nnt ik f r^r^/^/^f^ f^ri^T^/^ir^iH^ TIN PROSE EXERCISE! Ji 8 1911 GIFT LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. IFT OF -JL... Class LATIN PROSE EXERCISES Latin Prose Exercises FOR SECOND YEAR WORK BY ELIZABETH McJIMSEY TYNG, A.M. Packer Collegiate Institute OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1909 JUL 8 191, Copyright, 1909 EY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. tftlye j&atntifit $ress Jtobert Ptwinmonb anb Company PREFACE THIS manual is the result of the writer's own experiments for the past four years and has been used for two years in all the Caesar classes (thirteen in all) at Packer Collegiate Institute. It claims to have have the following recommendations: 1. It includes all constructions necessary for translating Caesar. 2. It aims to supplement the work of the teacher in helping students to understand what each construction really means. 3. It introduces Indirect Discourse early, and by gradual steps takes up all the fundamental principles during the first half year; so that students have constant opportunity to apply these principles, and are thereby enabled to handle the Indirect Discourse in Caesar much more intelligently. 4. It furnishes constant review, as no construction is dropped for more than four successive lessons. 5. The vocabulary is selected on the basis of the "Vocab- ulary of High School Latin/ ' by Professor Gonzalez Lodge.' The following method of use has been found successful: Prose is recited daily at the beginning of each recitation period. The average lesson in this manual is divided into four parts to be studied on four successive days. On the first day the examples and notes are discussed thoroughly; then the vocabulary and the oral exercise with one written sentence are assigned for home study. On the second day v 217311 vi PREFACE each sentence assigned is discussed in detail and translated orally, first part by part, then as a whole. Frequently the translation is written on the board. Three of the written sentences are then assigned to be prepared for the next day. On the third day the first written sentence is handed in and the sentences assigned for advance work are treated as on the previous day. On the fourth day the three sentences studied the day before are handed in; the last two, which have been previously assigned, are translated as the others have been; and the notes and examples of the next lesson are dis- cussed. Each exercise handed in, if it contains errors, is handed back to the writer for correction. This method has the decided advantage of not permitting the student to write until there is a reasonable certainty that the sentence is understood. It is much slower at first but trains the students to work quickly and intelligently and to apply to their translation the principles learned in their prose. In this way considerable facility is gained in translation and time is actually saved in the end. It has been found possible to cover the entire manual and read four books of Caesar in a year with recitation periods of only thirty-five minutes in length. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Miss Agnes Post and Miss Alice Van Vliet of Packer Collegiate Institute, and in particular to Professor Nelson Glenn McCrea of Columbia University. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Accusative of Direct Object i 2. Dative of Indirect Object 3 3. Predicate Noun and Adjective 5 4. Infinitive without Subject 7 5. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive 9 6. Relative Clauses 1 1 7. Accusative of Extent 14 8. Ablative of Time When 16 9. Ablative of Time Within Which 17 10. Ablative of Agent 19 11. Ablative of Means 21 12. Ablative of Cause 23 13. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 25 14. Relative Clauses of Purpose 28 15. Ablative of Quality 30 16. Genitive of Quality . 32 17. Substantive Volitive Clauses 34 18. Commands in Indirect Discourse 37 19. Sequence of Tenses. Indirect Questions 40 20. Dependent Clauses in Indirect Discourse 46 21. Reflexives 49 22. Review of Indirect Discourse 52 23. Ablative Absolute 54 24. Ablative of Comparison 56 25. Ablative of Degree of Difference 59 26. Dative of Purpose 61 27. Dative of Agent 63 vii yiii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 28. Dative of Possession 65 29. Gerund and Gerundive 66 30. Ablatives of Accompaniment and Attendant Circumstance. 69 31. Ablative of Specification 72 32. Ablative of Manner , 74 33. Genitive of the Whole 76 34. Genitive and Dative with Adjectives 78 35. Causal Clauses introduced by Cum 80 36. Causal Clauses introduced by Quod 82 37. Adversative Clauses introduced bv Cum and Quamquam. . 84 38. Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum 87 39. Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi 89 40. Temporal Clauses Introduced by Dum 91 41. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quod 93 42. Adverbial Clauses of Result 95 43. Substantive Result Clauses 98 44. Verbs of Fearing 99 SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIONS 103 WORDS GOVERNING SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 106 VOCABULARY . . .in INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS 1. Before trying to translate a sentence into Latin, read it very carefully. 2. Be sure that you know all the Latin words that you are going to use. 3. Remember that all English words are not represented in the Latin; for instance, I was doing is to be translated by faciebam; I am about to do, by facturus sum and by means of simply shows the construction that you are to use. 4. When you know your vocabulary, you must think very carefully what idea is expressed by each English word (or group of words). In this you must be very careful not to decide in too much of a hurry, for frequently the English words will mislead you. 5. Be careful about the English Infinitive: (a) Sometimes it is translated by a Latin Infinitive. I wish to do it Volo id facere. (b) Sometimes it is translated by an Adverbial Purpose Clause. He set out to conquer Gaul Profectus est ut Galliam superaret. (c) Sometimes it is translated by a Relative Purpose Clause, He sent soldiers to storm the fort Mllites qui castel- lum oppugnarent misit. he x INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS (d) Sometimes it is translated by a Gerund (or Gerundive). An opportunity to fight Facultas pugnandi. 6. There is a certain word order that you should keep in your Latin sentence: (a) The subject is first and the verb at the end. (b) A Genitive and an appositive usually follow the words on which they depend. (c) Adjectives usually precede; but Romanus always follows. (d) When you have an adjective and Genitive modifying the same noun, the order is often (1) Adjective; (2) Geni- tive; (3) Noun. (e) When you have a preposition governing a noun that is modified by an adjective the order is often (1) Adjective; (2) Preposition; (3) Noun. (b) Relative and Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives stand first in their clause. 7. The words in each clause should not be separated. There is an apparent exception to this when a dependent clause stands between the parts of a principal clause; but this is not a real exception, for the dependent clause is really a part of the principal clause. 8. In writing a Latin sentence, never put more than two verbs together at the end. If you find you are going to do this, rearrange your sentence. 9. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A. Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. Abl. Ablative. Ace. Accusative, adj. adjective, adv. adverb. B. Bennett's Latin Grammar. Dat. Dative. f. feminine. G. Gildersleeve-Lodge's Latin Grammar for Schools. gen. Genitive. H. Harkness' Latin Grammar. indec. indeclinable. int. intransitive, interrogative. lit. literally. m. masculine. n. neuter. obj. object. poss. possessive. pi. plural. prep. preposition. Subs. Vol. Cl. Substantive Volitive Clause. tr. transitive. xi OF THE |( UNIVERSITY OF LATIN PROSE EXERCISES FOR SECOND YEAR WORK LESSON I ACCUSATIVE OF DIRECT OBJECT GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 172. A. 387, a, b. G. 330, 216. H. 404, 2. EXAMPLES The Garumna River separates the Gauls from the Aqui- tanians. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen dividit. B. G. 1:1. And they are next to the Germans with whom they carry on war. Proximique sunt Germanis quibuscum bellum gerunt. B.G.I:!. He sent messengers to the Lingones. Ad Lingonas nun- tios misit. B. G. 1:26. Messengers were sent to Caesar. Nuntii ad Caesarem mittebantur. B. G. 1:45. 2 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The Accusative of the Direct Object names the person or thing directly affected by the action expressed by the verb. An Accusative of Direct Object cannot be used with a verb that does not express action. The Direct Object of the Active Voice becomes the Subject of the Passive Voice. VOCABULARY all, every, omnis, omne. army, exercituo, exercitus, m. (exerceo, train). carry on, wage, gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, tr. enemy, hostis, hostis, m. PL hostes, the enemy. follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum, tr. in, in (with Abl.). into, in (with Ace.). lead, consider, duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, tr. long, for a long time, diu. near, prope (adv.), propior, proximus (adj.). not, non (always immediately before the word it modifies). to, toward, near, ad (with Ace.). town, oppidum, oppidi, n. war, bellum, belli, n. with, cum (with Abl.). ORAL EXERCISE 1. I shall follow the enemy. 