FORFSTRy 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
The Forest Commission, State of New York. 
 
 THE 
 
 ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM F. FOX, 
 
 Superintendent State Forests. 
 
 FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FOREST COMMISSION FOR 1894. 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 JAMES B. LYON, PRINTER. 
 1895. 
 
I ' 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The following article is from a report made to the New York 
 State Forest Commission in 1894. No claim or pretension is 
 made to any original researches of a botanical nature. The 
 report aims rather to furnish information of a general character 
 concerning this, the leading merchantable species in the great 
 forest of Northern New York. At the same time it is hoped that 
 there may be something in these few pages which may be of 
 interest alike to the botanist, forester and lumberman. 
 
 WILLIAM F. FOX. 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y., January 15, 1895. 
 
 
 K534S353 
 
The Adirondack Black Spruce. 
 
 PICEA NIGKA, LINK. 
 BLA.CK, DOUBLE, OR EED SPRUCE. 
 Fr., Epinette noire;* Ger., Schwartztanne; Sp., Abeto negro. 
 
 Leaves dark green, needle-shaped, four-sided, about one-half inch in length, 
 and set thickly on all sides of the branches; flowers in May, the cells of the 
 antlers opening lengthwise. Nodding cones, persistent for several years, 
 from one to one and one-half inches long, ovate in shape, recurved, with thin, 
 rigid scales having a characteristic broken or slightly jagged edge, the cones 
 hanging on the end of short branches. Bark thin, of a dark-brown color 
 somewhat tinged with gray, covered with roundish scales. 
 
 While the principal habitat of this species is to be found in 
 New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Canada, it 
 extends northward to Hudson Bay, and southward as far as North 
 Carolina, although it grows but sparsely in Pennsylvania. It is 
 found also as far west as Wisconsin. Years ago it formed a large 
 part of the forest which covered the Catskill mountains, but 
 was rarely found in the western part of this State. 
 
 In New York it attains a common height of 80 feet (24.38 m.), 
 with a common diameter of 18 inches (45.7 cm.); and a maximum 
 height of 105 feet (32 m.), with a maximum diameter of 36 
 inches (91.4 cm.). It prefers a hilly and mountainous region with 
 an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 1,800 feet, and while it is found 
 at its best on mountain slopes it grows readily in low, swampy 
 valleys. 
 
 It furnishes a light softwood of medium strength, with a 
 straight close grain. The heart wood has a tinge of red ; it is 
 very often white. The sap wood, which is generally of a lighter 
 shade, or a pure white, is about two inches deep in trees which 
 have attained a diameter of 20 inches or more. The smaller 
 trees have a thicker sap proportionately. It has a specific gravity 
 of 0.5 ^; percentage of ash, 0.27; average tensile strength, 
 
 * The Fnmch Canadians call it Epinette a la biere. 
 
6 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 10,000 pounds to the square inch. It weighs about 28 pounds to 
 the cubic foot, and when perfectly dry, 25 pounds. Spruce pulp- 
 wood cut on high land, partly seasoned, will weigh about 3,800 
 pounds per cord ; that cut on low or swampy land about 4,200 
 pounds. 
 
 It" is the leading merchantable species of the New York 
 forests, the white pine having, substantially, been removed many 
 years ago. In 1893 the total product of all the mills which ob- 
 tained their stock of logs from the Adirondack forests was as 
 follows : 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Spruce 241,581,824 
 
 Hemlock 77,910,654 
 
 Pine -27,844,222 
 
 Hardwood 7,713,828 
 
 Total 355,050,528 
 
 The production was still greater in 1892, owing to the low 
 water during the previous year ; but the figures given here for 
 1893 will fairly represent the average annual product of this 
 region. In addition to the 241,581,824 feet of spruce sawed in 
 1893, the pulp mills consumed in that year 92,135,707 feet, B. M., 
 all of which was used in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 Spruce lumber is used for various purposes, but principally for 
 house building, a large amount of it being made into flooring and 
 ceiling, for which use it takes the place largely of white pine. A 
 large share of the product is also sawed into joists, scantling, 
 square timber and dimension stuff. In market value it is cheaper 
 than white pine, but dearer than hemlock. The value of the 
 logs in the tree, or " stumpage," is about 35 cents per market 
 log, or $1.75 per 3,000 feet, the price varying somewhat more or 
 less in proportion as the timber is accessible or within hauling 
 distance of streams which will permit the floating or " driving " 
 of logs to the mills. The value of the logs when delivered on 
 the banks of these streams is about $1.30 per market, or $6.50 
 per 1,000 feet. The bark has no commercial value. It is peeled 
 from standing trees, occasionally by woodmen, guides or sports- 
 men, who use it for covering the roof or sides of their shanties. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 7 
 
 In the Albany lumber market the log run brings about $14 per 
 1,000 feet. There is very little clear stuff to be sorted out; a 
 small percentage of clear inch, however, is generally selected 
 which sells for $23 per 1,000 feet. For this market it is sawed 
 largely into nine inch boards, and into two-inch planks, nine 
 inches wide ; also into 2 by 10-inch planks. Shingles made from 
 spruce are of inferior quality, and not durable ; hence it is seldom 
 used for this purpose. The wood decays rapidly when exposed 
 to the weather, but when protected it will compare favorably 
 with other softwoods in durability. The trees of this species 
 growing in a dense forest furnish tall tapering trunks, free from 
 branches, with an elastic, straight-grained timber, which makes 
 it very desirable for spars and piles. One firm of lumbermen in 
 the Adirondack region ships annually a large quantity of this 
 timber "in the round," the full length of the tree, for this pur- 
 pose. It is used in boat building, the base of the tree and princi- 
 pal roots furnishing knees, while the best quality of the straight- 
 grained planks taken from the butt logs are manufactured into 
 oars. In the southern part of the Adirondack forest the best 
 trees are selecied, from which the clear butt logs are taken for 
 the manufacture of sounding boards for pianos. Only choice 
 logs are used for this purpose; and these are " quarter sawed " 
 into boards five-eighths of an inch thick. This class of lumber is 
 worth $35 per 1,000 feet at the mills. The logs cut for this pur- 
 pose are known in the trade as " fiddle butts." 
 
 Mention should be made here, also, of the resinous gum which 
 exudes from the tree trunks of this species, and which, after 
 undergoing a slight preparation, is sold for chewing gum. A 
 large number of men known as gum pickers follow this industry 
 during the winter months, obtaining a good livelihood from this 
 peculiar work. Years ago a favorite drink known as spruce beer 
 was made by boiling the young branches and evaporating the 
 infusion, but its place as a beverage has been so largely taken by 
 other drinks that now one seldom sees or hears of the old- 
 fashioned " spruce beer." This decoction of the spruce twigs 
 has valuable medicinal properties, and is a well-known antidote 
 to the form of scurvy prevalent among seamen while on long 
 voyages. 
 
 The wood furnishes an inferior quality of fuel, giving out little 
 heat comparatively, and, owing to the air contained in it, causing 
 
8 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 a continual snapping, which makes it dangerous when burned in 
 open fire-places. 
 
 Occasionally, this species grows thickly in masses, or what the 
 lumbermen term "clumps," but, as a general thinsr, it is distrib- 
 uted quite evenly through the forests in which it is found. 
 Throughout the Adirondack woods it forms on an avei age from 
 1" to 15 per cent of the timber. The Adirondack forests, as a 
 whole, are composed principally of hardwoods, the deciduous 
 trees including abou 7u per cerv., among which the remaining 
 30 per cent, of conifers are, as a general thing, somewhat evenly 
 dist ibutecl. The black spruce ishert found in company with the 
 maple, beech, and yellow birch, among which there is a further 
 but small admixture of ash, cherry, elm, bass wood, and iron wood. 
 The conifers ass elated with the spruce are composed of hemlock, 
 balsam (Abies balsamea), t unarack and white cedar, the various 
 species of pine having been nearly all removed by the lumber- 
 men years ago. Michaux makes the statement that this species 
 "often constitutes a third part of the forests by which ihej? are 
 uninterruptedly covered." One of our leading text-books on 
 botany states that "dark-mountain forests are often wholly com- 
 posed of it." While this statement may possibly be true of other 
 localities, there is certainly no such composition in the Adiron- 
 dack forests, aside fro ui the occasional but small clumps of spruce 
 previously referred to. 
 
 In some localities there are large areas along the mountain 
 slopes covered with a heavy proportion of evergreens whose 
 sombre hues might give rise to such an impression to a distant 
 spectator, but a closer examination of such forests discloses a 
 large admixture of other conifers, together with a good propor- 
 tion of broad-leaf td trees which are apparent only in summer, 
 and which even then are liable to be overshadowed and hidden 
 by the overtopping or dominant crowns of tall conifers. 
 
 In its habit the black spruce has very little of attraction or 
 beauty in its appearance. When growing in masses, all its 
 branches fall off, leaving groups of columnar, tapering shafts, 
 each of which is surmo anted by a small, sparsely-limbed and 
 irregular crown ; and this is also the case, to a considerable extent, 
 where it is distributed among the hardwoods with plenty of 
 surrounding space. When growing in openings, well removed 
 
BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 Habit when grown in the Forest. 
 
 G. II. Eison, Photo 
 
BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 Habit when grown in the open. 
 
 G. II. Rison, Photo. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 9 
 
 from other trees, its branches are persistent and cover the trunk 
 from the ground to the crown, forming a pyramidal- shaped tree 
 with a conical head whose regular and symmetrical outlines elicit 
 praise from some, while the primness and exactness of shape is 
 objectionable to others. 
 
 In growing it attains height by the annual increase of one lead- 
 ing terminal shoot, which adds to its height 10 to 15 inches each 
 year. From the base of th s terminal shoot there is formed each 
 year a whorl of branches which gradually shorten in passing 
 from the lower to the upper ones, the lower ones having each 
 one more year of growth than the one above it. The branches, 
 which are in whorls of four or more, are horizontal with a slight 
 tendency to an upward direction. As the trees increase in age 
 the whorls become less distinct, owing to the decay and falling 
 off of the branches. 
 
 The black spruce derives its name from the very dark hut of 
 its Joliage which, when massed on $>ome mountain slope, is of such 
 a sombre color that it appears to be black rather than green. 
 The name is also used in distinction from the white spruce, whose 
 leaves are of a pale or glaucous hue. In many of our manuals 
 the black and white spruce are designated respectively as the 
 double and single spruce, but the reason for this peculiar distinc- 
 tion is not readily apparent. 
 
 These two species bear such a resemblance that it is not always 
 easy to identify them, the cones, which differ but slightly in size 
 and shape, furnishing the principal distinctive feature when the 
 flowering season has past. The white spruce is far less abundant 
 throughout the Adirondacks, being rarely seen outside of Essex 
 county. It is a much smaller tree, and its branches are more per- 
 sistent, most of the trees being covered with limbs from the p\ ra- 
 midal apex do vvn to the ground. The difference between these 
 species is best described by Mr. Charles EL Peck, State Botanist, 
 who in referring to their resemblance says : 
 
 " The resemblance between the white spruce and some forms of 
 the black spru -e is so close i hat it is not always easy for an un 
 skilled person to separtte them. The descriptions of these trees, 
 as given in the manual, indicate but a part of their distinctive 
 features, and the characters there ascribed to the edges of the 
 cone scales do not in all cases hold good. Having compared 
 2 
 
10 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 these trees at flowering time the following characters seem to me 
 to be the most available ones for distinguishing them. 
 
 WHITE SPRUCE. 
 
 Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves 
 six to eight lines long. Cones oblong 
 or cylindrical, deciduous before next 
 flowering time. Sterile aments pale, 
 supported on slender whitish pedicels 
 exserted from the basal cup of scales. 
 Fertile aments eight to ten lines long. 
 Young leaves visible at flowering time. 
 
 BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 Young branchlets pubescent. Leaves 
 four to seven lines long. Cones ovate 
 or oblong, still on the tree at next 
 flowering time. Sterile aments tinged 
 with red, sessile in the basal cup of 
 scales. Fertile aments five to six lines 
 long. Young leaves not yet visible at 
 flowering time. 
 
 " These trees are in flower at the same time in the same locality . 
 They were in bloom the past season in the vicinity of Elizabeth - 
 town the last week in May." 
 
 The white spruce of the Adirondacks seems to be an inferior 
 type of its kind. Prof. Charles S. Sargent, in his " .Report on the 
 Forests of North America," tenth United States census, in de- 
 scribing this species says: 
 
 " A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 
 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and 
 swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United 
 States, and reaching its greatest development along the streams 
 and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana, at an ele- 
 vation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of 
 the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of 
 latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than 
 the allied P. Nigra with which it is associated." 
 
 There is also a tree known as the red spruce which is occasion- 
 ally found in the Adirondacks, but more plentifully in Canada. 
 At one time this tree was described as a distinct species (Abies 
 rubra), but latterly it is held to be a variety of the black spruce. 
 It has larger cones, and a reddish, softer wood, the latter feature 
 being attributed by Michaux to some influence of the soil. 
 
 Prof. N. L. Britton, of the Department of Botany, Columbia 
 College, in an article on "New or Noteworthy North American 
 Phanerogams"* says: 
 
 " I have lately been much interested in the spruces, and have 
 observed them closely on the Blue Ridge in southwestern Vir- 
 ginia, where I became familiar with two species, one of which 
 i supposed to be the white spruce, Picea Canadensis. The same 
 two species occur on the slopes of Mounts iMarcy and Mclntyre, 
 in the Adirondacks, but neither of them is P. Canadensis, which 
 species i did not see. It is reported from northern New York, 
 but I did not encounter it. 
 
 * Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan., 1891. 
 
Fig. 1, Cone and leaves natural size. 
 Fig. 2, A seed. 
 
 From, ^Aiich aux ' 
 ^V^lmencan Sylva. 
 
 Black Spruce 
 Pic ecu nigrcu 
 
Fig.l, Cone and leaves, natural size. 
 Fig. 2, A seed. 
 
 White Spruce 
 Picecv alba/. 
 
 Albany Ertg Co. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 11 
 
 " The two species of the Blue Ridge and the Central Adiron- 
 dacks are the black spruce, P. Mariana, and the red spruce, 
 P. rubra. By most recent authors the latter has been regarded 
 as a variety of the former, but this view has been ably attacked 
 by Prof. George Lawson in a paper on ' .Remarks on the Dis- 
 tinctive Characters of the Canadian Spruces,' published, I think, 
 in 1888. He there maintains that the red spruce is distinct from 
 the black, and I am in entire accord with this opinion. The 
 white spruce is very different from either of the others by its 
 elongated cones, entirely glabrous and glaucous twigs and sterig- 
 mata, and very light-green leaves. P. rubra differs from P. 
 Mariana by its very slender twigs, which are sparingly pubes- 
 cent, the sterigmata nearly or quite glabrous, its very slender 
 light-green, nearly straight, very acute leaves, and its oblong 
 cones, which are deciduous at the end of the season, the scales 
 lacerated or two-lobed. P. Mariana has stout, very pubescent 
 twigs and sterigmata, stout and thick, merely mucrpnate, dark- 
 green, incurved leaves, and ovate, larger cones, which are per- 
 sistent for two or more years, their scales entirely or merely 
 erose. P. rubra, according to my observations, reaches a much 
 greater altitude on Mclntyre than does P. Mariana, and this 
 agrees with our collections in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. The 
 very slender twigs of P. rubra and its light-green leaves give it 
 a much more graceful aspect than is exhibited by P. Mariana" 
 
 A noticeable peculiarity of the Adirondack spruce is the large 
 number of defective trees scattered through the forest, which are 
 known as " seamy trees," this defect or " seam " rendering them 
 unfit for lumber. The seam appears to be a crack which extends 
 up and down the trunk, varying in length and extending in some 
 cases from the butt log to the lower branches of the crown. 
 These openings vary in depth, but sometimes the crack reaches 
 to the heart. The edges of the seam are thickly coated with the 
 resinous substance known as spruce gum, which exudes and then 
 hardens, the larger and cleaner masses being gathered by the 
 " gum pickers " who earn a livelihood by this work. The seams 
 are mostly perpendicular, but in trees where the grain of the 
 wood is not straight, the seam winds upward obliquely as it 
 follows the grain. The cause of this defect has never been satis- 
 factorily explained, although various reasons have been suggested. 
 
 These seamy trees are not as observable now as before the 
 great blight which, within the last 20 years, destroyed a 
 large proportion of the spruce throughout the Adirondack 
 forests. The seams were confined mostly to mature trees, as the 
 
12 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 blight seldom attacked trees under 12 inches in diameter. 
 The younger spruces which were spared, and which form a large 
 part of the forest to-day, afford now comparatively few specimens 
 of seamy timber. 
 
 About 25 years ago, the black spruce throughout the great 
 forest of northern New York began to show signs of blight, 
 the first appearance of which was noticed in 1868. During the 
 next 10 years this blight spread through most of the forest, 
 only a few localities remaining untouched. Competent authori- 
 ties who had made a study of the matter on the ground, esti- 
 mated that at one time one-third to one-half of the matured 
 spruce in the Adirondack region was dead. In some townships 
 there was a recurrence of the evil after an interval of 25 years, 
 the time of the first appearance being fixed by some observers at 
 a date earlier than 1868. 
 
 When the trees were first attacked by this scourge, the leaves 
 commerced falling while they were \et green. The foliage 
 remaining on the tree soon turned to a reddish-brown, whose 
 hues made the mountain slopes and forest areas of the valleys 
 appear as if a scorching fire had swept over them. About 1884 
 there was a noticeable cessation in this destruction of timber, 
 and since that time there has been no recurrence of the evil. The 
 dead trees have mostly fallen, although here and there some tall 
 " stubs" remain as reminders of the calamity. The young trees, 
 which everywhere escaped, now display their green foliage where 
 the brown dead leaves of the blasted spruces were seen, and but 
 little evidence remains of the blight that wrought such a wide- 
 spread destruction in this class of property. 
 
 The cause of this decay or death of the spruce has been the 
 subject of much discussion, various reasons for it having been 
 advanced. Some among them, men who had been close 
 observers of the blight from its beginning attributed the death 
 of the trees to drought ; but this reason was hardly satisfactory, 
 because the disease killed the timber growing in damp, moist 
 places and swamps, as well as in localities where drought might 
 have affected them; also, on northern as well as on southern 
 slopes. Moreover the alleged drought did not affect in any way 
 the other species, both deciduous and coniferous, which were 
 growing in company with the diseased spruces. 
 
G. H. Risou, Photo 
 
 BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE 
 
 Not quite natural size. 
 
G. H. Kison, Photo 
 
 BRANCH OF THE BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 One-third natural size. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 13 
 
 Some claimed that this premature decay was due to the agita- 
 tion of the trees by high winds, but the blight attacked also the 
 timber standing in sheltered and protected situations. 
 
 It was suggested that the evil might have been due to a hard 
 winter, to some period of intense cold, or to some late and severe 
 frost occurring after the sap had started in its vernal flow ; but 
 there is no record of any such unusual weather, and no reason 
 why all the other species, some of them closely allied to the 
 spruce, should not have been injured by the same cause. 
 
 Others, including dendrologists as well as woodsmen, held 
 stoutly to the theory that the spruce was a short-lived species, 
 and that the trees died of old age. There was some ground for 
 this theory in the fact that the smaller trees those under 12 
 inches in diameter or thereabouts were uninjured. But, in 
 reply, it has been shown that the spruce is not a short-lived tree ; 
 that it is a hardy species which resists the extremes of altitude 
 and latitude; that, where it grows subject to natural forest con- 
 ditions, it is the slowest in growth of all the native trees of our 
 State, and that there are live spruces standing in the Adirondacks 
 which are nearly four centuries old. Spruces of equal diameters 
 often vary 100 years in age, owing to difference in environment. 
 But these trees died in masses or clumps, the same as when scat- 
 tered, irrespective of the fact that, though of equal size, they 
 differed a century or more in age. If the trees which died had 
 all been planted at the same time, were all of the same size, 
 diameter and age, and, furthermore, the limit of maturity had 
 been ascertained and determined, then the theory of death from 
 old age might be entertained. 
 
 In view of the prevalence of insect blight elsewhere it seems 
 strange that this cause should have been overlooked or summar- 
 ily dismissed without consideration. Some investigators asserted 
 that they had looked carefully for insects, both on the leaves and 
 under the bark, and failed to find any. This proves nothing, 
 however ; the entomologists found them when they took up the 
 investigation. 
 
 From statements made by Mr. Peck, the State Botanist, who 
 first discovered the insect at work, and reports of entomologists 
 whose observations justify his conclusions, there seems to be 
 good ground for attributing the death of the Adirondack spruces 
 
14 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 to the work of a small beetle known as the Hylurgus ruf/pen- 
 nis, Kirby. Mr. Feck found both the mature insect and its 
 larvae in countless numbers under the bark of the diseased trees. 
 These insects excavate a passage between the bark and the wood, 
 eating away a part of both, and thus, practically, girdling the 
 tree, their numerous galleries forming an intricate network of 
 furrows which traverse the most vital part. Woodsmen are apt 
 to claim that worms or insects are found only in dead or fallen 
 timber, and entomologists have often expressed a doubt as to any 
 borer attacking a live tree. But both Mr. Peck and Dr. Packard, 
 in their investigations of the Adirondack spruce blight, found 
 these beetles in live spruces, trees in which the wood was full of 
 sap and on which the leaves were fresh and green. 
 
 Mr. Peck mentions having found dead beetles in a 10-inch tree. 
 In this case the insects had commenced work, but the resin 
 which is so plentiful in the young spruces oozed from the 
 wounds, obstructing their passage, and the insects becoming 
 embedded in gum were found dead, each in its furrow. The 
 older and larger trees having less resinous matter, offered no such 
 obstruction, which may account for the fact that only the mature 
 trees perished a much more plausible theory than the one of 
 old age. 
 
 The reason for the sudden cessation of the blight has been a 
 subject of discussion as well as the origin. The complete disap- 
 pearance of these insects has been attributed, with good reason, 
 to the woodpeckers, which were observed at work in many places, 
 the dead trees having been pecked at by these birds in search of 
 insect food until the bark had turned to a reddish hue. 
 
 It is not at all improbable that there may be a recurrence of 
 this blight, 'and another wholesale destruction of merchantable 
 timber from this cause . If so, the timber as fast as it is attacked 
 should be cut and marketed instead of allowing it to be wasted 
 and lost. Unfortunately the State law will not permit any such 
 economic Action. The sale of any timber in the Forest Preserve, 
 not only the matured but the dead and fallen trees as well, is 
 specifically prohibited. Neither can the law be repealed or 
 amended, for the persons who are responsible for this remarkable 
 legislation succeeded in having it incorporated in the Constitution 
 itself. 
 
G. H. Rison, Photo. 
 
 BARK ON BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 1 ree 1 2 inches in diameter. 
 
G. H. Kison, Photo 
 
 BARK ON BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 Tree 23 inches in diameter. 
 
 NOTE. Unlike many other species the bark on the large, old trees undergoes little change, and re- 
 tlans its characteristic appearance. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 15 
 
 Since the organization of the Forest Commission, 10 years ago, 
 not a tree has been cut on State land with the consent of the 
 Commission, and, under the new Constitution, 20 years must 
 elapse before any such permission can be given. But on the lands 
 owned by. the clubs or used as private preserves, which include 
 one-third of the Adirondack forest, timber cutting for revenue 
 and also for forest improvement will always be carried on. 
 Where the cutting is done with reference primarily to forest 
 improvement, the trees are taken irrespective of size or species ; 
 but where the thinning is done with reference to forest revenue 
 rather than improvement, the cutting will probably be confined 
 to one or two merchantable species, with some further restrictions 
 to prevent the cutting of small trees or those which have not 
 attained a mature size. 
 
 Except in a few localities the hardwood timber, which con- 
 stitutes over 70 per cent, of the average forest, is not cut, 
 while from the remaining evergreens only two* species are 
 taken to any extent. There is little or no white pine left 
 in northern New York. Hemlock is valuable only for its bark, 
 owing to the low market price for that kind of lumber, and is 
 not cut for bark except where there is a short haul or easy ship- 
 ment to some tannery. Balsam, cedar, and tamarack have so 
 small a place in the lumber market that these species are seldom 
 removed. But the black spruce, which forms from 5 to 10 per 
 cent, of our northern forests is a merchantable species in great 
 demand, and forest owners desirous of obtaining a revenue from 
 their property can take the matured trees of this species without 
 any serious injury to existing conditions. In fact, so few spruce 
 trees are cut to the acre on a well-managed job that their absence 
 would be noticed only by those familiar with the business, there 
 being no apparent diminution in the density of the forest or 
 quantity of foliage. Of course, such a system, however closely 
 restricted, would not fill the requirements for forest improve- 
 ment; but it does not necessarily imply forest injury, much less 
 forest destruction, as recently claimed by some very good but 
 very stupid people. 
 
 Laying aside the question of cutting timber with reference to 
 forest improvement, the cutting on the private preserves of 
 
 * Spruce and hemlock. 
 
f 6 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 matured spruce for revenue only, still involves a discussion of 
 certain points closely connected with forestry principles. 
 
 No matter how well our people may become educated in the 
 tenets of scientific forestry, or how amply provided our land- 
 owners may be with skillful, professional foresters, the system 
 under which the Adirondack forest must be managed for years, 
 well or poorly, will be the one known as that of " selection." This 
 is indicated by various conditions. Our forests are already grown, 
 and the market price of their product will not warrant anything 
 in the line of planted forests other than some experimental work. 
 Moreover, as only one merchantable species is accessible, the cut- 
 ting will be limited for a long time to that one species, the 
 'black spruce. In order to insure a future and permanent supply 
 the selection will be further confined to the matured trees, so far 
 as the problem of tree-growth and interest account will permit. 
 
 AGE OF THE SPRUCE. 
 
 Here arises the question, what constitutes a matured spruce in 
 the Adirondack forests ? How old must it be when it grows 
 under natural conditions ? How large, how tall, and what must 
 its diameter be? Under any system, whether the thinning be 
 done for improvement or revenue, this point is one of the first to 
 be determined. 
 
 For the purpose of obtaining definite information on this sub- 
 ject the Forest Commission instituted some researches, the result of 
 which is here submitted. Acting under definite instructions from 
 the Superintendent some of the foresters, specially detailed for 
 this work, went to different localities in the Adirondack forest, 
 where, by counting the annual rings of tree-growth as revealed 
 by the stumps and cross sections of the trunks, they accumulated 
 a mass of data and statistics which furnish s itisfactory informa- 
 tion on this point. In counting the rings on the stumps the for- 
 esters used large magnifying glasses, which were necessary owing 
 to the slow growth of the spruce and crowded condition of the 
 annual rings. In many cases it would be impossible to count 
 these rings, or " grains " as the woodsmen term them, with the 
 naked eye. The rings were counted on the line of the greatest 
 diameter, and from the center along the longest radiating line. 
 Small pins were inserted at every inch, and the rings in each 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 17 
 
 inch counted and recorded separately. By the latter arrange- 
 ment the amount of eccentricity in the growth is apparent in 
 each case. In the black spruce the heart is seldom found in the 
 exact center of the tree, this lack of concentricity in the rings of 
 annual growth being a noticeable feature. 
 
 The statistics offered first are based on the work done by 
 Forester Humes, in St. Lawrence county, who examined and 
 counted the rings on 237 spruce trees with reference to estab- 
 lishing the facts as to age and maximum size only. The statistics 
 showing number of years for each successive individual inch of 
 diameter, together with amount of eccentricity, are given in 
 other and subsequent tables. 
 3 
 
18 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, in 
 inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump. 
 
 "Length of 
 shaft, in 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, in 
 Inches. 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 325 
 
 72 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 289 
 
 68 
 
 9 
 
 105 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 315 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 123 
 
 82 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 275 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 104 
 
 91 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 291 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 116 
 
 92 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 333 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 112 
 
 81 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 298 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 79 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 321 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 97 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 287 
 
 58 
 
 12, 
 
 103 
 
 87 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 312 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 188 
 
 91 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 310 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 106 
 
 83 
 
 12 ... 
 
 29 
 
 273 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 94 
 
 80 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 278 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 -100 
 
 70 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 293 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 118 
 
 76 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 273 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 84 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 247 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 301 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 93 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 300 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 123 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 281 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 103 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 302 
 
 V 54 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 76 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 298 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 69 
 
 23 . . 
 
 27 
 
 258 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 107 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 259 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 156 
 
 78 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 316 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 121 
 
 71 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 273 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 81 
 
 27 . 
 
 27 
 
 301 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 136 
 
 69 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 298 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 134 
 
 86 
 
 29 
 
 27 
 
 294 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 123 
 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 284 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 118 
 
 71 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 294 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 119 
 
 64 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 274 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 278 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 87 
 
 67 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 
 304 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 293 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 112 
 
 71 
 
 36 
 
 27 
 
 278 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 97 
 
 68 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 
 301 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 68 
 
 38 
 
 26 
 
 301 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 155 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 26 
 26 
 
 302 
 293 
 
 58 
 54 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 102 
 138 
 
 74 
 69 
 
 41 . .. 
 
 26 
 
 284 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 138 
 
 80 
 
 42 .. 
 
 26 
 
 354 
 
 65 
 
 9 
 
 102 
 
 94 
 
 43 
 
 26 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 129 
 
 81 
 
 44 
 
 26 
 
 274 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 154 
 
 83 
 
 45 
 
 26 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 98 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 285 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 128 
 
 69 
 
 47 
 
 26 
 
 290 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 78 
 
 48 
 
 26 
 
 258 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 49 
 
 26 
 
 291 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 91 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 231 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 51 
 
 26 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 92 
 
 80 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 293 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 88 
 
 53 
 
 25 
 
 219 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 61 
 
 71 
 
 54 .. 
 
 25 
 
 291 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 81 
 
 * Not including crown or stump. The stumps average 32 inches in height. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I ( Continued ) . 
 
 19 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump. 
 
 Length of 
 shaft, in 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 281 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 81 
 
 62 
 
 56 
 
 25 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 94 
 
 80 
 
 57 
 
 25 
 
 219 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 99 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 25 
 
 283 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 73 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 25 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 73 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 300 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 91 
 
 71 
 
 61 
 
 25 
 
 300 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 61 
 
 62 .. 
 
 25 
 
 281 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 162 
 
 71 
 
 63 
 
 25 
 
 300 
 
 58 
 
 14 
 
 152 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 300 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 92 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 25 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 62 
 
 66 . . 
 
 25 
 
 195 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 76 
 
 57 
 
 67 
 
 25 
 
 208 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 80 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 25 
 
 302 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 103 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 25 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 94 
 
 67 
 
 70 . 
 
 25 
 
 284 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 151 
 
 71 
 
 71 . 
 
 25 
 
 293 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 273 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 103 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 25 
 
 284 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 132 
 
 71 
 
 74 . . ... 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 93 
 
 61 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 281 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 152 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 25 
 
 258 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 124 
 
 91 
 
 77 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 119 
 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 25 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 120 
 
 92 
 
 79 . 
 
 25 
 
 198 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 104 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 25 
 
 291 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 161 
 
 91 
 
 81 
 
 25 
 
 267 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 126 
 
 65 
 
 82 . 
 
 24 
 
 269 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 130 
 
 82 
 
 83 . 
 
 24 
 
 264 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 
 71 
 
 84 
 
 24 
 
 274 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
 73 
 
 85 
 
 24 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 104 
 
 80 
 
 86 . 
 
 24 
 
 291 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 87 .. 
 
 24 
 
 272 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 93 
 
 71 
 
 88 
 
 24 
 
 281 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 126 
 
 80 
 
 89 
 
 24 
 
 300 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 158 
 
 86 
 
 90 . 
 
 24 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 132 
 
 71 
 
 91 . 
 
 24 
 
 299 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
 70 
 
 92 
 
 24 
 
 301 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 141 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 24 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 132 
 
 65 
 
 94 . . 
 
