firmly, swing his adze over his left shoulder at full arm's
length, sliding the left hand down the handle in doing so, and
then, rising slightly on his toes, bring it down with all the force
of every muscle in his arms, back, and legs. After freeing the
chip, the adze went up and round and down, and down again, in
the most workmanlike style. Under these blows a rain of chips,
long, broad chips, sprang from the adze blade over the heads of
the bystanders. The aim proved equal to the force, as a strip of
timber disappeared inch by inch under well directed even strokes.
The model on which is based fig. 16, has
a handle sixteen inches long, the shape
of that of the ordinary plane iron adze. A
short limb, six inches in length, departs from
the handle at an angle of about thirty -five
degrees, on the outer distal side of which the
adze head is let in. Flat sinnet, interlaced as
shown in the figure, binds this on firmly. The
head itself is a rough deltoid chip, three inches
long, two broad, and half an inch thick, from
the valve of Tridacna squamosa, the inner face
of the valve being applied to the wood, while upon
the outer the ridges, furrows, and scales can
still be distinguished ; a blunt chisel edge is
produced by grinding the outer surface. This
tool was known in Funafuti as the " toki
fasua " (lit. Tridacna Adze).
Another extinct type, reproduced in models
for me by the natives, was the "toki fonu," or
Turtle Axe. It is exceptional to find an axe (as
opposed to an adze) in Polynesia.* The Tongans could only express
an axe to Mariner by circumlocution as, "togi fucca anga gehe an
adze having the blade differently turned with respect to the handle."
The range of this type is probably inconsiderable, as other lands
* In Papua the ceremonial tools seem all axes, not adzes. Finsch
figures a hoop-iron axe from the Dentrecasteaux ; Ethnol. Atlas, pi, i.,
fiff. 8.
Fig. 16.
252
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
yield superior material inabundance, and it may fairly be assumed to
be restricted to the low coral islands of the Central Pacific. Edge-
Partington cites* these axes from Nukulailai, Nieue, the Gilberts,
and New Caledonia, the last I suspect to be erroneous. They were
observed by Whitmee (ante, p. 45) on Vaitupu. The Australian
Museum possess a series from Mortlock Island. A group of
these turtle axes is published by the former author under the
erroneous heading of "Bone War Axes."f As a matter of theory
these articles seem too light, weak, and clumsy, to serve a warrior;
the feel and balance of a real weapon, of however humble an
origin, is unmistakable and when gripped by even the hand of an
ethnological student can stir a man's blood with magic invitation.
As a matter of fact I have Mr. J. O'Brien's assurance that these
axes were kitchen utensils, used by the women to split coconuts
and chop the soft pandanus boughs. It answers, in fact, to the
wooden adze used in Tahiti for splitting breadfruit, f Turtle
axes from Matty Island differ from other known forms in having
the blade pinned instead of lashed to the handle.
The model represented in fig. 17, has for handle
a round, fairly straight stick, sixteen inches long
and an inch thick. At the distal end a groove
three and a half inches long and a quarter of an
inch deep is cut to receive the head. This is a
trapezoid piece of turtle (Chelone midas) cara-
pace, six and a half inches long and, across the
blade, four broad, which is ground on its inner
surface to a chisel edge ; the proximal end is
pierced with two circular holes, through which
pass the strands of sinnet that firmly bind the
head to the handle.
The ordinary form of adze, which every man
owns and reckons as his most useful possession,
is the plane-iron adze, the " toki " of Funafuti,
a word which reappears as " togi " in Tonga,
and " tosi " in Penrhyn Island, etc. The plane-
Fig. 17. iron adze is the direct descendant of the Tridacna
adze of ancient days, being used and mounted
* Edge-Partington loc. cit., i.,pls. xiv., cxxxii. ; ii., pi. xciv.
f Again (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxv.) a turtle-shell axe from Matty
Island is described as used in battle. The intrinsic evidence of the
description is not convincing, since an edge which would not slice cheese
is said to slice flesh. This Matty Island axe seems to me designed for
lopping pandanus fruit from the tree. In this paper the race inhabiting
Matty Island is not classified. A comparison of the articles described
there with those of Funafuti forcibly suggests to me a Polynesian source.
J Ellis Polynesian Researches, i., 1832, p. 177, fig.
Edge-Partington Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxv., 1896, pi. xxiv., figs.
11, 12.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
253
similarly. This tool plays the part in Polynesia which the toma-
hawk takes in Australia ; in a native's hand it does duty for half
the tools in a carpenter's kit, a keen edge is always kept on the
blade, which is used with skill, speed and accuracy. The Funafuti
natives when carrying, an adze usually prefer rather to hook it over
the shoulder than to grasp it in the hand. I observed the same trick
in British New Guinea and in the Dentrecasteaux Archipelago.
Keate figures a native of the Pelew Islands in this posture,* and
Moseley another from the Admiralty Islands, f
The original of fig. 18 was a parting gift from
my Polynesian friend its owner, whose name
is carved upon the handle. In weight it is
fourteen ounces, and in length seventeen and
a half inches. The handle, the shape of the
Arabic numeral 7, is highly polished by hand
friction, it differs from that of the Tridacna
adze only in the blade being let in for a greater
length, but a quarter of the length of the iron
projecting beyond the wood. This is an ordinary
European plane-iron sunk in a bevel, 'and is
attached by interlaced sinnet as described in the
case of the Tridacna axe. From the Admiralty
Islands an almost identical specimen was pro-
cured by the " Challenger " Expedition. J
The Rotatory Adze is constructed with such
mechanical ingenuity that it is difficult to
believe it to be an indigenous possession of a
people so low in the state of civilisation as the
subject of our study. From negative evidence
I judge that the Rotatory Adze formed no part of the Polynesian
heritage, but that its presence in Funafuti is due to that inter-
course with the Gilberts which conferred so many benefits upon
the southern archipelago. [|
For a contrivance of so much interest the Rotatory Adze
appears to have attracted scanty notice in ethnological literature.
The mechanical principle of this tool has in the Pacific developed
three expressions.
* Keate op. cit., plate facing p. 55.
t Moseley Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vi., 1877, pi. xxiii., fig. 2.'
I Moseley Challenger Beports Narrative, i.,pt. ii.,1885, p.716, fig. 247.
In Java a reversible axe-adze Was used, the liead being bound on with
raw hide, and in Central Africa another reversible axe-adze was employed.
|| But the following sentence in a description of Hawaiian tools indicates
apparently that the Kotatory Adze existed there. " In a form much used
for the interior work of a canoe, the stone is so mounted as to turn to
one side or the other, thus becoming, as needed, a right or left-hand
adze." Cat. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum," pt. i., 1892, p. 43.
Fig. 18.
254 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
(I.) The Western Papuans make a club-shaped adze-handle,
through a perforation in the thick end of which is thrust the
mounted stone adze-head, the latter rotating as required in the
perforation.* The Australian Museum possess a series of this
pattern, collected by the Expedition of the Geographical Society
of Australasia to the Fly River, and also an instance from Hermit
Island to the west of the Admiralty Islands.!
(II.) The second type, possessed by the Eastern Papuans, has
been described by Finsch, \ who states that it is called " lachela " *
on the South Coast of British New Guinea, and " ki," or " kis "
in Finschhafen, German New Guinea. Here the stone blade is
firmly attached to a wooden cone, the wood and stone together
constituting the moveable adze-head, the upper surface of the
short limb of the adze-handle is sloped and hollowed to receive
the cone of the adze-head, and both cone and limb are embraced
in a wide band or sleeve of woven rattan. When it is desired to
rotate the blade, the butt of the adze head, which usually projects
beyond the adze-handle, is tapped and slides forward, the adze-
head is then turned to the required angle and thrust back into
the rattan sleeve. Every subsequent blow, by driving the cone
along and up the wedge of the short arm of the handle, tends to
jamb the adze-head tighter into the rattan sleeve.
(III ) To the third expression, employed by the Micronesians,
belongs the Funafuti tool, which invited attention to the foregoing ;
the only reference to this, known to me in literature, is more
than a century old. Keate,|| writing of the Pelew Islands, re-
marks that, " they had also another kind of hatchet, which was
formed in a manner to move round in a groove, that the edge
might act longitudinally, or transversely, by which it would serve
as a hatchet, or an adze, as occasion required." He also gives an
elaborate engraving of this tool with the legend, " A moveable
Hatchet." On comparing Keate's picture and account with
Finsch's sketch of a Tridacna adze from Kusaie (Carolines)U I am
* This type is figured by Jukes Voyage of the " Fly," i.. 1847, plate
facing p. 274 ; by D'Albertis New Guinea, ii., 1880, figs. 6 and 11 of plate
facing p. 378 ;* by Finsch Ethnological Atlas, pi. i., fig. 5 ; and by Edge-
Partington loc. cit., i., pi. ccxcviii., fig. 1.
f Moseley figures and describes loc. cit., ii., p. 717, fig. 249,
an axe from the Admiralty Islands, of which the blade was " merely
jammed in- a slot cut in a club-like billet of hard wood near its end."
Other relations between the Fly River and Northern Papuans are re-
ferred to by Haddon Cunningham Memoirs, x., 1894, p. 84.
t Finsch op. cit., iii.,1888, p. 328, fig. 36; vi., 1891, p. 71 ; also Ethnol.
Atlas, pi. i., figs. 4, 7.
In an unfigured and undescribed type from New Britain, the shorter
limb of the adze-handle tapers to a point and is received by a socket of
wood and cane attached to the blade.
|| Keate An Account of the Pelew Islands, 1788, p. 312, pi. ii., fig. 3.
IT Finsch op. cit., viii., 1893, p. 215, fig. 39.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
255
tempted to believe that the German traveller had before him a
Rotatory Adze, though the distinguishing feature of it escaped
his observation. My reasons for this opinion are that the shell
blade is shown not directly connected with the handle, but in-
serted into a separate holder which is in turn fastened to the
handle ; and further that in the immovable adzes the method,
which I have already described, of lashing the blade to the
handle, is quite different, whereas the mode and lashing of the
Caroline adze is exactly that of the Pelew Rotatory Adze, namely
one series of backwardly and another of forwardly directed cords,
arising from opposite sides of the handle and meeting above.
This arrangement is seen again in an axe-adze Finsch figures
from Guap, near D'Urville Island, German New Guinea.* The
drawings of Edge-Partington are not sufficiently elaborated to
permit much appeal to detail, but the points just discussed
suggest to me that an adze, figured as from Pitcairn Island,! is
probably a Rotatory Adze. Recollecting that the " Bounty "
mutineers found Pitcairn uninhabited, I regard this locality with
suspicion. Others figured as from the Carolines, Santa Cruz,
New Guinea and New Zealand (!)J may perhaps belong to the
group under consideration, as may that shown on p. 313 of
Codrington's Melanesians.
If it be accepted, as it generally is,
that the Plane-iron Adze is the direct
descendant of the Stone or Shell Adze,
then it cannot be denied that the Rota-
tory Adze 1 here figure is derived by
parallel descent from an adze like that
figured by Keate. Various aspects of a
specimen of the Rotatory Adze now
in common use in Funafuti, where it is
called " atupa," are shown by fig. 19.
The handle of the atupa differs from
that of the toki, in that the short arm
is produced so as to transform the 7 into
an oblique and unsym metrical T. The
example selected for illustration weighs
one pound, six ounces ; the handle is two
feet long and the head half as much. In
this particular instance the cutting edge
is a European hoe-blade; in another, part
of an iron door-hinge has served, and
probably scrap-iron in almost 'any form
Fig. 19.
* Finsch Efchnol. Atlas, pi. 1, fig. 7.
t Edge-Partington loc. cit , ii., pi. xv., fig. 5.
J Loc. cit, ii., pi. xciii., fig. 3 ; i., pi. ccc., fig. 3; pi. ccclxxx., fig. 3;
pi. clxii., fig. 4.
256 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
would be utilised. The iron is let into and lashed to a spade-
shaped holder in precisely the fashion in which the plane-iron
edge is fastened to its adze-handle. This wooden holder is about
ten inches long, consisting of a round rotating shaft about six
inches long and a wedge-head, the latter being four inches long,
two broad, and at the thick end an inch and a quarter deep. The
base of the wedge grinds against the truncated arm of the handle
which receives the shock of the blow, while the shaft is nearly
buried in a deep groove along the T head of the handle. Both
handle and holder are cross-furrowed by two deeply incised ring-
grooves, one before and one behind, while vestiges of a third are
apparent. Stout sinnet bindings occupy 'these grooves and keep
the holder in its position in the
groove of the handle.
Another, and as Keate's figure
suggests, probably archaic, method
of lashing the holder to the handle
is shown (fig. 20) by a specimen I
- 20. sketched, but could not obtain, on
Funafuti.
PUMP DRILL.*
Perhaps the only existing people who do not practise perforation
by drilling are the Australian Aborigines, who however incident-
ally drilled holes in the process of making fire. The Polynesians
are much more advanced.
The Pump Drill of the West Pacific never fails to elicit expressions
of surprise and admiration from those who first see it used by the
natives. So attractive a subject has naturally received due atten-
tion from travellers, and as several good figures of it have already
appeared, I need not here burden literature with more.
The pump drill seems to have been an evolution from the simple
shaft drill, from which it arose by easy and natural improvements.
The simple shaft drill, as the older and simpler form, was wider
spread in space consequent on its superior antiquity allowing it the
greater chance of passing from people to people to remoter limits.
When European civilisation invaded the Pacific and commenced to
deaden the progress of native manners and customs, the pump drill
was probably Overtaking and replacing the simple shaft drill on
the periphery of an out-rippling circle.
To trace the path of either form would be to unravel the vexed
question of the origin of the Pacific races. " The rotatory
drill," says Brigham, "and the kupaaikee adze are both Papuan
* For an account of the pump drill beyond the geographical limits of
the present article, see J. D. McGuire A Study of the primitive methods
of Drilling .Report of the U.S. National Museum, 1894, (189G) p. 733.
ETHNOLOGY IIEDLEY. 257
inventions now spread through the Pacific."* If so they must have
been transmitted to Hawaii by the Micronesians. A possible source
of the ancient, simple, shaft drill of the Pacific, is Japan, where
Morse thus describes its use : " For drilling holes, a very long-
handled awl is used. The carpenter, seizing the handle at the
end, between the palms of his hands, and moving his hands rapidly
back and forth, pushing down at the same time, the awl is made
rapidly to rotate back and forth ; as his hands gradually slip
down on the handle, he quickly seizes it at the upper end again,
continuing the motion as before."! Such a drill is introduced into
a scene in the island of Rawak, Dutch New Guinea.! Cook
noticed this simpler form of drill from Tahiti, and he observed
awls armed with sharks' teeth used by the Tongans and the
Maories. The Maori greenstone meris are said to have been
drilled with a weighted strap drill. " To drill the hole for the
thong in the handle . . . pieces of sharp flint are set in the end
of a split stick, being lashed in very neatly. The stick is about
fifteen or eighteen inches long, and is to become the spindle of a
large teetotum drill. For the circular plate of this instrument
the hardened intervertebral cartilage of a whale is taken. A hole
is made through, and the stick firmly and accurately fixed in it.
Two strings are then attached to the upper end of the stick, and
by pulling them a rapid rotatory motion is given to the drill.
When an indentation is once made in the pounamu the work is
easy. As each flint becomes blunted it is replaced by another. "||-
From New Caledonia I have had a description of a stick drill on
a large scale, used for making the nephrite ceremonial axes ; to
this a stone is slung, performing when set spinning, the office of a
fly-wheel. The shaft drill survived till lately on Erromanga, New
Hebrides, whence the Rev. H . A. Robertson procured models, now
in the Australian Museum. Fire-sticks and the long spines of
Echini supplied the Fijian's boring apparatus.
The structure and use of the pump drill is thus described by Dr.
Turner : "Take a piece of wood, eighteen inches long, twice the
thickness of a cedar pencil. Fasten with a strong thread a fine
pointed nail, or a sail needle, to the end of this sort of spindle.
Get a thick piece of wood, about the size of what is called in
England a ' hot cross bun,' and in Scotland a ' cookie,' bore a hole
in the centre of it, run the spindle through it, and wedge it fast
about the middle of the spindle. At the top of the spindle fasten
* Brigham loc. cit., pt iii., p. 3,1.
t Morse Japanese Homes, 1888, p. 40.
j Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, 1829, pi. 46.
Cook First Voyage, ii., 1773, p. 219; Last Voyage, i., 1785, pp. 160
and 395.
|| Chapman Trans. N. Z. Inst., xxiv., 1891 (1892) p. 499. Another
type is figured, loc. cit., pi. xxviii.
258 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
two strings, each nine inches long, to the end of these strings
attach the ends of a common cedar pencil, forming a triangle
with a wooden base and side strings. Stand up the machine with
your left hand, place the iron point where you wish to bore a hole,
and steady the spindle with your left hand. Take hold of the
pencil handle of the upper triangle, twirl round the spindle with
your left hand, which will coil on the strings at the top to the
spindle, pull down the pencil handle quickly, and then the machine
will spin round. Work the handle in this way up and down, like
a pump, the cord will alternately run off and on to the spindle,
and the machine will continue to whirl round, first one way and
then the other, until the pearl shell or whatever it may be, is
perforated.''*
Perhaps the earliest account we have of the pump drill of the
Pacific is the excellent engraving and description of one procured
from Fakaafu by the American Expedition on the occasion of
their discovery of that island. f Turner fully describes this drill
and its use in Samoa, J and a Samoan example is figured by Edge-
Partington. At Treasury Island, Solomons, Dr. Guppy saw
Mule, the chief, using a pump drill for " piercing the holes for the
rattan-like thongs in the planks of his canoe."|| Edge-Partington
supplies an illustration of a pump drill with a stone point and a
turtle fly-wheel from Malayta, Solomons ;11 and Codrington des-
cribes certain disks as "drilled with a pump drill, in Florida
' puputa,' in San Christoval 'nono."'** Its existence in British
New Guinea is attested by D'Albertis, who figures one from
Naiabui ;ff by Stone, who figures and describes another from Port
Moresby ;JJ and by Edge-Partington, who figures a third from
Kerepunu $$ the two latter are peculiar in the substitution of a
bar for a fly-wheel. In 1890, I observed a native in the village
of Toulon Island engaged in making beads from Strombus shells
with the aid of a pump drill. " The rotatory drill was known to
the Hawaiians ; before the advent of iron the point of a Terebra
shell served for borer, but in modern times a triangular file was
generally used."||!|
* Turner Samoa, 1884, p. 169.
t Wilkes loc. tit., v., p. 18, fig.
J Turner loc. cit., p. 169.
Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. Ixxvii., fig. 1.
II Guppy loc. cit., p. 76.
If Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. cci., fig. 3.
** Codrington The Melanesians, 1891, p. 325.
ft D'Albertis loc. cit., pi. facing p. 378, fig. 19.
$$ Stone A Few Months in New Guinea, 1883, p. 72, fig.
Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. 174, fig. 4.
|| || Brigham loc. cit., pt. ii., p. 44; pt. iii., p. 31.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
259
No drills, I believe, existed on Funafuti at the date of our arrival.
The natives were, however, well acquainted with the tool and des-
cribed them to me as formerly in use pointed with Terebra maculata
and Mitra episcopalis ; a clumsy model of one, pointed with a
fragment of Pteroceras, was made on the island for one of our
party. On Fakaafu, Lister saw a drill pointed with a sea
urchin's tooth. On the neighbouring atoll of Nukulailai I was
able to secure a specimen in actual use. Here it was called
" milli," and was chiefly employed in making pearl-shell fish-hooks.
This specimen weighs six and a half ounces, measures twenty-one
inches in total length, is fitted half-way with a fly-wheel four and
a half inches in diameter and three-quarters of an inch thick of Euro-
pean or American deal, from one end a rod a foot long is swung from
nine inch long sinnet cords, and to the other end is lashed a pointed,
steel, triangular, saw-file.*
RASP.
Woodwork, trimmed into shape by the adze, received a finish
from the rasp, "jiri," made of the rough skin of the Ray. An un-
mounted fragment, such as a piece of the tail, sometimes served,
but more usually the skin was neatly mounted on a wooden handle.
The natives of Fakaafu, " had saws and files, formed of shark's
skin stretched on sticks, which in their hands were quite effective
in wearing away the soft wood.f
From Santa Cruz and Banks Island,
New Hebrides, Edge-Partington
shows similar mounted rasps. J
Lament relates that at Penrhyn
Island: "The spears are finally
polished with the ' poerare,' a kind
of rasp, of fish-skin, fastened on
a stick." Captain Cook saw on
Tonga " rasps, of a rough skin of
a fish, fastened on flat pieces of
wood, thinner on one side, which
also have handles. "||
Ling Roth figures a "file made
of fish-skin gummed on to wood,
from S.E. Borneo."*!
The Funafuti specimen of which
figs. 21 and 22 give back and
front views, weighs three and a
* Since the preceding pages were printed off, a figure and description
(Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxvi., 1897, p. 433) of the New Caledonian drill,
therein mentioned, have reached me. t Wilkes loc. cit., v., p. 17.' ._,"
J Edge Partington loc. cit., i., pi. clxiii.,fig. 9 ; ii., pi. Ixxxvi., fig. 3. ,
Lament op. cit., p. 155.
|| Cook A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, i., 1784, p. 395.
IFLing Roth Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, ii., 1896,
p. 256.
B
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
260 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
half ounces, and is eleven inches long by two and three-quarters
wide. The sheet of ray skin is six inches by four, and is sewn
together at the back with fine sinnet. The bleached condition of
the wooden handle shows it to be drift wood, and the weight and
grain agrees with that of red cedar (Cedrela toona).
Rasps were also improvised out of a rough piece of coral.
SPADES.
The literary history of the spade in the Pacific is both brief
and obscure.*
An article is represented in the Ethnographical Album, f which
Dr. Gill describes as " the ancient spade of the Mangaiians, always
used in a squatting posture, also used (and intended to be used)
as a club"; Edge-Partington further figures a series j described in
the margin as " steering paddles, " but which are indexed as
" spades " from Fiji a spade-blade of tortoiseshell, bored for lash-
ing to a handle, is represented ; |j from Samoa is shownll an
instrument referred to as a " spade (?) of Pinna shell "; and from
Tonga a Meleagrina margaritifera valve, bored and similarly
mounted on a pole, is classified as a "spade(?)"**
On Fakarava, Paumotu Group, Stolpe obtained a "model of
spade wherewith aforetime they buried their dead. The model,
which is of the actual size, consists of a staff, with a great pearl
mussel shell fast bound to either end by coconut plaiting. The
entire implement is 146 cm. long.''ff
Of the Tongans, Captain Cook wrote : " The instruments they
use for this purpose [digging], which they call hoo, are nothing
more than pickets or stakes of different lengths, according to the
depth they have to dig. These are flattened and sharpened to an
edge at one end ; and the largest have a short piece fixed trans-
versely, for pressing it into the ground with the foot. With these,
* For remarks on the use of agricultural implements in New Zealand,
see Polack Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, ii., 1840, p.
194; and in Australia, R. Elheridge, Juur. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ix.,
(2), 1894 (1895), pp. 109-112.
t Edge-Partington op. cit., i., pi. v., fig. 6.
j Id., Zoc. cit., pi. xxxvi., figs. 1-3.
All the steering paddles that I have seen were carved solid in one
piece, and the frailty of the specimens drawn suggests to me that he who
ticketed these articles " steering paddles," had not acquired his lore in
the salt air and sunshine of the Southern Seas. For he had surely never
seen a steering paddle jammed hard down with all the force of the brown
steersman's arm and watched the surging water straining it as the tall
and tasselled prow swung slowly up to windward.
|| Edge-Partington op. cit., pi. cxix., fig. 12.
f Id., loc. cit., ii., pi. xliv., fig. 3.
** Id., loc. cit., ii., pi. 1., fig. 9.
ft Trans. Eochdale Lit. and Scientific Soc., iii., 1893, p. 112.
ETHNOLOGY HKDLEY.
261
though they are not more than from two to four
inches broad, they dig and plant ground of many
acres in extent."*
Though the peculiar method of mounting the blade
by boring and lashing to the pole, may be useful as a
clue in distinguishing the Pacific spade, it cannot be
regarded as a feature separating it from other imple-
ments. A type of New Caledonian axef shares this
character, and in the Gilbert Group the paddles are
made in this way, as Wilkes has shown J and Finsch
confirmed. With the Gilbert paddle agrees another
figured from the Admiralty Islands by Moseley, |j
and a specimen from Anchorite Island in the Aus-
tralian Museum. Indeed the Pacific spade suggests
for itself a polyphyletic origin from the paddle of the
Gilbert Islander, the club of the Mangaiian, or the
axe of the New Caledonian.
In the Ellice, two agricultural implements existed.
A species of mattock, resembling an adze of which
the minor limb was lengthened and armed with turtle
carapace, was obtained by one of the officers of H.M.S.
" Penguin," on Funafuti. A cognate tool is mentioned
by Finsch from Mortlock Island. H Another of our party
also procured some indifferent models of a
spade, or long-handled shovel, on Funafuti,
where their use had been long abandoned and
their place taken by metal bladed substitutes.
On Nukulailai, however, I found this
type surviving and in daily use. A speci-
men I there procured is shown by figs.
23 and 24. This spade is in two parts, a
handle and a blade ; the former is a pole,
perhaps of Ochrosia wood, five feet long
and an inch and a quarter in diameter,
and the latter an oval, spoon-shaped board
of perhaps GalophyUum wood, sixteen inches
long, nine wide, and half-an-inch thick,
proximally it narrows to a shaft four inches
long and one and a half wide, which is
bound to the pole, additional strength being
given by lashings which pass round the pole
through two pairs of perforations in the
* Cook A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, i., 1785, p. 392. A Maori spade
and hoe are figured by Taylor New Zealand and its inhabitants, 1870,
pp. 360, 423 ; and the Hawaiian by Ellis loc. cit., iv., p. 195.
f Edge-Partington op. cit., i., pi. cxxviii., fig. 3.
j Wilkes Joe. tit., v.,p.52, fig. Finsch loc. cit., viii., 1893, p.70,fig.!2.
|| Moseley Journ Anthrop. Inst., vi., 1877, pi. xxii. 1 Finsch loc. cit.
262
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
blade, bored respectively at five and seven inches from the stem.
The blade is straight longitudinally, but transversely the curving
sides rise an inch and a half above the centre. Such are frequently
constructed of broken or disused wooden basins.
KOUTEKI.
The method of climbing palms in Funafuti has been described
The " kouteki " used in that operation is illustrated
on p.
Pig. 25.
by fig. 25 ; the side
shaded in my draw-
ing being the face
applied to the palm
trunk. This article
is carved from a
hard dark wood, perhaps Calophyllum, weighs four and a half
ounces, is twenty-one inches long, two broad, and one thick.
COCONUT SCRAPERS.
An ordinary kitchen utensil is the " twaikarea," or mounted
scraper. Of this the old form has entirely passed out of use,
having been replaced by an iron instru-
ment. I was, however, by the courtesy
of the late king's daughter, so fortunate
as to receive from her as a return gift for
a bottle of European scent, the specimen
shown by fig. 26, which was, I was
assured, the last survival in the- atoll,
if not in the archipelago, of the ancient
pattern, where its place is taken by a
metal substitute. In use the twaikarea
is laid upon the ground and the blade is
thrust through one of the loose coco-leaf
mats ; sitting down, the operator rests the
thigh on the straight shaft of the utensil
to keep it firm, arid grasping a split coco-
nut rocks it over the blade till the kernel
is shredded away. The shreds are then
gathered from the mat for cooking or
making oil.
The method of using this instrument on
Funafuti is shown in the accompanying
sketch (Plate xiv.),for which I am indebted
to my friend Mr. Norman Hardy. In Matty Island it appears
that the operator does not sit, but stands on the instrument and
stoops to his work.
The wooden holder whose worn and discolored appearance
indicates a respectable antiquity, consists of a cone departing at
Fig. 26.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 263
half a right angle from a straight board, all being in one piece of
a kind of hard, white wood unknown to me. The board or seat
is eighteen inches long, an inch thick, three inches wide at the
end, and four at the elbow. The cone is six inches long, and
tapers from two and a half inches at the base to an inch at the
summit. On the upper side it is excavated to receive the blade.
A spoon-shaped fragment, four inches long and two wide, from
the columella of the " karea " shell (Pterocera lambis), ground to
a chisel edge on the outer side, constitutes the blade, which is
retained in position by interlaced lashing of sinnet, like that of
the adze. The weight of this implement is one pound eight ounces.
Upon an emergency a twaikarea might be used, I was informed,
as a substitute for the toki fasua.
Somewhat different are the coconut scrapers figured and des-
cribed from Matty Island, in German New Guinea.*
An homologous utensil, " kamdjoo," consisting of an armed stick
sloping in a fork stuck in the ground, is recorded from the
Lad rones, f
Of this latter type a specimen from the Marshall Islands, set
with a blade of hard coconut shell, is contained in the Australian
Museum. This form was probably steadied by the knee when in
use. The localities suggest that it will prove a characteristic of
Micronesia.
The article just described is intended only for scraping the
kernel of the coconut shell which has become firm and thick with
age. Another kind of scraper is used to prepare pap for infants'
food from the soft kernel of the half-grown nut. The latter kind
seems to be in common use over a wide area and usually takes
the shape of a slip of pearl shell an inch or two inches broad and
twice as long, having the broader end finely serrated. Some I
collected at Mita, Milne Bay, British New Guinea, were called
there " kahi." From the Solomons, Edge-Partington figures two
examples, J the former from New Georgia being etched pictorially
on the concave face. Finsch illustrates another from Finsch-
haven, German New Guinea. On Penrhyn Island : " With a
piece of mother-of-pearl, called a ' tue,' some six inches long, and
tapering to a point, and about two broad at the base, where it is
nicked like a saw, they scrape the meat very fine. This they do
by placing a half nut between their legs, pressing the edge down
with the left thumb, holding the tue like a pen, in the right hand,
* Edge-Partington Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxv., 1896, p. 294, pi. xxiv.,
figs. 7, 8.
t Freycinet Voyage Uranie et Physicienne, ii., 1829, pp. 313 and 447,
pi. Ixxix., fig. 2.
J Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. ci., fig. 12 j pi. cxii., fig. 8.
Ethnological Atlas, 1880, p. 26, pi. v., fig. 8.
264
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
and scraping from the edge downwards, the left forefinger pressing
on and assisting the others in the operation."*
On Nukulailai I procured a specimen, called
" twai," cut from Meleagrina, one ounce in
weight, three and three-quarter inches long, and
tapering in width from an inch to an inch and a
half. On Funafuti pearl shell was a material
too precious for this use, and hard coconut
shell was employed in the specimen drawn in
fig. 27, which is three-quarters of an ounce in
weight, four inches in length, and tapers from
a broken point to an edge an inch and three-
.. ^ quarters broad, denticulated by thirty small
teeth.
The ribs and carapace of Chelone midas are formed into
scoops " sesefonu," for paring the kernel of coconuts. No two
of the series collected at Funafuti are
quite alike. Variations selected for
illustration show the former, (fig. 28)
a double-ended scoop, an ounce and
a half in weight, an inch broad, and
seven and a half long ; the latter,
(fig. 29) two and a half ounces in
weight, eleven inches in length, and
one and a half in width, at one end
it tapers to a point and at the other
is bevelled three inches on the concave
surface to the blade.
To this category probably belongs a
Fijian article sketched by Edge-Parting-
tonf described in the margin as 'a
" taro spade of bone," but corrected
by Sir Arthur Gordon in " Additional
Notes" to "implement of turtle bone
used for preparing puddings."
A scoop was occasionally improvised from a valve of the
common Asaphis deflorata.
IMPLEMENTS FOR FISHING AND HUNTING.
FISH-HOOKS.
The fish-hooks used by the Ellic.e Islanders may conveniently
be grouped under three heads ; firstly, those made in one piece
and used baited in the ordinary way, secondly, those made with
* Lament Joe. dt., p. 117.
t Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. cxix., fig. 16; see also ii., pi. lix., fig. 7.
Fig. 28. Fig. 29.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 265
separate barb and shank, baited and sunk for deep sea fish, and
thirdly, those also made of two separate pieces but trailed unbaited
on the surface. The two latter types, highly specialised forms,
are still in common use, but the former more generalised pattern
has been entirely superseded by European metal hooks. The
Octopus bait of stone and cowry shells, so frequently used in
Polynesia was not seen by me on Funafuti, though Lister records
it from Fakaafu.
SIMPLE FISH-HOOKS.
Of the old-fashioned hooks carved in one piece no actual speci-
mens exist to-day on Funafuti. A few of bone and pearl shell,
which had survived till our visit, were carried away by the
Expedition, and I am partly dependent for my information upon
models of extinct types made for me by old men.
An old type, the " matou tifa,"* which I
saw in the possession of a native, but failed
to procure, is figured (fig. 30) from a pencil
drawing made on the spot. It was of pearl
shell, about two inches in diameter and a
third of an inch thick. So excessive js the
curvature that the inner margin describes
three-quarters of a circle. The base is ex-
panded to afford a grasp for the fishing-line,
the tip is tapered gradually to a sharp point,
distant a third of the circumference from Fig. 30.
which is a sharp backwardly directed barb.
Such hooks were seen by Captain Cook in Tahiti, and the manu-
facture of them he thus describes : " The manner of making them
is very simple, and every fisherman is his own artificer : the shell
is first cut into square pieces, by the edge of another shell, and
wrought into a form corresponding with the outline of the hook
by pieces of coral, which are sufficiently rough to perform the
office of a file ; a hole is then bored in the middle, the drill being
no other than the first stone they pick up that has a sharp corner :
this they fix into the end of a piece of bamboo, and turn it between
the hands like a chocolate mill ; when the shell is perforated, and
the hole sufficiently wide, a small file of coral is introduced, by
the application of which the hook in a short time is completed,
few costing the artificer more than a quarter of an hour."f Finsch
gives a description which corresponds with Cook's, and illustrates
his remarks with diagrams of half-made hooks from Nukuor in
the Carolines.^
* In Mariner's Tongan Vocabulary, fish-hook is " matow."
t Cook loc. tit., p. 219.
J Finsch Zoc. cit., p. 333, pi. iii.. figs. 9, a., b.
266
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 31.
Another antique form, called simply " tifa,"
of which I was fortunately able to secure
an authentic example, is shown by fig.
31. It is osseous, formed probably from
the carapace of a turtle, a third of an inch
thick, and an inch and a half in diameter,
and weighs two drachms forty-nine grains.
I was informed that such hooks were occasion-
ally made of hard coral. From the preceeding
it differs in the shape and position of the barb.
When the hook lies before the observer,
with the barb pointing downwards, the
hook has somewhat the form of a C. A hook of this type is
figured from Fakaafu by Lister.* Hooks resembling this form
are figured by Finsch, f but here the ends are reversed, what
forms the barb in the Ellice hook being the point of attachment
of the fishing-line in the Caroline one, and vice versa. On the
other hand various Tahitian hooks figured by Edge-PartingtonJ
agree with mine. As Finsch remarks, it is difficult to understand
how fish were caught with these blunt and clumsy hooks, but that
they effectually served their purpose is certain.
A small comma-shaped tortoise shell hook is called
" faba" in Funafuti. Though an inch in length, it is
barely a millimetre thick, weighing three grains. The
specimen figured (fig. 32) is a model of an extinct
species, made for me on Funafuti. Though there
are vague references in literature to small turtle shell
hooks in the Pacific, I have not been able to find a
figure or description corresponding to my specimens. Keate tells
us that the Pelew Islanders made their fishing hooks of tortoise-
shell, one of which he figures.
Some of the hooks in the Australian Museum, wrought from
turtle shell, show evidences of having been bent by heat, but the
Funafuti ones seem to have been carved cold.
PEARL SHELL BONITO HOOKS, " BAWONGA."
These fish-hooks represented to the Ellice Islanders of past
generations their most valued treasures. Apart from their intrinsic
worth they acquired, as conveying a maximum of wealth in a
minimum of space, an artificial value approximating to the coins
of more advanced civilisations. Instances have been given of
their presentation to the gods (p. 47), of their burial with the
owners (p. 53), and of their transmission from atoll to atoll by
* Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxi., 1892, pi. ix., fig. 2.
t Finsch loc. cit., pi. in., figs. 5, 6, and 7.
J Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. xxi.
Keate op. cit., p. 311, pi. ii, fig. 4.
Fig. 32.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 267
Frigate-birds (p. 59). In Tonga the hook of the god Tangaloa
was an heirloom preserved for many generations.
In this Archipelago their value was heightened by the rarity
and inaccessibility of the shell, (Avicula cumingii) from which
they are manufactured ; hardly any are found at Funafuti,
and the Group is principally supplied from a bed in the Lagoon
of Nukulailai, whence they are procured by expert divers.
This type of hook is universal throughout the Pacific, being used
alike by Melanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians. Besides
those collected by the Expedition, the Australian Museum con-
tains instances from Manihiki and Mortlock Islands, and the
Gilbert and Hawaiian Groups. Among Edge-Partington's sketches
may be recognised further instances from Danger Island, Strong's
Island, Tahiti, Tonga, and the Solomons.* In addition, Finsch
quotes this type from the Carolines, the Marshalls, and the Mar-
quesas, f In New Zealand, where the substance of which it is
usually manufactured does not exist, the Maories found in the
shell of the " pawa " ( Haliotis iris), a substitute for the flashing
nacre of the Avicula. But this shell being too brittle to stand
alone, is supported by a backing of " totara " wood (Podo-
carpus totara). It is used, according to Button, J for catching
the " kahawai " (Arripis solar). The barb is itself single or
double recalling the Tongan pattern. Specimens of this interest-
ing variation lie before me in the Museum collection, and
correspond fairly to the instances figured by Brough Smyth
and Edge-Partington.||
The habits of the Bonito (Thynnus pelamys), for whom these
hooks are intended, resemble those of its near relation the European
mackerel; they eagerly rush at and swallow any attractive object,
guided apparently by sight, not scent.
Of the considerable literature which has accumulated on the
subject, probably the first notice of the use of these hooks is
Captain Cook's remark of them in the hands of Tahitian anglersU:
" Of fish-hooks they have two sorts, admirably adapted in their
construction as well to the purpose they are to answer, as to the
materials of which they are made. One of these, which they call
' wittee wittee,' is used for towing. The shank is made of mother-
of-pearl, the most glossy that can be got : the inside, which is
* Edge-Partington Joe. cit., i., pi. Ixii, fig. ; pi. Ixxxvii., fig. 8 j pi.
clxxvii., figs. 9, 10 ; pi. ccix., figs, 4, 5, 6 ; ii., pi. xxi., figs. 1-3.
t Ann. K K. Naturhist, Hofmus., viii., 1893, p. 332. A Caroline speci-
men is figured in the Voyage Uranie et Physicienne, pi. Iviii., fig. 10.
Guide to the Collections in the Canterbury Museum, 1895, p. 217. See
also Wakefield Adventures in New Zealand, i., 1845, p. 93.
Aborigines of Victoria, i., 1878, p. 392.
\\ Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. cccxci., fig. 9.
f First Voyage., ii., 1773, p. 218.
268 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
naturally the brightest, is put behind. To these hooks a tuft of
white dog's or hog's hair is fixed so as somewhat to resemble the
tail of a fish ; these implements, therefore, are both hook and bait,
and are used with a rod of bamboo and line of ' erowa,' [a kind
of nettle which grows in the mountains]. The fisher, to secure
his success, watches, the flight of the birds, which constantly attend
the Bonetas when they swim in shoals, by which he directs his
canoe, and when he has the advantage of these guides, he seldom
returns without a prize."
This sport is thus vividly described from another island by
W. T. Pritchard*: " Bonita fishing is, perhaps, the most risky of
all Samoan adventures. The natives start off at the dawn of day,
and paddle far out to sea in the calm of the morning, and there
trail their hooks behind the canoes, heedless of the brewing storm,
and trusting to the strength of their arms and the fleetness of
their skiffs, to reach the shore before its full force overtakes them.
The bonita are found in ' shoals/ with birds hovering over them ;
and when these birds are still further out to sea, the fishermen
bend to their paddles, and the canoes skim over the waves until
in the midst of the ' igafo,' as the shoal is called. There the hook,
still trailing from a long bamboo rod over the stern, is played to
and fro, and as the bonita bites at it with a spring and a splash,
he is tossed up with a jerk, and landed in the canoe with a shout
and a cheer."
The bamboo does not grow in Funafuti, where the fishing-rods
are chosen from the " miro," Thespesia populnea (p. 37). In Tahiti,
the rod has bunches of feathers to imitate birds, f In action the
rod butt fits into a rope eye slung from the aftermost thwart
(like a sprit-yard when it is shipped in an eye slung from the
mast), it reclines in a raised rest carved on the after-decking of a
Funafuti canoe (Plate xv.) At Simbo, in the Solomons, Mr.
Hardy tells me that a bamboo scoop is drawn through the water
to attract the bonito.
The shank " ba," of the hook is carved
from an Avicula valve, so that a slice from
the thinner part of the valve is attached to
a thicker ridge from the hinge. A valve of
A. cumingii, from which a hook had been
cut, or rather I presume sawn along the
sides and snapped off at the tail, which I
procured on Nukulailai is figured (fig. 33)
Fig. 33. to illustrate the mode of manufacture. In
one hook from Funafuti (fig. 34) the shank
* Pritchard Polynesian Reminiscences, 1866, p. 175 ; see also Wilkes
op. cit., v., p. 11.
t Ellis loc. cit., i., p. 148.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 269
is compound, being lengthened and strengthened by
a strip of pearl shell, neatly fitted and lashed to the
butt-piece. This is the only instance of such that
has come to my notice, and doubtless was the result
of economy in the use of a rare and valued sub-
stance. This hook is the largest of the series from
Funafuti, being three inches and a quarter in
length, but it is dwarfed by a specimen from
Manihiki, six inches long. In weight it is six
drachms nine grains. I did not see the whole
process of manufacture, but such as I saw, nearly
completed, in Funafuti were fashioned with but one
tool, a small hard piece of Montipora coral called
" lapa," with which the implement was rasped into the desired
shape. The tail end of the shank is either made forked or
square. The opposite thicker end of the shank is so designed
to bear the perforation necessary for lashing on the fishing-line.
In the article (fig. 35) taken half-finished
from the workshop, the perforation has
not yet been made This hole is drilled
with a tool just like that figured by
Pig. 35. Wilkes* from Fakaafu, in the Union
Group. No specimens of this existed on
Funafuti when we were there, though they were described to me
as having formerly been used tipped with Terebra maculata or
Mitra episcopalis. Critical examination reveals that these per-
forations were not drilled from one side through to the other, but
half through from one side to meet half through from the other. The
face of the shank corresponding to the exterior surface of the valve
was ground till the dull dark surface disappeared, the convex sur-
face of the finished hook always presenting the most brilliant lustre.
It is asserted by fishermen that a particular color of the nacre is
preferred by the fish, and a hook is tried, polished, and re-polished
till the exact play of light is obtained.
Among the hooks from Funafuti the makers have chosen as
material for barbs, "wonga," bone (probably of Delphinus, possibly
of Sus), mother-of-pearl (Avicula), and turtle-shell (Chelone). One
from Tahiti with a barb of Pinna shell is figured by Edge-
Partington.f and doubtless other substances would be found on
examination of a large series. A Gilbert Island example in the
Museum Collection has for barb a bent copper nail ; and a hook
from Funafuti (fig. 36) is armed with a piece of steel wire bent
and pointed. The separate pearl shell barb from a half finished
article (fig. 37) of Funafuti will convey an idea of its proportions.
* Wilkes Nar. U.S. Explor. Exped., v., 1845, p. 18.
t Edge-Partington loc. tit., ii., pi. xxi., fig. 2.
270 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Two perforations are the rule, but in the specimen with the com-
pound shank a third exists. Unlike the kahawai hook from New
Zealand, the barb is always simple in the Central Pacific type.
Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38.
To the shank the barb is securely lashed by twine threaded
through the perforation, the distal of the two lashings also serves
to hold the beard ; in the specimen figured (fig. 38) this latter is
of European cotton thread, but usually it is of native fibre. The
hook is made more secure by wedging on either side of it under the
lashing, a piece of wood, which, in the examples at my disposal,
is invariably from the mid rib of a coconut frond pinnule. Finsch*
describes such wedges as of bone or fish-bone splinters.
A hook which differs from the usual type is represented in the
Australian Museum from Mortlock Island. This pattern has
been noted from Strong's Island by Edge-Partington,f and has
been well figured from Mortlock by Finsch. J It differs markedly
by the shape of the barb, the angle at which it is set, and especially
by its mode of attachment to the shank and severance from the
fishing-line. The tail end of the shank is deeply cut by two pair
of notches to which the barb is fastened by a species of " cross-
seizing." The hinge of the Avicula is cut lengthwise to form the
shank of this hook, not as usual across.
The taste of the fish or caprice of the artificer results in much
diversity of beard, " singa." In Funafuti, white feathers (which
appear to my colleague, Mr. A. J, North, to have been plucked
from the breast of the Black-naped Tern, Sterna melanauchen)
are in vogue. In one hook (fig. 34) a pair of these feathers orna-
ment the tail end of the shank, their shafts being twisted into
the furthest lashing upon the lower surface. Two pair are inserted
upon the other specimen figured, (fig. 38) in a corresponding situa-
tion, while a third pair garnish the fishing-line near the butt end of
the hook. Finsch quotes specimens from Nukuor, in the Carolines,
collected by Kubary, adorned with black feathers. From the
proceeding extract, it will be seen that Captain Cook observed
dog's and pig's hair used in Tahiti. An instance is before
* Finsch Joe. cit., p. 331.
t Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. clxxvii., figs. 9 - 10.
t Finsch loc. cit., pi. iii., fig. 1.
Finsch loc. cit., p. 332.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 271
me of European lamp-wick forming a beard for a Manihiki hook,
and a Gilbert Islander has so utilised a bit of canvas ; the Museum
series further afford a Mortlock hook bearded with dressed Hibiscus
bark. Pieces of tappa cloth, varying in colour according to the
kind of fishing, are mentioned by Finsch from the last-named
Island.
The hook with which the great god Tangaloa dragged up Tonga
from the bottom of the sea, was described as " made of tortoise-
shell, strengthened by a piece of the bone of a whale ; in size and
shape it was just like a large albacore hook, measuring six or
seven inches long, from the curve to the part where the line was
attached, and an inch and a half between the barb and the
stem."*
The fishing-lines attached to these hooks are always sold together
with them; being required to endure tremendous strain, they are
fastened to the hooks inseparably. In the Ellice, as in the Gilbert
and Manihiki specimens, these are composed of Broussonetia, and
are fine, white, three-ply cord, two to three mm. in diameter, of
immense strength. In the words of Captain Cook,f the Polynesians
" make the best fishing-lines in the world : with these they hold
the strongest and most active fish, such as bonetas and albacores,
which would snap our strongest silk lines in a minute, though
they are twice as thick." Dr. Finsch informs us that in the
Carolines the fishing-lines were constructed of Hibiscus fibre, and
that the Archipelago was chiefly supplied with this article from
Nukuor.
Synopsis. This kind of fish-hook may, on the model of
systematic biology, be classified as follows :
Genus TRAILED PEARL SHELL HOOKS.
Description. Of two pieces, pearl shell shank and attached
hook of the same or other substance, large, bearded, trailed on
the surface without bait, principally employed for bonito ; extends
throughout the Pacific.
Type.~Fig. 38, p. 270.
Species A. Type species.
Description.- -Shank mother-of-pearl, bored at thick end to
attach fishing-line, which is then carried along the face of the
shank and made fast to the barb, tail not serrated ; beard and
barb of various substances.
Locality Pacific.
* Mariner Tonga, i., 1817, p. 285.
t Cook loc. tit., p. 218.
272 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Sub-species A.
Description. Metal barb, shank flat and notched to fasten
fishing-line.
Locality. Eilice Group.
Type. Fig. 36, p. 270.
>,ies B.
Description. Fishing-line not carried to barb, barb lashed to
serrations on the tail of the shank, shank perforated for fishing-
line.
Locality. Mortlock and Strong's Islands.
Type.Finsch, Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, pi.
iii., fig. 1.
Sub-species B.
Description. Shank notched or toothed, not perforated, for
reception of fishing-line.
Locality. Solomon Islands.
Type. Edge-Partington, Ethnol. Album, ii., pi. ccix., fig. 5.
Species C.
Description. Kahawai hook, shank of pawa face and wood
backing, barb bone and double barbed at tip. ,
Locality. New Zealand.
Type. Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i., 1878, p. 392, fig. 230.
Species D.
Description. Shank round, barb shaped like a scythe blade, no
beard.
Locality. New Guinea.
Type. Finsch, Ethnol. Atlas, pi. ix., fig. 3.
PALU HOOKS.
As characteristic an ethnological feature of its especial region
as the boomerang of Australia or the bola of South America, is
the wooden deep sea fish-hook from the Central Pacific. All
authors in dealing with this remarkable type of large wooden
hook from Micronesia and Polynesia have termed it a " shark "
hook. In the preceding pages, (p. 199) a description by Mr.
Louis Becke is given of .the "shark," for which this instrument
is intended. This excellent account, though not couched in
technical language, clearly indicates that the fish in question,
the " palu," is no shark, and has suggested to Mr. E. R. Waite
the idea of some Macruroid.
ETHNOLOGY HRDLEY. 273
" This peculiar fish," writes Becke, " is, as far as I know, only
found in the Tokelau, Ellice, and Kingsmill Groups, and at the
isolated islands of Pukapuka (Danger Island), Suwarrow, and
Manahiki. I do not know for certain, but I have been told by
many intelligent natives that the palu is never to be found among
the high islands, such as the Fijis, Samoa, New Hebrides, &c."
He also mentions catching palu at Nieue.
Tracing the geographical distribution of this hook, we note it
recorded from Nanomea,* by Brill ; from Nukufetau in the Ellice,
Nukuor in the Carolines, and Tarowa in the Gilberts, by Dr.
Finsch ;f from Nukulailai, Nieue, Tamana, and the Union Group,
and -possibly an eccentric type from the Louisiades,| by Edge-
Partington, and the latter also by Macgillivray ; a drawing
of a Penrhyn Island hook, by Wilkes,|| may be intended for this
type ; while a huge form is represented in the Australian
Museum from the Mortlock Group, and another variation is
pictured from the Trobriands by Finsch. U A specimen resembling
the latter, said to come from Milne Bay, B.N. Guinea, was lately
procured by Mr. Norman Hardy at Samarai, and will be described
shortly in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales.
Lister** figures a palu hook from Fakaafu, and from Atafu, Dr.
Coppingerff procured "a large wooden shark-hook, with rope
snooding made of coconut fibre." A modification of the usual
pattern is shown from Fiji in the Macleay Museum, Sydney,
agreeing with a figure by Edge-Partington. |t
The shape of the palu hook is roughly that of a V or U, of
which one arm projects beyond the other, the shorter being turned
at right angles towards the longer and ending in a sharp point.
So bizarre a form rather strains the application of ordinary
terminology, but the re-entering point, seen on closer examination
to be a separate piece, may most conveniently be termed the
" barb," the remainder of the hook the " shank," while a coconut
fibre rope always attached to the longer limb, and homologous
* Brill Ethnographische Abtheilung, Katalog, i., 1897, pi. vi., fig.
365.
t Finsch Ann. K K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, pp. 54 and 333, pi.
iii., figs. 14, 15.
I Edge-Partington loc, cit., i., pi. Ixvii , fig. 6 ; pi. cccvii., fig. 4 ; ii.,
pi. xcv., fig. 1 ; pi. xcvi., figs. 1, 2.
Macgillivray Voy. " Rattlesnake," i., 1852, p. 198, fig.
ii Wilkes U.S. Explor. Exped., iv., 1845, p. 307.
1 Finsch Ethnol. Atlas, 1881, pi. ix., fig. 9.
** Lister op. cit., pi. ix., fig. 2
ft Coppinger Cruise of the " Alert," 1883, p. 157.
tt Edge-Partington loc. cit., L, pl.cxvii., fig. 11.
274
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
with the piece of cat-gut on an European fish-hook, will be spoken
of as the " cord of attachment."
The exact shape of the manufactured article depends on the
growth of the fork from which it is hewn, and therefore exhibits
considerable variation, especially in the angle in which the limbs
diverge. I procured on Nukulailai rough forks (fig. 39) such as
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.
schoolboys select for making catapults, in the bark, intended for
palu hooks. I recognised the bark, and the natives further in-
formed me that the wood was " vala vala," ( Premna taitensis).
Dr. Finsch supposed that mangrove furnished the material of the
Gilbert Island hook he described.
In Tahiti, Ellis tells us that the wooden shark hooks, a foot or
eighteen inches in length, were cut from the roots of the " aito "
tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), an exposed growing root of which
was sometimes twisted into the shape desired for the future hook.*
In the carefully finished example figured (fig. 40), the shank is
flattened at the fork and rounded on the limbs ; this is not, how-
ever, the case in other specimens of rougher workmanship. This
* Ellis foe. cit., i., p. 146.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 275
Funafuti example selected for description weighs, with its cord of
attachment, three and a quarter ounces ; the greatest length is
nine and a quarter inches, the shorter limb is seven and three-
quarter inches, the greatest width between the limbs is one and
three-quarter inches, and the length of the barb is two inches.
The separate barb is roughly L-shaped, one limb being bevelled
to form a scarf -joint with the shank, the other carved into the
exact shape of a fowl's spur, to which, when affixed to the shank,
its resemblance is increased by occupying the same relative position
to the limb of the shank as the spur does to the fowl's leg. The
joint is completed by a whipping for its entire length of flat sinnet.
The most striking peculiarity of the palu hook is the extent to
which the entering barb is carried, almost closing the loop of the
hook. As the length of the barb is proportionate to the size of
the hook, the size of the aperture is decided, not by the length of
the barb but, by the divergence of the limbs of the shank. The
specimen figured is extremely narrow, a quarter of an inch only
separating the point of the barb from the opposite limb of the
shank. Finsch's Tarowa hook exhibits an opposite extreme of
width which can be matched in a hook from Nukulailai, where
three-quarters of an inch intervene between barb and shank. If
the hook is held before the eye so that the shorter limb of the
shank appears super-imposed upon the longer, the barb is usually
seen to be slightly deflected to the right. When, as in the Mort-
lock hooks, this feature is exaggerated, the complete hook is
thrown into an ascending spiral. Considerable diversity exists
in the method of splicing the barb to the shank. In the Ellice
Islands the face of the joint is in a plane at right angles to the
plane of the hook, but the Funafuti craftsmen attach the barb
to the inner face of the shank, whereas the men of Nukulailai
fasten it (as is shown in the barbless shank on Finsch's plate, and
as Edge-Partington correctly figures it) to the outer side, as do
also the fishers of Fakaafu.
Reference has previously been made to a series of hooks
from the Mortlock Group* in the Australian Museum. Com-
pared with the Ellice hooks these are enormous, the largest
weighing one pound fifteen and three-quarter ounces, and
measuring seventeen and a half inches. Grooves gnawed by
captured fish upon the shanks attest their genuineness, and their
size suggests that they were intended for a form of palu larger
than that taken in mid-Pacific. In all points of construction they
conform to the smaller type except in the setting of the barb.
Here the scarf-joint is cut in the plane of the hook, that is, at
right angles to the Ellice Island joint.
* Which of the two groups known by this name is intended is uncertain,
but probably the northern is meant.
276 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The longer or unarmed limb of the shank terminates in a knob
on the outer side, half an inch below which is carved a smaller
projection. The cord of attachment is a piece of round plaited
coconut rope (oukaf akanapoua) about two feet in length; the loop
in which it ends is slipped over the smaller projection of the shank,
and the cord lashed securely to the inner side of the shank by
sinnet passing between the knobs. In the Mortlock hooks the
cord of attachment terminates distally in a loop, evidently for
"bending on " the fishing-line, in which it agrees with the Gilbert
Island type ; in the Ellice a knot ends this cord.
One Mortlock specimen has a straight stick, fourteen inches
long and half an inch broad, so lashed on to the cord of attach-
ment as almost to hinge to the long limb of the shank. A some-
what similar but not identical method of mounting the palu hook
is shown by Edge-Partington* in an instance from Niue. No
Ellice hooks present this feature, but we cannot assert that they
may not also be thus prepared for service.
Mr. O'Brien told me that the bait was a whole fish split and
laid scale to scale upon either side of the barb. In bolting this
the palu, whose jaws are very thin and pliable, gets the barb caught
behind the angle of the jaw. Sometimes, when the fish bites,
the, line is so jerked as to bang its head with the flat stone used
as a sinker.
Finsch gives the name of this hook in the Gilberts as "tingia,"
the name of it on Funafuti is " kou boru."
MESHING NEEDLES.
The meshing-needle, " afa," is carved from mangrove
(Rhizophora) wood ; in length it is sixteen or eighteen
inches, in breadth about an inch across the eye and three-
eighths across the shaft. The eye is about an eighth of
the total length, the proximal end of it is cut either square
or pointed, and the distal end simply split. The Funafuti
pattern (fig. 41) is hardly to be distinguished from one
used by English fishermen. The Australian Museum
possesses examples of this implement exactly like the
above, received from Greenwich and Sikaiana Islands.
Further modifications are given by Edge-Partington
Fig. 41. from various Pacific Islands, f One such shuttle, ready
loaded, depends from a group of Papuan implements
figured by Lindt from China Straits. J
* Edge-Partington loc. cit.. i., pi. Ixvii., fig. 6.
t Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. xxxii., figs. 15, 16, from Tahiti ; pi.
cxiii., fig. 22, and pi. cxix... fig. 14, from Fiji ; pi. clxxvi. ; ii., pi. cxciii.,
fig. 6, from New Guinea.
J Lindt Picturesque New Guinea, 1897, pi. xliv.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
HAND-NETS.
277
"Tei" is the name of a small hand-net (figs. 42, 43) for use in the
rock pools of the reef at low tide. It consists of a bag net mounted
upon a frame and set upon a stout ten-foot pole, probably of
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
Thespesia. The frame is in four pieces, apparently Rhizophora
wood. Two forks, somewhat the shape selected by boat-builders
for knees, are so trimmed and set that while the shorter arms,
three inches long, clasp the handle, being lashed thereto with fine
sinnet, the longer arms, nineteen inches long and half an inch in
diameter, continue nearly in the plane of the pole and diverge
symmetrically from each other at an angle of about forty-five
degrees. Two shorter pieces, about ten inches long and a third
of an inch thick, are at their bases jointed on to the inner extremi-
ties of the longer arms, by the same method as the former are
attached to the pole, while their extremities are crossed and
lashed together. These shorter pieces are so bent that the end
of the net is almost at right angles to the remainder of the frame.
(fig. 43). Additional security is given by a piece of hard wood,
probably Pemphis, six inches long, set T-wise on the end of the
pole, and firmly lashed both to it and to the frame of the net. The
bag is pointed, shallow, about a foot deep, sixteen inches long and
fourteen inches wide, of three-quarter inch mesh of fine sinnet.
The knot employed in meshing is the universal bow-line or
weaver's knot.* The bag is fastened to the frame by a cord
* For instances of the use of this knot by Australian Aborigines, se
Brough Smyth Aborigines of Victoria, i., 1878, p. 390, fig. 225 ; and R.
Etheridge, Junr. Macleay Memorial Vol., 1893, p. 249, pi. xxxii , fig. 9.
For Polynesian instances see p. 64 of this work.
278
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
threaded through a mesh of each row and carried spirally along
the frame.
No net quite like this seems to be represented in literature, the
nearest approach being one figured by Finsch* from the Gilbert
Islands.
FOWLING NET.
The sport of trapping birds with
the " shaou-shaou " net has been
already described on p. 84. A
specimen of a small one (fig. 44)
which I purchased on Funafuti
measured eighteen by fourteen
inches across the mouth. Some
nets I saw employed were twice
as large. The hoop is constructed
by crossing and lashing to the pole
the thick ends of two slender
flexible twigs, a yard in length.
The tips of these were crossed,
bent over one upon the other,
and thrice lashed. As in the
preceeding form, the hoop is
secured to the handle by a T-piece.
The bag is eighteen inches deep,
is of large four-inch mesh, and is attached to the hoop by the
process of reeving the frame through each alternate mesh.
The natives of the Gilbert Group amuse themselves by catching
Frigate-birds (vide 86) by flinging over them a stone and line.
Dr. Finsch has given a vivid description of bird lassoing as
practised by the Pleasant Islanders, f
RAT TRAP.
Before the advent of Europeans, and the introduction of the
cat, the natives were greatly plagued by swarms of the Pacific
Rat, Mus exulans. From time to time, when the pest grew beyond
endurance, it was the custom of the king to order that at a given
time each villager should bring to him a tale of say a hundred
rats. For their destruction an ingenious trap was employed
which has now disappeared, but which I am enabled to study
through a model made for me by one of the oldest inhabitants.
In obedience to the order, the rat traps would be repaired and
set, every man, woman, and child taking charge of one or more.
* Finsch Zoc. cit., p. 56, fig. 4.
t Finsch The Ibis, 1881, p. 248 ; also Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus.,
1893, viii., p. 35.
Fig. 44.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
279
These periodical battues were a source of great amusement, none
went to sleep till his or her score was complete, for from the trap
of any one caught napping the rats were merrily picked.
The model of the trap
"tugimoa," which I ob-
tained on Funafuti (fig.
45) weighs a pound. The
body of it consists of a
barrel eighteen inches in
length and two in dia-
meter, of soft white wood,
probably Hernandia; at
one end a chamber six
inches deep is excavated,
at the other the barrel is
narrowed to a wedge and
cut to a fork whose lower
limb projects beyond the
upper like a shark's tail.
To each prong of the fork
is separately bound the
butt of a resilient wand,
here termed the bow,
of probably Ehizophora
wood, twenty-eight in-
ches in length. About
half way along the barrel
a short cross-piece of
wood is lashed as a stand.
To prevent splitting, the
barrel is again lashed with sinnet at the trap mouth. From the
slender end of the bow descends a fine sinnet cord, here termed
the bow-string. This bow-string is made fast to the bow about
six inches from the end, but when in service is carried along to
an inch from the end, and there made fast by a clove hitch ; when
not in use the bow is unstrung by slacking off and slipping down
the clove hitch. There are two perforations, three-quarters of an
inch apart, and one-eighth of an inch from the entrance, in the
roof of the chamber ; the bow-string is led in by one and out by
the other, and then knotted to prevent withdrawal. Six inches
from the barrel a slip of wood, the lever, two and a half inches
long is tied to the bow-string. In the chamber roof, in the median
line, there is also, at an inch from the entrance a sinnet loop
inserted, and at two and a quarter inches from the entrance, is
another perforation.
To operate the trap, a bait of coconut kernel is placed on
the floor of the chamber, a wooden pin, thrust through the
Fig. 45.
280
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 46.
lever, which in turn
on the rat.
fourth perforation, stands on
this bait, the bow is bent
down till the lever attached
to the bow-string can be
passed through the loop and
rested on the pin-head, thus
leaving enough slack of the
bow-string bight to form a
noose at the entrance of the
chamber. The rat, to reach
the bait (fig. 46) must put its
neck through the noose, then
pulling at the bait upsets the
pin, which in turn slips the
the bow, drawing the noose tight
I have not found a description of a trap from Polynesia answer-
ing to this, though it is mentioned by the Rev. R. Taylor that in
New Zealand the rat " was formerly so numerous as to form a
considerable article of food ; it was taken by an ingenious kind of
trap, which somewhat resembles ours for the mole."* I am,
however, informed by Mrs. Pratt, the widow of the well-known
philologist, and by the Rev. George Brown that a trap like
that figured above was in common use in Samoa ; while Mr. J. S.
Gardiner tells me that he observed it both in Rotumah and in
Fiji. In these localities the barrel of Hernandia wood was re-
placed by a length of bamboo, one joint of which formed the
chamber. This information suggests that as the bamboo did not
exist on the Ellice it was perforce copied in wood. Some approach
to the principle of it is made by the mole trap still used in the
rural districts of England.
CANOES.
One of the most marked distinctions between Melanesians and
Polynesians resides in their canoes. " The Melanesian does not
venture far out to sea in his canoe ; and although in the Solomons
the natives make voyages from island to island of two or three
hundred miles, these are entirely within the group, and performed
exclusively with paddles, sails not being used at all. Indeed I
suppose the Solomon Island canoes never go out of sight of land.
Coming to the New Hebrides, where the population is almost
entirely Melanesian, canoes are conspicuous by their absence, such
as are seen being the most wretched affairs, and totally unfitted
for any extended voyage."f
* Taylor New Zealand and its Inhabitants, 1870, p. 496.
f This statement of Mr. Woodford requires qualification, for on Malli-
colo I ain informed that large well-built canoes exist.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 281
The Polynesian, on the other hand, " is eminently a navigator,
venturing far to sea and making considerable voyages out of sight of
land in his large out-rigged or double canoe, with its enormous
triangular sail. Of course, as to all seafaring people, accidents some-
times happen, a sudden squall or succession of contrary windsprevent
the navigators making their port, and the canoe is driven by the
winds and currents, until in the majority of cases, no doubt, it is
broken up, or its unfortunate occupants are dead of hunger and
thirst but in some instances, after drifting for days, and perhaps
weeks, ignorant of their position, they have sighted one of those
tiny coral atolls that dot this part of the Pacific, and landing upon
it, have formed the nucleus of a future population."*
Gill has described and figured a Polynesian compass-card of
thirty-two points, employed by the navigators of the Hervey
Islands.! The visits of the Tongan marauders to Funafuti have
already been described (ante p. 44). The Ellice Group was not
the only direction these pirates took, for, besides visiting most
of the nearer islands, they had planted a colony in far Mangaiia. J
In the opposite direction the natives of Tucopia, an islet five
hundred miles west of Rotuma, relate that they were once visited
" by five large double canoes from Tonga, the crews of which com-
mitted dreadful outrages, destroyed plantations, robbed houses,
violated the females, and murdered the males." Figures of these
large Tongan vessels are given by Dumont D'Urville.|| The ex-
ploits of Karika who, in his great double canoe with two masts
and a crew of one hundred and seventy, made eight wonderful
voyages between Rotuma, Savaii, Tonga, and the Hervey Islands,
have been chronicled by Gill.H P. Smith gives from Fornander
" the well authenticated voyages between the Sandwich Islands
and, Tahiti, a distance of two thousand three hundred and eighty
miles," but I have been unable to verify the reference. As late
as 1855 a great single Maori canoe lay at Hauraki, N.Z., which
measured a hundred and ten feet in length.**
The Micronesian also excels in navigation, the Marshall Islanders
disputing with the Tongans the claim to be the boldest and most
skilful sailors in the Pacific. Their canoes were provisioned for
voyages of the duration of several months. On the sloping
* Woodford A Naturalist among the Head-hunters, 1890, p. 238.
t Gill Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, 1876, p. 320.
J Gill Savage Life in Polynesia, 1880, p. 105.
Dillon Narrative of a Voyage to ascertain the fate of La Perouse, ii.,
1829. p. 112.
|l Voy. au Pole sud, Atlas pittoresque, pis. Ixxviii., Ixxix.
f Report Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1890 (1891), p. 634.
** For descriptions of Maori canoes see Hamilton Maori Art, pt. i.,
1897,
282 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
platforms built out on each side there are frequently little houses
in which three or four of the crew can sleep.*
"They actually make curious charts ['medo'] of thin strips of
wood tied together with fibres. Some of these charts indicate the
positions of the different islands with a surprising approach to
accuracy. Others give the direction of the prevailing winds and
currents. These are used as instruments to determine the course
to be steered, so as to take advantage of the wind and to allow
for current drift rather than as charts are used by us."f
As the Ellice Islanders formerly fought with the Tongans and
traded with the Micronesians, they probably learnt arts of sea-
manship from friends and foes. Once Funafuti possessed large
ocean-going vessels," fouroua," in which cruises were made to Nui
and Vaitupu, but these, Mr. O'Brien told me, had disappeared for
more than twenty years. The existing canoes are only small craft,
fit but for fishing or for crossing the lagoon. The adventurous
spirit which prompted their ancestors to undertake exploring
voyages is still alive on the atoll, where there is hardly a man
who is not anxious to travel. On leaving, several of my native
friends begged me to take them to Fiji or Australia upon any
On Fakaafu, Lister was " told that in the old times they had
two vessels each with two masts, and without outriggers
described as being as large as the trading schooners which visit
the island. Each of these would hold, it is said, all the available
fighting men in the island, perhaps a hundred and fifty to two
hundred men."j And Newell "had reliable evidence that until
recently there were planks ' two fathoms wide,' the remains of
one of these old island canoes to be seen on Fakaafu. " It was
probably in ships like these that the Rotumans used to visit
Vaitupu and Nui.||
A method by which the inter-island voyagers secured a beacon
for which to steer is thus described by Woodford : " When I was
at the island of Nukufetau, I was told that when they wanted to
communicate with the island of Oaitupu, they were in the habit
of making fires on the reef for two or three moonless nights in
succession, until they saw the glare in the sky from the answering
fires made by the natives of Oaitupu. As soon as the fires were
* Finscli Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, pp. 160, 161, figs.
23, 24.
t Bridge Proc. Eoy. Geogr. Soc., viii., 1886, p. 556. For figures see
Cat. Godeffroy Museum, 1881, pi. xxxii. ; and Journ. Polynesian Soc.,iv.,
1895, pi. v., p. 236.
Lister Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxi., 1892, p. 57.
Newell Proc. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vi., 1895 (1896), p. 605.
|| Dillon loc. tit., ii., p. 103.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 283
noticed on Oaitupu, the Nukufetau canoes used to start early the
next morning, and the fires were continued every night on Oaitupu
till the canoes arrived, the distance being about thirty-five miles."*
On Funafuti the priest, " vakatua " chose the auspicious day
for starting on a long voyage and in the event of the vessel missing
her destination, he might suffer vengeance by being killed and
eaten by the crew of starving castaways.
As the gigantic Moas of New Zealand have all perished, leaving
their small relation, the Apteryx, alone to represent them, so the
huge and ancient vessels of the Pacific, the great double canoes
and the plank-built ship described to Lister, have vanished, leaving
in existence only the little outrigger fishing canoe, " vaka."
Whether the double canoe was evolved from the outrigger, or the
outrigger from the double canoe, or each arose independently of
the other, we lack material for profitable consideration.
The size of the timbers used in canoe-building is, of course,
directly related to the wealth or poverty of the local forest flora.
Finsch's figuref of a portion of a Gilbert Island canoe, in which
seventeen small pieces of wood are neatly fitted together, speaks
eloquently of the few and stunted trees growing there.
The specimens and figures of South Sea outrigger canoes within
my reach, seem to show that, as has already been demonstrated
in the case of most articles and ornaments, each archipelago and
almost each island may be distinguished by peculiarities of struc-
ture. When these shall have been thoroughly studied, a classifi-
cation will be possible, now the data is insufficient.
Of the published illustrations of these canoes that I have seen,
the nearest approach in general contour to the Funafuti pattern
is made by one from Samoa roughly sketched by Edge-Partington. J
The general association of the two islands would lead us to expect
a close resemblance between the object of our enquiry and the
canoes of Fakaafu, which are thus briefly described by Lister :
" The canoes of the present time are built just like those of Samoa,
having a single outrigger. Owing to the scarcity of large trees on
the island, the body of the canoe is built of several pieces, each
separately hollowed, and these are laced together with sinnet
(plaited coconut fibre). Often there are as many as four distinct
pieces along the bottom, and the sides are built up with additional
pieces to the required height. Each piece is accurately shaped so
that it will fit in among the neighbouring ones, and the joints are
caulked with resin. The bow and stern are covered in for a short
distance, and on their upper surfaces a number of small pyramidal
* Woodford Proc. R. Geogr. Soc., x., 1888, p. 352.
t Finsch Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., viii., 1893, p. 68.
J Edge-Partington loc. tit., ii., pi. xliv., fig. 9.
284 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
projections are left in the middle line, to which white shells of
Cypraea ovula are attached for ornament. The upper surface of
the stern-piece is not horizontal, but slopes obliquely downwards
to the end. The canoes would hold seven or eight people."*
These canoes are propelled both by sail and paddle ; the sail
was formerly of palm or pandanus mats, and is now of calico. It
is hoisted after the ordinary Polynesian method, upon two con-
verging masts, stepped upon the thwarts or gunwale and steadied
by a backstay. At each tack the masts and sail are unshipped,
and carried round bodily end for end, the craft therefore never
"goes about." Under sail they can travel seven or eight miles an
hour easily ; they lie close to the wind, but for want of a keel
make rapid leeway.
With paddles three men are the usual complement, but one
alone can handle such a craft comfortably. The paddlers sit on
the thwarts, paddling chiefly on the starboard side, as the out-
rigger impedes them on the port. When in earnest the natives
can drive them at a great rate. One day I saw a crew chase,
overtake and board a ship which was passing the atoll three or
four miles away, and making probably five or six knots. The
paddle is never rowed, grasped in both hands it is plunged vertic-
ally into the water and withdrawn after a short fore and aft
stroke. A course is kept by all without any particular steering.
To turn sharply the paddle is struck into the water by the after-
most man as far away as he can reach and pulled through the
water towards him. When in sufficiently shoal water, the
paddle is always exchanged for the pole, a method of progression
which is likewise preferred by the Papuans. For an anchor, a
block of coral is made fast to the painter. These canoes draw
about six inches and weigh about a hundredweight and a half.
Although there are not, as in other Pacific Islands, jetties or
boathouses, the canoes are well taken care of. Returning from
an excursion, the canoe is carried to above high water-mark, two
men lifting it clear of the ground. Here it is rolled over and lies
deck down, hull up, well covered over with a pile of mats till again
required. A worn out canoe cuts up into handy troughs or coffins.
On Nukulailai the canoes were all tarred over, but on Funafuti
they remain unpainted.
I regret my omission to note the native words for the parts and
furniture of a canoe.
The specimen before me (Plate xv., fig. 1) of the ordinary out-
rigger canoe of Funafuti supplies the material for the following
figures and descriptions, with which are included a few notes
taken on the spot.
The Museum specimen is twenty-three feet six inches in total
length, one foot five inches in greatest depth, and one foot three
* Lister loc. cit.
ETHNOLOGY HBDLEY. 285
inches in greatest breadth ; another I measured on the atoll was
twenty-nine feet in total length, one foot ten inches in greatest
depth, one foot four inches in greatest breadth, twenty feet the open
space from deck to deck, twelve feet length of outrigger float, four
feet distance from float to hull.
As previously described (p. 32), the hull is hewn out of a log
of pouka, which is trimmed down for stem and stern, and, except
a foot of deadwood left solid fore and aft, is hollowed to a shell
three-quarters of an inch thick. In longitudinal-vertical section
it is bow-shaped (the chord above the arc below), swollen in the
belly, flexed forward and quite straight aft. In transverse-
vertical section it is rounded and flattened beneath, the flattened
area being about six inches broad, and extending along the central
third of the vessel. Aft from this the tapering sides are flattened
to meet in a straight sloping keel which over-hangs the water and
rises aft. The bows are very sharp and hollow, with a fine slender
run aft, the stem is clipper-shaped, the cut-water is one foot long
and overhangs four inches, when floating empty the fore foot just
touches water.
Upon this hull is built up the top side planking, which, in the
specimen under consideration is on the starboard side of one piece
twelve feet four inches in length and eight inches in greatest depth ;
on the port side it is in two pieces, fourteen feet in length, and
nine inches in greatest depth ; both are an inch thick, adzed level
to the deck above and sinuous below to follow the irregular curves
of the hull. To the hull this planking is attached by a series of
lashings placed at intervals of from four to ten inches. The
lashings, consisting always of the flat sinnet braid called
" kafa," are passed four times through holes bored half an inch
within the edge, and knotted at each pair of holes, never being
carried along from pair to pair. Where on the port side two
planks join, a triangular lashing attaches each to each and to the
hull. I have no reliable information of the composition and
application of the caulking used in the seams.*
The Tahitians caulked their canoes with the husk of coconut
and gum of breadfruit ;f the Penrhyn Islanders stopped holes
and seams with coconut husk steeped in water and pounded like
flax ;j and the Solomon Islanders used a kind of vegetable putty
from the nut of Parinarium laurinum.
* Finsch op. cit., pi. vi., fig. 5, figures a caulking-tool from the
Louieiades.
t Ellis loc. cit., i., p. 156.
J Lament loc. cit., p. 152. *
Woodford loc. cit., p. 158; and Somrnerville Journ. Anthrop. Inst.,
xxvi., 1897, p. 370.
286 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The stern sheets terminate diversely, according to the taste of
the architect ; a vertical (Plate xv., fig. 3) or horizontal fork,
representing, so the natives said, a fish's tail, being popular, and
sometimes a turtle's tail is imitated.
Both fore and aft are movable deckings or hatch covers, each
carved in one piece, an inch thick, of the full breadth of the hull,
with the top sides of which they are flush, their narrow ends
countersunk in the deadwood of the head or stern sheets and
their broad ends with a finger at each corner which locks under
the gunwale rail. The forward decking, two feet eight inches
long, carries at its after end a seat carved in relief, hollowed on
the inner side, the outer sides of which, rising in a wedge, present
a vertical face two inches high and act as a wash board. The
after-decking, three feet long, has a corresponding wash board,
enclosing a raised rod-rest, a block three inches high, three wide,
and four long, hollowed on the inside to receive a fishing-rod
whose butt swings in a grummet slung from the aftermost thwart
(Plate xv., fig. 4).* Aft from the wash board along the median
line of the decking there is in this individual canoe a row of seven
little pyramids, each an inch and a half high. Usually they are
more numerous and are sometimes continued along past the deck-
ing to the extremity of the stern. There appears to be no use for
these, though it has been suggested to me that they might be
useful as cleats. Lister saw them festooned with Ovula shells on
Fakaafu. I regard them as purely ornamental, and from their
association with the terminal fish-tail I further look upon them
as a conventional representation of the peculiar dorsal finlets of
the bonito. They are remarkable as being the only ornamental
wood carving now executed by the Ellice Islanders.
From the port side of the canoe waist project three outriggers,
three feet apart at the hull and slightly spreading outwards. The
outrigger butts, one and a half inches square, cross to the starboard
side and serve as thwarts in the interval, they are usually sunk
in the top sides of port and starboard and firmly lashed thereto.
The outriggers are usually entire, but are sometimes made divisible,
spliced in a lock-joint and served (Plate xv., fig. 5). The advantage
of detaching the outrigger float from the hull occurs when the
canoes are beached and rolled over, the separated hull being more
manageable. At Funafuti the outriggers are always cut from a
straight stick which throws off a branch at an angle of about sixty
degrees, such a timber being abundantly supplied by Rhizophora;
the main stem is cut off six inches beyond the fork, and the branch
is continued for eighteen inches, at which point it rests on the
*
* Cook noticed that in Tonga the fishing-rod " rests in a notch of a
piece of wood, fixed in the stern of the canoe for that purpose." Cook
Last Voyage, i., 1785, p. 396.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLBY. 287
outrigger float. On either side of it, fore and aft, stout pegs, four
or five inches long, are driven an inch or so into the solid timber
of the outrigger float, to which the outrigger is secured by lashing
pegs and outrigger firmly together (Plate xv., fig. 7). This seems
to be an exceptional method. In other archipelagoes the outrigger
is usually a straight unbranched pole, to which are fastened long
stakes driven into the outrigger float. A modification of this is
well shown by Finsch from the Louisiades.* The four-inch pegs
just mentioned appear to be the homologues of these stakes.
Another method used in Funafuti (Plate xv., fig. 6), is to bore
the float horizontally and pass a lashing through the hole and
round the outrigger tip. Yet another way of binding the outrigger
to the float has been described to me by Mr. S. Sinclair, who saw
it practised in Eromanga, New Hebrides. Here the whole struc-
ture of outriggers and appurtenances takes to pieces and is packed
up when not in use ; when set up, a forked outrigger, like that of
Funafuti, is lashed by the butt across the hull, while the distal
extremity is received into a socket in the float, to which it is
secured by fore and aft rope guys leading from the float to the
fork, the whole structure is therefore flexible instead of rigid.
There are numerous undescribed methods of attaching the float to
the outrigger ; indeed this subject alone would provide material
for a treatise of value and interest.
The float is a round straight log, ten feet long, six inches in
diameter, distant four feet from the hull, pointed at both ends.
In use it swims awash ; when the canoe is heeled gradually over,
a capsize occurs the instant the float is lifted clear of the
water.
The outrigger platform is completed by three or more stretchers,
lashed across the outriggers at intervals, the outside one being
always fastened beyond the fork. In Funafuti the platform is
only used for carrying paddles, masts, poling sticks, fishing rods,
and such gear ; it is never sat upon. In New Guinea I frequently
made canoe journeys with the natives ; there the outrigger platform
is always assigned to a chief or "dim dim " (white man) as the seat
of honour ;f on it I have sat all day and slept all night. On my
first canoe trip in Funafuti I at once attempted to climb on to
my accustomed perch, an act which not only evoked a howl of
remonstrance but nearly upset the canoe. My apparent rudeness
and awkwardness taught me with humiliation the difference in
the build of outrigged canoes.
For gunwale rails poles are served along each side to the thwarts,
but such rails are not always present.
* Finsch loc. cit., pi. vi., fig. 4.
t Compare Moseley Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vi., 1877, p. 405.
288 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Like most other Funafuti implements, the bailers are dis-
tinguished by their rough, unfinished state. In this they contrast
unfavourably with bailers from other archipelagoes which are often
highly finished and the subject of decorative carving on their
sides, ends, and handle ; wherever, indeed, the friction of their
office permitted. Occasionally they attain a large size, a giant
from the Admiralty Islands, which dominates its fellows in the
Australian Museum, measures no less than twenty-three by twelve
by eight inches. Though the general plan is common to all Pacific
bailers, yet the tongue varies by being sometimes and sometimes
not, carried in an arch to the floor. On the south coast of British
New Guinea, a large shell, Melo diadema, is used as a bailer, the
ventral side of the last whorl being knocked out to admit an
inserted hand to grasp the columella ; and in the Solomons,
Somerville saw bailers " of banana leaf stitched into the shape of
a small coal-scoop without a handle."* Bailers made from a palm
spathe from the Fly River, New Guinea, are in the Australian
Museum.
The Funafuti bailer (Plate xv., fig. 8) is a plain, narrow, deep
scoop of probably Calophyllum wood ; in weight one pound five
ounces, in length a foot, in depth two and a half inches, and in
breadth narrowing from five and a half posteriorly to two and a
half inches anteriorly. The sides are at right angles to the back
and floor, and the handle is a median tongue attached to the
back and floor, seven inches long, an inch and a half deep, and
three-quarters of an inch broad ; beneath the bailer is rounded to
fit the canoe floor. In use it is not tilled, lifted, and emptied, as
with us, but the water is gathered and shot out at one vigorous
sweep.
The paddles (Plate xv., fig. 9) agree with the foregoing in being
made strictly for service, not at all for show. A specimen before
me weighs two pounds two ounces, and measures four feet six
inches in total length, of which half is handle, half blade ; the
former being an inch and a half square, the latter five and a half
inches wide sloping to a thin edge. The blade has sloping shoulders,
parallel sides, and lanceolate point. Lister remarks of the Fakaaf u
paddles that they have, " longer blades than those of Samoa,
in botanical language they are oblong acute, not ovate. This
difference may be due to the small size of the timber on the
islets."
DOMESTIC ARTICLES.
CORDAGE.
Yarn, " loukafa," for coir ropes is obtained in lengths of about
a foot from the husk of green coconuts, macerated for three or
four weeks in fresh or salt water. The mode of manufacture is
* Somerville Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxvi., 1897, p. 371.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
289
to roll together a dozen loukafa threads upon the bare thigh
under the extended palm, at the finish of each up and down rub
a slight twist is given by a sideways motion of the hand. The
short strings so produced are "amo," two of which are laid
together, one projecting half its length beyond the other, and
these are rolled together as before. A third
string is applied to the second, so that one
end lies in a fork between the end of the
first and the middle of the second, while the
other end projects by half its length beyond
the end of the second, and the whole is again
rubbed. By the similar addition of amo
strings the strand continuously grows. Two
such strands are again rolled together to
produce the finished article, the ordinary
two-ply cord " korokoro." (fig. 47). The fibre
of the Broussonetia is treated in the same
Way ' 47 48
Men and women are equally proficient at
this work, which is regarded as a pleasant
light employment suitable to gossip over when detained indoors
by inclement weather.
A hank of two-ply coconut cord from Funafuti, which weighs
three and a half ounces, measures fourteen fathoms, the diameter
of the cord is an eighth of an inch. This type is laid up tighter
than others, and is the commonest pattern for general use, serving
for twine and fishing lines.
The two-ply cord, the most simple and wide-spread form of
cordage, is probably the most primitive. The degraded natives
of Tierra del Fuego made a two-ply cord of gut strands ; a specimen
of which in a shell necklace has been shown to me by the Hon.
P. O. King, of this city, who procured it during the historical
voyage of the " Beagle." The Australian Aborigines seem only
to have known a two-ply cord, though they elaborated a complex
form of it by rolling up a two-ply with another two-ply.
An ornamental form of two ply cord is of a strand of human
hair laid up with a strand of bark. Of this pattern is the string
of the Funafuti dance armlet. The same pattern may be observed
in the decoration of the elaborate dance masks of New Britain
and of New Ireland, these masks also carry a variation of the
same where a strand of red coloured bark is laid up with a strand
of natural yellow bark.
A cord, not to be distinguished from the ordinary two-ply coir
cord except by unravelling, was made in Hawaii, of three strands.
The treble stranded cord, " kafa," of Funafuti, is a flat braid,
loosely twisted direct from the yarn and made large or small as
290 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
required (fig. 48). The especial use of this is for lashing wood-
work, as in sewing together the planks of canoes or fastening the
frames of houses. An identical cord is made in New Guinea. A
hank from Funafuti of three-ply cord, weighing five and a half
ounces, measures twenty-eight fathoms, in diameter it is three-
sixteenths of an inch. Another example from a kafunga is half
an inch broad.
Four strands are plaited, direct from the yarn, to make a round
rope, " oukafakanapoua," (fig. 49) of especial strength, used for
canoe rigging, deep-sea fishing, etc. This rope is very pliant and
does not kink even when new. A hank of this from Funafuti,
weighing one pound one ounce, contains thirty-two fathoms of
cord a quarter of an inch in diameter. From the Gilbert Islands
there are in the Australian Museum samples of human hair-cord
woven in this pattern.
Cook said of the Tongans : "The rope they make use of is laid
exactly like ours, and some of it is four or five inch."*
The most complex cord I have seen from the Pacific is a seven-
stranded one from Hawaii. From the Marshall Islands Finsch
described! a large rope laid by a curious mechanism upon a central
core.
In the Ellice a rough rope, like our straw rope, was occasionally
improvised from the natural matting which sheathes the budding
palm fronds.
BASKETS.
Baskets loosely woven from a portion of
a palm frond are hastily improvised as needed
for carrying fish or other articles. These are
never kept touseasecond time, but are thrown
away when emptied. I have elsewhere j des-
cribed similar baskets from New Guinea,
which, however, differ in size and pattern.
Those of the New Hebrides appear, according
to Lieutenant B. T. Somerville's description,
to be made differently from either.
The simplest form (fig. 50) is a sort of tray
for carrying fish. The specimen preserved
measures about a foot in diameter, in shape is irregularly rhom-
boidal, and consists of a portion of palm frond rachis with fifteen
pinnules attached, which are interlaced and then knotted in two
bows.
Another type (fig. 52) is bag shaped. An ordinary example is
eighteen inches long and half as deep, formed by doubling part of
a frond split down the middle and plaiting the pinnules as before,
* Cook loc. tit., i., p. 216.
t Finsch Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., vii., 1893, p. 158.
J Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W., (2), x., 1895 (1896), p. 615, pi. Iviii., fig. 2.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
291
Fig. 51.
Fig. 52.
The pinnule tips, instead of being knotted at both ends of the
basket as in New Guinea, are plaited along the floor and knotted
in one bunch inside. A second specimen has the knot outside
the basket.
A third type of basket was collected at Funafuti, the specimen
of which came from Niutao. This (fig. 51) is a more finished
form and was required for permanent, not temporary use. It is
two feet long, one foot broad, and six inches deep. Two lengths
of split frond are woven together, the two strips from the rachis
making a double rim to the basket, No interstices are visible
between the strands, of which an inner and an outer layer cross
each other obliquely. Each pinnule is doubled, giving a thickness
of four leaves to the basket wall. The basket ends are rounded,
the floor flat with a median ridge, at each end the pinnule tips
are plaited into flat straps, the lower three inches of which are
within the basket, but the knotted extremities thereof are carried
through the basket wall, making external handles. This form of
handle appears to be indicated in a sketch of a Samoan basket by
Edge-Partington.* The name of this basket was given me as
" kete."
STRAP.
A shoulder-strap for carrying weights (fig. 53) is a plaited band
of pandanus leaf seven feet six inches
long and an inch to an inch and a half
broad. At one end is a knot, at the
other a loop, the one intended to be
drawn through the other. The native
name of this was unfortunately not
noted.
A reference in Maori literature
appears to relate to a similar article :
"TheKawerau tribe derived their name
from the shoulder-straps with which
the chief Maki used to carry off his spoil, made of nikau leaves
(ran) ; hence the name, kawe to carry, ran leaves."!
* Edge-Partington loc. tit., ii., pi. xlvi., fig. 3.
t Percy Smith The Peopling of the North, Journ. Polyn. Soc., vi. f
1897, Supplement, p. 35. See also Edge-Partington loc. ciL, ii., pi.
ccxxxiii., fig. 11.
Fig. 53.
292 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
THATCHING IMPLEMENTS.
In thatching and in fastening the rough palm mats to the hut
walls, awls and hooks are employed. Edge-Partington has pub-
lished sketches of needles thus used in Torres Straits, Tahiti, and
New Caledonia,* but I observed none such in the Ellice Group.
The collection of awls from that Archipelago exhibits great diversity
of material, though agreeing substantially in form. From Nukulailai
and Funafuti are specimens shaped from turtle bone, " tui fonu ";
one from Funafuti is part of a swordfish bill, "tui sokera"; a third
type is the spine of a sting ray, " futta," the serrations of which
are ground down to make the tool, a half-made instance of which
shows the transition.
A highly polished specimen of awl is from Funa-
futi, it (fig. 54) weighs half an ounce and is seven
inches long. The day after I had purchased this
from a workman engaged in loading battens with
dressed pandanus leaves, I noticed the vendor hard
at work with a fresh tool. He was using the handle
of a European tooth-brush, ground to a point, and
observed cheerily that it was quite as good as the one
that he had sold me.
At Nukulailai I procured the original of fig. 55,
whose use is to hook and draw through the string
or twig used in fastening up mats, etc. It is carved
of hard dark wood, probably Rhizophora, weighs one
ounce, and is ten and a half inches long. Hooks
resembling these are referred by Edge-Partington to
55. 54. Tahiti and Samoa. f
While stripping the thorns from the edges of
pandanus leaves I saw one woman employ a
rough leaf thimble to protect the finger-tip.
Of this I unfortunately omitted to procure a
specimen.
Tosi.
A sort of claw is cut from the hard black shell
of the coconut, which is called "tosi," and is used
Fig. 56. for ripping into fine strips the fibres of the titi
dresses. The accompanying figure (fig. 56) repre-
sents a specimen, two and a half inches long, from Funafuti.
BROOM.
An excellent broom, " salu," is made from a couple of hundred
of the stiff" mid-ribs of the coconut frond pinnules, stripped, dried,
* Edge-Partington loc. cit., i., pi. cccxxiii., fig. 10 ; ii., pi. xvii., figs. 7-8,
and pi. Ixix., fig. 4.
f Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. xvii., figs. 9, 10 ; pi. xlv., fig. 2.
\
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY. 293
and tied together at the proximal end (fig. 57). Its weight is
fifteen ounces, length a yard,
and diameter of the handle
an inch and a half. Not only
the interior of the houses
but all the village streets are
regularly swept by the women, Fig. 57.
and kept neat and tidy. Many
Europeans might copy with advantage from Funafuti; indeed
during a residence of some years in the South of Europe I never
met a French or Italian village where cleanliness was so thoroughly
enforced.
