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ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 ON 
 
 One Thousand White and Colored Children of Both Sexes 
 
 The Inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum, 
 
 With Additional Notes on One Hundred Colored Children of the New York Colored 
 
 Orphan Asylum. 
 
 By Dr. Ales>Hrdlicka. 
 
 Wtskoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., Printers, New York and Albany. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL LWESTIGATIONS 
 
 ON 
 
 One Thousand White and Colored Children of Both Sexes 
 
 The Inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum, 
 
 With Additional Notes on One Hundred Colored Children of the New York Colored 
 
 Orphan Asylum. 
 
 By Dr. Ales Hrdlicka. 
 
The Xafurc of tlic I)izrstigatioiis. 
 
 The following work is based upon the investif^ations of one 
 thousand children of the New York Juvenile Asylum and on about 
 one hundred additional cases of children of the New York Colo/ed 
 ■Orphan Asylum. 
 
 Before proceeding to state the results of my investigations, I 
 think it advisable to make a few remarks about the real nature, 
 principal objects, and mode of execution of the work. 
 
 There were measured and examined, as thoroughly as possible 
 without ofYense to the modesty of the children, one thousand of the 
 inmates of the institution. In addition, as already mentioned, a 
 number of the most important measurements were secured on 
 about one hundred negro children, inmates of the New York 
 Colored Orphan Asylum. 
 
 In selecting the measurements to be applied to the children I 
 have chosen all those which can be expected to show the principal 
 characteristics of the children's evolution, and I have excluded all 
 those which are either of a secondary importance, or very difficult, 
 or uncertain of execution. The following measures were taken 
 on each child: 
 
 1. Height. 
 
 2. Sitting height. 
 
 3. Arm expanse. 
 
 4. Weight. 
 
 5. Depth of the chest (at the height of the nipples). 
 
 6. Width of the chest (at the same heigiit). 
 
 7. Maximum circumference of the head. 
 
 8. The greatest length of the head. 
 
 9. The greatest width of the head. 
 
 JO. The height of the head (from meati line). 
 
 M 
 
 21251)1 
 
4 Anthropological In\lstigations. 
 
 1 1 . Diameter bi-auricular of the head (jtlie width of the head in 
 
 front and a Httle above the tragus of the ears). 
 
 12. The smallest width of the forehead. 
 
 In addition to these measurements, the average pressure and 
 traction force of each child in each of its hands was secured. \ 
 
 The child h.aving- been measured, was subjected to a thorough 
 inspection. The inspection in boys comprised every part of the 
 body. This was also the case in the very small girls. In girls 
 above eight, the private parts of the body remained carefully covered. 
 
 In addition to the body, the structures in the mouth were exam- 
 ined, and finally the lungs and the heart were submitted to careful 
 percussion and auscultation. 
 
 To all examination-records were appended the most essential 
 facts from the history of the child and its family. 
 
 TJie Object of the Investigations. 
 
 The principal aim of these investigations, briefly expressed, is to 
 learn as much as possible about the physical state of the children 
 who are being admitted and kept in juvenile asylums. 
 
 In the second place, this study is a part of the general anthropo- 
 logical work of the author and thus expected to result in an addition 
 to our knowledge of the normal child, and of several classes of 
 children who are, morally or otherwise, abnormal. 
 
 It is well known that many of the children admitted into the 
 juvenile asylums come from very poor classes of people. The 
 second large contingent of the inmates are children who have been 
 sent to the institution as incorrigible or even criminal. Both these 
 classes of children are from sociological point of view abnormal, 
 and it is important to learn how far their physical characteristics 
 correspond to their moral character. 
 
 It is self-evident that if either or both of the two classes of children 
 were found to correspond physically to their social or moral state, 
 that is, if they were physically inferior to otlier children of the same 
 sex and similar age, then these subjects would have to be considered 
 as generally handicapped in the struggle of life. The only thing 
 which could be done for such children in an institution like the 
 Juvenile Asylum would be to more or less compensate for their 
 
Hrdlicka. 5 
 
 natural defects. Under such circumstances the asykim would be 
 no more than a correctional institute and could never turn out 
 normal children who would be fully capable of wrestling with the 
 difficulties with which they will be confronted in life. If such is the 
 case, the community could not expect to greatly improve them in 
 the short term of two or three years, but would have to take very 
 much prolonged additional care of these individuals. 
 
 If. on the other hand, the inmates of the Juvenile Asylum are 
 not found to dififer greatly in their strength and constitution from 
 the average ordinary children, and thus not be handicapped Ijy 
 serious physical defects — then the state of these children will be 
 very much more hopeful. The community could in this case expect 
 that a course of proper training and instruction, such a course as 
 it tries to provide for these children in the Juvenile Asylum, would 
 be largelv sufficient to elevate or reform these children and to allow 
 them to reach the normal average standard of boys and girls of 
 their ages. Individuals of this kind would be on an almost equal 
 footing in facing the problems of their lives with other individuals 
 who have never been socially or morally inferior, and they would be 
 almost as fully capable as these other children to become good and 
 useful members of the community. In this case it is plain that no 
 ■expense which the comnuniity might undergo to elevate and im- 
 prove the inmates of the Juvenile Asylum w'ould be lost; further- 
 more, the connnunity would be sure that every additional expense 
 for the benefit of this class of individuals would not be misapplied, 
 but could be expected to bring its proper returns. 
 
 It is true that actual experience may have already largely illus- 
 trated the problems just stated by showing what percentage of the 
 discharged inmates of the Juvenile Asylum have become self sup- 
 porting men and women and good members of society; but science, 
 which will give us an intimate knowledge of every individual child 
 admitted, will effect more than mere experience alone could ever do. 
 A thorough knowledge of the subjects concerned, of the children 
 who are being committed to and discharged from our juvenile 
 asylums, will alone sufficiently clear up the problem of what future 
 can be expected for these children. Such a knowledge ought 
 to guide us very largely in establishing the most efficient means to 
 
6 Anthropological Investigations, 
 
 secure for these children the best future that it may be possible to 
 provide for them. 
 
 Besides benefiting the whole class of children concerned, such in- 
 vestigations as have been undertaken on the inmates of the New 
 York Juvenile Asylum will also benefit the examined subjects in- 
 dividually and immediately. 
 
 If we should examine any given class of children in a thorough 
 way, we would find, now and then, in some individuals of the class, 
 certain small, physical deficiencies or irregularities, either natural or 
 acquired. We should find frequently, for instance, no matter how 
 normal mentally the class of children examined might be, and to 
 what social class it might belong, such abnormalities as adherence 
 of the prepuce in the boys, or as drooping shoulders on one side of 
 the body, due to habitual faulty positions, or a faulty position of 
 some of the teeth, etc. Most of the irregularities of these kinds can,, 
 under the appropriate direction, be corrected, and such a correciion 
 undoubtedly benefits the individual. It will be seen from the follow- 
 ing report how useful in these directions our examinations have 
 been. 
 
 So far I have spoken only of the direct advantages of the investi- 
 gations, but there are further and by no means secondary advan- 
 tages resulting from the same which are purely of a scientific nature. 
 This point will be best appreciated by a perusal of the report itself. 
 It will be seen that we have gained certain interesting data concern- 
 ing the evolution of the children in different ages. This study 
 enables us to state for the first time the physical differences in all 
 parts of the body between the white and colored children. The rec- 
 ords will also give us some notion as to the structural differences 
 among the children of several nationalities, etc. The majority of 
 the following data, however, should not be looked upon as definite 
 conclusions on the particular subject which they may concern. 
 They are really but indications of what can be expected from pro- 
 longed studies in the same direction. 
 
 The Mode of Execution of the Work. 
 
 In conducting examinations of this extent, the first and very im- 
 portant condition is to properly arrange the recording of the data. 
 

 
 Measurements 
 
 >. 
 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 JUVENILE ASYL 
 
 NAME. 
 
 No. 
 
 SEX. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Sitting 
 Height. 
 
 Arm 
 Expanse. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Pressure 
 Force on 
 R. Hand. 
 
 Pressure 
 Force on 
 L. Hand. 
 
 Trad 
 For 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
^LUM 
 
 , Anthropological Examinations and Measurements. 
 
 Acc 
 
 
 CHEST. 
 
 HEAD. 
 
 Circumf. 
 
 .-ilax. 
 
 D. A. P. 
 Max. 
 
 D. Lat. 
 Max. 
 
 D. Bi- 
 Auric. 
 
 D. front. 
 Min. 
 
 Height 
 of the 
 Head. 
 
 INSPECT S 
 HEA] 
 
 
 Force. 
 
 D. A. P. 
 at 3d Rib. 
 
 D. Lat. 
 at 3d Rib. 
 
 = Fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
p 
 
 Accession No. of Sheet Sex Ages Date. 
 
 FACE. 
 
 EARS. 
 
 GUMS. 
 
 TEETH. 
 
 PALATE. 
 
 UVULA. 
 
 Squint. 
 
 LLMBS. 
 
 BODY. 
 
 GENTTALS. 
 
 LU] 
 
fieri 
 k 
 Me 
 
 LlDate. 
 
 FonlTALS. 
 
 LUNGS. 
 
 HEART. 
 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 rat 
 
Hrdlicka. 7 
 
 My system of doing this was the following: I would have a reliable 
 clerk sitting behind a screen in the same room where I conduct the 
 examinations, and to this clerk I would dictate in a systematic way 
 the condition of part after part ol the body of the subject examined. 
 To this record would later be joined the measures of the subject. 
 After the examination and measuring have been recorded on the 
 sheet, the same was completed with such case-book data concerning 
 the subject as were considered to be of importance and reliable. 
 
 All the records concerning an individual w'ould be kept on one 
 separate sheet. These individual sheets make it very easy to ar- 
 range the subjects, before tabulating the data, .according to any 
 prime condition required (such as sex, age, etc.). * 
 
 The next important step in working on the records is their proper 
 tabulation. In order to facilitate this I constructed sheets of which 
 I give here an illustration. The advantages of such sheets are too 
 evident to be dilated upon. Such an arrangement enables us to 
 handle whole groups of subjects with almost as much ease and with 
 equal precision as we would handle an individual. 
 
 It is hardly necessary for me to state that I made personally all 
 the examinations. This is the best way in which to assure a perfect 
 uniformity of the work and a full value of the results therefrom. 
 
 As to the measurements, I have received valuable aid from Mr. 
 W. R. Buchanan, one of the attendants of the institution. 
 
 All measuring was done with modern and well tested instruments. 
 Mr. Buchanan received thorough instruction in the matter from me, 
 and his measures were not allowed to stand as valid until I had satis- 
 fied myself that his errors in successive measurements on the same 
 person were reduced to a minimum, and that he had a thorough 
 understanding of what he was doing. Even then, in order to insure 
 a full reliability of the measurements, in all cases where a certain 
 measurement was found to dififer from time to time through con- 
 ditions on the part of the individual measured (such as for instance 
 was the case with the height, the chest, and the force measurements), 
 I have allowed to be stated only the average of three measures 
 secured at different periods. In addition, I satisfied myself from 
 time to time by re-measuring some of the children that the data ob- 
 tained by Mr. Buchanan remain correct. Such precautions, with an 
 
8 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 intelligent, patient and interested man, and good instruments, could 
 not but secure precision. 
 
 The children without a single exception on the part of the boys 
 and with a very few exceptions on the part of the girls were happy 
 to submit to the examinations. The few cases of girls in which any 
 objections existed were promptly excused from the necessity of be- 
 ing examined. 
 
 In no single case was there observed even a temporary bad effect 
 of any kind on the minds of the children as a result of the examina- 
 tions. I beg to accentuate this fact, as very frequently the possi- 
 bility of such an effect has a deterring influence on the authorities of 
 schools or institutions where there are no other objections to investi- 
 gations on the inmates. 
 
 Arrangement of the Records. 
 
 The study will be presented in several sections, which are calcu- 
 lated to throw some light on distinct groups of children. 
 
 Part I. General data on the total of subjects. — The children in 
 this group are separated only according to sex and color. 
 
 Part II. Detailed study. — Children in this group are separated 
 according to their color, sexes and ages. 
 
 Part III. Physical differences between white and colored chil- 
 dren of both sexes and different ages. 
 
 Part IV. Children of different nationalities. — Subjects divided ac- 
 cording to their sexes and ages. 
 
 Part V. Children without any physical defects, with their family 
 and individual histories. 
 
 Part VI. Children with five or more physical abnormalities. 
 
 Part VII. Vicious and criminal children. 
 
 Part VIII. Children whose parents were intemperate, prostitute 
 or criminal. 
 
 Part IX. Children both of whose parents are dead. 
 
 Part. X. Children one or both of whose parents died of consump- 
 tion. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 General Observations on the Total of Characters of the 
 White and of the Colored Children. 
 
 There were no systematic observations made on tlie inmates of 
 the Juvenile x\syUim. but 1 took every occasion to come into a close 
 contact with the children and to learn as much as possible about 
 their moral status, their habits and their health. The observations 
 thus collected were confirmed by inquiries among the teachers and 
 attendants of the children; and I have received especially valuable 
 assistance in this respect from the Superintendent of the Institution, 
 Dr. Bruce. In a general way I can sum up the observations as 
 follows: 
 
 When the children are admitted into the institution, they are 
 almost invariably in some way, both morally and physically, inferior 
 to healthy children from good social classes at large. A closer ob- 
 servation, however, reveals the fact that the inferiorities of the chil- 
 dren who are becoming inmates of the Juvenile Asylum, are in the 
 majority of cases only the results of neglect, or of improper nutri- 
 tion, or of both these causes combined. Many of the children are 
 more or less neglected, or spoiled, or less developed or strong, than 
 they should be; but a really inferior child, that is, an inherently 
 vicious, or an imbecile child, or a child who could not be much 
 improved bv better food and better hygienic surroundings, is a very 
 rare exception. 
 
 Within a month, at most, after the admission of the child into 
 the Asylum, and sometimes w^ithin a week, decided changes for the 
 better are observed in almost every instance. Among the first 
 improvements noticed in the children are better appetite and better 
 appearance; while from the moral standpoint it is noticeable that the 
 children stop using foul language, show more obedience, and mani- 
 fest much less disposition to lying and pilfering. 
 
 What is a very important fact, and at the same time the best 
 •evidence of the real character of these children, is that after their 
 admission, gradually, all of the individuals of the same sex and age 
 
lo Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 become more and more alike, and show less and less of their former 
 diversity. Each child, of course, preserves the fundamental differ- 
 ences of its nature, but it loses gradually more and more of those 
 conditions, both physical and moral, which distinguished it acutely 
 from the healthy and well-trained children, as well as from the 
 individuals confined a longer time in the institution. These changes, 
 although taking place on the basis of rule and advice, are not due 
 to compulsion. One of the most important factors in this improve- 
 ment of the newly admitted subjects, I have noticed to be spontane- 
 ous emulation by the newcomers of the already improved habits of 
 the children who have been here longer. After the first few weeks 
 of residence the children settle well down to the life of the institu- 
 tion, and they can seldom be seen in any but a happy state of mind 
 and good disposition. 
 
 In learning, the newcomers are generally found to be more or 
 less retarded when brought to school in the institution, but in a 
 great majority of cases they begin to accjuire rapidly, and a child 
 usually reaches the average standard of the class to which it is 
 allotted. An inveterate backwardness in learning is not noticeable,. 
 except in a few instances. 
 
 The advance of the children continues slowly in all directions 
 during their stay in the asylum. When the time of discharge comes, 
 the children have certainly all more or less improved. I have had 
 occasion to satisfy myself of this fact by re-examining' a number of 
 the subjects immediately before they were discharged, and although 
 the periods since the first examination of the same individuals 
 amounted to only from three to six months, nevertheless in every 
 case a general improvement, both physically and in the behavior of 
 the child, was noticeable. 
 
 I cannot say, however, that every child is discharged from the 
 New York Juvenile Asylum only when all the improvement of which 
 he or she was in need, or which was possible with them, has been 
 achieved. Undoubtedly many of the children are discharged before 
 the full good, both physical and moral, has been effected. 
 
 It is widely different to teach a habit to a child, and to inculcate 
 this habit so that it becomes a firm part of its nature. The child, 
 who has been many times well compared with a young tree, which 
 you can bend in any direction, can be corrected of bad habits and 
 
Hrdlicka. II 
 
 taught good ones, and can in addition be physically much improved 
 in a comparatively short time. But the child will lose these advan- 
 tages as rapidly as it has acquired them if it comes into circum- 
 stances which favor their loss. Only such a child will be safe 
 against losing the benefits given to it by the institution, in whom 
 the body has been permanently strengthened and in whom the good 
 habits have been so firmly inculcated that they become a stable 
 component part of its nature. 
 
 To improve a child to the degree just expressed requires a much 
 longer time than is necessary simply to teach the child better habits 
 and elevate its physical condition. The length of time necessary to 
 efifect the complete restoration of the child (and this, I think, is the 
 only true duty and the only true charity of society), will vary largely 
 with different individuals, and can only be determined by a constant 
 and careful observation of each subject by his attendants, his teacher 
 and his physician. 
 
 I will not enter here into further details. 
 
 That wliat T said above is true, is well demonstrated by the fre- 
 quent recurrences in cases where the discharged child returned to 
 similar circumstances in which it lived before coming into the 
 Juvenile Asylum. Fortunately in a very large number of instances 
 the child gets a new home in which the good circumstances initiated 
 in the asylum continue until the child is out of danger of recurrence. 
 
 Exaiiiinatiotis. 
 
 Of the I, GOG children examined, 700 were boys and 300 were girls. 
 Of the boys 634 were w^hite and .66 colored. The girls include 274 
 w'hite and 26 colored children. 
 
 In age the wdiite boys ranged from 5 to 17 years, the white girls 
 from 5 to 18. The colored boys from 6 to 16, and the colored girls 
 from 7 to 15 years. 
 
 The methods of examination have already been explained. All 
 such parts examined which were found to agree well with the typical 
 form of the same parts in healthy children of corresponding color, 
 sex and age, were recorded as normal. As an abnormality every- 
 thing was characterized which was a decided deviation from the typi- 
 cal form in health of the particular part examined. 
 
12 ANTHROPOr.OGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 The recorded al)normalities comprised two principal classes of 
 characters: First, Those characters whose orit^in can be referred to 
 some irregtilarity or defect in the principles from which the child 
 originates, (that is in the paternal sperm or in the maternal ovule,) or 
 to the embryonic evolution of the individual. And second, All 
 those characters whose origin is subseciuent to the origin period of 
 the being, and which develop mostly after the birth of the child. 
 
 The first class of abnormalities is generally termed inherited, or 
 congenital, or inborn, while characters of the second class are called 
 acquired abnormalities. 
 
 The abnormalities of the second class here defined are principally 
 the results of early pathological processes, or they may be due to 
 the habits of the individual. The pathological conditions which 
 most frequently are the source of such subsequent abnormalities in 
 a child are above all the various degrees of rachitis, and then early 
 paralyses. 
 
 Abnormalities due to habit are usually developed by the individual 
 using one arm or one foot or some other part of the body much in 
 excess to the other limb or other parts, or by habitual improper 
 holding of the body. 
 
 In the case of younger children, the subject will frequently allow 
 one of his shoulders to droop more than the other. Or the child will 
 support itself more on one lower limb than on the other, and as a 
 consequence acquire a lateral inclination of the pelvis, or of the 
 spine. Other children will habitually hold their heads too low or 
 to one side and acquire stooping shoulders, or a faulty position of 
 the head. 
 
 In other children the nature of the work which they begin to do 
 frequently gives rise to habitual faulty positions of some part of 
 the body, which may ultimately result in established deformities. 
 As an example of abnormalities of this kind I may again mention 
 drooping shoulders, pelvic inclinations, and even depressions of cer- 
 tain parts of the chest, such as occur particularly in shoemakers. 
 
 The significance and gravity of the various abnormalities differ 
 considerably. This problem can be viewed either objectively or 
 subjectively. 
 
 The objective significance of atypical characters, that is, the mean- 
 
I 
 
 Hrdlicka. 13 
 
 ing of the abnormalities of a being when we consider the standing of 
 that being in a class of similar individuals, is quite uncertain and is 
 being still generally much discussed. As a matter of fact there are 
 very fczu abnormalities zJiieli zee can observe i)i )uaii that max be 
 positively said to render the individual generally cither decidedlv in- 
 ferior or markedly superior to his fellow beings. No single physi- 
 cal abnormality (and but a rare combination of abnormalities) snt^ces 
 of itself to stamp any individual as a human degenerate. 
 
 It may be said that the great majority of the inborn abnormalities 
 still elude our comprehension, and from what experience teaches us 
 we nnist assume that these characters, as well as numbers of ac- 
 quired abnormalities, are largely without any objective significance. 
 
 As examples of inborn characters without any known or traceable 
 significance may be mentioned the abnormalities we observe on the 
 toes and those of the external ear. 
 
 A certain objective effect may in some cases be due to the dis- 
 figurement to which some abnormalities give rise. 
 