 24 
 
 254 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 91 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 24 
 
 239 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 106 
 
 61 
 
 96 
 
 24 
 
 267 
 
 56 
 
 14 
 
 123 
 
 74 
 
 97 
 
 24 
 
 281 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 85 
 
 80 
 
 98 
 
 24 
 
 178 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 74 
 
 68 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 267 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 124 
 
 71 
 
 100 
 
 24 
 
 271 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 101 
 
 23 
 
 256 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 92 
 
 67 
 
 102 . 
 
 23 
 
 300 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 103 
 
 23 
 
 278 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 78 
 
 104 
 
 23 
 
 283 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 98 
 
 71 
 
 105 
 
 23 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 141 
 
 70 
 
 106 . ... 
 
 23 
 
 283 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 104 
 
 80 
 
 107 
 
 23 
 
 283 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 106 
 
 73 
 
 108 .. 
 
 23 
 
 300 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 151 
 
 80 
 
20 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I ( Continued ) . 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump. 
 
 Length of 
 shaft, in 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 109 
 
 23 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 103 
 
 69 
 
 110 . ... 
 
 23 
 
 281 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 127 
 
 70 
 
 Ill 
 
 23 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 97 
 
 69 
 
 112 
 
 23 
 
 217 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 85 
 
 70 
 
 113 . 
 
 23 
 
 253 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 132 
 
 71 
 
 114 
 
 23 
 
 219 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 116 
 
 62 
 
 115 
 
 23 
 
 271 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 121 
 
 73 
 
 116 . . 
 
 23 
 
 189 
 
 48 
 
 10 
 
 79 
 
 62 
 
 117 
 
 22 
 
 314 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 155 
 
 73 
 
 118 
 
 22 
 
 263 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 152 
 
 73 
 
 119 . 
 
 22 
 
 281 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 22 
 
 283 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 121 
 
 22 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 71 
 
 122 
 
 22 
 
 345 
 
 58 
 
 9 
 
 152 
 
 69 
 
 123 
 
 22 
 
 204 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 91 
 
 70 
 
 124 
 
 22 
 
 215 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 67 
 
 125 
 
 22 
 
 253 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 126 
 
 22 
 
 251 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 93 
 
 71 
 
 127 . . 
 
 22 
 
 261 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 75 
 
 128 
 
 22 
 
 201 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 78 
 
 60 
 
 129 
 
 22 
 
 281 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 121 
 
 64 
 
 130 
 
 22 
 
 107 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 91 
 
 65 
 
 131 . ... 
 
 22 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 89 
 
 71 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 201 
 265 
 
 54 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 101 
 97 
 
 67 
 69 
 
 134 
 
 22 
 
 261 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 72 
 
 135 
 
 22 
 
 198 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 64 
 
 136 
 
 21 
 
 256 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 63 
 
 137 
 
 21 
 
 201 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 61 
 
 138 
 
 21 
 
 251 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 73 
 
 139 
 
 21 
 
 251 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 71 
 
 140 
 
 21 
 
 242 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
 74 
 
 141 
 
 21 
 
 201 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 100 
 
 71 
 
 142 
 
 21 
 
 199 
 
 ft4 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 143 
 
 21 
 
 291 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 123 
 
 76 
 
 144 
 
 21 
 
 271 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 70 
 
 145 
 
 21 
 
 236 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 146 . 
 
 21 
 
 281 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 104 
 
 76 
 
 147 
 
 21 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 123 
 
 80 
 
 148 ... 
 
 21 
 
 271 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 76 
 
 149 . 
 
 21 
 
 199 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 71 
 
 150 
 
 21 
 
 283 
 
 58 
 
 14 
 
 99 
 
 81 
 
 151 
 
 20 
 
 200 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 
 68 
 
 152 . 
 
 20 
 
 201 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 99 
 
 67 
 
 153 
 
 20 
 
 261 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 154 
 
 20 
 
 206 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 71 
 
 155 . 
 
 20 
 
 213 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 156 
 
 20 
 
 204 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 87 
 
 72 
 
 157 
 
 20 
 
 208 
 
 54 
 
 7 
 
 82 
 
 69 
 
 158 
 
 20 
 
 199 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 159 
 
 20 
 
 189 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 78 
 
 160 
 
 20 
 
 201 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 102 
 
 71 
 
 161 
 
 20 
 
 194 
 
 52 
 
 9 
 
 99 
 
 70 
 
 162 .. 
 
 20 
 
 204 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 132 
 
 60 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I (Continued). 
 
 21 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump. 
 
 Length of 
 
 shaft, in 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 163 
 
 20 
 
 203 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 68 
 
 164 . 
 
 20 
 
 207 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 124 
 
 71 
 
 165 . . 
 
 20 
 
 289 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 124 
 
 74 
 
 166 
 
 19 
 
 230 
 
 46 
 
 11 
 
 130 
 
 78 
 
 167 
 
 19 
 
 193 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 105 
 
 70 
 
 168 .. 
 
 19 
 
 208 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 
 68 
 
 169 
 170 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 283 
 194 
 
 62 
 54 
 
 7 
 13 
 
 136 
 100 
 
 82 
 70 
 
 171 
 
 19 
 
 209 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 72 
 
 172 . 
 
 19 
 
 209 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 67 
 
 173 
 
 19 
 
 238 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 96 
 
 72 
 
 174 
 
 19 
 
 189 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 121 
 
 69 
 
 175 
 
 19 
 
 218 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 129 
 
 74 
 
 176 . 
 
 19 
 
 201 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 67 
 
 177 
 
 19 
 
 231 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 76 
 
 65 
 
 178 
 
 19 
 
 273 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 141 
 
 76 
 
 179 
 
 19 
 
 194 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 180 . . 
 
 19 
 
 201 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 80 
 
 181 
 
 19 
 
 194 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 101 
 
 71 
 
 182 
 
 19 
 
 204 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 78 
 
 67 
 
 183 
 
 19 
 
 207 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 121 
 
 71 
 
 184 
 
 19 
 
 201 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 103 
 
 69 
 
 185 . 
 
 19 
 
 184 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 67 
 
 186 
 
 19 
 
 200 
 
 48 
 
 5 
 
 100 
 
 65 
 
 187 
 
 19 
 
 201 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 188 
 
 19 
 
 199 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 89 
 
 71 
 
 189 .. . 
 
 18 
 
 183 
 
 54 
 
 7 
 
 101 
 
 72 
 
 190 
 
 18 
 
 173 
 
 46 x 
 
 9 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 191 
 
 18 
 
 200 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 71 
 
 192 
 
 18 
 
 179 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 92 
 
 69 
 
 193 
 
 17 
 
 182 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 65 
 
 194 
 
 17 
 
 200 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 89 
 
 65 
 
 195 
 
 17 
 
 156 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 196 
 
 17 
 
 200 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 89 
 
 67 
 
 197 .. 
 
 17 
 
 192 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 71 
 
 198 
 
 17 
 
 172 
 
 44 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 68 
 
 199 
 
 16 
 
 171 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 79 
 
 66 
 
 200 
 
 16 
 
 200 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 121 
 
 73 
 
 201 
 
 16 
 
 178 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 69 
 
 202 .. 
 
 16 
 
 201 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 99 
 
 70 
 
 203 
 
 16 
 
 167 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 62 
 
 204 
 
 15 
 
 178 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 97 
 
 68 
 
 205 
 
 15 
 
 203 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 87 
 
 71 
 
 206 
 
 15 
 
 174 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 63 
 
 207 
 
 15 
 
 183 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 208 
 
 14 
 
 275 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 155 
 
 74 
 
 209 
 
 14 
 
 182 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 108 
 
 68 
 
 210 
 
 14 
 
 156 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 89 
 
 65 
 
 211 
 
 14 
 
 157 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 99 
 
 69 
 
 212 
 
 14 
 
 200 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 78 
 
 64 
 
 213 . .. 
 
 14 
 
 145 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 88 
 
 60 
 
 214 
 
 14 
 
 175 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 70 
 
 215 
 
 14 
 
 161 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 103 
 
 67 
 
 216 .. 
 
 14 
 
 182 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 99 
 
 59 
 
22 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I (Concluded). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump . 
 
 Length of 
 fchaft, In 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 217 .. 
 
 13 
 
 176 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 59 
 
 218 
 
 13 
 
 180 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 219 .. 
 
 13 
 
 157 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 220 
 
 13 
 
 150 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 57 
 
 221 
 
 13 
 
 200 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 66 
 
 222 
 
 13 
 
 138 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 58 
 
 223 
 
 13 
 
 162 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 60 
 
 224 
 
 13 
 
 172 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 103 
 
 61 
 
 225 
 
 13 
 
 192 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 96 
 
 70 
 
 226 
 
 13 
 
 200 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 136 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. Humes subsequently forwarded some additional notes 
 which are intended to show the maximum size and age of the 
 spruce. Thus far our foresters have been unable to find any 
 black spruce over 36 inches in diameter on the stump. The 
 stumps average about 30 inches in height, and in measuring 
 standing timber the girth is taken at about the same height. 
 The maximum size of the Adirondack black spruce is indicated 
 in the following figures : 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 in inches 
 
 Number 
 of rh,gs 
 on stump. 
 
 Length of 
 
 shafr, in 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches. 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 350 
 
 90 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 326 
 
 84 
 
 8 
 
 87 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 302 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 93 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 374 
 
 91 
 
 5 
 
 67 
 
 99 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 315 
 
 72 
 
 11 
 
 124 
 
 87 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 285 
 
 68 
 
 13 
 
 165 
 
 89 
 
 7 . 
 
 32 
 
 2t)0 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 293 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 125 
 
 80 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 231 
 
 73 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 10 . 
 
 31 
 
 276 
 
 68 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 31 
 
 290 
 
 71 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Statistics showing the age, size or other characteristics of 
 any particular species should be accompanied by some further 
 information regarding the various kinds of trees which are gro 
 ing on the same ground. To this end Forester Humes, in 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 23 
 
 accordance with instructions from the Superintendent, meas- 
 ured off a tract of four acres, situated in the forest in which he 
 made the measurements and other memoranda embodied in Tables 
 I and II, and noted all the other trees growing there in company 
 with the spruce. These notes are embodied in Table III. This 
 forest is located in the south part of Township 14 (" Bloomfield"), 
 Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county. It stands on the north 
 slope of a hill, the spruce being thickly interspersed with hard- 
 woodsmaple, beech, and yellow birch (Betula lutea). The 
 land on which the timber stands has an elevation of about 1.800 
 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 The four acres which furnish the statistics in the following 
 table represent the maximum yield of spruce per acre, the tim- 
 ber being far above the average in size, height and quantity. 
 The spruce on this piece of four acres not including trees less 
 than twelve inches in diameter will yield 60,000 feet of logs, 
 or 15,000 feet to the acre. This is a remarkable exhibit ; and, in 
 addition to the spruce, the figures indicate 18,000 feet of hemlock 
 on these four acres, or 4,500 feet per acre. The average quan- 
 tity of spruce per acre throughout the Adirondack forests, on 
 large tracts, is estimated at 3,000 feet per acre, and some town- 
 ships have yielded as low as 2,500. 
 
 Mr. Fremont Fuller, of Duane, Franklin county, N. Y., reports 
 a black spruce, 10 feet 3 inches in circumference, or about 41 
 inches in diameter, outside the bark, breast high above the 
 ground. This tree, which is sound and healthy, is standing in a 
 clump of spruces with six other large ones near it, and overtops 
 the surrounding forest. It stands on the N. W. i of Town- 
 ship 15, on Lot 3, about two miles from the hotel at Meacham 
 Lake. 
 
 >) 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 23.. 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 I 20 
 
22 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I (Concluded). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter 
 of stump, 
 In inches. 
 
 Number of 
 rings on 
 stump. 
 
 Length of 
 fehaft, In 
 feet. 
 
 Diameter 
 at top, 
 in inches 
 
 Number 
 of rings 
 at top. 
 
 Total 
 height of 
 tree, 
 in feet. 
 
 217 .. 
 
 13 
 
 176 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 59 
 
 218 
 
 13 
 
 180 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 219 
 
 13 
 
 157 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 220 . 
 
 13 
 
 150 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 57 
 
 221 
 
 13 
 
 200 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 66 
 
 222 
 
 13 
 
 138 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 58 
 
 223 
 
 13 
 
 162 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 60 
 
 224 
 
 13 
 
 172 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 103 
 
 61 
 
 225 
 
 13 
 
 192 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 96 
 
 70 
 
 226 
 
 13 
 
 200 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 136 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. Humes subsequently forwarded some additional notes 
 which are intended to show the maximum size and age of the 
 spruce. Thus far our foresters have been unable to find any 
 black spruce over 36 inches in diameter on the stump. The 
 stumps average about 30 inches in height, and in measuring 
 standing timber the girth is taken at about the same height. 
 The maximum size of the Adirondack black spruce is indicated 
 in the following figures : 
 
 rp A T>T T7 TT 
 
 ing on the same ground. 
 
 ui Ll'tJes vviiujll ilrtTgTG" 
 To this end Forester Humes, in 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 23 
 
 accordance with instructions from the Superintendent, meas- 
 ured off a tract of four acres, situated in the forest in which he 
 made the measurements and other memoranda embodied in Tables 
 I and II, and noted all the other trees growing there in company 
 with the spruce. These notes are embodied in Table III. This 
 forest is located in the south part of Township 14 (" Bloomfield "), 
 Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county. It stands on the north 
 slope of a hill, the spruce being thickly interspersed with hard- 
 woods maple, beech, and yellow birch (Betula lutea). The 
 land on which the timber stands has an elevation of about 1.800 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 The four acres which furnish the statistics in the following 
 table represent the maximum yield of spruce per acre, the tim- 
 ber being far above the average in size, height and quantity. 
 The spruce on this piece of four acres not including trees less 
 than twelve inches in diameter will yield 60,000 feet of logs, 
 or 15,000 feet to the acre. This is a remarkable exhibit ; and, in 
 addition to the spruce, the figures indicate 18,000 feet of hemlock 
 on these four acres, or 4,500 feet per acre. The average quan- 
 tity of spruce per acre throughout the Adirondack forests, on 
 large tracts, is estimated at 3,000 feet per acre, and some town- 
 ships have yielded as low as 2,500. 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF FOREST ON FOUR ACRES. 
 S. W. J, Township 14, Town of Fine, St. Lawrence County' 
 
 DIAMETER INCHES. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 23.. 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 21 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE III (Continued). 
 
 DIAMETER -INCHES. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 24 . 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 25.. 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 28.. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 34.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 202 
 
 58 
 
 81 
 
 101 
 
 132 
 
 574 
 
 The average diameters are : Spruce, 1TJ- inches ; hemlock, 
 17 inches; maple, 14f inches; yellow birch, 16f inches, 
 and beech, 14J inches. This average does not include trees 
 of less than nine inches in diameter. Number of trees to the 
 acre (nine inches or more in diameter), 144, or less than one to 
 each square rod.* 
 
 The statistics in the next following table are based on measure 
 ments and counts made by Foresters Olmsted and Sanford, who 
 were instructed to measure and count the rings of tree growth 
 on 1,000 trees. Of this number the first 700 were examined on 
 Lots 33 and 34, Township 20, Town of Santa Clara, Franklin 
 county. This piece of forest is situated about four miles west of 
 the Upper Saranac lake and lies between Floodwocd and Long 
 Ponds. 
 
 The 203 specimens next following were examined in St. Law- 
 rence county on Lots 34 and 35, Township 3, Town of 
 flopkinton. 
 
 The remaining 97, embracing specimens 903-1,000, were 
 measured and counted on Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, Town of 
 Hopkinton, St. Lawrence county. 
 
 Each locality was covered by a virgin forest, the trees 
 examined being the first that had been cut in that vicinity. The 
 
 * Not including the young trees under nine inches in diameter, of which there was the usual 
 number intermixed with the undergrowth. 
 
BLACK SPRUCE FOREST. 
 
 Side-hill growth. 
 
 G. H. Rieon, Photo. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 25 
 
 foresters were directed to confine their examinations to trees 
 which were 12 inches or more in diameter on the stump, 
 although the lumbermen were cutting the spruce there as low as 
 10 inches and occasionally smaller. With the exception of the 
 trees under 12 inches in diameter, the foresters examined 
 every spruce stump and top within the area selected until the 
 required number had been measured. 
 
 In counting the rings of growth in these trees note was made 
 of the number at each inch of the radius with a view to deter- 
 mining the annual increase in diameter. 
 
 In the following tabulation, Table IY, the first column con- 
 tains the specimen number, the next the diameter inside the bark 
 of the tree on the stump ; then follows the number of rings per 
 inch on the stump, counting from the heart outward, and along 
 the line of what might be termed the longest radius ; the last or 
 right-hand column on the left-hand page shows the total number 
 of rings, or age of the tree, as indicated at the height of the 
 stump. 
 
 On the right-hand page the statistics for each tree are continued, 
 following the same specimen number, which, as before, is found 
 in. the first column ; the next column shows the diameter of the 
 shaft at the top, or at the small end of the top log; then come 
 the number of rings per inch at the top, counting outward from 
 the heart ; the next column shows the height of the stump ; the 
 next the combined length of the logs into which the trunk was 
 cut, each log being as a rule 13 feet 4 inches long; the next 
 shows the length of the tree top or ' leader " left by the lumber- 
 men, and the last column the total height of the tree as indicated 
 by the combined figures of the three preceding columns. 
 
 The short dash or hyphen-mark, which appears occasionally in 
 connection with the last figure in a line, indicates that the radius 
 terminated in a fractional inch and, consequently, a smaller 
 
 number of rings. 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STOMP. 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 3 
 
 172 
 157 
 136 
 139 
 154 
 108 
 129 
 121 
 145 
 149 
 120 
 128 
 1*8 
 128 
 135 
 144 
 124 
 149 
 141 
 121 
 143 
 145 
 146 
 123 
 171 
 171 
 153 
 165 
 189 
 197 
 124 
 164 
 141 
 158 
 153 
 134 
 124 
 146 
 169 
 145 
 132 
 112 
 151 
 144 
 146 
 145 
 131 
 160 
 111 
 152 
 161 
 174 
 209 
 153 
 145 
 140 
 154 
 170 
 3t8 
 $00 
 146 
 166 
 163 
 151 
 170 
 196 
 190 
 129 
 ,59 
 112 
 1SJ 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 1. ... 
 2. .. 
 
 3. .. 
 4. .. 
 5. .. 
 6. .. 
 7. .. 
 8 
 9. .. 
 10. .. 
 11. .. 
 12 
 13. .. 
 14 
 15. .. 
 16. .. 
 17. .. 
 18. .. 
 19 
 20. .. 
 21. .. 
 22. .. 
 23. .. 
 24 
 25. .. 
 26. .. 
 27. .. 
 28. .. 
 29. .. 
 30. .. 
 31. .. 
 32. .. 
 33. .. 
 34 
 35 .. 
 36 
 37. .. 
 38. .. 
 39. .. 
 40 
 41. .. 
 42 
 43. .. 
 44 
 45. .. 
 46 . 
 47. .. 
 48 
 49 .. 
 50. .. 
 51 
 53. .. 
 53 
 54. .. 
 55. .. 
 56 
 57. .. 
 58, .. 
 59. .. 
 60 
 61. .. 
 62 
 63 .. 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 67. .. 
 68. .. 
 69 
 70. .. 
 71. 
 
 1'6' 
 1 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 7 
 
 Sj 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 3 
 1 3 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 
 38 
 26 
 23 
 27 
 28 
 26 
 7 
 16 
 20 
 20 
 2i 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 27 
 24 
 21 
 28 
 20 
 15 
 18 
 33 
 30 
 19 
 28 
 
 2i 
 
 26 
 23 
 17 
 28 
 20 
 20 
 19 
 2S 
 20 
 24 
 25 
 30 
 33 
 36 
 30 
 16 
 26 
 26 
 24 
 30 
 28 
 15 
 24 
 20 
 33 
 2J 
 26 
 32 
 30 
 24 
 4i 
 46 
 23 
 23 
 26 
 20 
 25 
 34 
 31 
 20 
 30 
 25 
 24 
 25 
 28 
 
 8 
 22 
 
 *5 
 
 28 
 18 
 22 
 23 
 25 
 22 
 29 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 26 
 30 
 2o 
 23 
 26 
 21 
 21 
 29 
 3-3 
 SI 
 21 
 16 
 34 
 34 
 24 
 35 
 23 
 24 
 81 
 27 
 34 
 25 
 17 
 26 
 30 
 S6 
 40 
 30 
 38 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 2b 
 30 
 16 
 18 
 23 
 30 
 8 
 33 
 24 
 22 
 36 
 50 
 31 
 21 
 36 
 87 
 33 
 32 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 36 
 34 
 30 
 2S 
 26 
 
 10 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 19 
 20 
 30 
 40 
 20 
 20 
 
 n 
 
 20 
 31 
 22 
 25 
 21 
 25 
 K6 
 31 
 25 
 32 
 25 
 18 
 28 
 80 
 22 
 23 
 22 
 26 
 30 
 20 
 24 
 27 
 tl 
 23 
 29 
 *6 
 30 
 28 
 23 
 30 
 23 
 30 
 19 
 19 
 24 
 18 
 24 
 24 
 14 
 30 
 *0 
 *8 
 26 
 21 
 23 
 24 
 35 
 23 
 30 
 30 
 21 
 21 
 36 
 30 
 30 
 26 
 18 
 25 
 
 10 
 19 
 24 
 15 
 15 
 7 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 22 
 15 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 22 
 20 
 13 
 26 
 20 
 25 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 IS 
 :0 
 21 
 17 
 18 
 32 
 25 
 27 
 30 
 32 
 18 
 16 
 24 
 17 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 24 
 22 
 24 
 iO 
 20 
 23 
 17 
 23 
 23 
 28 
 24 
 21 
 27 
 20 
 14 
 *6 
 25 
 25 
 18 
 27 
 25 
 15 
 16 
 18 
 25 
 20 
 29 
 14 
 14 
 
 12 
 19 
 10 
 17 
 & 
 9 
 13 
 7 
 14 
 10 
 13 
 18 
 17 
 24 
 17 
 26 
 17 
 23 
 19 
 15 
 21 
 12 
 15 
 9 
 26 
 10 
 18 
 16 
 27 
 25 
 13 
 18 
 18 
 22 
 20 
 15 
 17 
 9 
 14 
 7 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 15 
 IS 
 17 
 18 
 28 
 14 
 21 
 3 
 30 
 17 
 12 
 <J5 
 15 
 13 
 10 
 23 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 22 
 23 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 
 18 
 20 
 16 
 20 
 19 
 10 
 17 
 8 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 22 
 13 
 19 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 10 
 13 
 9 
 26 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 20 
 25 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 15 
 JO 
 15 
 8 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 13 
 9 
 14 
 6 
 25 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 26 
 8 
 11 
 18 
 12 
 2 
 11 
 21 
 9 
 22 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 17 
 26 
 16 
 10 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 11 
 16 
 19 
 11 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 
 18 
 10- 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 6- 
 10 
 16 
 17 
 7- 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 23 
 15 
 
 12' 
 16 
 19 
 12 
 12 
 8 
 10 
 18 
 12 
 
 11 
 12- 
 9 
 10 
 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 5- 
 14 
 14 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 6 
 5- 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 23 
 7 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 7- 
 
 7 
 6- 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 7- 
 18 
 11- 
 28 
 17 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 
 11 
 18 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 13 
 24 
 15 
 20 
 23 
 16 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2<J 
 24 
 
 27 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 27 
 
 TABLE IY. 
 
 SPECIMEN | 
 MJMBLR. 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 top iu inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS . 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 Total height. 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, c mnting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 1. ... 
 2 ... 
 2 ... 
 4. ... 
 5 ... 
 6. ... 
 7 ... 
 8. ... 
 9 ... 
 10. ... 
 11. ... 
 12. ... 
 13. ... 
 14. ... 
 15. ... 
 16. ... 
 17. ... 
 18 ... 
 19. ... 
 20. ... 
 21. ... 
 22. ... 
 23. ... 
 24. ... 
 25 ... 
 26. ... 
 27. ... 
 28. ... 
 29. ... 
 30. ... 
 81 ... 
 32. ... 
 33. ... 
 34. ... 
 35. ... 
 36. ... 
 37. ... 
 38 ... 
 39. ... 
 40. ... 
 41. ... 
 42. .. 
 43. .. 
 44. .. 
 45. .. 
 46. .. 
 47. .. 
 48 
 49. .. 
 60. .. 
 5 . .. 
 52. .. 
 53. . 
 54. .. 
 55 
 56. .. 
 67. . 
 58 .. 
 59. .. 
 60. .. 
 61. .. 
 62. .. 
 63 .. 
 64. .. 
 65 
 66. .. 
 67. .. 
 68. .. 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 
 if* 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 30 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 6 
 1 
 8- 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 
 16 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 2[ 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 10 
 7 
 18 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 9 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 2 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 :S 
 16 
 20 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 17 
 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 15 
 13 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 8 
 23 
 16 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 7 
 11 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 15 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 1* 
 IS 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 It 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 18 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 Itf 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 26 
 19 
 15 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 13 
 15 
 15 
 
 ia 
 
 13 
 26 
 23 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 9 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 15 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 IS 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 1' 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 4 
 15 
 18 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 9 
 7 
 
 :o 
 
 16 
 18 
 26 
 11 
 18 
 30 
 21 
 19 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 14 
 13 
 12 
 18 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 )8 
 12 
 8- 
 10 
 13 
 15 
 19 
 16 
 
 10 
 21 
 4 
 13 
 14 
 9 
 9 
 18 
 12 
 10 
 6- 
 5- 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 6" 
 3 4 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 4 
 3 1 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 
 2 10 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 3 1 
 
 3 :o 
 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 3 2 
 3 4 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 6 
 3 1 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 6 
 4 
 3 8 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 4 
 3 3 
 2 8 
 8 
 2 11 
 3 4 
 3 2 
 2 7 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 8 2 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 3 2 
 2 4 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 3 4 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 
 3 8 
 2 4 
 2 2 
 
 53' 4' 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 96 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 <G 
 S6 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 5 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 i6 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 v6 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 6 8 
 26 P 
 40 
 40 
 86 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 .*3 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 
 31' 0- 
 42 
 38 
 30 
 30 
 5 
 26 
 26 
 32 
 30 
 34 
 81 
 28 
 27 
 81 
 37 
 33 7 
 32 9 
 27 6 
 29 
 31 7 
 33 8 
 27 
 36 6 
 24 9 
 30 
 24 9 
 21 6 
 27 
 24 9 
 20 
 30 6 
 26 4 
 34 
 33 7 
 29 
 30 6 
 33 
 81 8 
 30 
 24 4 
 25 
 30 4 
 84 5 
 39 
 36 
 29 6 
 27 4 
 88 
 27 3 
 24 8 
 24 7 
 23 6 
 33 .6 
 31 
 27 
 25 6 
 21 8 
 80 4 
 34 6 
 24 8 
 35 8 
 33 7 
 28 8 
 21 6 
 18 
 36 
 
 32 H 
 40 4 
 32 6 
 
 87' 0' 
 72 
 67 8 
 59 4 
 59 4 
 54 4 
 55 8 
 55 
 75 1 
 59 8 
 63 4 
 60 4 
 53 9 
 55 8 
 CO 6 
 66 10 
 G2 9 
 62 6 
 71 4 
 72 4 
 61 4 
 63 6 
 57 
 6 1 } 10 
 f.7 9 
 86 8 
 67 9 
 64 6 
 70 1 
 67 9 
 49 10 
 74 
 9 5 
 63 8 
 63 5 
 59 2 
 61 2 
 78 8 
 61 6 
 59 8 
 58 8 
 54 
 73 6 
 77 7 
 82 
 65 9 
 58 6 
 70 7 
 67 4 
 70 3 
 54 3 
 64 7 
 66 8 
 76 1 
 62 
 56 2 
 65 4 
 64 4 
 87 
 91 
 53 8 
 78 
 76 1 
 72 
 77 10 
 69 2 
 78 8 
 58 8 
 76 4 
 69 4 
 61 4 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 7~ 
 13 
 14 
 7- 
 12 
 4 
 7- 
 12 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 '8 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued}. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 .a 
 
 & 
 < 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 72. . 
 
 73. . 
 74. . 
 75. . 
 76. . 
 77. . 
 78. . 
 79. . 
 80. . 
 81. . 
 82. . 
 83. . 
 84. . 
 85. . 
 86 
 87. . 
 88. . 
 89. . 
 90. . 
 91. . 
 92. , 
 93. . 
 94. . 
 95. . 
 96. . 
 97. . 
 98. . 
 99. . 
 100. . 
 101. . 
 102. . 
 108. . 
 104. . 
 105. . 
 106. . 
 107. . 
 108. . 
 109. . 
 110. . 
 111. . 
 112. . 
 113 . 
 114. . 
 115. . 
 116. . 
 117. . 
 118. . 
 119. . 
 120. . 
 121. . 
 122. 
 128. . 
 124. . 
 125. . 
 126. 
 127. . 
 128. . 
 129. . 
 130. . 
 131. . 
 132. . 
 183. . 
 134. , 
 135. . 
 136. . 
 137. . 
 138. . 
 189. . 
 140. . 
 141. . 
 148, 
 
 1'5" 
 1 4 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 7 
 1 5 
 2 3 
 1 5 
 1 6 
 2 3 
 1 4 
 1 6 
 1 6 
 2 8 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 8 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 i 
 1 2 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 24 
 2>, 
 24 
 24 
 26 
 29 
 20 
 42 
 28 
 24 
 28 
 34 
 30 
 32 
 21 
 21 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 24 
 24 
 17 
 24 
 15 
 21 
 24 
 22 
 18 
 18 
 24 
 28 
 22 
 14 
 18 
 24 
 30 
 24 
 28 
 17 
 29 
 18 
 22 
 3 
 29 
 23 
 i8 
 23 
 28 
 27 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 28 
 30 
 21 
 24 
 23 
 24 
 18 
 28 
 30 
 32 
 30 
 30 
 38 
 35 
 24 
 20 
 24 
 23 
 80 
 
 24 
 27 
 32 
 23 
 30 
 29 
 17 
 35 
 20 
 31 
 31 
 25 
 28 
 25 
 20 
 22 
 28 
 34 
 28 
 23 
 26 
 28 
 32 
 22 
 S9 
 28 
 24 
 22 
 17 
 20 
 26 
 28 
 24 
 22 
 23 
 28 
 22 
 30 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 20 
 32 
 27 
 24 
 28 
 30 
 20 
 31 
 20 
 26 
 21 
 30 
 33 
 26 
 28 
 26 
 20 
 24 
 30 
 34 
 29 
 36 
 38 
 34 
 42 
 27 
 21 
 20 
 27 
 84 
 
 19 
 33 
 35 
 24 
 22 
 24 
 19 
 25 
 25 
 30 
 25 
 18 
 27 
 3i 
 19 
 18 
 25 
 20 
 14 
 19 
 *7 
 24 
 31 
 30 
 80 
 26 
 21 
 19 
 15 
 20 
 30 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 23 
 17 
 13 
 26 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 26 
 19 
 24 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 29 
 24 
 23 
 23 
 29 
 28 
 27 
 30 
 25 
 30 
 22 
 20 
 29 
 27 
 26 
 22 
 19 
 85 
 22 
 17 
 22 
 19 
 17 
 
 15 
 19 
 2i 
 15 
 29 
 25 
 18 
 13 
 22 
 32 
 21 
 7 
 18 
 26 
 18 
 20 
 14 
 24 
 21 
 18 
 18 
 22 
 17 
 28 
 27 
 19 
 20 
 23 
 13 
 30 
 21 
 13 
 18 
 14 
 20 
 13 
 14 
 27 
 20 
 18 
 17 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 22 
 27 
 28 
 26 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 14 
 18 
 32 
 10 
 14 
 23 
 11 
 17 
 22 
 29 
 38 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 29 
 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 21 
 8 
 16 
 21 
 22 
 14 
 15 
 25 
 24 
 15 
 19 
 10 
 10 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 29 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 20 
 19 
 18 
 23 
 30 
 18 
 13 
 11 
 15 
 20 
 14 
 14 
 20 
 24 
 17 
 24 
 20 
 19 
 17 
 11 
 17 
 7 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 23 
 18 
 23 
 10 
 21 
 9 
 13 
 20 
 
 13 
 21 
 15 
 13 
 20 
 12 
 14 
 7 
 9 
 14 
 18 
 20 
 S4 
 15 
 24 
 17 
 6 
 12 
 19 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 18 
 30 
 13 
 20 
 13 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 28 
 11 
 25 
 16 
 22 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 26 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 18 
 26 
 20 
 20 
 7 
 18 
 16 
 24 
 13 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 19 
 18 
 8 
 9 
 18 
 10 
 7 
 18 
 
 29 
 21 
 16 
 11 
 8 
 11 
 22 
 14 
 9 
 9 
 '6 
 11 
 18 
 5 
 21 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 28 
 13 
 22 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 14 
 
 8- 
 18 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 191 
 203 
 124 
 160 
 161 
 181 
 169 
 526 
 212 
 203 
 217 
 173 
 201 
 205 
 244 
 132 
 166 
 150 
 154 
 152 
 149 
 157 
 176 
 159 
 147 
 161 
 129 
 166 
 142 
 169 
 1*8 
 145 
 154 
 132 
 130 
 139 
 174 
 173 
 138 
 133 
 144 
 170 
 142 
 131 
 147 
 153 
 200 
 188 
 172 
 375 
 180 
 150 
 178 
 208 
 IIP 
 160 
 158 
 194 
 131 
 166 
 133 
 184 
 194 
 175 
 210 
 148 
 149 
 116 
 142 
 167 
 
 14- 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 9 
 24 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 6 
 22 
 6 
 17 
 18 
 6- 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 26 
 13 
 10 
 
 15 
 19 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 29 
 8- 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 13 
 17 
 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 17" 
 15 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 8- 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 11- 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 15 
 17 
 10- 
 8 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 SJl 
 22 
 18 
 8 
 11 
 16 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 21 
 16 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 8 
 12 
 18 
 17 
 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 16 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 15 
 8 
 17 
 9 
 26 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 19 
 13 
 8 
 12 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 11 
 25 
 6- 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 12 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 18 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued ). 
 