FAN.
On Funafuti and Nukulailai I saw several elegant forms of
fans, both plain and coloured. These patterns are all recently
introduced from Samoa by the Native Teachers
of the London Missionary Society, replacing
the rougher fans of earlier days, which have
nearly disappeared. A specimen of the real
old-fashioned fan of Funafuti, "igli," was
kindly presented to me by Mr. O'Brien.
This (fig. 58) is heart-shaped, of plaited coco-
nut pinnules, the ends gathered into a handle ;
it is two and a half ounces in weight, eighteen
inches in length including the handle, and
thirteen wide. The fan-shaped leaf of the Fig. 58.
Pritchardia palm is perhaps the model upon
which such a fan was formed. The Samoan fly -flap was not
employed on Funafuti.
PILLOWS.
The pillow appears in the Pacific in two widely different forms,
one that of the wooden head-rest, the other that of the mat
cushion. By far the most common is the former, which is found
from the furthest western station of the Papuans to the remotest
eastern settlement of the Polynesians. In shape it ranges from a
solid wooden block to a bar of bamboo mounted on wooden feet.
Each race has treated it according to its idiosyncracies ; the artistic
Melanesian has tastefully carved and painted his, especially in
New Guinea, where it is embellished by conventionalised animals
whose limbs form appropriate supports ; the simple Samoan is
content with plain neat articles, while the more progressive
Tongan elaborates designs on his ; the crudest and roughest
articles with which I am acquainted being the head-rest from the
Ellice we are about to consider.
The name of both cushion and head-rest was given to me as
" alunga," but in Funafuti I saw only the head-rest in use. A
distinctive feature of Ellice Island work is its crudity and entire
294
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
lack of ornament, this is nowhere more noticeable than in the
pillows. A characteristic specimen of a Funafuti head-rest is
shown by tig. 59. It is a rough hewn, unsymmetrical, slightly bowed
Fig. 59.
Fig. 60.
slab, supported by two rough, crooked legs, carved in one piece. It
is of a hard heavy wood, in parts highly polished by use ; its weight
is three pounds ; length twenty, breadth three and a half, and
height five inches. Another specimen is more ornate and symmet-
rical, consisting of a flat board supported by two horse-shoe legs.
This (fig. 60) is of a hard wood, probably Calophyllum, weighs one
pound fourteen ounces, is fourteen inches long, five wide and four
high. The more graceful design of this article suggests to me
that it may have been made by a native of another archipelago.
In use these articles are not so uncomfortable as an untravelled
observer might imagine. For in a hot moist climate the constant
perspiration renders a soft, absorbent pillow less acceptable than
a cool, smooth, though hard, surface. Besides, sleeping on his
back, the Polynesian does not rest his cheek, like the European,
but the back of his head, on his pillow.
On Vaitupu, Bridge* noticed couches carved out of single pieces
of wood, with four legs, and a solid block like a pillow at one end.
Under the regime of the Native Teacher every effort is made
to Europeanise the Polynesian. If, after cricket and football, the
pupils be introduced to the English schoolboy's " pillow fight,"
serious consequences would ensue.
Though upon Funafuti the mat
cushion did not seem to be em-
ployed, it was well known there,
and a model of it was made for a
member of our party. On Nuku-
lailai, however, I found them in
common use. A well-worn speci-
men procured there is shown by
fig. 61. It is formed of woven
pandanus leaf, weighs one pound
ten ounces, is nine inches long,
six high, and four thick.
Fig. 61.
* Bridge Proc. Eoy. Geogr. Soc., viii., 1886, p. 554.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
295
The cushion pillow seems less widely distributed than the
wooden head-rest. From Tahiti, Edge-Partington notes a " pillow
of plaited leaf."* Of Hawaii: "It is said that wooden pillows
were used in olden times, but if so there are none in this collection
[the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum]. The Hawaiian pillow is a
parallelopipedon of plaited pandanus leaves, stuffed with the same
material, capital accompaniment to the Hawaiian mat bed."f
Fig. 62.
FLASKS.
Pottery, strange to any section of the
Polynesian people, J was of course absent
from the Ellice Group, for not only was the
potter's art unknown but his raw material
does not even occur there. Neither
do gourds (Lagenaria), so serviceable to
natives of other Pacific islands, grow in
this archipelago. The Ellice Islanders
are therefore restricted in the choice of
vessels capable of containing fluids to sea-
shells, wooden bowls, and coconut shells.
The latter, known as " vei'i," are of a
handy size and weight, and for convenient
portability are often fitted with sinnet
casing and handle. Considerable variation
exists in the net- work, which in some cases,
foreign to the Ellice, is so close as to conceal the surface of the
flask. Particularly large nuts are especially valued for flasks,
and are prepared by stripping off the fibrous husk down to the
hard shell ; the contents are abstracted by breaking in one " eye,"
placing the nut in salt water till the kernel decays, and rinsing
out the shell. A stopper is readily improvised from a rolled strip
of banana or pandanus leaf. The original of fig. 62, from Funa-
futi, weighs when empty, fifteen ounces, contains three and a half
pints, and is eight inches in major diameter and six in minor.
Flasks are shown on p. 25 receiving toddy. Gill published a
sketch of a girl drawing water with one at Vaitupu, as described
on p. 60.||
* Edge-Partington tec. cit., i., pi. xxxiii., fig. 8.
f Brigham loc. cit., p. 33.
J Cook particularly remarked of some earthenware that he saw in
Tonga, "that it was the manufacture of some other isle." (Second Voyage,
i., 1777, p. 214).
Gourds, as shown by the frontispiece of Erskine's " Cruise in the
Western Pacific," 1853, are likewise sometimes mounted with net-
work.
|| Gill Life in the Southern Isles, 1876, p. 141.
296 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
BOXES.
The natives of Funafuti use carved wooden box-tubs to hold
food, fish-hooks, tobacco, or other small articles when on a canoe
journey or a fishing excursion. In travelling these are stowed
forward or aft under the decking, but when at anchor fishing, are
frequently hitched by the cord over a thwart within reach of the
fisherman. The lids with which these are fitted close so tightly
as to keep the contents dry even if the canoe be swamped with
water. The lid is so strung that it can be raised and slipped over
the box, but not entirely detached. In shape and size these box-
tubs have a general resemblance to the familiar " billy," of the
Australian bushman.
Captain Hudson observed on Fakaafu : " Boxes or buckets of
various sizes, from the capacity of a gill to that of a gallon ; they
are cut out of the solid wood, and the top or lid is fitted in a neat
manner. These are used to keep their fish-hooks and other small
articles in to preserve them from the wet."*
One of these box-tubs is figured with details by Edge-Partington
as from Samoa ; he writes of it : " Box and cover of pale wood,
stout plaited cord. Labelled, *a provision-tub, to be carried under
the canoe in the water,'"! which label is obviously absurd. There
are numerous references in literature to the wooden boxes of the
Polynesians, but I have not noted any other than the foregoing
sufficiently full to distinguish the type under discussion from other
forms of boxes, for example, the lavishly decorated caskets of the
Maoris, occuring in the Pacific.
Three expressions of the box-tub were secured on Funafuti,
where the article is known as "tourouma." The largest specimen
in the collection weighs three pounds eight ounces, and has a
capacity of a hundred and forty-one cubic inches, stands seven
inches high, and is nine inches in basal diameter ; like the rest of
the series, it appears to be made of Calophyllum timber. In
general it so closely corresponds with the illustrations above-cited
from the Ethnographical Album that it is not necessary to draw it ;
from the Samoan specimen it differs in a less number of feet,
possessing but ten equally spaced triangular supports, of less
breadth than their interstices.
The lid is secured in a particularly ingenious way, it is "rabbeted
on " so that the rim of the lid is outside flush with the wall of the
box and inside fits against the flange of the box. The latter
being slightly undercut, it is necessary to press the cover home.
The lid only shuts in one position, and when down can be more
securely fixed by slightly rotating it. The other specimens close
in a simpler manner, so that it is possible that the shutting
* Wilkes loc. cit., v., p. 18.
t Edge-Partington loc. cit., ii., pi. xl., fig. 8.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
297
of the largest box is more a matter of
accident than of design. This box is
further exceptional in having a square
piece of wood neatly let into the centre
of the floor. Probably the tree which
furnished the material was decayed at
the core, and it was thus that the
defect was remedied.
Two similar specimens vary from the
foregoing in having nosupports beneath,
and no cleat on the summit of the lid.
Instead the lugs on the box are con-
tinued into a pair on the lid, which latter
is perfectly flat above. Both pairs are
pierced by holes which continue from the
lid through the box and through which
a cord of Broussonetia is rove, these lugs serve therefore as running
cleats. The taller box-tub is drawn on fig. 63 as open and closed,
with the under aspect of the lid apart ; the closed one is seen to
be fastened in the native fashion by twisting the cord round the
side. It is seven inches high, six and a half in basal diameter,
weighs two pounds, and has a capacity of ninety-seven cubic
inches, the sides are straight but the bottom is somewhat
rounded. The other specimen differs in proportions and in
having a flat base. It is five and three-quarter inches both in
height and in basal diameter, and five and a half inches in least
diameter across the lid, weighs one pound fifteen ounces, and con-
tains fifty-nine cubic inches.
A third form of tourouma, shown by
fig. 64, is intermediate in features between
the others. It has a central running cleat
on the lid like the first described, but those
on the box are set half-way down the side
and at right angles to those previously con-
sidered. The base is fairly flat and without
feet. The lid has without a bevelled edge,
and within a central excavation and a sub-
marginal groove to receive the flange of the
box. This box-tub is taller in proportion
to breadth than the others and also tapers
more upwards. From base to top of cleat is eight inches, the
base is six and a half inches in diameter, and the top five and a
half. It weighs one pound eleven ounces, and holds seventy-five
cubic inches.
WOODEN DISHES.
These necessary and valued utensils are possessed by every
household and are made in diverse sizes and shapes. The absence
Fig. 64.
298
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
of ornament, so marked a feature in all the appurtenances of the
Ellice Islanders, is again obvious in surveying the bowls. The
fanciful carving which other Pacific people delight to lavish upon
these receptacles, is here totally wanting.
Fig. 66.
Fig. 65.
Fig. 67.
A wooden dish of an uncommon pattern is the " babanak,"
shown by fig. 65, the name of which suggests to me a Micronesian
derivation. This article is rudely circular, with outwardly sloping
wall, ending in a lip. It weighs one pound thirteen ounces,
stands four and a half inches high, is twelve and a half inches
in diameter above and seven inches across the base. The rim is
half an inch thick, three-quarters wide, and projects half an inch
from the walL
The common food bowl of which fig. 66 is an instance, is here
known as "kumiti," a name which seems to be associated with
this article from Samoa to the Solomons. The specimen of this
before me is an elliptical trough, tapering to lugs at either end,
standing on a flat base of half the total length ; it weighs two
pounds nine ounces, stands three and a quarter inches high, is
nineteen and a half inches long, and nine and a quarter wide.
Another form of kumiti, larger and without lugs, is shown on
p. 28, employed as a tank.
A wooden mortar, in which taro or coconut is pounded for
cooking, is called " kumiti tuki." Except that it is elliptical
rather than circular, the shape is that of the European equivalent.
This form is here exemplified by a specimen (fig. 67) apparently
of Calophyllum timber, weighing six pounds, eight inches high,
excavated to a depth of six inches, at the aperture twelve inches
by ten, and at the base eight by seven.
PESTLES.
Pestles for mashing taro and coconut form part of
the equipment of every kitchen. A pattern called
" jini" is exemplified by fig. 68. It is unsymmetrically
ovate, truncate at the broad end and surmounted by
a knob, which is much chipped in our example, at the
opposite end. It is of a hard heavy polished wood,
perhaps Thespesia, weighs three pounds six ounces, is
ten inches long, and five and a quarter broad at its
greatest diameter.
Fig. 68.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
Another pounder (fig. 69) is eighteen inches long,
straight, tapering from two and a half inches at the
butt to half an inch at the opposite end. A pagoda-
shaped handle is formed by incised carving of the
final four inches. It is one pound ten ounces in
weight, and made, I think, of Pemphis timber.
A third form is drawn at fig. 70. This, called
" tuki tuki," is club-shaped, two feet seven and a half
inches long. At one end the diameter is three and
three-quarter inches, at the other an inch and a half.
The weight amounts to five pounds eight ounces.
This form was used standing, but the lesser pestles
were used sitting.
DRUM. Fig. 70. Fig. 69.
Two radically distinct types of drum, each with numerous
variations, co-exist in the Pacific. The one which seems to attain
its greatest development in Papua is akin to the European drum,
consisting like it of a skin tympanum stretched on a wooden
cylinder. The other and ruder form is more characteristic of
Polynesia, it consists merely of a boat-shaped, hollow log, beaten
on the exterior.
The drum, "batti," of Funafuti (fig. 71)
belongs to the latter division. Formerly it
was used at dances and festivals, now it
appears only to summon the worshippers to
church,* and the only specimens on the
island seemed to be those in the possession of Fig. 71.
the Native Teacher. A well-worn example I
obtained from him weighed four pounds four ounces, and measured
nineteen inches in greatest length, four and a half in depth, and
three and a half in width. The excavation is three and a half
inches deep, twelve long, and one and a half wide. The drum-
stick, " kouta," weighs four ounces, and is ten inches long,
and one thick. In another example, the drum was curved of
Thespesia and the stick of Pemphis wood.
To call the people together to a trial or other public ceremony,
a shell trumpet of Cassis cornuta was blown.
LANCETS.
For bleeding, and for lancing boils, etc., the native surgeons
make use of shark's teeth set in wooden handles. I procured on
Nukulailai two old, worn and stained specimens, measuring seven
and a half and six inches, and weighing 3-55 and 3 -54 grammes
* As in the Tokelau Islands, Lister loc. cit.
300
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 73. Fig. 72.
respectively. A piece of wood, somewhat the size and shape of
an ordinary penholder, is split at its extremity for an inch, into
which a small shark's tooth is inserted and bound in the cleft, by
cotton in one case and by native fibre in another.
On Funafuti I failed to purchase original
specimens, though such were in existence at
the time of our visit. Models were, however,
made for me, larger and rougher than the
Nukulailai specimens. The serrate-toothed
lancet, from the jaw of Galeocerdo rayneri
(fig. 72) for bleeding, is called "nifikifa'';
the straight-edge tooth lancet iromCarcharias
lamia (fig. 73), for puncturing, is known as
" bunga."
These instruments were described to me
as used like a tatooing pen, that is, the
handle was held in the left hand so that the
point of the tooth was placed just over
the spot to be punctured, then the handle
was smartly tapped by a stick held in the right hand and the point
driven in. Dr. Collingwood writes : " The tooth of the instru-
ment is placed over the abscess, and with one blow it is forced
into the cavity of the same, while there
the extremity of the handle of the lance
is made to pass through a semicircle, with
the result in a skilful hand an elliptical
piece of flesh is removed, thereby prevent-
ing the two rapid closure of the wound."*
In Tahiti, " they were clever at lancing
an abscess with the thorn from a kind of
bramble or a shark's tooth, "f
Fig. 74 shows a roll of prepared bark
of the vala-vala (Premna taitensis) used
in cautery, as mentioned on p. 37.
In Hawaii the skin was scorched with fire-brands in times of
mourning. J
In Japan, " moxa, or the burning of a small cone of cottony
fibres of the Artemisia, on the back and feet, was practised as
early as the eleventh century, reference being made to it in a
poem written at that time."
* The Tasmania^ Mail, 6th March, 1897, p. 34.
f Ellis Joe. cit., iii., p. 44.
t Ellis loc. cit., iv., p. 181.
Griffis The Mikado's Empire, 1887, p. 207.
Fig. 74.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLET. 301
FIRE STICKS.
Almost without exception fire has been obtained by all primitive
people by the rubbing together of pieces of wood. In detail,
however, the process differs greatly among different races.
Among Australian Aborigines the usual method was to press
and twirl between the palms a perpendicular rod in a hole in a
fixed horizontal stick.* The ancient Egyptians, likewise, rotated a
perpendicular upon a horizontal stick, but employed a bow to
revolve the upright.
Another method, approaching more closely to the form we are
about to consider, is the fire- saw used in Borneo and Australia under
several forms,! the general principle of which consists of sawing
an edged rod in a notched one.
Throughout the Pacific Islands one method, and, as far as I am
aware, only one is employed, that of ploughing a wooden blade in
a groove. It is thus described by Woodford in the Solomons :
" A stake of dry, soft wood is selected, a convenient size being
about as thick as the wrist. For convenience a few chips are
sliced off in one place to make a flat surface to rub upon. The
stake is then placed upon the ground in front of the operator,
who sits on one end of it and holds it steady between his toes,
then with a pencil-shaped piece of harder wood, held firmly in
both hands, he begins rubbing up and down upon the flat surface.
A groove is formed and a dark coloured dust soon produced, which
is pushed to the farther end of the groove. The dust before long
begins to smoke. The pace is increased, and it begins to smoulder.
A piece of dry touchwood is then applied to it and quickly blown
into a glow. With perfectly dry wood a native will almost
certainly produce fire in less than a minute. "J
Though the general process has been repeatedly described, the
exact method of gripping the stick with the hands has not, I believe,
been explained. The crossed thumbs are placed beneath the
stick, the flexed fingers of one half-opened hand are placed above
it, and upon them are laid the fingers of the other hand, this
posture (fig. 75) allowing the operator to lean the whole weight
of his body on the stick, while rapidly moving it to and fro, at
about half a right angle to the grooved stick. In an example from
Funafuti before me, the blackened groove is three and a half inches
* For details and figures see Brough Smyth Aborigines of Victoria,
i., 1876, p. 392, figs. 231, 232.
t Both The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i., 1896,
p. 377, fig. ; and Brough Smyth Loc. cit., p. 395, figs. 223, 224.
J Woodford A Naturalist among the Head-hunters, 1890, p. 161.
See also Lament op. cit., p. 156.
Since writing this, an excellent figure and description of the process
by Lieut. B. T. Somerville, R.N., (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxvi., 1897, p.
376, pi. xxxv.), has reached me.
302 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
long, a third of an inch wide, and an
eighth of an inch deep. The flattened
surface cut for its reception is five
inches long and one-half inch broad.
The stake, " kousikanga," of dry
Premna taitensis chosen, was origin-
ally about six feet long and an inch
and a half in diameter. The wooden
knife " koufataronga " used on it is
of another timber, nine inches long,
one wide, and half an inch thick,
obliquely truncated at the worn end.
In Hawaii, " a smaller stick, the aulima, is held in the hand
and rubbed in a groove in a larger stick, the aunaki."*
The reverence, amounting almost to fire-worship, paid to fire by
different settlements of the Tokelau people, is related ante p. 55.
TOYS.
A game formerly played on Funafuti, but which is not now
practised, was that of throwing a toy dart. I have gathered a
few references to this game as played elsewhere in the Pacific, but
further literary search would probably widen the known range.
Captain Erskine has thus described the game as he saw it
played in Fijif: " On our return to the Mission house we met a
number of men in full dress, that is, painted either black or red,
their hair frizzed out, and decorated with blue beads, some wearing
farters or bands tied in bows under the knee, and a few with a
ilt or petticoat, resembling that of the women. Each carried
a short cane, with an oblong, pear-shaped head, forming a kind of
blunt dart, with which a game called " tika," or "titika" is played.
We followed them to the spot, which presented a very gay scene,
a hundred or so of persons being assembled at the sides of a level,
well swept mall, about one hundred and fifty yards long, and five
or six wide, skirted with trees and shrubs. Each player advanced
in turn, and threw his dart at a mark placed at the end of the
mall, but none of them exhibited much skill, nor did the game
seem to us one of any interest, and all were quiet and decorous."!
On the authority of Dr. Turner, Edge-Partington publishes from
Niue a " head of a dart used in a game," which closely resembles
the one before me.
* Brigham loc. cit., pt. ii., p. 31.
f Erskine Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western
Pacific, 1853, p. 169.
J Another description of the game in Fiji is given by the Rev. J. G.
Wood Natural History of Man, ii., 1870, p. 283. In the Journal of the
Godeffroy Museum, iv., 1876, pi. xvi., fig. 1, a player is drawn in the act
of casting his dart, " ulutoa." The attitude is the same shown me on
Funafuti.
Edge-Partington loc. cit., i. t pi. xxxix., fig. 1.
ETHNOLOGY HEDLEY.
303
In the Banks Island and the New Hebrides " the game is played
by two parties, who count pigs for the furthest casts, the number
of pigs counted as gained depending on the number of knots in
the winning tika. There is a proper season for the game, that in
which the yams are dug, the reeds on which the yam vines had
been trained having apparently served originally for the tika.
When two villages engage in a match they sometimes come to
blows."*
Ellis also describes this game from Tahiti and
Hawaii, f Gill has given a chant from the Hervey
Islands for a reed throwing match for women. J
Dr. Gill notes in his Diary that it was for-
merly the custom on the island of Nanomana,
Ellice Group, that "when a young man wins
a reed throwing match, his own sister testifies
her joy by coming into the assembly stark naked
and clapping her hands."
A model of this toy made for me by an old
native of Funafuti, is represented by figs. 76 and
77. The entire article is called " jiga," and the
separate head is '* urotoa." The stem is a light
rod of Scaevola wood, an ounce in weight, three
feet in length, and half an inch in diameter ;
the head, perhaps modeled from a whale's tooth,
is of Pemphis wood, a cone whose truncated base
is produced into a spike, carved in one piece,
in weight four ounces, in total length eight
inches, the spike being a third thereof, and in
greatest breadth an inch and a half. It is
mounted by thrusting the spike home into the
soft pith of Scaevola rod.
Another toy consisted of a cube of plaited pandanus leaf, served
as a light ball, with which, on the beach, groups of girls amused
themselves by tossing to each other and catching. A specimen of
the "anou," as this is called on Funafuti, is shown by fig. 78,
it weighs three-quarters of an ounce, and measures two inches
cube.
From Ruk, in the Carolines, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
possess a " cube of plaited pandanus leaf used as a ball."
Ellis has described a game, " haru raa puu," played by the
Tahitians with a large ball of the tough stalks of the plantain
leaves twisted closely and firmly together.
* Codrington The Melanesians, 1891, p. 340.
t Ellis Polynesian Kesearches, i., 1836, p. 227 ; iv., p. 197.
J Gill Myths and Songs, 1876, p. 179.
Ellis loc. cit., i., p. 214.
Pig. 76. Fig. 77.
304 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
At Simbo, in the Solomons, Mr. N. Hardy tells me he saw a
globular leaf ball tossed from hand to hand.
Spinning tops I found to be a popular amusement on Nukulailai.
Their tops were simply cone shells (Conus hebraeus and C. puli-
carius) spun on their apices. A game was to spin two shells into a
wooden dish out of which by rotating and colliding the winner
would knock the loser. The shells were spun either like a teetotum
between the finger and thumb, or, to give greater force, the
anterior end was steadied by the finger and thumb of the left
hand, while the impetus was given by drawing the right fore-
finger briskly across it, as shown in fig. 79. A shell of C. hebraeus
I purchased, the broken lip of which betokened much service, was
called " vaitalo."
Fig. 78. Fig. 79. Fig. 80.
On Funafuti, a sort of toy windmill was contrived by plaiting
four arms of palm pinnule, mounting this on a stand of palm
riblet, and thrusting the latter into the sand, The wind would
then rotate the arms. This toy, called "bekka," is shown at
fig. 80.
Mr. J. S. Gardiner tells me that he saw this toy windmill in
Rotumah, and it has been lately recorded from the Solomons by
Lieut. B. T. Somerville, R.K*
ADDENDUM.
Sandals. Since revising the preceding pages (243-4) dealing
with the Pacific sandal, I have seen a figure and description of
an interesting sandal of Cordyline fibre from New Zealand by
Mr. O. T. Mason, f Another article is thus added to the long
list of those common to every main division of the Polynesian
Race. It is interesting also to note that this Ethnologist detects
in the border loops for the lacing a similarity between the Poly-
nesian and a Korean pattern.
* Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxvi., 1897, p. 409.
f Mason Primitive Travel and Transportation, Report U.S. National
Museum, 1894 (1896), p. 315.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Method of putting on a "tukai" dress.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XIII.
N. HARDY, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Method of scraping coconut with the " twaikarea."
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XIV.
N. HABDY, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
Fig. 1. A canoe from Funafuti.
2. Stem of another specimen.
3. Stern of another specimen.
4. Fishing rod in position.
5. Divisible outrigger for detaching float.
6. Float perforated for fastening to outrigger.
7. Float pegged for fastening to the outrigger.
8. Bailer.
9. Paddle.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
C. HEDLEY, del.
THE ALCYONARIA OF FUNAFUTI.
PART II.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE.
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
[XII.]
THE ALCYONARIA.
Part II.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
The collection of Gorgonidw made by Mr. 0. Heclley, although
small in number, is particularly interesting from the fact that, of
the ten species obtained, eight prove to be new.
Included in the collection is a number of noteworthy forms
belonging mostly to genera containing but few species.
The species described as new are as follows : Keroeides gracilis,
Acanthogorgia breviflora, Ar.thomuricea simplex, Villogorgiaflagel-
lata, Bebryce Studeri, Muricella purpurea, Micella laxa and Ver-
rucella flabellata. Six out of the eight genera above mentioned,
have not previously been represented in the Museum collection.
The wealth of the Pacific Ocean in Gorgonidai, indicated by
the Challenger Report, has been further emphasized by the inves-
tigation of the Funafuti fauna.
The result of these studies has been to enlarge genera hitherto
only represented by one or two species ; thus, another species has
each been added to the monotypic genera Keroeides and Nicella,
the former inhabiting the coast of Japan, the latter that of
Mauritius. Anthomuricea and Bebryce have each been increased
by an additional species.
The whole of the specimens with two exceptions (Plexaura
atriipathes and Heliopora) were obtained by tangles on the outer
reef, at a depth of from 40 to 70 fathoms.
Mr. Edgar R. Waite has again fovoured me with the drawings
from which the accompanying plates have been reproduced.
The following notes have been supplied by Mr. C. Hedley :
" Dead specimens of the Heliopora were abundant, a raised bed
of it indicating upheaval is described, ante p. 11. Numerous
colonies, each extending over many square yards were seen in two
or three fathoms depth on the lagoon coast of the main islet, but
on procuring pieces by the aid of a native diver, they always
proved to be dead, having perhaps been smothered by shifting
308 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
sand. Dead fragments of this genus were also common on the
beaches, yet it was only once encountered by any of our party
alive, in which state it was dredged off the South- West Entrance.
On Nukulailai, however, I noticed living Heliopora in abundance
at low water mark at the Boat Entrance.
"The Plexawra was restricted, as far as my observations went, to
one situation, the lagoon side of a "passage" (vide p. 18), where
I saw it on both east and west sides of the atoll. It grew in
large bushes four feet high and a yard in diameter, in two or three
fathoms of water. Numerous Avicula attached to these suggested
a flock of small birds perching on the twigs."
Order ALCYONACEA.
FAMILY HELIOPORID^E.
HELIOPORA COERULEA, Pallas.
Heliopora coerulea, (Pallas) Blainville, Manuel d'Actinol., p. 392,
pi. Ixi. fig. 3.
Mr. C. Hedley informs me that he only once obtained Heliopora
alive at Funafuti, but that dead specimens were abundant, both
cast up on the b?ach and in situ in the lagoon.
It was also observed in a semifossil condition in a raised reef
near the centre of the islet. On the island of Nukulailai it was
seen alive in profusion at the boat landing.
Order GORGONACEA.
SECTION SCLERAXONIA.
FAMILY SCLEROGORGIA.
KEROEIDES GRACILIS, sp. nov.
(Plate xvi., figs. 1 - 5.)
This species is represented by four fragments, of which the largest
is 50 mm. in height, and 30 mm. in breadth, the main stem is 2 mm.
in diameter. Near the base it bears four simple branches, which
are alternate, in one plane, and at very unequal distances apart ;
the largest branch is 30 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter.
The polyps are small and roundly conical in shape, from 4 to G
mm. in height, 1 mm. in diameter at the base, and '6 to '8 mm. at
the summit, they are placed on the sides of the stem and branches
alternately, those on the latter are inclined towards one side of
the plane of branching, their apertures being visible from the
front only.
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGGE. 309
The coenenchyma is thin, smooth, without external grooves,
and densely charged with large closely tuberculate spindles.
The axis consists of a series of long spicules firmly cemented
together, its diameter near the base is -9 mm., the terminal twigs
1 mm.
The spicules of the coenenchyma are straight or but little curved
spindles, closely beset with either simple or compound tubercles.
On and in the neighbourhood of the verrucae they are very
irregular in shape, placed transversely and frequently adapted to
each other, having one or both ends obliquely truncated, and
including such forms as the following : elongate triangles, clubs,
boomerangs and short bent spindles. By transmitted light they are
of a bright brick red colour.
The retracted polyps are covered by a series of short, straight,
or curved spiny spindles, of a pale pink or white colour ; there are
a number of spicules embedded in the tentacles, which have a few
blunt spines and acutely -pointed ends.
The spicules are as follows :
(1.) Large almost straight tuberculated spindles. Size ! by
15, 1- by -25, 1-2 by -35, 2- by -3 mm.
(2.) Irregular shaped spicules of the verrucae. Size -3 by '15,
3 by -1, -4 by -15, -5 by -25, -6 by -25, 1- by -35 mm.
(3.) Operculate spicules. Size -2 by -02, -25 by '03, -25 by
05 mm.
(4.) Tentacle spicules. Size -1 by -01, -2 by -02 mm.
(5.) Spicules from the axis. Size -3 by -02, -5 by -04 mm.
The colour is bright coral-red, the polyps are yellowish-white.
This species differs from Keroeides koreni in its erect non-
pendulous habit and in the characters of its spicules.
SECTION HOLAXONIA.
FAMILY MURICEID^E.
ACANTHOGORGIA BREVIFLORA, Sp. nov.
(Plate xvi., figs. 6-10.)
A small, broken and almost denuded colony, 52 mm. in height.
Arising from an enlarged base, the stem at a height of 5 mm. divides,
giving off two branches, of which the smaller is 20 mm. in length
and bears a simple branchlet, the larger is 47 mm. in length and
bears three simple branchlets at equal distances apart, the longest
being 20 ram. ; there are indications of four other branchlets, they
are, however, broken off quite close to the main branch. The
mode of branching is alternate and in one plane, the axis is
310 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
horny but rather brittle, at the base it is 1 mm. in diameter, the
branches varying from '5 to - 7 mm. The colour is blackish-brown,
the extremities of the branchlets are yellowish-brown.
The polyps arise at right angles and are arranged on the sides
of the branches alternately, they are wider at the apex and base
than in the middle, measuring ! to 1-5 mm. in height, *7 to '9
mm. in diameter, and occur at intervals of from ! to 5' mm.
The coanenchyma of the stem is extremely thin, and of a yellowish-
white colour, the spicules are few and wide apart, the axis being
visible through the tissues.
The spicules of the co3iienchyma are straight or curved, spindles
longitudinally arranged, with acute points and a few distant blunt
spines.
Size -3 by .05, -5 by -04, -7 by -05 mm.
The polyp spicules are arranged transversely at the base in
oblique rows on the sides, but not so distinctly seriate as in other
species of the genus ; at the base of the tentacles they are peri-
pheral, and the apex is surmounted by a series of long needle-like
spicules with a simple strongly bent or a bifurcated base. The
surface spicules are distantly spiny or tuberculate, those deeply
seated are often quite smooth. The spicules of the base and sides
are curved spindles, with a few blunt spines near the ends and
occasionally tuberculate in the middle. Size -5 by '05, -65 by
04, - 8 by 06 mm. The deep-seated spicules are curved or bent,
rarely straight, smooth or with faint indications of spines. Size
3 by -03, -5 by -04, -7 by -03 mm. The coronal spicules have the
long free end smooth, the stout basal portion is strongly tubercu-
late and either simple and angularly bent or bifurcated. Size
5 by -08, -6 by -07, 1-by "07 mm. The tentacle spicules are short
curved rods or spindles with a few strong blunt spines, which are
often large and prominent on the convex sides. Size '2 by -02
mm.
Colour in formol is yellowish-white.
This species may be distinguished from other species of the
genus by its small polyps and large spicules.
ANTHOMURICEA SIMPLEX, sp. nov.
(Plate xvi., figs. 11-15.)
A small broken and evidently unbranched specimen is here
referred to this genus. The stem arises from an enlarged base,
measures 35 mm. in height, judging by the fragments its original
height must have been between 60 and 70 mm., the lower portion
is a little flattened, the upper cylindrical, it exhibits two subequal
curves in opposite directions, and is uniformly 2 mm. in diameter.
ALCYONARIA WHITELEGOE. 311
The polyps arise at nearly right angles, some are inclined towards
the base and others towards the summit, they occur at intervals
of from 2 to 3 mm.; on the lower half of the stem they alternate
on opposite sides, on the upper they tend to become subspiral ;
they are cylindro- conical in shape, and are from 2 to 4 mm. in
height and 2 mm. in diameter. The apical portion of the stem
terminates in a pair of opposed polyps, with a short blunt process
at the apex.
The axis is horny, but rather brittle and of dark yellow
colour.
The ccenenchyma of the stem is densely packed with large
tuberculated spindles, which are generally longitudinally disposed,
but they are frequently oblique or even transverse near the bases
of the polyps, and they are often bent and adapted to the stem.
The verruca? are clothed externally with a thickish layer of
spicules, differing little except in size from those of the stem,
there are a few placed transversely or obliquely at the base, whilst
those above are arranged longitudinally side by side, the points
of the upper ones projecting slightly beyond the margin, beneath
this exterior layer of spicules, are others much smaller, arranged
transversely at the base, and obliquely or longitudinally towards
the summit.
The polyps are mostly retracted within the verrucse, in some
few instances they are exserted, the conical polyp heads standing
out beyond the margins of the verrucse and exhibiting a narrow
neck beneath the collar, devoid of spicules externally.
The collar is composed of a narrow ring of curved spicules,
with smooth blunt ends and a few low tubercles in the middle.
Above the collaret there are a series of spicules arranged en chevron
forming an eight-rayed operculum, their upper fourth is closely
tuberculate, their lower three-fourths either smooth or with low
tubercles ; their fixed ends are bluntly rounded, their free ends
tapering to not very acute points.
The tentacles have on their dorsal surfaces numerous curved
spicules, arranged en chevron.
The spicules of the ccenenchyma are as follows :
(1.) Large straight or curved spindles, thick in the middle,
tapering to long acute points, and closely covered with warty
tubercles. Size 1- by -2, 1-5 by -23, 2- by -25, 2-5 by -4, -4 by
45 mm.
(2.) Large club-shaped, with the thick end rounded, obliquely
truncated, or suddenly tapering to an acute point, and with the
narrow end sharply pointed, tubercles as in No. 1. Size 1-5 by
2-5, 1-7 by -25 mm.
312 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In addition to the above, two crosses have been observed, one
equal rayed and similar to the larger spicules, the other resembling
the smaller polyp spicules.
(1.) The external spicules of the verrucas are similar to but
smaller than those of the stem. Size 1- by -15, 1-5 by -2, 2' by
2 mm.
(2.) Smaller deep-seated fusiform spicules, with distant tubercles
or low spines, rather numerous in the verrucse, particularly at
the base. Size -5 by -08, -8 by -1, 1- by -15 mm.
(3.) Curved collar spicules, with the ends smooth and rounded,
the central region with a few distant blunt spines or low tubercles.
Size '7 by !, - 8 by '12 mm.
(4.) The spicules of the operculum consist of a larger external,
and of a smaller internal series, the larger are tuberculate, fusiform
or subclavate with the free ends acute and the fixed ends blunt.
They measure -6 by -08, -7 by -09, and -8 by -1 mm. ; the smaller
are slightly curved fusiform or subclavate, with either acute or
blunt ends and a few distant tubercles. Size '25 by "05, 4' by
08 mm.
(5.) The tentacle spicules are very numerous, and consist of
straight, curved, or bent rods, with faint indications of spines,
they are imbedded in the tissues and may be traced below the
collar, probably in the apices of the inverted tentacles.
All the spicules except the last-named, which are colourless,
are of a dark brick-red by transmitted light.
There are no traces of spicules of the form called "stachel-
platten " by Kolliker.
The colour in formol is purplish-red.
This species differs from A. chcenielon and A. argentea by the
larger size of the polyps arid spicules.
VlLLOGORGIA FLAGELLATA, sp. nOV.
(Plate xvi., tigs. 16-20.)
There are seven fragments all more or less denuded owing to
their being entangled in the tow, one is attached to the dead stem
of a species of Verrucella.
The largest specimen is 95 mm. in height and from 15 to 20 mm.
in width, it is flattened in a plane opposite to that of the branching,
the stem is '7 ram. in diameter, the branches are lateral, opposite
or alternate, simple or bearing long slender thread-like twigs.
The axis is horny, yellowish, the branches and twigs are flexible
the base of the stem rather brittle. When viewed by transmitted
ALCYONAEIA WHITELEGGE. 313
light under the microscope it presents an appearance like the axis
of Plexaura flavida.*
The polyps are alternate or often in pairs on opposite sides,
especially at the summits of the slender twigs, they occur at
intervals of from '5 to ! mm. they are *5 to '6 mm. in diameter,
and from - 7 to *8 in height, in shape they are roundly conical, on
the stem and branches, whilst the terminal ones are usually
cylindrical.
The ccenenchyma is very thin, the branches are encircled by a
single layer of quadriradiate spicules, the rays are frequently at
right angles to each other, they are bent down in such a manner
as to embrace the stem, the upper central ray is produced and
projects through the ccenenchyma, giving the stem and branches
a spiny outline.
The external spicules of the verrucse are triradiate, the upper
ray being long and spine-like, and project through the tissues, at
angles varying from the horizontal to the perpendicular, the lower
rays are imbedded in the ccenenchyma and are very variable in
shape, in some cases they are simple tuberculated spines, in others
the spines are distinct but they are connected by a perforate plate,
or the spines may give place to a many rayed perforate plate,
beset with minutely beaded tubercles.
The summits of the verrucse are surmounted by a series of long
acute spicules, resembling those of the walls but having the pro-
jecting ray longer and the imbedded portion more strongly but
irregularly developed.
The tentacles have at their bases externally a few irregular
curved spindles, with a minutely granular and tuberculated
surface, on the convex side near their free ends, they are usually
provided with three or four teeth-like processes ; similar but
smaller spicules exist in the tentacles, the denticles often project-
ing at their apices.
(1) The quadriradiate spicules of the ccenenchyma have acute
points and a few blunt spines, they measure in their widest
diameter -15 by -2 mm., they are from -1 to -15 mm. in height,
the rays are from -07 to '1 mm. in length and '03 mm. in diameter,
the apical spines are from '03 to ! mm. in length.
(2.) The triradiate spicules of the verrucse measure in their
widest diameter from -15 to '35 mm., their height is from -15 to
3 mm., the free acute ray is from *1 to '2 mm. in length and
05 mm. in diameter.
(3.) The apical spicules of the verrucse are from -3 to '5 mm.
in height, and from '2 to -4 mm. wide at the base, the free spine
being -15 to '25 mm. in length and '05 mm. in diameter.
* Kolliker Icones Hist., ii., 1866, pi. xii., fig. 5.
314 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
(4.) The irregular curved operculate spicules are from '15 to
25 mm. in length, and from -05 to ! mm. in diameter at the free
dentate end.
(5.) The tentacle spicules are curved, acute at one end and
dentate at the other, the teeth being generally confined to the
convex side, they are from '05 to "1 mm. in length.
Colour in formol is yellowish-white.
Villogorgia flagellata is distinguished from other species of the
genus by its slender whip-like branches, and by its single layer of
quadriradiate spicules.
VILLOGORGIA INTRICATA, Gray.
Brandella intricata, Gray, Cat. Lithophytes Brit. Mus., 1870, p.
30, fig. 8 ; Ridley, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ix., ser. 5, 1882,
p. 188.
One specimen, 120 mm. in height and 70 mm. wide, the axis is
dark brown at the base, the branches light yellowish-brown, the
polyps and coenenchyma are creamy-white.
BEBRYCE STUDERI, sp. nov.
(Plate xvii., figs. 21 - 25.)
Of this species only one small specimen is available, the base is
wanting and some of the smaller branches are broken off.
The stem is 60 mm. in height and 1*5 mm. in diameter. The
branches are in a plane, alternate and generally at right angles
to the stem ; there are four lateral branches, situated at irregular
distances apart, three of which bear one or two branchlets, these
in turn bearing very short twigs.
The axis is horny, the main stem dark brown, the branches
yellowish-brown .
The polyps are alternate, rarely opposite, and arranged in rather
loose irregular spirals round the stem and branches, at the ex-
tremities of the twigs there are usually a pair placed on opposite
sides, which are slightly larger than those on the rest of the
colony.
The polyps form low rounded elevations from -3 to -7 mm. in
heighth, and from -8 to 1 mm. in diameter, and from 1- to 4- ram.
apart.
The ccBnenchyma is thin, grayish-white in colour, and has a
finely granular appearance under a moderate magnifying power.
The coenenchyma of the stem and walls of the polyps are densely
coated with an external layer of minute spicules, which, viewed
ALCYONARIA WHITBLEGGE. 315
as opaque objects under the microscope, present an irregular len-
ticular appearance ; when seen by transmitted light they reveal
a very narrow smooth central constriction, an upper round disk,
minutely granulose and somewhat opaque, a lower irregular tuber-
culate disc, quite translucent and frequently larger than the upper.
The granular disks of these modified double clubs are directed
outwards and form a fairly uniform crust over the whole colony.
Situated immediately beneath this external layer are numerous
larger spicules, having a broad multilobate disk, and a very short
central boss surmounted by two or more tubercles. These spicules
exhibit a distinct central line of union, and the boss-like end is
directed outwards.
The polyps are provided with a collar of curved spicules ; on
the lower dorsal surface of each tentacle are three curved spicules, a
short one placed transversely with the convex side directed towards
the summit, and two placed longitudinally with their convex sides
inwards.
Embedded in the apices of the tentacles are a few short curved
spicules, with strong dentate processes on the convex side.
(1.) The cortical spicules are rarely longer than broad. Size
03 by -03, -04 by -35 mm.
(2.) Deep seated, broad, star-shaped, the rays and disk being
studded with warty tubercles. Size Diameter of disks from -05
to -2 mm., those measuring about -15 mm. being the most common.
The height is from -03 to '1 mm.
(3.) The collar spicules are curved, sharp or blunt pointed
spindles with a few distant spines. Size -3 by -02, -35 by -03 mm.
(4.) The tentacle spicules are slightly spinose, mostly on the
convex side, and frequently dentate at the apex. Size '1 by "02,
15 by -03 mm.
Colour in formol is pale yellowish-white.
This species differs from B. philippii in the smaller sizes of its
polyps, and from B. mollis in its spicular characters.
MURICELLA PURPUREA, Sp. nOV.
(Plate xvii., figs. 26-29.)
The colony is erect, branched in one plane; it is 120 mm. in
height and 90 mm. in breadth.
The main stem is straight in its lower two-thirds, the upper
third being a little curved ; it arises from an enlarged base and
gives off a series of short simple branches and about seven or
eight larger branches, which bear numerous branchlets, these in
turn bearing short, slightly flattened twigs. The larger and
316 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
smaller branches are given off almost at right angles, at a short
distance from their origin they are bent or curved upwards ; they
are alternate, rarely opposite, and occur at intervals of from 3 to
10 mm. throughout the whole colony.
The polyps are confined to one surface, they are alternate or
opposite, and arise at right angles from the front and sides of the
stem and branches. A median line devoid of polyps exists on
most of the younger shoots, but on the older parts it is more or
less interrupted by isolated polyps ; the terminal twigs invariably
have an opposed pair of polyps at their apices.
The length of the main stem is 100 mm., its diameter at the
base is 2*5 mm., and at the broken summit 1'5 mm. ; the largest
branch is 8 '5 mm. in length, and 1-5 mm. in diameter; the shorter
branches and twigs range from 5 to '14 mm. in length, and have a
diameter of 1 mm.
The axis is of a dark brownish-yellow at the base, the branches
are of lighter shade ; at the base it is 1'7 mm. in diameter, the
terminal twigs are -2 mm. at their origin.
The co3nenchyma is thin, on the bases of the stem and larger
branches, elsewhere it is a little thicker, the spicules consist of
large closely tuberculated spindles, some are cylindrical to within
a short distance of their acute points, others taper from the middle
to sharp points, whilst some few are branched and have two or
three short acutely pointed rays ; they are curved bent or twisted
and adapted to embrace the stem, a dried fragment presenting a
a wicker-work-like aspect due to the interlacing of the large
spicules, the general arrangement being longitudinal.
The polyps are conical and arise from between the large spicules,
they are - 8 mm. in height, '8 to 1 mm. in diameter at the base
and from -4 to -7 mm. at the apex.
The basal portion of each polyp is partly surrounded by the
bent ends of the stem spicules and a series of other much shorter
spicules, extending to the summit of the verrucse, which are
arranged longitudinally in rather indistinct groups, either erect
or placed at an angle with their apices in contact. Above these
is situated a narrow collar of short curved spicules, which forms a
projecting rim around the summit, and arising within the collar are
numerous short spiny spicules forming an operculum. There are
also a few nearly smooth spicules embedded in the tentacles.
The coenenchyma spicules consist of large closely tuberculate
cylindrical or fusiform spindles, occasionally branched. Size 1 by
15, 2- by -2, 3- by -27, 4-5 by -24, 5- by -28, 5-5 by -3 mm.
The polyp spicules are as follows :
(1.) Larger straight or curved fusiform spindles with rather
distant rounded tubercles. Size '4 by ! ; -6 by -15 mm.
ALCYONARIA WHITELKGGE. 317
(2.) Smaller deep seated spicules with acute points and a few
scattered spines. Size '3 by '05 ; -4 by '05 mm.
J3.) Curved collar spicules with a few low rounded tubercles
rather blunt ends. Size '3 by -03 mm.
(4.) Operculate spicules with the free end acute and spiny, the
lower end blunt. Size '15 by -02 mm.
(5.) Tentacle spicules slightly curved with a few distant low
spines. Size ! by -01.
The colour of the spicules by transmitted light varies from light
to dark red. The stem when dried, appears as if coated with
small silvery granules, this effect is produced by the tubercles
which are in common with the rest of the spicular surface
invested by a hyaline sheath becoming silvery white when dry.
Colour in formol is dark purplish-red.
Muricella purpurea appears to be a very distinct species charac-
terised by its gigantic spicules.
FAMILY PLEXAURID^.
PLEXAURA ANTIPATHES, Jasper.
Gorgonia antipathes, Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, ii., p. 90, pi.
xxiii., fig. 1, 2 ; Kolliker, Icones. Hist., pt. ii., 1866, p. 138,
pi. xviii., figs. 21, 22 ; Klunzinger, Die Korallth. de Rothen
Meeres, 1877, p. 51, pi. iv., fig. 1.
There is one large example referred with some little doubt to
this species, it appears to be common, numerous specimens being
in the Museum collection from the New Hebrides, Fiji, and other
coral islands. The colony is 600 mm. in height and 300 mm. in
breadth, the main stem is 25 mm. in diameter near the base, at a
distance of 80 mm. it divides into two main branches, each of
which bears a great number of branchlets, the whole forming a
much ramified tree-like colony. Primarily the branching is
usually in one plane, but owing to the twisting in and out of the
branches during growth, this bilateral feature is somewhat
obscured in the adult colony, if however the origin of the branches
is carefully noted it at once becomes evident.
The branches are lateral and alternate, but frequently absent or
suppressed on one side, the buds appearing as low elevations ; they
are a little compressed in the plane of branching, after attaining
to a length of from 5 to 8 mm. they take a sudden bend upwards
and the further growth of the shoot is continued in a line more
or less parallel to the parent branch.
The terminal twigs are cylindrical and of equal thickness
throughout, or tapering gradually and ending in low conical
points, whilst some few are club-shaped with obtusely rounded
apices, they measure from 3' to 5- mm. in diameter.
318 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The polyps are generally about T5 mm. apart, mostly flush
with the surface, except on the younger parts of the colony, where
they are often somewhat prominent; their apertures when perfect
are covered by eight rays composed of groups of rod-like or sub-
fusiform spicules, having a few low tubercles and sharply pointed
apices. Size ! to '15 by '02 mm.
The ccenenchyma on the main stem is from ! to 1-5 mm. in
thickness, and 2 mm. on the terminal twigs ; in the dried condi-
tion it is of a light stone colour.
The axis is black and spirally grooved, the stouter branches are
flattened in the plane of branching.
The cortex is covered externally by a dense layer of tuberculated
clubs, and a few subspherical tuberculated granules ; the head of
the club is directed outwards ; when viewed end on from above
they present a whorl of three compound tubercles ; the shaft has
also one or two zones of small, smooth or spiny tubercles. Size
08 by -04, -1 by -05 mm.
The coanenchyma spicules are chiefly straight fusiform spindles,
frequently branched and cross-like. The spindles have from 4 to
8 whorls of tubercles, the two central whorls are composed of
large warty tubercles, the remaining whorls gradually diminish in
size as they approach the very acute ends of the spicule. Size
15 by -05, -2 by -05, -23 by -06 mm.
There are also a few comparatively smooth fusiforms, with two
or more distinct whorls of low simple tubercles. Size '1 to '15
by -03 mm.
In the terminal twigs there exist large cylindrical or subclavate
spicules, having blunt apices beset with numerous compressed
spines; the rest of the surface varies greatly, being either smooth,
spiny, or distantly tuberculate, the lower ends are abruptly pointed.
Size -5 by -07, -6 by -08, -7 by -1 mm.
On seeing these spicules I at first thought they did not belong
to the colony, but I afterwards made about six different prepara-
tions of the spicules, by nipping off the smaller twigs and boiling
in potash, taking due precautions to exclude any foreign spicules;
these larger spicules were found in every instance in greater or
less abundance.
FAMILY GORGONELLID^E.
NlCELLA LAXA, Sp. nOV.
(Plate xvii., figs. 30-33.)
The colony is feebly branched, the branching lateral and in
one plane. The short basal stem is 2 mm. in diameter, and at a
height of 15- mm. divides into two branches, one of which is
ALCYOVARIA WHITELEGGE. 319
broken off close to its origin, the other is 25 mm. in length and
! mm. in diameter, diminishing to '05 near the apex, at a height
30 mm. it gives off a lateral branch, bearing two branchlets the
upper 45 mm. and the lower one 5 mm. in length. On the
opposite side at a height of 32 mm. from the origin of the first
branch is situated a second simple branch 42 mm. in length.
The axis is laminate, calcareous, brittle and of dark brownish-
yellow at the base, with white or yellowish-white branches, the
basal portion of the stem is cylindrical, the branches are subquad-
rangular, without grooves, but marked by numerous elongated pits.
The ccenenchyma is thin, and when viewed with a lens presents
a scries of minute ridges forming a network of raised lines, which
are lighter in colour and consist of double club shaped spicules.
The polyps are large, alternate, arising at nearly right angles
and confined to the sides of the stem and branches, the verrucse
are conical, cylindrical or rarely wider at the base than at the
summit, varying according to the relative amount of the retraction
of the polyps within the verrucae.
The verrucse are divided at their summits, into eight lobes,
each lobe is -3 mm. in height and -25 at the base. The verrucse
measure from 1- to 2- mm. in height, 1- to 1-5 mm. in diameter,
and are from 2 to 4 mm. apart ; the terminal polyps are slightly
larger than those on the stem and branches.
The tentacles have a number of narrow fusiform spicules on
their dorsal surface, they are straight, and either distantly tuber-
culate or almost smooth. There are numerous rod-shape spicules
imbedded in the tentacles, they are arranged en chevron, their
surface is either smooth or minutely but distantly dentate.
(1.) The cortical spicules are short double clubs with smooth
or warty tubercles. Size -05 by -02, -07 by -03, -1 by -05 mm.
(2.) The ccenenchyma spicules consist of broad or narrow fusi-
form spindles, with rather obtusely pointed ends and a spiny or
tuberculate surface, some of which possess a transverse median
constriction. Size -1 by -03, -2 by -03, -25 by -05, -25 by -06 mm.
Many of the spicules, both clubs and f usiforms, are a little flattened.
Colour in formol is light mouse gray. This species differs from
2f. dichntoma by its smaller more distant polyps and by its lax
method of branching.
VERRUCELLA FLABELLATA, sp. nov.
(Plate xvii., figs. 34 - 37.)
The only specimen in the collection is in a much broken condi-
tion, and evidently only a fragment of what formed an extensive
colony.
320 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The original colony appears to have been much branched in one
plane, but the base and the greater number of branches are wanting,
the latter in most cases being broken off quite short.
The specimen is 275 mm. in height, the stem is angularly bent
a short distance from the base ; from the bend to the broken
summit it presents a slightly wavy outline, and gives off a series
of alternate branches from 10 to 25 mm. apart ; at 130 mm. from
the base there arises a branch 145 mm. in length, from which
originates a series of lateral branchlets at intervals of 15 mm.,
these give off numerous slender twigs forming small flabellate
groups.
The stem is 4 mm. in diameter at the base, where it is nearly
cylindrical, above it is somewhat flattened in the plane of branch-
ing, and exhibits two longitudinal grooves, one on each side, in
the median space devoid of polyps.
The axis is creamy-white, very hard, but brittle.
The polyps are numerous, alternate, nearly at right angles to
their support, and retractile within the slightly conical verrucse ;
the latter are divided into eight rays at the summits, which are
folded over the retracted polyps.
The verrucae are prominent, they are from -5 to ! mm. in
height, -5 to -7 mm. in diameter, and from 1* to 3- mm. apart.
The ccenenchyma is thin, smooth, and coated with a layer of
double club-shaped spicules disposed in lines more especially on
the verrucse, beneath these there are numerous flattened tuber-
culated spicules arranged longitudinally on the branches and also
in the walls of the verrucse.
In the tentacles are a number of short spiny spicules, but owing
to their retracted condition and imperfect preservation it is im-
possible to state with certainty how they are disposed.
The double clubs of the cortex vary greatly in length, thickness,
and tuberculation. Size -05 by -02, -07 by -02, -1 by -03 mm.
The ccenenchyma spicules are flat, elongate, and tuberculate,
with a median constriction and obtusely rounded ends, the smaller
of which closely resemble the double-clubs but are distinguished
by being flattened. Size -1 by -04 and -01 mm. in thickness,
15 by '05 and - 02 mm. in thickness.
The tentacle spicules are short rods and spindles with a few
blunt spines. Size '05 by *01.
Colour in formol is yellowish-white.
Verrucella flabellata is distinguished from other species of the
genus by its peculiar flat round-ended spicules.
THB SPONGES OF FUNAFUTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE.
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
[XIII.]
THE SPONGES OF FUNAFUTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE collection of sponges obtained by Mr. 0. Hedley, though
small, is nevertheless interesting.
There are sixteen species ; of these the following six are
described as new Spinosella glomerata, Gellius aculeatus, Clathria
pellicula, Agelas gracilis, Ciocalypta incrustans, and Polymastia
dendyi.
Of the above Agelas gracilis is the most interesting, as it widens
the range of the genus. With the exception of an outlier
recorded from Mauritius and doubtfully from Tristan d'Acunha,
this genus has hitherto only been known from the West Indies.
The remaining ten species are
Reniera australis, Lendenfeld, Reniera sp.* which may prove to
be a variety of Reniera rosea, Bowerbank, Halichondria solida, var.
rugosa, Ridley and'Dendy, Echinodictyum asperum, Ridley and
Dendy, of the latter rare and curious species there are two very
fine examples, Acanthella stipitata, Carter, A. pulcherrima, Ridley
and Dendy, Spirastrella papillosa, Ridley and Dendy, Euspongia
irregularis, var. silicata, Lendenfeld, Hippospongia dura, Lenden-
feld, and Spongelia Jragilis, var. irregularis, Lendenfeld.
The species in many cases are represented by single examples.
The smaller specimens had been placed in a solution of four or
five p.c. formol, which proved insufficient for their proper preser-
vation. They reached me in a soft and slimy state, too soft in
fact to handle with safety, and before a hand-section could be cut
they had to be hardened in alcohol. In consequence of their
imperfect preservation and their transference to alcohol, the
specimens had some of their characters destroyed, which rendered
their exact determination unusually difficult.
Mr. Hedley has kindly supplied the following field notes :
" To a collector accustomed to the sea beaches of temperate
zones, and especially to the shores of Sydney Harbour, the
absence of large or conspicuous sponges on the reefs of Funafuti
is very marked. Rocky shelves and ledges which in England or
* Identical with No. 42, Voy. "Alert," p. 410.
324 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
temperate Australia would Jbe clad by a luxuriant growth of sea-
weeds and sponges, are here almost entirely monopolised by a
rank growth of Sarcophytum and its allies.
An expert in spongology would doubtless reap a rich harvest
on these reefs by cracking loose, dead coral blocks and securing
those minute forms which hide themselves in numerous crevices.
But a superficial survey of the rocks from high water mark to
a depth of twenty feet, impresses on the observer that the oft
described wealth and profusion of life on a coral strand is not
equally true of all classes. The larger sponges, at any rate, con-
tribute handsomer, more highly coloured, more numerous and
varied forms to a sea-scape in Port Jackson, than they do in the
Ellice Islands.
About low water mark the most conspicuous sponge was,
perhaps, the coal-black Euspongia irregularis, var. silicata, growing
in cake-shaped masses on the rocks. In similar situations spino-
sella glomerata flourished. Among the Sarcophyta, from which,
indeed, a casual glance hardly distinguished it, the Hippospongia
dura encrusted the rocks. From a depth of thirteen fathoms in the
lagoon the dredge came up almost choked with Echinodictyum
asperum, with which the urchins Laganum and Maretia were
associated.
Nearer the centre of the lagoon, in about twenty fathoms, were
dredged the new Glathria pellicula, encrusting a cluster of cocks-
comb oyster. This was only taken on one occasion.
The Eeniera sp. was extremely plentiful in pools in the man-
grove swamp, where alone it was met with. It flourished alike
in shade and sunlight. At a distance it sometimes appeared as
large rose-pink patches, many yards in extent, creeping under
stones and climbing on mangrove roots. When deprived of light
the beautiful rose-pink tended, under the shelter of the mangrove,
to fade into gray. Each sponge mass attained a height of eight
or ten inches, and a diameter of about a foot. In the open the
growth was reduced to a prostrate network of tubes."
Order MONAXONIDJE.
FAMILY HOMORRHAPHIDJE.
RENIERA AUSTRALIS, Lendenfeld.
Reniera australis, Lendenfeld, Aust. Mus. Cat. xiii., Sponges,
1888, p. 78.
There are several examples of this species exhibiting con-
siderable variation ; one resembles a piece of pumice-stone with
numerous crateriform oscula : others have a comparatively smooth
surface, with dome-shaped oscula bearing processes,
THE SPONGES OP FUNAFUTI WHITBLEGGE. 325
On comparing the specimens with the type I find it presents
exactly the same external characters.
The colour of the specimens from Funafuti varies from light to
dark coffee brown, that of the type from Port Jackson is now (in
spirit) burnt umber colour ; in the description it is stated to be
gray. The specimen is attached to a piece of wood, which may
have stained it this colour.
The spicules exhibit a little variation in size, but the average is
about the same as in the type, i.e., 0*12 by 0'004 mm.
Low water-mark on reefs in the lagoon.
RENIERA SP.
This form appears to be identical with No. 42 Reniera sp.
described by Ridley.*
There are numerous specimens in the collection, but owing to
the fragile nature of the sponge all are more or less broken. The
sponge consists of thin lamellae, which form folds or tubes, with
fairly large oscula at the summits ; the tubes are from 5 to 10
mm. in diameter, and from 5 to 30 mm. in height, the walls are
from 1 to '2 mm. in thickness, the oscula are 5 mm. in diameter.
Texture very fragile when dry, in spirit slightly elastic, but
easily broken if handled. Surface rather smooth in appearance to
the unaided eye; when seen with a moderate magnifying power it
is minutely reticulate with numerous round pores. Colour, when
alive rose pink, in spirits pinkish gray.
Megasclera Small curved oxea suddenly tapering to acute
points, varying slightly in length and thickness, usually about
0.12 by 0.006 mm.
Possibly this form may be a variety of Reniera rosea, Bower-
bank. According to Topsent, Reniera cinera, Grant, is identical
with R. rosea, Bowerbank. Grant's species is recorded from the
Philippines.
Mangrove swamp (ante p. 324).
HALICHONDRIA SOLIDA, var. RUGOSA, Ridley & Dendy.
HalicJiondria solida, var. rugosa, Ridley & Dendy, Chall. Rep.
Zool., xx., p. 4.
A single example agreeing with the description in colour, sur-
face, and texture. The spicules, however, are slightly less in size ;
the larger, stouter forms are about 0*85 by 0'025 mm. They vary
greatly in length and thickness ; they are usually slightly curved
and taper rather suddenly a few diameters from the ends, which
are more or less rounded.
Reefs in the lagoon among the Sarcophyta.
* Eidley Voy. "Alert," 1884, p. 410.
326 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
SPINOSELLA GLOMBRATA, sp. nov.
(Plate xviii., fig. 1).
Sponge, large cake-shaped, attached by a broad base. From
the upper irregularly convex surface arise numerous short narrow
tubes. The largest example is somewhat water worn, and measures
300 mm. in its long and 250 mm. in its short diameter, and about
70 mm. in height. The tubes vary greatly in size. The larger
are 30 mm. in height, 10 mm. in external diameter, without the
spinose processes, the internal diameter averages about 5 mm.,
the largest are about 8 mm. the smallest about 2 mm.
Colour of the dried sponge is light brownish gray.
The tubes are rarely free, being more or less united laterally
throughout their length. The surface is beset with numerous
prominent aculeations, they vary from 3 to 6 mm. in length, and
are usually about 3 mm. apart ; the summits of the tubes are
fringed with from five to twelve of these processes. The dermal
surface consists of a, close reticulation of fine fibres, with numerous
circular pores 0'2 to - 5 mm. in diameter. The oscula are 1 to
1 -5 mm. in diameter, and are fairly abundant on the inner surface
of the tubes.
The main skeleton is composed of well developed horny fibre,
with a polygonal or subrectangular mesh. The main fibres are
from 0-8 to '1 mm., the secondaries 0-5 mm. in diameter, the
former are sparsely cored with slightly curved oxeote spicules,
the latter by a series of three or four, in the slender connecting
fibres the spicules are uni- or biserially arranged.
Megasclera Slightly curved oxea with rather blunt points.
Size About 0-07 by 0-002 mm.
Reefs in the lagoon at low water, plentiful.
FAMILY HETERORRHAPHID^.
GELLIUS ACULEATUS, sp. nov.
(Plate xviii., fig. 3).
Sponge incrusting (attached to a piece of coral), measuring 45
mm. by 20 mm., and from 5 to 12 mm. in thickness.
Surface v( ry uneven possessing numerous compressed promi-
nences, from 4 to 7 mm. in height, 0'5 to 0'8 mm. in their broad
diameter, and from 1 to 3 mm. apart, proximally the processes
are connected by narrow ridges, distally they taper to acute
points ; they are more or less compressed throughout their length,
rarely rounded.
Dermal membrane, thin, smooth and somewhat opaque, pores not
visible, oscula few, scattered, occurring between the aculeate pro-
cesses, subcircular in shape and from 1-2 to 1-5 mm. in diameter.
Texture soft, compressible, moderately tough.
Colour in spirit dirty cream.
THE SPONGES OF FUNAFUTI WHITELEGGE. 327
The skeleton consists of large strongylote spicules, which run
more or less vertically from the base to the surface, either singly
or in twos or threes, as they approach the surface they converge,
forming whisp-like bands from O'l toO'2 mm. wide ; at the surface
they form the main support of the aculeations.
In addition to the large strongyla there are numerous small
oxeote spicules irregularly distributed throughout the body of the
sponge; they are scarce or 'absent from the dermal membrane,
and from the aculeate processes. Sigmata of about one and a
half turns are abundant and evenly distributed in the dermal
membrane, internally they appear to be confined to definite tracts.
Megasclera (a) Straight, elongate, round ended strongyla
gradually tapering from the centre to the extremities.
Size About 1-6 by 0-02 mm.
(b) Oxea, small, slender, straight, tapering gradually at each
end to acute points.
Size About 0-14 by 0-0035 mm.
Microsclera Very slender sigmata of about one and a half
turns ; length about 0-02 mm.
Deep water in the lagoon.
This species is allied to Gellius carduus in outward form, the
spicules are, however, very much larger than in that species.
CLATHRIA PELLICULA, sp. nov.
Sponge incrusting, from 1 to 1 '5 mm. in thickness; surface
minutely conulose, with numerous pores in groups of from four
to six. Oscula scattered, circular, about 0'25 mm. in diameter.
Colour in spirits yellowish-gray.
Skeleton columnar, consisting of whisp-like multispicular fibres,
with little or no spongin ; they are made up of irregularly dis-
posed smooth styli or subtylostyli and accompanied by spined
styli ; there are but few spicules between the fibres. The dermal
skeleton consists of rather distant radiating tufts of smooth styli.
Megasclera (a) Smooth styli or subtylostyli of the fibres,
gradually sharp pointed, the slightly enlarged basal extremities
of the larger spicules often minutely spinose.
Size About 0-23 by 0-0042 mm.
(b) Smooth slender styli or subtylostyli of the dermal tufts.
Size Variable from 0-25 to 0-4 by 0035 mm.
(c) Echinating styli, straight, gradually tapering to sharp
points, spines irregularly disposed, strong, and recurved, the
apical fourth of the spicule almost smooth.
Size 0-1 by 0-008 mm.
020 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Microsclera (a) Minute slender isochelse; length about 0-015
mm.
(b) Long slender toxa, with a short slight bend in the middle,
straight limbs, and smooth acute points ; length 35 mm.
*|This species forms a thin skin-like covering over an oyster
shell, Ostrcea crista-galli, Linn.
Obtained in the lagoon in eighteen fathoms of water.
AGELAS GEACILIS, sp. nov.
(Plate xviii., fig. 4).
Sponge subcylindrical, unbranched, attached to fragments of
shells. There are four pieces, three of which take the form of
simple filaments measuring from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, and
from 25 to 75 mm. in length. The fourth example consists of
six or seven processes arising from an expanded base ; at their
origin and for about half their length they are somewhat irregular,
a little flattened and joined together at various points, giving the
basal portion a clathrous aspect. The upper half terminates in a
series of subcylindrical filaments from 5 to 25 mm. in height and
2 mm. in diameter, which taper gradually to the extremities.
The texture is spongy and soft, but pretty tough. Colour in
spirits grayish-yellow. The surface is uneven, hispid, beset with
numerous minute conuli from 0-2 to 0-5 mm. high and 2 to 5 mm.
apart. "p A few minute pores are visible between the conuli.
The skeleton is reticulate, the stout primary fibres forming an
axial plexus from which secondary and connecting fibres are given
off. The mesh is oblong or oval, rarely angular. The primary
fibres measure 0'07 mm., the secondaries 0*045 mm., and the
connecting fibres 0-025 mm.
The echinating spicules situated on the main fibres are numerous
and generally more or less parallel with them, on the more slender
fibres they are usually at right angles to their support.
Megasclera Of one kind only, consisting of straight or but
little curved, verticillately spined styli, from the truncated
base they taper gradually to sharp points. The verticils vary in
number from 16 to 24, according to the size of the spicule. The
first three or four" are closer than the rest, and consist of prominent
straight spines, towards the apex the spines are recurved.
Size Variable from 0-1 to 0*22 mm. by 0-007 to 0013 mm.
The verticils are about 0-01 mm. apart.
Obtained by tangles, associated with Gorgonice, in forty to
seventy fathoms, on the western slope of the atoll.
ECHINODICTIUM ASPERUM, Ridley & Dendy.
Echinodictium asperurn, Ridley & Dendy, Chall. Rep. Zool., xx.,
p. 165, pi. xxxii., fig. 2.
THE SPONGES OP FUNAFUTI WHITELEGGE. 329
Of this well marked species there are two examples, -one dry
the other in spirit. The dried example measures 170 mm. by
120 mm., and 100 mm. in height. The one in spirit measures
120 mm. by 95 mm., and 90 mm. in height. They are thus
larger than those obtained by the Challenger Expedition.
The spined styli are smaller than those of the type, they seldom
exceed 0-12 in length.
Colour in spirit, gray.
Dredged in the lagoon in company with Laganum and Maretia.
FAMILY AXINELLIDuE.
ACANTHELLA STIPITATA, Carter.
Acanthella stipitata, Carter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5),
vii., p. 380, pi. xviii., tig. 8 ; Ridley & Bendy, Chall. Rep.
Zool., xx., p. 178 ; Dendy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., (n.s.) ix.,
1896, p. 237.
A small fragment is here somewhat doubtfully referred to this
species.
Deep water in the lagoon.
ACANTHELLA PULCHERRIMA, Ridley & Dendy.
Acanthella pulcherrima, Ridley & Dendy, Chall. Rep. Zool., xx.,
p. 177, pi. xxxii., fig. 3.
A single specimen of this species is in the collection.
Associated with the preceeding.
ClOCALYPTA INCRUSTANS, sp. nov.
(Plate xviii., fig. 2).
Sponge incrusting, forming large flat expansions of a fairly
uniform thickness. There are several pieces, the largest is 55 mm.
by 45 mm., and 10 mm. in thickness.
Colour in formol yellowish-white.
Texture soft and fragile, readily breaking by its own weight if
handled.
Surface minutely conulose ; the conuli are from 1 to 1 '5 mm.
apart, and from 0*5 to 1 mm. in height.
The dermal membrane is thin and transparent, with numerous
inhalent pores which are situated in the depressions between the
conuli. Oscula scattered about 2 '5 mm. in diameter, with slightly
raised margins.
Skeleton. The main skeleton consists of columns of spiculo-
fibre without much obvious spongin. The columns run vertically
from the base to the surface where they terminate and form the
support of the dermal membrane. The columns are from 0-3 to 0'6
mm. in diameter, they are separated by spaces 0-4 to 0'6 mm. wide.
330 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The fibres are pretty uniform in diameter without any well
defined branches. Occasionally they appear to be connected by
a somewhat dense bundle of spicules. The intercolumnar spaces
are sparsely spiculate. The spicules are rather irregularly arranged,
both in the spaces and the columns. There are no traces of a
special basal or dermal layer of spicules.
Megasclera Of two kinds, stylote and oxeote. (a) The styli
are usually curved, rarely straight, often bent a short distance
from the well rounded base ; they taper gradually from about the
middle to sharp points.
Size Variable, about 0-2 to 0-04 mm. by 0-0095 mm.
(6.) The oxea are not so numerous as the styli, they are usually
bent in the middle, and taper gradually to sharp points.
Size About 0-35 by 0-0075.
Besides the above, there are a number of very slender oxea
and styli scattered through the body, probably the young of the
larger forms.
Reefs in the lagoon.
FAMILY SUBERITID^E.
POLYMASTIA DENDYI, Sp. nOV.
(Plate xviii., fig. 5).
Sponge sessile, consisting of a series of mammiform processes
more or less united at their bases, the upper third or half being
free. The single example in the collection is 35 mm. in its long
and 25 mm. in its short diameter, and about 8 to 12 mm. in
height. The mammiform processes are roundly conical, varying
somewhat in size; they are from 4 to 12 mm. in diameter at the
The sponge is pretty firm, elastic, and moderately tough, the
surface has an appearance like velvet, due to the projecting
stylote spicules.
The oscula are minute, and are situated in the centre of a
smooth membrane at the summits of the processes. The aperture
is about 0-25 mm. in diameter. The smooth membrane about
1*5 mm. The oscula margin is plain or but very slightly raised,
pores not visible.
Colour in spirits light sandy gray.
Skeleton composed of numerous, slender columns of spiculo-
fibre running vertically towards the surface, where they terminate
in tufts of diverging spicules which project a considerable distance
beyond the dermal layer, and give the surface the characteristic
velvety appearance. The dense dermal layer of small spicules is
about 0'3 mm. in thickness ; they are somewhat irregularly dis-
THE SPONGES OF FUNAFUTI WHITELEOGE. 331
posed, not strictly vertical to the surface as is usually the case in
other species.
Megasclera (a) Of the main body, large straight styli, a little
tapering to a rounded base, and gradually tapering to a not very
acute apex, many of the larger spicules which project through the
dermis, are suddenly contracted at about one or two diameters
from the distal extremity.
Size About 1-5 by 0-012 mm.
(6) The small slender styli of the dermal layer have a rounded
base and a tapering acute apex, a few similar spicules are found
scattered throughout the body of the sponge, especially in the
walls of the canals.
Size About 0-19 by 0-0025 mm.
Reefs in the lagoon associated with Sarcophyta.
FAMILY SPIRASTRELLID^J.
SPIRABTRELLA PAPILLOSA, Ridley & Dendy.
Spirastrella papillosa, Ridley & Dendy, Ohall. Rep. Zool., xx., p.
232, pi. xli., fig. 5 ; pi. xlv. figs. 11-110.
A much broken specimen is here somewhat doubtfully referred
to this species.
The example is reduced to a pulp, and it is impossible to say
what its external characters were ; during growth it appears to
have enveloped large quantities of broken shells, calcareous sea-
weeds, and bits of coral.
The size and character of the spicules agree closely with the
description given in the Challenger Report.
Colour in formol orange.
Occurring in the crevices of dead coral, shallow water on the
lagoon reefs.
Order MONOOEEATINA.
FAMILY SPONGID^E.
EUSPONGIA IRREGULARIS, var. siLiCATA, Lendenfeld.
Euspongia irregularis, var. silicata, Lendenfeld, Mon. Horny
Sponges, 1889, p. 255, pi. xiii., fig. 2 ; pi. xxi., fig. 10.
Two examples of this species are in the collection, one in spirit
the other dry. The colour of the spirit specimen is dark blackish
brown externally, internally of a light salmon.
The main fibres of the skeleton are charged with foreign spicules,
from the secondary and connecting fibres they appear to be
absent.
On the reefs in the lagoon (ante p. 324).
332
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
HIPPOSPONGIA DURA, Lendenfeld.
Hippospongia dura, Lendenfeld, Mon. Horny Sponges, 1889,
p. 298, pi. 17, fig 15.
There are five pieces, all of which appear to have been cut from
one large specimen. The sponge evidently formed a cake-shaped
mass ; it consists of stout lamellae joined at various points, both
vertically and at the surface, with a number of subcylindrical or
long, narrow meandering lacunae between.
The dermal membrane is continued over the whole surface of
the sponge. Groups of from 20 to 30 oscula pores occur in the
membrane overlying the lacunae, the pores vary in shape from
round to oval, and are from 1 to 3 mm. in diameter.
Isolated reticulate patches, with small inhalent pores, exist on
the elevated parts of the surface chiefly between the conuli ; the
rest of the surface is smooth and imperf orate. The general sur-
face is uneven and conulose ; the conuli are variable in height and
in their relative distance apart. They are all more or less con-
nected by low intervening ridges, and usually about 3 mm. high,
and about the same distance from each other, especially on the
marginal and elevated regions ; elsewhere they are low and widely
separated.
The skeleton consists of a dense network of uniform fibres,
entirely free from foreign bodies ; they are scarcely separable into
main and secondaries, and measure from 0*015 to 0'02 mm. in
diameter.
In the denser parts of the sponge the fibres are arranged in
trellis-like clusters, the mesh is elongate, angular, rarely with
rounded corners ; the fibres at their points of union are not per-
ceptably dilated, but retain their cylindrical form.
In the lagoon with Sarcophyta.
This species has hitherto only been recorded from the American
coast of the North Atlantic.
FAMILY SPONGELID^.
SPONGELIA FRAGILIS, var. IRREGULARIS, Lendenfeld.
Spongelia fragilis, var. irregularis, Lendenfeld, Mon. Horny
Sponges, 1889, p. 662, pi. xxxvii., fig. 10.
This species is represented by several examples in a much
broken condition.
Colour in spirit, yellowish-gray.
Occupying crevices in dead and honeycombed blocks of coral,
on the lagoon reefs.
I owe the accompanying illustrations to my colleague, Mr. Edgar
R. "Waite, from whose careful drawings they have been reproduced.
THE ENTEROPNEUSTA OF FUNAFUTI.
PART II.
BY JAS. P. HILL,
Demonstrator of Biology in the University of Sydney.
[XIV.]
THE ENTEROPNEUSTA.
PART II.
BY JAS. P. HILL,
Demonstrator of Biology in the University of Sydney.
[Plates XIX.-XXIL]
INTERNAL ANATOMY OP Ptychodera hedleyi.
Proboscis. In the larger specimens examined the epidermis of
the proboscis has a thickness of about *13 mm. Below the two-
layered limiting membrane is the thin circular muscular layer,
with a thickness of -017 mm., i.e., slightly thicker than the same
layer in P. minuta.*
Anterior to the central proboscis organs the longitudinal mus-
culature almost entirely fills up the cavity of the proboscis ; only
a small circular space filled up by spongy connective tissue is left
towards the centre of the latter. Below this space the centrally
situated longitudinal fibres form an interlacing bundle which
posteriorly, shortly in front of the central organs, divides into
two portions. These pass back laterally to the central organs to
take their origin with the more peripherally situated fibres from
the posterior wall of the proboscis. The longitudinal musculature
is not divided into radial masses.
In this species the fibres of the dorso- ventral muscle-plate are
very strongly developed, with which fact is to be correlated the
flattened tongue-like form of the proboscis in preserved specimens.
Jn respect to the degree of development of the dorso-ventral
muscle-plate, P. hedleyi may be best compared with Balano-
ylossus kupfferi.^
In my preparations of this species it can be clearly seen that
numbers of the fibres of this dorso-ventral plate are inserted
directly into the limiting membrane of the anterior end of the
" notochord," which here is not covered by the glomerulus (fig. 6,
dsc.). Arising in the dorso-median line the fibres of this system
* J. W. Spengel Die Entropneusten des Golfes von. Neapel, etc.
Fauna u. Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 1893, p. 17, etc. See ante p. 207.
f Spengel Joe. cit., pi. xiv., fig. 2.
336 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
extend on to the lateral walls of the heart-bladder, and also in
front of the heart-bladder form a vertical sheet, the fibres of
which converge to be inserted directly into the limiting membrane
of the apex of the "notochord" (Plate xix., fig. 6, dsc.). From here
also fibres arise which diverge downwards and forwards on each side
of the ventral septum. The ventral septum, accompanied by
fibres of the muscle plate, passes obliquely downwards and
forwards from the anterior end of the " notochord," its most
anterior ventral point of afiix being a considerable distance in
front of the apex of the " notochord." Behind the apex of the
" notochord," the ventral fibres of the plate are inserted into
the limiting membrane on its ventral surface, on each side of
the attachment of the ventral septum (fig. 1, vps. and dsc.). The
splanchnic epithelium of the proboscis ccelom (fig. 1, sp.) has
the usual relations. As in P. minuta and P. australiensis, the
splanchnic epithelium is covered by a layer of spongy tissue repre-
senting the inner limiting layer of the connective tissue of the
proboscis.
As in other species, a free space representing the proboscis
ccelom is present round the central organs. The ventral septum
(fig. 1, vps.) has oblique anterior and posterior free edges (fig. 2,
vps.). Behind its posterior free edge there is an unpaired ventral
pocket (fig. 3, vp.) which ends blindly in what appears to be
simply the thickened basement membrane of the epidermis below
the anterior portion of the proboscis skeleton (fig. 4, vp.).
The dorsal proboscis pockets (tigs. 2 and 3, dp.) separated by
the heart-bladder, pass backwards, and, on a level with the posterior
end of the unpaired ventral pocket, each becomes constricted to
form a small and short ventral canal (fig. 4, dp.) which ends
blindly, and a much larger dorsal canal, the proboscis canal (pc.)
The two proboscis canals may either open into each other, thus
forming a single canal which opens to the exterior by a single
median proboscis pore, or the canals may remain separate and
open independently to the exterior, thus forming two proboscis
pores, one on each side of the median line (fig. 5, p.').
" Notochord." The " notochord " has the usual Ptychoderan
shape. Anteriorly it appears, in section, of an oval outline, with
a large central lumen. In the region of the ventral blind sac, it
is markedly extended transversely and somewhat dorso-ventrally
compressed (fig. 2). From the lumen of the blind sac there pass
forwards two short lateral horns (fig. 2, Ib.) as in P. australiensis.
In the posterior portion of the proboscis neck, the " notochord "
is also dorso-ventrally flattened. Its dorsal wall is here much
thicker than the ventral, and provided with numerous glands.
The ventral wall shortly in front of the opening of the " noto-
chordal" lumen into the throat becomes reduced to a low layer of
columnar or cubical cells resting on the proboscis skeleton.
ENTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 337
As in other species, the "notochord" possesses a continuous wide
lumen, crossed here and there by cellular bridges, and reaching to
near its apex. Numerous glands open into the lumen along its
whole extent, but are specially abundant in the dorsal wall of the
neck of the " notochord."
Proboscis Skeleton. The " end plate " (fig. 3, eps.) closely in-
vests ventro-laterally the posterior portion of the blind sac, which
here is somewhat quadrangular in outline (fig. 3, Ibs.) Behind,
the end plate narrows and passes over into the body of the pro-
boscis skeleton, overlying the posterior portion of the unpaired
ventral proboscis pocket. The body is at first convex below and
provided with short nearly vertical wings investing the " noto-
chord " laterally. Posteriorly the ventral surface of the body
soon looses its convex form, and behind the posterior end of the
ventral proboscis pocket is distinctly keeled. In sections just
behind the ventral proboscis pocket the entire skeleton is found
to consist of a dorsal flattened portion prolonged on each side into
short almost horizontal wings, below which is a blunt triangular
keel-like projection. In the dorsal portion, the lines of stratifica-
tion correspond with the ventral wall of the "notochord"; it thus
represents the "body " of the skeleton. In the ventral projection
the lines correspond in direction with the adjacent epidermis : it
thus represents the " keel" of the skeleton.
In this species the " keel " is not separated from the " body "
by " chondroid tissue," and it is not provided with distinct lateral
outgrowths or wings. Posteriorly the keel gradually becomes
blunter and thicker and at the same time decreases in height,
until, at the level of the proboscis pores, the entire skeleton has
the shape shown in fig. 5. The skeleton (vps.) is here in section
again convex below, slightly concave above and provided with
two short ventrally curved wings. The skeleton continues in this
condition up to the point of union of the proboscis neck with the
inner face of the collar. Here the "nuclei" of the "legs" appear,
separating the now thin " body " from the ventral part of the
skeleton, the continuation of the "keel." Posteriorly the "nuclei"
eventually separate from each other to form the diverging "legs"
of the skeleton, which end considerably in front of the mid-region
of the collar.
The " chondroid tissue " of the proboscis neck (figs. 2-4, ch.) is,
as in other species of the genus, not very strongly developed.
The cell strands penetrating it are derived mainly from the ventral
proboscis pocket, and also in lesser degree from the dorsal pockets.
Heart-bladder. The heart-bladder has the usual relations. An-
teriorly (fig. 1, h.) it is prolonged down on each side of the "noto-
chord " so as to enclose about the upper three-fourths of the latter.
It does not extend quite to the extreme apex of the " notochord."
338 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Posteriorly the cavity of the heart-bladder is occupied by cellular
tissue crossed dorsally by transverse fibres passing between its
lateral walls. As in other species its ventral wall (fig. 1, vw.) is
provided with a layer of transverse muscular fibres.
Proboscis Vessels. The glomerulus is shown in transverse section
in fig. 1 (gl.). It does not cover the anterior end of the " noto-
chord " as in P. minuta and P. australiensis, its two halves being
separated by the fibres of the dorso-ventral muscle plate inserted
into the apex of the " notochord." The central blood space (figs.
1 and 6, cbs.) opens freely on each side into the glomerulus sinus
on the lower portion of the lateral walls of the heart-bladder.
The efferent proboscis vessels (figs. 2-5, epv.) only become distinct
at the posterior end of the glomerulus. They are not joined by a
connecting vessel in the proboscis neck as in P. australiensis.
The afferent (figs. 2-4, av.) and efferent vessels of the subepi-
dermic network have the usual relations.
Along the mid-ventral line of the proboscis there runs a small
vessel internal to the circular musculature, which stands at inter-
vals in connection with the subepidermic capillary net, the circular
muscular layer being interrupted at these points. When the
ventral septum appears this vessel apparently passes up along its
anterior edge.
Collar. The five zones of the epidermis (cf. Part I.*) are distinct
in longitudinal section. The first zone, including slightly more
than the anterior free rim of the collar, and the fifth zone, form-
ing the posterior rim of the collar, stain similarly and not very
deeply. The second and fourth zones stain deeply, while the third
zone stains less deeply. The collar musculature has the usual
relations.
The perihfemal spaces, as in P. sarniensis, aperta, and aus-
traliensis, enclose about the ventral half of the collar nerve cord
(Plate xx., fig. 7, phs.).
As may occur in P. australiensis, the dorsal septum of the
collar appears as a free fold in front of the first root and reaches
the epidermis along with the latter. From here it extends to the
posterior end of the collar. The ventral vessel consists of a single
fold. It unites either near the mid-region of the collar or nearer
its posterior end. with a median subepidermic vessel to form the
ventral septum of the collar. The dorsal vessel in the collar
occupies the whole of the mesentery between the perihfemal
spaces.
The collar canals (fig. 8, ccl.) have the usual shape and are re-
latively short. Each runs obliquely backwards and downwards
to become continuous with the anterior wall of the first gill-pocket.
* Ante, p. 207.
ENTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 339
The outer opening of the canal is expanded and provided with
thick out-turned lips. In this species the first and second gill
pockets have a common efferent portion into which the collar
canal opens (fig. 8, g.c. 1 and 2).
Nerve Cord of Collar. The collar nerve cord is dorso-ventrally
flattened and band-like in shape, convex above and concave in its
mid-region below (fig. 7, cnc.}. As in P. sarniensis,* a continuous
axial canal (fig. 7, cnl.) opening both anteriorly and posteriorly
is present in the cellular part of the cord. The axial canal is
wide and dorso-ventrally compressed like the cord itself. Towards
its anterior end, it narrows to open to the exterior by the small
anterior neuropore (fig. 6, an.), the posterior neuropore is a slightly
larger opening. The canal is lined by a cuticular layer, and there
open into it numerous gland cells, especially abundant and large
in the ventral wall of the canal. The ventral wall is very much
thicker than the dorsal. As in other species of the genus, the
cellular part of the cord is completely invested by the fibrous
layer, but here the layer of fibres on the dorsal surface of the cord
is a very thin one.
Dorsal Roots. As in P. australiensis, the first root may arise
from the collar nerve cord quite near its anterior end. The roots
are quite irregular, both in size, number, course, and disposition.
They vary in number from one to two roots, situated in the
anterior half of the cord, to four, seven or eight, in four specimens
examined. The axial canal of the cord is not prolonged into any
of the roots. They all possess a solid cellular core surrounded by
a thin fibrous layer, and are invested by the usual basement
membrane carrying blood. Where they join the epidermis, they
cause no interruption of the cells of the latter such as occurs
in P. minuta and in, at least, the most anterior of the roots in
P. australiensis.
Trunk. Except for a thin layer of circular muscles below the
epidermis at the extreme posterior end of the body, forming the
anal sphincter, a circular muscular layer is absent below the epi-
dermis of the trunk, as occurs in no other described species of the
genus Ptychodera.
Branchial Region. Owing to the absence of both genital pleura
and cushions in this region, it has in transverse section a dorso-
ventrally compressed ovalish outline (Plate xix., fig. 2). The
dorsal nerve (Plate xxi., fig. 9, dn.} lies at the bottom of a
deep median groove, wider below and narrow above. The
epidermis forming the lateral walls of the wider ventral part
of this groove contains numerous gland cells and stains very
deeply (fig. 9). Gland cells are also present in small numbers
* Spengel Zoc. cit.
340 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
in the cellular part of the dorsal nerve, while they are almost
entirely absent in the cellular part of the ventral nerve. The
course of the ventral nerve (fig. 9, vn.) is marked by a very
shallow median groove.
Laterally to the dorsal median groove, there is on each side a
shallower branchial groove, the epidermis forming the lateral walls
of which also contains numerous gland cells and stains deeply
(fig. 9, brg.).
The longitudinal musculature (fig. 9, Imt.) follows immediately
on the basement membrane of the epidermis. It is interrupted
dorsally and ventrally by the dorsal and ventral vessels, and also along
the sub-median lines situated close to the base of the lateral wall of
the branchial grooves (fig. 9). Numbers of radial fibres pass in-
wards from the limiting membrane of the epidermis to be inserted
into the walls of the oesophagus and gill pockets. The coelom is
here completely subdivided into two, above by the dorsal mesentery
and below by the ventral vessel. In mature specimens the lateral
halves of the coelom are almost completely occupied by the
gonads.
The alimentary canal is, as in other species of the genus, divided
into a dorsal branchial canal (fig. 9, ^.)and a ventral cesophageal
canal (ce.). The line of separation between the two is marked by
two projecting longitudinal ridges, the limiting ridges (fig. 9, lc.),
but in this species these two ridges are widely separated from each
other so that the branchial and oesophageal canals are in open
communication (fig. 9).
The epibranchial band (fig. 9, epb.) along the mid-dorsal line of
the branchial canal is composed of long narrow cells, and stains
only slightly. It contains small gland cells in no great abundance
and with no definite arrangement.
The gill pockets have the same general structure as in P. minuta.
The synapticulee of the gill skeleton (fig. 9, sn.) do not exceed
thirteen or fourteen in number, those more dorsally situated
being usually wider apart than the more ventral ones. The
gill pores open into the branchial grooves just mesial to the sub-
median lines as in P. minuta, and, as in that form, oblique slips
of the longitudinal musculature pass between successive pores.
In the non-ciliated epithelium of the outer, the anterior and
posterior Avails of the efferent portions of the gill pockets, as well
as in that of the outer walls of the gill tongues (" tongue bottom ")
there occur numbers of gland cells (figs. 9 and 10). The outer
wall of the gill tongue (" tongue bottom ") is not enfolded into
the cavity of the tongue (fig. 10) as is found to be the case in
sections through the gills of P. minuta and P. australiensis.
ENTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 341
The inner concave wall of the gill tongue ("tongue back") is
composed of the usual high epithelium, in the anterior and posterior
faces of which small flask-shaped gland cells occur (fig. 10, gib.).
The first gill pocket lies under cover of the posterior end of the
collar, and as has already been mentioned, the first and second
pockets have a common efferent portion which opens to the ex-
terior between the collar and trunk by a narrow slit-like canal
(Plate xx., fig. 8, gp. 1 and 2).
The gills in one of the larger specimens of this species with a
gill area measuring 3 cm. in length, would number considerably
over one hundred pairs.
The usual septa and gill tongue vessels are present (Plate xxi., fig.
10). The dorsal vessel in this region occupies only the dorsal half of
the dorsal mesentery, and the afferent gill vessels' diverge about
opposite the gill tongues outwards and downwards from its ventral
side as in P. minuta. As Spengel describes, each afferent vessel
stands in direct connection with the two vessels in the gill tongue
lying one on each side just within the tongue bars of the gill
skeleton, and also in connection with a septal vessel, apparently
in this species with either the septal vessel of the septum in front
of, or behind the corresponding tongue. The capillary system of
the gill tongues also appears to stand in connection with the
septal vessels by connecting branches running round the dorsal
ends of the gills.
In this species these leave the ventral side of the dorsal vessel,
not only the afferent branchial vessels, but also branches which
pass to the mesial wall of the efferent portions of the gill pockets
(fig. 9).
Towards the posterior end of the branchial region the median
dorsal groove becomes much shallower, while the branchial grooves
become markedly wider and deeper. The median dorsal portion
of the body in the region of the developing gill pockets thus forms
a prominent longitudinal projection in which the branchial canal
is situated, while the dorso-lateral portions of the body stand out
as thick free wings. The gill pores here open near the middle of
the mesial wall of the widened branchial groove, while the genital
pores open on its lateral wall, about on a level with the gill
pores.