 The subjective effects of abnormalities differ very largely. They 
 differ according to the situation of the abnormalities and according 
 to their extent. The malformation of some part of the body may 
 not only have a depressing effect on the individual who possesses it, 
 but it may also interfere with his work or other functions. Ob- 
 liquely set eyes, for instance, or even a case of pronounced strabis- 
 mus, may, at least for a time, cause considerable worry, depression 
 and inconvenience to their owner; while a deformed limb may in- 
 terfere with the walking, or, in the case of the hand, the deformity 
 may prove to be a serious hindrance to the acquisition of certain 
 handicrafts by the individual and thus be a serious personal dis- 
 advantage. If the abnormality concerns the head, it may prove of 
 even graver subjective consequences to the being than if any of the 
 limbs are affected. If, for example, as a result of rachitis or some 
 other pathological process, there occurs a very premature union of 
 the cranial sutures, the sequellae of this may favor a decadence of 
 the mental powers of the individual, and possibly even render him 
 imbecile. Curvatures of the spine or of other bones may cause the 
 individual many a difficulty in his life, and certain abnormalities of 
 the genital organs may result in unpleasant and even serious conse- 
 
14 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 qucnces. On the other liand, a large number of abnornialities, and 
 especially those of congenital nature, have very little or no traceable 
 subjective effect on their bearer. 
 
 What has just been said is principally for the purpose of affording 
 indications as to how to properly view the abnormalities we may 
 meet in the inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum. 
 
 It should be kept in mind, first of all, that many of the abnormali- 
 ties of which we shall speak are simply the results of states of mal- 
 nutrition, or of certain pathological conditions, and do not indicate 
 inferiority any more than would a pale skin after a hemorrhage or 
 so many scars after wovmds. 
 
 In the second place, a great many of those abnormalities in our 
 children, which are really due to some defects or peculiarities of 
 either of the parental principles from which the being springs, are, 
 so far as we know, without any practical significance, either objec- 
 tive or subjective. 
 
 Third, it is a fact, although we have no real statistics on this 
 point, that any of the abnormalities met with in this institution can 
 also be met with occasionally in the children of any class or social 
 position. 
 
 And fourth, the real object of the exposure of the abnormalities 
 of these children is not only to show their physical standing, but 
 also to show the way to repair or compensate for the inborn defects, 
 or the consecjuences of previous afflictions of these individuals. 
 
 We will now a]5proach the data obtained by the examinations. In 
 this place only the total figures will be given; the details will be 
 found in the various sections of the study. 
 
 Among the 634 white males examined, 58, or a little over 9 per 
 cent., show no abnormality whatever on any part of their body. 
 Among the 274 white girls examined, there were 35, or almost 13 
 per cent., on whose body there was nothing atypical. From among 
 the 66 negro boys, 5, or 7.6 per cent., were entirely normal, while 
 out of the 26 colored girls there were 7, or almost 27 per cent., who 
 showed no irregularities. 
 
 Thus about one-seventh of all the inmates of the New York Juve- 
 nile Asylum are without a blemish on their bodies. This proportion 
 may perhaps seem somewhat small to those who are not accus- 
 
Hrdlicka. 15 
 
 tomed to close examinations of cither children or adults. Those 
 who have closely examined numerous individuals know that a 
 bodv perfect in all its parts is rare in any class of either 
 young subjects or grown people. This fact can be appreciated by 
 every intelligent observer, even though he be not an anthropologist, 
 if he will closely scrutinize his acquaintances, or his friends, and 
 even himself and his own children. He will see so many irregular 
 ears, teeth, heads, faces, etc., that instead of regarding 14 per cent, 
 as too small a percentage of normality, h.e will wonder at the extent 
 of this proportion. 
 
 It will be noticed from the above figures that the girls show a 
 better physical standing in both the white and colored children, and 
 also that the colored boys seem to be physically somewhat inferior 
 to the white ones. But it should be remembered in the first place 
 that we have not examined the genital organs and the gluteal region 
 of the female children. If we eliminate these same items with the 
 boys, we obtain as entirely typical 89, or 14 per cent., of the white, 
 and 7, or 10.6 per cent., of the colored subjects, which proportions 
 are nearer to those obtained in the girls. I hardly doubt but that, 
 would we examine also the above-mentioned parts in the female 
 children, the proportion of abnormalities in the two sexes would be 
 nearlv alike. As to the somewhat greater apparent inferiority of 
 the colored boys, I am afraid that the number of these examined is 
 too small to allow us to form any definite conclusions. It has been 
 always my experience, in examinations outside of the Juvenile Asy- 
 lum, to find the negroes in the average physically superior to the 
 whites and possessing less of abnormalities, which fact is also well 
 exemplified in our colored girls, and will be shown in the item where 
 will be stated the proportions of abnormalities to the different 
 groups of children with the same abnormalities. 
 
 Out of the remaining children, that is, those who show one or 
 several atypical physical characters, there were 112, or 17.7 per 
 cent., white, and 11, or 16.7 per cent., colored boys, and ^2, or 263 
 per cent., white, and 5, or 19.2 per cent., colored girls, wdio pre- 
 sented, only one single abnormality. The abnormality which these 
 children showed was in many cases but a slight one, and we really 
 ought to count most of the individuals of this group among the 
 entirelv normal subjects. 
 
l6 AXTIIKOI'OLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 The number of physically inferior children is not easy to ascertain. 
 
 We have two distinct criteria by which to determine an abnormal 
 subject, namely, the gravity of the atypical characters the individual 
 presents, or simply the number of these characters. Neither of these 
 criteria is entirely satisfactory. We have not the knowledge to be 
 able to judge of the exact significance and gravity of every abnor- 
 mality; and, on the other hand, the simple number of irregularities 
 on a body does not express their import and hence the real state of 
 the body. However, the latter criterion, which deals with the 
 numbers and not the gravity of the abnormalities, is to be here 
 preferred as about equally efficient to the first and very much more 
 simple and certain. 
 
 How many atypical characters ought a subject to have in order 
 to be considered an exception among the average children? There 
 is no pre-established standard for this, and the formation of our 
 standard will be quite arbitrary. On the basis of general scientific 
 principles, and as a result of a thorough study of the subject in 
 question, I think it will be safe to mark all those children as excep- 
 tional in whom more than one-half of the parts of the body exam- 
 ined presented each one or more abnormalities. 
 
 There were of such children 62, or 9.8 per cent., among the white, 
 and 8, or 12. i per cent., among the colored boys, and 16, or 5.8 per 
 cent., among the white, and i, or 3.8 per cent., among the colored 
 girls. 
 
 There is not much difference — at least no difference which we 
 have not already observed — according to the color of the children; 
 but there is a decided difference between the males and the females 
 of both the whites and the negroes, the females showing a much 
 smaller proportion of subjects with numerous abnormalities. 
 
 The percentages of children in this class are not very extraor- 
 dinary. It should be noticed that if we take away the two extremes, 
 the physically entirely normal individuals and those with many 
 abnormalities, that we have remaining fully four-fifths of all the 
 children examined as those with intermediary conditions. Should 
 we, for the sake of illustration, express the physical condition of the 
 children by such terms is fine, medium and bad, the fine and bad 
 would embrace in all 192 individuals, while 808 would remain as 
 medium. 
 
^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 I I I 
 
 i=: 
 
 w 
 
 :S: 
 
 M 
 
 Itl 
 
 l'i\ 
 
 z.l. 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
Hrdlicka. 17 
 
 The average proportion of abnomialities to the whole number 
 of subjects with same were found to be as follows: Proportion to 
 eacli white boy, 2.71 ; to each colored boy, 2.60; to each white girl, 
 2.33 ; to each colored girl, 2.05. 
 
 I doubt very much whether similarly careful and extensive records 
 on any 1,000 ordinary children of similar ages outside of the insti- 
 tution would show figures greatly different from those above. Of 
 course, in the children of the wealthy classes we may find that 
 certain of the abnormalities have been corrected by the physician, 
 dentist, oculist or trainer. 
 
 Excluding the children in whom one-half or more of the parts of 
 the body examined show some abnormality, I think it would be 
 safe to consider the remaining inmates of the asylum, so far as 
 abnormalities are concerned, as fairly average children. 
 
 The different number of abnormalities observed in dift"erent sub- 
 jects give us a basis for several interesting curves which illustrate 
 very nicely the averages and the extremes of the physical condition 
 of the children, according to their color and sexes. These curves, 
 which do not need much comment, are here reproduced. We can 
 notice principally the aggregation of the bulk of the children within 
 the first three or four columns, that is, near to the normal. It can be 
 seen, further, that all the curves in the white and in the colored, and 
 in the males as well as in the females, present almost tlie same figure. 
 
 The somewhat more erratic curves in the negroes are undoubtedly 
 due to small numbers of individuals which enter into their formation. 
 
 The next step in the analysis of the observed abnormalities will 
 be a division of these characters according to the parts of the body 
 on which they were detected. 
 
 I will give here several rows of figures which will show the per- 
 centage of the abnormalities on each separate part of the body in 
 the white children, and next to these I will place similar percentages 
 obtained on negro children. The latter figures are still somewhat 
 influenced by the small number of subjects. 
 
 These data have no relation to the amount of abnormalities ob- 
 served in the different classes of children. They simply express the 
 relative frequency of the various irregularities in different portions 
 of the body. 
 
i8 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 The table is arrang;ed in such a way that the white males are taken 
 as a standard for the headings, and we proceed from the minimum 
 of percentages to the maximum of same: 
 
 Percentage of Abiioniialifics of the Different Parts of the Body, zuith 
 Rcfereiiee to the Total of Abnormalities. 
 
 
 "5 
 
 c 
 
 White male, 
 genital abuor- 
 m ali ties ex- 
 cluded. 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Colored male. 
 
 Colored male, 
 freoital abnor- 
 m al i t i es ex- 
 cluded. 
 
 Colored female. 
 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 ""i'69 
 2.09 
 2.95 
 6 15 
 6 43 
 8.97 
 9.11 
 9.33 
 9-62 
 ]!.7i 
 15.99 
 20.83 
 
 % 
 
 0.20 
 
 1.17 
 
 3.n5 
 1 61 
 8.24 
 6 45 
 8.96 
 10.75 
 5.73 
 5 56 
 12.00 
 15 77 
 20.40 
 
 0;, 
 
 "o.u 
 
 0.H4 
 9.55 
 3.18 
 9 55 
 8 28 
 9.55 
 
 12.74 
 6.37 
 
 12 74 
 9.55 
 
 17.20 
 
 % 
 
 6.76 
 
 0.70 
 11 53 
 
 3.84 
 11.53 
 10.00 
 11 53 
 15 38 
 
 7 69 
 15.38 
 11.53 
 
 % 
 
 
 6.90 
 1.75 
 2.47 
 5.12 
 5.3H 
 7.47 
 7.6" 
 7.78 
 8.02 
 9 76 
 13.32 
 13.74 
 16.70 
 
 
 ifair 
 
 
 
 
 Liml)s 
 
 Head 
 
 12.20 
 4.90 
 
 Teet b 
 
 4.90 
 
 
 7.32 
 
 
 2.44 
 
 Body 
 
 14.63 
 
 
 9.75 
 
 
 19.50 
 
 Palate 
 
 25.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 It appears from the above table that more abnormalities are found 
 in both white and colored children on the parts about the head, in- 
 cluding the face and the mouth, than on all the rest of the body. 
 Abnormalities of the palate, the ear, and particularly those of the 
 male genitals, are the most frequent. 
 
 In but a very few parts of the body is there any decided difiference 
 in the percentages of the abnormalities between the two sexes. 
 Atypical forms of the palate^are relatively much more frequent in 
 the female than they are in the male, which fact is especially notice- 
 able in the colored children. 
 
 The forehead was found more frequently deformed in the male, 
 both white and colored. The limbs are somewhat more often ab- 
 normal in some respect in the females, again in both white and 
 colored. The teeth of the colored girls appear to be more regular 
 than those of the colored boys. The face is decidedly more often 
 abnormal in the boys. The bodies of the white girls appear to be 
 in average more free from irregularities than the bodies of the 
 white boys; in the colored children we notice no difiference. 
 
Fig. 3. — Advanced scaphocephaly. 1 mo to pr.iiiaturo union of sagittal suture, as a 
 consequence of -which the head becomes very long and narrow. 
 
 Fto. 3.— L.itcral View. 
 
IIkdlicka. 
 
 19 
 
 The differences between the white ami the colorL-il cliildren are 
 not as well defined as they would be if we had sutfieicnt nuinl)ers of 
 the colored subjects. It will be noticed, however, that anionj^ the 
 colored children there were found none with strabismus; further, 
 that the head of the colored children in both sexes shows less fre- 
 quent irregularities, and the limbs, also, in both sexes, more frequent 
 irregularities, than is the case in the white children. The teeth and 
 the face in the colored girls are less frequently affected than they 
 are among the white girls. The differences in the palate, which 
 seem so apparent are chiefly due to the small number of the colored 
 subjects. 
 
 I will give next iJic z'arictics of abnonnalitics z^'Jiicli zcci'c obscnrd m 
 connection zi'ith the different parts of the body. In this case we will 
 follow the parts of the body in the order in which they were in- 
 spected. Abnormalities about the serious nature of which there is 
 no doubt will be printed in italics. 
 
 Abnornialitics of the Head. 
 
 NunibfT of rliildren examined . 
 Total number of abnoniialiiies. 
 
 Jf-arf very large (after a hydrocephalus) 
 
 Head v>'r<j high 
 
 Head verii narrate 
 
 Ht'id asymetrical, or irregular 
 
 Scaphocephahis 
 
 l)epies8ioii about one or more ot the sutures. 
 
 Klijvation about coronal suture 
 
 I'itriftes very prominent. 
 
 Parietal bosses pointed 
 
 Oiclpnt very prominent 
 
 Occiput flat'tcped in somi pait 
 
 Occiput irregular 
 
 Ketromastoid region very prominent 
 
 White. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 634 
 
 Si 
 
 274 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 —^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 26 
 2 
 
 Abnornialitics of the Scalp. 
 
 Xumbor of children examined . 
 Total numbjr of abnormalities 
 
 Plexi of veins 
 
 631 
 
 274 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 28 
 
20 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 Abnormalities of the Hair. 
 
 Number of children examined . 
 Total uumber of abuormalities. 
 
 Alopecia (not traceable to disease) 
 
 Alopecia areata (not traceable to disease) 
 
 Several shades of color 
 
 SInch hair over the forehead 
 
 Double hair whiil behind 
 
 Triple vvhiil behind 
 
 Hair wliirl abi'Ve the forehead 
 
 Double whirl above the forehead 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 624 
 29 
 
 Colored 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 274 
 17 
 
 Abnormalities of the Forehead. 
 
 Number of children examined . 
 Total number of abnormalities 
 
 Very high 
 
 Very low ■ 
 
 Very narrow 
 
 Sloping 
 
 Asymmetrical 
 
 Square ■ 
 
 Frontal bnmn's proininent 
 Prominent iu centre 
 
 634 
 41 
 
 274 
 10 
 
 Abnormalities of the Face. 
 
 Number of children examined . 
 Total number of abnormalities 
 
 Atymmetrieal 
 
 Smaller on lejt 
 
 Smaller 011 right 
 
 Very hmg 
 
 Esquimaux like 
 
 Lower part heavy 
 
 Brows heavy 
 
 Eyes deep set 
 
 Eyei unequal in poaition .. 
 
 Eye slits oblique 
 
 Wall of left orbit irregular 
 
 Mongolic folds 
 
 Cantlii deficient 
 
 Right iris double color 
 
 Nose deflected 
 
 Nose irregular 
 
 Nose flat 
 
 Nose low 
 
 Nose broad root 
 
 Nose septum low 
 
 Nose septum deficient . 
 
 Vault of superior maxillary low . 
 
 Left labial angle lower 
 
 Lips thick 
 
 Chin pointed. . 
 Chin receding . 
 
 634 
 
 129 
 
 274 
 32 
 

 Fig. 4.— Hair whirl above the forehead; tendency to a double whirl in this case. 
 Anomaly, congenital, causation uncertain. 
 
 Fir,. 
 Due to 
 
 .'■,,- Doubl 
 defect in 
 
 o lobulo of right car. Anomaly, apparently congenital in this case, 
 the dLVclopmcut of tije part. 
 
Fig. 6. a.— Flaring ears. Anomaly, of congenital origin, causation uncertain. 
 
 Fig. f, b. 
 
Hkdlkka. 
 Abnormalities of the Ears. 
 
 21 
 
 Number of children examined . 
 Total Dumber of abnormalities 
 
 UncTeu 
 
 lireguliir 
 
 Kijibt normal, left abnormal 
 
 I,eft normal, rislit abnormal 
 
 Deficieiit in evolulion 
 
 Lower part deficii'nt in evolation 
 
 Upper one-third deticienl in evolnlion. 
 
 Thick 
 
 Flaring 
 
 Upper balf flarind 
 
 Bent on thi-mselvrs 
 
 Upper one third bent on itself 
 
 nelices deficient 
 
 deformed 
 
 compressed 
 
 overhausing 
 
 very thick 
 
 Ante helices deficient 
 
 irregular 
 
 very prominent 
 
 Lobiileg deficient 
 
 heavy 
 
 adherent 
 
 Right lobnle bilobe 
 
 White. 
 
 Male. 
 
 631 
 222 
 
 Female. 
 
 274 
 
 88 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 Abnormalities of the Gums. 
 
 Number of children examined. 
 Total number of abnormalities 
 
 Asymmetrical 
 
 Defect in middle of both 
 
 Massive buth 
 
 Trogriathic 
 
 I'pper — 
 
 asymmetrical 
 
 irietiutar 
 
 prognalhic 
 
 nai row ii) front 
 
 V-shaped 
 
 massive 
 
 fl.it 
 
 Lower — 
 
 asvmraetrical 
 
 p'dygonal 
 
 i)ony ])rominence 
 
 rj)I»r Libi;il trennin low 
 
 Mucoii-i infinbiane adherent. 
 
 634 
 163 
 
 274 
 
 Abnormalities of the Teeth— Dentition. 
 
 Number of children e.^camined. 
 Total number of abiiormalitiis 
 
 Wanting — 
 
 left bicn.'ipid 
 
 lower second incisors 
 
 all Xrcoiid ineixnrg 
 
 Kefond left inci.sors 
 
 »econil iipp r incisors 
 
 sec >nd bit upper and lower incisors 
 
 Supei nnmeraiy — 
 
 an incisor in both jaws 
 
 double teeth in place of lower incisor and canine... 
 Loft upper canine double ■ 
 
 274 
 2 
 
 26 
 
22 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 Abnormalities of the Teeth — Denture. 
 
 NntubiT of children examined.. 
 Total number of abnormalities . 
 
 Very large 
 
 Diminutive 
 
 Canines very liigh 
 
 wiih tubercles 
 
 Incisors with tubercles 
 
 Corrn nations on teeth 
 
 Tft-fh inverted 
 
 Incisr.rs irregularly set 
 
 Canines iireanlarly set 
 
 Diasteniii? aiound one or more teetli 
 
 White. 
 
 
 C GLOBED. 
 
 Male, remale. 
 
 1 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 634 
 116 
 
 _ 
 
 274 
 48 
 
 66 
 15 
 
 26 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 _ 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 22 
 "3 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 41 
 
 i 
 
 Abnormalities of the Palate. 
 
 Xumber of children examined. . . 
 Total number ot abnormalities., 
 
 Asynimetriciil 
 
 Irregular 
 
 Broad 
 
 Narrow 
 
 Hish 
 
 Shallow 
 
 Hijih and narrow 
 
 Vsbapi d ;inteiiorlv 
 
 Gol hie '. 
 
 Small 
 
 Torus. 
 
 63t 
 2l'» 
 
 ~~3? 
 1 
 1 
 81 
 69 
 1 
 7 
 4 
 5 
 
 274 
 114 
 
 66 
 15 
 
 2& 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 43 
 
 j 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abnormalities of the Uvula. 
 
 Xun,ber of children examined 
 
 Total numbiT of abnormalities 
 
 Deformed 
 
 Very long 
 
 Vei V fmali 
 
 Bipid 
 
 More posteriiir than usual 
 
 Deflected to l.-ft 
 
 Deflect" d to light 
 
 Absent 
 
 Could not be examined on accouut of excessive sensitiveness 
 
 6''4 
 
 274 
 
 129 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 67 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 15 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 G 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 Abnormalities of the Limbs. 
 
 Number of children examined. 
 Total number of abnoimalities 
 
 TTands long 
 
 Left upper limb smaller than right 
 
 ICigh t arm smaller than lejt 
 
 Kiulit humerus bent forward 
 
 Right Innb small and shoit 
 
 Curvature of femur 
 
 Cuivature of bones of the leg 
 
 Legu and feet abnormally i-hort 
 
 Limbs below kneeH uniform in size (not cedema). 
 
 Feet very long 
 
 Fore part of feet very broad 
 
 631 
 95 
 
 274 
 46 
 
Fig. 7.— Polygonal lower jaw, adult. The teeth do not form an arch, but a figure with 
 three straight sides. Anomaly, probably of congenital origin, though late in develop- 
 ment, and accentuated by strong canines. Occurs typically in lower jaw only. 
 
Fig. 8, a.— Canines surmounted by a tuljercle. 
 Anomaly, acquired, probably of rachitic origin.* 
 
 Fio. 9.— Teeth showing marked indentations, in rows. Anomaly, acquired, probably 
 of rachitic origin. 
 
 •See Anthropolog. Studies of the Syracuse Feeblc-Minded Childn-.i oy ih' 
 (SupplemenUl Report of the Institution, 189S). 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 Abnormalities of the Limbs — (Continued). 
 
