LIBRARY OF THE University of California. ( rl p-T ( >K Accessions No. & 7 j^. Class No. /€>0 . 0? THE UNIVERSITY' LATIN READER: WITH REFERENCES TO THE EDITOR'S LATIN GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY. BY B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D. (Ktlingen), LL.D., Professor of Greek in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and late Professor in the University of Virginia. UIIVEE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING- COMPANY, NEW YORK. 1879. GlLDERSLEEVE'S LATIN SERIES. LATIN PRIMER. LATIN GRAMMAR. LATIN READER. LATIN EXERCISE-BOOK. Copyright, 1875, by University Publishing Company. ***352. MAIN PREFACE. The text of this Latin Reader, with the exception of the Fifth Part, consists of selections from the Lateinisches Lesebuch of Prof. Lattmann, to whose labors the other volumes of the series are largely indebted for whatever practical usefulness they may have been found to possess. The Fifth Part is made up of the Fifth Book of Caesar's Gallic War, with a Syntactical Commentary, originally intended to serve as a drill- book in Latin Syntax. Instead of mere references to the Grammar, the rules themselves are given in as brief compass as practicable, and a system of annotation has been devised, to secure, if possible, a thorough mastery of the principles involved. The following method of working this por- tion of the book is suggested. After the reading of the lesson assigned, the pupil is to shut the book and repeat the rule in response to the cita tion of the passage by the teacher. When the rule has been given in a previous lesson, and is simply referred to, the teacher may ask for the rule before the close of the reading, and if it be thought expedient, attention may be stimulated by requiring, in case of failure, the writing out of the rule and the citations. In the preparation of the Vocabulary, my labor has been lightened by a careful list of the words occurring in the Fifth Book of Caesar, for which I have to thank Mr. H. C. Brock, of Virginia ; and I am under especial obligations to Mr. A. D. Savage, of New York, for the verifica- tion of the numerous references in the foot-notes on the same part of this little work. B. L. GlLDERSLEEVE. University of Virginia, April 15th, 1875. OOZsTT.ElsrTS. i. PA6B Fabulae Aesopicae 6 II. Fabulae Aetatis Heroicae 15 III. Narratiunculae 25 IV. De Gestis Alexandra 37 V. De Bello Gallico, Liber Quintus 77 NOTES 124 VOCABULARY 136 r I7E Latin Reader i. FABULAE AESOPIOAE. 1. Taurus et musca. In cornu tauri parva sedebat musca. Si te nimi3 grav5, inquit, statim avolabo. Taurus respondet: Ubi es? nihil eentio. 2. Asinus aegrotus. Asinus erat aegrotus ; filius eum diligenter ctirabat. Venit lupus et ostium pulsans: Aperi, inquit, mi aselle; venio ad patrem visendum. 1 Filius per rimam ostil respondet : a Amici vocem audio, sed video fauces lupi. i 433. a 220. 3. Climax. Passer callidus ceperat culicem. Culex clamabat : Concede mihi vitam, oro te. Reputa juventutem meam. Non ita, re- spondet ille, devorabo te ; nam ego x sum magnus, tu es parvus. — Passerem edentem conspicit accipiter et cito unguibus cor- ripit. Turn passer clamavit: Cur me necas ? Nihil peccavi. Parce ! Non ita, respondet accipiter, devorabo te ; nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. — Dum accipiter passerem dilacerat, 3 subito ex aere devolat vultur et corripit accipitrem. Magne rex, clamat accipiter, mitte iram tuam et redde mihi libertatem. Non ita, respondet ille, devorabo te ;• nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. Ita loquens praedam dilaniat. Eepente superbo* collum perforat sagitta, quam venator e propinquo emiserat. Cur me interficis? clamat vultur moribundus, nunquam tibi 4 nocui. Jiire 6 te interficio, respondet venator ; nam ego sum magnus, tu es parvus. » 198. a 572. ■ 343. 4 345. 6 398. 6 LATIN READER. 4. Societas leonlna. Vacca, ovis, capella ' societatem fecerant cum leone. Paulo 2 post ceperunt cervum permagnum. Leo statim quattuor partes fecit ; turn ita locutus est : Ego piimam partem stimo, quia leo sum; alteram mihi tribuetis, quia fortitudine 3 excello ; tertia mihi debetur, quia validior sum, quam vos. Eestat quarta pars: at ne 4 quis 6 vestrum audeat earn tangere. »483.2. 8 400. »398. 4 266. »302. 5. Leo et mus. Leo maguus dormiebat in silva; prope ludebant mures, et incaute iinus nasum leonis tetigit. Leo experrectus murem corripit. Turn mus oriivit eum : Da mihi veniam, gratus tibi ero. Leo respondet : Misera bestiola, quid J tu mihi 2 proderis ? Sed ignoscam tibi 2 et dimittam te, nam leones sunt generosi. Effuge. Mus effugit. — Paulo post leo praedam quaerens incide- rat in laqueos. Fremebat maxime. Cito mus, qui fremitum audlverat, accurrit. Acutis dentibus 3 laqueorum nodos rodit et laqueos solvit. Sic parvus miis Hberavit magnum leonem. » 331, R. 2. a 345. » 403. 6. Ner5 et Phylax. Nero et Phylax una invenerant eximium os. Uterque totum os postulat ; rixa exardescit ; postremo amlci pugnam commit- tunt. Fluebat solum sanguine. Tandem Phylax JSTerdnem fugavit exsultansque ad locum, ubi praedam reliquerant, rediit. At aberat os. Canis prudentior id abstulerat, dum illl pugua- bant. 7. Leo senex. Leo defectus annis recubabat in spulunca sua et aegrum simulabat. Vlsitatum ! regem complures venerunt bestiae, quits protinus devoravit. Accessit etiam vulpes, sed cauta 2 ante speluncam procul stabat saltitans regem. Cur non intras ? in- terrogavit leo. Vulpes respondit: Quod video ves + Igia intran- tium multa, at nulla exeuntium. > 436. » 324, R. 5. FABULAE AESOPICAE. 7 8. Sturnus et cuculus. Ad sturnum, qui ex urbe auftigerat, volavit cuculus ; scire enim l volebat, quid homines de cantu suo 2 jiidicarent. 3 Quo- modo, interrogavit, homines de luscinia, loquuntur ? Ille re- spondet : Lusciniae cantum maximopere laudant. — QuOmodo de alauda? — Multi quidem hiijus cantum laudant. — QuOmodo do coturnice ? — Nonnulli etiam coturnlcis cantu delectantur. — Quid vero 4 de me jiidicant? — Hoc, inquit sturnus, dlcere tibi non possum; nusquam enim 1 tui fit mentio. Id non exspeetaverat cuculus. Si ita est, inquit Ira t us, in posterum semper de me ipse 5 loquar. 1 681. a 521. 3 469. « 4S9. 8 298. 9. Luscinia et acanthis. Luscinia et acanthis ante fenestram in caveis incmsae pende- bant. Luscinia cantum jucundissimum incipit. Pater filium interrogat, utra 1 avis tam suaviter canat, 2 et ostendit el utram- que. 3 Filius statim : Sine dubio, inquit, acanthis ista est, quae sonos illos suavissimos edit; pennas enim habet pulcherrimas. Haec fabula eos reprehendit, qui homines ex vestibus et forma aestimant. 1 315, R. a 469. > 307. 10. Asinus pelle le5nis indutus. Fugitivus asinus reperit in silva pellem leonis. Induit pellem et terrebat bestias et homines, tanquam led esset. 1 Eustici in vi- cos suos se condunt ; Jupl, ursl, cervi, boves, equi, oves, omnes be- stiae fuga salutem quaerunt. Postquam hoc modo diu per agro,9 saeviit, 2 venit tandem dominus. Turn ille horrendum in modum rudere coepit, ut herum quoque falleret. 3 Sed forte una auri- cula eminebat. Hanc herns comprehendens: Alios, inquit, fallas, 4 me non falles. Nov! " te, ml asine. Ita vehementer verberatum 6 domum 7 pellit. !604. 2 563. 8 545. * 257. 5 228, R. 1. 6 667, R. 1. T 410. 11. Vulpes orator pacis. Bland5 vultu. 1 ad stabulum, in ciijus tecto cum multis galli- als sedebat gallus, accessit vulpes. Salvete, inquit, et laetum, quern vobls adfero, accipite nuntium. Omnes, quae inter ani- 8 LATIN" READER. malia erant, inimicitiae exstinctae sunt, pax est facta. Ambu- lant cum leonibus cervl, cum lupis oves, cum felibus mures; descendite igitur, ut etiam nos amicitiam sempiternam junga- mus. Bene mones, respondit gallns, descendemus, et canis, quern accurrentem video, testis esto. — Accurrit canis? 2 subjicit vulpes. Fieri potest, ut pax canibus nondum nuntiata sit. 3 Valete. i 401. 2 455. 3 558. 12. Oervus. Cervus contemplabatur imaginem snam in rivulo. Laudabat cornua ram 6s a, sed'crurum nimiam gracilitatem vituperabat. Subito prope canes tollunt latratum. Trepidat cervus et cito fugit. Fugienti 1 instant canes; sed facile eum crura gracilia auferunt. Currit in silvam. At nunc ramosa cornua cervum ubique impediunt, moxque canes dentibus eum dilacerant. Turn moribund us errorem suum intellexit. Vituperavl, inquit, crura velocia, cornua, quae me perdiderunt, laudavi. 1 346. 13. Puer mendax. Puer mendax, qui patris gregem pascebat, libenter alios ludifi- cabatur. Aliquando ingentem clamorem sustulit: Auxilio J venite; lupus adest!— Accurrunt propere rusticl et ridentur. Proximo mense 2 hunc dolum repetivit. Paulo 3 post re vera lupus apparet. Jam rursus clamat: Auxilio venite; lupus adest! At nemo accurrit. Majore voce clamat, lacrimat, eju- lat ; frustra omnia. Tertium nos decipere vult, inquiunt rusticl. Tta lupus in gregem irrupit et plurimas 4 oves dilaniavit. ^SO. 2 392. 3 400. * 316. 14. Minus perferte, majus ne veniat malum. Kanae olim clamore magno ' regem petierunt a Jove. Eidet Pater deorum atque magnum truncum e caelo in paludem de- jicit. Subito motu aquarum sonoque perterritae, mergunt et latent in limo. Forte una profert e stagno caput et, exploratu rege, cunctas evocat. Illae, timore posito, adnatant; mox petu- lans turba in truncum insilit. Alium regem postulant, quoniam inutilis esset, 2 qui fuerat datus. Turn Juppiter misit ciconiam. FJPBULAE AESOPICAE. 9 Ea uno die 3 magnum ranarum numerum dilacerat, jugulat, vivas alias devorat. Reliquae mersae lugent, flent, orant, ut ab hac calamitate Kberentur. Sed deum nun movent querelae ac lacrimae. Benignum, inquit, et placid um regem non tulistis, jam ferum et barbarum fertote ! » 401. 2 541. See 509, 2. 3 392. 15. Ranarum convlcia. Agricolae Lycii Latonam sitientem ab aqua prohibebant atque etiam minas et convlcia addebant. Dea Ira ! commota improbos agricolfis mutavit in ranas. Neque tamen mutati conviciis 2 de- sistunt. Quamvis sint 3 sub aqua, sub aqua maledicere tentant. » 407, R. 1. 2 388. 3 60S. 16. Equus auxilium petit ab homine. Equus gerebat bellum cum cervo. Cum equus pulsus esset 1 e prato, auxilium petit ab homine. lledit cum homine ac cer- vum vincit. Sed jam ipse homini servire cogitur, equitem dorso 2 ferre et ore f re num. i 586. 3 387. 17. Quod catulum, non decet asinum. Dominus asini habebat etiam catulum. Is a domino 1 saepe laudabatur et permulcebatur, frustaque semper egregia el daban- tur. Hoc cum invidia videbat asinus. Cogitabat secum : Cur canis ita amatur a domino? ' Cur ego 2 male tractor? Ille inuti- lis est ; ego 2 maxima semper commoda domino comparavi. At canis callidus est adulator; a me dominus nunquam blanditias accepit. Etiam ego amabor, si idem faciam, 3 quod ille facere solet. — Forte hoc tempore 4 dominus intrat in stabulum. Sta- tim asinus accurrit, rudens pedes ponit in domini humeris et faciem lata sua lingua lambere incipit. Exterritus dominus et iratus vocat famulos, qui fustibus asinum stultum misere mul- cant. Mulcatus stultitiam suam deploravit. 1 205. 2 198. 3 234, R. 1. * 392. 18. Dictum citius quam factum. Mures aliquando consultabant, qaomodo se a 1 fele tueri pos- 1 * 10 LATIN" READER* sent. Multa proponebantur a singulis muribus, sed nihil place- bat. Postremo unus dixit: Tintinnabulum fell 2 annectendnm est; 3 turn statim audiemus, cum veniet, 4 facileque effugiemus. Omnes mures laetl 5 praedicant prudentem consilii auctorem. Jam tu, inquiunt, annecte tintinnabulum. Ego vero, respon- det ille, consilium dedi, alius operam sumat." Irritum consilium fuit, quoniam, qui fell aunecteret 7 tintinnabulum, non reperie- batur. 8 1 388. 2 346. 3 243. * 234, R. 1. » 324, R. 5. • 236, R. 3. 7 634. 8 224. 19. Duobus litigantibus, tertius gaudet. Duo viatores asinum in solitiidine errantem conspicati sunt. Accurrunt laeti et capiunt. Mox autem oritur contentio, uter x eum domum a abdiiceret. 3 Uterque 4 asinum sibi vindicavit, quia eum prior 6 conspexisset. 6 Dura ill! de ea re acriter rixan- tur, 7 asinus aufiigit ac neuter lucrum fecit. » 315, R. 2 410. 3 258. " 4 307. « 324, R. 6. « 541. » 572. 20. Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Duo amici una faciunt iter. Occurrit in itinere ursus. Alter 1 arborem conscendit et periculum evitat ; alter, cum rae- minisset, 2 illam bestiam cadavera non attingere, 3 hum! sese prosternit animamque continet, se mortuum esse 3 simulans. Accedit ursus, contrectat jacentem, 6s suum ad hominis os au- resque admovet, cadaver esse ratus, 4 discedit. Postea cum so- cius quaereret, quidnam ei 5 ursus dixisset 6 in aurem, respondit, Monuit, ne confiderem 7 amico, 8 cujus fidem adverso tempore non essem 9 expertus. 1306. 2 586. »527. 4 278, R. 6 343, R. 2. «469. »546. 8 345. »636. 21. Lupus ovis pelle indutus. Lupus ovis pelle indutus se immiscuit ovium gregi, 1 quoti- dieque aliquam ex 2 iis occldebat. Quod cum pastor animad- vertisset, 3 ilium necatum 4 de altissima arbore suspendit. Cum ceteri pastures eum interrogarent, 3 cur ovem suspendisset, ' pelle detecta, 4 monstrat lupum. »346. 2 371,R. 5. »586. * 409, R. 2. »469. FABULAE AESOPICAE. 11 22. Lupl gratia. Lupus, cui ' os devoratum in gutture haeserat, vehementer cruciabatur. Grui praemiam promisit, si illud e gutture extra- xisset. a Quod 3 cum grus longitudine colli facile effecisset/ pretium sibi promissum postulat. Turn lupus subridens den- tibusque frendeus: JSonne 5 satis, inquit, pretii 6 tibi videtur quod 7 caput incolume ex lupi faucibus retulisti ? 1343, R. 2. 2 515, R. 3. 3 612. * 586. 6 457. a 371. T 525. 23. Senex et mors. Senex quidam ligna in silva ceciderat et, fasce in humeros sublato, 1 domum 2 redire coepit. Cum fatigatus esset 3 et onere et itinere, deposuit ligna et, senectiitis et inopiae miserias secura reputans, clara voce 4 invocavit Mortem, ut se 5 omnibus malls 6 liberaret. 7 Mox adest Mors et interrogat, quid vellet. 8 Turn senex perterritus : Pro ! nunc liguorum fascem, quaeso, hume- ris meis 9 imponas. 10 » 409. 2 410. 3 536. * 401. 5 521. 6 3S8. 7 515. 8 511, R. 1. 9 316. 10 253. 24. Vespertilio. Vespertilio de lapsus in terrain comprehensus fuit a fele. Pe- tiit ille suppliciter, vitam ut ' sibi concederet. Sed feles hoc se facere posse negabat, 2 cum esset 3 capitalis hostis omnium avium. Turn vespertilio, se non avem, sed murem esse, dixit. Itaque dimissus est. Paulo 4 post captus ab alia fele, similiter petiit, ut x sibi 5 misero vitam condonaret. Id feles sibi factu 6 perdiffi- cile esse ait, quae cum omnibus muribus bellum gereret. 7 Ves- pertilio autem, se murem nequaquam esse, affirmavit, sed volu- crem. Sic iterum periculum evasit et nomine mutato 6 bis ser- vatus est. » 546. 2 446. 3 587. * 400. 6 521. 8 437. 7 636 aud 653, R. end. 8 667, R. 2. 25. Duo si faciunt idem, ndn est idem. Fabro pauperi, 1 qui pontem trcinsibat, securis dclapsa est in fluvium profundum. Turn ille, inops consilii, 2 in ripa sedens, misere lamentari coepit et cliimare : Deus fluvii ! miserere mei ! ' Dens emersit et interrogavit, cur lamentaretur.* "Eheu, secu- ris mea delapsa est in aquam tuam." Immersit deus et retulit Becurim, non earn tamen, quam amiserat faber, sed auream, et, I7BI 12 LATIN" READER. nam 5 haec esset, quam amisisset, 6 interrogavit. Non est, re- spondet vir probus cum suspirio. Deus iterum mersit et aliam extulit eamque 7 argenteam. Hanc quoque faber negavit 8 snam esse. Tertium deus veram securim attulit. Haec est, excla- mavifc faber, gratias tibi ago, deus benigne! Hac probitate de- legatus deus omnes ill! secures donavit. Faber laetus ad suds rediit. — Vix rem vicinus audiverat, cum ad eundem pontem cum seciiri festmavit. 9 Sua sponte facit, ut securis in aquam deci- deret. 