Genital Region. Intheanterior portionof this region, just behind
the last developing gill pockets, the alimentary canal of P. hedleyi
exhibits a noteworthy differentiation into two portions similar to
and perhaps even more marked than that described by Spengel
for the corresponding portion of the intestine in P. erythrcea and
P. bahamensis.
342 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Plate xxii., fig. 11, represents a section taken shortly behind the
last pair of gill pockets, and it will be seen that we have here the
same general external form of the body as was described above for
the posterior portion of the branchial region. In other words, the
median dorsal projection there found continues back into the
anterior portion of the genital region, and is bounded laterally by
deep grooves, the continuations of the branchial grooves, now,
however, much deeper and narrower below. Beneath these grooves,
the longitudinal musculature is absent.
Just as the median dorsal projection in the posterior branchial
region lodged the branchial canal, so here it lodges a remarkable
thick- walled dorsal division of the alimentary canal (fig. 11, idv.)
which is joined by a short, laterally compressed stalk, to a ventral
division of the intestine, lined by ordinary intestinal epithelial
cells (fig. 11, i.). The dorsal division possesses a small lumen
which opens by a narrow slit-like cleft in the connecting stalk,
into the broad and dorso-ventrally compressed lumen of the
ventral division.
At its anterior end the dorsal diverticulum projects forwards
over the last pair of gill pockets as a very short, free, blindly-
ending tube, the lumen of the diverticulum opening below into
that of the branchial canal. The lumen of the ventral division
of the intestine is the direct continuation of the cesophageal canal
of the branchial region.
Posteriorly the slit-like canal of commnnication between the
dorsal and ventral divisions of the intestine gradually widens out,
and at the same time the dorso-lateral corners of the ventral
division of the gut extend inwards mesially, giving rise to two
prominent folds, one on each side of the opening between the two
divisions. These two folds eventually become free and end shortly
behind the point of complete merging of the dorsal division into
the ordinary gut. It has also to be mentioned that posteriorly
the branchial grooves by the fusion of the mid-portions of their
opposite walls, form two very short and blindly-ending canals
which pass back one on each side in the trunk crelom, alongside
the dorsal diverticulum.
This dorsal division of the gut is lined by a very deeply staining
and slightly folded epithelium measuring up to '25 mm. in thick-
ness. The epithelium is composed of long, narrow cells closely
packed together, with small rod- or spindle-shaped nuclei. The
cell-protoplasm contains large numbers of small granules staining
a dull red with eosin. Below the thin cuticular covering of the
epithelium there occur very numerous gland cells, which open
freely into the lumen of the diverticulum.
As has already been mentioned, Spengel has described the
occurrence of a similar subdivision of the gut canal just behind
ENTEROPNEUSTA HILL. 343
the branchial region, in the two members of the sub-genus Chlamy-
dothorax (P. erythrcea and P. bahamensis) examined by him.
Of P. erythrcea he says : " Der Darm (of the part of the genital
region immediately following on the branchial region) durch zwei
seitlich einspringende Falten in zwei Halbcanale, einen dorsalen
und einen ventralen, geschieden erschient. Ersterer stellt eine
tiefe Rinne dar, die von einem miichtigen, driisenreichen Epithel
ausgekleidet ist ; letzterer dagegen ist breit und niedrig, seine
Wand verhaltnissmassig dtinn. Der Querschnitt des Darms ist
entsprechend etwa ankerformig."*
In P. hedleyi this dorsal diverticulum of the gut appears to be
more markedly separated from the ventral division than in P.
erythrcea, (cf. fig. 11 with Spengel's fig. O, page 182). Tn both
cases che dorsal division is lined by a very thick epithelium with
numerous glands.
In P. bahamensis, according to Spengel, the same features
are found, but not in such noteworthy proportions as in P.
erythrcea.
In P. flava which, as Willey f has shown, also belongs to the
sub-genus Chlamydothorax, I find in the portion of the gut in
question a similar subdivision into dorsal and ventral portions.
The dorsal division is small and lined by a moderately thick epi-
thelium, in which, however, glands are not specially developed.
This dorsal division is connected with the large thin-walled
ventral division by a laterally compressed stalk, with a very
narrow lumen. Gland cells are especially abundant in the thick
epithelium of the stalk. Altogether in P. flava this dorsal
division of the gut is a much smaller and much less prominent
structure than in P. hedleyi.
Neither in P. hedleyi nor in P. flava is there any differentia-
tion of muscular layers in connection with this part of the gut,
such as Spengel describes for P. erythrcea and P. bahamensis.
In P. hedleyi the above described dorsal diverticulum of the in-
testine is such a well defined structure that we cannot but regard
it as possessing some definite function. Without doubt it is a
mucus-secreting organ, but the presence of granules in the pro-
toplasm of its epithelial cells suggests also that it has some
other function, probably digestive. In this connection it may be
mentioned that in one out of three specimens sectionised, the
lumen of the diverticulum contained what appeared to be partially
disorganised animal remains.
* Spengel Loc. tit., p. 182.
f A. Willey On Ptychodera flava, Esch. Qt. Journ. Micro. Sci., xl., 1,
1897, p. 165.
344 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Behind the intestinal diverticulum of the anterior portion of
the genital region, the genital cushions gradually become more
prominent until about the middle of the genital region proper
they form marked thick lateral projections (fig. 12, gnc.) into
which the dorso-lateral portions of the gut pass. Posteriorly the
genital cushions gradually fade away as the hepatic region is
approached.
The coelom in the genital region is completely divided into two
lateral halves, above by the high dorsal mesentery, and below by
the ventral vessel. The dorsal vessel (fig. 12, dv.) occupies only
a small portion of the dorsal half of the dorsal mesentery. The
lateral septa have the usual relations : they extend into the
posterior portion of the branchial region.
Gonads. In the branchial region, gonads exist only laterally
to the gill pores. They are much branched sacs, occupying in
mature individuals the greater part of the coelom in that region.
In P. minuta and P, sarniensis, according to Spengel, the gonads
in the branchial region are simple unbranched sacs. The genital
pores open in the submedian lines close to the base of the lateral
wall of each branchial groove. Towards the hinder end of the
branchial region, the submedian lines shift upwards, so that the
genital pores on each side open into the branchial groove about
the middle of its lateral wall. Posteriorly the submedian lines
pass still more dorsally, and, in the genital region proper, the
genital pores open close to the free margin of the genital cushions
on their mesial sides (tig. 12,
In the genital region the gonads consist each of two main sub-
divisions (1) a lateral division situated on the outer side of the
lateral septum (fig. 12, git.) and (2) a mesial division situated on
the inner side of the septum and extending mesially towards the
dorsal mesentery (fig. 12, gm.). Both these main subdivisions are
again irregularly branched.
Post-genital Region. The hepatic region in its general features
corresponds with that of P. minuta. The intestinal and hepatic
epithelial cells contain numbers of greenish granules.
The hind body calls for no detailed consideration. The two
ciliated grooves of the intestine are related essentially as in P.
australiensis . The intestine is provided with a long and high
keel-like process, the slightly enlarged ventral edge of which over-
lies the minute ventral vessel. The dorsal and ventral vessels,
the keel-like process of the intestine, and the dorsal nerve disappear
shortly in front of the posterior end of the body. The ventral
nerve can be traced to the extreme posterior end. The radial
fibres passing between the limiting membrane of the epidermis
and that of the intestine are well developed.
ENTEROPNEU8TA HILL. 345
Round the terminal portion of the body there is below the
limiting membrane of the epidermis a thin layer of circular
muscles which, with the delicate circular muscles round the
terminal part of the intestine, form a sphincter round the anus.
SUMMARY.
(1) The Pacific species, P. hedleyi, is to be associated with the
two European species P. minuta and P. sarniensis in the sub-
genus Ptychodera (sensu stricto), especially characterised by the
rudimentary character of the genital pleura.
(2) In the possession of a continuous axial canal in the dorsal
nerve cord, opening both anteriorly and posteriorly, P. hedleyi
agrees with P. sarniensis, while in the possession of two longi-
tudinal epidermal stripes overlying the two ciliated grooves of
the intestine, it agrees with P. australiensis.
(3) P. hedleyi exhibits affinities with the members of the sub-
genus Chlamydothorax (P. erythrcea, P. bahamensis, and P.flava)
in the possession of a dorsal thick-walled glandular division of
the intestine just behind the branchial region. It is suggested
that this dorsal diverticulum may, in P. hedleyi, have some diges-
tive function.
(4) As regards the degree of development of the dorso-ventral
muscle plate, P. hedleyi may be best compared with Balanoglossus
kupfferi.
(5) P. hedleyi differs from all hitherto described species of the
genus Ptychodera, and agrees with the members of the genus
Balanoglossus in the absence of a circular musculature in the
trunk.
REFERENCE LETTERS.
an. Anterior neuropore.
av. Afferent vessels of subepidermic capillaries of proboscis.
bps. Body of proboscis skeleton.
brg. Branchial groove.
cbs. Central blood-space of proboscis.
ccl. Collar canal.
ccp. Prolongations of collar coelom into the proboscis neck.
cfw. Circular musculature of outer wall of anterior rim of collar.
ch. "Chondroid tissue."
cl. Cleft into which dorsal vessel opens,
cm. Circular musculature of proboscis.
cnc. Collar nerve cord,
cnl. Axial canal of collar nerve cord.
COK. Collar crelom.
cce'. Part of collar coelom into which the collar canal opens.
div. "Notochord."
346 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
dn. Dorsal nerve of trunk.
dp. Dorsal proboscis pockets.
dp 1 . Blindly ending ventral portions of dorsal proboscis pockets.
dsc. Fibres of dorso-ventral muscle plate.
ds. Dorsal septum of collar.
dv. Dorsal vessel.
ep. Epidermis.
epb. Epibranchial strand.
eps. " End plate " of proboscis skeleton.
epth. Epithelium of throat.
epv. Efferent proboscis vessels.
g. Gonads.
gap. Genital aperture.
gc. Gill pocket.
gg. Branchial canal.
gl. Glomerulus.
git. Lateral gonad branch.
gm. Mesial gonad branch.
gnc. Genital cushion.
gp. Gill pore.
gs. Gill septum.
gt. Gill tongue.
gtb. Epithelium of " gill tongue back."
gtc. Cavity of gill tongue.
h. Heart-bladder.
i. Intestine.
idv. Intestinal diverticulum, just behind branchial region.
ifw. Musculature of fore wall of anterior rim of collar.
ies. Low cubical epithelium covering the inner edge of the septal bar
and the surfaces of the tongue bars.
Ib. Anterior horn of lumen of the " notochordal " blind sac.
Ibs. Ventral blind sac of " notochord."
Ic. Limiting cushions between branchial canal and oesophagus.
Ifw. Longitudinal musculature of outer wall of anterior rim of collar.
Im. Longitudinal musculature of proboscis.
Imt. Longitudinal musculature of trunk.
Is. Lateral septa of trunk.
nf. Nerve fibre layer.
ngr. Nerve fibre ring of proboscis neck.
ntr. Nerve ring at posterior end of collar.
OR. (Esophagus.
ol. Opening of lumen of " notochord " into the throat.
p. Proboscis pore.
pc. Proboscis canal.
phs. PerihsemaL spaces.
pps. Peripharyngeal space.
ps. Proboscis skeleton.
rf. Eadial fibres between fore and outer walls of anterior rim of collar.
sn. Synapticulse.
sp. Splanchnic epithelium of proboscis coelora.
spr. Septal bar of gill skeleton.
tpr. Tongue bars of gill skeleton.
vgs. Septal vessel.
vn. Ventral nerve.
vp. Ventral proboscis pockets.
vps. Ventral septum of proboscis.
w. Ventral vessel.
vw. Ventral wall of heart-bladder.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
Keroeides gracilis, sp. nov.
Pig. 1. Colony. Nat. size.
2. Cortical spicule.
3. Polyp spicule.
4. Operculate spicule.
5. Portion of the axis.
Acanthogorgia breviflora, sp. nov.
Fig. 6. Colony. Nat. size.
7. Cortical spicule.
8. Polyp spicule.
9. Coronal spicule.
10. Collar spicule.
Anthomuricea simplex, sp. nov.
Fig. 11. Colony. Nat. size.
12. Cortical spicule.
13. Deep-seated polyp spicule.
14. Collar spicule.
15. Operculate spicule.
Villogorgia flagellata, sp. nov.
Fig. 16. Cortical spicule.
17. Polyp spicule.
18. ditto.
19. Coronal spicule.
20. Operculate spicule.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. TIL
19.
20.
EXPLANATION OP PLATE XVII.
Bebryce studeri, sp. nov.
Pig. 21. Colony. Nat. size.
22. Cortical spicule.
23. Deep-seated ccenenchyma spicule from above.
24. Ditto, in profile.
25. Collar spicule.
Murieella purpuroa, sp. nov.
Pig. 26. Cortical spicule.
27. Polyp spicule.
28. Collar spicule.
29. Operculate spicule.
Nicella laxa, sp. nov.
Pig. 30. Colony. Nat. size.
31. Cortical spicule.
,, 32. Deep-seated ccenenchyma spicule.
33. Ditto.
Verrucella flabellata, sp. nov.
Pig. 34. Colony. Nat. size.
35. Cortical spicule.
36. Deep-seated flattened spicule from the ccenenchyma.
37. Ditto, viewed from the side.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XVII.
26.
27.
32,
33.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 1. Spinosella glomerata, sp. nov. Nat. size.
2. Ciocalypta incrustans, sp. nov. Nat. size.
3. Gellins aculeatus, sp. nov. Nat. size.
4. Agelas gracilis, sp. nov., spicule. Greatly enlarged.
5. Polymastia dendyi, sp. nov. Nat. size.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XV FIT.
2.
5.
3.
EDUARJR. WAITE, del.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Ptychodera hedUyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Transverse section through the anterior region of the central
proboscis organs, x 65.
2. Transverse section at the level of the " notochordal " blind
sac. x 65.
3. Transverse section passing through the " end plate " of the
proboscis skeleton, x 65.
4. Transverse section of proboscis neck just in front of the posterior
end of the ventral proboscis pocket (vp.). x 65.
5. Transverse section passing through the proboscis pores (p.) x 65.
6. Nearly median sagittal section through the proboscis neck and
anterior portion of collar, x 50.
[For Reference Letters see pages 345-6.]
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. ///.
Fig. I.
cbs-
xfcs.
sh.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. 111.
PLRTE XX.
bhi.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Ptychodera hedlefii, sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Transverse section through the collar nerve cord, x 125.
,. 8. Sagittal section through the collar canal (ccl.) of one side and
the first and second gill pockets (gc. 1 and 2), gp. 1 and 2 :
Common opening of the first and second gill sockets, spr. 1 :
First septal bar of gill skeleton, x 80.
[For Reference Letters see pages 345-6.]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
Ptychodera hedleyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 9. Transverse section through the branchial region ; on the left side
a gill septum (gs.) is shown, and on the right a gill tongue
(gt.} x 30.
10. Sagittal section through two gill septa and the gill tongue
between, x 135.
[For Reference Letters see pages 345-6.
MtHdKS AUST. A7U5. ///.
PLATE, xx/.
. 5.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Ptychodera hedleyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 11. Transverse section through the anterior portion of the genital
region to show the thick walled intestinal diverticulum (idv.'
x24.
12. Transverse section through the middle of the genital region.
The genital cushions (gnc.) are in this section more approxi-
mated than is normal, x 24.
[For Reference Letters see pages 345-6.]
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE
THE MADREPORARIA OF FUNAFUTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE.
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
[XV.]
THE MADEEPOKARIA.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
Mr. C. Hedley furnishes the following note :
" For one who has surveyed the wealth of life as developed on the
great coral reefs of Queensland, New Guinea, or New Caledonia,
the chief impression of the coral reef of Funafuti is its poverty.
In a single tide one could collect more genera and species on any
of the former reefs than an industrious search of several weeks
would yield from the latter. Neither is the poverty of species
compensated for by an abundance of individuals.
"At the first glance over the windward reef flat, no living corals
would probably be seen, but an exploration of the deep cracks
and pools near the outer edge would usually reveal a few Astrcva,
Porites, and others, sheltered from the blows of the surf.
"A better field for observation is provided by the small reefs
which stud the lagoon. Two or three of these, just in front of
the village, and from a quarter to half a mile from the shore,
yielded much of the material now dealt with.
"On approaching a coral reef the first glimpse a naturalist usually
has of his quest are the great hemispherical masses of some Astrean
coral, dimly seen through the shoaling water, studding the sea floor.
If the boat passes a submarine ledge, from its face are sure to
project the large basin or bracket-shaped corallia of Montipora,
sometimes in clusters like a group of huge sea mushrooms. Jump-
ing overboard in shallow water he is likely to step on a flat
tabular mass of pale purple, whose corallites are too small to be
distinguished in the water. Applying hammer and chisel, he will
find that at his first venture he has struck the hardest, toughest,
and most unbreakable thing on the whole reef, a Porites block.
From the Madrepora bush beside it his difficulty, on the contrary,
is to convey his samples ashore intact. The stout limbs of red,
yellow, or green Pocillopora or Stylophora snap easily ; while a
skull-shaped mass of Astrcea will split along the grain. A fragile
little coral is the Pocillopora ccespitosa, which grows in dainty
little pink tufts here and there among the stones. Fungicide
were very uncommon on Funafuti ; I only picked up one alive
and saw a few others dead on the western side of the atoll.
350 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Where the soft Alcyonaria luxuriate, hard corals do not occur :
the latter are perhaps smothered by their rivals.
" Dead corals thrown up on the outer beach suggested a distinct
deep-water fauna that was beyond my reach. One of these is
Mussa. Another much battered species of which I preserved no
examples was frequently seen on the outer beach of both Funafuti
and Nukulailai, I suppose to be a Tridacophyllia.
" Noticeable for their absence were the genera Galaxea, Turbin-
aria, Merulina and Dendrophyllia.
" The usual method of collecting was to anchor a boat or canoe
on a reef, wade round in water from knee to waist deep and break
off with a hammer and chisel any attractive specimens. Size and
colour, the least stable of characters, chiefly guided me in such
selection. With many genera a specialist in his study separates
with difficulty the species by microscopic characters. When a
non-specialist in the field views specimens through several feet of
water, it is obvious that he must often confound together distinct
species, and therefore fail to collect what he ought to take. Mr.
Whitelegge has so frequently recognised two species in material
that had been chosen as illustrating one, that I am not now as
confident of the completeness of the collection as I was on my
departure from Funafuti."
The Madreporarian corals obtained by Mr C. Hedley at Funa-
futi consist of one hundred and seventy specimens, referred to
forty-seven species, and include representatives of nineteen genera.
The larger portion of the collection comprises the usual forms
common throughout the coral regions ; there are, however, a
few rare or little known species not hitherto recorded from the
Pacific, and also two species and one variety apparently new to
science.
In the following pages, a few of the rarer forms have been
described at some length, and in many cases, when dealing with
the surface echinulations, I have given micrometric measurements
of the average distance apart at the apex. It appears to me that
the echinulations, if carefully measured in each species, would
afford a fairly constant specific character which has hitherto been
neglected.
The measurements given herein have been taken from the
younger portions of the corallum. The echinulfe are generally a
little compressed, at least at the base, and the micrometre lines
have been brought parallel with the compression, but the measure-
ments have been taken from the apices.
Of course there is a considerable amount of variation in the
distance apart at the apex, owing to the bending of the echinulae,
MADREPOEARIA WHITELBGGE. 351
or to secondary spinular growths at the summits, but the average
distances, when numerous measurements are taken, prove to be
pretty constant and equally as reliable in corals as in other
organisms determined by micrometric measurements.
The species described as new are Madrepora spinulifera and
M. impressa. The former is referable to the subgenus Odontocya-
thus and the latter to the subgenus Isopora.
Order MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
FAMILY TURBINOLID^.
CARYOPHYLLIA CLAVUS, var. EPITHECATA, Duncan.
Caryophyllia clavus, var. epithecata, Duncan, Trans. Zool. Soc.,
viii., p. 311, pi. xlviii., figs. 13-16.
A small immature example in the collection is referable to this
variety.
The corallum is erect, elongate, conico-turbinate, incrusting at
the base and elliptic in outline at the summit.
The epitheca is finely granulate and extends from the base to
the calicular margin.
The costse are slightly prominent above, and cease at the median
constriction below.
The septa are strongly exserted, radiately granulose at the sides
and evenly rounded at the summits.
The pali are sinuate and sparsely spinose.
The columella consists of two spirally twisted processes.
There are forty septa and ten pali. The latter are opposite the ,
tertiaries.
Height of corallum 14 mm.
Diameter at apex 7 by 9 mm.
,, base 7 mm.
pedicel 3 mm.
Obtained in from forty to seventy fathoms.
FAMILY OCULINID^.
I r STYLOPHORA DIGITATA, Pallas.
Stylophora digitata (Pallas), Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen.
Meeres, p. 61, pi. v., fig. 5 ; pi. viii., fig. 1.
There are eight examples of this species, exhibiting considerable
variation.
In the young the branches are subcylindrical, transversely
nodose, and somewhat conical at the extremities. The larger
352 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
specimens are mostly round symmetrical clumps, with compressed
branches and obtusely rounded summits.
Common in the shallow waters of the lagoon.
FAMILY POCILLOPORID^.
POCILLOPORA C.ESPITOSA, Dana.
Pocillopora ccespitosa, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
525, pi. xlix., fig. 5.
Three specimens of this common form are in the collection. It
was the most abundant coral in the lagoon. The colour was pale
rose when alive. Native name " Kamu."
POCILLOPORA GBANDIS, Dana.
Pocillopora grandis, Dana , Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
533, pi. li., tig. 2.
Five examples ; the largest is subflabellate, the branches being
from 9 to 17 cm. thick. Bright emerald green when alive.
Uncommon in the lagoon.
POCILLOPORA VERRUCOSA, Ellis & Solander.
Pocillopora verrucosa, Ellis & Solander, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, p.
172.
Four specimens.
Frequent in the lagoon and on the ocean shore.
FAMILY ASTR^EID^.
MUSSA COSTATA, Dana.
Mussa costata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 179, pi.
vii , fig. 2.
Three water-worn fragments which may possibly belong to this
species.
CCELORIA ESPERI, Edwards & Haime.
Ccdoria esperi, Edwards <fc Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., ii., p. 417.
Seven examples of this species are in the collection.
Common in the lagoon, and on the outer reefs.
HYDNOPHORA MICROCONIA, Lam.
Hydnophora microconia, Lam., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., ii., 1816,
p. 251.
Three specimens obtained on the lagoon reefs.
ASTR^EA VERSIPORA, Dana.
Astrcea versipora, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 233,
pi. xii., fig. 5.
Four large specimens.
MADREPORARIA WHITELEGGE. 353
Very common at low water in the lagoon and on the outer
reefs.
ASTHMA DAN-fli, Edwards & Haime.
Favia dance, Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., ii., p. 442.
Astrcea porcata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 226,
pi. xi., fig. 5.
One specimen.
Common in the lagoons and on the outer reefs.
DENTICULATA, Ellis & SolandffT.
Madrepora denticulata, Ellis & Solander, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes,
p. 166, pi. xlix., fig. 1.
Four specimens.
Abundant on the reefs.
ACANTHASTR^EA PATULA, Dana.
Acanthastrcea patula, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
209, pi. x., fig. 14.
One small example.
The calicles are subcircular, oblong, or polygonal and very
unequal in the size of the fossa, and also in the relative thickness
of the walls. The former measure from 5 to 10 mm. in diameter,
the latter from 2 to 6 mm. in thickness. The septa vary in num-
ber from twelve to thirty-six.
The columella consists of a series of compressed denticles,
frequently more or less connected.
Among loose stones on the lee side of the atoll.
ACANTHA8TR.EA ECHINATA, Dana.
Acanthastrcea echinata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
229, pi. xii., fig. 1.
A single specimen in spirit is in the collection.
The larger calicles are about 9 mm. in diameter. The third
cycle of septa is incomplete. The septal spines are from 2 to 3-5
mm. in height.
Colour dark blackish brown.
Occurring with the preceding.
LEPTASTR,EA 80LIDA, Edwards & Haime.
Leptastrcea solida, Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., ii., p.
512, pi. D 8, fig. 2.
Four specimens of this species were obtained. All are incrusting
and assume the shape of the object they have invested, forming
irregular nodular masses without any points of attachment.
Occurring among loose stones on the lee side of the reef.
354 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
LEPTASTR^EA TRANSVERSA, Klunzinger.
Leptastrcea transversa, Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen. Meeres,
iii., 46, pi. vi., fig. 2.
Three examples.
Incrusting, forming irregular convex plates on dead coral.
CYPHASTR^A DAN.<E, Edwards & Haime.
Cyphastrcva dance, Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., ii., p.
487.
Astrcea microphthalma, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
p. 217, pi. x., fig. 11.
One small example, consisting of a thin incrusting living layer
growing on a dead crust of the same species, which completely
invests some foreign object.
In the central region of the corallum the calicles are contiguous,
the walls being frequently in contact with each other ; near the
margin they are separated by narrow spaces about half their own
diameter.
The calicles are from 1*5 to 2 mm. in diameter, they are pro-
minent, and have the walls and septa exserted.
The costae and intercalicine spaces are finely echinulate. The
echinulae are from (H5 to 0-2 mm. apart.
The columella is small, and consists of from three to six sub-
spiniform granules.
Obtained in the passage between the islets of the reef.
Order MADREPORARIA FUNGIDA.
FAMILY PLESIOFUNGID^.
PAVONIA REPENS, Bruggemann.
Lophoseris repens, Bruggemann, Abhandl. naturw. vereins zu
Bremen, v., p. 395, pi. vii., fig. 1, a b.
Pavonia repens, Klunzinger, Korall. Rothen. Meeres, 1879, p. 75,
pi. ix., fig. 3.
Three specimens.
Obtained by a native diver in twenty feet of water in the
lagoon.
Colour dull dark brown.
PAVONIA EXPLANULATA, Lam.
Pavonia explanulata, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., ii., 1816, p. 244 ;
Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., iii., p. 69, pi. D 11,
fig. 2.
Two small incrusting specimens were obtained in the lagoon.
MADREPORARIA WHITBLEGGE. 355
FAMILY CYCLOSERID^.
PSAMMOCORA F088ATA, Dana.
Psammocora fossata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
347, pi. xxvi., figs. 2, 2a.
Two specimens: one explanate, convex, with a large free epithe-
cate margin exhibiting concentric lines of growth on the lower
surface ; the other a roll-like form incrusting a dead piece of
coral. The meandering calicine valleys are mostly short, con-
taining from two to six calicles ; near the margins of the corallum
as many as twelve may be found in one valley.
The ridges are rounded, and somewhat strongly echinulate.
The septa vary in number from twelve to thirty-six; their summits
are thick and echinulate. The echinulae are arranged transversely
in subquadrate groups, about 0-2 mm. apart at the apex.
The columella is small, and consists of a few spiniform granules.
Obtained in the lagoon.
PSAMMOCORA CONTIGUA, Esper.
Madrepora contigua, Esper, Die Pflanz., i., 1797, Suppl., p. 81,
pi. Ixvi.
Psammocora . plicata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
346, pi. xxv., fig. 2.
Two fine specimens of this species were obtained at low tide
mark on the western side of the atoll.
OXYPORA, sp.
A small fragment was obtained in from forty to seventy fathoms
outside the atoll. Its condition, however, is such as to preclude
the possibility of specific identification.
FAMILY FUNGID^E.
FUNGIA TENUIDENS, Quelch.
Fungia tenuidens, Quelch, Chall. Rep., Zool., xvi., p. 138, pi. vi.,
fig. 1.
One example, similar in size, shape, and general characters to
the specimen figured in the " Challenger " Report.
Occurring on the western side of the atoll.
FUNGIA DISCUS, Dana.
Fungia discus, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 291, pi.
xviii., fig. 3.
A single beach-worn example is referable to this species.
Western side of the atoll.
356 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
FAMILY MADREPORTD^E.
MADREPORA SYRINGODES, Brook.
Madrepora syringodes, Brook, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., i.,
p. 177, pi. xxxiii., fig. E.
Two small examples are somewhat doubtfully referred to this
species.
MADREPORA SPICIPERA, Dana.
Madrepora spicifera, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
442, pi. xxxiii., fig. 4.
A single specimen, consisting of a stout pedicel and two plate-
like lobes, one of which is much larger than the other ; the irregular
shape appears to have been due to the corallum growing in a
narrow passage subject to strong inrushing currents of water.
The lower surface near the pedicel is destitute of corallites except
near the margins and angles of the branches on which there exist
a few scattered immersed corallites. Towards the extremities of
the branches the surface bears distinct immersed and subimmersed
corallites.
The echinulse on the upper and lower surface consist of com-
pressed processes, usually wider at the summit than at the base,
and on an average are about 0'15 mm. apart.
The striae on the radial and axial corallites are about 0-1 mm.
apart.
Collected on the outer reef, south-east of the main islet.
MADREPORA BOTRYODES, var. PUNAPUTIENSIS, var. nov.
Madrepora botryodes, Brook, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., i., p.
153, pi. xxxiv., fig. c.
A single example, referable to this species, but differing suffi-
ciently to merit a varietal name.
The corallum is 12 cm. high, 28 cm. long, and from 9 to 12 cm.
broad. The main branches are about 7 cm. high and 1-5 cm. in
diameter ; they are angular below, and give off from two to six
branchlets, which reach the same level. The apices of the branch-
lets are irregularly thickened by aggregations of proliferous coral-
lites. The branchlets are about 1*2 cm. in diameter at the base,
and from 1 to 2 -5 at the summit; at the apex they are 2 cm. apart
and are separated below the clustered corallites by spaces 5 mm.
wide.
Axial corallites from 2 to 3'5 mm. in diameter and 2 mm.
exsert, aperture about 0'8 mm., septa twelve, the primaries meeting
at the base ; the secondaries are very narrow at the margin.
MADREPORARIA WHITELBGGB. 357
Radial corallites extremely variable in shape and in distance
apart. On the lower parts of the main branches they are distant
and deeply immersed ; in the angles between the branchlets they
are crowded, immersed, or slightly verruciform ; on the lower
two-thirds of the branchlets they are appressed, half tubular, and
have the apertures directed upwards.
The clustered radials at the summits of the branchlets are im-
mersed or subimmersed, passing through shallow nest-shaped to
beak-nariform, with an elongated aperture. They are so irregularly
heaped together that the axial corallites become obscured. The
largest are about 3 mm. in length and 2 '5 mm. in diameter.
There are twelve well developed septa. The primaries and also
the directives in the elongate forms are broad and frequently meet
below.
The surface, including the corallite walls is closely echinulate.
The echinulse consist of flat plates, often denticulated and wid^r
at the apex than at the base. They are about (H2 mm. apart.
Reefs in the lagoon.
MADREPORA PATULA, Brook.
Madrepora patula, Brook, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., i., 1893,
p. Ill, pi. ix., fig. E.
One fine example of this species in the collection.
Reefs in the lagoon.
MADREPORA EFFLORESCENS, Dana.
Madrepora efflorescens, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
441, pi. xxxiii., fig. 6.
A young specimen, referable to this species, was obtained in
the lagoon.
The base is incrusting, and forms a discoidal expansion 12 cm.
in diameter. At the origin of the pedicel it is 2 cm. thick,
thinning down to 2 or 3 mm. at the margin. The pedicel is 6
cm. in diameter, and 2 cm. in height. The branches number
between forty and fifty ; inferiorly they are all more or less
fused, superiorly their apices are free ; about 1 cm. in height and
pretty regularly the same distance apart at the apex. Their
diameters range between 5 and 10 mm.
The corallites on the expanded base are nariform or tubo-
nariform, with numerous immersed ones between. They are 2
mm. in diameter, the same or less in height, and about 2 -5 mm.
apart. The outer wall is more or less wanting.
The corallites on the pedicel and the lower parts of the branches
are longer, stouter, and farther apart than those on the base. The
358 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
inner walls are short and the immersed corallites are more
numerous.
Radial corallites of the branchlets and of the central region
are labellate or tubo-labellate ; they are longer and narrower
than those on the under surface. They average about 1 mm. in
diameter and vary from 2 to 3 mm. in height.
The axial corallites are from 2 to 2 -5 mm. in diameter and are
2 mm. exert. The septa of the axial corallites are twelve, the
primaries are well developed, and the directives meet below. In
the radials of the upper surface there are usually only six septa ;
the directives are a little broader than the rest. On the lower
surface of the branches, pedicel, and base, the septa are in two
cycles, the primaries broad, the secondaries narrow, and the direc-
tives meet at the base.
Echinulse flat; denticulate plates O'l mm. apart.
On the upper surface of the corallum the ridges on the walls of
the corallites are 0'2 mm. apart; on the lower they are about - 15
mm. Each ridge, when unabraded, has two longitudinal rows of
spinules, which arise from the crest on either side ; they are
opposite or alternate, and diverge at such angle as to project over
the interstices between the ridges.
Reefs in the lagoon.
MADBEPORA FBUTICOSA, Brook.
Madrepora fruticosa, Brook, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., i., p.
138, pi. xviii., fig. A.
One small specimen obtained on the reefs in the lagoon.
MADREPORA EURYSTOMA, Klunzinger.
Madrepora eurystoma, Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen. Meeres,
ii., p. 16, pi. i., fig. 8, pi. iv., fig. 7, a, b, pi. ix., fig. 12.
One specimen obtained in the lagoon.
The corallum is subcorymbose, and is attached by an incrusting
base to a dead specimen of the same species. The living portion
is 10 cm. high, and 14 cm. in diameter The stouter main branches
are angular, often compressed and fused at the base, varying from
1 to 2 cm. in thickness ; towards their summit they give off
numerous short simple branchlets, usually about 2 -5 cm. in length,
4 to 5 mm. in diameter, and 1 to 2 cm. apart at the apex. They
are fairly uniform in diameter, except the apical third which
tapers to the base of the axial corallite.
The basal corallites are immersed or subimmersed ; the septa
are in two cycles, both narrow at the summit ; the primaries
become broader below and often meet in the centre.
The radial corallites on the basal portions of the branches and
branchlets are immersed, or short and verruciform towards the
MADREPOBARIA WHITELEGGB. 359
summits; they are funnel-shaped, 2'5 mm. in diameter, 1*5 to 3
mm. in length, with an aperture of about 1 mm. Corallite walls
porous, faintly striate, and denticulate ; the striae 0'2 mm. apart,
the denticles 0-15. Outer margin stout, inner thin, rarely incom-
plete except near the summits of the branchlets.
Axial corallites 2 to 3 '5 mm. in diameter, 2 mm. exsert, with
thin walls, a large aperture, and twelve septa, narrow above and
broad below.
MADREPORA SPINULIFERA, sp. nov.
Coral lum prostrate, openly reticulate ; mesh from 2 to 3 cm.
long, and 1 cm. wide. Main branches angular, 1 cm. in diameter.
Under surface without branchlets, upper with a series of short
ones set at an angle of fifty degrees and directed outwards ; they
are 5 mm. in diameter at the base, 1*5 cm, in height, and 1*2 cm.
apart at the apex. Inner branchlets simple or with incipient
twigs, tapering a little to their frequently compressed apices.
Outer branchlets subcylindrical and more or less proliferous near
their summits.
Corallites of the under surface of the branches immersed or
subimmersed, becoming depressed nariform a short distance from
the extremities ; they are about 2 mm. apart, 1 mm. or less in
diameter, and have a round or oval aperture.
Calicles very deep, with twelve septa all narrow except the direc-
tives, which are broad and but rarely meet below. The secondaries
are occasionally rudimentary in the young corallites.
The corallites of the upper surface of the branches and bases of
the branchlets are similar to those on the under, but are wider
apart, usually about 3 mm.
Radial corallites of the branchlets nariform, compressed inner
wall often incomplete, tubo-nariform only in buds destined to
form branchlets ; aperture oblique, opening upwards, longer than
broad or more frequently twice as long as broad ; septa six, the
directives large ; length 2 to 3 mm., diameter 2 mm. at the base.
Axial corallites compressed; 1*5 mm. in their shorter and 2*3
in their longer diameter ; aperture elliptic, frequently narrowed
in the middle.
Septa in two cycles, the secondaries narrow, the directives
broad and nearly meeting below.
Surface of corallum porous, minutely spinulose ; spinules com-
pressed, acute at the apex, 0*2 mm. high and about the same
distance apart. Corallite wall thin, porous within and without,
striate; the striae (H4 mm. apart; base and marginal lip beset
with spinules similar to those on the rest of the surface ; inter-
mediate portion of wall with spiniform granules.
360 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
There are eight pieces, evidently detached from one large speci-
men ; the largest is 12 cm. in length, and 7 cm, broad at the outer
extremity.
Reefs in the lagoon.
MADREPORA IMPRESSA, sp. nov.
One example obtained in the lagoon.
Corallum consisting of a subreniform plate, spreading out from
a lateral attachment ; the plate is 30 cm. long, from 14 to 20 cm.
broad, 11*5 cm. thick at the point of attachment, from thence
thinning ont gradually to 1 cm. or less at the margin.
The living layer, as in other species of the subgenus Isopora, is
about 1 cm. in thickness. The under surface is smooth and desti-
tute of corallites. The basal epitheca is marked by a series of
concentric ridges, indicating the lines of growth.
Upper surface very uneven, covered with low, irregularly
rounded elevations, 1 cm. in diameter, 5 mm. high, and usually
about 7 mm. apart, The intervening depressions vary in shape
from subcircular to elongate, the latter form occurring near the
margins, where the elevations are more or less connected by
narrow ridges. Besides the numerous small prominences, there
are six or seven larger ones from 2 to 3 cm. high and 3*5 cm. in
diameter.
A few obtuse, compressed, or subquadrate branches are present
near the margin, the largest is 3 cm. in height and 1'5 cm. in
diameter.
Axial corallites numerous, situated in groups on the elevations,
from 1'5 to 2 mm. in diameter; aperture circular, small, rarely
exceeding 0-7 mm., generally between 0-5 and 0-6 mm. in diameter;
walls 0'6 to 0'7 mm. in thickness, often confluent to the summits,
which are plane or but little rounded.
Septa in two cycles, the directives seldom more than O'l mm.
broad at the margin and about 0'15 at the base, the remaining
primaries are very narrow, the secondaries barely distinguishable.
Radial corallites crowded, frequently confluent, subimmersed,
nariform, tubo-nariform, or tubular ; inner part of wall occasion-
ally incomplete. Apices rounded, but generally thin and denti-
culate at the margin; diameter about 1'5 mm., length up to 2'5
mm.
The second cycle of septa either absent or rudimentary, primaries
similar to those of the axial corallites.
Oorallite walls densely covered with compressed denticulate
echinulations, 0'15 mm. high and about O'l mm. apart.
MADREPORARIA WHITELEGGE. 361
The echinulations are more closely packed than in any of the
described species known to me. The following measurements
of the eehinulations on the younger parts of the corallum and on
the corallite walls have been taken from specimens in the Museum
collection :
Height of echinulse. Distance apart.
M.hispida 0-2 mm (H8 mm.
M.plicata (H7 0-13
M.palifera (H7 ... ... 0-12
M. cuneata 0'15,, (H5
M. impressa ... 0-15 O'l
ASTR.EOPORA INCRUSTANS, Bernard.
Astrceopora incrustans, Bernard, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus.,
ii., p. 89, pi. xxvii., pi. xxxiii., fig. 10.
A fine example of this species is in the collection.
The corallum forms a slightly convex plate, 17 cm. broad, 20
cm. long, and from 1 to 2 cm. in thickness.
Outline irregularly elliptic, margin pendant on one side obscur-
ing the epitheca, on the other subhorizontal, the epitheca being
radiately scalloped and concentrically ridged. The calicles are
separated by spaces about 3 mm. wide. The walls are low, inclined
in various directions, one side often flush with the surface, the
other more or less elevated ; diameter of the aperture usually
about 2-5 mm., rarely 3 '5.
Interclated young and marginal calicles smaller, varying from
1 to 1*5 mm.
Septa in two cycles, with an incomplete third, usually percept-
able at the margin, but very narrow. The primaries rapidly widen
out towards the base of the fossa.
Surface porous and echinulate ; the echinulse are fla denticles
about 0'5 apart at the apex.
ASTRCEOPORA OCELLATA, Bernard.
Astrceopora ocellata, Bernard, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., ii.,
p. 95, pi. xxix., pi. xxxiii., fig. 16.
There are two fine examples of this species ; both are pulvinate
and attached to dead specimens of the same form.
The larger corallum is 12 cm. broad, 23 cm. long, and about
10 cm. in thickness.
The submarginal calices are large, prominent, with solid sloping
walls and regular radiating rows of plate-like echinulse, tipped
362 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
with spinules ; the plates are about 0*4 mm. apart at the lip, and
0'5 mm. at the base of the wall.
The calicles on the central region of the corallum are not so
large as those near the margin ; they are less prominent, with
but little sloping walls, and packed so closely together that the
echinulations are almost in contact at their apices.
The corallites measure from 4 to 6 mm. in external diameter ;
the aperture is usually circular, and from 2 to 3 mm. across ;
frequently where the corallites are crowded, the aperture is elliptic
or narrow elongate, and twice as long as broad.
The septa are in two cycles, with an incomplete third ; they are
narrow and ill-defined at the margin. Towards the base of the
fossa the primaries widen out and meet in the centre.
Obtained on the lagoon reefs.
ASTR^EOPOEA HIRSUTA, Bernard.
Astrceopora hirsuta, Bernard, Cat. Madr. Corals, Brit. Mus., ii.,
p. 94, pi. xxxiii., fig. 13.
There are three examples referable to this species.
The larger is 25 cm. long, 8 cm. broad, and 7 cm. thick. The
upper surface irregular in shape and almost divided into three
cushion-like masses ; the under surface is flattened, and a thin
layer extends a short distance along a dead colony of the same
species.
The corallites are rarely raised above the rest of the surface ;
the aperture is about 2 mm. in diameter, the spaces between are
about the same, rarely more but frequently less.
The septa are in two cycles, well defined at the margin, the
primaries, meeting below.
The surface is closely echinulate ; the echinulse are usually
compressed, single-pointed, and about 045 mm. apart.
The septo-costal and synapticular elements frequently combine
and form a reticulated lip round the apertures of the corallites.
Reefs in the lagoon.
MONTIPORA FOVEOLATA, Dana.
Montipora foveolata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
507.
There are three specimens referable to this species, one of which
is a remarkably fine example, 28 cm. high and 26 cm. in diameter.
MADREPORARIA WHITELEGGE. 363
The base is somewhat flattened, subcircular in outline, and 22
cm. in diameter ; it exhibits zones of growth enclosing dead
material, probably of the same species.
The whole of the living layer appears to be incrusting, about
1 cm. or less in thickness, and is characterised by an extremely
uneven surface, beset with numerous irregular nodular elevations.
The larger elevations are from 5 to 6 cm. in diameter and about
the same in height ; the smaller are about 3 cm. in diameter and
2-5 cm. high ; they are scattered over the whole surface of the
corallum.
The apertures of the corallites are situated at the bottom of
deep funnel-shaped pits ; they are about 1 mm. or less in diameter.
The raised ccenenchymatous walls are confluent, with thin, acute,
or rounded margins. They range between 1 and 2 mm. in diameter
at the summits, and are about the same in height.
The surface is finely porous and echinulate ; the echinulse are
usually compressed and single-pointed ; they are about O17 mm.
high, and the same distance apart.
There are twelve well developed septa; the primaries are usually
0-3 mm, broad at the margin and meet in the centre below ; the
secondaries are narrower, about O2 mm., and are often united to
the primaries near the columella.
MONTIPORA VERRUCOSA, Lam.
Montipora verrucosa, Lam., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., ii., p. 271,
1816.
Montipora planiuscula, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
p. 507, pi. xlvii., fig. 3.
There are three specimens of this species, all of which are in-
crusting, forming irregular convex cushion-shaped masses.
The largest example is broken ; it is 22 cm. long, 10 cm. broad,
and 3 cm. thick, thinning down to about 7 mm. at the pendant
margin.
The calicles are deeply sunk between the elevated papillae ; they
are usually about 1 mm. in diameter, possessing a very distinct
star of twelve septa ; the secondaries, although narrow at the
margin, frequently reach and unite with columella like the pri-
maries. A few of the larger calicles, near the centre of the
corallum, have an incomplete third cycle.
The papillae are absent on the under surface ; on the upper
they are very variable in size ; in some parts they are thin, com-
pressed, and confluent at the base, in others they are thick, high,
364 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
and semi-isolated or united in twos or threes, forming short
ridges. The apices are all more or less rounded ; they are about
2 mm. in diameter, 1 to 3 mm. high, and 2-5 mm. apart at the
apex.
The surface is finely echinulate ; the echinulse are compressed,
single or double pointed spinules, about 0-13 mm. high and 0-1
mm. apart.
Obtained on the lagoon reefs.
MONTIPOBA TUBEROSA, Klunzinger.
Montipora tuberosa, Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen. Meeres, p.
32, pi. vi., fig. 6, pi. v., fig. 11, pi. x., tig. 3.
A very fine specimen is here somewhat doubtfully referred to
this species.
The corallum consists of a foliate expansion, arising from a
stout lateral pedicel.
The frond is concave above, and exhibits a series of wide
shallow grooves, which radiate from the centre of the concavity
to the margin. On the under surface the grooves are more sharply
defined, as are also the ridges occurring between.
The pedicel is 13 cm. in diameter; the frond is 46 cm. long,
40 cm. broad, 2 cm. thick near the pedicel, and from 2 to 3 mm.
at the margin. The latter is broken on one side. When com-
plete, the outline would be nearly circular and 50 cm. in
diameter.
The upper surface is very uneven ; there are a few large mound-
like elevations, a number of small ones, and the whole surface
exhibits inequalities due to clusters of from three to six or more
corallites which are more or less elevated above the others.
The corallite apertures are 0*7 mm. in diameter ; they are sur-
rounded by thin trabicular walls, tipped with from two to five
echinulated spines ; they rarely form a circle round the lip, and
are generally wanting on one side.
The septa are in two cycles, the directives are broad and meet
below, the secondaries are narrow and subequal to the rest of the
primaries.
There are a few large corallites scattered on the surface in
which an incomplete third cycle of septa is present.
The under surface of the corallum has a living layer at the
margin, varying from 2 to 12 cm. in width. It exhibits a broad
MADREPORARIA WHITELEGGE. 365
band of low rounded tubercles, 3 to 4 mm. diameter, 2 to 4 mm.
high, and about 5 mm. apart at the apex.
The calicles are either level with the surface or slightly de-
pressed ; they are 0'5 in diameter, and vary greatly in distance
apart.
The ccenenchyma is comparatively smooth and marked with a
vermicular reticulation
The echinulse on the upper surface are slightly compressed at
the base, above they are somewhat irregular and bear numerous
acute spinules; they are from 1 to 2' 5 mm. in height and about
0-5 mm. apart.
MONTIPORA SCABRICULA, Dana.
Montipora scabricula, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p.
502, pi. xlvi., fig. 2.
One small specimen which may be referred to this species ; the
fragmant is, however, too much worn for correct determination.
Lagoon shore.
MONTIPORA BXSERTA, Quekh.
Montipora exserta, Quelch, Ghall. Rep. Zool., xvi., p. 174, pi.
viii., fig. 5 - 56.
There are two specimens of this well marked species ; one is
small, flat, incrusting, and measures 5 cm. in length, 3 - 5 cm. in
width, and 9 mm. in thickness at the broken edge; the other is
cushion-shaped, 13 cm. long, -7 cm. broad, and 2 cm. thick, with
a very even surface studded with numerous wart-like elevations;
The surface is perforated here and there by a boring mollusc,
which may be the cause of the warty growths. The calicles are
between % 65 and 0'75 in diameter and about the same distance
or more apart. The apertures on the level parts of the corallum
are surrounded by a very shallow rim, and all the septa are more
or less exserted. The directives are broad and have their inner
apices higher than the outer. The septa are usually in two cycles.
A few large calicles are present in which a third cycle is more or
less complete.
The surface of the ccenenchyma is reticulate, porous, and
minutely echinulate. The echinulse vary considerably ; on the
higher parts they chiefly consist of spiniform granules. On
rapidly growing parts and at the margin they are elongated and
more closely packed ; their distance apart at the apex is usually
about 0'2 mm.
366 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
FAMILY PORITID^E.
PORITES LICHEN, Dana.
Porites lichen, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 566, pi.
Ivi., fig. 2.
One small example, 3 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, and 5 mm. thick,
with a reflexed margin. The calicles are very variable in size,
ranging from 1*5 to 2'5 mm. in diameter; in some cases the
separating walls are indistinct, and several calicles are included
in a somewhat meandering valley as in Nanopora irregularis,
Quelch.
PORITES LUTE A, Edwards & Haime.
Porites lutea, Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., iii., p. 180 ;
Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen. Meeres, p. 40, pi. v., fig.
16.
A single specimen of this species is in the collection.
The corallum is 8 cm. high, and about 10 cm. in diameter.
The calicles are shallow, polygonal, with thin acute walls ; they
are about 1 mm. in diameter. The septa are thin and in two
cycles ; pali distinct, usually six ; columella reduced to a single
spiniform granule. In a few large corallites there are as many
as twelve pali, and an incomplete third cycle of septa.
PORITES LOBATA, Dana.
Porites lobata, Dana, Zoophytes, U.S. Explor. Exped., p. 502, pi.
lv., fig. 1.
A fine example of this species was obtained.
The corallum forms a broad semi-circular band around a dead
block of coral, and measures 22 cm. in diameter, 8 cm. in width,
and 12 cm. in height.
The surface is studded with numerous round or elongate gibbo-
sites, the smaller are about 1'5 cm. in diameter, the larger about
4 cm. ; they vary in height from 1 to 3 '5 cm. The depressions
between are well defined angular grooves, generally running
transversely across the band-like corallum. The calicles are poly-
gonal, shallow, almost flat, and about l - 5 mm. in diameter. The
walls are distinct, a little raised, but thin and acute. Septa
twelve, very thin ; pali six, very prominent, as high as the walls
and frequently joined at the base, forming a conspicuous ring
round the columella, which is usually represented by a solitary
spiniform granule.
MADREPORARIA WHITELEGGE. 367
The surface echinulae consist of short bluntish spines, bearing a
number of ill-defined granules.
PORITES CBASSA, Quelch.
Porites crassa, Quelch, Chall. Rep., Zool., xvi., p. 183, pi. xi., fig.
2 - 2o.
A small incrusting example of this species is in the collection.
PORITES MIRABILIS, Quelch.
Porites mirabilis, Quelch, Chall. Rep., Zool., p. 185, pi. xi., fig.
5-5a.
There are three specimens of this rare species in the collection.
Of these, two are small, irregularly-convex, and incrusting ; about
5 cm in diameter and 2 cm. high. The third and much larger
specimen forms a subglobose mass with several basal expansions ;
the surface is somewhat uneven and gibbous.
PORITES GAIMARDI, Edwards & Haime.
Porites gaimardi, Edwards & Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall., iii., p.
179.
There are two specimens referable to this species. The smaller
is subglobose, 5' 5 cm. in height and 6 '5 cm. in diameter. The
larger is 19 cm. long, 14'5 cm. broad, and 12 cm. high. When
seen in profile the shape suggests a human cranium from which
the facial portion has been removed. The surface is even, save
some superficial depressions which are present in great numbers,
but can only be observed when the specimen is held up towards
the light.
The calicles resemble those of Porites astrceoides, Lamarck,
they are, however, smaller, and the walls are not so stout ; their
diameter is usually about 1-1 mm., rarely more but frequently
less. The walls are subsolid at the base, and somewhat acute at
the summit.
The septa are in two cycles, thin, and somewhat ill-defined ;
the interseptal spaces are either circular, elongate, or keyhole
shaped. There are six pali, which are usually remote from the
centre of the calyx. Columella wide at the top, but rarely with
more than one granule.
SYNAR^A UNDULATA, Klunzinger
Synarcea undulata, Klunzinger, Die Korall. Rothen. Meeres, p.
48, pi. vi., fig. 12, pi. v., fig. 30.
368 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
One specimen obtained on the reefs in the lagoon.
The example is incrusting, and measures 6 cm. in length, 4 cm.
in width, and from 2 to 3 mm. in thickness.
The surface and characters generally closely agree with Klun-
zinger's figures and description.
THE HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACT1NOZOA,
AND VERMES OF FDNAPDTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE.
ERRATA.
Page 389, par. 3, first line add after "fig. 2," " and Plate xxvii.
fig. 1."
,, par. 4, third line for "fig. 6," read "fig. 2."
par. 4, last line for " fig. 7," read "tig. 1."
,, 390, par. 3, second line for " fig. 8," read " Plate xxvii.
fig. 2."
par. 3, last line delete " fig. 8."
392, par. 2, fourth line for "percep table, "reaof "perceptible.'
398, par. 2, fourth line for "indicate," read "indicates."
,, par. 4, fourth line for "have," read "has."
399, par. 2, fourth line for " reject," read " rejects."
,, 400, par. 1, thirteenth line for "/. collaris, rea,d"T.collaris.'
^^o jv^ai cAttiiapies, uotn living and preserved, have
been utilized with a view to render their identification less difficult
in the future. In order to accomplish this, the pneumatophore
was carefully measured, the colour noted, and the number of
appendages counted. The results of an examination of thirty-four
specimens are given in tabular form, from which it will be seen
that the two forms are very distinct.
The class Scyphozoa is represented by two species Aurelia
clausa, Lesson ; and Phyllorhiza orithyia, Haeckel.
Of Actinozoa there are six species in the collection, three of
which are herein described as new, one belonging to the order
[XVI.]
THE HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, AOTINOZOA,
AND VERMES OF FUNAFUTI.
BY THOMAS WHITELEGGE,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE collection has provided material for much work, and the re-
sults obtained are of considerable interest; they may be summarised
as follows : There are only two Hydroid Zoophytes in the collec-
tion, both of which prove to be new species, i.e., Thuiaria divergens
and Plumularia clavicula. The latter is of unusual interest, in-
asmuch as it exhibits characters of rare occurrence in the group.
The apices of the branches are modified into tendrils, and the
corbulse are of a very primitive type, having a slightly modified
hydrotheca at the base of each costa.
The Hydrocorallines are represented by four species of Mille-
pores : Millepora squarrosa, var. incrassata, Dana ; M. platyphylla,
Ehr. ; M. nodosa, Esper. ; and M. tortuosa, Dana.
Of the order Siphonophora, there is only one representative, i.e.,
Physalia megalista, Lamk., of which there are numerous examples.
These have been carefully examined and compared with local
material and also with specimens of Physalia utriculus, Eschscholtz.
Attention is called to the occurrence of secondary tentacles in
the basal groups of cormidia in both species ; a character which
has hitherto escaped observation. The specimens from Funafuti
and numerous local examples, both living and preserved, have
been utilized with a view to render their identification less diificult
in the future. In order to accomplish this, the pneumatophore
was carefully measured, the colour noted, and the number of
appendages counted. The results of an examination of thirty-four
specimens are given in tabular form, from which it will be seen
that the two forms are very distinct.
The class Scyphozoa is represented by two species Aurelia
clausa, Lesson ; and Phyllorhiza orithyia, Haeckel.
Of Actinozoa there are six species in the collection, three of
which are herein described as new, one belonging to the order
372 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Antipatharia (Antipathella brooki), and two to the order Actin-
aria (Zoanthus funafutiensis, and Gemmaria willeyi). The re-
maining three are Palythoa howesii, Hadd. & Shack. ; P. kochii,
Hadd. & Shack. ; and P. ccesia, Dana.
The Actinaria have been worked out in conjunction with Mr.
J. P. Hill, of the Sydney University, who kindly cut the sections
and examined the internal structure; he is, therefore, jointly with
myself, responsible for this portion of the publication.
The Vermes are represented by three species of Polychceta, two
species of Perichwta, and five species of Gephyrea. They are as
follows : Eurythoii complanata, Pallas ; E.pacifica, var. levukcensis,
Mclntosh ; Phyllodoce, sp. ; Perichceta grubei, Rosa, P. sp. ; Phy-
mosoma nigrescens, Keferst ; P. scoleps, Sel. & de Mann; Aspido-
siphon elegans, Cham. & Eysenn. ; A. sleenstrupii, Diesing ; and
Gleosiphon aspergillum, Quartref .
CLASS HYDROZOA.
Order HYDROMEDTJSJE.
FAMILY SERTULARID^E.
THUIARIA DIVERGENS, sp. nov.
(Plate xxiii., figs. 1, 2, 3.)
Trophosome : Hydrocaulus simple, indistinctly and irregularly
jointed, strongly fascicled below, becoming monosiphonic distally;
height from 5 to 6 cm. Hydrothecae alternate, one opposite the
base of each pinna, and two on the same side, one of which is
situated in the axil above and the other about O2 mm. below.
The base of each of the cauline hydrothecse possesses a thick
chintinous process which extends across the internal cavity of the
stem and becomes united with the opposite wall.
Pinnae alternate, from 1 to 2 cm. in length and about 2 mm.
apart ; joints transverse, very irregular ; one or two pairs of
hydrothecse to an internode, frequently two or more internodes
without hydrothecse on each pinna.
Hydrothecae 0'7 mm. in height, - 3 mm. in broadest diameter,
diminishing to 0'2 at the apex; proximally they are opposite,
distally they become subalternate, they are adnate for about one-
third or one-half of their height, but not in contact with each
other at the back ; the free portion is abruptly bent outwards ;
the outline above is horizontal or slightly ascending, and evenly
curved below ; the terminal third exhibits numerous lines of
growth. Aperture operculate, subquadrate, with four angles, one
pair in a line with the axis, the other lateral.
HYDROZOA, 8CYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGE. 373
Gonosome : Gonangia ovate, borne on the front of a pinna at
the base of a hydrotheca 1*7 mm. high, 0'5 mm. broad in the
middle, and 0*3 mm. at the neck, which is about as high as broad,
surface with from 8 to 10 distinct annulations. Aperture square
with four membraneous opercular teeth.
FAMILY PLUMULARID^E.
AGLAOPHENIA CLAVICULA, sp. nov.
(Plate xxiii., figs. 4, 5, 6.)
Trophosome : Hydrocaulus simple, monosiphonic, attaining to
3 cm. in height, the terminal 1-3 cm., consists of an undulate
tubular extension indistinguishable from similar tubular growths
which constitute the hydrorhiza. Hydrocladia alternate, one to
each internode, arising from the front of the stem, from 2 '5 to 7
mm. in length, and about 0'5 mm. apart. Hydrothecse closely
approximate, 0*25 mm. in height and about 0*14 mm. in diameter.
The shape is urceolate with a slight constriction below the base of
the teeth. Margin with seven erect teeth, the median one is
evenly rounded at the apex, those at the sides are somewhat
acute.
Intrathecal ridge distinct, extending transversely across the
basal portion of the hydrotheca.
Lateral nematophores 0*1 mm. in length, 0'05 mm. in diameter,
slightly projecting beyond the margin of the hydrotheca ; aperture
elongate, opening upwards and inwards.
Mesial nematophoreO'2 mm. in length, 0'05 mm. in its broadest
diameter, adnate to the hydrotheca to within O'l mm. of the sum-
mit of the central tooth. Hydrothecal internode with a short ridge
or fold opposite the basal constriction of the hydrotheca.
Gonosome: Corbula closed, 2'5 to 3 mm. in length, and I'l mm.
in diameter; the first internode bears a normal hydrotheca. There
are from 8 to 12 pairs of adnate costae; each costa bears from 6
to 8 minute nematophores along its upper margin, and has a
modified hydrotheca at its base. In a median longitudinal line
on the upper surface are situated a series of from 8 to 10 elliptic
or elongate apertures with broad, flat, thickened margins, similar
to those figured by Allman in the Challenger Report.*
These species exhibit two characters which are of great interest
from a morphological point of view.
In the first place the apical portion of the stem is destitute of
the usual appendages ; at a short distance above the terminal
pinnules the nodes are also suppressed, and the stem becomes a
* Allman " Challenger " Eeport Zool., vii., pi. xx., fig. 6.
374 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
simple tubular tendril, which entwines itself around other stems
or foreign objects, and thus affords the colony an additional means
of attachment.
The corbula is of the closed kind, and consists of a modified
branch bearing an alternating series of short stumpy branchlets,
each of which carries a hydrotheca differing from those on the
ordinary pinnules in being longer, more cylindrical, and in having
nine instead of seven marginal teeth.
The distal branches of the corbulse exhibit the mode of origin
of the costse and costal appendages from the mesial nematophore of
the hydrotheca. The specimens at my command are very few,
and their extreme transparency renders the outlines of the costal
membranes difficult to trace. Three stages, however, can be dis-
tinctly discerned. In the earliest stage the mesial nematophore
is seen projecting from the front and arising from the base of the
hydrotheca, it assumes a fan-shaped outline, and consists of a
wide membrane with an incipient micro-nematophore at its inner
distal angle ; in the next phase the membrane is larger and there
is one fully formed micro-nematophore and another incomplete
one at the inner extremity ; on the next older costa there are
three fully formed micro-nematophores, and the membranous part
is proportionately enlarged.
Prof. All man, in his report on the Hydroida of the Gulf
Stream,* describes two species A. distans and A. bispinosa in
which there are modified hydrotheca at the base of each costa ;
both, however, are of the open corbulse type, and the hydrothecse
appear to be more modified than in the species under notice.
CLASS HYDROZOA.
Sub-Order HYDROCORALLIN^.
FAMILY MILLEPORID^.
MlLLEPORA SQUARBOSA, Lam.
Millepora squarrosa, Lain., var. incrassata, Dana, U.S. Explor.
Exped., Zoophytes, pi. liii., fig. 1; Synop. Rep. Zooph., 1859,
p. 105.
A single example of this species is in the collection.
The specimen consists of a subtriangular plate 12*5 cm. in height,
18 cm. in width, from 1 to 1*5 cm. in thickness near the base, and
from T5 to 2*3 cm. at the summit. The upper semi-circular margin
is much thickened, lobate and roundly truncate ; at one extremity
there are two toe-like lobes 5 cm. high, 3-3 cm. broad, 1-3 cm.
* Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., v., 2, pp. 44-46.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERME8 WHITBLEGGB. 375
thick at their origin and 2 cm. at their apex, their outer lateral
margins are thick, their inner ones thin and acute. The rest of the
upper margin consists of one broad lobe with three shallow in-
dentations. The general surface is uneven, having a few low
round or ridge-like elevations, and numerous shallow depressions
in which the very regular cyclosystems are situated.
The gastropores are absent from the thick apical ridge, else-
where they are very evenly distributed ; they are on an average
about 2 mm. apart and 0-25 in diameter. The dactylopores are
generally confined to a limited area around the gastropores ; they
vary in number from four to six, their diameter is about (H2 mm.
and their distance from the central pore between 0'2 and 0'4 mm.
The surface is minutely porous and reticulately ridged ; the ridges
are pretty regular, about 0'05 mm. apart.
MILLEPORA PLATYPHYLLA, Ehrenberg.
Millepora platyphylla, (Ehrenberg) Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
Zoophytes, p. 548, pi. Hi., fig. 5.
A small fragment from the upper portion of a colony is in the
collection.
The piece consists of three or four flat lamellae, two of which
have grown out vertically and at right angles to the main frond.
The lamellae are from 1 to 2 cm. in thickness, the apical margin
is somewhat thin and rounded, the lateral margins are acute.
The surface is slightly tuberculous; the tubercles are low, rounded
and longitudinally arranged.
Pores very unequally distributed, not distinctly arranged in
systems. Gastropores irregularly scattered, 0-2 mm. in diameter.
Dactylopores usually about O'l mm. in diameter, unevenly dis-
tributed over the whole colony. Surface reticulation with very
minute ridges, usually under O05 mm. apart.
MILLEPORA NODOSA, Esper.
Millepora nodosa, Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere, pi. ix. ; Moseley,
Chall. Rep. Zool., ii., p. 18, pi. xiii., tig. 3.
There are several fine examples referable to this species ; of
these three are well marked forms differing considerably in habit,
but very similar in the cyclosystems and in the minute struc-
ture of the surface.
Form A. The finest example possesses a large incrusting base
inclosing a mass of dead material of the same species. From the
upper surface there arises a series of irregular flattened lobes and
376 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
branches; the summits are usually obliquely truncated, and either
acute or evenly rounded. The larger branches bear from two to
three lobe-like branchlets similar to those figured by Moseley in
the " Challenger " Report.*
The specimen measures 17 cm. by 8 cm. at the base ; the main
branches are from 3 to 6 cm. wide at their origin, and from 1 -2 to
2 cm. in their shorter diameter.
Form B. The specimen consists of a compressed branched frond
19-5 cm. high, 7 cm. wide at the base, and 1'7 cm. in thickness.
At a distance of 8 cm. from the base there arise two main
branches ; each gives oft* a few flat lobes at the sides and termin-
ates in three or four subpalmate lobes.
Form C. Consists of an antler-like reticulate frond, with widely
divaricate and frequently coalescent branches ; they are either
alternate or opposite, and subdichotomous, especially near the
summits. The terminal branchlets are a little compressed in the
plane of branching ; the rest, including the basal portions, vary
from oval to subquadrate in transverse section, and measure from
1 to 2 cm. in diameter.
Another specimen is intermediate in habit between forms B
and C.
The general surface in all the examples is characterised by
numerous small elevations upon which the pore systems are
situated ; this is especially marked on the younger parts of the
corallum, elsewhere they are not so conspicuous.
The gastropores are usually about 0'28 mm. in diameter, and
from 1 to 2 mm. apart, they are somewhat crowded, but rather
irregularly distributed. The dactylopores are about 0'18 mm. in
diameter, they are very numerous and not distinctly arranged in
cycles except on the younger parts of the colony.
The surface reticulation is rather coarse as compared with other
species; the ridges are on an average fully O'l mm. apart.
MlLLEPORA TORTUOSA, Dana.
Millepora tortuosa,, Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., Zoophytes, pi. Hi.,
figs. 3-3a. ; Synop. Rep. Zoophytes, p. 105.
This species is represented by a single specimen, closely re-
sembling Dana's figure. The main branches are, however, a little
broader, varying from 5 to 12 mm. in width. The whole surface
of the branches is covered with very fine slight elevations upon
which the pore systems are situated. The gastropores are very
* Moseley Challenger " Eeport Zool., ii., pi. xiii., fig. 3.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGtE. 377
evenly distributed ; they are generally under 2 mm. apart and
about 0*2 mm. in diameter. The dactylopores are about 0*1 mm.
in diameter, and pretty regularly arranged in cycles.
The surface ridges are about (H mm. apart.
Order SIPHON OPHOR A.
FAMILY PHYSALID^.
PHYSALIA MEGALISTA, Lamk.
Physalia megalista, Lamk., Anim. sans Vert., ii., 1816, p. 481 ;
Peron et Lesueur, Voy. de Descouvertes aux terres australes,
Atlas, 1807, pi. xx., fig. 1 ; Haeckel, Chall. Rep. Zool., xviii.,
pp. 351 - 372.
Numerous examples of this species were obtained by Mr. Hedley,
who also made a coloured sketch from a living specimen ; the
colours exhibited in the drawing, and by the specimens when re-
ceived, agree with examples of this species from the coast of New
South Wales.
During the past five or six years I have paid special attention
to the PhysaUdce occurring on our coast ; two species have been
observed, i.e., Physalia megalista and P. utriculus.* They occur
nearly all the year round with favourable winds, such as N.E.,
E., or S.E., occasionally in company, but more frequently only one
species is obtainable at a time. I have afc various times closely
examined hundreds of living individuals of both species, and can
readily separate the two by their colour alone. There are, how-
ever, other more important characters which clearly indicate that
they are specifically distinct.
In Physalia megalista the crest is long in proportion to the rest
of the pneumatophore, whilst the anterior crestless portion is re-
markably short. The ventral group of cormidia are arranged in
well defined clusters, two anterior and three posterior to the main
tentacle. Each cormidium consists of a short broad pedicel
more or less transverse to the axis and a series of short branchlets
from which arise the ventral appendages: siphons, tentacles, pal-
pons, and gonodendria.
The basal group of cormidia are separated from the ventral
by a very short space. They consist of five or six clusters of
small palpons, siphons, and frequently from one to three ten-
tacles in addition to that which subtends the terminal proto-
siphon.
* Chun unites all the Pacific and Indian Ocean forms under the name
of Physalia utriculus. (See Zool. Anzieg., x., 1887, p. 658.)
378 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The presence of accessory tentacles in the basal group of cor-
midia, appears to have hitherto been overlooked in the genus
Prof. E. Haeckel, in the " Challenger " Report,* remarks that
" The smaller basal group, at the posterior or distal end of the
trunk, produces merely a series of small siphons and palpons,
placed before the protosiphon and is provided with a single ten-
tacle only ; it always remains sterile and never produces gono-
phores." And again, on page 344: "The primary tentacle which
belongs to the protosiphon, remains either as the single tentacle
of the basal cormidium, or it is afterwards lost ; but I have never
seen secondary tentacles developed in this distal group."
From the above remarks it seems clear that the secondary ten-
tacles occurring in the basal group of cormidia have escaped notice.
This may be due to imperfect or ill-preserved specimens from which
some of the species have been described.
In living or well-preserved examples of either Physalia utriculus
or P. megalista, the basal tentacles are very conspicuous and may
be easily seen by the unaided eye. In badly preserved specimens,
in which the tentacles are generally more or less contracted, they
are not so evident ; they can, however, be readily distinguished
with a hand lens of moderate power.
With a view of rendering it less difficult to separate the two
Pacific species, I have carefully dissected and measured a series
of specimens of each. The results are embodied in the accompany-
ing tables.
In dissecting the specimens, I began by isolating the anterior
cormidia, and afterwards snipping off the entire bunch of append-
ages without rupturing the pneumatophore. The siphons, tentacles,
and gonodendria were then separated and counted. The palpons
have not been taken into account.
In the first twelve enumerated in the table, the siphons of the
basal groups have not been noted. In the last six, the whole of
the cormidial appendages palpons excepted both ventral and
basal have been enumerated. The gonodendria were counted
according to age ; thus, in some cases, as many as four occur in
one cormidia, all being in a different state of development. In
the larger examples of P. utriculus, it often proved difficult to
determine whether the last (sixth) ventral cormidium should be
regarded as one cluster or two ; frequently there is a clear space
on each side, indicating two pedicels, but the dividing line is not
continued through the centre.
* Haeckel " Challenger " Keport Zool. xviii., p. 311.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA. VERMES WHITELEGGE. 379
P. MEGALISTA
(FROM FUNAFUTI).
Total
Ventral cormidia
Total
Basal cormiiiia
Ventral cormidia
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Basal cormidia.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Length of specimen, 25 mm
Number of siphons
,, tentacles
gonodendria ...
3
1
7 ...
3 1
] ...
579
333
1 1 ...
25 mm
36
16
4
"2
1 1
Length of specimen, 30 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria
14
5
1
12 ...
3 1
1
12 10 18
543
1
30 mm
66
21
3
1
1
Length of specimen, 35 mm
Number of siphons
8
3
1
6 ...
1 1
1
3 8 10
1 4 3
1
35 mm
35
13
3
2
tentacles
1 1
Length of specimen, 40 mm
Number of siphons
10
4
10 ...
3 1
8 8 14
3 1 4
b '" ... ! i
40 mm
50
16
i
,, tentacles
gonodendria ...
Length of specimen, 40 mm
Number of siphons
9
6 ...
7 7 10
233
1
40 mm
39
15
3
2
tentacles
3
1
3 1
1 ...
i i
gonodendria ...
Length of specimen, 55 mm
Number of siphons 17
tentacles 5
gonodendria ...|...
19 ...
7 1
14 12 16
556
1 1 ...
55 mm
78
29
2
4
3 1
P. MBOALISTA (FROM MAROUBRA, NSW SOUTH WALES).
45 mm
47
21
4
2
Length of specimen, 45 mm
Number of siphons
11 7 ...
341
1 1 ...
10
5 5
1 1
12
8
l ..l
,, gonodendria ...
Length of specimen, 50 mm
15 9 ...
5 7 1
1 2
12 14
5 6
2
J7
6
50 mm
67
29
5
4
2
3 . 1
,, gonodendria . . .
Length of specimen, 55 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
eonodendria ..
20 12 ...
851
3 2 ...
14 12
4 3
2 1
18
7
1
"i [' i
55mm
76
28
9
380
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
P. MEGALISTA (FROM MAROUBRA,
NEW SOUTH WALES) continued.
Total
Ventral cormidia
Total
Basal cormidia
Ventral cormidia
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Basal cormidia.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Length of specimen, 60 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria ...
12 12
5 8
1 1
... 12 10 25
1555
...121
60 mm
71
29
6
3
2 1
Length of specimen, 65 mm
Number of siphons
,, tentacles
gonodendria ...
18 12
7 8
1 2
. 12 10 12
1864
...111
65mm
64
^
3
2 1
Length of specimen, 70 mm
Number of siphons
,, tentacles
gonodendria ...
15 12
7 9
1 1
... 16 12 20
1 7 7 7iO 1
...213
70 mm
75
38
8
1
P. UTRICULUS (FROM MAROUBRA,
NEW SOUTH
WALES).
50 mm
136
38
11
8
8
Length of specimen, 50 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria ...
20 22
6 5
2 2
... 26
1 6
... 3
28 40
5 10
3 1
4
3
2
3
1
1
1
1.
Length of specimen, 50 mm
Number of siphons .. ..
18 21
... 25
34 54
8 14
1 2
4
3
2
2
1
2
2
v
1
50 mm
152
42
9
10
10
tentacles
gonodendria
7 7
2 2
1 5
2
Length of specimen, 55 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria ...
26 34
7 5
1 3
... 30
1 5
.. 2
34 40
6 8
1 ...
6
3
2
2
1
1
1
55 mm
164
32
7
9
6
Length of specimen, 60 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria ...
24 28
7 10
1 2
... 23
1 6
... 2
32 40
6 13
2 ...
-5
3
8
2
.1
1
1
1
60 mm
147
43
7
10
7
Length of specimen, 70 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria . . .
26 28
7 7
1 2
... 28
1 8
... 2
24 48
7 10
2 1
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
70 mm
154
40
8
10
9
Length of specimen, 120 mm
Number of siphons
tentacles
gonodendria ...
54 50
15 14
4 3
... 60
1 15
... 4
51 87
10 27
3 6
19
7
10
6
12
5
5
4
1
1
120 m
302
82
20
m
47
22
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGE. 381
The foregoing table, although not exhaustive, exhibits a wide
difference between the two species, especially in the number of
ventral siphons and the secondary tentacles of the basal cor-
midia.
In Physalia megalista the lowest number of siphons is 35, the
highest 78 ; in P. utriculus the lowest is 136, the highest 302, or,
leaving out the large specimen, 164. The secondary basal tentacles
in the former vary from 1 to 4, and in the latter from 6 to 22.
There are other important characters, which exhibit a number
of differences in the length, colour, or distance of one part from
another ; some of these, although varying slightly in themselves
within certain limits, are pretty constant in each species, and are
very evident when the two species are compared. They may be
enumerated as follows :
P. megalista.
Crest of pneumatophore long
Apical crestless portion short
Distance between ventral and basal
cormidia short
Length occupied by basal group of
cormidia long
Apex of pneumatophore green
Summit of crest magenta
Mouths of siphons yellow
P. utriculus.
Crest of pneumatophore short
Apical crestless portion long
Distance between ventral and basal
cormidia long
Length occupied by basal group of
cormidia short
Apex of pneumatophore blue
Summit of crest Campanula blue
Mouths of siphons white
With a view of testing the pneumatophore to see if it would
yield any reliable specific character, I have carefully measured a
series of living, dead, and preserved specimens. I am well aware
that the pneumatophore is a very variable structure ; but, as in
most other organisms, when at ease or in a restful condition, it
has a certain definite form which may be regarded as the shape
of the living object when in a healthy normal state. In the follow-
ing measurements as far as the material would allow specimens
have been selected that came nearest to what I regard as the
natural shape of the pneumatophore.
382
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGE. 383
In the above measurements, certain factors must be taken into
consideration. In living specimens stranded on the beach, or
examples kept for some time in confinement, the anterior crestless
portion of the pneumatophore is usually shorter than in healthy
floating individuals. In very sick, dead, or dried examples, it
generally attains to its normal proportions.
The posterior and ventral lobes usually contract a little under
any circumstances, and are often much shorter in dried or pre-
served specimens than in life.
With a little care it is possible to preserve the pneumatophore
in its natural shape. Specimens that are uninjured, and floating
on the sea, may be caught in a wide-mouthed bottle, or placed in a
vessel with a small quantity of sea-water. After a short time they
generally assume a restful or normal condition. A 10 per cent,
solution of formol will fix them without any perceptible change
taking place. When fixation is completed, sufficient sea-water
should be added to reduce the mixture to about one or two per
cent., in which fluid they may be kept for years without much
loss of form or colour.
The pneumatophore may also be dried with little or no altera-
tion. I have succeeded in drying many specimens that have
retained their natural form. My method of proceedure is as fol-
lows : The specimen is floated into a wide-mouthed bottle; when
it has assumed its normal condition, it is plunged into the hot
dry sand on the beach ; then, as quickly as possible, the pneuma-
tophore is rubbed with dry sand until all the surface moisture is
absorbed ; the appendages are then removed, and the specimen
left in the sun ; when thoroughly dry it is placed in fresh water
to extract the salt, and afterwards again dried and placed in an
air-tight bottle. Specimens dried in this manner have retained
their shape for several years and exhibit no signs of deterioration
except in colour.
CLASS SCYPHOZOA.
Order DISCOMEDUSJE.
FAMILY AURELID^.
AURELIA CLAUSA, LesSOU.
Aurelia clansa, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zoo!., p. 119.
Four specimens of this species, were obtained in the lagoon.
FAMILY POLYRHIZID^3.
POLYRHIZA ORITHYIA, Haeckel.
Polyrhiza orithyia, Haeckel, System der Medusen, p. 578.
384 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Orithyia incolor, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. de PAstrolabe, iv., p.
297, pi. xxv., figs. 6 - 10.
One example, found stranded on the beach. The specimen is
not in a good condition, and is doubtfully referred to this species.
CLASS ACTINOZOA.
Subclass ZOANTHARIA.
Order AN TIP ATH ARIA.
FAMILY ANTIPATHID.E.
ANTIPATHELLA BROOKII, sp. nov.
The corallum is erect, pinnate and branched in a single plain ;
it is 8 cm. in height and 6 -5 cm. broad ; the stem (?) at the base
is 1 mm. in diameter.
The specimen consists of two main fronds, having the shorter
branches fused here and there at the base but free at the summits.
Each frond gives off a series of alternate rarely opposite pin-
nules. The primaries arise almost at right angles, and are slightly
curved upwards at a short distance from their origin. The second-
aries also are at right angles to their support ; they are generally
straight, simple, or with numerous short branchlets, occasionally
a few are elongate and slightly curved.
The primary pinnules are from 2 to 3 cm. in length, and pretty
regularly 4*3 mm. apart ; the secondaries are from 5 to 15 mm.
in length and 3 mm. apart ; the tertiary pinnules vary from 1 to
7 mm. in length.
The polyps on the pinnules are situated on the anterior surface,
forming a single longitudinal series ; there are six to 1 cm. ; they
are about I'l mm. in length, and are separated from each other
by short intervals varying from 0'2 to 0-4 mm.
The polyps do not commence at the bases of the branchlets ;
there is generally a nude space from 0-4 to 0-6 mm. in length
at their point of origin from the stem. The latter also usually
has a similar polyp-less space above and below the base of a
branchlet. On the stouter portions of the corallum a few of the
polyps are radiate or subradiate, elsewhere they are elongate.
There are two distal and two proximal tentacles situated in a line
with the pinnule, and two placed transversely one on each side
of the mouth which are generally smaller and inserted on the
sides of the pinnule, not on the anterior surface as is the case with
the other two pairs. The tentacles are about 0-25 mm. in length.
The oral prominence is slightly elongate transversely, it is O'l mm.
in height, 0-5 mm. in its longer and 0-35 mm. in its shorter dia-
meter. The mouth is a narrow, elongate, slit-like opening, with
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGE. 385
an irregular crenated margin. The zooids are not sufficiently well
preserved to afford accurate internal structural details.
The spines near the apices of the pinnules are short and some-
what triangular ; below they are elongate and subcylindrical, with
smooth, acute, abruptly tapering summits. They are arranged in
longitudinal rows and frequently exhibit a spiral arrangement
running from right to left ; five rows maybe seen from one aspect,
four of which are included in the spiral arrangement. Many of
the spines on the stouter pinnules are given off at right angles,
generally they are slightly inclined upwards, their length is about
0'3 mm., and measured from apex to apex in a spiral 0-4 mm. apart.
This species is allied to A. tristis and A. atlantica.
SUB-CLASS ZOANTHAKIA.
BY J. P. HILL, B.Sc., F.L.S., AND T. WHITELEGGE.
FAMILY ZOANTHID^E.
ZOANTHCS FUNAFUTIENSIS, Sp. nOV.
(Plate xxiv., figs. 2, 3).
Form. Body-wall smooth, translucent, surface transversely
wrinkled when contracted. Coanenchyme thin, encrusting, con-
tinuous or becoming stoloniferous at the margin. Column short,
often broader than high. Capitulum slightly expanded, with from
45 to 50 ridges, confined to the upper swollen surface. Oral cone
a little prominent, aperture longer than broad. Tentacles 24 to
28, similar, arranged in two cycles.
Colour. The specimens were preserved in formol, and when
received were of a bright grass green. The colour has now faded
entirely, and the colony is greyish with slight tinge of olive.
Dimensions of colony 8 '5 by 4 '7 cm. ; height of an average-
sized polyp 5 mm., diameter of the capitulum 5 mm., of the
column 3 mm.
ANATOMY.
Body-wall (Plate xxv., fig. 1). The body-wall is bounded ex-
ternally by a cuticle to which stray diatoms and sponge spicules
are found adherent. Between the cuticle and the ectoderm is a
thin peripheral layer of mesogloea, consisting of fine anastomosing
strands, and having a thickness of '003 mm. The ectoderm is a
thin continuous layer in which cell outlines are not recognisable.
It is crossed here and there by fine strands from the mesoglcea,
which unite to form the peripheral layer as described by Haddon
and Shackleton in Z. coppingeri.*
* Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits : Actiniae,
i. Zoanthete Sci. Trans. R. Dublin Soc. (2), iv., xiii., p, 677.
386 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
In the ectoderm there are present narrow oval nematocysts,
0'14 mm. long, but zooxanthellre are absent. Slightly branched
canals arising from the ectoderm are present in the mesoglcea,
but are not at all numerous, though somewhat more abundant in
the lower part of the column. In the rarity of ectodermal canals
the species under consideration agrees with Z. jukesii, H. & S.,
and as in that species lacunae are fairly numerous. Small cell-
groups and isolated rounded or spindle-shaped cells, produced into
radially running processes, also occur in the mesogloea. Nemato-
cysts are present in the ectodermal canals in small numbers. In
the lacunse there occur very definite, small, rounded or oval bodies,
often in considerable numbers. In general appearance these re-
semble nematocysts, but are apparently quite homogeneous in-
ternally and show no trace of threads.
The entoderm is thin, and contains nematocysts and numerous
zooxanthellse. The entodermal circular musculature is weakly
developed, and supported by minute mesogkeal plaitings.
Capitulum. The ectoderm here is ridged and thicker than
that of the column-wall. It contains nematocysts.
Sphincter muscle. The double mesogkeal sphincter muscle is
well developed. Its upper portion is about three times the length
of the lower. The latter consists of a single row of cavities,
rounded in shape and larger than those of the upper portion
which are small and compressed and not arranged in a single row.
In both, the muscle fibres are supported on plaitings of the meso-
gloea.
Tentacles. The ectoderm is thick and is crowded with enormous
numbers of small sausage-shaped nematocysts, '01 mm. in length,
zooxanthellre are absent. The ectodermal musculature, longitu-
dinal in direction, is moderately strong and supported on small
plaitings. The mesoglcea is thin, and contains only small scattered
cells. The entoderm is a very thick layer. It contains numerous
nematocysts similar to those of the ectoderm, and zooxanthelhe
are also numerous. The circular entodermal musculature is very
weak.
Disc. The ectoderm of the disc is ridged. It is in general
similar to the ectoderm of the tentacles, but nematocysts are here
not so numerous. The mesoglcea contains isolated cells and cell-
groups. In the entoderm numerous zooxanthelhe are present.
The musculature of the disc is weak.
(Esophagus (Plate xxv., fig. 2). The ectoderm is thrown into
distinct longitudinal folds. The groove is wide and well marked.
The ectoderm contains nematocysts, and here and there in the
basal parts of the cells there occur groups of refractive yellow
(pigment 1) granules. The mesogloea forms a uniformly thin layer.
The entoderm is also thin, and contains zooxanthellge in no great
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGGE. 387.
numbers. The ectoderinal musculature, longitudinal in direction,
and the entodermal, circular in direction, are both weakly developed.
Mesenteries (Plate xxv., fig. 2). The mesenteries are slender,
and have the normal brachycnemic arrangement. The reflected
ectoderm of the oesophagus forms ridges (8-11 in number) along
the two faces of each perfect mesentery, and is limited to the
inner half of the radial extent of each mesentery. Below, the
peripheral folds of the reflected ectoderm are continued on as the
mesenterial filaments. These are at first V-shaped in section,
but lower down the free limbs of the V soon disappear, and the
ectoderm of the filament assumes a rounded bulbous form. At
the same time the entoderm becomes thickened immediately below
the filament, givinsr rise to a second bulb-like swelling. The ecto-
derm of the filament contains numbers of deeply-staining gland-
cells, and in its deeper part occur numerous small granules which
stain slightly with eosin. Rod-shaped nematocysts also occur in
the ectoderm, as well as in the thickened entoderm. The mesen-
terial filaments continue to near the base of the column, and are
considerably folded. The mesogloea of the mesenteries is a thin
layer, which, however, becomes somewhat thickened just before
joining the body-wall. In this outer thickened part is situated
the single basal canal of the mesentery. In the lower part of the
column, the mesogloea of the mesenteries is somewhat thicker and
the basal canals are larger. The entoderm of the mesenteries is
a thin layer containing zooxanthellse, which are usually much
more numerous on one face of the mesentery than on the other.
Nematocysts are sparingly present in the entoderm. The parieto-
basilar muscles are supported on mesoglceal plaitings, and are well
developed. The longitudinal musculature is fairly well developed,
and supported on small plaitings.
Gonads, Gonads were not present in any of the specimens
examined by us.
This species is closely related to Z. jukesii, H. & S., but is
to be easily distinguished by, among other points: (1) its smaller
size, (2) its green coloration, (3) the absence of nematocysts from
the entoderm of the tentacles.
GEMMARIA WILLEYI, sp. nov.
(Plate xxiv., figs. 1 and 4).
Form. Body-wall opaque, encrusted with foreign matter and
minutely granular. Surface even when extended, transversely
wrinkled when contracted. Coenenchyme incrusting, forming
broad expansions or band-like stolons. Column often slightly
swollen in the middle. The capitular region greatly expanded,
with about forty very short radial ridges. Disc large, radiately
ridged. Oral cone prominent, aperture oblong. Tentacles short,
subequal, eighty in number, arranged in two cycles.
388 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Colour. As per coloured sketch, drawn by Mr. C. Hedley on
the spot. Column pale green, capitulum pinkish, disc pale violet,
tentacles brownish-orange ; in formol, yellowish-grey.
Dimensions. Length of largest colony, 7 cm. ; breadth, 5 cm.
Length of largest polyp, 1*7 cm.; diameter at base, 5 mm.; in the
middle, 7 mm.; at the capitulum, 11 mm.; diameter of disc about
8 mm. ; oral aperture, 3 mm. by 1 '5 mm. Length of tentacles
about T8 mm.; contracted examples are usually somewhat flat-
tened at the summit varying from 6 to 10 mm. in diameter
and frequently broader at the summit than long.
ANATOMY.
Body-wall (Plate xxvi, fig. 1). The ectoderm is thick, measur-
ing in breadth '07 mm., and forms a definitely continuous layer.
It is provided externally with a thin cuticle, to which occasional
diatoms adhere. A peripheral layer of mesoglcea is absent.
Numerous incrustations consisting of grains of calcareous sand,
foraminiferal shells etc., are present in the ectoderm and peri-
pheral portion of the mesogloea, forming a layer about '15 mm.
thick. Owing to the presence of these incrustations, the ectoderm
appears in decalcified sections considerably broken up, and is here
and there separated by a space, extending over a considerable
area, from the underlying mesoglcea. The ectoderm contains
zooxanthellae in considerable numbers and also numbers of large
nematocysts. One of the largest of the latter observed measured
1-35 mm. in length by -06 mm. in breadth, but their average size is
considerably less than this.
As is characteristic of the genus, ectodermal canals are absent
from the mesoglcea. Large rounded or oval lacunae are, however,
abundant in the outer two-thirds of the layer. The lacunae con-
tain large nematocysts (usually one in each), similar to those of
the ectoderm and also contain numbers of zooxanthellae. Besides
lacunae small cell-islets and isolated cells produced into very dis-
tinct radial processes are present in the mesogloea. Except in
its most peripheral portion, below the ectoderm, the inesoglcoa is
almost completely devoid of incrustations. Occasional siliceous
spicules however do occur.
The entoderm of the body-wall is thickened between the
mesenteries and contains zooxanthellae but they are here not so
numerous as in the ectoderm. The circular entodermal muscula-
ture is well developed.
Capitulum. The outer surface of the capitulum is ridged, the
ridges alternating with the tentacles of the outer cycle. The
ectoderm is thicker than that of the column and is not so densely
crowded with incrustations. These are here more abundant in
the outer part of the mesogloea.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VBRMES WHITELEGGE. 389
Sphincter Muscle. The single mesoglceal sphincter muscle is
well developed (Plate xxvii., tig. 1, m.s.). The muscle cavities are
large and arranged in an irregular alternating fashion.
Tentacles. The ectoderm of the tentacles is crowded with small
slightly curved nematocysts (-010 mm. long), among which occur
occasional large ones. Zooxanthellae are also very numerous.
The longitudinal ectodermal musculature is strongly developed
and supported on close-set plaitings of the mesogloea. The meso-
gloea is of moderate thickness and contains only small isolated
cells. The entoderm is thin. It contains numerous zooxanthellse
but no nematocysts. The circular entodermal musculature is
moderately strong.
Disc (Plate xxvi., fig. 2). The disc is traversed by ridges
which pass one from the base of each tentacle of the inner and
outer rows to the margin of the mouth. In the ridges both
ectoderm and mesogloea are somewhat thickened. The ectoderm
especially on the ridges contains nematocysts similar to those in
the tentacles and also zooxanthellae. In the deeper portion of
the ectoderm there occur numbers of small bright refractive
(pigment ?) granules. The ectoderm is devoid of incrustations.
The mesogloea of the disc is thick, and especially noteworthy
from the presence in it of numerous large ectodermal muscle
cells (fig. 6, ect. m.) These project into the mesogloea so obliquely
that in sections they mostly appear as isolated masses which
occupy the upper two-thirds of the mesogloea, and extend from the
margin of the mouth across the horizontal part of the disc and for
a short distance up in its vertical part (fig. 7).
McMurrich, andHaddon and Shackleton, also describe enclosures
in the disc mesoglcea of the species of Gemmaria examined by
them. In G. isolata, McMurrich* describes the mesogloea of the
disc as being "densely loaded with enclosed cavities containing
cells probably ectodermal and muscular," but in his later descrip-
tion of G. rusei, D. & M., he says,t "the enclosures in the
mesoglcea of the disc which I thought might possibly be muscle
cells in isolata, are seen in Rusei to be comparable to the lacunae
of the column wall." Again Haddon and Shackleton in their des-
cription of G. macmurrichi (page 689), remark that "cell enclosures
(similar to those described and figured by McMurrich) are found
in the disc of G. macmurrichi," and they also mention the occur-
rence of such in G. mutuki. May it not be that in all these cases
we have to do as in the species under description with ectodermal
muscle cells, and may not the existence of such in the mesoglcea
of the'disc be a character diagnostic of the genus?