 23 
 
 Toes: 
 
 First toos very lonj; 
 
 First toes very sboi t 
 
 Second toe lonjier ihan first and third 
 
 Secoud toe shorter than third 
 
 Second toe bent outward 
 
 Second toe overlap third 
 
 Second toe contracted 
 
 Second toes jioiut downward and outward 
 
 S> cond and third toes louser than tiist 
 
 Si'coud and tliird toes pai tly joined at base 
 
 Markeil spaces between tirst and second toes.. 
 
 Tliird toes longer than second and fourth 
 
 Third toes shorter than second and fourth 
 
 Third ti es contracted 
 
 Third toes point inwaril and downward 
 
 Tliird and foiirtli toes diminutive 
 
 Fourth toe h'n^er tlian tliird 
 
 Fourth and tilth toes much smaller than third. 
 
 Fifth ti o very short 
 
 Depiessiou in heel 
 
 ( Taltooing on limbs) 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. Female. 1 Male. Female, 
 
 (10) 
 
 Abnormalities of the Body. 
 
 Xumber(f children examined. 
 Total number of abnormaliliea 
 
 634 
 133 
 
 Frail 
 
 A JI «'//! ic — 
 
 ilarasmatic 
 
 Left svde ihoTler than right 
 
 Left side utronijer than right 
 
 Lower half of the body ttrongegt (rachitic) 
 
 Shouhlers very sloping 
 
 right lower 
 
 left lower 
 
 right narrow 
 
 rijiht smaller than left 
 
 Clavicles bent upwards 
 
 Supraclavicula'- space very small 
 
 Suprasternal depressiou very large 
 
 Chest: 
 
 nat 
 
 promitieht on left 
 
 deformed in front 
 
 left side larger 
 
 left tide smaller 
 
 deformed irri gularly 
 
 prominent in middle, or chicken-breasted 
 
 protruding in a summit 
 
 left edge of iterrtum higher 
 
 receding in centre -. 
 
 depregtion over strrnum 
 
 fiattemng Ijelow clavicles 
 
 right itide of chei't jlat 
 
 depression over caitiUges below nipples 
 
 groove below sternum • 
 
 marked prominent hollow over Cth, Ith, Sth and 9th rxbl 
 
 right side of chefit narrow 
 
 double large fattgfold in front of axilUe 
 
 dark spots over chest and abdomen 
 
 Dorsal spine inclin'd 
 
 spinal curvature (jii'mianeni) - 
 
 whirl of bair over upper dorsal region 
 
 Skin pigmented 
 
 274 
 31 
 
24 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 Abnormalities of the Body— (Continued). 
 
 Abdomen : 
 
 umbilical hernia 
 
 inguinal hernia, left 
 
 Kight hip protuiuent 
 
 Buttocks : 
 
 gluteal fold long 
 
 gluteal fold very short 
 
 gluteal fold oblique 
 
 buttocks very piotuinent 
 
 gluteal fold inclined to right. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Abnormalities of the Genitals. 
 
 JJ umber of children examined . 
 Total number of abnormalities 
 
 Penis very large 
 
 very long 
 
 very short 
 
 very small 
 
 Glans small 
 
 Penis flexed to left 
 
 Phimotes 
 
 Piepuce adherent 
 
 contracted 
 
 narrow 
 
 very long and thickened 
 
 Hypospadiasis 
 
 Scrotum almost absent .-. 
 
 Testicles absent 
 
 Oue testicle absent 
 
 One testicle not descended (but palpable) . 
 
 Both testicles not descended " 
 
 Testicles cerj/ small 
 
 relatively large 
 
 Varicocele on left testicle 
 
 ^yhite spots ou base of penis 
 
 634 
 
 277 
 
 274 
 f 
 
 66 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 q 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 9fl 
 
 
 1^3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 The principal facts wliich the preceding data reflect are the 
 following : 
 
 The variety of the irregularities observed in the children of the 
 Juvenile Asylum is very great. There is no one, nor any set of the 
 abnormalities, which runs through such a number of subjects, that 
 we could consider it typical of the asylum children, or of any similar 
 class. There is no abnormal type of individuals present in the insti- 
 tution: whatever abnormal individuals there may be there are but 
 exceptions. 
 
 A very large proportion of the observed abnormalities is of but 
 a slight character, and of very little objective or subjective effect on 
 
Fig. 10.— Second and third toes united for about half their length from their base 
 (two subjects). Congenital anomaly, various degrees of which are very common both 
 In children and adults. 
 
Hrdlicka. 25 
 
 the individual. These characters will interfere but very little, if 
 at all, with any progress in life of which the child may be otherwise 
 capable. 
 
 In addition to the above data, I have endeavored to pick out and 
 contrast the different ob}wr}>iaIities according to their origin. It was 
 found that the majority of the atypical characters can be referred lo 
 three classes of origin, that is, either among the inborn, or con- 
 genital characters, which are not due to any disease or injury; or 
 among those which were acquired through some pathological 
 process; or among those which were acquired through some habit 
 of the individual. 
 
 In about one-third of all the abnormalities the origin was not 
 certain, and all these cases were included in the group which will 
 be marked " Origin questionable." The result of this part of the 
 analysis is shown by the following interesting figures: 
 
 The proportion of congenital abnormalities was in the white 
 males as 1.52 to each subject examined, or, approximately, there 
 were three of such abnormalities to each two white boys. Similar 
 proportions in the white females were 1.07 to each individual, or, 
 approximately, one to each child. 
 
 In the colored male and female the proportions were respectively 
 1.03 and 0.73 to each child. 
 
 Thus abnormalities of congenital origin are considerably more 
 frequent, in both white and colored males, than they are in the 
 females of the two classes. 
 
 Furthermore, congenital abnormalities in both sexes of the white 
 children are considerably more numerous than they are in th.o cor- 
 responding sexes of the colored subjects. The colored children are 
 born more free from physical defects than are the white children. 
 
 As to the abnormalities acquired through some pathological 
 process, we obtained the following proportions in the different 
 classes of children. 
 
 In the white male there were 0.56 of such acquired character to 
 each child, and about i such irregularity in each two individuals. 
 
26 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 In while girls the proportion is 0.50 to each child, or exactly i la 
 each individual. 
 
 In the colored male similar proportion is 0.88 to each individual, 
 which would make approximately two of such abnormalities in every 
 three boys; while in the colored female the number was o.bS to 
 each child, which would make about three abnormalities to every 
 four children. 
 
 The figures just given show that acc^uired abnormalities through 
 pathological processes are, in opposition to congenital abnormali- 
 ties, considerably more frequent in the colored children of both 
 sexes than they are in the white. 
 
 In both classes of children we again notice a somewhat larger 
 proportion of the irregularities in the male children. 
 
 Of abnormalities acquired by habit the white males show O.125 
 to each person, or i to 8 individuals; the white female children 
 0.04, or about i in 26 individuals. In the colored children similar 
 proportions were respectively 0.16 in the boys and o.io. to each child 
 in the girls, or about i to 6 in the male and i to 9 in the female 
 individuals. 
 
 In both white and colored children, abnormalities acquired by 
 habit are seen to be more frequent in the boys than they are in the 
 girls, and in the negro children of both sexes the proportion cf 
 these characters preponderates over that found in the white children. 
 
 The characters whose origin is questionable are found in almost 
 equal proportions in the different classes of children ; there are about 
 2 of such characters to 3 children, excepting the colored boys, 
 where the proportion was found only about i in 2 individuals. 
 
 To sum lip in a few words the results of the data just given, ive 
 find that on an average all classes of ahnormalities predominate in the 
 male children, both zvhite and colored. This predominwicc is especially 
 marked in the case of the irregularities acquired by habit. 
 
 The zvhite and colored children differ in their abnormalities very re- 
 markably. The zvhite children of both se.ves possess on an average a 
 decidedly larger proportion of inborn abnormalities. On the other hand, 
 the negro children acquire in early life a larger percentage of irregu- 
 larities than the zvhite children. These facts signify that zvhile the 
 
Hrdlicka. 27 
 
 zi'liite children arc more likely to be begotten with physical deficiencies, 
 yet later in life they tvill not undergo so many pathological processes 
 zvJiich giz'e rise to physical abnormalities, as z^'ill the negro children. 
 Rachitis seems to be particularly more frequent in the colored. 
 
 A large number of the lighter congenital abnormalities in no 
 way reflects badly on the individual's history, and dees not show any 
 predispositions of the child. Science has been as yet unable to trace 
 to their real causes such atypical characters or irregularities as those 
 of the ears, or those of the toes, or some of those of the teeth, the 
 palate or the uvula; and experience teaches plentifully that there is 
 but very little or no practical significance to these characters. 
 
 The sum total of my observations on the abnormalities of the 
 inmates of the New York Juvenile Asylum leads me to conclude, 
 as before stated, that we have here to deal with a class of children, 
 the large majority of whom, so far as physical abnormalities are 
 concerned, are fairly average individuals. 
 
 There are many irregularities in the children which are due .0 
 neglect and can and ought to be corrected. 
 
 A small proportion of the inmates apparently are the children of 
 unhealthy parents, as a result of which descendance they have fallen 
 subject to states of malnutrition or to rachitis, which conditions left 
 them with numerous physical abnormalities. 
 
 I found no single child, whom I could conscientiously term a 
 thorough physical degenerate. 
 
 To conclude this subject I will give here a table illustrating the 
 proportions of congenital and acquired abnormalities according to 
 the different parts of the body. 
 
28 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 Total of Ab)ion)ialitics — White Males. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 ^ m 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ P 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 .2 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 =*5 
 
 ^ 
 
 e« 3 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 4) 
 
 <M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 's,a 
 
 P 
 
 e 
 
 
 P 
 
 Co 
 
 O 10 
 
 
 
 
 :j 
 
 <1 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 Head . . 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 Hair 
 
 26 
 15 
 51 
 
 2 
 25 
 68 
 
 ""26 
 
 7 
 
 59 
 
 ""54 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 ""it 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 Eves . .. 
 
 15 
 
 
 221 
 67 
 51 
 88 
 14 
 5 
 60 
 
 275 
 
 873 
 
 
 Teeth 
 
 37 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 112 
 
 Bodv .. 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 324 
 
 72 
 
 390 
 
 
 
 Percentages 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 1^52" 
 
 .56 
 
 712" 
 
 .67 
 
 
 
 Total of Abnormalities — White Females. 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 « g 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 ffi c 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c.^ 
 
 .a 
 
 .2 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 «.a 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ fc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "S a 
 
 •a 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 <p a. 
 
 j> 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 If 
 
 
 P 
 e3 
 
 
 
 
 <: ' 
 
 
 
 
 Head 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Hair 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 8 
 17 
 
 
 1 
 
 Face ... 
 
 4 
 
 Eves 
 
 6 
 
 Ears 
 
 88 
 19 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Teeth 
 
 27 
 
 (iuius 
 
 23 
 
 
 3') 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 '""is 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 
 54 
 
 Brdv 
 
 1 
 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 256 
 
 120 
 
 9 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Pioportion to each child with ahnormalilies 
 
 1.07 
 
 .50 
 
 .003 
 
 .71 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 29 
 
 Total of Abnonnalitics — Colored Males. 
 
 
 
 eo 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 S 
 « 2 
 
 *a 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ct 
 
 '5 
 
 
 
 "^o 
 
 — 
 
 •= a 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -A 
 
 J 
 
 res 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 •a 
 
 .*s 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■5 a 
 
 s 
 
 e 
 
 
 a 
 
 =*s 
 
 C" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 -») 
 
 <5 
 
 y 
 
 Head 
 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 ""ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hair 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 
 Kaoe 
 
 
 Ears 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Terth 
 
 •> 
 
 10 
 
 
 3 
 10 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 GnuQS 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 """io 
 
 Palate 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Uvula 
 
 Boilv 
 
 Linilo 
 
 3 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 19 
 
 Percentages 
 
 39^ 
 
 Proportion to each child with abDormalities 
 
 1.03 
 
 .88 
 
 .16 
 
 lo 
 
 
 Total of Abnormalities — Colored Females. 
 
 2 * 
 
 - o 
 53 
 c-o 
 
 U 00 
 
 Head 
 
 Forehead 
 
 Hair 
 
 i'ace 
 
 Ears 
 
 Teeth 
 
 Guma 
 
 Palate .... 
 
 V vuia 
 
 B.)dv 
 
 Limbs 
 
 GeDitals . . 
 
 Totals 
 
 Percentages 
 
 Proportion to each child with abnormalities. 
 
 34 
 
 .73 
 
30 
 
 AnTHROTOLOGICAL IXVESTIGATIOXS. 
 
 Lungs and Heart. 
 
 It will be well to add in this place the results of the examination 
 of the thoracic organs in the children. 
 
 It was rather a surprise to me not to find among the whole i,ooo 
 children more than one case in which it could be positively said that 
 there existed a consolidation in some parts of the lungs. This case 
 was that of a small negro boy, who has since left the asylum ; he had 
 a consolidation of both apices. There were perhaps a dozen addi- 
 tional cases in which percussion sounds over the apices were not 
 as clear as they ought to be, but there were no rales audible, nor 
 were there present any other signs of a lung trouble in these indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Notwithstanding the encouraging results of the examination of 
 the lungs of the inmates of the asylum, it is undoubtedly a fact that 
 a certain percentage of these children carry a predisposition to con- 
 sumption, and require additional care. 
 
 The heart was found to be entirely normal in 955 cases out of the 
 1,000 children examined. In 10 other cases the disturbance of the 
 organ was light and might have been but temporary. In the re- 
 maining cases the disorders found were as follows: 
 
 Heart action abnormally rapid 
 
 Heail very slow (strong) 
 
 Heart very feeble 
 
 Heart action persistently irrej;u1ar 
 
 Systolic munuiir 
 
 liecidecl tuitrel insufficiency 
 
 Cardiac hypertrophy 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 The colored children, as the preceding figures show, are much 
 more free from cardiac disorders than are the white children. 
 
 The disorders observed are undoubtedly, in the majority of the 
 cases, due to such conditions as general anaemia or neurasthenia, 
 and will disappear with the cure of the latter. 
 
 Of the few organic disorders of the heart, no one was of a congeni- 
 tal origin. ! 
 
IIrdlicka. 31 
 
 The proportion of disorders of the heart in the asyhnn children, 
 as expressed by the above figures, cannot be considered unusual. 
 
 Lcft-Hondcdiicss. 
 
 In adcHtion to the preceding examinations an effort was made 
 to ascertain the number of left-handed individuals among the chil- 
 'dren. There is no particular significance in the simple fact that a 
 person is left-handed, or at least we know as yet positively of no 
 such significance, and the investigations as to this point have up to 
 now been largely only statistical. 
 
 Among the 1,000 inmates of the asylum there were 6 left-handed 
 boys and 4 left-handed girls. In some of these subjects the left- 
 handedness probably is more apparent than real as, in 2 of the 
 boys and 3 of the girls, notwithstanding the left-handedness. the 
 right arm was found to be the stronger. 
 
 Measurements of the Children. 
 
 The measurements of the children ditTer largely according to 
 age and hence they cannot be treated of fully before we approach 
 the second part of the report. The only facts which I can bring 
 forth advantageously in this place are a few notes on the shapes of 
 the heads, in several of the larger groups of children of different 
 nationalities. I will introduce these varir.tions in the iirm of curves 
 which will show the various percentages of the different shapes of 
 heads in the different groups, but before I will give the curves 
 I think it advisable to say a few words of explanation on the sul)ject. 
 
 It has been found after extensive studies, mainly in France, Eng- 
 land and Germany, that the shape of the head differs quite remark- 
 ably, not only between people of different color, but also am nig fam- 
 ilies of the white race, and that these differences within certain limits 
 are quite stable with each such family. The shape of the head is 
 determined principally by three measurements, namely the mixinium 
 length, the maximum width and the height of the cranium. The 
 percentage derived by dividing the width by the length of the head 
 gives us what we call the cephalic index, which is a true expression 
 of the shape of the horizontal plane of the head. The lower the 
 figure of this cephalic index the more the skull approaches the 
 
32 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 shape of an oval, the higher the index the more the head is round. 
 In a g-cneral way all heads up to the index of 75 are termed long, 
 skulls from 75 up to 80 medium, and skulls above 80 short. This 
 explanation I think will add to the interest of the following curves 
 with those who have not had the opportunity to give special atten- 
 tion to anthropometry. 
 
 A glance over the curves shows that the shape of the head presents 
 in most of the white families here shown a considerable variation. 
 This variation bespeaks a far advanced mixture of the families. In 
 the Irish, the Italian and the German such mixture dates from cen- 
 turies ago and may even reach to prehistoric times. Thus the Irish 
 people of to-day result from the mixture of the ancient inhabitants 
 of Erin with the short-headed Kelt and the long-headed Scotchman. 
 The Germans of to-day are a combination of old long-headed Teu- 
 tonic tribes and of the short-headed Slav and Kelt. The Italians 
 are principally a mixture of Romans and Greeks, of short-headed 
 Lydians, and of long-headed Teutonic branches. The variety in 
 the shape of the head among the American children is a result of the 
 mixture of almost all the human families, members of which immi- 
 grated here, and is taking place at the present epoch. 
 
 The heads of the Russian and those of the Syrian children are 
 quite uniform, and these families of the white race are undoubtedly 
 purer than are any of those mentioned above. It ought to be re- 
 marked that the Russian children here represented were all except 
 one, Jews. 1 
 
 The colored children show a large proportion of long heads. 
 j\Iost of the subjects with the shorter heads are not of African de- 
 scent, but from the West Indies. 
 

 
: :'J! 
 
 ^■! 
 
 — r; 
 — rt 
 
 — -M 
 
 — ^ 
 
 — 4^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 m 
 
 -n 
 
 +r+-- 
 
 1"tH 
 -pLj- 
 
 -rff 
 
 -j-p- 
 -rl4-, 
 
 its 
 
 II':' 
 ' : 
 
 i ! 1 i . 
 
 ' 
 - + 
 
 4-1-- 
 
 r-j+t- 
 i I 
 
 --j-i4- 
 
 --^ 
 i 1 
 
 -H--r 
 -j-i — 
 
 i 1 1 i 
 i j 1 1 - 
 1 j 1 1 - 
 
 *^ 
 
 .X 
 
 ' i ' i^ 
 
 r 
 
 -444- 
 1 1 1 i 
 
 -+^'-H 
 
 -77-' ' ' i i ;^ 
 -f4-4-Mr!iH 
 
 : ; : i-:-his 
 
 i ! i i 1 i i ! 1^ 
 
 1 ■ ! 1 i ! 1 'i 
 
 i 1 i 1 i i i ir 
 
 mi 
 
 , 'iM !'; 
 
 1 ' ! 1 ' i ^ ^ ''J 
 
 i ! ■ '' i ' 1 :^ 
 
 ■'■I'll 
 
 li ii M i| 1' 
 
 -j44--f4--f-L4 LJ-4__4.4 1_^,44_|_._^ 
 
 i%jfefe^^||:::;- = 
 
 ■ ill''! ii>^i ! 1 i '+-[ 1 ^-| ij 
 
 - 41 -4- x it^,''s i; - « 4- - - 
 
 li|4:''!^ Ml l| 1 ih-liJ II H'l 
 :F^4::SE±±::::::S:hJ:::?::: 
 
 ^i:-M::::±:::::+:::4:::::: i::::::^: 
 
 O ^a^t o 
 
 Qtanf 
 
 
 

 
 
«*M»U^- 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 33 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Detailed Study. 
 
 This part of the report could be made very extensive, but I will 
 restrict it to the most salient facts. Of necessity, I will have to 
 introduce here a number of tables of figures. 
 
 Inspection. 
 
 I have not much additional to say here about the abnormalities 
 found in the children. The following table will show the propor- 
 tions of abnormalities to the number of children found to present 
 some abnormality according to their different ages. 
 
 White Children. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Proportion of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Children with 
 
 Abnormalitieis to 
 
 
 Number Examined. 
 
 E.NTiBELY Normal. 
 
 Abnormalities. 
 
 Nlsibeb of 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Children. 
 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 15 
 38 
 56 
 62 
 
 2 
 10 
 34 
 42 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 15 
 38 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 10 
 31 
 37 
 37 
 
 1.00 
 2 93 
 2.82 
 3.15 
 3.31 
 
 4.00 
 
 6 
 
 2.00 
 
 7 
 
 2.26 
 
 8 
 
 2.41 
 
 9 
 
 2.59 
 
 10 
 
 98 
 
 52 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 82 
 
 45 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.11 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 
 31 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.19 
 
 12 
 
 93 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 
 84 
 
 14 
 
 2.78 
 
 2.21 
 
 13 
 
 86 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 76 
 
 17 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.35 
 
 14 
 
 53 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 2.78 
 
 2-89 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.50 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 (3.22) 
 
 (3. CO) 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 (3.67) 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 (2.00) 
 
 
 
 
 
 634 
 
 274 
 
 58 ! 35 
 
 576 
 
 239 
 
 2.71 
 
 2.33 
 
34 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 Colored Children. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 NvMBEH Examined. 
 
 ExTiKELY Normal. 
 
 Children with 
 Abnormalities. 
 