10 Apparet deus. Eheu, inquit ille, securim meam per- didi ! Adfert deus tres secures, auream, argenteam, ferream. Elige ipse tuam, in quit. Turn ille aim 2 cupidus: Haec, inquit, mea est, et auream est arrepturus. Sed jam deus secures omnes in fluvium rejiciens: Apage, inquit, homo avare et mendax! Ne tuam quidem 11 securim recipies. Turn ille domum rediit, neque narravit cuiquam, 12 ubi securim amisisset. 4 I 346, end. 2 373. 3 376. * 469. 5 462. • 509, 2. » 293, R. 2. 8 446. » 532. »o 557. " 447, R. 2. 12 482, R. 3. 26. Graculus Aesopi. Juppiter, cum avibus regem daturus esset, diem constituit, qua convenirent 1 ad ipsum. 2 Turn graculus, suae sibi deformi- tatis 3 conscius, pennas, quae aliis avibus 4 exciderant, sustulit iisque ornatus processit. Ceterae autem aves suas quaeque 5 pennas impudent! ill! 4 eripuerunt atque deiisnm 6 rostris fuga- verunt. 1 632. a 521, R. 7. 3 373. * 343, 346, end. 6 305, R. 1. 8 667, R. 1. 27. Parvae res concordia crescunt. Inter rustic! cfijusdam ' filios grave discidium ortum erat. Diu frustra operam dederat pater, ut concordiam reconciliaret. Tandem: Virgulas, inquit, fili!, mihi afferte. Allatas 2 virgulas omnes in iinum fasciculum colligavit, eumqne constrictum a filils obtulit, ut frangerent. 3 111! autem, 4 quanquam vim om- nem adhibebant, frustra laborabant nee quidquam 6 profecerun^. Deinde pater nodum discidit singulasque illis virgulas dedit, quas nullo negotio confregerunt. Quo facto 6 senex eus sic allo- cutus est: Haec res, filii, vobls 7 exemplo sit. 8 Tuti eritis ab 9 ininiicorum injuriis, quamdiu inter vos 10 amabitis n et concor- EABULAE AESOPICAE. 13 des eritis; simul atque vero 12 facta erit 13 dissensio atque discor- dia, inimlcl in vos irrumpent. I 300. ^ 668. " 545. * 486. • 482, R. 3, 331, R. 3. • 612. * 350. ■ 265, 2. • 38S. »• 212. ii 234, R. 1. 12 489. » 281, Exc. 2. 28. Slmius rex. In conventu. quodam ' bestiarum tarn belle saltaverafc slmius, ut cunctis prope suffrages rex crearetur. 2 Vulpes, cum vanum ejus ingenium perspiceret, 3 dixit slmio : Postquam regnum tibi obtigit, 4 non celabo te, 5 quod 6 scire magnopere tua 7 inter- est. Quid id est? slmius interrogat. Thesaurus, respondet ilia, mihl a patre indicatus est, defossus in solitudine, qui jure 8 regni ad te jam pertinere videtur. Eamus 9 igitur, inquit slmius, ut tollamus. 10 Cave tu, monet vulpes ; nam equidem saepe audivi, periculo " earn rem non carere. 12 Nihil, inquit slmius, perlcu- II 13 est ; an " tu, obsecro, times ? Eamus 9 igitur, inquit vulpes, si placet. Postquam per silvas diu circumduxit 15 slmium, tan- dem ducit ad laqueos sub fruticibns absconditos, atque ibi dlcit thesaurum defossum esse. 12 Slmius festlnanter terram radens capitur. Turn misere clamavit : Auxilio 16 venl, amice! At vulpes. convocatls bestils omnibus : 17 Jam intellegetis, inquit, quanto 18 magis consilio regl 19 et temperantia opus sit, 20 quam arte saltandl. 21 »300. 2 556. 3 587. * 567. 6 333. «621. »381,382.1. 8 398. * 260. " 545. "389. i 2 527. i'371. i«459. » 563. " 350. "409. i 8 400. i9 390. 20 469. 21429. 29. Quae sit gratia eorum, qui aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habent. Cum venatorem instantem fugeret J lupus et pastor vldisset quldam, 2 qua parte 3 fugeret et quo se loco 4 absconderet, ille vehementer metuens : Oro te, inquit, bubulce, ne me prodas 5 innocentem. Nihil unquam 6 mall 7 tibi feci. Et pastor : Noll, inquit, timere ; 8 alteram venatorl monstrabo partem. — Mox ve- nator cum advolasset: ' Vldisthie 9 hue, inquit, pastor, lupum venientem? Qua parte 3 fugit? Hulc pastor voce maxima: Venit ille quidem, sed laeva 3 fugit. At simul oculls clam dex- tram partem designat. Venator non intellexit nutum et festl- nans abiit. Turn lupum pastor interrogat: Quam tu mihl 14 LATIK HEADER. habebis gratiam, quod te celavi ? 10 Turn ille, Maximas, inquit, linguae tuae gratias ago ; at oeulis tuis fallacibus, secum mur- murans subjecit, talem gratiam referam, ut ex 1J minore in dies ovium numero cognosces, 12 quam memor sim 13 merit! tui. 1 * 1586. »800. 8 387. 4 385,R. 5 546. 6445.7371. a 264. »456. 10 540. " 398, R. 1. "556. 13 469. "373. 30. Rusticus et canis fide lis. Kiisticus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Flliolum, qui in cunia jacebat, reliquit canl fideli atque valido custodiendum. 1 Ar- repsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstincturus erat. 3 Sed custos fidelis corripit eum dentibus acutls et, dum eum necare «. studet,' cunas simul evertit super exstinctum anguem. Paulo post ex arvo rediit agricola ; cum cilnas eversas * cruentumque canis rictum vide ret, Ira, accenditur. Temere igitur custodem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus 6 tenebat. Sed ubi ciinaa restituit, super anguem occisum reperit puerum yivum* et in- columem. — Paenitentia facinoris temere patrati turn sera fuit. »431. »239,2. 3 572. 4 324. *38& FABULAE AETATIS IIEROiCAE. 15 II. FABULAE AETATIS HEROICAE- 1. Phrixus et Helle. Phrixus et Helle Hberl erant Athamantis et Nubis sive ' Ne- pheles. Matre mortiuV Athamas uxorem dueit Inonem, Cadmi filiam. Noverca improba patri 3 persuasit, ut 4 liberos Jovi im- molaret. Quam ob rem domo 5 fugiunt. Cum ad mare perve- nissent, 6 Juppiter avns dedit ils arietem, qui pellem auream habebat. In eum ascendunt et mare transeunt. Sed Helle timida de ariete decidit. Ab ea Hellespontus est appellatus. Phrixum aries Colchos 7 detulit ad Aeetam regem. Ibi arietem immolavit pellemque ejus in fano Martis e quercu suspendit. Vellus aureum custodiebat draco insomnis. »498. a 668. 3 345, R. 2. * 546. «411. «586. »410. 2. Argonautae. Pelias, Iolci rex in Thessalia, Colchos ' misit Jasonem, Mtris filium, ut vellus aureum ab Aeeta peteret. 3 Itaque Jason Mi- nervae consilio 3 navem aedificat, quae Argo nominata est. In earn Jason ascendit cum viris delectis totius fere Graeciae. Ar- gonautae nobilissimi fuerunt: Jason princeps, Argus fabricator navis, Tlphys gubernator, Hercules, Castor et Pollux gemini fratres, Nestor Pylius, Orpheus citharista, Peleus Achillis pater cum fratre Telamone, Tydeus pater Diomedis. ProfectI sunt Argonautae anno fere octogesimo 4 ante bellum Trojanum. Sed non 5 omnes Colchos ' perveuerunt. Hylas in Mysia a Nymphls raptus est. Quern 6 dum quaerit 7 Hercules, tempestate orta, re- lictus est ab ArgonautTs in Mysia. J 410. a 545. 8 398. * 392. * 447. • 612. T 572. 16 LATIN READER. 3. Phineus. Phlneo Apollo divinationem dederat. Cum autem ■ deorum consilia entintiasset, 2 caecatus est et Harpyiae sunt missae, quae cibos ab ore senis raperent. 3 Earn Argonautae, ut iter demon- straret,* rogaverunt. Quod ille promlsit, si Harpyias pepulis- sent. 6 Zetes et Calais, Aquilonis Mil, qui pennas in capite et in pedibus habebant, Harpyias fngaverunt et senempaena 6 11- beraverunt. Turn Phineus monstravit, quomodo per Symplega- des, oolumba praemissa, 7 translrent. 8 Argonautae prlml 9 in Pontum Euxlnum intraverunt. i 486. 2 586. 3 632. «516. 8 515, R. 3. • 388. 7 408. 8 258. » 324, R. 5. 4. Jason et Medea. Aeetes rex Jasoni petentl ' pellem concessit, si tauros ignem naribus efflantes junxisset 2 adamanted jugo et arasset dentes- que draconis ex galea sevisset. Medeae, regis flliae, ope omnia perfecit. Cum yiii armatl e terra enatl essent 3 impetumque in Jasonem facerent, Medeae monitu 4 lapidem inter eos jecit; ill! inter se 5 pugnantes alius alium 6 interfecerunt. Jason pellem de fano sustulit et cum Medea, quam uxorem duxerat, in patriam prolugit. 1 667, R. 2. 2 515, R. 3. 3 586. « 398. * 212. • 306. 5. Hercules adulescens. Hercules, Jovis fllius et Alcmenae, infans cum esset, 1 draco- nes duos duabus manibus necavit, quos Juno mlserat. Cum prlmum pubesceret, et quam viam vlvendl 2 ingredere- tur, 3 secum dellberaret, exiit in solitlidinem. Ibi sedens cum duas cerneret vias, iinam Voluptatis, alteram Virtutis, did dubi- tavit, utram 4 ingredl melius esset. 5 Tandem Virtutem secutus est et multa pro salute gentium summo labore gessit. Juvenis leonem interfecit, qui de monte descendens in greges Amphitryonis irrumpebat. Pellem detractam 6 ita gestare sole- bat, ut fauces tanquam galea capitl 7 impositae essent. Mercu- rius el gladium dedit, Vulcanus lorlcam auream, Minerva vestem. Ab Apolline arcum accepit et sagittas. Clavam sib? ipse fecit ligneam. 8 » 586, comp. 588. a 429. « 258. 4 315, R. 5 469. • 667, R. 1. 7 346, R. 1. 8 396, end. FABULAE AETATIS HEROICAE. 17 6. Herculis aerumnae. Dolo Junonis a regno excliisus est, quod Eurystheus obtinuit» Ab hoc el duodecim labores impositi sunt. 1. Nemeaeum leonem lacertorum pressu. exanimavit. Cum eum ad Eurystheum pertulisset, tantus ilium terror invasit, ut Herculem urbem intrare vetaret ' atque dolio 3 aereo sese occul- taret. 1 556. s 387. 2. In Lerna palude Hydra fnit, serpens novem capitum 1 , qui omnem regionem vastabat. Uno capite caeso, 3 tria capita cres- cebant. Tantam yim veneni habebat, ut afflatii homines neca- ret* Hunc demum, Iolao adjutore, 4 igne vlcit. Ejus felle* Bagittas tinxit. Itaque quodque sagittarum vulnus fuit morti- ferum. »364. »668. • 556. * 408. 6 387. 3. Tertium Eurysthei mandatura fuit, ut cervam Dianae sa- cram, aeripedem, vlvam x caperet. Totum annum 3 currendo " earn frdstra persectitus est. Tandem sagitta vulneratam * cepit et in aspectum regis adduxit. 1 324. a 337. « 432. * 667, R. 1. 4. Turn conflixit cum 1 Erymantheo apro, quern vinctum ' Mycenas 3 humeris 4 portayit. * 346, R. 1. 2 667, R. 1. » 410. * 387. 5. Axes Styraphalides rapacissimas sagittis interfecit. 6. Auglae regis bovilia, in quibus tria milia bourn x per annos triginta 2 fuerant, uno die 3 purgavit, Alpheo flumine immisso. i 308. a 337. 8 392. 7. Minos, Jovis fllius et Europae, cum patri sacra facttirus esset, oravit, ut dignam aris suis 1 hostiam praeberet. 3 Itaque subito taurus apparuit yalidissimus et candidissimus. Minos, religionis 3 oblitus, ad armenta eum abduxit. Jiippiter iratus furorem tauro injecit, ut 4 flammas yomeret et Cretensium agros atque oppida yastaret. Hunc Hercules, missus ab Eurystheo, superavit victumque Argos 5 perduxit. Eurystheus eum Junoni consecrayit. Sed Juno, odio Herculis commota, taurum in At- 18 LATIN" HEADER. ticam expulit, ubi Marathonius appellatus est. Postea Theseus eum interfecit. »373,11.3. a 546. 8 375. 4 554. 5 410. 8. Diomedes, rex Thracum, equas habuit, quae humanis car- nibus ' vescebantur. Hercules eum devicit equisque devoran- dum a projecit; equas iguem vomentes abduxit. » 405. 2 431. 9. Amazones virgines ad Thermodontem fluvium habitabant siue virls. Armatae erant pelta limata, bipenni, arcii et sagittis ; equls ! vehebantur, venationes exercebant, bella cum finitimis gerebant. Cum summa virtutis ear urn fama esset, 2 Eurystheus imperavit Herculi, ut pretiosissimum Hippolytae reginae bal- teum sibi 3 afferret. 4 »205, R. 2. '587. »521. «546. 10. Geryon, rex Erythiae insulae ultra oceanum sitae, trifor- mis, boves rubras habebat, quas biceps canis custodiebat. Hercu- les, scapha aurea, 1 quam Sol el dederat, trausvectus est. In Europae et Libyae finibus columnasduas exstruxit, quae Her- culis £ nominantur. Pastorem bourn et canem bicipitem occidit, Geryonem iino telo interfecit, boves abduxit. 1 387. 3 293, R. 3. 11. Hesperides, Atlantis filiae, hortum habuerunt, in quo mala aurea erant, Veneri consecrata. Draco immanis ea custo- diebat. Quern 1 Hercules, ab Eurystheo missus, interemit et mala sustulit. »612. 12. Denique ad inferos jussu. 1 Eurysthei descendit et Cerbe- rum a Plutone petivit. Cerberus fait janitor orci, canis triceps, prosaetlsin dorso colubras habens. Pluto permlsit, ut canem educeret, 3 si eum sine armis superasset." Hercules capita comprehendit et, quamquam colubra extrema mordebat, in lii- cem Cerberum atque in conspectum regis abstraxit. » 407. a 546. s 515, R. 3. 7. Parerga. Praeterea totum fere orbem terrarum peragrans alia multa facinora edidit. FABULAE AETATIS HEROICAE. 19 In Libya vicit Antaeum, Terrae filium. Hie cogebat ho- spites secum luctarl, atque ex necatorum capitibus ' Neptuno patrl aedem aedificabat. Quern Hercules, cum in Libyam ve- nisset, 2 luctando 3 superare non poterat. Nam ille quoties ce- ciderat* ex matre terra vires resumebat efc fortior surgebat. Id cognoscens Hercules sustulit eum et suspensum 5 in aere suffo- cavit. 1 396. a 5SC. s 432. * 509. » 667, ft. 1. Oeneus, rex Aetoliae, De'ianlram filiam liabuit. Quam ' cum Hercules et Achelous simul in matrimonium petereut, pater legem proposuit, ut, a qui certamine alteram vicisset 3 , is Deiaui- ram uxorem duceret. Achelous, inferior virtute, ad artes suas descendit et in varias se ferarum formas mutat. Tandem in tauri speciem mutatus ab Hercule victus est. Cornu a fronte revulsum Nymph ae dono * acceperunt, idque pomis 5 repleve- runt. & Iiide Cornu Copiae appellatum est. i 612, 2 546, end. 3 515, ft. 3. * 350. 8 389. Hercules, victo Acheloo, DeianTram uxorem duxit. Cum venisset ad flumen rapidum, Nessus Centaurus, cui conjugem dederat transportandam, 1 Deianirae vim inferre conatus est. Sed Hercules fugientem sagitta emissa trajecit. Ille moriens cruorem suum exceptum 2 dedit Deianirae, id philtrum esse dicens. 1 431. 3 667, R. 1. Cum Oechaliam in Euboea insula expugnassefc Hercules, Iolen captlvam domum 1 praemlsit et Jovi sacra facturus 3 vestem novam ab uxore petiit. Turn DeTanTra verita, 3 ne sibi * paelex praeferretur, tunicam misit sanguine Centaur! tinctam. Qua indtitus Hercules cum ad aram accessisset, vestis incaluit et visceribus 6 inhaesit. Dolore f range batur vir fortissimus. Ita- que rogum ipse exstruxit in Oeta monte et conscendit. Corpore ambtisto, ex 6 homine dens factus est. Sagitttis felle hydrau tinctus moriens tradiderat Philoctetae. 1 410. a 279. » 552. * 521. 6 346. • 396. 8. Tantalus. Tantalus diis erat amicus atque ad epulas, eGrum admitteba» 20 LATIN" READER. tur. Aliquando cum dii" apud ipsum cenarent, divmitatem eorum ten tans Pelopis filii membra cocta 1 iis apposuit. Sola Ceres, dolore flliae defixa, humerum edit. Pelops a dils in vitam revocatus eburneusque el humerus restitutus est. Tantalus apud inferos maximas paenas luit. Sitiens stabat media 2 in aqua; sed cum bibere vellet 3 men toque summam 2 aquam attin- geret, aqua recedebat. Poma super capite ejus pendebant, quae cum captaret, 3 rami recedebant. Saxum ingens semper ei 4 im- pendebat. » 667, R. 1. 2 287, R. 8 569, R. * 346. 9. Pelops. Oenomaus, Elidis et Pisarum rex, tinicam filiam habuit Hip- podamiam. De vitae exitu oraculum interroganti deus respon- derat, nuptias flliae vitae finem allaturas esse. Itaque cum multi virginem in matrimonii! m peterent, certamen quadrigarum procis proposuit ea condicione, ut 1 victor filiam acciperet, qui 2 victus esset, 3 supplicio 4 adficeretur. Spa tin m cursus constituit a Pisls ad Neptiini in Isthmo aram. Dum ipse arietem Jovi mactat, 6 procorum currus prior 6 e carceribus emittebatur; sed cum equos haberet aquilone velociores, celeriter illos asseque- batur hastaque transfigebat. Interemptorum capita super val- vas tixit. Venit Pisas etiam Pelops, Tantali filius, qui Myrtilum, OenomaT aurigam, dimidium regnum pollicitus, corrupit, ut clavos rotarum detraheret. Quo factum est, ut prior 6 metam attingeret. Oenomaus mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Victor fidem Myrtilo datam 7 non praestitit, sed in mare eum de riipe dejecit ; qui moriens generi Pelopis male precatus est. Pelops cum Hippodamia regno* potitus pliirimas ejus paeninsulae gentes sub dicionem suam redegit. Peloponnesus ab eo est appellata. » 546. 2 621. 3 515, R. 3. * 403, R. 2. 6 572. • 324, R. 6. T 640. 8 405. 