 29 
 
 SPECIMEN || 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 . top in Inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 72. . 
 73. . 
 74. . 
 75. . 
 76. . 
 77. . 
 78. . 
 79. . 
 80. 
 81. - 
 82. . 
 83. . 
 84. . 
 85. 
 86. . 
 87. . 
 88. . 
 89. . 
 90. 
 91. . 
 92. . 
 93. . 
 94. . 
 95. . 
 96. . 
 97. . 
 98. . 
 99. . 
 
 too. . 
 
 101. . 
 102. 
 101. . 
 104. . 
 105. . 
 106. . 
 107. . 
 108. . 
 109. 
 110. 
 111. . 
 112. . 
 113. . 
 114. . 
 115. . 
 116. . 
 117. . 
 118. . 
 119. . 
 120. 
 121. . 
 122. . 
 123. . 
 124. 
 125. . 
 126. . 
 127. 
 128. 
 129. . 
 180. 
 181. . 
 132. 
 133. 
 134. 
 135. . 
 136. . 
 137 
 138. 
 139. . 
 140. . 
 141. . 
 112, 
 
 11 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 12 
 8 
 It 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 8- 
 8 
 7- 
 8- 
 7 
 9 
 10- 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 9 
 6~ 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 7- 
 11 
 7 
 5 
 8- 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 6 
 8- 
 7- 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 9 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 14 
 15 
 9 
 16 
 21 
 19 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 19 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 
 17 
 12 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 .9 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 11 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 12 
 21 
 ]9 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 11 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 9 
 20 
 11 
 19 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 9 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 19 
 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 11 
 15 
 14 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 9 
 17 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 15 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 19 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 IS 
 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 9 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 10 
 14 
 15 
 19 
 9 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 18 
 13 
 19 
 17 
 10 
 18 
 12 
 15 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 21 
 12 
 10 
 10 
 15 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 8" 
 2 6 
 8 
 2 4 
 2 3 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 4 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 9 
 2 6 
 3 1 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 11 
 3 
 3 10 
 8 2 
 2 6 
 3 1 
 2 8 
 3 3 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 2 
 3 2 
 2 
 3 
 2 4 
 2 2 
 8 4 
 2 7 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 3 
 3 
 2 6 
 3 4 
 3 3 
 4 
 2 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 I 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 3 
 3 4 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 
 40' 0" 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 66 8 
 53 
 53 
 66 
 40 
 53 
 53 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 28 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 f-3 4 
 26 8 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 30 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 23 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 >6 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 
 86' 0" 
 41 6 
 23 6 
 33 8 
 34 
 43 6 
 23 
 26 4 
 24 8 
 25 6 
 29 7 
 15 5 
 34 7 
 21 5 
 28 4 
 23 9 
 80 
 33 8 
 37 7 
 28 4 
 24 
 27 11 
 31 8 
 34 6 
 26 8 
 31 5 
 24 10 
 23 6 
 16 10 
 36 
 24 7 
 26 9 
 87 
 38 4 
 27 9 
 21 7 
 28 4 
 20 10 
 21 8 
 27 6 
 34 8 
 39 7 
 21 
 27 3 
 27 8 
 25 
 19 
 41 6 
 17 10 
 29 
 18 10 
 26 8 
 81 
 87 5 
 81 8 
 27 6 
 26 6 
 36 4 
 37 6 
 2S 
 27 6 
 25 10 
 >9 
 18 
 29 6 
 23 8 
 26 7 
 22 4 
 26 8 
 29 6 
 30 
 
 78' 8* 
 84 
 66 6 
 62 8 
 6211 
 73 2 
 79 5 
 68 8 
 94 4 
 81 6 
 85 9 
 84 9 
 76 11 
 77 9 
 84 9 
 93 7 
 59 8 
 63 2 
 67 
 70 10 
 53 9 
 71 3 
 74 9 
 64 2 
 69 4 
 60 10 
 81 1 
 53 2 
 87 4 
 65 10 
 67 1 
 56 6 
 69 8 
 68 3 
 57 3 
 64 7 
 70 8 
 63 6 
 78 
 69 8 
 67 10 
 6S 3 
 77 4 
 69 7 
 69 10 
 68 4 
 74 11 
 70 10 
 78 6 
 85 7 
 75 2 
 69 2 
 61 
 67 4 
 75 8 
 57 4 
 69 4 
 66 
 80 8 
 57 8 
 57 
 55 7 
 62 4 
 l i 
 72 6 
 67 
 69 5 
 65 4 
 69 4 
 72 4 
 72 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 7- 
 14 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 20 
 7- 
 12 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2* 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16* 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 14 
 14 
 7- 
 10 
 12 
 21 
 11 
 18 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 8 
 18 
 7- 
 8- 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I Y ( Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 ! 
 
 a 
 
 $ 
 
 171 
 157 
 161 
 128 
 168 
 134 
 I<9 
 158 
 126 
 157 
 114 
 106 
 111 
 148 
 140 
 130 
 132 
 104 
 150 
 176 
 132 
 14S 
 152 
 16C 
 12S 
 
 ue 
 
 I2f 
 118 
 14J 
 167 
 17C 
 15C 
 17i 
 13C 
 12J 
 1* 
 10 
 14J 
 14C 
 114 
 lOi 
 117 
 114 
 
 ne 
 
 9f 
 12C 
 lOi 
 
 ne 
 
 20C 
 17J 
 185 
 13( 
 13i 
 18( 
 1W 
 12f 
 12; 
 12: 
 12' 
 15 
 11{ 
 IS 
 13< 
 13! 
 11 
 1<< 
 
 ir 
 
 16 
 14< 
 14 
 15 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 143 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150.... 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 156 
 157 
 158.... 
 159.,.. 
 160.... 
 16L... 
 162...., 
 163.... 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 171.... 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 180 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 184 
 185 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 192 
 19^ 
 194 
 195 
 196 
 197 
 198 
 199 
 200 
 201 
 202 
 203 
 204.... 
 2C5.... 
 206.... 
 S07.... 
 208. ... 
 209. . . . 
 210.... 
 211.... 
 212. . . . 
 213... 
 
 1' 1- 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 7 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 8 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 3 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 I 
 1 2 
 111 
 1 6 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 
 30 
 21 
 Si 
 22 
 30 
 33 
 16 
 24 
 *8 
 32 
 24 
 26 
 4 
 25 
 fc5 
 25 
 80 
 18 
 24 
 16 
 17 
 24 
 29 
 24 
 21 
 23 
 24 
 32 
 32 
 23 
 28 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 22 
 18 
 25 
 20 
 28 
 26 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 16 
 17 
 30 
 19 
 20 
 24 
 31 
 21 
 30 
 28 
 22 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 22 
 23 
 14 
 28 
 26 
 22 
 24 
 26 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 34 
 35 
 80 
 20 
 28 
 19 
 17 
 30 
 27 
 24 
 23 
 x5 
 24 
 26 
 18 
 27 
 3-2 
 16 
 23 
 6 
 17 
 30 
 28 
 2i 
 22 
 36 
 21 
 18 
 31 
 31 
 30 
 18 
 16 
 25 
 24 
 23 
 18 
 30 
 21 
 22 
 26 
 22 
 18 
 20 
 23 
 23 
 20 
 24 
 34 
 21 
 20 
 28 
 21 
 24 
 24 
 *2 
 17 
 2-2 
 )6 
 24 
 20 
 18 
 30 
 28 
 18 
 2 
 19 
 2i 
 22 
 26 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 '5 
 29 
 ^6 
 14 
 *3 
 
 ro 
 
 2^ 
 
 23 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 30 
 22 
 22 
 34 
 20 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 26 
 24 
 29 
 15 
 20 
 22 
 13 
 26 
 22 
 19 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 23 
 2-2 
 18 
 25 
 27 
 21 
 17 
 26 
 17 
 2) 
 17 
 21 
 17 
 17 
 39 
 19 
 24 
 23 
 25 
 16 
 24 
 30 
 19 
 21 
 24 
 16 
 22 
 2* 
 23 
 30 
 24 
 25 
 20 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 20 
 
 25 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 22 
 33 
 14 
 21 
 14 
 25 
 14 
 6 
 11 
 22 
 28 
 17 
 IS 
 14 
 95 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 22 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 27 
 14 
 22 
 21 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 20 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 23 
 12 
 9 
 14 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 14 
 24 
 16 
 17 
 23 
 17 
 21 
 
 18 
 9 
 15 
 17 
 J7 
 19 
 18 
 11 
 7 
 35 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 9 
 12 
 21 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 24 
 13 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 18 
 13 
 29 
 13 
 7 
 15 
 19 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 8 
 16 
 19 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 16 
 18 
 38 
 13 
 19 
 20 
 12 
 15 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 18 
 11 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 19 
 
 11 
 14 
 20 
 15 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 14 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 10 
 7 
 12 
 17 
 23 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 9 
 15 
 8 
 12 
 12 
 21 
 9 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 23 
 10 
 8 
 13 
 10 
 18 
 17 
 13 
 9 
 16 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 9 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 6 
 11 
 10 
 20 
 17 
 11 
 10 
 17 
 20 
 13 
 11 
 24 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 8 
 13 
 14 
 
 11 
 10 
 21 
 6- 
 26 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14- 
 15 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 13 
 7 
 8 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 6 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 19 
 22 
 17 
 16 
 19- 
 18 
 8- 
 11 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 15 
 7 
 5- 
 12 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 
 6- 
 12 
 14 
 9 
 13 
 11- 
 lS 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 :o 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 9 
 11 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 16 
 11- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 "B- 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 '7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 9 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 17 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 14 
 27 
 
 20 
 jO 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 18 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 22 
 14 
 13 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 18- 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 8 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 12 
 11 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 31 
 
 TABLE IV (Continued}. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 . top in inches 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Heierht of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined fl 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top 
 
 } 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the hearc outward. 
 
 143....: 
 141. .. 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 150 
 151 
 152 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 156.... 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 160. . . . 
 161 
 16-3 .... 
 163 
 161 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 168 
 169 
 170 
 171 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 180 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 184 
 185 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 192 
 193 
 194.. . 
 195.. .. 
 196.. .. 
 197.. .. 
 198.. . 
 199.. .. 
 200.. .. 
 801.. .. 
 202 ... 
 203.. .. 
 204.. .. 
 205.. .. 
 2^6.. .. 
 07.. .. 
 20S.. .. 
 309.. .. 
 210.. .. 
 211.. .. 
 812.. .. 
 81?.. .. 
 
 8 
 9 
 9- 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 S* 
 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8- 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 14 
 7- 
 9 
 10 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8- 
 9 
 8- 
 8 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 6- 
 7 
 9 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 6- 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 27 
 19 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 .13 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 7 
 13 
 16 
 13 
 21 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 11 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 It 
 16 
 12 
 8 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 12 
 21 
 20 
 15 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 17 
 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 20 
 
 11 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 14 
 16 
 24 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 Ifi 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 13 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 18 
 14 
 It 
 17 
 38 
 11 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 18 
 19 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 14 
 15 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 17 
 11 
 17 
 17 
 20 
 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 17 
 8 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 11 
 15 
 18 
 10 
 11 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 10 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 21 
 15 
 17 
 11 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 12 
 8 
 13 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 9 
 17 
 12 
 20 
 2t 
 15 
 21 
 8 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 
 16 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 9- 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 15 
 10 
 21 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 18 
 3 
 10 
 ]4 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 9- 
 11 
 15 
 8- 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 7 
 15 
 18 
 15 
 
 e- 
 
 15 
 15 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3' 0" 
 2 4 
 3 
 3 
 3 6 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 3 3 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 3 6 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 3 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 7 
 3 
 3 5 
 2 11 
 2 8 
 2 7 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 It 
 2 7 
 2 10 
 2 7 
 3 
 2 7 
 3 
 2 6 
 2 7 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 1 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 11 
 3 
 2 2 
 3 3 
 2 11 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 2 11 
 3 2 
 3 
 3 6 
 3 
 
 4V 0" 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 6 8 
 40 
 56 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 
 ee s 
 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 3 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 16 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 
 2V 8' 
 33 4 
 21 6 
 3 4 
 8 8 
 !f9 
 26 6 
 
 2r 8 
 
 25 
 26 
 31 8 
 33 8 
 S7 10 
 24 10 
 40 6 
 E4 8 
 31 
 3t 8 
 20 6 
 15 
 24 6 
 38 8 
 25 
 24 6 
 27 8 
 33 
 3t 6 
 35 7 
 27 10 
 29 4 
 26 9 
 42 8 
 25 
 31 4 
 39 
 21 6 
 27 8 
 21 6 
 12 2 
 30 
 32 8 
 35 10 
 31 4 
 30 8 
 30 
 26 5 
 34 
 36 
 26 9 
 23 10 
 32 10 
 29 
 31 
 82 
 84 
 27 6 
 19 
 27 4 
 23 10 
 19 8 
 25 
 27 
 22 4 
 39 
 48 2 
 19 6 
 24 8 
 23 10 
 23 8 
 31 7 
 29 10 
 
 71' 8' 
 62 4 
 51 2 
 61 
 52 2 
 58 4 
 56 
 70 6 
 54 4 
 42 
 61 2 
 76 2 
 67 4 
 67 11 
 70 5 
 64 2 
 60 2 
 61 8 
 63 7 
 75 2 
 67 6 
 68 
 6? 6 
 60 10 
 70 2 
 62 2 
 74 2 
 64 7 
 57 1 
 72 4 
 70 2 
 72 3 
 94 4 
 60 7 
 68 4 
 C4 3 
 56 7 
 64 3 
 55 1 
 9 3 
 62 2 
 53 9 
 61 
 59 11 
 59 8 
 55 7 
 61 8 
 65 4 
 J-3 5 
 80 2 
 75 11 
 58 2 
 73 8 
 65 1 
 63 2 
 ?6 10 
 75 2 
 70 5 
 66 9 
 76 
 53 10 
 83 7 
 65 3 
 68 4 
 72 4 
 62 4 
 67 7 
 60 4 
 80 
 75 1 
 72 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 9- 
 18 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 9- 
 8- 
 11- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 12 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 9- 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 is 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IV (Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Dlaaueter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 156 
 139 
 111 
 119 
 178 
 143 
 130 
 127 
 158 
 174 
 155 
 160 
 157 
 143 
 142 
 151 
 173 
 174 
 165 
 179 
 168 
 180 
 152 
 175 
 166 
 155 
 169 
 194 
 170 
 186 
 158 
 138 
 153 
 168 
 143 
 181 
 171 
 117 
 180 
 173 
 133 
 163 
 175 
 185 
 160 
 160 
 124 
 155 
 121 
 136 
 103 
 121 
 118 
 137 
 167 
 162 
 162 
 143 
 117 
 133 
 130 
 129 
 123 
 129 
 137 
 149 
 221 
 174 
 194 
 196 
 160 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 14. . 
 215. . 
 216. . 
 217. . 
 218. . 
 219. 
 220. 
 221. . 
 222. . 
 223. . 
 224. . 
 225. . 
 2^6. 
 227. 
 228. . 
 229. 
 230. 
 231. . 
 232. 
 233. . 
 234. 
 235. . 
 236. 
 237. , 
 238. . 
 239. 
 240. 
 241. . 
 242. . 
 243. 
 244. 
 245. . 
 246. 
 247. 
 248. . 
 249. 
 250. . 
 2al. 
 252. 
 253. . 
 2"4. . 
 255. . 
 256. 
 257. . 
 258. . 
 259. . 
 260. 
 261. . 
 262 
 263. . 
 264. 
 265. . 
 268. . 
 267. . 
 268. . 
 269. . 
 270. . 
 27J. 
 272. 
 273. . 
 274. 
 2?5. . 
 276. . 
 277. 
 
 2rs. . 
 
 279. 
 280. . 
 2*1. . 
 282. . 
 283. . 
 284. 
 
 1'2" 
 1 2 
 1 
 
 
 : 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 8 
 8 
 2 
 8 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 10 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 4 
 6 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 3 
 1 4 
 5 
 5 
 2 
 5 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 1 4 
 1 8 
 1 6 
 1 
 
 26 
 *2 
 14 
 22 
 28 
 23 
 21 
 23 
 26 
 32 
 30 
 28 
 19 
 2i 
 15 
 24 
 23 
 19 
 24 
 24 
 30 
 S8 
 16 
 14 
 22 
 14 
 14 
 23 
 >0 
 40 
 18 
 32 
 20 
 19 
 18 
 23 
 17 
 26 
 24 
 21 
 16 
 18 
 32 
 28 
 22 
 24 
 18 
 16 
 27 
 18 
 15 
 26 
 24 
 30 
 26 
 22 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 18 
 29 
 18 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 26 
 28 
 22 
 17 
 26 
 
 30 
 18 
 18 
 21 
 30 
 20 
 24 
 19 
 32 
 30 
 32 
 24 
 2? 
 21 
 26 
 24 
 21 
 32 
 32 
 28 
 30 
 30 
 24 
 18 
 25 
 14 
 23 
 20 
 24 
 36 
 30 
 21 
 24 
 11 
 18 
 30 
 20 
 27 
 19 
 25 
 15 
 *5 
 35 
 20 
 28 
 26 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 26 
 18 
 18 
 35 
 32 
 21 
 22 
 29 
 26 
 18 
 21 
 18 
 3) 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 29 
 32 
 2J 
 2 
 19 
 20 
 
 34 
 21 
 20 
 25 
 32 
 19 
 22 
 21 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 17 
 20 
 28 
 23 
 19 
 13 
 34 
 14 
 22 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 39 
 16 
 23 
 28 
 13 
 25 
 17 
 20 
 26 
 22 
 14 
 16 
 23 
 14 
 24 
 27 
 21 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 23 
 18 
 22 
 16 
 15 
 1) 
 23 
 28 
 23 
 20 
 21 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 24 
 20 
 17 
 17 
 23 
 22 
 1 6 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 
 23 
 15 
 19 
 22 
 26 
 22 
 23 
 2u 
 27 
 16 
 25 
 27 
 24 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 19 
 22 
 
 
 
 24 
 12 
 15 
 22 
 21 
 28 
 19 
 17 
 23 
 30 
 19 
 30 
 fc3 
 id 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 22 
 20 
 17 
 20 
 25 
 19 
 26 
 25 
 18 
 25 
 16 
 21 
 15 
 16 
 13 
 22 
 2J 
 18 
 17 
 22 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 )9 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 2t 
 34 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 28 
 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 17 
 23 
 20 
 18 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 17 
 26 
 9 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 10 
 16 
 19 
 25 
 13 
 17 
 21 
 17 
 15 
 20 
 30 
 
 \l 
 
 21 
 
 A 
 
 2,5 
 18 
 15 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 21 
 16 
 24 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 15 
 11 
 15 
 13 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 20 
 18 
 13 
 22 
 22 
 16 
 23 
 9 
 25 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 20 
 18 
 19 
 17 
 34 
 15 
 18 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 20 
 10 
 21 
 13 
 22 
 18 
 19 
 8 
 11 
 17 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 16 
 14 
 21 
 12 
 11 
 24 
 36 
 6 
 17 
 25 
 13 
 30 
 13 
 19 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 11 
 18 
 11 
 21 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 10 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 8 
 14 
 7 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 2 
 27 
 15 
 20 
 19 
 2? 
 20 
 24 
 10 
 20 
 
 8 
 14 
 9 
 
 7- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 21 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 14- 
 14 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 22 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 22 
 13 
 15 
 15 
 17 
 22 
 17 
 11 
 17 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 10- 
 J-2 
 17 
 12 
 20 
 10 
 20 
 9 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 20 
 13 
 7- 
 12 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 19 
 13 
 
 y_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 13 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 25 
 30 
 17 
 13 
 21 
 
 20 
 7- 
 16 
 27 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '14' 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 16 
 26 
 5- 
 25 
 13 
 22 
 12 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 16 
 9 
 6 
 14 
 10 
 15 
 
 12 
 18 
 14 
 10 
 6- 
 14 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2) 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 22 
 19 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14- 
 13 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE TV (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEl J 
 NUMBER 
 Continued, fl 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. || 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 Btump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 214. 
 215. 
 216. 
 817. 
 218. 
 219. 
 220. 
 281. 
 222. 
 223. 
 224. 
 225. 
 226. 
 227. 
 228. 
 229. 
 230. 
 231. 
 232. 
 233. 
 234. 
 235. 
 236. 
 237. 
 238. 
 239. 
 240. 
 241. 
 242. 
 243. 
 244. 
 245. 
 246. 
 247. 
 248. 
 249. 
 250. 
 251. 
 252. 
 253. 
 254. 
 255. 
 256. 
 257. 
 258. 
 259. 
 260. 
 261. 
 262. 
 263. 
 264. 
 265. 
 266. 
 267. 
 268. 
 269. 
 870. 
 371. 
 272. 
 278. 
 274. 
 275. 
 276. 
 277. 
 278. 
 279. 
 280. 
 281. 
 288. 
 283. 
 284. 
 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 6- 
 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 6- 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 8- 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 7 
 10 
 10 
 7 
 
 h 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 8- 
 7 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 24 
 24 
 16 
 20 
 21 
 23 
 20 
 19 
 2 
 19 
 21 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 21 
 19 
 22 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 22 
 19 
 21 
 19 
 18 
 21 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 21 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 18 
 21 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 21 
 16 
 
 17 
 21 
 20 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 )9 
 21 
 24 
 15 
 19 
 2 
 20 
 20 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 20 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 13 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 12 
 16 
 20 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 22 
 21 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 20 
 15 
 14 
 19 
 10 
 21 
 19 
 22 
 19 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 )9 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 20 
 17 
 19 
 17 
 18 
 20 
 10 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 20 
 16 
 15 
 23 
 10 
 19 
 16 
 13 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 28 
 19 
 1* 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 12 
 11 
 21 
 13 
 17 
 21 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 14 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 28 
 18 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 18 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 
 12 
 15 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 6' 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 1 
 3 
 2 11 
 3 10 
 3 2 
 S 8 
 3 1 
 3 
 3 6 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 3 
 3 4 
 3 2 
 4 
 3 6 
 3 4 
 3 8 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 3 4 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 3 
 211 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 11 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 3 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 11 
 3 5 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 3 
 3 
 3 4 
 2 8 
 3 6 
 2 30 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 
 40' 0- 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 
 53 
 40 
 f3 
 53 < 
 53 
 40 
 66 8 
 t-B 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 33 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 66 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 f3 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 
 30 '6' 
 33 10 
 37 
 22 4 
 27 
 28 
 26 10 
 25 
 9 4 
 40 6 
 19 7 
 22 5 
 24 
 25 7 
 40 
 3i) 10 
 32 8 
 26 9 
 28 4 
 27 4 
 19 3 
 22 7 
 36 8 
 19 6 
 23 7 
 34 8 
 23 7 
 21 10 
 26 6 
 23 7 
 37 
 30 2 
 21 
 27 
 24 9 
 25 8 
 80 6 
 29 4 
 24 7 
 26 10 
 34 8 
 21 9 
 29 6 
 18 4 
 26 10 
 27 4 
 23 
 30 2 
 31 
 29 6 
 28 4 
 29 7 
 31 4 
 21 
 29 8 
 27 6 
 23 
 19 8 
 20 6 
 21 6 
 24 4 
 19 6 
 22 7 
 24 8 
 21 8 
 22 
 19 4 
 27 6 
 22 7 
 21 6 
 24 2 
 
 73' 0' 
 7610 
 66 4 
 65 4 
 69 8 
 78 5 
 69 10 
 67 11 
 69 10 
 70 4 
 62 3 
 65 6 
 67 
 82 5 
 83 
 79 8 
 89 S 
 83 5 
 71 6 
 84 8 
 76 1 
 79 8 
 80 4 
 89 4 
 79 9 
 f4 8 
 66 7 
 78 3 
 69 4 
 66 3 
 73 6 
 73 
 63 6 
 69 6 
 51 5 
 81 11 
 73 4 
 58 6 
 67 5 
 96 6 
 77 6 
 78 
 72 2 
 74 8 
 69 10 
 70 6 
 79 7 
 59 10 
 60 9 
 59 1 
 58 5 
 72 3 
 60 6 
 63 8 
 59 4 
 83 10 
 66 3 
 76 
 77 2 
 77 6 
 81 2 
 49 
 51 11 
 87 10 
 64 8 
 65 2 
 75 8 
 70 4 
 78 5 
 64 2 
 53 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 8- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 6- 
 8- 
 12 
 7- 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 19 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 23 
 21 
 18 
 21 
 11 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 12 
 16 
 13 
 12 
 15 
 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 12 
 17 
 21 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 7- 
 10 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 8- 
 7- 
 19 
 !3 
 13 
 13 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued}. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years. | 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 285 
 286 
 287 
 288 
 289 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 293 
 294 
 295 
 296 
 97 
 298 
 299 
 300 
 301 
 302 
 303 
 304 
 305 
 306 
 307 
 308 
 JO) 
 310 
 311 
 312 
 3i3 
 314. ... 
 315. ... 
 316. ... 
 317. ... 
 318. ... 
 319. ... 
 3-20. ... 
 321. ... 
 322. ... 
 323. ... 
 324. ... 
 3*5. ... 
 326. ... 
 327. ... 
 328. ... 
 329. ... 
 330. ... 
 331. ... 
 332. ... 
 333. ... 
 334. ... 
 335. ... 
 336. ... 
 337. ... 
 338. ... 
 339. ... 
 340. ... 
 3*1. ... 
 342. ... 
 343. ... 
 314. ... 
 345. ... 
 346. ... 
 347. ... 
 348. ... 
 319. ... 
 350. ... 
 351. ... 
 352. ... 
 358. ... 
 354. ... 
 355. . 
 
 3" 
 4 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 10 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 9 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 6 
 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 26 
 20 
 82 
 29 
 31 
 30 
 32 
 19 
 20 
 24 
 20 
 33 
 27 
 16 
 16 
 21 
 18 
 29 
 20 
 17 
 22 
 26 
 30 
 32 
 22 
 30 
 16 
 24 
 28 
 19 
 21 
 24 
 20 
 27 
 24 
 18 
 26 
 22 
 36 
 18 
 21 
 28 
 22 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 21 
 24 
 30 
 20 
 17 
 15 
 24 
 2-$ 
 15 
 18 
 24 
 30 
 28 
 23 
 22 
 23 
 30 
 28 
 21 
 26 
 10 
 
 20 
 36 
 30 
 24 
 22 
 18 
 42 
 26 
 20 
 16 
 30 
 27 
 26 
 25 
 18 
 28 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 20 
 11 
 34 
 24 
 22 
 18 
 30 
 22 
 26 
 18 
 24 
 21 
 26 
 26 
 17 
 18 
 22 
 18 
 28 
 30 
 26 
 32 
 24 
 38 
 20 
 27 
 30 
 18 
 20 
 SO 
 25 
 21 
 15 
 20 
 19 
 22 
 22 
 30 
 22 
 22 
 24 
 28 
 28 
 17 
 25 
 22 
 36 
 24 
 31 
 23 
 25 
 32 
 
 '8 
 21 
 26 
 30 
 20 
 18 
 21 
 17 
 22 
 18 
 25 
 17 
 20 
 34 
 10 
 22 
 20 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 58 
 19 
 22 
 16 
 17 
 28 
 34 
 21 
 15 
 14 
 20 
 16 
 24 
 22 
 13 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 24 
 30 
 26 
 17 
 27 
 17 
 18 
 22 
 18 
 13 
 21 
 17 
 13 
 13 
 18 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 25 
 23 
 18 
 12 
 28 
 24 
 16 
 30 
 24 
 35 
 27 
 33 
 12 
 28 
 20 
 
 19 
 15 
 16 
 23 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 25 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 16 
 23 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 19 
 15 
 21 
 9 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 21 
 18 
 12 
 23 
 17 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 24 
 22 
 13 
 13 
 17 
 15 
 18 
 17 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 14 
 26 
 27 
 (2 
 11 
 21 
 9 
 17 
 28 
 20 
 12 
 24 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 27 
 
 25 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 38 
 52 
 16 
 21 
 14 
 18 
 20 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 21 
 9 
 7 
 17 
 15 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 20 
 25 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 24 
 17 
 16 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 7 
 12 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 10 
 26 
 12 
 18 
 20 
 17 
 
 30 
 24 
 It 
 13 
 15 
 18 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 22 
 18 
 25 
 17 
 14 
 7 
 9 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 18 
 11 
 10 
 15 
 10 
 20 
 14 
 15 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 7 
 20 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 14 
 6 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 27 
 12 
 15 
 13 
 21 
 12 
 13 
 20 
 18 
 7 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 Iz 
 15 
 10 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 21 
 14 
 23 
 23 
 18 
 
 20 
 18 
 11 
 20 
 24 
 14 
 16 
 6 
 
 25 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 183 
 201 
 128 
 169 
 137 
 122 
 191 
 187 
 135 
 113 
 148 
 151 
 189 
 186 
 113 
 119 
 108 
 106 
 115 
 131 
 116 
 145 
 J24 
 128 
 103 
 1:9 
 148 
 114 
 101 
 111 
 128 
 181 
 152 
 176 
 139 
 146 
 110 
 134 
 119 
 139 
 141 
 163 
 178 
 162 
 129 
 150 
 110 
 162 
 159 
 152 
 156 
 124 
 133 
 154 
 127 
 112 
 161 
 174 
 160 
 121 
 166 
 147 
 211 
 224 
 181 
 826 
 185 
 193 
 120 
 151 
 164 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 14 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 24 
 21 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 18 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 9 
 12 
 19 
 19 
 12 
 8 
 15 
 9 
 
 *6- 
 9 
 12 
 10 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 2i 
 13 
 19 
 12 
 13 
 7 
 10 
 10 
 18 
 12- 
 13 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 23 
 24 
 18 
 8 
 18 
 12 
 18 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 11 
 27 
 8 
 22 
 20 
 18 
 17 
 8 
 33 
 18 
 10- 
 15 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 10 
 6 
 19 
 15 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 20 
 8 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 7 
 13 
 17 
 24 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 10 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 10 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 7- 
 19 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 17 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 12 
 10 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 17- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I Y ( Continued ). 
 