2. We have followed the enemy. 3. The army is being led into Gaul. 4. The enemy will be led into the town. 5. You have led the army. 6. We are waging war. 7. War is being waged. 8. War had been waged. 9. We were leading the army into the town. 10. The enemy had followed the army. DATIVE OF INDIRECT OBJECT 3 WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. All the Romans waged war with the Helvetians. 2. Caesar will lead his army into the nearest town. 3. The army will be led into the nearest town. 4. I have not followed the enemy into the town. 5. For a long time we were follow- ing the army of the enemy toward the nearest town. 6. You are waging war with the enemy. LESSON II DATIVE OF INDIRECT OBJECT GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 187, I, II, III. A. 362, 366, 367, 370. G. 345, 346, 347. H. 424, 425, 1; 426, 1; 429. EXAMPLES And he gave him his daughter in marriage. Eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. B. G. 1:3. Dumnorix was in charge of the cavalry. Equitatui Dum- norix praeerat. B. G. 1:18. Because an opportunity for flight was given to the rest, or. Because the rest were given an opportunity for flight. Quod reliquis fugae facultas daretur. B. G. 1:32. Orgetorix persuaded the citizens to go out. Orgetorix civitati persuasit ut exirent. B. G. 1:2. NOTES The Dative of Indirect Object is used to name the person or thing that is indirectly affected by the action or state expressed by the verb. 4 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES It is used sometimes with a Direct Object and sometimes as the only object. The Indirect Object is used with both the Active and the Passive Voice. In English the Indirect Object of a verb in the Active Voice sometimes becomes the Subject of the same verb in the Passive Voice; but it is impossible to translate such a sentence liter- ally into Latin. In Latin the Indirect Object remains the same and only a Direct Object can become the Subject of a verb in the Passive Voice. In Latin the Dative of Indirect Object is used with many verbs meaning command, obey, resist, believe, persuade, etc., also with many verbs compounded with the oppositions ad, in, ob, prae, etc. VOCABULARY be in charge of, praesum, praeesse, praefui, int. (prae+sum). brave, fortis, forte. bravely, fortiter. give over, surrender, trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, tr. (trans + do). hostage, obses, obsidis, m. (obsideo, lit., sit against), legion, legio, legionis, f. (lego, gather), lieutenant, ambassador, legatus, legatl, m. (lego, appoint legally), often, saepe. put over, praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectum, tr. (prae+facio). principal, prmceps, prmcipis (primus +capio). principal man, leader, prmceps. resist, resisto, resistere, restiti, int. (re+sisto, stand), surrender, ded6, dedere, dedidi, deditum, tr. (de+do). ten, decem. tenth, decimus, decima, decimum. PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 5 ORAL EXERCISE 1. They have given over hostages to the lieutenant. 2. Hostages have been given over to the lieutenant. 3. We have put the lieutenant over the legion. 4. The lieutenant will be put over the legion. 5. The lieutenant will be in charge of the legion. 6. The leading men were resisting the enemy. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. For a long time Caesar was in charge of the Roman army. 2. Caesar put a brave lieutenant over the tenth legion. 3. A brave lieutenant was often put over the tenth legion. 4. The Helvetians will give over their leading men to the lieutenants as hostages. 5. Ten leading men of the Helve- tians will be given over to the lieutenants as hostages. 6. I did not resist the enemy bravely. 7. I shall put ten of (lit. from) the leading men in charge of the town. 8. We have often given over many hostages to the enemy. LESSON III PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 166, 168, 167. A. 392, 393, 0; 284. G. 340, R. 1. H. 410, 1. EXAMPLES This district was called Tigurinus. Is p^gus appellabatur Tigurmus. B. G. 1:12. Among the Helvetians Orgetorix was by far the noblest. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit Orgetorix. B. G. 1 : 2. 6 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES He had called himself commander. Imperatorem se appellaverat. B. C. 111:31. NOTES A Predicate Noun or Adjective completes a verb and refers usually either to the Subject or to the Direct Object. The Predicate is always in the same case as the word to which it refers. If it completes a Transitive Verb in the Active Voice, it refers to the Direct Object and is in the Accu- sative. If it completes a Transitive Verb in the Passive Voice or an Intransitive Verb, it refers to the Subject and is in the Nominative. VOCABULARY and so, itaque. be, sum, esse, fui, futurus, int. call, appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum, tr. field, country, ager, agrl, m. good, bonus, bona, bonum. have, consider, habeo, habere, habui, habitum, tr. leader, commander, dux, ducis, m. (duco). make, do, facio, facere, feel, factum, tr. man, homo, hominis, m. vir, viri, m. province, provincia, provinciae, f. river, flumen, fluminis, n. (fluo, flow), soldier, miles, militis, m. that, ille, ilia, illud. this, hie, haec, hoc. through, per (with Ace.). '.'; ORAL EXERCISE 1. You are a good leader. 2. This man will be a good commander. 3. We shall consider him a good soldier. 4. INFINITIVE WITHOUT SUBJECT 7, He will be considered a good soldier. 5. They called this province Gaul. 6. This province was called Gaul. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. These soldiers will make that man general. 2. This river has long been called the Rhine. 3. Those soldiers had been considered good men. 4. You have made that man commander. 5. I do not consider that lieutenant a brave soldier. 6. All the Romans called this province Gaul. 7. This leader was a good man, and so he was put in charge of the province. 8. That commander was a brave man, and so he led the tenth legion through the country of the Helve- tians into the province. LESSON IV INFINITIVE WITHOUT SUBJECT GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 328, 1. A. 456. G. 423, 1. H. 607. EXAMPLES He did not dare to entrust his safety to the cavalry of the Gauls. Neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui commit- f tereuau debat. B. G. 1:42. They began to leave camp. Ex castris discedere coepe- runt. B. G. 4:30. They tried to lead part of their troops across. Partem suarum copiarum traducere conatl sunt. B. G. 11:9. He began to follow them. E6s sequi coepit, B. G, I: 26, 8 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The Infinitive is a Verbal Noun and must always be used like a noun. . It takes the same kind of object and modifiers as any other part of the verb. It is frequently used as Direct Object. The Infinitive is used with no subject expressed, as Direct Object of many verbs when the subject if expressed would be the same as the subject of the principal verb. Usually only the Present Infinitive is so used. VOCABULARY be able, can, possum, posse, potui, tr. (potis, able+sum). cavalry, equitatus, equitatus, m. (equito, ride), centurion, centurio, centurionis, m. (centum), foot-soldier, pedes, peditis, m. (pes, foot). infantry, pedites, peditum. horseman, eques, equitis, m. (equus, horse). cavalry, equites, equitum. meanwhile, interdum. interea (inter.) interim (inter.) much, multus, multa, multum. PL, many, our, noster, nostra, nostrum, out of, from, ex, e, (with Abl.). struggle, fight, hasten, contends, contendere, contend!, con- tentum, tr. (com+tendo, stretch.) undertake, Instituo, Instituere, institui, institutum, tr. (in+ statuo, place), wish, vol6, velle, volui, tr. ORAL EXERCISE 1. The infantry can resist the cavalry bravely. 2. The lieutenant hastens to lead the army into the town. 3. Our ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE 9 (men) wish to put the leader over the town. 4. We will hasten to lead the cavalry out of the town. 5. You wish to be in charge of the cavalry. 6. You wished to be considered a good soldier. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Caesar will undertake to lead his army into this province. 2. I could not fight with the cavalry near the town. 3. Meanwhile many (of the) infantry hastened to follow the cavalry of the enemy. 4. Meanwhile all the centurions wished to follow the infantry to the nearest town. 5. For a long time the Helvetians have been wishing to resist our cavalry. 6. Many (of the) centurions will not be able to follow the enemy through the country of the Helvetians. LESSON V ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 184; 331, 1. A. 459, 580, 584. G. 420, 527, 530. H. 415, 642, 617. EXAMPLES The ambassadors said that they would report these state- ments to their fellow-countrymen. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt. B. G. IV: 9. All these men uniformly reported that bands were being collected. HI constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi. B. G. 11:2. Through scouts Caesar was informed that the Helvetians had already led three fourths of their troops across this river. Per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres jam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse. B. G. 1:12. 