10. Atreus et Thyestes, Pelopis filii. Atreus Thyestam fratrem, conjugis adulterum, in exsilium egit. At is Atrei fllium infantem secum duxit et tamquam suum educavit. Adulescentem Mycenas x misit, ut Afcrenm in- terficeret. Comprehensum cum gladio Atreus, fratris filium esse putans, occidit. Sic pater imprudens suum fllium inter- FABULAE AETATIS HEROIC AE. 21 fecit. Simulate reconciliatione, 3 fratrem revocavit. Turn filios ejus infantes trucldavit et viscera eorum in epulis patri* apposuit. Edenti 3 brachia et era puerorum allata sunt. Ob id scelus etiam Sol currum avertit. Thyestes Atreum exse- cratus est et profugit. Aegisthum, Tbyestae filium, Atrens cum suis filiis, Agamemnone et Menelao, educavit. Interea propter Atrel scelus Argivi ex sterilitate agrorum et gravl pe- stilentia laborabant. Oraculum datur, ut 4 Thyestes in regnum reducatur, Itaque Atreus filios mittit, qui' Tbyestam quae- rant. Reductum in custodiam conjicit. At Aegisthus Atreum in litore sacra facientem interfecit. i 410. 2 409. s 346. 4 546, end. 6 632. 11. Agamemnon et Menelaus. Agamemnon et Menelaus ab Aegistbo regno l pulsi Spartam Venerunt ad Tyndareum regem. Ejus uxor ex Jove pepererat Pollucem et Helenam, ex Tyndareo Castorem et Clytaemne- Btram. Clytaeninestra nupsit Agamemnon! ; 2 Helenam Tynda- reus Menelao in matrimonium dedit, regnumque moriens el tradidit. Agamemnon, a fratre adjutus, regnum patrium recepit. i 388. ■ 345, R. 2. 12. Paris. Cum nuptiae Pelei et Thetidis celebrarentur, ■ omnes dii et deae aderant, sola Eris invltata non erat. Irata 2 discordiam excitare constituit. " Itaque pomum aureum inter convivas jecit, in quo inscriptum euat : Pulcherrimae ! Juno et Minerva et Venus pomum sibi vindicant; vehemens rixa_oritur. Po- stremo Mercurius tres illas deas duxit in montem Idam, qui ad Trojam situs erat. Paridi, Priami f ilio, qui ibi oves pascebat, judicium conimissum est. Juno el pollicita est regnum x\siae et divitias, Minerva sapientiam et belli gloriam, Venus formo- sissimam omnium mulierum conjugem. Paris Venerem pul- cherrimam esse judicavit eique pomum porrexit. Ideo Juno et Minerva Paridi omnibusque Trojanis inimlcae fuerunt, Pa- ris autem consilio 3 et auxilio Veneris Lacedaemonem * naviga- Vit et Helenam, Menelai hospitis uxorem, Trojam 4 abduxit. i 586. a 324, R. 6. * 407. 4 410. 22 LATIN READER. i _ .. 13. Bellum Trojanum. Paridis facinore bellum Trojanum excitatum est. Nam Menelaus omnes Graeciae reges auxilio ' vocavit, ut injuriam ulcisceretur et Helenam repeteret. In portum Aulidis cum navibus et militibus convenerunt Ulixes rex Ithacae, Ajax et Teucer Salaminiorum duces, Nestor Pyll rex, Diomedes Argl- vorum rex, cum Patroclo Achilles, Pelei et Thetidis f Ilius, dux Myrmidonum, 3 alii multi. Itaque Agamemnon, penes quern summum imperium erat, mille fere et ducentis navibus 3 maxi- mas copias duxit ad 4 Trojam. »350. «483,2. »387. * 410, R. 3. Postquam omnes Aulidem convenerunt, 1 Jovl sacra fecerunt. Tunc videbant draconem in platanum, quae proxima aris 3 stabat, serpentem. Nidus erat summa 3 in arbore. Octo pullos et matrem nonam corripuit draco. Stabant Graecl timid! * portentum spectantes. At Calchas augur : Gaudete, inquit, Achivi! Vincemus. Quot aves draco devoravit, tot annos * labores belli feremus ; decimo anno 6 Troja cadet. Sic Calchas ex passerum numero belli Trojani annos auguratus est. i 563. 2 356. 3 287, R. « 324, R. 6. 6 337. • 392. Cum naves solvi jussisset Agamemnon, tanta subito tran- quillitas exstitit, ut ex loco naves mover! non possent. Devo- verat enim olim Agamemnon Dianae, quod in regno suo pul- cherrimum natum esset x illo anno, neque a votum solverat. Calchas augur interrogatus respondit, deae iram placarl non posse, 3 nisi Iphigeniam filiam rex immolaret, 1 qua 4 nihil erat eo quidem anno natum pulchrius. Virgo adducta est. Cum staret ante aram, dea placata ntibem oculis spectantium objecit et cervam supposuit. Iphigenia, translata ad Chersonesum Tauricam, Thoanti Scytharum regi tradita est sacerdosque facta Dianae. Tunc Graecl naves conscendunt et vento secundo 6 mare 6 trajicinnt. i 515, R 3. 3 482. 3 240, R. 3. * 399. * 401. »330. Cum naves ad lltus Asiae appulissent, in ora J castra posu- FABULAE AETATIS HEROICAE. 23 ernnfc et Troj am oppugn are coepGrunt. Hostes moenibus * so continuerunt : decimo demum anno aoie pugnatum est 3 Po- stremo Achilles occldit Hectorem etad currum religatum * traxit circa muros Trojanorum. Neque 5 tamen urbs expugnata est. Nam Paris Achilll 6 talum, quern solum mortalem habebat, sagitta percussit. Denique Graecl cum per decern annos 7 Tro- jam capere non potuissent, Epeus monitu 8 Minervae equum mirae magnitudinis 9 ex ligno 10 fecit, in quo scriptum est : Danai Minervae dono dant. In ventrem complures heroes se condiderunt. Beliqui naves in mare deduxerunt et discesserunt. Trojani, dolum non timentes, equum in urbem traxerunt et ex diutino labore quietl se dederunt. At noctu Graecl cum pro- venissent ex equo, necant custodes, et socios, qui in insula pro- pinqua manserant, signo dato advocant. Plurimi Trojanorum caeduntur. Priamum, cum in aram conftigisset, hostilis manus interemit. Sic Troja diruta est. 1 384, R. 1. 2 387. s i 99j r. i. « 667, R. 1. 6 482. • 343, R. 2. * 337, R. 8 407. 9 364. 10 396. Graecl cum domum redirent, multi naufragio ' perierunt, alii tempestatibus delati diu. in marl erraverunt. Menelaum ventus detulit in Aegyptum, unde post 2 octavum annum quam ab Ilio 3 decesserat, cum Helena in patriam rediit. 1 205, R. 1. 2 560. 8 411, R. 1. 14. Orestes. Agamemnon cum revertisset, interfectus est ab Aegistho et Clytaemnestra uxore, quae ill! ' nupserat. Nam in balneis Clytaemnestra vestem capitl 2 ejus injecit et adulter securi eum percussit. At Electra, Agamemnonis f ilia, Orestem fratrem infantem servavit et ad Strophium detulit. Cum ejus f Ilio Pylade adolevit et intimam amlcitiam junxit. Postquam ad puberem aetatem venit,* cum ilio Mycenas profectus, patris ulciscendi causa * matrem et Aegisthum occldit. At parricldam Furiae agitabant. Itaque oraculo accepto amlci Ohersonesum Tauricam proficiscuntnr, ut de templo Dianae signum Argos afiferrent. Ibi regnabat Thoas, ciu mos erat, ut 6 hospitum 24 LATIN" HEADER. sanguine niimen placaret. Comprehensi ad templum ductl sunt nbi Iphigenia, Orestis soror, erat sacerdos. Cognito fratre/ ipsa coepit signum Dianae avellere. Intervenit rex et Orestem necari 7 jnssit. Sed cum ignoraret, uter 8 eorum esset 9 Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse dixit, ut pro illo necaretur; Orestes autem, ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseverabat. Rex mitigatus illos cum sorore atque signo Dianae dimisit. Orestes redux Hermionam, Menelai f Iliam, uxorem duxit et regnavit Argis et Spartae. 10 » 345, R. 2. a 345. s 563. * 429, R. 2. 6 559. • 409. 7 532. 8 315,R. »469. 10 412. 15. Codrus. Post Orestis interitum filii ejus Penthilns et Tisamenus regnavere triennio. 1 Turn fere anno octogesimo post Trojam captam, 2 centesimo et vicesimo quam 3 Hercules ad deos exees- serat, Pelopis progenies, quae omni hoc tempore 4 pulsis Hera- clldis imperium obtinuerat, ab Herculis progenia expellitur. Duces recuperandl imperii fuere Temenus, Cresphontes, Ari- stodemus, quorum abavus fuerat. Eodem fere tempore Athenae sub regibus esse desierunt, quorum ultimus rex fuit Codrus, Melanthi films, vir non praetereundus. QuTppe cum Lacedae- monii gran bello Atticos premerent, respondissetque Pytbius quorum dux ab hoste esset occisus 6 eos futuros superiores, de- posits veste 6 regia pastoralem cultum induit, immixtusque castris hostium, de indu stria rixam injiciens interemptus est. Codrum cum morte aeterna gloria, Athenienses secuta victoria est. » 400, comp. 566, end. » 324, R. 3. » 566. * 392, R. 2. • 516. • 409, R. 1. III. N AEB ATIXJN UL AE. 1. Anacharsis. Anacharsis Scytha rogatus, quid esset 1 in homine pessimum et quid optimum ? respondit: Lingua. Anacharsis interrogates, quae naves essent 1 tutissimae, re- spondit: Quae in aridum subductae sunt. »469. 2. Lepidus. Ceteris in campo se exercentibus, Lepidus in herba recum- bens : Velleni ■ hoe esset, inqtiit, laborare. » 254, R. 2. 3. Artes inutiles. Peregrlnus quidam, altero * pede stans, LaconI dlcebat: Tu tantum temporis, 2 quantum 3 ego, pede uno stare non potes. Laco : Minime, 4 inquit ; sed ex b anseribus nullus est, qui hoc non possit. 8 »387. a 371. 3 645. * 473. * 371, R. 5. «634 4. Frudentior cedit. Vir quidam nobilis ambulabat in lltore maris. Occurrit ei l homo importunus ejusque latus percutiens : Non 2 ego, inquit, cullibet fatuo decedere soleo. At ego soled, inquit alter, et decedit. i 346. 2 447. 5. Verba ambigua. Herus verberibus castlgabat servum, maxime ob pigritiam. Hie clamare coepit: Cur me percutis? nihil feci. Propter id ipsum, respondit herus, te percutio, quod 1 nihil fecistl. »525. 26 LATItf READER. 6. Silentium ambiguum. Theophrastus culdam in convivio prorsus silent! : Si stultus es, inquit, sapienter agis, si sapiens, stulte. 7. Dareus et Scythae. Dareus, Hystaspis fllius, rex Persarum, cum magno exercitii invaserat in terram Scytharum. Scythae fugiebant. Postremo inopia in exercitii Persarum exsistere coepit. Eo tempore le- gatus ad venit, qui avem, ranam, murem et quinque sagittas Dared tradidit. Dareus laetus x exclamavit : En, hostes sese nobis dedunt ! At yir sapiens: Noll 2 hoc, inquit, sperare. Scythae hoc dlcere volunt : Nisi ut aves per aerem avolaveritis, 3 aut in aquam vos merseritis ut ranae, aut per terram delapsi eritis ut mures, hae sagittae vos interiment. Be vera Scythae turn demum bellum inceperunt, ac vix Dareus 'cum exigua parte exercitus evasit. 1 324, R. 6. 2 264. » 236, R. 2. 8. Servilis taciturnitas. Marcus Piso, orator Eomanus, servis praeceperat, ut 1 taci- turnl essent et tantnm ad interrogata responderent. Aliquando convivium instituit; invitatus est etiam Clodius, qui turn ma- gistratum gerebat. Horn cenae venit; adsunt convlvae ornnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso servum, qui solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, spectatum, 2 num 3 veniret. 4 Cum vesperasceret et omnes dc ejus adventu desperarent, Piso servo : Die, inquit, num & forte Clodium non invitastl ? — Invitavl, re- spondet ille. — Cur ergo non venit? — Quia invitationem tuam re- ciisavit. — Turn Piso: Stipes! cur id non statim dixistl ? — Re- spondet servus: Quia id 6 non sum abs te interrogatus. 1 546. 2 436. s 462. * 469. 6 453. 6 3:33, R. 1. 9. Varia sepulturae genera. Graecl et Roman! mortuos aut humabant aut cremabant. Antiquissimum certe sepulturae genus fuit, ut x terra contege- rentur. Redditur enim 2 terrae corpus et quasi operimento matris obducitur. Eodem rltu 3 nostris quoque temporibus NARRATIUNCULAE. 27 mortuorum corpora terra 4 coiiduntur. Sed varia fuerunt se- pulturae genera. Condiebant Aegyptii rnortuos efc eos serva- bant domi. Persae etiam cera circumlitos servabant, ut quam maxime 5 diuturna permanerent corpora. Magorum mos erafc lion humare corpora suorum, nisi a feris essent 6 ante laniata. In Hyrcania pQblice alebantur canes, a quibus 7 mortuorum corpora laniarentur ; 8 eamque optimam illl esse censebant se- pulturam. i = id at, 556. a 500, R. 1. 3 401. * 387. 6 317. • 597, R. 1, 666. i 205, R. 3. 8 632. 10. Pugna in tabula picta. Atheniensis quidam conspiciens tabulam, in qua pugna erat ita picta, ut Athenienses victores Spartanos fugarent, excla- mavit: Fortes Athenienses! Id Laco audiens subjecit: In tabula ! 11. Bias. 1. Bias navigabat aliquando cum hominibus improbis. Cum adversa tempestate in alto marl jactarentur fluctibusque navis quateretur, 1 illi invocaverunt deos. Turn Bias: Silete, inquit, ne a vos hie illi navigare sentiant. 1 586. a 545. 2. Biantis, sapientis illius, 1 patriam Prienen ceperat hostis. Ceteri fugientes multade 2 snis rebus asportabant. At ille, cum esset admonitus, ut 3 idem faceret: Ego vero. inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea mecum porto. i 292, 2. » 371, R. 5. 3 546. 12. Miser poeta recitaverat Theocrito versus suos. Cum interro- gavisset, 1 quosnam maxime probaret: Quos omisisti, respon- dit. »586. 13. Quidam natare cum vellet, non multum abfuit * quin ' undis suffocaretur. Turn : Aquam, inquit, non prius attingam, quam natare didicero. 3 i Impersonal. Corap. 556, R. 1. a 551. 3 578. °390. 19. Croesus et Solo. Cum in regal! solio sederet Croesus, pretiosissimis vestibns indutus, Solonem interrogavit, num. quid 1 unqnam vidisset pulchrius ? Gallos, inquit ille, et phasianos et pavones, natu- ral! enim nee a imitabili colore et pulchritudine fulgent. 1 302. a 4S2. 20. Mores Inddrum. In India ii, qui sapientes habentur, 1 nudi aetatem agunt et nives hiemalemque vim perferunt sine dolore ; cumque ad flammam se applicaverunt, 2 sine gemitu aduruntur. Mulieres vero in India, cum est communis earum vir mortuus, in certamen judiciumque veuiunt, qnam plurimum ille dilexerit (pliires enim singulis viris solent esse nuptae). Quae s est victrix, ea laeta 4 una cum viro in rogum B imponitur; victae maestae 4 discedunt. * 197. 9 569. » 622. * 324, R. 6. 5 346, R. 1. 21. Quid est deus ? Cum Hiero tyrannus quaesivisset de Simonide, quid ' deus esset, deliberandi a causa sib! iinum diem postulavifc. Cum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, biduum petrvit. Cum saepius dupli- caret numerum dierum, admiransque Hiero reqnlreret, cur ita faceret: Quia, quanto, 3 inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior. 1 202, R. 5. a 429, R. 2. » 400. 22. Zeuxis et Parrhasius pictores. 1. Zeuxis et Parrhasius, pictores clfirissimi, certamen artis inter se instituerunt. Zeuxis iivas pinxerat atque sic crat imi- tatns naturam, ut aves ad tabulam advolarent, 1 quasi verae NARRATIUNCULAE. 31 essent 9 uvae. Parrliasius proposuit linteum pictum. Zeuxig deceptus flagitavit, ut, remoto linteo, 3 picturam ostenderet. Intellects errdre: Vicisti, inquit, Parrhasi! Nam ego 4 aves fefelll, tu artificem. » 556. 3 604. 3 409, R. 2. * 198. 2, Crotoiiiiitae quondam, cum florerent omnibus copiis et in Italia imprimis beatl numerarentur, tern plum Jtinonis, quod religiosissime colebant, egregiis picturis locupletare volu Grunt. Itaque Heracleotam Zeuxin, qui turn longe ceteris l excellebat pictoribus, magno pretio conductum adhibuerunt Is et ceteris complures tabulas pinxit et Heleuae simulacrum, egregium opus, illo in fano rellquit. Non est usus plus quam quattuor coloribus. 3 1 Excello takes the Dative Qike praesto, 34T). 2 405. 23. Contentio de asini umbra. Demosthenes, causam agens, 1 cum judices par urn attentos videret: Paullsper, inquit, aures mihl praebete; rem vobis no- vam et jucundam narrabo. Cum aures arrexissent: Juvenis, inquit, asinum conduxerat, quo 2 Athenis 3 Megaram 4 vehere- tur. 5 In itinere cum sol iireret neque 6 esset umbraculum, de- posuit clltellas et sub asino 7 consedit, ut ejus umbra tegeretur. Id vero 8 agaso vetabat, damans, asinum locatum esse, non umbram asini. Alter contra disputabat. Tandem in jus am- bulant.— Omnes diligenter auscultant. Sed Demosthenes, ea locutus, abiit. Turn revocatus a jiidicibus et rogatus, ut re- liquam fabnlam enarraret: Quid? inquit, de asini umbra libet audire, causam 9 hominis de vita periclitantis non 10 audietis ? »668. 2 205, R. 2. »411. «410. 6 632. «482. 7 384, R. 1. « 489. » 493, R. l0 455. 24. Somnium. Cum duo qnldam Arcades familiares iter una facereut, et Megaram 1 venissent, alter ad cauponem devertit, ad hospitem alter. Qui ut cenati quiescebant, 2 concubia nocte 3 yisus est in somnis el, qui erat in hospitio, ille alter orare, ut sub venire t,* quod sibi 6 a caupone interitus paruretur. 