 35 
 
 SPECIMEN 11 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 1 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height o 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top 
 
 65' 10* 
 85 3 
 60 8 
 72 9 
 71 
 52 1 
 74 11 
 78 4 
 68 
 63 
 58 1 
 61 1 
 70 7 
 63 6 
 64 9 
 62 6 
 50 6 
 65 2 
 69 3 
 74 11 
 70 3 
 61 9 
 65 5 
 6610 
 56 1 
 64 2 
 6711 
 52 
 61 
 45 10 
 52 6 
 74 5 
 71 6 
 78 3 
 67 10 
 57 
 54 8 
 58 7 
 51 5 
 57 4 
 48 9 
 53 9 
 70 
 82 
 62 8 
 65 8 
 70 4 
 78 7 
 84 10 
 67 8 
 95 4 
 60 10 
 76 11 
 81 5 
 63 1 
 71 4 
 C5 8 
 75 2 
 84 8 
 72 10 
 74 10 
 73 4 
 88 5 
 83 1 
 82 8 
 92 6 
 69 10 
 77 8 
 60 3 
 52 8 
 69 7 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 285. 
 286. 
 237. 
 288. 
 289. 
 290. 
 291. 
 292. 
 293. 
 294. 
 295. 
 296. 
 *97. 
 298. 
 299. 
 800. 
 301. 
 802. 
 303. 
 804. 
 305. 
 806. 
 307. 
 308. 
 309. 
 310. 
 211. 
 312. 
 813. 
 314. 
 315. 
 316. 
 817. 
 318. 
 8'9. 
 320. 
 3-21. 
 322. 
 323. 
 32i. 
 8S5. 
 326. 
 827. 
 328. 
 329. 
 330. 
 381. 
 883. 
 333. 
 384. 
 335. 
 336. 
 837. 
 333. 
 339. 
 840. 
 341. 
 342. 
 343. 
 344. 
 315. 
 346. 
 347. 
 348. 
 349. 
 350. 
 851. 
 852. 
 853. 
 854. 
 855. 
 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 7 
 10 
 8 
 7 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 8 ' 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9- 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 8- 
 10- 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 7 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 )1 
 11 
 10 
 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 
 18 
 19 
 14 
 21 
 23 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 18- 
 17 
 19 
 18 
 
 ie 
 
 22 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 23 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 17 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 20 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 7 
 16 
 11 
 19 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 11 
 
 21 
 20 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 21 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 11 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 17 
 18 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 36 
 59 
 19 
 17 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 20 
 18 
 12 
 14 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 19 
 17 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 18 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 
 17 
 20 
 19 
 IS 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 20 
 17 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 20 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 12 
 22 
 20 
 12 
 17 
 13 
 21 
 17 
 10 
 19 
 21 
 10 
 18 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 20 
 15 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 17 
 21 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 21 
 20 
 18 
 
 14 
 17 
 19 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 13 
 9- 
 11- 
 20 
 13 
 12 
 
 *9- 
 19 
 12 
 4 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 21 
 14 
 13 
 21 
 17 
 20 
 11 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 13 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 )1 
 19 
 21 
 19 
 18 
 12 
 9 
 \* 
 13 
 14 
 
 5- 
 
 18 
 7- 
 15 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 0" 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 6 
 3 
 2 4 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 8 2 
 3 
 8 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 3 4 
 8 1 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 3 
 2 
 2 4 
 2 4 
 2 1 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 1 
 3 
 3 4 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 1 
 2 11 
 3 
 8 2 
 2 10 
 2 4 
 2 4 
 2 1 
 2 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 3 4 
 3 3 
 3 2 
 4 
 3 10 
 2 4 
 1 8 
 3 
 2 
 2 1 
 
 40' 0' 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 B 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 i6 8 
 13 4 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 40 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 9 
 66 8 
 40 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 C3 4 
 48 
 40 
 40 
 66 8 
 ftf 4 
 53 4 
 66 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 
 23' O' 
 42 3 
 31 2 
 29 8 
 28 6 
 22 5 
 32 7 
 22 
 55 4 
 20 
 28 5 
 81 7 
 27 6 
 21 6 
 21 7 
 19 10 
 21 4 
 22 
 26 3 
 18 7 
 27 5 
 32 
 22 9 
 24 2 
 26 5 
 21 6 
 25 3 
 23 
 44 10 
 29 8 
 22 6 
 18 
 28 8 
 21 10 
 24 10 
 28 4 
 39 
 29 7 
 86 
 14 8 
 19 9 
 88 4 
 27 
 12 
 83 8 
 86 4 
 28 
 80 6 
 15 3 
 24 8 
 25 6 
 81 4 
 34 7 
 25 9 
 21 
 42 8 
 33 
 18 6 
 23 4 
 23 U 
 ?1 9 
 30 
 18 6 
 26 7 
 25 4 
 22 
 27 6 
 2-2 8 
 30 7 
 24 
 27 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 15 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 12 
 8 
 9 
 16 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 7- 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 7- 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 12 
 15 
 
 7- 
 8 
 8- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 24 
 It 
 26 
 8- 
 15 
 12 
 8- 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-2- 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
36 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age In years, j 
 
 Number of rings per Inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 856. 
 857. 
 358. 
 359. 
 860. 
 361. 
 362. 
 363. 
 364. 
 865. 
 366. 
 367. 
 368. 
 369. 
 370 
 871. 
 872. 
 373. 
 374. 
 375. 
 376. 
 377. 
 378. 
 379. 
 880. 
 381. 
 882. 
 883. 
 884. 
 885. 
 386. 
 887. 
 388. 
 889. 
 890. 
 891. 
 392. 
 393. 
 394. 
 395. 
 396. 
 897. 
 398. 
 399. 
 400. 
 401. 
 402. 
 403. 
 404. 
 405. 
 406. 
 407. 
 408. 
 409. 
 410. 
 411. 
 412. 
 413. 
 414. 
 415. 
 416. 
 417. 
 418. 
 419. 
 420. 
 421. 
 422. 
 423. 
 424. 
 425. 
 426. 
 
 r&" 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 2 
 11 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 
 8 
 4 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 6 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 : 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 :' 3 
 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 8 
 5 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 5 
 6 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 26 
 U 
 
 85 
 37 
 21 
 30 
 38 
 25 
 30 
 16 
 35 
 25 
 28 
 15 
 30 
 18 
 28 
 25 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 X8 
 46 
 36 
 13 
 18 
 28 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 18 
 23 
 17 
 29 
 20 
 SO 
 36 
 36 
 ?2 
 19 
 23 
 25 
 24 
 20 
 12 
 31 
 2t 
 28 
 27 
 26 
 22 
 SO 
 22 
 36 
 25 
 40 
 30 
 26 
 26 
 22 
 30 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 34 
 4 
 24 
 24 
 30 
 20 
 27 
 
 32 
 31 
 45 
 37 
 31 
 86 
 31 
 23 
 38 
 25 
 24 
 20 
 
 19 
 34 
 17 
 25 
 22 
 27 
 '7 
 18 
 22 
 i4 
 14 
 31 
 36 
 26 
 19 
 42 
 28 
 25 
 19 
 30 
 2( 
 19 
 33 
 25 
 22 
 27 
 25 
 27 
 21 
 30 
 18 
 22 
 26 
 21 
 28 
 45 
 28 
 24 
 28 
 24 
 42 
 22 
 27 
 26 
 30 
 20 
 18 
 34 
 58 
 26 
 *3 
 34 
 32 
 30 
 26 
 80 
 
 as 
 
 20 
 13 
 24 
 16 
 36 
 32 
 20 
 23 
 14 
 18 
 25 
 21 
 26 
 15 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 25 
 15 
 20 
 2-) 
 20 
 18 
 24 
 23 
 3) 
 23 
 2? 
 32 
 22 
 30 
 20 
 SO 
 IS 
 16 
 13 
 17 
 20 
 18 
 24 
 47 
 22 
 27 
 13 
 16 
 21 
 21 
 14 
 30 
 24 
 14 
 23 
 29 
 31 
 27 
 24 
 86 
 23 
 16 
 21 
 19 
 16 
 21 
 27 
 19 
 82 
 20 
 27 
 23 
 18 
 
 17 
 21 
 27 
 30 
 20 
 22 
 17 
 25 
 11 
 20 
 28 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 24 
 17 
 17 
 13 
 15 
 18 
 38 
 21 
 20 
 15 
 11 
 18 
 17 
 35 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 25 
 5 
 16 
 20 
 16 
 22 
 21 
 18 
 2S 
 17 
 14 
 17 
 17 
 26 
 19 
 15 
 12 
 1'2 
 It 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 l 
 13 
 18 
 15 
 
 21 
 22 
 30 
 21 
 12 
 16 
 27 
 
 20 
 17 
 21 
 28 
 17 
 21 
 )3 
 24 
 10 
 19 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 17 
 20 
 12 
 9 
 13 
 15 
 23 
 8 
 JO 
 14 
 22 
 24 
 20 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 19 
 9 
 23 
 11 
 22 
 16 
 13 
 $.0 
 8 
 12 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 11 
 2t 
 25 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 17 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 24 
 18 
 15 
 
 K 
 
 26 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 18 
 15 
 18 
 23 
 15 
 24 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 24 
 9 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 16 
 13 
 22 
 7 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 8 
 20 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 9 
 13 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 6 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 23 
 13 
 52 
 16 
 53 
 22 
 15 
 6 
 53 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 8 
 12 
 23 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 
 18 
 18 
 10 
 14 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 159 
 160 
 191 
 179 
 234 
 166 
 148 
 196 
 178 
 130 
 177 
 146 
 184 
 127 
 145 
 158 
 151 
 152 
 150 
 181 
 102 
 120 
 185 
 153 
 152 
 157 
 169 
 208 
 181 
 169 
 115 
 173 
 184 
 164 
 167 
 141 
 136 
 219 
 179 
 132 
 169 
 193 
 142 
 151 
 218 
 142 
 125 
 149 
 186 
 174 
 193 
 188 
 195 
 227 
 203 
 187 
 165 
 188 
 124 
 125 
 141 
 126 
 138 
 143 
 198 
 150 
 160 
 133 
 158 
 105 
 188 
 
 16 
 6 
 
 6- 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 16 
 8- 
 8 
 18 
 11 
 18 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 8-- 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 24 
 12 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 20 
 10 
 18 
 16 
 9 
 )1 
 20 
 18 
 
 9 
 23 
 8 
 11 
 
 14 
 6- 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 30 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 20 
 13 
 9 
 18 
 23 
 18 
 8- 
 
 15 
 28 
 10 
 18 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 13 
 
 11 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 12- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12- 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 18 
 15 
 IS 
 2) 
 14 
 It 
 9 
 13 
 13 
 19 
 12 
 17 
 15 
 11 
 12 
 9 
 6 
 14 
 7 
 10 
 8- 
 9 
 14 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 7 
 10 
 16 
 9 
 15 
 
 14 
 9 
 5- 
 22 
 17 
 13 
 
 80 
 8 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 9 
 
 13 
 4- 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 21 
 20 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 8 
 16 
 8 
 15 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 2r 
 
 ]4 
 12 
 
 20 
 10 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 18 
 23 
 14 
 18 
 15 
 
 26 
 11 
 11- 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 11 
 13 
 20 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 37 
 
 SPECIMEN | 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 . Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 356 
 357 
 358 
 359 
 360 
 361 
 362 
 363 
 364 
 365 
 366 
 367 
 368 
 869 
 370 
 371 
 372 
 373 
 374 
 876 
 376 
 877 
 378 
 379 
 380 
 381 
 332 
 383 
 334 
 885 
 386 
 387 
 388 
 389 
 390. ... 
 391.... 
 892.... 
 398..., 
 894.... 
 395.... 
 396.... 
 397.... 
 398 
 399 
 400 
 401 
 402 
 403 
 404 
 405 
 406 
 407 
 408 
 40 
 410 
 411 
 412 
 413..... 
 414 
 415 
 416 
 417 
 418 
 419 
 430 
 421 
 482 
 423 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 7- 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8- 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9- 
 7- 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 22 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 7- 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10- 
 10- 
 9 
 9- 
 9 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 7 
 9 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 8- 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 8- 
 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 8 
 16 
 17 
 21 
 21 
 16 
 10 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 6 
 19 
 16 
 9 
 2 
 )6 
 17 
 23 
 9 
 12 
 20 
 20 
 8 
 16 
 8 
 17 
 10 
 9 
 
 22 
 18 
 13 
 21 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 15 
 11 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 12 
 17 
 9 
 8 
 21 
 
 S 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 10 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 11 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 18 
 12 
 21 
 16 
 22 
 9 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 23 
 20 
 23 
 12 
 19 
 23 
 23 
 21 
 )9 
 16 
 22 
 12 
 20 
 17 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 19 
 21 
 19 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 21 
 11 
 
 'J4' 
 9 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 20 
 17 
 20 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 13 
 12 
 21 
 14 
 21 
 17 
 23 
 19 
 9 
 21 
 28 
 16 
 17 
 
 21 
 20 
 18 
 12 
 VO 
 9 
 23 
 12 
 17 
 23 
 23 
 19 
 11 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 2k 
 2l 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 10 
 27 
 19 
 26 
 19 
 (5 
 8 
 2! 
 22 
 20 
 13 
 24 
 23 
 12 
 23 
 24 
 12 
 23 
 19 
 22 
 23 
 21 
 19 
 10 
 23 
 19 
 19 
 23 
 21 
 16 
 12 
 21 
 28 
 2i5 
 21 
 22 
 17 
 19 
 2J 
 13 
 19 
 23 
 26 
 26 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 is 
 22 
 
 17 
 20 
 15 
 16 
 23 
 14 
 It 
 13 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 18 
 1. 
 >5 
 27 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 '2 
 15 
 13 
 17 
 12 
 8 
 11 
 19 
 19 
 13 
 21 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 21 
 19 
 12 
 19 
 17 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 20 
 21 
 13 
 23 
 2-3 
 20 
 17 
 24 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 22 
 14 
 19 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 24 
 19 
 21 
 22 
 *0 
 14 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 3' 
 2 
 1 8 
 2 
 2 3 
 2 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 4 
 2 3 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 3 10 
 2 4 
 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 5 
 2 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 3 
 2 6 
 2 2 
 3 6 
 3 
 2 4 
 2 3 
 3 2 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 3 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 2 5 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 7 
 2 2 
 2 2 
 2 6 
 2 5 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 3 
 2 2 
 2 6 
 3 1 
 3 10 
 2 10 
 2 11 
 
 4f/ 0" 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 P6 8 
 26 8 
 *6 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 66 8 
 25 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 13 4 
 21 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 28 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 18 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 55 4 
 28 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 23 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 
 53 4 
 40 
 4d 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 
 n 4 
 
 40 
 26 8 
 
 24' 8' 
 26 8 
 19 4 
 24 
 18 6 
 27 4 
 25 7 
 35 10 
 39 9 
 23 6 
 21 
 24 8 
 25 6 
 26 
 
 sa 10 
 
 18 6 
 36 
 33 10 
 2 6 
 22 
 81 6 
 27 5 
 5-7 4 
 22 7 
 20 10 
 18 
 25 4 
 42 6 
 28 4 
 20 4 
 33 
 15 8 
 30 
 12 
 34 4 
 39 
 37 6 
 75 
 33 
 33 4 
 16 6 
 24 8 
 ?2 6 
 30 
 :-9 10 
 81 
 27 6 
 22 8 
 25 
 38 4 
 25 7 
 31 3 
 24 4 
 25 8 
 40 6 
 26 7 
 23 4 
 27 
 23 7 
 32 8 
 28 6 
 26 10 
 26 10 
 32 4 
 31 
 30 3 
 82 10 
 29 8 
 52 8 
 22 6 
 29 6 
 
 66' 11' 
 83 
 74 4 
 79 4 
 87 S 
 56 
 55 3 
 78 6 
 83 5 
 66 
 76 8 
 80 3 
 81 10 
 55 4 
 52 
 89 
 65 
 76 10 
 65 4 
 78 
 47 2 
 56 6 
 66 
 65 8 
 50 4 
 61 
 68 5 
 85 2 
 84 
 76 4 
 75 8 
 58 2 
 58 10 
 
 ee 10 
 
 77 4 
 68 
 66 5 
 91 6 
 75 4 
 61 6 
 72 6 
 82 9 
 61 6 
 72 8 
 96 
 73 8 
 57 2 
 65 11 
 67 8 
 81 6 
 81 9 
 87 
 80 2 
 81 8 
 63 6 
 83 9 
 66 
 82 11 
 (5 9 
 74 10 
 71 
 69 3 
 69 2 
 74 10 
 73 8 
 59 1 
 75 4 
 59 5 
 69 10 
 65 4 
 58 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 13 
 7 
 12 
 6 
 9 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 fi 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 6- 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 10- 
 12 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )7 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 23 
 23 
 17 
 9- 
 12 
 23 
 16 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 12 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 24 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
38 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRVCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN 1 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years, j 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 127.. . 
 128.. . 
 129.. . 
 ISO.. . 
 131.. . 
 182.. . 
 133.. . 
 134. . . 
 135. . . 
 186.. . 
 187.. . 
 138. . . 
 139. . . 
 140. . . 
 141.. . 
 142.. . 
 143.. . 
 144.. . 
 145.. . 
 146.. . 
 117. . . 
 148.. . 
 149.. . 
 150.. . 
 151.. . 
 152. . 
 153. . 
 i54. . 
 155. . 
 156. . 
 157. . 
 158. . 
 159. . 
 (60. . 
 161. . 
 ,62.. . 
 168.. . 
 64.. . 
 165.. . 
 166.. . 
 ,67.. . 
 168.. . 
 169.. . 
 70.. . 
 71.. . 
 172.. . 
 173. . . 
 174.. . 
 175.. . 
 176. . . 
 77.. . 
 78. . . 
 79.. . 
 80.. . 
 81. . 
 182. . 
 i83. . 
 84. . 
 85. . 
 86. . 
 87. . 
 88. . 
 89.. . 
 90.. . 
 91.. . 
 92.. . 
 93.. . 
 94.. . 
 95... . 
 96... . 
 97... 
 
 1'0" 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 1 5 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 1 6 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 2 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 1 8 
 1 4 
 1 
 1 8 
 1 4 
 1 4 
 1 6 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 4 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 6 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 13 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 20 
 23 
 25 
 24 
 20 
 22 
 30 
 14 
 20 
 14 
 26 
 14 
 19 
 30 
 19 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 20 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 19 
 15 
 17 
 23 
 20 
 16 
 19 
 iO 
 18 
 15 
 19 
 
 ;o 
 
 20 
 20 
 82 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 22 
 32 
 18 
 23 
 24 
 30 
 18 
 18 
 26 
 27 
 18 
 24 
 25 
 33 
 27 
 27 
 32 
 29 
 29 
 17 
 26 
 26 
 
 20 
 20 
 30 
 23 
 V 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 15 
 22 
 H 
 20 
 14 
 15 
 23 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 13 
 16 
 25 
 22 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 19 
 15 
 25 
 16 
 22 
 20 
 36 
 23 
 20 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 19 
 24 
 24 
 21 
 24 
 18 
 2i 
 26 
 20 
 30 
 24 
 20 
 30 
 26 
 29 
 20 
 32 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 36 
 28 
 18 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 21 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 It 
 16 
 12 
 28 
 13 
 13 
 25 
 19 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 20 
 23 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 11 
 24 
 15 
 13 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 16 
 12 
 22 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 23 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 20 
 16 
 24 
 19 
 13 
 17 
 20 
 21 
 
 28 
 18 
 10 
 20 
 15 
 18 
 1? 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 24 
 13 
 12 
 It 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 19 
 14 
 14 
 28 
 18 
 18 
 34 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 10 
 23 
 18 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 22 
 17 
 13 
 27 
 18 
 13 
 18 
 23 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 21 
 It 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 
 23 
 13 
 11 
 17 
 8 
 16 
 27 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 21 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 13 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 22 
 13 
 13 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 80 
 22 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 21 
 17 
 15 
 15 
 8 
 12 
 15 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 10 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 )8 
 10 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 10 
 19 
 18 
 12 
 21 
 18 
 12 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 20 
 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 11 
 17 
 12 
 14 
 22 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 24 
 19 
 17 
 10 
 35 
 14 
 28 
 20 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 15 
 15 
 18 
 13 
 15 
 11 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 18 
 12 
 9 
 15 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 21 
 13 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 14 
 23 
 36 
 11 
 22 
 22 
 15 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 13 
 22 
 20 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 118 
 128 
 126 
 129 
 141 
 181 
 123 
 126 
 147 
 108 
 113 
 130 
 117 
 137 
 167 
 148 
 174 
 163 
 156 
 127 
 101 
 172 
 113 
 154 
 158 
 134 
 114 
 147 
 133 
 134 
 124 
 188 
 144 
 162 
 153 
 137 
 152 
 113 
 121 
 140 
 149 
 124 
 136 
 142 
 129 
 119 
 160 
 153 
 156 
 184 
 104 
 136 
 143 
 120 
 120 
 135 
 157 
 117 
 106 
 130 
 112 
 135 
 133 
 128 
 128 
 146 
 145 
 120 
 142 
 139 
 
 8 
 12 
 6- 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13- 
 11 
 
 io 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 7- 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 1* 
 16 
 11 
 34 
 23 
 10- 
 16 
 10 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 22 
 9- 
 15 
 13 
 
 9- 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 10 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 10- 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 22 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 5- 
 18 
 13 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 17 
 9 
 12 
 18 
 9 
 19 
 15 
 21 
 9 
 9- 
 9 
 11 
 19 
 18 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 9 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 23 
 
 18- 
 11 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J6 
 16 
 21 
 16 
 2>2 
 23 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 6- 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 26 
 21 
 8 
 
 12 
 22 
 
 6- 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 
 80 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 5- 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13- 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 12 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 19 
 18 
 14 
 13 
 
 10 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN | 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 st Jtnp. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 *J 
 
 Number of rings par inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 \ 
 
 8 
 
 :o- 
 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 10 
 9 
 10- 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10- 
 9 
 
 8- 
 
 8- 
 11 
 12 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 11 
 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 11- 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 il 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 7- 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8- 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8- 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 12 
 19 
 12 
 17 
 20 
 16 
 10 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 17 
 19 
 13 
 17 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 9 
 13 
 16 
 JO 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 8 
 8 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 36 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 18 
 li 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 li 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 
 19 
 23 
 16 
 11 
 20 
 22 
 20 
 24 
 17 
 19 
 12 
 21 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 2<J 
 24 
 14 
 16 
 20 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 10 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 23 
 19 
 20 
 17 
 12 
 19 
 21 
 18 
 20 
 IS 
 9 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 '9 
 14 
 19 
 21 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 17 
 10 
 16 
 15 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 
 10 
 ?0 
 23 
 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 12 
 17 
 21 
 20 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 21 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 22 
 16 
 28 
 19 
 21 
 26 
 9 
 14 
 19 
 12 
 19 
 20 
 18 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 14 
 21 
 12 
 20 
 19 
 24 
 20 
 19 
 18 
 
 2:2 
 
 14 
 19 
 21 
 19 
 20 
 9 
 17 
 12 
 21 
 22 
 20 
 12 
 10 
 15 
 17 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 17 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 15 
 17 
 10 
 23 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 19 
 11 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 18 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 21 
 19 
 23 
 20 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 22 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 23 
 17 
 10 
 11 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 13 
 2L 
 16 
 12 
 ^0 
 17 
 11 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 0' 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 3 
 3 10 
 4 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 2 3 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 3 
 3 4 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 
 2 3 
 4 4 
 3 6 
 4 2 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 3 
 4 
 4 8 
 2 2 
 3 
 3 10 
 4 2 
 8 4 
 4 8 
 3 2 
 8 2 
 2 4 
 3 1 
 4 
 3 4 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 4 
 2 4 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 8 
 3 
 2 2 
 4 3 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 6 
 3 
 3 1 
 4 4 
 2 2 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 7 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 3 
 2 4 
 3 2 
 8 8 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 3 1 
 
 28' 8' 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 *6 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 6 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 24 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 2-i 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 
 21' lo- 
 se 8 
 
 24 4 
 23 7 
 30 
 38 8 
 87 4 
 31 10 
 29 7 
 35 
 31 4 
 22 6 
 87 9 
 32 6 
 25 7 
 21 6 
 26 3 
 34 7 
 34 6 
 20 8 
 21 4 
 26 10 
 27 9 
 23 9 
 26 4 
 24 6 
 27 4 
 24 
 37 6 
 40 4 
 22 8 
 20 10 
 27 4 
 34 4 
 30 6 
 31 10 
 29 8 
 21 9 
 24 8 
 26 4 
 28 6 
 33 3 
 36 
 29 6 
 23 5 
 24 8 
 21 6 
 22 4 
 26 8 
 21 6 
 32 10 
 21 8 
 33 
 34 6 
 30 8 
 20 10 
 22 6 
 27 4 
 89 8 
 34 7 
 37 10 
 80 7 
 34 7 
 31 4 
 i>6 7 
 29 
 34 5 
 31 6 
 36 
 26 6 
 37 4 
 
 50' 6" 
 66 6 
 3 6 
 53 3 
 73 10 
 82 8 
 66 ft 
 64 4 
 58 5 
 77 8 
 60 ft 
 52 2 
 81 1 
 62 
 68 7 
 77 10 
 55 fc 
 7811 
 91 4 
 70 10 
 64 10 
 56 8 
 84 1 
 67 fr 
 97 8 
 53 4 
 57 
 54 ft 
 81 8 
 83 8 
 80 8 
 50 8 
 57 2 
 76 8 
 73 7 
 75 10 
 73 0- 
 64 & 
 54 4 
 69 4 
 
 71 ia 
 
 75 7 
 65 8 
 72 7 
 80 5 
 67 8 
 50 4 
 79 11 
 83 1 
 61 4 
 62 6 
 65 2 
 62 8 
 77 7 
 75 
 49 8 
 51 ft 
 70 
 69 
 64 1 
 67 2 
 59 10 
 64 5 
 60 6 
 69 7 
 58 
 77 7 
 75 2 
 78 8 
 69 2 
 67 1 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 13 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 8- 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 5- 
 8 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 17 
 11 
 19 
 
 i61 
 
 14 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 !3 
 2 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 8 
 10 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 9 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I Y ( Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN ) 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stamp. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years. || 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 -498 
 499 
 500 
 801 
 502 
 503 
 504 
 505 
 506 
 507 
 508 
 509 
 510 
 511 
 512 
 513 
 514 
 515 
 516 
 517 
 518 
 519 
 520 
 : 581 
 522 
 523 
 524 
 525 
 526 
 527 
 528 
 529 
 530 
 531 
 532 
 '533 
 634 
 535 
 536 
 537 
 538 
 539 
 540 
 541 
 542 
 543 
 544 
 4S 
 546 
 547 
 548 
 549 
 550..... 
 551 
 552 
 553 
 554 
 
 I/ j. 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 1 4 
 1 3 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 2 
 111 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 9 
 1 8 
 1 3 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 
 
 23 
 25 
 31 
 25 
 21 
 25 
 28 
 24 
 25 
 20 
 23 
 20 
 26 
 25 
 25 
 2! 
 22 
 30 
 22 
 15 
 24 
 32 
 29 
 27 
 30 
 2<J 
 16 
 17 
 31 
 31 
 11 
 28 
 20 
 27 
 33 
 31 
 23 
 36 
 27 
 26 
 28 
 24 
 17 
 21 
 30 
 27 
 2i 
 27 
 30 
 16 
 23 
 33 
 27 
 24 
 36 
 24 
 
 14 
 23 
 27 
 26 
 19 
 26 
 20 
 28 
 27 
 18 
 26 
 24 
 29 
 18 
 36 
 24 
 16 
 12 
 40 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 21 
 27 
 22 
 30 
 28 
 24 
 23 
 29 
 14 
 27 
 16 
 19 
 26 
 26 
 24 
 33 
 21 
 22 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 22 
 18 
 25 
 19 
 19 
 25 
 18 
 19 
 27 
 16 
 23 
 33 
 12 
 
 17 
 19 
 22 
 22 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 12 
 18 
 21 
 20 
 )8 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 18 
 14 
 28 
 30 
 81 
 19 
 31 
 19 
 23 
 20 
 26 
 19 
 26 
 25 
 19 
 22 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 24 
 14 
 18 
 26 
 20 
 12 
 14 
 26 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 13 
 17 
 19 
 19 
 29 
 20 
 26 
 
 17 
 16 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 22 
 16 
 12 
 26 
 18 
 18 
 26 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 13 
 20 
 21 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 19 
 23 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 28 
 13 
 16 
 25 
 24 
 27 
 15 
 11 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 ?0 
 23 
 12 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 13 
 13 
 15 
 12 
 25 
 13 
 11 
 20 
 15 
 14 
 21 
 24 
 13 
 21 
 19 
 17 
 15 
 85 
 15 
 14 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 23 
 17 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 11 
 13 
 It 
 14 
 15 
 23 
 K4 
 8 
 12 
 )4 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 7 
 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 13 
 20 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 30 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 18 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 IP 
 14 
 1* 
 21 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 9 
 10 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 9 
 18 
 11 
 13 
 It 
 38 
 26 
 18 
 
 12 
 5- 
 15 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 109 
 119 
 164 
 120 
 112 
 163 
 140 
 146 
 168 
 137 
 135 
 150 
 131 
 149 
 157 
 140 
 145 
 133 
 151 
 142 
 122 
 145 
 138 
 133 
 161 
 152 
 140 
 145 
 130 
 137 
 157 
 140 
 136 
 140 
 136 
 158 
 122 
 144 
 122 
 110 
 139 
 150 
 165 
 173 
 137 
 152 
 127 
 166 
 130 
 95 
 105 
 142 
 106 
 139 
 174 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 16 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 
 (j 
 
 8 
 7 
 20 
 13 
 14 
 
 13 
 6- 
 11 
 
 18 
 14 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 17 
 13 
 7- 
 11 
 12 
 2i 
 7- 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 
 10 
 27 
 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 22 
 
 9 
 9- 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 21 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 10 
 8 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 555 
 656 
 557 
 558 
 559 
 560 
 561..... 
 562 
 568 
 564 
 565 
 566 
 667 
 568 
 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 110 
 1 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 12 
 11 
 28 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 21 
 16 
 25 
 18 
 16 
 
 30 
 21 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 19 
 6 
 23 
 21 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 
 13 
 17 
 13 
 18 
 19 
 15 
 5 
 15 
 18 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 11 
 17 
 17 
 8 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 10 
 
 14 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 18 
 12 
 11 
 15 
 19 
 21 
 12 
 9 
 14 
 13 
 
 15 
 21 
 18 
 15 
 20 
 17 
 13 
 17 
 25 
 13 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 
 11 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1*5 
 134 
 98 
 1S4 
 131 
 ]*2 
 168 
 125 
 111 
 107 
 114 
 116 
 112 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 30 
 14 
 11 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 12 
 5- 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 14- 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 7- 
 7- 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE I Y ( Continued ). 
 