10 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The Accusative and Infinitive occur most frequently as Direct Object of verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiv- ing, and the like. With these verbs the Accusative and Infinitive are used to express an Indirect Statement; that is, a statement in Indirect Discourse. The tenses of the Infinitive never denote time of themselves, but merely denote time with reference to the verb on which they depend; that is, they do not denote real time; but merely relative time. The Present Infinitive always denotes relatively present time; the Perfect Infinitive, relatively past time; and the Future Infinitive, relatively future time. In the first example, the Infinitive denotes relatively future time ; in the second, relatively present time; in the third, relatively past time. They all denote real past time because the main verb in each sentence is past. VOCABULARY announce, nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum, tr. (novus). arms, arma, armorum, n. camp, castra, castrorum, n. (castrum, fortress). cohort, cohors, cohortis, f. hear, audio, audlre, audivi, auditum, tr. immediately, statim (sto, stand). new, novus, nova, novum. promise, polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum, tr. say, died, dicere, dixi, dictum, tr. then, at that time, turn. tribune (a military officer), tribunus militum, tribuni militum, m. very many, complures, complurium. plerique, pleraeque, pleraque. RELATIVE PRONOUNS 11 ORAL EXERCISE 1. The infantry are waging war. 2. I hear that the in- fantry are waging war. 3. I heard that (Finish and trans- late). 4. Our cohorts will hasten into camp. 5. We promise that our cohorts will hasten into camp. 6. We promised (Finish and translate). 7. He was considered a brave man. 8. They say that he was considered a brave man. 9. They said (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. The messenger says that hostages have been surrendered to the Romans. 2. The tribunes heard that the cohorts were fighting with the enemy. 3. A messenger is announcing that the Gauls will hasten to lead their army toward the river. 4. You immediately said the new cohorts were con- sidered brave. 5. They say that the new cohorts immediately followed the centurions to the river. 6. The tribunes an- nounced that the Helvetians had surrendered many of their leading men to Caesar as hostages. LESSON VI RELATIVE PRONOUNS GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 250. A. 304, 305. G. 613, 614. H. 396. EXAMPLES Iccius, one of the Remi, who was then in charge of the town. Iccius Remus, qui turn oppido praeerat. B. G. 11:6. He persuaded Casticus, whose father had held royal power 12 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES among the Sequanians for many years. Persuadet Castico cujus pater regnum in SSquanis multos annos obtinuerat. B. G. 1:3. Dumnorix the Haeduan, of whom we have spoken before. Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo ante ab nobis dictum est. B. G. V:6. He put Titus Labienus in charge of the fortification he had made. El mumtionl quam fecerat T. Labienum praefecit. B. G. 1:10 NOTES A Relative Pronoun stands in place of a noun or pronoun, which is called its antecedent; and must agree with its ante- cedent in person, number, and gender. It belongs in its own clause, and so its case is determined by its relation to the words in its own clause. A Relative Pronoun in Latin can never be omitted, as is the case in English. VOCABULARY arrange, marshal, instruo, instruere, mstruxi, mstructum, tr. (in+struo). assault, storm, oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugna- tum, tr. (ob+pugn6). attack, aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum (ad+gradior, go), double, duplex, duplicis (duo+plico, fold), extricate, expedio, expedire, expedivl, expeditum, tr. (ex+ pes). light-armed, expeditus, expedita, expeditum. hinder, impedio, impedire, impedlvi, impeditum, tr. (in-f- pes). while he was (they were) at a disadvantage, impedltus, impedita, impeditum. line of battle, acies, aciei, f. (acer, sharp). RELATIVE PRONOUNS 13 messenger, nuntius, nunti, m. (novus). set out, proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, int. supply, copia, copiae, f. PL supplies, troops. take by storm, expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugna- tum, tr. (ex+pugno). who, which, that, qui, quae, quod. ORAL EXERCISE 1. The cohorts who had set out. 2. They hastened to the camp which the enemy was assaulting. 3. The infantry attacked the enemy with whom they were waging war. 4. These are the hostages I surrendered to the enemy. 5. I shall hasten to the town the enemy is storming. 6. We set out toward the river which is near Rome. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. The two lieutenants who had set out with the infantry, hastened toward the camp. 2. The messengers, whom the cavalry had attacked while they were at a disadvantage, were near the river. 3. The Helvetians resisted the troops that the tribunes had marshaled, while they were at a disad- vantage. 4. Meanwhile Caesar was hastening to the camp, which the light-armed troops were taking by storm. 5. The Romans, to whom hostages had not been surrendered, assaulted the camp. 6. Very many cohorts, whom the enemy had resisted bravely, were led into camp. 14 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES LESSON VII ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 181, 1. A. 423, 425. G. 335, 336. H. 417. EXAMPLES Territory which extended 240 miles in length and 180 in width. Fines qul in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant. B. G. 1:2. He pitched camp three miles from their camp. Milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. B. G. 1:22. When he had marched through their territory for three days. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset. B. G. 11:16. He dug two ditches fifteen feet wide. Duas fossas qum- decim pedes latas perduxit. B. G. VII: 72. NOTES The Accusative of Duration of Time answers the question " how long?" The Accusative of Extent of Space answers the question " how far?" VOCABULARY about, circiter, adv. (circus, ring). away from, from, by, ab, (adv. and prep, with Abl). be away, absum, abesse, afui, int. (ab+sum). ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT 15 ditch, fossa, fossae, f. (fodio, dig). foot, pes, pedis, m. hill, collis, collis, m. long, longus, longa, longum. pace, passus, passus, m. (pando, spread out). place, pitch (a camp), pono, ponere, posui, positum, tr. thousand, mille, indec. adj. thousands, milia, milium, n. a mile, mille passus. miles, milia passuum. twenty, viginti, year, annus, anni, m. ORAL EXERCISE 1. To a wall ten feet wide. 2. For twenty paces. 3. The ditch is twenty feet away from the camp. 4. For twenty miles. 5. They waged war for two years. 6. The camp is a mile away from the hill. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. I shall make a wall ten feet long. 2. You immediately made a ditch many feet long. 3. Meanwhile I shall pitch camp many miles from the nearest camp. 4. The tenth legion was about two miles from the larger camp. 5. For many years Caesar had been considered a very brave general. 6. The centurions were about a mile away from the province. 7. I say that the Gauls waged war with the Romans for very many years. 16 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES LESSON VIII ABLATIVE OF TIME AT WHICH GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 230, 1, 2. A. 423. G. 393. H. 486. EXAMPLES On the following day they moved their camp from that place. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. B. G. 1:15. At about the fourth hour of the day, he himself reached Britain with the first ships. Ipse bora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit. B. G. IV: 23. VOCABULARY and, et. baggage, impedimenta, impedimentorum, n. (impedimentum, hindrance), day, dies, diei, m. first, primus, prima, primum. hour, hora, horae. f. leave, relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum, tr. middle of, medius, media, medium. mountain, mons, mentis, m. move, break (camp), moveo, movere, movi, motum, tr. night, nox, noctis, f. self, very, ipse, ipsa, ipsum. this, that, is, ea, id. watch, vigilia, vigiliae, f. ORAL EXERCISE 1. On the next day. 2. In the first watch. 3. At the middle of the night. 4. In the early part of (lit., first part of) ABLATIVE OF TIME WITHIN WHICH 17 the night. 5. In the tenth year. 6. At the tenth hour of the day. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. In the first watch Caesar broke camp. 2. On that very day the cavalry attacked the camp. 3. At the tenth hour of the day Caesar will leave the baggage near the mountain. 4. On the first day we shall marshal a double line of battle. 5. At that very hour the troops will break camp. 6. In the middle of the night we shall set out toward the hill. 7. On the next night Caesar left the baggage near the mountain and hastened himself to attack the Helvetians while they were at a disadvantage. LESSON IX ABLATIVE OF TIME WITHIN WHICH GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 231. A. 423. G. 393. H. 486. EXAMPLES 1. Within three hours you can reach Aduatuca. Tribus horis Aduatucam venire potestis. B. G. VI: 35. 2. They said that the commander had decided to lead his army out within three days. Statuisse imperatorem triduo exercitum deducere dicunt. B. G. VII: 20. 