6 Primo 7 perterritua 32 LATIN" HEADER. somnio surrexit : dein cum se collegisset, idque visum pro niliilo habendum esse duceret, recubuifc. Turn el dormienti Idem ille visus est rogfire, ut, quoniam sib! vivo 6 non subve- nisset, 7 mortem suam ne d inultam esse pateretur : so interfec- tum in plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum: petere, ut mane ad portam adesset, priusquam plaustrum ex oppido exiret. 9 Hoc vero somnio 10 commotus, mane bubulco praesto ad portam fuit; quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro. Ille perterritus fugit, mortuus erutus est. Caupo, re patefacta, paenas dedit. 1410. 2 564. 3 392. «546. »521. fi 541. 7 324, R. 7. • 543, 4. • 579, 653, R. end. ™ 407, R. 1. 25. AnimI tranquillitas. Cum Canius Jtilus cum imperatore Gajo Caligula diu fuisset altercatus, abeunti tyrannus ille dixit : Ne 1 forte inepta spe tibi a blandiaris : duel te jussl. Gratias, in quit, ago, optime princeps. Decern medios usque ad supplicium dies sine ulla 3 sollicitudine exegit. Ludebat latrunculis, cum centurio, pliires capite 4 damnatos ducens, ilium quoque citavit. 5 Vocatus numeravit calculos, et sodall suo: Vide, 6 inquit, ne post mortem meam mentiaris, te vicisse. Turn annuens centurion!: Testis, inquit, eris, uno 7 me antecedere. Quanta animi tranquillitas! » 688, 552. a 345. 3 304. * 377, R., 1. 6 581, R. « 552, R. 2. * 400. 26. Cards fidelis. Pyrrhus rex in itinere incidit in canem, qui interfectl homi- nis corpus custodiebat. Cum audlsset, eum jam trlduum 1 cibl 9 expertem assidere, 8 nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum jussit human, canem vero 4 deducl et curarl diligenter. 5 Faucis post 6 diebus mllitum lustratio habetur. Transeunt singull, sedente rege. Aderat can is. Is, cum an tea quietus et tacitus fuisset, 7 simulac 8 vldit dominl sul percussores transeuntes, 9 procurrit furens, eosque allatravit, subinde se ad Pyrrhum convertens, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed omnes, qui aderant, susplcionem ile ils conciperent. Ergo comprebensl et examinatl sunt NARRATiraCULAE. 33 Cum practerea signa quaedam aliunde accedereat, 10 paenaa dederunt. »337. a 373. »221. «489. 6 679. • 400, R. 3. '588. » 563. •» 536. J0 587. 27. Menenii Agrippae fabula. Cum Komae'seditio esset facta et plebs in Sacrum montem secessisset, Menenius Agrippa, facundus yir, missus est ad ple- bem reconciliandam. Is, intromissus in castra, nihil aliud quam 3 hoc narravit: Tempore, quo singulis 3 hominis membris gaum culque 4 consilium, suus sermo erat, reliquae corporis partes indignabantur, sua cura, suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri, 6 ventrem ipsum in medio quietum datis volupta- tibus 6 frul. Cur hoc patimur ? loquebantur inter se ; in po- sterum maniis ad 6s cibum ne ferunto, 7 6s cibum datum ne acci- pito, deutes ne conficiunto. Denique conjurant inter se, ut ventrem fame domarent. 8 Quid evenit? Totum corpus ta- bescere coepit. Inde apparuit, ventris quoque haud 9 segne ministerium esse, nee magis all quam 10 alere eum, reddentem " in omnes corporis partes hunc, quo vivimus vigemusque, san- guinem. Hac fabula narrata 12 Menenius flexit mentes homi- num. » 412. a 646, R. 2. » 349. 4 305, R. 1. 6 533. • 405. » 263. e 511, R. 1. 8 443, 2. 1» 647, R. 5. " 669. " 667, R. 2. 28. Cornelia, mater Gracchorum. P. Cornelius Sclpio Africanus minor Corneliam filiam Tibe- rio Graccho collocaverat. Ti. Gracchus, qui bis consul et censor fuit, Idemque ' et summus augur et vir sapiens clvisque praestans, cum duo angues domi comprehensi essent (ut C. Gracchus, ejus films, scriptum reliquit) haruspices convocavit. Qui cum respondissent, si anguem marem emisisset, 2 uxori 1 brevi tempore esse moriendum, si feminam, ipsi, aequius esse censuit, se maturam oppetere mortem, quam P. African! filiam. Femiuam emisit. Ipse paucls post 4 diebus est mortuus. Pi- lios reliquit Tiberium et Gajum, tribunos illos clarissimos, qui summa diligentia matris a pueris docti sunt et Graecis 34 LATIN READER. litteris eruditi". Nam semper habuerunt exquisitos e Graecia magistros. 1 296. a 660t 4. a 353. 4 400, R. 3. Cum matrona opnlenta Corneliam visitaret et orn amenta sua pretiosissima ostentaret, traxit earn Cornelia sermone, donee e scliola redlrent ' puerl. Turn : Haec, inquit, mea sunt orna menta. »574. 29. Androclus et leo. Apion Alexandrlnus refert, quod neque audisse se, neque legisse, sed ipsum in urbe Roma, 1 vidisse oculis suis confirmat. In circo maximo, inquit, venationes amplissimae edebantur. Ejus rei/ Romae 3 cum forte essem, spectator fui. Multae ibi erant saevientes ferae intisitata 4 forma aut ferocia. Sed praeter alia omnia leonum immanitas admiration! 5 fuit, praeterque omnes ceteros iinius. Is tinus leo corporis magnitudine terri- ficoque fremitu et comis fluctuantibus animos oculosque omnium in sese convertit. Introdnctus erat inter compltires alios ad pugnam bestiarum servns viri consularis. Ei servo 6 Androclus 7 nomen fuit. Hunc ille leo ubi 8 yidit procul, repente quasi admirans stetit, ac deinde sensim atque placide tamquam noscitans ad 9 hominem accedit ; turn caudam more atque ritu adulantium canum blande movet, bominisque sese corporl adjungit, cruraque ejus et mantis, prope jam exanimati metu, lingua leniter demulcet. Androclus inter ilia tarn atrocis ferae blandimenta missum animum recuperat ; paulatim oculos ad leonem refert. Turn, quasi miitua recognitio fieret, 10 laeti ad- stiterunt et gratulabundi homo et leo. Ea re tarn admlrabili maximi popull clamores excitati sunt, arcessitusque a Caesare Androclus interrogatus est, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni " pepercisset. 13 Ibi Androclus rem mirincam narrat. 1 412, R. 2. 2 195, R. 4. 3 412. * 402. 6 350. « 849. 7 322. 8 563. »346, R. 1. i° 604. " 345. " 4 69. Cum dominus meus, inquit, in provincia Africa proconsul esset, ego ibi iniquis ejus et quotldianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus : et ut mill! a domino, terrae illius praeside, tiitio- NARRATItWCULAE. 35 res latebrae forent, in camporum ■ et arenarum solitudines concessi, ac si defuisset 2 cibus, consilium fait, mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Turn sol, in quit, cum vehementissime flagra- ret, specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. Non multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili tino et cruento pede, gemitus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciiitumque vulneris significantia. Prlmo quidem conspectil advenientis leonis territus sum et pavefactus. Sed postquam introgressus leo in latibulum suum vidit me procul delitescen- tem, mitis et mansuetus accessit, ac sublatum 3 pedem porrexit et quasi opem petere visus est. Ibi ego stirpem ingentem, ves- tigio 4 pedis ejus inhaerentem, revelll, saniemque expressl, accu- ratiusque sine magna jam formidine siccavi penitus atque de- ters! cruorem. Ille tunc mea opera et medela levatus, pede in manibus mels posito, 3 recubuit et quievit. Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eodem specti eodemque yictu viximus. Nam earum, quas venabatur, ferarum membra opi- miora ad specum mihi suggerebat, quae ego, ignis copiam non habens, sole merldiano tosta edebam. Sed ubi me vitae 5 illius feiinae jam pertaesum est, leone venatum 6 profecto, reliqui specum, et viam ferme trldui 7 permensus, a militibus visns comprehensusque sum, et ad dominum ex Africa Romam de- ductus. Is me statim capitis 8 damnavit deditque ad bestias. Videtur autem hie quoque leo postea captus nunc gratiam mihi beneficii et mcdicinae referre. Haec Androclus. Turn cunctJ- rum precibus dimissus est et paena 9 solutus, leoque el suffragiis populi donatus. Postea videbamus Anclroclum et leonem, loro tenui revinctum, urbe tota 10 circum tabernas ire. 11 Donabatur aere Androclus, floribus spargebatur leo; omnes fere obvii di- cebant: Hie est leo hospes hominis, hie est homo medicus leonis. 1 357, E. 2. 2 516> s (J07, R. 1. * 346. «- 376. 6 436. 7 364. 8 377, R. 1. » 388. *« 386. J1 527, R. 1. 30. Jocus familiari?. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset elque ab ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, doml l non esse, 36 LATItf READER. Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu 2 dixisse et ilium intus esse. Paucis post 3 diebus cum ad Nasicam venisset Enuius et earn a jaiiuil quaererefc, exclamat Nasica, se domi ' non esse. Turn Ennius: Quid? ego non cognosco, 4 inquit, vocem tuam? Hie Nasica: Homo es impudens. Ego cum te quaererem, ancillae 6 tuae credidi, te domi non esse; tu milii non credis ipsi?* » 412, R. 1. 2 407. 8 400, R. 3. « 455. 6 345. 31. Facetiae acerbae. Orator quldam malus cum in epilogo misericordiam se mo- visse putaret, postquam assedit, 1 rogavit Catulum, videreturne a misericordiam movisse. Ac magnam quidem, inquit ille ; ne- minem enim puto esse tarn durum, cul non oratio tua miseranda visa sit. 3 « 563. 2 462. * 634. 32. Nihil magis ridetur, quam quod est praeter exspectationem. Cum laesisset testis Silus Pisonem, quod se in eum audisse * dixisset, Crassus orator: " Potest fieri, inquit, Sile, ut is, unde a te audisse dlcis, iratus dixerit." 3 Annuit Silus. " Potest etiam, ut tu non recte intellexeris." s Id quoque toto capite annuit. " Potest etiam fieri, inquit, ut omnino, quod te audisse dlcis, nunquam audieris." 3 Hoc ita praeter exspectationem accidit, ut testem omnium rlsus obrueret. 4 1 ». e. quaedam. a 613, R. 1. »668. «556. IV. DE GESTIS ALEXANDKI. 1. Natus est Alexander ex 1 Olympiade anno ante Christum natum CCCLVI eadem nocte, qua celeberrimum Dianae Ephe- siae templum deflagravifc. Exstat epistola Philippi patris, qua 3 Aristoteli philosopho natum esse sibi Alexandrum nuntiavit, in hunc fere modum scripta: "Philippus Aristoteli salutem dicit. Filium mihi genitum scito. 3 . Maximam equidem diis habeo gratiam, non tarn quia natus est, quam quod contigit, ut na- sceretur temporibus vitae tuae. Spero enim fore ut 4 educatus eruditusque abs te dignus exsistat et nobis et futura rerum am- plitudine. Vale." Postea Philippus philosophum ilium praeclarissimum puero doctorem accivit, a quo et agendi acciperet 5 praecepta et elo- quencli. 2. Multa feruntur ab adulescente dicta ant facta, quae ma- gnum animum et excelsum significent. 1 Admonitus, quon- iam cursu plurimum valeret, 2 ut inter eos nomen profiteretur, qui Olympiis certaturi essent; 3 magnam inde per Graeciam sibi famam comparaturum : Eacerem, inquit, si reges haberem ad- versarios. Insigne roboris animique praesentis specimen edidit in domando equo Bucephala. Quern 4 cum nemo satellitum regis moderari posset, Alexander comprehensis habenis ita statuit, ut umbram suam conspicere non posset, qua eum antea esse exterritum observaverat ; deinde insilit atque frenis parere cogit. Descendentem pater complexus osculatusque: Majus, inquit, mi fili, imperium tibi quaere ; Macedonia enim te non capit. Bellicis rebus plerumque Alexander, etiam ad Chaero- 1.1395. 2 385, R. S260, R. «531. 5 G32. 2.1633. 2 541. 3 63 o. «347. 38 LATIN" READER. neam proelio, interfuit, in quo penes eum victoria sfcetisse dici- fcur. In cornu enim, cui praeerat, initium vincendi factum, sacra Thebanorum cohorte, quae ex lectissimis constabat, profli- gata. 3. Postquam Philippus Aegis necatus est, 1 prima Alexandro cura paternaruni exsequiarum fuit, in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumulum patris occidi jussit. Soli Alexandro Lyn- cestae pepercit, qui regem eum primus salutaverat. Turn gentes rebellantes oppressit, orieutes nonnullas seditiones ex- stinxit. In Graeciam improviso celeriusque omnium cpiuione 9 profectus, legatis civitatum singularum Corinthum evocatis, perfecit, ut summus Graecorum imperator in patris locum suf- ficeretur. Forte turn apud Corinthum in Craueo luco erat Diogenes, qui in tanto liominum concursu unus de Alexandro nihil laborabat. Rex cupidus ejus videudi 3 cum accessisset et rogaret, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nuuc quidem paululum, inquit Cynicus, a sole. Offecerat videlicet apricanti. Pariter responsum atque hominem admiratus Macedo dixisse fertur: Nisi, mehercule! Alexander essem, Diogenes esse vellem. 4. Incohatum deinde a patre Persicum bellum aggreditur. In cujus apparatu occupato nuntiatur, Atheuienses et Thebanos ab eo defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis, magno auri pon- dere a Persis corruptum, Demosthenem oratorem exstitisse, qui Macedonum deletas omnes cum rege copias a Triballisadfirma- verit, 1 producto in contionem auctore, qui in eo proelio, in quo rex cecidisset, se quoque vulneratum diceret. 2 Qua opiuione mutatos omnium ferme civitatum animos esse; praesidia Mace- donum obsideri. 8ed rex instructo paratoque exercitu Graecos oppressit. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant,ita primi missis legatis bellum deprecantur. Quibus auditis Alexander bellum remisit. 5. Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem indulgentia usurus, 1 si parem paenitentiam invenisset. Sed Thebani armis, uon precibus usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima quaeque 3 sup- plicia experti sunt. In cousilio cum de excidio urbis delibe- raretur, Phocenses et Plataeenses et Orchomenii, Alexandri 3. *m. »399, R.l. 3 429. 4. > 630. 2 632. 5. J 673. 4. * 305. DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 39 socii victoriaeque participes, excidia urbinm snarum crudelita- temque Thebanorum referebant; stadia in Persas non praesen- tia tantum, verum etiam Vetera adversus Graeciae libertatem increpantes; adjiciunt etiam scelerum priornm fibulas, nt non' praesenti tantum perfidia, verum etiam vetere infamia invisi forent. Itaque urbs diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur, captivi sub corona veneunt. Solis 4 Pindari vatis posteris penatibusque parci jussit. 6. Graeciae rebus compositis, ineunte vere anni insequentis (a. 334.) proficiscens ad bellum Persicum patrimonium omne snura amicis dividit, sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. Etiam milites, obliti omnes conjugum liberorumque et longinquae a domo militiae, Persicum aurum et totius Orientis opes jam quasi suam praedam ducebant nee laborum periculorumque meminerant. Antipatro cum duodecim milibus peditum, mille quingentis equitibus domi relicto, ut Macedoniae Graeciaeque rebus praeesset, ipse cum milibus circiter triginta peditum, quinque equitum Hellespontum trajecit. Cum naves in Asiam appulisset, primus Alexander jaculum in terram jecit armatus- que de navi prosiluit atque hostias cecidit precatus, 1 ne se a regem illae terrae invitae acciperent. In Ilio quoque ad tumu- los heroum, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. Cum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset: fortunate, inquit, adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris. 9 Et vere; nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui cor- pus contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. 7. Primum cum 1 bostibus signa contulit apud Granicum Mysiae amnem. Ibi cum Parmenio, ne in conspectu hostium flumen profundum ripisque praeruptis transiret, bortaretur, lusit cautum ilium amicum rex, cum diceret, 2 erubescendum Hellesponto fore, si illo transmisso rivum transire ennctaretur, 3 signoque dato primus omnium cum equitatu flumen perrupit atque hostes invasit. Acriter pngnantem duo fortissimi hostium duces aggrediuntur, quorum alter gladio galeam ejus discindit. Hunc dum hasta transfigit, 4 alter in nudum caput aversi ictnm parabat, cum Clitus animadverso periculo advolat, regem clipeo * 545, R. 2. * 208. 6. » 278, R. a 521. »636. 7. J 346, R. 1. 3 586, & • 598, R. 3. 4 572. 