 41 
 
 SPECIMEN | 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. L 
 
 Diameter cf I 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 Total height. 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 498. 
 499. 
 EOO. 
 501. 
 502. 
 503. 
 504. 
 505. 
 508. 
 607. 
 508. 
 509. 
 610. 
 611. 
 612. 
 513. 
 514. 
 515. 
 516. 
 517. 
 518. 
 519. 
 5JO. 
 521. 
 522. 
 523. 
 531. 
 525. 
 526. 
 527. 
 528. 
 529. 
 530. 
 531. 
 532. 
 533. 
 534. 
 535. 
 536. 
 637. 
 538. 
 539. 
 640. 
 
 Ill: 
 88: 
 
 645. 
 546. 
 647. 
 54 \. 
 649. 
 550. 
 551. 
 552. 
 553. 
 554. 
 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 8- 
 8- 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 8- 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 7 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 13 
 19 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 2i 
 24 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 12 
 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 14 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 .7 
 7 
 20 
 20 
 16 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 10 
 16 
 54 
 13 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 24 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 23 
 19 
 SO 
 22 
 17 
 19 
 14 
 17 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 ]3 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 
 16 
 14 
 21 
 19 
 20 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 21 
 11 
 16 
 8 
 19 
 17 
 20 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 13 
 19 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 23 
 19 
 22 
 11 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 21 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 11 
 17 
 11 
 10 
 2} 
 19 
 
 19 
 18 
 24 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 23 
 
 22 
 *1 
 20 
 9 
 18 
 12 
 16 
 21 
 x2 
 18 
 18 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 17 
 15 
 20 
 18 
 12 
 22 
 20 
 13 
 15 
 12 
 19 
 17 
 21 
 23 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 23 
 24 
 17 
 12 
 8- 
 12 
 10 
 8 
 19 
 14 
 17 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 8' 
 3 
 3 2 
 8 2 
 2 3 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 3 
 8 1 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 6 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 8 1 
 3 4 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 3 
 4 
 2 10 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 TO 
 2 11 
 8 4 
 3 
 3 3 
 4 
 3 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 1 
 4 2 
 4 
 3 4 
 3 
 3 2 
 8 7 
 3 4 
 3 9 
 3 6 
 3 1 
 3 8 
 3 6 
 3 3 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 
 26' g" 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 6 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 13 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 ?0 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 6 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 
 8V 7" 
 2t 4 
 SO 
 35 4 
 30 6 
 22 7 
 31 10 
 36 8 
 32 6 
 41 8 
 40 2 
 36 6 
 27 4 
 40 6 
 43 7 
 F4 4 
 24 6 
 21 5 
 26 10 
 31 7 
 22 6 
 21 4 
 23 7 
 21 6 
 22 4 
 30 
 28 6 
 41 7 
 43 4 
 26 8 
 31 
 37 3 
 28 4 
 ?0 6 
 29 6 
 34 
 31 6 
 28 4 
 39 
 26 10 
 31 6 
 19 10 
 22 6 
 36 4 
 34 8 
 27 4 
 81 5 
 83 2 
 26 4 
 31 6 
 27 4 
 81 7 
 27 4 
 31 4 
 .-0 4 
 3i 10 
 
 60' 11' 
 64 4 
 59 10 
 65 2 
 59 5 
 78 11 
 75 
 79 11 
 75 7 
 70 9 
 83 3 
 79 
 70 6 
 83 6 
 59 9 
 77 
 81 
 50 7 
 69 11 
 74 11 
 65 
 66 
 66 7 
 64 6 
 78 11 
 87 4 
 71 4 
 71 5 
 72 8 
 69 8 
 60 4 
 66 7 
 71 3 
 73 10 
 59 t 
 63 11 
 75 6 
 58 
 68 6 
 69 10 
 61 8 
 77 4 
 79 10 
 79 8 
 77 8 
 57 2 
 61 8 
 63 2 
 70 1 
 75 
 83 9 
 75 3 
 70 10 
 74 7 
 60 1 
 61 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 10 
 It 
 17 
 20 
 16 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 21 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 12 
 13- 
 11 
 11 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 13 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 555. 
 653. 
 557. 
 558. 
 559. 
 660. 
 561. 
 582. 
 563. 
 634. 
 565. 
 566. 
 567. 
 668. 
 
 10- 
 7 
 8 
 10- 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 8- 
 8- 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 10 
 8 
 12 
 10 
 IS 
 18 
 
 
 19 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 li 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 
 23 
 19 
 17 
 17 
 13 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 9 
 21 
 7 
 2) 
 17 
 
 19 
 22 
 19 
 22 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 2J 
 19 
 17 
 20 
 2} 
 22 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 10 
 8 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 8 7 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 2 6 
 3 2 
 3 
 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 28 8 
 26 8 
 23 8 
 26 8 
 23 8 
 25 8 
 26 8 
 
 3i 
 28 4 
 26 
 89 8 
 21 10 
 81 4 
 84 8 
 43 6 
 43 8 
 28 4 
 87 10 
 34 5 
 87 6 
 41 A 
 
 75 10 
 71 4 
 
 55 6 
 69 4 
 67 8 
 78 10 
 91 7 
 78 6 
 78 5 
 57 8 
 67 10 
 63 7 
 67 4 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 12- 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 13 
 8- 
 13 
 16 
 16 
 24 
 
 17- 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
42 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IV (Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBEft. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in yean?, \ 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 f69. ... 
 570. ... 
 571. ... 
 57.'. ... 
 573. ... 
 574. ... 
 575. ... 
 576. ... 
 5)7. ... 
 578. ... 
 579. ... 
 580. ... 
 581. ... 
 58 J. ... 
 583. ... 
 584. ... 
 585. ... 
 583. ... 
 587. ... 
 588. . . 
 581. ., 
 5SO. .. 
 591. .. 
 593. .. 
 593. .. 
 594. -, 
 595, .. 
 593. .. 
 597. .. 
 5'8. .. 
 599. .. 
 600. .. 
 601. .. 
 60-'. .. 
 603. .. 
 604. . . 
 605. .. 
 606. .. 
 607. .. 
 608. .. 
 609. .. 
 610. .. 
 611. .. 
 612. .. 
 613. .. 
 614. .. 
 615. .. 
 616. .. 
 67. .. 
 618. .. 
 619. .. 
 620. .. 
 621. .. 
 6?2. ... 
 623. .. 
 634. .. 
 625. .. 
 626. .. 
 627. . . 
 628. .. 
 629 . 
 630. .. 
 631 . 
 632. . . 
 633. .. 
 634. .. 
 635. .. 
 636. .. 
 637. .. 
 638. . . 
 639. 
 
 1'5' 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 6 
 1 8 
 1 3 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 6 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 8 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 8 
 1 4 
 1 5 
 1 6 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 5 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 t 
 1 6 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 8 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 9 
 20 
 17 
 14 
 20 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 21 
 13 
 17 
 20 
 12 
 11 
 25 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 ;2 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 X2 
 18 
 15 
 i.0 
 14 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 18 
 24 
 13 
 18 
 19 
 14 
 36 
 ?5 
 13 
 15 
 17 
 2 
 17 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 2 
 18 
 15 
 19 
 22 
 23 
 20 
 18 
 24 
 S.3 
 13 
 1') 
 16 
 2) 
 35 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 82 
 
 
 11 
 11 
 6 
 6 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 24 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 21 
 16 
 22 
 26 
 i5 
 8 
 18 
 40 
 26 
 38 
 9 
 35 
 52 
 26 
 17 
 18 
 24 
 27 
 12 
 16 
 24 
 16 
 17 
 J4 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 11 
 14 
 )6 
 9 
 18 
 16 
 *8 
 13 
 14 
 6 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 17 
 23 
 29 
 21 
 16 
 17 
 SO 
 21 
 
 n 
 
 19 
 15 
 30 
 22 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 19 
 
 9 
 24 
 
 15 
 7 
 5 
 15 
 14 
 25 
 26 
 22 
 23 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 22 
 21 
 22 
 11 
 13 
 24 
 27 
 26 
 8 
 24 
 3 
 25 
 28 
 20 
 15 
 28 
 9 
 12 
 21 
 20 
 >8 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 28 
 2S 
 18 
 13 
 15 
 24 
 14 
 19 
 17 
 i6 
 19 
 12 
 9 
 14 
 17 
 26 
 20 
 21 
 26 
 18 
 20 
 14 
 19 
 18 
 16 
 23 
 16 
 24 
 21 
 19 
 19 
 28 
 10 
 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 7 
 5 
 16 
 22 
 17 
 13 
 54 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 23 
 36 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 21 
 21 
 14 
 23 
 18 
 2* 
 26 
 15 
 14 
 24 
 10 
 13 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 22 
 17 
 15 
 17 
 17 
 24 
 20 
 20 
 19 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 M 
 19 
 22 
 23 
 80 
 24 
 21 
 15 
 2! 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 28 
 18 
 24 
 24 
 18 
 
 24 
 8 
 13 
 10 
 5 
 16 
 22 
 15 
 1* 
 9 
 19 
 21 
 20 
 9 
 19 
 15 
 18 
 J9 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 5 
 24 
 27 
 19 
 13 
 22 
 20 
 12 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 I- 
 16 
 2i 
 11 
 1-2 
 14 
 
 ro 
 
 2J 
 14 
 22 
 14 
 14 
 1-3 
 19 
 20 
 18 
 19 
 15 
 24 
 19 
 22 
 30 
 17 
 8 
 15 
 12 
 18 
 13 
 13 
 23 
 19 
 36 
 12 
 
 irt 
 
 18 
 9 
 18 
 13 
 7 
 14 
 13 
 20 
 12 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 2J 
 22 
 28 
 19 
 19 
 22 
 84 
 21 
 13 
 6 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 fe2 
 15 
 11 
 24 
 )4 
 14 
 24 
 9 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 26 
 22 
 12 
 13 
 22 
 14 
 19 
 19 
 15 
 9 
 15 
 19 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 9 
 17 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 35 
 27 
 13 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 14 
 78 
 12 
 12 
 8 
 17 
 9 
 9 
 SO 
 10 
 22 
 15 
 23 
 9 
 19 
 20 
 
 14 
 19 
 $2 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 8 
 22 
 <\ 
 
 15 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 1*7 
 120 
 l*i 
 
 rs 
 
 137 
 l*fl 
 149 
 1 
 1U 
 148 
 151 
 141 
 147 
 
 ieo 
 
 130 
 140 
 Ib7 
 105 
 361 
 If2 
 167 
 127 
 171 
 174 
 167 
 143 
 140 
 134 
 127 
 137 
 144 
 182 
 117 
 120 
 109 
 132 
 
 m 
 
 146 
 152 
 117 
 152 
 163 
 141 
 )(6 
 144 
 141 
 230 
 187 
 )21 
 141 
 )35 
 i05 
 125 
 105 
 135 
 132 
 122 
 149 
 115 
 105 
 110 
 118 
 151 
 13 J 
 147 
 1E7 
 153 
 l->5 
 160 
 2J8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 20 
 11 
 8 
 
 22 
 24 
 5- 
 
 14- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 rO 
 18 
 30 
 21 
 18 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 15 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 16 
 6 
 24 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 9 
 1 4 
 28 
 12 
 12 
 26 
 18 
 18 
 21 
 2i 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 11 
 11 
 
 18 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 17 
 17 
 8 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 
 16 
 21 
 15 
 18 
 )6 
 15 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 18 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 12 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 36 
 16 
 18 
 
 li 
 
 20 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 13' 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 T8 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BL^CK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN || 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Helght rf 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 -- 
 
 j 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 69 
 570 
 571 
 572 
 573 
 574 
 575 
 576 
 677 
 578 
 579 
 680 
 581 
 
 B::::: 
 
 584 
 585 
 586 
 687 
 588 
 589 
 590 
 591 
 
 596^!!! 
 597 
 59* 
 599 
 600 
 601 
 602 
 603 
 604 
 605 
 606 
 607 
 608 
 609 
 610 
 611 
 6 2 
 613 
 614 
 615 
 616 
 617 
 618 
 619 
 620 
 621 
 622 
 623 
 624 
 6>5 
 626 
 627 
 628 
 629 
 630 
 631 
 632 
 633 
 634 
 6J5 
 636 
 637 
 688 
 639... 
 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8~ 
 8- 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 7 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 8- 
 8 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 ?* 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 
 7 
 10 
 It 
 12 
 12 
 8 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 8 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 17 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 20 
 19 
 12 
 9 
 17 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 19 
 9 
 13 
 4 
 16 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 )0 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 9 
 11 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 11 
 17 
 10 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 
 17 
 19 
 
 16 
 12 
 *2 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 9 
 20 
 19 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 18 
 21 
 16 
 19 
 21 
 14 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 22 
 21 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 22 
 }6 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 iO 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 17 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 It 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 12 
 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 19 
 22 
 14 
 21 
 10 
 9 
 13 
 16 
 J7 
 19 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 9 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 19 
 20 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 12 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 21 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 11 
 15 
 19 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 Ifi 
 
 21 
 22 
 19 
 23 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8' 5" 
 3 4 
 4 1 
 4 1 
 4 2 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 3 10 
 3 8 
 2 7 
 2 1 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 9 
 3 3 
 4 
 3 1 
 2 2 
 3 4 
 2 8 
 2 3 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 3 1 
 4 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 11 
 3 3 
 2 4 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 3 1 
 2 11 
 2 7 
 3 4 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 9 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 9 
 3 2 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 4 
 3 10 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 4 
 
 40' 0' 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 4U 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 x6 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 13 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 S.6 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 
 86' 10" 
 28 6 
 43 
 36 2 
 27 8 
 21 6 
 32 6 
 21 
 25 4 
 24 6 
 27 
 23 4 
 16 3 
 22 6 
 28 7 
 24 10 
 26 3 
 20 7 
 22 4 
 20 7 
 21 4 
 23 4 
 27 6 
 28 4 
 18 8 
 21 4 
 24 7 
 21 6 
 19 8 
 23 3 
 27 10 
 23 9 
 48 2 
 21 6 
 27 
 28 6 
 30 4 
 29 6 
 30 4 
 27 6 
 21 4 
 26 6 
 80 4 
 23 6 
 21 9 
 19 8 
 25 10 
 22 3 
 38 10 
 34 11 
 28 8 
 25 10 
 80 
 82 3 
 81 7 
 80 
 30 4 
 27 8 
 32 
 32 6 
 34 8 
 2) 6 
 86 4 
 81 3 
 27 6 
 34 4 
 26 10 
 21 6 
 24 10 
 86 7 
 33 
 
 80' 8* 
 71 10 
 73 9 
 80 3 
 85 2 
 64 4 
 61 8 
 63 8 
 54 6 
 68 4 
 70 8 
 65 11 
 58 4 
 78 6 
 71 1 
 54 3 
 56 2 
 77 11 
 f2 1 
 49 5 
 64 8 
 66 
 69 9 
 71 2 
 74 6 
 77 8 
 53 11 
 64 8 
 6* 4 
 52 7 
 84 3 
 81 1 
 85 
 64 8 
 56 2 
 71 6 
 60 1 
 72 6 
 73 7 
 E6 6 
 64 10 
 
 e-9 8 
 r9io 
 
 66 7 
 51 4 
 62 3 
 69 2 
 78 3 
 68 6 
 78 1 
 71 4 
 82 
 59 5 
 61 11 
 61 1 
 59 6 
 59 9 
 57 6 
 75 
 75 2 
 64 4 
 52 6 
 66 10 
 74 5 
 70 4 
 77 
 69 8 
 77 10 
 67 6 
 79 8 
 90 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 6- 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 13 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-3 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
44 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued}. 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 > 
 
 .a 
 
 8, 
 << 
 
 145 
 166 
 131 
 180 
 145 
 157 
 166 
 158 
 163 
 142 
 135 
 98 
 122 
 146 
 134 
 119 
 135 
 120 
 157 
 117 
 131 
 138 
 150 
 137 
 150 
 1S3 
 188 
 153 
 15 
 166 
 160 
 155 
 153 
 108 
 132 
 146 
 147 
 157 
 12J 
 118 
 168 
 174 
 214 
 167 
 167 
 139 
 140 
 195 
 181 
 137 
 153 
 125 
 115 
 153 
 217 
 210 
 105 
 142 
 129 
 128 
 148 
 148 
 145 
 164 
 169 
 101 
 189 
 187 
 125 
 135 
 137 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 640. . . 
 641... 
 642... 
 643... 
 644... 
 645... 
 646... 
 647... 
 648... 
 649... 
 650... 
 651... 
 652... 
 653. . . 
 654... 
 655. . . 
 656. . . 
 6-)7. . . 
 658. . . 
 659. . 
 660. . 
 661. . 
 662. . 
 663. . 
 664. . 
 6R5. . 
 666. . 
 667. . 
 668. . 
 669. . 
 670. . 
 671. . 
 672. . 
 673. . 
 674. . 
 6 5. . 
 676. . 
 677. . 
 678. . 
 679. . 
 680... 
 681... 
 632... 
 683. . 
 684. . 
 685. . 
 686. . 
 687. . 
 688. . 
 689. . 
 690. . 
 691. . 
 693. . 
 693. . 
 6(4. . 
 695. . 
 696. . 
 697. . 
 698. . 
 699. . 
 7<W. . 
 701. . 
 702... 
 703. . . 
 704... 
 705... 
 706. . 
 707. . 
 703. . 
 709. . 
 710. . 
 
 J'S" 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 2 
 1 6 
 1 6 
 1 4 
 4 
 6 
 4 
 6 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 8 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 2 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 5 
 
 2 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 4 
 8 
 1 
 8 
 6 
 
 9 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 8 
 14 
 18 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 10 
 20 
 27 
 25 
 18 
 12 
 12 
 18 
 26 
 24 
 26 
 34 
 33 
 25 
 14 
 24 
 18 
 20 
 23 
 21 
 20 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 21 
 33 
 26 
 25 
 31 
 33 
 40 
 25 
 22 
 24 
 32 
 23 
 24 
 26 
 11 
 22 
 37 
 24 
 18 
 28 
 23 
 22 
 23 
 40 
 25 
 16 
 28 
 17 
 24 
 2) 
 30 
 32 
 22 
 
 20 
 12 
 16 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 22 
 13 
 5 
 21 
 15 
 20 
 17 
 2) 
 18 
 24 
 30 
 21 
 21 
 26 
 28 
 21 
 28 
 2S 
 29 
 19 
 27 
 21 
 18 
 34 
 17 
 25 
 25 
 17 
 27 
 26 
 27 
 30 
 35 
 18 
 29 
 20 
 22 
 18 
 22 
 13 
 8 
 21 
 44 
 18 
 16 
 24 
 26 
 20 
 26 
 20 
 23 
 20 
 25 
 14 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 21 
 18 
 
 23 
 14 
 15 
 7 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 19 
 18 
 20 
 25 
 7 
 81 
 20 
 21 
 17 
 10 
 19 
 23 
 20 
 22 
 23 
 22 
 i2 
 15 
 24 
 f9 
 3) 
 10 
 27 
 5:0 
 22 
 i6 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 25 
 15 
 15 
 23 
 18 
 23 
 8 
 15 
 10 
 21 
 29 
 28 
 15 
 26 
 21 
 18 
 18 
 11 
 17 
 24 
 13 
 18 
 5.0 
 28 
 ^9 
 26 
 16 
 
 22 
 24 
 18 
 8 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 9 
 11 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 15 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 12 
 18 
 27 
 21 
 2? 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 so 
 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 21 
 12 
 
 au 
 
 15 
 18 
 9 
 10 
 15 
 21 
 16 
 8 
 21 
 It 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 24 
 21 
 21 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 26 
 16 
 16 
 20 
 
 18 
 20 
 13 
 8 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 20 
 15 
 16 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 8 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 24 
 18 
 24 
 23 
 22 
 2 
 26 
 83 
 10 
 23 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 J2 
 11 
 19 
 23 
 13 
 17 
 17 
 15 
 i.5 
 16 
 11 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 17 
 18 
 9 
 10 
 18 
 18 
 32 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 16 
 12 
 1-3 
 15 
 15 
 18 
 16 
 21 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 19 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 28 
 19 
 20 
 23 
 i;4 
 22 
 24 
 22 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 19 
 9 
 1C 
 16 
 9 
 10 
 16 
 It 
 18 
 12 
 14 
 9 
 6 
 8 
 22 
 19 
 10 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 S6 
 10 
 13 
 18 
 14 
 15 
 It 
 11 
 24 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 29 
 9 
 11 
 14 
 
 28 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 13 
 19 
 19 
 16 
 22 
 12 
 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 23 
 22 
 19 
 30 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 17 
 20 
 24 
 31 
 30 
 25 
 
 14 
 IS 
 28 
 15- 
 
 16- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 25 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17- 
 7- 
 10 
 20 
 13 
 16 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 ii' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 26 
 25 
 2* 
 24 
 14- 
 16 
 10 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 12 
 21 
 18 
 6 
 5- 
 20 
 18 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 
 la 
 8 
 9 
 19 
 16 
 19 
 17 
 21 
 11 
 24 
 1 
 10 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 14- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 8 
 23 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 10- 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 10 
 14 
 8- 
 
 19 
 16 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12- 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 9 
 15 
 19 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 2J 
 12 
 19 
 
 13 
 8 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 5- 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 5- 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 19 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 
 14 
 11 
 5- 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 45 
 
 III 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Hefght of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top. counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 640. 
 641. 
 642. 
 643. 
 64i. 
 645. 
 616. 
 647. 
 648. 
 649. 
 650. 
 651. 
 652. 
 653. 
 654. 
 655. 
 656. 
 657. 
 65*. 
 659. 
 660. 
 661. 
 662. 
 663. 
 664. 
 665. 
 666. 
 667. 
 668. 
 669. 
 670. 
 671. 
 672. 
 673. 
 674. 
 675. 
 676. 
 677. 
 678. 
 679. 
 689. 
 681. 
 682. 
 683. 
 684. 
 685. 
 686. 
 687. 
 683. 
 689. 
 690. 
 691. 
 69.'. 
 693. 
 691. 
 695. 
 698. 
 697. 
 693. 
 699. 
 700. 
 701. 
 702. 
 703. 
 704. 
 705. 
 706. 
 707. 
 708. 
 709. 
 710. 
 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 f 
 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 7- 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 30 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 9- 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 11 
 9 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 8 
 8- 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9- 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 9 
 7- 
 8 
 8 
 
 15 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 16 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 14 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 14 
 10 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 9 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 8 
 10 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 12 
 9 
 Itt 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 11 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 2 
 9 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 13 
 13 
 
 14 
 16 
 9 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 20 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 20 
 j7 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 15 
 17 
 13 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 )6 
 17 
 12 
 14 
 IB 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 18 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 17 
 79 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 
 19 
 18 
 11 
 12 
 19 
 19 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 13 
 18 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 8 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 8 
 13 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 15 
 10- 
 10 
 9 
 22 
 10 
 9 
 1* 
 10 
 8 
 13 
 1<2 
 22 
 23 
 20 
 22 
 18 
 19 
 16 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 17 
 ItJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3' 4" 
 2 10 
 3 6 
 8 
 3 3 
 3 2 
 3 4 
 8 
 2 8 
 4 4 
 3 10 
 3 
 3 2 
 4 1 
 2 4 
 4 
 3 
 3 8 
 3 8 
 3 10 
 4 
 3 
 3 10 
 4 
 3 4 
 4 1 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 4 2 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 3 2 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 2 2 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 4 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 4 
 3 2 
 4 4 
 3 8 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 4 
 4 
 2 10 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 
 1 10 
 3 
 2 4 
 1 '0 
 2 2 
 2 4 
 
 40' 0" 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 63 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 5J 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 5-1 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 *6 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 
 34' 8' 
 39 
 42 6 
 36 9 
 82 4 
 26 7 
 24 6 
 26 3 
 28 6 
 26 
 19 8 
 21 2 
 28 7 
 21 
 23 6 
 24 8 
 27 
 21 6 
 38 
 33 7 
 31 6 
 30 
 18 4 
 23 6 
 26 8 
 30 7 
 26 
 22 6 
 28 4 
 34 6 
 18 8 
 21 7 
 27 3 
 27 11 
 38 6 
 31 6 
 39 
 27 
 27 6 
 27 10 
 23 4 
 15 8 
 27 8 
 82 4 
 27 6 
 21 7 
 26 6 
 23 8 
 30 
 26 8 
 28 6 
 31 4 
 19 4 
 3 
 21 6 
 80 3 
 25 4 
 82 10 
 36 6 
 25 4 
 28 3 
 18 6 
 26 4 
 24 
 80 4 
 86 
 31 4 
 28 10 
 33 6 
 21 4 
 23 6 
 
 78' 0- 
 81 10 
 86 
 93 1 
 88 11 
 83 1 
 81 2 
 82 7 
 84 6 
 83 8 
 76 10 
 64 2 
 71 9 
 78 5 
 79 2 
 55 4 
 56 8 
 65 2 
 68 4 
 76 5 
 75 6 
 73 
 75 6 
 54 2 
 70 
 88 
 68 10 
 65 6 
 71 2 
 64 
 76 2 
 77 7 
 70 1 
 70 9 
 68 4 
 74 
 68 2 
 69 8 
 69 8 
 57 4 
 53 
 72 2 
 71 
 75 2 
 57 
 63 11 
 56 4 
 81 4 
 73 8 
 69 2 
 71 4 
 74 2 
 75 6 
 65 6 
 63 10 
 87 7 
 54 10 
 75 10 
 65 10 
 67 8 
 71 5 
 61 2 
 55 8 
 66 4 
 72 4 
 64 6 
 77 4 
 71 2 
 62 
 64 6 
 79 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 11 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 11- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 8- 
 16 
 11 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 7- 
 12 
 6- 
 15 
 16 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 23 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2( 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IV ( Continued ). 
 
 SPECIMEN 11 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years. | 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 711... 
 712... 
 713. . . 
 7l4... 
 715... 
 716 .. 
 717... 
 7l8... 
 719... 
 720... 
 721... 
 722... 
 723. . . 
 724. . . 
 725. . . 
 726... 
 727. . . 
 728... 
 729... 
 730... 
 731... 
 732... 
 733... 
 734. . 
 735. . 
 736. . 
 787. . 
 738. . 
 739. . 
 740. . 
 741. . 
 742. . 
 743. . 
 744. . 
 745. . 
 746. . 
 747. . 
 748. . 
 749. . 
 750. . 
 751. . 
 752. . 
 753. . 
 754. . 
 755. . 
 756. . 
 757. . 
 758. . 
 759. . 
 760. . 
 761. . 
 762. . 
 763. . 
 764. . 
 765. . 
 766. . 
 767. . 
 768. . 
 769. . 
 770. . 
 771. . 
 772. . 
 778. . 
 774. . 
 775. . 
 776. . 
 777. . 
 778. . 
 779. . 
 780... 
 781... 
 782... 
 
 '! 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 8 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 4 
 8 
 5 
 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 12 
 3 
 1 
 10 
 2 
 1 
 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 7 
 3 
 6 
 6 
 1 
 6 
 8 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 7 
 1 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 23 
 23 
 22 
 34 
 30 
 2J 
 2i 
 26 
 24 
 30 
 *1 
 26 
 80 
 23 
 30 
 33 
 35 
 36 
 22 
 34 
 21 
 29 
 30 
 34 
 21 
 ?8 
 25 
 25 
 20 
 22 
 8J 
 32 
 36 
 16 
 88 
 20 
 24 
 40 
 19 
 27 
 58 
 2L 
 27 
 32 
 35 
 32 
 25 
 36 
 80 
 28 
 36 
 17 
 22 
 17 
 24 
 17 
 22 
 42 
 32 
 26 
 83 
 23 
 32 
 31 
 30 
 26 
 20 
 28 
 14 
 
 20 
 13 
 16 
 25 
 21 
 40 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 30 
 20 
 23 
 >0 
 27 
 22 
 30 
 15 
 16 
 2J 
 32 
 15 
 80 
 22 
 17 
 21 
 15 
 18 
 26 
 34 
 13 
 18 
 28 
 40 
 24 
 21 
 16 
 14 
 30 
 23 
 19 
 16 
 2<J 
 21 
 30 
 14 
 16 
 26 
 25 
 24 
 28 
 33 
 33 
 29 
 15 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 14 
 20 
 34 
 23 
 22 
 17 
 26 
 33 
 16 
 20 
 15 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 
 25 
 11 
 14 
 34 
 24 
 30 
 17 
 15 
 15 
 18 
 27 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 2 
 19 
 24 
 17 
 15 
 21 
 25 
 16 
 22 
 15 
 18 
 21 
 13 
 28 
 18 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 28 
 24 
 29 
 16 
 25 
 17 
 20 
 21 
 29 
 20 
 i6 
 12 
 20 
 31 
 18 
 15 
 21 
 28 
 17 
 24 
 29 
 12 
 20 
 23 
 19 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 25 
 26 
 19 
 30 
 19 
 21 
 14 
 15 
 24 
 17 
 
 15 
 :0 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 2t 
 24 
 24 
 54 
 Itt 
 17 
 15 
 19 
 27 
 27 
 16 
 23 
 15 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 26 
 13 
 18 
 15 
 21 
 38 
 27 
 26 
 19 
 22 
 22 
 13 
 15 
 26 
 9 
 17 
 15 
 27 
 12 
 23 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 11 
 9 
 11 
 17 
 30 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 30 
 37 
 12 
 24 
 18 
 23 
 15 
 16 
 13 
 13 
 
 11 
 11 
 16 
 29 
 12 
 20 
 12 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 13 
 24 
 20 
 21 
 23 
 11 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 13 
 20 
 14 
 23 
 17 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 28 
 12 
 It 
 19 
 14 
 21 
 >0 
 14 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 8 
 14 
 17 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 11 
 21 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 83 
 10 
 12 
 18 
 11 
 9 
 11 
 14 
 25 
 18 
 13 
 8 
 20 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 
 
 9 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 10 
 20 
 18 
 20 
 11 
 14 
 10 
 31 
 24 
 25 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 11 
 16 
 20 
 15 
 9 
 J6 
 17 
 26 
 8- 
 17 
 15 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 9 
 15 
 15 
 11 
 23 
 12 
 13 
 10 
 17 
 12 
 20 
 18 
 11 
 15 
 30 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 10 
 8 
 22 
 15 
 20 
 9 
 25 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 111 
 110 
 146 
 117 
 179 
 235 
 173 
 197 
 152 
 164 
 194 
 147 
 151 
 181 
 97 
 137 
 108 
 114 
 159 
 167 
 161 
 178 
 159 
 111 
 123 
 121 
 147 
 115 
 187 
 105 
 128 
 210 
 185 
 138 
 147 
 135 
 140 
 132 
 128 
 163 
 159 
 145 
 127 
 141 
 181 
 180 
 190 
 152 
 133 
 163 
 165 
 144 
 169 
 189 
 136 
 164 
 142 
 145 
 167 
 133 
 127 
 205 
 148 
 164 
 142 
 193 
 126 
 124 
 129 
 130 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 24 
 17 
 15 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 13 
 7 
 12 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 7 
 20 
 
 14 
 5- 
 18 
 8 
 9 
 14 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 10 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 12 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 15 
 15 
 18 
 18 
 9 
 5- 
 15 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 5- 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 19 
 19 
 
 12 
 15 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 10 
 8- 
 10 
 8- 
 21 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 22- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 9 
 13 
 16 
 13 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 11 
 19 
 14 
 16 
 28 
 10 
 13 
 
 19 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 8 
 13 
 19 
 13 
 9 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 
 17 
 7 
 11 
 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 
 25 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 19 
 13 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 27 
 13 
 16 
 6- 
 30 
 
 10 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 15 
 9 
 
 12 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 47 
 
 TABLE IV (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN | 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Comb'ned 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 1 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 711. 
 712. 
 713. 
 714. 
 715. 
 716. 
 717. 
 718. 
 719. 
 720. 
 721. 
 722. 
 728. 
 724. 
 725. 
 726. 
 727. 
 728. 
 729. 
 730. 
 781. 
 73*. 
 733. 
 734. 
 785. 
 736. 
 737. 
 738. 
 739. 
 740. 
 741. 
 742. 
 743. 
 744. 
 745. 
 746. 
 747. 
 748. 
 749. 
 750. 
 751. 
 752. 
 753. 
 754. 
 755. 
 756. 
 757. 
 758. 
 759. 
 76). 
 761. 
 762. 
 763. 
 764. 
 765. 
 766. 
 767. 
 763. 
 769. 
 770. 
 771. 
 772. 
 773. 
 774. 
 775. 
 776. 
 777. 
 778. 
 779. 
 780. 
 781. 
 782. 
 