 Proportion- of 
 
 Abnokmalities 
 
 TO Number of 
 
 Children. 
 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 1 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 11 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 
 10 
 7 
 6 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 ""i2'.bb) 
 
 (3.001 
 (3.00) 
 2.64 
 2.50 
 1.17 
 2.70 
 2.60 
 3.14 
 3.17 
 (2.00) 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 4 
 5 1 
 12 5 
 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 12.00) 
 (3.00) 
 
 9 
 
 (1-67) 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 (2.00) 
 (2.50) 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 7 
 6 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 (1-67) 
 
 13 
 
 (2.00) 
 
 14 
 
 
 15 
 
 (3.00) 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 19 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.05 
 
 The proportions, it can be seen, show no very great variations. 
 The maximum of abnormalities is encountered m children of both 
 sexes at the ages of 8 and g. In the female another maximum 
 was observed at 14, but this latter is in all probability an incorrect 
 figure, due to a small number of subjects involved. After 9 years 
 of age the proportion of abnormalities to every child drops suddenly 
 and further on shows only insignificant variations. 
 
 We do not encounter the same proportions of the same abnor- 
 malities in the children of dififerent ages. In the younger children 
 there will predominate abnormalities of the teeth, of the gums, of 
 the face and of the lower limbs. The younger the child is, the more 
 frequently we find irregularities in dentition, massive gums, mon- 
 golic folds at the inner corners of the eyes, low nose, and curA-atures 
 of the lower limbs. Curvatures of the long bones will diminish with 
 the age of the children and may finally almost disappear. 
 
 Mongolic folds at the inner canthi of the eyes are very much 
 more common in infants than they are in children above 6 years 
 of age, and eventually they also will disappear, except in a few 
 female subjects where they may persist throughout Hfe. Massive 
 gums are the normal condition in very early childhood. After 8 
 years of age, and probably a little sooner, they can be considered 
 abnormalities. As we go on with the age of the children, massive 
 gums become less and less frequent, and after the puberty period 
 
Hrdlicka. 35 
 
 they are among the rare abnormalities. The nose, which may be 
 very low, or very broad at the root in very early age, will gradually 
 assume ordinary proportions and lose its abnormal aspect, as the 
 child grows up. 
 
 On the other hand, certain abnormalities will increase in fre- 
 quency with the age of the children. Such is the case principally 
 with many of the abnormalities of the cranium, such as asym- 
 metries of the head and depressions or elevations along the 
 sutures. Asymmetries of the face are generally well detined during 
 childhood, and I am not satisfied whether or not there is any in- 
 crease in their proportion with the age. Abnormalities of the ears 
 become more marked and also increase somewhat in proportion 
 from infancy onward. All the habit abnormalities tend to increase 
 in proportion as we advance from early childhood. From my ob- 
 servations of adults and adolescents outside of the Institution, I think 
 that after the age of 15 or 16, these abnormalities tend again to 
 diminish, a 'certain proportion of them being spontaneously cor- 
 rected. Irregularities of the palate increase with age. About those 
 of the uvula I am uncertain though they also seem to increase in 
 frequency with age. Certain abnormal gums do not become 
 manifest until after the subject has reached a certain age. Such is 
 principally the polygonal gum. Prognathism of the gums is also 
 not marked in early childhood; it begins to show from the fourth 
 year of childhood onward, not attaining its ultimate degree until 
 adult life. 
 
 The genital organs deserve special mention. Certain abnormal- 
 ities of these organs in the male, principally adhesions of the 
 prepuce, diminish very rapidly after the puberty period. Other 
 irregularities, principally those of the size of the organs, become 
 more manifest as the child grows older. The descent of the testi- 
 cles will be occasionally found to be retarded in young boys ; it will 
 generally be accomplished before the age of puberty. In connec- 
 tion with this a care should be taken not to mistake testicles reflexly 
 drawn up for non-descended testicles. 
 
 A certain number of abnormalities, almost all of which are of 
 congenital origin, do not change in proportion with the age of the 
 children. Such characters are the difTerent abnormalities of the 
 toes, the additional whirls of hair, etc. Almost all of these char- 
 
36 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 acters, however, become better dififcrenciated and more pronomiced 
 with the age of their bearers. 
 
 I append here a table which gives the percentages of congenital 
 and other classes of the abnormalities of the children according to 
 their ages. The table suffers very much by the small numbers ;f 
 individuals represented in some of the divisions ; but it shows fairly 
 well the gradual diminution with age of the bulk of congenital de- 
 fects; the increase with age of the habit abnormalities; and the ex- 
 cess of the congenital defects in the male over the female. The pro- 
 portions of abnormalities which I included under " origin question- 
 able " increases much with the ages of the children ; this increase 
 signifies that some of the characters whose origin I class as question- 
 able are really acquired. There were included in this class of abnor- 
 malities, principally, the very prominent occiput; the deflections of 
 the nose; the polygonal gums; most of the abnormalities of the 
 dentition and of the teeth; the high and the gothic palate, and the 
 deflected uvula. 
 
 Percentages of abnormalities according to their origin at different ages 
 of the white and colored children, male and female. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White Male. 
 
 C Ap Ah 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 White Female. 
 
 C. Ap. Ab ? 
 
 Colored Male. 
 
 C. Ap. Ah 
 
 Colored Female. 
 
 C. Ap. Ah. ? 
 
 50 
 
 C — congenital. Ap.= acquired as a result of some pathological process, 
 through habit. ? = origin uncertain. 
 
 Ah. = acquired 
 
 Measures. 
 
 The results of the measuring wlien tabulated according to the 
 ages of the children proved to be of great interest, and the facts 
 that some of these tabulations clearly show are new. Some 
 disturbance in the figures was occasioned throughout by the small 
 numbers of subjects in some of the divisions, but these irregularities 
 
Hrdltcka. 
 
 37 
 
 are apparent and do not affect the rules wliich the diflfercnt cohinnis 
 
 of figures demonstrate. I was further afraid that the numerous 
 
 nationaUties of the children may prove a disturbing element in 
 
 the total results. Such disturbance, however, was noticed only 
 
 in the crude figures; the relations of the different data obtained 
 
 remained practically the same, whether only one group or all 
 
 of the white children were considered. I will here give each of the 
 
 measurements taken on the children arranged in a comprehensive 
 
 table adding only such remarks to each division as I think necessary 
 
 or advisable. 
 
 Height of the Children. 
 
 The group figures of this measure are much more than any other 
 affected by the nationality of the children. There is in the asylum 
 a verv' large number of Italian children, and these are generally 
 much smaller than are the American-born subjects. The Russian 
 children are also considerably smaller. In consequence the average 
 height of all the children taken together will not represent figures 
 fit to be compared with any figures obtained on subjects of a more 
 homogeneous nature. The value of the figures showing the average 
 height of the children of the Juvenile Asylum consists principally 
 in their being a basis for comparison with other measurements of 
 the same individuals. With the colored males and colored females 
 the figures given have a fuller value. 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 White Males. 
 
 White Females. 
 
 Colored Males. 
 
 CoLonKD Females. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 S X 
 
 M.Sf 
 
 > 
 < 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 ll 
 
 11 
 5<; '" 
 
 if 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 10 
 34 
 4-' 
 45 
 5i 
 40 
 14 
 19 
 18 
 4 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 783iuin. 
 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 
 9 
 5 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 83» 
 
 
 ltl04ii)m. 
 
 lotiu 
 
 1086 
 
 1130 
 
 1187 
 
 1267 
 
 1304 
 
 1357 
 
 1431 
 
 1495 
 
 lf.3"> 
 
 006 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 15 
 38 
 56 
 62 
 98 
 99 
 93 
 86 
 53 
 20 
 9 
 3 
 
 QBlium. 
 1051 
 11 20 
 1152 
 1212 
 1248 
 1315 
 1362 
 14/0 
 1449 
 H62 
 1615 
 1654 
 
 i6'44 
 1101 
 1147 
 1106 
 1251 
 1271 
 1.360 
 1381 
 1392 
 1505 
 14i5 
 1500 
 
 985 
 1091 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1260 
 1257 
 1295 
 1307 
 1467 
 1477 
 1559 
 1545 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 \\ 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 1554 
 
 
 
3« 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 I have extracted the heights of children born in this country and 
 of American parentage and will give next the measurements of the 
 height of these children and, for a comparison, the heights of Boston 
 school children who were born in this country.* 
 
 Height of American-born Children — Males. 
 
 (1) Asylum children. (2) Boston school children 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eS 
 
 
 eS 
 
 Ol 
 
 ffl 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 (V 
 
 o 
 
 <D 
 
 ^ 
 
 kj 
 
 t-i 
 
 >-. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 l^ 
 
 >-. 
 
 >-. 
 
 
 _, 
 
 
 n 
 
 «ft 
 
 tn 
 
 tn 
 
 <o 
 
 t- 
 
 oo 
 
 a> 
 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (1) 971 
 
 (2) 1060 
 
 1088 
 
 1172 
 
 1163 
 
 1234 
 
 1261 
 
 1315 
 
 1367 
 
 1424 
 
 1452 
 
 1518 
 
 1120 
 
 1174 
 
 1223 
 
 1272 
 
 1326 
 
 1372 
 
 1417 
 
 1477 
 
 1551 
 
 1599 
 
 1697 
 1665 
 
 Females. 
 
 (1) 
 
 (2) 1053 
 
 1109 
 
 1101 
 1167 
 
 1158 
 1221 
 
 1204 
 1260 
 
 1289 
 1315 
 
 1290 
 1366 
 
 1454 
 1452 
 
 1450 
 1492 
 
 1398 
 1532 
 
 1567 
 
 The preceding table shows that the American-born children in the 
 Juvenile Asylum are on an average somewhat smaller at almost all 
 the ages than the free children of American parentage from the 
 schools of Boston. The comparison, however, is not fully satisfac- 
 tory. We ought to have a row of figures showing the height of the 
 American-born children of New York City instead of Boston. 
 The Boston population is principally composed of Americans and 
 Germans. A great many of the American people of Boston are of 
 English or German descent, and people of both these nationalities 
 are above the average in stature. The American-born population of 
 New York is composed principally of the German and Irish ele- 
 ments, but besides this there enters into it a large percentage of 
 Hebrews, principally of Russian or Polish origin; of Italians and 
 of people of other nationalities, and the average height of many of 
 these people is low. Thus it may be expected that the New York- 
 born American children would show a somewhat smaller average 
 stature than the children born in Boston. This point cannot, how- 
 ever, be here decided. The inmates of the Juvenile Asylum are on 
 an average undoubtedly of a somewhat subnormal height. It cannot 
 be otherwise upon pure physiological laws, with children who come 
 from the poorest classes of the population. A similar fact was found 
 
 *•* Massachusetts School Children," by Dr. H. P. Powditch, Mass. St. Board of Health 
 publication, 1877, 1890. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 39 
 
 bv Dr. Franz Boas, who some years ago examined with Dr. West 
 numerous school children in Worcester, jMass. Dr. Boas informed 
 me that he found the children of poorer families to be on the average 
 perccptiblv smaller than the children of well to do people. 
 
 The heights of Italian children, which follow, will be seen to be 
 considerably below the heights of not only the children of American 
 parentage, but also below the average heights of all the children 
 together in the institution. I have no data at hand by which I could 
 show whether these Italian children are below the average in stature 
 of Italian children outside the asylum. If we should compare these 
 figures with figures obtained from Italian children in the city of New 
 York, we would hardly find great differences, as most of the Ital- 
 ians here are poor people. 
 
 Heidit — Italian Children. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OD 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 (4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 Cj 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 >s 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 to 
 
 >; 
 
 ^ 
 
 -o 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 •W 
 
 in 
 
 
 «o 
 
 t- 
 
 CO 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 '" 
 
 '~ 
 
 *" 
 
 Males 
 
 1025 
 
 U13 
 
 1134 
 
 1197 
 
 1234 
 
 1287 
 
 1337 
 
 1368 
 
 1226 
 
 1357 
 
 Females . .. 
 
 1U58 
 
 1081 
 
 11U9 
 
 1155 
 
 1246 
 
 1290 
 
 1336 
 
 1370 
 
 1483 
 
 
 Sitting Height. 
 Tables 4 and 5 will show the sitting height as obtained on the chil- 
 dren of the institution, and the proportions of the sitting height, or 
 of the length of the lower extremities, to the total height of the body. 
 The interest lies principally in these latter named proportions. A 
 glance at the figures will show that in both the white and the negro 
 children of small age the proportion of the length of the lower limbs 
 to the total height of the body is comparatively small, and that it 
 increases with considerable precision and regularity during all the 
 years up to and possibly even beyond the age of puberty. This 
 means that as a child advances in life its limbs arc growing in pro- 
 portion somewhat more rapidly than its body. In a new born infant 
 the lower limbs are very short. The greatest length of the lower 
 limbs seems to be attained from the thirteenth to sixteenth years of 
 an individual. I have myself but a very few data on children older 
 than 1 6, but from Dr. West's report* on the Worcester school chil- 
 
 * Gerald Monteomery West. Arch, of Anihropol.. XXII., p. 13 et seq.: in this connection 
 a\so Boas, The Growth of Chililren, Science, April q, u?. 
 
40 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 dren in Massachusetts, it would appear that after 15 or i6 years of 
 age the greater proportion of growth of the lower limbs ceases and 
 that from then onward, up to the end of the growing period, the 
 body seems to increase slightly in proportion to the lower extremi- 
 ties. 
 
 An interesting feature which can be observed in the above figures 
 is the greater proportionate length, by an average of about i per 
 cent., of the total body height of the lower limbs in the negro chil- 
 dren. 
 
 When I compare my sitting height indexes with similar indexes 
 obtained by Dr. West, it appears that the indexes of Dr. West's chil- 
 dren were at all ages somewhat smaller or that the lower extremities 
 in these children were at all ages somewhat longer than they are in 
 our children in the asylum. The difference amounts on an average 
 to from I to 1.5 per cent of the body height. These figures make me 
 think that it is possible that it is in the lower extremities where lies 
 the principal defect in the growth of the badly nourished children; 
 but I can say nothing positive on this point. Similar differences 
 exist, I have some reason to believe, between free, well nourished, 
 and asylum colored children. 
 
 Sitting Height. 
 
 
 White Males. 
 
 White Females. 
 
 Colored Males. 
 
 Colored Females. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 SB 
 
 a 
 
 o'S 
 ttcS 
 
 s 
 
 41 
 < 
 
 5f-. 
 
 li 
 
 .as 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 .a » 
 ai.a 
 
 •5 a 
 
 J3S 
 
 Bt * 
 
 03 fc 
 S.2 
 k 
 
 fcJD 
 
 B 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 bx, 
 
 n 
 < 
 
 
 .a m 
 
 'S s 
 .as 
 
 ll 
 Qj.a 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 410 
 
 456 
 489 
 508 
 540 
 564 
 604 
 6;s4 
 669 
 685 
 685 
 776 
 790 
 
 cm. 
 
 576 
 
 608 
 621 
 655 
 663 
 687 
 718 
 734 
 770 
 809 
 825 
 824 
 850 
 
 cm. 
 
 428 
 
 452 
 467 
 495 
 524 
 580 
 586 
 6J3 
 661 
 686 
 710 
 674 
 704 
 
 cm. 
 476 
 
 .597 
 
 616 
 630 
 6,59 
 679 
 697 
 718 
 797 
 737 
 787 
 753 
 795 
 
 cm. 
 
 307 
 
 447 
 
 485 
 517 
 537 
 572 
 574 
 642 
 5H4 
 655 
 718 
 692 
 705 
 
 cm. 
 476 
 .534 
 571 
 607 
 625 
 671 
 680 
 695 
 703 
 792 
 767 
 808 
 819 
 
 cm. 
 363 
 
 4 
 
 
 372 
 
 5 
 
 551 
 595 
 631 
 644 
 672 
 684 
 711 
 728 
 751 
 764 
 777 
 839 
 861 
 
 414 
 
 6 
 
 484 
 
 
 502 
 
 8 
 
 589 
 
 9 
 
 577 
 
 10 
 
 600 
 
 11 
 
 594 
 
 12 
 
 675 
 
 IS 
 
 710 
 
 14 
 
 751 
 
 15 
 
 726 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 Proportions of Sitthig Height to Height. 
 
 41 
 
 AGE. 
 
 3.. 
 4.. 
 5.. 
 
 « ! 
 
 7 , 
 
 8 1 
 
 9 i 
 
 10 1 
 
 11 1 
 
 12 1 
 
 13 1 
 
 14 ! 
 
 15 
 
 16 1 
 
 17 
 
 White Males. 
 
 
 
 57.4 
 56.6 
 56.3 
 55.9 
 55.3 
 54.6 
 54.0 
 53.5 
 52 9 
 52.7 
 53.1 
 52 
 52.2 
 
 <;- = - 
 
 42.6 
 43.4 
 43-7 
 
 44 1 
 44.7 
 
 45 4 
 46.0 
 46.5 
 47.1 
 47-3 
 46.9 
 48.0 
 47.8 
 
 ■White Females. 
 
 ;, a o 
 
 57.3 
 57.4 
 57.2 
 56.2 
 55.9 
 54.2 
 .55.0 
 54.1 
 53.8 
 54.1 
 53-7 
 55-0 
 54.7 
 
 <»•'=■- 
 
 42.7 
 42.6 
 42-8 
 43.8 
 44.1 
 44.8 
 45.0 
 45-9 
 46.2 
 45.9 
 46.3 
 45.0 
 45 3 
 
 Colored Males. 
 
 t: - it 
 
 60.8 
 
 57-3 
 55-9 
 54.9 
 55.1 
 54.2 
 54.9 
 52.8 
 57.7 
 
 52 9 
 52.3 
 51.7 
 
 53 
 
 Z ^ o 
 
 *;:.— « 
 
 > 2 — ■= 
 
 39 2 
 
 42.7 
 44 1 
 45.1 
 44.9 
 45.8 
 45.1 
 47.2 
 47.3 
 47.1 
 47.7 
 48 3 
 47.0 
 
 Colored Females. 
 
 59.5 
 58 9 
 57.9 
 55.6 
 55.4 
 53.3 
 .^4.1 
 53.7 
 53-8 
 54.0 
 51.9 
 51.8 
 53.0 
 
 "Si? 
 
 .£ - — 
 
 40.5 
 41.1 
 42.1 
 44.4 
 44.6 
 46.7 
 45.9 
 46.3 
 46 2 
 46.0 
 48.1 
 48.2 
 47.0 
 
 The proportions of sitting- height to total body height can be illus- 
 trated to further advantage when we cease to consider the ages of 
 the children and consider simply the stature. I give here two tables 
 which will show the sitting height index in its relation to every in- 
 crease of 50mm. in stature. It will be seen that the relation is quite 
 regular, and also that the greater length of the lower extremities in 
 the colored children is equally true and even more pronounced 
 when we view the matter from this standpoint. I believe that to 
 consider this matter in this way is more important than to con- 
 sider the relation of sitting height to height simply on the basis of 
 the ages of the children, as we have done above, and as was gen- 
 erally done before by other observers. If similar proportions were 
 ascertained on large numbers of children and in different locations, 
 the data might prove not only of a physiological, but possibly also 
 of forsenic value. The maximum variation of the sitting height 
 index at any age was found not to exceed 8 points. 
 
42 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 Relations of Height to Height- Sitting Height Index. 
 
 HEIGHT IN 
 MM. 
 
 750 to 800.... 
 
 800 to 850 
 
 850 to 900 
 
 900 to 950 
 
 930 to 1000... 
 
 1000 to 1050... 
 
 1050 to UOO... 
 
 1100 to 1150... 
 
 1150 to 1200 .. 
 
 1200 to 1250... 
 
 1250 to 1300... 
 
 1300 to 1350... 
 
 1350 to UOO... 
 
 1400 to 14.50... 
 
 1450 to 1500... 
 
 1500 to 1550... 
 
 1550 to 1600... 
 
 1600 to 1650... 
 
 1650 to 1700... 
 
 1700 to 1750... 
 
 1750 to 1800... 
 
 1800 to 1850... 
 
 White Males. 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 39 
 
 62 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 105 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 57.4 
 56.2 
 56.7 
 55.9 
 55.4 
 54.5 
 53.9 
 53.6 
 53-3 
 52.8 
 52.1 
 52.1 
 52.0 
 51.8 
 51.5 
 
 50.0 
 
 White Females. 
 
 Colored Males. 
 
 57.7 
 57.9 
 56.9 
 56.8 
 55.9 
 55.3 
 55.0 
 54.6 
 54.4 
 53.6 
 54.1 
 5S 9 
 53.2 
 52.7 
 
 § a 
 
 Colored Females. 
 
 59.0 
 57.6 
 55.8 
 55.2 
 55-0 
 54.2 
 54.9 
 53-4 
 52-9 
 52 4 
 52.4 
 52.4 
 51.2 
 
 59.9 
 
 59.1 
 
 58.9 
 
 59.05^ 
 
 58.4 
 
 55.6 
 
 55.0 
 
 56.1 
 
 54.9 
 
 53.9 
 
 53.7 
 
 53.4 
 
 52-1 
 
 53-4 
 
 53-6 
 
 52.7 
 
 52.9 
 
 50.9 
 
 Weight. 
 
 All the children were weighed in their undergarments and subse- 
 quently the weight of these was subtracted from the total weight of 
 the subject. In consequence our figures show the absolute weight 
 of the children and the data are more correct than similar data ob- 
 tained from children weighed in all their clothing. 
 
 The weight in children does not bear a constant relation to the 
 height, and is much more equal in children of different nationalities 
 than is the height measure. I place next to the averages of weight 
 obtained on all the children the averages, first, of American-born 
 children, and second, those of Italians. We will find no such great 
 differences in the two classes of children as we found with the 
 height. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 Weight. 
 