40 LATIN - READER. suo tegit, hostis manum gladio praecidit. Fit ingens deinde caedes Persarum, qui virtute Macedonum superati terga verte- nuit. 8. Post victoriam major pars Graecarum in Asia civitatum ad Alexandrum defecit ; Miletum et Halicarnassum expugnavit. Deinde per Lyciam, Pamphyliam, Pisidiam profectus Gordium urbem petiit, quae sita est inter Phrygian! majorem et minorem. Urbe in dicionem suam redacta Jovis templum intrat. Vehi- culum, quo 1 Gordium regem vectum esse 2 constabat, aspexit, in quo jugum erat astrictum nodis in semetipsos implicatis. In- colis deinde adfirmantibus, editam esse oraculo sortem, Asiae 3 potiturum, qui inexplicabile vinculum solvisset, 4 ille solvere aggressus, cum capita lororum intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset: Nihil, inquit, interest, quomodo solvantur, 5 gladio- que nodum discidit. 9. Interea Dareus castris ad Babylonem positis, quo 1 majore animo capesserent bellum, universas vires in conspectum dedit et in circumdato vallo, quod decern milium armatorum nume- rum caperet, 2 Xerxis exemplo numerum copiarum iniit. Orto sole ad noctem agmina, sicuti descripta erant, intravere vallum. Inde emissa occupaverunt Mesopotamiae campos. Cujus turn multitudinis aspectu rex admodum laetus castra ad Eupbraten rnoveri jubet. Patrio more Persarum traditum est, orto sole (lemum procedere. Die jam illustri signum e tabernaculo regis bucina dabatur. Super tabernaculum, unde ab omnibus con- spici posset, 2 imago solis crystallo inclusa fulgebat. Ordo autem agminis erat talis. Ignis, quern ipsi sacrum et aeternum voca- bant, argenteis altaribus 3 praeferebatur. Magi proximi patrium carmen canebant. Magos trecenti et sexaginta quinque iuvenes sequebantur puniceis amiculis velati, diebus totius anni pares numero : quippe Persis 4 quoque in totidem dies descriptus est annus. Currum deinde Iovi sacratum albentes vehebant equi: bos eximiae magnitudinis equus, qnem Solis appellabant, se- quebatur. Aureae virgae et albae vestes rectores equorum adornabant. Hand procul erant vebicula decern multo auro argentoque caelata. Sequebatur haec equitatus duodecim gen- 8. *m~. 2 530, R. MU5, R. 3. * 51G. 6 382, 2, 469. 9. l Mo, 2. '•» 632, R. •887. '•352. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 41 tium variis armis et moribns. Proximi ibant, quos Persae Im- mortales vocant, ad decern milia; aureos torques, vestem anro distinctam habebant manicatasque tunicas, gemmis etiam adornatas. Exiguo intervallo, quos cognatos regis appellant, decern et quinque milia horn i num. Haec vero turba muliebri- ter propemodnm culta, luxu magis quam decoris armis con- spicua erat. Doryphoroe qui vocabantur currum 5 regis antei- bant, quo ipse eminens vehebatur. Utrnmque 6 currus latus deorum simulacra ex auro argentoque expressa decorabant : distin guebant internitentes gemmae iugum, ex quo eminebant duo aurea simulacra cubitalia avornm, alterum Nini, alteram Beli. Inter haec aquilam an ream pennas extendenti similem collocaverant. Cultus regis inter omnia luxuria notabatur: pnrpureae tnnicae 7 medium album intextnm erat, pallam auro distinctam aurei accipitres, velut rostris inter se concurrerent, 8 adorn abant, et zona aurea muliebriter cinctns acinacem sus- penderat, cni ex gemma vagina erat. Oidarim Persae vocabant regium capitis insigne: hoc caerulea fascia albo distincta cir- cumibat. Currum decern milia hastatorum sequebantur: hastas argento exornatas, spicula auro praefixa gestabant. Dextra laevaque regem ducenti ferme nobilissimi propinquorum comi- tabantur. Horum agmen claudebatur triginta milibus peditum, quos equi regis CCCC sequebantur. Interyallo deinde unius stadii matrem Darei Sisygambim currus Yehebat, et in alio erat coninnx. Turba feminarum reginas comitantium equis 9 vecta- batur. Quindecim deinde, quas armamaxas appellabant, seque- bantur. In his erant liberi regis et qui educabant 10 eos spado- numque grex, hand sane illis gentibus vilis. Turn regiae paeli- ces trecentae et sexaginta vehebantur, et ipsae regali cultu or- natuque. Post quas pecuniam regis sescenti muli et trecenti cameli vehebant praesidio sagittariorum prosequente. Propin- quorum amicorumque conjuges huic agmini proximae lixarum- que et calonum greges yehebantur. Ultimi erant cum suis 11 quique ducibus, qui cogerent 12 agmen, leviter armati. 10. Alexander, Ancyrae assumptis, qui ex Macedonia nuper advenerant, per Cappadociam profectus Ciliciam petit. Per* « 330. • 307. 7 310. « 604. • 205, R. 2. 10 626, R. '» 305, R. 1. 12 632. 42 LATIN" READER. petuo jngo Tauri montis praerupti Cilicia includitur, asperi tres aditus et angusti sunt. Alexander per fauces jugi, quae Pylae appellantur, transcendit. Ubi ad urbem Tarsum 1 ventum est, a quam mediam 3 Cydnus amnis interfluit, regem ex itinere pul- vere ac sudore perfusum invitavit liquor fluminis, ut calidum corpus ablneret. Itaque veste deposita 4 in perfrigidam undam se projecit. Vix autem ingressns erat, cum subito horrore artus rigere coeperunt et to turn propemodum corpus vitalis calor re- liquit. 6 Exspiranti similem ministri manu excipiunt nee 8 satis compotem mentis in tabernaculum deferunt. Ingens sollici- tudo et paene jam luctus in castris erat, cum rex liberius spi- rare coepit. 6 Allevabat oculos et panlatim redeunte animo cir- cumstantes amicos agnoverat, laxataque vis morbi videbatur. Animi an tern aegritudo corpus urgebat, nam Dareum quinto die in Cilicia fore nuntiabatur. Vinctum ergo se tradi 7 et tan- tam victoriam eripi sibi 8 ex manibus, obscuraque et ignobili morte in tabernaculo exstingui se qnerebatur. Unus erat ex 9 medicis, nomine Philippus, qui solus remedinm polliceretur. 10 Inter haec a Parmenione, fidissimo purpnratorum, litteras acci- pit, quibus 11 ei denuntiabat, ne salutem suam Philippo commit- teret ; mille talentis a Dareo esse corruptum. Eex epistolam, sigillo anuli sui impresso, 4 pulvino, 12 cui incubabat, subjecit. Post diem tertium 13 (ita enim medicus praedixerat) accepto poculo epistolam medico tradit atque inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. Ut securum conspexit, laetior factus est sanitatemque quarto die recepit. 11. At Dareus nuntio de adversa valetudine ejus accepto, Euphraten trajecit exercitnm, Ciliciam occupare festinans. Jamque Graeci milites a Pharnabazo missi ad eum pervenerant. Hi magnopere suadebant, ut retro abiret camposque Mcsopota- miae repeteret; si id consilium improbaret, 1 divideret 2 saltern innumerabiles copias, ut bellum traheretnr. Ad haec Dareus Graecis nuntiari jubet, ipsum 3 quidem pro benevolentia eorum gratias agere, ceterum, si retro ire pergat, 4 baud dubie regnum hostibus traditurum. Fama bella stare et eum, qui recedat, 10. 1 410, R. 3. 2 199. R. 1. s 287, R. * 409, R. 1. * 582. • 448, R. 2. * 533. 8 343, R. 2. • 371, R. 5. 1» 033. ll 385, R. 12 346. 1S 400, R. 3. II. 1 660, 1 a 655. s 521, R. 8. * 660, 3. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 43 fugere credi. Dividi vero copias non posse servato more majo- rum, qui universas vires discrimini bellorum semper obtule- rint. 6 Itaque pecunia omni reb usque pretiossissimis Damascum in Syriam" cam praesidio militum missis, reliquas copias omnea in Ciliciam duxit, sequentibus agmen conjuge ac matre; vir- gines quoque cam parvo filio comitabantur patrem. 12. Forte eadem nocte et Alexander ad fauces, quibus Syria aditur, et Dareus ad eum locum, quern Amanicas Pylas vocant, pervenit. Nee dubitavere Persae, quin, 1 Isso relicta, quam ce- perant, Macedones fngerent. Motis ergo castris fugientes per- sequuntur. Alexander laetatus, 2 in illis potissimum angustiis acie decernendum esse, milites corpora curare jussit ac de 3 ter- tia vigilia instructos et armatos esse. Prima luce occupat an- gustias. Discors Persarum exercitus nee ad unum intentus imperium vario tumultu omnia turbaverat ; quidquid in illis angustiis adiri poterat, impleverant copiae, cornuaque hinc ab 4 jugo hinc a mari stabant. Alexander phalangem in fronte constituit. Dextrum cornu Nicanor, Parmenionis films, tue- batur; huic proximi stabant Coenus et Perdiccas et Meleager et Ptolomaeus et Amyntas, sui quisque agminis duces. In laevo, quod ad mare pertinebat, Craterus et Parmenio erant, sed Craterus Parmenioni parere jussus. Equites ab utroque 6 cornu locati. Ante banc aciem posuerat funditorum manum sagittariis admixtis. Thraces quoque et Cretenses ante agmen ibant et ipsi leviter armati. 13. Jam in conspectu sed extra teli j actum utraque acies erat, cum priores 1 Persae inconditum et trucem sustulere cla- morem. Alexander ante prima signa ibat, identidem rnanu suos inhibens, ne cursu exanimati capesserent proelium, et varia oratione, ut cuj usque agminis animis aptum erat, milites allocutus. Macedones, tot bellorum in Europa victores, ad subigendam Asiam profecti, inveteratae 2 virtutis admonebantur. Cum adierat Graecos, 3 admonebat, ab his gen tibus illata Grae- ciae bella Darei prius deinde Xerxis insolentia, aquam ipsos* terramqne poscentium. Ab his templa minis et igni deleta, urbes eorum expugnatas. Illyrios vero et Thraces, rapto 6 vivere «630. «410, R. 5. 12. »551,2. «278,R. 3 393, R. « 388, R. 2. «307 13. ■ 324, R. b. 2 375. 3 509. * 333. 6 405, R 3. 44 LATIK HEADER. assuetos, aciem hostium auro pnrpuraque fulgentem intueri jubebat, praedam non anna gestantem. Irent 6 efc imbellibna feminis aurnm viri eriperent. 14. Jam ad teli j actum pervenerant, cum Persarum eqnites ferociter in laevum cornu hostium invecti sunt. 1 Nam Dareus equestri proelio decernere volebat, phalangem Macedonici exer- citus robur esse ratus. 3 Jamque etiam dextrum Alexandri cornu circumibatur. Quod 3 ubi Macedo conspexit, duabus alis equitum ad jugum montis jussis subsistere. ceteros in medium belli discrimen strenue trans fert. Comminus collatis signis duae acies ita cohaerebant, ut armis arma pulsarent, mucrones in ora dirigerent. Collato pede, quasi singuli inter se dimica- rent, 4 in eodem vestigio stabant, donee vincendo locum sibi fa- cerent ; 5 turn demum promovebant gradum, cum hostem pro- straverant. 1 At illos novus excipiebat adversarius fatigatos ; nee vulnerati, ut alias solent, acie 6 poterant. excedere, cum hostis instaret a 7 fronte, a tergo sui 8 urgerent. Alexander non ducis magis, quam 9 militis munia exsequebatur, opima spolia caeso rege expetens. Eminebat Dareus curru sublimis. Cni 3 cum Alexandrum instare frater Oxathres cerneret, eqiiites, quibus praeerat, ante ipsum currum regis objecit. At Macedones, qui circa regem erant, mut.ua adhortatione firmati cum ipso 10 in equitum agmen irrumpunt. Turn vero ingens strages erat. Circa currum Darei jacebant nobilissimi duces, ante oculos regis egregia morte defuncti, adverso pectore vulneribus accep- tis; circa eos cumulata erat peditum equitumque obscurior turba. Macedonum quoque non quidem multi, sed promptis- simi tamen caesi sunt; Alexandri dextrum femur leviter mu- crone perstrictum est. Jamque qui Dareum vehebant equi, confossi hastis et dolore efferati, jugum quatere et regem curru" excutere coeperant, cum ille veritus, 2 ne vivus veniret 11 in hos- tium potestatem, desilit 1 et in equum, qui ad hoc ipsum seque- batur, imponitnr, insignibus imperii, ne fugam proderent, inde- core abjectis. Turn vero ceteri dissipantur et, qua cuique ad fugam patebat via, armis abjectis erumpunt. Alexander victoi instabat fugientibus. Haud amplius regem quam mille equitea «655. 14. • 582. a 278, R. 3 612. * 604. • 574. • »88. 7 388, R. 2. 8 684. 647, R. 5. i°2'J7, R. 1. » 552. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRi. 45 sequebantur; barbari a tarn paucis pecorum modo agebanlur atque caedebantur. 15. Jam victor exercitus castra hostium opulentissima intra- verat; ingens auri argentiqne pondus non belli sed luxuriae apparatum diripuerunt milites. Ubi ad femiuas per ven turn est, 1 omnium oculos animosque in semet averterunt captivae mater conjunxque Darei; ilia 2 non majestate solum sed etiam aetate venerabilis; haec insignis formae pulcbritudine receperat in sinum filium nondum sextum annum aetatis egressum. In gremio anus 3 aviae jacebant adultae duae virgines, non suo tan- turn sed etiam illius maerore confectae. Ingens circa earn no- bilium feminarum turba constiterat, 4 evulsis crinibus discissa- que veste. Ubi unns e captivis spadonibus amiculnm, quod Dareus, sicut paulo 6 ante dictum est, abjecerat, in manibus ejus qui repertum ferebat, agnovit, ratusque interfecto 9 detractum esse, falsum nuntium mortis ejus attulit, ingens fit gemitus eju- latusque mulierum. Interea Alexander, postquam et nox ap- petebat 7 et consequendi Dareum spes non erat, in castra paulo ante a suis capta pervenit. Audito mulierum clamore causa- que rei cognita, Leonnatum misit, qui vivere Dareum et ipsas incolumes fore nuntiaret. 8 Turn demum Darei mater allevari se passa est. Postero die ipse tabernaculum cum Hephaestione intrat. Is longe omnium amicorum carissimus erat regi, et si- cut aetate par, ita corporis habitu praestabat. Ergo reginae ilium esse regem ratae suo more veneratae sunt. Alteram Ale- xandrum esse admonita Sisygambis advoluta est pedibns ejus, ignorantiam nunquam an tea visi regis excusans. Quam 9 maim allevans rex, Non errasti, inquit, mater, nam et hie Alexander est. Deinde bonum animum habere eas jussit, Darei filium collo suo admovit; atque nihil 10 ille conterritus cervicem ejus manibus amplectitur. 16. Dareum ad Euphraten contendentem Alexander, id quod crederes, 1 persecutus non est, sed nihil antiquius habens, quam ut 2 terris 3 ad mare adjacentibus potiretur, Syriam petiit. In itinere illi litterae a Dareo redduntur quibus lit* superbe scrip- tis vehementer offensus est. Praecipue eum movit, quod 3 Da- 1 5. l 199, R. 1. 2 292, R. 1. 3 284, R. * 233, 2. 6 400. « 346, end. 7 5G4. 8 632. 9 612. i° 413, R. 2. 1 6. J 252. 2 556, R. 3. 3 405. 4 604, R. 2. 5 525. 46 LATIN KEADER. reus sibi regis titnlum- nee 8 eundem Alexandri nomini adscrip- serat. Postulabat at tern magis quam petebat, ut accepta pecunia matrem sibi et conjugem liberosque restitueret ; de regno, si vellet, armis contenderet. 7 Ad haec Alexander in hunc fere modum rescripsit. " Rex Alexander Dareo Salutem. Etsi nihil a me impetrare te oportebat," utpote qui ne belli qnidem in me jura servaveris, 9 cum talentis mille, tanti exer- citus rex, percussorem in me emere volueris, 10 tamen si veneris 11 supplex, et matrem et conjugem et liberos sine pretio te rece- pfcurum esse promitto. Et vincere et consulere victis 12 scio. Quod si 13 te committere 14 nobis times, dabimns fidem, impune te venturum. De cetero, cum mihi scribes, 16 memento non solum regi te, sed etiam tuo scribere." Ad hanc epistolam perferendam Thersippus est missus. 17. Ipse in Phoenicen descendit et oppidum Byblum tradi- tum recepit. Inde ad 1 Sidonem ventnm est, urbem vetustate famaque conditornm inclitam. Sidonii quoque deditionem faciunt. Jam tota Syria et Phoenice, excepta Tyro, Macedo- nian! erat, a habebatque rex castra in continenti, a qua urbem angustnm fretum dirimit. Cum coronam auream Tyrii dono misissent 3 commeatusque large et hospitaliter ex oppido adve- xissent, ille dona, ut 4 ab amicis, accipi jussit, benigneque legatos allocutus, Ilerculi, quem praecipue Tyrii colerent, 5 sacrificare velle se dixit; Macedonum reges credere, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere, se vero, ut id faceret, etiam oraculo monitum. Legati respondent, esse templum Herculis extra urbem in ea sede, quam Palaetyron ipsi vocent; 5 ibi regem deo sacrum rite facturum. Non tenuit iram, cujus 6 alioqui potens non erat. Itaque, Vos quidem, inquit, fiducia loci, quod insulam incolitis, pedestrem hunc exercitum spernitis; sed brevi ostendam, in continenti vos esse. Proinde sciatis 7 licet, aut intraturum me urbem, aut oppugnaturum. Tyrii loco 8 satis fisi obsidionem ferre decreverunt. Namque urbem a continenti quattuor sta- diorum fretum dividit, quod Africo maxime objectum crebros • 482, R. 4. 