 8- 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8- 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 f 
 
 7- 
 9- 
 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 8* 
 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 11 
 10 
 13 
 15 
 14 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 10 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 16 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 17 
 12 
 13 
 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 10 
 13 
 13 
 19 
 18 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 11 
 J6 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 '6 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 9 
 9 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 11 
 14 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 11 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 17 
 21 
 18 
 16 
 11 
 21 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 19 
 8 
 14 
 19 
 22 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 20 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 22 
 19 
 18 
 23 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 11 
 16 
 10 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 11 
 18 
 15 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 11 
 18 
 11 
 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 20 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 24 
 20 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 16 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 8 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 11 
 15 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 18 
 12 
 13 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' i" 
 2 1 
 1 8 
 1 10 
 1 6 
 2 2 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 8 
 8 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 
 1 6 
 2 
 1 10 
 2 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 4 
 1 8 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 6 
 1 10 
 2 3 
 3 2 
 2 
 2 4 
 2 
 2 1 
 3 3 
 3 1 
 2 4 
 3 8 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 1 10 
 1 10 
 8 1 
 2 
 2 4 
 2 1 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 
 2 6 
 2 2 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 3 
 3 2 
 4 2 
 3 2 
 3 1 
 3 4 
 2 3 
 2 4 
 8 3 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 3 1 
 2 2 
 
 26' 8' 
 31 8 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 13 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 66 8 
 (6 8 
 66 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 47 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 66 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 ?3 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 i6 8 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 45 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 ?6 8 
 53 4 
 16 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 
 SS' 4' 
 22 6 
 42 6 
 45 10 
 46 4 
 32 7 
 27 
 26 
 21 4 
 23 6 
 22 8 
 24 
 80 
 30 8 
 33 9 
 31 4 
 39 10 
 40 
 37 8 
 27 6 
 29 4 
 34 10 
 82 6 
 24 
 86 10 
 48 6 
 34 9 
 28 4 
 29 
 26 6 
 28 
 31 10 
 30 2 
 36 8 
 33 
 27 6 
 34 8 
 89 
 86 7 
 34 4 
 33 8 
 23 4 
 24 10 
 30 
 28 9 
 26 6 
 21 3 
 23 10 
 25 6 
 28 4 
 5 6 
 24 4 
 26 8 
 22 8 
 27 4 
 34 10 
 19 10 
 31 8 
 28 6 
 80 6 
 28 4 
 26 10 
 45 7 
 41 6 
 27 6 
 39 
 26 8 
 86 10 
 38 4 
 31 3 
 80 
 83 7 
 
 67' 2 ! 
 56 3 
 70 10 
 61 
 61 2 
 74 9 
 82 10 
 81 10 
 91 
 93 2 
 91 8 
 80 
 53 8 
 58 10 
 62 5 
 69 10 
 68 6 
 69 4 
 66 10 
 69 10 
 57 8 
 77 6 
 74 10 
 79 10 
 f6 
 63 8 
 63 8 
 E8 2 
 57 8 
 82 2 
 56 8 
 78 11 
 86 9 
 98 1 
 88 8 
 57 10 
 84 8 
 (8 4 
 65 7 
 76 2 
 62 2 
 93 1 
 66 10 
 72 4 
 57 6 
 82 4 
 77 8 
 80 2 
 80 10 
 70 10 
 67 8 
 67 
 69 6 
 78 10 
 83 8 
 64 8 
 90 8 
 61 6 
 76 7 
 87 2 
 57 8 
 69 2 
 75 6 
 70 10 
 84 
 68 9 
 82 10 
 66 
 67 4 
 6i 5 
 59 9 
 62 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 16 
 10- 
 12 
 20 
 23 
 24 
 17 
 19 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 8 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 8- 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 10 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 H 
 10 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
48 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years. I 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 783 
 784 
 785 
 786 
 787 
 788 
 789 
 790 
 791 
 792 
 793 
 794 
 795 
 796 
 797 
 798 
 799 
 800 
 801 
 802.,... 
 303 
 804 
 805 
 806 
 807 
 803 
 809 
 80 
 811 
 812 
 813 
 814 
 815 
 816 
 817 
 8^8 
 819 
 820 
 821 
 822 
 823 
 824 
 825 
 826 
 827 
 8 .'8 
 829 
 830 
 831 
 832 
 8J3 
 834 
 835 
 838 
 837 
 838 
 839 
 840 
 811 
 Hi 
 
 I'O* 
 1 a 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 6 
 110 
 110 
 1 
 1 2 
 111 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 8 
 1 8 
 1 6 
 1 8 
 1 6 
 1 8 
 1 1 
 1 8 
 1 5 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 5 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 3 
 1 4 
 1 4 
 1 4 
 1 6 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 2 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 '2 2 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 7 
 1 6 
 110 
 1 8 
 1 8 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 110 
 1 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 1 3 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 4 
 1 
 
 38 
 14 
 30 
 30 
 22 
 22 
 20 
 20 
 32 
 28 
 14 
 18 
 27 
 25 
 32 
 17 
 18 
 28 
 19 
 18 
 85 
 42 
 22 
 23 
 18 
 30 
 20 
 28 
 16 
 20 
 18 
 33 
 14 
 3 
 14 
 14 
 38 
 21 
 40 
 33 
 32 
 34 
 19 
 25 
 30 
 24 
 23 
 37 
 30 
 23 
 19 
 26 
 33 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 25 
 27 
 17 
 80 
 31 
 18 
 
 2! 
 
 28 
 19 
 26 
 23 
 22 
 16 
 26 
 28 
 28 
 
 21 
 18 
 15 
 25 
 24 
 32 
 20 
 17 
 29 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 19 
 18 
 33 
 ]9 
 23 
 16 
 26 
 39 
 32 
 
 i;0 
 
 20 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 30 
 24 
 20 
 14 
 32 
 19 
 28 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 21 
 23 
 30 
 18 
 23 
 19 
 36 
 32 
 32 
 26 
 27 
 22 
 13 
 26 
 18 
 26 
 20 
 28 
 22 
 23 
 17 
 19 
 24 
 30 
 23 
 19 
 21 
 26 
 22 
 30 
 88 
 19 
 21 
 25 
 23 
 17 
 
 18 
 13 
 24 
 19 
 20 
 i6 
 24 
 16 
 16 
 21 
 24 
 15 
 22 
 16 
 22 
 26 
 17 
 18 
 20 
 16 
 *9 
 30 
 13 
 16 
 27 
 17 
 24 
 23 
 27 
 22 
 21 
 23 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 17 
 13 
 16 
 3(3 
 22 
 18 
 18 
 25 
 22 
 20 
 19 
 24 
 23 
 23 
 21 
 27 
 25 
 35 
 19 
 23 
 20 
 30 
 18 
 28 
 20 
 25 
 15 
 28 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 17 
 21 
 13 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 17 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 21 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 20 
 11 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 24 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 25 
 21 
 19 
 23 
 14 
 !> 
 26 
 22 
 27 
 24 
 18 
 13 
 19 
 15 
 22 
 19 
 '4 
 29 
 10 
 3! 
 17 
 27 
 19 
 17 
 14 
 23 
 23 
 18 
 20 
 20 
 19 
 24 
 14 
 20 
 23 
 23 
 16 
 17 
 21 
 17 
 19 
 22 
 14 
 23 
 15 
 11 
 18 
 16 
 22 
 19 
 33 
 18 
 
 19 
 16 
 26 
 19 
 14 
 It 
 12 
 25 
 20 
 13 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 19 
 18 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 17 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 14 
 21 
 18 
 17 
 28 
 11 
 23 
 12 
 14 
 18 
 23 
 23 
 21 
 31 
 8 
 22 
 20 
 30 
 19 
 19 
 23 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 12 
 17 
 15 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 9 
 11 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 21 
 12 
 15 
 18 
 7 
 18 
 15 
 20 
 28 
 12 
 14 
 
 15 
 10 
 21 
 
 14 
 13 
 8 
 20 
 22 
 9 
 17 
 18 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 21 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 9 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 14 
 24 
 10 
 16 
 2i 
 20 
 23 
 12 
 22 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 17 
 34 
 16 
 16 
 7 
 24 
 24 
 14 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 22 
 22 
 16 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 15 
 14 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 28 
 15 
 17 
 7 
 13 
 10 
 30 
 11 
 18 
 17 
 22 
 24 
 14 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 m 
 
 131 
 134 
 149 
 190 
 193 
 114 
 163 
 19i 
 12-* 
 102 
 J4J 
 130 
 I5i 
 199 
 2f8 
 155 
 192 
 IK) 
 213 
 171 
 166 
 163 
 183 
 123 
 126 
 236 
 2'2 
 1(8 
 
 m 
 
 192 
 129 
 
 144 
 
 163 
 172 
 159 
 139 
 175 
 2'3 
 198 
 136 
 209 
 140 
 166 
 130 
 158 
 162 
 188 
 19.' 
 189 
 130 
 158 
 112 
 187 
 190 
 180 
 17 
 )90 
 KO 
 1B 
 215 
 315 
 155 
 124 
 156 
 lf>5 
 175 
 136 
 149 
 176 
 157 
 124 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 9 
 13 
 
 7 
 13 
 14 
 
 7 
 14 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 17 
 12 
 39 
 9 
 9 
 17 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 8 
 19 
 14 
 16 
 22 
 7 
 
 21 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 8 
 8 
 15 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 6- 
 9 
 9 
 12 
 15 
 10 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 7- 
 16 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 
 16 
 7- 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 18- 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 25 
 34 
 8 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 9 
 6- 
 12 
 18 
 
 16 
 22 
 
 18 
 23 
 
 23 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 15 
 9 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 6- 
 10- 
 20 
 19 
 
 13- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 9 
 18 
 4- 
 22 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 7- 
 
 14 
 'l3 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 13 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 12 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 17 
 8 
 13 
 16 
 22- 
 17 
 16 
 
 13 
 13 
 8 
 17 
 15 
 
 'so 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 21 
 iO 
 21 
 15 
 
 25 
 16 
 7 
 24 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 843.... 
 844 
 845 
 846 
 S47 
 848 .... 
 849 .... 
 850 .... 
 851 .... 
 852 
 853 
 854 
 855... 
 
 18- 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 is 
 
 17 
 16 
 16 
 20 
 26 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 io 
 
 20 
 12 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE TV (Continued ). 
 
 49 
 
 SPECIMEN |l 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. \\ 
 
 ! Uameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 
 * 
 
 32' 4' 
 26 6 
 34 8 
 31 4 
 24 8 
 40 4 
 34 3 
 31 10 
 24 
 38 4 
 34 8 
 33 6 
 24 6 
 27 4 
 34 7 
 26 5 
 33 
 27 6 
 26 10 
 36 
 26 2 
 31 4 
 31 
 19 10 
 24 6 
 26 4 
 38 8 
 21 4 
 21 4 
 27 
 23 6 
 24 6 
 27 4 
 29 10 
 24 4 
 30 
 26 10 
 24 4 
 31 6 
 42 7 
 27 4 
 32 6 
 33 9 
 42 10 
 23 7 
 38 4 
 28 6 
 31 4 
 27 11 
 30 4 
 32 8 
 28 4 
 30 
 31 4 
 38 7 
 37 4 
 27 10 
 31 8 
 36 4 
 26 6 
 28 10 
 21 3 
 31 5 
 33 7 
 34 3 
 31 6 
 27 6 
 *6 10 
 43 4 
 26 7 
 36 8 
 42 4 
 41 10 
 
 ! 
 
 A 
 
 61' 2' 
 69 8 
 63 8 
 60 8 
 67 7 
 83 6 
 91 7 
 60 6 
 66 6 
 82 
 65 6 
 63 4 
 67 6 
 70 10 
 63 11 
 82 9 
 89 5 
 84 1 
 84 2 
 79 8 
 83 2 
 74 
 87 3 
 76 2 
 69 
 6810 
 55 
 77 8 
 8' 
 
 :o 2 
 
 66 2 
 81 
 t-3 10 
 73 2 
 80 fl 
 72 8 
 69 8 
 67 S 
 60 8 
 85 7 
 83 6 
 62 
 90 3 
 73 
 
 ee i 
 
 68 2 
 71 9 
 63 
 84 1 
 87 8 
 89 4 
 71 4 
 59 1 
 60 8 
 81 7 
 80 6 
 98 6 
 F8 8 
 79 2 
 6J 2 
 85 6 
 91 
 60 9 
 76 5 
 63 7 
 74 6 
 83 8 
 69 6 
 73 2 
 69 8 
 92 10 
 71 8 
 6 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 783.. . 
 784.. . 
 785. . 
 786. . 
 787. . 
 788. . 
 789. . 
 790. . 
 791. . 
 792. . 
 793. . 
 794. . 
 795. . 
 795. . 
 797. . 
 798. . 
 799. . 
 800. . 
 801. . 
 802. . 
 803. . 
 804. . 
 805. . 
 806. . 
 807. . 
 808. . 
 809. . 
 810. . 
 811. . 
 812. . 
 813. . 
 814. . 
 815. . 
 816. . 
 817. . 
 818. . 
 819. . 
 820. . 
 821. . 
 812. . 
 823. . 
 824. 
 8-25. . 
 826. 
 827. . 
 828. . 
 829. . 
 830. 
 83t. . 
 832. . 
 883. . 
 834. . 
 835. . 
 836. . 
 837. . 
 838. - 
 839. . 
 840. . 
 841. . 
 842. . 
 813. . 
 844. . 
 845. . 
 846. . 
 817. . 
 818. . 
 849. . 
 850. . 
 851. . 
 852. . 
 853. . 
 854. . 
 855. 
 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 9 
 8 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 14 
 8- 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 12 
 8- 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 14 
 9 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 13 
 11 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 
 12 
 It 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 18 
 10 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 1<5 
 19 
 14 
 Iti 
 11 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 )6 
 H 
 16 
 '7 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 1-2 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 
 17 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 17 
 18 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 9 
 12 
 56 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 18 
 17 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 18 
 1-2 
 16 
 15 
 20 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 8 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 14 
 14 
 17 
 ,6 
 
 14 
 14 
 19 
 17 
 10 
 21 
 19 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 20 
 14 
 10 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 17 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 13 
 15 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 1-2 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 14 
 2 
 15 
 W 
 12 
 11 
 12 
 1-2 
 17 
 14 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 11 
 15 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 8 
 10 
 14 
 10 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 18 
 14 
 10 
 1J 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 li 
 17 
 14 
 
 It 
 
 10 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 18 
 13 
 
 u 
 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 19 
 12 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 2" 
 3 2 
 2 4 
 2 8 
 2 11 
 3 2 
 4 
 2 
 2 6 
 3 8 
 4 2 
 3 2 
 3 
 3 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 3 
 4 
 3 8 
 3 8 
 2 8 
 2 11 
 3 
 4 6 
 2 6 
 3 
 3 
 3 4 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 3 4 
 3 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 3 2 
 3 6 
 2 6 
 3 2 
 3 3 
 2 
 2 10 
 4 
 3 4 
 3 
 2 5 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 2 
 4 
 3 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 3 1 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 2 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 
 ?6' 8" 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 40 
 53 
 40 
 53 
 53 
 40 
 40 
 13 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 3 4 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 66 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 f3 4 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 12 
 6- 
 17 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 6- 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 7_ 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 8 
 14 
 16 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 7- 
 10 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 8- 
 6- 
 
 1* 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 f> 
 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 15S 
 95 
 152 
 158 
 1C8 
 031 
 136 
 113 
 133 
 136 
 163 
 200 
 141 
 137 
 176 
 198 
 
 r9 
 
 112 
 110 
 107 
 106 
 109 
 164 
 128 
 133 
 111 
 114 
 119 
 164 
 118 
 115 
 142 
 96 
 169 
 J50 
 118 
 167 
 117 
 1)6 
 126 
 127 
 148 
 178 
 133 
 156 
 124 
 112 
 156 
 1E4 
 150 
 151 
 101 
 127 
 190 
 134 
 191 
 191 
 186 
 168 
 125 
 147 
 
 \% 
 
 139 
 18 
 15G 
 159 
 .79 
 120 
 152 
 104 
 126 
 186 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart outward. 
 
 8<6. . 
 857. . 
 858. . 
 8/9. . 
 860. 
 861. 
 864. . 
 863. , 
 864. 
 865. . 
 866. 
 867. . 
 868. 
 869. . 
 870. 
 871. . 
 872. . 
 873. . 
 874. . 
 875. . 
 876. 
 877. . 
 878. . 
 b79. 
 880. 
 881. 
 882. . 
 883. . 
 884. . 
 88 >. . 
 8?6. 
 887. . 
 88S. . 
 8S9. . 
 890. . 
 891. 
 892. . 
 893. . 
 894. . 
 895. 
 89R. . 
 897. . 
 898. . 
 899. . 
 900. . 
 901. . 
 90}. . 
 903. . 
 904. . 
 905. . 
 906. . 
 907. . 
 908. . 
 909. . 
 910. . 
 
 an. . 
 
 012. 
 913. . 
 914. . 
 915. 
 916. 
 917. 
 918. 
 919. 
 920. . 
 921 . . 
 P22. . 
 923. . 
 924. . 
 9ii5. . 
 926. . 
 927. . 
 928. 
 
 1'6" 
 1 7 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 
 1 3 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 I 8 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 8 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 8 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 6 
 1 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 4 
 1 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 5 
 1 3 
 1 8 
 1 
 1 
 1 8 
 1 7 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 
 1 1 
 1 8 
 1 
 1 7 
 1 6 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 6 
 1 5 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 1 2 
 
 20 
 17 
 27 
 22 
 22 
 20 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 36 
 18 
 30 
 35 
 25 
 25 
 22 
 24 
 30 
 25 
 17 
 29 
 20 
 28 
 36 
 24 
 i.6 
 30 
 28 
 80 
 26 
 22 
 30 
 20 
 30 
 S0 
 20 
 20 
 30 
 25 
 26 
 24 
 20 
 28 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 28 
 23 
 18 
 19 
 22 
 16 
 19 
 18 
 26 
 24 
 27 
 19 
 25 
 32 
 24 
 16 
 26 
 22 
 19 
 22 
 26 
 30 
 24 
 20 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 
 22 
 9 
 26 
 24 
 23 
 24 
 28 
 23 
 15 
 23 
 18 
 29 
 30 
 20 
 27 
 30 
 29 
 15 
 13 
 IS 
 17 
 19 
 34 
 2i 
 22 
 27 
 17 
 35 
 26 
 21 
 23 
 28 
 '3 
 26 
 22 
 2i 
 24 
 28 
 fO 
 44 
 28 
 24 
 24 
 20 
 28 
 14 
 34 
 28 
 16 
 24 
 24 
 15 
 22 
 20 
 28 
 25 
 30 
 16 
 26 
 21 
 30 
 24 
 26 
 20 
 26 
 24 
 30 
 33 
 24 
 24 
 21 
 18 
 24 
 
 11 
 6 
 19 
 30 
 30 
 24 
 24 
 
 2! 
 
 17 
 15 
 30 
 26 
 32 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 23 
 16 
 24 
 19 
 18 
 14 
 15 
 18 
 22 
 28 
 17 
 21 
 20 
 12 
 16 
 19 
 *2 
 24 
 16 
 20 
 22 
 22 
 28 
 24 
 17 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 24 
 15 
 19 
 24 
 16 
 20 
 22 
 12 
 23 
 24 
 13 
 22 
 16 
 28 
 30 
 17 
 27 
 25 
 22 
 24 
 22 
 21 
 18 
 14 
 19 
 22 
 
 14 
 10 
 20 
 20 
 28 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 20 
 17 
 SI 
 18 
 25 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 15 
 21 
 12 
 14 
 13 
 19 
 16 
 18 
 15 
 11 
 15 
 11 
 20 
 11 
 15 
 18 
 12 
 16 
 21 
 15 
 28 
 13 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 22 
 20 
 16 
 12 
 18 
 9 
 12 
 15 
 12 
 24 
 17 
 23 
 32 
 17 
 30 
 27 
 22 
 20 
 20 
 14 
 21 
 22 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 13 
 18 
 22 
 9 
 15 
 14 
 
 14 
 6 
 
 18 
 15 
 22 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 6 
 17 
 23 
 10 
 17 
 12 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 15 
 18 
 13 
 7 
 7 
 11 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 14 
 8 
 15 
 17 
 23 
 10 
 7 
 7 
 14 
 24 
 2J 
 13 
 10 
 24 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 13 
 30 
 16 
 19 
 24 
 24 
 21 
 22 
 80 
 22 
 16 
 10 
 15 
 18 
 17 
 10 
 24 
 11 
 17 
 16 
 24 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 
 14 
 6 
 17 
 11 
 18 
 11 
 15 
 16 
 19 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 9 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 15 
 14 
 10 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 8 
 15 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 6 
 18 
 20 
 16 
 13 
 11 
 22 
 22 
 6 
 9 
 6 
 !) 
 30 
 15 
 17 
 10 
 8 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 13 
 27 
 21 
 10 
 14 
 27 
 15 
 7 
 17 
 20 
 14 
 13 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 14 
 22 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 14 
 
 16 
 17 
 25 
 20 
 25 
 7 
 14 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 18 
 7 
 
 17 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 '6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 15- 
 24 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18- 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 9 
 19 
 
 io 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 15 
 
 12- 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 7 
 It 
 9 
 8 
 13 
 9 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12- 
 9- 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 13 
 
 15 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 5 
 8 
 7 
 8- 
 
 7- 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 12- 
 
 19 
 8 
 11 
 
 16 
 10 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 16 
 15 
 
 15 
 19 
 14 
 
 17 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 19 
 6 
 18 
 6 
 7 
 20 
 12 
 23 
 14 
 9 
 5- 
 22 
 11 
 16 
 12 
 
 18 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 
 6- 
 15 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 9 
 13 
 4- 
 18 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 6- 
 8- 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCJS. 
 
 51 
 
 TABLE IY (Continued). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER 
 Continued P 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Height of 
 stump. 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 Length of top. 
 
 Tctal height. 
 
 Number of rings per inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 856.. . 
 
 857.. 
 868.. 
 89.. . 
 860.. 
 861 .. . 
 8i2.. 
 863.. 
 364!. 
 365.. 
 366.. 
 B67.. 
 368.. 
 889.. 
 370.. 
 371.. 
 3?*.. 
 373.. 
 374.. 
 375. . 
 3?6.. 
 377. 
 3?8.. 
 379.. 
 3*0.. 
 381. 
 332.. 
 
 *!, 
 
 384.. 
 385.. 
 3?6.. 
 387.. 
 383.. 
 389.. 
 390.. 
 391.. 
 39".. 
 393. 
 391.. 
 
 m.. 
 
 396.. 
 
 39?.. 
 
 398.. 
 3>9. 
 )00.. 
 X)'.. 
 2.. 
 )8.. 
 
 m. 
 
 X>5.. 
 <6.. 
 J07.. 
 KB.. 
 10*.. 
 MO.. 
 >it.. 
 12. 
 
 m . 
 
 )I4.. 
 >>5.. 
 J 6.. 
 )17.. 
 18.. 
 M9.. 
 )*).. 
 L. 
 J2i.. 
 >23 . 
 }24. 
 )85.. 
 2i.. 
 J27.. 
 Wd... 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8- 
 10 
 9 
 7- 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 '0 
 8- 
 9 
 8 
 8- 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 7- 
 9 
 9 
 
 8 
 9- 
 9- 
 8 
 10 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 9 
 8 
 13 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 
 P 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 6 
 16 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 11 
 17 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 19 
 19 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 14 
 2 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 4 
 14 
 i3 
 16 
 191 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 >2 
 14 
 15 
 
 15 
 10 
 16 
 15 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 It 
 It 
 16 
 U 
 16 
 17 
 14 
 1". 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 )7 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 11 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 )2 
 14 
 17 
 16 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 11 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 11 
 13 
 16 
 16 
 11 
 12 
 2 
 12 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 18 
 
 12 
 11 
 H 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 15 
 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 9 
 10 
 18 
 
 10 
 15 
 11 
 13 
 7 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 18 
 1-2 
 17 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 12 
 15 
 2 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 3 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 18 
 12 
 i4 
 14 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 11 
 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 '2 
 16 
 10 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 17 
 9 
 8 
 10 
 17 
 (5 
 18 
 11 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 10 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 9 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 9 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 13 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 6 
 16 
 15 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 4' 
 
 3 6 
 3 4 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 2 2 
 3 4 
 3 2 
 3 
 X 10 
 2 7 
 2 5 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 4 
 2 11 
 2 2 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 4 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 2 3 
 2 1 
 2 3 
 1 11 
 4 
 8 -0 
 2 4 
 2 4 
 2 2 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 2 
 2 2 
 3 
 2 8 
 3 1 
 2 4 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 1 10 
 2 
 2 4 
 8 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 2 
 3 
 4 2 
 3 
 3 2 
 4 4 
 4 1 
 3 10 
 4 2 
 4 
 4 2 
 4 4 
 4 
 3 10 
 2 8 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 
 53' 4" 
 66 8 
 <0 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 6b 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 23 8 
 53 4 
 5i 4 
 13 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 2'. 8 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 28 8 
 53 4 
 66 8 
 16 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 66 8 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 53 4 
 
 <o o 
 
 40 
 31 8 
 53 4 
 40 
 
 s;i 4 
 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 
 28' 3' 
 22 7 
 27 6 
 26 5 
 33 8 
 22 4 
 36 
 2 6 
 36 11 
 34 9 
 45 4 
 32 10 
 31 7 
 33 
 
 ;-i 4 
 
 26 10 
 34 3 
 42 8 
 34 11 
 37 8 
 34 8 
 32 5 
 26 10 
 31 6 
 80 8 
 27 4 
 26 
 27 6 
 24 7 
 26 
 27 
 29 3 
 39 6 
 25 8 
 *7 6 
 45 10 
 23 6 
 27 4 
 29 3 
 21 8 
 42 10 
 31 4 
 43 8 
 24 3 
 21 10 
 41 2 
 34 10 
 33 
 27 
 33 7 
 31 2 
 36 
 2i 6 
 19 10 
 30 
 22 6 
 21 4 
 80 "8 
 84 11 
 29 7 
 29 
 22 10 
 42 4 
 31 8 
 29 8 
 41 6 
 84 10 
 43 
 43 6 
 40 8 
 32 7 
 42 6 
 29 8 
 
 84' 11 
 92 9 
 70 10 
 83 3 
 63 6 
 78 4 
 65 8 
 61 2 
 79 7 
 77 3 
 74 8 
 89 2 
 63 5 
 63 
 87 10 
 96 6 
 77 1 
 71 11 
 64 
 66 5 
 64 
 62 f 
 69 & 
 60 4 
 73 f, 
 56 8 
 55 C 
 57 3 
 67 & 
 65 3 
 55 9 
 71 6 
 68 1 
 83 
 84 8 
 61 6 
 70 10 
 56 2 
 58 8 
 50 10 
 58 4 
 60 2 
 73 4 
 80 3 
 91 7 
 70 2 
 63 10 
 75 6 
 83 
 76 7 
 59 8 
 64 8 
 6S 10 
 89 6 
 59 4 
 78 10 
 77 10 
 87 
 79 1 
 72 7 
 f6 10 
 80 6 
 86 5 
 88 10 
 87 2 
 72 2 
 79 
 87 4 
 74 2 
 71 2 
 75 8 
 7t 8 
 72 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 io 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 14 
 19 
 10 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 il 
 10 
 12 
 
 7- 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 11 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 16 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 6- 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 U 
 13 
 
 ;2 
 10 
 15 
 6 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
52 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Concluded). 
 
 SPECIMEN 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Diameter of // 
 stump. 
 
 MEASUREMENTS ON STUMP. 
 
 Age in years. | 
 
 Number of rings per inch on stump, counting from the heart cutward . 
 
 929. 
 930. 
 931. 
 93'. 
 933. 
 934. 
 915. 
 936. 
 93/. 
 933. 
 939. 
 940. 
 941. 
 942 
 943. 
 944. 
 945. 
 946. 
 947. 
 948. 
 949. 
 950. 
 951. 
 952. 
 953. 
 954. 
 955. 
 955. 
 957. 
 958 
 959. 
 960, 
 961. 
 962. 
 963. 
 961. 
 965. 
 966. 
 967. 
 968. 
 969. 
 970. 
 971. 
 972. 
 973. 
 974. 
 975. 
 976. 
 977. 
 978 
 979. 
 980. 
 931. 
 932. 
 983. 
 984. 
 985. 
 988. 
 987. 
 988. 
 989. 
 990. 
 991. 
 992. 
 993. 
 994. 
 995. 
 996. 
 997. 
 993. 
 999, 
 1000. . 
 