* The Actiniaria of the Bahama Islands. Jour, of Morphology, iii. p. 64.
t A contribution to the Actinology of the Bermudas. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., 1889, p. 125.
390 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The entoderm of the disc is thin and contains zooxanthellrc.
The entodermal musculature is weak.
(Esophagus. The groove (Plate xxvii., fig. 2#r.)is well marked
and has in one specimen examined by us, the same truncated
form described by McMurrich in G. isolata, and Haddon &
Shackleton in G. mutuki. The ectoderm contains large and
small nematocysts and a few zooxanthellse are also present. In
the basal part of the ectoderm colourless refractive granules as
well as groups of yellowish-brown granules are present. The
mesoglcea is considerably thickened below the groove.
Mesenteries. The mesenteries are typically brachycnemic in
arrangement (fig. 8), but in one specimen examined the sulcar
mesentery of the second pair on one side was perfect, thus realis-
ing the macrocnemic condition. The mesogkea of the mesenteries
is on the whole thin but is somewhat thicker in the basal part of
the column. Peripherally also the mesogloca in each perfect
mesentery is thickened where it encloses the basal canal and again
becomes constricted before joining the body wall. The imperfect
mesenteries are short and bulbous and project little into the
ccalenteron (fig. 8).
Each mesentery encloses a main basal canal appearing in section
narrow and elongated in the perfect and rounded in the imperfect
mesenteries. In the mesogloea internally to the basal canals in
the perfect mesenteries there occur small lacunae. In the basal
canals there are present large nematocysts similar to those in the
lacunae of the body-wall, and zooxanthellte also occur in the canals
and lacunse, but in no great numbers. The basal canals run up
into the region of the disc where they divide into several smaller
canals.
The entoderm is a thin layer in which zooxanthellfe are fairly
abundant, especially in the O3sophageal region.
Occasional nematocysts are also present. The parieto-basilar
muscles are supported on plaitings of the mesogloea and are well
developed. The longitudinal musculature is weak.
The reflected ectoderm on the two sides of each perfect mesentery
give rise to numerous (up to 20) close set ridges of which the
inner and outer project freely. Below, the peripheral free portions
pass into the mesenterial filaments in the usual fashion. The
filaments have at first in section the shape of an arrow-head, but
soon the free margins disappear and the central part remains as
a bulbous thickening below which the entoderm is also enlarged.
Here, just as inZ.funafutiensis, the inner margin of the mesentery
has the shape in section of a double bulb. In the ectoderm of
the filament there are present occasional zooxanthellae and large
nematocysts, while gland cells are very numerous. A few large
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGQE. 391
neinatocysts also occur in the thickened entoderm, and zooxan-
thellse are here more numerous than in the ectoderm of the filament.
The filaments are convoluted below and terminate some distance
from the base of the column.
Gonads. In one of the specimens examined by us ovaries were
found as small whitish swellings disposed in irregular longitudinal
rows along especially the lower portions of the mesenteries, in the
region of the mesenteric filaments.
In G. mutuki, Haddon and Shackleton record finding ripe sperm
cells in the ccelenteron of one individual.
We have much pleasure in associating this well marked species
with the name of our friend Dr. A. Willey, in appreciation of his
untiring labours in the South Seas.
PALYTHOA HOWESII, Haddon and Shackleton.
Palythoa hoicesii, Haddon and Shackleton, Sci. Trans. R. Dublin
Soc. (2), iv., 1891, p. 693, pi. lxi.,fig. 13; pi. Ixiii., fig. 8.
A single example is here referred to this species. Several
specimens from Thursday Island are in the Museum collection,
with which the Funafuti example has been compared and found
to agree in all the external characters.
The specimen consists of an oblong colony 9 cm. long, 3 cm.
wide and 1-4 cm. high, the basal ccenenchyme forms a projecting
margin all round the colony, from 2 to 5 mm. wide, and from I
to 3 mm. in thickness. The polyps are about 7 mm. in diameter.
The capitular ridges number about 28 or 30.
PALYTHOA KOCHII, Haddon and Shackleton.
Palythoa kochii, Haddon and Shackleton, Sci. Trans. R. Dublin
Soc. (2), iv., 1891, p. 694, pi. Ixi., fig. 12; pi. Ixiii., fig. 9.
A small specimen agreeing in its general characters wilh
examples of this form from Thursday Island. It is a thin incrust-
ing colony 6 cm. long, 3'5 cm. wide and having a pretty uniform
thickness of 7 mm. The capitular ridges are very variable in
number from 15 to 20. The polyps are however much contracted
and the ridges more or less indistinct.
PALYTHOA COESIA, Dana.
Palythoa cccsia, Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., Zooph., p. 40, pi. xxx.,
fig. 3, 3a to 3A; Haddon and Shackleton, Sci. Trans. R.
Dublin Soc. (11), iv.. 1891, p. 695, pi. Ixi., fig. 14.
Two specimens both more or less biconvex in shape. The
larger example is 3 '6 cm. in diameter and 3 cm. in height. Polyps
about 15 mm. high and 9 mm. in diameter. The upper surface
and tentacles are of a bright reddish maroon colour. The
specimens are in formol.
392 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Class CH^TOPODA.
BY T. WHITELEGGE.
Order POLYCH^ETA.
Family AMPHINOMIDJE.
EURYTHOE COM PLAN ATA, Pallas.
Eurythoe complanata (Pallas), Baird, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool., x.,
1870, p. 222.
A single specimen is here referred to this species. The example
is 25 cm. in length, 2 cm. in width, and 1-2 cm. in thickness;
there are 135 body segments. The head is too much retracted to
determine the limits of the caruncle without injuring the specimen.
The body is pretty uniform in width to within 2 or 3 cm. of the
extremities.
The dorsal bristles consist of three forms, there are numerous
elongate tapering bristles a few of which are simple, the majority
however are subbifid, the shorter division being rudimentary and
scarcely perceptable, the longer division is much elongated taper-
ing and smooth. There are also numerous stout, broad serrated
bristles having from 40 to 50 strong recurved teeth The ventral
bristles are stout with broad bifid and compressed apices, the
longer divisions are quite smooth and about seven or eight times
longer than the shorter, frequently there are one or two slender
bind bristles in which the divisions are long and cylindrical.
EURYTHOE PACIFICA, var. LEVUKJENSIS, Mclntosh.
Eurythoe pacifica var. levukcensis, Mclntosh, Chall. Report, Zool.,
xii.p. 29, pi. xvi.,fig. 5; pi. llafig. 14; pi. 11 la figs. 10 - 12.
There are numerous specimens referable to this species, the
body is tapering, measuring from 1*5 to 5 cm. in length and con-
sists of about 60 segments. The bristles agree very closely with
the figures given by Mclntosh in the Challenger Report.
Family PHYLLODOCID^.
PHYLLODOCE sp.
This form is represented by several specimens and is closely
allied to if not identical with P. quadraticeps, Grube; it agrees in
every character except the number of bristles. Grube's species is
said to have but five, whereas the Funafuti examples have six.
There are five worm tubes in the collection similar in shape
and structure to those inhabited by Eunice tibiana, Pourt., but I
failed to find any worms in them.
Order OLIGOCHJETA.
Family PERICH^TID^.
PERICH^ETA GRUBEI, Rosa.
Perichceta Grubei, Rosa, Ann. d. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus., vi.
1891, p. 395, pi. xiii., fig. 4a, 46.
HYDEOZOA, SCYPHOZOA, ACTINOZOA, VERMES WHITELEGOE. 393
Two specimens appear to belong to this species, they are not
in a good state of preservation and it is impossible to make out
some of the specific characters.
PERICH^TA SP.
There are two specimens of another species of Pericheeta
probably introduced into the island. The only perfect example
is 7 '5 era. in length, the segments are one hundred in number,
the /"shaped setae are 0-2 mm. in length, and number about 50
per segment. The dorsal and anterior spermathecal pores if
present are very small, I failed to find them with a lens. The
clitellum occupies the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth segments,
the female pore is situated in a line with the setae on segment
fourteen. The male pores occur on the eighteenth segment,
they are transversely elongate and papillose, each pore is about
1 mm. in length, and the distance between their inner margins is
about the same. The median ventral line bears eight papillae,
there is one on each segment from fifteenth to twenty-first, the
twenty-second being without ; the remaining two are on segments
twenty-three and twenty-four.
The dorsal surface is purplish-brown with green irridescent
reflections, sides and under surface lighter.
Class GEPHYKEA.
Order SIPUNOULOIDEA.
Family SIPUNCULID./E.
PHYSCOSOMA NIGRESCENS, Keferstein.
Physcosoma nigrescens (Keferstein), Selenka, in Semper's Reisen.
Arch, der Philippinen, iv., Die Sipunculiden, p. 72, pi. ix.,
figs. 130-136.
There are two examples of this well marked species, both are
well preserved and fully extended. In the larger specimen the
body is 2 cm. in length, and the proboscis is about 2-2 cm.
PHYSCOSOMA SCOLOPS, Selenka and De Mann.
Physcosoma scolops, Selenka, Semper's Reisen. Arch, der Philip-
pinen, iv., Die Sipunculiden, p. 75, pi. ii., fig. 17; pi. x.,
figs. 138-144.
Three examples of this species are in the collection. The
largest example is 3 cm. in length, the large chitinous papillae and
the intense colour markings serve to readily distinguish this form.
ASPIDOSIPHON ELEGANS, Cham, and Eysenh.
Aspidosiphon elegans (Cham, and Eysenh.), Selenka, Semper's
Reisen. Arch, der Philippinen, iv., Die Sipunculiden, p. 124,
pi. i., figs. 10, 10a; pi. xiv., figs. 124-208.
One specimen, the body measures 3'5 cm., the proboscis is
wholly retracted.
394 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
ASPIDOSIPHON. STEENSTRUPII, Diesing.
Aspidosiphon steenstrupii (Diesing), Selenka, Semper's Reisen.
Arch, der Philippinen iv., Die Sipunculiden, p. 116, pi. i.,
figs. 12, 13; pi. xiii. figs. 190-192.
A single specimen is here doubtfully referred to this species.
The body and proboscis are of a uniform pale brown colour, the
anterior and posterior shields are darker, the latter is granular
and radiately grooved, the former is slightly granular ; an encircling
series of about twenty small tubercles mark the line of union of
the proboscis with the body.
The proboscis is clothed with a series of chitinous bodies of two
kinds, those on the anterior half consist of flat curved bidentate
hooks arranged in rings, each hook is about 0'05 mm. in height
and 0-04 in width at the base. On the posterior half the chitinous
bodies are scattered, they are elongate, three sided, slightly bent
but not hooked at the summits, they are O04 mm. in height and
0'025 in width at the base. Numerous papillate skin glands
occur between the rows of hooks, one to every four or five hooks.
The retractor muscles are 15 mm. in length, they are attached
about 3 mm. from the posterior end of the body and are joined
together at about 4 mm. from their point of attachment. The
segmental organs are equal in length to the combined portion
of the retractors, and are free from the body-wall for three fourths
of their length. At the posterior third of the body there are
twenty-five longitudinal muscle bands.
This form comes very near to A. speculator, Selenka, but the
retractors are united much nearer the posterior end of the body,
and the segmental organs are free for a greater distance than in
Selenka's species.
CLOEOSIPHON ASPERGILLUM, Quatrefages.
Cloeosiphon aspergillum (Quatrefages), Selenka, Semper's Reisen.
Arch, der Philippinen iv., Die Sipunculiden, p. 126, pi. ii.
figs. 23, 24; pi. xiv. figs. 214-216.
A solitary example is somewhat doubtfully referred to this
species. The specimen is 6 cm. in length, the proboscis is
damaged and no hooks were available for examination. In other
respects it agrees fairly well with the published description.
THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.
Part I. Gasteropoda.
BY CHARLES HEDLEY.
[XVIL]
THE MOLLUSCA.
Part I. Gasteropoda.
By CHARLES HEDLEY.
Many of the introductory remarks which prefaced collections
previously dealt with, apply with equal force to the Mollusca.
Little was known of the Mollusca of the Ellice Group prior to our
Expedition. With one exception, none of the naturalists Dana,
Whitmee, Woodford, Finsch who have been to the archipelago,
gathered any shells. The exception being Dr. Ed. Graefte, who
visited most of the atolls in the interest of the Godeffroy Museum.
The land shells he procured are described by Mousson.* A few
other animals described by German authors from this group were
probably also collected by him.
The poverty of the fauna of the atoll, compared with that of
any continental area lying under corresponding latitudes, such as
Queensland, New Guinea, or the Melanesian Plateau, again asserts
itself. Whole groups, the Brachiopoda and the Polyplacophora,
are missing, giving to the fauna an unsymmetrical aspect.
Especially significant is the absence of Mollusca with large eggs
such as Nautilus, Melo, or Valuta from this drifted fauna. In
many cases the Funafuti shells are smaller than the usual stature
of their respective species. Harper Pease has remarked that the
marine Gasteropoda of the Paumotus are in general dwarfed in
comparison with those of Tahiti. f Shipley mentions that speci-
mens of Gephyrean worms from Funafuti were considerably
smaller than representatives of the same species from Rotuma.J
Poor though this fauna be, I have to apologise for the following
inadequate account of it. Thorough search would probably result
in multiplying the known total three or four times. My com-
mission embraced the study of the Atoll as a whole. Although
the Mollusca alone would have afforded occupation for the entire
time of an investigator, yet Ethnology, and Botany, and other
branches of Zoology equally claimed my attention. On my return
the mass of material, molluscan and otherwise, together with the
* Mousson- -Journ. de Conch, xxi. 1873, pp. 102-109.
t Pease Am. Journ. Conch, iv. 1868, p. 109.
J Shipley Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 468.
398 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
pressure of current Museum duties has operated unfavourably on
my report. Various inquiries on anatomy and other related
matters have been perforce omitted. With the exception of a
sketch of the geographical distribution I have unwillingly restricted
myself to the mere systematic treatment of the species.
A superficial reader might seize on the fact that many new
species are described as new in the following pages, and with a
show of reason deduce that so great a proportion of novelties
indicate a very peculiar and endemic fauna. This would however
be a mistaken impression. Few realise how exceeding rich the
fauna of the tropical Pacific is, or how poor our knowledge thereof.
Probably, except in New Caledonia, a capable collector would
obtain at least one shell new to science in a day's work on any
beach in the South Pacific. Fischer's estimate that the Indo-
Pacific Province contains five or six thousand marine mollusca,*
is certainly below the mark.
For the purpose of comparison the Funafuti fauna must be
divided into large conspicuous, and small inconspicuous shells.
The distribution already ascertained for conspicuous genera like
Cypraea will be paralleled, as knowledge increases, for inconspicu-
ous genera like Caecum. Thus I anticipate the discovery in the
western continental islands of every minute species I have
described as new from Funafuti. The range of all the species
mentioned is given for the South Pacific as completely as oppor-
tunity permitted. A discussion of the data collected is postponed
to the concluding pages of this Memoir.
The study of the mollusca of the Pacific is attended with
peculiar difficulty. As a result of the superior energy of the
British in exploration, commerce and missionary enterprise in the
Pacific, the vast majority of the mollusca of this region have, from
the time of Captain Cook to the present day, been first examined
in London. The writers who have doalt with them, Adams Bros.,
Hinds, Reeve, the Sowerbys, Smith, Melvill, and others, have
treated them uniformly on the model and method of Lamarck ; it
will be convenient to call this group of authors the " London
School." A brilliant exception to the work of British writers is
the superb Memoir by Boog Watson on the Gasteropoda collected
by the Challenger Expedition.
As a consequence of the devotion of the London School to the
study of the Pacific fauna, we have a great mass of involved
synonomy, inadequate descriptions, poor figures or none, crude
classification and total negloct of soft anatomy, The smaller
portion of this fauna which has gone to Paris has generally been
well figured, and a fraction which has fallen into the hands of
* Fischer Man. de Conch. 1887, p. 157.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 399
American students has received scientific treatment. A higher
grade of work was reached by a poor, solitary, invalid exile like
Montrouzier than by men who had within their reach the unrivalled
resources of the collections, the libraries and artists of London.
To descend from generalities to details, it may be pointed out
that whilst the foremost British and American writers in all other
branches of zoology now use English ; whilst the scientific writers
of other countries, like Sars and Collett in Norway, Schepman in
Holland and various Japanese authors, are adopting English as an
international language, on the grounds of its wide currency,
wealth and flexibility ; yet this conservative London school of
Conchologists reject the advantages of their mother tongue and
satisfy their humble wants with the poor and awkward medium
of Latin.
By some strange unwritten law these Conchologists have in-
variably maintained a proportion between the size of a shell and
its illustration. Thus a large shell, however simple in structure,
demanded a large figure ; and a small shell, however complex its
details, a small drawing. Had this school encountered Pachyderms
or Foraminifera, one or both would surely have fallen beyond the
focus of their vision.
Though great wealth of anatomical material was profferred them,
these writers have ever cast the " nasty things " aside. The fas-
cinating studies of structure, affinities, higher classification, or
geographical distribution had no charm for them. Their measure
of excellence in Conchological research being apparently the highest
score of new species.
But the chief defect of this school is that it has added to the
superstructure without strengthening the foundation, and has thus
weakened instead of improved the fabric of our knowledge. Upon
the distinction of old species depends not only generic and sub-
generic classification, but even the reality of new species, which
are necessarily contrasted with them. The task of rehabilitating
old species, for which these writers have unique facilities, is by
them neglected in favour of the easier and more showy work of
describing novelties, which could be done at least as well by
others.
In illustration, I will cite the following case, one instance of a
multitude. Hinds, in 1843,* thus described a new species, Triforis
collaris: " Testa ovata, acuminata ; anfractibus duodecim bisera-
tim granulosis, serie inferiorie paululum maxima, margaritacea,
superiore pallide fusca; anfractu ultimo quadriseratim subaequali-
ter concatenate. Axis 4 lin."
* Hinds Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 23.
400 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
No one will to-day affirm that so brief an account suffices for
the recognition of this species. Consequently there is every pro-
bability that it has been, or will be, again named and described to
the confusion of science. In so numerous and difficult a group, a
description a page long and several detailed figures are barely
enough to determine a species in the absence of authentic specimens.
It would be supposed that this view only required to be stated for
every worker to endorse it, but for sixty-five years British writers
have passed over this inadequate account and neglected to repair
the fault. So recently as last year, Melvill and Standen in treat-
ing of the shells of Lifu, examined and catalogued this species,
yet it never occurred to them that a figure and description was
more urgently needed for /. collaris than for any of the hundred
novelties they figured and described.
Great numbers of the species of Adams, Hinds, Smith and
others are inadequately represented in literature, and cannot be
recognised without an inspection of the type in London. Either
therefore no. Conchological work should be published except by
residents of London, which is an absurd proposition, or these
species must be ignored by naturalists.
The local conditions under which the Funafuti mollusca occur
may be briefly sketched. The distinction between the marine and
terrestrial mollusca, so sharply drawn in temperate zones, fades
away in the tropics. At a distance from the sea, in close associa-
tion with such forms as Stenogyra and Endodonta, occur Littorina,
Nerita, Truncatella and Melampus. The outer windward beach,
where the surf sweeps the narrow reef platform, is only accessible
at intervals when a low tide coincides with calm weather. Here
the molluscan assemblage bears the mark of incessant buffeting of
waves, all are characterised by powerful muscular feet which
adhere to the rock like the sucker foot of the limpet, all have
thick shells mostly strengthened by knobs or ridges. In the little
rock pools at the foot of the shingle beach, swarm the gaily painted
shells of Engina mendi'caria, Mitra literata, Conus hebraeus and
C. ceylonensis. Beyond, where the surf breaks more heavily, are
several species of Sistrum, usually nestled in a rock crevice and
more or less concealed by extraneous growth upon their shells.
Here also are Purpura armigera and P. hippocastaneum, and on
the brink of deep water is Turbo setosus.
It comes as a surprise to a naturalist to find the pelagic fauna
scarce in this latitude. Dr. Kramer tells me that he was greatly
struck by the poverty of the tropical Pacific in this respect. One
Pteropod, one Heteropod, and a fragment of lanthina were all of
this class that came under my notice.
The quiet waters of the lagoon prove a richer field for a collector
than the storm swept ledges of the ocean beach. Just at the
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 401
south end of the main islet of Funafuti, where the lagoon com-
municates with the ocean, are some clumps of Millepora rising to
the surface from about ten or twelve feet. On these is a colony
of the giant Vermetus, and built in by coral growth are Magilus
and Galeropsis. Near the Millepora were bushes of Plexaura,
among whose branches perched Avicula. A sandy flat sheltered
behind a long shingle bank yielded at low water Mitra episcopalis,
Murex ramosus and Trochus obeliscus.
A mile to the north, where the quiet waters allowed mud to
settle, the gregarious Planaxis sulcatus occurred in quantities.
Cypraea moneta and C. caput serpentis were here abundant, and
to the rocks in the neighbourhood adhered Chama. Nearer the
village, at the spot sketched on p. 71, I found as dead shells most
of the small species described as new.
A few small reefs in the lagoon opposite the village were
excellent collecting grounds. The sandy patches among the coral
were inhabited by Strombus luhuanus and S. floridus, and by
numerous Cerithidse, among which the large C. nodulosum was
conspicuous. What seemed a brilliantly coloured worm disap-
peared at a touch with a snap and proved to be the animal of
Tridacna elongata seen through the opening of the valves sunk in
coral. Loose coral blocks rolled over and split up yielded a
harvest ; under the block might be Conus rattus, C. lividus or
Mitra limbifera, and within it Lithodomus and Area.
In a few hours spent on the leeward islets of the Atoll, I
gathered on the beach several large but dead species of Cypraea,
Oliva and Comis, which I had not elsewhere encountered. A
glimpse of a rich and distinct deep water fauna was afforded
by a few hauls of the tangles in 80 - 40 fathoms on the western
outer slope of the Atoll. Almost everything here collected appears
to be new to science.
The sole representative of a fluviatile fauna was a species
of Melania which occurred in some abundance in the native
wells.
Mr. George Sweet has kindly allowed me to inspect a collec-
tion of shells he made on Funafuti in 1897. I have been able
in several cases to increase my list by species which he took, but
which I had not seen.
CEPHALOPODA.
I was unable to secure any specimens of Cephalopoda at Funa-
futi, though I observed traces of them, as beaks thrown up on the
beach and ink in the hands of the natives (p. 64). Pictures of an
Octopus were recognized by the natives as "feki," and of a Loligo
as " mofeki." I was told that on rare occasions empty
BB
402 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
shells drifted to the Atoll, but the natives positively asserted that
they never occurred there alive. No shells of Spirula were seen on
the beaches.
Dr. Georg Pfeffer has described* Loligo brevipinnis from the
Ellice Group.
No members of the BRACHIOPODA or POLYPLACOPHERA were
seen in the Ellice Islands.
SCAPHOPODA.
DENTALIUM LESSONI, Deshayes.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xvii., 1898, p. 8, pi. vi., figs. 36 - 90.
Two imperfect shells found on the sandy beach of the lagoon
correspond more nearly to this than to any other described form.
GASTEROPODA.
HALIOTIS STOMATIAEFORMIS, Reeve.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xii., 1890, p. 89, pi. iii., fig. 4; pi. xlix.,
figs. 30 - 35.
I found a single dead shell on the windward side of Nukulailai.
Mr. Sweet has sent me specimens from Funafuti.
Pilsbry records this from New Caledonia and Fiji.
EMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Pease.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 266, pi. Ixiii., fig. 12; Pease, Am. Journ.
Conch, iv., 1868, p. 99, pi. ii., fig. 24.
Orrce found alive under a stone in the lagoon. Hitherto only
known from Hawaii.
EMARGINULA MARIEI, Orosse.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 271, pi. xxii., figs. 34, 35, 36.
A few bleached shells were gathered on the lagoon beach.
Hitherto only known from New Caledonia.
ACMAEA SACCHARINA, Linne.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xiii., 1891, p. 49, pi. xxxvi., figs. 60, 61, 62,
78; pi. xviii., figs. 31, 32; pi. xxiv., figs. 12, 13.
A few small and dead shells inclining towards the var. perplexa,
Pilsbry, were found on the outer beach. Schmeltz mentions it
from Queensland, Samoa, and Fiji.
* Pfeffer, Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums.
Abb. Geb. der Naturw. viii., 1884, p. 5, pi. i., fig. 4j pi. ii., fig. 4a.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
PHENACOLEPAS SENTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 1).
403
Fig. 1.
Shell cap shaped, with a protuberant and overhanging posterior
apex, the earlier portion thin and translucent, the older solid
and opaque ; adult shell asymmetrical by reason of a slight
spiral twist. Colour white. The nepionic shell is very smooth
and glossy sharply contrasting with the dull surface of the
remainder, depressedly turbinate, apparently two whorled but
swallowed past the nucleus by the older shell. Sculpture : on
the part next the nepionic shell there are circular growth lines, as
these diverge wider their interstices are crossed by longitudinal
lines which develop later into low small rounded ribs parted by
slight furrows, these are reticulated by two series of fine raised
threads crossing at right angles. Upon these ribs arise in quin-
cunx order a series of V-shaped thorns, the limbs of which are
directed anteriorly. A portion of the dorsal surface immediately
above the posterior base is selected in the accompanying figure
for illustrating this feature. Finally the limbs increase till they
meet those of their neighbours and enclose a rhomboidal space,
thus the marginal part of the shell becomes cancellated by a raised
network, oblique both to the line of growth, the axis of the shell
and the earlier sculpture. The minute transverse thread lines
persist to the aperture.
Aperture subcircular, the edge when adult is broadened and
finely crenulated. Interior glossy, the exterior sculpture visible
through the shell. Muscular impressions are a right and left
adductor scar and a narrow horse shoe marking the head line a
little within the lip. Length 6, breadth 4|, height 3 mm.
Eight empty shells from sand on the beach of Funafuti
lagoon.
404 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
This species has its nearest kin in P. cinnamomea, Gould, but
differs so widely from that by contour, sculpture and exposed
nepionic shell that a new genus seems necessary to express the
distinction. Yet P. cinnamomea itself stands perhaps as far again
from the type of the genus P. crenulata, Broderip, and being
unable to offer any information on the animal of the new species,
I am unwilling to further divide a group of which our knowledge
is so brief.
Scutellina of Gray (1847) being preoccupied by Scutellina of
Agassiz (1841), Pilsbry has substituted Phenacolepas.*
TROCHUS OBELISOUS, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xi., 1889, p. 19, pi. ii., figs. 13, 14.
Several specimens were taken alive in shallow water in the
lagoon associated with Mitra episcopalis.
Fischer quotes this from New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.
TROCHUS TUBIFERUS, Kiener.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 31, pi. vi., figs. 62, 63.
Two living specimens were found at low water on the western
side of the Funafuti lagoon.
Fischerf gives as the range of this species New Caledonia,
Loyalty Islands, Upolu, Samoa, and Pilsbry adds Fiji.
TROCHUS ATROPURPUREUS, Gould.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 77, pi. xi., figs. 28-32; pi. xiii., figs. 86, 87; pi.
xv., figs. 50, 51.
Not uncommon as dead shells on the lagoon beach.
Pilsbry notes this from San Christoval, Solomons, Tutuila,
Samoa and Fiji. In this Museum are specimens from New Cale-
donia and Tupuselei, Hood Lagoon and Milne -Bay, British New
Guinea.
TROCHUS FASTIGIATUS, A. Adams.
Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiii., 1861, Trochus, pi. xv., fig. 87.
Several dead specimens from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Though described nearly half a century ago, the locality of this
species has not hitherto been announced. I have also collected it
at Panie, New Caledonia.
GIBBULA CONCINNA, Dunker.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 230, pi. xl., figs. 8, 9.
A shell plentiful at Funafuti and which I also saw at Nukulailai,
seems, though not agreeing exactly,- to be nearest this. The
* Pilsbry The Nautilus, v., Dec. 1891, p. 88.
t Fischer Coquilles Vivantes, Trochus, 1880, p. 117.
THE MOLLUSCA HBDLEY. 405
sculpture and, except for a white apex, the colour, is like that of
G. danieli, Crosso, from which it differs by a crenulate umbilical
margin. The largest is 7 mm in diameter and has an umbilicus
1 mm. broad.
G. concinna is known only from Upolu, Samoa.
GIBBULA PHASIANELLA, Deshayes.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 235, pi. xxxi., tigs. 31, 32, 33.
Dead shells frequently occurred on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
Specimens from the Manchester Museum enable me to state that
this is the species which Melvill and Standen record* from Lifu
as "Margarita striatula, Phil.," a name which I have been unable
to trace in literature. It has already been recorded from Lifu,
and also from He Art by Fischer. f I found it alive in abund-
ance under stones between tide marks, at Noumea, New Caledonia.
It is represented in this Museum from Lord Howe Island.
The species hardly seems suitably placed in this genus.
MONILEA LIFUANA, Fischer,
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 252, pi. xli., tigs. 6, 7; pi. lix., tigs. G4, 65.
Commonly seen in a dead state on the sandy beach of the
Funafuti lagoon.
As the name implies this species was first found at the Loyalty
Islands. Smith J has recorded it from Torres Straits. It is also
in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
MONILEA TRAGEMA, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 313, pi. xi.,
fig. 78.
A shell fairly plentiful in a dead state on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti is referred here. The fifty examples before me show
much variation. The colour ranges from pale pink articulated
with white, through white irregularly splashed or microscopically
dotted with pink, to entire chalky white. The elevation and
angulation of the whorls vary, and the size of the largest (length
4 mm.) is almost double that of the type from Lifu.
EUCHELUS INSTRICTUS, Gould.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 441, pi. Ixvii., figs. 62, 63.
A single dead specimen from the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
* Melvill & Standen Journ. Conch, viii., 1896, p. 126.
t Fischer, op. cit., p. 364.
: Smith-Zool. Coll. "Alert," 1884, p. 73.
406
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji and Samoa. There are specimens
in this Museum from New Caledonia.
TEINOSTOMA QUALUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Shell with spire scarcely elevated, rather widely umbilicated.
Colour white. Whorls three, flattened below the suture, rounded
at the periphery and concave at the base. Sculpture : the last
whorl is ornamented by about twenty, broad, squarely projecting,
transverse ribs, which arise at a distance from the suture, enlarge
to the periphery and continue to the basal angle, these ribs vanish
on the penultimate whorl ; close, regular and fine, raised, spiral
lines cover the whole shell, crossing the ribs and interstices alike;
these are in their turn overridden by transverse microscopic
threads. Base excavate in the centre. Umbilicus one-fifth of
the shell's diameter, exhibiting the previous whorls. Aperture
round, lip thickened, above spreading on the previous whorl and
at the base projecting a callus tongue into the umbilicus. Major
diameter T8; minor 1-4; height *75.
Three specimens from sand on the lagoon shore, all of which
are unfortunately broken at the aperture.
This closely resembles Cyclostrema archeri, Tryon* from Singa-
pore, which is rather larger and more closely ribbed, but the basal
callus on the lip of the present form has decided me in considering
it generically and therefore specifically distinct from that.
TEINOSTOMA TRICARINATA, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 311, pi. xi.,
figs. 75 a. b.
Three specimens occurred on the sandy beach of the Funafuti
lagoon. The only other example known came from Lifu.
* Man. Conch, x., 1888, p. 89, pi. xxxiii., figs. 84, 86.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 407
ClRSONELLA OVATA, sp. UOV.
(Fig. 3).
Shell globose-ovate, thin, and semi-
transparent, white, narrowly umbilicate.
Whorls five, rounded, smooth, save for
delicate growth-striations, margined and
contracted below the suture. Aperture
oblique, elliptical. Lip sharp, columella
reflected. Length, 2, breadth 2 mm.
Fig. 3. Three specimens from the lagoon beach.
LIOTIA CRENATA, Kiener.
Tryon, Man. Conch, x., 1888, p. Ill, pi. xxxvi., figs. 12, 13.
One shell from the lagoon beach. This is represented in the
Australian Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Smith quotes
it from San Christoval, Solomons, and Melvill and Standen from
Lifu.
PHASIANELLA WISEMANNI, Baird.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, x., 1888, p. 181, pi. xxxix., figs. 73, 74.
Several specimens from the lagoon beach. Schrneltz unites
with this P. graffei, Bunker.* Already recorded from the Ellice,
Samoa, and Tonga, by Schmeltz. Reported by Pilsbry from Fiji
and New Hebrides.
PHASIANELLA MINIMA, Melvill.
Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. ii., 1896, p. 115, pi. viii., tig. 11.
Three shells from the lagoon beach seem to be referable to this
Bombay species.
STOMATELLA SANGUINEA, A. Adams.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xii., 1890, p. 18, pi. liii., figs. 85, 86.
Common as dead shells on the lagoon beach. Pilsbry notes
this species from Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, and the Paumotus; Schmeltz
adds Tahiti.
STOMATIA PHYMOTIS, Helbling.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 31, pi. liv., figs. 16, 17, 21, 22.
Dead shells were not rare on the lagoon beach. Pilsbry records
this species from Fiji, and Schmeltz from Upolu. In this Museum
it is shown from New Caledonia and the Louisiades.
GENA ROSACEA, Pease.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 41, pi. lv., fig. 12.
* Schmeltz Museum Godeffroy, Cat. v., J874, p. 145.
408 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Several empty shells from the lagoon beach. Hitherto only
recorded from the Paumotus.
TURBO PETHOLATUS, L., var. CALKDONICUS, Fischer.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, x., 1888, p. 194, pi. xlv., fig. 99.
A few dead shells were collected on the beaches.
This variety, of a peculiar colour pattern, and angled more or
less at the shoulder, is recorded by Fischer from New Caledonia,
and Anaa, Paumotus. A specimen in this Museum from the
Gilbert Islands shares this form and colour. Perhaps the typical
form is replaced in the Central Pacific by this variety.
TURBO SETOSUS, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 195, pi. Ixiii., fig. 32.
Abundant on the east coast of the atoll at low water on the
outer reef.
Fischer cites this species from New Caledonia, Tahiti, Paumotus,
Marquesas, and Gilberts; Schmeltz adds Samoa. It is also shown
in this Museum from the Solomons.
The opercula of the Funafuti examples agree with Fischer's
description,* but not with Pilsbry's, being white and smooth, ex-
cept on the distal margin, where they are brown and obliquely
wrinkled.
TURBO ARGYROSTOMUS, Linne.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 197, pi. xl., fig. 18; pi. xlii., fig. 41; pi. xlvi.,
fig. 8.
This species was less abundant ; it replaced the proceeding on
the western side of the atoll. Fischer indicates it from Tonga,
and from Anaa, Paumotus, and Schmeltz from Upolu. It is
represented in this Museum from the Solomons, New Caledonia,
Fanning Island, and Hawaii.
ASTRALIUM PETROSUM, Martyn.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 234, pi. Ixiv., figs. 65, 66.
I found this alive in the lagoon.
Pilsbry records this from New Caledonia, Fiji, and Hawaii.
An example from Woodlark Island, British New Guinea, is in
this Museum.
LEPTOTHYRA LA ETA, Montrouzier.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 258, pi. Ixiii., figs. 29, 30.
Common on the lagoon beach at Funafuti.
Pilsbry records this from Australia, Solomons, Fiji, and New
Caledonia.
* Fischer CoquiUes Vivantes, 1873, Turbo, p. 57.
THE MOLLU8CA HBDLEY. 409
DELPHINULA LACINIATA, Lamwrck.
Pilsbry, op. cit., p. 266, pi. Ixvii., figs. 1, 2, 4.
I collected a single worn shell on the sandbank in the centre
of the Funafuti lagoon.
It is recorded by Kiener* from New Ireland, by Melvill and
Standenf from the Loyalty, and there is a specimen in this
Museum collected by Pere Montrouzier at Woodlark Island,
British New Guinea.
NERITOPSIS RADULA, Linne.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 82, pi. xxix., fig. 68.
One dead shell was found on the beach.
Melvill and Standen record this from Lifu. Specimens from
New Caledonia are described by Fischer. J
NERITA ALBICILLA, Linne.
Martens, Conch. Cab. ii., 11, 1889, p. 25, pi. viii., figs. 1, 2.
One living example, found in the lagoon.
This species ranges south along the Australian coast to Sydney.
Von Martens cites Port Carteret, New Ireland, Solomons, New
Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Tahiti. A specimen from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, is in this Museum.
NERITA MAXIMA, Chemnitz.
Martens, op. cit., p. 29, pi. vi., figs. 1-5.
Two living shells from under stones between tides in the lagoon
of Funafuti.
Von Martens quotes for this Jaluit, Marshalls, Fiji, Samoa,
and Tahiti.
Specimens are in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
NERITA PLICATA, Linne.
Martens, op. cit., p. 63, pi. x., figs. 6-10.
This species occured at Funafuti in great profusion. The wave-
worn breccia of the outer beach, just above high tide, is its
favourite haunt. Here a hundred may be gathered from a few
square feet. Into any crevice they crawl and huddle together
like a cluster of Helix aspersa when hibernating. Their tenacity
is wonderful. Often when picking them out of a crevice in the
coral, I have pulled away the shell and found the foot and
operculum adhering to the rock, torn from the viscera left in the
* Kiener Coquilles Vivantes, 1873, Delphinula, p. 4.
t Melvill & Standen Op. cit., p. 126.
J Fischer Journ. de Conch, xxiii., 1875, p. 197.
410 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
shell. This mollusc sometimes ascends the trunks of trees in the
vicinity of the beach, and behaves more like a terrestrial than a
marine organism.
Martens quotes the following habitats from the Pacific : New
Guinea, Tucopia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, Uvea,
Futuna, Tongatabu, Tahiti, Borabora, Gambier, Paumotus, Mar-
quesas, Jaluit, Marshalls, Ponape, Guam, Carolines, and the
Mariannes. Material in this Museum enables me to add Erro-
manga, New Hebrides, and the Solomons.
At Port Moresby, British New Guinea, I was told that this
mollusc is locally called " mimi," meaning " to itch," because it
made the tongue of 'the eater sore.
NERITA POLITA, Linne.
Martens, op. cit., p. 72, pi. in., figs. 5, 10- 26; pi. xiv., figs. 1-18,
22-26.
One specimen of the typical form found alive in the lagoon of
Funafuti.
Martens cites this from Queensland, New Ireland, Solomons,
Fiji, Upolu, Samoa, Vavao, Tonga, Mangarewa, Society Islands,
and Hawaii. I can add Eromanga, New Hebrides.
NERITA INSCULPTA, Recluz.
Martens, op. cit., p. 88, pi. xi., figs. 1-4.
Two living specimens were found in the Funafuti lagoon.
Martens notices this from Upolu, Samoa, and Bowen, Queens-
land.
NERITINA RETICULATA, Sowerby.
Martens, Conch. Cab. ii., 10, 1879, p. 132, pi. xv., figs. 1 -3.
Several dead shells were found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Martens cites this from Nukuhiva, Marquesas, Tahiti, Bora-
bora, and Morutea. In this Museum it is reported from Strong
Island, New Caledonia, and the Solomons.
HELICINA MUSIVA, var. ROTUNDATA, Mousson.
Mousson, Journ. de Conch., xxi., 1873, p. 107.
Common at Funafuti. Graefie collected this at Vaitupu.
EULIMA PYRAMIDALIS, A. Adams.
Tryon, Man. Conch., viii., 1886, p. 270, pi. Ixviii., fig. 14.
Three examples from the lagoon beach.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
411
I cannot, from published data, separate the later described E.
solida, Sowb., and E. inftexa, Pease. Granted this synonomy,
the species extends to Fiji, Paumotus, and Hawaii.
EULIMA DECIPIENS, sp. HOV.
(Fig. 4).
Shell small, straight, rather broad, translucent,
glossy. Colour porcelainous white. Apex mucro-
nate. Whorls eleven, scarcely rounded, sculpture
none. Suture scarcely perceptible ; what first
appears to be the suture, proves with further
magnification to be the internal septa seen
through the shell substance. Aperture pyriform,
oblique, with a callous arched columella. Length
5, breadth 1| mm.
One living specimen from the lagoon.
This species somewhat resembles E. piriformis,
Brugnone, than which it is rather narrower. Fig. 4.
STYLIFER VARICIFERUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 5).
Shell ovate conical, thin, translucent and shining. Apex broken
but apparently acicular. Remaining whorls nine, of which the
Pig. 5.
latter are markedly tumid and narrow, giving the shell a squeezed
or telescoped aspect. The upper whorls are smooth and polished,
the lower gradually acquire an oblique, longitudinal sculpture
which becomes coarser as the shell proceeds and finally on the
412 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
last half whorl rise into sharp varices; on the latter three whorls
several weak spiral threads reticulate the transverse growth lines
and create angles below the suture and the periphery. Aperture
very oblique, lip sharp, sinuous, reflected, effuse anteriorly,
columella broad, arched, and reflected over a minute perforation.
Length 11, breadth 6| mm.
This species in size and general shape approaches S. eburneus,
Deshayes. But in the produced and effuse aperture it recedes from
that towards S. crotaphis, Watson. A single specimen was pro-
cured at Funafuti.
ODOSTOMIA BULIMOIDES, Souverbic.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 362, pi. Ixxix., fig. 69.
Several specimens which appear to be the young of this species
from the lagoon beach.
Described by Souverbie from New Caledonia and reported by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
ODOSTOMIA RUBEA, Pease.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 363, pi. Ixxix., fig. 75.
One living example from the lagoon. Pease procured the type
from the Paumotus.
PYRAMIDELLA DOLABRATA, var. TEREBELLOIDES, A. Adams.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 300, pi. Ixxii., fig. 74.
Two dead shells from the lagoon. There are specimens of this
in the Museum from Hawaii, under the name of Obeliscus sul-
catus, Nuttall.
PYRAMIDELLA TURRITA, A. Adams.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 301, pi. Ixxii., figs. 84, 85.
A few dead shell from the lagoon beach. Tryon records this
from New Caledonia.
In these two latter species, aged or adult individuals develop
plicae within the lip, a fact omitted in monographs.
PYRAMIDELLA MITRALIS, A. Adams.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 305, pi. Ixxiii., figs. 2, 3, 94, 97.
Two dead shells from the lagoon beach. Tryon quotes this
from Tahiti; Melvill and Standen from Lifu. In this Museum it
it represented from Guam, New Caledonia, and Lord Howe Island.
OBTORTIO, gen. nov.
A shell of the Turbonillidae, small, conical. Apex of two minute
discoidal whorls, half buried in a larger and longitudinally ribbed
whorl, to which succeeds a ribbed and tabulate whorl ; these
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
413
together constituting a mucronate tip. On the next whorl, which
is also tabulate, the longitudinal sculpture almost disappears and
spiral lyne arise. Subsequently these latter are cancellated by a
reappearance of the longitudinal ribs. Aperture oval with a
broad and reflected columella, no varix.
Type Rissoa pyrrhacme, Melvill & Standen.
OBTORTIO PYRRHACME, Melvill & Standen.
Fig. 6.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 310, pi. xi.,
fig. 70.
These authors describe from Lifu, Loyalty Islands : "A pure
white ochre tipped shell, whorls eight or nine, much swollen,
longitudinally ribbed, spirally closely sulcate, aperture round, lip
simple, a little effuse." This account is illustrated by a figure too
small to give details of sculpture, aperture or apex. To identify
a species from such data is a little hazardous, but the brown point
to the white shell is a peculiar feature which leads me to see in
"Rissoa pyrrhacme" a common New Caledonian shell, long known
to the local collectors under the, doubtless erroneous, name of
"Fenella pupoides, Adams.''* I have collected this at Panie,
New Caledonia, a day's sail from Lifu, whence Melvill and Standen
derived Rissoa pyrrhacme.
Among shell sand on the lagoon
beach of Funafuti I gathered a
dozen specimens specifically in-
separable from the Panie shells
which I thus identified. They are
smaller than Melvill and Standen 's
specimens, being barely four milli-
metres in length, whereas theirs
are six, the tips, unlike my Panie
examples, are faintly and barely
touched with colour, as if singed by
fire. In contour they exhibit much
variety ; two examples are drawn
to the same scale to illustrate diversity of proportion, perhaps a
sexual feature. The apex, which I hold to exhibit characters of
generic importance, consists first of two very minute whorls which
are almost buried in the succeeding whorl. These are very diffi-
cult to observe, being seen in two instances only in the series
examined. A globose whorl, longitudinally ribbed, sometimes
only obliquely wrinkled, commences the real spire. This, the
subsequent whorl and the tip, together form an acicular point to
the shell when viewed through a hand-lens. The second, third,
and fourth whorls are tabulate, lending a pagoda aspect to the
Fig. 6.
* Cf. Schraeltz Cat. Godeffroy Museum, v., 1874, p. 104.
414
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
upper spire. These are the whorls stained chestnut, so dark as
to be almost black, in the New Caledonian specimens. The larger
whorls are closely corded by spiral lyrse, having smaller lyrae in
their interstices. Weak, longitudinal ribs undulate the central
whorls and appear on the last whorl, but vanish there before
reaching the periphery. The columella lip is broad and reflected,
obliquely ridged within and sharply bent above. The aperture
is perpendicular, ovate and grooved within.
Rissoa joviana of Melvill and Standen* appears to me to be an
absolute synonym of Alaba fulva, Watson, f These and Aloha
striata, WatsonJ should enter the same genus as pyrrhacme.
Indeed I am not satisfied that all four names do not apply to
aspects of one polymorphic species.
SCALA UEVOLUTA, Sp. nOV.
(Fig. 7).
Shell minute, white, with smooth coiled apex
and variced, solute, subsequent whorls. Whorls
six, of which the apical three are smooth and in
contact, the fourth commences to uncoil and the
remainder are widely separate. Varices eight
on the last whorl, with an anterior corner,
slightly elevated ; between the varices the shell
is smooth and glossy. Aperture broken in the
type example, but apparently circular. Length
3, breadth 1-5 mm.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
The only shell for which the novelty might
be mistaken is S. hyalina, Sowerby. Judging
from Sowerby's d rawing that differs by being
much larger, broader, uncoiled to the tip, though less apart
latterly, and by more numerous and serrate varices.
SCALA PAUMOTENSIS, Pease.
Tryon, Man. Conch, ix., 1887, p. 65, pi. xiii., fig. 16.
Four specimens from the lagoon beach. Cited by Tryon from
Fiji, Gilberts, and Paumotus.
SCALA SUBAUBICULATA, Souverbie.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 67, pi. xiv., figs. 21, 22.
Four specimens from the lagoon beach correspond fairly well
with New Caledonian examples.
Fig. 7.
* Op. cit.. p. 309, pi. xi. ( fig. 69.
t Chall. Eeport, xv., 1886, p. 571, pi. xlii., figs, fi a. 6.
j Op. cit., 569, pi. xlii., figs. 6 a. 6.
Thesaurus Conch. I., 1847, pi. xxxii., figs. 21, 22.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
415
SCALA OVALIS, Sowerby.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 69, pi. xiv., fig. 40.
With doubt I refer here a species obtained on the lagoon shore.
SCALIOLA LAPILLIFEBA, 8p. UOV.
(Fig. 8).
Shell ovate conical, broad for the genus,
white, thin and translucent. Whorls seven,
rounded, the earlier closely coiled, the later
looser, surface obscurely marked by growth
striae. Apical whorls smooth and bare ; the
rest beset with adherent sand grains more
closely disposed about and below the peri-
phery. Aperture round, free from the preced-
ing whorl, with expanded and reflected lip.
Length 2, breadth 1 mm.
Three examples from the sandy beach of
the lagoon.
This is smaller and proportionately broader
than other Scaliola and especially differs by
the almost solute whorls. It is less coated
with adherent matter than S. caledonica.
Fig. 8.
IANTHINA, sp.
Specimens of an lanthina too young to determine specifically
occurred on the outer beach.
NATICA VIOLACEA, Sowerby.
Tryon, Man. Conch, viii., 1886, p. 18, pi. iii., fig. 41.
One dead and broken example from the beach of the lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji ; Melvill and Standen from Lifu. In
this Museum it is represented from the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea
and New Caledonia.
NATICA MAROCHIENSIS, Gmelin.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 22, pi. v., figs. 74-96 ; pi. vii., fig. 36; pi. viii.,
fig. 49.
Several dead shells occurred on the lagoon beach.
Melvill and Standen quote this from Lifu. In this Museum its
Australian range is shown to be from Torres Straits to Sydney,
and it is also represented from the New Hebrides, New Caledonia
and Hawaii.
NATICA MANILLA, Linne.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 49, pi. xv., fig. 43; pi. xvi., figs. 46, 48; pi xvii.,
figs. 65, 69.
One specimen was obtained attached to a native ornament as
described ante p. 247.
416 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
This Museum contains representatives from Queensland, British
New Guinea, New Caledonia and Hawaii.
NATICA MELANOSTOMA, Gmelin.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 50, pi. xxi., tigs. 13-18; pi. xxii., fig. 21.
A few empty shells were picked up on the beach of the lagoon.
Examples from Eagle Island, Queensland, British New Guinea
and New Caledonia are shown in this Museum.
NATICA UMBILICATA, Quoy & Gaimard.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 52, pi. xxii., fig. 26.
Several dead shells, not specifically distinguishable from this
Australian species, were collected on the beach of the lagoon.
The Museum series show it to range from Adelaide to Sydney.
VANIKORO GUERINIANA, Recluz.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 68, pi. xxix., fig. 62.
Several specimens were found aliye in a crevice on the outer
reef at low tide.
CAPULUS INTORTUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, Man. Conch, viii., 1886, p. 131, pi. xxxix., figs. 75, 76.
Several dead shells were collected on the beach of the lagoon.
Tyron quotes this from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is preserved in this Museum from Norfolk Island
and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
CAPULUS VIOLACEUS, Angas.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 132, pi. xxxix., fig. 81.
Several specimens were gathered dead on the lagoon beach.
Examples of this species are before me from Sydney Harbour
and the New Hebrides.
HIPPONYX AUSTRALIS, Quoy.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 136, pi. xli., figs. 9-15.
Only found alive as a commensal on the opercula of the large
Pteroceras.
Tryon cites this from Fiji and New Guinea, and Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Torres Straits.
MITRULARIA EQUESTRIS, var. TORTiLis, Reeve.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 138, pi. xliii., figs. 53-59, 61 - 67.
Common dead in the high tide driftage on the shore of the
lagoon. Once found alive in a crevice of a coral block.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 417
TRUNCATELLA YALIDA, Pfeiffer.
PfeifFer, Zeits. Malak.,1846, p. 182; Conch. Cab., i., "Truncatella,"
1855, p. 11, pi. ii., figs. 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 23.
Truncatella vitiana, Gould, Moll., U.S. Explor. Exped., 1852, p.
109, pi. viii., figs. 126, 126a, 1266.
Abundant at Funafuti where it has already been found by
Graeffe.* This belongs to a semi-marine, semi-terrestrial assem-
blage of which I have already written that "The smallest islands
which possess any life at all are usually stocked by these forms,
which appear to range from Ceylon in the west, to the Sandwich
Islands in the east, and to be limited north and south by the
tropics."!
Gould remarked that T. vitiana, admitted to be variable in
size, " is not very different from T. valida" The differences in
sculpture, small perforation, basal keel and posterior fusion of the
ribs, on which he relied to separate the two, are shown by a series
before me to be quite inconstant features. Smith says,! " When
the genus is re-monographed, it is probable that some older name
will be discovered to replace that of valida." A sentence which
admirably expresses the assistance tendered by London writers
to students of the Pacific Mollusca.
OMPHALOTROPIS ZEBRIOLATA, Mousson.
Mousson, Journ. cle Conch., xiii., 1865, p. 181, pi. xiv., fig. 11 ; xxi ,
1873, p. 108 ; Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 308.
mplialotropis rotumana, Smith, Ann. Mag. .Nat. Hist., (6). xx.,
1897, p. 552.
Abundant under sticks and stones on the main islet of Funafuti.
It had already been found here by Graeffe, who also observed it
at Nukufetau, Vaitupu, and Niutao in the Ellice, Nukuiona,
Uvea, Kanathia, Fiji, and Wallis Island. Authentic specimens
of the unfigured 0. rotomana enable me to confidently unite
this with Mousson's species. Some such conclusion seems indeed
to have been anticipated by Smith, who alludes to this and others
as likely to "eventually prove to be slight variations of already
known species."
ASSIMINEA NITIDA, Pease.
Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 314.
Abundant on Funafuti, where it had already been collected by
Graetfe.
Garrett, who gives a complete bibliography says : "This small
species is generally distributed throughout all the groups from the
Paumotus to the Viti Islands and New Caledonia."
* Mousson Journ. de Concb. xxi.. 1873, p. 109.
t Hedley Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) vi., 1891, p. 101.
I Smith Journ. Malak. v., 1896, p. 21.
Cc
418
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
RlSSOA INVISIBILIS, sp. DOV.
(Fig.
Shell small, sturdy,
conic ovate. Colour
white. Whorls four.
Sculpture distant,
longitudinal, sharp
costse are crossed by
three similar spiral
ribs, which together
divide the surface
into nearly square
compartments ; at
the intersections are
small projections.
One spiral ridge
alone appears on the
Fig- 9. penultimate whorl,
both it and the longitudinals vanish on the whorl above. The
base is flattened, umbilicus narrow and deep. Aperture round,
columella slightly sinuate, recurved over the umbilicus, lip with
a heavy varix. Length 1'15, breadth '63 mm.
One specimen from the sand of the lagoon shore.
Shape and sculpture ally this to the group including R. trajectus,
Watson. The heavy lip, open pattern of ornament, and com-
parative breadth of the shell clearly distinguish the novelty, one
of the smallest of the genus, from any known form.
RISSOINA EXASPERATA, Souverbie.
(Pig. 10).
Souverbie, Journ. de Conch., xiv., 1866, p. 259, pi.
ix., fig. 10.
To this species is referred with doubt a series from
Funafuti. The published account is insufficient for
accurate determination, and my principal reason for
considering the Ellice shell to be R. exasperata is its
identity with a common New Caledonian shell
which I have myself collected at Panie, N.C., and
have received from Noumea, from Mr. R. 0.
Rossiter, That Conchologist regards it as R. ex-
asperata, and it answers fairly to Souverbie's
description as far as that goes, but it is less easy to reconcile it
with his figure.
This figure, perhaps drawn from a worn specimen, was so badly
copied by Weinkauff* as to almost eliminate the name character
and represents a smooth exasperata. Tryou unfortunately appears
Pig. 10.
Conchylien Cabinet, i., 22, 1885, p. 54, pi. xiv., fig. 10.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 419
to have accepted the copy, bad beyond recognition, as original, and
copied it* in preference to Souverbie's. To the habitat he adds Fiji.
As a synonym I would add the name of Rissoina quasillus,
Melvill and Standenf from Lifu. Neither figure nor description
of this are sufficient for decision, we are not told how many ribs
there are, whether continuous or discontinuous, etc., yet there
seems nothing incompatible between JK. quasillus and the shell under
discussion. That these authors should have failed to institute a
comparison between their supposed novelty and a shell so similar
from the same locality, suggests that they overlooked Souverbie's
description.
Since so much confusion has enveloped K. exasperata, it is not
superfluous to present a drawing (Fig. 10) and remarks upon the
Funafuti specimens.
Shell elongated, when well preserved slightly turriculated,
varies slightly in being more slender or more stout. Dead shells
are white. A fresh specimen has within the aperture four narrow,
spiral lines of golden brown ; outside, another such line colours
the anterior spiral lyra of the antipenultimate whorl, two such
the second and third of the penultimate, and three such the
second, third, and fifth lyrse respectively of the ultimate whorl.
Other worn specimens show traces of this colour pattern. On the
last whorl there are nineteen or twenty stout, narrow, erect, longi-
tudinal ribs, half the breadth of their interstices ; these arise at
the suture, and maintain an even size to the base, on attaining
which they suddenly cease. These ribs are repeated on the pre-
ceding whorls ; they are not continuous from whorl to whorl, but
each arises and ends between the projections of predecessors and
successors. They are fewer and relatively stronger on the earlier
whorls, being indicated on the second and fully developed on the
fourth.
On the last whorl there are five spiral cords, which are half
the height of the longitudinal ribs. At the point of intersection
a bead arises on the ribs. The hollows in the lattice work thus
formed are square and are minutely spirally striated. The base
is encircled by two or three small and finely beaded lyrse. Three
spiral cords ascend for three whorls, growing weaker as they
proceed. The first whorl is dome-shaped, and the second keeled.
These specimens are 2| to 3 J mm. long, and have seven to eight
whorls.
Occurred in the lagoon in shallow water.
The Chevert Expedition reported this species from Palm and
Darnley Islands, Queensland. .The Museum also possesses a series
presented by Mrs. J. G. Waterhouse, who collected them at Lord Ho we
* Tryon Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 384, pi. Ivii., fig. 96.
t Melvill & Standen Journ. Conch., viii., 1897, p. 308, pi. xi., fig. 65.
420
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Island. These measure 5 mm. in length, and have an additional
spiral cord.
Though certainly distinct, R. transenna, Watson, has much
resemblance to this species. R. clathrata, Adams, appears to
differ slightly by coarser sculpture.
RlSSOINA GEMMEA, Sp. nOV.
(Fig. 11).
Shell narrow, conical, white. Whorls eight (including two em-
bryonic), rounded, suture lightly impressed. Embryonic whorls
smooth, shining, apparently two, but a study of several species of
the genus suggests that the topmost apparent
whorl may contain several whorls wound in the
same plane and concealed within the outermost.
Sculpture the last whorl is evenly and closely
latticed by the intersection of eleven slender
spiral cords, and about forty-two delicate longi-
tudinal ribs ; a smooth shining bead marks each
crossing of the sculpture. The longitudinal ribs
are slightly stronger than the spiral cords, a
quarter of the breadth of their interstices,
slightly oblique and curved; they cross regularly
from base to suture and continue without stop-
page at the suture, from whorl to whorl of the
spire. Ascending the upper whorls, the spiral
cords become fewer and gradually vanish leaving
as vestiges a few denticles on the ribs. The spaces
enclosed by the major sculpture are square shallow
pits, spirally striated. Round the base are wound
throe or four irregularly beaded cords.
Aperture oblique, produced in front, contracted anteriorly to a
short spout ; columella sharply recurved at the base, extending
across the body-whorl as a thick layer of callus ; posteriorly the
lip is sharply folded at its junction with the body whorl. The
outer lip is much thickened, grooved upon the inner face, denticu-
late on the profile and with a heavy callus behind. Length 4,
breadth 1| mm.
One specimen in shallow water in the lagoon.
In this species the grains seem to be smaller and more numerous
than in any other beaded Rissoina described.
RlSSOINA POLYTROPA, Sp. nOV.
(Fig. 12).
Shell ovate, fusiform, narrow, white. Suture impressed. Whorls
seven, including two embryonic. The last whorl descends from
the spiral plane of its predecessors until reaching the aperture,
when it ascends suddenly and rapidly, the varix mounting up the
preceding whorl for three tiers of spiral lyrse. The shell is thus
Fig. n.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
421
thrown out of symmetry with most Rissoina.
Sculpture as usual with the genus, the longi-
tudinal sculpture predominates to begin with ;
the third, or first sculptured, whorl show-
ing a few stout plications. On the following
whorl fine spiral threads are visible in the
interstices ; on the whorl beneath these are
magnified to substantial lyrse ; *nd on the next
or penultimate they have doubled in number,
and rival the longitudinal in stature, at their
intersection beads appear. On the last whorl
the longitudinal, as such, have faded away, their
influence showing in fine beads perceptible on
the sutural and less distinct on a few of the
nearer lyrse; the spiral lyrse have now increased Fig. 12.
to nearly thirty, the anterior smooth, the pos-
terior with evanescent beading. These are sharply raised threads,
half the width of their interstices, evenly arranged, extending
from th? suture to the anterior point of the shell where they are
smaller and more crowded. Aperture almost perpendicular, oval,
anteriorly with a short perpendicular spout which falls short of
the anterior margin ; columella broad, obliquely and sharply
truncated. From this truncation a wide and thick callus extends
across the body whorl to the posterior angle of the aperture. Here
the lip is sharply bent. The outer bevelled lip projects broadly as
a heavy varix crossed by fifteen of the spiral lyrse, the central
couple of which are smaller and nearer together. Length 4,
breadth 2 mm.
Five specimens in shallow water in the lagoon.
The extinction of longitudinal and the supremacy of spiral
sculpture is unfrequent in the genus. Such species have been
separated by Nevill as the Section Morchiella. From all there
included the novelty differs by smaller size, more numerous lyrse,
and truncated columella.
RISSOINA PLICATA, Adams.
(Fig. 13).
Adams, Proc.Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 264; Mohrenstern,
Denk. Akad. Wiss., xix., 1860, p. 125, pi. iii.,
fig. 21; Weinkauff, Conch. Cab., i., 22, 1885,
p. 23, pi. viii., figs. 5, 6.
Rissoina turricula, Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860,
p. 438.
Two specimens from Funafuti are thus deter-
mined. The species appears to vary greatly in size.
Whereas the type is described as being 5| mm.
long, the Ellice examples are but 2 mm. The
Fig. 13.
422 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
development of the basal rib, and the number of longitudinal
plications vary also. The transverse markings are not grooves,
as Adams' description would mislead one to suppose, but elevated
threads. The difficulty I found in naming this species induces me
to offer a drawing for the assistance of others.
Authentic specimens of R. turricula, Pease, from Hawaii, en-
able me to unite it with the above, a conclusion which Weinkauff's
bad figures would not have suggested.
A specimen from British New Guinea is contained in this
Museum. Tryon quotes jR. turricula from Fiji.
RlSSOINA AMBIGUA, Gould.
Gould, Moll., U.S. Explor, Exped., p. 217, pi. xv., figs. 261a-c;
Tryon, Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 371, pi. lv., figs. 27, 29, 31,
35 ; pi. liv., fig. 7.
A few worn specimens were collected on the lagoon beach.
They belong to a variety with smaller and more numerous ribs
on the last whorl than the type.
This is one of the most abundant and widespread species in the
Pacific. It was first found in the Paumotus Group. I have
seen specimens from Tahiti. Pease found it in the Hawaiian and
Garrett in the Fijian Islands. I have collected it in Port Moresby,
New Guinea, and again at Panic, New Caledonia.
RISSOINA AFFINIS, Garrett.
Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 212, pi. ii.,
fig. 10.
One specimen from the lagoon beach resembles Garrett's figure
and description, but differs in being microscopically striated above
and below the periphery, and also in being eight instead of 5 mm.
long.
RISSOINA SPIHATA, var. SUPBACOSTATA, Garrett.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 209, pi. ii., fig. 1 ; Tryon, LOG. cit., p. 388.
A small specimen, even more drawn out than Garrett's figure,
from the lagoon beach.
DlALA VIBGATA, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 14).
Shell imperforate, narrow, regularly conical, obtusely angled at
the periphery, blunt at the tip, surface dull. Colour most variable,
typically about half-a-dozen broad, irregular, opaque, white stripes
extend longitudinally upon a translucent white ground from the
suture to beyond the periphery of the last whorl, and cross the
full breadth of the earlier ones. The translucent ground, but not
the opaque patches, are crossed by an indefinite number, commonly
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 423
from eight to sixteen, spiral brown threads.
These lines sometimes'coalesce and produce a
colour pattern of opaque white blotches on
a dark chestnut ground. The opaque white
spaces vary in number and extent; when re-
stricted they appear as a series of rhombs
on the periphery and triangles on the suture;
by confluence these form longitudinal ragged
stripes and separate the barred or brown
tracts into rough ovals. This colouration is
visible within the aperture. Sculpture
longitudinal growth lines are perceptible; .
the whole body whorl is evenly spaced by
about a dozen, wide, very shallow grooves, upon the narrow in-
tervening ridges of which are apt to occur the chestnut bars ; the
peripheral groove is the most distinct. Whorls seven, gradually
increasing, slightly rounded ; embryonic whorl one, minute, tur-
binate. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture slightly oblique,
ovate, pointed posteriorly, rounded and effuse anteriorly ; colum-
ella reflected, stained medially with chestnut ; callus on body
whorl slight, outer lip straight, simple. Operculum thin, corneous,
ovate, paucispiral. Length 2f, breadth 1 mm.
"Very abundant ; alive on stones and shells in shallow water in
the lagoon.
This species differs from D. albugo, Watson, and D. ludens,
Melvill and Standen, by a dull instead of a glossy surface, and
by the opaque tracts occurring in larger continuous sheets instead
of being scattered in small and numerous dots.
From the description of Rissoa flammea, Pease,* I suppose that
it is either the same or very like the shell before me.
DIALA HARDYI, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1895, p. 118, pi. ii.,
fig. 10.
This species is common in the lagoon. I have identified it with
a species I took at Panie, New Caledonia, which answers to the
account of the Lifu shell.
SOLARIUM HYBRIDUM, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch, ix., 1887, p. 14, pi. v., figs. 59-62.
A dead example from the lagoon beach.
Recognised by Melvill and Standen from Lifu, by Schmeltz
from Samoa, Tonga, and Cook's Islands, and represented in this
Museum from Teste Island, Louisiades.
* Pease Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 297, pi. xxiv., fig. 33.
424 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
HELIACUS DISCOIDEUS, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 21, pi. vi., fig. 6.
One dead shell from the shore of the lagoon. Previously known
only from the Paumotus.
LITTORINA OBESA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 247, pi. xliii., fig. 53.
In great profusion at and above high water-mark, on stones
and even tree stems, on the windward beach of the atoll, in com-
pany with Nerita, Truncatella, and Melampus.
Recorded by Melvill and Standen from Lifu, by Smith* from
Rotuma, and shown in this Museum from Eddystone Island
(Solomons), Vate (New Hebrides), the Gilberts, and Fanning
Island.
MODULUS TECTUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit , p. 260, pi. xlviii., figs. 87 - 89.
One dead shell was found on the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji and Hawaii ; Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is in this Museum from New Caledonia.
RISELLA CONOIDALIS, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 263, pi. 1., fig. 38.
Dead shells were not uncommon on the sandy beach of the lagoon.
The species was originally described from the Paumotus. I
have collected it at Panie, New Caledonia. Schmeltz mentions
it from Tahiti. There can, I think, be little doubt that the shell
described twelve years later from Lifu by Montrouzierf as Echi-
nella gaidei is identical.
PLESIOTROCHUS SOUVERBIANUS, Fischer.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 264, pi. 1., figs. 44 - 46.
Not rare as dead shells on the sandy shore of the lagoon.
Originally described from Lifu.
FOSSARUS LAMELLOSUS, Montrouzier.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 271, pi. Hi., fig. 7.
Three dead shells were found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon. The type from New Caledonia is described as imperforate,
but these have a deep and narrow umbilicus.
PLAVAXIS SULCATUS, Born.
Tryon, lo.c cit., p. 276, pi. Hi., figs. 22-27, 31, 32.
* Smith Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) xx., 1897, p. 523.
f Montrouzier Journ. de Conch., xxvii., 1879, p. 62, pi. iii., figs. 3, 3a.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
425
I found this gregarious species in great numbers under stones
between tide marks on the lagoon shore of Funafuti. Tenison
Woods has described this as occurring in similar positions and
abundance in tropical Queensland.*
In this Museum it is represented from Torres Straits and Port
Molle, Queensland, and the Solomons.
PLANAXIS LINEATUS, Da Costa.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 278, pi. liii., figs. 49 - 57, 59, 63-66; pi. lii., figs.
38 - 48.
This species is also markedly gregarious. Little colonies
occurred under stones between tide marks on the outer reef of
Funafuti.
Tryon mentions this from the Solomons, Tahiti and Paumotus.
Melvill and Standen record it under the synonym of P. viraatus,
Smith, from Lifu. Smith gives it from Fiji.f I have collected it at
Oubatche, New Caledonia, and this Museum has it from Hawaii and
the New Hebrides.
MELANIA MAGENI, Gassies.
Gassies, Faune Conchyliologique de la Nouvelle Caledonie, 1863,
part i., p. 95, pi. vi., fig. 10.
Abundant in the native wells at Funafuti.
First described from New Caledonia, and lately recognised by
Smith from Rotuma. Contrary to the priority given by Brot
and Crosse this species has page precedence over M. montrouzieri,
CAECUM VERTEBRALE, sp. nov.
(Fig. 15).
Caecum sp., De Folin, Challenger Reports, Zoology,
xv., 1886, p. 684, pi. ii., fig. 12.
Shell of moderate size for the genus, white
(? bleached), rather curved, slightly tapering,
ornamented with twenty-five strong, pretty regular
rounded, transverse rings, which are separated by
interstices of corresponding breadth and depth.
Septum a low rounded dome. Length 2-15,
breadth -56 mm.
A single perfect specimen, gathered on the sandy
shore of the lagoon, is with some confidence identi-
fied with a nameless fragment dredged by the
"Challenger "off Honolulu.
Fig. 15.
* Tenison Woods Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W., v., 1881, p. 108.
f Smith Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xii., 1876, p. 552.
426
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CAECUM EXILE, De Folin.
De Folin, loc. cit., p. 687, pi. iii., figs. 20 - 22.
Four specimens of this were collected with the preceding. That
two are a pale umber colour suggests that the unique shell dredged
by the " Challenger" off Tongatabu and described as crystalline,
was faded. I have also taken this at Panie, New Caledonia.
CAECUM GULOSUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 16).
Shell white, slender, rather, curved, suddenly
expanded behind the aperture, concentrically sculp-
tured by fine close threads which grow coarser
anteriorly. Septum much exserted, flattened distally
and with two rough ring ridges. Length 1'8, breadth
4 mm.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
Nearest to C. attenuatum which is narrower and
more curved, also allied to C. amputatum, Hedley,*
from which it differs by being smaller and of a more
Fig. 16. slender build.
VEEMETUS MAXIMUS, Sowerby.
(Fig. 17).
Tryon, Man. Conch, viii., 1886, p. 184, pi. lv., figs. 89, 90;
Morch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 166.
The Funafuti people consider this species good food, and call it
" gea." It occurs in abundance in large clumps of Millepora
growing on the lagoon side of the southern horn of the main islet.
Here the earlier and irregularly coiled whorls were imbedded in
the coral mass, but the last half foot of the tube stood up erect
and free. What I consider the same species also grew, though
rarely, on the outer reef-flat at low water, where it was altogether
prostrate and had a more pronounced keel.
One fine specimen is thirty-five mm. across the aperture. Within
the shell is white, smooth and porcellanous, at the slightly everted
lip it has a faint purple tinge which soon fades. Externally it
has a longitudinal, dorsal keel or crest, and is concentrically
furrowed by growth lines. The distal part of the tube is, perhaps
as a repair after injury, sometimes plugged with a shelly wad.
The animal is bold and active, if touched it shrinks two or three
inches down the tube, but soon recovers confidence and rises to
the aperture. The mantle margin is sometimes entire, sometimes
notched dorsally. The long thick retractor or columella muscle
is ventral.
* Hedley Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., (2) viii., 1893, p. 604,
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 427
Beneath the head is a flap terminating anteriorly in two pro-
cesses and arising from a deep cleft between the mouth and the
operculum. Treating of the same or an allied species from Guam,
Quoy and Gaimard* describe this as an anti-buccal appendage and
figure it from above. I regard it as the relic of a degenerated
propodium. The accompanying sketch (Fig. 17) in profile, of an
animal half drawn out of the shell and stript of the operculum, will
better convey an idea of this organ than figures taken from above.
Fig. 17.
When a gasteropod retreats into the shell it doubles the foot either
lengthwise, as in some inoperculate forms, or across, as in most oper-
culates. In the latter case when completely retracted, the foot is so
folded head to tail that the anterior half of the sole is applied to the
posterior ; the operculum then closes the aperture. In a sedentary
form this position of retraction might become permanent. Where
the foot never serves for progression, but continues to maintain a
useful operculum, it is easy to imagine that the fore part of the
folded foot would become atrophied and that as it diminished the
hind part would enlarge. This is the history suggested for the
shrunken propodium of Vermetus, which lies tucked away between
the mouth and the operculum. The process of evolution perhaps
continued in the direction of utilising the appendices of the pro-
podium as tentacles.
This species was collected by Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Pau-
niotus, and opercula of it were received from Lifu by Melvill and
Standen. In a preceding article (p. 243) I have quoted a descrip-
tion of a mollusc from Mangaiia, called " ungakoa," which is
probably this. In Java it is known as " karang," which Morch
translates as " coral tube." The only Pacific shell with which
this can be confused is the pipe-like Kuphus arenarius, L.
VERMETUS, sp.
A second species of this genus, somewhat resembling V. grandis,
Gray,f or V. imbricatus, Dunker, also occurred.
TURRITELLA coNCAVA, Martens.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 206 V pi. Ixiv., fig. 6.
* Quoy & Gaimard Voy. "Astrolabe," Zoologie, iii., 1835, p. 295, pi.
Ixvii., figs. 13 - 15.
t Tryon Man. Conch., viii., 1886, p. 182, pi. liv., fig. 79.
428 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Two imperfect shells from the lagoon correspond to examples
of this Mauritian species.
STROMBUS LENTIGINOSUS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch, vii., 1885, p. 110, pi. iii., figs. 23, 24.
One dead shell I picked up on the Funafuti beach.
Tryon gives the localities of New Caledonia and Fiji ; in this
Museum it is from British New Guinea and the Solomons.
STROMBUS FLORIDUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 119, pi. vii., figs. 73 - 76, 80, 83.
Abundant alive in shallow water in the lagoon, associated with
S. luhuanus.
Cuming saw this in the Society Islands, Tryon quotes it from
Fiji, and Von Martens from Samoa.* It ranges along the Aus-
tralian coast south to Sydney. In this Museum it is represented
from Teste Island, Louisiades, Erromanga, New Hebrides, and
Hawaii.
STROMBUS DENTATUS, var. RUGOSUS, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 119, pi. vii., fig. 72.
Abundant alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
Schmeltz records this from Samoa and Tonga, f
STROMBUS H^EMASTOMA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 120, pi. vii., fig. 78.
Recorded from the Ellice Group by Schmeltz. \
STROMBUS TEREBELLATUS, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 121, pi. viii., fig. 87.
Alive, with the preceding, but uncommon.
Tryon notes this from Fiji, and it has already been recorded
from the Ellice Group by Schmeltz. It is shown in this Museum
from New Guinea.
STROMBUS GIBBERULUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 121, pi. viii., fig. 85.
Only seen in a dead state on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Cuming found this at the Society Islands. Tryon gives it from
New Guinea, Fiji, and the Paumotus ; and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Torres Straits, Louisiades,
and New Hebrides.
* Martens Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 189.
t Schmeltz Mus. Godeffroy, Cat. v., 1874, p. 112.
I Schmeltz Loc. cit., p. 142.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
429
STROMBUS SAMAR, Dillwyn.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 121, pi. viii., fig. 88.
Mr. G. Sweet procured one specimen.
STROMBUS LUHUANUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 122, pi. viii., figs. 91, 92.
Abundant alive on sandy patches between rocks in the lagoon
of Funafuti. The natives call it " paneia " and esteem it as
food.
Tryon quotes it from New Guinea and Fiji, and Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. It extends along the Australian coast south
to Sydney.*
PTEROCERA AURANTIA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 124, pi. ix., fig. 5.
One imperfect but recognisable specimen from Funafuti.
Schmeltz quotes this from Samoa and the Carolines.! It is in
this Museum from Fiji.
PTEROCERA BYRONIA, Gmelin.
(Fig. 18).
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 124.
A native guided me to the haunt of this
mollusc, a gravel fiat on the western side of
the lagoon, on which the water was waist-
deep at low tide. Here I collected numerous
living examples. All the older specimens, though
alive, had lost the fingers of the shell, which dis-
figured them almost beyond specific recognition.
(Fig. 18). Mr. Whitelegge has pointed out to me
that the callous lining of the aperture is every-
where perforated by some vegetable organisms,
probably algse. He suggests that their action
has resulted in these mutilations.
On the opercula of most specimens were seated lg '
a couple of Hipponyx australis, Quoy.
The natives, who termed it " karea," valued it for food both
raw and roasted, and in ancient times used it as an edge for
various implements. By mistake, I have referred to this species
in preceding pages (pp. 67 and 263) as P. lambis.
Cuming collected this species in the Society islands, the Chevert
Expedition in Torres Straits, and specimens have been received
by this Museum from Erromanga, New Hebrides.
* Hedley Proc. Linn. Soc N.S.W., xxi., 1896, p. 88.
t Schmeltz Mus. Godeffroy Cat. v., 1874, p. 141.
430 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PTEROCERA RUGOSA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 126, pi. x., fig. 12.
I saw a living specimen in the hands of another member of our
party, and picked up a dead shell on the beach.
Cuming found this at the Society Islands. New Caledonian
examples are contained in this Museum.
TEREBELLUM SUBULATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit , p. 131, pi. xi., figs. 27 - 30.
Only twice seen, and that in a dead state, on the shore of the
Funafuti lagoon.
Schmeltz records this from Samoa, Fiji, and the Pelews. The
Chevert Expedition took it in Torres Straits. Melvill and Standen
cite it from Lifu. In this Museum it is from the Bampton Reef
and Aneiteum, New Hebrides. I have also taken it at Port
Moresby, British New Guinea, and Noumea, New Caledonia.
CERITHIUM NODULOSUM, Bruguiere.
Tryon, loc .cit., ix., 1887, p. 122, pi. xix., figs. 13, 14; pi. xx.,
fig. 15.
A small form, only 70 mm. or so in length, was not uncommon
alive at low water mark on the reefs in the lagoon. This species
was observed in Torres Straits by the "Chevert" Expedition.
CERITHIUM COLUMNA,
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pi. xx., figs. 17 - 20.
Frequent on the lagoon beach. It is represented in this
Museum from Moreton Bay, Queensland, New Caledonia, Fann-
ing Island and Hawaii. Smith reports it from San Christoval,
Solomons, Schmeltz from Samoa and the Paumotus, and Melvill
and Standen from the Loyalties ; it was taken in Fiji by the
"Challenger," and in Torres Straits by the " Chevert" Expeditions.
CERITHIUM CITRINUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pi. xx., figs. 21-23.
Three specimens of a dwarf form, only 7 mm. long, from the
lagoon beach are referred to this species. Already recorded from
the Ellice by Schmeltz.
CERITHIUM ECHINATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 123, pi. xx., figs. 25 - 27.
One example. Hugh Cuming collected this at Anaa, Pau-
motus.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 431
CERITHIUM MACULOSUM, Mighels.
Kobelt, Conch. Cab., "Cerithium," 1895, p. 499, pi. xxxv., figs.
18, 19.
One dead shell from the lagoon beach. Also occurs at Hawaii.
CERITHIUM ROSTRATUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, op. cit, p. 130, pi. xxiii., figs. -90, 91.
Three specimens from the lagoon beach. There are examples
in this Museum from the New Hebrides ; Pease observed it in
Hawaii ; Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus ; Brazier at San
Christoval, Solomons; the "Chevert" took it in Torres Straits, and
Tryon gives it from Fiji.
CERITHIUM OCEANICUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 19).
Shell rather elongate, almost truncate anteriorly. Colour
uniform chocolate. Whorls eight, the upper biangulate, the last
equal in length to the remainder. Sculpture : there are on the
penultimate whorl (including varices) twenty low, rounded, longi-
tudinal ribs, which crenulate the suture. These cross regularly
from whorl to whorl, becoming fewer but proportionately stronger
as they ascend the spire ; on the last whorl they
become evanescent. Two spiral lines of granules
descend the spire, appearing on the crest of each
rib as a smooth boss. On the body whorl there
are besides, beneath these, three spiral lines in
which the beads have nearly fused into a smooth
continuous ridge, the uppermost of these is some-
times apparent in the spire as a super sutural
fascicle. The whole surface of the shell except
the beads, is covered by close, microscopic, raised
spiral hair lines. Three, obliquely ascending, con-
tinuous lines of varices mount the spire a third of
a whorl apart. Aperture slightly oblique, semi-
lunate ; anterior canal hardly more than a notch,
directed sideways; columella anteriorly truncated,
externally wrinkled and curved downwards and outwards, inter-
nally with a low ridge-tubercle, callus on body whorl medium ;
outer lip strongly variced behind, edge sharp, notched by the
major spiral sculpture, finely grooved within. Length 8, breadth
4 mm.
A single, perhaps not quite adult specimen from the lagoon beach.
This shell seems to be a dwarf of the species which Sowerby
has figured* as "Cerithium granosus, Kiener." The shell which
Kiener himself figures! so differs in contour, sculpture, size,
* Sowerby Thesaurus Conch, ii., 1855, pi. clxxxi., fig. 123, 124.
t Kiener Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i. (n.d.), pi. iv., fig. 5, p. 57.
432 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
colour and details of the aperture, that Sowerby's determination
can only be considered as one of the blunders which so plentifully
occur in his works.
CERITHIUM BREVE, var. ELLICENSIS, var. nov.
(Fig. 20).
Shell conical, blunt in front and tapering somewhat rapidly
behind. Colour cream. Apex of the only example broken,
remaining whorls seven, of which the upper are much eroded.
Sculptured by low rounded longitudinal ribs which crenulate the
suture and project at the periphery, on the antipenultimate there
are thirteen of these, on the penultimate fifteen, and on the last
whorl where they tend to disappear, there are counting varices,
eleven. The last whorl is girdled by six, the earlier by two zones
of raised and polished callus, which swell into greater prominence
on the crest of each rib. The space between these zones is scored
by sharp, narrow, revolving grooves, widest apart in the centre.
Behind the aperture is a broad outstanding varix
which ascends the penultimate whorl to the lower
callus zone. Half a whorl further back is another
but much weaker varix. No varices can certainly
be distinguished on the spire, though some slightly
more prominent ribs there suggest them. Aperture
perpendicular, oval, anterior canal short, oblique
and deeply cut ; inner lip with a heavy layer of
callus terminating above and below in a ridge
tubercle. Anteriorly and externally the columella
is reflected, not appressed to the shell. Outer lip
within much thickened, armed with seven enter-
ing ridges of callus. Length 10, breadth 5 mm.
Fig. 20. One specimen from the lagoon beach, differs from
type by smaller size and less prominent sculpture.
Of the figures accessible to me, this form most resembles those
of C. hanleyi, Sowerby, and C. rubrolineatum, Sowerby,* from
which it seems to differ by smaller size, absence of coloured bands,
and apparently different arrangement of the teeth of the aperture.
Tryon unites these two, and comments severely on this author's
nomenclature. Sowerby himself, by a negligence truly remarkable,
omits both from his later Monograph in the Conchologia Iconica.
The original figure of C. breve^ seems to be badly drawn. As
Kiener had access to the original specimens of Quoy and Gaimard,
I would rather base an identification on his different but well
drawn figure, j Smith has suggested that "C. breve may be
* Sowerby Thesaurus Conch, ii., 1855, pi. clxxxiii., figs. 193 and 199.
t Voy. "Astrolable," Zoo!., 1835, pi. liv , fig. 9.
j Kiener Loc. cit., pi. xiv., fig. 2.
Smith Mollusca, Zool. Coll. "Alert," 1884, p. 65.
THE MOLLU8CA HEDLEY.
433
Fig. 21.
only a form of C. morus, Lamk." Tryon, ever ready to reduce
synonymy, agreed in this view. Whatever may be deemed the value
of C. breve, it cannot be adjudged an absolute synonym of C. morus.
The type of C. breve came from Tongatabu. The shell does
not seem to have been again observed.
CERITHIUM SPICULUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 21).
Shell narrow, subulate, with a sharply-pointed
spire and a rounded base. Colour dull white, dis-
tantly, faintly, irregularly, and minutely spotted
with chestnut. Whorls eleven, slowly increasing,
somewhat turreted, flattened. Sculpture on the
uppermost whorls the spiral ridges are tuber-
culated by longitudinal plications which rapidly
diminish as the growth proceeds. On the last
whorl their influence is barely perceptible in faint,
shallow, longitudinal undulations. A stout varix
occurs a third of a whorl behind the aperture ;
from four to ten, raised, spiral cords encircle each
whorl, in the interstices of which are fine spiral
threads. Aperture perpendicular, oval ; outer lip
straight and sharp ; canal very short, turned
abruptly outwards. Length 11, breadth 4 mm.
Two specimens were obtained in the outer beach of Nukulailai.
This form appears allied to C. lacteum, Kiener,* from which it
differs by smaller size, narrower outline, and absence of granula-
tions.
CERITHIUM STRICTUM, sp. nov.
(Pig. 22).
Shell narrow, elongate, tapering in a slender spire
and blunt anteriorly. Colour white, irregularly
longitudinally splashed with chestnut. Whorls seven,
the upper angled, the last straight. Sculpture
round the angle of the upper whorls runs a line of
tubercles, of which eleven occur on the penultimate.
Very slight longitudinal undulations, hardly to be
called ribs, extend from these tubercles across the
whorl ; both vanish before attaining the last whorl.
This latter is girt with about twenty, sharp, revolv-
ing ridges, of which the central is largest and
corresponds to the tuberculated angle of the earlier
whorls ; the rest vary in size and spacing, the basal
ridges being least and closest ; the upper seven ascend
the spire. A large varix is behind the aperture, and a Fig. 22.
* Kiener Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i., (n.d.), p. 58, pi. vii., figs.
3, 3o.
Do
434 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
weaker one half a -whorl back, none else appear. Aperture per-
pendicular, oval. Outer lip smooth within, sharp edged, crenulate
outside, inner lip excavate, thickly lined with callus, with a
posterior nodule at the margin of the channelled angle. Length
7, breadth 3 mm.
A single specimen from the lagoon beach.
This species seems related to C. maculosum, Mighels ; it is far
more slender, and differs in that the revolving line of tubercles
fails to attain the last whorl. j
OERITHIUM VARIEGATUM, Quoy & Gaimard.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 134, pi. xxiv., figs. 41, 43, 45, 65, 66.
Some imperfect examples collected by Mr. Sweet are with
hesitation so determined.
CERITHIUM ZEBRUM, Kiener.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 137, pi. xxv., figs. 71, 72.
I refer to this species a small shell abundant on the lagoon beach,
7 mm. long, variously coloured brown, cream, mauve and salmon,
unbanded and banded. No really satisfactory figure or description
of it exists, the earliest is much the best. Melvill and Standen, who
recognise it from the Loyalties, erroneously state that it was origin-
ally described from the Galapagos, whence Sowerby reported it.
The locality given by Kiener himself* is Mauritius. Tryon adds
Samoa. I found it in Port Moresby, British New Guinea and at
Oubatche, New Caledonia. It is represented in this Museum
from the New Hebrides. So widespread and variable a species
probably possesses a synonomy to match. I agree with Langkavel'sf
remark that C. ianthinum of Gould, should be here included,
which would extend the geographical range of the species to
Tahiti and the Paumotus. It is likely that C. unilineatum, Pease
and C. dichroum, Melvill and Standen should be reduced to C.
zebrum. Pease adds C. aspersum, Deshayes as a synonym. J
CERITHIUM IMPENDENS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 23).
Shell strong, stout, regularly conical, each of the upper whorls
overhanging the next, bi-angled above the suture, heavily
variced on the back of the last whorl. Colour upon a
white ground is painted ochre-yellow, in one instance chocolate,
which chiefly prevails on the base and between the ribs, thus
accentuating the projections to the eye. Whorls eight, suture
deeply impressed. Sculpture peculiar buttress ribs ornament the
* Kiener Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes i., (n.d.), p, 72.
t Langkavel Donum Bisinarckianura, 1871, p. 25.
j Pease Am. Journ. Conch, vii., 1872, p. 75.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 435
spire, the penultimate whorl has ten and those
above a proportionate decrease ; they are weak at
the suture, which they barely sinuate, and gain
in breadth and height as they cross the whorl,
projecting over the suture beneath them. They
do not cross continuously from whorl to whorl, nor
do they regularly alternate; they grow evanescent
on the last whorl and cease with a stout and heavy
varix one-third of the whorl behind the aperture.
In this latter space, reminiscences of them occur
as tubercles on the angle and at the suture. On
the last whorl about twenty fine spiral threads are pj g 2 3
evenly distributed between the suture and the
anterior point of the shell ; the uppermost of these ascend the
spire and are alike prominent on ribs and interspaces. Aperture
perpendicular, subtriangular ; columella sharply sinuate, anterior
notch not produced into a canal ; callus on body whorl slight ;
outer lip thickened slightly and reflected, angled sharply at the
posterior insertion. Length 4|, breadth 2 mm.
Seven examples from the lagoon beach. Perhaps this is a
member of the subgenus Colina.
CERITHIUM PIPERITUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 144, pi. xxvii., figs. 31, 32.
Mr. G. Sweet procured a few dead shells of this species at Funa-
futi. It had previously been recorded from the Ellice by Schmeltz,
and also from Upolu and Rarotonga. There are examples from
Tahiti in this Museum.
CEBITHIUM OBELISCUS, Bruguiere.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 146, pi. xxvii., fig. 39.
One specimen from the lagoon beach. Melvill and Standen
report this from the Loyalties ; Schmeltz from Fiji and Cook's
Islands; and Smith from Tonga.* In this Museum it is represented
from Cooktown and Port Curtis, Queensland, also New Caledonia,
Lord Howe Island and Hawaii.
CERITHIUM OBELISCUS, var. CEDO-NULLI, Soiverby.
Tryon is here followed in reducing this to varietal rank. In
Funafuti it is represented by an extremely small and stout
individual, 22 mm. long. First found at Anaa, Paumotus.
CERITHIUM ASPERUM, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit. t p. 148, pi. xxviii., figs. 62, 63.
One of the commonest shells on the lagoon beach ; the lineated
form dominant. It was taken by the "Chevert" in Torres Straits,
* Smith Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 416.
436
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
by the "Challenger" at Fiji and Tonga, and under the synonym of
C. lineatum, Lk., is reported by Melvill and Standen from the
Loyalties ; and by Schmeltz from Cook's Islands.
CERITHIUM PHAROS, Hinds.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 149, pi. xxix., fig. 68.
Mr. G. Sweet brought one specimen from Funafuti. Tryon re-
ports this from Fiji and the Paumotus. In this Museum it is
represented from New Caledonia, New Hebrides, and Hawaii.
CERITHIUM ELEGANTISSIMUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 24).
Shell tall, narrow, ovate fusiform, with a prominent
varix behind the last whorl, flattish beaded whorls
and a deeply excavated suture. Colour, russet
brown, shading on the base into burnt umber,
irregularly picked out on longitudinal ribs with
white. Whorls eleven, rather flattened, separated
by deep and sharply incised sutures, last whorl
almost equalling in length the remainder, and no
broader than the penultimate. Sculpture weak
longitudinal ribs continuously and perpendicularly
cross the lower three whorls, fading away on the
periphery of the last. These form gemmules on
the spiral cords ; on the earlier whorls these can
be also traced. A particularly stout varix occurs
Ion the last whorl opposite the aperture, a corner
of which is shown in the illustration. Immediately
beneath the suture winds a slender cord ; four spiral rows of
gemmules encircle the space between it and the periphery, the
uppermost of which tends to split into two ; the remaining space
between the periphery and the anterior extremity is occupied by
seven simple cords which become more slender and close anteriorly ;
the upper whorls have but two beaded cords. The aperture is
perpendicular and oval, strongly variced without and consequently
shelved within ; columella arched, with a thick brown callus ;
canal very short and wide, slightly recurved. Length 5, breadth
2 mm.
Abundant on stones in shallow water in the lagoon at Funafuti.
A specimen before me from Thursday Island, Queensland,
differs slightly from the above in the greater prominence of the
longitudinal ribbing.
CONTUMAX, gen. nov.
A genus of the Cerithiidfe, nearest allied to Cerithiopsis. It
shares with that the excavated base, the produced canal, and the
unfinished aperture ; but differs by greater size, broader shell,
Fig. 24.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
437
more rapidly increasing whorls, different plan of sculpture, and
especially by a habit of plugging and breaking off the upper
whorls from time to time. Animal unknown.
Type.C. decollatus, Hedley.
The genus is founded on a species from Funafuti. I have also
a cogeneric but apparently distinct species from Oubatche, New
Caledonia, which is 15 mm. long ; white, with a few scattered
brown dots ; without the longitudinal plications of the Funafuti
species, but rather more distinctly cancellated by longitudinal
sculpture. I am also disposed to include under Contumax the
species which Melvill and Standen describe* as Mathilda eurytima,
whose " canali producto " so ill agrees with Mathilda. Perhaps
this M. eurytima may be the young of the Oubatche shell just
mentioned. The genus is also represented from Torres Straits.