7 035. 8 246, R. 2. » 636. 10 666, 5S4. " 236, R. 2. " 347. 1S 612, R. 1. i* 552, R. 1. 16 234, R. 1. IT. ' 413, R. 3. a 281, Exc. 8 586. * 645, R. 4. »630 « 374. 7 546, R. 3. 8 345, R. 1. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 47 ex alto fluctus in litus evolvit; muros turresque urbis praeal- tuni mare ambiebat, non tormenta nisi 9 e navibus procul ex- cussa mitti, non scalae moenibus applicari poterant, Confir- mant animos Tyriorum Carthaginiensinm legati, qui ad cele- brandnm sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant. Carthaginem enim Tyrii condiderunfc, semper parentnm loco 10 culti. Hortari ergo Poeui coeperunt, ut obsidionem forti animo paterentnr, brevi Carthagine auxilia ventura. Namque eo tempore magna ex parte Punicis classibns maria obsidebantur. Sed domestico bello Poenos impediri paulo post nuntiatum est. 18. Interea Macedones continenti 1 insulam mole jungere parabant. Magna vis saxorum ad manum erat, Tyro vetere praebente, materies ex Libano monte ratibus et turribus faci- endis 2 adveliebatur. Jamque paulum moles aqua eminebat urbique admovebatur, cum Tyrii parvis navigiis 3 opus circum- ire coeperunt 4 missilibusque eos, qui pro ope re stabant, iuces- sere. Igitur 5 rex munientibus coria velaque jussit obtendi, ut extra fceli jactum essent, duasque turres ex capite molis erexit, e quibus in subeuntes scaphas tela iugeri possent. 8 Contra Tyrii navem magnitudine eximia, saxis arenaque a puppi 7 one- ratam, ita ut multum prora emineret, bitumine ac sulphure illitam remis concitaverunt et in molem impulerunt. Turn prora ejus accensa remiges desiluere in scaphas, quae ad hoc ipsum praeparatae sequebantur. Navis autem igne concepto latius fundere incendium coepit, quod, priusquam posset 8 oc- curri, 9 turres et cetera opera in capite molis posita comprehen- dit. Nee incendio solum opera consumpta, sed forte eodem die vehementior 10 ventus totum ex prof undo mare illisit in molem, crebrisque fluctibus compages operis yerberantibus mediam" molem unda rupit. 19. Rex novi operis molem orsus in adversum ventum non latere sed recta fronte direxit; ea cetera opera tuebatur; lati- tudinem quoque aggeri adjecit. Nee Tyrii, quidquid ad im- pediendum opus excogitari poterat, segniter exsequebantur. Jam aegro animi 1 Alexandro nee, perseveraret 2 an 3 abiret, satis » 59-2, R. 2. i» 385, R. 18.« 346, R. 2, * 430. 3 387. ' 582. * 503, R. • 632 »38S, R2. 8 579. • 199, R. 1. 1P 312. » 287, R. 19. 1 374, R. 3. 2 258, 48 LATIN READER. certo, classis Cypro 4 advenit centum et octoginta navium. Postero die classe ad moenia admota nndique tormentis et maxim e arietum pulsu muros quatit; quos Tyrii raptim ob- strnctis saxis refecerunt. Ad implicanda navigia, quae muros subibant, validos asseres, tormento promotos, iujiciebanfc. Unci quoque et falces, ex iisdem asseribns dependentes, aut propng- natores ant ipsa navigia lacerabant. Clipeos vero aereos multo igue torrebant, quos repletos 6 fervida arena caenoque decocto e mnris subito devolvebant. Nee nlla pestis magis timebatur: nam ubi loricam ad corpus usque fervens arena penetraverat, 6 nee nlla vi excuti poterat et, quidquid attigerat, adnrebat. 20. His rebus rex fatigatns statuerat solnta obsidione Aegvp- tnm petere. Sed ne 1 qnid inexpertum omitteret, plures naves admoveri jubet delectosque milites imponi. Pugna in alto commissa; fusi Tyrii portnm repetunt. Confestim rex inse- cntus naves omnes fere aut demersit aut cepit. Jamque, cre- bris arietibus saxorum compage laxata. munimenta defecerant, et classis intraverat portum, et quid am Macedonum in turres hostium clesertas evaserant, cum Tyrii, tot simul malis victi, alii 2 supplices in templa confugiunt, alii foribus aedium obse- ratis sibi ipsi 3 mortem consciscunt, nonnulli ruunt in hostes, haud inulti tarn en perituri, 4 magna pars summa tecta obtine- bat, saxa et, quidquid fors in manus dederat, ingerentes in sub- enntes. Alexander, exceptis 5 qui in templa con fuge rant, omnes interfici ignemqne tectis injici jubet. Sex milia armatorum trucidata sunt, duo milia, quibus ferrum pepercerat, crucibus affixi. 8 Tyrus septimo mense, qnam 7 oppugnari coepta 8 erat, capta est, nrbs et vetustate originiset fortunae varietate insignis. Condita ab Agenore, Neptuni tilio, diu mare, non vicinum modo, sed quodcunque classes ejus adierunt, dicionis 9 suae fecit. Et si famae libet credere, haec gens litteras prima 10 aut docuit aut didicit. Coloniae certe ejus paene orbe toto 11 diffusae sunt, Carthago in Africa, in Boeotia Thebae, Gades ad Oceanum. 21. Iisdem fere diebus Darei litterae allatae sunt tandem nt regi scriptae. Petebat, nti filiam suam (Statirae 1 erat nomeu) Alexander uxorem duceret; dotem offerebat omneni regionem «411. »667, B.1. «5(59. 20. > 543, 4. " 321. s 2'«8. 4 fi73. 6 021. «202, Exc. 2. 7 566- 8 424, R. 1. • 3G5, R. 1. 10 324, II. 5. » 386. 21 . " 322. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 49 inter Hellespontum et Halyn amnem sitam ; intle Orientem spectantibus terns con ten turn se fore. Alexander iis, qui lit- teras attulerant, 2 respondit, Darenm sibi aliena promittere, et, quod to turn amiserit, 3 velle partiri. Leges autem a victoribus dici, aceipi a victis. Se, cum transiret mare, non Ciliciam aut Lydiam, sed Persepolim, caput regni ejus, Bactra deinde et Ecbatana ultimique Orientis oram imperio suo destinasse. 22. Rex, Hephaestione Phoenices oram 1 classe praetervehi jusso, ad urbem Gazam cum omnibus copiis venit. Praeerat urbi 2 Betis, vir eximiae in regem suum fidei, modicoque prae- sidio muros ingentis operis tuebatur. Deinde egressus porta 3 infert sign a Macedonibus. Hex dum inter primores dimicat, 4 sagitta ictns est. Tamen diu ante ipsa signa vel dissimulato vel victo dolore perstiterat, cum sanguine largius manante linqui animo et submitti genu coepit; 5 quern 6 proximi exceptum in castra receperunt. Betis interfectum ratus 7 urbem ovans victoria repetit. At Alexander nonclum percurato vulnere aggerem, quo moenium altitudinem 8 aequaret, 9 exstruxit cuni- culisque muros subrui jussit. Per muri ruinas hostis intra- vit. Ducebat ipse rex antesignanos, et dum incautius subit, 4 saxo crus ejus adfligitur. Innixus tamen telo inter primores dimicat, ira quoque accensus, quod duo in obsidione urbis ejus vulnera acceperat. Betim egregia edita pugna multisque vul- neribus confectum deseruerunt sui ; 10 nee tamen segnius proelium capessebat lubricis armis suo pariter atque hostium sanguine. Sed cum undique telis peteretur, ad postremum exhaustis viri- bus, vivus in potestatem hostium pervenit. Per talos spirantis lora trajecta sunt, religatumque ad currum traxere circa urbem equi, gloriante rege, Achillem, a quo geuus ipse duceret, 11 imi- tatum se esse paena in hostem capienda. 12 23. Aegyptii olim Persis infensi — quippe avare et superbe imperitatum sibi 1 esse credebant — ad spem adventus regis ere- xerant animos. Igitur ingens multitudo Pelusium, qua intratu- rus videbatur, convenerat. Atque ille septimo die postquam a Gaza copias moverat, 2 in regionem Aegypti, quam nunc Castra Alexandri vocant, pervenit. Deinde, pedestribus copiis Pelu- a 626, R. s 630, 657. 22. " 830. 2 345. 3 3g 8 . 4 572. 5 532. e G12 . 7 278, R • 345, R. 1. 9 632. 10 295, R. 1. " 630. " 432. 23. 1 208. 2 566. 50 LATItf HEADER. shim petere jussis, ipse cum expedita delectorum maim Kilo" amne vecfcus est; nee sustinuere adventnm ejus Persae, defec- tion e qnoqne perfcerriti. A 4 Memphi eodem flumine vectns ad interiora Aegypti penetrat, compositisque rebus ita, ut nihil 5 ex 8 patrio Aegyptiorum more mutaret, adire Jovis Hammonis oracnlnm statnit. Ergo cum his, qnos ducere secum statuerat, secundo amne descendit ad Mareotin paludem. Inde primo quidem et sequenti die tolerabilis labor visus est. Sed ut ape- ruere 7 se campi alta obruti arena, hand secus qnam profundum aequor ingressi terram oculis requirebant. Nulla arbor, nullum culti soli occurrebat vestigium. Aqua etiam defecerat, qnam utribus 3 cameli vexerant. Ad hoc sol omnia incenderat, sicca- que et adnsta erant ora, cum repente, sive illnd deornm munus sive casus fuit, 8 obductae caelo 9 nubes condidere solem, largum- que imbrem excusserunt procellae. Quadridunm per vastas solitndines absumptum est. Tandem ad sedem consecratam deo ventum est. Incredibile dictu, 10 inter vastas solitudines sita undique arboribus contecta est multique fontes alunt silvas. Caeli quoque mira temperies, per omnes anni partes verno tepori maxime similis. Incolae nemoris, qnos Hammonios vocant, dispersis tnguriis 3 habitant, medium 11 nemns pro aree habent triplici muro circumdatum. Id quod pro deo colitur non eandem effigiem habet, quam vulgo diis artifices accommo- davernnt; umbilico maxime similis est habitus, smaragdo et gemmis coagmentatus. Ac tnm quidem regem propius adeun- tem maximns natu e sacerdotibus filium appellat, hoc noraen illi parentem Jovem reddere amrmans. Ille se vero et accipere ait et agnoscere. Consulnit deinde, mini 15 totius orbis impe- rinm fatis sibi destinaretur? Pater aeque in adulationem com- positus, terrarum omnium rectorem fore ostendit ; adjecit, in- victum fore, donee excederet 13 ad deos. Sacrificio deinde facto, dona et sacerdotibus et deo data sunt permissumqne amicis, ut ipsi quoque consulerent Jovem. Nihil amplius quaesiverunt, quam auctorne 12 esset sibi divinis honoribus colendi 14 suum regem. Hoc quoque acceptum fore Jovi, vates respondent. Jovis igitur filium se non solum appellari passu s est sed etiam jussit. s.3S7. Mil, R. 1. »543,4. • 371, R. 5. 7 5G3. 8597^.4. »346. >M37 » 287, R. 12 462. 13 574. 14 429. DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 5] Alexander ab Hammone rediens ad Mareotin paludem baud procul insula 16 Pbaro sitam venit. Contemplatus loci naturam primum in ipsa insula statuerat urbem novam condere; inde, ufc apparuit, magnae sedis 16 insulam haud capacem esse, elegit urbi locum, ubi nunc est Alexandria, nomen trahens ex nomine auctoris. Ex fmitimis urbibns commigrare Alexandrian! jus- sis, 17 novam urbem magna multitudine impleyit. His com- positis, imminens Dareo ad Eupbratem iter pronuntiari jussit. 24. Interea Dareus desperata pace, quam per litteras legatos- que impetrari posse crediderat, ad reparandas vires bellumque impigre renovandum intendit animum. Omnia longinquarum gentium auxilia Babyloniam contrabi jussit, Bessum, Bactria- norum praetorem, qnam maximo 1 posset exercitu coacto, descen- dere ad se jubet, Scytbae quoque et Indi conveniunt, ita ut di mid io 2 ferine major exercitus esset, quam in Cilicia fuerat; ingensque, ut crediderat, bostium terror, ducentae falcatae quadrigae secutae sunt. Ex summo temone bastae praefixae f erro eminebant, falces aliae sum missae rotarum orbibus baere- bant, aliae in terrain demissae. Instructo exercitu Babylone copias movit. Tigri deinde superato pervenit Arbela vicum.* Opportuna explicandis copiis 4 regio erat, vasta planities, eques- tri maxime proelio apta. 25. Alexander undecim castris ad Eupbraten pervenit. Quo 1 pontibus juncto equites primos ire, pbalangem sequi jubet, Mazaeo, qui ad inbibendum transitum ejus cum sex milibus equitum occurrerat, non auso periculum sui facere. Paucis deinde ad 2 quietem diebus datis militi, strenue bostem in sequi coepit, metuens, ne 3 interiora regni sui peteret sequendusque esset per loca omni solitudine atque inopia vasta. Igitur 4 quarto die ad septentriones praeter Arbela penetrat ad Tigrin. Tota regio ultra amnem recenti fumabat incendio ; quippe Mazaeus, quaecunque adierat, 5 baud secus quam bostis urebat. Ut speculatores praemissi tuta omnia nuntiaverunt, paucoa equitum ad temptandum vadum numinis praemisit; cujus alti- tudo primo 8 summa equorum pectora, mox ut in medium alveum ventum est, cervices 7 quoque aequabat. Nee sane alius ad » 418, R. 18 374. " 433, R. 2. 24. ' 317. 2 400. 3 410. R. 2. * 430 «5. • 612. 2 344, R. 1. 3 552. * 503, R. 6 569. • 324, R. 7. 7 345, R. 1. 52 LATIH HEADER. Orientis plagam tarn violentus invehitur. Itaque a celeritate, qua defluit, Tigri' women est inditum, quia Persica lingua Tigrin sagittam appellant. Igitur pedes, circumdato equitatu, levatis super capita armis transit. Deleri potuit 9 exercitus, si qnis vincere ausus esset, sed perpetua fortuna regis avertit hide hostem. 26. Biduo 1 ibi rex stativa habuit. In illo itinere uxor Darei captiva mortua erat animi aegritudine confecta. Cujus morti 2 cum Alexandrum illacrimasse exsequiasque benigne prosecutum esse Dareo nuntiatum esset, legatos misit, qui gratias agerent, 3 quod nihil in suos hostile fecisset. 4 Offer t deinde majorem partem regni usque ad flumen Euphraten, pro reliquis captivis triginta milia talentorum. Sed Alexander Parmenione, ut acciperet quae offerrentur 5 suadente, Et ego. inquit, pecuniam qnam gloriam mallem, si Parmenio essem. 6 Dimissi legati nuntiant, adesse certamen. 27. Alexander, cum haud longius centum quinquaginta sta- diis Dareum a se abesse comperisset, castra movit. Dextra Tigrin habebat, a 1 laeva montes, quos Gordaeos vocant. Dareus decern stadia progressus, milites subsistere jussit armatosque hostem exspectare. Mazaeus, qui cum delectis equitum in edito colle, ex quo Macedonum prospiciebantur castra, consederat, sive metu, sive quia speculari modo jussus erat, ad Dareum rediit. Macedones eum ipsum collem, quern deseruerat, occu- paverunt. Inde tota acies hostium, quae in campo explicabatur, conspiciebatur. Nee jam contineri Macedones poterant, quin a cursu ad hostem contenderent. Sed Alexander castra muniri jussit. Postero die aciem disponit. Laevum cornu, sicut alias, Parmenioni tuendum 3 datum, ipse in dextro stabat. 28. Dareus in laevo cornu erat, delectis 1 equitum 2 peditum- que stipatus. Ante se falcatos currus habebat, quos signo dato universos in hostem effudit. Ruebant laxatis habenis aurigae, quo 3 plures, nondum satis proviso impetu, obtererent. Alios hastae multum ultra temonem eminentes, alios ab utroque latere dimissae falces laceravere. Nee sensim prima signa cede- bant sed effusa fuga turbaverant ordines. Deinde currus in « 322. • 599, R. 3. 26. x 392, R. 2. 2 34G. s 632. * 542. 6 630. • 599. 27. i 388, R. 2. 2 551. s 431. 28. 1 391, R. 2. «871.K.7. s 545, 2. DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 53 phalangem invecti sunt. Macedones confirmatis animis in medium agmen accipiunt et ab utroque latere temere incur- rentium ilia suffodiunt. Circumire deinde et cuitus ac propug- natores praecipitare coeperunt. Ingens rnina equorum auriga- rumque aciem compleverat. Pancae tamen evasere quadrigae in ultimam aciem, iis. in quos inciderunt, miserabili morte con- sumptis. Interim Persae gravius instabant. Supervenere Bacfcriani pugnaeque vertere fortunam. Multi ergo Macedonum primo impetu obtriti sunt, plures ad Alexandrum refugerunt. Turn Persae, clamore sublato, qualem victores solent edere, ferociter in hostem, quasi ubique profligatum, 4 incurrerunt. Alexander territos castigare, 5 adhortari, confirmatos tandem ipse in hostes ducere. At qui in laevo cornu erant Persae, spe posse enm includi, agmen suum a tergo opponunt; ingensque periculum 8 in medio haerens adisset, ni* equites Agriani calca- ribus subditis circumfusos reo;i barbaros adorti in se avertissent. Turbata erat utraque 8 acies. Duo reges junctis prope agmini- bus proelium accenderant ; curru Dareus, Alexander equo ve- hebatur, utrumque delecti tuebantur, sui 9 immemores, quippe amisso rege 10 nee volebant salvi esse nee poterant. Ceterum, sive ludibrium oculorum, sive vera species fait, qui circa Alex- andrum erant, vidisse se crediderunt paululum super caput regis placide volantem aquilam. Certe vates Aristander, alba veste indutus et dextra 11 praeferens lauream, militibus avem monstrabat, haud dubium yictoriae auspicium. Ingens ergo alacritas et fiducia paulo ante territos accendit 12 ad pugnam, utique postquam auriga Darei, qui ante ipsum 13 sedens equos regebat, hasta transfixus est. 14 Nee aut Persae ant Macedones dubitavere, quin 15 ipse rex esset occisus. Ergo lugubri ululatu et incondito clamore gemituque totam fere aciem turbavere cognati Darei et armigeri; multi in fugam effusi destituerunt currum. Dicitur acinace stricto Dareus dubitasse, an 16 fugae dedecus bonesta morte vitaret. 