 1'2- 
 1 4 
 1 2 
 1 5 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 8 
 1 
 6 
 2 
 8 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 8 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 1 
 4 
 8 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 6 
 I 
 1 
 
 \l 
 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 1 
 1 2 
 
 18 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 22 
 14 
 19 
 18 
 25 
 24 
 28 
 28 
 21 
 17 
 23 
 20 
 2i 
 23 
 24 
 17 
 2i 
 26 
 24 
 28 
 18 
 23 
 21 
 18 
 28' 
 24 
 18 
 30 
 36 
 34 
 24 
 30 
 36 
 26 
 30 
 22 
 36 
 36 
 24 
 28 
 21 
 24 
 22 
 20 
 30 
 18 
 18 
 28 
 21 
 25 
 33 
 21 
 23 
 24 
 23 
 26 
 30 
 18 
 24 
 23 
 22 
 29 
 25 
 2S 
 26 
 24 
 33 
 
 .23 
 
 28 
 '.6 
 24 
 26 
 25 
 16 
 24 
 24 
 26 
 30 
 34 
 24 
 26 
 22 
 30 
 19 
 22 
 26 
 20 
 22 
 23 
 36 
 26 
 80 
 20 
 16 
 16 
 24 
 30 
 20 
 19 
 34 
 30 
 88 
 22 
 29 
 20 
 28 
 24 
 36 
 42 
 42 
 58 
 29 
 26 
 25 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 14 
 17 
 18 
 27 
 2? 
 24 
 20 
 26 
 22 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 22 
 20 
 24 
 23 
 30 
 23 
 20 
 25 
 23 
 29 
 
 27 
 22 
 24 
 25 
 23 
 30 
 18 
 28 
 24 
 19 
 24 
 23 
 14 
 24 
 22 
 26 
 18 
 28 
 28 
 19 
 26 
 30 
 23 
 23 
 SO 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 28 
 26 
 19 
 20 
 19 
 15 
 23 
 25 
 34 
 32 
 18 
 21 
 23 
 29 
 38 
 28 
 15 
 24 
 14 
 14 
 23 
 17 
 18 
 16 
 16 
 20 
 24 
 18 
 20 
 24 
 24 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 23 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 31 
 24 
 22 
 18 
 2! 
 31 
 
 23 
 19 
 22 
 25 
 18 
 17 
 10 
 20 
 16 
 20 
 26 
 23 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 21 
 25 
 24 
 24 
 18 
 25 
 28 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 23 
 28 
 17 
 18 
 23 
 18 
 15 
 17 
 26 
 17 
 28 
 20 
 21 
 14 
 23 
 19 
 27 
 21 
 19 
 13 
 21 
 21 
 16 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 21 
 23 
 16 
 18 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 22 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 21 
 23 
 
 13 
 17 
 21 
 22 
 iO 
 18 
 12 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 19 
 25 
 16 
 23 
 22 
 22 
 18 
 12 
 24 
 19 
 24 
 26 
 11 
 20 
 14 
 14 
 20 
 17 
 18 
 )5 
 16 
 22 
 13 
 11 
 18 
 25 
 14 
 26 
 15 
 19 
 12 
 14 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 13 
 8 
 20 
 20 
 14 
 18 
 20 
 13 
 17 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 15 
 20 
 17 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 17 
 14 
 18 
 24 
 H 
 13 
 
 17 
 17 
 20 
 18 
 18 
 20 
 11 
 17 
 36 
 28 
 17 
 19 
 16 
 16 
 26 
 22 
 15 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 11 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 '7 
 24 
 23 
 14 
 14 
 20 
 10 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 15 
 12 
 10 
 8 
 15 
 13 
 20 
 18 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 '5 
 23 
 16 
 13 
 20 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 7 
 15 
 10 
 18 
 23 
 2<5 
 20 
 8 
 14 
 
 18 
 13 
 
 18 
 14 
 
 18 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 160 
 1E9 
 184 
 127 
 141 
 104 
 149 
 134 
 130 
 182 
 178 
 152 
 166 
 140 
 189 
 170 
 211 
 153 
 200 
 154 
 221 
 160 
 143 
 173 
 185 
 127 
 140 
 158 
 145 
 134 
 189 
 146 
 170 
 175 
 196 
 209 
 184 
 158 
 138 
 171 
 196 
 167 
 133 
 120 
 111 
 123 
 J35 
 133 
 124 
 14 
 107 
 144 
 158 
 176 
 147 
 150 
 186 
 148 
 123 
 147 
 132 
 133 
 ^48 
 114 
 95 
 173 
 20 
 !34 
 154 
 148 
 154 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 12- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 13 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 22 
 
 16 
 21 
 11 
 15 
 14 
 14 
 9- 
 18 
 17 
 18 
 '7 
 15 
 14 
 11 
 7 , 
 
 17 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 12 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 12 
 13 
 
 11 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 6- 
 11- 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 7- 
 9 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '3 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 19 
 15 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 18 
 20 
 12 
 10 
 18 
 16 
 8- 
 8 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8- 
 4- 
 9- 
 3) 
 13 
 12 
 9 
 10- 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 10 
 
 16 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 17 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 19 
 10- 
 9 
 20 
 6- 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 9 
 
 11 
 9- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 10 
 18 
 20 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 10 
 
 15 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 8 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 13 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 TABLE IY (Concluded). 
 
 53 
 
 SPECIMEN 1 
 NUMBER 
 Continued. 
 
 Diameter of 
 top in inches. 
 
 TOP MEASUREMENTS . 
 
 it 
 
 Combined 
 length of logs. 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 Total height. 
 
 Number of rings per Inch at top, counting 
 from the heart outward. 
 
 929.... 
 9iO.... 
 931.... 
 932.... 
 933.... 
 934 ... 
 935.... 
 935.... 
 937. .. 
 938 .. 
 939. .. 
 940. .. 
 941. .. 
 942. .. 
 943. .. 
 944. .. 
 945. .. 
 946. .. 
 947. .. 
 943. .. 
 949. .. 
 95>. .. 
 951. .. 
 952. .. 
 953.... 
 954.... 
 955.... 
 956.... 
 957.... 
 958.... 
 9^9.... 
 960.... 
 961.... 
 962.... 
 963.... 
 984 ... 
 965.... 
 966.... 
 957.... 
 968.... 
 969.... 
 970.... 
 971.... 
 972.... 
 978.... 
 974.... 
 975.... 
 i-76.... 
 977... 
 98... 
 979... 
 980 .. 
 981... 
 982. . 
 983. .. 
 984. .. 
 9*5. .- 
 986. .. 
 987. .. 
 983. .. 
 989 .. 
 990. .. 
 991. .. 
 992. .. 
 993. .. 
 994. .. 
 995. .. 
 P93. .. 
 997. .. 
 998. .. 
 999. .. 
 1000. .. 
 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 11 
 8 
 It 
 9 
 9 
 11 
 12 
 8- 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 
 g* 
 
 11 
 9 
 12 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 
 V 
 
 8 
 S* 
 
 JM 
 
 8 
 
 r 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 f* 
 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 g 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 9 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 
 13 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 !<! 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 17 
 12 
 18 
 11 
 14 
 
 ,S 
 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 19 
 9 
 16 
 10 
 9 
 12 
 17 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 21 
 9 
 20 
 19 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 14 
 19 
 19 
 2J 
 11 
 12 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 11 
 13 
 13 
 11 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 74 
 10 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 14 
 ^2 
 12 
 4 
 16 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 12 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 9 
 11 
 8 
 16 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 21 
 19 
 18 
 7 
 16 
 20 
 19 
 11 
 13 
 11 
 It 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 17 
 18 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 '9 
 16 
 19 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 18 
 21 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 12 
 
 10 
 14 
 10 
 13 
 18 
 13 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 9 
 11 
 14 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 11 
 >0 
 12 
 17 
 11 
 10 
 17 
 11 
 17 
 12 
 15 
 13 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 18 
 15 
 13 
 18 
 19 
 12 
 11 
 19 
 12 
 10 
 12 
 )5 
 13 
 '2 
 19 
 17 
 19 
 i4 
 20 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 
 10 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 11 
 10 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 13 
 11 
 13 
 13 
 5 
 '6 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 16 
 17 
 Ifi 
 19 
 11 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 18 
 11 
 15 
 11 
 14 
 10 
 16 
 11 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 18 
 14 
 16 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 14 
 12 
 13 
 12 
 10 
 11 
 8 
 10 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 14 
 *0 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2' 8' 
 3 
 3 1 
 3 4 
 3 
 4 4 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 2 2 
 2 4 
 3 2 
 3 1 
 2 10 
 3 4 
 3 
 3 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 2 10 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 3 2 
 2 10 
 4 
 4 
 3 6 
 3 10 
 3 4 
 3 6 
 3 2 
 2 7 
 2 8 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 2 4 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 1 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 
 2 3 
 2 4 
 1 10 
 2 4 
 2 
 1 11 
 2 2 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 2 4 
 2 3 
 2 10 
 2 6 
 1 4 
 3 
 2 10 
 2 8 
 2 9 
 1 11 
 2 2 
 2 4 
 2 6 
 2 
 2 3 
 2 1 
 2 
 
 40' 0- 
 53 4 
 40 
 53 4 
 16 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 66 8 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 f3 4 
 53 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 i.'6 8 
 40 
 40 
 53 4 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 53 4 
 '0 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 26 8 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 -.6 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 40 
 26 8 
 13 4 
 26 8 
 40 
 13 4 
 40 
 26 8 
 26 8 
 
 28' 10' 
 20 11 
 26 4 
 22 6 
 32 7 
 44 7 
 33 8 
 31 2 
 36 7 
 26 10 
 21 7 
 29 10 
 22 4 
 33 6 
 31 4 
 31 
 80 4 
 49 10 
 31 4 
 28 4 
 26 10 
 27 9 
 50 4 
 28 6 
 26 4 
 5.9 6 
 33 2 
 30 10 
 38 3 
 33 4 
 26 8 
 24 10 
 29 3 
 42 7 
 30 3 
 28 11 
 28 7 
 19 10 
 26 4 
 25 
 21 10 
 32 6 
 35 7 
 30 
 26 9 
 42 3 
 36 10 
 39 
 31 2 
 36 10 
 38 6 
 84 9 
 93 6 
 29 4 
 40 2 
 30 
 5.8 6 
 38 3 
 31 4 
 31 6 
 40 4 
 23 
 26 10 
 27 6 
 31 8 
 36 
 34 10 
 28 6 
 5*5 2 
 24 6 
 31 4 
 38 2 
 
 71' 6' 
 86 3 
 69 5 
 79 2 
 62 3 
 75 7 
 76 10 
 74 
 65 5 
 69 2 
 91 5 
 72 11 
 78 6 
 76 10 
 74 4 
 74 
 72 10 
 79 4 
 60 10 
 71 10 
 ',0 
 84 3 
 66 6 
 59 2 
 83 8 
 86 4 
 63 8 
 60 10 
 68 5 
 63 2 
 69 3 
 67 6 
 72 1 
 71 9 
 73 11 
 71 11 
 84 11 
 62 2 
 69 2 
 54 4 
 78 2 
 75 6 
 65 4 
 59 
 55 11 
 57 7 
 65 8 
 68 
 73 
 65 10 
 67 2 
 63 4 
 62 4 
 72 
 82 11 
 59 
 70 9 
 8A 1 
 76 JO 
 59 6 
 70 
 62 6 
 56 2 
 70 3 
 60 H 
 fl 6 
 63 10 
 71 
 67 6 
 66 9 
 60 1 
 66 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 10 
 11 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 10 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 8- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 12 
 15 
 14 
 
 17 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 7- 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 18 
 12 
 10 
 14 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 ....!.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
54 %HE ADIRONDACK BLACK SP&UCE. 
 
 In connection with the preceding tables it may be stated that 
 all of the 700 trees first examined were found on Township 20, 
 Franklin county, between two large ponds, Floodwood and Long 
 Pond. The two main slopes on this land run north and south, 
 with little or no difference in the timber on either slope. This 
 township has an average elevation of about 1,600 feet above the 
 sea. The spruce was above the average in quantity per acre, and 
 in quality it was first class. The trees were thrifty, but few 
 being found that were rotten at the stump. Not a tree had died 
 within the past ten years, the absence of any dead spruce having 
 been noted by the foresters. In size the trees were above the 
 average diameter for Adirondack black spruce. 
 
 On Township 20, in a few places where the spruce was stand- 
 ing in " clumps," there was a yield of 40 standard logs (8,000 
 feet, B. M.) per acre ; where it was scattered through the other 
 timber, 15 standards (3,000 feet) would be a fair average. 
 
 On Lots 34 and 35, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the spruce 
 growing in clumps measured, in two different places, 35 standard 
 logs (7,000 feet) to the acre. Where it was scattered among other 
 species, it measured 12 standards per acre on an average. 
 
 On Lots 50 and 63, Township 3, St. Lawrence county, the 
 spruce did not grow in clumps at all, but averaged 15 standard 
 logs to the acre. 
 
 The spruce in each case was growing either in small clumps or 
 was scattered among hardwoods composed of beech, hard maple, 
 and yellow birch, the beech predominating in number of trees, 
 although of inferior diameter and height. The black spruce over- 
 tops the hardwoods where its diameter exceeds 14 inches ; 
 when standing in clumps it is taller than the scattered spruces oi 
 the same diameter growing among the hardwoods. Where it 
 grows in clumps the spruce has a small crown, the limbs being 
 small and short ; but in a scattering growth the spruces, as soon 
 as they overtop surrounding hardwoods, put out their limbs 
 thickly and large. 
 
 A spruce 20 inches in diameter growing in a clump of spruces 
 will yield five logs, 13 feet 4 inches in length, while one of the same 
 diameter in a scattered growth mixed with hardwoods will yield but 
 four logs. In the one growing among hardwoods, after four logs 
 
ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 55 
 
 have been cut from its trunk, the diameter of the last or top log at 
 its small end will be from 10 to 12 inches, but the limbs above this 
 point will be so thick and large that the fifth log would not be 
 over five or six inches at the top, and would not be accepted by 
 the lumbermen. A tree of the same species and size growing in 
 a clump will yield five logs, because the shaft does not diminish 
 in size so fast owing to the lighter growth of limbs that form its 
 top. While the largest spruces are found scattered among the 
 hardwoods, the tallest ones of like diameters are found growing 
 in the spruce clumps. 
 
 A coarse, gravelly soil, with a southern or western slope, 
 seems most favorable for the best development of this species. 
 Before the axemen came into this locality there was an ample 
 growth of young spruces or nurslings thickly scattered through- 
 out the timber ; but where the spruce grew thickly, the felling 
 of trees scarred and broke down most of the nurslings. Where 
 the spruce was scattered through the hardwoods the young trees 
 did not suffer so much from the careless felling of the axemen. 
 
 The spruce blight of twenty years ago did not make its appear- 
 ance in Tovvnship 20, on which the first 700 trees examined were 
 growing. In fact, this locality is remarkable for its exemption 
 from injury in that respect. 
 
 There are but few balsams (Abies balsamea) growing among 
 the spruces which furnished the specimens examined by the 
 foresters, although many trees of this species are growing 
 along the edges or shores of neighboring swamps and ponds. 
 The balsam in this vicinity is small, ranging from three to 
 seven inches in diameter near the ground. It is very scarce, 
 however, in the vicinity of this spruce growth, there being many 
 acres on which no balsam is found ; neither was there any 
 cedar. There are a few tamaracks (Larix Americana) on these 
 lots, but they are all dead, having succumbed to the attacks of 
 the sawfly (Nematus Erichsonii) which within a few years has 
 destroyed all the tamarack in the Adirondacks. But little white 
 pine was found among the spruce where these measurements 
 were taken. On the north shore of East Pine Pond, there was a 
 piece of timber composed almost wholly of that species, nice, 
 thrifty, sound timber of large size. The owner, Mr. Snell, said 
 
56 2!fl# ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 that he cut 1,000 standards (200,000 feet, B. M.) of white 
 pine logs on less than ten acres of land near the west end of East 
 Pine Pond. There were a few black ash trees scattered through- 
 out the timber where the spruce was growing, but no cherry. 
 
 In Township 3, St. Lawrence county, a few elms were 
 growing among the spruces and hardwoods, a species rarely 
 seen in the Adirondack forest. 
 
 A noticeable feature in the growth of the black spruce is that 
 the annual accretion of wood in the trunk is not concentric, the 
 total growth being considerably greater on one side of the heart 
 than on the opposite side. The extent of this eccentricity is 
 apparent in some of the figures given in Table IV, in which the 
 diameter of each tree is not only given, but the number of inches 
 and growth per inch of the longest radius. For instance, 
 Specimen No. 1 had a diameter of 18 inches on the stump, but 
 the figures showing the number of annual rings for each inch in 
 growth indicate that instead of nine inches, which would have 
 been one-half the diameter, there were eleven inches between the 
 heart and the bark. Specimen No. 77 is fourteen inches in diame- 
 ter, but the heart is nine inches from the bark. Specimen No. 
 135, with a diameter of thirteen inches, shows that there 
 were nine inches between the bark and the heart. In Specimen 
 237 it will be seen that the heart was two inches nearer one 
 side of the tree than the other. In No. 383 the radius is 17 
 instead of 12 inches. This lack of concentricity, as measured 
 by the abnormal length of the longest radius, varies from one to 
 five inches. 
 
 A remarkable feature of this one-sided growth is that it is 
 mostly in one direction. The foresters who examined the trees 
 in Township 20 were instructed to note carefully the compass 
 point to which in each case the longest radius of tree growth 
 pointed. Of 700 trees examined in Township 20, Franklin 
 county, (the first 700 specimens in Table IV,) this abnormal or one- 
 sided growth was directed as follows : 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 57 
 
 Direction. Trees. 
 
 North 471 
 
 Northeast 81 
 
 East 106 
 
 South 1 
 
 West 27 
 
 Southwest 6 
 
 Northwest . 8 
 
 700 
 
 There seems to be no satisfactory explanation of this tendency 
 of the black spruce to a one- sided growth. After careful observa- 
 tions in search of some reason, no regular conditions of slope, 
 exposure or environment were found upon which to base any 
 theory. It has been asserted frequently, however, that this 
 uneven growth on either side of the heart was due to an uneven 
 distribution of the roots ; and that the greater accretion in the 
 tree trunk would be found on the side of the tree on which lay 
 the largest roots. 
 
 In the preceding tables the indicated age of the tree is based 
 upon the number of rings revealed by the stump ; but in each 
 case if the tree had been cut close to the ground a greater num- 
 ber of rings would have been found and consequently a greater 
 age indicated. This should be borne in mind in connection with 
 the statistics referred to. The stumps varied in height from one 
 to four feet, the height of the stump depending in each case upon 
 the convenience of the axeman and the position in which he 
 stood while at work. 
 
 One column of figures in Table IV indicates the length of the 
 section taken by the lumbermen for their logs, and represents 
 one, two, or three logs of 13 feet 4 inches each, that being the 
 length cut by the log- choppers in the Adirondack forests. For 
 instance; in Specimen No. 6 (right-hand page), 26 feet and 8 
 inches of trunk were taken, showing that two logs were obtained 
 from that tree. Specimen 19 shows that a section of the trunk 
 40 feet long was removed, from which it appears that this tree 
 furnished three logs ; and specimen 60, that 53 feet and 4 inches of 
 8 
 
58 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 the tree trunk, making four logs, were taken. Specimen 83 shows 
 that five logs aggregating 66 feet and 8 inches were taken, the top 
 log being only eight inches in diameter at the top or small end. In 
 this tree it appears, from the next column of figures, that only 15 
 feet and 5 inches of top remained, indicating that this tree, which 
 was 84 feet 9 inches high, was not only tall, but cylindrical and 
 free from limbs nearly to its crown. Specimen 87 was 93 feet 
 and 7 inches high, and although taller than the one just men- 
 tioned, furnished the same number of logs, the top log, however, 
 being 12 inches in diameter at its small end. 
 
 The tallest tree mentioned in Table IY is Specimen 839, which 
 was ^8 feet 6 inches high, and 22 inches in diameter on the stump. 
 Specimen 832 was 26 inches in diameter, but only 87 feet 8 inches 
 high, and furnished four logs instead of five. It will be noticed that 
 many of the trees furnished only two logs and some only one, 
 although they were of a fair height. The small number of logs 
 obtained from a tree was due in some instances to rotten butts, or 
 to the fact that there was too great a limb development at the 
 top of the tree, the top measurements indicating in many cases 
 that the trunk diminished in diameter, or "tapered" too rapidly. 
 
 In Table IY the figures showing the number of rings per inch 
 indicate that the Adirondack bJack spruce when growing under 
 natural conditions, where the trees are overcrowded and de- 
 prived of light, requires on an average over 24 years for an 
 increase of two inches in diameter ; but an examination of the 
 figures shows that many of the trees, which had attained a height 
 enabling them to dominate the surrounding ones, required from 
 six to eight years only to gain two inches. Thus the tree repre- 
 sented by Specimen 43 was 30 years in gaining the third inch 
 of radius while it was only seven years in growing an inch after 
 its crown had reached to where it could gain proper nourishment. 
 Specimen 456 evidently had the advantage of light and air from 
 the time that it was a nursling, as is indicated by the compara- 
 tively small number of years required in adding each inch to its 
 diameter. 
 
 From the measurements and notes made by Forester Humes 
 in Township 14, Town of Fine, St. Lawrence county the fol- 
 lowing deductions as to the average age of the spruce are 
 made: 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 59 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 DIAMETER IN INCHES. 
 
 Number 
 of trees.* 
 
 Maximum and 
 minimum ages. 
 
 Average 
 age. 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 138200 
 
 173 
 
 14 . . . 
 
 9 
 
 145275 
 
 181 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 174 203 
 
 184 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 167 201 
 
 183 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 156 200 
 
 183 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 173200 
 
 184 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 184283 
 
 211 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 189289 
 
 212 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 199 291 
 
 246 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 107345 
 
 248 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 189 300 
 
 266 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 178 301 
 
 270 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 195 302 
 
 270 
 
 26 , 
 
 15 
 
 231354 
 
 285 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 258 316 
 
 288 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 271 301 
 
 281 
 
 29 , 
 
 7 
 
 273 333 
 
 304 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 2,5 325 
 
 299 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 231 293 
 
 272 
 
 32 . , 
 
 1 
 
 290 . . . 
 
 290 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 285 . .. 
 
 285 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 302 374 
 
 330 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 326 351 
 
 338 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 237 
 
 
 
 * These trees do not represent any definite area or yield per acre, but were selected with 
 reference to securing specimens of each diameter. 
 
60 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 And from the measurements and notes made by Foresters 
 Olmstead and ISanford in Township 20, Franklin county, and 
 Township 3 (" Atherton "), St Lawrence county, the following 
 deductions as to the average age of the Adirondack spruce are 
 made: 
 
 TABLE VI. 
 
 DIA.METEB IN INCHES. 
 
 Number 
 of spruce 
 trees. 
 
 Minimum and 
 maximum ages. 
 
 Average 
 age. 
 
 12 
 
 217 
 
 96 185 
 
 128 
 
 13 
 
 177 
 
 102 210 
 
 139 
 
 14 
 
 187 
 
 104214 
 
 143 
 
 15 
 
 71 
 
 114-217 
 
 151 
 
 16 
 
 113 
 
 116212 
 
 154 
 
 17 
 
 53 
 
 121236 
 
 161 
 
 18 
 
 77 
 
 130209 
 
 154 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 95 200 
 
 174 
 
 20 
 
 53 
 
 133 235 
 
 184 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 156 227 
 
 185 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 162224 
 
 189 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 149_234 
 
 166 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 160226 
 
 195 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 213 . . . 
 
 213 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 197 . .. 
 
 197 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 217226 
 
 222 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 We are unable to account satisfactorily for the difference in 
 average age as indicated in the two preceding tables. It may 
 be that if the figures in the first had included as large a number 
 of trees and as wide a scope of territory as are embraced in the 
 second table, that the two results would agree better. The aver- 
 age age as indicated in Table Y corresponds substantially with 
 that of the black spruce in Maine, as based upon measurements 
 made by Mr. Austin Gary, whose report shows that the average 
 age of the 12-inch spruce is 171 years; the 13-inch, 174 years; 
 the 14-inch, 189 years, and the 15-inch, 185 years. 
 
 A remarkable feature in connection with the biology of the 
 spruce is the exceedingly wide range of ages in trees of the same 
 diameter. Thus, in Table YI it will be noted that of 187 trees 
 all 14 inches in diameter on the stump, there is a difference of 
 110 years in some of the ages. Some will readily explain this 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 61 
 
 wide divergence by claiming that in many cases there were two or 
 more rings formed in single years owing to climatic effects, 
 which is discussed later on. 
 
 But, in view of the short season in the Adirondacks during which 
 the flow of sap is not checked, as might occur in trees which feel 
 the influence of an early spring, only one ring could reasonably 
 be expected for each year's growth. It is more reasonable 
 to account for the rapid growth of some of the trees by 
 the fact that these trees stood where they received more 
 light and air; and for the slow growth of the others by the 
 deprivation of the same. 
 
 Although the black spruce is the slowest in growth of all our 
 forest trees, it does not require the number of years to attain 
 maturity that are indicated by the preceding statistics. It must 
 be borne in mind that these tables indicate the age of the spruce 
 when growing under natural conditions, where it is deprived of a 
 proper amount of light and air during the greater period of its 
 growth. Starting as a seedling, the young tree struggles for 
 many years in the cold and gloom of the underbrush, the first 
 decade of its existence being merely a struggle for survival. 
 This is evident from the figures in Table IY, in which so many 
 trees show that over 30 years were passed in attaining their first 
 inch of radius or two inches of diameter. Only through the sur- 
 vival of the fittest do these nurslings struggle upward until by 
 overtopping the surrounding growth they gain light and air, 
 after which their increase in rapidity of growth is plainly 
 noticeable. 
 
 Now the black spruce of the Adirondacks does not require any 
 such number of years to attain a merchantable size. On Lot 94-, 
 Township 21, in the Town of Long Lake, Hamilton county, there 
 is at the present time a thick growth of spruce on a piece of land 
 where the Rev. Robert Shaw, a local clergyman, according to his 
 statement, mowed grass 26 years ago. Many of the trees in this 
 clump of spruce are over 30 feet high and nine inches in diame- 
 ter. Emerson* mentions seven spruce trees of 31 years' growth, 
 in the Botanic garden, which averaged 30 inches in diameter, or 
 one-third of an inch annual growth in diameter. 
 
 * Trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, by Gteorge B. Emerson. 
 
62 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 In the office of the Forest Commission there are some carbon 
 paper impressions showing growth rings taken from the stumps 
 of spruce trees recently cut by lumbermen trees which were 
 growing in a spruce forest that had been lumbered 24 years ago, 
 at which time all the larger spruce was taken out. The acceler- 
 ated growth of the young spruces which were left, due to the 
 admission of light and air through the removal of the large trees, 
 is plainly seen in the wider rings shown by the carbon impres- 
 sions taken from the stumps. Up to and just preceding the time 
 when the lumbermen first went into this forest these spruces 
 were growing at a rate of 26 rings to the inch. Immediately 
 after this thinning and interlucation there was an increased 
 growth, as shown by the impression paper, at the rate of 11 rings 
 to two inches. 
 
 We regret exceedingly that we are unable to reproduce in print 
 these impression papers of tree rings so as to furnish them with 
 this publication, for they argue plainly and incontestably as to 
 the increased product and revenue which can be derived from our 
 spruce forests where the cutting is done under an intelligent 
 system. 
 
 That the number of rings disclosed by the cross-section of a 
 tree-trunk indicates the years of age is a generally accepted fact. 
 It is so taught in all text-books pertaining to the subject. Asa 
 Gray states that " the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off 
 at the base, exhibits as many concentric rings of wood as it is 
 years old." 
 
 Emerson* says of these tree rings that " a single circle attains 
 maturity, in temperate regions, every year." 
 
 Goodalef states that this tk development of the film of growth is 
 usually continuous in a given season, but it may be interrupted, in 
 which case it is possible to have two rings added to the wood in 
 a single year, whereas, as everyone knows, there is usually only one 
 new ring for each year's growth" 
 
 The " interrupted " growth just referred to is the result of a 
 period of cold weather acting upon trees which in the same sea- 
 son have felt previously the influence of an early spring. But in 
 
 * Trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, by George B. Emerson. 
 
 t Garden and forest, Vol. IT, March 20, 1889: Principles of Physiological Botany, as applied 
 to Forestry; by George Lincoln Goodale. 
 
N. 
 
 THE LIFE h 
 
NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 IE LI 
 
 1STORY OF A TREE. 
 
Cross-section of Black Spruce, 115 years old, 12 inches in diameter 
 on the stump. From an impression made with carbon paper. 
 The greater thickness of the outer rings is due to interluca- 
 tion made by lumbermen eighteen years ago. 
 
 Albany Eng. Co. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 63 
 
 the cold, backward climate which prevails in the habitat of the 
 Adirondack spruce there is no early spring, and no premature 
 starting of the sap or liability to such interruptions. In that 
 region spring is late in coming, and barely ushers in the summer. 
 
 Hough * says : " The record of the seasons for a long period 
 may be determined, at least in effect, by the width of the rings 
 of annual growth. We sometimes find, at recurring intervals, a 
 narrow ring, perhaps every third year, that may have been 
 caused by the loss of leaves from worms that appear at that 
 interval, and that have thus left their record when every other 
 proof of their presence has perished. We have seen sections of 
 trees in the museums of Schools of Forestry, in which these 
 proofs were recorded through a century or more of time, and the 
 years could be definitely fixed by counting inward from the year 
 when the tree was felled. 
 
 " When the bark and wood of a tree are cut or wounded by 
 accident, as by the marking hammer of the forester, or the axe 
 of a surveyor, the growth from the side will gradually close over 
 the injury, and fill in the inequalities, so that, when afterward 
 split off, it will often show in relief any depressions or cuts on the 
 original trunk. Many Forest Academies in Europe have in their 
 museums specimens of timbermarks thus cut or stamped into 
 wood, with the cast taken by nature from the mold. The land- 
 marks of surveyors have thus been found more than a hundred 
 years afterward. Some scar, or, in coniferous trees, perhaps a 
 gum spot, would be noticed upon the outside, and by cutting 
 down through as many rings of growth as there had been years 
 since the former survey, the marks of the ax would be found." 
 
 It is no new idea. Over 400 years ago, Leonardo da Yincif, 
 who was a a observant botanist as well as a great painter, wrote : 
 " The rings of the branches of trees show how many years they 
 have lived, and their greater or smaller size whether they were 
 damper or drier. They also show the direction in which they 
 were turned, because they are larger on the north side than on 
 the south, and for this reason the center of the tree is nearer the 
 bark on the south than on the north side." 
 
 But these statements need not rest upon any botanical theory. 
 In the course of our work we have often found it necessary to 
 
 * Elements of Forestry, by Franklin B. Hough, Ph. D. 
 
 1 11 Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano : Vol. I, No. 1, 1869. 
 
64 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 re-establish, the old boundary lines of various townships in the 
 Adirondack forest. The surveyors have repeatedly cut blocks 
 out of line trees in which the old original " blaze " was grown 
 over with wood and hidden from sight ; but the number of tree 
 rings outside the original but concealed scar of the blaze mark 
 corresponded exactly with the number of years which had elapsed 
 since the time when the surveyors first ran the line. This curious 
 and interesting phenomenon has been observed so often in the 
 course of our work that it has ceased to attract attention as a 
 novelty. Many suits involving the title to or possession of land 
 have been decided in courts on the evidence of some surveyor 
 who proved the date of an old survey by introducing as evidence 
 a block of wood cut from a line tree. 
 
 In view of the general belief that the annular grains of tree 
 growth are coincident in number with the years of age, it is 
 interesting to note that this idea is strongly combated by some 
 careful observers. While we do not agree with the conclusions 
 in the following article, it is reproduced here as an interesting 
 contribution to the literature pertaining to this subject. The 
 article is reprinted from the Saw-Mill Gazette : 
 
 GROWTH RINGS ON TREES. 
 Age said not to be indicated by them. 
 
 " There is an old landmark on the DeLarm farm that is of considerable 
 interest. The farm is located on what is known as the ' high road' to DuBois 
 from Reynoldsville. The landmark, which is a notch in atree, locates a corner 
 of the DeLarm farm, which is in Jefferson county. The landmark also locates 
 the boundary line between Jefferson and Clearfield counties. When the 
 notch was cut Clearfield and J-fferson counties had not been organized, 
 and the line ran between two other counties. The line still remains, 
 though it does not now mark the boundary of either of the original counties. 
 The notch was cut into the tree in 1785, just 108 years ago. This fact 
 is proven by the rings in the tree that are visible and which number 108. 
 Sometimes parts of a tree containing a notch similar to this one, establishing 
 a corner, are taken into court and are accepted as evidence. The date, 
 designated by the number of rings, is also accepted." Reynoldsville Volunteer, 
 Pa. 
 
 " The above item Is from a recent copy of a Pennsylvania journal, and serves to show how 
 tenaciously man clings to old fallacies. Of all silly notions this idea of rings being an indicator 
 of the age of trees seems to be most senseless, and yet, according to the above authority, the 
 rings of a tree are accepted as evidence in courts. 
 
 If the determining of the age of a tree by the rings was one of those things that was 
 difflcu t to controvert, then there might be some excuse for depending upon them, but when 
 there are s- many opportunities at hand to disprove the theory, to adhere to the fallacy is worse 
 than ignorance it becomes a species of bigotry. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 65 
 
 Just how the notch proves what is asserted is not made clear, as any cut into the side of 
 a healthy tree is sure to fill up by the outer growths after a series of years, but somewhere the 
 authority for the statement found 108 rings, and forsooth the notch was cut 108 years ago; logic, 
 and as a matter of course, " a horse chestnut must be a chestnut horse." 
 
 Had a section from an opposite side of the tree been cut there would have been found, with- 
 out doubt, another number of rings, either less or more, or had the count been several feet 
 above the notch the number would have been less, or below it a short distance there would 
 have been found a greater number. 
 