 43 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Average "Weights. 
 
 Weights of 
 American Born. 
 
 "Weights 
 of italuns. 
 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 . 
 
 33 
 40 
 45 
 47 
 53 
 57 
 64 
 
 34 
 40 
 42 
 45 
 52 
 60 
 65 
 
 33 
 
 41.8 
 46.8 
 46.5 
 52 
 57.1 
 64 
 70 
 
 77.6 
 81.7 
 96 
 140 
 
 '" 43[7 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 61.2 
 
 60 
 
 81 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 38.8 
 
 44.7 
 
 46.2 
 
 53 
 
 56.3 
 
 61.8 
 
 68.9 
 
 72 
 
 85 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 41.3 
 
 g 
 
 43 
 
 <( 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 57.5 
 
 11 
 
 65.3 
 
 12 
 
 70 72 
 
 72.1 
 
 13 
 
 81 
 84 
 85 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 112 
 
 79 
 
 14 
 
 102 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 115 1 114 
 
 
 17 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 If ve desire to compare the weight of the inmates of the Juvenile 
 Asylum with weight of children outside of the institution we have 
 again the data collected in Boston from school children by Dr. 
 Bowditch and those collected in Worcester by Drs. West and Boas. 
 In both of these cases the weights are quite similar and hence only 
 one need be stated for comparison. In both cases, however, the chil- 
 dren were weighed in their clothing, which, according to Bowditch, 
 whose figures we will state, amounted in average to 7.99 per cent, of 
 the total weight in the boys and 6.81 per cent, of the total weight in 
 the girls. If we should reduce these percentages of pounds from the 
 weight of the Boston school children we should find that the weiglit 
 was mucli nearer to the average weight of the children in the Juven- 
 ile Asylum. Nevertheless it would still be somewhat greater. The 
 excess is undoubtedly due to the same causes to which was due the 
 smaller stature in the asylum children, namely, to mal-nutrition re- 
 sulting from the poverty of the parents of the children. 
 
 Weight — Males.* 
 
 (1) Average weight of asylam children. (2) Average weifiht of Bonton school children.! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 P 
 
 ? 
 
 • 
 
 3° 
 
 « 
 
 2 
 
 £ 
 
 « 
 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 SS 
 
 ea 
 
 a 
 
 § 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 o 
 
 s> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 ?• 
 
 e. 
 
 O 
 
 at 
 
 
 >> 
 
 >-i 
 
 (^ 
 
 >i 
 
 f^ 
 
 *** 
 
 
 >» 
 
 t»> 
 
 >i 
 
 i^ 
 
 >, 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 PI 
 
 CO 
 
 ^9 
 
 « 
 
 te 
 
 r* 
 
 m 
 
 » 
 
 t~ 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 ** 
 
 ■^ 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 (1) 33 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 8S 
 
 115 
 
 122 
 
 (2) 41.9 
 
 45.17 
 
 49.07 
 
 53.9 
 
 59.2 
 
 65.3 
 
 70.18 
 
 76.9 
 
 84. S4 
 
 91.91 
 
 107.10 
 
 121 
 
 127.49 
 
 All iiatioDalitiea. t Weight of clotbing not deducted. 
 
44 
 
 Anthropological Investigaxions. 
 
 Weight — Females. * 
 
 (1) Average wcigbt of asylum children. (2) Average weight of Hostou school chiWron.t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 •r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 t. 
 
 fc' 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a> 
 
 a) 
 
 o 
 
 01 
 
 l>5 
 
 {^ 
 
 t-5 
 
 J-r» 
 
 K»> 
 
 >> 
 
 k-i 
 
 t-. 
 
 p^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 ,_4 
 
 (M 
 
 m 
 
 «^ 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 C- 
 
 oc 
 
 03 
 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 (1) 31 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 112 
 
 114 
 
 (2,39.G 
 
 43.3 
 
 47.4 
 
 52 
 
 57 
 
 62.3 
 
 68.8 
 
 78.3 
 
 88.6 
 
 98.4 
 
 106 
 
 112 
 
 The average weight of the negro children in the asylum was 
 found to be at most ages slightly smaller than was the average 
 weight of white children. How far this fact is correct in general 
 could only be ascertained by much additional investigation. The 
 fact is that white children, particularly white girls, show, at least up 
 to the age of puberty, more adipose tissue over their body than do 
 the colored children. 
 
 Pressure and Traction Force. 
 
 In connection with the weight I investigated the force of the hands 
 and arms of the children, so far as this can be ascertained by a cor- 
 rect dynamometer. I have tested the pressure in each hand, as well 
 as the traction force of both arms together, taking as usual only the 
 average of three measurements for the records. As the force was 
 found to differ slightly according to the time of the day at which 
 tested, all of the tests were made at similar hours, that is, in the 
 afternoon. 
 
 The figures which I give below show first of all, that average trac- 
 tion force in the children is always considerably smaller than is the 
 pressure force in either hand. 
 
 In the second place we see the pressure force in the right hand to 
 be at most ages greater than is the pressure force of the left hand. 
 In individuals there are numerous exceptions to this rule. We find 
 many children in whom the pressure force is either equal in both 
 hands, or is even greater in the left than in the right. The greater 
 pressure force in the left hand was not observed to be associated with 
 left-handedness of the child, except in a few instances. About half 
 of the number of left-handed children on the other hand, were 
 
 All nationalities, t Weight of clothing not deducted. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 45 
 
 stronger in the right hand. Lcft-handedness is apparently more a 
 nerv^ous phenomenon than muscular. 
 
 In the third place we notice an almost regular annual increase in 
 the force of the children. This is particularly the case in the white 
 male children, where the average annual increase in pressure force 
 amounts to about 4 pounds. The traction force increases only about 
 2 pounds annually, and the disproportion between the pressure and 
 traction forces of the child grows with the age of the individual. 
 
 Ill the negroes, both the pressure and traction force ivere found 
 to exceed at all ages similar forces in the white children. This is 
 the more remarkable as we saw that the average weight of the 
 colored subject was at almost all ages less than that of the white 
 children in the asylum. The fact speaks for a greater proportionate 
 muscularity of the colored subjects; this condition w'as well appre- 
 ciable during the inspection of the children. 
 
 Average Pressure Force in Right Hand of the Children, According to 
 the Color, Sexes and Ages. 
 
 
 Whitb. 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 10 
 14 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 28 
 32 
 36 
 40 
 44 
 48 
 68 
 74 
 
 8 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 26 
 32 
 36 
 42 
 44 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 22 
 26 
 30 
 32 
 44 
 38 
 54 
 50 
 53 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 13 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 15 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46 
 
 Anthropological Investigatidns. 
 
 Average Pressure Force in Left Hand of the Children, According to 
 Color, Ages and Sexes. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 22 
 26 
 28 
 32 
 40 
 36 
 50 
 45 
 48 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 26 
 30 
 34 
 38 
 40 
 46 
 64 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 22 
 24 
 32 
 32 
 4U 
 42 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 ^ , 
 
 12 
 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 . 38 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 4K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average Traction Force of the Children, According to Color, Sexes 
 
 and Ages. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 4 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 14 
 18 
 22 
 24 
 28 
 26 
 36 
 31 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 18 12 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 24 
 24 
 
 28 
 28 
 32 
 44 
 40 
 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 22 
 26 
 24 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 w 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 13 . 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The pressure and traction powers can be studied a point further. 
 We can study the relations of these items to the weight of the chil- 
 dren. The next table will show such relations in both the white and 
 colored children grouped together. The figures show that the 
 younger the child is, the smaller is its proportionate force in pounds 
 to each pound of the weight of its body. Curiously, there is a dis- 
 tinct and persistent annual increase in this proportion, and when we 
 reach the seventeenth year of life we find that the proportion of mus- 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 47 
 
 cular power in the hands and arms of the individual to his body- 
 weight has about doubled. 
 
 With the colored individuals we observe the interesting fact that 
 at almost all ages there exists in these children a greater propor- 
 tionate strength to each pound of the body than is the case with the 
 white children. 
 
 The relations of force to weight here exposed may give rise to 
 much speculation as to their real causes. 
 
 Relations of Pressure and Traction Force, in Pounds, to Each Pound 
 of Weight, in Children of the Different Color and Sexes, and 
 According to Age. 
 
 
 Presscee Force on 
 Right Hand, Relation 
 IN Pounds to Each 
 Pound of Weight. 
 
 Pressure Force on 
 Left Hand, Relation 
 IN Pounds to Each 
 Pound of Weight. 
 
 Traction Force, Rela- 
 tion IN Pounds to Each 
 PouJjD OF Weight. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 6 
 
 "a 
 
 2 5 
 
 a 
 
 ©a 
 
 1 s 
 
 s 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 23 
 
 o 
 "o 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 "5 
 
 « a 
 
 6 
 2S 
 
 _2 
 2S 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 d 
 
 13 a 
 2 5 
 
 ■© 
 
 5 
 
 0.30 
 0.35 
 0.40 
 0.42 
 0.45 
 0.49 
 0.50 
 0.51 
 0.50 
 0.52 
 0.56 
 0.59 
 0.61 
 
 0.23 
 0.35 
 0.29 
 0.36 
 0.35 
 0.40 
 0.40 
 0.44 
 0.43 
 0.43 
 0.39 
 0.43 
 
 6.40 
 
 b'.ii 
 
 0.53 
 0.45 
 0.50 
 0.51 
 0.50 
 0.63 
 0.5£ 
 0.57 
 0.61 
 0.56 
 
 0.35 
 0.47 
 0.40 
 0-53 
 0.37 
 0.47 
 0.42 
 0.41 
 
 0.30 
 0.30 
 36 
 0.38 
 0.45 
 0.46 
 0.47 
 0.49 
 0.47 
 0.48 
 0.54 
 0.56 
 0.59 
 
 0.18 
 0.35 
 0.29 
 0.36 
 0.31 
 0.37 
 0.37 
 0.44 
 0.38 
 0.41 
 0.37 
 0.43 
 
 6!36 
 
 6!33 
 0.49 
 45 
 0.50 
 0.47 
 0.50 
 0.57 
 0.49 
 0.53 
 0.56 
 0.51 
 
 olsi 
 
 0.30 
 0.44 
 0.37 
 0.43 
 0.36 
 0.45 
 0.40 
 0.40 
 
 0.18 
 0.25 
 0.24 
 0.30 
 0.34 
 0.35 
 0.37 
 0.34 
 0.34 
 0.33 
 0.38 
 0.38 
 0.33 
 
 0.12 
 0.25 
 0.23 
 9.22 
 0.23 
 0.27 
 0.27 
 0.28 
 0.26 
 0.27 
 0.21 
 0-19 
 
 6!28 
 
 6!22 
 0.34 
 0.29 
 0.35 
 0.37 
 0.37 
 0.40 
 0.36 
 0.38 
 0..38 
 0.32 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 0.21 
 0.20 
 0.27 
 
 10 
 
 0.27 
 
 11 
 
 0.33 
 
 12 
 
 0.19 
 
 13 
 
 0.32 
 
 14 
 
 0.24 
 
 15 
 
 0.28 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Artn Expanse. 
 
 The arm expanse was not found to differ to any great extent in 
 the white children according to their different nationalities; it ofTers 
 only individual variations. In the negroes the average arm expanse 
 is greater at all ages. 
 
 In both the white and the negroes the arm expanse increases with 
 the age of the children. Up to 9 years of age in the white boys 
 and up to ii years of age in the white girls the arm expanse is less 
 than the total body height. In the negro children this is the case up 
 to the seventh vear of life. From 9 and 11 years on, in the white 
 
48 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 males an(^ females, and from 7 years on, in the colored individuals, 
 the arm expanse begins to surpass the body height, and the increase 
 advances slightly with every year of life. This advance is more 
 marked in the negroes. 
 
 A part of the increase of the arm expanse is not due to a greater 
 growth of the arms themselves, but to the lateral growth of the 
 thorax. This growth of the chest does not fully account for the 
 differences in the arm-spread between the white and the negro 
 children, and the arms of the colored individuals must be considered 
 as really slightly longer than are those of the whites. I subjoin 
 here a table which will illustrate the gradual increase of the pro- 
 portion of the arm expanse to the total height in the different 
 classes of children. 
 
 Per Cent. Rctation of Average Arm Expanse to the Average Height, 
 according to the ages of the Children. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 (96.7) 
 99.0 
 98.4 
 99.1 
 100.2 
 100.3 
 100.1 
 100.8 
 100.6 
 101.3 
 101.5 
 101.7 
 101.8 
 
 97.1 
 
 98.2 
 
 98.6 
 
 98.7 
 
 99.1 
 
 99-5 
 
 99.8 
 
 100.4 
 
 100 7 
 
 102.2 
 
 (100 0) 
 
 (102.1) 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 (98.8) 
 (99.6) 
 101.1 
 102.8 
 101.8 
 101.2 
 104.1 
 104.5 
 105.5 
 104.5 
 (107.1) 
 
 
 7 
 
 101.5 
 
 8 
 
 (98.6) 
 
 9 
 
 101.9 
 
 10 
 
 101.0 
 
 11 
 
 105.0 
 
 12 . 
 
 (98.7) 
 
 13 
 
 (105.5) 
 
 14 
 
 (102.1) 
 
 15 
 
 (105.4) 
 
 Ig 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Measurements of the Chest. 
 
 After experimenting with various chest measurements it was 
 found that the best satisfaction is obtained by restricting the meas- 
 urements to diameters and taking these in all the children at the 
 height of the nipples. The instrument with which the measurements 
 were taken was a pair of accurate aluminum sliding compasses, with 
 branches with broad surfaces. In measuring, the branches of the 
 compass were applied not simply to touch the skin but until they 
 met with a marked resistance on the body. Care was taken that the 
 
Hrdlicka. 1 49 
 
 instrument should always be held diagonally to the long axis of the 
 bodv. With care, measurements of this nature become quite accu- 
 rate and satisfactory. 
 
 The results of the measuring, as will be seen from the appended 
 figures, show first of all the growth of the chest during the diiYerent 
 ages of the children. 
 
 In the second place, the figures demonstrate the differences which 
 exist in the two proportions of the chest of the same height between 
 the males and the females and between the white and the colored 
 children. 
 
 Finally, calculations were made of the relation of the antero- 
 posterior to the lateral diameter of the thorax at the different ages 
 of the subjects measured, and these proportions or thoracic indexes, 
 show the regular form of the chest, and the variations of this form, 
 in the different ages of the children. 
 
 The size of the chest is greater on an average at all ages in the 
 male than it is in the female children. This is the case in both the 
 white and the colored subjects. When, however, we come to the 
 females above 1 1 years of age, where the development of the breasts 
 begins, the proportions of the chest wdll increase in the female and 
 may surpass those of the male of the same age. This increase in 
 depth of the female chest at or after puberty is due to additional 
 deposition of fat and not to any changes in the osseous thorax. 
 
 In the colored children the chest is of very nearl\- the same si7,e 
 in the boys, but is somewhat smaller in the girls, than it is in cor- 
 responding sexes of white children. In both the colored boys and 
 girls the chest is a little deeper than it is in the white children of 
 corresponding sexes and ages. This difference lies in the thoracic 
 cage itself. 
 
 The chest index shows at least one very interesting feature. In 
 all classes of children the thorax is seen to be considerably deeper 
 in early childhood than it is later. The increase of flatness takes 
 place gradually and almost regularly through all the ages of the 
 children, so far as our records go, with the exception of the females 
 after the breast development takes place. The indices show very 
 well the somewhat deeper character of the chest in the negro chil- 
 dren, particularly the males. The flattening of the chest is most 
 4 
 
50 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 rapid according to our figures between 3 and 7 years of age. This 
 should probably read up to 7 years of age, as in the new-born 
 infants the chest is almost equal in itsanterio-posterior and its lateral 
 diameter and it has already flattened considerably at the age of 
 three, at which our figures begin. 
 
 Chest. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 DIAMETER ANTERO- 
 POSTERIOR AT 
 THE HEIGHT OF 
 THE NIPPLES. 
 
 DIAMETER LATERAL 
 AT THK HEIGHT OF 
 THE NIPPLES. 
 
 DIAMETER AXTEEO- 
 POSTERIOR AT 
 THE HEIGHT OF 
 THE NIPPLES. 
 
 DIAMETER LATERAL 
 AT THE HEIGHT OP 
 THE NIPPLES. 
 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 12.55 
 13 74 
 14.27 
 14.28 
 14.56 
 14.83 
 15.24 
 15.68 
 16.13 
 16.78 
 16.94 
 18.53 
 18.83 
 
 11.95 
 13.31 
 13.14 
 13.39 
 13.93 
 14.26 
 14.59 
 14.35 
 15.74 
 17-07 
 17.38 
 16.40 
 
 '"ih'.'io 
 
 17.10 
 18.73 
 19.63 
 19.87 
 20.59 
 21.07 
 21.64 
 22-31 
 23.07 
 23.70 
 24.42 
 27.16 
 26.13 
 
 17.25 
 18.22 
 18 56 
 19.05 
 19.92 
 20.82 
 21.24 
 21.83 
 23.03 
 23.79 
 25.10 
 25.50 
 
 '2ZAb 
 
 '"'i3!26 
 
 13.10 
 14.94 
 14.83 
 15.07 
 15.24 
 15.41 
 15.77 
 17.46 
 16.32 
 17.20 
 
 '""i2'65 
 14.30 
 14.18 
 13.40 
 14.18 
 17.15 
 16.20 
 15.95 
 17.45 
 
 "'h'.io 
 
 18.10 
 19.56 
 20.10 
 21.00 
 21.23 
 21.90 
 22.43 
 24 07 
 22.95 
 24.55 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 18.00 
 
 8 
 
 17.40 
 
 9 
 
 20.64 
 
 10 
 
 19.70 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 20.45 
 24.15 
 24.40 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 22.80 
 25.20 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average Chest Index of the Children According to the Color, Sexes 
 
 and Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 (73.4) 
 73.4 
 71.9 
 72.0 
 70.8 
 70.0 
 70. 5 
 70.3 
 70.0 
 70.8 
 69.3 
 68.4 
 
 (67.9) 
 
 (69.2) 
 73.0 
 70.2 
 70.3 
 70.0 
 69.4 
 68.7 
 65.4 
 68.4 
 71.0 
 (69.0) 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 (79.5) 
 (72-4) 
 72.3 
 74.1 
 71.6 
 72.8 
 70.6 
 69.6 
 72.5 
 71-3 
 (70.0) 
 
 
 7 
 
 168.6) 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 68.7 
 
 10 
 
 (68.0) 
 
 11 
 
 69.2 
 
 12 
 
 (70.9) 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 (70.0) 
 
 15 
 
 (69.2) 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Ig 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The number of colored subjects represented in the above figures 
 is small. If we include in this table, for the purpose of finding out 
 with more certainty the relations of the chest index between the 
 
Hrdlicka. 51 
 
 white and colored children, the data obtained on 100 additional 
 colored children, obtained in the New York Colored Orphan Asy- 
 lum, we obtain the following proportions: 
 
 Average Chest Index of the Children, According to the Color, Sexes and 
 Ages, including the 100 Additional Children, from the N. Y. Colored 
 Orphan Asylum. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Whitb. 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 79.3 
 
 86.1 
 79.8 
 76.1 
 76.6 
 70.4 
 68.7 
 68.9 
 69.2 
 69.6 
 70.9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 (73.4) 
 73.4 
 71.9 
 70.2 
 70.8 
 70.0 
 70.5 
 70.3 
 70.0 
 70.8 
 69.3 
 68.4 
 67.9 
 
 (69.2) 
 73.0 
 70.2 
 70.3 
 70.0 
 69.4 
 68.7 
 65.4 
 68.4 
 71.6 
 69.0 
 
 75.1 
 75.8 
 74.5 
 73.6 
 73.3 
 72.2 
 72.0 
 69.3 
 69.6 
 72.5 
 71.3 
 70.0 
 
 C . . . 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 :::.:::::. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 70.0 
 69.2 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Measurements of the Head. 
 
 The principal diameters of the head differ largely according to 
 the nationalities of the children and even in individuals. The main 
 value of such dimensions of the head as the anterio-posterior or the 
 lateral maximum diameters, and the height, lies in the correlation of 
 same and in the resulting indices. The main value of the tables 
 which show the individual measures, consists in the possibility of 
 tracing the proportions of increase in these measures with the ages 
 of the children, and then they show the differences in the averages 
 between the males and the females, and between the white and the 
 colored children. 
 
 The cephalic indices of the principal groups of the children in the 
 asylum were already given at the end of the first part of these inves- 
 tigations. I add here the average indices calculated from age to age 
 on all the children. These figures show the changes of the cephalic 
 index with age. The relations of the length and of the width to 
 the height of the head show nothing very extraordinary and as they 
 would involve much additional technicalities, they will not be intro- 
 duced here. 
 
52 
 
 AnthropologiCxVL Investigations. 
 
 If we observe the averag-es of the dififerent diameters in the fol- 
 lowing tables, we notice that the increase with age does not take 
 place in all of them in the same way. The maximum anterio- 
 posterior diameter increases most, the maximum lateral diameter the 
 least with the ages of the children. Thus, as children grow older 
 their heads become relatively longer and their cephalic indices 
 diminish. This fact is established by other observations on children, 
 principally by Dr. Boas' investigations. 
 