17 Alexander, mutato equo. plures enim fatigaverat, resistentium adversa ora fodiebat, fugi- entium terga. Jamque non pugna sed caedes erat, cum Dareus quoque currum suum in fugam vertit. 18 Haerebat in tergis * 604, R. 2. 6 650. « 330. » 592. R. 5. 8 370, R. 2. e 373. 10 670. " 387. ia 2S1. Esc. 2. "297, R. 1. "56:3. 15 551, 2. " 462, 3. 1T 258. 18 582. k> OP T7W 54 LATIK READER. fugientium victor, cum a Parmenione tristis nuntius venit," Mazaeum cum omni snorum equitafcu vehementer invectum urgere Macedonum alas ; jamque abun dan tern multitudine aciem circumvehi coepisse; ni mature subveniretur, iion posse 1 ' sisti fugam. Frendens Alexander, eripi sibi victoriam e mani- bus, agmcn dbnsistere jubet. Interim ad Mazaeum superati 90 regis fama pervenerat. Itaque quamquam superior erat, tamen fortuna partium territus, perculsis languidius instabat. Par- menio ignorabat quidem causam pngnae sua sponte remissae, sed occasione vincendi strenue est usus. Thessalos equites vocari jubet. Qui subditis calcaribus proruere in liostem. Illi citato gradu recedebant; Parmenio tamen, ignarus quaenam in dextro cornu fortuna regis esset, repressit suos. Mazaeus, dato pugnae spatio, magno circuitu Tigrin superat et Babylona cum reliquiis devicti exercitus se recepit. Dareus media fere nocte Arbela 21 pervenerat eodemque magna pars amicorum ejus ac militum confugerat. Cum expedita manu deserta atque ultima regni petiturus 22 Mediae fines ingressus est. 29. Babylonem procedenti Alexandra Mazaeus, qui ex acie in earn urbem confugerat, cum adultis liberis supplex occurrit, urbem seque dedens. 1 Gratns adventus ejus regi fuit, magni enim operis 8 obsidio futura erat 3 tarn munitae urbis. Ceterum quadrato agmine, quod ipse ducebat, velut in aciem irent, 4 in- gredi suos jubet. Magna pars Babyloniorum constiterat in muris, avida cognoscendi 5 novum regem, plures obviam egressi sunt. Inter quos Bagophanes, arcis et regiae pecuniae custos, ne studio a Mazaeo vinceretur, to turn iter floribus coronisque constraverat, argenteis altaribus utroque latere dispositis, quae non ture modo, sed omnibus odoribus cumulaverat. Dona eum sequebantur greges pecorum equorumque, leones quoque et pantherae caveis 6 praeferebantur. Magi deinde suo more car- men canentes, post hoc Chaldaei Babyloniorum vates cum fidibus ibant. Ceterum ipsius urbis pulchritudo ac vetustas non regis modo sed etiam omnium oculos in semet hand im- nierito convertit. 7 30. Diutius in hac urbe, quam usquam, constitit rex, nee 19 660, R. ao 324, R. 3. »• 410. aa 672. 29. ' 673, R. " 365. 3 599, R. 3. * 601 »429. «387. 7 281, Exc. 2. DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 55 ullus locus diaciplinae 1 militari magis nocuit. Nihil urbia ejus cormptins moribus, nihil ad irritandas illiciendaaque immodicaa cupiditates instructius. Ceterum quo 2 minus damnum aentiret, identidem snpplemento renovabatnr exercitus. Tunc Amvntas ab Antipatro Macedonum peditum 8 VI milia adduxit, D prae- terea ejusdem generis equites, cum his DC Thracas, adjunctis peditibua III milibns D. Et ex Peloponneso mercennarius miles ad IV milia advenerat cum CCCLXXX equitibus. Idem 4 Amyntas adduxerat Lprincipum Macedoniae liberos adultos ad custodiam corporis. 31. Aucto exercitu Susa profectus est, TJrbem ei aditnro 1 Abulites, regionis ejus praefectus, cum donis regalis opulentiae oecurrit. Dromades cameli inter dona erant velocitatis eximiae, XII elephanti a Dareo ex India acciti. Ut vero urbem intravit, incredibilem ex thesauris summam pecuniae egessit. Multi reges tantas opes longa aetate cumulaverant liberis posterisque, ut arbitrabantur, quas una hora in externi regis manus intulit, Deinde quartis castris pervenit ad Pasitigrim flnvium. Divisis cum Parmenione copiis, ilium campestri itinere procedere jubet, ipse cum expedite agmine jugum montium cepit, quorum per- petuum dorsum in Persidem excurrit. Omni hac regione vas- tata quinto die angustias, quas illi Susidas pylas vocant, intrat Puso Ariobarzane, qui eas angustias fortiter defendebat, ad Araxen fluvium pervenit, unde expeditum iter Persepolin fuit. Jamque baud procul urbe erant, cum 2 miserabile agmen regi oecurrit. Captivi erant Graeci ad quattuor milia fere, quos Persae vario suppliciorum modo 3 affecerant ; alios pedibus, quosdam manibus auribusque amputatis, inustisque barbararum litterarum notis, in longum ludibrium reservaverant. Ptex abs- tersis, quas profuderat, lacrimis, bonum habere animum jubet, visuros urbes suas conjugesque. Cum illi peterent, ut aliquam 4 ipsis attribueret in Asia sedem, tenia 5 milia denarium 6 singulis dari jussit, denae vestes adjectae sunt, et armenta cum pecoribus ic frumento data, ut coli serique attributus iis ager posset. 32. Jamque barbari, deserto oppido, qua quemque metua agebat, difFugerant, cum rex phalangem nihil 1 cunctatus indu- 30. »345. 2 54 5i 2. s 30 8. * 296. 31. * 673, 1. 2 582. 3 403, R. 2. «301 5 310. «29, R. 3. 32. 1 443, R. 2. 50 LATi:S" READER. cit. Mul Lis urbes refertas opulentia 9 regia partim expugnave- rat, partim in fidem acceperat, sed urbis hujns divitiae vicere praeterita. In hanc totius Persidis opes congesserant barbari, anrum argentuniqne cumulatum erat, vestis ingens copia, su- pellex non ad iisum sed ad ostentationem luxus comparata. Itaque inter ipsos victores ferro dimicabatnr, pro hoste erat, qui pretiosiorem occnpaverat praedam. Neque minore crudelitate qnam avaritia tamquam in capta nrbe grassati sunt; auro ar- gen toque onusti vilia captivorum corpora trncidabant. Multi igitur, ut liostium man us fugerent, e muris semet ipsos cum conjugibus ac liberis dejecerunt ; quidam ignes subjecerunt aedibns, ut cum suis vivi cremarentur. 33. Ceterum rex maxima animi bona, illara indolem, qua omnes reges antecessit, illam in subeundispenculis constantiam, in rebus moliendis efficiendisqne velocitatem, in deditos fidem, in captivos clementiam, in volnptatibus permissis quoque et usitatis teniperantiam, baud tolerabili vini cupiditate foedavit. De 1 die inibat convivia, qnibns feminae intererant. Ex bis 2 una, Thais nomine, maximam enm apud omnes Graecos initu- rum gratiam adfirniat, si regiam Persarum jnssisset 3 incendi; exspectare hoc eos, quorum urbes barbari delessent. 4 Ebriae mnlieri cum unus et alter et ipsi 5 vino onerati, assentirentur, rex: Qnin 6 igitur, inquit, ulciscimur Graeciam et urbi feces subdimus ? Surgunt temulenti omnes ad incendendam urbem ; primus 7 rex ignem regiae injecit, turn convivae et ministri pae- licesque. Multa cedro 8 aedificata erat regia, quae celeriter igne concepto 9 late effudit incendium. 34. Supplemento novorum e Cilicia militum auctus Dareum persequi statuit. Is jam Ecbatana pervenerat caput 1 Mediae; inde ad 1 oppidum Bactra contendere decreverat. In eo itinere Bessus et Nabarzanes praefecti regem siium per fraudem com- prehendere et vincire decreverant eo quidem consilio, 8 ut si Alexander ipsos insecutns foret, 3 tradito rege vivo inirent gra- tiam victoris, sin 4 aiitem eum eifngere potuissent, 3 interfecto Dareo regnum ipsi occuparent bellumque renovarent. Jam nox 2373 r i 33 1393,11. » 371, R. 6. 8 060, 4. * 630. 6 297, R. 2. » 2(J& »324, R 5 s 390, R. 2. • GOT, R. 1. 34. > 410, R. 2. »845,1. s 660, 5. «593. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 57 appetebat, cum Persae more solito armis positis ad frumentum ex proximo vico ferendum discurrunt. At Bactriani, ut impe- ratum a Besso erat, armati stabant. Turn rex in tabernaculo comprehensus, captivus servorum suorum, in 5 sordidum yehicu- lum pellibus undique tectum imponitur. Ne tamen honos regi non habere tur, aureis compedibus eum vinciuut fugamque intendunt. 35. Alexander, audito 1 Dareum movisse ab 2 Ecbatanis, omisso itinera, quod patebat in Mediam, fngientem insequi pergit strenue. Transfugae nuntiant, praecipitem fuga Bactra petere Dareum. Certiora deiude cognoscit ex Babylonio quodam, in periculo esse mortis regem adfirmante. Igitur raptim agmen cursus magis quam itineris modo ducit, ne nocturna quidem 8 quiete diurnum laborem intermittens. Itaqae D stadia pro- cessit, perventumque erat in vicum, in quo Dareum Bessus comprelienderat. Fatigatis necessaria quies erat. At trans- fugae nuntiabant, stadia 4 D abesse Persas, ipsos 5 breyius iter monstraturos. Itaque prima vespera, ducibus iisdem, cum expedita equitum manu monstratam yiam ingreditur, phalange, quantum festinare posset, 6 sequi jussa. Trecenta stadia pro- cesserant, cum occurrit Brocubelus, Mazaei filius, nuntians, Bessum hand amplius quam CC stadia abesse, si festiuaret 7 sequi palantes, superventurum ; Dareum adhuc vivere. Itaque cal- caribus subditis effuso cursu eunt. Jamque conspecti a bar- baris erant, et abeuntium agmen conspexerant ; nequaquam pares fuissent, si Besso tan turn animi fuisset ad proelium, quan- tum ad parriciclium fuerat. Namque et numero barbari prae- stabant et robore. Sed nomen Alexandri et fama, maximum in bello ntique momentum, pavidos in fugam avertit/ Bessus yero et ceteri facinoris ejus participes, yehiculum Darei assecuti, tela conjiciunt in regem, multisque confossum yulneribus re- linquunt. Jumenta quoque, ne longius prosequi possent, 9 yul- nerant, duobus servis, qui regem comitabantur, occisis. Hoc edito facinore Bessus Bactra petebat, barbari, duce destituti, dissipantur. 36. Interim jumenta, quae Dareum yehebant, nullo 1 regente •346, R. 1. 35. 1 438, R. 2. » 411, R. 1. 9 447, R. 2. 4 335, 2. 6 521, R. 8 630. » 660, 3. 8 281, Exc. 2. 9 511, R. 1, 36, > 304. 58 LATIN HEADER. decesserant militari via et errore delata per quattuor stadia in quadam valle constiterant aestu simulque vulneribus fatigata. Hand procul erat fons, ad quern Polystratus Macedo siti cruci- atus accessit: ac dum galea haustam aqnam sorbet, 2 jumenta conspexit hominisque semivivi gemitum percepit. Dimotis pellibus, qnibus vehiculum obtectum erat, Dareum multis vnl- neribus confossum reperit. Regius enim cultus et aureae cate- nae, qnibus a parricidis vinctus fuerat, dubitationem eximebant. Non erat expers Graeci sermonis 3 Dareus; gratiasque agebat diis, qui post tanta mala tamque gravia hoc tamen indulsissent 4 solatii, 6 ne'omnino in solitudine extremum spiritum effunderet. Cum siti angeretur, allata per Polystratum aqua recreatus : Ergo, inquit, hanc etiam tantis calamitatibus extremam acce- dere oportuit, ut 7 bene merito gratiam referre non possim ; at referet Alexander, Alexandro vero dii. Dextram deinde pro- tendit, eamque Alexandro, fidei regiae pignus, ferri jubens, apprehensa Polystrati manu animam efflavit. Alexander an 8 spiranti adhuc supervenerit, incertum est; illud constat, miser- abili regis opulentissimi exitu comperto, copiosas lacrimas pro- fudisse, statimque chlamyde sibi detracta corpus operuisse et magno cum honore ad suos deferri jussisse, ut regio Persarum more curatum monumentis majorum inferretur. 37. Verum Alexandri mores post Darei mortem mutari coepe- runt et quern 1 arma Persarum non fregerant, vitia vicerunt. Hinc saepius comparatae in caput ejus insidiae, secessio mili- tum, ipsius deinde nunc ira, nunc suspiciones, ceteraque his similia, quae deinde dicentur. Perventum erat in Parthienen, ubi urbs erat ea tempestate clara Hecatompylos, condita a Graecis; ibi stativa rex habuit commeatibus undique advectis. Itaque rumor sine auctore percrebruit, regem contentum rebus, quas gessisset, 2 in Mace- donian! protinus redire statuisse. Discurrunt in tabernacula et itineri sarcinas aptant; signum datum crederes, 3 ut vasa col- ligerent. Haud secus ac 4 par erat, territus Alexander, qui Indos atque ultima orientis peragrare statuisset, 6 praefectos copiarum in praetorium convocat, obortisque lacrimis, ex me- 3 572. s 373, <63fci. »371. 6 556, R. 4. T 525, R. 3. «402,3. 87. ' 621. 630. 3 252. 4 040. 6 636. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 59 dio gloriae spatio revocari se victumque magis qnam victorem in patriam rediturum, conquestus est. Turn vero pro se quis- que 8 operam suam offerre, 7 difficillima quaeqne 8 poscere, polli- ceri militum quoque obsequium, si animus eorum leni et apta oratione permulcere voluisset. 9 Ita se facturum esse respond] t. Summa militum alacritate, jubentium, quocnnque vellet, ducere, oratio excepta est. Nee rex moratus impetum, ad fines Hyrca- niae penetrat. Quadrato agmine ibat, speculatores subinde praemittens, qui explorarent 10 loca. Levis armatura ducebat agmen, phalanx earn sequebatur, post pedites erant impedi- menta. Et gens bellicosa et natura loci difficilis aditu curam regis intenderat. Namque perpetua vallis usque ad mare Cas- pium patet, silvae imminebant torrentesque et eluvies iter morabantur. Nullo tamen hoste obvio ad ulteriora per ven turn est. 38. Mardorum erat gens confinis Hyrcaniae, 1 cultu vitae aspera et latroeiniis 2 assueta. Interiora regionis ejus hand sane adiri sine magna yexatione exercitus poterant. Juga montium praealtae silvae rupesque inviae saepiunt; ea quae plana sunt novo munimenti genere impedierant barbari. Arbores densae sunt de industria coiisitae, quarum ramos intortos rursus inse- runt terrae; 3 inde velut ex alia radice laetiores virent trunci. Qui ubi multa fronde vestiti sunt, occulti ramorum velut laquei perpetua saepe iter clauduut. Incolae autem, ritu ferarum vir- gulta subire soliti, occultis telis hostem lacessebant. Ille venantium modolatibula scrutatus plerosque confodit; ad ulti- mum circumire sal turn milites jubet, ut, si qua pateret, irrum- perent. Sed ignotis locis plerique oberrabant exeeptique sunt quidam, inter quos equus regis, — Bucephalam vocabant — quern Alexander non eodem quo ceteras pecudes animo aestimabat. jSTamque ille nee in dorso insidere suo patiebatur alium, et regem, cum vellet 4 ascendere, sua sponte genua summittens excipiebat, credebaturque sentire, quern veberet. Majore ergo, qnam decebat, ira simul ac dolore stimulatus equum vestigari jubet et per interpretem pronuntiari, ni reddidissent, 5 nemi- nem esse victurum. Hac denuntiatione territi cum ceteris «305, R. 1. T 650. 8 305. • 515, R. 3. "632. 38. J 350. 2 403, R. 2. 8 340. * 569, R. 2. 6 660, 4. 60 LATItf READER. donis equum adducunt. Inde qui n to die in Hyrcaniam rever- titur. 