3. Within two days he came hither. Hue biduo pervenit. B. G. VII: 11. NOTES The Ablative of Time Within Which shows that the action expressed by the verb happens within the limits of the time expressed by the Ablative. The action may take only a 18 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES moment or it may be continued for any part of the time referred to. The Accusative of Duration of Time shows that .the action is continued for the entire time. The Ablative of Time At Which shows that the action hap- pened at the time referred to. Ablative of time at which. At the first hour, prirna hora. Ablative of time within which. Within an hour, una hora. Accusative of time during which. For one hour, unarn horam. VOCABULARY certain, certus, certa, certum. inform, tell, certiorem facere (lit., make more certain), become, be made, happen, fio, fieri, factus sum. bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. hither, citerior, citerius, (citra, on this side), meet, occurro, occurrere, occurri, int. (ob+curro). month mensis, mensis, m. there, ibi. three, tres, tria. three days, triduum, tridui, n. (tres+dies). two days, biduum, bidui, n. (bis+dies). understand, inteliego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum, tr. (inter+lego). wall, murus, murl, m. way, road, march, journey, iter, itineris, n. ABLATIVE OF AGENT 19 ORAL EXERCISE 1. Within twenty years. 2. Within three months. 3. Within three days. 4, Within two days. 5. Within ten days. 6. Within three hours. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Within three days Caesar marched through the country of the Helvetians. 2. Within two months the town was stormed. 3. Within twenty hours Caesar set out into Hither Gaul. 4. Within two hours we will pitch camp near the wall. 5. Within twenty days the baggage will be brought to the mountain. 6. Within two days a double line of battle will be marshaled. 7. I understand that within three days the Roman army will hasten toward the mountain and will pitch camp there. LESSON X ABLATIVE OF AGENT GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 216. A. 405. G. 401, R. 1, 2. H. 468, 1. EXAMPLES 1. He had been called friend of the Roman people by the senate. A senatu populi Roman! amicus appellatus erat. B. G. 1:3. 2. At the same time he was informed by Publius Crassus. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso certior factus est. B. G. 11:34. 3. While this was being done by Caesar. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur. B. G. VI: 7. 20 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The Ablative of Agent is always used with the preposition a (ab). It is used only with Passive Verbs to name the person (or thing) that acts of his own free will. It names the same person as the Subject of the verb, in the Active Voice. VOCABULARY barbarians, barbari, barbarorum, m. give back, return, reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum, tr. (red+do). hundred, centum. mound, tumulus, tumuli, m. one each, one by one, singuli, singulae, singula. prisoner, captivus, captivi, m. (capio). receive, accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum, tr. (ad+capio'L send, mitto, mittere, misi, missum, tr. summer, aestas, aestatis, f. surrender, deditio, deditionis, f. (ded6). threefold, triplex, triplicis, (tres+plico, fold), top of, highest, summus, summa, summum (superus). two hundred, ducentl, ducentae, ducenta (duo+centum). ORAL EXERCISE Change each sentence to the Active Voice and translate. 1. The prisoners were sent by the Gauls. 2. A triple line of battle was being marshaled by the leader. 3. You (Ace. te) will be sent by the commander. 4. The hostages had been returned to the Gauls by the Romans. 5. We (Ace. n6s) shall be received in surrender by the leader. 6. The prisoners were being brought to the mound by the barbarians. ABLATIVE OF MEANS 21 WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. A hundred prisoners were returned to the Gauls by Caesar. 2. The leading men were received in surrender by the general. 3. Two hundred soldiers had been sent by the lieutenant to the top of the mound. 4. We shall be informed by prisoners that two hundred soldiers have set out from camp. 5. In the first part of the summer (lit., in the first summer) the camp was attacked by the barbarians. 6. Within two days arms will be given over to the barbarians by (their) prisoners. LESSON XI ABLATIVE OF MEANS GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 218. A. 409; 405, ft. G. 401, R. 1. H. 476; 468, 2, 3. EXAMPLES 1. This manoeuvre protected one side of the camp by the banks of the river. Quae res latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis munigbat. B. G. 11:5. 2. They fight with the Germans in almost daily battles (lit., by means of). Fere cotidianis proelils cum Germanis contendunt. B. G. 1:1. 3. With the aid of (only) five hundred horsemen they had driven back a great number of cavalry. Qumgentis equiti- bus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant. B. G. 1:15. 4. Caesar was informed by scouts. Caesar per exploratores certior factus est. B. G. 1:12. 22 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The Ablative of Means names the means or instrument by which an action is performed. It may be used with either the Active or the Passive Voice. It never is used with a preposition. The name of a person may be used as an Ablative of Means if the person is used by some one just as a thing would be used. Per with the Accusative may also be used with the name of a person to express means. VOCABULARY at the same time, simul. battle, proelium, proeli, n. bound, surround, contineo, continere, continui, contentum, tr. (com+teneo). boundary, finis, finis, m. (fmi6, end). PL, territory, bridge, pons, pontis, m. cross, transeo, transire, transii, transitum, tr. (trans+eo). ford, vadum, vadi, n. great, magnus, magna, magnum. forced marches, magms itineribus. horse, equus, equi, m. kill, interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum, tr. (inters f acio) . occldd, occidere, occidi, occisum, tr. (ob+caedo). number, multitude, multitudinis, f. (multus). numerus, numeri. m. return, redeo, redire, redii, reditum, int. (red+eo). revertor, reverti, reverti, reversum, int. (re+verto). same, idem, eadem, idem (is). same as, idem qui. time, tempus, temporis, n. try, conor, conari, conatus sum, tr. weapon, telum, teli, n. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 23 ORAL EXERCISE 1. The camp was surrounded by a ditch. 2. Two hundred men were killed in a great battle. 3. The horses are crossing the river by a ford. 4. You will surround the hill with a ditch. 5. The barbarians tried with their weapons to take the town by storm. 6. The river is crossed by a bridge. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. The same messengers immmediately announced that a hundred soldiers had returned to camp by the nearest road. 2. The Romans understood that in the first year the soldiers had contended with the barbarians in (lit., by means of) many battles. 3. Within two days the enemy hastened to attack the Romans with their weapons. 4. At the same time the legions will hasten through the territory of the Helve- tians by forced marches. 5. By forced marches the Romans were hastening to storm the town to which the enemy had returned. 6. Within two days the enemy had killed a great number of soldiers with their weapons. LESSON XII ABLATIVE OF CAUSE % GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 219. A. 404, b. G. 408, R. 1, 2. H. 475. EXAMPLES Exhausted by wounds. Vulneribus defessi. B. G. 1:25. Influenced by a desire for absolute power, Cupiditate adductus, B, G. 1:9. 24 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES Thoroughly alarmed by his sudden arrival. Repentino ejus adventu commoti. B. G. 1:13. Because of the width of the ditch and the height of the wall, he could not take the town by storm. Proptcr latitu- dinem fossae murique altitudinem (oppidum) expugnare non potuit. B. G. 11:12. NOTES The Ablative of Cause names a thing that works by itself to produce a given result. It differs from an Ablative of Means, which names a thing that is used by some one. The Ablative of Cause is used as a rule to express a cause that produces an internal effect; that is, an effect on mind or body. When the cause produces an external effect, it is usually expressed by propter with the Accusative. VOCABULARY be strong, valeo, valere, valui, valiturus, int. have great influence, multum valeo (possum) easy, facilis, facile (facio). entreaties, pieces, precum, f. exhausted, defessus, defessa, defessum. fear, timor, timoris, m. (timed, to fear), frighten thoroughly, demoralize, perterreo, perterrere, perter- rui, perterritum, tr. (per+terreo). hope, spes, spei, f . influence, adduce, adducere, adduxi, adductum, tr. (ad+duco). influence, popularity, gratia, gratiae, f. (gratus, acceptable), move deeply, excite, permoveo, permovere, permovi, permo- tum, tr. (per+moveo). on account of, near, propter (adv. and prep, with ace.), promptly, confestim. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 25 royal power, kingdom, regnum, regni, n. (rego, rule), wound, vulnus, vulneris, n. ORAL EXERCISE 1. Demoralized by fear. 2. Exhausted by wounds. 3 Influenced by their entreaties. 4. On account of their fear the soldiers did not fight with the enemy. 5. Deeply moved by hope of royal power. 6. On account of his popularity the soldiers followed him. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Deeply moved by their entreaties Caesar returned to camp. 2. The barbarians, excited by their hope of royal power, met the Romans near the bridge. 3. He had much influence because of his great popularity. 4. The soldiers, (being) exhausted by wounds, were easily killed by the enemy. 5. The light-armed troops, (being) demoralized by fear, did not try to take the town by storm. 