 The measurements of the female head are throughout the smaller. 
 Besides this, the differences in the lateral diameter of the head, 
 between the tw^o sexes of the children, are smaller in the female than 
 are the differences in the two sexes in the anterio-posterior diameter. 
 These facts show that the female head is totally smaller and, besides 
 that, slightly mor.^ rounded than is the male head. 
 
 When we calculate the size of the head in proportion to the height 
 of the body we still find that the female head is the smaller. The 
 greater roundness of the female head is general in all races of people 
 and at all ages. 
 
 The negro heads show, in the three principal diameters, a sliglit 
 excess in size over the same measures in the white children ; but we 
 should remember that the colored children are found to be of an 
 average greater height, which may account for the greater size of 
 their head and of these diameters. 
 
 Average Diameter Antcro-Posterior Max. of the Head of the Children, 
 According to Color, Sexes and Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 17-08 
 17-27 
 17.34 
 17-55 
 17.69 
 17.72 
 17-97 
 17-91 
 18.05 
 18.16 
 18.18 
 18.77 
 18.53 
 
 16.60 
 16.78 
 17.(6 
 16.91 
 
 17 35 
 17.53 
 17.49 
 17. H5 
 17.87 
 17.85 
 18.10 
 
 18 80 
 
 "'"is'io 
 
 "i7'66 
 18-20 
 IS. 08 
 18.35 
 17.85 
 18.09 
 18.23 
 18.62 
 18.91 
 18.63 
 18.10 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 17.50 
 
 8 
 
 (16.00) 
 17.62 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 17.90 
 
 11 . 
 
 17 83 
 
 12 
 
 18 58 
 
 13 
 
 18.90 
 
 14 
 
 18.75 
 
 15 
 
 18.20 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 53 
 
 Average Diameter Lateral MaxiiiiiDii of the Head of the Chihireii, 
 According to Color, Sexes and Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Male. 
 
 5 13.75 
 
 6 ' 13 91 
 
 7 14.18 
 
 8.'."'.'..'. 14.27 
 
 9 1 14.33 
 
 10 '4 3*> 
 
 11 14.40 
 
 14.51 
 14.61 
 14-66 
 14 75 
 14.83 
 14.83 
 
 Female. 
 
 COLOBBD. 
 
 Mate. 
 
 14.00 
 13.56 
 13.88 
 13.88 
 14.08 
 14. U3 
 14.06 
 14.09 
 14.25 
 14.26 
 15.15 
 14.90 
 
 isieo 
 
 13.60 
 13.30 
 13.88 
 
 13 87 
 13.52 
 14.21 
 14.27 
 14.15 
 14.31 
 14.23 
 
 14 25 
 
 Female. 
 
 13.52 
 
 13 10 
 13.84 
 13.70 
 13.53 
 
 14 27 
 14.20 
 14.10 
 14.80 
 
 Average Height of the Head of the Children, According to Color, Sexes 
 
 and Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Whitk. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 12.40 
 12.71 
 12.72 
 12.76 
 Q 12.78 
 
 io::::::::::""""i'"-".--.- 12.81 
 
 n:::::::: 12-84 
 
 12 ! 
 
 13 I 
 
 1 12.96 
 
 i 12.97 
 
 13.07 
 
 li :::::::::"::;;;::; :::;i;" 1 "02 
 
 ifi I 13.38 
 
 i7!!!!!!!]i!!!i!!!!!!i!iil ""..-- 1 ^'-32 
 
 is"..!..... 
 
 11.60 
 12.09 
 12 25 
 12 00 
 12.45 
 12.47 
 12.46 
 12.47 
 12.47 
 12.fi8 
 12 66 
 13.35 
 
 'i2!96 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 12.50 
 13.10 
 12.85 
 12.75 
 12.05 
 12.86 
 12.81 
 13.25 
 13.22 
 13.14 
 12.65 
 
 12.50 
 12-30 
 12.53 
 12.45 
 12.40 
 12.53 
 12.65 
 12.45 
 12.73 
 
54 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 Average Cephalic Index of tlic Children According to Color, Sexes 
 
 and As:es. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Male. Female. Male. Female 
 
 80.5 
 80.7 
 81.7 
 81.2 
 81.0 
 81.0 
 80.1 
 81.0 
 80.9 
 80.7 
 81.1 
 79.0 
 80.0 
 
 COLOEKD. 
 
 84.3 
 80.8 
 81.3 
 82.1 
 81.1 
 80.0 
 80.4 
 78.9 
 79.7 
 79.8 
 83.7 
 79.2 
 
 75.1 
 
 80.0 
 73.1 
 76.7 
 75.0 
 76.8 
 78.5 
 78.3 
 76.0 
 75.8 
 76.3 
 78.7 
 
 77.2 
 81.9 
 78.5 
 76.5 
 75.8 
 76.8 
 75.1 
 75.2 
 81.3 
 
 The relative size and growth of the head can be illustrated in 
 addition by the measure of the circumference of the head and by 
 the so-called Smith's Module. 
 
 The circumference of the head is not a very favored measure in 
 anthropology. The reasons for this are that it is often interfered 
 with by the amount of hair of the individual measured, and that it 
 has no relation to the height of the head, which may differ very 
 widely. In children, where the height of the head does not diflfer as 
 much as it does in adults, and where the hair forms but a very little 
 obstacle to measuring, the circumference is a fairly valid measure. 
 It shows by all means the gradual increase of the head with age of 
 the children, and the differences in the size of the head among the 
 different classes of children. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 55 
 
 Average Head Circumference Maximum of the Children, According 
 to Color, Sexes and Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 f'OLOBBD. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 50.20 
 51.67 
 51.38 
 51.61 
 51.97 
 52.03 
 52.50 
 52.58 
 53.00 
 53.37 
 53.30 
 54.82 
 53.93 
 
 49.35 
 49.13 
 50.20 
 49.80 
 50.78 
 51.31 
 51.12 
 51.92 
 51.93 
 52.81 
 54.30 
 54.80 
 
 50 50 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 51.80 '"'5o!r6 
 52.32 47.60 
 52.60 52.34 
 51.15 52.55 
 so 49 ' 50 13 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 !•> .. 
 
 53-06 54.40 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 54 27 53 10 
 
 15 
 
 54 10 .<u in 
 
 16 
 
 52.75 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The module of Smith is a term applied in anthropometry to an 
 abstract number which is obtained by adding together the greatest 
 length, the greatest width and the height of the head and divid- 
 ing the resultant by 3. The figure obtained, although not express- 
 ing anv real size of head, is nevertheless a very useful substitute fDr 
 the real size or capacity of the cranium and is very useful in com- 
 parisons. Our table below, which gives the average modules of the 
 different classes of children, shows how well we can trace the differ- 
 ences in the size of the head through these abstract figures. I pre- 
 fer the module for this purpose to everything except the real cranial 
 capacity, which, of course, can only be obtained on skulls. 
 
 Average Modtdes of the Head of the Children According to Color, 
 
 Sexes and Ages. 
 
 
 Whitk. 
 
 COLOKBD. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 
 14.28 
 U.64 
 14.78 
 14.85 
 14.94 
 14.96 
 15.03 
 15.12 
 15.19 
 15.30 
 15.31 
 15 65 
 15.56 
 
 14.07 
 14.14 
 14.39 
 14.3.-. 
 14.60 
 14 67 
 14.67 
 14.80 
 14.84 
 14 93 
 15.29 
 
 14-94 
 15.00 
 14.67 
 15.05 
 14.78 
 15.31 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i4.5i 
 
 e 
 
 
 9 ::::::;::;:;:;:::::::::::::::::. 
 
 14.66 
 
 10 
 
 14.70 
 
 
 14.57 
 
 10 
 
 15.12 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 38 
 
 15.04 
 
 
 15.22 15.28 
 
 
 15 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
56 
 
 AXTIIROPOLOGICAL IxVESTIGATIOXS. 
 
 There are two more measurements of the head which deserve 
 mention. The one is the Bin-Auricular diameter of the head, which 
 shows the width of the head at about the height of the base of the 
 brain and inmiediately in front of the ears, and the diameter frontal 
 minimum, which shows the width of the base of the forehead. Ac- 
 cording to our figures, which are given below, the Bin-Auric Diame- 
 ter differs nmch less in the two sexes of the children than is the case 
 with any other measurement of the head that we have so far spoken 
 of. In the colored children this diameter is always smaller than in 
 the white children of corresponding ages ; thus the skull of the negro 
 child is absolutely narrower in this location, that is at the height of 
 the base of the brain and immediately in front of the ear, than it is 
 in white children. 
 
 Average Diaiiicfcr Bin-Auric of the Children According to Color, 
 
 Sexes and A^es. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 5 
 
 10.65 
 10-96 
 11-33 
 1 1 .42 
 11.45 
 11.56 
 11.68 
 11.84 
 12.00 
 12.11 
 12.07 
 12.51 
 12-53 
 
 10.60 
 10.92 
 11. u« 
 11-25 
 11.4:i 
 
 11.63 
 11.77 
 11.83 
 12.02 
 12.33 
 12.58 
 11.80 
 
 """i2!o6 
 
 'io'.so 
 
 11.00 
 11.30 
 12.99 
 11.30 
 11-73 
 11-64 
 11.71 
 12.04 
 11.85 
 12.20 
 
 
 6 , 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 io.99 
 10 50 
 
 9 
 
 11 18 
 
 10 
 
 11.25 
 
 11 
 
 11 30 
 
 12 . . 
 
 12.17 
 
 13 
 
 12.00 
 
 14 
 
 12.25 
 
 15 
 
 12 40 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 The diameter frontal minimum increases gradually with the ages 
 in all of the children. The measure is generally smaller on the 
 female heads. As to the differences in this measure between the 
 white and the negroes our figures cannot be taken as conclusive as 
 we have a too small a number of the colored children. Up to eleven 
 years of age, according to our figures, the forehead of the negro 
 child, both male and female, is on the average somewhat narrower 
 than the forehead of the white child. After eleven years of age the 
 conditions seem to be somewhat reversed. I am inclined to believe, 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 S7 
 
 if I consider all my observations on negroes together, that the aver- 
 age width of the forehead is generally slightly smaller in these than 
 it is in the white people. In connection with the fact that the whole 
 head of the negro is not smaller, this point would deserve a further 
 investigation. 
 
 Arcragc Diameter Front Minbnum of the Children, According to Color, 
 
 Sexes a)id Ages. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 9.10 
 
 9 73 
 
 9.78 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.07 
 
 9.97 
 
 10.14 
 
 10.05 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.29 
 
 1U.24 
 
 10 62 
 
 10-23 
 
 9.45 
 
 9.35 
 
 9.53 
 
 9.59 
 
 9.70 
 
 9.86 
 
 9. S3 
 
 10.13 
 
 10 06 
 
 10.27 
 
 10.45 
 
 10.30 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 9.50 
 9.40 
 9 90 
 9.95 
 9.72 
 10.11 
 10.26 
 10.78 
 10.55 
 10.33 
 10.10 
 
 9.37 
 9.U0 
 9 78 
 9 90 
 9.73 
 10.33 
 10.30 
 10.25 
 10.70 
 
 The preceding figures conclude the study of the measurements 
 of the children of the Juvenile Asylum. To review a few principal 
 facts, these measures show that all the children of the institution 
 taken as a class are apparently somewhat below the average of free, 
 well nourished children in their growth. 
 
 The asylum children are of a somewhat smaller stature and smaller 
 weight than are outside children that are available for comparison. 
 It would be very interesting in this connection to know the differ- 
 ences between the children as they enter here and when they leave; 
 perhaps it may be possible to learn this in future. Our measure- 
 ments of the heads of the children show no great discrepancies from 
 what we know is about the normal. There is good reason to be- 
 lieve that the majority of the inmates of the institution owe their 
 slight physical inferiority only to malnutrition and neglect and not 
 to inherent physical inferiority. These subjects cannot be excluded 
 from the general average class of children. There is, however, a 
 number of individuals here heavily charged with bad heredity, and 
 
58 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 their physical inferiority is to be referred to this inheritance; these 
 individuals are exceptional. 
 
 Besides the above we have obtained some remarkable differences 
 in the measurements of the white and the negro subjects. These 
 data, even if they cannot be considered as decisive from these 
 studies alone, are nevertheless valuable indications of the physical 
 differences between the two classes of children. 
 
Hrdlicka. 59 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Physical Differences Between White and Colored Chil- 
 dren OF the Same Sexes and Ages. 
 
 The differences between the two classes of children may, in 
 a resume, be arranged into those which were observed equally in 
 both sexes, and those which are prevalent in either the boys or the 
 girls. Some of the characters in which the white and the black 
 children differ were fairly w^ell brought out in preceding parts of 
 this study and will receive here but a passing notice. Other differ- 
 ences have not as yet been mentioned, and these will receive more 
 consideration. 
 
 Differences Without Regard to the Sex or Age of the 
 
 Children. 
 
 In a general way it can be stated that the white children present 
 more diversity; the negro children more uniformity in all their nor- 
 mal physical characters. This becomes gradually more marked as 
 the age of the children advances. 
 
 As to physical abnormalities, those of congenital origin are much 
 less frequent in the negro child than they are in the white one; with 
 acquired abnormalities, principally the results of rachitic conditions, 
 the case is almost the reverse, those characters being less frequent in 
 the white children. 
 
 In detail wc find the following differences between the two classes 
 of children: 
 
 Si::c of the Body. 
 
 The average height of the colored child is in all ages from one to 
 three mm. greater than is the average height of white children, all 
 the nationalities of these latter being taken together; it is still 
 -lightly greater when compared with the average height of only the 
 American-born children, who are taller than the children of most 
 other nationalities. 
 
6o Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 The average weight, unhke the height, is greater in the white chil- 
 dren at all ages up to puberty; beyond puberty, particularly in the 
 girls, the colored subjects seem to gain in weight more rapidly than 
 do the white ones. 
 
 The size of the head is, on the average, slightly smaller in the 
 negro children than it is in the white, provided we consider the size 
 of the head in its relation to the size of the body. There are indi- 
 vidual exceptions to this rule. 
 
 The form of the head is less variable in the colored children than 
 it is in the American-born white children. A pure American colored 
 child shows generally a pronounced dolichocephaly, whilst the nor- 
 mal white American child will show us everything from a marked 
 long head to a pronounced brachycephaly. West Indies negro 
 children are more frequently short-headed than those of North 
 American origin. 
 
 The hair of the pure negro child is quite lusterless and as a rule 
 either curly or wavy, by far more frequently the former than the lat- 
 ter. The proportion of wavy hair increases largely in mixed sub- 
 jects and the same is true about luster of the hair. In white chil- 
 dren, those of American origin especially, curly hair is found very 
 seldom, and the curls always differ from those of the negro; they 
 possess luster and will never show compact rouleaux arrangement. 
 We do find curly hair among Jewish children and children born in 
 southern European countries, and occasionally also among Teutonic 
 people. Wavy hair is quite common among Jewish and Syrian 
 subjects. 
 
 The forehead is on the average narrower at all ages in the negro 
 child than it is in the white. Tlie height of the forehead, however, 
 is not smaller in the colored subject, and is occasionally even greater 
 than it is in some of the white children. 
 
 The face of the colored children is generally more prognathic than 
 is that of white children. The prognathism is both facial and 
 alveolar. 
 
 The malar bones are somewhat more prominent in the colored 
 child, but the difference is not so great as that which may be ob- 
 served between a child of a yellow race and a white one. 
 
 The nose of the negro is frequently shorter and generally lower 
 
Fig. 12— a characteristic nogro ear: small size, overhanging, compressed helix. 
 
Hrdlicka. ^ 6i 
 
 and broader than the nose of the white child. These differences in- 
 crease somewhat with the age of the children. 
 
 The lips of the colored subjects are very prominent. This is 
 partly due to the greater prognathism of the alveolar processes, but 
 besides this the lips of the colored children are substantially thicker 
 than are those of white children. 
 
 The mouth is broader and it is also more spacious antero-posteri- 
 orly in the negroes. This is due to the fact that in the colored 
 child the palate is more spacious and longer than it is in the white. 
 
 The teeth of the negro children are often stronger than are those 
 of white individuals. Irregularities in the setting of the teeth, which 
 are so frequent in white children, are quite rare among the colored. 
 Dentition in the colored is more regular. 
 
 The uvula is frequently shorter and stouter in the colored 
 than it is in the white children, and is less frequently deflected in 
 the former. 
 
 The lower jaw is often somewhat higher and the lower maxilla a 
 little stronger in the colored subjects than it is in the white. 
 
 The ears of the colored deserve special notice. They show in 
 many cases a marked and almost specific character, which is but 
 rarely seen in the white. This character consists in that the helix is 
 bent on itself and compressed at the highest fourth of the ear. The 
 negro car is also generally somewhat smaller in all its dimensions 
 than the white one. In a certain proportion of cases the cars of the 
 colored children are broader in the lower half than they are in the 
 upper. 
 
 The body shows marked differences in the two classes of children, 
 and some of these differences are more marked in children of cer- 
 tain ages than they are in adults. These differences are more 
 marked in the female children tlian in the male. 
 
 In general the body of the negro child shows less adipose tissue 
 and greater muscular development. The average strength in each 
 arm. as measured by the dynamometer is greater, not only at all 
 ages of the colored children, but also when calculated in proportion 
 to every pound of weight of the body. 
 
 The pelvis of the colored child is more inclined f.)n\ards than 
 that of the white child, and this is equally true in both sexes. 
 
62 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 The arms of the colored child are longer than those of the white, 
 and the arm-spread relatively to the height of the body is greater. 
 
 Both hands and feet, but especially the feet, are longer in the 
 colored than they are in the white child. The feet are flatter in the 
 colored. The thighs of the negro child show a remarkable difference 
 from those of the white. They appear not unlike the thighs of a 
 frog, being most prominent in the middle. This character is due 
 largely to a higher forward and outward cur\^ature of the thigh 
 bone in the colored. 
 
 The calves are somewhat smaller in the negro child than they are 
 in the white one. 
 
 Differences Peculiar to Boys. 
 
 The negro boy is generally well built, lean and muscular. The 
 body, unlike that of many normal white boys, and unless deformed 
 by disease, is plastic, straight and symmetrical. His chest is a little 
 deeper. 
 
 The pelvis of the colored boy is more inclined and in consequence 
 of this the lumbar curve is more pronounced, and the buttocks more 
 prominent. 
 
 The penis of the colored boy is generally longer than that of a 
 white boy of corresponding age or size. 
 
 Differences Peculiar to Female Children. 
 
 The colored girl, before the age of puberty, and sometimes even 
 beyond this period, is a great deal more the shape of a boy than is 
 the case with the white girl. Among white children, girls can be 
 seen to show decided feminine characters; that is feminine shoulders 
 and thorax, waist distinctly narrowed, large hips and fat thighs as 
 early as 8 years of life. Among negro female children I have not 
 seen these characters become manifest until after 12 years of age or 
 even much later. When seen in profile the greater inclination of the 
 pelvis in the female colored child becomes very apparent. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 63 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 Differences in the Children According to Their 
 Nationalities. 
 
 The differences in the children of different nationahties must be 
 sought for principally in the measurements. All the differences 
 must necessarily be considered separately at every age, and through 
 this we are obliged to make so many separations of the children 
 that several of the resulting groups of the boys and almost all the 
 groups of the girls become insufficient for comparisons. 
 
 The positive results of the comparison of the measurements of 
 the white children of the different nationalities will not be many, and 
 none of those which we obtain can be looked on as definite, but are 
 subject to further verification. 
 
 Had we sufficient numbers of children and no physically excep- 
 tional individuals among them, this part of the study would be 
 anthropologically the most interesting one. As the matter stands, 
 however, there are many defects to it. 
 
 The differences in the measurements of the children can be shown 
 in the plainest way by a table in which the figures under the different 
 headings represent the positions which the children of the different 
 groups occupy in that particular respect in the total number of the 
 age series. The figures will do more justice to children of most 
 nationalities than they will do to Americans, a large proportion of 
 whom come from families which are in various ways defective. 
 
 Average Positions Which the Children of DifFcrcnt Nationalities Occupy 
 in the Total Number of tfie Age Series. 
 
 
 
 
 
 <-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 •3 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 h 
 
 S 
 
 JS 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 <ss 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 !> 
 
 .a 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 = 
 
 J3 
 
 
 a< 
 
 ft; 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 5 
 3 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 3 
 8 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 J 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 Jj.jgjj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
64 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 I will not make man}- remarks about the above figures. The 
 American children, notwithstanding the many physically inferior 
 individuals among them, occupy the highest average position. Only 
 next to them are the Irish, and the Germans follow very closely. 
 The Russian Jews and the Syrians are physically the most inferior 
 of the children. 
 
 Among the few single remarkable facts are (a) the unevenness of 
 the relations of the weight and force of the children of the different 
 nationalities; (b) the disproportion between the circumference of 
 the head and the width of the forehead in Irish children; (c) a dis- 
 proportion in the same figures, but of opposite nature with the 
 Russian Jews ; (d) the highest weight with a second-class height and 
 fourth-class force in the Germans ; (e) the height of the head in the 
 Syrians. 
 
 According to the preceding figures the American and the Irish 
 children are the tallest; the Germans are the heaviest; the Americans 
 are the most powerful; the Irish children have the largest circumfer- 
 ence of the head, but at the same time the smallest width of the 
 forehead, while the forehead is widest in the Russian Jews and the 
 Italians; in the height of the head the first place belongs to the 
 Syrians. 
 
Hrdlicka. 65 
 
 PART V. 
 Separate Report on the Entirely Normal Children. 
 