CONTUMAX DECOLLATUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 25).
Shell narrow, conical, above rounded,
below turreted, solid, in variably decollated.
Colour, dull white. Whorls of an uncer-
tain number, the specimen figured has
seven, and I estimate that five more have
been lost. Sculpture the shell has three
stages, which merge into each other, but
which apart might seem to belong to
different species. None of a fairly large
series before me show the apical whorls,
the summit being in every instance and in
successive stages broken off. The youngest
whorl before me is rounded and crossed by
several fine raised spiral lines. Later the
median line enlarges and originates an
angle, and a faint longitudinal sculpture
appears. Further on, the whorl is sharply
angled by a strong keel, below which are
two minor keels, and on the shelf above
are five delicate spiral lines, all of which
are more or less beaded by transverse
sculpture. On the antepenultimate whorl
commence longitudinal plications which
rapidly develop to their maximum on the last whorl. Here they
are six in number, oblique, commencing at the suture, most
prominent on the shoulder and vanishing at the basal keel.
The base is hollow, overhung by a thick basal ridge, within
which is a second lesser one, the remainder of the base being
faintly concentrically striated. Aperture scarcely oblique, squarish,
Fig. 25.
* Melvill & Standen Journ. Conch, viii., 1896, p. 310, pi. xi., fig. 73.
438
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
A
lip simple, sharp, columella arched, canal produced and recurved.
Length 18, breadth 8 mm.
Several dead specimens collected on the lagoon beach of Funa-
futi.
CERITHOPSIS EUTRAPELA, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 301, pi. x,
fig. 52.
Three specimens, one mauve, the others white, from the lagoon
beach of Funafuti.
CERITHOPSIS ELECTRINA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 26).
Shell tall, slender,
thin and translucent.
Colour uniform pale
amber, except a glassy
white topmost whorl.
Whorls nine in my
example, whose tip is
broken. Sculpture
on the earlier whorls
proportionately fewer,
on the last, six spiral
alternately larger and
smaller rows of crowd-
ed gemmules, which
also regularly succeed
one another in longi-
tudinal order, being
continued across the suture from whorl to whorl and ascending
the spire obliquely. The individual gemmules, as seen in profile
are much elevated, seen in full face are oval ; those of the upper
four rows of the last whorl are impressed and bisected by a shallow
transverse groove, invisible in profile, but apparently doubling
the transverse rows of gemmules when seen in full face. Above
the first and below the fifth row, the longitudinal axis of each
continues as a pillar, giving a fluted aspect to the broad and
deep sutural excavation. The lowest row is swallowed by the
suture of the subsequent whorl. Beneath the sixth row the shell
is much undercut and then tapers to the columella. The aperture
is nearly square with sharp outer lip, arched columella, and very
short perpendicular canal. Length 4$, breadth 1 mm.
One specimen from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
This appears to be distinguished from other Pacific Cerithiopsis
by the more numerous rows of closely packed granules.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
439
TRIFORIS DOLICHA, Watson.
Watson, Chall. Report, Zool., xv., 1886, p. 565, pi. xlii., fig. 1.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon agrees exactly with
another now before me from Prince of Wales Island, Torres
Straits. Young specimens were collected ofl' Cape Sidmouth,
Queensland, by Mr. A. U. Henn, and presented to this Museum.
The " Challenger " collected it a little west of Cape York.
The two adult specimens I have seen are pure white, punctuated
between the gemmules with orange ; in neither is the lip more
developed than in the "Challenger" example. It may be that this
species does not attain the spurred lip of its congeners.
TRIFORIS .SJGLE, Jousseaume.
(Fig. 27)
Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, 1884, p. 256, pi. iv., fig. 12 ;
Tryon, Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 185, pi. xxxix., fig. 40.
Jousseaume's account, as reflected in Tryon's Manual is too
scanty to allow of a proper determination, and with much doubt
I assign here a Funafuti species. A single specimen of T. cegle,
from Noumea, presented by Mr. R. C. Rossiter, now before
me, is too immature to show the aperture. It is a larger and
lighter coloured shell than those from Funafuti, and the gemmules
seem rather closer together. As, however, it fairly corresponds
to the Ellice shells in apex and sculpture, I prefer, instead of
adding another name to the long list of Triforis, to assume that
the one figured and described below is a variety of Jousseaume's
species. The still more scanty information published relative to
T. collaris, Hinds, suggests that it should also be compared.
* Hinde
p, 409.
-Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 23 ; and Journ. Conch., viii., 1897,
440 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Shell rather narrow, tapering to a fine and slender point.
Whorls fifteen. Colour ochraceous with white gemmules. Proto-
conch six whorled, first two together semiglobose and shagreened ;
remainder keeled by a single, strong, central, projecting carina,
which is beaded by the passage of numerous close set delicate
bars crossing the whorls obliquely. All adult whorls except the
last have two rows of gemmules, about sixteen in a row, alternat-
ing vertically. On the last whorl there are two additional anterior
rows of smaller gemmules, an incipient row on the periphery and
two minor scarcely beaded ridges on the base. The gemmules are
large and very prominent, polished and reflecting a nacreous
lustre, rounded anteriorly, flattened with corner angles peripher-
ally and shelved atop ; each is linked to its neighbours in the
row by a coloured ridge ; in the centre of the whorl a sharp
groove runs between the two rows. The surface in general is
decussated by faint growth lines crossing spiral engraved lines.
Aperture nearly perpendicular, ovate, inner lip with a thick
callus layer, outer lip thickened and reflected, the right margin
crossing the canal in a spur ; anal notch cordate, the orifice
taking the place of the last sutural gemmule, canal oblique,
moderately produced. Length 5, breadth 1 mm.
Shallow water in the lagoon. The commonest Triforis at
Funafuti.
Prominent characters which distinguish this species are the
large, white, facetted, gemmules contrasted against the dark
background, the one-keeled apex, and the peculiar anal notch.
TRIFORIS TORQUATUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 28).
Shell moderately broad. Whorls fifteen, suture sharply im-
pressed. Colour orange buff; on the ninth and tenth whorls
the lower rows of gemmules are chocolate, and on the last row two
narrow bands of chocolate cover two anterior rows of gemmules,
stain the lip and wind down the throat ; on the eleventh, twelfth,
thirteenth and fourteenth whorls, the lower lines of gemmules are
white ; the seventh and eighth whorls are entirely white. Proto-
conch six whorled, first two together semiglobose, remainder
keeled by a single, strong, central, projecting carina, which is
beaded by coarse, slightly oblique bars. All adult whorls, except
the last, have two rows of gemmules, about seventeen to a row,
alternating vertically. On the last whorl there is in addition a
peripheral and two basal ridges, all scarcely beaded. On the
penultimate whorl a thread appears in the space between the
gemmules, and follows the sinuations of the upper tier as far as
the aperture without gaining equal rank. The gemmules are
polished hemispherical bosses, shelved above, distant about half
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
441
Fig. 28.
their own diameter from their neighbours in a row, and linked
to them by an inconspicuous raised coloured ridge. Between the
gemmules the surface is microscopically shagreened and finely
spirally grooved. The aperture is perpendicular, and nearly
square ; outer lip thickened and reflected, the right margin
crossing the canal in a spur ; anal notch deep ; semicircular canal
short, blunt, oblique. Length 5, breadth 2 mm.
Several specimens alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
The peculiar colouration of this species facilitates recognition.
Even the unaided eye can detect the two chocolate lines on the
base and spire, and the white spiral band ascending the inter-
mediate whorls. This colour scheme I have endeavoured to
convey in Fig. 28.
In colour T. cinguliferus, Pease, appears to resemble torquatus,
but the figure given by Langkavel, copied and coloured by Tryon,
represents a stouter shell with a different aperture.
The group (Mastonia, according to Tryon) to which this belongs,
might be conveniently divided into two sections, having a one-
keeled and a two-keeled protoconch, respectively. The present
species with T. dolicha and T. cegle would belong to the former.
I have collected T. torquatus also at Port Moresby, British
New Guinea.
TRIFORIS RUBEE, Hinds.
(Fig. 29).
Hinds, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1843, p. 18.
The species before me is the most abundant, conspicuous and
widespread of the genus in the tropical Pacific. If I have
442
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
correctly identified it, the shell was first taken by Belcher during
the voyage of the " Sulphur." He noticed it at Port Carteret,
New Ireland, as " numerous among fine gravel at low water."
There are two colour varieties of this shell one pale, the other
dark. Conchological tradition appears universally, but I think
erroneously, to regard the dark form as T. ruber and the pale as
T. violaceus of Quoy and Gaimard. For the purpose of specific
determination the descriptions of all older writers, and most
modern ones, of species of Triforis are worthless. The identity
of T. violaceus must be decided by the illustrations of that species
in the " Atlas of the Voyage of the Astrolabe." This shows a
slender and produced anterior canal, and an anal notch projecting
as a complete tube, remote from the aperture. Specimens answer-
ing to these details, which I collected in Milne Bay, British New
Fig. 29.
Guinea, are before me. Though Quoy and Gaimard may them-
selves have confounded distinct species, and though Kiener's
figure from " Astrolabe " material appears to disagree with the
former illustration, yet the only safe point of departure in un-
ravelling the nomenclature of this group must be Figs. 22 and 23
of PI. Iv. of the Atlas aforesaid. In the particulars of the anal
and anterior orifices, the shell before me, presumed to be T. ruber,
differs altogether, as the accompanying drawings show.
In the unsatisfactory state of literature, the following remarks
may not be deemed superfluous.
This species varies in size, stoutness, and colour ; from the
adult an immature shell so differs in outline, that a collector does
not at first recognise it as the same kind, for it much resembles
Triforis gemmulatus, Adams and Reeve.* As a whole the contour
of the adult shell resembles that of a carrot, the upper whorls
* Adama & Keeve Zool. Samarang, 1850, Mollusca, pi. zi., fig. 34 a, 6.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 443
tapering to a slender point, the lower swollen to bulbous. Colour,
which alters in drying, reddish purple to lilac, the apex and the
lower row of gemmules usually cream. Whorls about eighteen.
Gemmules subcircular, polished bosses, shelved above, separated
by about half their own diameter, in two rows of about twenty-
two in a whorl, alternating vertically ; the interspaces between
the gemmules are spirally wrinkled. On the antipenultimate
whorl a spiral thread arises between the two rows of gemmules,
but following the sinuations of the upper, this gradually in-
creases, becomes segmented, and on the last whorl forms an
additional row of gemmules. Just behind the aperture extra
rows are also intercalated. The protoconch is acicular, four or
five whorled, the whorls bicarinate, crossed obliquely by numerous
fine bars, which bead the carinae. The aperture is perpendicular,
almost square, lip reflected, the right margin crossing the canal
in a spur, the canal being closed by its anterior wall folded over,
but not touching the pillar. Anal notch deep, a subcircular,
subtubular, orifice in the place of the last sutural gemmule ;
onwards from the last actual gemmule the lip is free from the
body whorl. Length 7| mm.
Common in shallow water in the lagoon of Funafuti. As the
rare T. violaceus has been generally confounded with the com-
mon T. ruber, whose aperture is quite different, most literary
records are untrustworthy, and I forbear to quote them. I have
myself collected the species at Port Moresby and Milne Bay, British
New Guinea, and at Oubatche and Noumea, New Caledonia.
Specimens of T. ducosensis, Jousseaume, received from Noumea,
from Mr. R. C. Rossiter, belong to the pale form of T. ruber.
TRIFORIS CLIO, sp. nov.
(Fig. 30).
Shell rather small and slender. Colour cinnamon-brown, lowest
row of gemmules and extremity of canal white, other gemmules
pale brown. Whorls fifteen. Protoconch five whorled ; first two
together swollen and subglobose, shagreened, remainder bicarinate
by a median furrow and crossed by numerous fine bars which
bead the carinse. The adult whorls are beset by first two, then
three, and finally four spiral rows of gemmules, eighteen to a
whorl, set vertically, gemmule above gemmule, up the spire. Broad
furrows ascend vertically from whorl to whorl, deeper than the
spiral interspaces which part row from row. The gemmules are
lozenge shaped, polished, standing half their length apart and
linked to their neighbours in a row by a coloured band smoother
and shallower than the remainder of the vertical furrow, of which
it forms a part. Between the gemmules the surface is roughened
by close fine spiral hair lines. Two unbeaded cords run round
the base. Aperture nearly vertical, outer lip bending round a
444
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 30.
shallow rounded anal notch, then deeply emarginate and finally
much produced, crossing the pillar in a spur. Canal short and
rather sharply recurved. Length 5|, breadth If mm.
Three examples were found in shallow water in the Funafuti
lagoon. The most mature, depicted here, is possibly not quite
adult and the anal notch may attain a further development.
The lozenge shaped gemmules and the exceptional feature of the
longitudinal furrows being deeper than the transverse assist in
distinguishing the species.
TRIFORIS OBESULA, Jousseaume.
(Fig. 31).
Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, 1884, p. 255, pi. iv. fig. 17 ;
Tryon, Man. Oonch., ix., 1887, p. 185, pi. xxxviii., fig. 27.
Jousseaume's account of this species is not accessible to me and
I have to assume that Tryon gives a faithful transcript of it.
That however only allows me to identify the shell I now figure
and describe as T. obesula, with probability rather than certainty.
My perplexity is increased by the fact that the Funafuti shell is
identical with specimens received from New Caledonia labelled
" T. limosa, Jousseaume," with the description of which they
disagree in shape and size.
The species is distinguished by its small size, corpulent shape
and dark brown (burnt umber) hue. The type of sculpture
differs from that of the other species of Triforis from Funafuti.
The gemmules are so closely packed within the row and are so
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
445
feebly divided from one another, that they seem rather to be a
continuous keel, like that of T. corrugatus, in process of breaking
down into beads. The earlier adult whorls are ornamented by
two bead-rows. Between them there arises in the antipenultimate
a thread, which gradually increasing becomes a full grown row in
the last whorl ; the addition of a median and two basal rows brings
the number of rows on the last whorl to six. Tryon states that
the " three anterior ones are unarmed," but all are beaded in the
example before me.
Fig. 31.
The anal notch is simple and comparatively shallow. The
protoconch has five whorls, the first hemispherical and smooth,
the others bicarinate and obliquely crossed by rather coarse bars
which do not bead the carinae. The adult sculpture suddenly
commences in the sixth whorl with a row of small beads above
and a large gemmed ridge below. The latter is remarkable in
several specimens before me for its white colour, giving the shell to
the unaided vision a distinct white collar beneath the acicular
apex. Tryon gives the length as 8 mm. Of the examples before
me the New Caledonian measure 4, the Papuan 4, and the
decollated shells from Funafuti 3 J mm.
Two decollated specimens occurred to me in the Funafuti
lagoon. I have also taken the species between tide marks in Port
Moresby, British New Guinea. A Papuan specimen supplied
the material for the above account of the apex, missing in Funafuti
and New Caledonian examples.
TRIFORIS THETIS, sp. nov.
XFig. 32).
Shell small and slender. Colour uniform cinnamon-brown
except a patch of dark chocolate on the columella. Whorls
fifteen. Protoconch five whorled, the later three bicarinate,
44G
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
crossed obliquely by numerous fine bars which bead the carinse.
The adult whorls are beset with two bead-ridges, carrying each
about sixteen gem mules of equal size to a whorl, vertically the
gemmules run slightly oblique, between each ridge is a deep and
narrow groove. In the antipenultimate whorl a thread appears
in this groove and ultimately grows on the last whorl to a gem-
mule row. A raised thread beneath the suture ascends for a few
whorls. The last whorl is ornamented by this thread followed by
a row of large gemmules, two rows of smaller ones, an incipient
peripheral row and two minor, basal, subnodulose ridges. The
gemmules are coloured, polished, hemispherical, truncated and
shelved above, and stand nearly their diameter apart on the ridge.
Fig. 32.
The suture is deep and well denned. Between the gemmules the
surface is roughened by minute spiral threads cut by oblique
growth lines. Aperture vertical, nearly square. Outer lip cross-
ing the pillar in a spur. Anal notch a simple open fold. Canal
short and briefly recurved. Length 4, breadth 1 mm.
Shallow water in the Funafuti lagoon, several specimens.
Seeing that Tryon, whose standard of description was not severe,
concludes his monograph of the genus with a list of eighty un-
recognizable Triforis, I have no confidence that the species above
described has not previously appeared in literature, though I am
sure that it has never been properly characterised. It is probably
near, and possibly identical with, T. limosa, Jousseaume. That
writer (as repeated by Tyron) neglects the important details of
apex, anal notch, etc., and the fact that the Funafuti shells are but
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 447
half its size, has decided me, in the absence of other information to
regard it as distinct. A shell from Port Moresby closely resembles
the Ellioe one, differing by larger size and more swollen contour.
TEIFORIS INCISUS, Pease.
(Fig. 33).
Tryon, loc. cit. t p. 190, pi. xxxix., fig. 65.
The inadequate description and poor figure quoted, suggest, but
fail to demonstrate, that a shell figured herewith should be so
named. The species is represented by a single, perforated and
decollated example from the Funafuti lagoon. It is 5^ mm. in
length, has thirteen whorls remaining, and in colour is ochraceous
splashed with white. The last whorl has six spiral ridges, two of
which are basal ; the three preceding whorls have each three, and
those above each two such ridges. The ridges are smooth, elevate
and keeled, the anterior of each series the larger ; on the upper
Fig. 33.
whorls the posterior ridge tends to divide into beads. The inter-
stices are broad, deep and finely spirally grooved. The spur of
the outer lip crosses the pillar. Anal notch deep and cordate.
Canal short and perpendicular.
Pease described T. incisus from Hawaii.* I have collected at
Port Moresby, British New Guinea, what seems a form of that
described above. It differs in colour being variegated with black,
chocolate and white. The upperm9st ridge has not the same
disposition to become beaded but longitudinal plications are
developed in the interstices. The protoconch in these Papuan
shells is six whorled, bicarinate and crossed by coarse bars, like
the apex I figure for T. obesula.
* Pease Proc. Zool. Soc., I860, p. 434.
448 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
TRIFORIS COERUGATUS, Hinds.
Hinds, Ann. Mag. JSTat. Hist ,xi , 1843, p. 18; Hind?, Voy. "Sulphur,"
Zool., pi. viii., fig. 12 ; Chenu., Man. Conch , 1859, p. 284, figs.
1915, 1916 ; Langkavel, Donum Bisrnarckianum, 1871, p. 26,
pi. ii., fig. 6 ; Tryon, Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 189, pi.
xxxix., fig. 59.
T. connatum, Montrouzier, Journ. Conch., x., 1862, p. 236, pi.
ix., fig. 4.
A considerable series of specimens from various localities and a
careful examination of the literature quoted, enable me to con-
fidently unite Montrouzier's species with that of Hinds. It should
be obvious to any student who compares the excellent figure in
the Journal de Conchyliologie with the other illustrations that
the immaturity of the New Caledonian example is the only point
of difference. That this synonomy of so common and distinct a
species should have so long escaped attention is another sad proof
of the negligence of the authors who have dealt with this much
abused genus. Reviewing the shells of Lifu, Melvill and Standen
actually record the species first under one name and then under
the other.* Tryon has suggested T. bayani, Jousseaume, as a
probable synonym, an idea which his figures seem to contradict.
One of the specimens before me shows the protoconch to have a
double keel, with a very narrow interstice.
The shallow water of the Funafuti lagoon yielded me several
broken specimens. A wide range over the Pacific is indicated
by the following records : New Guinea (Belcher) ; Queensland,
Torres Straits, (Brazier)f and Cape Sidmouth, (Henn); Gilbert
Islands (Garrett) ; New Caledonia, He Art (Montrouzier) ;
Oubatche and Noumea (Hedley) ; and Lifu (Hadfield).
TRIFORIS, spp.
Several other species of Triforis, too worn for identification or
determination are included in the collection.
OVULA HERVIERI, Sp. nOV.
(Fig 34).
Shell small, broadly ovate. Colour pale
yellow with four spiral bands of rose, visible
alike within the aperture, across the callus
and on the dorsal surface, these bands are in
breadth equal to their interstices. Sculpture
about thirty-five flat-topped spiral lyrse, sepa-
rated by narrow, sharply incised grooves,
surround the shell. The outer lip is much
thickened and reflected without, and bears
within about ten slight and widely parted
* Melvill & Standen, loc. cit., viii., pp. 114 and 409.
t Brazier Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., i., 1876,'p. 319.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 449
denticules. The callus on the inner lip is very heavy, its surface
shagreened, posteriorly it rises into an abrupt boss and anteriorly
is heaped in a longitudinal ridge. Length 4, breadth 3 mm.
Taken alive from the deep water Gorgonidae raised from the
western slope of Funafuti in eighty to forty fathoms.
This very distinct little species, the smallest of its genus known,
appears to find its nearest relation in Ovula caledonica, Crosse;*
from which it is easily separated by smaller size, greater propor-
tional breadth, coarser sculpture and fewer labial denticules.
It is named in compliment to the Rev. J. Hervier, the author
of many clear descriptions and admirable drawings of Pacific shells.
ARGUS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 164, pi. i., figs. 1, 2 ; Garrett,
Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, pp. 106, 109.
Dead shells were found on the beach of one of the western islets
of Funafuti, and the species was again encountered at Nukulailai.
According to Garrett, this deep water species inhabits the
Carolines, Gilberts, Tonga, Fiji and Samoa. Rossiter records it
from New Caledonia, the Isle of Pines and the Loyalties. f From
material in this Museum I add the Solomons, Erromanga and
Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
CYPR.EA SCURRA, Chemnitz.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pi. ii., figs. 19, 20, 21 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, 118.
One dead shell was taken on Funafuti.
Tryon quotes it from Anaa, Paumotus. Garrett found this in
Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus,
Marquesas, and Hawaii. A series in this Museum include
instances from the Gilberts, the Louisiades, Woodlark Island,
New Caledonia and Broken Bay, N. S. Wales.
CYPR^EA TESTUDINARIA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pi. i., figs. 9, 10; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 119.
Mr. G. Sweet procured an example of this on Funafuti,
Garrett, enumerates this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook's and Society. Tryon mentions it from New
Caledonia. In this Museum it is shown from Niue, the Solomons
and Erromanga, New Hebrides.
* Crosse Journ. de Conch., xx., 1872, p. 62, pi. ii., fig. 1.
t Ebssiter Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vi., 1882, p. 817.
450 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
ISABELLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 165, pi. i., figs. 6, 7; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106, 114.
Dead shells were plentiful on the Funafuti beach.
The range through Polynesia as given by Garrett, is the same
as that of C. scurra. The collection of this Museum shows the
species to occur along the Australian coast south to the Bellenger
River, N.S. Wales, and in the Central Pacific from Niue, Wood-
lark Island, British New Guinea, Erromanga, and Aneiteum, New
Hebrides, New Caledonia and the Gilberts to Hawaii.
CYPILEA CARNEOLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 166, pi. iii., figs. 26 - 30 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
106, 110.
Though I saw none alive, dead specimens were plentiful on the
beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Found by Garrett to accompany the foregoing through the ten
archipelagoes enumerated ; and seen by Rossiter from New
Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, and Isle of Pines.
This species ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney.
Specimens in this Museum show it from the Solomons.
C. CARNEOLA, var. PROPINQUA, Garrett.
Garrett, Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, p. 116.
Two specimens are referable to this variety, which is also
represented in the Australian Museum from Niue, the Society
and Gilbert Groups. Garrett records it from the Paumotus.
CYPR^EA TALPA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 167, pi. iii., figs. 31-33; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 119.
One empty shell was found at Funafuti with C. argus.
Garrett collected this deep-water species at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. It
is shown in this Museum to occur in British New Guinea, the
Solomons, Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and Niue.
CYPR^EA GOODALLI, Gray.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 168, pi. iv., figs. 43, 44; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106.
Mr. G. Sweet found one well preserved example at Funafuti.
Garrett only knew this from Cook's, Society, and Pauraotus.
There are specimens in this Museum from the Gilberts.
CYPR^EA FIMBRIATA, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 168, pi. v., figs. 76-78; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
106, 112.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 451
Dead shells were noticed at Funafuti and at Nukulailai.
Garrett observed this from the same Groups as C. talpa. This
species ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney.
Museum specimens include it from Milne Bay, British New
Guinea, New Caledonia, Niue, the Gilberts, and Hawaii. Tryon
quotes it from the Paumotus.
CYPREA MACULA, Adams.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 169, pi. iv., figs. 71, 72.
Mr. G. Sweet obtained one specimen.
MAURITIANA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 173, pi. vii., figs. 8-11.
Specimens of this were purchased from the natives of Funafuti.
Collected by Garrett at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii, and byRossiter
in New Caledonia and the Loyalties. Weinkauff mentions it from
the Pelew Islands. I have seen it from the British and German
Boundary, N.E. New Guinea. In this Museum it is also repre-
sented from Aneiteum and Erromanga, New Hebrides, and Niue.
CYPRJEA CAPUT-SERPENTIS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 173, pi. vi., figs. 98 - 100, xxiii., fig. 59; Garrett,
loc. cit., pp. 106, 111.
Commonly found alive under stones in shallow Water in the
Funafuti lagoon.
Seen by Garrett in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cooks, Society, Paumotus and Marquesas. This extends along
the Australian coast south to Sydney, and is also represented in
this Museum from Erromanga, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island,
Niue, and the Gilberts. The natives of Funafuti call this
" pourei."
CYPR^A MAPPA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 174, pi. vii., figs. 12-14; pi. viii., fig. 17;
Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106, 115.
Mr. G. Sweet procured one dead specimen of this.
According to Garrett the range embraces Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook's, Society, and Paumotus. It is in this
Museum from the Louisiades. Tryon quotes New Caledonia.
CYPR^A ARABICA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit.,ip. 174, pi. viii., figs. 18, 19, 23, 24; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 108.
Occasionally found alive under coral blocks in the Funafuti
lagoon.
452 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Garrett noticed this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Society and Paumotus. Brazier* has remarked it from Torres
Straits southwards to Botany Bay, from Fiji, New Britain, New
Ireland, New Caledonia and the Solomons. It is further repre-
sented in this Museum from Woodlark Island (British New
Guinea), Erromanga and Aneiteum (New Hebrides), and Niue.
CYPE^EA RETICULATA, Martyn.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 174, pi. viii., figs. 20-22 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, 117.
A small variety occurs alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
Garrett saw this in the Gilberts, Cooks, Society, Paumotus,
Marquesas and Hawaii.
GYPR^EA MONETA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 177, pi. x., fig. 46; pi. xi., figs. 51 - 54; pi. xxiii.,
figs. 60-69; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 106, 115.
Abundant alive under stones round the margin of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Garrett records it from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. This species
ranges along the Australian coast from Torres Straits south to
Sydney.f I have seen it at Milne Bay and Port Moresby, British
New Guinea. In this Museum are examples from Niue, Teste Island,
Louisiades, the Solomons, Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Cale-
donia, and Lord Howe Island. "At Eramanga," writes Brenchley, J
"a shell called ' Nunpurij the Cyprcea moneta, passes as money,
as also in New Caledonia."
CTPR^EA MONETA, var. ANNULUS, Linne.
Occurred as usual in company with the species in chief, with
which, like C. obvelata, and contrary to the opinion of monographers,
it intergrades by easy stages.
TIGRIS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 180, pi. xi., figs. 49, 50; pi. xv., fig. 8; Garrett,
loc. cit., pp. 107, 120.
I picked up one broken shell on the beach of Funafuti, and
purchased a specimen from a native on Nukulailai.
Seen by Garrett from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. This occurs
* Brazier Journ. Conch, ii., 1879, p. 194.
t Henn Proc. Linn. Soe, N.S.W. (2), x., 1895, p. 520.
j Brenchley The Cruise of the " Curasoa," 1873, p. 299.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 453
along the Australian coast as far south as More ton Bay.* Melvill
and Standen name it from Lifu. In this Museum it is shown
from Woodlark Island, Solomons, and Erromanga, New Hebrides.
I have seen it at Port Moresby, British New Guinea, where the
natives call it " nononono."
VITELLUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 182, pi. xiii., figs. 72, 73 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 121.
One specimen was obtained at Funafuti by Mr. Sweet.
Garrett took this species at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii.
It ranges along the Australian coast south to Sydney. Further
instances from Niue, the Louisiades, New Caledonia, and Erro-
manga, are supplied by this Museum.
LYNX, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 183, pi. xiv., figs. 86, 87, 98 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 114.
Found alive under stones in the Funafuti lagoon.
Except the Marquesas, this species, says Garrett, ranges all
through Polynesia. It inhabits the Australian coast south to
Moreton Bay. The collection of this Museum exhibits it from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Gilberts.
CLANDESTINA, var. ARTUFFELI, Jousseaume.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 112, pi. iii., figs.
28, 29.
Alive in the lagoon of Funafuti. Previously reported from
Lifu.
OYPR^EA CRIBRARIA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 190, pi. xvii., figs. 71, 72.
I did not find this species, which has been recorded from the
Ellice by Schmeltz.
CYPR^EA EROS A, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 192, pi. xviii., figs. 1, 90, 100; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 106, 111.
Mr.G. Sweet brought a specimen from Funafuti. Garrett observed
that, except at the Marquesas, it was not uncommon at all the
groups he visited. It ranges along the Australian coast south to
Broken Bay. A specimen from Erromanga, New Hebrides, is
now before me.
* Brazier Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v., 1881, p. 501.
454 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CYPR^EA PORARIA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pi. xviii., figs. 2, 3 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 116.
A few dead shells were obtained from the beaches of
Funafuti.
Garrett obtained this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Rossiter records it from
New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands.
CYPR^EA HELVOLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 194, pi. xix., figs. 8, 9; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
106, 113.
I found one alive under a coral boulder on the western side of
the Funafuti lagoon.
Garrett collected this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas, and Hawaii. Rossiter
gives it from New Caledonia, Loyalty, and Isle of Pines. This
extends south along the Australian coast as far as Sydney.
CYPR^EA CICERCULA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 197, pi. xx., figs. 55 - 58, 61, 62; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 107, 122.
Several empty shells from the beach drift of Funafuti.
Noted by Garrett from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii ; and by Rossiter from New
Caledonia and the Loyalty. In this Museum it is also shown from
Niue, Torres Straits, and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
CYPR^EA NUCLEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 197, pi. xx., figs. 48, 49 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 125.
Frequently seen dead on the Funafuti beach.
Observed by Garrett at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Rossiter reports it from
the Loyalty. There are specimens in this Museum from the
Solomons and New Hebrides.
CYPR^EA CHILDREN:, Gray.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 198, pi. xx., figs. 53, 54; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
107, 122.
Mr. G. Sweet found one of this at Funafuti.
Garrett reports it from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook's,
Society, and Paumotus. Specimens from New Caledonia, Niue, and
Hawaii are in this Museum.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 455
TRIVIA ORYZA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 200, pi. xxi., figs. 79, 82, 83 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 107, 126.
Several dead specimens of a small form of this species were
collected on the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
This ranges along the Australian coast as far south as Sydney.
Garrett remarks that this has the same range and station in
Polynesia as the preceding species. Rossiter notes it from
Noumea, New Caledonia, and the Loyalty. It is shown in
this Museum from the New Hebrides.
DOLIUM PERDIX, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 264, pi. iii., fig. 15 ; pi. iv., figs. 23 - 25.
I was unable to obtain an example of this circumsequatorial
species on Funafuti, but I identified one purchased from a native
by another member of our party.
Melvill and Standen note this from Lifu. This Museum has
representatives from British New Guinea, the Solomons, Erro-
manga, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Gilberts, and Niue.
DOLIUM POMUM, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 265, pi. v., fig. 26.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
Tryon quotes this from the Society Islands. Material in this
Museum indicates it from British New Guinea, New Caledonia,
and the Gilberts.
CASSIS CORNUTA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 270, pi. i., figs. 45, 46 ; pi. ii., fig. 49.
I collected no examples of this personally, but at Funafuti I
remarked it in use as shell trumpets, and at Nukulailai I purchased
specimens. There the natives called it " pou," and told me it
was not rare. New Caledonian examples are contained in this
Museum.
CASSIS VIBEX, var. ERINACEA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 277, pi. vii., fig. 90.
Two dead shells from the lagoon beach.
TRITONIUM TRITONIS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iii., 1881, p. 9, pi. i., fig. 1 ; pi. iii., fig. 16;
pi. iv., fig. 25.
I did not myself collect this species. Mr. J. O'Brien told me
that it was sometimes found on the leeward reefs alive. The
natives recognised an engraving of it as " bofala."
456 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
TRITONIUM PILEARE, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 12, pi. vi., figs. 31 - 36; pi. vii., figs. 38, 39.
A few were found alive in the lagoon. Tryon indicates the
range of this species as circumsequatorial. Its occurrence in
every archipelago in the Pacific is therefore to be expected.
TRITONIUM CHLOROSTOMUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 13, pi. vii., figs. 47, 48.
One empty shell from the lagoon beach of Funafuti. This
species appears to share the geographical range of its predecessor.
TRITONIUM GEMMATUM, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 13, pi. vii., figs. 41 - 44.
A single specimen was taken on Funafuti.
Tryon cites this from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standeii
from Lifu. Representatives from New Caledonia and Fanning
Island are in this Museum.
TRITONIUM DIGITALS, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 29, pi. xv., figs. 142, 143.
Common alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon gives Fiji, and Smith* Strong Island, as localities. In
this Museum it is exhibited from San Christoval, Solomons,
Aneiteum, New Hebrides, Marquesas, and Hawaii.
TRITONIUM TUBEROSUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 23, pi. xiii., figs. 111-113.
One specimen, alive, from the Funafuti lagoon.
From Lifu, Melvill and Standen note this species; and examples
from Woodlark Island and Port Moresby, British New Guinea,
repose in this Museum.
TRITONIUM MACULOSUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 25, pi. xiv., fig. 121.
One dead shell was found on a western islet of Funafuti. This
Museum has the species from the Gilberts.
DISTORTRIX ANUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 35, pi. xv., fig. 153 ; pi. xvii., figs. 173, 174.
I did not find this species on Funafuti, but have seen specimens
collected there by Mr. G. Sweet.
* Smith Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xii., 1876, p. 551.
THE MOLLUSC A HEDLEY. 457
Tryon mentions it from the Society Islands. Examples from
the Solomons are contained in this Museum.
GYRINEUM BUFONIUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cil., p. 39, pi. xxi., figs. 21 - 23, 28, 29, 68 ; pi. xix.,
fig. 11 ; pi. xx., figs. 13, 14.
Several were found alive under stones in shallow water in the
Funafuti lagoon.
Inhabits the Paumotus, according to Tryon, and is shown in
this Museum from Torres Straits, Solomons, and New Caledonia.
GYRINEUM AFFINE, Broderip.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 42, pi. xxii., figs. 38 - 41 ; pi. xxiii., fig. 55.
An empty shell was found on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
Tryon notes it from New Caledonia, Samoa, and Paumotus.
G. graniferum, Lamarck, has been recorded from the Ellice by
Schmeltz.
PERISTERNIA NASSATULA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pi. Ixiv., figs. 44-47, 51, 52, 58.
Abundant in the rock-pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.
Tryon quotes this from New Guinea. New Caledonia, and the
Paumotus ; and Schmeltz from Upolu and Rarotonga.
LATIRUS POLYGONUS, var. BARCLAYI, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 88, pi. Ixvii., fig. 110.
A few dead shells from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Schmeltz records this from Fiji.
LATIRUS CRATICULATUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 93, pi. Ixix., fig. 159.
Not common ; a few dead shells seen on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti.
Schmeltz mentions it from Upolu and Rarotonga. Specimens
from New Caledonia are in this Museum.
PISANIA FASCICULATA, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 146, pi. Ixxi., figs. 195, 197.
Recorded by Schmeltz from the Ellice.
CANTHARUS UNDOSUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 162, pi. Ixxiv., figs. 280 - 282.
Living specimens were taken in the lagoon of Funafuti.
458
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Represented in this Museum from Port Curtis, Queensland,
and New Caledonia.
MUREX ADUSTUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., 1880, p. 90, pi. xv., figs. 148, 149 ; pi.
xxiv., figs. 210-212 ; pi. xxv., fig. 217.
Common in shallow water in the lagoon of Funafuti.
Noted from Lifu by Melvill and Standen, and represented in
this Museum from New Caledonia.
MUREX FUNAFUTIENSIS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 35).
Shell small, biconical. Colour ochra-
ceous buff, banded with chocolate,
interior of aperture pale lilac. Whorls
seven, sculptured each with seven pro-
minent varices, which mount the spire
continuously and obliquely. On the
spire each varix presents a hollow spine
above a blunt tubercle. Between and
parallel to the varices are a series of
imbricating lamellae. Five spiral ridges
run round the shoulder of the shell,
and undulate both the blades and the
interstices of the varices. The lamellae
are likewise microscopically beaded by
minute spiral threads. The aperture is
oblique, ovate, choked by an inner
tuberculate ridge, and by the great
development of the colurnella ; the
latter is arched, deeply obliquely enter-
ing, anteriorly with two incipient tubercles, and truncate below.
Canal short, open, and recurved ; above it are two series of
disused canals, corresponding to the ultimate and penultimate
varices. Length 9, breadth 5 mm.
One specimen, taken by tangles, at a depth of forty to eighty
fathoms, on the western slope of Funafuti.
This species approaches nearest to Murex nuclea, Reeve,*
which it resembles both in colour and form. Judging from his
account of that species, it differs by being just half the size, by
having seven whorls instead of five, with seven varices apiece
instead of six, and especially by being longer in proportion to
breadth, than the Philippine shell is. Whether these differences
are constant or not I cannot say.
Fig. 35.
* Reeve Conch. Icon, iii., 1845, Murex, pi. xxix., sp. 131.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
459
MUREX RADULA, Sp. HOV.
(Fig. 36).
Shell small, fusiform. Colour cream,
spines orange, columella pale lilac.
Whorls seven. Sculpture eight feeble
varices alternating on each whorl. On
the third and fourth whorls they are
proportionately much stronger and are
angled at the periphery. The body
whorl has eleven spiral cords, narrower
than their interstices ; both are over-
ridden by fine lamellae in the line of
growth. At frequent intervals these
cords produce small, short, tubular,
orange spines, which lend a conspicuous
and recognizable aspect to the shell.
Apex of three whorls conical, smooth,
and glossy. Aperture simple, lip sharp,
canal broad and open. Length 9,
breadth 4 mm.
Fig. 36.
A single specimen, taken at a depth of forty to eighty fathoms
with the preceding. This specimen is perhaps immature, but differs
so much from any with which I am acquainted as to be considered
worthy of description.
PURPURA HIPPOCASTANEUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 162, pi. xlv., figs. 36-43 ; pi. xlvi., fig. 45.
Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti. Tryon quotes this
from the Paumotus, and Melvill and Standen from the Loyalty.
In this Museum are instances from Queensland, Fiji, and the
Solomons. Both Cooke* and Smithf condemn the treatment of
the species in the reference quoted above, but, unfortunately for
puzzled students, both think it " needless to discuss the matter at
length."
The species seems to me to stand nearer Sistrum than Purpura.
The natives called this " matapoto."
PURPURA ARMIGERA, Chemnitz.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 163, pi. xlvi., figs, 50, 51.
Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti, where its massive
shell enables it to withstand the heaviest surf. In aged speci-
mens the projecting points -are worn down to the stump.
* Cooke Journ. Conch., v., 1888, p. 323.
t Smith Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 408.
460 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Tryon quotes this from the Paumotus, and Schmeltz from Bowen
(Queensland). It is in this Museum from New Caledonia and
British New Guinea.
JOPAS SERTUM, Bruguiere.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 180, pi. lv., figs. 181, 188-190; Pease, Am.
Journ. Conch., iv., 1868, p, 117.
A few dead shells were collected on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from the Paumotus ; Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. In this Museum it is represented from Woodlark
Island, British New Guinea, the Solomons, Santa Cruz, New
Caledonia, and Hawaii.
SISTEUM HYSTRIX, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 183, pi. Ivi., fig. 195.
Common in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.
Tryon notes this from Hawaii, Fiji, and Paumotus, and Schmeltz
from Upolu and Rarotonga. It is in this Museum from New
Caledonia.
SISTRUM HORRIDUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 184, pi. Ivi., figs. 201, 202.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.
Tryon mentions this from Hawaii, and Melvill and Standen
from the Loyalty. It is in this Museum from Samoa.
SISTRUM RICINUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 184, pi. Ivi., fig. 200 ; pi. Ivii., figs. 204, 206,
212.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti.
Melvill and Standen record this from Lifu. Specimens from
Woodlark Island, British New Guinea, and Hawaii, are included
in this Museum.
SISTRUM MORUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 185, pi. Ivii., figs. 213, 214.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon.
In this Museum from the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Lord
Howe Island, Niue, and Tahiti.
SISTRUM DIGITATUM, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 185, pi. Ivi., fig. 191 ; pi. Ivii., fig. 203.
Occurred with the preceding, but uncommon.
Melvill and Standen enumerate this from Lifu. It is repre-
sented in this Museum from Woodlark Island and New Caledonia.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 461
SISTRUM TDBERCULATUM, Blainville.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 186, pi. Ivii., figs. 218, 220.
Abundant in rock pools on the outer reef of Funafuti.
According to Tryon this inhabits Hawaii. Schmeltz mentions
Rockhampton (Queensland), Samoa and Fiji. In this Museum it
is shown from New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island.
SISTRUM CANCELLATUM, Quoy.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 188, pi. Iviii., figs. 242, 250.
Common in the rock pools of Funafuti.
Tryon mentions this from Hawaii ; Schmeltz gives Fiji, Raro-
tonga, and Tahiti. A specimen from Fanning Island is contained
in this Museum.
SISTRUM FISCELLUM, Chemnitz.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 188, pi. Iviii., figs. 251 - 257.
Not uncommon on the Funafuti beaches.
Examples from Teste Island, Louisiades, New Caledonia, and
Hawaii are preserved in this Museum.
CORALLIOPHILA CORONATA, Barclay.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 210, pi. Ixvi., figs. 372, 373.
One worn specimen was gathered on the beach of Funafuti.
Melvill and Standen, who received this from Lifu, were the
first to record it from the Pacific.
GALEROPSIS MADREPORARUM, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 212, pi. Ixvii., figs. 389 - 391, 398; Pease, Am.
Journ. Conch, iv., 1868, p. 112.
Purpura porphyroleuca, Crosse, Journ. de Conch, xix., 1871, p.
322, pi. xiii., fig. 7.
This species was found alive at Funafuti in crevices of living
coral, particularly MiUepora.
Quoy and Gaimard report this from Tonga, Marie from Tahiti,
Gould from Wake Island and Samoa, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. It is also shown in this Museum from New Caledonia,
Hawaii, and Vate, New Hebrides.
The description above quoted by Crosse corresponds so
well to Sowerby's, that his name may safely be reduced to
synonotny.
MAGILUS ANTIQUUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 216, pi. Ixviii., figs. 400-411.
Two young shells were obtained alive in company with the
Galeropsis just mentioned. Tryon's remark " that all the species
that have been differentiated from M. antiquus must be regarded
with suspicion," has guided my determination. Nothing seems to
be recorded of the distribution of this species in the Central Pacific.
A specimen from the Solomon Islands is in this Museum.
462
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 37.
NASSA SEMITEXTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 37).
Shell broadly ovate, small, strong, opaque,
white. Whorls five, of which two are apical
and smooth. Remainder sculptured by
small, regularly spaced, longitudinal ribs;
on the last whorl these number twenty-
three and vanish below the periphery.
Similar spiral ribs, crossing the longitudi-
nals, lattice the upper whorls and the
upper third of the last whorl ; on the
penultimate there are six of these, and on
the last whorl about twenty-five, which
are strong and widely spaced on the peri-
phery, weak and crowded anteriorly. A
deep and narrow groove follows the suture.
Aperture oblique, oval, fortified without
by a thick and prominent varix, which is
crossed by the spiral sculpture ; columella
arched, spreading a heavy sheet of callus, anteriorly incurved and
terminating in a rounded knob ; canal open, short, in section
C-shaped. Length 6, breadth 4J mm.
A rather worn specimen was found on the lagoon beach by
myself, and another was taken by Mr. G. Sweet.
This species is referred to Nassa for the unsatisfactory reason
that I do not know where else to locate it, and yet the material
before me is hardly sufficient foundation for the erection of a new
genus. A tubercle near the posterior angle of the aperture is
characteristic of Nassa, but absent here ; while the channelled
suture and heavy varix developed here may not be matched in
Nasaa. Indeed, though the contour and anterior notch repel the
idea, some aspects of this shell suggest Rissoina. Till further
data, and the soft parts arrive, the true systematic position of
this shell must, I think, remain in suspense.
NASSA GRANIFERA, Kiener.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. 26, pi. viii., figs. 39-41.
Mr. (jr. Sweet collected one specimen. Melvill and Standon report
this from the Loyalty, and the Museum contains it from the New
Hebrides.
COLUMBELLA VARiANS, Sowerby.
Tryon, Man. Conch., v., 1883, p. 110, pi. xlv., figs. 1, 2, 97 - 100;
pi. xlvi., figs. 3 6.
Common alive in the lagoon of Funafuti.
Tryon mentions it from New Guinea, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gala-
pagos. In this Museum it is shown from Niue, Baker's Island and
New Caledonia.
THE MOLLU8CA HEDLEY.
463
COLUMBELLA GALAXIAS, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xi., 1859, Columbella, pi. xxxv., sp.
229.
A variable species, plentiful at Funafuti, as also throughout
Polynesia, is provisionally so named. This name, though in
current use, is probably invalid. Tryon states that the prior
name of C. sagitta, Gaskoin, belongs here, although Reeve's figure
and the original locality are both at variance with the shell in
question. This statement has neither been accepted nor denied
by London writers ; the latest reference to the species by Melvill
and Standen ignores it. We owe the confusion in which this
species is involved to the past generation of London
Conchologists, and we expect reparation from the
present. A perusal of literature suggests that an
extensive synonomy will result from a revision of
the nomenclature of this species. Columbella mind-
orensis, Reeve, and C. articulaia, Souverbie, are
suggested as probable additions to the names reduced
by Tryon.
COLUMBELLA MELVILLI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 38).
Shell small, smooth, ovate. Colour white, irre-
gularly longitudinally striped by narrow, brown,
broken lines, which are interrupted at the periphery. Fig. 38.
Whorls seven, slightly rounded, glossy, traversed by
a few, scarcely perceptible spiral grooves. Aper-
ture narrow, outer lip straight, simple, not
grooved within. Columbella arcuate above,
denticulate below. Length 4|, breadth If mm.
Rare, alive under stones in the Funafuti
lagoon. Named in honour of the senior author
of a catalogue of the shells of Lifu, so often
quoted in these pages.
COLUMBELLA ALOFA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 39.)
Shell narrow, tall, spire acuminate. Colour
cream, with widely spaced, narrow, orange
longitudinal lines, and a series of large coral-
red blots on the periphery. Whorls eight, the
upper three longitudinally finely ribbed and
crossed by revolving grooves, the remainder
smooth, base sculptured by a few spiral cords.
Aperture narrow, outer lip straight, simple,
plicate within. Columella dentate, canal
slightly recurved. Length 12, breadth 4 mm. Fig. 39.
464 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
One specimen was brought alive from forty to eighty fathoms,
on the western slope of Funafuti.
COLUMBELLA OBTUSA, Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 181, pi. lix., figs. 59, 60.
Two specimens alive in the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji, Reeve from Huaheine, and Kobelt
from Hawaii. It is in this Museum from the Solomons and the
New Hebrides.
COLUMBELLA TRINGA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 181, pi. lix., figs. 65,66.
One specimen alive in the lagoon.
Tryon mentions this from New Caledonia and Fiji. It is in
this Museum from Milne Bay, British New Guinea.
COLUMBELLA RUBICUNDA, Quoy & Gaim.
Quoy & Gaim., Voy. " Astrolabe," ii., 1832, p. 588, pi. xl., figs.
25, 26.
Schmeltz* records this from the Ellice, and also Pyrene aurea,
Lamk.
ENGINA PARVA, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 195, pi. Ixiii., fig. 55.
One dead shell on the lagoon beach. Found by Pease in the
Paumotus.
ENGINA NODICOSTATA, Pease
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 195, pi. Ixiii., figs. 56, 57.
One living but immature shell from the lagoon of Funafuti.
Tryon records this species from the Paumotus and Fiji.
ENGINA MENDICARIA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 196, pi. Ixiii., figs. 62, 73.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer beach of Funafuti.
Schmeltz names this from Samoa and Fiji, Melvill and Standen
from the Loyalty Islands, Kobelt from New Ireland, and Brazier
from Torres Straits. Specimens from Port Moresby, British New
Guinea, are in this Museum.
MITRA EPISCOPALIS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. Ill, pi. xxxii., fig. 1 ; Garrett,
Journ. Conch., iii , 1880, pp. 3, 14.
I collected several specimens of this mollusk alive, on sandy
gravel flats, in the Funafuti lagoon at low water-mark. The shell
* Schmeltz Cat. Godeffroy Museum, v., 1874, p. 125.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 465
was formerly employed in the manufacture of native implements
by the Funafuti people (see ante pp. 249, 259) who called it
" mouri ounga."
Garrett records this species from the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilbert, Caroline, Cook, Society, Paumotu, and Hawaiian Groups.
Melvill and Standen notice it from the Loyalty.* In this Museum
it is also represented from Torres Straits, New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, and New Caledonia.
MITRA PONTIFICALIS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. Ill, pi. xxxii., fig. 3; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 4, 23.
Two examples occurred to me in company with the preceding
species, and 1 secured a third at Nukulailai.
Garrett notes for this a range similar to that of M. episcopalis,
with the addition of the Marquesas. Melvill and Standen publish
it from the Loyalty Islands. Examples are in this Museum from
Erromanga, New Hebrides, San Christoval, Solomons, and New
Caledonia.
MITRA FLAMMEA, Q. & G., var. HYSTRIX, Montrouzier.
Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch., x., 1862, p. 241, pi. ix., fig. 8;
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 140.
One example from Funafuti is longer and more slender than
that described by Montrouzier. Tryon is responsible for the
subordination of this form to M.flammea.
MITRA CUCUMERINA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 143, pi. xlii., figs. 227 - 229 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
3, 14.
Several examples from the rock pools of the ocean beach of
Funafuti.
The habitats enumerated by Garrett are : Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii.
Pease records it from the Ralick Islands.! I have taken it at
Panie, New Caledonia.
MITRA CHRYSALIS, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 144, pi. xlii., fig. 233; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
3, 13.
Abundant on the outer reef of Funafuti.
Garrett observed this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Gilberts.
New Caledonian specimens are also before me.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p. 99.
t Pease Am. Journ. Conch., iv., 1868, p. 121.
FT
466 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
MlTRA TABANULA, Lk., var. CALEDONICA, Reduz.
Recluz, Journ. Oonch., iv., 1853, p. 248, pi. vii., fig. 7; Tryon,
loc. cit., p. 146, pi. xlii., fig. 247.
A form represented by four specimens from the outer reef of
Funafuti is thus doubtfully determined. It is smaller, smoother,
and narrower than the shell figured by Recluz, but approaches
nearer to it than to any other illustration.
MITBA FERRUGINEA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 150, pi. xliv., figs. 279, 280, 290 ; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 3, 17.
Two specimens from the Funafuti lagoon.
Garrett cites this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, and Paumotus Islands.
MlTRA ACUMINATA, SwainsOH.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 153, pi. xlv., fig. 312 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 32.
Three examples from the Funafuti lagoon.
Garrett has recorded this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaiian Archi-
pelagoes.
MITRA BRUNNEA, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 153, pi. xlv., fig. 301; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 33.
A single specimen from Funafuti.
Garrett enumerates the known localities for this rather rare
species : Fiji, Samoa, Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and
Hawaii. There is a specimen in this Museum from Rowland's
Island, North-Central Pacific ; and Langkavel reports it from the
neighbouring Baker's Island. P. P. Carpenter asserts,* and
Pease denies,! that M. brunnea is a synonym of Strigatella fusce-
scens, Pease, from Hawaii.
MITRA ASTRICTA, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 154, pi. Ixv., figs. 315, 318.
A single live specimen from the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon quotes this from Hawaii.
MITRA LIMBIFERA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 154, pi. xlv., figs. 322 - 326 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 5, 33.
Three specimens from Funafuti lagoon.
* Carpenter Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 517.
f Pease Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 233.
THE MOLLUSCA HBDLEY. 467
Garrett records this as S. columbellceformis, Kiener, from the
Gilberts, Cook's, Society, and Paumotus.
MITRA LITTEBATA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 155, pL xlvi., figs. 338, 339 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 5, 33.
In profusion in the rock pools on the ocean beach of Funafuti.
Garrett has traced this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts,
Carolines, Cook's, Society, and Paumotus, to Hawaii. Melvill
and Standen note it from the Loyalties.* From Lord Howe
Island, New Caledonia, and Fanning Island, there are instances
in the Museum collection.
MITRA PAUPERCULA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 156, pi. xlvi., fig. 340; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 34.
Two specimens in company with the following species.
According to Garrett this form is confined to the West Pacific,
ranging through Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, and Carolines.
Melvill and Standenf recognise it from the Loyalty Islands.
MITRA VIRGATA, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 156, pi. xlvi., fig. 341; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 5, 34.
Several specimens from the outer reef of Funafuti.
Garrett gives the range of this as identical with that of M.
paupercula. It is in this Museum from New Caledonia.
TURRICULA GRUNERI, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 168, pi. xlix., figs. 416, 418, 419; Garrett, loc. cit.,
p. 47.
Two specimens were found on the lagoon beach at Funafuti.
Garrett reports this from Upolu, Samoa, and the Pelew Islands.
It is represented in this Museum from New Caledonia, and the
Gilberts.
TURRICULA ANGULOSA, Kuster.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 169, pi. 1., figs. 431, 432 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
5, 37.
One specimen from Funafuti.
Found by Garrett in Fiji.
TURRICULA VARIATA, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pi. Ivi., fig. 635 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 7, 61.
One specimen from Funafuti.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p. 101.
t Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii.,lp. 101.
468
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Taken by Garrett at Fiji, Samoa, Cook's, Society, and Paumotu
Groups.
TURRICULA NODOSA, Swainson.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 193, pi. Ivi., figs. 638-641 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
6, 53.
One dead specimen from Funafuti.
Garrett records this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Melvill and Standen
observe it from the Loyalties.* There is an example in this Museum
from Niue.
TURRICULA PILSBRYI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 40).
Shell fusiform. Colour orange-buff, with a rosy apex. Whorls
five, plus the protoconch. Sculpture on the last whorl are six
roundly swelling arcuate ribs, which arise at the suture and
terminate at the basal constriction, but dis-
appear on the final half whorl ; the anti-
penultimate has thirteen ribs. On ascending
the spire, the ribs become comparatively more
prominent, and on the earliest whorl are
sharply constricted and angled at their upper
third. On each whorl they alternate with
those above and below. Between the ribs
appear delicate and evenly-spaced, spiral
grooves. Seven or eight broad, close, flat-
topped lyrse are obliquely wound around the
base. Protoconch two-whorled, globose, pro-
jecting on the right side, smooth ; anteriorly
a spiral groove forecasts the constriction of a
later whorl. In the unique specimen the lip
is broken. The columella bears a tubercle at
the posterior angle, it is then excavated ; the
moderately straight pillar carries four, con-
spicuous, projecting plaits ; a callus is spread
ever the preceding whorl. The throat is on its outer wall
corrugated by a dozen raised spiral lines. Length 6, breadth 2|
Fig. 40.
Taken by the tangles hauled up on the outer western slope of
the atoll, in eighty to forty fathoms, associated with Gorgonidce,
Thetidos, etc.
This species is a member of the subgenus Pusia, and seems
well defined by the uniform colour, smooth, wave-like ribs, and
basal constriction.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
469
Named in honour of the brilliant American Conchologist, who
has so successfully laboured to place the systematic study of the
Mollusca on a more scientific basis.
CYLINDRA DACTYLUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 197, pi. Ivii., figs. 658, 664 ; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 7, 65.
Three specimens from the Funafuti lagoon.
Garrett found this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Melvill and Standen quote it
from the Loyalties.* Examples from Woodlark Island (British
New Guinea), and New Caledonia, are contained in this Museum.
ERATO SCHMELTZIANA, Crosse.
Tryon, Man. Conch, v., 1883, p. 11, pi. iv., figs. 54, 55.
A few specimens were collected on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Previously reported only from Fiji.
MARGINELLA SANDWICENSIS, Pease.
Tryon, loo. cit., p. 45, pi. xii., fig. 69.
Several dead shells were picked up on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
Tryon reports it from Hawaii and Fiji.
MARGINELLA IOTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 41).
Shell ovate, truncate anteriorly, white,
smooth. Spire slightly exserted. Aperture
comparatively wide. Outer lip thick, sin-
uate, smooth within. Inner lip with three
principal anterior plications and several
remote subsidiary ones, deep within.
Length 1'5, breadth -95 mm.
Three specimens from the sand of the
lagoon beach.
The only Marginella comparable in
size, known from the tropical Pacific, is
M. mariei, Crosse, whose broad shell and
immersed spire easily distinguish it.
MARGINELLA PEASII, Reeve.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 53, pi. xiii., fig. 27.
Abundant in a dead state on the sandy beach of the lagoon.
Fig. 41.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., via., p. 103.
470 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Hitherto only known from the Gilberts. Volutella elongata
(Marginella elliptica, Redtield),* from Fanning Island, seems
suspiciously close to this.
OLIVELLA SIMPLEX, Pease.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 72, pi. xvii., figs. 47, 48.
A single dead shell was found with the foregoing species.
Reported by its author from Upolu, Samoa, and Tongatabu,
Tonga/
OLIVA GUTTATA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 74, pi. xix., figs. 64 - 74.
A dead specimen was found on the beach of the lagoon.
In this Museum it is represented from Trinity Bay, North
Queensland, New Caledonia, and New Hebrides.
OLIVA IRISANS, var. ERYTHROSTOMA, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pi. i., fig. 3; pi. xxvi., figs. 53, 54; pi. xxvii.,
figs. 55-58; pi. xxxiv., fig. 53.
A few empty shells were found upon the beach.
Melvill and Standen mention this from Lifu. Specimens are
included in the series of this Museum from Niue, Tonga, and
Erromanga (New Hebrides).
HARPA MINOR, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 99, pi. xli., figs. 69 - 72, 78.
Several dead shells were noticed on the lagoon beach.
Schmeltz records this from Fiji and the Gilberts, and Melvill
and Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from the Solomons.
HARPA GRACILIS, Broderip & Sowerby.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 99, pi. xli., fig. 73.
A single dead shell of this rare species was taken on the lagoon
beach.
H. Cuming discovered this at Anaa, Paumotus. Schmeltz gives
it from the Gilberts and Rarotonga.
DRILLIA UNIZONALIS, Lamarck.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vi., 1884, p. 185, pi. ix., figs. 30, 33, 34,
38; pi. xxxii., fig. 48.
One specimen from Funafuti lagoon.
* Pease Am. Journ. Conch., iii., 1867, p. 281, pi. xxiii., fig. 23.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 471
Under the synonym of D. vidua, Reeve, this is quoted by
Garrett* from Fiji and Wallis Island ; by Melvill and Standenf
from Lifu ; and by WeinkaufFJ from Upolu, Samoa. I have
collected it at Port Moresby, British New Guinea.
GLYPHOSTOMA PURPURASCENS, Dunker.
Dunker, Malak. Blatt., xviii., 1871, p. 160.
Clathurella pulchella, Garrett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p.
219, pi. iii., fig. 32.
Glyphostoma goubini, Hervier, Journ.de Conch., xliii., 1895(1896),
p. 149; xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 75, pi. ii, fig. 17.
Seven specimens from the lagoon at Funafuti.
Tryon writes that G. purpurascens " is admitted by Mr.
Garrett to be identical with his C. pulchella, over which it has
two years' priority of publication. " The figure and description
of Father Hervier so exactly correspond to the others quoted,
that I fear no contradiction in reducing his name to synonomy.
Possibly the unfigured C. rubicunda, Gould, || is the same species.
Dunker described it from Upolu (Samoa), Garrett from Fiji,
and Hervier from Lifu (Loyalties). If the prior Clathurella
rubicunda, Gould, is identical, the range includes the Loo Choo
Islands.
GLYPHOSTOMA ALICES, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1895, p. 95, pi. ii., fig.
15 (bad).
Three specimens from Funafuti agree generally with an authentic
example from Lifu. The photographic illustration quoted is too
indistinct to show details.
GLYPHOSTOMA ALICES, M. & S., var. TENERA, var nov.
This variety differs in sculpture from the preceding, having on
the last whorl fifteen delicate costse, where the typical form bears
eight, thick and prominent ribs. At the anterior termination of
these ribs, the variety has a more decided angle, followed by a
more hollow base, than the species in chief.
Five specimens from the lagoon beach.
GLYPHOSTOMA MALLETI, Recluz.
Recluz, Journ. de Conch., iii., 1852, pi. x, fig. 2; Tryon, loc.cit.,
p. 297, pi. xx., figs. 96, 100.
* Garrett Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 218.
f Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p. 94.
t Weinkauff-Conch. Cab. (ii.;, iv., 1, 1887, p. 60.
Tryon Loc. cit., p. 298.
|| Gould Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii., 1861, p. 338.
472 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
A single specimen was taken in company with the Gorgonidw
described ante p. 308-320, by tangles hauled from eighty to
forty fathoms on the outer and western slope of Funafuti. It
differs considerably from a specimen (apparently typical) received
from New Caledonia, being of a chrome-orange colour, with a
pale peripheral band, 5 mm. long by 2 broad. Whereas the New
Caledonian example is of a peach-blossom pink colour, 6J mm.
long, 3 mm. broad, and of a stouter build. Both show the granu-
lations noted in the original description which Dall points out as
characteristic of the genus.*
Garrett found this in Samoa and Fiji, and Melvill and Standen
received it in abundance from Lifu, Loyalties. f
THETIDOS, gen. nov.
A member of the Mangiliinse, distinguished by three stout
tubercles seated on the lip within the aperture, and by a globose,
tilted, two-whorled protoconch, which is closely spirally grooved
throughout.
The new species, which typifies this proposed new genus, stands
apart from almost all Pleurotomida3, with regard to the few
large denticules which defend the aperture. The thickened lip and
anal notch throw it into Tryon's subfamily Mangiliinae, and among
the members of that, Glyphostoma makes the nearest approach.
Glyphostoma has smaller and more numerous denticules, and an
apex which in G. gabbii is thus described by Dall : " nucleus
acute, three-whorled, the first whorl smooth, rounded, tilted,
minute ; the others smooth, polished, keeled on the periphery."^
This description fits others I have examined such as G. malleti.
In various instances the protoconch of Mangelia is shown by
Watson to have delicate, longitudinal ribbing. The genus Clathur-
ella has a peculiar raised mesh-work over all the whorls of the
protoconch, as here illustrated in the case of C. irretita, and which
has been beautifully figured in several instances by Watson in
the " Challenger " Report. The apex which Cossman gives as
characteristic of Clathurella is, however, quite different.
Opinions on the systematic importance of the Pleurotomoid
protoconch are conflicting. Watson remarks that : " sculpture
and form of apex may probably serve as the safest basis of classi-
fication in the whole group."|| On the contrary Dall has expressed
his opinion that: "so far as our knowledge goes, nuclear
* Dall Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xviii., 1889, p. 108.
f Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., p. 402.
j Dall Loc. cit., p. 109.
Cossman Essais de Paleoconchologie comparee, ii., 1896, p. 122.
|| Watson Chall. Eep. Zool., xv., 1886, p. 361.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
473
characters have little absolute systematic value in this group,
and their relative value remains to be determined."*
Even should little weight attach to the nuclear distinction of
Thetidos, the aperture, so curiously imitating Sistrum or Pupa,
may separate it from its kindred, only excepting Clathurella idio-
morpha, Hervier,f and Clathurella rugosa, Mighels.l As those
authors paid no special attention to the protoconch, I am unable
to decide whether they should also enter my genus.
I have no information relative to the presence or absence of
the operculum, since to obtain such would entail the destruction
of the only shell. It may be that in this family the thickening
of the lip, followed by the development of the labial teeth, and
consequent narrowing of the aperture has accompanied the de-
generation of the operculum. The safety of the animal being thus
secured by the exchange of one defence for another.
THETIDOS MORSURA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 42).
Shell stout and strongly
built, briefly conical, a little
turreted, anteriorly narrowed
suddenly with a short straight
and truncate canal. Whorls
five, exclusive of the proto-
conch. Colour dead white,
except the two uppermost
whorls and the protoconch,
which are pale fawn. Sculp-
ture the last whorl has ten
thick and prominent ribs,
round at their base and
summit, their own width
apart, shouldered posteriorly
and abruptly terminating
anteriorly at the basal con-
striction. On each succeeding whorl the ribs alternate with those
beneath. The revolving sculpture consists, on the last whorl, of
eight, strong, elevated, equidistant, narrow spiral cords which
over-ride the ribs, and five such which encircle the base, where
vestigial ribs tend to dissect them into nodules ; on the penulti-
mate whorl there are four to five cords visible. Protoconch tilted,
two-whorled, and spirally grooved. Aperture narrow ; columella
* Dall Loc. cit., p. 75.
t Hcrvier Journ. de Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 147 ; xlv., 1897, p.
110, pi. iii., fig. 3.
J Langkavel Donuin Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 2, pi. i., fig. 5.
Fig. 42.
474 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
excavate above, anteriorly ridged by the entrance of three of the
basal cords which ascend obliquely ; canal open, broad, short,
truncated ; outer lip much thickened externally by a heavy varix
which is crossed and denticulated by the spiral sculpture ; within
the varix, and at right angles to it, the aperture proper has a
second raised lip, and within that again are three large, equidistant
tubercles, the largest and most prominent of which is that next
the sinus ; the anal sinus is moderately deep, scarcely mounts on
the preceding whorl, and spreads a callus across two ribs. Length
5, breadth 2| mm.
One example, procured in eighty to forty fathoms by the tangles,
with the preceding species.
MANGILIA HIMERTA, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 281, pi. ix.,
fig. 17.
One example from the lagoon beach. Only before recorded
from Lifu.
CLATHURELLA LACTEA, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. L, 1843, Pleurotoma, pi. xv., sp. 123.
One specimen from the lagoon beach answers well to Reeve's
illustration.
CLATHURELLA CLANDESTINA, Deshayes.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 298, pi. xix., fig. 67 ; pi. xx., fig. 81.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon, slighter and paler
than the typical form. It is only 4 mm. long, and has a buff
tip and two obscure buff bands on the back of the last whorl.
Pease found this in the Paumotus, Garrett in Fiji, and Hadfield
at Lifu.* I collected a large form, 7 mm. in length, at Milne
Bay, British New Guinea. According to the descriptions, C.
pumila, Mighels, seems scarcely separable.
CLATHURELLA APICALIS, Montrouzier.
Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch., ix., 1861, p. 277, pi. xi., fig. 1.
Two worn specimens from the beach of the Funafuti lagoon.
Tryon f relegates this to the synonomy of C. felina, Hinds. As
Reeve's miserable figure of this permits no comparison, I accept
without criticism Hervier's assurance} that it is distinct.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p. 402.
t Tryon Loc. cit., p. 293.
j Hervier Loc. cit., xlv., 1897, p. 101.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
475
Fig. 43.
OLATHUBELLA IBRETITA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 43).
Shell ovate-fusiform, narrow, tur-
retted and sharply angled below a
sloping shoulder. Colour white, from
the suture to the angle opaque, below
the angle hyaline with opaque beads;
protoconch buff yellow, a splash of
the same on the anterior dorsal por-
tion of the last whorl; a pale yellow
thread, confined to one spiral cord,
ascends each whorl below the angle,
and another surrounds the last whorl
below the periphery. Adult whorls
four and a half. Sculpture the last
whorl bears fifteen longitudinal costae
which cross the flattened part of the
whorl obliquely, here they are separ-
ated by twice their breadth ; above
the angle they bend and enlarge suddenly, towards the base they
curve in and vanish at the basal constriction. On the penultimate
whorl these costse alternate with those below the suture. These
longitudinal costse are over-ridden by a series of fine sharp spiral
cords knotted at each costa ; the last whorl carrying four larger
and more undulating ones above the angle and ten below it ; on
the base are six simple cords. Protoconch horny, mamillate,
three and a half whorled, the larger sculptured with a raised net-
work, contrasting sharply by colour and texture with the adult
shell, which suddenly commences with a thick raised white tongue
at the suture. Aperture narrow and elliptical, columella arched,
overlaid by a callus which ends abruptly where the mouth narrows.
Canal short and wide. Outer lip massive, ridged externally by a
dozen transverse cords which denticulate the edges ; within are
seven weak entering ridges. The aperture mounts the preceding
whorl to the height of two spiral cords, and encloses a deep wide
anal notch with a prominent callus. Length 5, breadth 2 mm.
One specimen from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
Closely allied to Clathurella euzonata, Hervier,* from which it
differs by being narrower, sharper angled, and sculptured by finer
and more numerous cords. With his species Hervier associates
C. bilineata, Angas, and C. bifascialum, Pease.
DAPHNELLA DELICATA, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., i., 1846, " Pleurotoma," pi. xxxiv., sp. 310;
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 301, pi. xxvi., fig. 80.
* Hervier Joura. de Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), p. 143 ; ibid., xlv.
1897, p. 102, pi. ii., fig. 6.
476 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
One specimen from the Funafuti lagoon beach.
It has been taken by Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus, and by
Garrett at Tahiti.
DAPHNELLA LYMNEIFORMIS, Kiener.
Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes, Canaliferes, i., (n.d.), Pleurotome, p.
62, pi. xxii., fig. 3.
Two specimens from Funafuti appear to be the first recorded
from the Central Pacific of this widely distributed form.
DAPHNELLA PUPOIDEA, H. Adams.
II. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 14, pi. iii., fig. 27 ; Tryon,
loc. cit., p. 314, pi. xxxiv., fig. 92.
Mangilia victor, Sowerby, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1894, p. 45, pi.
iv., fig. 19.
The single specimen from Funafuti is smaller and slighter than
Adams' type specimen, from the New Hebrides, now in the
Australian Museum. Melvill and Standen report it* from Lifu,
Loyalties, and I have obtained it at Port Moresby, British New
Guinea, and at Panic, New Caledonia. Drillia pygmcea, Dunker,
seems to be suspiciously like this species.
DAPHNELLA THIASOTES, Melvill & Standen.
Mangilia thiasotes, Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896,
p. 284, pi. ix., fig. 21.
A more complete account than is usually given by these authors
enables me to satisfactorily identify a single specimen from Funa-
futi with their species from Lifu. They confess, " We know of
no pleurotomoid shell which presents the same characteristics."
If specific characters were thus alluded to in a shell described as
new, the remark would be superfluous, and I therefore presume
that generic characters are intended. It is obvious that this
species is a close ally of such a shell as Angas described as Pur-
pura anomala. Prof. R. Tate first pointed out that this latter was
one of the Pleurotomidse, allied to M. vincenti, Crosse.f In con-
sonance with Tryon's classification, it is therefore here termed
Daphnella thiasotes.
CONUS LITEBATUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pi. ii., figs. 17 - 19 ; Garrett, Journ. Conch.,
i., 1878, pp. 354, 360.
I purchased a specimen of this from a native at Nukulailai.
* Melvill & Standen Loc. cit., viii., p. 94.
t Tate Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v., 1881, p. 131.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 477
H. Cuming collected a form of this at Tahiti and Anaa, Pau-
motus.* Garrett found it in Fiji, the Gilberts, the Carolines, and
Society Islands. In an excellent " Catalogue of the Cones of New
Caledonia," by Crosse and Marie, f this is recorded from the mainland,
lie Art, and the Loyalty Group. In this Museum it is also represented
from British New Guinea, Erromanga (New Hebrides), and the
Bampton Reef (Coral Sea). Throughout the Pacific, this shell is
greatly esteemed as material for native ornaments.
CONUS TESSELLATUS, Born.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 11, pi. ii., figs. 26, 27 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
355, 365.
A couple of specimens were procured at Funafuti.
Garrett reports this from Fiji, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie mention this
from Balade and He Art, New Caledonia. In this Museum are
specimens from the New Hebrides and Torres Straits.
CONUS PULICARIUS, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 19, pi. iv., fig. 68 ; pi. v., fig. 69 ; Garrett, loc.
cit., pp. 355, 362.
Two examples were obtained at Funafuti.
Garrett records this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Marquesas Islands. Cuming
observed this at Tahiti \ ; Crosse and Marie at He Art and New
Caledonia ; and Melvill and Standen at Lifu. Tryon mentions
it from New Guinea, and specimens are in this Museum from
Queensland, the Solomons, and the Gilberts.
CONUS HEBBAEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 20, pi. v., figs. 75, 77; pi. xxvii., fig. 13; Garrett,
loc. cit., pp. 354, 360.
Abundant on the outer reef in rock pools at Funafuti, and I
noted it also at Nukulailai.
Garrett cites this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie quote
it from New Caledonia. In this Museum it is shown from the
Louisiades, Erromanga, New Hebrides, and Lord Howe Island.
The native name on Funafuti is "miri." At Port Moresby
the natives call it '' ahukura."
# Reeve Conch. Icon., i:, Conus, 1843, pi. xxrii., sp. 178.
t Crosse & Marie Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 344.-
j Reeve Loc. cit., pi. xvii., sp. 94.
478 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CONUS HEBRAEUS, Var. VERMICULATUS,
A few of this colour variety occurred as usual with the typical
form.
CONUS CEYLONENSIS, HwaSS.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 23, pi. vi., figs. 94 - 100.
Abundant in the rock pools of the outer reef of Funafuti, in
association with the preceding species. Numerous colour varieties
are represented, among which is the var. sponsalis, Chemnitz.
Cuming collected this at Marutea, Paumotus* ; Crosse and
Marie report it from He Art, New Caledonia ; and Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. In a catalogue of the shells of Fitzroy
Island,! Brazier notes it from there and from San Christoval,
Solomons.
CONUS VEXILLUM, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 39, pi. xi., figs. 12a, 13, 14; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 356, 365.
One imperfect shell was purchased from a native at Funafuti.
Garrett found this in the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook's,
Paumotus, and Hawaii Groups. Crosse and Marie mention this
from New Caledonia, lie Art, and Lifu ; Tryon from Samoa ; and
there is a specimen in this Museum from Torres Straits. I have
also collected it at Ballina, N.S. Wales.
CONUS RATTUS, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 41, pi. xii., figs. 25, 27.
A single living specimen was taken under a stone in the Funa-
futi lagoon.
Cuming saw this at Tahiti, and Anaa, Paumotus J ; Crosse and
Marie record it from Lifu and New Caledonia, and Weinkauff
from Tonga. A specimen from the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea, is
in this Museum.
CONUS CAPITANEUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 40, pi. xii., figs. 21 - 24 ; pi. xi., figs. 17, 18.
Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 354, 358.
One dead and immature shell from Funafuti,
Garrett found this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts and Carolines.
Crosse and Marie mention this from He Art, New Caledonia,
and Brazier from Fitzroy Island, Queensland ; Torres Straits ;
Hall Sound, British New Guinea ; Fiji, New Ireland, New Britain
* Eeeve Loc. cit., pi. xx., sp. 109.
f Brazier Journ. Conch., ii., 1879, p. 190.
j Eeeve Loc. cit., pi. xv., sp. 78.
Weinkauff Conch. Cab., 1873, Conus, p. 134.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 479
and the Solomons. A specimen from the Bampton Reef is in
this Museum.
CONUS LIVIDUS, HlV088.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 45, pi. xiii., figs. 54 - 57 ; Garrett, loc. cit. t pp.
354, 360.
One specimen was found alive under a stone in the Funafuti
lagoon.
Garrett saw this in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus, Marquesas and Hawaii. By Ouming
it was taken in the Society Islands ; Melvill and Standen have it
from the Loyalty. Specimens in this Museum extend the range
to Woodlark Island, British New Guinea and the Solomons.
CONUS LIVIDUS, var. FLAVIDUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 44, pi. xiii., figs. 48 - 50.
Abundant alive under stones in the Funafuti lagoon.
Cuming collected this at Tahiti, Crosse and Marie cite it from
He Art, New Caledonia ; Smith from the Solomons, Fiji, and
Tonga* ; and Brazier from Torres Straits and Hall Sound, British
New Guinea, f An Hawaiian specimen is contained in this
Museum.
CONUS VITULINUS, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 51, pi. xiv., figs. 86, 87 ; pi. xv., fig. 88.
One dead specimen from Funafuti.
Crosse and Marie cite this from the Loyalty Islands, He
Art and Balade, New Caledonia. Brazier found it at Fitzroy
Island, Queensland, Torres Straits, New Britain and New Ireland.
CONUS CATUS, Hwass.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 63, pi. xx., figs. 6 - 10 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
354, 358.
A single worn specimen from Funafuti.
Cuming collected this at Tahiti ; Orosse and Marie record it
from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Group. This Museum has
a specimen from Hawaii. Garrett found it in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa,
Gilberts, Carolines, Cook's, Society, Paumotus and Hawaii.
CONUS NUSSATELLA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 80, pi. xxv.,fig. 35; Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 355, 362.
Mr. G. Sweet obtained one specimen.
Garrett notes this from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, Paumotus and Hawaii.
* Smith Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 400.
t Brazier Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., i., 1877, p. 288.
480 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CONUS STRIATUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 85, pi. xxvi., fig. 67 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
355, 364.
A single empty shell from Funafuti.
Garrett collected this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines,
Cook's, Society, and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie record this from
the east coast of New Caledonia, and the Islands of Art and Lifu.
Brazier has noted it from Fitzroy Island, Queensland, Torres
Straits, New Ireland and New Britain ; and Smith from the
Solomons. In this Museum are specimens from Erromanga,
New Hebrides, and the Bampton Reef, Coral Sea.
CONUS GEOGRAPHUS, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 88, pi. xxviii , fig. 84; pi. xxix., fig. 85;
Garrett, loc. cit., pp. 354, 360.
A native of Funafuti presented me with a fine specimen, 120
mm. in length.
Garrett saw this at Fiji, Samoa, Gilberts, Carolines, Society and
Paumotus. Crosse and Marie mention this from the Islands of
Loyalty, Art and Pines, New Caledonia. This Museum possesses
representatives from Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Erromanga,
New Hebrides.
CONUS TULIPA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 87, pi. xxviii., figs. 80, 81; Garrett, loc. cit.,
pp. 355, 365.
I picked up a single specimen on the western beach of Funafuti.
Garrett obtained this at Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Gilberts, Cook's,
Society, Paumotus, Marquesas and Hawaii. Crosse and Marie
note it from the Islands of Lifu, Art and Pines, New Caledonia.
Examples from Torres Straits and Erromanga, New Hebrides,
exist in this Museum.
CONUS AURATUS, Lamarck.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 93, pi. xxxi., fig. 30 ; Garrett, loc. cit., pp.
354, 357.
One dead shell from the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
Found by Cuming at Anaa, Paumotus, and noted by Crosse
and Fischer from the Loyalty. In this Museum are instances
from the Gilberts and Erromanga, New Hebrides. Garrett
collected this at Fiji, Gilberts and Paumotus.
TEREBRA CRENULATA, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 8, pi. i., figs. 1, 2, 6.
Several imperfect specimens were observed on the lagoon beach
of Funafuti.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 481
Hinds remarks this from the Society and Marquesas, and
Melvill and Standen from Lifu ; this Museum contains it from
Pipon Island and New Caledonia.
TEREBRA DIMIDIATA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 9, pi. i., figs. 4, 13.
Fragments only of this were collected at Funafuti by myself,
but Mr. G. Sweet showed me a whole one.
Hinds reports this from Tahiti ; Melvill and Standen from
Lifu. It is in this Museum from British New Guinea, and
Erromanga and Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
TEREBRA MACULATA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 9, pi. i., figs 9, 10.
This shell is a rarity on Funafuti, and I was unable to personally
obtain a specimen, though I identified the species from one pur-
chased from the natives by another member of our party. A
specimen was also obtained by Mr. G. Sweet. It was formerly of
great value to the inhabitants of this and other Pacific Islands,
who employed it as a cutting or boring edge for certain tools.*
Dr. Hinds, who found a dwarf form at Hao Atoll, Paumotus,
remarks : "In the Pacific, the animal is eaten as food, and the
shell, ground at an angle, was much in use as a chisel in the con-
struction of the canoes."t
The "Chevert" Expedition obtained this in Torres Straits. Mel vill
and Standen note it from Lifu. I collected it at Port Moresby,
British New Guinea, where the natives knew it as " bodoa."
TEREBRA SUBULATA, Linne.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pi. i., fig. 3; pi. iii., fig. 35.
One specimen was found by Mr. G. Sweet.
Hinds found it at Hao and Tahiti. It is represented from the
Solomons, New Caledonia, and Hawaii in this Museum.
TEREBRA TIGRINA, Gmelin.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 10, pi. i., fig. 11.
Mr. G. Sweet obtained two examples. Reported by Tryon from
Hawaii, and represented in this Museum from the New Hebrides.
TEREBRA AFFINIS, Gray.
Tryon, loc. cit., p. 14 pi. ii., figs. 18, 22.
Two worn shells were taken on the Funafuti beach.
* See ante pp. 249, 259.
f R. B. Hinds Thes. Conch., i., 1847, p. 150.
Go
482
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Tryon quotes this from Fiji, and Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
Schmeltz mentions it from Tahiti and Upolu, Samoa.* Specimens
from the New Hebrides are in the possession of this Museum.
SOLIDULA SULCATA, Gmelin.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 143, pi. xxa, figs. 39, 46, 47, 48.
Several specimens from the lagoon beach.
This abundant, variable and widespread species has been
reported from Queensland and New Caledonia by Brazier, and
from Tahiti by Pilsbry. It is represented in the Museum Collection
from Guam in the Ladrones and from Aneiteum in the New
Hebrides.
TORNATINA VOLUTA, Quoy & Gaimard.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 195, pi. xxii., figs. 29, 30, 31.
Abundant on the lagoon beach.
Taken originally at Guam in the Ladrones by the " Astrolabe,"
it was afterwards found in Torres Straits by the " Chevert " and
in Fiji by the "Challenger." Melvill and Standen note it from
the Loyalty Islands, and I have myself collected it at Noumea,
New Caledonia.
TORVATINA HADPIELDI, Melvill & Standen.
Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conch., viii., 1896, p. 314; pi. xi.,
fig. 80.
Some broken specimens from the lagoon beach appear to belong
to this species, which Melvill and Standen describe from Lifu,
and which I have also taken at Panie, New Caledonia.
RETUSA WAUGHIANA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 44).
Shell subcylindrical, swollen below, sharply
truncated above, produced and rounded an-
teriorly. Colour porcelain white, glossy.
Sculpture longitudinal, irregularly spaced
ribs traverse the whole shell, anteriorly they
are weak threads, posteriorly they wax stouter
and form tubercles as they obliquely mount
the vertex. Between these the shell is closely
girt by about forty spiral grooves and their
complementary ridges. Whorls four, the
earlier ascending, the last descending. Suture
deeply channelled. Apex mamillate, rising
above the crown. Aperture very oblique,
racquet shaped. Outer lip springing from the
wall considerably below the vertex, rounded
posteriorly, parallel with the body whorl as far
Fig. 44.
Sohmeltz Mus. Godeffroy Cat. v., 1874, p. 134.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 483
as the waist of the shell, then curving outwards. Columella
broad, sinuate, folded over a slight umbilical chink. Callus on
body whorl distinct, forming a decided angle posteriorly. Length
1^, breadth 1 mm.
Three specimens from the lagoon beach.
This species perhaps stands nearest to H. amphizosta, Watson,*
from which it is easily distinguished by the even more puffed
anterior half, the descent of the last whorl, and by the coarser,
more prominent sculpture. The young shells differ altogether in
contour from the adult, but may be recognised by their peculiar
sculpture.
This novelty is named in honour of my accomplished friend,
Lieutenant A. VVaugh, R.N., of H.M.S. "Penguin," who, during
the Expedition to Funafuti, as on many previous occasions, afforded
his hearty aid and sympathy to every scientific undertaking.
ATYS CYLINDRICA, Helbliny.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 265, pi. xxxiii., figs. 60- 64.
Abundant on the lagoon beach.
This common Pacific shell ranges in Australia from Torres
Straits southwards to Port Stephens, N.S.W.; the " Challenger "
met it in Fiji ; I took it at Noumea, New Caledonia, and the
Museum has received from Mr. N. Hardy a specimen he collected
at Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
ATYS HYALINA, Watson.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 271, pi. xxxii., fig. 36.
A single broken specimen from the Funafuti lagoon agrees with
specimens in the Museum from a type locality, Torres Straits.
The " Challenger " procured this from Fiji, and doubtfully from
Honolulu.
ATYS DENTIPERA, A. Adams.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 276, pi. xxvii., fig. 81.
The occurrence of several specimens on the lagoon beach of
Funafuti points to a range across the whole Pacific, since this
habitat is intermediate between Marutea, Paumotus, in the
extreme east, where it was first discovered by Hugh Cuming, and
Torres Straits in the extreme west, where it was taken by the
" Challenger," as also at Fiji. Mr. H. Smithurst has presented
to the Museum a specimen he collected at Milne Bay, British
New Guinea.
* Watson ChaU. Rep., Zool., xv., 1886, p. 662, pi. xlviii., fig. 11.
484
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
ATYS DACTYLUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 45).
Shell date shaped, truncated above and below,
minutely perforate above, deeply and narrowly
umbilicate below. Colour white, glossy. Sculp-
ture from sixty to seventy, irregularly waved,
narrow, shallow grooves girdle the shell, between
which are smooth, flat topped lyrse, two or three
times their breadth; these are crossed at
irregular intervals by fine and coarse growth
lines. The aperture is vertical, longer than the
shell, narrowly arched, dilated above and below,
rather effuse anteriorly. Above, the lip rises
from the centre of the apical crater and folding
back almost covers the perforation ; the outer
Fig. 45. lip is straight and simple; the columella broadly
reflexed,emarginate without, tuberculate within,
a short tongue of callus extends a little distance upwards along
the body whorl. Length 4J, breadth 2| mm.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
This species appears to approach nearest to A. Jeffrey si, Wein-
kauff, from the Mediterranean, which served Monterosato as type
for his genus Boxaniella.
CYLICHNA ERECTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 46).
Shell cylindrical, truncated above, bevelled out-
wardly round the vertex, rounded below and
compressed around the basal axis. Colour white.
Sculpture the only specimen is too worn for exact
description ; it seems to have been girt by numerous
broad and shallow spiral grooves. Aperture nearly
perpendicular ; lip produced medially ; columella
broadly reflected, apparently minutely plicated.
Spire umbilicate, a shallow crater into which each
whorl descends by steps. Length 4, breadth If mm.
A single rather worn example from the lagoon
beach.
This species appears to be quite distinct from
Fig. 46. others of the genus. Those that share the cylindrical
shape being C. discus, Watson, more truncated
anteriorly ; C. protracta, Gould, three times larger ; C. involuta,
Adams, C. cylindracea, Pennant, and C. alba, Brown, which
appear to have the spire covered. No comparison can be
instituted with a mass of untigured species with which authors
(Adams being chief sinner) have oppressed descriptive conchology.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
485
HAMINEA VITREA, A. Adams.
Pilsbry, loc. tit., p. 370, pi. xl., fig. 83.
Two specimens from the lagoon beach.
The " Chevert " Expedition took this species in Torres Straits.
It occurred to me at Panie, New Caledonia ; and under the
synonym of H. tenera, A. Adams, Melvill and Standen record
it from the Loyalties.
CYLINDROBULLA SCULPTA, Nevill.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 381, pi. xlii., figs. 36 - 38.
Two living specimens from shallow water in the lagoon, corres-
pond fairly to the above quotation. This Cingalese species has
not been noticed before in the Pacific.
AKERA APERTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 47).
Shell small, fragile, transparent, oval.
Whorls two and a half, last sloping on the
shoulder, then subangled and rounded
below; sculptured by close, regular growth
lines. Apex truncate. Spire minute,
visible through a flat, glossy plate, which
continues into a rib bordering the sutural
notch. Aperture as long as the shell,
much dilated and effuse below, narrowed
above to the broad and deep sinus ; outer
lip arched forward above the middle ;
columella very concave with a narrow
sharply reflexed edge. Length 5, breadth
4 mm.
Three specimens from sand on the
lagoon beach.
This curious shell agrees with Akera in
having the spire at the vertex and in the
open aperture, but it approaches Cylin-
drobulla in the more involute spire. I am
not satisfied that this may not be the
young of the preceding species, but as no
information is published on the immature
stages of these genera, it seemed well to
describe my material, even at the risk of
increasing synonomy.
HYDATINA AMPLUSTRB, Linne.
Pilsbry, loc. cit., p. 390, pi. xliv., figs. 1-6.
An immature specimen from the lagoon beach.
- 47.
486
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
So conspicuous a shell is readily observed ; Pilsbry quotes
Pacific records embracing most archipelagoes between Queensland
and Hawaii.
HYDATINA PHYSIS, Linne.
Pilsbry, loc. tit., p. 387, pi. xlv., figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.
Mr. G. Sweet found a young shell of this world wide species.
RlNGICULA PARVULA, sp. nOV.
(Fig. 48).
Shell very small, broad, solid, milk-white
and glossy. Whorls rounded, chanelled
at the suture ; incised by half a dozen sharp
narrow grooves at and below the periphery.
The mouth armature consists of a large
blunt tooth in the middle of the outer lip,
an elevated and much compressed one on
the body whorl and two others, distant,
rounded and oblique on the columella.
Length 1-6, breadth 1 mm.
Differs in dentition and contour from
R. mariei, Morelet, and R. acuta v. minuta,
H. Adams, and in its minute size from all
others of the genus.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
ELYSIA NIGROPUNCTATA, Pease, var. SANGUINEA, var. nov.
(Fig. 49).
This variety differs from the type figured
by Pease or Bergh* by being smaller by
one third, and having the tentacles and
mantle border coloured a vivid crimson.
' 48 '
Fig. 49.
One specimen was collected at low water on the extreme outer
edge of the windward reef.
Perhaps E. marginatus, Pease, is but another colour variety of
the same species.
PLECOTREMA BELLUM, H. & A. Adams.
Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1895, p. 242.
In reference to this species, Souverbie pathetically remarks
that the wretched work of the Adams permits of no precise
identification. Their baneful seed has here produced the usual
crop of synonomy. My determination of a shell, once collected on
* Pease Am. Journ. Conch., vi., 1871, p. 304, pi. xxii., fig. 2 a,b,c, d.;
Bergh Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, i., 1873, p. 80, pi. ix., fig. 7.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 487
the lagoon beach of Funafuti, rests on a statement by Sykes that
P. bellum equals P. souverbiei, Montrouzier, and upon the illustra-
tions of that, which he omitted to quote.*
The range recorded in the Central Pacific is New Caledonia,
Loyalty, Taviuni, Fiji, Paumotus, and Ganibier.
PLECOTREMA MORDAX, Dohrn.
Langkavel, Domini Bismarckianum, 1871, p. 30, pi. iii., tigs. 8 a. b.
Two specimens from the lagoon beach.
This species, known only from Tahiti and the Paumotus, is
perhaps equivalent to the earlier but unfigured P. striatum,
Philippi.
MELAMPUS FASCIATUS, Deshayes.
Kuster, Conch. Cab., 2nd ed., i., Auriculacea, 1844, p. 33, pi. v.,
figs. 9-11.
Of this species, Mr. G. Sweet obtained several shells.
The following records from the Central Pacific are quoted by
Tapparone Canefrif : New Guinea, New Ireland, New Hebrides,
New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Society, and Ellice. Further
instances from the Solomons, Queensland, Carolines, Marquesas,
and Hawaii, are furnished by this Museum.
MELAMPUS LUTEUS, Quoy & Gaimard.
Kuster, lac. cit., p. 29, pi. vi., figs. 1 - 3.
Extremely abundant at and above high water-mark, among
stones and vegetation.