6. The prisoners he had taken, had much influence in Gaul for many years because of their popularity. LESSON XIII ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 282, 1. A. 530; 531, 1. G. 545, 1, 3; 512. H. 568. EXAMPLES He had a bridge made over the Arar so that he could follow the remaining forces of the Helvetians. Reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in Arari faciendum curat. B. G. 1:13. 26 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES He placed guards over Dumnorix so as to be able to know what he did and with whom he talked. Dumnorigi custodes ponit ut quae agat, quibuscum loquatur scire possit. B. G. 1:20. And he ordered the soldiers to leave the town that the inhabitants might not suffer any injury from them by night. Militesque ex oppido exire jussit ne quain noctu oppidani a militibus injuriam acciperent. B. G. 11:33. NOTES' Purpose Clauses always express intention or will and the Subjunctive is called a Volitive Subjunctive (volo, wish, will). Since they express what is merely intended, they always refer to a time that is future with reference to the time of the principal verb, and they must always express an action or condition that is incomplete at the time of the principal verb. The tenses of the Subjunctive that express incomplete action are the Present and Imperfect. Use the Present Subjunctive after tenses that refer to present or future time (Present, Future, and Future Perfect Indicative); and the Imperfect Subjunctive after tenses that refer to past time -(Imperfect and Pluperfect Indicative and usually the Perfect). Ut, that. Ne, that not. VOCABULARY all, whole, totus, tota, totum. and also, atque. bring in, advance, wage, infero, inferre, intull, illatum, tr. (in+fero). cavalry, equester, equestris, equestre (eques). conquer, surpass, supero, superare, superavi, superatum, tr. (super). vinc6, vincere, vici, -victum, tr, and int. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 27 for a little while, paulum. give, d6, dare, dedi, datum, tr. go out, egredior, egredi, egressus sum, int. (e+gradior). excedo, excedere, excess!, excessum, int. (ex+cedo). infantry, pedester, pedestris, pedestre (pedes). keep, keep back, retineo, retinere, retinui, retentum, tr. (re+teneo). teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, tr. know, scio, scire, scivi, scltum, tr. lead out, educo, educere, eduxi, eductuin tr. (e+duco). power, potestas, potestatis, f. (potis, able), protection, faith, fides, fidei, f. sign, signal, standard, signum, signi, n. take possession of, occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum, tr. trumpet, tuba, tubae, f . ORAL EXERCISE 1. Caesar hastened into Gaul to conquer the Helvetians. 2. Caesar will hasten (Finish and translate). 3. I shall advance the standards that we may fight with the enemy. 4. You advanced (Finish and translate). 5. The leader is setting out that the enemy may not take possession of the camp. 6. The leader had set out (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. I shall return (their) horses to the soldiers in order that they may conquer the enemy in a cavalry battle. 2. You returned (Finish and translate). 3. For a little while the prisoners were kept in camp that they might not give the signal to the enemy. 4. For a little while the prisoners will be kept (Finish and translate). 5. The leader himself will go out of Hither Gaul in order to conquer the Helvetians. 6. The leader himself went out of Hither Gaul (Finish and 28 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES translate). 7. A hundred soldiers led their horses to the ford in order to return to the territory of the Helvetians. 8. A hundred soldiers are leading (Finish and translate). 9. Influenced by hope of surrender the barbarians sent ambas- sadors that they might be received into the protection and power of the Romans. LESSON XIV RELATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 282, 2. A. 531, 2. G. 630. H. 590. EXAMPLES They sent Iccius and Andecumborius as ambassadors to say . . . Legates Iccium et Andecumborium miserunt qui dicerent . . . B. G. 11:3. Having collected twigs and brushwood with which to fill the trenches of the Romans, they advanced to the camp. Sarmentis virgultisque collectis quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt. B. G. III:i8. They set a time at which all are to assemble on the bank of the Rhone. Diem dicunt qua die ad rlpam Rhodani omnes conveniant. B. G. 1:6. Horsemen came to announce . . . Equites venerunt qui nuntiarent. B. G. V:10. NOTES Relative Clauses of Purpose, like other relative clauses, are used as adjectives and modify the antecedent of the relative. RELATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 29 The tenses of the verb are the same as in Adverbial Clauses of Purpose. A Relative Clause of Purpose is regularly used instead of an ut-clause when the English expression of purpose may be changed into a relative clause modifying the Direct Object of the principal verb (or the Subject if the principal verb is Passive). The Subject of venio may be modified by a Relative Clause of Purpose whenever venio =mittor. VOCABULARY. choose, deligo, deligere, delegi, delectum, tr. (de+lego). come, venio, venire, vem, ventum, int. flight, fuga, fugae, f. (fugio, flee). gather, assemble, compel, cogo, cogere, coegl, coactum, tr. (com+ago). grain, frumentum, frumenti, n. hand, band, mantis, manus, f. PL, forces, lead across, traduco, traducere, traduxi, traductum, tr. (trans+duco). safety, salus, salutis, f. scout, expldrator, exploratoris, m. (explorS, reconnoitre) . seek, ask, peto, petere, petivi, petltum, tr. seven, septem. supplies, commeatus, commeatus, m. (commeo, go back and forth). third, tertius, tertia, tertium. without, sine, (with Abl.). ORAL EXERCISE 1. Scouts came to say that the enemy was crossing the river. 2. Scouts are coming (Finish and translate). 3. Men will be chosen who are to gather grain. 4. Men had been chosen (Finish and translate). 5. I will send lieu- 30 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES tenants to whom hostages are to be surrendered. 6. I sent lieutenants (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Seven scouts were chosen to lead the forces across through the territory of the Helvetians. 2. Seven men will be chosen to lead the forces out of camp. 3. A bridge will be made by which the forces are to be led across the river. 4. Scouts promptly came to say that large forces were taking possession of the top of the hill. 5. We are choosing men to lead the forces across the river. 6. Within three days the leader chose the men by whom the grain was to be gathered. LESSON XV ABLATIVE OF QUALITY GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. B. 224. A. 415. G. 400. H. 473, 2. EXAMPLES A state of great influence among the Belgians. Civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate. B. G. 11:15. Because they did not yet seem well-disposed toward the Roman people. Quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur. B. G. 1:6. They said that the Germans were (men) of incredible valor. Germanos esse incredibili virtute praedicabant. B. G. 1:39. NOTES An Ablative of Quality takes the place of an adjective in the sentence; that is, it either modifies a noun or is used as the Predicate of some Intransitive Verbs. ABLATIVE OF QUALITY 31 Therefore it may often be translated by an English adjec- tive. A noun used as an Ablative of Quality must be modified by an adjective. VOCABULARY among, apud (with Ace.). but, sed. come together, assemble, convenio, convenire, convem, con- ventum, int. (com+venio). drive back, pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, tr. repello, repellere, reppull, repulsum, int. (re+pello). following, posterus, postera, posterum (post). for, enim, (always post-positive). nam. fort, castellum, castelli, n. (castrum). gradually, paulatim (paulum). harass, lacesso, lacessere, lacessivi, lacessitum, tr. provoke to battle (lit., by means of), proelio lacessere. influence, power, auctoritas, auctoritatis, f. auctor, origi- nator) . state, civitas, civitatis, f. (civis, citizen). valor, virtus, virtutis, f. (vir). yoke, ridge, jugum, jugi, n. ORAL EXERCISE 1. They are (men) of very great valor. 2. I shall send a man of great influence. 3. He is a (man) of great popu- larity. 4. A state of great power. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. For many years the Romans were (men) of very great valor. 2. The leader was (a man) of great influence among the enemy. 3. The ambassador, who is a man of great in- 32 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES fluence, will have much power among the Gauls. 4. Soldiers of great valor were sent to assault the camp. 5. States of great influence sent ambassadors to Caesar. 6. The leader gave the signal with a trumpet; but (being) demoralized by fear, the soldiers (though) men of great valor, did not advance the standards. 