 There were found, as stated already before, among the 1,000 
 children examined in the asylum, 58 white boys, 35 white girls, 5 
 colored boys and 7 colored girls, on whose bodies there was not 
 found even a single pronounced abnormality. 
 
 Of the white children, 8 boys and i girl were born of American 
 parents, 20 boys and 24 girls born of Italian parents, 10 boys and 
 2 girls were of German, and 8 boys and i girl of Russian origin. 
 The remaining children out of the 58 boys and 35 girls were divided 
 in small numbers among various nationalities. 
 
 If we reduce the above numbers to percentages, we obtain for 
 the American boys 13.8 per cent.; for the girls 2.85 per cent. of phys- 
 ically normal children from the whole number of children of this 
 nationality examined. For the Italian boys, similar proportions are 
 34.5 per cent.; for the Italian girls 68.6 per cent.; for the German 
 boys 17.2 per cent.; for the girls 5.7 per cent.; and for the Russian 
 boys 13.8 per cent.; for the girls 2.85 per cent, of the total. Now, 
 among the total of white children, these four nationalties were 
 represented as follows: 
 
 American 
 
 Italian 
 
 German 
 
 Russian 
 
 If we compare the two classes of percentages we see that the 
 entirely normal American children are proportionately much less 
 frequent to the whole percentage in the institution than are any of 
 the other three groups of children. The reason for this, in my 
 opinion, lies in the fact that many of the children of foreigners jre 
 sent to the institution for poverty simply and may proceed from 
 parents who are physically and otherwise entirely normal. Children 
 5 
 
 Boys. 
 % 
 
 Girlf. 
 * 
 
 21 . I 
 
 9.8 
 
 33-2 
 
 61 .2 
 
 14.6 
 
 9.1 
 
 8.8 
 
 2. I 
 
66 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 of American parents, on the other hand, are more frequently sent 
 here for real destitution, or as a result of various transgressions and 
 such children are more liable to proceed from parents who are 
 themselves not physically normal and who left to their children as an 
 inheritance various physical irregularities and predispositions. 
 
 The family history of the children who are without any physical 
 abnormalities is very clear. Among the parents of all these 105 
 children only 2 persons were intemperate, 2 persons insane, and 
 2 persons who deserted the family. In 60 instances among the 
 white children, and in 2 instances among the colored, both of the 
 parents of the child were still living, and in only 4 cases of the 
 white and 3 cases of the colored children were both parents dead. 
 Among the causes of death of the deceased parents, so far as we 
 could ascertain, 9 persons died of consumption, 2 of menmgitis, and 
 all the remaining of acute diseases or of accidents. 
 
 The measurements of the children without any physical abnor- 
 malities, when compared with the average measurements of all tne 
 children who are in the institution, are almost generally, at least so 
 with the boys, superior. This point will be best appreciated by the 
 perusal of the following table: 
 
 Boys — White. 
 
 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 All. 
 
 (2) Physically entirely normal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Pressure 
 Force, 
 
 Pressure 
 Force, 
 
 Circumference 
 
 Diameter 
 Frontal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 
 • 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Bim. 
 
 lb8. 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 m. 
 
 5 
 
 961 
 
 971 
 
 33 
 
 3-i.O 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 50.20 
 
 49.6 
 
 9.10 
 
 8.90 
 
 8 
 
 1152 
 
 1052 
 
 47 
 
 39.7 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 51.60 
 
 51.0 
 
 9.84 
 
 9.30 
 
 9 
 
 1212 
 
 1232 
 
 53 
 
 56.0 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 51.97 
 
 52.55 
 
 10.07 
 
 10.20 
 
 10 
 
 1248 
 
 1258 
 
 57 
 
 58.4 
 
 28 ! 28.5 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 52.00 
 
 52.6 
 
 9.97 
 
 10.12 
 
 11 
 
 1315 
 
 1360 
 
 64 
 
 73.0 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 .-to 
 
 36 
 
 52.50 
 
 .S3. 2 
 
 10.14 
 
 10.40 
 
 12 .... 
 
 1362 
 
 1343 
 
 70 
 
 65.2 
 
 36 
 
 34.5 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 52.58 
 
 52.0 
 
 10.05 
 
 9.93 
 
 13 .... 
 
 1420 
 
 1482 
 
 81 
 
 89.8 
 
 40 
 
 47.5 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 53.00 
 
 53.55 
 
 10 20 
 
 10.50 
 
 14 
 
 1449 
 
 1464 
 
 84 
 
 91.5 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 53.37 
 
 54 4 
 
 10.29 
 
 10.50 
 
 15 .... 
 
 1462 
 
 1497 
 
 85 
 
 97.0 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 53.30 
 
 54.1 
 
 10.24 
 
 10.20 
 
Hrdlick,\. 
 
 67 
 
 Girls— IV kite. 
 
 (1) All. (2) The physically entirely normal. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Prepsuhe 
 
 Force, 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Force. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 Circumference 
 OP Head. 
 
 UIAMETEB 
 
 Fro.stal 
 Minimum. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ram. 
 1088 
 1130 
 1187 
 12t)7 
 1304 
 1431 
 
 2 
 
 mm. 
 1134 
 1057 
 1170 
 1264 
 1312 
 1417 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 7.... 
 
 8 .... 
 
 9 .... 
 
 10 .... 
 
 11 .... 
 13 .... 
 
 lbs. 
 42 
 45 
 52 
 60 
 65 
 84 
 
 lbs 
 
 43 
 
 36 6 
 
 50.5 
 
 58 
 
 66 
 
 81.5 
 
 Ib.o, 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 26 
 36 
 
 lbs. 
 12 
 13 
 18 
 
 22-5 
 28.5 
 32 
 
 lbs. 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 22 
 24 
 32 
 
 lb.<». 
 11.5 
 10.5 
 16 
 21 
 
 25.5 
 31 
 
 cm. 
 
 50.2 
 
 49.8 
 
 50.78 
 
 51.3 
 
 51.1 
 
 51.9 
 
 cm. 
 50-7 
 48.9 
 50.7 
 51.3 
 51.6 
 51.7 
 
 cm. 
 9.53 
 9.59 
 9.7 
 9.86 
 9.83 
 10.1 
 
 cm. 
 9.8 
 9.5 
 9.8 
 9.9 
 9.8 
 lO.l 
 
 Teeth. 
 
 In addition to the examination of the body, hmbs and other pre- 
 viously mentioned parts, attention was given also to the condition 
 of the teeth of the children. Among- this class of individuals tiie 
 condition of the teeth was found to be fiiic,^ that is there were no 
 more decayed and absent teeth in tlic mouth than up to two, in 54, 
 or 53 per cent, of the cases. The teeth were good, that is, there were 
 between two and six lost and decayed, in 36 per cent, of the cases. 
 The teeth were mediocre, that is, there were lost and decayed more 
 than six but less than a half of the total number, in a little over 
 9 per cent, of the cases; and of bad teeth, or those where a half or 
 more of the total number were lost and decayed, there were three 
 cases, or about 3 per cent, of the total. 
 
 Careful inquiries were made with the teachers and attendants ci 
 the children as to their abilities in learning and as to their char- 
 acters since they have been under observation. From the data thus 
 collected it appears that there were among these children 87, or 83 
 per cent., with abilities that could be said to be about the average 
 for children of the same ages outside the institution. In 3 per cent, 
 of the cases the abilities of the children were decidedly superior; and 
 in 14 per cent, the abilities were in some way inferior to the general 
 average. Almost half of the children with inferior abilitii-s in learn- 
 ing had some known bad heredity. 
 
 * The denominations used here are entirely arbitrary, but I have used ihem extensively in 
 examining different classes of people and tind them very satisfactory. 
 
68 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 As to the character of tliis class of children, this can be judged of 
 in two ways; first, by the cause of commitment to the institution, 
 and, second, by the conduct of the child since confinement. This 
 second criterion is undoubtedly the safer. 
 
 As to the cause of coming- here, as stated on admission of the 
 children, we find that 13 individuals of the whole number of 105 were 
 sent here for truancy, 9 for disobedience, 2 for running away, i For 
 staying out late, i for begging, i for petty larceny, i for pilfer- 
 ing, and 3 for being ungovernable. All these together amount 
 to 30 per cent, of the 105 children, the remaining 70 per cent, came 
 here either for a home or on account of poverty of their parents or 
 guardians. 
 
 Observation of the children since they have been in the insti- 
 tution shows that 3, only, out of the 105, behaved persistently badly. 
 Two of these individuals had at the same time inferior learning 
 abilities and bad heredity. 
 
 The conclusion which can be made from the above data is, that 
 the physically entirely normal children are liable both to be children 
 with little heredity predisposition, and with fairly normal abilities 
 and character. These facts will be much better appreciated after 
 several of the following sections of this study have been perused by 
 the reader. That there should be found among the children who 
 have no physical abnormalities a certain percentage with inferior 
 abilities and with a persistent bad behavior, shows that the mental 
 system can not be looked at as a mere reflection of the state 
 of the body, or the reverse; the brain can apparently have properties 
 which are not perceptible in the external parts of the individual. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 69 
 
 PART VI. 
 Children With Five or More Abnormalities. 
 
 There were found of such children 62 white males, 16 white 
 females, 8 colored males and i colored female, in all 87. 
 
 The measures of these children show that almost 50 per cent, of 
 the individuals of this class (48.3 per cent.) are in their principal 
 measurements below the general average obtained on all the chil- 
 dren of similar ages in the institution. The following table shows a 
 comparison of the principal average measurements of the abnormal 
 white boys with those obtained on all the white boys in the institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Boys—JVhife. 
 
 (1) All. (2) Boys will) 5 or iviore abnormalities. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 PRESS0RE 
 
 Force. 
 
 Presscre 
 
 FOBCE. 
 
 CiRCCMFEHENCE 
 
 Diameter 
 Front 
 
 AG 
 
 rE. 
 
 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 
 
 MlNlSICM. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 mm 
 
 mm. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 ctn. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 6 
 
 ... lOil 
 
 1120 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 ■ 51.67 
 
 52.0 9.73 1 9.9 
 
 7 
 
 ... 1120 
 
 1113 
 
 4.T 
 
 45 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 51.38 
 
 51.4 9.78 
 
 9.7 
 
 8 
 
 ... 1152 
 
 1181 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 IH 
 
 51.61 
 
 51.4 9.84 
 
 9.9 
 
 9 
 
 ... 1212 
 
 U'05 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 51.97 
 
 .•iO.9 10.07 
 
 9 8 
 
 10 
 
 .. 1248 
 
 VIM 
 
 57 
 
 51 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 52.03 
 
 51.5 9.97 
 
 9.7 
 
 U 
 
 ... 1.315 
 
 1306 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 52.50 
 
 53.2 10.14 
 
 9.9 
 
 12 
 
 ... 1362 
 
 1369 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 52.58 
 
 53.2 10.05 
 
 10.1 
 
 13 
 
 ... 1420 
 
 1420 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 53.(10 
 
 52.5 1 10.20 
 
 9.8 
 
 14 
 
 ...1 1449 
 
 1478 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 53.37 
 
 53.2 110.29 
 
 10.2 
 
 15 
 
 ... 1462 
 
 1422 
 
 8i 
 
 74 
 
 48 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 53.30 
 
 53.6 110.24 
 
 10.1 
 
 16 
 
 ... 1615 
 
 1606 
 
 115 
 
 107 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 53 
 
 64 
 
 54.82 
 
 54.5 10.62 
 
 10.5 
 
 Inquiries as to the nationalities of these children show that 21 
 or about 27 per cent, of the white boys were of American parentage, 
 24 or about 31 per cent, were Italians, and 11 or about 14 per cent, 
 were Germans. The proportion of abnormal children is much smal- 
 ler among the Italians than is the proportion of the children of this 
 nationality to the total of white children in the institution. Of the 
 Germans it is about the same, but of the Americans it is considerably 
 greater. These facts are to be explained on the same b^is as I men- 
 
70 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 tioned in connection with the children who were entirely free from 
 physical abnormalities. 
 
 There were made similar inquiries as to the ability at learning and 
 character of the children who show many abnormalities, as were 
 made with the other groups of children. Pains were taken to se- 
 cure these data as reliable as possible. 
 
 These inquiries reveal that, as to ability at learning, there are 
 only 55 or about 63 per cent, of the children of this class who are in 
 this respect up to the average of pubHc school children, 28 indi- 
 viduals, or a little over 32 per cent., are of inferior abilities, while four 
 children are exceptionablly bright. It would seem from these 
 figures that numerous abnormalities of the body stand frequently 
 in connection with inferior abilities of the mind. However, such a 
 combination is far from general, and occasionally a body offering 
 many abnormalities is associated with very good mental powers. 
 
 As to the character of the children of this class, so far as we can 
 judge from the causes which brought the child here, it is inferior to 
 the children who are physically free of abnormalities. The per- 
 centage of children with five or more abnormalities who were sent to 
 the asylum for some bad conduct was 30 per cent, of the total, which 
 is an equal proportion to that which we have seen with the physi- 
 cally normal children. But there are two points of difference be- 
 tween the two classes of individuals. In the first place, almost all 
 the younger children with man}' abnormalities, that is children be- 
 low 10 years of age, were sent here for destitution. Out of the re- 
 maining children of this class, that is, those after 10 years of age, 
 a very great proportion were misbehaved individuals. This fact 
 was noticed to a much smaller extent among children free from phy- 
 sical defects. The second point of difiference consists in the char- 
 acter of the offences. I gave in Part V the offences of the physi- 
 cally normal individuals. They were: in 12.4 per cent, of the 105 
 normal children truancy ; in 8.6 per cent, disobedience ; in 3 per cent, 
 ungovernable ; in 2 per cent, running away ; in i per cent, each stay- 
 ing out, begging, petit larceny and pilfering. Of the 87 children 
 with five or more abnormalities: in 11.5 per cent, of the cases the 
 children were brought here for disobedience; in 10.3 per cent, for 
 truancy; in 5.7 per cent. for petit larceny; in 1.15 per cent, for pilfer- 
 
Hrdlicka. 71 
 
 ing- and in 1.15 per cent, burglary. The character of the offences on 
 the whole was more grave with the physically defective children. 
 
 As to the behavior of the children of this class since under obser- 
 vation in the asylum, their conduct was stated to be persistently bad 
 in some way in 15 cases, or 17 per cent, of the total. 
 
 It seems, whatever causes there may be for the fact, that the 
 children with numerous physical abnormalities are also more liable 
 to abnormalities of character than are the children who are physi- 
 cally entirely normal. The phenomenon may perhaps be explained 
 from two main standpoints. On the one hand, the child with 
 numerous abnormalities carries in the majority ot the cases more 
 serious predisposition inherited from its parents, and this predis- 
 position affects not only its body but also diminishes its energy and 
 self control. Besides this, children whose parents were physically 
 inferior have undoubtedly suffered more from neglect and from in- 
 sufficient training, as a class, than children whose parents we have 
 reason to believe were physically normal, and these conditions have 
 left a mark on their character. 
 
 In illustration of this last point wc find that among the 87 children, 
 in seven cases both of the parents were dead, in 22 cases the father 
 alone and in 13 cases the mother alone were dead. 
 
 The kind of heredity these children have received is shown well 
 enough by the number of their dead parents, but it illustrated in 
 addition, even from the scarce information we have in this respect, 
 by the fact that 12 of the parents of the children were intemperate, 3 
 deserted their family, and i was a forger. 
 
 The children who show many physical abnormalities should not 
 be condemned and looked upon as any inferior beings, simply be- 
 cause of their physical abnormalities. But it should be borne in 
 mind that many of these children may require an additional and pro- 
 longed care. \\'ith such care the majority of them will develop 
 into good members of the community. 
 
72 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 PART VII. 
 Children who were Criminal or Vicious. 
 
 In this class we find 72 males and only 5 females. The prepon- 
 derance of the males over the females among the children with 
 decidedly bad characters is remarkable. 
 
 The measure table of the criminal or vicious children given below 
 will show that there is no general physical inferiority to be observed 
 in these children as a class. To this there are, however, individual 
 exceptions. 
 
 White— Males. 
 
 
 
 
 (1) All. ;2) 
 
 Children who 
 
 are criminal or vicious. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 PEESSUEE 
 FOBCB, 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Force, 
 
 Circumference 
 OF Head. 
 
 Diameter, 
 Frontal 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 10.... 
 
 1248 
 
 1234 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 27.2 
 
 52.03 
 
 51-5 
 
 9 97 
 
 9.9 
 
 11.... 
 
 1315 
 
 1339 
 
 64 
 
 67.9 
 
 32 
 
 34.2 
 
 30 
 
 32-2 
 
 52.50 
 
 53.0 
 
 10-14 
 
 10.1 
 
 12 ... 
 
 1362 
 
 1375 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 52 58 
 
 53.1 
 
 10.05 
 
 10.1 
 
 13.... 
 
 1420 
 
 1417 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 53.00 
 
 52.8 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.0 
 
 14.--. 
 
 1449 
 
 1467 
 
 »4 
 
 85 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 4U 
 
 40.4 
 
 53 37 
 
 53.2 
 
 10.29 
 
 10.1 
 
 15.... 
 
 1462 
 
 1482 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 48 
 
 50.6 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 53.30 
 
 53.8 
 
 10.24 
 
 10.4 
 
 16.... 
 
 1615 
 
 16IU 
 
 115 
 
 114 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 54.82 
 
 54.9 
 
 10.62 
 
 10.4 
 
 17.... 
 
 1654 
 
 1729 
 
 122 
 
 133 
 
 74 
 
 89 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 53.93 
 
 54.6 
 
 10.23 
 
 10.6 
 
 As to the parentage of this class of children in 19 cases, or 27.5 
 per cent., the white individuals were of American parentage. (This 
 fact accounts to a certain extent for the value of some of the average 
 physical measurements.) In 18 instances, or 26 per cent., the chil- 
 dren were of German parentage, and in 14 instances, or 20 per 
 cent., these children were Russian Jews. There was no Syrian among 
 these individuals and, what is very remarkable, considering the 
 number of children of this nationality in the institution, there was 
 only one Italian. The preponderance of American children among 
 the criminal and vicious children must be referred to the same 
 causes which I mentioned in connection with the entirely normal 
 children. 
 
Hrdlicka. 73 
 
 There was found a lesser proportion of abnormalities to each of 
 the children of this class than we will find to be the case with children 
 of some of the following groups. Nevertheless, the proportion is 
 slightly above the general averages in the institution. There were 
 to each white boy 3.1 of abnormalities; to each white girl 2.5; to each 
 colored male 2.6, while the i colored female was entirely normal. 
 Among the total of 231 abnormalities of all classes there were 41, or 
 about 17 per cent, of serious nature, and 70, or a little over 30 per 
 cent., of indifferent nature, while the remaining 120 were of medium 
 significance. Additionally, in three cases there was observed a 
 serious condition of the heart. 
 
 If we consider the above data on the criminal and vicious children 
 in the institution, and then compare them with similar data ob- 
 tained from other groups of children here reported, we must come 
 to the conclusion that the misbehaved children are not characterized 
 as a class by any considerable physical inferiority, or by any great 
 proportion of physical abnormalities; nor have I found that any 
 particular atypical character could be said to be characteristic of 
 this class of individuals. In consequence it seems to me the causes 
 for the bad conduct and character of many of the children of this 
 class must be attributed, so far as we can see, not so much to their 
 constitution as to the social circumstances and environment to which 
 they were subjected. 
 
 As to the teeth, they were found in 31 per cent, of the criminal 
 or vicious children to be in fine condition; in 51 per cent, of the 
 cases they were good; in 14.3 per cent, of the cases they were 
 mediocre, and in 2.6 per cent, they were bad. The condition of the 
 teeth is inferior in these subjects to the conditions found in the 
 physically entirely normal children. 
 
 The itemized causes of the commitment of the individuals of this 
 class are as follows: Admitted as ungovernable, 25; for petit lar- 
 ceny, 24; for pilfering, 12; for burglary, 6; for stealing. 3; for 
 assault, 2; for attempted theft, 2; for grand larceny, i; for pocket 
 picking, i; and for an attempt at burglary, i. 
 
 Since these children have been in the asylum, 75, out of a total 
 of yy, were found to be entirely tractable and have behaved in a 
 satisfactory way. The remaining 2 show, both, sneaking disposi- 
 tion, cowardice and a tendency to lying. 
 
74 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 As to the abilities at learning of the criminal or vicious children^ 
 lo out of jy, or 13 per cent., were found with inferior abilities; in 
 2 cases the children were extraordinarily bright; and in 65 cases, 
 or 85 per cent, of the total, the abilities were equal to the average 
 ability of children outside the institution. 
 
 I may mention in this connection that I have considerable con- 
 fidence in the data as to the ability of the children, for many of the 
 teachers in the institution have had a long experience in teaching in. 
 the public schools. 
 
 It may be interesting to remark that out of the 10 children with 
 inferior abilities of learning, 6 were committed for larger trans- 
 gressions (3 pilfering, l assault, i petit larceny, i burglary); the 
 remaining 4 were ungovernable. 
 
 Taking all the above data on this class of children into considera- 
 tion, I think that the criminal and vicious subjects show very favor- 
 ably, and with the proper treatment give great hopes as to their 
 future. What seems to me of the greatest importance in connection 
 with these children is that their sojourn in the asylum should be 
 sufBciently prolonged so that the good new habits may become a 
 part of the nature of these children. With such treatment I think 
 this class would turn out exceedingly few inveterate criminals. 
 