Tapparone Canefri traces this through the following archipela-
goes : New Guinea, New Ireland, New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
Samoa, Ellice, Gilberts, Society, and Carolines. Crossej reports
it from Woodlark Island on the authority of Montrouzier ; and
Museum material enables me to add the Solomons.
TORNATELLINA OBLONGA, Pease.
Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 187.
Several living specimens were collected at Funafuti under sticks
and stones. Mousson did riot record this from the Ellice. " In-
habits," says Garrett, " all the groups from the Marquesas and
Paumotus to the Viti Islands."
TORNATELLINA CONICA, Mousson.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 187.
* Moutrouzier Journ. de Concb., x.. 1862, pi. ix., fig. 12; Gassies
Paune Conch, de la Nouvelle Caledonie, 1863, pi. vi.,fig. 23.
t Tapparone Canefri-Ann. Mus. Gen., xix., 1883, p. 288.
j Crosse Journ. de Conch., xlii., 1894, p. 323.
488 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Though Graeffe found this at Funafuti it escaped my observation.
It has the same range as the preceding species, and inhabits the
same station.
VERTIGO PEDICULUS, Shuttleworth.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 188.
This widespread species occurred to me at Funafuti as it also
did to Graeffe.
To the extensive synonymy compiled by Garrett I would suggest
the addition of P. palmyra, Stol.* and P. selebensis, Tapp. Can.f
STENOGYRA GRACILIS, Button,
Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, iii., 1834, p. 93.
Under the synonym of S. juncea, Gould, this widespread species
has already been recorded from Funafuti. Like Graeffe I found
it in abundance. A recently described Australian species, S.
interioris, Tate,f seems to me to be synonymous.
ENDODONTA MODICELLA, Ferussac.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ix., 1894, p. 35.
This widely distributed species is common at Funafuti, where
under the name of E. vicaria, it has already been recorded by
Mousson. To the synonymy arranged by Pilsbry I would add,
as the result of study of authentic specimens, Charopa rotumana,
Smith.
ENDODONTA DECEMPLICATA, Mousson.
Mousson, Journ. de Conch., xxi., 1873, p. 105.
This species was found by Grseffe at Nukufetau and Vaitupu,
but was not observed by me at Funafuti.
TROCHONANINA SAMOENSIS, Mousson.
Garrett, loc. cit., p. 171 ; Mousson, loc. cit., p. 104.
I found this common on Funafuti. Grseffe took it on Niutao,
Vaitupu, Nui, and Nukufetau. Garrett reports it as " common
in the Tonga, Cook's, and Samoa Islands, and rare in the
Marquesas."
* Stoliczka Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlii., p. 32, pi. iii., fig. 3 a, b.
t Tapperone Canefri Ann. Mus. Gen. xx., 1883-4,p. 171, pi. i., figs. 12, 13.
t Tate Horn Explor. Exped., Zool., p. 203, pi. xviii., fig. 14.
Smith Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (vi.), xx., 1897, p. 520.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
Thuiaria divergent, sp. nov.
Fig. 1 Portion of main stem, with proximal half of a pinna, magnified.
2 Distal half of pinna, magnified.
3 Portion of pinna with gonangium, highly magnified.
Plumularia clavicula, sp. nov.
4 Portion of hydrocladium, magnified ; front view.
5 Portion of hydrocladium, magnified ; lateral view.
6 Distal portion of a corbula, showing the origin of the costa from
the mesial sarcotheca.
Reproduced from drawings made by Thomas Whitelegge, Junr.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. TIL
PLATE XXIII.
THOMAS WHITE LEG GE, Jiinr.. .lei
EXPLANATION OP PLATE XXIV.
Zoanthus funafutiensis, sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Portion of colony. Natural size.
,, 3. Ditto. Enlarged.
Gemmaria willeyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Portion of colony. Natural size.
4. Ditto. Enlarged.
Eeproduced from drawings made by Mr. Edgar K. Waite.
MEMOIRS AUST. MUS. III.
PLATE XXIV.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Zoanthusfunafuticnsis, sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Transverse section through body-wall, x 190.
2. Transverse section through ossophageal region.
Lithographed from drawings made by Mr. J. P. Hill.
KEFERENCE LETTERS. c. Cuticle, ect. Ectoderm, ect. c. Ectodermal
canal, ect. m. Ectodermal muscle cell. ent. Ectoderm, gr. Sulcar groove.
incr. Incrustation. I. Lacuna, m. Mesoglcea. m. c. Mesenteric canal.
m. s. Mesoglceal sphincter, n. Nematocyst. ces. (Esophagus, p. m.
Peripheral mesoglcea. pb. m. Parieto-basilar muscle, s. d. Sulcar direc-
tives, si. d. Sulcular directives, z. Zooxanthella.
MEMOIRS, AUST. MUS. Ill
PLATE XXV.
-'p.m.
TroedeUC 9 Lith.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
Qemmaria willeyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Transverse section through body-wall, x 100.
2. Vertical section through disc, x 220.
Lithographed from drawings made by Mr. J. P. Hill.
REFERENCE LETTERS. c. Cuticle, ect. Ectoderm, ect. c. Ectodermal
canal, ect. m. Ectodermal muscle cell. ent. Entoderm. gr. Sulcar groove.
incr. Incrustation. I. Lacuna, m. Mesogloaa. m. c. Mesenteric canal.
m. s. Mesoglceal sphincter, n. Nematocyst. CBS. (Esophagus, p. m.
Peripheral mesoglosa. pb. m. Parieto-basilar muscle, s. d. Sulcar direc-
tives, si. d. Sulcular directives, z. Zooxanthella.
MEMOIRS, AUST. MUS. Ill
PLATE XXVI.
-
-ect.m.
'? ^
-ent.
Fig ?.
JP. H.Del.
Troedel & C Lifli.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
Gemmaria ivilleyi, sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Vertical section, x 28.
2. Transverse section through cesophageal region, x 23.
Lithographed from drawings made by Mr. J. P. Hill.
KEFERENCE LETTERS. c. Cuticle, ect. Ectoderm, ect. c. Ectodermal
canal, ect. m. Ectodermal muscle cell, ent . Entoderm. gr. Sulcar groove.
incr. Incrustation. I. Lacuna, m. Mesoglcea. m. c. Mesenteric canal.
TO. s. Mesoglceal sphincter, n. Nematocyst. ces. (Esophagus, p. m.
Peripheral mesoglcea. pb m. Parieto-basilar muscle, s. d. Sulcar direc-
tives, si. d. Sulcular directives, z. Zooxanthella.
MEMOIRS, AUST. MUS. Ill
PLATE XXVII.
Fig 2.
J.EHDel
TroedeUC'Lift
THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.
Part II. Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda.
BY CHARLES HEDLEY,
Conchologisl, Aristralian Museum.
H*
[xvur.]
THE MOLLUSCA.
Part II. Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda.
By CHARLES HEDLEY,
Conchologiat, Australian Museum.
ANOMIA, sp.
A few disassociated upper valves, not specifically recognisable,
were gathered on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
A RCA ZEBRA, Swainsoti.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii., 1844, Area, pi. xi., sp. 69.
Abundant under stones at low water in the lagoon. In this
Museum there are specimens from Trinity Bay, Queensland.
It is doubtful whether A. occidentalis, Philippi, is distinct. If
not, the species has a circumequatorial range.
A RCA MACULATA Sowerby.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xi., sp. 71.
One living specimen obtained in the lagoon.
First found by Cuming at Marutea, in the Paumotus. Speci-
mens are in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
A RCA RET1CULATA, (UnifJin.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xvi., spp. 108, 1 12 (as A. divaricata, Sowerby).
Several disassociated valves of this world-wide species were
observed on the lagoon beach.
The synonymy and range of this species have been examined at
length by Lischke.*
ARCA VELATA, Sowerby.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xii., sp. 79.
Common in blocks of coral in shallow water in the lagoon.
First obtained at Marutea, Paumotus, by Cuming.
* Lischke Japan Meeres conchylien, ii., 1871, p. 142, iii., 1874, p. 107.
Smith adds A. dubia, Baird, to the list Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 431.
Further notes will be found in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), ix., 1894,
p. 180 ; Trans. Eoy. Soc. S.A., xix., 1895, p. 261 ; and Trans. Wagner Free
Inst. Sci., iii., 1898, p. 628.
492 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
ARCA TENELLA, Reeve.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xiv., sp. 91.
One living and one dead specimen were taken in the lagoon.
SEPTIPEB EXCISUS, Wiegmann.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., 1857, Mytilus, pi. iv., sp. 13.
Separate valves were common on the lagoon beach. I once
found it alive in a block of perforated dead coral. This species
does not seem to have been reported from the Pacific.
MODIOLA AUSTRALIS, Gray.
Reeve, loc. cit., Modiola, pi. v., sp. 21.
Attached to coral blocks in the lagoon.
The species I thus identify has a wide range. It occurs along
the Australian coast south to Sydney. Museum examples show
it from the Gilberts, Lifu, and New Caledonia.
LlTHOPHAGA TERES, Philippi.
Reeve, loc. cit., Lithodomus, pi. iii., sp. 13.
Abundant ; boring coral with the following species.
Schmeltz records it from Rarotonga, and Smith from Bowen,
Queensland. It is in this Museum from Port Molle and Port
Curtis, Queensland ; and New Caledonia.
LITHOPHAGA LEVIGATA, Quoy & Gaimard.
Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. "Astrolabe," Zool. iii., 1835, p. 464, pi.
Ixxviii., figs. 17, 18.
Abundant at low water level, boring in coral blocks in the
lagoon.
This species has been omitted from the Monographs of Reeve and
Dunker, and indeed from subsequent literature generally. From
the account quoted above, I have little doubt that it is the species
commonly known as Lithodomus malaccanus, Reeve. It is a
usual companion of the previous species. Under Reeve's name,
Schmeltz quotes it from Tahiti, and Smith from Torres Straits.
It is in this Museum from New Caledonia, and Tupuselei, British
New Guinea.
PLICATULA IMBRICATA, Menke.
Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., i., 1847, p. 437, pi. xc., fig. 6, pi.
xci., figs. 15-18.
A few small specimens found alive in shallow water in the
lagoon, adhering to dead shells, are with doubt so identified.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 493
SPONDYLUS OCELLATUS, Reeve.
Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix., Spondylus, 1856, pi. xii., sp. 43.
An odd and worn valve from the lagoon beach is referred to
this species.
Melvill and Standen report it from Lifu.
LIMA BULLATA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i., 1847, p. 84, pi. xx., figs. 32, 33.
A single valve of a young individual is ascribed to this species,
which ranges along the east Australian coast to Tasmania.
LIMA TENERA, Chemnitz.
Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 84, pi. xxi., figs. 2, 3, 10, 11, 13.
One valve, apparently the young of this species, was obtained
by tangles at forty to eighty fathoms.
Pacific localities for this species, noted in the " Challenger "
Report, are Fiji, and Sir C. Hardy Island, off North Queensland.
Melvill and Standen mention it from Lifu.
LIMA SQUAMOSA, Lamarck.
Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 84, pi. xxi., figs. 1, 18.
This world- wide species occurred alive in the lagoon.
LIMA ANGULATA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 86, pi. xxii., tigs. 39, 40.
Several small specimens were found alive under stones in the
lagoon.
Smith unites* with this L. basilanica and L. orientalis, both
of Adams and Reeve, and L. fasciata, Sowerby (not Linne).
LIMA FRAGILIS, Gmelin.
Sowerby, loc. cit., p. 86, pi. xxii., figs. 34 - 37.
Small specimens were of frequent occurrence under stones in
the lagoon.
Sowerby records this from Tahiti ; Von Martens! from New
Guinea and the Gilberts ; and Smith J from Port Essington, Port
Molle, Torres Straits, and Fiji. It is in this Museum from New
Caledonia and Queensland.
PECTEN SQUAMATUS, Gmelin.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., 1853, pi. xxi., fig. 82.
A few broken valves were collected on the beach of the lagoon.
* Smith Chal. Sep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 289.
t Von Martens Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 202.
J Smith-Zool. Coll. "Alert," 1884, p. 116.
494 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PECTEN PALLIUM, Linne.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xvii., fig. 63.
One valve from the lagoon beach.
This species appears to be widespread through the tropical
Pacific. Cuniing found it at Marutea, Paumotus. It is repre-
sented in this Museum from San Christoval, Solomons; Erromanga,
New Hebrides; New Caledonia ; Tonga; and the Gilberts.
P.novce-guinece, T. Woods, a Pleistocene fossil from Hall Sound,
British New Guinea, is reduced to a synonym of P. pallium by Prof.
R. Tate.
PECTEN DISTANS, Reeve.
Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Pecten, 1885, p. 228, pi. xli., fig. 2.
One valve from the lagoon beach.
New Caledonian specimens occur in the Museum series.
PECTEN MADREPORARUM, Sowerby
Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., i., 1847, p. 68, pi. xiv., fig. 68.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
Also represented in the Museum from Hood Lagoon and
Tupuselei, British New Guinea ; Cape York, Queensland ; and
New Caledonia. This species appears to be universally but
erroneously ascribed to Petit. It is a perverse fate which credits
an author, who was the first to energetically protest against manu-
script names,f with indulging in the practice himself. Sowerby 's
locality, the Red Sea, as well as his authority, requires confirma-
tion.
HINNITES, sp.
Attached to sheets of dead coral, and associated with the
Brachiopod Thecidea maxilla, were several adherent valves of a
species of Hinnites, too imperfect for specific determination.
PTERIA PEASKI, Dunker.
Dunker, Conch. Cab., Avicula, 1872, p. 24, pi. viii., fig. 1.
Attached (as mentioned ante p. 308) in great numbers to the
branches of Plexaura antipathes.
The species was described by Pease \ under the thrice pre-occupied
name of Avicula radiata,irom the Gilberts. Schmeltz, who considers
A. cypsellus, Dunker, a synonym, reports it from Samoa.
PTERIA CUMINUII, Reeie.
Reeve, Conch. Icon, x., 1857, Avicula, pi. iv., sp. 6.
* Tate Proc. Liun. Soc. N.S.W. (t), ix., 1894, p. 214.
t Petit Bivue Zool., ii., 1839, p. 316, and hi., 1840, p. 154.
| Pease Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 244.
Schmeltz Mus. Godeffroy Cat., v., 1874, p. 176.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 495
This species is employed on Funafuti in the manufacture of
fish-hooks (ante p. 268). I purchased a valve from a native on
Nukulailai.
Cuming procured the type at Marutea, Paumotus.
MELINA SAMOENSIS, Baird.
Baird, in Brenchley, Cruise of the " Cura^oa," 1873, p. 451, pi.
xlii., fig. 8.
Common ;, attached to the under surfaces of coral blocks on the
ocean beach of Funafuti, at low water. My specimens exceed
the type in size, being upwards of 50 mm. in length.
T suspect that the prior P. linguceformis, Reeve, from the
Society Islands, is but a depauperated form of this. The
"Challenger" collected M. samoensis on the reefs at Honolulu
and Hawaii ; the type came from Tutuila, Samoa.
Both Meek and Dall have pointed out* that the name of Perna
must be superseded by that of Melina.
PINNA, pp.
Some fragments of a Pinna, perhaps P. triyonalis, Pease, were
seen on the lagoon beach of Funafuti.
OSTREA HANLEYANA, Soiverby.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon , xviii., 1871, Ostrea, PI. xxviii., sp. 72.
An oyster which occurred under stones beside M. samoensis is
with much doubt so identified.
OSTREA CRISTAGALLI, Linne.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. xi., sp. 22.
Obtained in eighteen fathoms, three miles south-west of the
village (ante p. 328).
I collected this at Port Moresby, British New Guinea. It is
represented in this Museum from Florida, Solomons ; Havammh
Harbour, New Hebrides ; and Ouvea, Loyalties.
CARDITA SWEETI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 50).
Shell solid, oblong, slightly oblique, inequilateral, little inflated.
Colour dull white, upon the beak pale yellow. Sculptured by
about forty-five close, raised, radiating ribs, separated by drep
interstices a quarter of their width. In the median area the
rays are smaller and closer together than at the sides, while
at the extremities they rapidly enlarge and rather recurve. Upon
* Meek Report U.S. Geol. Survey Territories, ix., 1870, p. 28, note;
Dall Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., iii., 1898, p. G05.
496
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
the rays are crowded small transverse lunate gemmules. Lunule
sharply impressed, narrow, lanceolate. Ligament large, external.
Pig. 50.
Hinge line short, straight, remainder of the margin evenly rounded.
Internal margin sharply, finely crenulated. Length 1 4, breadth 12,
diameter of conjoined valves 8 mm.
One entire shell, described
above, was taken by Mr. G.
Sweet; and a single, worn,
slightly larger valve, by my-
self at Funafuti.
This species seems nearest
to C. dilecta, Smith, but is
distinguished from that and
other members of the genus by
more numerous ribs bearing
Pig. 50. closer packed grains.
The specific name is in compliment to Mr. G. Sweet, the finder,
who was a member of the second expedition to Funafuti.
The side view is drawn to a smaller scale than the other sketches.
LUCINA EXASPERATA, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, Lucina, pi. i., sp. 4.
A few specimens from the lagoon.
Melvill and Standen notice this from Lifu. It is in this
Museum from New Caledonia.
LUCINA PUNCTATA, Linne.
Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., Veneracea, 1869, p. 262, pi. xix., figs. 8, 9.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 497
Reported by Schmeltz from Samoa, Fiji, and Rarotonga ; by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu ; and represented in this Museum
from New Caledonia.
LUCINA DIVERGENS, Philippi.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, Lucina, pi. vii., spp. 33, 37, 38.
Common on the lagoon beach.
Prof, von Martens has pointed out* that Philippi's name enjoys
two month's priority over the better known L. fibula, of Reeve.
He refers to it from Samoa and Fiji, and Melvill and Standen
from Lifu. Material in this Museum show it to extend south
along the Australian coast to Newcastle, New South Wales, and
also to the Ladrones, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia.
LUCINA OBLONGA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 51).
Shell small, but thick and strong, ovate, very inequilateral, in-
flated. Colour, one specimen is white, the other pink. Sculpture
the umbones are smooth, the remainder closely and rather
Fig. 51.
irregularly covered with numerous, raised, strong, concentric, ribs,
narrower than their interstices ; faint radiating sculpture is barely
visible in these interstices. Beaks prominent and much incurved.
Lunule large, sharply impressed, sculptured by a faint continua-
tion of the concentric ribs. Dorsal surface wanting the depression
which characterises L. seminula and its allies. Interiorly the
margin is most minutely crenulated. Length 3 ; height 3'75 mm.
Two valves from the lagoon beach.
Allied to L. congenita, Smith,! from which it differs by being
narrower in proportion to height, more densely ribbed, and more
inequilateral.
CORBIS FIMBRIATA, Linne.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xviii., 1872, Corbis, pi. i., sp. 1.
A living specimen occurred under blocks of coral in the lagoon.
Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji and the Pelews ; Melvill and
Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from Port Curtis,
Queensland ; New Caledonia ; and Tonga.
* Von Martens Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxi., 1889, p. 209.
t Smith Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 182, pi. xiii., figs. 7, 7a.
498 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CKYPTODON GLOBOSUM, ForskaL
Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi., 1850, pi. v., sp. 21 (as L. ovum).
Common as dead shells on the lagoon beach.
Ranges along the east Australian coast south to St. Vincent's
Gulf. Is represented in this Museum from Tonga.
TELLINA IIUGOSA, Born.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xvii., Tellina, 1866, pi. ix., sp. 36.
A few dead, subfossil valves were picked up around the raised
Heliopora reef.
Reported by H. Cuming from Rapa, Austral Islands ; by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu ; and by Schmeltz from Samoa,
Fiji, Rarotonga, and Tahiti. In this Museum it is represented
from Moreton Bay, Queensland ; Pipon Islands, New Caledonia ;
Tonga ; and Hawaii.
TELLINA SCOBINATA, Linue.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. xiv., sp. 64.
Common on the lagoon beach.
Sowerby notes this from the Society Islands ; Schmeltz from
Samoa, Fiji, and Rarotonga ; Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
This Museum contains it from the Solomons, Gilberts, and
Tonga.
TKLLINA FLAMMULA, Deshayes.
Sowerby, loc cit., pi. lii , sp. 310.
A few valves from the lagoon beach.
Included in the Museum collection from Woodlark Island and
New Caledonia.
TELLINA DISPAR, Conrad.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. iii., sp. 10.
A few separate valves were noticed on the lagoon beach.
First described from Hawaii ; noted by Schmeltz from Upolu
and Tahiti ; and by Melvill and Standen from Lifu. Represented
in this Museum from Port Curtis and Moreton Bay. Queensland ;
and New Caledonia.
TKI.LIVA OBLIQUARIA, Deshayes.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. liv., sp. 321.
Several specimens from the beach of the lagoon, some rose,
others lemon, others again lemon with rose stripes from the umbo.
Deshayes, in his original description,* records this species
from the Pacific Ocean. Sowerby, in the reference quoted above,
Deshayes -Pioc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 356.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
499
though actually mentioning the page of his predecessor's work,
states that the habitat of the species is unknown. Such evidence
of carelessness supports me in concluding that Sowerby again
described this species as T. obliquistriata,* from " Kingsmill
Island," by which the Kingsmill or Gilbert Group are doubtless
intended. It is in this Museum from Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
TELLINA RHOMBOIDES, Quay & Gaimard.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool, xiii., 1885, p. 103.
Abundant in the lagoon.
Reported by Smith, under various names, from Guam in the
Ladrones ; Cape York, (Queensland ; and Levuka, Fiji ; and by
Melvill and Standen from Lifu. It is in this Museum from
Aneiteum, New Hebrides.
TELLIXA ROBUSTA, Hauley.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. xvi., sp. 77.
The yellow variety occurred in profusion in the lagoon.
Hanley reports this from Anaa, Paumotus ; Schmeltz from
Tahiti, Rarotonga, and Upolu. I have taken it at Hyenghien,
New Caledonia. There are examples in the Museum from the
Isle of Pines.
TELLINA OPALINA, Sowerby.
(Fig. 52).
Sowerby, loc cit., pi. xliv., sp. 258.
The paucity of information given by Sowerby permits no
accurate determination, but suggests this name for a species of
which I took a dozen odd valves on the beach of the lagoon. The
species in question is in length 5-5, and in height 3-7 mm. ; very
glcssy, radiately marked with translucent and opaque lines or
dashes, the concentric sculpture almost effaced.
The original description gave no locality. Melvill and Standen
supply! Madras and the Moluccas.
* Sowerby -Conch. Icon., xvii., 1866, pi. xliv., sp. 256.
f Melvill and Standen Journ. Conch., ix., 18U8, p. 85.
500
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
TELLINA FIJIENSIS, Sowerby.
Smith, loc. cit., p. 107.
A few separate valves from the lagoon beach.
Previously reported from Marutea, Paumotus ; and Ngau and
Levuka, Fiji.
TELLINA CREBRIMACULATA, Sotverby.
Sowerby, loc. cit., pi. li., sp. 301.
A few separate valves from the lagoon beach.
Hitherto only recorded from Fiji.
TELLINA ELLICENSIS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 53).
Shell small, very solid, opaque, very inequilateral, rather inflated
anteriorly, height two-thirds of the length, truncate posteriorly.
Colour white, irregularly painted with small rose spots and streaks.
Sculptured over the entire surface by fine, close, concentric threads.
Fig. 53.
Umbo prominent. Fold almost obselete. Dorsal margin straight,
then curved anteriorly. Anterior margin curved the third of a
circle. Ventral margin nearly straight, scarcely sinuated by the
fold. Hinge composed of two cardinal teeth, a strong anterior
lateral and a weaker posterior lateral tooth. Length 6, height
4 mm.
This species is allied by sculpture and contour to T. tenuilirata,
Sowerby, from which a much shorter, broader outline clearly
it.
One right valve was found on the beach of the Funafuti
lagoon.
LIBITINA GUINAICA, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., i., Cypricardia, 1843, pi. ii., species 13.
Plentiful dead on the beaches ; once found alive in a crevice
in a block of coral in the lagoon.
The only other Pacific record seems to be the finding of it by
Hugh Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus.
THE MOLLU8CA HEDLEY. 501
CIRCE PECTINATA, Linne.
Romer, Mon. Veneridse, i., 1869, p. 174, pi. xlvii, figs. la-d.
Common in the Funafuti lagoon ; collected alive among loose
rocks.
Romer quotes this from Marutea, Paumotus ; Fischer from
New Caledonia ; Schmeltz from Bowen, and Smith from Thursday
Island, Queensland. It is in this Museum from Fiji ; Port Moresby,
British New Guinea ; and Port Curtis, Queensland.
CIRCE PICTA, Lamarck.
Romer, loc. cit,, p. 164, pi. xlv., fig. 3.
Two valves from the lagoon beach.
Smith states* that the distinction between this and several
admitted species is obscure. Schmeltz quotes it from Upolu,
Samoa ; and Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
CIRCE CASTRENSIS, Linne.
R<imer, loc. cit., p. 159, pi. xliv.
A few valves were found on the lagoon beach.
Smith has recorded this from Bowen, Queensland. In this
Museum it is represented from New Caledonia ; the Loyalties ;
Aneiteum, New Hebrides ; Guadalcanar, Solomons ; and Tonga-
tabu, Tonga.
CYTHEREA OBLIQUATA, Hanley, var. PRORA, Conrad.
Roraer, loc. cit., p. 107, pi. xxix., fig. 1, pi. xxxiii., figs. 4, 5.
Very common on the lagoon beach.
Schmeltz quotes this from Fiji, Tahiti, and Rarotonga. The
Museum series show it from Port Curtis, Queensland ; and New
Caledonia.
CYTHEREA SUBPELLUCIDA, Sowerby.
Romer, loc. cit., p. 112, pi. xxx., fig 4.
One specimen from the lagoon beach.
VENUS TOREUMA, Gould.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv., 1863, Venus, pi. xvi., sp. 64.
Several valves from the lagoon beach.
Smith records this from Port Molle and Port Curtis, Queens-
land. Other Queensland localities shown by the Museum collection
are Torres Straits, Bowen, and Moreton Bay.
* Sraith-Loc. cit., p. 146.
502
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
VENUS PUERPERA, L., var. LISTERI, Gray.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. v., sp. 14.
Several adult valves were taken on the lagoon beach; and what
seems a very young shell was caught by the tangles in forty to
eighty fathoms on the western slope of the atoll.
VENERUPIS MACROPHYLLA, Deshayes.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., 1855, p. 763, pi. clxv., fig. 20.
One small specimen taken boring dead coral in the lagoon.
NARANIO LAPICIDA, Chemnitz.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., 1855, p. 776, pi. clxvi., fig. 26.
Found boring loose coral blocks in the lagoon.
Schmeltz quotes this from Yap, Pelews. Sowerby mentions it
from Australia ; though no doubt it occurs on the Great Barrier
Reef, I am not acquainted with Australian examples of the typical
form with posterior radiating ribs. A thinner, smoother form,
(var. divaricata] has been noticed in South Australia. A useful
index to the genus is given by Tryon.*
KELLIA PACIFICA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 54).
F.g. 54.
Shell oblong, inflated, most glossy, iridescent by reflected light.
Equivalve, margins closed. Inequilateral to the extent of the
posterior being twice the length of the anterior. Colour milky on
the umbont s, cream on the ventral margins, with concentric
opaque and translucent zones. Sculptured by delicate unequal
growth lines which grow coarser with age. Beaks small, almost
touching, forwardly directed. Ventral margin straight, anteriorly
truncated, posterior rounded and dorsal gently curved.
* Tryon Am. Journ. Conch., vii., 1872, p. 258.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY. 503
Length 11, height 8, breadth of conjoined valves 5-5 mm.
Alive in the lagoon under loose blocks of dead coral. There is
a specimen of this species in this Museum from New Caledonia,
labelled by Mr. E. A. Smith, "Scintilla ovulina, Desh.," with the
description and figure of which it does not agree.
SCINTILLA SEMICLAUSA, Sowerby.
Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix., Scintilla, 1874, pi. ii., sp. 9.
One specimen alive in shallow water in the lagoon.
Recorded by Melvill and Standen from Lifu.
ATACTODEA STRIATA, Gmelin.
(Fig. 55).
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., Mesodesma, 1854, pi. ii., sp. 10.
Abundant alive in sand at
low water along the margin of
the lagoon. It was eaten by
the children who called it
"assouri." An enlarged draw-
ing taken from life on the spot
is here reproduced. The animal
is extremely bold and active, it y l<T -5
is cream colour with a vivid
scarlet border to the anterior edge of the mantle.
Unless slight difference of sculpture be regarded as of specific
distinction, this species is shown by Museum material, under
various names from Port Curtis, Eclipse Island, Queensland ; Guam,
Ladrones ; Teste Island, Louisiade Archipelago; the Solomons;
New Hebrides ; Fiji ; and Samoa.
ASAPHIS DEFLOHATA, LlWlf '.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., Capsa, 1856, pi. i.
This species is abundant on the Funafuti lagoon.
Reeve reports it from Tahiti, and Melvill and Standen from
Lifu. It is represented in this Museum from Torres Straits and
Port Curtis, Queensland; Woodlark Island, British New Guinea;
Vate, New Hebrides ; New Caledonia ; and the Gilberts.
PSAMMOBIA SQUAMOSA, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., x., 1857, Psammobia, pi. vii., sp. 50.
One young and separate valve from the lagoon beach.
CARDIUM ANGULATUM, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii., 1845, Cardium, pi. xiv., sp. 70.
Single valves are not uncommon on the lagoon beaches.
504 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Specimens of this species are contained in this Museum from
New Caledonia and Uea or Wallis Island. It is represented by
the above quoted illustration, and is also identical with specimens
returned from the British Museum under the name of " Cardium
philippinense, Deshayes"; this name I have been unable to trace
in literature.
CARDIUM MACULOSUM, Wood.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xvi., sp. 76.
A few separate valves were found on the lagoon beach.
CARDIUM CARDISSA, var. DION^UM, Sowerby.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. xxi., sp. 122.
Common on the lagoon beach.
This was first collected by Cuming on Anaa, Paumotus.
CARDIUM FRAGRUM, Linne.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. iv., sp. 23.
Common in the lagoon.
It is represented in this Museum from Port Curtis, Queensland,
and New Caledonia.
C. FRAGRUM, var. SUEZIENSE, Issel.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 158, pi. viii., figs. 2, 2a, 26.
Separate valves were abundant on the lagoon beach, and one
was obtained outside the atoll at a depth of eighty to forty
fathoms.
The four dozen odd valves before me exhibit much variation in
contour, and they appear to pass by gradual transition into typical
C. fragrum. Smith, who redescribes and refigures the species,
rests his definition chiefly on form. The figure of Issel,* which
he condemns, can in outline be exactly matched by Funafuti
material. Possibly the species tends in deeper water to assume
this form. The "Challenger " dredged it off Fiji, and this Museum
possesses examples from Torres Straits.
TRIDACNA GIGAS, Z., var. SQUAMOSA, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., xiv., Tridacna, 1862, pi. iii.
Not uncommon among the reefs of the lagoon.
Known to the natives of Funafuti as "Fasua tuka," (ante p. 67)
and by them, as by other South Sea Islanders, esteemed for food.f
[t had a further economic value as material for ornaments and
* Issel Malacologia del Mar Eosso, 1869, pi. iii., fig. 4.
t Hedley in Thomson British New Guinea, 1892, p. 283.
THE MOLLU8CA HEDLEY. 505
axe heads.* The natives of the Solomon Islands prefer fossil to
recent shells for this purpose, f
What information we have, suggests that the range of this
species is almost co-extensive with that of the reef-building
corals.
Weights and measures of sundry large individuals have lately
been published by Smith,! his maximum record being five hundred
and seven pounds weight, and fifty-four inches in length. This is
almost reached by an unquoted record from the Isle of Pines, New
Caledonia. Dr. T. Mialaret writes: " In the middle of the
peninsula which encloses the Bay of Oupi on the east, there occurs,
sunk in the coral, the edges of its valves level with the surface of
the rock, a gigantic Tridacna measuring at least 1 metre 20 in
length. At the request of Admiral Courbet, we attempted in
1882 to extract it, but all our efforts were in vain."
The genus Tridacna appears to suffer from a superfluity of
specific names. No characters of permanent value separate T.
squamosa from T. gigas. These forms are usually if not invariably
free.jj On the contrary, the habit of T. elongata is to bury itself
in rock, a habit always causing variability in shape.
Hanley states that it was upon what Lamarck called " T.
squamosa " that Linne himself founded his Chama gigas.*\
TRIDACNA ELONGATA, Lamarck.
Reeve, loc. cit., pi. ii. ; Valliant, Ann. Sci. Nat., iv., 1865, pp.
65- 172, pis. viii. - xii.
This species is abundant, perforating dead coral in the Funafuti
lagoon. So firmly does the foot adhere, that when wrenching the
shell out of its burrow, I have sometimes torn the animal asunder,
leaving the foot attached to the rock. The position of the shells
embedded in dead coral is well displayed in one of W. S. Kent's
photographs.**
The natives, who distinguish it from the preceding as " Fasua
noa," also use it as food.
The range of T. elongata appears to exceed that of T. gigas,
the furthest southern point reached by it in the Pacific being
Lord Howe Island.
* Valliant- Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., xxv., 1868, pp. 681 -G87.
t Willey Nature, Oct. 1896, p. 523.
J Smith Proc. Malac. Soc., iii., 1898, p. 112.
Mialaret L'lle des Pins, son Passe, son Present, son A.venir, 1897,
p. 63.
Kent Great Barrier Eeef, 1893, pp. 44-45, pi. xxix.
T Hanley Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia, 1855, p. 85.
** Kent Loc. cit., foreground of No. 1, pi. iv.
Ii
506 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
CHAMA IMBRICATA, Broderip.
Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1835, p. 304, pi. xxxix., fig. 2; Lischke,
Jap. Meeres Conch., ii., 1871, p. 126, pi. ix., fig. 4.
Chama foliacea, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. "Astrolabe," Zool., iii.,
1835, p. 478, pi. Ixxviii., fig. 19.
Abundant at low water in the Funafuti lagoon, a mile south
of the village.
The foliations on the opercular valve are in my specimens all
worn away, and for identification I have relied on the contour,
the dark purple stain on the upper interior margin, and the
absence of marginal crenulations. The C. foliacea, Q. & G., from
Vanikoro, appears to me to be identical. As Broderip's preliminary
description* did not appear till April 3rd, 1835,f I do not know
whether it was in London or in Paris that the species was first
published.
Hugh Cuming brought the type from Marutea, Paumotus ;
Melvill and Standen note it from Lifu. An example from Anei-
teum, New Hebrides, is in this Museum.
CHAMA SPINOSA, Broderip.
Broderip, loc. cit., p. 306, pi. xxxviii., tigs. 8, 9.
Two specimens from the lagoon.
If I have correctly identified this species, the upper valve must
have always been wrongly drawn. In a specimen before me, the
umbo is at a third of the diameter of the valve from the hinge,
and around it the valve has performed three spiral volutions.
Found by Cuming at Marutea, Paumotus.
CHAMA UNICORNIS, Bruguiere.
Clessin, Conch. Cab., Chama, 1888, p. 15, pi. ii., figs. 3, 4.
With doubt I so identify, from insufficient figures and des-
cription, a specimen with two revolutions, 15 mm. long from
Funafuti.
CORBULA TAIIEITENSIS, Lamarck.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ii., Corbula, 1843, pi. ii., sp. 15.
One of the most abundant shells on the lagoon beach, but I did
not meet with it alive.
To the original locality of Tahiti, Smith adds that of New
Guinea. J
GASTROCH^NA LAMELLOSA, Deshayes.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 28, pi. vii., figs. 2, 2b.
Found alive, boring in coral blocks, in the lagoon.
* Broderip Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 149.
t See Sclater Proc. Zool. Soc., 1894, p. 436.
I Smith Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 430.
THE MOLLUSCA HRDLEY. 507
Smith reports this from Torres Straits. In this Museum it is
represented from Fiji; New Caledonia; Moreton Bay, Queensland;
and St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia.
NAUSITORIA AURITA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 56).
Shell distinguished by an auricle which is much recurved out-
wards and above ; within, it is raised above the surface of the
valve. This character is illustrated by Fig. 56, showing exterior
and interior of the right valve. Ventral or median area rather
broad. Apophyses short and broad. Hinge tubercle bifid. Length
9, breadth 9 mm. Palettes unknown.
Fig 56.
A log, recognised by a bushrnan of our party as kauri (ante p.
40) which came ashore at Funafuti, had been bored by this
mollusc. On breaking the wood up with an axe, I found the
only vestiges left of the animal to be a pair of valves broken at
the ventral tips, which I found in a burrow.
Mr. R. C. Rossiter afterwards generously presented me with a
couple of perfect valves, specifically identical with these Funafuti
shells, which he collected at Noumea, New Caledonia.
An ally of this seems to be a species of unknown origin named
by Sowerby Teredo campanulata, that is however apparently
narrower in the ventral portion, and even more produced and
recurved in the auricle.
I recently examined* certain Australian shipworms, and re-
marked that they differed from Teredo generically. For their
reception I selected the genus Calobates, Gould (1862), revised
the characters of that genus, and subordinated to it Nausitoria,
Wright (1864), and Lyrodus, Gould (1870). It unfortunately
escaped my attention that Tapparone Canefri had already pointed
outf that Calobates, as a generic term, had been twice preoccupied
* Hedley-Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxiii., 1898, p. 91.
t Tapparone Canefri Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ix., 1877, p. 290.
508 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
for birds, and was therefore inadmissible. He proposed to sub-
stitute Bactronophorus, Tapparone Canefri (1877). As, however,
the prior name of Nausitoria is available, that must come into
use when Calobates is abandoned.
The Teredinidse have been unfortunate in their monographers.
The account in the last volume of the Conchologia Iconia, by
Sowerby, is a slovenly production and full of errors. Even worse
is an alleged Monograph by Clessin in the Conchylien Cabinet,
of which the text and illustrations disgrace that serial. The
latter memoir is absolutely the worst zoological monograph I have
read.
POROMYA GRANULATA, Nyst & Westendrop.
Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, i., 1853, p. 204, pi. ix.,
figs. 4-6.
A single valve was collected on the Funafuti beach, which I
refer with doubt to this species. It is more oblong than the
figure quoted, but as I have no authentic specimen for comparison,
and as Dall credits this species with great variation* in form and
sculpture, I refrain from assigning specific value to the apparent
difference. According to this writer, P. australis, Smith,! from
Cape York, Queensland, is but a variety. The difference between
this and such a figure as that of Sarsf is great enough to include
the form before me.
BRACHIOPODA.
THECIDEA MAXILLA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 57).
Shell small, of variable contour, somewhat boat shaped, attached
to stones, shells, or the like, by the beak of the pedicle valve.
Colour, dull pale yellow. Sculpture both valves marked by
delicate concentric growth lines and microscopically shagreened.
Length of a large specimen, 6 mm. ; breadth 3 mm.
Pedicle valve deep, hinge line straight,
cardinal area triangular, apex rather re-
/ *^*3S^fer- curved. Margin finely granulate, frequently
'^^flllllljp^ll^ emarginate in front. Protruding from be-
neath the hinge are two slender prongs
arising from a deep seated septum. External
to these, and just beneath the hinge line, are
two heavy, projecting, wedge-shaped car-
Fig. 57. dinal teeth. The interior of the valve is
irregularly studded with sharp points and
tubercles arranged longitudinally, and varying in different in-
dividuals.
* Dall Bull. Mus. Oomp Zool., xii., 1886, p. 282.
f Smith Chall. Rep., Zool., xiii., 1885, p. 54, pi. xi., figs. 2, 2a, 26.
J Sara Mollusca regionis Articse Norvegiae, 1878, pi. v., figs. 6a, 6b.
THE MOLLUSCA HEDLEY.
509
The brachial valve is externally horse-shoe shaped, and has a
slight median boss. Internally it has a straight hinge line, from
beneath which and in the plane of the valve, projects a stout
cardinal process, whose transverse vertical section would form an
omega, hollow downwards. On either side of the cardinal process,
and corresponding to the teeth of the lower valve, are two deep
triangular impressions, the sockets. All the free edge of the
upper valve is granulated. The frontal emargination gradually
passes into a funnel directed backwards here originates the
median septum which tapers distally to an acicular point before
the hinge. The ventral face of the septum is hollow, on the right
and left of it are produced curled flanges with serrate edges.
These edges vary much ; in some, presumably old, individuals
they project irregular jagged lobes into the cavity.
Fig. 57.
If this median septum be compared to the tongue, then the
teeth of the human jaw would answer in position to the lateral
lobes of the brachial lamellae. Their development varies much ;
what I take to be a young stage is shown in my drawing. In
other, presumedly aged examples, the " canines " and "molars"
project as tusks sideways and downwards, while the " incisors "
coalesce and advance towards the hinge. The cavity of the
valve, exclusive of the septum and lamellae, has the surface
densely perforated.
This species was attached in considerable numbers, horizontally,
perpendicularly, or obliquely (Fig. 57) to loose sheets of dead coral
which I pulled up by tangles in forty to eighty fathoms on the
western slope of Funafuti. At iirst inspection I mistook them
510 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
for the young of a Spondylus, hence the erroneous statement on
p. 402, that the Brachiopoda were absent from the Archipelago.
The genus Thecidea dates back from the opening of the Mesozoic,
and is manifested in numerous species through a long range of
formations. Like Nautilus and Trigonia, it now only survives in
a few rare and restricted species. It is an interesting coincidence
that a genus so intimately associated with fossil coral reefs in
Europe, should recur alive on a Pacific Atoll. So far but two recent
species, T. mediterranea, Risso, and T. barretti, Woodward, have
been detected. The former, for which the subgenus Lacazella has
been proposed by Munier Chalmas, is unlike the Pacific species ;
whereas the latter and the West Indian T. barretti are quite
close. These conform neither to Thecidea, as restricted by Hall
and Clarke,* nor to the various subgenera admitted by them.
That generic term has been here used in the wider application of
Davidson.
On comparing examples of T. maxilla with the published
accounts of T, barretti, I conclude that the characters are so
variable that a large series of each will be necessary to discriminate
properly between them. At present I would point to the flanges
of the median septum and to the greater development of the
brachial lamellse, as features possessed by T. maxilla but not
by T. barretti.^ The former, indeed, reminds one of a split
walnut.
I am in doubt whether a pseudo-deltidium exists in T. barretti,
for Davidson writes J that " in external shape it cannot be
distinguished from the Mediterranean species," which has the
pseudo-deltidium ; and in a small drawing he indicates the
pseudo-deltidium. But, on the other hand, in the enlarged draw-
ing, || on which I place more reliance, it is not depicted. Again,
it is not shown in his first illustration,U nor is it mentioned in
either description. Should a pseudo-deltidium be absent in T.
barretti, as it certainly is in T. maxilla, that would isolate these
two from the remainder of the genus.
Another feature in common is the fork which projects in two
slender prongs between the cardinal teeth in both species, and
strikingly differs from the spoon-shaped processes of T. medi-
terranea and from the three prongs of T. radiata, the type of the
genus.
* Hall and Clarke- 47th Ann. Report New York State Mus., 1894,
pp. 1091 - 1093.
t Call Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xii., 1886, pi. vi., fig. 2.
j Davidson Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2), iv., 1889, p. 162.
Davidson Loc. cit., pi. xxiii., fig. 9a.
|| Davidson Loc. cit., pi. xxiii., fig. 10.
IF Davidson Geol. Mag., i., 1864, pi. ii., fig. la.
SUMMARY OF THE FAUNA OF FUNAFUTI.
XIX.
SUMMARY OF THE FAUNA OF FUNAFUTI.
THE fauna of the Atoll of Funafuti, as presented by different
writers in the preceding pages, will now be briefly enumerated
in systematic order. With that information will also be in-
corporated various records, either overlooked in the preparation
of the articles referred to, or produced since their publication,
and embracing the Archipelago as a whole.
Prior to the advent of the Expedition, not more than eight
species of animals were recorded in literature from Funafuti ; the
following lists embrace about eight hundred and fifty entries.
Though the student of Zoogeography will herein find a more
complete account of the life of a Central Pacific Atoll than has
previously appeared, he is cautioned not to use it as an exhaustive
catalogue. The results of brief sojourn by a few poorly equipped
visitors, may indeed present a picture in which the salient features
loom obscurely, as in a partly-developed photograph, but nothing
more.
Class MAMMALIA.
Mus exulans, Peale. Delphinus, up.
Class AVES.
The account of the Avifauna of the atoll by Mr. A. J. North
(pp. 79 - 88) can be supplemented by a few additions. Dr. H.
Gadow has briefly enumerated the birds shot on Funafuti by Mr.
J. S. Gardiner.* To these he adds Carpophaga pistrinaria, a
species identified on the wing by his informant. As Mr. Gardiner
was not previously acquainted with this species, such an identifi-
cation cannot be considered of value, and I accordingly exclude
it. In 1897 Mr. W. G. Woolnough, B.Sc., succeeded in shooting
an example of the much debated Ellice Island Pigeon, which was
subsequently determined by Mr. A. J. North as Globicera pacifica.^
The avifauna of the Archipelago will doubtless be found on
examination to contain most, if not all, of the twenty-six birds
observed in the neighbouring Phomix Group. J At present the
revised list drawn up by Mr. A. J. North, consists of the following
fifteen species :
* Gadow Ibis (7), iv., Jan. 1898, p. 45.
t North Bee. Aust. Mus., iii., June, 1898, p. 86.
J Lister Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 300.
514 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Urodynamis taitensis, Sparrmann.
Fregata aquila, Linne.
Demiegretta sacra, Gmelin.'
GHobicera pacifica, Gmelin.
Charadrius fulvus, Gmelin.
Totanus incanus, Gmelin.
Numenius taheiteneis, Gmelin.
Strepsilas interpres, Linne.
Limosa novsezealandise, Gray.
Anous stolidus, Linne.
Micranous leucocapillus, Gould.
Procelsterna caerulea, Bennett.
Sterna anaestheta, Scopulinus.
,, melanauchen, Temminck.
Gygis Candida, Gmelin.
Class REPTILIA.
Chelone mydas, Linne.
Gymnodactylus pelagicus, Girard.
Gehyra oceanica, Lesson.
Lygosoma cyanurum, Lesson.
,, adspersum, Steindachner .
Class PISCES.
The following list includes the fishes of Funafuti as reported
by Mr. E. R. Waite (ante pp. 181-201, and Supplement, vide
Appendix). About a fifth of them appears in a list of fishes
obtained at Rotuma by Mr. J. S. Gardiner.*
Epinephelus urodelus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, leopardus, Lacepede.
tauvina, Forskal.
merra, Bloch.
,, fuscoguttatus, Forskal.
Grammistes sexlineatus, Thunberg.
Lutianus bengalensis, Bloch.
,, gib bus, Forskal.
,, fulviflamma, Forskal.
Zanclus cornutus,|Zmw<?.
Chaetodon auriga, Forskal.
Mulloides flavolineatus, Lacepede.
, , samoensis, Gunther.
Upeneus trifasciatus, Lacepede.
Lethrinus rostratus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, ramak, Forskal.
Sphserodoii grandoculis, Forskal.
Cirrhites maculatus, Lacepede.
* Boulenger Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx., 1897, pp. 371 - 4.
SUMMARY. 515
Holocentrum erythramm, Giiuther.
,, diploxiphus, Giintker.
Teuthis rostrata, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Histiophorus sp.
Acanthurus triostegus, Linne.
,, guttatus, Forskal.
,, blochii, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, achilles, Shaw.
Naseus lituratus, Forskal.
Caranx sanctee helense, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, crumenopthalmus, Block.
Chorinemus sancti-petri, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Trachynotus baillonii, Lacepede.
Thynnus pelamys, Linne.
Buvettus pretiosus, Cocco.
Echeneis naucrates, Linne.
Gobius biocellatus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Salarias marmoratus, Bennett.
,, periopthalmus, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
,, quadricornis, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Sphyrsona sp.
Myxus leuciscus, Gilnther.
Tetrad rachmum aruanum, Block.
Glyphidodon brownriggii, Bennett.
,, sordidus, Forskal.
,, septum-fasciatus, Cuvier and Valeciennesn.
Chilinus trilobatus, Lacepede.
,, fasciatus, Block.
Epibulus insidiator, Pallas.
Julis lunaris, Linne.
Pseud oscarus pulchellus, Ruppell.
,, bataviensis, Bleeker.
,, singapurensis, Bleeker.
,, troschelli, Bleeker.
Fierasfer homii, Richardson.
Platophrys pantherinus, Ruppell.
Belone platura, Bennett.
Hemirhamphus balinensis, Bleeker.
Exocsetus sp.
Ophichthys colubrinus, Boddaert.
Mureona formosa, Bleeker.
,, buroensis, Bleeker.
Balistes fuscus, Block.
,, flavomarginatus, Ruppell.
,, aculeatus, Linne.
Tetrodon nigropunctatus, Block.
,, immaculatus, Block.
Dicotylichthys punctulatus, Kaup.
516 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Carcharias lamia, Risso.
G-aleocerdo rayneri, M' Donald and Barron.
Alopias vulpes, Gmelin.
Urogymnus asperrimus, Block.
Trygon sp.
Ceratoptera sp.
Class HEMICHOKDA.
Ptychodera ilava, Eschscholtz.
hedleyi, Hill.
Class CRUSTACEA.
Since the issue of the foregoing part of this Memoir dealing
with the Crustacea, there has appeared a valuable series of
articles by Mr. L. A. Borradaile* on Crustacea from the South
Pacific, including those taken on Funafuti by Mr. J. S. Gardiner.
Mr. Borradaile conjectures that as Payurus setifer is so closely
allied to P. guttattis, the record of the latter from Funafuti may
be a case of mistaken identity. Mr. Whitelegge, on re-examination
of the example in question, maintains that it cannot be P. setifer,
inasmuch as, among other characters, the left leg of the third
pair in the Funafuti crab is setiferous all round and without
sculpture ; whereas both the description of Milne Edwards and
the figure of Hilgendorf, confine the bristles to the margin of the
leg of P. setifer. The identification was arrived at after com-
parison with examples of P, setifer from Mauritius and Fiji.
A Lambrus allied to L. intermedius, Miers, and possibly new,
was dredged by Mr. G. Halligan at a depth of two hundred
fathoms off Tutaga Islet, Funafuti.
A Cirriped, noted by Schmeltz from the Ellice,f Lithothyra
rhodiopus, has also been included.
Lambrus sp.
Atergatis floridus, Rumphius.
Actsea rugata, Adams and White.
Xanthodes lamarckii, Milne Edwards.
,, nitidulus, Dana.
Zozymus seneus, Dana.
Daira perlata, Herbst.
Etisus laevimanus, Randall.
Etisodes caelatus, Dana.
Carpilodes niargaritatus, Milne Edwards.
Pilumnus vestitus, Haswell.
prunosus, Whitelegge.
* Borradaile Proc. Zool. Soc., 1MJS, pp 32 - 38, 457 - 4G8, 1000-1015;
and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ii., 1898, pp. 370-391.
t Schmeltz Cat. Mus. Godeff., v., 1874, p. 83.
SUMMARY. 517
Actaeodes speeiosa, Dana.
Phymodius monticulosus, Dana.
Pseudozius caystrus, Adams and White.
Leptodius exaratus, Milne Edwards.
,, sanguineus, Milne Edwards.
Ruppellia annulipes, Milne Edwards.
Eriphia scabricula, Dana.
,, laevimana, Latreille.
Trapezia cymodoce, Herbst.
,, ferruginea, Latreille.
Thalamita Integra, Dana.
,, admete, Herbst.
Cardisoma hirtipes, Dana.
Ocypoda ceratophthalma, Pallas.
Gelasimus tetragonon, Herbst.
Metopograpsus messor, Forskal.
Grapsus maculatus, Catesby.
Geograpsus crinipes, Dana.
Leiolophus planissimus, Herbst.
Calappa hepatica, Linne.
Cryptodromia japonica, Henderson.
Eemipes pacificus, Dana.
Birgus latro, Linne.
Cenobita olivieri, Owen.
,, clypeata, Milne Edivards.
,, perlata, Milne Edwards,
,, rugosa, Milne Edicards.
,, ,, var. pulchra, Dana.
Diogenes pallescens, Whiteleggc.
Pagurus fabimanus, Dana.
,, setifer, Milne Edwards.
,, guttatus, Olivier.
,, euopsis, Dana.
Clibanarius virescens, Dana.
,, corallinus, Milne Edwards.
Clibaiiarius eequabilis, Dana.
,, zebra, Dana.
,, cruentatus, Milne Edwards.
Calcinus elegans, Milne Edwards.
,, gaimardi, Milne Edwards.
,, latens, Randall.
,, herbsti, de Man.
,, ,, var. lividus, Milne Edwards.
Aniculus typicus, Fabricius.
Galathea affinis, Ortmann.
Petrolisthes lamarckii, Leach.
,, ,, var. asiaticus, Leach.
,, ,, var. rufescens, Heller.
,, var. fiimbriatus, Borradaile.
518 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Porcellana sollasi, W^hitelegge.
Ibacus antarcticus, Rumphius.
Palinurus guttatus, Latreille.
Palsemonella tridentata, Borradaile.
Hippolyte gibberosus, Milne Edwards.
Saron marmoratus, Olivier.
Athanas sulcatipes, Borradaile.
Alplueus edwardsii, Audouin.
laevis, Randall.
strenuus, Dana.
parvirostris, Dana.
collumianus, Stimpson.
frontalis, Say.
prolificus, Sate.
funafutensis, Borradaile.
Betaeus minutus, Whitelegge.
Periclimenes danae, Stimpson.
Coralliocaris brevirostris, Borradaile.
Anchistus miersi, de Man.
Callianidea typa, Milne Edwards.
G-ondactylus chiragra, Falricim.
Pseudosquilla ciliata, Fabricius.
Cirolana latystylis, Dana.
Athelgue aniculi, Whitelegge.
Lithotrya nicobarica, Reinhardt.
rhodiopus, Gray.
Class ARACHNIDA.
Since the publication of the preceding account (pp. 89 - 124) of
the Spiders and Insects of Funafuti, Mr. R. I. Pocock has dealt
with the series simultaneously collected by Messrs. Sollas and
Gardiner, which embraced forms not procured by Mr. Hedley.*
Mr. Pocock differs from Mr. Rainbow in sundry matters of species
and genera. In the determination of the Scorpion, the latter
accepts his correction, but he maintains the specific status of the
various Spiders disputed by Mr. R. I. Pocock. Though the two
names, Obisium antipodum, Simon, and Olpium longiventer, Key-
serling, probably refer to one species, both provisionally appear
in the following list. This under Mr. Rainbow's guidance, has been
compiled from the two articles mentioned. It therefore represents
his latest opinion on the subject. Included are also the Lepidop-
tera previously recorded from the Archipelago by Butler ; two
beetles, Ceresium simplex and Sphenophorus obscurus, taken by
Mr. A. E. Finckh on Funafuti, in 1898; and a series of ants, noted
from the Ellice by Mayr.f One of the new beetles discovered at
* E. I. Pocock Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), i., 1898, pp. 321-326.
t Mayr Journ. Mus. Godeff., xii., 1876, p. 56-115.
SUMMARY. 519
Funafuti, has lately been re-taken at Fife Bay, British New
Guinea.* The Ceresium occurs at Norfolk Island.
Hormurus australasise, Fabricius.
Garypus longidigitatus, Rainbow.
Obisium antipodum, Simon.
Olpium longiv enter, Keyserling.
Araneus theis, var. mangareva, Walclcenaer.
plebeja, L. Koch.
ventricosa, Rainbow.
longispina, Rainbow.
etheridgei, Rainbow.
festiva, Rainbow.
obscura, Rainbow.
annulipes, Rainbow.
distincta, Rainbow.
hoggi, Rainbow.
speciosa, Rainbow.
Tetragnatha laqueata, L. Koch.
,, panopea, L. Koch.
Uloborus geniculatus, Olivieri.
Dictis striatipes, L. Koch.
Clubiona alveolata, L. Koch.
Heteropoda venatoria, Linne.
Sarotes debilis, L. Koch.
Acompse suavis, L. Koch.
Ascyltus pterygodes, L. Koch.
Hyllus ferox, Rainbow.
,, audax, Rainboiv.
Oribata lamellata, Rainbow.
Class MYRIOPODA.
Scolopendra morsicans, Linne.
Otostigmus astenon, Kohlramch.
Mecistocepnalus punctifrons, Newport.
Orphmaeus phosphorous, Linne.
Trichocambala sollasi, Pocod.
Class INSECT A.
Monocrepidius ferruginous, Montrouzier.
,, umbraculatus, Candtee.
Uloma cavicollis, Fairm.
,, insularis, Guerin.
Sphenophorus sulcipes, Karsch.
,, obscurus, Boisduval.
Elytrurus squamatus, Rainbow.
Nacerdes transmarina, Rainbow.
* Rainbow Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxiii., 1898, p. 3G5.
520 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Ceresium simplex, Gyllenhal.
Concephalus ensiger, Harold.
Panesthia aethops, Stoll.
Loboptera decipiens, Germain.
Arachnocephalus vestitus, Costa.
Calotermes marginipennis, Latreille.
Megachile hedleyi, Rainbow.
Camponotus novaehollandire, Mayr.
Prenolepis vividula, Nylander.
Plagiolepis gracilis, Smith.
Meranoplus oceanicus, Smith.
,, pubescens, Smith.
Plieidole sexspinosa, Mayr.
,, oceanica, Mayr.
Euphloea eleutho, Quoij and Gaimarc.
,, distincta, Butler.
Junonia vellida, Fabricius.
Diadema nerina, Fabricim.
,, otaheitre, Felder.
Deiopea pulchella, Linne.
Achaea meiicerte, Drury.
Eemigia translata, Walker.
Chloanges suralis, Zeller.
Amyna octo, Guenee.
Erilita modestalis, Lederer.
Binecera mirabilis, Butler.
Harpagoneura complexa, Butler.
Halobates sp.
Culex hispiodosus, Skuse.
Megarrhina inornata, Walker.
Lispe vittata, Rainbow.
Degeeria dawsoni, Rainlow.
Ebenia nigricruris Rainbow.
,, fieldi, Rainbow.
Class MOLLUSCA.
Loligo brevipinnis, Pfeffer.
Octopus tonganus, Hoyle.
Scissurella aequatoria, Eedley.
Schisomope plicata, Hedley.
Haliotis stomatiaeformis, Reeve.
,, ovina, Chemnitz.
Emarginula clathrata, Pease.
,, mariei, CroKse.
Acma3a saccharina, Linne.
Phenacolepas senta, Hedley.
Trochus obeliscus, Gmelin.
tubiferus, Kiener.
atropurpureus, Gould.
SUMMARY. 521
Trochus fastigatus, A. Adams.
Gibbula concinna, Bunker,
phasianella, Deshayes.
Monilea lifuana, Fischer.
,, tragema, Melvill and Standen.
Euchelus instrictus, Gould.
Teinostoma qualum, Hedley.
parvulum, Hedley.
rotatum, Hedley.
tricarinatum, Melvill and Standen.
Cirsonella ovata, Hedley.
Liotia crenata, Kiener.
sp.
sp.
,, parvissima, Hedley.
Mecoliotia halligani, Hedley.
Phasianella wisemanni, Baird.
,, minima, Melvill.
Stomatella sanguinea, A. Adams.
Stomatia phymotis, Helbling.
Gena rosacea, Pease.
Turbo petholatus, var. caledonicus, Fischer.
,, setosus, Gmelin.
argyrostomus, Linne.
Astralium petrosum, Martyn.
Leptothyra laeta, Montrouzier.
Delphinula lacinata, Lamarck.
Neritopsis radula, Linne.
Nerita albicilla, Linne.
maxima, Chemnitz.
plicata, Linne.
polita, Linne.
,, insculpta, Recluz.
Neritina reticulata, Sowerby.
Helicina musiva, var. rotundata, Mousson.
Eulima pyramidalis, A. Adams.
,, samoensis, Crosse.
,, diaphana, Hedley.
decipiens, Hedley.
Sty lifer varicifer, Hedley.
Odontostomia bulimoides, Souverbie.
,, rubra, Pease.
robusta, Hedley.
biplicata, Hedley.
Pyramidella dolabrata, var. terebelloides, A. Adams.
,, turrita, A. Adams.
,, mitralis, A. Adams.
jj
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Obtortio pyrrhacme, Melvill and Standen.
Scala revoluta, Hedley.
,, paumotensis, Pease.
,, subauriculata, Souverbie.
ovalis, Sowerby.
Scaliola lapillifera, Hedley.
lanthina sp.
Natica violacea, Sowerby.
marochiensis, Gmelin.
,, mamilla, Linne.
melanostoma, Gmelin.
umbilicata, Quoy and Gaimard,
Vanikoro gueriniana, Recluz.
Capulus intortus, Lamarck.
violaceus, Angas.
Hipponyx australis, Quoy.
Mitrularia equestris, var. tortilis, Reeve.
Truncatella valida, Pfeiffer.
Omphalotropis zebriolata, Mousson.
Assiminea nitida, Pease.
Bissoa invisibilis, Hedley.
finckhi, Hedley.
poolei, Hedley.
Rissoina exasperata, Souverbie.
gemmea, Hedley.
polytropa, Hedley.
plica ta, Adams.
ambigua, Gould.
affinis, Garrett.
Diala virgata, Hedley.
hardyi, Melvill and Standen.
profunda, Hedley.
Solarium hybridum, Linne.
Heliacus discoideus, Pease.
Littorina obesa, Sowerby.
Modulus tectum, Gmelin.
Risella conoidalis, Pease.
Plesiotrochus souverbianus, Fischer.
Fossarus lamellosus, Montrouzier.
Planaxis sulcatus, Born.
,, lineatus, Da Costa.
Melania mageni, Gassies.
Caecum vertebrale, Hedley.
exile, De Folin.
gulosum, Hedley.
,, amaltheanum, Hedley.
legumen, Hedley.
523
Vermetus maximus, Sowerby.
sp.
Turritella concava, Martens.
Stronibus lentiginosus, Linne.
floridus, Lamarck.
dentatus, var. rugosus, Sowerby.
,, hsemastoma, Sowerby.
,, terebellatus, Sowerby.
gibberulus, Linne.
saraar, Dillwyn.
luhuanus, Linne.
Pterocera aurantia, Lamarck.
,, byronia, Gmelin.
,, rugosa, Sowerby.
Terebellum subulatum, Lamarck.
Cerithium nodulosuui, Bruguiere.
,, columna, Sowerby.
,, citrinum, Sowerby.
echinatum, Lamarck.
,, maculosum, Migliels.
,, rostratum, Sowerby.
,, oceanicum, Hedley.
breve, var. ellicense, Hedley.
,, spiculum, Hedley.
,, strictum, Hedley.
,, variegatum, Quoy and Gaimard.
,, zebrum, Kiener.
impendens, Hedley.
,, piperitum, Sowerby.
,, obeliscus, Bruguiere.
,, var. cedo-nulli, Soiwrby.
,, asperum, Linne.
pharos, Hinds.
elegantissimum, Hedley.
Contumax decollatus, Hedley.
Cerithiopsis eutrapela, Melvill and Standen.
electrina, Hedley.
Triforis dolicha, Watson.
,, aegle, Jousseaume.
torquatus, Hedley.
,, ruber, Hinds.
,, clio, Hedley.
obesula, Jousseaume.
M tlietis, Hedley.
incisus, Pease.
corrugatus, Hinds.
asperrimus, Hinds,
spp.
524
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Ovula hervieri, Hedley.
Cyprrca argus, Linne.
scurra, Chemnitz.
testudinaria, Linne.
Isabella, Linne.
carneola, Linne.
var. propinqua, Garrett.
talpa, Linne.
goodalli, Gray.
fimbriata, Gmelin.
macula, Adams.
,, mauritiana, Linne.
caput-serpentis, Linne.
mappa, Linne.
,, arabica, Linne.
,, reticulata, Marty n.
moneta, Linne.
,, rar. annulus, Linne.
,, tigris, Linne.
,, vitellus, Linne.
,, lynx, Linne.
,, clandestina, var. artuffeli, Jousseaume.
,, cribraria, Linne.
,, beck!, Gaskoin.
erosa, Linne.
poraria, Linne.
helvola, Linne.
cicercula, Linne.
nucleus, Linne.
childreni, Gray.
Trivia oryza, Lamarck.
Dolium perdix, Linne.
pom urn, Linne.
Cassis cornuta, Linne.
vibex, var. erinacea, Linne.
Tritonium tritonis, Linne.
pileare, Linne.
chlorostomum, Lamarck.
gemmatum, Reeve.
digitale, Eeeve.
tuberosum, Lamarck.
maculosum, Gmelin.
Distortrix anus, Linne.
Gyrineum bufonium, Gmelin.
affine, Broderip.
Peristernia nassatula, Lamarck.
Latirus polygonus, var. barclayi, Reeve.
craticulatus, Linne.
SUMMARY. 525
Pisania fasciculata, Reeve.
Oantharus undosus, Linne.
Murex ramosus, Linne.
,, adustus, Lamarck.
,, funafutiensis, Hedley.
radula, Hedley.
Purpura hippocastaneum, Lamarck.
armigera, Chemnitz.
Jopas sertum, Bruyuiere.
Sistrum hystrix, Linne.
horridum, Lamarck.
,, ricinus, Linne.
,, moms, Lamarck.
,, digitatum, Lamarck.
tuberculatum, Blainville.
cancellatum, Quoy.
fiscellum, Chemnitz.
Coralliophila coronata, Barclay.
Galeropsis madreporarum, Sowerby.
Magilus antiquus, Lamarck.
Nassa semitexta. Hedley.
,, granifera, Kiener.
Columbella varians, Sowerby.
galaxias, Reeve.
melvilli, Hedley.
alofa, Hedley.
obtusa, Sowerby.
tringa, Lamarck.
rubicunda, Quoy and Gaimard.
Engina parva, Pease.
nodicostata, Pease.
raendicaria, Linne.
Mitra episcopalis, Linne.
pontificalis, Lamarck.
flammea var. hystrix, Montrouzier.
cucumerina, Lamarck.
chrysalis, Reeve.
tabanula var. caledonica, Recluz.
ferruginea, Lamarck.
acuminata. Swainson.
brunnea, Pease.
astricta, Reeve.
limbifera, Lamarck.
litterata, Lamarck.
paupercula, Linne.
virgata, Reeve.
Turricula gruneri, Reeve.
exasperata, Chemnitz.
526 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Turricula angulosa, Kuster.
,, variata, Reeve.
nodosa, Swainson.
,, pilsbryi, Hedley.
Cylindra dactylus, Linne.
Erato schmeltziana, Crosne.
Marginella sandwicensis, Peas?,.
iota, Hedley.
,, peasii, Reeve.
isseli, var. ellicensis. lleilley.
Olivella simplex, Pease.
Oliva guttata, Lamarck.
,, irisans, var. erythrostciua, Lamarck.
Harpa minor, Lamarck.
gracilis, Broderip and tSowerby.
Drillia unizonalis, Lamarck.
Glyphostoma purpurascens, Dunker.
alicese, Melvill and Standen.
,, var. tenera, Hedley.
mallet i, JRecluz.
Thetidos morsura, Hedley.
Mangilia himerta, Melvill and Standen.
Clathurella lactea, Reeve.
clandestina, Deshayes.
,, apicalis, Montrouzier.
irretita, Hedley.
Daphnella delicata, Reeve.
lymneiformis, Jfiener.
,, pupoidea, H. Adams.
thiasotes, Melvill and Standen.
Conus literatus, Linne.
tessellatus, Born.
pulicarius, Hwass.
hebraeus, Linne
,, var. vermiculatus, Htvass.
ceylonensis, Hwass.
,, vexillum, Gmelin.
rattus, Hwass.
,, capitaneus, Linne.
lividus, Hwass.
,, var. flavidus, Lamarck.
vitulinus, Hwass.
catus, Hwass.
nussatella, Linne.
striatus, Linne.
geographus, Linne.
tulipa, Linne.
auratus, Linne.
SUMMARY. 527
Terebra crenulata, Linne.
,, dimidiata, Linne.
,, maculata, Linne.
,, subulata, Linne.
tigrina, Gmelin.
,, affinis, Gray.
Pterosoma plana, Lesson.
Atlanta gibbosa, Eydoux and Souleyet.
,, turriculata, D'Orbigny.
,, guidicliaudi, Eydoux and Souleyet.
Soliclula sulcata, Gmelin.
Tornatina voluta, Quoy and Gaimard.
hadfieldi, Melvill and Standen.
leptekes, Watson.
Retusa waughiana, Hedley.
Atys cylindrica, Hebling.
hyalina, Watson.
dentifera, A. Adams.
dactylus, Hedley.
Cylichna erecta, Hedley.
Haminea vitrea, A. Adams.
Cylindrobulla sculpta, Nevill.
Akera aperta, Hedley.
Hydatina amplustre, Linne.
,, physis, Linne.
Ringicula parvula, Hedley.
,, incisa, Hedley.
sp.
Limacina inflata D'Orbigny.
bulimodes, D'Orbigny.
Clio virgula, Rang.
acicula, Rang.
striata, .Rang.
,, subula, Quoy and Gaimard.
,, pyramidata, Linne.
Cuvierina columella, Rang.
Cavolinia quadridentata, Lesueur.
longirostris, Lesueur.
,, inflexa, Lesueur.
Agadina stimpsoni, A. Adams.
Elysia nigropunctata, var. sanguinea, Hedley.
Phyllidia varicosa, Lamarck.
Plecotrema bellum, H. and A. Adams.
mordax, Dohrn.
Melampus fasciatus, Deshayes.
luteus, Quoy and Gaimard.
Toruatellina oblonga, Pease.
conica, Mousson.
528 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Vertigo pediculus, Shuttleworth.
Stenogyra gracilis, Button.
Endodonta inodicella, Ferussac.
decemplicata, Mousson.
Trochonanina samoensis, Mousson.
Dentalium lessoni, Deshayes.
Cadulus aratus, Hedley.
Anomia sp.
Area zebra, Swainson.
maculata, Sowerby.
reticulata, Gmelin.
velata, Sowerby.
tenella, Reeve.
congenita, Smith.
pteroessa, Smith.
Limopsis davidi, Hedley.
Septifer excisus, Wiegman.
Modiola australis, Gray.
Lithophaga teres, Philippi.
levigata, Quoy and G'aimard.
Plicatula imbricata, Menke.
Spondylus ocellatus, Reeve.
Lima bullata, Sotverby.
tenera, Chemnitz.
squamosa, Lamarck.
,, angulata, Sowerby.
,, fragilis, Gmelin.
Limea pectinata, H. Adams.
Pecten squamatus, Gmelin.
,, pallium, Linne.
,, distans, Reeve.
madreporarum, Sowerby.
speciosus, Reeve.
Hinnites sp.
Pteria peasei, Dunker.
cumingii, Reeve.
Melina samoensis, Baird.
Pinna sp.
Ostrea hanleyana, Sowerby.
,, cristagalli, Linne.
Cardita sweeti, Hedley.
Lucina exasperata, Reeve.
,, punctata, Linne.
divergens, Philippi.
oblonga, Hedley.
Cor bis fimbriata, Linne.
Cryptodon globosum, Forskal.
Tellina rugosa, Born.
SUMMARY. 529
Tellina scobinata, Linne.
flammula, Deshayes.
dispar, Conrad.
,, obliquaria, Deshayes.
,, rhoinboides, Quoy and G'aimard.
robusta, Hanley.
,, opalina, Sowerby.
fijiensis, Sowerby.
crebrimaculata, Sowerby.
ellicensis, Hedley.
Libitina guinaica, Lamarck.
Circe pectinata, Linne.
picta, Lamarck.
,, castrensis, Linne.
Cytherea obliquata, var. prora, Conrad.
,, subpellucida, Sowerby.
Venus toreuma, Gould.
,, puerpera, var. listeri, Gray.
Venerupis raacrophylla, Deshayes.
Naranio lapicida, Chemnitz.
Crassatella sp.
Kelly a pacitica, Hedley.
Scintilla semiclausa, Sowerby.
Atactodea striata, Gmelin.
Asaphis deflorata, Linne.
Psaramobia squammosa, Lamarck.
Cardium angulatum, Lamarck.
maculosura, Wood.
,, cardissa, var. dionseum, Sowerby.
,, fragrum, Linne.
,, ,, var. sueziense, Issel.
Tridacna gigas, var. squamosa, Lamarck.
,, elongata, Lamarck.
Chama imbricata, Broderip.
,, spinosa, Broderip.
,, unicornis, Bruguicre.
Corbula taheitensis, Lamarck.
Gastrochajna lamellosa, Deshayes.
Nausitoria aurita, Hedley.
Tonicia sp.
Class BRACHIOPODA.
Thecidea maxilla, Hedley.
Class ECHINODERMATA.
To the Echinoderraata enumerated in the body of this work
there are added in the following list the species collected by
530 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
J. S. Gardiner, and determined by F. P. Bedford and F. J. Bell.*
A sea-urchin, believed to be Metalia sternalis, Gray, was occas-
ionally found dead at high-water mark on the beaches of the
leeward islets of Funafuti, but as no specimens were preserved for
exact identification, it is not here included. A starfish dredged
off the north-west corner of Funafuti, at a depth of one hundred
and thirty fathoms by H.M.S. " Penguin," which was, in life,
bordered by segments of brick-red and yellow-red, size R. 30 mm.,
has been presented to the Australian Museum by Lieutenant A.
Waugh, R.N. This has been determined by Mr. Whitelegge as
probably an immature example of Nardoa gomophia, Perrier,
originally described from New Caledonia, f
Echinothrix diadeina, Linne.
,, turcarum, Schynvoet.
Heterocentrotus mamillatus, Klein.
Echinometra lucunter, Leske.
,, oblonga, Blainville.
Echinus angulosus, Leske.
Laganum depressum, Lesson.
Echinoneus cyclostomus, Leske.
Maretia planulata, Lamarck.
Ophidiaster cylindricus, Lamarck.
Linckia pacifica, Gray.
Nardoa gomophia, Perrier.
Culcita acutispina, Bell.
Ophiactis savignii, Muller and Troschel.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Agassiz.
,, erinaceus, Muller and Troschel.
Ophiarthrum elegans, Peters.
Mulleria echinites, Jaeger.
,, parvula, Selenka.
Holothuria argus, Jaeger.
atra, Jaeger.
,, var. amboinensis, Semper.
vagabunda, Selenka.
maculata, Brandt.
imitans, Ludivig.
Chiridota intermedia, Bedford.
Synapta ooplax, Marenzeller.
Class ANNELIDA.
Eurythoe complanata, Pallas.
,, pacifica, var. levuksensis, Mclntosh.
Phyllodoce sp.
Perichseta grubei, Rosa.
* Bedford and Bell Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 834-850.
t Perrier Archiv. Zool. Exper., iv., 1875, p. 431.
SUMMARY. 531
Class GEPHYREA.
To the list of Gephyrean worms recorded by A. E. Shipley from
Funafuti,* has been added A. steenstrupii, identified (ante p. 394)
by Mr. Whitelegge. The distribution of most of these has been
further elucidated by Shipley in a Report on theWilley Collection.!
Sipunculus vastatus, Selenhi and Billow.
,, funafuti, Shipley.
Pliyscosouia nigrescens, Keferstein.
paciticum. Xefer stein.
scolops, Selenka and de JIan.
varians, Keferstein.
microdontodon, Sluiter.
dentigerum, Selenka and de Man.
Aspidosiphon elegans, Chamisso and Eysenhardt.
,, steenstrupii, Diesiny.
,, klunzingeri, Selenka and Bulow.
Cloeosiphon aspergillum, Quatrefages.
Class PORIFERA.
Eeniera australis, Lendenfeld.
sp.
Halichondria solida car. rugosa, Ridley and Dendy.
Spinosella glomerata, Whitelegge.
Gellius aculeatus, Whitelegge.
Clathria pellicula, Whitelegge.
Agelas gracilis, Whitelegge.
Echinodictyum asperum, Ridley and Dendy.
Acanthella stipitata, Carter.
,, pulcherrima, Ridley and Dendy.
Ciocalypta incrustans. Whitelegge.
Polymastia dendyi, Whitelegge.
8pirastrella papillosa. Ridley and Dendy.
Euspongia irregularis var. silicata, Lendenfeld.
Hippospongia dura, Lendenfeld.
Spongelia fragilis var. irregularis, Lendenfeld.
Class HYDROZOA.
A dead specimen of Distichopora rosea was collected on the
beach but was overlooked in packing. Some notes on Millepura
from Funafuti have been published by Prof. S. J. Hickson. J
Thuiaria divergens, Whitelegge.
Aglaophenia clavicula, Whitelegge.
Millepora squarrosa, Lamarck.
,, platyphylla, Ehrenberg.
* Shipley Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898. pp. 468-473.
t Willey Zoological Results, part 2, 1899, p. 151 - 158.
J Hickson Prbc- Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 828.
532 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Millepora nodosa, JEsper.
,, tortuosa, Dana.
Distichopora rosea, Kent.
Physalia megalista, Lamarck.
Class SCYPHOZOA.
Aurelia clausa, Lesson.
Polyrhiza orithyia, Haeckel.
Class ACTINOZOA.
The following list of Actinozoa is compiled from different sources
under the supervision of Mr. Whitelegge, whose papers in this
volume (pp. 213 - 225, 307 - 320, 349 - 368, and 384 - 391) have
formed the basis. With these have been incorporated information
from the articles of J. S. Gardiner and I. L. Hiles.*
In some prefatory notes to the Mollusca, it was remarked that
the high proportion of novelties to the mass of previously known
forms should not be mistaken for an indication of endemic impor-
tance, but should be ascribed to the imperfection of our knowledge
of the continental faunas. This statement has received support
from the Gorgonidse in the brief time that has elapsed since it was
written. Keroeides gracilis has been retaken by Willey in New
Guinea, Villogorgia rubra by Willey in the Loyalty Islands,
Acamptogogia spinosa by Willey in New Britain, Lobophytum
hedleyi and L. densurn by Hedley in New Caledonia.
Some giant specimens of a white Sea Anemone, ten inches in
diameter, were observed on Funafuti, but defied any effort to
remove them and are hence unnoted in the following list.
The specific identification of Reef Corals is regarded by the
highest authorities as a matter of extreme uncertainty. H. M.
Bernard wrote : " The only specimens which can be claimed with
absolute certainty as specifically identical are a few which have
in each case been gathered at the same place and time, and resemble
one another as closely as if they were two fragments of one and
the same stock. Beyond these no certainty exists, and strict
regard to the variations of form and structure would compel us to
label all the remaining specimens as different varieties or species."!
To maintain such a position means chaos. Either we must, as
Bernard proceeds to suggest, " break loose from the restraint of
the Linnean species," or deal with the group on the broader lines
on which Hickson has lately dealt with the Heliopora and
* Gardiner Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 941 - 953; Idem 1898, pp. 257 -
276,525-539, and 994-1000; Hiles, in Willey, Zoological Results,
part 2, 1899, pp. 195 - 204.
t Bernard Cat. Madreporarian Corals Brit. Mus.. 1896, p. 20.
SUMMARY. 533
Finding ourselves unable to reconcile the species enumerated by
Whitelegge and Gardiner the results arrived at, by each are given
in parallel columns.
Sarcophytum glaucum, Quoy and Gaimard.
trochoheliophorum var. amboinense, Marenzeller.
latum, Dana.
Lobophytum pauciflorum var. validum, Marenzeller.
hedleyi, Whitelegge.
marenzelleri, Wright and Studer.
tuberculosurn, Quoy and Gaimard.
confer turn, Dana.
densum, Whitelegge.
viride, Quoy and Gaimard.
Spongodes pallida. Wjiitelegge
,, curvicornis, Wright and Studer.
Siphonogorgia godeffroyi, Kolliker.
,, pallida, Studer.
kollikeri, Wright and Studer.
,, macrospina, Whitelegge.
Heliopora crerulea, Pallas.
Keroides gracilis, Whitelegge.
Acamptogorgia spinosa, Hiles.
Acanthogorgia breviflora, Whitelegge.
Acanthomuricea simplex, Whitelegge.
Yillogorgia flagellata, Whitelegge.
,, intricata, Gray.
,, ruber, Hiles.
Bebryce studeri, Whitelegge.
Muricella purpurea, Whitelegge.
Plexaura antipathes, Esper.
Nicella laxa, Whitelegge.
Verrucella flabellata, Whitelegge.
Antipathella brookii, Whitelegge.
Zoanthus f unafutiensis, Hill and Whitelegge.
Gemmaria willeyi, Hill and Whitelegge.
Palythoa howesi, Haddon and Shackleton.
,, kochii, Haddon and Shackleton.
,, coesia, Dana.
BEEF CORALS
Eeported from Funafuti by,
Whitelegge. Gardiner.
Caryophylla clavus Rhizotrochus, sp.
var. epitheata, Duncan.
Stylophora digitata, Pallas. Stylophora digitata, Pallas.
flabellata, Quelc/i.
,, compressa, Gardiner.
,, rugosa, Gardiner.
534
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
WUtelegge.
Pocillopora grandis, Dana.
,, caespitosa, Dana.
,, verrucosa, E. <$f Sol.
Gardiner.
Stylophora pistillata, Esper.
,, palmata, Blainville.
,, lobata, Gardiner.
Pocillopora, grandis, Dana.
,, glomerata, Gardiner.
rugosa, Gardiner.
,, mteandrina, Dana.
,, squarrosa, Dana.
,, aspera, Verrill.
,, vffr.danpe, V.
,, ,, var. ligulata,
Dana.
,. favosa, Elirenlerg.
., clavaria, Ehrenberg.
,, brevicornis, Lam.
,, septata, Gardiner.
,, suffruticosa, Verrill.
,, paucistella, Quelck.
Seriatopora conferta, Quelch.
Mussa costata, Dana.
Coeloria esperi, Edw. and H.
Hydnophora microconia, Lam.
Astreea versipora, Dana.
,, dan SB, Ediv. and H.
,, denticulata, E. and Sol.
Acanthastraea patula, Dana.
,, echinata, Dana.
Leptastrsea solida, Edw. and H.
,, transversa, JTlunz.
Cyphastrsea danpe, Edw. and If.
Pavonia repens, Bruggeman.
,, explanata, Lamarck.
Psaramocera contigua, Esp.
,, fossata, Dana.
Oxypora sp.
Fungia tenuidens, Quelch.
,, discus, Dana.
Madreporaria fruticosa, Brook.
,, syringodes, Brook.
,, spicifera, Dana.
,, botryodes, Brook
var. funafutiensis,
Pavonia repens, Bruggeman.
Psamraocera contigua, Esp.
,, haimeana, Ed.SfH.
,, superficialis, Gard.
,, savigniensis, Gard.
Halomitra irregularis, Gardiner.
Herpolitha crassa, Gardiner.
Madreporaria fruticosa, Brook.
,, crateriformis,
Gardiner.
,, secunda, Dana.
,, scabrosa, Quelch.
reticulata, Brook.
535
Whitelegge. Gardiner.
Madreporaria patula, Brook. Madreporaria profunda. (yard.
., efflorescens,.Dw0. , surculosa, Dana.
eurystoma,.ff7wnz.
spinulifera,
impressa, Whitelegge.
latistella, Brooli.
sinensis, Brook.
cuneata, Dana.
bseodacty la, Brook .
loripes, Brook.
angulata, Quelch.
Astneopora incrustans, Bernard. Astrseopora listeri, Bernard.
,, ocellata, Bernard. ,, tabulata, Gardiner.
,, hirsuta, Bernard ., ovalis, Bernard.
Monti pora verrucosa, Dana. Montipora verrucosa, Lamarck.
,, foveolata, Dana. ,, profunda, Bernard.
,, tuberosa, Khtnzinger. ,, caliculata, Dana, var.
,, scabricula, Dana. piriformis, Bernard.
,, exserta, Quelch. ,, saxea, Bernard.
,, incognita, Bernard.
granifera, Bernard.
Porites lutea, Edw.andJI. Porites arenosa, Esper.
,, lichen, Dana. ,, ,, var. lutea, E. fyH.
,, lobata, Dana. ,, ,, var. parvicellata,
,. crassa, Quelch. Gardiner.
,, mirabilis, Quelch. purpurea, Gardiner.
,, gaimardi, Edw. and H. ,, trimurata, Gardiner.
., umbellifera, Gardiner.
,. superfusa, Gardiner.
,, exilis, Gardiner.
Class FORAMINIFERA.
Pressure of Museum duties has unfortunately not allowed the
preparation of a Report on the Foraminifera collected at Funafuti.
APPENDIX.
THE FISHES OF FUNAFUTI.
(SUPPLEMENT.)
BY EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S.,
Zoologist, Australian Museum.
THE FISHES OF FUNAFUTI.
(SUPPLEMENT.)
BY EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Zoologist.
WHEN Mr. H. E. Finckh was about to leave for Funafuti in
order to study living corals, it was suggested that he should
collect objects of marine life for the Museum. In order the better
to know our requirements, he interviewed my colleagues and
myself ; among other matters I especially impressed upon Mr.
Finckh the desirability of obtaining the " Palu " mentioned in my
report on the Fishes (pp. 199 201) as frequenting deep water in
the neighbourhood of the coral atolls.
It was with considerable satisfaction therefore that on the
return of the expedition, we learned that a "Palu" had been
obtained. By the kind offices of the Local Funafuti Committee
of the Royal Society, the specimen passed into the possession of
the Trustees and has been entrusted to me for determination ; it
proves to be of most exceptional interest.
Owing to the large size of the fish and the difficulty of preserv-
ing it, it was cut into three pieces ; an unfortunate proceeding,
but one which does not interfere with its recognition. It proves
to be as follows :
GEMPYLID^l.
RUVETTUS, COCCO,
RUVETTUS PRETIOSUS, CoCCO.
Ruvettus preiiosus, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicil., xlii., 1829, p. 21 ;
Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichth., U.S. Nat. Mus. Sp. Bull.
No. 2., 1895, p. 196, pi. Ivii., fig. 210.
This is a North Atlantic form and the only member of the
genus. On the eastern side of the Atlantic basin it ranges from
the Canary Islands to Portugal and is found at several stations in
the Mediterranean : on the American coast it is common off Cuba
and two examples have been taken east of New York. It is
therefore distributed in the North Atlantic in twenty-five degrees
of latitude, roughly speaking from 20 to 45 N. Its extreme
eastern station appears to be Spalatro in the Adriatic 16 K,
and its western limit Cuba 85 W ; thus it extends over one
hundred degrees of longitude.
540 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The specimen now obtained enables us to extend its distribution
surprisingly. Not only is it recorded in the Pacific, and south of
the Equator, but many definite localities are known widely apart,
while inferentially its Pacific range is very extensive indeed.
Taking Mr. Louis Becke's account (p. 199) the Palu is first to
be noted as frequenting the neighbourhood of the Line Islands
(the Gilberts or Kingsmill Group) thence at the Ellice Group where
he describes it as being hooked at Nanomanga. From the same
group, namely at Funafuti, we receive the specimen obtained by
Mr. Finckh. The next locality is Tokelau or the Union Group,
and still proceeding in a south westerly direction we encounter
Pukapuka (Danger Island), Manahiki (Humphrey Island), and
Suwarrow, and further to the south Niue or Savage Island.
We have thus definite records of the occurrence of the Palu
through twenty-six degrees of longitude, that is from the Gilberts
173 E. to Manahiki 161 W., and nineteen degrees of latitude,
namely from the Equator (or thereabouts) southwards, to Savage
Island, 19 S.
Hedley has published (pp. 272-276) an exhaustive account of
the so-called " shark-hook " of the Pacific, and has shown that this
peculiar wooden hook is not intended for shark but for Palu
catching.
As these hooks are so commonly known to Ethnologists, and
are 'found over such a large area, it might be thought that the fish
for which they are intended would surely also be known. Palu
fishing however, is conducted in a ceremonious and superstitious
manner, and the natives are very jealous of their capture, which
is "prized above all other fish." It is small wonder then that the
Palu has so long remained unknown to Europeans, and indeed
Becke writes : " With the exception of an old trader named Jack
O'Brien, now living in Funafuti,* in the Ellice Group, I do not
think there is among the white traders of to-day another man
besides myself who has caught 'Palu.' In the first place, a man
must have much experience of deep-sea fishing; in the next, the
native inhabitants would strongly resent a strange white man
attempting to catch one."
Taking all things into consideration it is not unreasonable to
argue that where the Palu hook is found, thence will the fish,
sooner or later be recorded.
" Tracing the geographical distribution of this hook (writes
Hedley, p. 273), we note it recorded from Nanomea, by Brill ;
from Nukufetau in the Ellice, Nukuor in the Carolines, and
Tarowa in the Gilberts, by Dr. Finsch ; from Nukulailai, Meue,
Tamana, and the Union Group, and possibly an eccentric type
* Mr. O'Brien died in 1899, since the publication of Part 3 of this
Memoir.
APPENDIX FISHES.
541
from the Louisiades, by Edge-Partingtori, and the latter also by
Macgillivray ; a drawing of a Penrhyn Island hook, by Wilkes,
may be intended for this type ; while a huge form is represented
in the Australian Museum from the Mortlock Group, and another
variation is pictured from the Trobriands by Finsch." Another
Palu hook has been described by Hedley,* as from Milne Bay,
British New Guinea.
The distribution may thus be circumstantially extended north
of the line to the Marshall Group thence westward to the Caroline
Islands. About the same latitude, but south of the Equator, we
include eastern New Guinea. The known eastern range may be
extended a few degrees from Manahiki to Penrhyn Island.
The natives say that the Palu is never
found among the high islands, such as the
Fijis, Samoa, New Hebrides, etc.; and that
it affects only the low-lying coral atolls.
This statement may be explained (as Mr.
Hedley suggests to me) as follows : The
so called high islands have shelving shores
so that a journey of twenty or even thirty
miles might have to be undertaken in order
to reach the depths frequented by the Palu,
on the other hand the shores of the coral
atolls are precipitous and deep water is
sounded within a few miles of the coast.
When transcribing Becke's account the
statement that the jaws are toothless, did
not seem in harmony with the appearance
of the palu hooks : these exhibit scratch-
ings such as would be made by the teeth
of a captured fish, and when examined the
teeth of the specimen now received are just
the kind to produce such marks. The
general form of the hook is shown in the
cut here reproduced (Fig. 58). Examples
from the Mortlock Group exhibited in the
Australian Museum are of enormous size,
measuring seventeen and a half inches in
length. Such suggest that they were
prepared for the capture of much larger
fish than those described.
The most graphic account of Ruvettus pretiosus available to me,
is that by Goode and Bean, and the following is extracted from
their "Oceanic Ichthyology": "This form, first described from
Hedley Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ii., 1898,, p. 288, pi. xiv.
Fig. 58.
542 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
the Mediterranean, occurs about Sicily ; here it is so rare at the
present time that it does not appear to have a common name
among the fishermen, though Canestrini says that its flesh is
delicious. Bonaparte refers to it as JRovetto, and the fishermen of
Catania call it Pesci Ruvetto. Dr. Anastasio Cocco first described
it from Messina. Giglioli has observed it at Genoa, Naples,
Palermo, Malta, and Spalato (Dalmatia) and at Nice. It was
subsequently found by Lowe at Madeira, and by Webb and
Berthelot at the Canaries. It occurs rarely on the Portuguese
coast, where it is called Escolar, and doubtless also in Spanish
waters. About the Canaries the fish is known as the Escolar, a
name which is said to be applied to members of the family Gadidce
by Spanish fishermen. The Escolar occurs in great schools about
the Canaries in winter, and the fishermen capture it with hook
and line at a depth of a hundred fathoms or less, and its flesh is
highly prized. Cantraine states that it is taken at considerable
depths about Malta. Lowe found it at Madeira at depths as
great as 300 and 400 fathoms. It was found by Poey in the
waters of Cuba before 1854. Poey tells us that it is rarely seen
in the markets because of the difficulty attending its capture, for
it can be caught only at a depth of 300 fathoms on dark nights
in September and the early part of October. Poey further states
that when one of these fishes is brought to the surface it appears
to be surrounded by a globe of phosphorescent light. The Cuban
fishermen go "a scholaring " (a escolarear) after the fishing for
the Speartish (Tetrapturus) has ceased, and before that for the
Red Snapper (Lutjanus aya) begins. According to Canestrini it
grows to the weight of 100 pounds in Sicilian waters."