7. All the soldiers assembled in the fort; for their leader, a man of the greatest influence, had said that the enemy could not take possession of it. LESSON XVI GENITIVE OF QUALITY GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. B. 203, 2. A. 345, b. G. 365, R. H. 440, 3. EXAMPLES He constructed a wall sixteen feet high and a trench. Murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. E.G. 1:8. He dug two ditches fifteen feet wide and of the same depth. Duas fossas qumdecim pedes latas eadem altitudine perduxit. B. G. VII: 72. A town of great power among them. Oppidum apud eos maximae auctoritatis. B. G. VII: 55. NOTES In expressions of measure the Genitive of Quality is used, never the Ablative. Often the same idea may be expressed by either the Genitive of Quality or the Accusative of Extent. In most expressions of quality that do not refer to measure, either the Genitive or the Ablative may be used. GENITIVE OF QUALITY 33 VOCABULARY arrival, adventus, adventus, m. (advenio). assistance, auxilium, auxili, n. (augeo, increase). PI. reinforcements, begin, coepi, coepisse, coeptum, tr. dare, audeo, audere, ausus sum, tr. deep, high, altus, alta, altum. defend, defendo, defendere, defend!, defensum, tr. ( fendo, strike). depth, height, altitude, altftudinis, f. (altus). eight, octo. fortify, munio, mumre, munlvi, munitum, tr. nine, novem. plan, judgment, consilium, consili, n. rampart, vallum, valli, n. six, sex. wide, latus, lata, latum. width, latitude, latitudinis, f. (latus). ORAL EXERCISE 1. A wall eight feet high. 2. A trench six feet in width. 3. A man of the greatest judgment. 4. I have fortified the town by a rampart ten feet high and a ditch eight feet in width. 5. He is a man of great bravery. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. They assembled near a rampart six feet high. 2. He began to make a ditch nine feet wide. 3. They will march eight miles. 4. They sent messengers to the state which was of the greatest influence among the Gauls. 5. Divitiacus^ who had great power among the Helvetians, was (a man) of great judgment. 6. The leader made a rampart six feet high and, also a ditch eight feet wide with which to defend 34 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES the fort. 7. On account of the arrival of the auxiliaries, the cohorts made a rampart nine feet wide in order to drive the enemy back. LESSON XVII SUBSTANTIVE VOLITIVE CLAUSES GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. B. 295, 1, 2, 4. A. 563, a, b. G. 546, 1, 2. H. 565, 3. EXAMPLES He persuaded the citizens to leave their territory with all their possessions. Civitati persuasit ut de fmibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. B. G. 1:2. Ariovistus demanded that Caesar should not bring a single foot-soldier to their conference. Ariovistus postulav t ne quern peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret. B. G. 1:42. He began to urge them to remain on the continent. (Eos) hortari coepit uti in continent! remanerent. B. G. V:6. They decided to make peace with the nearest states. Con- stituerunt cum proximis civitatibus pacem confirmare. B. G. 1:3. He compelled them to give hostages to him. (Eos) obsides sibi dare coegit. B. G. VI: 3. He ordered Labienus to follow with three legions. Labie- num cum legionibus tribus subsequi jussit. B. G. 11:11. NOTES They are called Volitive because, like Purpose Clauses, they tell what is willed by the Subject of the principal clause. They are generally used as Direct Object of some verb SUBSTANTIVE VOLITIVE CLAUSES 35 expressing will (command, persuade, urge, etc.) ; sometimes (1) as the only object; sometimes (2) with another Direct Object; sometimes (3) with an Indirect Object. Only the Present or the Imperfect Subjunctive can be used in Substantive Volitive Clauses because an action that is thought of as being merely willed must refer to relatively future time and so be incomplete. The tenses of the subjunctive are used as in Purpose Clauses (see Lesson XIII). The conjunctions used are ut and ne. Certain verbs that express will (constituo, volo, nolo, malo) take as their Direct Object a Present Infinitive with no subject expressed, instead of a Substantive Volitive Clause, when the Subject of the Infinitive is the same as the Subject of the principal verb. Conor always has the Infinitive as Direct Object. Jubeo regularly takes the Infinitive and Subject Accusative as Direct Object instead of a Substantive Volitive Clause. Cogo usually has the Infinitive and Subject Accusative as its Direct Object. VOCABULARY advise, moneo, monere, monui, monitum, tr. (Acc.-f Sub. Vol. CL). ally, socius, soci m. command, impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum, tr. (Dat.+ Subs. Vol. CL). district, regio, regionis, f. each, uterque, utraque, utrumque. five, quinque. order, jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussum, tr. persuade, persuaded, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum, tr. (Dat.+Subs. Vol. CL). quaestor, quaestor, quaestoris, m. 36 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES senate, senatus, senatus, m. (senex, old man), side, latus, lateris, n. on both sides, ab utroque latere. sword, gladius, gladi, m. urge, cohortor, cohortari, cohortatus sum, tr. (Acc.+Subs. Vol. CL). hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, tr. (Acc.+Subs. Vol. CL). ORAL EXERCISE 1. The senate will command the allies to defend the state. 2. The senate commanded (Finish and translate). 3. The quaestor had advised the scouts not to seek safety in flight. 4. The quaestor advises (Finish and translate). 5. We persuaded the centurions to give the signal with the trumpet. 6. We shall persuade (Finish and translate). 7. The senate urges the allies to promise reinforcements. 8. The senate urged (Finish and translate). i WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. At the third hour the lieutenants, exhausted by wounds, advised the soldiers to seek safety in flight. 2. Within five hours the leader, influenced by hope of royal power, will command the soldiers to take possession of the rampart. 3. You commanded the centurions with their swords to drive back the enemy on both sides. 4. The quaestor commanded the soldiers to seek supplies through the nearest districts. 5. Exhausted by wounds, the soldiers tried to persuade their commander not to attack the enemy. 6. The leader ordered the soldiers to set out from camp and hasten toward the enemy, 7. You encouraged the army to attack the enemy on both sides with their swords. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 37 LESSON XVIII COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. B. 316. A. 588. G. 652. H. 642, 4. EXAMPLES. " Jump down, fellow soldiers," he said. " Desilite," inquit, " commllitones." B. G. IV: 25. "Do not think/' he said, "that this is the army that con- quered Gaul." "Noli," inquit, " existimare hunc esse exercitum qui Galliam devicerit. B. C. 111:87. He sent men to the commanders of the cavalry to announce that they were not to provoke the enemy to battle. Ad prae- fectos mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostes proelio lacesserent. B. G. IV:11. He told the soldiers to stop fighting for a little while. Milites certiores fecit: paulisper intermitterent proelium. B. G. 111:5. NOTES A command in Direct Discourse in the second person is usually expressed by the Imperative if the command is affirma- tive. If the command is negative, it is most frequently expressed in classical Latin by the Imperative of nolo (noli, nolite) with the Infinitive of the verb expressing the command with- out Subject Accusative as its Direct Object. 38 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES Commands in Indirect Discourse are expressed by a Volitive Subjunctive used as Direct Object of verbs of saying, etc. The only difference between Indirect Commands and Sub- stantive Volitive Clauses is that the former are Direct Object of a verb of saying while the latter are Direct Object of a Verb that expresses will. The Subjunctive is the same and the tenses are the same in both kinds of clauses. In Indirect Commands, the conjunction for the negative is ne; there is no conjunction used for the affirmative. Dico should not be used with an Indirect Command as its Direct Object. VOCABULARY and, -que (joined to second of two words, seldom joined to word ending in -e). be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui, tr. (non-i-volo). boy, puer, pueri, m. PL, children (without reference to parents), call together, summon, assemble, convoco, convocare, con- vocavi, convocatum, tr. (com+voco). declare, pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum, tr. (pro+nuntio). fourth, quartus, quarta, quartum. free, liber, libera, liberum. children, Hberi (with reference to parents), friendly, amicus, arnica, amicum. friend, amicus, amici, m. harm, noceo, nocere, nocui, nociturus, int. hurl, hide, conicio, conicere, conjeci, conjectum, tr. (com4- jacio). king, rex, regis,'m. (rego, rule), people, populus, populi, m. Roman people, populus Romanus. swamp, palus, paludis, f . COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 39 victor} 7 , victoria, victoriae, f. (victor), woman, mulier, mulieris, f. yield, allow, permitto, permittere, permisi, permissum, tr. (per+mitto) (Dat.+Subs. Vol. CL). Express each oral sentence and each of the first five written sentences as a direct command and translate. ORAL EXERCISE 1. I kept declaring that the army was not to leave camp. 2. You will declare (Finish and translate). 3. We are being told to defend our children. 4. You had been told (Finish and translate). 5. You will announce that the soldiers are to drive back the enemy. 6. You announced (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. The leading men declared that the men were to hide the women and children in the swamp. 2. The soldiers were told that they were always to defend the women and children. 3. He will declare that the Helvetians are not to assemble their children in the swamp. 4. They declared that the Helvetians were not to yield their children to the protection and power of the Romans. 5. He tells the soldiers that they are not to fortify the town by a wall and a ditch. 6. The leader announced that at the fourth hour the women and children were gradually to be hidden in the swamp. 