Hrdlicka. 
 
 75 
 
 PART VIII. 
 
 Cpiildrex Whose Parents were Intemperate, Criminal, In- 
 sane OR Dissolute. 
 
 This class of children carries undoubtedly not only many defects, 
 the result of bad inheritance, but also the consequences of bad en- 
 vironment. We find altogether 6i of such children in the institution; 
 24 of these are native born, 9 are colored children born in this 
 country, and 28 are partly or wholly foreign. 
 
 Members of this class of children come into the Asylum, almost as 
 a rule, very young and generally for destitution^ being early aban- 
 doned, or left orphans by their parents. 
 
 In measurements children of this class are generally inferior to 
 children with normal inheritance. Almost 60 per cent, of the indi- 
 viduals of this class were found to be inferior in their principal meas- 
 urements to the general averages of the corresponding classes of the 
 asylum children. The following comparative table shows these dif- 
 ferences better than words could. 
 
 Boys— White. 
 
 (1) All. (2) Those whose parents were insane, intemperate, dissolute or criminal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pressure 
 
 Pressdre 
 
 ClRCUMFKB- 
 
 Diameter 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weioht. 
 
 Force, 
 
 Force. 
 
 ENCE OF 
 
 Fko.vt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 lbs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 IbH. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 5 
 
 961 
 
 951 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 10 1 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 .'^.2 
 
 50.8 
 
 0.10 
 
 9.3 
 
 6 .... 
 
 1051 
 
 1023 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 14 
 
 11.5 
 
 12 
 
 10.5 
 
 51.67 
 
 51.2 
 
 9.73 ».» 
 
 7 
 
 1120 
 
 1071 
 
 45 
 
 39 
 
 18 
 
 12.5 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 51.38 
 
 50.6 
 
 9.78 
 
 9.8 
 
 8 
 
 1152 
 
 1187 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 51.61 
 
 50.9 
 
 9.84 
 
 9.6 
 
 9 ... 
 
 1212 
 
 1217 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 51.97 
 
 51.8 
 
 10.07 
 
 0.9 
 
 10 .... 
 
 1248 
 
 1233 
 
 57 
 
 51.6 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 52.03 
 
 51.8 
 
 9.07 
 
 9.9 
 
 11 
 
 13i5 
 
 1244 
 
 64 
 
 58.0 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 27.6 
 
 52.50 
 
 51.4 
 
 10.14 
 
 9.6 
 
 12 
 
 1362 
 
 1348 
 
 70 
 
 64.7 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 52 58 
 
 51.6 
 
 10 05 
 
 9.S& 
 
 13 .... 
 
 1420 
 
 a 1388 
 b 1642 
 
 81 
 
 a 75 
 b 124 
 
 40 
 
 a 40 
 
 b50 
 
 38 
 
 a 30 
 b50 
 
 53.00 
 
 a 52 
 b&5.4 
 
 10.20 
 
 • 10.0 
 blO.9 
 
 14 .... 
 
 U«9 
 
 1401 
 
 84 
 
 71 
 
 44 
 
 36 
 
 40 ' 32 
 
 53.37 
 
 52 1 
 
 10.29 
 
 10.6 
 
 l.-i 
 
 14B2 
 
 1444 
 
 85 
 
 81 
 
 48 47.5 
 
 40 43.5 
 
 53.30 
 
 53 7 
 
 10.24 
 
 10 3 
 
 17 .... 
 
 1654 
 
 15U6 
 
 122 
 
 100 
 
 74 1 46 
 
 72 46 
 
 53.93 
 
 53.7 
 
 10.23 
 
 9 & 
 
 a and b represent two individuals. 
 
yd Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 The children whose parents were intemperate, insane, etc., are 
 burdened with numerous physical abnormalities. The proportions 
 of abnormalities to each child of this class were as follows: In white 
 boys, 3.33; in white girls, 2.44; in colored boys, 3.75 and in colored 
 girls, 2.20 to each individual. These proportions are above those 
 which were obtained on all the children of the same sexes and color 
 in the asylum together. Out of a total of 185 abnormalities 45 or 
 about 24 per cent, were of a serious character, while 31 per cent, 
 were of more or less indifferent nature. There were among these 61 
 children observed in addition, 5 cases of disturbances of the heart, 
 of which at least one was serious. 
 
 The teeth in this class of subjects are in a condition much inferior 
 to that found in the physically normal children. Fine teeth were 
 found in only 23 per cent, of the cases, good teeth in 54 per cent, 
 mediocre teeth in 20 per cent, and bad teeth in 3.2 per cent, of the 61 
 cases. 
 
 Among the causes of admission of this class of children, we find 
 that 56 out of the 61 individuals were brought here for destitution. 
 Of the others, 3 were sent here for disobedience, i for pilfer- 
 ing and I for truancy. As most of the individuals of this class 
 have to be sent here very early for destitution, there has been but 
 very little time for them to develop or show fully an abnormal char- 
 acter. 
 
 While inside of the institution 52 of the children behaved well, 
 9 or about 15 per cent, of the class showed a persistent bad 
 character. This proportion of persistently badly behaved indi- 
 viduals under confinement is not equalled in any other class of chil- 
 dren in the asylum. 
 
 As to the abilities at learning of this class of subjects, this shows 
 also worse than in any other class of children in the institu- 
 tion. In almost 28 per cent, of the cases the ability of these children 
 is distinctly inferior. In 3 individuals there were observed special 
 brightness or ability in some directions, while abilities approaching 
 the average of outside children exists only in 41 or in about 67 per 
 cent, of the total. 
 
 Thus the children who carry a serious burden of heredity are 
 found as a class and with very few exceptions as individuals to be in 
 
Hrdlicka. yj 
 
 many particulars inferior, not only to entirely normal children but 
 even to the average child of the institution and even to the simple 
 orphans. Of all the classes of children the treatment of this one 
 appears to me to be the least hopeful. No individuals of this sort 
 should be discharged from the asylum except after a prolonged stay 
 and only when they can be placed in much superior conditions than 
 were those from which they came. 
 
78 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 PART IX. 
 
 Orphans or Children whose Both Parents are Dead. 
 
 Of this class of individuals there were found 38 in all in the asylum. 
 In all probability many of these individuals carry some serious hered- 
 itary predisposition. About 40 per cent, of these children were 
 found to be subaverage in their principal physical measurements. I 
 will give here a few rows of figures which will show the differences 
 in the measurements of this class of children from the general aver- 
 ages obtained on all the white children of the same sex in the asy- 
 lum. Only the boys are in a sufficient number to be compared. 
 
 Boys — White. 
 
 (1) All. (2) Children wbose both parents are (lead. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Pressure 
 Force, 
 
 Presscee 
 Force. 
 
 Circumference 
 OF Head. 
 
 Diameter 
 Frontal 
 
 
 
 
 Right Hand. 
 
 Left Hand. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 mm. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 8.... 
 
 1152 
 
 1136 
 
 47 
 
 43 5 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 51.6 
 
 52.6 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.2 
 
 10.... 
 
 1248 
 
 1232 
 
 57 
 
 53.5 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 52.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 9.97 
 
 10.4 
 
 11.... 
 
 1315 
 
 1320 
 
 64 
 
 6(5 
 
 32 
 
 32.5 
 
 30 
 
 31.5 
 
 52.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 10.14 
 
 10.1 
 
 12..-. 
 
 1362 
 
 1324 
 
 70 
 
 64.6 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 52.58 
 
 52.2 
 
 10.05 
 
 10.1 
 
 13.... 
 
 1420 
 
 1413 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 53.0 
 
 52 8 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.2 
 
 14.... 
 
 1449 
 
 1481 
 
 84 
 
 87 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 53.37 
 
 53.9 
 
 10.29 
 
 10.2 
 
 In the number of their abnormalities the orphan children exceed 
 the general averages found in the asylum. Thus among the boys 
 of this class the proportion of abnormalities to each child was 3.2; in 
 the white female, 2.2; in the colored male, 4.25; in the colored 
 female, 2.5. Most of these proportions are somewhat above those 
 which we have seen in Part I, and which were obtained on the 
 total numbers of the children of same sexes and color. Out of the 
 total of 121 abnormalities of all kinds found on the 38 orphan chil- 
 dren, 28 or about 23 per cent, were of serious character, while 30 or 
 about 25 per cent, were indifferent abnormalities. 
 
 The teeth in the orphan children were found in 40 per cent, of the 
 cases to be fine, in 45 per cent, to be good and in 16 per cent, of cases 
 
Hrdlicka. 79 
 
 to be mediocre. If we compare these figures with similar figures ob- 
 tained on the physically entirely normal children, we will find that 
 the teeth of the orphans in the institution are not up to the standard 
 of these latter. 
 
 Character of the Children. — Almost all the younger children of this 
 class are sent here on account of poverty. Among the older indi- 
 viduals the lack of pai-ental care, and probably also some of the 
 hereditary predisposition the children carr>', shows itself in a large 
 percentage of misconduct. Out of a total of 38 children, 14, or about 
 37 per cent., were committed here for either disobedience, (9); 
 running away, (2); petit larceny, (2), or stealing, (i). As all these 
 misbehaved children were males, the real proportion rises to 45 per 
 cent. If we should only consider individuals above 10 years of age, 
 the proportion of misbehaved would be very great. 
 
 As to their abilities at learning, the orphan children do not show 
 anything extraordinary. Three or about 8 per cent, of them were of 
 inferior abilities in learning, i was of a superior ability and 34 were 
 about the average of outside children. 
 
 Three only of the children of this class were persistently either 
 destructive, dishonest, or vicious, since they have been confined in 
 the institution. The character of the others shows nothing perverse, 
 which is a sign that the badness of the children of this class before 
 they came into the asylum was more due to acquisition by habits 
 than to any inherent moral defects. Apparently the sooner the chil- 
 dren of this class are sent to the institution, the better. 
 
So 
 
 Anthropological Investigations. 
 
 PART X. 
 
 Children whose One or Both Parents Died of Consumption. 
 
 There were found 51 of these children in the institution. Forty 
 per cent, of these were inferior in their physical measures. The ac- 
 companying table shows the principal measures of the boys of con- 
 sumptive parents compared with the general averages obtained on 
 all the white boys in the institution. 
 
 Boys — White. 
 
 
 
 (1) All. (2) 
 
 Children both of whose parents died of consumption. 
 
 
 
 
 Heioht. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Peessdre 
 Force, Right 
 
 Pressure 
 Force. Left 
 
 Circumference 
 OF Head. 
 
 Diameter 
 Front 
 
 AGE. 
 
 
 
 
 Hand. 
 
 Hand. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 cm. 
 
 8 .... 
 
 1152 
 
 1116 
 
 47 
 
 42.5 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 51.61 
 
 51.1 
 
 9.84 
 
 9.8 
 
 9.... 
 
 1212 
 
 12!8 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 24.4 
 
 51.97 
 
 51.9 
 
 10.07 
 
 9.9 
 
 10 .... 
 
 1248 
 
 1244 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 28 
 
 23.5 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 52.03 
 
 51.1 
 
 9.97 
 
 9.9 
 
 11 .... 
 
 1315 
 
 1275 
 
 64 
 
 61.6 
 
 32 34 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 52-50 
 
 53.5 
 
 10.14 
 
 10.2 
 
 12 .... 
 
 1362 
 
 1324 
 
 70 
 
 63.4 
 
 36 
 
 31-2 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 52.58 
 
 51.3 
 
 10.05 i 9.8 
 
 13 .... 
 
 1420 
 
 1397 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 39.6 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 53.00 
 
 53.3 
 
 10.20 1 10 4 
 
 14 .... 
 
 1449 
 
 1439 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 44 
 
 41.2 
 
 40 
 
 36.4 
 
 53.37 
 
 52.7 
 
 10.29 1 9.» 
 
 The proportion of abnormalities to each child in this class is 
 greater than the proportion found on all the children together. 
 Thus there were to each white boy of this class 2.83 of abnormalities ; 
 to each white girl 3.3; to each colored boy 5.3; to each colored 
 girl 2. (Compare with similar figures on all the children in Part 1.) 
 Of the total of 155 abnormalities of all kinds found in the children 
 of consumptive parents, 39, or 25 per cent., were of a serious char- 
 acter, and but 41, or 26 per cent., were of indifferent nature. Be- 
 sides this, in 5 cases, there were found defects of the heart. 
 
 The condition of the teeth in all this class of children was found 
 to be as follows: In 23 per cent, of the cases the teeth were fine; in 
 61 per cent, they were good; in 16 per cent, of the instances the 
 teeth were mediocre. The condition of the teeth in the children of 
 consumptive parents is considerably inferior to the condition of the 
 teeth in the children who are physically entirely normal. 
 
 The character of the children of consumptive parents is not very 
 
Hrdlicka. gi 
 
 encouraging. Twenty-three, or 45 per cent., of these children were 
 brought to the institution for some sort of misconduct. In 14 in- 
 stances the misconduct was disobedience, in 7 cases truancv, in 1 
 staying out, and in i petit larceny. In 2 of the children the behavior 
 since they have been in the asylum is bad. In i boy the speech is 
 very defective. 
 
 Thirteen and seven-tenths per cent, of the children whose one or 
 both parents died of consumption were of inferior abilities in learn- 
 ing, and no one of the 51 children showed in any way an exceptional 
 brightness. 
 
 Both the ordinary orphans and the orphans whose parents we 
 know succumbed to consumption are shown in these last two divi- 
 sions to be physically inferior, not only to entirely normal children, 
 but also to the average of all the asylum children taken together. 
 In both classes, besides, there is apparent a considerable tendency 
 for misconduct. The physical inferiority of these individuals is un- 
 doubtedly due to a very large extent to the inherited deficiencies m 
 their constitution. The tendency to misbehavior may be partly due 
 to some deficiencies, but is in all probability much more due to 
 improper training and other causes of social character, which were 
 the results of the decease of the parents of the children. The simi- 
 larity in the data concerning both of these classes of orphans is 
 undoubtedly due to the fact that in each of the classes there are 
 many individuals who at the same time belong also to the other 
 division. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 It seems to me that the most proper way to conclude this study 
 will be not by any generalizations, but with a wish for the extension 
 of similar investigations. There is a broad and promising field for 
 studies of this nature in Juvenile Asylums, as well as in other institu- 
 tions in this country, and particularly in the State of Xew York. If I 
 were allowed a suggestion, I would recommend that the State Boards 
 of Charities, particularly that of this State, give their official sanc- 
 tion and support to such studies, and extend them gradually to cor- 
 rectional and other institutions which fall under their control ; pro^ 
 vidcd, of course, that they can secure the services of the proper, able and 
 unprejudiced, inzrstigators. 
 6 
 
IN DEX. 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Abnormalities, detailed report on same ^^ 
 
 according to their origin 25, 36 
 
 children without any '4. 65 
 
 differences and proportions of. i4-'7. 19-26, 33-36 
 
 definitions of. , 11, 12 
 
 division of, according to the parts of the body i S 
 
 graphic representation of Figs, i -ind 2, bet. pp. 17 and 18 
 
 significance and gravity of 12-14, 27 
 
 object of their study 14 
 
 detail enumeration of 1 9-24 
 
 variations in, with age j^, 34, 35, 36 
 
 children with five or more 69 
 
 of the body 23 
 
 of the ears 21 
 
 of the face 20 
 
 of the forehead 20 
 
 due to habit '2 
 
 of the genitals 24, 35 
 
 of the gums 21 
 
 ofthehair 20 
 
 of the head I9 
 
 of the limbs 22 
 
 of the palate 22 
 
 of the scalp '9 
 
 of the teeth 21. 67 
 
 of the uvula ^* 
 
 of the lungs and heart 3° 
 
 Ability in learning, in children without any physical abnormalities 67 
 
 in children with five or more abnormalities 7° 
 
 in children who were criminal or vicious 74 
 
 in children whose parents were intemperate, etc 76 
 
 in children who arc orphans 79 
 
 in children whose one or both parents died of consumption Si 
 
 Ages of the children examined 
 
 II 
 
 Arm expanse 
 
 47. 48 
 
 Body, abnormalities of ^3 
 
 Cause of admission, children without any physical abnormalities 68 
 
 children whose parents were intemperate, etc 76 
 
84 ' Index. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Character of children on admission ^ 9 
 
 improvement in, after admission 10 
 
 of children without any physical abnormalities 68 
 
 of children with five or more abnormalities 70 
 
 of children who were criminal or vicious 73 
 
 of children whose parents were intemperate, etc 76 
 
 of children who are orphans 79 
 
 of children whose one or both parents died of consumption 80 
 
 CephaHc Index 31, 54 
 
 Chest, measures of 4^~5 ' 
 
 growth of — 5*^ 
 
 index of, at different ages $0, 51 
 
 Children, with only one abnormality 15 
 
 with many abnormalities 16 
 
 without any physical abnormalities 14, 65 
 
 with five or more abnormalities 69 
 
 who were criminal or vicious 72 
 
 whose parents were intemperate, etc 75 
 
 who are orphans 7^ 
 
 whose one or both parents died of consumption 80 
 
 Congenital abnormalities, significance of 13, 27 
 
 Differences between white and colored children, resumed 59, 62 
 
 Diameters of the head, principal value of 51 
 
 Differences in the children, according to their nationalities , 63 
 
 Discharge, state of children at the time of 10 
 
 premature lo, 1 1 
 
 Divisions of the study : 8 
 
 Education, state of, in children on admission 9 
 
 progress in, after admission of the children lo 
 
 Examinations, details of n et seq. 
 
 method of 6, 7 
 
 Face, abnormalities of -* 20 
 
 Family history, in children without any physical abnormalities 65, 66 
 
 in children with five or more abnormalities -. — 71 
 
 Genital organs, abnormalities of 24, 35 
 
 Gums, abnormalities of 21 
 
 Habits of children, persistence of 10, 11 
 
 Hair, abnormalities of 20 
 
 Heart and lungs 3° 
 
 Head, abnormalities of - 19 
 
 circumference ot 55 
 
 cephalic index 54 
 
 diameter, antero-posterior max. of. 5^ 
 
 diameter, lateral maximum of - 53 
 
 diameter, binauricular of 5^ 
 
 diameter, frontal minimum of. 57 
 
 difference in shape of, in males and females 5^ 
 
Index. 85 
 
 PJLOB. 
 
 Head, difference in shape of, according to age, etc 54, 55 
 
 difference of, between white and negro children 52, 53, 60 
 
 height of 53 
 
 measures of S ' <^' seq. 
 
 module of 55 
 
 Height, average, all nationalities 37 
 
 of American born asylum children compared with height of American chil- 
 dren from the public schools, Boston 38 
 
 of Italian children 39 
 
 Investigations, nature and object of, general remarks 3, 4 
 
 advantages of, to the children, scientific 5, 6 
 
 Improvement in children after admission 9 
 
 Left handed individuals, proportion of 31 
 
 Limbs, abnormalities of. 22 
 
 Measurements selected — 3 
 
 a brief resume of the results of 57, 58 
 
 of the children without any physical abnormalities 66 
 
 of the children whose parents are intemperate, etc "5 
 
 of the children with five or more abnormalities 69 
 
 of children whose both parents are dead 78 
 
 of children whose one or both parents died of consumption 80 
 
 of children, criminal or vicious 72 
 
 Measuring, methods of 7 
 
 Measures, detail report 3^' 5* 
 
 Methods of examination 7 
 
 Module of Smith 55 
 
 Nature of investigations, general remarks about 3 
 
 of children admitted to the institution 4 
 
 Nationalities of children 32, 63, 65, 69, 72, 75 
 
 Normal and abnormal characters, definitions of I3 
 
 children, physically, proportions of same H- ^5 
 
 Numbers and classes of children examined 3. " 
 
 Objects of investigations 4 
 
 Observations, general, on the children 9 
 
 on the children, since they have been in the institution, children 
 
 without any physical abnormalities 67, 68 
 
 on the children since they have been in the institution, children 
 
 with five or more abnormalities 7° 
 
 on the children since they have been in the institution, whose parents 
 
 are intemperate, etc 7° 
 
 on the children since they have been in the institution, criminal or 
 
 vicious 73 
 
 8 
 Objections to examinations 
 
 Palate, abnormalities of. ^* 
 
 Pressure force 44 et seq. 
 
 Pressure and traction force, methods of testing 44 
 
 differences of 44 
 
86 Index. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pressure and traction force, annual increase of 45, 46 
 
 in negro children . 45. 61 
 
 in relation to the weight of the children 46 
 
 Problems concerning the future of the asylum children 4-6 
 
 Restoration of the children, time necessary to effect same 10, 11 
 
 Sitting height 39 
 
 proportions to total height 41 
 
 Scalp, abnormalities of 19 
 
 Tabulation of records 7 
 
 Traction force 46, 47 
 
 Teeth, abnormalities of 21, 67 
 
 in children without any physical abnormalities 67 
 
 in children whose parents are intemperate, etc 76 
 
 in children whose both parents are dead 7^ 
 
 in children whose one or both parents died of consumption 80 
 
 of children criminal or vicious 73 
 
 Type, abnormal, of children not present in the institution 24 
 
 Uvula, abnormalities of 22 
 
 Weight 42-44 
 
 as affected by clothing 43 
 
 of asylum children compared with that of Boston school children 43 
 
 of negro children 44 
 
 Weighing, methods of 4^ 
 
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