Owing to mutilation the relative proportions of our specimen
cannot be well ascertained, the following description is however not
affected, excepting where the length of the body is concerned.
As the body has been examined with the sawn vertebrae in
proximity, such error as would be made in measuring the shrunken
skin is avoided.
B. VII. D. XV. 18 + 2 ; A. 17 + 2 ; P. 14 ; V. I. 5 ; C. 9 + 8 ;
L. lat. 94. L. tr. 14 + 28.
Length of head 3*7, height of body 4'6 in the total length,
(caudal excluded). Eye large, nearly round \ 4-8 in the length of
the head; interorbital space slightly convex, 3 '7 in the head:
snout 3-0 in the same. Anterior nostril vertically oval, situated
one half nearer the eye than its distance from the end of the snout ;
posterior nostril, a deep vertical slit with a large valvular flap in
front, one half nearer the eye than its distance from the anterior
nostril. Two weak flat spines on the opercle of which the lower is
the longer ; at the angle of the preopercle are a number of minute
soft denticulations. The maxilla measures half the length of the
APPENDIX PISHES. 543
head and extends to nearly beneath the posterior margin of the
orbit, in the diameter of which its distal extremity is contained
rather more than twice, and is rounded. Lower jaw the longer
and very powerful. The skin covering the bony arch of the gills
is studded with rough scales, and gill rakers are developed as
needle-like spines most pronounced on the lower part of the upper
and posterior part of the lower limb. The spines arise from a
broad flattened base embedded in the skin on the outer side of
the limb and moveable thereon, being attached each by a ligament.
These bases bear from one to three spines and are placed at some
distance apart, the scales between them are also minutely spiny.
In the angle of the first and second arch is a large and strong
obtuse process surmounted by two or more slender spines directed
inwards.
The teeth are small, canine-like, set at some distant apart and'
curved inwards, red at the base ; in the jaws they are arranged in
a single row, those of the mandible being the larger. There are
four comparatively large teeth on the premaxillary and three on
the head of the vomer ; a single row of teeth on the palatines
similar to, but smaller than those of the jaws. The anterior pair
of mandibular teeth are set forward and are entirely in front of
the upper jaw. No teeth on the tongue.
The longest spines of the dorsal fin are equal in length to the
diameter of the eye. The soft dorsal is similar to the anal, very
high anteriorly ; the rays one-third the length of the head. The
pectoral is contained 2-2 and the ventral 3 '4 times in the length
of the head. The upper caudal lobe is slightly longer than the
lower and is nine-elevenths the length of the head, the least
depth of the pedicel is 5 '9 in the same.
Scales. The whole head (including the lips and maxilla) and
body are clothed with minute scales which average six or seven
between each bony tubercle ; these tubercles are rooted by long
irregular rays, two or three in number, and the portion projecting
from the skin is bi- or more usually trifurcate ; surrounding the
base of each tubercle is a number of pores, two being immedi-
ately in front. The lateral line is not very marked, but beneath
the skin it is more easily traced; along this line the bony
tubercles are much smaller, closer, and more deeply imbedded,
producing a rather naked appearance. There are ninety-four
plates along this line and fourteen and twenty -eight above and
below it respectively, counting the transverse series.
Colours. Dark reddish-brown throughout, the bony scutes naked
and white.
644 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
The dorsal and anal finlets are not separate as described and
figured in Oceanic Ichthyology, and the last dorsal and anal rays
not so completely attached as the preceding ones, a character
correctly illustrated in the figure quoted. The anal fin commences
further behind the origin of the dorgal than there shown. If the
pores above referred to emit light, it seems very probable that the
plates or tubercles serve as reflectors, and one may therefore
readily believe Poey's statement (fide Goode and Bean) that when
one of these fishes is brought to the surface it appears to be sur-
rounded by a globe of phosphorescent light.
"Dr. Liitken calls attention to the fact that the Gernpylidce
possess a system of dermal ribs or subcutaneous ribs, composed of
slender bony filaments close-set, directed backward and upward,
and backward and downward from the median line. This character
has been verified in Thy r sites, Nealotus, and Gempylus."*
Our example of Ruvettus possesses similar bones but appar-
ently of simpler type : they extend from behind the head to
nearly the middle of the spinous dorsal beyond which point they
cannot be traced. Situated immediately beneath the lateral line
they are directed backwards and upwards, and appear to be the
ossified terminations of the ligaments which arise from the
vertebrae.
How nearly the habits of the fish in the Pacific coincide with
the accounts of writers on Atlantic specimens the following com-
parison will show.
In the "Atoll of Funafuti " the Palu is described as being caught
only in the deepest water and while Mr. Louis Becke remarks
that it is not unusual to fish in one hundred and fifty to two
hundred fathoms, he cites as remarkable that he once caught five
Palu in one night, in eighty fathoms only. All Palu are fished
for at night.
The Escolar, (Atlantic name) has been taken at depths as great
as three hundred and four hundred fathoms, and can be taken only
at night in September and the early part of October.
The Palu or Oil Fish as it is also called (both in the Pacific
and the Atlantic) is prized above all other fish, and its effect as
a purgative has earned for it the name ' Te icka ne peka ' by
the Line Islanders. Of the Escolar, Lowef writes : " The flesh
of this very singular species is said to be extremely rich, and the
bones, it is affirmed, abound in an oil or marrow, which, when
they are sucked incautiously, produces speedy diarrhoea."
* Jordan and Evermann Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, 1896, p. 877.
t Lowe Fishes of Madeira, Trans. Zool. Soc., ii. p. 181.
APPENDIX FISHES. 545
Additional fishes not obtained by the original expedition are
as follows :
SERRANID^E.
EPINEPHBLUS, Block.
EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS, Forsk.
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Forsk., sp., Descr. Anim., p. 42 ; Playf .
and Giinth., Fish. Zanzibar, p. 6, pi. i., figs. 2 and 3.
The species is represented by a single immature example measur-
ing only 50 mm. in length. Funafuti forms another station for
this widely distributed form, connecting the Marshall Group with
the Samoan and Friendly Isles, whence it has been previously
recorded.
GRAMMISTES, Artedi.
GKAMMISTES SEXLINEATUS, Thunb.
Grammistes sexlineatus, Thunb. sp., Vetensk. Ac. Handl. Stockh.
xiii.,i792,p. 142, pi. v.; Day.Fishesof India, p. 28, pl.ix., fig. 1.
Though the only example received measures but 21 mm. in
length, the striking features of the species (the only one of its
genus) renders identification unmistakable. The usual longitudinal
white lines are broken up into spots, and all the anal rays are
articulated, a character which separates it from Pogonoperca,
wherein anal spines are noticeably developed.
CH^TODONTID^J.
ZANCLUS, Cuv. and Vol.
ZANCLUS CORNUTUS, Linn.
Zanclus cornutus, Linn., sp., Giinth., Fische der Siidsee, p. 142,
pi. xcii.
The solitary specimen obtained is about the size of the young
figured by Giinther. The anterior black band is however continued
to the ventral profile, as in the adult.
BLENNIID^E.
SALARIAS, Cuv.
SALARIAS PERIOPTHALMUS, Cuv. and Vol.
Salarias periopthalmus, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat., xi., p. 311,
pi. cccxxviii. ; Giinth. , Fische der Siidsee, p. 207, pi. cxiv.,
figs. D and E.
Two examples are to hand, each about the size of Giinther's
fig. D. The only variation is in the markings of the tins. The
546 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
red dots on the dorsal are not observable and the spinous portion
is ornamented near its edge with a series of black blotches, one to
each spine. These did not occur in Giinther's specimens neither
did a dark vertical mark at the base of every third spine and ray
throughout the whole length of the dorsal fin.
PLEURONEOTID^E.
PLATOPHRYS, Swains.
PLATOPHRYS PANTHERINUS, Riipp.
Platophrys pantherinus, Riipp., Atlas Fische, p. 121, pi. xxxr
fig. 1 ; Day, Fishes of India, p. 425, pi. xcii., figs. 3 and 4.
The small specimen obtained differs from Day's figure (fig. 3) by
having the anterior dorsal rays free for half their length, and by
having white spots on the vertical and caudal fins, a feature how-
ever mentioned in the description. In addition, the vertical fins
have small black spots at intervals near the base of the rays,
apparently similar to P. nebularis, Jord. and Gilb.* In April,
1898, I obtained P. pantherinus at Lord Howe Island.
DIODONTIDJE.
TETRODON, Linnceus.
TETRODON MARGARITATUS, Riipp.
Tetrodon margaritatus, Riipp., Atlas Fische, p. 66 ; Richards,
Voy. Samarang, Fish, p. 20, pi. ix., figs. 1 and 2.
This widely distributed and variable species is represented by
two small examples; they agree most nearly with the variety
described as T. papua.
Jordan and Gilbert Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii., 1884, p. 31.
THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.
(SUPPLEMENT.)
BY CHARLES HEDLEY,
Conchologist, Australian Museum.
THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI.
(SUPPLEMENT,)
By CHARLES HEDLEY,
Conchologist, Australian Museum.
IN the year 1897, a second, and .in 1898, a third expedition visited
the Atoll of Funafuti in prosecution of the attempt to carry a
bore through the coral formation. The mollusca herein described
were obtained by these parties, chiefly by deep dredging, and were
remitted to the Australian Museum by the Local Funafuti
Committee of the Royal Society. This material reached the Writer
too late for incorporation in the body of this Memoir. The results
of a study of it are accordingly presented in this appendix.
This material is of importance since it illustrates a side of the
Funafuti zoology which I had little opportunity of investigating
personally, viz., that of the deeper water. Dredgings carried out
by Mr. G. H. Halligan in one hundred and fifty fathoms, and again
in two hundred fathoms, produced results of especial interest.
In the latter depth he discovered a bed of the typical "Pteropod
Ooze." The sample of his dredgings submitted to me, might have
stood for the portrait of that deposit figured by Murray and
Renard.*
This ooze has been chiefly, studied in the Atlantic, and though
its equal distribution in the Pacific is a matter of course, the
present record is an interesting extension of the known range.
But the chief claim that this deposit has on our attention is
that it appears in water of less depth than in any instance known
heretofore. The least depth in which the " Challenger " obtained
Pteropod Ooze was in 390 fathoms, the greatest 1,525 fathoms,
the average being 1,044 fathoms, f
The following species already noted as from surface waters again
occurred in greater depths :
Teinostoma tricarinatum 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funa-
manu), and 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.
Cisondla ovata 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).
Stomatella sanguinea36 fathoms N. 30 West of Pava, 45 - 52
fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
*Murray and Keuard Chall. Rep., Deep Sea Deposits, 1891, pi. xi. fig. C.
f Murray and Kenard loc. cit., p. 225.
550 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Caecum vertebrale off Tutaga in 45-52, 50-60, and 200
fathoms; off Beacon Islet (Funamanu), at 150; and in 36 fathoms
north; and 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava. This is evidently from
jts abundance a native of the deeper water. Some of the examples
from 150 and 200 fathoms have a few brown blotches on the shell.
Ccecum gulosum dredged at every station with C, vertebrale.
Columbella varians3Q fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava.
Marginella iota 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava, off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu) in 150, and off Tutaga in 45-52 and 00 fathoms.
Marginella sandwicensis 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funa-
manu).
Oiivella simplex 36 fathoms N. of Pava.
Those species which are either new to science or have not been
yet recorded from Funafuti are as under.
CEPHALOPODA.
OCTOPUS TONGANUS, Hoyle.
Hoyle, Chall. Rep., Zool., xvi., 1886, p. 83, pi. viii., figs. 1, 2.
One male specimen was procured in the lagoon by Mr. A. E*
Finckh. The species has only been found before at Tonga.
POLYPLACOPHERA.
TONICIA sp.
(Fig. 59.)
A single mutilated
median valve of a Chiton
was obtained at a depth
of 150 fathoms off Beacon
Islet (Funamanu). Such
features as it has, point
to an affinity with T.
Fig. 59. confossa, Gould. The
rarity of this group in
the Central Pacific renders the occurrence of this fragment note-
worthy. Only six species were known to Harper Pease from the
Central Pacific. In his last paper he stated that, " The absence
of Chitonidfe from Polynesia has been noticed by authors as a
remarkable fact, abounding as they do* in the surrounding pro-
vinces, especially on the west coast of America, at Australia and
New Zealand."!
* The Chitons not the authors.
t Pease Am. Journ. Conch., vii., 1872, p. 194.
APPENDIX MOLLUSCA.
551
Fig. GO.
SCAPHOPODA.
CADULUS ARATUS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 60.)
Shell short and stout, slightly swollen and gently
tapering to either end, on one side almost straight,
on the other arcuate, glossy and almost transparent.
In one case the translucent ground is mottled with
opaque white spots. Four longitudinal equally spaced
furrows impress the surface. Anal end bilabiate, the
lips usually widely parted, that on the straighter side
projecting beyond its fellow. In one case the lips
are of equal length almost touching distally and
divided by a narrow slit. Aperture very oblique
with a small thickened rim. Length 3-4 ; breadth
64 mm. Another specimen, length 2; breadth -48 mm.
Dredged 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet; 36
fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava Islet ; 50-60 fathoms
off Tutaga Islet and 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu).
The Fijian C. dichelus, Watson, a near relative, is twice as large,
more bent and unfurrowed.
GASTEROPODA.
SCISSURELLA EQUATORIA, Sp. UOV.
(Fig. 61.)
Shell large for the genus, thin, trochi-
form, with gradate spire ; frilled, pro-
jecting keels ; compressed belt below
the fasciole, and tumid base. Colour
white. Whorls five. Sculpture about
eighty five, curved, oblique, lamellate
ribs cross the whole shell Above, the
spiral sculpture can hardly be traced,
but on the base it is distinguishable as
delicate, widely spaced threads over-
riding the ribs and latticing the inter-
spaces. Fasciole enfolded by broad
margins, which are fimbriated by the
ribs. Umbilicus narrow, infundibuli-
form, deep. Aperture oblique, sub-
quadrate; lip slightly and gently
recurved ; columella margin explanate
and reaching over the umbilicus. Major
diameter 3, minor 2'5; height 2'68 m.m.
One specimen dredged off Tutaga
Islet in 200 fathoms.
Fig. 61.
552
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 62.
This, the largest species of the genus, seems very close to S.
aedonia, Watson, from which I separate it by the contracted zone
beneath the fascicle, larger size and less development of spiral
sculpture.
SCHISMOPE PLICATA, sp. HOV.
(Fig. 62.)
Shell large for the genus, thin,
subglobose, flattened above. Colour
cream. Whorls three, rapidly in-
creasing. Earlier whorls wound in
the same plane, the last steeply
descending, sharply angled at the
fascicle, compressed and then inflated
beneath it. Umbilicus moderate in
width, deep, with smooth walls.
Sculpture both above and below
the fasciole the shell is ornamented
by about twenty-two prominent
longitudinal ribs, which project
most beneath the fasciole half a whorl behind the mouth, from
thence on they diminish considerably. These are overridden by
close, sharp, raised, spiral lines, which cross the interstices and
denticulate the crests of the ribs. Slit pointed anteriorly, rounded
posteriorly, in length about a sixth of the circumference of the
shell. The fasciole, a broad gutter with raised margins, its trough
septate by continuations of the longitudinal ribs, ascends the
spire for a whorl and a half, as in other Pacific species. Aperture
ovate, columella slightly reflected. Major diameter 2'3, minor
1-7; height 2 mm.
Dredged off Beacon Islet (Funamanu), in 150 fathoms, and off
Tutaga in 150 and 50-60 fathoms.
This species stands nearest to S. ferriezi, Crosse, from which it
is clearly distinguished by a more elevated spire, coarser sculpture
and larger size.
TBINOSTOMA QUALUM, var. PAUCICOSTAIUM, var. nov.
(Fig. 63.)
Under this varietal name is distinguished
a specimen, which, though probably imma-
ture is larger than the type, measuring in
major diameter 2 and in minor T32 mm.
It has the same detail sculpture but carries
sixteen ribs on the last whorl instead of
twenty. The chief distinction however is
that the ribs are continued to the suture
instead of terminating at a distance there-
from as in the type.
Dredged at 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).
Fig. 63.
APPENDIX MOLLUSCA.
553
HALIOTIS OVINA, Chemnitz.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xii., 1890, p. 125, pi. xix., figs. 7, 8.
A specimen was obtained at Funafuti by Mr. A. E. Finckh.
TKINOSTOMA PARVULUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 64.)
.: 4
Fig. 64.
Shell minute, solid, depressed turbinate,
with slightly elevated spire. Colour cream.
Whorls four. Sculpture about fourteen
elevated, spiral lyrse which are weaker
and widest apart above and closer and
stronger towards the umbilicus. Above
and on the periphery, their interstices are
occupied by one or two fine spiral threads.
No transverse sculpture is apparent. Base
rounded. Umbilicus oblong, narrow, deep;
the basal sculpture winding obliquely into
it. Aperture oblique, circular, with a smooth, inner, raised
margin and a stout varix alternately and evenly grooved and
ridged by the spiral sculpture. The left lower margin of the
varix is produced in a tongue over the umbilicus. Major diameter
1-14, minor 1; height -8 mm.
One specimen dredged in 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.
This species, the least of the genus to which I have assigned it,
has an equal claim to be placed in Liotia. The subumbilical
tongue, a rather artificial feature, has governed the present generic
disposition.
Shell small, per-
forate, subdiscoidal.
Colour whi t e.
Whorls three and
a half, rounded,
gradually increas-
ing, last descending
LL
TEINOSTOMA ROTATUM, sp. nov.
(Fig. 65.)
Fig. 65.
554
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
and contracting at the aperture. First two whorls smooth, the rest
sculptured by about forty, fine, close, even, flat-topped, spiral
lyrse ; parted by sharp, narrow interstices. On the base are
eight, raised, radiating bars of callus, unevenly set round the
umbilicus, like the spokes of a wheel. A fifth of a whorl behind
the aperture the scar of a former aperture has left a kind of
varix. Umbilicus small, its margin crenulate. Aperture oblique,
circular, entire; left margin barely recurved; lower right margin
advancing over the umbilicus in imbricating callous tongues; upper
right margin linked to the preceding whorl by a V-shaped callous
ridge. Major diameter 1'86, minor 1'76; height 1 - 16 mm.
One specimen dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
By its small size and peculiarly sculptured base, this species is
sufficiently distinguished from the remainder of the genus.
LIOTIA sp.
(Fig. 66.)
Shell globose, rather flattened on the
base. Colour cream. Whorls three. Sculp-
ture eight equally spaced spiral lyrse, can-
cellated by the intersection of about eigh-
teen longitudinal ribs of equal size. Um-
bilicus narrow. Aperture unfinished.
Major diameter 1*16, minor 1'6; height
1-16 mm.
One specimen in 200 fathoms off Tutaga
Islet.
Fig. 66.
This shell, though not adult, is evidently new. Its future
recognition should be ensured by the remarkable sculpture.
Probably it belongs near Liotia and possibly to the new genus
Mecoliotia. Until the important characters of the aperture are
known, no good end would be served by bestowing on it a specific
name.
LIOTIA PARVISSIMA, sp, nov.
(Fig. 67.)
Shell minute, solid, turbinate. Colour
cream. Whorls four. Sculpture a
heavy, elevated keel on the shoulder,
two equally massive on the periphery,
and two smaller on the base. Across
keels and interstices run distant, longi-
tudinal, raised threads. Umbilicus
small, oblique narrow and deep. Aper-
ture, circular, oblique, with a short but
Fig. 67.
APPENDIX MOLLU8CA. 555
heavy varix, crenulated by the spiral sculpture. Major diameter
84, minor -66; height -84 mm.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet at a depth of 200 fathoms, and off
Beacon Islet (Funamanu) at 150 fathoms.
This, the smallest known Liotia, is well distinguished by its
simple and massive sculpture.
MECOLIOTIA, gen. nov.
A genus of the Liotiidse, distinguished from Liotia by an
elevated spire of six whorls, an obliquely truncate base and granose
sculpture.
The type species appears to me to be co-generic with Iphitus
tuberculatus, Watson.* The genus Iphitus was founded by
Jeffreys on a single immature specimen,! and is known from
Watson's rather than from Jeffreys' account. Jeffreys placed the
genus in the Littorinidte and Fisher in the Fossaridie. My specias
cannot enter either of these families, nor, I should think, could /.
tuberculatus. We are however, relieved from the unsatisfactory
genus of Jeffreys by the fact that Iphitus is preocupied in
Mollusca by Rafinesque.J In Hemiptera Stal introduced Iphita
in 1870.
Type, Mecoliotia halligani.
MECOLIOTIA HALLIGANI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 68.)
Shell small, most massive, conical,
with obliquely truncate base, narrowly
perforate. Colour white. Whorls six
of which two are apical, separated by
deeply impressed sutures. Sculpture
the third has one, the fourth and fifth
each two, and the last whorl three,
prominent, heavy, spiral keels. These
are overridden and knotted by longi-
tudinal ribs, which on the last whorl
number seventeen, cross from umbilicus
to suture, and mount the upper whorls
perpendicularly and continuously. Deep
square pits are enclosed by the inter-
section of this sculpture. The first whorl is rounded, the second
keeled. The base is hollow beneath the periphery, with a central
* Watson Chall. Rep., Zool., xv., 1886, p. 583, pi. xlvi., fig. 5.
t Jeffreys Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883. p. 113, pi. xx., fi-j. 1-'.
J Rafinesque Anal. Nat., 1815, p. 141.
Stal Sv. Ak. Handl., 1870, p. 99.
556
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
nodose lyra, then a furrow, followed by the smooth raised margin
of the narrow oblique umbilicus. Aperture, oblique, circular
with a double lip, one within the other, and an expanded, trifid
wing-like varix. Length 1-6; breadth 1-4 mm.
One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in 50 - 60 fathoms.
Named in honour of Mr. G. H. Halligan, who procured most
of the deeper water species mentioned in this supplement.
EULIMA DIAPHANA, sp. UOV.
(Fig. 69.)
Shell narrow, subulate, transparent. Whorls seven,
rapidly increasing, wound more obliquely as the growth
proceeds. Surface smooth, most glossy, through it is
seen every detail of the columella. Aperture some-
what claw-shaped, narrow and curved, acuminate
posteriorly, broadest and truncate anteriorly. Outer
lip sharp sinuous. Columella slightly curved, spread-
ing a callus on the preceding whorl. Length 1 '8 ;
breadth -44 mm.
One specimen dredged at 45 - 52 fathoms off Tutaga.
This species appears to be widely different from any
hitherto figured.
Fig. 69.
EULIMA SAMOENSIS, Crosse.
Tryon, Man. Conch., viii., 1886, pi. Ixx., fig. 78.
One specimen collected by Mr. W. Poole on the lagoon beach
was by him presented to the Australian Museum. The species
was previously only known from Samoa.
ODONTOSTOMIA ROBUSTA, sp. nov.
(Fig. 70.)
Shell small, strong, ovate. Colour white.
Whorls four ; exclusive of the smooth, prostrate,
heterostrophic two-whorled apex. Sculpture
sixteen strong, smooth, outstanding, longitudinal
ribs sinuate the suture and reach to the extreme
point of the base. Similar ribs extend con-
tinuously across the upper whorls. Between
these ribs appear the broken lengths of about a
dozen, delicate, widely parted, raised, spiral
threads. Aperture ear-shaped, effuse anteriorly.
Columella massive, entering in a strong, spiral
twist. Lip formed by the last rib. Length 1*2;
Fig. 70. breadth -65 mm.
One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 fathoms.
APPENDIX MOLLUSCA.
557
Fig. 71.
This species is most like 0. oodes, Watson, from which it is
separated by more conical shape, fewer ribs and different apex.
ODONTOSTOMIA BIPLICATA, sp. nov.
(Fig 71.)
Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, white.
Whorls three and an inrolled vertical and half
buried apex, slightly gradate, separated by a
channeled suture. Upper whorls angled and
contracted above the suture. Last whorl
slightly angled at the periphery. Sculpture
last whorl with two small, but sharp revolving
ridges, one at the periphery and the other
below the suture, both ascending the earlier
whorls. Upper whorls otherwise smooth, final
whorl furrowed spirally by about twenty-five
fine close grooves beneath the periphery.
Aperture ovate, acuminate above and below.
Deep within the throat and confined to the
posterior moiety, are five strong revolving
ridges, the remainder of the throat is grooved
by small revolving striae, answering to the externals culpture. Lip
sharp, simple, produced anteriorly. Columella with a heavy,
median, transverse fold, posterior to which is another deeper
oblique fold. Length 1 46; breadth '7 mm.
One specimen dredged at 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet.
This is a well marked species. Not only is it smaller than any
enumerated in Tryon's Monograph, but the second, deep seated
columella fold seems to be unmatched in the genus. The ridges
in the throat occur in some species from the Red Sea.
RlSSOA FINCKHI, 8p. HOV.
(Fig. 72.)
Shell narrow, subulate, turretted, massive,
small. Colour white with a yellow apex.
Whorls eight. Sculpture-round the periphery
of each whorl is wound a heavy tabulate keel.
The penultimate whorl carries a spiral thread
above and another below this keel. On the
last whorl is a raised subsutural thread and
three basal lyrae. Aperture oblique, circular,
peristome entire, thickened and broadly
reflected. Length 1 92; breadth -92 mm.
One specimen dredged off Tutaga Islet in
200 fathoms.
Named in honour of Mr. A. E. Finckh,
who made zoological collections on Funafuti
Fig. 72.
558
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
in 1898, when
Expedition.
in charge of the Diamond Drill Boring
. 73.
RISSOA POOLEI, sp. nov.
(Fig. 73.)
Shell broadly ovate. Whorls four.
Colour white with a few subsutural orange
dots, one of which occurs on the lip and
three on the remainder of the last whorl.
Sculpture the last whorl is angled at a
weak spiral rib on the periphery. Pro-
portionately stronger are three on the
penultimate, and two on the antipenulti-
mate, similar spiral ribs. The whole shell
is closely covered by minute, close, wavy,
spiral threads which are overridden by
faint, close, longitudinal sculpture extend-
ing across the whole whorl. Umbilicus
small, covered by the columella. Aperture
round, rather oblique. Lip massive, expanded and broadly
reflected with a second lip or varix close behind. Columella
broad appressed. Length '95; breadth '66 mm.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet at depths of 45-52, 50 - 60, and 200
fathoms ; off Beacon Islet (Funamanu) at 150 fathoms ; and north
of Pava Islet at 36 fathoms.
The affinities of this shell are with the species previously
described from Funafuti as Rissoa invisibilis. It is named in
honour of Mr. William Poole, B.A., a volunteer assistant of the
second expedition to Funafuti.
DlALA PROFUNDA, sp. HOV.
(Fig. 74.)
Shell subulate, thin. Colour, the figured example
has the first four whorls ochraceous, the next two
almost white, the last two ochraceous buff with the
columella and lip tawny ; another specimen is uni-
form dark brown. Whorls eight. The apex smooth
and blunt ; the third and fourth whorls with two
raised spiral cords each, the remaining whorls
angled above and below the suture. Surface
smooth and shining. Aperture perpendicular,
angled above, rounded below ; outer lip straight
and sharp ; columella reflected over a minute per-
foration. Length 1-9; breadth '66 mm.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet at depths of 45 - 50,
50 - 60 and 200 fathoms ; and in 36 fathoms north
and 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava Islet.
Fig. 74.
APPENDIX MOLLD8CA.
559
CAECUM AMALTHEANUM, Sp. nov.
(Fig. 75.)
Shell small, a twisted cone, performing about
a third of a revolution, rapidly enlarging. White
very glossy, with about twenty, faint rib rings.
Aperture circular, slightly contracted behind
the everted lip. Septum gradate, with three
steps, arising deep within the collar, peaked on
the outer side. Length -76; breadth at aperture
34 mm.
Two examples dredged at 36 fathoms, north
of Pava Islet.
The contour of this species isolates it from
any co-generic type.
dECUM LEGUMEN, Sp. HOV.
(Fig. 76.)
Shell pod-shaped, arched on one side, nearly
straight on the other ; rounded in transverse
section on the arched side and flattened on the
straight. Colour white. Sculptured by fine
growth rings, surface glossy and shining. At the
aperture slightly contracted, mouth oval, flattened
on one side. Septum much exserted, peaked on
the curved side. As foreshortened to show the
aperture in my drawing, the shell has a quaint
resemblence to a tobacco pipe. Length 1*5;
breadth -64 mm.
Dredged at 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava Islet
and again at 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu).
The only species at all resembling this, figured in
Tryon's Manual, is C. nitidunt, Stimpson, than which it
is less inflated.
TRIFORIS ASPEBRIMUS, Hinds.
(Fig. 77.)
Hinds, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., 1843, p. 18 ; Tryon,
Man. Conch., ix., 1887, p. 181, pi. xxxviii., fig. 6.
A single, probably immature, specimen of twelve
whorls, in length 2*92 and in breadth -56 ram., which
was dredged in 36 fathoms, north of Pava Islet is thus
doubtfully determined. The species appears not to have
been seen since Sir Edward Belcher dredged his unique
specimen in eight fathoms on the Papuan coast.
Fig. 75.
Fig. 77.
560 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
MUREX RAMOSUS, Linne.
Tryon, Man. Conch., ii., 1880, p. 95, pi. i., figs. 1, 2.
A specimen was obtained by Mr. A. E. Finckh on one of the
leeward islets of Funafuti.
CYPR^EA BECKI, Gaskoin.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., 1885, p. 91, pi. xvii., figs. 86, 87.
One specimen collected by Mr. W. Poole on the lagoon beach
of Funafuti.
TORRICULA EXASPERATA, Gmelin.
Tryon, Man. Conch., iv., 1882, p. 180, pi. liii., figs. 541-544,
pi. liv., figs. 545-546.
One dead shell dredged in 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava Islet.
MARGINELLA ISSELI, Nevill, var. ELLICENSIS, var. nov.
(Fig. 78.)
Shell small, ovate, white, smooth, with a
buried spire. Aperture narrow, crescentic.
Outer lip arching from and above the vertex,
thickened without and finely crenulate within,
channeled anteriorly. Inner lip with a heavy
layer of callus edged abruptly. Columella
with three oblique entering folds, the posterior
one small. Length 1*4; breadth '64 mm.
Dredged at 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet'
at 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava Islet, and at
150 fathoms off Beacon Islet (Funamanu)
After much perplexity I have concluded not to separate this
specifically from M. isseli, Nevill,* which agrees in size and shape
but apparently differs by an additional fold on the columella.
The example of that which Issel examined f had not the crenulated
lip of the type. Savigny's work, containing the original descrip-
tion, is unfortunately inaccessible to me. No distinction is
apparent to me between this species and M. nympha, Brazier,!
from Sydney Harbour,
Examples from Cape Sidmouth, Queensland, of what appears
to be another variety of M. isseli are before me. They agree in
shape but differ by being 2 mm. in length, and by having five
plications on the columella.
* Tryon Man. Conch., v., 1883, p. 40, pi. xi., fig. 39.
f Issel Malae. del Mar Eosso, 18G9, p. 117.
j Brazier Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2) ix., 1894, p. 168, pi. xiv., fig. 2.
APPENDIX MOLLUSCA. 561
PTKBOSOMA PLANA, Lesson.
Hedley, Proc. Malac. Soc., i., 1895, p. 333; Crosse, Journ. de
Conch., xliv., 1896 (1897), pp. 207 -212.
An imperfect shell from a depth of 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet,
is with doubt so identified. Since writing the article above quoted
I have found that Fischer's reason for classing this as a Nemertine
was a mistaken identification by the Naturalists of the "Chal-
lenger."*
ATLANTA GIBBOSA, Eydoux and Souleyet.
Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., ii., 1841, p. 386, p). xxi.,
figs. 1 - 8.
Dead shells were dredged off Tutaga, in 45-52 and 200
fathoms. This species does not seem to have been recorded from
the Pacific.
ATLANTA TURRICULATA, D'Orbigny.
Eydoux and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 391, pi. xxi., figs. 30-35.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 and 200 fathoms.
ATLANTA GUIDICHAUDII, Eydoux and Souleyet.
Eydoux and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 397, pi. xix., figs. 29 - 34.
Several dead shells dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
TORNATINA LEPTEKES, Watson.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xv., 1893, p. 200, pi. xxiv., figs. 29, 30.
Dredged in 36 fathoms north of Pava Islet, and off Tutaga in
45-52 and 200 fathoms.
Previously taken oft' Raine Island, Queensland, by the
" Challenger,"
RlNGICULA, sp.
A small Ringicula was dredged in 45 - 52 fathoms off Tutaga
Islet. It corresponds exactly to specimens from Torres Straits,
which I have identified as P. pusilla, Watson, and differs very
little from my JR. parvula. It may be here pointed out that the
illustration of R. pusilla,j appears to represent a young and
broken shell, and that the description conveys a totally different
idea of the species.
* Moseley Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) xvi., 1875, p. 382.
t Watson Chall. Eep., Zool., xv., 1886, pi. xlvii., fig. 9.
MX
562
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fig. 79.
RlNGICULA INCISA, sp, nOV.
(Fig. 79.)
Shell ovate, glossy. Whorls five. Colour
white. Sculpture girt around the last whorl
are eight nearly equidistant sharp furrows,
sloping above and cut square below so as to
carve the surface into descending steps. On
the upper whorls there are three furrows. A
distinct varix marks the penultimate whorl.
Aperture ear-shaped, effuse and truncate
anteriorly. Outer lip broadly reflected, rather
straight, without tubercles. Inner lip with
broad and strong plications below and a small
one above. Length 2 '2; breadth 1-2 mm.
One specimen dredged in 36 fathoms N. 30
W. of Pava Islet.
PHYLLIDIA VARICOSA, Lamarck.
Bergh, Reis. Archip. Philippinen,ii., 1876, p. 380, pi. lxxxvi.,fig. 11.
Three specimens were collected by Mr. A. E. Finckh in the
Funafuti lagoon.
CRYPTOPTHALMUS SMARAGDINUS, Leuckart.
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., xvi., 1895, p. 37, pi. vi., figs. 29 - 36.
Two specimens were taken by myself alive in shallow water in
the lagoon. Mention of them was inadvertantly omitted from
preceding pages. With them were taken an undetermined Doris,
and an Eolis.
LIMACINA INFLATA, D'Orbigny.
H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, iii., 1858, pi. cxxxvii.,
figs. 2, 2a, 26; Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., Zool., xxiii., 1888, p. 17.
Dead shells were dredged in abundance, off Tutaga Islet, in 45
- 52, 50 - 60, and 200 fathoms ; in 36 fathoms north and in 36
fathoms N. 30 W. of Pava ; and in 150 fathoms off Beacon Islet
(Funamanu).
LIMACINA BULIMOIDES, D'Orbigny.
Rang and Souleyet, Hist. Nat. Pteropodes, 1852, p. 65, pi. xv.,
figs. 1-7; Pelseneer, loc. cit., p. 30.
Dead shells dredged plentifully off Tutaga Islet in 36, 45 - 52
and 200 fathoms, and N. 30 W. of Pava Islet in 36 fathoms.
CLIO VIRGULA, Rang.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 57, pi. vi., tig. 2, pi. xiii., figs. 20
- 24; Pelseneer, loc. cit., p. 48.
APPENDIX MOLLU8CA. 563
A few shells dredged off Tutas;a Islet in 45 - 52 and 200 fathoms
and off Beacon Islet in 150 fathoms.
CLIO AGICULA, Rang.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 56, pi. vi., figs. 5, 7; Pelseneer,
loc. cit., p. 51.
A few dead shells dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
CLIO STRIATA, Rany.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 55, pi. vi., fig. 3; Pelseneer, loc. cit.,
p. 51.
One broken specimen from 45 - 52 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
CLIO SUBDLA, Quoy and Gaimard.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 55, pi. vi., fig. 1; Pelseneer, loc.
cit., p. 57.
Numerous dead shells dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 and
200 fathoms.
CLIO PYRAMIDATA, Linne.
Rang and Souleyet, loc. cit., p. 50, pi. v., figs. 7-11; Pelseneer,
loc. cit., p. 63.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 and 200 fathoms.
CUVIERINA COLUMNELLA, Rang.
Boas, Spolia Atlantica, 1885, pi. iii., tig. 39; Pelseneer, loc. cit.,
p. 67.
One specimen dredged in 200 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
CAVOLINIA QUADRIDENTATA, Lesueur.
Boas, loc. cit., p. 99, pi. i., fig. 4, pi. ii., fig. 15; Pelseneer, loc.
cit., p. 78.
A few dead specimens dredged off Tutaga Islet, in 45 - 52 and
200 fathoms.
CAVOLINIA LONGIROSTRIS, Lesueur.
Boas, loc. cit., p. 102, pi. i., tig. 5, pi. ii., fig. 16; Pelseneer, loc.
cit., p. 79.
One dead specimen dredged in 200 fathoms ofi Tutaga Islet.
OAVOLINIA IN FLEX A, Lesueur.
Boas, loc. cit., p. 123, pi. i., fig. 11, pi. ii., fig. 21; Pelseneer, loc.
cit., p. 85.
Dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 and 200 fathoms.
564
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
AGADINA STIMPSONI, A. Adams.
Pelseneer, loc. cit., p. 31, pi. i., figs. 11-14.
A few specimens dredged off Tutaga Islet in 45 - 52 and 2 00
fathoms and north of Pava in 36 fathoms.
PELECYPODA.
ARCA PTEROESSA, Smith.
Smith, Chall. Rep., Zoo!., xiii., 1885, p. 262, pi. xvii., fig. 4.
Two small .separate valves were dredged at 200 fathoms off
Tutaga Islet.
ARCA CONGKNITA, Smith.
Smith, loc. cit., p. 264, pi. xvii., fig. 6.
One small valve from 50 - 60 fathoms off Tutaga Islet.
LIMOPSIS DAVIDIS, sp. nov.
(Fig. 80.)
Shell small, suborbicular, flattened,
scarcely inequilateral. Colour white,
with a few, small, scattered brown
dots. Posterior margin truncate ;
ventral and anterior margins rounded.
Umbo prominent. Epidermis de-
nuded. Sculpture about twenty-
four, prominent, radiating ridges
sharply crenulate the margin and
fade away before reaching the umbo,
these are separated by flat interstices
of about twice their breadth. They are
more prominent and closer together
at the posterio- ventral side, but for a
space in the posterior slope one or
two seem missing. The whole valve
is covered with close concentric
wrinkles, which become coarser as
the ventral margin is approached.
Hinge area very broad and rather
curved, teeth three on each side.
Internal margin crenulate. Height
1-22, length 1-22 mm.
One valve from 45 52 fathoms
off Tutaga Islet.
Named in honour of Prof. T. W. E. David, B.A., under whose
auspices it was secured.
APPENDIX MOLLUSCA. 565
If adult this species is the smallest known member of the genus
In several respects it approaches L. antillensis, Ball,* which is
deeper, and has certain internal tubercles absent in L, davidis.
LlMEA FECTINATA, H. Adams.
H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 7, pi. i., fig. 11.
One valve from 36 fathoms N. 30 W. of.Pava.
This is the first appearance of either species or genus in the
Pacific.
PECTEN SPECIOSUS, Reeve.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., viii., pi. xxvii., sp. 112.
One living example was taken in the lagoon by Mr. A. E. Finckh.
CRASSATELLA sp.
A fragment of a Crassatella which might belong to C. rhom-
boides, Smith, was taken off Tutaga in 50 60 fathoms.
ADDENDA. Since revising the preceding pages, I have found
among the shells which I collected at Funafuti, the following
additional species : Engina lineata, Reeve; Sistrum dumosum,
Conrad ; and Sistrum undatum, Chemnitz.
* Dall Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool , xii., 1886, p. 237, pi. viii., tig. 7.
Nv
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
THE Collections gathered at Funafuti by Mr. Charles Hedley,
on which the observations contained in the present volume are
principally based, were supplemented by other gatherings made
during the Second Expedition to that Atoll by Prof. T. W. E.
David, B.A., and Mr. G. Sweet, of Melbourne, and whilst the
Third Expedition was in progress by Messrs. A. E. Finckh and
G. H. Halligan.
A selection of the specimens obtained by Prof. David and
Messrs. Finckh and Halligan was presented to the Trustees by
the Local Funafuti Committee of the Royal Society of London ;
Mr. Sweet very kindly lent his Mollusca for investigation, and
presented duplicates of the otherwise unrepresented species to the
Trustees; whilst, chiefly owing to Mr. Halligan's exertions, we are
indebted for a knowledge of those forms of Molluscan life occurring
in the Pteropod Ooze of Funafuti.
The larger portion of the descriptive work, fell, by far, to the
lot of Messrs. C. Hedley and T. Whitelegge, the former con-
tributing the General Account of the Atoll, the Ethnology and
the Mollusca, whilst Mr. Whitelegge is responsible for the articles
on the Crustacea, Echinodermata, Alcyonaria, Spongida, Madre-
poraria, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Venues.
Mr. J. P. Hill has laid the Australian Museum under obligations
by the readiness with which he collaborated with Mr. Whitelegge
in working out the Actinozoa, and on his own account investigated
the Enteropneusta.
Mr. W. J. Rainbow described the Insect and Arachnian
Faunas ; Mr. E. R. Waite the Mammals, Reptilia, and Pisces ;
whilst the few facts that could be gleaned respecting the Aves
and Rocks, were recorded by Mr. A. J. North and Dr. T,
Cooksey respectively.
568 FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
A "Summary of the Fauna of Funafuti," prepared by Mr.
Hedley, with the assistance of his colleagues, is given in Part 8 of
the Memoir, including not only the results derived from their
conjoint work, but also embodying the researches of other
investigators that have appeared during the progress of the
Memoir through the press.
Capt. E. C. Hore, of the London Missionary Society, and late
of the s.s. " John Williams," prepared a very excellent model of
the Atoll of Funafuti, which is deposited in the Australian
Museum.
Memoir No. iii. of the Australian Museum Series comprises
ten parts, commencing in December, 1896. The ninth, published
in August, 1899, completed the descriptive matter, and the tenth
or final part contains the Indices. The respective dates of
publication of each part are given on the front coloured
wrappers.
R. ETHERIDGE, JUNR.,
CURATOR.
INDEX.
I 1ST
A.
PAGE
ABLEPHARUS boutonii ... 180
pcecilopleurus 180
ABUTILON ... 40, 95
ACALYPHA grandis . . . ... 22
ACAMPTOGOBGIA spinosa 532, 533
ACANTHASTRJEA 353
echinata ... 353, 534
patula 353,534
ACANTHELLA ... ... 323
pulcherrima ... 323, 329, 531
stipitata ... 323,329. 531
ACANTHOGOBGIA breviflora 307,
309, 533
ACANTHOMUBICEA simplex 533
ACANTHURUS ... ... 187
achilles ... 188, 515
blochii 188, 515
guttatus ... 188, 515
matoides 188
triostegus ... 187, 515
Acarina 105,109
ACHJZA melicerte ... ... 520
achilles, ACANTHUBUS 188, 515
acicula, CLIO ... 527, 563
acidula, PEMPHIS 35,109
ACMAEA saccharma 402, 520
ACOMPSE suivis ... 106, 122, 519
Acronuridse ... ... 187
ACT^EA rugata ... 129,516
ACT^ODES speoiosa... 136, 517
Actinaria 372
Actinozoa ... 369, 371, 384, 532
ACTITIS incana ... ... 81
aculeaius, BALISTES 197, 515
aculeatus, GELLIDS... 323,326, 531
acuminata, MITBA ... 466, 525
acuta, ANTHENEA ... 159,160
acutispina, CULCITA 157, 530
acutispinosa, CULCITA ... 155
ADELOCEBA modesta ... 93
admete, THALAMITA 138, 517
Admiralty Islands 250, 253,
254, 261, 288
adspersum, LTGOSOMA 180, 514
adustus, MUBEX ... 458, 525
Adzes 249
aedonia, SCISSUBELLA ... 552
cegle, TBIFOBIS ... 439, 522
ceneus, ZOZTMUS ... 131, 516
ceqwibilis, CLIBANAEIUS ... 5!7
cequatoria, SCISSUBELLA .. 520
cethops, PANESTHIA 100, 520
Afa 33,276
affine, GYRINEUM .. 457, 524
affinis, GALATHEA 517
j affinis, EISSOINA .. 422. 522
affinis, TEREBRA ... 481, 527
Africa 106
South 90
West 90
Afu 48
AFZELIA bijuga 31
AGADINA stimpsoni .. 527, 564
AGELAS gracilis ...323,328,531
Agiagi ... 83
AGLAOPHENIA bispinosa ... 374
clavicula ... 373, 531
distans .. ... ... 374
Aito tree 274
AKEEA aperta ... 485,527
alba, CTLICHNA 4S4
ALABA/ulva ... ... 414
striata 414
albicilla, NEBITA ... 409, 521
albugo, DIALA ... ... 423
Alcyonacea .; ... 308
Alcyonaria 17,211,213,
214, 305, 307
ALCYONID.S... . ... 214
ALCTONIUM confertum ... 213
latum 213, 215
tuberculosum ... 213
viride 213
ALCTONUM viride 220
ALEUBITES triloba ... .. 238
alicea, GLTPHOSTOMA 471, 526
Allotments of Property ...60,61
alofa, COLUMBELLA 463, 525
572
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
ALOCASIA indica 61
ALOPIAS vulpes ... 199, 516
ALPH.KUS collumianus ... 518
edwardsii ... 146, 518
frcmtalis 518
funafutiensis 518
Icevis 146, 518
parvirostris 518
prolificus 518
strenvus 518
ALPHITOBIUS diaparinus ... 93
piceus 93
Alunga 293
alveolata, CLUBIONA 106, 122, 519
amaltheanum, CAECUM 522, 559
AMARYGMUS, sp 93
ambigua, EISSOINA... 422, 522
am6oinense,var., SARCOPHTTUM
215, 533
amboinensis, HOLOTHURIA... 530
Amboyna 91,106,196
Arnedee 205
America, Tropical 101
Western 101
Amo.. 289
Amphinomidae 392
AMPHISTEGINA lessonii ... 75
amphizosta, RETUSA ... 483
amplustre, HYDATINA 485, 527
amputatum, CAECUM ... 426
AMYNA octo 90,91.520
Anaa 499,504
ancestheta, STERNA 84,514
AN AX guttata 99
Ancestor worship 46,48
ANCHISTUS miersi 518
Anchorite Island 261
ANDROCTININI 107
ANDKOCTONID^E ... 105,107
Aneiteum 176, 491, 499, 501, 506
Anemone, Sea 532
angulata, LIMA ... 493,528
angulata, MADRBPOKARIA... 535
angulatum, CARDIUM 503, 529
angulosa, TURRICULA 467, 526
angulosus, ECHINUS 156, 530
aniculi, ATHELGUE . . . 149,518
ANICULUS 129
typicus .. 127, 144, 150, 517
Ankle-ring 247
Annelida 530
annulipes, ARANEUS ... 519
annulipes, EPEIRA 117
annulipes, RUPPELLIA 137, 517
annulus, CYPRJEA ... 452, 524
anomala, PURPURA ... 476
ANOMIA 491, 528
ANOMURA 127,140
Anou 303
ANGUS leucocapillus ... 83
melanogenys 83
stolidus 84,514
antarcticus, IBACUS... 146, 51R
ANTHENEA, acuta ... 159, 160
ANTHOMIZID^E 97
ANTHOMURICEA simplex 307, 310
Anthropological measure-
ments 233, 234, 235, 236
antttlensis, LIMOPSIS ... 565
Antilles 106
Antipatharia ... 372,384
ANTIPATHELLA allantica .. 385
brooki 372,384,533
tristis 385
antipathes, GORGONIA ... 317
antipathes, PLEXAURA 307,494,
533
Antipathidte 384
antipodum, OBISITTM 106, 108,
518, 519
antiquorum, COLOCASIA ... 62
antiquus, MAGILUS... 461, 525
Ants, White 26,100
Ants 94
anus, DISTORTRIX ... 456, 524
Apa 248
Apia 185
aperta, AKERA ... 485, 527
apicalis, CLATHURELLA 474, 526
Apidae 93
appendigaster, EVANIA ... 90
Apteryx 283
aquila, ATAGEN ... ... 59
aquila, FREGATA ... 85, 514
arabica, CYPR^A ... 451, 524
Arachnida ... 103, 105, 518
ARACHNOCEPHALUS vestitus
100, 520
ARANEID^; 105, 109
ARANEUS annulipes ... 519
distincta 519
etheridgei 519
festiva 519
hoggi 519
longispina 519
obscura 519
plebeja 519
speciosa 519
theis, var. mangareva 519
ventricosa 519
aratus, CADULUS ... 528, 551
ARCA 68
congenita ... 528, 564
divaricata ... 491
573
AECA dubia ...
maculata
occidentalis
pteroessa
reticulata
tenella . . .
velata . . .
zebra ...
ARCH^A melicerte
PAGE
... 491
491, 528
... 491
528, 564
491, 528
492, 528
491, 528
491, 528
... 90,91
archeri, CTCLOSTBEMA ... 406
arcuata, COCCINELLA ... 93
ARDEA sacra ... 81, 82, 84
arenarius, KUPHUS 427
arenosa, POBITES 535
Areva 46
argentea, TOURNEFORTIA ... 22, 37
argenteus, PIPTURUS ... 22
argus, CYPR^EA ... 449, 524
argus, HOLOTHURI A 1 55, 1 6 1 , 530
argyrostomus, TURBO 408, 521
Ariki 43
armigera, HELIOTHIS 90
armigera, PURPURA 143, 400, 459
Arorae .. ... ... 65
ARRIPIS salar ... ... 267
ARTEMISIA 300
articulita, COLUMBELLA ... 463
ARTOCARPUS ... ... 61
incisus 63
integrifolia ... 63
artuffeli, CYPR.EA ... 453, 524
aruanum, TETRADRACHMUM 191,
515
ARUM esculentum ... ... 167
Arvicola ... ... ... 170
ASAPHI8 deflorata 68, 264, 503, 529
ASCYLTUS pterygodes ... 519
asiaticus, PETROLISTHBS ... 517
aspergillum, CLOEOSIPHON 372,
394, 531
asperrimus, TRIFORIS 522, 559
asperrimus, UROGYMNUS 201, 516
aspersa, HELIX ... ... 409
aspersa, POCILLOPORA ... 534
asperum, CERITHIUM 435, 523
asperum, ECHINODICTYUM 323,
324, 328, 531
ASPIDOSIPHON elegans 372,
393, 531
klunzingeri 531
speculator ... ... 394
steenstrupii ... 372, 394, 531
ASPLENIUM nidus ... ... 39
ASSIMINEA nitida ... 417, 522
Assouri ... ... ..68, 503
astenon, OTOSTIGMUS ... 519
ASTEROIDEA 157
PAGE
ASTRJEA 349
dance 353, 534
denticulata ... 353, 534
microphthalma ... 354
porcata ... ... 353
versipora ... 352,534
Astneidse 352
astrceoides, Po RITES ... 367
ASTR^EOPORA incrustans 361, 535
hirsuta ... 362, 535
listeri 535
ocellata ... 361, 535
ovalis ... ... ... 535
tabulata 535
ASTRALIUM petrosum 408, 521
astricta, MITRA ... 466, 525
ATACTODEA striata 503, 529
Atafu 15, 237, 240, 245, 273
A TAG EN aquila 59
ATERGATis/oridus .. 129, 516
ATLANTA gibbosa ... 527,561
guidichaudii ... 527, 561
turriculata .. 527, 561
atlantica, ANTIPATHELLA .. 385
ATHANUS sulcatipes ... 518
ATHELGUE 127, 151
anicula ... 149, 518
atra, HOLOTHURIA... 161, 530
atropurpureus, TROCHUS 404, 520
attenuatum, CAECUM ... 426
Atupa 255
ATYS cylindrica ... 483,527
dactylus ... 484, 527
dentifera ... 483, 527
hyalina ... 483, 527
Jeffrey si 484
Auckland 19
audax, HYLLUS ... 124, 519
Aulima 302
Aumatupu 16
Aunaki 302
aurantia, PTEROCERA 429, 522
auratus, CONUS ... 480, 526
aurea, PYRENE 464
AURELIA clausa ... 371, 383, 532
Anrelid* 383
auriga, CH^TODON... 183, 514
aurita, NAUSITORIA 507, 529
australasice, HORMURUS ... 519
Austral Islands 3, 167
Australia 89,90,96
aus<raJiesis,PTYCHODERA, 207, 209
australis, DAMMARA ... 40
australis, HIPPONYX 416, 429, 522
australis, MODIOLA... 492,528
australis, POROMYA ... 508
australis, KKNIKKA 323, 324, 531
574
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
Avalau 17
Aves 79,513
AVICULA 267, 268, 269, 270, 308
cumingii ... 267, 268
cypsellus ... ... 494
radiata 494
Awls 292
Axes 249
Axinellidae 329
aya, LUTJANUS ... ... 542
AZOLLA rubra 40
298
BACTRONOPHORTJS 508
baculatus, TINOPORUS 16, 75, 198
bcBodactyla, MADREPORARIA 535
Bailers 288
baillonii, TRACHTNOTUS 190, 515
Baka 35
balinensis, HEMIBHAMPHUS 195,
515
BALISTES aculeatus 197, 515
flavomarginatus 197, 515
fuscus 196, 515
Balistidae 196
Balls 303
Bamboo-trap ... ... 280
Bananas ... 62, 63
Banks Island ... 241, 259, 303
barclayi, LATIRUS ... ... 457
Barracouta ... 47, 65, 199
Barracuda 199
BARRINGTONIA 32
butonica 32
speciosa 20
basilanica, LIMA 493
Baskets 290
batata, CONVOLVULUS ... 167
Batavia 194
bataviensis, PSEUDOSCARUS 194,
515
Batti 299
Bawonga 64,266
bayani, TRIFORIS ... ... 448
Bay of Oupi 505
Beacon Islet 549, 550, 551 ,
552, 555, 558, 559, 560, 562, 563
BEBRYCE mollis 315
philippi 315
studeri ... 307, 314, 533
Beche-de-mer 67
becki, CYPR2EA ... 524, 560
Bee, leaf -cutting 93
Beetles 89,90
Bekka 304
bellum, PLECOTREMA 486, 527
BELONE platura ... 194,515
bengalensis, LUTIANUS 183, 514
Beret 24
Berycidse 186
BET^US ... ... 127
minutus ... 147, 518
Betelnut 25
bifasciatum, CLATHURELLA 475
bijuga, AFZELIA ... 31
bilineata, CLATHURELLA ... 475
b-iloba, IPOM^A ... ... 40
biocellatus, GOBIUS .. 190, 515
biplicata, ODONTOSTOMIA 521, 557
bipunctata, TBITHEMIS ... 99
Birds, trapping 278
BIBGUS ... ... 128
latro ... 29, 68, 140, 517
bispinosa, AGLAOPHENIA ... 374
Black Clam shell 250
Blark-naped Tern 83, 270
Black Eat 166
Blatta 90
Blattidae 100
Blenniidie 190,545
Blindness 71
blochii, ACANTHURUS 188, 515
Bofala 455
Bombay 106
Bondi 8,77,78
Hone hook ... . 266
Bonito 24, 64, 199, 267, 268, 271, 286
fishing 268
hooks 266
Borneo 259
Borouselif 44
botryodes, MADREPORARIA 356, 534
Boua 14, 36
Bougainville Straits ... 245
Boureriva 195
Bourou 47
boutonii, ABLEPHARUS ... 180
Boutularu 187
Bowditch Island 29
Bowen 492,501
Bowl, food 298
Box-tubs, wooden ... 296, 297
Brachiopoda 489, 491, 508, 529
Brachyura 129
BRANDELLA intricata ... 314
Brazil 101, 106
Breadfruit trees ... .54,63
breve, CERITHIUM ... 432, 523
INDEX.
575
brevicauflatus, BUTHUS ...
brevicornis, POCILLOPORA . . .
107
534
309, 533
brevipinnis, LOLIGO 402, 520
brevirostris, CORALLIOCARIS 518
British New Guinea 253,254,
258, 288
Brokka ...... 61,62,63
brooki, ANTIPATHBLLA 372,
384, 533
Broom ......... 292
BROUSSONETIA, 9,35,40,64,
231, 271, 289, 297
papyracea ... ... 34
papyrifera ...... 35
Brown Eat ......... 59
brownriggii, GLYPHIDODON 192,
515
BRUGUIERA... ... ... 21
brunnea, MITRA ... 466, 525
Buckets ......... 296
bufonium, GYRINEUM ... 524
bulimoides, LIMACINA 527, 562
bulimoides, ODONTOSTOMIA 521
bullata, LIMA ... 493, 528
Bunga ......... 300
Burial ......... 52
buroensis, MUR.&NA 196, 515
BUTHUS brevicaudatus ... 107
butonica, BARRINGTONIA ... 32
Butta ......... 63
Butterflies ......... 90, 95
byronia, PTEROCERA 429, 522
O.
CADULUS aratus ...
dichelus
amaltheanum
amputatum ...
attenua.tum ...
528, 551
551
522, 559
... 426
... 426
exile ...... 426, 522
gulosum ... 426, 522, 550
legumen ... 522, 559
nitidum ...... 559
vertebrate .. 425, 522, 550
ccelatus, ETISODES ... 131, 516
C.ENOBITA ......... 128
ccerulea, HELIOPORA 11, 535
carulea, PROCELSTERNA 84, 514
ctespitosa, POCILLOPORA 349,
352, 534
Cake of the Pandanus fruit 30
CALANDRID^E ... ... 91
CALAPPA hepatica ... 139, 517
Calcareous Conglomerate 75
CALCINUS elegans ... 129, 143, 517
goAmardi ... 143, 517
herbsti 517
herbsti. var. lividus ... 517
latens 143, 517
tibicen 144
caledonica, MITRA ... 466, 525
caledonica, OVULA . . . ... 449
caledonica, PTYCHODERA ... 205
caledonica, SCALIOLA ... 415
caledonicus, TURBO 408, 521
caliculata, MONTIPORA ... 535
California ... 100, 101, 106
CALLIANIDEA typa .. 518
CALOBATES 507,508
CALOPHYLLUM 40, 261, 262,
288. 294. 296. 298
inophyllum ... 5, 20, 31
wood 261
CALOTBRMES castaneus 100
marginipennis 26, 100,
101, 520
campanulata. TEREDO 507
CAMPONOTUS novaehollandiae 520
canceUatum, SISTRUM 461, 525
Candida, GYGIS 514
Canoes 32,280
CANTHARUS undosus 457, 525
Cape Gooseberry 32
Cape Sidmouth 560
Cape York 494, 499, 508
capitaneus, CONUS .. 478, 526
CAPULUS intortus ... 416. 522
violaceus ... 416, 522
caputserpentis, CYPR^EA 401,
451, 524
Carangidse 189
CARANX crumenopthalmus 189,
515
muroadsi 189
sanctce-helence .. ... 515
CARBONATE OF LIME ... 75
CARCHARIAS lamia 201, 300, 516
CARCINOPS, sp. ... ... 93
CARDAMINE 41
sarmento$a ... ... 39
CARDISOMA 129,139
hirtipes ... 138, 517
cardissa, CARDIUM... 504, 529
CARDITA dilecta 496
sweeti 495, 528
CARDIUM angvlatum 503, 529
cardissa ... 504. 529
dionceum ... 504, 529
fragrum ... 504, 529
maculosum ... 504, 529
576
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
CARDIUM philippinense . . . 504
sueziense ... 504, 529
carduus, GELLIUS 327
CAKICA papaya ... 63
carneola, CTPBJEA ... 450, 524
Caroline Group 21
Caroline Islands 20, 168,
170,237,250,255,265,
267,270,271,273,303,541
CARPILODES 127
margaritatus ... 127, 131,516
CARPOPHAGA 85
pacifica 85
CARPOPHILUS, sp 93
Carrier Pigeons 59
CARTOPHTLLIA clavus, var.
epithecata ... 351, 533
CASSIS cornuta ... 299, 455, 524
vibex, var. erinacea 455, 524
casianeus, CALOTERMES ... 100
castrensis, CIRCE ... 501, 529
CASUARINA equisetifolia .. 274
Cat 59,278
catappa, TERMINALIA ... 34
CATEPHIA linteola 90
Caterpillars 95
Catometopa ... 127, 138
catus, CONDS ... 479,526
cavicollis, ULOMA 91, 519
cavimana, TETRALIA 127, 138
CAVOLINIA inflexa ... 527, 563
longirostris ... 527, 563
quadridentata 527, 563
caystrus, PSEUDOOZIUS 127,
136, 517
cedo-nulli, CERITHIUM 435, 523
cedo-nulli, VERTAGUS ... 144
CEDRELA toona ... ... 260
Celebes 193
CENOBITA 139
clypeata ... 140, 517
olivieri ... 64,140,517
perlata 517
rugosa 140, 517
rugosa, var. pulchra ... 517
Centipedes 102
Cephalopoda ... 401, 550
CEPHONODES hylas 90
Ceram ... ... 196
ceratophalma, Ocypoda 128,
138, 517
CERATOPTERA ... 65,199,516
CERESIUM, simplex... 518,520
CERITHIOPSIS electrina 438, 523
eutrapela ... 438, 523
CERITHIUM asperum 435, 522,
CERITHIUM aspersum ... 434
breve, var. ellicensis 432, 523
citrinum ... 430, 523
columna ... 430, 523
dicroum 434
echinatum ... 430, 523
elegantissimum 436, 523
granosus 431
hanleyi 432
ianthinum 434
impendent ... 434, 523
lacteum 433
lineatum 436
maculosum ... 431, 434, 523
morus ... 433
nodulosum ... 401, 430, 523
obeliscus ... 435, 523
fbeliscus, var. codo-nulli
435, 523
oceanicum ... 431, 523
pharos 436,523
piperitum ... 435, 523
rostratum ... 431, 523
rubrolineatum ... 432
spiculum ... 433, 523
strictum ... 433, 523
unilineatum 434
variegatum ... 434,523
zebrum ... 434, 523
Ceylon 90
ceylonensis, CONUS ... 400, 478, 526
CH^EROCAMPA erotoides ... 90
CHJETODON auriga... 183,514
setifer 184
Cluetodontidae ... 183, 545
Chsetopoda 392
CHAMA 68
foliacea 506
gigas 505
imbricata ... 506, 529
spinosa ... 506, 529
unicornis ... 506, 529
CHARADRITTS/wZimS ... 514
CHARCHARIAS lamia ... 201
CHAROPA rotumana ... 488
CHELIFERIDJE ... 105, 108
CHELIFER longidigitatus .. 108
CHELONE 269
mydas ...65, 178, 252, 264, 514
Chelonethi ... 105, 108
China 106, 193
China Straits 276
chiragra, GONO]>ACTYLUS 148, 518
chiragra, PTEROCERUS ... 143
childreni, CTPR^EA .. 454,524
CHILINUS fasciatus 193, 515
trilobatus ... 192, 515
577
CHILOPODA 102
Chincha Islands 5,42
chiragra, GONDACTYLUS ... 5 18
CHIRODOTA intermedia ... 530
Chlamydothorax 206
CHLOANGES suralis 90, 91, 520
chlorostomum, TRITONIUM 456,
524
CHORINEMUS sancti-petri 189, 515
Christianity 96
chrysalis, MITRA ... 465, 525
cicercula, CYPR.EA ... 454, 524
ciliata, PSEDDOSQUILLA ... 518
cinera, BENIEBA 325
cinguliferus, TKIFORIS ... 441
cinnamomea, PHENAOOLEPAS 404
CIOCALYPTA incrustans 323,
329, 531
CIRCE castrer.sis ... 501, 529
pectinata ... 501, 529
picta 501,529
CIRRHITES maculatus 186, 514
Cirrhitidae 186
ClRBlPEDIA 127, 151
CIROLANA latystylis 127, 149, 518
CIRSONELLA ovata ... 407, 521, 549
citrifolia, MORINDA 20, 34,
38, 93, 241
citrinella, TETRODON ... 197
citrinum, CERITHIUM 430, 523
Clam 68
clandestina, CLATHURELLA 474,
526
clandestina, CYPR^A 453, 524
clathrata, EMARGINULA 402, 520
clathrata, EISSOINA ... 420
CLATHRIA pellicula 323, 324,
327, 531
CLATHURELLA apicalis 474, 526
bifasciatum ... ... 475
bilineata 475
clandestina ... 474, 526
euzonata ... ... 475
felina 474
idiomorpha 473
irreiita ... 475, 526
lactea 474, 526
pulchella 471
pumila 474
rubicunda 471
rugosa 473
clausa, AURELIA ... 371, 383, 532
clavaria, POCILLIPORA ... 534
clavicula, AGLAOPHENIA 373, 531
davicula, PLUMULARIA ... 371
clavus, CARYOPHYLLIA 351, 533
Clearwing, European ... 95
PAQ
CLEOSIPHON aspergillum 372,
394,531
CLIBANARIUS (Equambilis ... 517
corallinus ... ... 517
cruentatus ... 143, 517
virescens ... 143, 517
zebra ... ... ... 517
Climate ......... 19
CLIO acicula ... 527, 563
pyramidata ... 527, 563
striata ... 527, 563
subula ...... 527,563
virgula ... 527, 562
clio, TRIFORIS ... 443, 523
Club ......... 249
CLUBIONA alveolata 106, 122, 519
clypeata, CENOBITA 140, 517
Coarse Sand ... ... 75
COCCTNELLA arcuata ... 93
transversalis ... ... 93
Coconut, Cultivation of the 26
Coconut Oil ...... 24
Coconut Palm ...... 22,23
Coconut Scrapers ..... 262
Coconut Trees ...... 100
Cockroaches ...... 24
Cocos ......... 40
nucifera ... 22, 100, 101
CffiLORiA esperi ... ' , 352, 534
Coerarai ......... 249
ccerulea, HELIOPORA ... 308
ccesia, PALYTHOA ... 372, 391, 533
Coleoptera ...... 91
Colina ......... 435
collaris, TRIFORIS ... 399, 439
Collection, Arachnological 105
collumianus, ALPH^US ... 518
COLOCASIA antiquorum ... 62
esculenta ...... 62
colubrinus, OPHICHTHYS 195, 516
COLUMBELLA alofa 463, 525
articvlata ...... 463
galaxias ... 463, 525
melvilli ... 463, 525
mindorensis ...... 463
obtusa ...... 464, 525
rubicunda ... 464, 525
tringa ...... 464,525
varians ...462,525,550
columna, CBRITHIUM 430, 523
columnella, CUVIKRINA 527, 563
complaneUa.EuRYTHOE 372,392, 530
complanato, ORBITOLITK8...75,
198, 241
complexa, HARPAQONURA 91, 520
compressa, STYLOPHORA. ... 533
578
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
concava, TURRITKLLA 427, 523
CONCEPHALUS ensiger ...99, 520
concinna, GIBBULA... 404, 521
conferta, SERIATOPORA ... 534
confertum, ALCYONIUM ... 213
confertum, LOBOPHYTUM 213,
218, 533
confossa, TONICIA ... 550
congenita, ARCA ... 528, 564
congenita, LUCINA 497
Conglomerate 75
Conglomerate, Calcareous 75
conica, TORNATELLINA 437, 527
cnnnatum, TRIFORIS ... 448
conoiialis, RISELLA 424, 522
contigua, MADREPORA ... 355
contigua, PSAMMOCORA 355, 534
Cou volvulus ... 35
CONVOLVULUS batata ... 167
Contiimax 436
CONTUMAX decollatus 437, 523
CONUR auratus ... 480,526
capitaneus ... 478, 526
catus 479, 526
ceylonensis ... 400, 478, 526
geographus ... 4SO, 526
hebraeus 301, 400, 477, 526
hebraeus,v&r. vermiculatus
478, 526
literatus ... 476, 526
lividus 401, 479, 526
lividus, var. flavidus 479, 526
nussatella .. 479, 526
pulicarius ... 30 1, 477, 526
rattus 401,478,526
sponsalis 143
striatus ... 480, 5 '-'6
tessellatus .. 477, 526
tulipa 480, 526
vexillum ... 478, 526
vitulinus ... 479, 526
Cook Group... 168, 169, 171, 172
coppingeri, ZOANTHUS ... 385
Copra 24
corallinus. CLIBANARIUS ... 517
CORALLIOCAB.IS brevirostris 518
CORALLIOPHILA coronata 461, 525
CORAL ROCK 75,76
Corals 533
CORBIS fimbriata ... 497, 528
CORBULA taheitensis 506, 529
Cordage 288
CORDICEPS larvarum ... 238
CORDYLINE ... 38,40,242,304
terminalis 38
cornuta, CASSIS ... 299, 455, 524
cornutus, ZANCLUS ... 514, 545
coronata, CORALLIOPHILA 461, 525
corrugatus, TRIFORIS 448, 523
costata, MUSSA ... 352, 534
Couches ... ... ... 294
Cowry Shells 265
Crab Pot 64,65
Crab, Robber 29,68
crassa, HERPOLITHA ... 534
crassa, PORITES ... 367, 515
CRASSATELLA, sp 529
rhomboides ... ... 565
crate nformis, MADREPORARIA 534
craticulatus, LATIRUS 457, 524
Crawfish 68
crebrimaculata, TELLINA 500. 529
crenata, LIOTIA .. 407, 521
crenulata, PHENACOLEPAS... 404
crenulata, TEREBRA 480, 527
creonalis, MARASMIA ... 90
cribraria, CYPR^A ... 453, 524
crinipes, GEOGRAPSUS 127,139,517
CRINCM 37.41
cristagalli, OSTKEA... 328, 495, 528
crotaphis, STYLIFER ... 412
cruentatus, CLIBANARIUS 143, 517
crumenopthalmus, CARANX 189, 515
Crustacea 127, 516
CRYPTODON globosum 498, 528
CRYPTODROMIA japonica 140, 517
lateralis 140
CRYPTO PTHALMUS smaragdinus 562
Cuckoo 46
cucumerina , MITRA 465, 525
CULCITA 159
acutispina ... 157, 530
acutispinosa ... ... 155
CULEX hispiodosus .. ...97, 520
Culicidse 97
Cultivation 60
Cultivation of the Coconut 26
cumingii, AVICULA ... 267, 268
cumingii, PTERIA ... 494, 528
cuneata, MADREPORARIA ... 535
Cure for the Tokelau ring-
worm 69,70
cursor, PILUMNUS 136
curvicornis, SPONGODES 222, 533
CUSCDTA 40
Cushion 293
CUVIERINA columnella 527, 563
cyanura, MABOUIA .. ... 180
cyanurum, LYGOSOMA 180, 514
CYCLOMETOPA ... 127, 129
Cycloseridse 355
cyclostomus, ECHINONEUS... 530
CYCLOSTREMA archeri ... 406
CYLICHNA alba 484
579
CYLICHHA cylindracea
discus
erecta ...
involuta
protracta
PAGE
... 484
... 484
484, 527
... 484
... 484
cylindracea, CYLICHNA ... 484
CYLINDRA dactylus .. 144,469,526
cylindrica, ATYS ... 483, 527
cylindricus, OPHIDIASTER 155,
157, 530
CYLINDROBULLA sculpta 485, 527
cymodoce, TRAPEZIA 137, 517
CYNODON dactylon... ... 40
CYPHASTR^EA dance 354, 534
cypsellus, AVICULA ... ... 494
CYPR^A arabica ... 451, 524
argus 449, 524
becki 524,560
caputserpentis... 401, 451, 524
carneola ... 450, 524
carneola, var. propinqua
450, 524
childreni ... 454, 524
cicercula ... 454, 524
eland estina, var. artuffeli
453, 524
cribraria ... 453, 524
erosa 453, 524
fimbriata ... 450, 524
goodalli ... 450, 524
helvola... . v 454, 524
isabella ... 450, 524
lynx 453, 524
macula ... 451, 524
mappa 451, 524
mauritiana ... 451, 524
moneta ... 401, 452, 524
moneta, var. annulus 452, 524
nucleus ... 454, 524
obvelata ... ... 452
ovula 284
poraria ... 454, 524
retieulata ... 452, 524
scurra 449, 524
talpa 450, 524
testudinaria ... 449, 524
tigris 452,524
vitellus ... 453, 524
CTTHEREA obliquata 501, 529
subpellucida ... 501, 529
D.
daclylon, CYNODON ... 40
dactylus, ATYS ... 484,527
dactylus, CYLINDSA 144, 469, 526
Dafeta 106
DAIRA perlata ... 129, 131, 516
DAMMARA Gum ... ... 238
australis ... .. 40
dance, ASTR^A ... 353, 534
dance, CYPHASTR.SA 354, 534
dance, FA VIA 353
dance, PERICLIMBNES ... 518
Dance ornaments ... 247
Danger Island 199, 267, 273, 540
danieli, GIBBULA .. ... 405
DAPHNELLA delicata 475, 526
lymneiformis ... 476, 526
pupoidea ... 476, 526
thiasotes ... 476, 526
Dart 248
Dart throwing: ... 302,303
Daudai, New Guinea 67
davidis, LIMOPSIS ... 564, 565, 528
dawsoni, DEGEERIA ..97, 520
debilis, SAROTES ... 106, 12:.', 519
df-cemplicata, ENDODONTA 488, 528
decipiens, EULIMA ... 411, 521
decipiens, LOBOPTERA 100, 520
decollatus, CONTUMAX 437, 523
deflorata, ASAPHIS 68, 264, 503, 529
DEGEERIA dawsoni.. ..97,520
DEIOPEIA pulchella 90, 91, 520
delicata, DAPHNELLA 475, 526
DELPHINULA laciniata 409, 521
DELPHINUS... ... ... 269
sp 513
DEMIEGRETTA sacra ... 514
DENDROPHYLLIA 350
dendyi, POLYMASTIA 323, 330, 531
densum, LOBOPHYTUM 213, 219, 533
DENTALIUM lessoni 402, 528
dentatus, PETROLISTHEB 129,
139, 144
dentatus, var. rugosus, STROM-
BUS 428, 523
denticulata, ASTR^EA 353, 531
denticulata, MADRKPORA ... 353
dentifera, ATYS ... 183, 527
dentigerum, PHYSCOSOMA ... 531
Dentrecasteaux Archipelago
251, 253
De Peyster's Group ... 5
depressum, LAGANUM 155, 156, 530
DERMESTKS, sp. ... ... 93
desquamosa, TINEA 6, b9
Devil Master 47,48
DIADEMA nerina ... 95,520
otaheita ... 95, 520
diadema, ECHINOTHRIX ... .~:tti
diadema, MELO 28
DIAI.A albugo 423
hardyi 428, 522
580
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
DIALA ludens 423
profunda ... 522, 558
virgata ... 422, 52 *
diaparinus, ALPHITOBUIS .. 93
diaphana, EULIMA ... 521, 556
dichelus, CADULUS ... ... 551
dichotoma, NICELLA ... 319
dichroum, CEBITHIUM ... 434
DicoTYLiCHTHYS^unciwJatws 515
DICTIS striatipes ... 106, 122, 519
digitale, TRITON IUM 456, 524
digitata, STYLOPHOBA 351, 533
digitatum, SISTRUM 460, 525
dilecta, CARDITA 496
Dim dim 287
dimidiata, TEREBRA ... 527
DIOCLEA 35, 41
violacea ... ... 38
DIODON 199
IModontidse ... 197, 546
DIOGENES ... 127
pallescens ... 141, 517
dionceum, CARDIUM 504, 529
Diplocelonthi 108
diploxiphus, HOLOCENTRUM 187,
515
Diptera 95
Disappointment Island ... 163
discoideus, HELIACUS 424, 522
Discomedusae 383
discus, CYLICHNA ... ... 484
discus, PUNGIA ... 355, 534
dispar, TELLINA ... 498,529
distans, AGLAOPHENIA ... 374
dislans, PECTEN ... 494, 528
DISTICHOPORA rosea 531, 532
distincta, ARANEUS 519
distincta, EPEIRA ... 106, 118
distincta, EUPHLCEA ... 520
distincta, EUPL^EA 95
DISTORTRIX anus ... 456, 524
divaricata, ABC A 491
divaricata, NARANIO ... 502
divergens, LUCINA ... 497, 528
divergent, THUIABIA 371, 372, 531
Djakkaferra 35
Dog Island 168
Dogs 59
dolabrata, PYRAMIDELLA 412, 521
dolicha, TRIFORIS .. 439, 523
DOLIUM perdix ... 455,524
pomum ... 455, 524
Domestic Articles 288
Domestic Life 53-60
DORIS 562
Double Canoe 281
Dragon-flies 90
Drassidae
Dranu
Dress
Dresses, Titi
DRILLIA pygmcea ...
unijonalis
vidua ...
Droughts
Drum
Drum-stick
dubia, ABCA.
ditcosensis, TBIFOEIS
dumosum, SISTRUM
PAGE
105, 122
... 102
... 476
470, 526
... 471
19
... 299
... 299
... 491
... 443
565
dura, HiePOSPONGiA 324, 332, 531
D'Urville Island 255
Duke of York's Island ... 29
Dye 40
Earwig
Easter Island
EBENIA fieldi
nigricruris
eburneus, STYLIFER
90
.. 232
98, 520
98, 520
412
ECHENEIS naucrates 190, 515
echmata, ACANTHASTR^EA 353, 534
echinatum, CERITHIUM 430, 523
echinites, MUELLEBIA 160, 530
chinodermata ... 155, 529
Echinoderms 75
ECHINODICTY" UM aspersum 323,
324, 328, 531
ECHINOIDEA 155
ECHINOMKTRA lucunter 156, 530
oblonga ... 156, 530
ECHINONEUS cyclostomus ... 530
ECHINOTHBIX diadema ... 530
turcarum ... 155, 530
ECHINUS angfuZosus... 156,530
Eclipse Island 503
Edible Screw Pine ... 30
edwardsii, ALPH^EUS 146, 518
Eels 65
Efate 176
efflorescens, MADBEPOBABIA 357,
535
Eight Islands 45
Elateridse 91
electrina, CERITHIOPSIS 438, 523
elegans, ASPIDOSIPHON 372,
393. 531
elegans, CALCINUS ... 129, 143, 517
elegans, OPHIABTHBUM 155, 160,
530
elegantissimum, CERITHIUM 436,
INDEX.
581
PAGE
Elephantiasis pudendi ... 68
eleutho, EVPLJEA. 95,520
Ellice Group 89. 90, 91, 95, 96,
101, 1S5, 186,197,199,200,
201, 540
Ellice Islands ... 89,91,95
ellicensis, CEEITHIUM 432, 523
ellicensis, MARGINS LI, A. 526, 560
ellicensis, TELLINA ... ... 529
elliptica, MARGINELLA ... 470
elongata, TRIDACNA 68, 401,
505,529
elongata, VOLUTELLA ... 470
ELYSiAmanjinahis... ... 486
nigropunctata, var.
sanguinea ... 486. 527
ELYTRURUS squamatus ...92, 519
EMARGINULA clathrata 402, 520
maiiei 402, 520
ENDODONTA decemplicata 488, 528
modicella ... 488, 528
ENGINA lineata ... 565
mendicaria ... 46 !, 525
nodicostata ... 464. 525
parva ... 4*i4. 525
ensige r, Co NCEPHALUS ...99,520
Entomological fauna ... 89
EPEIRIDJE ... 105, 109
EPEIRA annulipes 117
distinct* ... 106,118
etheridgei .. ... 114
festiva 115
hoggi ... 119
longispina ... ... Ill
mangarei-a ... ... 109
multispina ... 112, 115, 116
obscura ... ... 116
plebeja 110
speciosa ... ... 120
ventricosa ... ... 110
EPIBULUS insidiator 199, 515
EpiNEPHELUS/wscoputtaius 514.
545
leopardus ... 181, 514
merra 182, 514
tauvina ... 182, 514
urodelus ... 181, 514
episcopalis, MITBA ... ... 525
epithecata, CARYOPHYLLA 351, 533
equatoria, SCISSURELLA ... 551
equestris. MITROLARIA ... 522
equisetifolm, CASDARINA ... 274
ERATO schmeltziana 469, 526
erecta, CYLICHNA ... 484, 527
ERILITA modestalis ...91,520
erinacea, CASSIS ... 455, 524
erinaceus, OPHIOCOMA 160, 530
Oo
ERIPHIA laevimana 137, 517
scabricula ... 137, 517
erosa, CYPR^A ... 453,524
erotoid.es, CHA:ROCAMPA ... 90
en/Mrarum.HoLOCBNTRUM 186,515
erythrostoma. OLIVA 470, 526
Escolar 542
esculenta, COLOCASIA ... 62
esculentum, AHTM ... ... 167
esperi, CCELORIA ... 352, 534
etheridgei, ARANEDS or EPEIRA
114. 519
ETISODES ccelatus ... 131, 516
ETISUS Icevimanus .. 131, 516
EUCHELUS instrictus 405, 521
EULIMA decipiens ... 411,521
diaphana ... 521,556
infleza 411
pyramidalis ... 410, 521
samoensis ... 521, 556
solida 411
EUPL.EA distincta 95,520
eleutho ...95,520
European Clearwing ... 95
eurystoma, MADREPORARIA 535
EuRYTHOEcomptanata 372.392,530
pacifica, var. levukcensis 372,
392, 530
EUSPONGIA irregularis, var.
silicata 323,324,331.531
eutrapela, CBRITHIOPSIS 438, 523
euzonata, CLATHURELLA ... 475
EVANIA appendigaster ... 90
exaratus, LEPTODIUS 137, 517
exasperata, LUCINA ... 528
exasperata, EISSOINA ... 522
exasperata. TDBBICULA ... 525
excisus, SEPPIFEE ... 402, 528
exile, CJSCUM ... 426, 522
exilis, PORITFS 535
EXOC^TUS sp. ... 199, 515
explanata, PAVONIA ... 584
exserta, MONTIPORA 365, 535
exulans, Mus 166, 167, 174, 513
P.
Faba 266
fabimanus, PAGURUS 142, 517
Facing Island, Queensland 22
Faiava ... ... 5
Fakaafu 48, 55. 234, 240, 245,
247, 258, 259, 265. 266. 269,
273, 275,282, 283,286, 288, 296
Fakaofo 43,45,229
Fakarava, Paumotu Group 260
582
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Fala 14,29
Falakai 30
Fale-Atua 48
Fan ... 293
Fandango 29
Fangafana ... 5
Fanning Island 20
fasciata, LIMA 493
fasciatus, CHILINUS 193, 515
fasciatus, MELAMPUS 487, 527
fasciculata, PISANIA 457, 525
fustigatus, TROCHUS 404, 521
Fasua noa 68
Fasua Takau 17
Fasua tuka 67,504
Fatuki 156
Fau 11,32
Fauna, Entomological ... 89
Fauna, Insect 90
FAViAdano: 353
Favola 34
favosa, POCILLOPOEA ... 534
Feki 61,68
felina, CLATHURELLA ... 474
FENELLA pupoides 413
Fe'ou 47
ferox, HYLLTJS ...122,124,519
Ferra 35
ferriezi, SCHISMOEPE ... 552
ferruginea, MITRA ... 466, 525
ferruginea, TRAPEZIA 137, 517
ferrugineum, TRIBOLIUM ... 93
ferrugineus, MONOCREPIDIUS 91,
519
/estiva, ARANEDS ... .. 519
f estiva, EPEIRA 115
Fetau 5.31,36
Feud between Funafuti and
Nukulailai 45
Fibre Trees 40
fibula, LUCINA 497
F*icus 40
aspera ... ... ... 35
obliqua ... .. 35
fieldi, EBENIA ... 98,520
FlERASFBR 155
homii 194, 515
Fig 35
Fiji 4, 8, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
37,38,52.62,63,90,91,93,
106,166, 167,170, 199,230,
249, 260, 273, 280, 302, 493,
500, 541
fijiensis, TELLINA ... 500, 529
Files, Shark's skin ... 259
fimbriata, CORBIS ... 497, 528
fimbriata, CYPRJEA ... 450, 524
fimbriatus, PETROLISTHES... 517
finchki, RISSOA ... 522, 557
FiDSchhafen ... 254, 263
Firafi 8, 46, 47
Fire 37
Fire-saw 301
Fire sticks 301
fiscellum, Si STRUM.. 461,525
Fishes 163,181,537
Fish hawks 59
Fish-hooks 261
Fishing 6<
Fishing Bonito 268
Fishing Canoe 283
Fishing, Implements for . 264
Fishing Nets ... . 64
Fish Trap 29
fissi-frons, PILUMNUS ... 136
flabellata STYLOPHORA ... 533
.#a&eJZata,VERRUCELLA 307,319,
320, 533
./ZajjelZafa.ViLLOGORGiA 307,312,
314, 533
flammea, MITRA ... 465, 525
flammea, RISSOA 423
flammea, var. hystrix, MITRA 465,
525
flammula, TELLINA 498, 529
Flasks 295
flava, PTTCHODERA... 205,206,
210, 516
flavescens, PANTALA ... 99
flavida, PLEXAURA 313
Jiavidus, CON us ... 479, 526
flavohneatus, MULLOIDES 184, 514
flavomarginatus, BALISTES 197,
515
Fleas 96
Florida 258
Florida, Solomon Islands .. 495
floridus, ATERGATIS 129, 516
floridus, STROMBUS 401, 428, 523
Fly-flap 293
Fly Eiver 254, 288
Flying-fish 7,65,199
Fo 34
Foelangi 50, 51
Fofafini 33
foliacea, CHAM A 506
Foliage 9, 47
Fouu 65
Food Bowl 298
Food Plants 40
Foraminifer ... ... 241
Foraminlfera 13, 16, 75, 76,
198, 242, 535
FormicidJB 94
INDEX.
583
PAGE
formosa, MUR.ENA ... 195, 516
FOSSARUS lamellosus 424, 522
fossata, PSAMMOCOEA 355, 534
Fo tangata, 34
Fotuna ... 42,47,229,247
Foua 191
Fouamoualara 63
Fouamouarounga 63
Fouroua 23,282
Foussi 196
foveolata, MONTIPOEA 362, 535
Fowling Net 278
Fowls 7,60
fragilis, LIMA ... 493, 528
fragilis, SPONGELIA 323, 332, 531
fragrum, CARDIUM... 504, 529
France, Isle of 106
FREQATA aquila ... 85, 514
frontalis, ALPH^EUS ... 518
Frigate-birds 59, 85, 86, 267, 278
Friendly Islands 545
fruticans, NIPA ... ... 21
fruticosa, MADREPORA 358, 534
Fuage'a 16
Fui Fala 29
fulva, ALABA ... ... 414
fulviflamma, LUTIANUS 183, 514
fulvus, CHARADRIUS ... 514
Funafala 17
Funafuna ... ... ... 160
Funafuti fauna 127
funafuti, SIPUNCULUS ... 531
funafutiensis, ALPH^US ... 518
funafutiensis, MADREPORARIA
356, 534
funafutiensis, MUREX 458, 525
funafatiensis, ZOANTHUS 372,
385, 390, 533
Funamanu 549, 550, 551, 552,
555, 558, 559, 560, 562
Funata 5
Fungafari 10
FUNGIA discus ... 355, 534
tenuidens ... 355, 534
Fungidje 349,355
Fungiotagnia 63
Fungipalangi ... ... 63
fuscescens, STRIGATELLA ... 466
fuscoguttatus, EPINEPHELUS 514,
545
fuscus, BALISTES ... 196, 515
Futi o rotuma ... ... 63
Futta 292
Futuna 179
Q. PAOB
gabbii, GTPHOSTOMA ... 472
Gadidtc 542
gaga, VIA ... ... ... 82
goAmardi, CALCINUS 143, 517
gaimardi, PORITES... 367, 535
GALATHEA ajfflnis 517
GALAXEA 350
galaxias, COLUMBELLA 463, 525
GALEOCERDO rayneri 199, 300,
516
GALEROPSIS madreporarum 461,
525
Garfish 65
GARDENIA 36, 41
taitensis 36
GARTPUS longdigitatus ... 519
Gasteropoda 395
GASTEROPODS 18
GASTROCH^INA lamdlosa 506, 529
Gea 68,426
Geckonidae 179
GEHTRA oceanica ... 180, 514
GELASMDS 129
GELASIMUS tetragonon 138, 517
GELLIUS aculeatus ... 323, 326, 531
carduus 327
GEMMARIA 389
isolata 389, 390
macmurrichi 389
mutuki ...389,390,391
rusei ... 389
urilleyi 372,387,533
gemmatum, TRITONIUM 456, 524
gemmatus, TRITON... 141, 143
gemmea, RISSOINA ... 420, 522
gemmulatus, TRIFOHIS ... 442
GEMPYLUS 544
Gempylidso ... 539, 54t
GENA rosacea ... 407, 521
General account 1
geniculatus, ULOBORUS .. 519
geographus, CONUS... 480, 526
GEOGRAPSUS crinipes 127,139,517
Geology 9
Gephyrea 372, 393, 531
Giant Ray 65
gibberosus, HIPPOLYTE 146, 618
gibberulus, STROMBUS 428, 523
gibbosa, ATLANTA ... 627, 561
GIBBOLA concinna ... 404. 521
danieli 405
phasianella ... 405, 521
gibbus, LUTIANOS ... 183, 514
gigas, CHAM A 505
gigas, TRIDACNA ... 504, 505, 529
584
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Gilbert Islands 3, 6, 7. 15, 19,
20,21,25,30,41,46,59,62,
86, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95,
96, 99, 168, 180, 231, 250,
252, 253, 261, 271, 283,
290, 540
glaberrimus, PILUMNUS ... 136
GLANDICE.PS talaboti ... 208
glaucum, SAECOPHYTUM 214, 533
GLOBICEBA pacifica 86, 513, 514
globosum, CBYPTODON 498, 528
glomerata, POCILLOPOBA ... 534
glomerata, SPINOSELLA 323, 324,
326, 531
Ulyphidodontidse ... 191
GLYPHIDODON brownriggii 192,515
modestus 192
septem-fasciatus 192, 515
sordidus ... 192, 515
GLYPHOSTOMA alicece 471, 526
gabbii 472
goubini 471
malleti 471, 526
purpurascens ... 471, 526
Gnashu 102
GOBIUS biocellatus ... 190, 515
Gobiid* 190
gode/royi, SIPHONOGOBGIA 223, 533
gomophia, NABDOA ... 530
GONODACTYLUS chiragra 148, 518
GONIASTE^A 17
goodalli, CYPE^A ... 450, 524
Gooseberry, Cape 32
Goramaton... 248
GOBGONIA 17
antipathes 317
GOEGONIAS 214
GOBGONID.S; 307
trorgronacea 308
Gorgronellidse 318
GOBGONI^E 328
goubini, GLYPHOSTOMA .. 471
gracilis, AGELAS ... 323,328, 531
gracilis, HA.EPA .. 470, 526
gracilis, KEBOEIDES 307, 308, 532
533
gracilis, PLAGIOLEPIS ... 520
gracilis, STENOGYBA 488, 528
graeffei, PHASIANELLA ... 407
GEAMMISTES 545
sexlineatus ... 514, 545
grandis, ACALYPHA ... 22
grandis, POCILLOPOBA 352, 534
grandis, VEBMETUS ... 427
grandoculis, SPH^EODON 186, 514
granifera, MONTIPOEA . 535
granifera, NASSA ... 462, 525
PAGE
141
457
130
... 431
... 508
128, 139, 517
... 3
... 16
276
65
... 81
... 166
81
81
186
372, 392, 530
467, 525
501
499, 503
4
... 238
255
416, 522
.. 40
22, 36
527, 561
100
500,529
.. 93
... 426, 522, 550
99
guttata, OLIVA ... 470, 526
guttatus, ACANTHTTRUS 188, 515
guttatus, PAGURUS ... 143, 516, 517
guttatus, PALINDBUS 68, 146, 518
GYGIS Candida ...... 514
GYMNODACTYLUS pelagicus 179, 514
GYRINEUM affine ... 457,524
bufonium ... 457, 524
graniferum ... ... 457
hadfieldi, TOBNATINA 483, 527
hcemastoma, STBOMBUS 428, 523
haimeana, PSAMMOCEEA ... 534
Hair 234
halligani, MECOLIOTIA ... 521
HALIOTIS iris 267
ovina 520, 553
stomaticeformis 402, 520
HALOBATES 99,520
HALICHONDEIA solida, var.
rugosa 323,325,531
HALOMITBA irregularis ... 534
Half-castes 234
granifera, EANELLA ...
graniferum, GYBINEUM ...
granosomanus, XANTHODES
granosus, CEBITHIUM ...
granulata, POBOMYA
GBAPSUS maculatus
Great Atoll Valley
Great Barrier Reef
Greenwich Island
Green Turtle
greyi, HEBODIAS ...