 If the believers in the rings are to tell us the age of a tree thereby, they must settle just at 
 what point the count is to be made for beginning at the ground and going upwards, it is found 
 that the number of rings grows less as you ascend. This must be so from the natural course 
 of things, aa new shoots put out from the top and continue the upward growth of the tree 
 every year. We can see no way out unless we make our count at the ground, but here even we 
 encounter another difficulty, and one that is serious, if the tree should be one that has grown 
 where one side is fully exposed to the sun and the other shaded. In that case, counting from 
 the heart, it will be found that on the exposed side of the tree the number of rings is greatly 
 in excess of the number on the shaded side. 
 
 A notable case is called to mind of a second-growth white ash that grew in a hedge on the 
 south side of a fence. This tree showed forty clearly defined rings upon the south side of the 
 heart, and, by a liberal allowance, after examining with a magnifying glass, thirty was the 
 most that could be defined on the north side, so that it was just as easy to prove the tree thirty 
 as it was to prove it forty years old . The same butt was cut off eight feet above the cutting 
 kerf, and the number of rings had been reduced to twenty and sixteen. Curiosity led to a fur- 
 ther examination and the stump was cut close to the ground, where no difficulty was experi- 
 enced in counting sixty and forty-five rings, respectively. 
 
 A further proof was furnished by the recorded facts of the fence having been erected on that 
 line thirty five years before, as a boundary line between the estates of two brothers, being a 
 part of a plot that was divided up between heirs, and the tree grew after the fence was built. 
 Of course, such a case would cot count against the prejudice of ages, but it becomes a stub- 
 born fact, nevertheless. 
 
 Let anyone plant a number of seed apple, peach or plum, something that grows quickly 
 care for the sprouts, and after three or four years cut them and count the growth-rings and 
 thus satisfy himself. It is doubtful if two out of a dozen will contain the same number of 
 rings, or if anyone will show a number corresponding with the age. The thriftier the shoot 
 the greater the number of rings, and the more stunted and weak the specimen the less the 
 number, and yet all may be of the same age and grown under similar conditions. 
 
 All roots, those used for food as well as those that are not, are of a woody nature, and where 
 the circumstances are unfavorable the least thrifty of the edible show a fibrous, woody compo- 
 sition, and at times some are found that can not be eooked to make them fit for food. In all 
 the growth rings are defined, but in none so clearly as in the beet. Not only does it show the 
 rings, but it shows the porous state and medullary rays as well. These rings neither indicate 
 days, months, moons or other time divisions. On a tender, thrifty root there may be a dozen 
 or more rings, while a less thrifty one grown at its side may not show half that number. What 
 will our seer tell us regarding the ages of these beets ? 
 
 Leaving all other tests aside, there is a law of nature that upsets all this annular ring growth 
 theory. Everything has its growing, ripening and decaying season. The tree, like the straw of 
 wheat, grows to its full, ripens and then dies. A tree may be vigorous and put on wood, or, in 
 other words, grow for one hundred years, but that hundred years does not mark its life ; for 
 fifty or even a hundred more years the life sap may be sufficient to nourish and maintain the 
 growth already made, but not enough to put on new wood, and another fifty or hundred years 
 may pass, during which no new growth is made, and during which the vital fluid is sufficient to 
 maintain the tree in full vigor, during which it slowly but surely dies. Here may be three 
 hundred years of life, and yet, during two hundred years, not an ounce of new wood has been 
 added, and yet, in face of all, men will assert that they can determine the age of a tree by its 
 rings. 
 
 What, then, are these rings and what do they determine ? The common-sense answer is, they 
 are growth rinzs nothing more. One may be the result of a year, a month or a week or any 
 other division of time; all depends upon circumstances. If an entire summer has been moist 
 
 9 
 
66 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 and vegetation has suffered no drawback from drouth or cold, it is barely possible that the 
 entire growth of that season will be represented by a single ring, but even this is doubtful, as 
 it is the thin sap which flows nearest the bark that nourishes the growth, and if an extra large 
 growth is formed the sugar and glutinous matter in the sap may thicken and impede the flow 
 of the more watery portion, and by f Arcing it into the ne v inner bark cause a new growth; 
 but if, after a growing period, there comes a drouth sufficient to rob th roots of the necessary 
 moisture, the sap in the wood thickens and the n>ore watery seeks the inner bark, through 
 which it carries nourishment to the leaves. This is often insufficient, and many leaves fall and 
 others wilt, but with a fall of rain the supply of vital fluid is increased, the leaves brighten up 
 and the smaller ones grow. New life is imparted, and with this new life comes a new growth, 
 another ring is formed, and so on through the entire season Who living in the north has not 
 seen the leaves nipped by a frost after they were full and fall to the ground ? After a few warm 
 days and a warm rain new leaves start and the tree is soon in full foliage, but there has been a 
 check to growth and a new growth starts with the new leaf. Thus, one cause another checks 
 one growth and invites another, making a ring each time entirely independent of years.' 1 
 Saw- Mitt Gazette. 
 
 Mr. Austin Gary, of Bangor, Me., who, acting under instruc- 
 tions from the National Forestry Bureau, has been engaged in 
 the Maine forests in counting tree rings with a view to establish- 
 ing the age of the black spruce in that State, calls attention in 
 his report to certain facts which throw some light on this matter 
 of variable or retarded tree growth : 
 
 " While carrying out the field work, which is behind all these 
 statements, facts were found proving the influence of the weather 
 on the growth of trees. In May, 1893, while at work on the 
 Androscoggin river, word came from Mr. J. A. Pike, of Berlin, 
 !N". H., that record was to be seen in the spruces of a series of 
 cold years which occurred in the early part of the century. This 
 was richly worth examination, and I immediately set about in- 
 vestigating the matter. Beginning the count of rings with the 
 bark, it was found on the first log examined that a number of 
 rings, being in that case the seventy-ninth to the eighty -third 
 from the bark, were very distinctly thinned. Continuing the 
 search, every tree was found to have a belt of thin rings in sub- 
 stantially the same position, these being reduced in some cases 
 almost to microscopic. 
 
 " As soon as access could be had to books the history of the 
 matter was looked up, and it was found that the years 1812 t<3 
 1816 in Maine were very extraordinary years. The temperature 
 was unusually low as an average, and in 1812, 1815 and 1816, at 
 least, frosts or snows or both occurred in the summer. In 1815 
 and 1816 crops through the State were very seriously impaired, 
 and many people despairing of the agricultural prospects of the 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 67 
 
 country emigrated to the Ohio valley. This severe weather 
 then was without doubt the cause of the thin rings so regularly 
 found in the spruce trees. 
 
 " Since that time this zone of rings has been found in spruce 
 trees in all parts of the State and in the northern portion of New 
 Hampshire. Careful notes of its character and occurrence were 
 taken, in the course of other study, and the facts observed and 
 inferences drawn will be found in full in the publications of the 
 United States Forestry Division. 
 
 "This belt of thin rings can be seen by anyone who will take 
 the trouble to examine carefully any good sized spruce log. It 
 demonstrates the effect of inclement seasons on the growth of 
 trees, and it is further of value in that while there is some varia- 
 tion about it, the approximate regularity of its position, the close 
 correspondence in number of the rings outside the thin belt with 
 the seasons that have elapsed since the cold year, gives added 
 confidence in the substantial regularity of ring deposit and con- 
 sequently in the results of investigation which proceed on that 
 assumption. 
 
 " An instance of the effect o, exposure on the growth of trees 
 I am able to present through the interest of Mr. William Monroe, 
 of Bangor. In the winter of 893-94 he scaled* a landing of 
 spruce hauled into Silver lake in the Town of Katahdin Iron 
 Works, from a piece of ground on the south slopes of Saddle 
 Rock Mountain, which had never before been cut. The soil was 
 a deep red loam, and the spruce was gathered along brook runs 
 or scattered amongst the hardwood growth intervening. But 
 the point is that the timber was divided between two separate 
 slopes of the mountain, the upper one of wl ich was some 200 feet 
 above the lower, and considerably more exposed. 
 
 "The timber from each slope was yarded on the more level 
 land at its base, and Mr. Monroe kept a separate scale of the two 
 lots. A marked difference in the size of the trees is found. The 
 logs cut on the upper and more exposed slope were 4,377 in 
 number, and scaled 435,726 feet, B. M., or 99 feet to the piece. 
 The lower lot numbered 2,598 sticks, and the total scale was 
 320,811 feet, or 123 feet to the piece. The difference is 24 per 
 
 * Measured. 
 
68 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 cent, of the smaller piece. No other cause for it being apparent, 
 the difference in the size of the trees seems to be due to their 
 greater or less exposure." 
 
 FOREST COMPOSITION. 
 
 Throughout the entire forest, covering the Adirondack Plateau, 
 where the altitude exceeds 1,300 feet, the hardwood growth 
 accompanying the black spruce is in almost every locality made 
 up of maple, beech and yellow birch. Here and there, but at 
 widely separated intervals, are scattering specimens of the 
 white and black ash, black cherry, elm, basswood, " hard- 
 hack "* (Ostrya Virginica), and white birch. On burned 
 areas or reforested clearings the poplars and "pin" cherries 
 (Prunus Pennsylvania) grow in abundance, but are seldom seen 
 growing with the spruce in the primeval woods. 
 
 In order to give some idea of the general composition of the 
 Adirondack woods, the foresters were directed to measure off in 
 different places an acre or more of ground and count each tree 
 within the space, noting, also, its diameter and species. They 
 were further instructed to take pains that the localities selected 
 should be ones in which the growth had no unusual character- 
 istics, and which would fairly represent the number and propor- 
 tion of the various species per acre. 
 
 Foresters Olmstead and Sanford accordingly selected four 
 acres on Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin county, in the immediate 
 vicinity of the forest in which they examined the trees embraced 
 in the first 700 specimens of Table IY. These four acres are 
 situated about four miles west of the head of the Upper Saranac 
 Lake, and near the line of the Adirondack division of the New 
 York Central railroad. Their notes do not embrace the young 
 trees of seven inches in diameter or less, of which there was the 
 usual proportion standing among the others. The undergrowth, 
 like that of all the Adirondack forests, was somewhat dense, 
 being composed largely of " witch hopple " ( Viburnum lan- 
 tanoides) and striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum). The moun- 
 tain maple (Acer spicatum) was not plentiful, this species appa- 
 rently seeking the roadsides or openings. 
 
 * Local, for Iron-wood. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 69 
 
 TABLE YIL 
 
 ACRE No. 1. 
 Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. 
 
 , 
 DIAMETER. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 
 8 inches . .... 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 53 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 13 .... 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 70 
 
 193 
 
 Average diameter, including eight inches and upwards : 
 Spruce, 10 inches ; hemlock, 10 inches ; balsam, $% inches ; 
 yellow birch, 17J inches ; maple, 14| inches ; beech, 10-J inches. 
 
70 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE VIII. 
 
 ACKE No. 2. 
 Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. 
 
 DIA. METER. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 8 inches 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 16 
 
 53 
 
 9 " 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 " 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 11 " 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 12 " 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 13 u 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 " 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 15 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 " 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 17 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 " 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 19 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 39 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 
 164 
 
 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, 
 inches ; hemlock, 10f inches ; balsam, 8J inches ; yellow birch, 
 13 J inches ; hard maple, 13f inches ; beech, 9-^ inches. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 71 
 
 TABLE IX. 
 
 ACRE No. 3. 
 
 Lot 39, Township 20, Franklin County. 
 
 DIAMETER. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 8 inches 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 25 
 
 61 
 
 9 .... 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 15 . . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 209 
 
 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, llf 
 inches ; hemlock, 12 J inches ; balsam, 9 inches ; yellow birch, 
 inches ; hard maple, 17-^ inches ; beech, 9 inches. 
 
72 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE X. 
 
 ACRE No. 4. 
 Lot 39, Township 20, franklin County. 
 
 DIAMETER. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 8 inches 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 9 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 " 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 11 " . . . . 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 12 " 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 13 " 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 " 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 15 " 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 16 " 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 17 " 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 18 " 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 19 ff 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 " 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 22 ". 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 28 " 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 " 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 132 
 
 Average diameter, including eight inches : Black spruce, 
 inches; hemlock, llf inches ; balsam, 9 inches; yellow birch, 14 
 inches; hard maple, 16-| inches; beech, 12-J inches. 
 
 The trees noted in the next table were counted and measured 
 by Foresters Olmstead and Sanford on an acre located on Lot 31, 
 Township 19, Town of Altamont, Franklin county. On this acre 
 all trees above four inches in diameter were included in the for- 
 ester's notes. Although in a different township and several miles 
 to the westward it will be noticed that the composition of this 
 piece of forest is essentially the same as that shown in the four 
 preceding tables. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 73 
 
 TABLE XI. 
 
 ACRE No. 5. 
 
 Lot 31, Township 19, Franklin County. 
 
 DIA.METER. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Balsam. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Total. 
 
 5 inches 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 6 < 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 8 ... 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 9 . , . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 51 
 
 239 
 
 Average diameter, including five inches : Black spruce, 
 inches ; hemlock, 12^ inches ; balsam, 6f inches ; yellow birch, 
 14^ inches ; hard maple, 14 inches ; beech, lOf inches. 
 
 The general composition of the Adirondack forest is fairly rep- 
 resented by the species shown in the five preceding tables. But 
 in traveling through the wilderness exceptional forest tracts will 
 be often noted. In some localities, as shown in Table XII, the 
 hemlock predominates, and the spruce is of secondary importance. 
 In others the white pine, which has nearly disappeared from the 
 Adirondacks, is still to be found. Then, again, in some places 
 only one of the three dominant hardwoods is growing. 
 
 In illustration of these exceptional types of timber land we fur- 
 nish here some tables based on notes and measurements made by 
 Forester Frank C. Parker, who was instructed to examine certain 
 tracts in Essex county. 
 
 10 
 
74 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE XII. 
 
 ACRE No. 1. 
 
 Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards * 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Piceanigrd) 
 Hemlock (Tsuga Cana- 
 densis) 
 
 11 
 35 
 
 12 16 
 1240 
 
 6.90 
 92.00 
 
 1,262 
 16,836 
 
 2 
 
 Yellow Birch (JBetula luted) 
 
 6 
 
 8-30 
 
 
 
 
 Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- 
 inum) 
 
 5 
 
 19 28 
 
 
 
 
 Beech. (Faous ferruginea) 
 
 36 
 
 10 24 
 
 
 
 
 Basswood (Tilia Ameri- 
 cana) ... ... 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 94 
 
 
 98 90 
 
 18 098 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This acre was selected in a virgin forest, situated on a gentle slape, well watered, 
 with an easterly exposure. Ground slightly rolling. A fair type of forest in which the hem- 
 lock predominates. The altitude is about 1,700 feet. The land is owned by the State. 
 
 TABLE XIII. 
 
 ACRE No. 2. 
 Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Black Spruce (Picea nigrd) ...... 
 Hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis) 
 Balsam (Abies balsamea) 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 817 
 16-28 
 7-16 
 
 4.55 
 12.08 
 2.96 
 
 832 
 2,210 
 541 
 
 White Cedar ( Thuya occidentalis) 
 Yellow Birch (JBetula lutea) , 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 1020 
 10 21 
 
 9.13 
 
 1,671 
 
 Beech (Fagus ferrugined) 
 
 7 
 
 12 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 86 
 
 
 28 72 
 
 5,254 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. On high land with an easterly exposure. The surrounding forest has the appear- 
 ance of having been burned over at some previous time, many years ago. The original field- 
 notes pertaining to the survey of this lot call for a corner on a burned hill. This corner is only 
 a short distance from the strip on which these measurements were made. The hardwood 
 has the appearance of a second growth, and some of the larger ones show the effects of fire. 
 
 * A " standard " log is 13 feet long and 19 inches in diameter at the smallest end, inside the 
 bark, and contains 183 feet of lumber, board measure. In the Adirondack forests the lumber- 
 men cut all their logs 13 feet long. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 75 
 
 TABLE XIY. 
 
 ACRE No. 3. 
 Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N~. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Picea nigrd). 
 Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- 
 inum) 
 
 28 
 47 
 
 821 
 10 28 
 
 21.54 
 
 3,942 
 
 6 
 
 Beech (Fagus ferruginea) . 
 
 43 
 
 721 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 118 
 
 
 21.54 
 
 3,942 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This acre is a primitive forest in which the hardwoods predominate. It is on a 
 piece of table land, well watered from slopes on either side. The maples and beeches are 
 thrifty and tall, this acre being a good type of an Adirondack forest in which there is a good 
 growth of spruce intermixed among the hardwoods. The undergrowth is composed largely of 
 Mountain Maple Oicer spicaturri) and small Yellow Birch. 
 
 TABLE XV. 
 
 ACRE No. 4. 
 Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 D ! ameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Picea nigrd). 
 Hemlock (Tsuga Canaden- 
 
 sis\ . . 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 918 
 12 30 
 
 37.00 
 9.98 
 
 6,771 
 1,826 
 
 12 
 
 White Cedar (Thuya occi- 
 dentalis) 
 
 46 
 
 9 22 
 
 18 24 
 
 3,338 
 
 
 W^ite Pine (Pwiusstrobus). 
 
 12 
 
 24 37 
 
 101 55 
 
 18,583 
 
 
 White Birch (Betula papy- 
 racea) 
 
 11 
 
 8 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 145 
 
 
 166.77 
 
 30,518 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES This acre represents a portion of virgin forest situated on rising ground, well 
 watered, a small brook running through a portion of it. The slope has a westerly exposure. It 
 is a fair example of the ridges on which the spruce predominates, and where it grows in com- 
 pany with other conifers. 
 
76 
 
 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE XYI. 
 
 ACRE No. 5. 
 Lot No. 12, Roaring Brook Tract, Essex County, N. T. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Piceanigra). 
 Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- 
 dcnsis) 
 
 36 
 40 
 
 920 
 8 26 
 
 15.49 
 17.37 
 
 2,834 
 3,178 
 
 4 
 
 White Cedar (Thuya occi- 
 dental is) . . . 
 
 6 
 
 926 
 
 6.60 
 
 1,208 
 
 
 Hard Maple ( Acer sacchar- 
 inuvn) 
 
 12 
 
 11 28 
 
 
 
 
 Beech. (Faous ferruoinea) 
 
 43 
 
 6 19 
 
 
 
 
 White Ash (Fraxinus 
 Americana) 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 138 
 
 
 39.46 
 
 7,220 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This acre was selected in a primitive forest, growing on a " bench" or naiural ter- 
 race, well watered, with a northerly exposure. The undergrowth, in addition to the nurslings 
 of the dominant species, was composed largely of Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum), with 
 occasional specimens of Striped Maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum) . The growth under and near the 
 hemlocks was completely covered in places with the American Yew or Ground Hemlock 
 
 TABLE XVII. 
 
 ACRE No. 1. 
 Lot No. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 In inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Picea nigra). 
 Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- 
 densis) . 
 
 52 
 26 
 
 516 
 
 928 
 
 14.49 
 20.00 
 
 2,651 
 3,660 
 
 4 
 
 Balsam (Abies balsamea) 
 
 44 
 
 716 
 
 9 00 
 
 1,647 
 
 
 Yellow Birch ( Betu/la Lutea) 
 
 37 
 
 620 
 
 
 
 
 Hard Maple (Acer sacchar- 
 inuni) 
 
 14 
 
 8 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals . . 
 
 173 
 
 
 43.49 
 
 7,958 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. Tnis lot (206, Township 11) was lumbered about 33 years ago by C. F. Norton, at 
 which time the pine and spruce were cut ; but the spruces under 10 inches in diameter were 
 not taken. Since then-- about 16 years ago it was cut over again, at which time some white 
 ash and yellow birch was taken, as well as the larger spruce. 
 
 This acre strip was measured off on level land, not low enough to be swampy, but a bench of 
 table land. The crown covering is dense; and the timber, with the exception of the hemlock 
 and some of the hardwoods, seems to be a second growth, that is, it has been growing among 
 first-growth trees, and has made a rapid progress after the interlucation made by cutting out 
 he larger trees. 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 77 
 
 TABLE XVIII. 
 
 ACRE No. 2. 
 Lot No. 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIE 3. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce(Picea nigra). 
 Hemlock ( Tsuga Cana- 
 densis) 
 
 51 
 15 
 
 516 
 10 24 
 
 20.00 
 24.00 
 
 3,660 
 4,392 
 
 7 
 
 Balsam (Abies balsamed) . . 
 Tamarack (Larix Ameri- 
 cana) . . . 
 
 38 
 5 
 
 7 -16 
 7 12 
 
 10.00 
 
 1,830 
 
 . . .. 
 
 Yellow Birch (Betula 
 luted) 
 
 30 
 
 10 23 
 
 
 
 
 Soft Maple (Acer dasycar- 
 t)um) . 
 
 14 
 
 8 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 153 
 
 
 54.00 
 
 9,882 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This acre was measured off at the xtreme end of a bench of table land extending 
 toward a swamp. The undergrowth is mostly small yellow birches and mountain maples, the 
 latter appearing only where the cutting had been severe, evidently pi ices where the ground 
 was originally cleared for skidways. 
 
 TABLE XIX. 
 
 ACRE No. 3. 
 Lot 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 in inches. 
 
 Standards 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Picea nigra} 
 Balsam (Abies balsaniea) 
 
 15 
 5 
 
 822 
 714 
 
 9.00 
 
 1,647 
 
 3 
 
 Hard Maple ( Acer sacchari- 
 ftuvn ) 
 
 30 
 
 9 28 
 
 
 
 
 Beech ( Faous ferriwinea) 
 
 39 
 
 7 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 89 
 
 
 9 00 
 
 1,647 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This acre was selected on a hardwood slope with a northerly exposure. Inter- 
 spersed with the larger trees there was a large number of small yellow birches and maples, and 
 in places, groups of small balsams, all under five inches in diameter. Only a * w of the hard- 
 wood trees had been cut by the lumbermen. 
 
 The crown development was dense, and the forest in good condition. 
 
78 
 
 ADIRONDACK SLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 TABLE XX. 
 
 ACBE No. 4. 
 Lot 206, Township 11, 0. M. Tract, Essex County, N. Y. 
 
 SPEOIE3. 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Diameters 
 n inches. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 Feet, B. M. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Black Spruce (Piceanigrd). 
 Hemlock ("Isuga Canaden- 
 si&\ . 
 
 36 
 30 
 
 8-22 
 12-27 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2,745 
 3,660 
 
 5 
 
 Balsam (Abies bcilsctwi6(i) 
 
 10 
 
 6-12 
 
 
 
 
 Yellow Birch (J36tulci Ifttcci) 
 
 27 
 
 7-24 
 
 
 
 
 Beech ( ~F\i.U'US fcTrugi/ '< CCL) 
 
 40 
 
 8-20 
 
 
 
 
 Black Cherry \Prunus sero- 
 tina} . ... .... 
 
 3 
 
 6-20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 146 
 
 
 35 
 
 6,405 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. This a ere is on land sloping toward the east On this strip thare is a cluster of 
 spruces ihat have all the appearances of being a "first -growth," although the trees are not 
 large. It is evident that at the time of the first cutting these trees were considered too small 
 for saw logs. 
 
 In several instances the owners of spruce timber lands in 
 northern New York have shown an encouraging and commend- 
 able tendency to manage their property with reference to sus- 
 tained productivity. Instead of taking all the merchantable tim- 
 ber available for immediate profit, they have restricted their 
 cutting materially with the intention of securing further growth 
 and further revenues in future. The cutting of small spruces for 
 pulpwood has been prohibited on many large tracts, although the 
 revenue -derivable from this source is large and available at any 
 time. Furthermore, the cutting for lumber or saw-logs is 
 restricted to trees 12 inches in diameter on the stump. 
 
 Although this is a step in the right direction, and something of 
 an improvement on previous methods, there is little in it worthy 
 of the name of forestry. As an approach to scientific or even 
 intelligent forestry methods it is a very slight advance indeed. 
 
 It is true that spruce lands in our State have been cut over a 
 second and even a third time, at intervals of 25 years or there- 
 about, and that such cuttings have proved remunerative. But 
 this was not rendered possible altogether by any increase in the 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 79 
 
 rate of growth due to the interlucation resulting from a previous 
 thinning of the trees ; nor in any great degree to the natural 
 increase in size during the intervals. 
 
 These successive crops of spruce were due for the most part to 
 other reasons. In the first cutting only the larger and easily 
 accessible trees were taken. Large trees were often left because 
 it did not pay to cut roads to them, the roads being confined to 
 the areas on which the timber grew thickly. In the second cut- 
 ting roads were extended into these areas of scattered spruces, 
 some slight increase in market price warranting this additional 
 expense. The large trees left at the first cutting were then taken 
 out, together with many others which had become large enough 
 through this additional period of growth. The third cutting 
 becomes feasible 25 years later by reason of increased market 
 values, improved means of access, and the demand for pulpwood 
 -the latter demand alone making it profitable in many instances 
 to cut over an old tract where the sawing timber by itself would 
 not yield enough to pay the expense of " lumbering" it. Of 
 course, the younger spruces increase in size during the intervals 
 between operations, and at each return the axeman finds some 
 trees large enough for saw-logs which previously were too small. 
 But too much stress has been laid on this factor in the question, 
 while too many other and important points have been ignored. 
 
 Assuming that our spruce forests are to be managed, for a 
 period at least, under the well-recognized and accepted forestry 
 method known as that of " selection," we will waive the all- 
 important question of cutting for improvement, and turn to that 
 of cutting for revenue for future and continuous revenue as 
 some of our well-intentioned forest owners are pleased to term it. 
 
 This method, which for convenience may be termed cutting for 
 revenue, can not secure the desired result that of the perpetual 
 maintenance of a merchantable species unless the cutting is 
 confined to mature trees only. Nothing short of this will answer. 
 Now, it would be difficult to say just what diameter should be 
 assumed in defining a matured spruce. This is evident from the 
 figures in the preceding tables. Moreover, this diameter must 
 vary in different localities. Such diameter can not be ascertained, 
 if at all, until working plans covering a century of improve- 
 ment cutting, seeding or planting have been exploited. It would 
 be idle to discuss it here. 
 
80 Tan ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 But if there is to be no improvement cutting, if our forest 
 owners prefer to start with a fixed diameter as a basis for restric- 
 tion in revenue cutting "a rule of thumb," as Dr. Fernow calls 
 it such diameter can be fixed approximately in each locality ; 
 and when thus determined, if it approximates closely the average 
 diameter of the matured spruce, it may answer as a first step in a 
 right direction. Such diameter need not be fixed at the maxi- 
 mum. On the contrary, something should be subtracted to offset 
 what is termed in forestry the interest account. A perfectly 
 managed forest is one that will produce the greatest possible 
 revenue and maintain it. It is evident that as a tree approaches 
 maturity there comes a time in its slowly waning growth after 
 which the increment will not equal in value the interest on the 
 money obtainable if cut at that time. Before felling a tree it is 
 not necessary to wait for the signs of decay that announce the 
 cessation of growth. The tree may be turned into money before 
 that, and, in view of the interest account, thus yield a greater 
 profit than to wait for its maximum development. 
 
 It would be impossible to name any diameters here which 
 should govern such cutting. But any owner of spruce lands can 
 arrive approximately at the proper size if the question is 
 approached intelligently and honestly. Ceri ainly, the twelve inch 
 limit now in use falls far below such requirements. A tree six- 
 teen inches in diameter yields twice as much lumber as one of 
 twelve inches ; and one twenty inches yields four times as much. 
 
 By harvesting matured trees only, the land owner receives the 
 legitimate income from his property, and makes it a perpetual, 
 interest-bearing investment ; by harvesting the timber before it 
 attains its growth, he decreases the future productivity of his 
 land, and, for the sake of immediate returns, makes a heavy draft 
 upon the principal. Moreover, if he confines his cutting for 
 revenue to mature trees he not only preserves his principal intact, 
 but by adding to his work some judicious improvement cutting 
 he can increase the value of the principal and its corresponding 
 productivity. 
 
 Many owners of spruce lands have been encouraged by the 
 repeated crops attainable from cutting on a basis of ten or twelve 
 inches in diameter on the stump to assume that such returns may 
 be obtained perpetually. Even if this could be done the yield 
 
THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 81 
 
 thus obtained must be inferior in quantity and value, like any 
 crop that is gathered before it is ripe or has attained its full 
 growth. 
 
 It is maintained by experienced foresters, and with good rea- 
 son, that the persistent cutting of any one species, especially 
 where it is done before the trees have attained their full size, 
 tends to the deterioration and, ultimately, to the extinction of 
 such species. This ought to be evident without going into the 
 technical reasons. 
 
 It is not intended in this report to criticise unfavorably the land 
 owners who are willing to accept pay for twelve-inch spruce. It 
 is their property, and if they prefer the cash in hand to future 
 payment they have the right to accept it without comment. In 
 fact, many who advocate other methods would probably do the 
 same if they were fortunate enough to own spruce timber lands. 
 But the owners of woodlands who are able to hold them, and who 
 may wish to manage their forest so. that it will yield the greatest 
 revenue, and are willing to waive immediate returns in favor of a 
 permanent, revenue producing investment will do well to study 
 this question carefully. 
 
 The felling of immature spruce merely for revenue should be 
 discontinued. Mature trees, however, should be converted into 
 money. Part of this money could be set aside with advantage as 
 a fund from which to pay the expense of improvement cuttings, 
 through which the growth of desirable species would be fostered 
 and inferior ones eliminated. The work of the axeman should 
 not be limited to the mature trees which are cut for revenue, but 
 should include the removal of all diseased trees and inferior 
 species, large and small, even though such timber does not yield 
 one cent to pay for the work. Then, again, it might be necessary 
 often to allow sound, mature trees to remain, because their 
 removal might influence surrounding conditions so unfavorably 
 as to inflict a loss greater than their value. But to go further 
 into this subject would involve the recital of technical details of 
 management which are foreign to the scope of this article. 
 
 Some mention should be made here of the natural tendency of 
 the Adirondack spruce to reproduce itself, a fortunate character- 
 istic that, under the guidance of skillful foresters, could be utilized 
 with great advantage in the work of forest improvement. But 
 11 
 
82 THE ADIRONDACK BLACK SPRUCE. 
 
 land owners who persist in cutting down to a small diameter on 
 the stump should not rely on this natural seeding of the spruce to 
 correct their faulty system. In the dissemination of spruce seed 
 and starting of natural plantations, nature has proved whimsicals 
 and while the young spruces generally succeed the poplars and 
 bird cherries on the burned lands, they often fail to restock the 
 lands of their own habitat which have been rendered bare bv 
 injudicious cutting. 
 
 The thrifty landowner who would manage his spruce lands 
 rightly should not only confine his cutting to sound methods, but 
 should employ a skillful forester whose judicious, fostering care 
 of the seedlings, together with some provision for the dissemina- 
 tion of seed, will insure that future stability of income which is 
 the main object and aim of intelligent, scientific forestry. 
 
 The foregoing paragraphs have dealt solely with the question 
 of the black spruce, because the other merchantable 
 species in the Adirondack forests growing in company with it 
 are seldom accessible. The white pine, except in few localities, 
 was removed years ago. The hemlock is valuable mainly on 
 account of its bark, and in many townships is not cut at all. The 
 hardwoods, though merchantable near the borders of the forest, 
 owing to their accessibility, are not marketable for the most part, 
 as the logs can not be floated down the streams. 
 
 Still, the roads and railways which are penetrating the forest 
 in increased numbers are fast rendering the hard woods accessible. 
 The time is near when most of the broad-leaved trees in the Adi- 
 rondacks, as well as the conifers, will become merchantable spe- 
 cies. The same provisions which should regulate the cutting of 
 the spruce will apply to them also. The value and pro- 
 ductivity of these timber lands will be correspondingly increased, 
 and with the proper management of our woodlands American 
 forestry will occupy its rightful place as a beneficent factor in our 
 political economy. 
 
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