7. The quaestor will declare that the soldiers are to hide their children in the swamp that the enemy may not harm them. 40 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES LESSON XIX SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT QUESTIONS GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 258; 267, 1, 2; 314. A. 482, 1, 2; 483, 484 (1), (2), G. 467, 651. a, b, c\ 586. H. 642; 543; 545, I, II. EXAMPLES Present with reference to principal verb: 1. PRES.: Caesar knows what his soldiers are doing. Caesar intellegit quid milites faciant. 2. PAST: Caesar knew what his soldiers were doing (did). Caesar intellexit quid milites facerent. 3. FUT.: Caesar will know what his soldiers do. Caesar intelleget quid milites faciant. Future with reference to principal verb: 4. PRES: Caesar is hurrying into Gaul to conquer the Helve- tians. Caesar in Galliam properat ut Helvetios vincat. 5. PAST: Caesar hurried into Gaul to conquer the Helvetians. Caesar in Galliam properavit ut Helvetios vinceret. 6. FUT.: Caesar will hurry into Gaul to conquer the Helve- tians. Caesar in Galliam properabit ut Helvetios vincat. Past with reference to principal verb: 7. PRES.: Caesar knows what his soldiers were doing (did, had done) . Caesar intellegit quid milites fecerint. S. PAST; Caesar knew what his soldiers had done. Caesar intellexit quid milites fecissent. SEQUENCE OF TENSES INDIRECT QUESTIONS 41 9. FUT. : Caesar will know what his soldiers did (were doing, have done). Caesar intelleget quid milites fecerint. INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Incomplete Act Completed Act (Relatively (Relatively Present or Future) Past) Pres. Pres. Perf. PRINCIPAL i Future [ Future Perf. f Imp. Imp. Plup. HISTORICAL \ Perf. I Plup. Sometimes, if you follow the rule for Sequence of Tenses, your sentence may not show clearly whether the Subjunctive of incomplete action refers to relatively present or future time. For instance, in the sentence: Caesar intellegit quid milites faciant, according to the rule the Present Subjunctive can refer to relatively present or future time and the Latin does not show which is referred to. In such a case, whenever there might be any doubt, it is better to use the First Periphrastic Conjugation to show clearly that the dependent clause is meant to refer to rela- tively future time. PRES.: Caesar knows what his soldiers are doing. Caesar intellegit quid milites faciant. but FUT. : Caesar knows what his soldiers are going to do (will do) . Caesar intellegit quid milites facturi sint. PRES.: Caesar knew what his soldiers were doing. Caesar intellexit quid milites facerent. but FUT. : Caesar knew what his soldiers were going to do (would do). Caesar intellexit quid milites facturi essent. 42 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES If you learn to use the following diagram, it will help you to understand the relative time of the verbs in any sentence and the tense of the Infinitive or Subjunctive to use. Sentence 1 on p. 40 should be diagrammed in this way: PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT x SUBJUNCTIVE The perpendicular line represents real present time; every- thing to the left of it is real past time, and to the right, real future time. The Subjunctive is put below the horizontal line because it expresses time only with reference to the prin- cipal verb, and directly below the other cross because it repre- sents relatively present time. The arrow shows its time is referred to the time of the principal verb. Sentence 4 should be diagrammed in this way: PRES. |\ IND. PRES. x SUBJ. The cross below the line is put to the right of the cross above to show that the Subjunctive refers to relatively future time. Sentence 7 should be diagrammed in this way: X PRES. /\ IND. PERF. x SUBJ. The cross below the line is put to the left of the cross above to show that the Subjunctive refers to relatively past time. SEQUENCE OF TENSES INDIRECT QUESTIONS 43 Try to diagram the other examples in the same way, also the sentences you translate. NOTES The tenses of the Indicative are divided into two classes called Principal and Historical. The Historical Tenses are the tenses that are used in a story or history; that is, those referring to past time. The Principal tenses refer to present or future time. f Present PRINCIPAL \ Future I Future Perfect ( Imperfect HISTORICAL 1 Perfect (usually) I Pluperfect The tenses of the Subjunctive express either incomplete or completed action. , The tenses of the Subjunctive that express incomplete action are the Present and the Imperfect. The tenses of the Subjunctive that express completed action are the Perfect and the Pluperfect. An action that is thought of as being incomplete at the time referred to by the principal verb must be relatively present or future. An action that is thought of as being completed at the time of the principal verb must be relatively past. The Present Subjunctive is used after Principal Tenses to denote (1) action that is present or future at the present time, or (2) action that will be present or future at some future time. The Imperfect Subjunctive is used after Historical Tenses to denote action that was present or future at some past time. 44 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES The Perfect Subjunctive is used after Principal Tenses to denote (1) action that is past at the present time, or (2) action that will be past in the future. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is used after Historical Tenses to denote action that was already past at some past time. RELATIVE TIME OF SUBJUNCTIVE TENSES If the main \ verb is / PAST PRESENT FUTURE and the de- 1 pendent verb is relatively J Past . p res . Fut. Past. Pres. Fut. Past. Pres. Fut. you must 1 ' " ' use the J Plup.S. Imp. S. Perf. S. Pres. S. Perf. S. Pres. S. EXAMPLES He shows what he blames in him. Quae in eo reprehen- dat ostendit. B. G. 1:20. At the same time he makes known what has been said in his presence in the assembly of the Gauls about Dumnorix. Simul commonefacit quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallo- rum de Dumnorige sint dicta. B. G. 1:19. He asked what was the reason of this. Ejus rei quae causa esset quaesiit. B. G. 1:32. Indirect Questions are always used as nouns and occur often as the Direct Object of verbs of asking, finding out, etc. ; also in Indirect Discourse as Direct Object of verbs of saying, thinking, etc., representing a real question in Direct Discourse. The tenses of the Subjunctive are used according to the rules given above. SEQUENCE OF TENSES INDIRECT QUESTIONS 45 VOCABULARY arrow, sagitta, sagittae, f. ask, quaere, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesltum, tr. before, ante (adv. and prep, with Ace.). collect, confero, conferre, contuli, collatum, tr. (com+fero). find, find out, reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum, tr. get ready, prepare for, compare, comparare, comparavi, com- paratum, tr. (com+paro). light, lux, lucis, f. at daybreak, prima luce. magistrate, magistratus, magistrates, m. place, locus, loci, m. PL, loca, n. seize, take, capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr. shield, scutum, scuti, n. teach, explain, doceo, docere, docui, doctum, tr. whether, num. who?, what?, (pro.), quis?, quid? (adj.),qui?, quae?, quod? why, cur, quid. ORAL EXERCISE 1. Who dares to call the magistrates together? 2. You ask who dares to call the magistrates together? 3. We kept asking who dared to call the magistrates together. 4. Why has he yielded his children to the power of the Roman people ? 5. I will explain why (Finish and translate). 6. They explained why (Finish and translate). 7. By whom were these places seized? 8. I cannot find out by whom (Finish and translate). 9. You found out by whom (Finish and translate). 10. By whom were supplies collected? 11. I am explaining by whom (Finish and translate). 12. We explained by whom (Finish and translate). 13. Why will the king harm his friends? 14. I ask why the king (Finish 46 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES and translate). 15. We asked why the king (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. The magistrates sent the auxiliaries to collect grain, but these (men) could not find out in what places grain had been got ready. 2. I know that before daylight the town was easily taken by storm, but I cannot find out why the soldiers did not seize the shields and arrows. 3. We will explain why the soldiers (though) men of great valor were gradually conquered in a cavalry battle. 4. I will not ask why the soldiers did not take arms at the arrival of the enemy. 5. You have explained for what reason the soldiers were fortifying the camp by a wall six feet in height. 