Grey Eat ...
Grey-rumped Sandpiper
griseopygius, TOTANUS
Gropa
grubei, PEBICH.ETA
gruneri, TUBRICULA
Guadalcanar
Guam ......
Guano
Gum, Dammara ...
Guap
gueriniana, VANIKOBO
GUETTARDA ...
speciosa
guidichaudii, ATLANTA
Guillidse
guinaica, LIBITINA...
guisens, PANTOPCEDS
gulosum, CJECUM
guttata, ANAX
INDEX.
585
Hall Sound 494
HAMINEA tenera 435
vitrea 485,527
Hand-nets 277
hanleyana, OSTREA... 495,528
hanleyi, CEKITHIUM ... 432
Hapi 188
hardyi, DIALA ... 423, 522
HARPAGONEURA complexa 91, 520
HARPA gracilis ... 470, 526
minor 143, 470, 526
HARPiLiuswiiersii ... 127,148
Haru raa puu ... ... 303
haswelli, PETROLISTHES ... 144
Hauraki 281
Havannah Harbour .. 495
Hawaii 34, 38, 100, 101, 168, 230,
231, 257, 267, 289, 290, 295,
300, 302, 303, 495
Head-dresses 247
Head-rest 293
Heathen Worship 46
hebraeus, CONUS 304, 400, 477, 526
hebraeus,v&T. vermiculatus, CONUS
478, 526
hedleyi, LOBOPHTTUM 216, 532, 533
hedleyi, MEGACHILE ...93,520
hedleyi, PTYCHODERA 206, 208, 516
HELIACUS discoideus 424, 522
HELICINA musiva, var. rotundata
410, 521
HELIOPORA...H, 14, 307, 308, 532
ccerulea ... 11, 308, 533
Helioporidse 308
HELIOTHIS armigera ... 90
HELIX aspersa ... ... 409
helvola, CYPR^A ... 454, 524
Hemichorda 516
Hemiptera 90. 99
HEMiBHAMpHUs6oHnensisl95, 515
intermedius .. .. 195
hepatica, CALAPPA ... 139, 517
herbsti, CALCINUS ... ... 517
herbsti, var. lividus, CALCINUS 517
HERNANDIA... 40, 238, 279, 280
Nut 238
peltata 16,83
Hermit Island 264
HERODIAS greyi ... ... 81
jugularis ... ... 81
Heron, reef .. ... ... 81
HERPOLITHA crassa ... 534
Hervey Islands 3, 36, 53, 96,
230, 281
hervieri, OVULA ... 448, 524
HETEROCENTEOTUS mamillatus
156, 530
PAGK
Heterocera 91
HETEROPODA venatoria 619
Heterorrhaphidtt 326
HIBISCUS 34,40.61,271
moschatus 33
tiliaceus 33,241
tricuspis ... ... 33
Hygiene 68
himerta, MANGILIA 474, 526
HINNITES ... 494, 528
hippocastaneum, PURPURA 400,
459, 525
HIPPOLYTE gibberosus 146, 518
HIPPONYX australis 416, 429, 522
HIPPOSPONGIA dura 323, 324.
332, 531
hirsuta, ASTR^OPOEA
hirtipes, CARDISOMA
HlSTIOPHOBUS
hispiodosus, CULEX
History
History of Mangrove Swamp 11
Holaxonia 309
HOLOCENTBUM diploxiphus 187,515
erythaum ... 186,515
HOLOTHUBIA
amboinensis . . .
argus ... 155, 161,
atra
imitans
maculata
mammifera .
pardalis
vagabunda
Holothuroidea .
hoggi, ABANBUS .
hoggi, EPEIBA
homii, FIEBASFEB ,
Homorrhaphida;
Hona
Honden Island
Honolulu ...
Hoc
Hood Lagoon
Hooks
Hooks, Palu
Hoonga
Hooni
HOBMUBUS australasice
horrida, RICINULA...
horridum, SISTBUM
Home Island
howesii, PALYTHOA... 372, 391, 533
Huaheine ...
Hudson Island
Hull Island
Humphrey Island...
362, 535
138, 517
201, 515
...97, 520
.41-46
161, 237
... 530
194,530
161, 530
155. 161, 530
... 530
... 155
... 161
161, 530
... 160
... 519
106, 119
194. 515
... 324
... 178
11
100, 172, 244, 495
260
494
292
272
... 168, 172, 173
37
... 519
... 148
460,525
106
6
168
540
586
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Hunting, Implements for 264
Hurrricanes 19
Huts 54,55
hyalina, ATYS ... 483, 527
hyalina, SCALA ... ... 414
hybridum, SOLARIUM 423, 522
HYDATINA amplustre 485, 527
physis 486, 527
HYDNOPHOBA microconia 352, 534
Hydrocorallinae ... 371, 374
Hydroid Zoophytes ... 371
Hydromedusae 372
Hydrozoa 369, 371, 531
Hyenghien 499
hylas, CEPHONODES ... 90
HYLLUS audax ... 124, 519
ferox 122,124,519
Hymenoptera 90,93
hystrix, MITBA ... 465, 525
hystrix, SISTRUM ... 460, 525
I.
IANTHINA, sp. ... 415,522
ianthinum, CERITHIUM ... 434
IBACUS antarcticus . . . 146, 518
idiomorpha, CLATHURELLA 473
Igafo
62
... 62
62
62
27
506, 529
dni
Ikamava ... ...
Ikoroa
Ikourourou
Iku kukau
imbricata, CHAMA ...
imbricata, PLICATULA 492, 528
imbricatus, VERMETUS ... 427
imitans, HOLOTHDRIA 155, 161, 530
immaculatus, TETRODON 198, 515
impendens, CERITHIUM 434, 523
impressa, MADREPORA 351, 360,
361, 535
Implements for fishing ... 264
Implements for hunting... 264
incana, ACTITIS ...... 81
incana, SCOLOPAX ...... 81
Incantation to Turtle ... 66
incanus. TOTANUS ...... 81,514
incisa, RINGICULA ... 527, 562
incisus, ABTOCARPUS ... 63
incisus, TRIFORIS ... 447,523
incognita, MONTIPORA ... 535
incolor, ORITHYIA ...... 384
incrassata, MILLEPORA 371, 374
mcrustans,CiocALYPTA 323,329,
531
incrustans, ASTB^OPOEA 361, 535
India, North 90
Indian Archipelago ... 101
indica, ALOCASIA 61
Indulgence in fermented Toddy 25
Infanticide 54
inflexa, CAVOLINIA... 527,563
inflexa, EULIMA 411
inflata, LIMACINA ... 527, 562
Ingati 23
Ingia bush ... . ... 35
inopTiyMMm.CALOPHYLLUM 5,20, 31
inornate, MEGABRHINA 89, 96,
97, 520
insculpta, NEEITA ... 410, 521
Insecta 89,90,519
insidiator, EPIBULUS 199, 515
instrictus, EUCHELUS 405, 521
insularis, ULOMA 91,519
integra, THALMITA .. 138, 517
integrifolia, ARTOCABPUS 63
interioris, STENOGYBA ... 488
intermedia, CHIBODOTA ... 530
intermedius, HEMIRHAMPHUS 195
intermedius, LAMBRUS ... 516
interpres. STREPSILAS ... 514
intortus, CAPULUS ... 416, 522
intricata, BBANDELLA ... 314
intricata, VILLOGOBGIA 314, 533
Invasions by the Tongans 44, 45
invisibtiis, RISSOA 418, 522, 558
involuta, CYLICHNA ... 484
iota, MARGINELLA 469, 526, 550
IPHITUS ... 555
tuberculatus 555
IPOM^A b'doba 40
irregularis, EUSPONGIA 323, 324,
331, 531
irregularis, HALOMITRA ... 534
irregularis, NANOPORA ... 366
irregularis, SPONGELIA 332, 531
irretita, CLATHURELLA 475, 526
iris, HALIOTIS 267
irisans, OLIVA ... 470, 526
Irites 71
Iron wood 35
Isabella, CYPR^A ... 450, 524
isseli, MARGINELLA 526, 560
Isle of France 106
Isle of Pines ... 489, 505
isolata, GEMMABIA... 389, 390
Isopoda 127,149
ISOPORA 351, 360
INDEX.
587
J. PAGE
.Tnckfruit 63
jacobice, Mus 166
Japan . . . 106, 243, 257, 300
japonica, CRYPTODBOMIA 140, 517
Java 106,193,194
Jeffrey si, ATYS 484
Jiale 37
Jiali 36
Jiga 303
Jini 298
Jira 44
Jiri 259
JOPAS sertum ... 460, 525
joviana, KISSOA ... ... 414
jugularis, HERODIAS ... 81
jukesii, ZOANTHUS ... 386, 387
JULIS lunaris ... 193, 515
juncea, STENOGTRA ... 488
JUNONIA vellida ...89, 90, 95, 520
Kafa
Kafunga
Kahawai
Kahi
Kaieri
Kaiioro
Kakariki ...
Kama waoke
Kamdjoo
Kaounga
Karaki
Karang
Karea
Karika
Kashi
Kashnfi
K.
285, 2S9
26,290
...267,270, 272
263
23
62
167
244
263
43, 46
167
427
... 67, 263, 429
2S1
68
191-
Kauri ( DAMMAR A australis) 4<
Kava 25,43
Kawerau Tribe 291
Keeling Islands 20,231
Kei ... 45
KELLYA pacifica ... 502,519
Kekana 45
Keratites 71
KEROEIDES 307
gracilis ...307,308,533
koreni ... ... ... 309
Kertnadeo Islands... 166,169
Kerepunu 251, 258
Kete 291
Ki 254
Kikau 30
KIM A (Cockle) 250
King Atupa ... ... 51
Kingsmill Group 41, 199. 249,
273, 499, 540
King Touassa 101
Kiore 167
Kis 254
Kisosunga ... 43
klunzingeri, ASPIDOSIPHON 531
kochii, PALTTHOA ... 372, 391, 533
koenigii, SC.SVOLA ... 17, 35, 95
kollikeri, SIPHONOGORGIA 224, 533
Konnung 248
Koolimans ... 31
Korokoro 289
koreni, KEROEIDES .. ... 309
Kosh 68
Kouboru 276
Koufataronga 302
Kousikanga 302
Kouta 299
Kouteki 26.262
Krakatoa 77, 78
Kuditcha shoes 2*4
Kulu 50
Kumiti 298
Kumiti tuki 298
Kuria 96
KUPHUS arenarius ... ... 427
Kupaaikee adze 256
Kura 34
Kure 3
Kusaie ... 21,251,
Labridw ... 192
LACAZELLA ... 510
Lrtcerstidje 99
Lachela 254
laciniata, DELPHINULA 409, 521
laciniata, ORBITOLITES ... 24-1
lacta, LEPTOTHYRA 408, 521
lactea, OLATHURELLA 474, 526
lacteum, CERITHIUM ... 433
lammanus, ETISUS... 131, 516
laevimana, ERIPHIA 137, 517
IcBvis, ALPH^EUS ... 146, 618
Lafa 6
Laf.ga 5
Latai 43
LAGANUM ^ 324, 329
LAGANUM depressum 155, 156, 530
LAGENARIA 295
Lakautaua 248, 249
Lakea 3
Lakena 8
Lakoumonong
Lakoutoua 46
588
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
lamarckii, PETROLISTHES .
lamarckii, XANTHODES
LAMBBUS, sp.
intermedius
lambis, PTEBOCERAS
lamellata, ORIBATA
lamellosa, GASTBOCHJENA
lamellosus, FOSSABUS
lamia, CHARCHARIAS 201,
Lamp-wick, European
Lancets
Lancet, Serrate-toothed
PAGE
.. 517
130, 516
516
.. 516
..67,263
109, 519
506, 529
424, 522
300, 516
.. 271
.. 299
300
Lapi 193
lapicida, NARANIO ... 502, 529
lapillifera, SCALIOLA 415, 522
laqueata, TETBAGNATHA 106,
121, 519
larvarum, COBDICEPS ... 238
latens, CALCINUS ... 143,517
lateralis, CBYPTODBOMIA ... 140
LATIBUS craticulatus 457, 524
polygonus ... 457, 524
latistella, MADBEPOBABIA... 535
latro, BIEGUS 29, 68, 140, 517
latystylis, CIBOLANA 127, 149, 518
latum, ALCTONIDM... 213, 215
latum, SARCOPHTTUM ... 215
Lau Fala 29
laurinum, PABINA.BIUM ... 285
Laupapa 45
LAVA 77
Lava lava 240
laxa, NICELLA ... 307, 318, 533
Leaf -cutting Bee 93
Le Fe'e 43
legumen, C.ECUM ... 522, 559
LEIOLOPHUS planissimus 129,
139, 517
lentiginosus, STROMBUS 428, 523
leopirdus, EPINEPHELUS 181, 514
Lepers Island 250
LEPIDODACTYLUS lugubris 180
Lepidoptera 95
LEPTASTB^EA solida 353, 534
transversa ... 354, 534
leptekes, TORNATINA 527, 561
LEPTODIUS exaratus 137, 517
sanguineous ... 137, 517
LEPTOTHYRA laeta ... 408, 521
lessonii, AMPHISTEGINA ... 75
lessoni, DENTALIUM 402, 528
LETHBINUS ramak ... 185, 514
rostalus ... 185, 514
Levuka 499, 500
levukaensis, ECTBYTHOE 372, 392.
530
leucisus, MYXUS ... 191, 515
leucocapillus, ANGUS ... 83
leucocapillus, MICKANOUS 81,83,
514
levigata, LITHOPHAGA 492, 528
Liangle 10, 11
LIBITINA guinaica ... 5CO, 529
lichen, POBITES ... 366, 535
Lifu 206,405,406,407,492,493,
496, 497, 498, 499, 501, 503,
506
lifuana, MONILEA ... 405, 521
Lightening, Thunder and 46
ligulata, POCILLOPOBA 534
Liku 32,33,34
Lilima 247
LIMA angulata ... 493,528
basilanica 493
bullata ... 493, 528
fasciata 493
fragilis 493, 528
orientalis 493
squamosa ... 493, 528
tenera 493, 528
LIMACINA bulimoides 527, 562
inflata 527,562
limbifira, MITBA ... 401, 466, 525
LIMEA pectiiuita ... 528,565
LIMOPSIS antillensis ... 565
davidis ... 564, 565, 528
LIMOSA novcczealandice ... 514
limosa, TRIFOBIS ... 444, 446
LINCKIA pacifica ... 157,530
Line Isl ands 3, 30, 200, 20 1 , 540
lineata, ENGINA 565
lineatum, CEEITHIUM ... 436
lineatus, PLAN AXIS... 425,522
lineatus, VEETAGUS 140, 142, 143
linguaeformis, PERNA ... 495
linteola, CATEPHIA... . 90
LIOTIA 553,554,555
crenata ... 407, 521
parvissima ... 521, 554
Liotiidae 555
listen, ASTR^OPORA ... 535
listeri, VENUS ... 502,529
LISPE vittata 97,520
LITHODOMUS malaccanus ... 492
LITHOPHAGA levigata 492, 528
teres 492, 528
LITHOTRYA nicrobarica 127,151,
518
rhodiopus ... 516, 518
literata, MITRA ... 400, 467, 525
literatus, CONUS ... 476, 526
LITTOEINA obesa ... 424, 522
Littorinidse 555
INDEX.
589
PAGE
lituratus, NASBUS ... 188, 515
lividus, CALCINTJS ... ... 517
lividus, CONUS ... 401, 479, 526
lividus, ORPHNCEUS ... 102
lividus, var. flavidus, CONUS 479,
526
lobata, PORITES ... 366, 535
lobata, STTLOPHORA ... 534
LOBOPHYTUM ... 213, 214
confertum ...213,218,533
densum 213, 219, 532, 533
hedleyi ... 216, 532, 533
marenzelleri ... 213, 217, 533
pauciflorum, var. validum
216, 533
tuberculosum ... 213, 217, 533
viride 533
LOBOPTERA decipiens 100, 520
LOBULARIA 213
viride 220
Locusta 90
LOLIGO brevipinnis 402, 520
longidigitatus, CHELIFER .. 108
longidigitatus, GARYPUS ... 519
longirostris, CAVOLINIA 527, 563
longispina, ARANEUS ... 519
longispina, EPEIRA... ... Ill
longiventer, OLPIUM 518, 519
LOPHOSERIS repens ... 354
Lord Howe Island 3, 505, 546
loripes, MADREPORARA ... 535
Lou 39
Louisiade Archipelago 273, 285,
287
Louisiade Islands ... ... 541
Loukafa 29,288
Low Archipelago ... 106, 168
Loyalty Groups ... ... 34
Loyalty Islands ... 206, 501
Luamanif 10,36,75,76
LUCINA congenita 497
divergens ... 497, 528
exasperate ... 496, 528
fibula 497
oblonga ... 497, 528
ovum 498
punctata ... 496, 528
seminula 497
lucunter, ECHINOMKTRA 156, 530
ludens, DIALA 423
lugubris, LEPIDODACTYLUS 180
lugubris, PLATY DACTYLUS . . . 180
luhuanus, STROMBUS 68, 401, 429,
523
lunaris, JULIS ... 193, 515
lutea, PORITES ... 366, 535
luteus, MELAMPUS ... 246, 487, 527
PP
PAGE
LUTIANUS bengalensis 183, 514
fulviflamma ... 183, 514
gibbus 183, 514
LUTJANUS aya ... ... 542
LYGOSOMA adspersum 180, 514
cyanurum ... 180, 514
lymneiformis, DAPHNBLLA 476, 526
lynx, CYPR^A ... 453,524
Lynx Island 7
LYRODUS . ... 507
M.
MABOUIA cyanura 180
Mackerel, European ... 267
Macleay Museum 91
macmunrichi, GEMMARIA ... 389
macrophylla, VENERUPIS 502, 529
macrospina, SIPHONOGORGIA 224,
MACRURA ...
MACRURIDJE
Macruroid ...
macula, CYPRJEA
maculata, A RCA
127, 146
... 199
... 272
451, 524
491, 528
maculata, HOLOTHURIA ... 530
maculata, TEREBBA 249,259,269,
481, 527
maculatus, CIRRHITES 186, 514
maculatus, GRAPSUS 128, 139, 517
maculosum, CARDIUM 501, 529
maciiJosum,CERiTHiuM431, 434,
523
maculosum, TRITONIUM 456, 524
Madagascar 106
Madrai 62
Madras 499
MADREPORA 347, 349, 351, 356,
534, 535
angulata ... ... 535
bcBodactyla 535
botryodes 356
botryodes, var. funafutien-
sis ...
... 356
contigua
... 355
crateriformis .
... S4
cuneata
361, 5:t5
denticulata .
... 353
efflorescent
357, 535
eurystoma
358, 535
fruticosa
impressa
358, 534
. 351, 360, 535
latistella
... 536
loripes...
... 535
patula ...
357, 535
prof undo,
... 535
590
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
MADREPORA reticulata
scabrosa
secunda
sinesis
specif era
spinulifera ...351,359,535
surculosa
syringodes ... 31
Madreporaria aporosa ...
Madreporaria fungida ...
Madreporaria peri'orata
madreporarum, GALEROPSIS 461,
5
madreporarum, PECTEN 494, 528
Madreporidre
mceandrina, POCILLOPORA...
mageni, MELANIA ... 41
MAGILUS antiquus ... 4i
Mai'ava
Maki
Making the "Titi"
malaccanus, LITHODOMUS ...
Malay Archipelago
Malayta
Maiden Island ... 20, 1
Malili
Malina
malleti, GLYPHOSTOMA 4
Malo
Malorli
Malou
mamilla, NATICA 141, 247, 415, 522
Mammalia
MAMMALS
mammifera, HOLOTHCTRIA
mamillatus, HETEROCENTROTUS
1
Manahiki 199, 5
Mangaia 168,169,170,171,
182, 2
Mangareva
mangareva, ARANEUS
mingareva, EPEIRA... 1
MANGILIA himerta ... 4
thiasotes
victor ...
vincenti
Mangrove ... 21, 124, 2'
Mangrove Swamp 10, 11, 15, 19, 61
Manihiki 42, 96, 267, 269, 271, 273
Manini
Manner of Tatooing
Man-of- War Bird...
Man's Fibre Tree ...
Manu
Manufacture of toddy
Manuka
534
Maori Eat 166, 167, 168
534
maorium, Mus ... 166, 167
534
mappa, CTPR^IA ... 451, 524
535
Marae 49
534
Marakau 106
535
MARASMIA creonalis ... 90
535
marenzelleri, LOBOPHTTUM 213,
, 534
217, 533
351
MARETIA 324, 329
354
planulata ... 157, 530
356
MARGARITA striatula ... 405
51,
margaritatus, CARPILODES 127,
525
131,516
, 528
margaritatus, TETRODON 515, 546
356
margaritifera, MELEAGRINA 260
534
MARGERONIA woodfordi ... 90
, 522
marginatus, ELYSIA ... 486
,525
MARGINELLA ellicensis 526, 560
187
elliptica 470
291
iota 469,526,550
242
isseli 526, 560
492
mariei 469
21
nympha ... ... 560
258
peasii 469, 526
,250
sandwicensis ... 469, 526. 550
184
marginipennis, CALOTERMES 26,
2t4
100, 101, 520
, 526
mariei, EMARGINULA ... 520
34
mariei, MARGINELLA ... 469
161
mariei, RINGICULA 486
186
maritima, SURIANA ... 22
>, 522
marmoratus, SALARIAS 190, 515
513
rnarmoratus, SARON ... 518
, 165
marochiensis, NATICA 415, 522
155
Maroubra 379, 380, 382
IS
Marquesas 176, 238, 267
, 530
Marshall Islands 3, 20, 21, 33,
,541
35, 40, 89, 90, 91, 102, 167.
f2,
168, 205 237, 250, 263, 267.
,281
281, 290, 541, 554
106
Martinique 106
519
Marutea ... 491, 494, 495, 500,
, 109
501, 506
,526
Mataili 245
476
Mata Nukulaelae 5
476
Matakiva 182
476
Matavai 44
,276
Mat Bed 295
9,61
MATHILDA eurytima ... 437
,273
Matiri 181
187
matoides, ACANTHURUS ... 188
238
Matoutifa 64,265
59
Matto 188
34
Mattock 261
44
Matty Island ... 252, 263
24
Maumau 50, 51
35
MaunaLoa 12,244
INDEX.
591
PAGE
Mauritius 106, 193
Mautara ... ... ... 39
mauritiana, CYPB^EA 451, 524
mauritanica, TROGOSITA ... 93
maxilla, THECIDEA 494,508,510,
529
maxima, NKRITA ... 409, 521
mo#imws,VEBMETUS 68, 243, 523
Measurements, Anthropological
MECiSTOCEPHALUsj>unc<i/Tons 519
MECOLIOTIA 555
halligani ... 521, 555
mediterranea, THECIDEA ... 510
Medo 282
Meduro Island 106
MEGACHILE, sp 93
hedleyi 93,520
MEGARRHINA inornata 89, 96, 97,
520
megalista, PHYSALIA 371,377,
378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 532
Meia 187
Meili 39
MELAMPUS fasciatus 487, 527
luteus 246, 487,527
Melanesian Plateau ... 3. 4
MELANIA mageni ... 425, 522
montrouzieri 425
melanogenys, ANGUS ... 83
melanostoma, NATICA 416, 522
MELEAGBINA ... ... 264
margaritifera ... ... 260
melicerte, ARCHJSA ... 90, 91, 520
MELINA samoensis ... 495, 528
MELO 397
diadema 288
melvilli, COLUMBELLA 463, 525
mendicaria, ENGINA 400, 46 i, 525
MERANOPLTJS oceanicus ... 520
pubescens ... ... 520
merra, EPINEPHELUS 182, 514
MEBULINA 350
Meshing Needles 33, 276
messor, METOPOGRAPSUS 139, 517
METALIA sternalis ... ... 530
Method of collecting rain-
water 28
METOPOGBAPSUS messor 139, 517
Mexico 100, 101, 106
MICRANOUS leucocapillus 81, 83,
514
microconia, HYDNOPHORA 352, 534
microdontodon, PHYSCOSOMA 531
Micronesia ... 62
microphthalma, ASTR.EA ... 354
miersi, ANCHISTUS 518
PAGE
miersi, HABPILIUS... 127, 148
Mila, Via 62
Millepora ... 14, 56, 531, 532
MILLEPORA incroisato 371,374
nodosa 371, 375, 532
platyphylla ... 37 1 , 375, 53 1
tquarrosa ...371,374,531
tortuosa ... 371, 376, 532
>lilleporidae 374
Milli 259
Milne Bay 273, 541
Mimi 410
mindorensis, COLUMBELLA 463
minima, PHASIANELLA ... 521
minor, HABPA ... 143, 470, 526
minuta, PTYCHODERA 206, 207, 208
minuta, RINGICULA ... 486
minutus, BETJEUS ... 147, 518
mirabilis, POBITES .. 367,535
mirabilis, EINECEBA ..91, 520
Miro 37,268
Missile 248
Missile Club 248
Mita, Milne Bay 263
Mitiaro 182, 183
mifis, PAPHIA 68
MITEA acuminata ... 466, 525
astricta ... 466, 525
6runnea ... 466, 525
chrysalis ... 465, 525
cucumerina ... 465, 525
episcopate 249, 259, 269,
401, 464, 525
ferruginea .. 466, 525
flammea, var. hystrix 465, 525
limbifera ... 401 , 466, 525
literata 1-43, 400, 467, 525
pauper cula ... 467,525
pontificalia ... 465, 525
tabanula, var. caledonica
466, 525
virgata ... 467, 525
MITBULABIA equestris, var.
tortilis 416, 522
mitralis, PYBAMIDELLA 412, 521
Moas 283
modesta, ADKLOCEKA ... 93
modestalis, EBILITA ...91, 520
modicella, ENDODONTA 488, 528
MODIOLA australis ... 492,528
modestus, QLYPHIDODON ... 192
MODULUS tectum ... 424, 522
Mofeki 401
mollis, BEBBYCK 315
Mollusca 395, 397, 489, 491 ,
520, 547, 549
Molucca Islands 499
592
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
Mombus 106
Mo 11 acanthus 39
Monaco 191
Monaxonidae 824
moneta, CTPB^A ... 401, 452, 524
moneta, var. annulus, CTPEJEA
452, 524
MONILEA lifuana ... 405, 521
tragema ... 405, 521
monilifera, PILUMNUS ... 135
Monoceratina 331
MONOCBEPIDIUS, sp. ... 91, 93
ferruginous ... ...91,519
umbraculatus . . . .. 91,519
monticulosus, PHTMODIUS 136. 517
MONTIPOBA 14, 56. 269, 349
caliculata, var piriformis 535
exserta 365, 535
foveolata ... 362, 535
granifera 535
incognita 535
planiuscula 363
prof undo, 535
saxea 535
scabricula ... 365, 535
tuberosa ... 364, 535
verrucosa ... 363, 535
montrouzieri, MELANIA ... 425
MOECHIELLA 421
mordax, PLECOTBEMA 487, 527
Moree 193
Moreton Bay 90, 498, 501, 507
MOBINDA 40,41
eitrifolia 20, 34, 38, 93, 241
Moroti 43
morsicans, SCOLOPENDBA ... 519
morsura, THETIDOS 473, 526
Mortar, Wooden 298
Mortlock Group ... 273, 54]
Mortlock Island 252, 261, 267,
271, 272
morus, CEBITHITTM 433
morus, SISTBUM ... 460, 525
moschatus, HIBISCUS ... 33
Mosquitoes 89,96
Mother-of -Pearl 269
Moths 90, 91, 95
Motufetau 5
Motuloa 5
Motuloto 6
Motu ninie 17
Moturaro 5
MotusaNafa 17
Motu tu lua 5
Mou 182
Moulmein 90
Mouri ounga 465
Mouse, European 59
Moutou moutou 192
Moxa 300
mucronata, EHIZOPHOBA 22, 32, 124
MUELLEEIA 155
echinites ... 160, 530
parvula 530
Mugilidse 191
Mukkamuk 23
Mullidro 184
MULLOIDES flavoUneatus 184, 514
samoensis ... 184, 514
multispina, EPEIBA 112,114 115,
116, 117
Munga-munga ti 157
Mungo 199
Mursenidrc 195
MURJSNA buroensis 196,515
formosa ... 195, 515
MUBEX adustus ... 458, 525
funafutiensis ... 458, 525
nuclea ... 458
radula 459,525
ramosus ... 401, 525, 560
muriaceum, POLTTBEMA ... 75
MUEICELLA purpurea 307, 315, 533
Muriceidae 309
muroadsi, CABANX 189
Mus 176
exulans 166, 167, 174, 278, 513
jacobice ... ... 166
maorium ... 166, 167
novcezealandice ... 167
pencillatus 166
vitiensis 166, 168, 169, 170
MUSA sapientium 62
Muscadte ... 95
Museum, Macleay 91
Music of Native Song ... 58
musiva, HELICINA ... 410, 521
MUSSA 12,350
costata 352, 534
Mutta-mutta 23
mutuki, GEMMAEIA .. 389, 390, 391
mydas, CHELONE 65, 178, 252,
264, 514
mylas, SESIA 91
Myriapoda 102, 519
MYXUS leuciscus ... 191, 515
N.
NACEEDES ...
transmarina .
Naiabui
Names, Native
Nangiia
... 92, 93
92, 519
... 258
INDEX.
593
PAGE
Nanomana 4.6,8,13,45,46,50,
51, 52, 53,60, 6S, 303
Nanomanga 6, 19, 5 1 , 200, 540
NaDomea 4, 8, 19,51, 237, 250,
273. 540
NANOPORA irregularis ... 366
NAEANIO divaricata ... 502
lapicida ... 502, 529
NARDOA gomophia ... ... 530
NASSA granifera ... 462, 525
semitexla ... 462, 525
nassatula, PERISTERNIA 144, 457,
524
Nassau 22
NASEDS lituralus ... 188,515
Natal 90
Natala 183
NATICA mamilla 141,247,415, 522
marochiensis ... 415, 522
melanostoma ... 416, 522
umbilicata ... 416, 522
violacea ... 415, 522
Native amusements ... 56
Native charts ... 281, 282
Native names ... ... 60
Native song ... ... 57
Native traditions 42, 43
numerates, ECHENEIS 190, 515
NAUSITORIA 508
aurita 507, 529
Nautili 65
NAUTILUS .. .. 397,510
Shells 246
NEALOTUS ... 544
nebularis, PLATOPHBYS ... 546
Necklaces 246
NECROBIA rufipes 93
Needles 292
Needles (Meshing) ... 276
Nephalidte 95
Nephthyidse ... 214, 221
NEPHROLEPIS exaltata ... 22
NEREIS 182
nerina, DIADEM A ... 95, 520
NERITA 68
albicilla ... 409, 521
inxculpta ... 410, 521
maxima ... 409, 521
plicata 409, 521
polita 410, 521
NERITINA reticulata 410, 521
NERiTOPSisrodula... 409,521
Netherland Island 6
Nets, Fishing 64
Nets, Fowling 278
Nets, Hand 277
Nettle ... 268
Newcastle ......... 497
New Britain ... 65, 254, 289
New Caledonia 34, 39, 106, 167,
169, 230, 252, 257, 292, 492,
493, 494, 496, 497, 498, 501,
503, 504, 507
New Caledonian Archipelago 205
New Georgia ..... 263
New Guinea 23, 28, 52, 64, 89,
93, 96, 106, 230, 240, 254,
255, 272, 276, 287, 288, 290,
291, 293, 493, 503, 506, 541
New Hebrides 4, 34, 77, 93, 176,
200, 230, 241, 257, 259, 273,
280, 290, 303, 497, 503, 541
New Ireland ... :.. 289
New South Wales ...... 377
New Zealand 35, 167, 169, 170,
171, 173, 238, 255, 260, 267,
270, 272, 280 281, 285, 304
Ngau
Ngashu
Ngia
Ngiangia
NICELLA ...
dichotoma
laxa
500
14, 35
14, 35, 109
63
307
319
307, 318, 533
nicobarica, LITHOTRYA 127, 151,
518
nidus, ASPLENIUM ...... 39
Nieue 68, 176, 252, 273, 276,
302,540
NiPA/ruf icons ...... 21
NipaPalm ......... 21
Nifikifa ......... 300
Niggerheads ...... 16
nigrescens, PHYSCOSOMA 372, 393,
531
nigricruris, EBENIA 98, 520
nigropunctata, ELTSIA, var.
sanguinea ... 486, 527
nigropunctatus, TETRODON 197,
198, 515
Nikau leaves ...... 291
Ningi ......... 48
nitida, ASSIHTNEA ... 417, 522
nit\dulus, XANTHODBS 127, 130,516
nitidum, CXCVH ...... 559
Niu ............ 23
Niuaruko ......... 5
Niuatangi ........ 6
Niuatibu ......... 5
Niuatui ......... 5
Niutao 4, 7, 8, 49, 50, 54, 55, 59,
60,291
Niu nut ......... 23
Niu tabu ......... 26, 27
594
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
nodicostata, ENGINA 464, 525
nodosa, MILLEPORA 371,375,532
nodosa, TURRICULA 468, 526
noduZosam, CERITHIUM 401,430,
523
Nouo 38,258
Nonou 38, 241, 247
Nonou bark 33
Nonou dye 38
North India 90
Norfolk Island , . 75, 167, 169
Noumea 205, 507
novce-guinece, PECTEN . . . 494
novcehollandice, CAMPONOTUS 520
novcezealandice, LIMOSA ... 514
novcezealandice, Mus ... 167
Naalei ... 5
nucifera, Cocos ... 22,100,101
nuclea, MUREX 458
nucleus, CTPR^EA ... 454,524
Nui ... 4, 6, 8, 41, 62, 234, 282
Nukubati 33
Nukufetau 4, 5, 8, 33, 44, 45,
47, 54, 63, 91, 95, 237, 240,
243, 247, 273, 282, 283, 540
Nukuhiva 93
Nukulaelae 4,5
Nukulailai 4, 5, 8, 9, 18, 33, 37,
45, 59, 60, 61, 246, 252, 259,
261, 264, 267, 268, 273, 274,
275, 284, 292, 293, 294, 299,
304, 308, 540
Nukunau .. 65
Nukuor 265, 270, 271, 273, 540
Nuku saralivali
NULLIPORES
NUMENIUS taheiteneis
Nunpuri
Nurakita
nussatella, CONTTS ...
Nutta
nympha, MARGINELLA
17
13, 131
... 514
... 452
... 4,17
479, 526
... 185
560
Oaitupu 6, 282
obeliscus, CERITHIUM 435, 523
obeliscus, TROCHUS... 401, 404, 520
obesa, LITTORINA ... 424, 522
obesula, TRIFORIS ... 444, 447, 523
OBISITTM antipodum 106, 108,
518, 519
obliqua, Ficua 35
obliquata, CYTHEREA 501, 529
obliquaria, TELLINA 498, 529
obliquistriata, TELLINA ... 499
o6Zon</a,EcHiNOMETRA 155, 156, 530
oblonga, LuciNA .. 497,528
oblonga, TORNATKLLINA 487,527
obscura, ARANEUS 519
obscura, EPEIRA ... .. 116
obscurus, SPHENOPHORUS 518, 519
OBTORTIO 412
pyrrhacme ... 413, 522
obtusa, COLUMBELLA 464, 525
obvelata, CYPRJEA 452
occidentalis, ARCA 491
oceanica, GEHYRA ... 180,514
oceanica, PHEIDOLE ... 520
oceanicus, MERANOPLUS ... 520
oceanicwm, CERITHIUM 431, 523
ocellata, ASTR.EOPORA 361, 535
ocellatus, SPONDYLUS 493, 528
Ocean Island 59
OCHROSIA 40, 41, 261
parviflora ... ... 22
po.rviflorus 32
wood ... ... 261
octo, AMYNA ... 90,91.520
OCTOBLEPHARUM smaragdinum
22,40
OCTOPUS tonganus ... 520, 550
Oculinidje 351
OCYPODA 139
ceratophthalma 128, 138, 517
ODONTOCYATHUS ... 351
ODONTOSTOMIA biplicata 521, 557
bulimoides 521
codes 557
robusta ... 521, 556
rubra 521
odoratissimus, PANDANUS ... 83, 93
ODOSTOMIA bulimoides ... 412
rubra 412
(Edemeridae 92
(EDIPUS superbus ... ... 148
Offensive weapons 248
officinarum, SACCHARUM ... 63
Oil Fish 199, 544
Oligochseta 392
OLIVA guttata ... 470, 526
irisans, var. erythrostoma
470, 526
OLIVELLA simplex ... 470, 526, 550
olivieri, CENOBITA ... 64, 140, 517
OLPIUM longiventer 518, 519
OMPHALOTROPIS rotumana 417
zebriolata ... 417, 522
oodes, ODONTOSTOMIA ... 557
Oom 196
ooplax, SYNAPTA 530
opalina, TKLLINA ... 499, 529
OPHIACTIS savignii 530
INDEX.
595
PAGE
OPHIARTHRUM elegans 155, 160,
530
OPHICHTHYS colubrinus 195, 515
OPHIDIASTER cylindricus 155,
157, 530
Ophidiida; ........ 194
OPHIOCOMA erinaceus 160, 530
scolopendrina ... 160,530
OPHITTROIDEA ... ... 160
ORBITOLITES complanata 16,75,
193, 241
laciniata ...... 241
ORIBATA lamellata .. 109, 519
Oribatidae ...... 105, 109
orientalis, LIMA ... ... 493
orientalis, OTOSTIGNUS ... 102
ORITHTIA incolor ...... 384
orithyia, PHTLLORHIZA 371, 383
orithyia, POLTRHIZA ... 532
Ornaments ......... 246
Ornate dance ("Tukai") 240,242
ORPHNCEUS lividus.., ... 102
ORPHM^IUS phosphoreus ... 519
ORTHOPTERA ...... 99
orysa, TRIVIA ... 455, 524
Osnaburgh Island... ... 11
OSTREA cristagalli ... 328, 495, 528
hanleyana ... 495, 528
otaheitce, DIADEMA... 95, 520
Otiorhycides ...... 92
OTOSTIGMUS astenon ... 519
orientalis ... ... 102
Qua ............ 5
Oula ............ 68
Oukafakanapoua ... 276, 290
Oulafi ......... 193
Ounga koula ... ... 64
Ourafi ......... 193
Ouvea ......... 495
Ovalau ......... 106
ovalis, ASTR^OPORA ... 535
ovalis, SCALA ... 415, 522
ouafa,CiRSONELLA... 407, 521, 549
ovina, HALIOTIS ... 520, 553
OVULA ......... 286
caledonica ...... 449
hervieri ... 448, 524
ovum ... ... ... 53
Shells
ovula, CYPR^IA
ovulina, SCINTILLA
ovum, LUCINA
ovum, OVULA .
OXYPORA
OPYSTOMATA .
Ozius, sp. ... ..
286
284
... 503
498
... 63
355, 534
127, 139
... 136
P. PAGE
Paanopa 59
pacifica, CARPOPHAGA ... 85
pacifica, EURYTHOE 372, 392, 530
pacifica, GLOBICKRA 86, 513, 514
pacifica, KELLIA ... 502, 529
pacifica, LINCKIA ... 157,530
Pacific Islands 77,89,93, 101. 186
Pacific Rat 166,169,278
pacificum, PHYSCOSOMA ... 531
pacificus, EEMIPES 517
Paddle 284
PAGURUS fabimanus 142, 517
euopsis... 517
guttatus ...143,516,517
setifer 516, 517
Pai 7
Paifa 5
PAL-&MONKLLA iridentata... 518
PALINURUS guttatus 68, 146, 518
pallescens, DIOGENES 141, 517
pallida, SIPHONOGORGIA 223, 533
pallida, SPONGODES 214, 221, 533
pallium, PECTEN ... 494. 528
palmata, STYLOPHORA ... 534
Palm, Coconut 22, 23
Palmerston Islands ... 36
palmyra, PUPA 488
Paloloworm 65
Palou 43
Palu 64, 199, 200, 201, 272, 539,
540, 541, 544
Palu Hooks 272, 540, 541
PALYTHOA coesia ... 372, 391, 533
howesii 372,391,533
kochii 372, 391, 533
PANTALA/tavescens 99
pantherinus, PLATOPHRYS 515, 546
PANTOPCEUS guisens ... 93
PANDANUS ... 40, 41, 60, 128
Fruit, Cake of the ... 30
odoratissimus... 28,2983,93
Paneia 68, 429
PANESTHIA cethops... 100,520
panopea.TETRAGBATHA... 519
papaya, CARICA 63
Paper Mulberry 34,60
PAPHIA mitis 68
papillosa, SeiRASTRELLA 323,
331, 531
Papua 230,245,299
papua. TETRODON 546
papyrifera, BROUSSONETIA 34, 85
papyracea, BROUSSONETIA 34
Parank 106
pardalis, HOLOTHURIA. ... 161
PARINA.RIUM laurinum . 285
596
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
parva, ENGINA ... 464, 525
parvicellata, POBITES ... 535
parviflora, OCHBOSIA ... 22
parviflorus, OCHROSIA ... 32
parvirostris, ALPH^IUS ... 518
parvissima, LIOTIA .. 521,554
pirvula, MULLKBIA ... 530
parvula, EINGICULA 486, 527, 561
parvulum, TEINOSTOMA ... 521
patula, ACANTHA.STB.EA 353, 534
patula, MADBEPOBA 357, 535
paucicostatum, TEINOSTOMA 552
pauciflorum, LOBOPHYTUM 216,563
paucistella, POCILLOPOBA ... 534
paumotensis, SCALA .. 414, 522
Paumotus 14, 106, 168, 250, 260
paupercula, MITBA 525
Pa va Islet 549. 550, 551, 553, 557.
558, 559, 560, 5t>l, 562, 564
PAVONIA explanulata 354, 534
repens 354, 534
Pawa 267,272
Pawpaw 63
Pearl shell Bonito Hooks 266
Pearly Nautilus 246
peasei, PTEBIA ... 494, 528
peasii, MAEGINELLA 469, 526
Pebbles, Pumice 77
PECTEN distans ... 494, 528
madreporarum 491, 528
novce-guinece 494
pallium ... 494, 528
speciosus ... 528, 565
squamatus ... 493, 528
pectinata, CIBCE ... 501, 529
pectinata, LIMEA ... 528, 565
pediculus, VEBTIGO. . . 488, 528
2>eJaC/icWS,GYMNODACTYLU8 179, 514
pelamys, THYNNUS ... 267,515
Pelecypoda . . . 489, 49 1 , 564
Pelew Islands 106, 187, 250, 253,
254, 497
pellicula, CLATHEIA 323, 324,
327, 531
peltata, HEBNANDIA ... 16,83
PEMPHIS 40, 248, 249, 277, 299, 303
acidula 35, 109
pencillatus, Mus 166
Penhryn Island 67, 96, 168,
173, 178, 249, 252, 263, 273,
285, 541
perdix, DOLIUM ... 455, 524
PEBICHJETA 372,393
grubei 372, 392, 530
Perichaetidae 392
PEBICLIMENES dance ... 518
PEBIOPTHALMUS 191
periopthalmus, SA.LAEIAS 515, 545
PEBISTEBNIA nassatula 457, 524
perlata, CENOBITA 517
perlala, DAIBA ...129,131,516
Permambuco 106
PEBNA linguaeformis ... 495
Peru 15,30
PesciEuvetto 542
Pestles 298
petholatus,v&r. caledonicus, TUBBO
408, 521
PETBOLISTHEB dentatus 129, 139,
144
haswelli 144
lamarckii ... ... 517
lamarckii, var. asiaticus 517
lamarckii, var. rufescens 517
lamarckii, var. fimbriatus 517
speciosa 144
petrosum, ASTBALIUM 408, 521
pretosus, EUVETTUS 515, 539, 541
pharos, CEBITHIUM... 436, 523
phasianella, GIBBULA 405, 521
PHASIANELLA grae/ei ... 407
minima ... 407, 521
wisemanni ... 407, 521
PnEiDOLEoceanica... . 520
sexspinosa ... 93, 94, 520
PHEIDOXLACANTHINDS ... 94
PHENAOOLEPAS cinnamomea 404
crenulata 404
senta 403, 520
philippii, BEBBYCE 315
philippinense, CAEDIUM ... 504
Phoaaix Group ... 1(58, 229
phosphoreus, OBPHM^EUS ... 519
Phosphoric acid 76
PHYLLIDIA varicosa 527, 562
PHYLLODOCE ... 372, 392, 530
quadraticeps 392
Phyllodocidae 392
PHYMODIUS monticulosus 136, 517
phymotis, STOMATIA 407, 521
PHYSALIA 378
megalista 371, 377, 378, 379,
380, 381, 382, 532
vtriculus 371, 377, 378, 380,
381, 382
Physalidse 377
PHYSCOSOMA dentigerum ... 531
microdontodon ... 531
nigrescens ... 372, 393, 531
padficum 531
scolops 372,393,531
varians 531
Physical structure ... 9
physis, HYDATINA ... 486, 527
597
PAGE
piceus, ALPHITOBIUS ... 93
picta, CIRCE 501,529
Pigeons, Carrier 59
Pigs 7,58
Pika 32
pilearis, TRITON ... 140, 144
pileare, TRITONIUM 456, 524
Pillows 293
pilslryi, TURRICULA 468, 526
PILUMNUS 127
cursor 136
fissi-frons 136
glaberrimus 136
monilifera 135
prunosus ... 133, 516
rufo-punctatus ... 135
terra-regina 136
vespertilio 136
vestitus ...132,136,516
PINNA 260, 269, 528
Shell 269
Shell Spade 260
trigonalis 495
Pi'o 43
piperitum, CERITHIUM 435, 523
Pipon Islands 498
PIPTURUS argenteus ... 22
piriformis, EULIMA ... 411
piriformis, MONTIPORA ... 535
PiSANiA/asciculata 457, 525
Pisces 514
pistillata, STYLOPHORA ... 534
pistrinaria, CARPOPHAGA ... 513
Pitcairn Island 255
PLAGIOLEPIS gracilis ... 520
plana, PTEROSOMA... 527, 561
PL AN AXIS lineatus ... 425, 522
sulcatus 140, 401, 424, 522
virgatus ... ... 425
planissimus, LEIOLOPHUS 129,
139, 517
planiuscula, MONTIPORA ... 363
planulata, MARETIA 157, 530
PLATOPHRYS .. ... 546
nebularis ... ... 546
pantherinus ... 515, 546
plalura, BELONE ... 194, 515
PLATYDACTYLUS lugubris ... 180
platyphylla, MILLEPORA 371,375,
531
platypus, SCOLOPENDRA ... 102
Pleasant Island 59
plebeja, ARANEUS ... ... 519
plebeja, EPEIRA ... 106, 110
PLECOTREMA bellum 486, 527
mordax ... 487, 527
souverbiei 487
PAGE
PLECOTRKMA striatum ... 487
Plesiofnngidrc 354
PLESiocROCHoasouverWanus 424,
522
Pleuronectidsc 546
PLEXAURA 308
antipathes 307, 317 494, 533
flavida... 313
Plexanridse 317
plicata, NERITA ... 409, 521
plicata, PSAMMOCORA ... 355
plicata, EISSOINA ... 421, 522
plicata, SCHISMOPK 520
PLICATTJLA imbricata 492, 528
Plumularidfe 373
PLUMTTLARIA davicula ... 371
POCILLOPORA aspersa ... 534
aspersa, var. dance ... 534
aspersa, var. ligulata 534
brevicornis 534
ccespitosa ... 349, 352, 534
clavaria 534
favosa 534
glomerata 534
grandis ... 352, 534
mceandrina 534
paucistella 534
rugosa... ... ... 534
septata 534
squarrosa 534
suffruticosa ... ... 534
verrucosa ... 352, 534
Pocilloporidae 352
PODOCARPUS 238
totara 267
pcecilopleurus, ABLEPHARUS 180
Pcerare 259
POGONOPERCA 545
polita, NERITA ... 410, 521
Polychseta 372,392
poh/(7onus,LiATiBU8... 457, 524
POLYMASTIA dendyi 323,330,531
POLYPODIUM 39
POLYPORUS 40
Poljrhizidw 383
POLYRHIZA orithyia 371, 383, 532
POLYTREMA mwnoccum ... 75
polytropa, RISSOINA 420, 522
pomum, DOLIUM ... 455, 524
Ponape 247
pontificate, MITRA ... 465, 525
poolei, KISSOA ... 522, 558
populnea, THESPESIA 20, 37. 268
poraria, CYPB^IA ... 454, 524
porcata, ASTHMA 353
POBCELLANA 127
sollasi ... 144, 518
598
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Porcupine fish
Porifera ...
PORITES
... 531
11, 17, 349
... 535
... 367
367, 535
... 535
367, 535
366, 535
366, 535
366, 535
367, 535
... 535
... 535
... 535
... 535
535
crassa ...
exilis ...
gaimardi
lichen ...
lobata ...
lutea ...
mirabilis
parvicellata
purpurea
superfusa
trimurata
umbelli/era ,
Poritidse 366
POBOMYA australis ... 508
granulata 508
porphyroleuca, PUEPURA ... 461
Porpoises ... 67
Port Curtis 492, 497, 498, 501,
503, 504
Port Essington 493
Port Molle 492, 493, 501
Port Moresby ... 258, 495, 501
Potiki 5
Pou 455
Pouka 31,83,285
Pouka wood 32
Pouli 246
Pounder 299
Poussi 196
Poussikenna 196
PREMNA 40, 41
iaitensis 22, 37, 274, 300, 302
PRENOLEPIS vividula ... 520
Prescription for Ringworm 70
pretiosus, EUVETTUS 515, 539,
541
Prevalent Diseases of Funafuti 69
PRITCHARDIA 293
PROCELSTERNA carulea 84, 514
procumbens, TRIUMFETTA... 39
PRODEMIA retina 90
profunda, DIALA ... 522, 558
prof undo,, MADREPORARIA 535
profunda, MONTIPORA ... 535
prolificus, ALPBUEUS ... 518
Property, Allotments of ... 60, 61
propinqua, CYPRJEA 450, 524
protracta, CYLICHHA ... 484
Provision-tub 296
prunosus, PILUMNUS 133, 516
pudendi, Elephantiasis ... 68
PSAMMOBIA squamosa
PAGE
PSAMMOCORA contigua 355, 534
fossata 355, 534
haimeana 534
plicata 355
savigniensis 534
superficial 534
Pseudoneuroptera ... 100
PSEUDOSCARUS bataviensis 194, 515
pulchellus ... 193, 515
singapurensis ... 194, 515
troschelli ... 194, 515
PSEUDOSQUILLA ciliata ... 518
PSEUDOZIUS caystrus 127, 136, 517
PSILOTTJM 41
triquetrum ... ... 39
PTERIA cumingii ... 494, 528
peasei 494, 528
PTEROCERA aurantia 429, 523
byronia ... 429, 523
lambis 67,263
rugosa 430, 523
PTEROCERAS 259
PTEROCERUS chiragra ... 143
pteroessa, ARCA ... 528, 564
PTEROSOMA piano, ... 527, 561
pterygodes, ASCYLTUS ... 519
PTYCHODERA 205, 206, 339, 345
australiensis 207, 209, 336,
338, 340, 345
aperta 338
bahamensis ... 341, 343
caledonica 205
erythrcea ... 341, 343
flava 205, 206, 210, 343, 516
hedleyi 206, 208. 335, 345, 516
minuta 206, 207, 208, 335,
336, 340,341,343,341,345
sarniensis 206, 207, 208, 338,
339, 344, 345
PTYCHODERID.E 206
pubescens, MERANOPLUS ... 520
puerpera, VENUS ... 502, 529
Pukapuka 199, 540, 273
pulchella, CLATHURELLA ... 471
pulchella, DEIOPEIA 90, 91, 520
pulchella, UTETHERIA ... 91
pulchellus, PSEUDOSCARUS 193, 515
pul chra, CENOBITA . . ... 517
pulchenrima, ACANTHELLA 323,
329, 531
pulicarius, CONUS ... 304, 477, 526
PUMICE 16, 65, 77
Pebbles 77
pumila, CLATHURELLA ... 474
Pump Drill 256, 257, 258
punctata, LUCINA ... 496, 528
puncti/rons,MECiSTOCEPHALUs 519
INDEX.
599
PAGE
punctulatus, DICOTYLICHTHYS 515
PUPA palmyra 488
selebensis 488
pupoidea, DAPHNELLA 476, 526
pupoides, FENELLA 413
Puputa 258
PIJEPUBA anomala 476
armigera 143, 400, 459, 525
hippocastaneum 400, 459, 525
porphyroleuca... ... 461
purpurascens, GLTPHOSTOMA 471,
526
purpurea, MURICELLA 307, 315, 533
purpurea, POBITES .. ... 535
PUSIA 468
pusilla, RINGICULA 561
pyramidalis, EULIMA 410, 521
pyramidata, CLIO ... 527, 563
PTBAMIDELLA mitralis 412, 521
dolabrata var. terebelloides
412, 521
turrita 412, 521
pygmcea, DRILLIA ... ... 476
pyrrhacme, OBTOBTIO 413,522
pyrrhacme, RISSOA 413
PYBENE aurea 464
Q
quadraticeps, PHTLLODOCE 392
quadricornis, SALABIAS 191, 515
<jfua<Jrulenta<a,CAVOLiNiA 527, 563
quahon,TEiNO6TOMA 406, 521,
552
quasillus, RISSOINA ... 419
Queensland ... 65, 493, 561
radiata, AVICULA 494
radiata, THECIDEA 510
radula, MUBBX ... 459, 525
radula, NEBITOPSIS 409,521
Eain 19
Rain-water, Methodof collecting
28
Raine Island 561
Rakaanga 66,96
Rakomanini 188
ramak, LETHBINUS... 185,514
ramosus, MUBEX ... 401 , 525, 560
RANELLA granifera ... 141
Rapa 498
Rarotonga 27, 67, 96, 106, 168,
171, 173, 230, 492, 498, 501
Rasps
Rat, Black ...
Rat, Brown...
Rat, European
Rat, Grey ...
Rat, Kiore ...
Rat, Maori...
Rat, Norwegian
Rat, Pacific...
Rat-trap
rattus, CONUS
Rawak
Ray
Ray, Giant...
PACK
259,260
166
59
59
166
167
... 166, 167, 168
168
166, 169, 176, 278
278
... 401, 478, 526
257
259
65
Ray's spine Awl 292
rayneri, GALEOCEBDO 199, 300, 516
Receipe for making Toddy 24, 25
Reef Corals...
Reef Heron
regius, SABOTES
RKMIOIA iranslata..
REMIPES pacificus ..
testudinarius ..
RENIEBA australis
cinera
rosea . .
532, 533
81
106, 122
90, 91, 520
... 517
... 140
323, 324, 531
325
323, 325
sp. ... 323, 324, 325, 531
repens, LOPHOSKBIS ... 354
repens, PAVONIA ... 354, 534
Reptiles 163, 178, 514
reticulata, ABCA ... 491, 528
reticulata,CffRMA.... 452,524
reticulata.MADREFORARiA 534
reticulata, NEBITINA 410, 521
retina, PBODENIA 90
RETUSA amphizosta ... 483
waughiana ... 482, 527
Reunion 106
revoluta, SCALA ... 414, 522
RHIZOPHOBA 10, 21, 22, 40, 41,
206, 276, 279, 286, 292
mucronata ... 22, 32, 124
RHIZOTBOCHUS sp 533
rhodiopus, LITHOTHYBA 516, 518
rhomboides, CBASSATELLA... 665
rhomboides, TJSLLINA
RHTSOTA sowerbyana
RICINULA horrida ...
ricinous, SISTBUM ...
RINECEBA mirabilis
RlNOICDLA
acuta, var. minuta
mare...
parvula
pusMa
499, 529
... 21
460, 525
...91,520
561
... 486
527,562
... 486
...486,627.561
561
627,661
600
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
Rio Grande 106
RiSELLAconoicfaiis... 424, 522
RissoAfinchki ... 522, 557
flammea 423
invisibilis ... 418, 522, 558
joviana ... ... 414
poolei 522, 558
pyrhacme 413
trajectus 418
RISSOINA affinis ... 422. 522
ambigua ... 422, 522
clathrata 420
exasperata ...418,419,522
yemmea ... 420, 522
plicata 421, 522
polytropa ... 420, 522
quassilus ... ... 419
spirata, var. supracostata 422
transenna ... ... 420
turricula 421
Bobber Crab 29, 68
robusta, ODONTOSTOMIA 521, 556
robusta, TELLINA ... 499, 529
Rockery 17
Rock, Coral 75,76
Rock specimens 73, 75
Roman zoff Atoll 231
Romanzoff Group 205
rosacea, GENA ... 407,521
rosea, DISTICHOPORA 531, 532
rosea, RENIERA ... 323, 325
rostrate, TKUTHIS ... 187,515
rostraium; CERITHIUM 431, 523
rostratus, LETHKINUS 185, 514
Rotatory Adze ... 253,255
Rotatory Drill 256
rotatum, TEINOSTOMA 521, 553
Rotumah 9, 168, 179, 229, 240,
280, 304
rotumana, CHAROPA ... 488
rotumana, OMPHALOTROPIS 417
rotundata, HELICINA 410, 521
Rovetto 542
ROXANIELLA 484
ruber, TRIFORIS ... 441,523
ruber, VILLOGORGIA ... 533
rubicunda, CLATHURELLA... 471
rubicunda, COLUMBELLA 464, 525
Rubiana 245
rubra, AZOLLA 40
rubra, ODOSTOMIA ... 412, 521
rubra, VILLOGORGIA ... 532
rubrolineatum, CERITHIUM 432
rufescer.s, PETROLISTBES ... 517
Ruffa 69
rufipes, NECROBIA 93
rufo-punctatus, PILUMNUS 135
rugata, ACT^A ... 129, 516
Ruggea 194
rugosa, CENOBITA ... 140, 517
rugosa, CLATHURELLA ... 473
rugosa, HALICHONDKIA ... 531
rugosa, POCILLOPORA ... 534
rufifosa.PTEROCERA... 430, 523
rugosa, STTLOPHORA ... 533
rugosa, TELLINA .. 498, 528
rugosa, var. pulchra, CENOBITA 517
rugosus, STROMBUS... 428, 523
Ruk 303
RUPPELLIA annulipes 137, 517
rusei, GEMMARIA .. 389
RUVETTUS 539, 544
pretiosus ... 515, 539, 541
S.
saccharina, ACMAEA 402, 520
SACCHARUM officinarum ... 63
Sacco 3
sacra, ARDEA ... 81, 82, 84
sacra, DEMIEGRETTA ... 514
Sai 63
Sail 284
St. Thomas 106
St. Vincent's Gulf... 498, 507
Sagittate leaf 10
Sakuru ... ... ... 5
Salticidte 105, 106, 122
Salu 292
salar, ARRIPIS 267
SALARIAS 129, 189, 545
marmoratus ... 190, 515
periopthalmus... 515, 545
quadricornis ... 191,515
Samarai 273
samar, STROMBUS ... 429, 523
Samaria 194
Sami 239
Samoa 3,4,7, 14, 15, 21, 30,42,
46,48,57,60,168,176,185,
200, 230, 231, 238, 243, 246,
258, 260, 273, 280, 283, 288,
292, 293, 296, 298, 494, 495,
503, 541, 545, 556
Samoan Archipelago ... 106
samoensis, EULIMA... 521, 556
samoensis, MELINA... 495, 528
samoensis, MULLOIDES 184, 514
samoerms,TROCHONANiNA 488, 528
San Augustin Island ... 8
San Bernardo Island . . 36
SanChristoval Island 245,258,494
sanctce-helence, CAEANX ... 615
INDEX.
601
sancti-petri, CHORINEMUS 189, 515
Sandals 243, 244, 304
Sand, coarse ... ... 75
Sandpiper, Grey-rumped... 81
sandwicensis, MARGINELLA 469,
526, 550
Sandwich Islands ... 188, 281
sanguined, ELYSIA ... 486, 527
sanguinea, STOMATELLA 407,521,
539
sanguineus, LEPTODITJS ... 517
Sanidine ... 77
Santa Cruz 244, 255, 259
sapientium, MUSA 62
SARCOPHTTA 324, 325, 331, 332
SARCOPHYTUM ... 213, 214, 324
glaucum ... 214, 533
latum 215, 533
trocheliophorum, var. amboi-
nense ... 215,533
sarmentosa, CARDAMINE ... 39
sarniensis, PTYCHODERA 206, 207,
208, 338, 339, 314, 345
SARON marmoratus ... 518
SAROTES debilis ... 106, 122, 519
regius 106, 122
Sa Seve 43
Saupou 68
Savage Island ... 176, 201, 540
Savaii 281
Savani 183
Savea 45
savigniensis, PSAMMOCERA 534
savignii, OPHIACTIS ... 530
Savo 245
Saws, Shark's skin ... 259
saxea, MONTIPOBA 535
scabricula. ERIPHIA 137, 517
scabricula, MONTIPORA 365, 535
scabrosa, MADREPORARIA ... 534
SCJEVOLA 102, 303
koenigii ... 17, 35, 95
SCALA hyalina ... ... 414
ovalis 415,522
paumotensis ... 414, 522
revoluta ... 414, 522
subauricuMa... 414,522
SCALIOLA caledonica ... 415
lapillifera ... 415, 522
Scaphopoda 551
Scarlet Hermit Crab ... 64
SCARUS 198
Scent 36, 40
Scent trees 36
ScmsMOPE/erriezi... ... 552
plicata 520, 552
schmdtziana, ERATO 469, 626
Scincidse 180
SCINTILLA oculinu .. 503
semiclausa ... 503, 529
SCISSURELLA dedonia ... 552
equatoria ... 520, 551
Scleraxonia 308
Sclerogorgia 308
scofcinaia.TKLLiNA... 498,529
i SCOLOPAX incana 81
SCOLOPENDRA morstcans ... 519
scolopendrina, OPHIOCOMA 160, 530
SCOLOPENDRA platypus ... 102
scoleps, PHYMOSOMA ... 372
scolops, PHYSCOSOMA 393, 531
Ncombresocidie 194
Scombridte 190
Scorpions 90
Scorpioiiidse ... 105. 107
Scrapers, Coconut .. ... 262
Screw Pine 29
sculpta, CYLINDROBULLA 485, 527
scurra, CYPR^EA ... 449,524
SCUTELLINA 404
Scyphozoa... 370, 371, 383, 532
Scytodffi 105, 122
Sea Anemone 532
Sebo 68
secunda, MADREPOBA . . . 534
selebensis, PUPA 488
semiclausa, SCINTILLA 503, 529
seminula, LUCINA ... ... 497
semitexla, NASSA ... 462,525
Senegal 106
senta, PHKNACOLEPAS 403, 520
SEPIA 64, 68
septata, POCILLOPORA ... 534
SEPTIFKR excisus ... 492, 528
septem-fasciatus, GLYPHIDODON
192, 515
eri,ViA 62
SERIATOPOBA conferta ... 534
spinosa 534
Serranid 181,545
Serrate-toothed Lancet ... 300
Sertularidae 372
sertum, JOPAS ... 460,525
Sesefonua 264
SESiAmylo* 91
setifer, CasTODON 184
setifer, PAGUNUS ... 516,517
setosus, TURBO 140, 143, 144, 150,
400, 408, 521
Seve 43
sexlineatus, GRAMMISTKS 514, 545
sexspinosa, PHEIDOLK 93, 94, 520
Seychelles 106
Shaou-shaou 84; 278
602
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
Sharks
Shark hook
Sharks' skin Files...
Sharks' skin Saws...
Shark tooth Knives
Shell Trumpet
Sherson Islands ...
Sidmouth, Cape ...
Sihi
Sikamani
Sikaiana Island .
PAGE
... 7,65
... 272
... 259
... 259
... 248
... 299
8
... 560
... 240
44
...20,276
silicata, EUSPONGIA 323, 324,
331, 531
SILVANUS sp. 93
Simbo 268, 304
Simple Fish-hooks ... 265
simplex, ACANTHOMUEICEA 533
simplex, ANTHOMUBICEA 307, 310
simplex, CEBESIUM... 518, 520
simplex, OLIVELLA ... 470, 526, 550
sinesis, MADBEPORARIA ... 535
Singa 270
Singapore 106, 194
singapurensis, PSEUDOSCARUS
194, 515
Singlestick... 46
SIPHONOGORGIA ... 214, 223
godeffroyi ... 223, 533
kollikeri ... 224, 533
macrospina ... 224, 533
pallida 223, 533
SIPHONOGORGIN.S 223
SIPHONOPHORA ... 371, 377
Sipnncnlidae 393
Hipunculoidea 393
SIPUNCULUS funafuti ... 531
vastatus 531
Sir C. Hardy Island ... 493
Sirimiou 44
SISTRUM cancellatum 461, 525
digitatum ... 460, 525
dumosum 565
fiscellum ... 461, 525
horridum ... 460, 525
hystrix 460, 525
morus 460, 525
ricinus 460, 525
tuberculatum... 461,525
undatum 565
SITOPHILUS sp 93
Skipjack 7
smaragdinum, OCTOBLEPHARUM
22,40
smaragdinus, CBTPTOPTHALMUS
562
Society Islands 168, 1 83, 187,
230, 495, 498
Soil 76
SOLARIUM hybridum 423, 522
solida, EULIMA 411
solida, LEPTASTR^A 353, 534
solida, HALICHONDRIA 323, 325, 531
SOLIDOLA sulcata .. 482, 527
sollasi, PORCELLANA 144, 518
sollasi, TRICHOCAMBALA ... 519
Solomon Islanders 33,285
Solomon Islands 4, 21, 32, 59, 77,
90, 91, 230, 238, 240, 245,
250, 258, 263, 267, 268, 272,
280, 288, 298, 301 , 304, 498, 503
Sophia Island 4
sordidiis, GLTPHIDODON 192, 515
Soui 198
Soumou ... 197
Soumoulaia 194
South Africa 90
South Australia 502
souverbianus, PLESIOTROCHUS
424, 522
souverbiei, PLECOTREMA ... 487
sowerbyana, EHTSOTA ... 21
Spades ... 260
Spade-blade, Tortoise shell 260
Spade, Pinna shell ... 260
Sparidie 185
sped/era, MADREPORA 356, 534
speciosa, ARANEUS 519
speciosa, ACT^ODES 127, 136, 517
speciosa, BARRINGTONIA ... 20
speciosa, EPEIBA ... 106, 120
speciosa, GUETTARDA ... 22, 36
speciosus, PECTEN ... 528, 565
speciosa, PETROLISTHES ... 144
speculator, ASPIDOSIPHON... 394
Speiden Island 7
SPHJERODON grandoculis 186, 514
SPHENOPHORUS obscums 518, 519
sulcipes 89, 81, 519
Sphingidie 95
SPHINX urotus 91
SPHYR^ENA sp. ... 199, 515
spiculum, CKRITHIUM 433, 523
Spiders 89, 90, 96
spinosa, ACAMPTOGORGIA 532, 533
spinosa, CHAMA ... 506, 529
spinosa, SEBIATOPOBA .. 534
Spinning Tops 304
SPINOSELLA glomerata 323, 324,
326, 531
spinulifera, MADBEPOBA 351, 359,
535
SpiRASTBELLApapiWosa323, 331,
531
spirata, KISSOINA 422
INDEX.
603
PAGE
SPIBULA 402
SPONDYLUS 510
ocellatus ... 493, 528
Spongelidae 332
Sponges 321
Spongidse 331
Spirastrelliilii' 331
SPONGELIA fragilis, var. irregu-
laris 323, 332, 531
SPONGODES 214
curvicornis ... 222, 533
pallida 214,221,533
SPONGODIN.S 221
sponsalis, CONUS 143
squamat us, ELYTRURUS . . .92, 519
squamatus, PECTEN 493, 528
squamosa, PSAMMOBIA 503, 529
sguamosa, LIMA ... 493, 528
sguamosa, TRIDACNA 67, 251,
504,529
squarrosa, MILLEPORA 371,374, 531
squarrosa, POCILLOPORA ... 534
Staff denoting Orator ... 42
steenstrupii, ASPNXJSIPHON 372,
391, 531
Steering paddles 260
STENOGYRA gracilis 488, 528
interioris 488
juncea 488
STERNA ancestheta 84,514
melanauchen 81, 83, 86, 270,
514
sternalis, METALIA 530
Stewart's Islands 96
St. Fe de Bogotk 106
St. Helena 106
stimpsoni, AGAUINA 527, 564
Sting Bay 201,292
stipitata, A CANTHELLA 323, 329, 531
stolidus, ANGUS 84,514
STOMATELLA sanguinea 407, 521,
549
STOMATIA phymotis 407, 521
stomaticeformis, HALIOTIS 402, 520
STOMATOPODA ... 127, 148
Stone bait 265
Strap 291
s<renuus,ALPH.sus 518
STREPSILAS interpres .. 514
striata, A LAB A 414
striata, ATACTODEA 503, 529
striata, CLIO ... 527, 563
striatipes, DICTIS ... 106, 122, 519
striatula, MARGARITA ... 406
striatum, PLECOTRBMA ... 487
striatus, CONUS ... 480,526
itrictum, CERITHIUM 433, 523
STRIG ATELLA columbell&formia 467
fuscescena 466
strigulosa, WE DELI A ... 39
STROMBUS 258
dentatus, var. rugosus 428, 523
fioridus ...401,428,523
gibberulus ... 428, 523
hcemastoma ... 428, 523
lentiginosus ... 428, 523
luhuanus 68, 401, 428, 429,
523
samar 429, 523
Shells 258
terebellatus ... 428, 523
urceus 142,143
Strong's Island ... 267, 270, 272
Structure, Physical ... 9
studeri, BKBRYCK ... 307, 314, 533
STYLIPER crotaphis ... 412
eliurneus ... ... 412
variciferus ... 411, 521
STYLOPHORA 349
compressa ... ... 533
digitata ... 351, 533
flabellata 533
lobata 534
palmata 534
pistiUata 534
rugosa 533
ntatns, ACOMPSK ... 106, 122, 519
subauriculata, SCALA 414, 522
Suberitidse 330
subpellucida, CYTHEREA 501, 529
subula, CLIO ... 527, 563
subulata, TEREBRA 481, 527
subulatum, TERKBELLUM 430, 523
Sucker-fish 190
sueziense, CARDIUM ... 504
suffruticota, POCILLOPORA 534
sulcata, SOLIDULA ... 482, 527
sulcatus, PLANAXIS 140,401,424,
522
sulcatipes, ATHANAS ... 518
sulcipes, SPHENOPHORUS 89, 91,
519
Summary 40, 41
Summary of the Fauna ... 513
Summary of Preceding Geo-
logical Observations 18
Sunday Island ... 166, 169
Sun-shade 345
superbus, (Enipus 148
superficial, PSAMMCK-ERA 534
superfusa, PORITIS 535
supracostata, EISSOINA ... 422
surolw, CHLOANGES 90, 91, 620
turculosa, MADRIPOKARI A . . . 636
604
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
SUBIANA maritima 22
Sus 269
Suwarrow Island ... 199, 273, 540
Swabee ... 23
Swanu 23
sweeti, CAEDITA ... 495, 528
Sword-club 248
Sword-fish 201
Sword-fish bill Awls ... 292
Sydney 68,77,492
Sydney Harbour ... 323, 560
Sydney Island ... 168, 170, 171
SYNAPTA ooplax 530
SYNAR.EA undulata ... 367
syringodes, MADREPORA 356, 534
T.
tabulate,, ASTRJEOPORA ... 535
tabanula, MITRA ... 466, 525
Taea 183
Tachinaridae 97
Tafitos 6
taheitensis, CORBULA 506, 529
taheitensis, NUMENIUS ... 514
Tahiti 37,90,93, 106, 168, 231,
241, 243, 245, 252, 257, 265,
267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 281,
292, 295, 300, 303, 492, 501
taitensis, GARDENIA ... 36
taitensis, PREMNA 22, 37, 274,
300, 302
taitensis, URODTNAMIS 46, 86, 514
Takamiti 43
Takufonu 65
taldboti, GLANDICEPS ... 208
Talai maeto 250
Talla talla gemoa 39
Talo 62
talpa, CYPRJEA ... 450, 524
Talwalphin 34
Tainana 273
Tamataniilema 63
Tangaloa 49, 267, 271
Tanifa 200
Tanna 77,176
Taou 68
Tapetewea 95
Tappa cloth ... 240, 271
Tappa plant 231
Tappa Tappa 146
Tar 247
Tarafo 44
Taro 10, 62, 243
Taro Gardens 23
Taro Plantation . 76
PAGE
Taro Spade of bone ... 264
Tarowa 273, 275, 540
Tasmania 493
Taswell Island 8
Tatooing, Manner of ... 238
Taturi 44
Taumata 245
Taupoo 245
Tausoun 37
tauvina, EPINEPHELUS 182, 514
Tavita 52
Te afatule 5
Te afua 5
Te af ua fale niu 6
Te afua fou 17
Te afu alii 16
Teafualoi 5
Te afualoto 6
Teafuana 5
Teafuanono 5
Te afuatakalau 6
Te afuavea 5
Teafunina ... 5
Te anamu 5
Te api 188
tectum, MODULUS ... 424, 522
Te fala o Inga 16
Te fala 6, 16
Tefata .., 17
Teforo 185
Tefuafatu 16
Tefualopa 16
Tefuatife'e 16
Tei 277
Teia 183
TEINOSTOMA parvulum 521, 553
paueicostatum . . . 552
qualum ... 406, 521, 552
tricarinata ... 406, 521
Teioumai 62
TEINOSTATUM rotatum 521, 553
TEINOSTOMA tricarinatum 521, 549
TELLINA crebrimaculata 500. 529
dispar 498, 529
ellicensis ... 500, 529
fijiensis ... 500, 529
flammula ... 498, 529
obliquaria ... 498, 529
obliquistriata 499
opalina ... 499, 529
rhomboides ... 499, 529
robusta ... 499, 529
rugosa 498, 528
scobinata ... 498, 529
tenuilirata 500
Te motumua 5
Te muri te fala . ... 16
INDEX.
605
PAGE
To lie brio 11 id a-
tenella, ARCA
tenera, GLYPHOSTOMA
tenera, HAMINEA ...
tenera, LIMA
Te ngasu ...
tenuidens, FUNGIA ...
tenuilirata, TELLINA
Te Pava
Te puka
Te puka savilivili ...
terce-regina, PILUMNUS
terebeUatus, STROMBUS
terebelloides, PYRAMIDELLA 412,
TEREBELLUM subulatum
TEREBRA
qffinis
crenulata
dimidiata
maculata 249, 259,
Shell
subulata
tigrina ..
TEREDO campanulata
Te rere
Terematua ..
terrebellatus, STROMBUS
teres, LITHOPHAGA ...
Teriki
TERMINALIA catappa
terminalis, CORDYLINE
TERMITIA. ...
Termitidse
Tern, Black-naped
Tern, White-capped
tessellatus, CONUS ...
Teste Island
testudinaria, CYPRJEA
testudinarius, EEMIPES
TETRADRACHMUM aruonuml91,515
Tetragnathidee .
TETRAQNATHA laqueata 106,
panopea
tetragonon, GELASIMUS
TETRALIA cavimana
TETRAPTURUS
TETRODON
citrinella
immaculatus . . .
margaritatus ...
nigropunctatus 1!
papua ...
Teuanuku ...
Tcuthidie
RB
91
TEUTHIS rostrata ... 187, 515
492, 528
THALAMITA 138
471, 526
admete ... 138, 517
... 485
integra ... 138, 517
493, 528
Thatching implements ... 292
17
THECIDEA barretti .. ... 510
355, 534
maxilla 494, 508, 510, 529
... 500
mediterranea ... ... 510
16
radiata 510
16
theis, var. mangareva, ARANEDS 519
16
THESPESIA 40, 61, 277, 298, 299
... 136
populnea ... 20, 37, 268
428, 523
THETIDOS 472
LA 412,
morsura ... 473, 526
521
thetis, TRIFORIS ... 445, 523
430, 523
thiasotes, DAPHNELLA 476, 526
... 258
thiasotes, MANGILIA ... 476
481, 527
ThomisidtB ... 105, 122
480, 527
Thresher 199
481, 527
THUIARIA divergens 371, 372, 531
69,481,
527
Thunder and Lightning Worship
... 258
Thursday Island ... 391,501
481, 527
THYNNUS 199
481, 527
pelamys ... 267, 515
... 507
THYRSITES 544
17
Ti 88
43
Tiapa 45
... 428
tibiana, EUNICE 392
492, 528
tibicen, CALCINUS 144
44
Tibouro 43
34
Tierra del Fuego 289
38
Tifa 266
... 100
tigrina, TEREBRA .. 481, 527
100
tigris, CYPR.EA ., 452, 524
83
Tika 302,303
83
Tikimoa 175
477, 526
tiliaceus, HIBISCUS 33,241
... 503
Timber Trees 40
449, 524
Tinaimanu 45
... 140
Tinaman ... 44
m!91,515
TINEA desquamosa 6,69
105, 121
Tingia 276
106,
TINOPORUS baculatus 16, 75, 198
121, 519
Tiora 248
... 519
Tiputa 240
138 517
Tiri 84
127 138
Tiro 48
... '542
Tiro the Second 43
... 546
Tisala 10
... 197
Titi ... 8,28,30,33,240,242
198, 515
Titi dresses 102
515, 546
Titiesi 65
, 198, 515
Titika 802
... 546
Ti tree 242
30
Toa 48
'.'.'. 187
Toddy 24
606
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
PAGE
Toddy, Manufacture of ... 24
Togi 252
Togi fucca anga gehe ... 251
Tokelau 199, 229, 540
Tokelau Islands 8, 15, 28, 41,
42, 46, 48, 249, 273
Tokelau ringworm ... 69
Tokelau ring- worm Cure ... 69, 70
Toki ... 252, 255
Toki fasua 251
Tokifonu 251
Tonassa, King 101
Tonga 27, 32, 36, 44, 60, 106,
252, 259, 260, 267, 271, 281,
286, 293, 295, 494
Tonga Archipelago 106, 168,
170, 172, 173
tonganus, OCTOPUS... 520, 550
Tongatabu 176, 501
TONICIASP 529
confossa 550
Tonna 70, 71
Tools 248
toona, CEDRELA 260
Top, Spinning 304
Torches 29
toreuma, VENUS ... 501, 529
TORNATINA hadfieldi 482, 527
leptekes ... 527, 561
valuta 482, 527
TORNATELLINA cotiica 487, 527
oblonga ... 487, 527
torquatus, TRIFORIS 440, 523
Torres Straits 292, 385, 492, 493,
501, 503, 504, 561
tortilis, MITRULARIA 416, 522
Tortoise shell hook ... 266
Tortoise shell spade-blade 260
tortuosa, MILLEPORA 371, 376, 532
Tosi 242,252,292
TOTANUS griseopygius ... 81
incana 81
incanus 81,514
Totara wood 267
totara, PODOCARPUS ... 267
Toua 44
Touassa 43, 44
Touassa's trees 23
Touriki 43
Toulon Island 258
TOURNEFORTIA 41
argentea 22, 37
Tourouma 296, 297
Toys 302
Toy Windmill 304
TRACHTNOTUS baillonii 190, 515
Traditions, Native ... 42, 43
PAGE
tragema, MONILEA . 405, 521
Trailed Pearl shell hooks. . . 271
trajectus, RISSOA 418
transenna, EISSOINA ... 420
transmarina, NACERDES ...92, 519
transversa, LEPTASTR^A 354, 534
transversaZis.CocciNELLA... 93
translata, REMIGIA 90, 91, 520
TRAPEZIA cymodoce 137, 517
ferruginea ... 137, 517
Trap, Fish 29
Trapping Birds 278
Trap, fiat 278
Trees, Coconut 100
TRIBOLIUM sp 93
ferrugirteum 93
tricarinata, TEINOSTOMA 406, 521
tricarinatum, TEINOSTOMA 521, 549
TRICHOCAMBALA sollasi ... 519
tricuspis, HIBISCUS 33
TRIDACNA 249, 250
Adze 251,254
Axe 250
gigas 504, 505, 529
elongata 68, 401, 505, 529
squamosa 67, 251, 504, 505, 529
TRIDACOPHTLLIA 350
tridentata, PAL.EMONELLA 518
trifasciatus, UPENEUS 185,514
TRIFORIS cegle ... 439, 523
asperrimus ... 523, 559
bayani 448
cinguliferus ... ... 441
clio 443, 523
collaris ... 399, 439
connatum ... ... 448
corrugatus ... 448, 523
dolicha ... 439, 523
ducosensis 443
gemmulatus ... ... 442
incisus 447, 523
limosa 444,446
obesula 444,447,523
ruber 441, 523
thetis 445, 523
torquatus ... 440, 523
vwlaceus 442
TRIGONIA 510
trigonalis, PINNA 495
triloba, ALEURITES... ... 238
trilobatus, CHILINUS 192, 515
trimurata, PORITES ... 535
tringa, COLUMBELLA 464, 525
Trinity Bay 491
triostegus, ACANTHURUS 187, 515
triquetrum, PSILOTUM ... 39
tristis, ANTIPATHELLA . . . 385
INDEX.
607
PAGE
TEITHEMIS bipunctata, ... 99
TRITON ge mmatus ... 141,143
pilearis ... 140, 144
tritonis, TRITONIUM 455, 524
TRITONIUM cJilorostomum 456, 524
digitate ... 456, 524
gemmatum ... 456, 524
maculosum ... 456, 524
pileare 456, 524
tritonis ... 455, 524
tuberosum ... 456, 524
TBIUMFETTA ... ... 41
procumbens ... ... 39
TRIVIA oryaa ... 455,524
Treasury Island 258
Trobriands 273,541
TBOCHONANINA samoensis 488, 528
trocheliophoi-um, SARCOPHTTUM
215, 533
Trochmorphae 21
TEOCHUS atropurpureus 404, 520
fastigatus ... 404, 521
obeliscus ... 401, 404, 520
tubijerus ... 404, 520
TROGOSITA mauritanica ... 93
Tropical America 101
troschelli, PSEUDOSCARUS 194, 515
Trumpet, Shell 299
TRUNCATELLA valida 417, 522
vitiana 417
TRYGON sp 516
Trygonidae 201
Tubai Islands 167
Tuber 62
tuber -culatum, SISTRUM 461, 525
tuberculatus, IPHITTJS ... 555
<u6ercuZosMm,ALCYONiUM... 213
tuberculosum, LOBOPHTTUM
213, 217, 533
tuberosa, MONTIPORA 364, 535
tuberosum, TRITONIUM 456, 524
tubiferus, TROCHUS .. 404,520
Tucopia 281
Tufe 263
Tufokoula 46
Tugimoa 279
Tui fonu 292
Tui sokera 292
Tukai 240,241
Tukai dress 233,240
Tukka 244
Tukkatukka kula 24
Tukka tukka gea 24
Tukituki 299
Tullatulla 39
tulipa, CONUS ... 480,526
Tumti 183
PAGB
Tupuselei 492, 494
TURBINARIA ... ... 350
Turbinolidte 351
TURBO 64,129
argyrostomus ... 408, 521
petholatus, var. caledonicus
408, 521
setosus 140, 143, 144, 150,
400, 408, 521
Shell 64
turcarum, ECHINOTHRIX 155, 530
TURRICULA angulosa 467, 526
exasperata ... 525, 560
gruneri ... 467, 525
nodosa .. ... 468, 526
pUsbryi ... 468, 526
variata ... 467, 526
turricula, RISSOINA ... 421
turriculata, ATLANTA 527, 561
tumta, PYRAMIDELLA 412, 521
TURRITKLLA concava 427, 523
Turtle 65,66,67
Turtle Axes ... 251, 252
Turtle bone Awls 292
Turtle, Green 65
Turtle, Incantation to ... 66
Turtle-shell 269
Turtle-shell Axe 252
Tutaga Islet 549, 550, 551, 552,
554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 561,
562, 563, 564, 565
Tutanga 16
Tutuila 176,495
Twai 264
Twaikarea 262
typa, CALLIANIDEA ... 518
typicus, ANICULUS 127, 144, 150,
517
U.
Ualan 21
Uea Island 504
Ugi 245
Ulakita 5
Uloboridse 105, 121
ULOBORUS geniculatus ... 519
zosis 106,121
ULOMA cavicollis 91,519
insularis 91,519
Ulutoa 302
umbellifera, PORITES ... 535
umbilicata NATIC A ... 41 6, 522
umbraculatus, MONOCRBPIDIUS
91,519
undatum, SISTRUM 565
undosuj, CANTHABUS 457, 525
608
FUNAFUTI ATOLL.
undulata, SYNAB.&A ... 367
Ungakoa 243, 427
Ungulates 59
unicornis, CHAMA ... 506, 529
unilineatum, CERITHIUM ... 434
Union Group 199, 229, 249, 269,
273. 540
unizonalis, DBILLIA 470, 526
UPENETTS trifasciatus 185, 514
Upolu ... 106, 176, 498, 501
urceus, STBOMBUS ... 142, Ii3
urodelus, EPINEPHELTTS 181, 514
UBODTNAMIS taitensis 46, 86, 514
UBOGYMNUS asperrimus 201, 516
Urotoa 303
urotus, SPHINX 91
Uta maunga ... ... 23
UTETHEBIA pulchella ... 91
utriculus, PHYSALIA 371, 377,
378, 380, 381, 382
V.
vagdbunda, HOLOTHUBIA 161, 530
Vaitalo 304
Vaitupu 4, 6, 7, 8, 17, 23, 33, 43,
53, 57, 62, 68, 231, 234, 252,
282, 294, 295
Vaka 32,283
Vakatua 48,283
Vala vala 37, 274, 300
valida, TBUNCATELLA 417, 522
validum, LOBOPHYTUM 216, 533
Valparaiso 106
Vanikoro 93
VANIKOEO gueriniana 416, 522
Vanua Levu 9
wrians.CoLUMBELLA 462, 525, 550
varians, PHYSCOSOMA ... 531
variata, TUBBICULA 467, 526
variciferus, STYLIFEB 411, 521
varicosa, PHYLLIDIA 527, 562
variegatum, CEBITHIUM ... 523
Vate 503
Van 7
Vanna 156
vastatus, SIPUNCULTJS ... 531
Vegetation 20-41
Vei'i 295
Veitegi vutu 32
velata, ABCA ... 491, 528
vellida, JUNONIA ... 89, 90, 95, 520
venatoria, HETEBOPODA 519
VENEBUPIS macrophylla 502, 529
ventricosa, ABANEUS ... 519
ventricosa, EPEIBA 110
VENUS listen ... 502,529
puerpera ... 502, 529
toreuma ... 501, 529
Vermes 371,372,369
VEBMETUS imbricatus ... 427
maximus 68, 243, 426, 523
vermiculatus, CONUS 478, 526
VEBONICA 238
VEBRUCELLA 312
flabellata 307, 319, 320, 533
verrucosa. MONTIPORA 363, 535
verrucosa, POCILLOPOEA 352, 534
versipora, ASTB^EA .. 352, 534
VEBTAGU8 cedo-nulli ... 144
lineatus ... 140, 142, 143
vertebrale, C.2ECUM ... 425, 522, 550
VEETIGO pediculus . . . 488, 528
Vesi 31
vespertilio, PILUMNUS ... 136
vestitus, ABACHNOCEPHALUS 100,
520
vestitus, PILUMNUS... 132, 136, 516
vexillum, CONUS ... 478, 526
Via gaga 62
Via inila 62
Via seri 62
vibex, CASSIS ... 455, 524
vicaria, ENDODONTA ... 488
victor, MANGILIA 476
vidua, DBILLIA ... ... 471
Views of Pacific Vegetation 21
VILLOGOBGIA flagellata 307, 312,
314, 533
intricata ... 314, 533
rubra 532
ruber 533
vincenti, MANGILIA ... 476
violacea, DIOCLEA 38
violacea, NATICA ... 415, 522
violaceus CAPULUS ... 416, 522
violaceus, TBIFOBIS ... 442
virescens, CLIBANABIUS 143, 517
virgata, DIALA ... 422, 522
virgata, MITEA ... 467, 525
virgatus, PLAN AXIS ... 425
virgula, CLIO ... 527, 562
viride, ALCYONIUM .. 213, 220
viride, LOBOPHYTUM ... 533
viride, LOBULABIA 220
vitellus, CYPB^A ... 453, 524
Viti 106
vitiana, TBUNCATELLA ... 417
vitiensis, Mus 166, 168, 169, 170
vitrea, HAMINEA ... 485,527
vittata, LISPE 97,520
vitulinus, CONUS ... 479,526
vividula, PBENOLEPIS ... 520
INDEX.
VOLUTA
Voluta, TORNATINA
VOLUTELLA elotigata
vulgaris, LAGENARIA
vulpes, ALOPIAS
W.
PAGE
... 397
482, 527
... 470
... 167
199, 516
168
504
482, 527
45,248
41
Wallis Island
waughiana, EETUSA
Weapons
WEDELIA
strigulosa ... ... 39
West Africa ...... 90
Western America ...... 101
White Ants ......... 26,100
White-capped Tern ... 83
uilleyi, GEMMARIA... 372, 387, 533
Wind ... . ..... 19
Windmill, Toy ...... 304
Winter ......... 19
wisemanni, PHASIANELLA 407, 521
Witteewittee ...... 267
Woman's Dress ... 32,33,34
Woman's Fibre tree ... 33
Wonga ......... 269
Wooden Box-tubs ... 2%, 297
Wooden Dishes ...... 297
Wooden Knife ...... 302
Wooden Mortar ...... 298
woodfordi, MARQERONIA ... 90
Woodlark Island ... 498, 503
Worship ......... 46,48
Wrestling ......... 46
X. PAGE
XANTHODES granosomanus 130
lamarckii ... 130,516
nitidulus ... 127, 130, 516
Yakoba
Yaro
Yarn
Ysabel Island
Yappi
Yap
Y
44
37
288
245
188
502
Z.
ZANCLUS 545
cornutus ... 514, 545
Zanzibar 106
zebra, ARCA 491,528
zebra, CLIBANARIUS ... 517
2e&rioZata,OMPHALOTROPis417, 522
zebrum, CERITHITJM 434, 523
Zoantharia ... 384, 385
ZoaithMn 385
ZOANTHUS coppingeri ... 385
funafuiiensis 372, 385, 390, 533
jukesii 386,387
Zodiacal light 19
zosis, ULOBORUS ... 106, 121
ZOZYMUS ceneus ... 131, 516
ADDENDUM.
ANTHOMURICEA argentea... 312
chcemelon 312
argentea, AUTHOMURICEA... 312
BALANOGLOSSUS kupfferi 335, 345
Brachiopoda ... 397, 402
CARPOPHAGA pistrinaria ... 513
chcemelnn, ANTHOMURICEA 312
COLUMBELLA sagitta ... 463
CORYNOCARPUS IcBvigata ... 167
dance, POCILLOPORA ... 534
decumanus, Mus ... ... 167
ECHINELLA gaidvi 424
EOLIS 562
EPICARIDEA ... ... 127
Fasua noa 505
Feki 401
PAGE
Formol 189
gaidei, ECHINELLA 424
kupfferi, BALANOOLOSSTJS 335, 345
LAGENARIA vulgaris ... 167
Icevigata, CORYNOCARPUS ... 167
lambis, PTEROCEEA ... 429
lalum, SARCOPHYTUM ... 538
Mus decumanus ... ... 167
POLYPLACOPHORA ... 397, 402
PORPHYRIO 167
PTEROCERA lambis 429
Pukeko 167
Rat, Native 174
RISSOINA 462
sagitta, COLUMBELLA ... 463
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