6. We know whether the soldiers are going to set out toward the enemy and try to take their towns by storm. * LESSON XX DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 314, 1; 268, 2. A. 580. G. 650, 509, 510, 511; 508, 4. H. 643, 548. He says that he knows Dicit se scire EXAMPLES what you are doing (do), quid facias. what you have done (did), quid feceris. what you are going to do, quid factu- rus sis. He says that he knew r what you were doing, quid faceres. Dicit se scivisse I what you did (had done), quid fecisses. He said that he knew 1 what you were going to do, quid factu- Dlxit se scire I rus esses. DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 47 NOTES Dependent clauses in Indirect Discourse regularly stand in the Subjunctive. As we have seen before, the Present and the Imperfect refer to time that is relatively present or future; the Perfect and the Pluperfect to time that is relatively past. The sequence is Historical (that is, the Imperfect and the Pluperfect are to be used) when ever the principal verb in the Indirect Discourse refers to real past time. In other words, use the Imperfect and the Pluperfect Sub- junctive after any tense of Infinitive or Subjunctive depending on a verb of saying that refers to past time, or the Perfect Infinitive or Perfect Subjunctive depending on a verb of say- ing in the Present Indicative. VERB OF INFINITIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. SAYING. Present \ . I Present or Perfect [ Future J Present Perfect Imperfect or Pluperfect Present Imperfect or Pluperfect Past J Future [ Perfect f Present 1 Future \ Future \ Present or Perfect [ Perfect J The same rules apply to any clause depending on a Sub- junctive or an Infinitive. VOCABULARY a certain one, certain, quidam, quaedam, quoddam. approach, appropinquo, appropinquate, appropinquavi, appropinquatum, int. bank, ripa, ripae, f. from all sides, undique 48 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES gate, porta, portae, f. if, si. learn, cognosce, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum, tr. I have learned, I know, cognovi. line of march, agmen, agminis, n. rear, novissimum agmen. no one, nemo . . . Dat., nemim, m. (ne+homo). one, unus, una, unum. remain, maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, int. remaneo, remanere, remansi, remansum, int. scarcity, inopia, inopiae, f. (in+ops). wait, await, exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum, tr. (ex+specto, look), winter, hibernus, hiberna, hibernum. winter quarters, hiberna, hibernorum, n. winter, hiems, hiemis, f. ORAL EXERCISE 1. We learned that no one had approached the gate which the Romans had seized. 2. We learn that no one (Finish and translate). 3. Certain (men) had ordered the soldiers to approach the gate from all sides in order to await there the arrival of the commander. 4. Certain (men) will order the soldiers (Finish and translate). 5. I had learned that five soldiers would wait (to see) if the enemy would approach the bank. 6. You will learn that (Finish and translate). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. He said that before daylight the soldiers, influenced by scarcity of grain, would go out of camp quickly in order to get supplies ready. 2. We do not understand why no one persuaded the soldiers to get their arrows and shields ready. 3. They say that the king, who for a long time was preparing for war, has not attacked the forces of the enemy. 4. Within REFLEXIVE PRONOUN SE 49 two days the commander learned that the army which had gone out of winter quarters, had already met the enemy. 5. I shall tell the soldiers to march quickly toward the enemy who approach the gates of the town. 6. We say that no one approached 'the enemy, who were going to attack the Romans while they were at a disadvantage. 7. I say that in the early (part of the) night the commander sent the soldiers who were to gather grain. 8. We know that the soldiers who were about to storm the town were all killed. LESSON XXI REFLEXIVE PRONOUN SE AND POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE SUUS GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 244, I, II. A. 299, 300, 1, 2. G. 521, R, 1; 522. H. 503, 504. EXAMPLES They said that they wished to stay with him. Remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt. B. G. IV: 15. He asserted that he would win royal power for them with his resources and his army. Se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmavit. B. G. 1:3. Caesar said that he would take them under his power and would protect them. Caesar sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit. B. G. 11:15. Caesar asked all to aid him with grain. (Caesar) petit ab his omnibus ut se frumento juvent. B, G, 1:60. 50 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES NOTES The reflexive pronoun se and the possessive adjective suus regularly refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand. If the clause in which they stand expresses the thought of the subject of the principal clause, as is the case in Pur- pose Clauses, Substantive Volitive Clauses, and Indirect Dis- course, se and suus may refer to the subject of the principal verb. The pronoun of the third person in Indirect Discourse must be se if it represents the first person in Direct Discourse. If the pronoun of the third person in Indirect Discourse represents the second or the third person in Direct Discourse, it should be translated by is, ea, id. VOCABULARY afterwards, postea (post). bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. building, aedificium, aedifici, n. (aedes+facio). farther, ulterior, ulterius (ultra, beyond). few, pauci, paucae, pauca. garrison, protection, praesidium, praesidi, n. himself, sui, sibi. his, suus, sua, suum. javelin, pflum, pili, n. noble, nobilis, nobile. nobles, nobiles, nobilium, m. part, direction, pars, partis, f. place, station, colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum, tr. (com+loco). strength, force, vis, vis, f. PL, physical strength, the day before, prldie ejus diei. under, sub (with Ace, and AbL). POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE SITUS 51 use, utor, uti, usus sum, int. (with Abl.). withstand, sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum, tr. (sub+ teneo). ORAL EXERCISE 1. He knows that the enemy will send ambassadors to him, 2. The enemy sent ambassadors to him. 3. He knew that the enemy would surrender (fit., surrender themselves). 4. He commanded the soldiers to bring aid to him. 5. They sent their (men) to bring aid to him. 6. They remained with him. 7. He surrendered hostages to them. 8. They defended themselves and their children. 9, They asked the commander not to harm them. 10. He said that he would not injure their friends. WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. He says that in the following winter he placed garrisons in (only) a few parts of Farther Gaul. 2. They said that for one winter they remained under the protection of the Roman people. 3. He says that within a few days he will station garrisons near the v bank. 4. He says that he will withstand the strength of the enemy if they assault the camp. 5. They say that they brought from all sides the javelins and shields which they were to use. 6. The nobles had afterwards declared that the common people were to remain near the ridge in order to bring assistance to them. 7. On the previous day they had carried their javelins into the camp, which had been stationed by them near the ridge. 8. At daybreak, the soldiers, men of great valor, withstood the strength of the enemy in order to defend their buildings from them. 52 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES LESSON XXII REVIEW OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE (See Lessons 5, 18, 19, 20, and 21). STATEMENTS Ace. and Inf. PRINCIPAL CLAUSES IPres. Inf.: Time relatively present. Perf . Inf. : Time relatively past. Fut. Inf.: Time relatively future. QUESTIONS, Nom. and Subj- COMMANDS, Nom. and Subj. Princ. r Pres. : Time relatively present or future. Tenses [Perf.: Time relatively past. Hist. [Imp.: Time relatively present or future. Tenses [ Plup.: Time relatively past. I Pres.: Time relatively future.- Princ. Tense rp \ Imp.: Time relatively future. SUBJUNCTIVE. DEPENDENT CLAUSES Princ. r Pres. : Time relatively present or J future Tenses [Perf.: Time relatively past. Hist, rlmp.: Time relatively present or J future. Tenses [ Plup. : Time relatively past. Remember that in Indirect Questions and Dependent Clauses whose verb is in the Subjunctive, the First Periphrastic REVIEW OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 53 Conjugation must be used when the reference is to relatively future time, and the Present or the Imperfect Subjunctive would not show clearly whether the time referred to is rela- tively present or future. VOCABULARY answer, responded, respondere, respond!, responsum, tr. any, ullus, ulla, ullunic arrive, reach, pervenio, pervenire, pervenl, perventum, int. (per+venio). danger, trial, periculum, periculi, n. finally, tandem. memory, memoria, memoriae, f. (memor, mindful), neighboring, finitimus, fmitima, finitimum (finis). neighbors, finitimi, finitimorum, m. peace, pax, pacis, f. second, successful, secundus, secunda, secundum (sequor). throw, jacid, jacere, jgci, jactum, tr. ORAL EXERCISE 1. He answered that one javelin had been thrown. 2. He informed the soldiers that many javelins were to be thrown. 3. He is asking why javelins have been thrown. 4. I did not find out why the soldiers did not use their javelins. 5. I cannot find out why the soldiers did not use their javelins. 6. They will explain why the soldiers will not be able to reach the ridge quickly. 7. They explained why (Finish and translate). 8. I am asking why they are not going to attack the enemy's rear line. 9. I asked why (Finish and trans- late). WRITTEN EXERCISE 1. Finally he said that he had commanded his (men) not to compel the common people to give them grain. 2. After- 54 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES wards he said that he had led his men quickly into winter quarters so that the enemy might not attack (them). 3. On account of his memory of successful battles the leader an- swered that he could lead his troops through the .neighboring districts without any danger. LESSON XXIII ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES B. 227, 1, 2, a), 6), c), d), e), 4. A. 419,