39. Deinde Bessum, qui Teste regia sumpta Artaxerxem ap- pellari se jusserat Scythasque et ceteros Jaxartis accolas contra- hebat, bello persequi statu it. Sarcinis totius exercitus praeter maxime uecessarias combustis in Bactrianam proficiscenti lit- terae adferuntur, e quibus cognoscit, Satibarzanem, cui ipse panlo ante Ariorum satrapiam restituerat, defecisse. Quern 1 nt opprimeret, iter ad meridiem convertit. Cognito ejus adventu Satibarzanes cum duobus milibus equitum Bactra perfugit. Ariis in dicionem suam redactis, Drangas petit. Ibi commo- ranti domesticae insidiae parantur, quarum particeps Dymnus comprehensns semet ipse interfecit. Etiam PhilOtas, Parme- nionis filius in suspicionem venerat, quern rex, Cratero ma- xime instigante, torqueri jussit, ut socios nominaret. Primo 9 ille fortiter dolorem fert, deinde laceratus omnia se confessurum promittit. Confitetur, Hegelochum olim tribunum equitum, indigne ferentem, quod Jovis filium se salutari jussisset 3 rex, Parmenioni sibique auctorem fuisse regem interimendi, earn vero rem, donee Dareus in vivis esset, 4 dilatam esse. C unique initio nihil se cum Dymno commune habere dixisset, 5 postea rursus tormentis admotis, hoc quoque crimen confitetur. sed patrem Parmeniouem cousilii 6 expertem fuisse perseverat. Postero die conjurati more patrio saxis obruti sunt. Neque Parmenio regi insons videbatur esse. Ad quern puniendum Polydamante, amico illius, ministro 7 usus est, qui iram regis extimescens impensius etiam, quam exigebatur, promittit operam. Velocitate 8 opus erat, quae celeritatem famae antece- dent. 9 Itaque veste Arabica indutus cum duobus Arabibus comitibus per deserta etiam ob siccitatem loca camelis 10 profec- tus in Mediam venit, ubi Parmenio cum praesidio relictus erat. Parmenio dum litteras regis a Polydamante traditas legit, 11 confoditur. 40. Arachosiis snbactis rex nationem ne finitimis quidem satis notam cum exercitu intravit. Parapamisadae appellantur, agreste hominum genus, veP inter 9 barbaros maxime incondi- 39. l 612. * 324, R. 7. 3 542. * 571, 500, 2. » 588. • 373. 7 405, R. 2. 8 39tt 632. i°205, R. 2. "572. 40. l 490. a 371, R. 5. DE GEST1S ALEXANDRE, 61 turn. Locorum asperitas hominum quoque ingenia dnraverat. Gelid issi mum septentrionis axem ex'" magna parte spectanr, Bactrianis ab 2 occidente oonjuncti sunt, meridiana regio ad mart' Indicum vergit. Tuguria latere 3 struunt, foramine relicto superne lumen admittunt. Vites et arbores, si quae in tanto terrae rigore dnrare potuerunt,* obruunt; penitus hieme defbs- sae latent; cum nix discussa aperire humum coepit, 4 eaelo solique redduntur. Ceterum adeo altae nives premunt terrain, gelu et pevpetuo paene rigore constrictae, ut ne avium quidem feraeve'ullius vestigium exstet. In liac omnis humani cultus solitudine destitutus exercitus, quidquid malorum tolerari potest, pertulit, inopiam, frigus, lassitudinem, desperationem. Multos exanimavit rigor insolitus nivis, multorum adussit pedes, plurimorum oculos; praecipue perniciosus fuit fatigatis. Nam in ipso gelu deficientia corpora sternebant, quae cum moveri desissent 8 , vis frigoris ita astringebat, ut rursus ad sur- gendum conniti non possent. A commilitonibus torpentes excitabantur, neque aliud remedium erat, quam ut 7 ingredi cogerentur. Incolae, numquam an tea in terris suis advena viso, cum armatos repente conspicerent, exanimati metu, quidquid in tuguriis erat adferebant, ut 8 corporibus 9 ipsorum parceretur orantes. Tandem in loca cultiora perventum est. 41. Inde agmen processit ad Caucasum moutem, cujus dor- sum Asiam perpetuo jugo dividit; hinc 1 simul mare, quod Ciliciam subit, illinc Caspium fretum et amnem Araxem alia- que regione Scythiae deserta spectat. Ex quo Asiae omnia fere flumina, alia in Kubrum, alia in Caspium mare, alia in Hvrcanium et Ponticum decidunt. Septendecim dierum spatio Caucasum superavit exercitus. Eupes in eo decern in circuitu stadia complectitur, quattuor in altitudinem excedit, in qua vinctum Promethea fuisse antiquitas tradit. Condendae 8 in ra- dicibus montis urbi sedes electa est. Septem milibus seniorum 3 Macedonum permissum in novam urbem considere. Hanc quoque Alexandriam incolae appellaverunt. 42. Bactriani, postquam adventare Alexandrum compertum est, 1 in suos 2 quisque vicos dilapsi Bessum reliquerunt. Ille 2 388, R. 2. s 195, R. 8, 396, R. 2. 4 569. 5 497. « 569, R. 2. 7 556. 3 54& »208. 41. 1 292, R. 3. * 430. 3 308. 42. 1 563. 2 305, R. 1. 62 LATIN" READER. cum jpaucis Oxo arane snperato, exusfcisque navigiis, quibns transierat, ne iisdem hostis nteretur, novas copias in Sogdianis contrahebat. Venturos an tern praedicabat Chorasmios et Dahas Sacasque et Indos et ultra Jaxarten amnem colentes Scythas. Bactrianae terrae multiplex et varia natura est. Alibi mnlta arbor 3 et vitis largos mitesque fructus alit, solum pingue crebri fontes rigant; quae mitiora sunt, frumento conseruntur, cetera armentornm pabulo cedunt. Magnam deinde partem ejusdem terrae steriles harenae tenent; squalida siccitate regio nou hominem, non frngem alit. Cum vero venti a Politico mari spirant, quidquid harenae in campis jacet, converrunt. Quod ubi cumulatum est, magnorum collium procul species est, omniaque pristini itineris vestigia intereunt. Itaque qui trans- eunt campos navigantium moclo noctu sidera observant, ad quorum cursum iter dirigunt. Ceterum si quos ille ventus, qui a mari exoritur, deprehendit, liarena obruit. Sed qua mitior terra est, ingens hominum equorumque multitudo gignitur. Ipsa Bactra, regionis ejus caput, sita sunt sub monte Parapa- miso. Hie rex stativa habuit. 43. Sarcinis impedimentisque cum praesidio relictis, ipse cum expedito agmine loca deserta Sogdianorum intrat, nocturno itinere exercitum ducens. Per quadringenta stadia ne modicus quidem umor exsistit. Harenas vapor aestivi solis accendit; quae ubi flagrare coeperunt, 1 haud secus quam 2 continenti in- cendio cuncta torrentur. Xocturnum iter tolerabile videbatur, quia rore et matutino frigore corpora levabantur. Ceterum cum 3 ipsa luce aestus oritur, omnemque naturalem absorbet umorem siccitas; ora visceraque penitus uruntur. Itaque pri- mum 4 animi, deinde corpora deficere coeperunt. Tandem ad flumen Oxum ipse perveuit prima fere vespera. Sed exercitus magna pars non potuerat consequi. In edito monte ignes jubet fieri, ut ii, qui aegre sequebantur, hand procul castris 6 ipsos abesse cognoscerent. Totam earn noctem ipse cum magno animi motu perpetuis vigiliis egit. Nee postero die laetior eraf, quia nee navigia liabebat, nee pons erigi poterat. Itaque utri- • 195, R. 8. 43. J 5G9. * 646) R< o. 8 393, R> * 3 o 4> R . 7. » 4i 8> R . DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 63 bus incubantes transnavere amnem. Hoc modo sexto demum die in 6 ulteriore ripa to turn exercitum exposuit. 44. Jamque ad persequendum Bessum statuerat progredi cum ea, quae in Sogdianis gesta erant, cognoscit. Conjurave- rant principes, quibus a Besso maxima fides habebatur, ut vivum Alexandre traderent. Dolo deceptum vinxerant derepto ex eapite regui iusigni lacerataque veste, quam e spoliis occisi regis induerat ; in equum 1 impositum Alexaudro tradituri ducunt. Kex ad urbem Maracanda pervenerat. Praesidio nrbis relicto processit ad Jaxarten amnem, quern ipse militesque ejus Tan aim putaverimt esse. Quo perductus est Bessus uon vinc- tus modo, sed etiam omni velamento corporis spoliatus. Spita- menes, unus e 2 conjuratis, eum tenebat collo 3 inserta catena, tarn barbaris quam Macedonibus gratum spectaculum. Alex- ander Oxathren, fratrem Darei, quern inter corporis custodes habebat, propius jussit accedere, tradique Bessum ei, ut cruci adtixum mutilatis auribus naribusque sagittis configerent bar- bari. Ceterum supplicium ejus distulit, ut eo loco, in quo Dareum ipse occiderat, 4 uecaretur. Condendae 5 urbi sedem super ripam Jaxartis elegerat. Quan- tum soli 6 occupaverat castris, muro circumdedit. Hanc quoque urbem Alexandriam appellari jussit. Incolae novae urbi dati capt.ivi, quos redd i to pretio dominis libera vit 45. At rex Scytbarum, cujus turn ultra Jaxarten imperium erat, ratus 1 earn urbem, quam in rij)a amnis Macedones con- diderant, suis impositam esse cervicibus, 2 fratrem Carthasim nomine cum magna equituin maim misit ad earn diruendam. Quos ut repelleret, rex in rates exercitum imposuit. In proris clipeatos locaverat jussos in genua subsidere, quo 3 tutiores es- sent adversus ictus sagittarum; equites a 4 pappe nantes equos loris traliebant. Barbari in^entem vim sagittarum conjecerunt in rates, vixque ullum fait scutum, quod non pluribus simul spiculis perforaretur. 5 Jam terrae rates applicabantur, cum acies clipeata consurgit et hastas certo ictu mittit e ratibus. Ut territos hostium equos viderunt, alacres in terram desiluerunt. Turbatis acriter pedem inferre coeperunt. Equitum deinde 8 3S4, R. 1. 44. J 34G, R. 1. 2 371) R< 5- s 316 _ < m , R. 1. 5 430. ■ 371. 45. J 278, R. »346. »545,2. * 3S8, R. 2. * G34. 64 LATIK READER. tnrmae, quae frenatos habebant equos, perfregerunt barbaro- rum aciem. Barbari omnes effusis habenis (nainque equestris acies erat) capessunt fngam. Haec expeditio cleficientem jam magna ex parte Asiam fama tarn opportanae victoriae domuit. Invictos Scythas esse cre- diderant; quibns fractis null am gentem Macedonnm 6 armis parem fore confitebantur. Itaque Sacae aliaeque rebelles gentes miserunt legatos, qui pollicerentur, 7 imperata se esse facturos. Armis quidam subacti sunt, inter eos exsules Bactriani, qui cum octingentis Massagetarum equitibus, mille Daharum ter- ram vastaverant. Quorum clade totius regionis finita defectio est. 46. His rebus confectis Alexander Maracanda urbem repetit. Inde devertit in regionem, quae appellatur Bazaira. Barbarae opulentiae in illis locis haud ulla sunt majora indicia, quam magnis nemoribus saltibusque nobilium ferarum greges clausi. Spatiosas ad hoc eligunt silvas, crebris perennium aquarum fontibus amoenas; muris nemora cinguntur turresque habent, venantium receptacula. Quattuor continuis 1 aetatibus intactum sal turn fuisse constabat, quern Alexander cum toto exercitu ingressus agitari undique feras jussit. Inter quas cum leo magnitudinis rarae ipsum regem invasurus 2 incurreret, forte Lysimacbus proximus Alexandro venabulum objicere ferae coeperat. Quo rex repulso et abire jusso, feram non excepit modo sed etiam uno vulnere occidit. Quattuor milibus ferarum dejectis in eodem saltu cum toto exercitu epulatus est. Maracanda re versus sollemni quodam die amicos in convivium vocat. Ubi orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippo gestarum men- tion e, praeferre se patri ipse rerumque suarum magnitudinem extollere ad caelum coepit, assentante majore convivarum parte. Itaque cum Clitus, vetus Philippi miles, is qui apud Granicum amnem regem ex media morte eripuit, memoriam Philippi tue- retur laudaretque ejus res gestas, adeo regem offendit, ufc telo a satellite rapto eum in convivio trucidaret. Postquam animus conquievit, modo hominem occisum, modo causam occidendi • 356. R. 1. 7 632. 46. » 392, R. 3. 2 673, 3. DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 65 cons iderans, tantopere eum paenitere facti 3 coepit, ufc yix a se man us abstinerefc. 47. Decern diebns apud Maracanda consumptis ad meridiem versus regressus porvenit in regiouem, cui Oxyartes satrapes nobilis praeerat, qui se regis potestati fideiqne permisit. Bar- bara opulentia convivium, quo' regem accipiebat, instruxeral. Id cum multa comitate celebraret, introduci triginta nobiles virgines jussit. Inter quas erat filia ipsius Roxane nomine, eximia corporis specie et decore habitus in barbaris raro. Quae quanquam inter electas processerat, omnium tamen ocnlos convertit in se, max i me regis, qui in amorem virgunculae ita effusus est, ut diceret, ad stabiliendum regnurn pertinere, Per- sas et Macedones conubio jungi; hoc uno modo efc pndorem victis 2 et superbiam yictoribus detrahi posse. Insperata re laetus pater sermonem ejus excipit, et rex in medio amoris ardore jussit adferri patrio more panem. Hoc erat apnd Mace- dones sanctissimum coeuntium pignus, qnem divisum gladio uterque 3 libabat. Hoc modo rex Asiae et Enropae introductam virginem inter convivales ludos matrimonio sibi adjunxit. 48. Ceierum Indiam et hide Oceanum peti turns, ne quid a tergo, quod destinata impedire posset, 1 moveretur, ex omnibus provinciis triginta milia juniorum legi jussit et ad se armata perduci, obsides simul habiturus et milites. Centum et viginti milia armatorum erant, quae regem ad bellum Indicum seque- bantur. Regia cohors, Argvraspides a genere armorum appel- lati, scuta argenteis laminis inducta habebant: equis frenos aureos addidit. Sibi 2 ipse caelestes honores usurpavit; Jovis filium non dici tan turn se, sed etiam credi volebat, tamquam perinde animis imperare posset 3 ac linguis; jnssitque more Persarum Macedones venerabundos ipsum salutare proster- nentes humi corpora. Xon deerat 4 talia concupiscenti pernici- osa adulatio, perpetuum malum regum, quorum opes saepius asseutatio, quam hostis evertit. Poetae quidam Graeci caelum i 11 i aperiebant, Herculemque et Patrem Liberum et cum Pol- luce Castorem novo numini cessuros esse jactabant. Asperna- bantur haec Macedones. Acerrimus inter recusantes Callis- •376. 47. l 387. 2 316, end. »307. 48. » 633. 2 298. 8 604. ••349. 66 LATIN" HEADER. thenes Olyn thins fnifc. Quae res et illi et multis pnncipibna Macedonum exitio 5 fnifc. 49. India tofca ferme spectat orientem, minus in latitndinem quam recta regione spatiosa. Quae Austrum accipiunt, in altius terrae fastigium exeedunt; plana sunt cetera, multisque inclitis amnions Caucaso monte 1 ortis placidum per campos iter prae- benfc. Indus gelidior est, quam ceteri; aquas vehifc a colore maris baud multum abhorrentes. Ganges omnium ab orients fluvius eximius ad meridianam regionem decurritet magnorum montium juga recto alveo stringit; inde eum objectae rupes inclinant ad orientem. Uterque Rubro mari accipitur. Indus ripas multasque arbores cum magna soli parte ex sorbet, saxis quoque impeditus, quibus crebro reverberatur ; ubi mollius solum repent, stagnat insulasque molitur. Acesines eum auget. Terra lini 2 ferax ; inde 3 plerisque sunt vestes. Libri arborum teneri haud secus, quam 4 chartae, litterarum notas accipiunt. Aves ad imitandum humanae vocis sonum dociles sunt. Ani- malia invisitata ceteris gentibus, nisi 5 invecta. Eadem terra rhinocerotas alit. Elephantorum major est vis, quam quos 6 in Africa domitant, et viribus magnitudo respondet. Anrum flumina vehunt, quae leni modicoque lapsu segnes aquas ducunt. Gemmas margaritasque mare in litore ejicit; neque alia illis major opulentiae causa est. Ingenia homiuum, sicut nbique, apud illos locorum quoque situs format. Corpora usque ad pedes carbaso velant, soleis pedes, capita linteis vin- ciunt; lapilli ex auribus X)endent; bracchia quoque et lacertos auro colunt, quibus 7 inter populares aut nobilitas aut opes eminent. Capillum pectunt saepius quam tondent; mentum semper intonsum est, reliquam oris cutem radunt. 50. Regum tamen luxuria, quam ipsi magnificentiam appel- lant, super omnium gentium vitia. Cum rex se in publico con- spici patitnr, turibula argentea ministri ferunt totumque iter, per quod ferri destinavit, odoribus complent. Aurea 1 lectica, margaritis circumpendentibus, recubat; distincta sunt auro et purpura carbasa, quae induit; lecticam sequuntur armati cor- 5 350. 49. » 395. 9 374. > 613, R. 1. * 64G, R. 2. 6 592, R. 2. • G21. » 343, R. 4 50. » 387 DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 6? porisque custodes, inter quos ramis* aves pendent, qnas cantn seriis rebus 3 obstrepere docuerunt. Regia anratas columnas habet; totas eas vitis auro 4 caelata percurrit, aviumque, quarum visu 5 maxime gaudent, argenteae effigies opera distingunnt. Regia adeuntibus patet, cum capillum pectit atque ornat; tunc responsa legationibus, tunc jura popularibus reddit. Demptia soleis*, odoribns illinuntur pedes. Breviora itinera equo 7 con- ficit ; longior ubi expeditio est, elephanti vehunt currum, et tan tar um beluarum corpora tota contegunt auro. Ac ne quid perditis moribus desit, lecticis aureis 1 paelicum longus ordo sequitur. Feminae epulas parant. Ab isdem vinum ministra- tur, cujus omnibus Indis largus est usus. Quis credat, 8 inter haec vitia curam esse sapientiae ? Unum agreste et borridum genus est, quos 9 sapientes vocant. Apud hos occupare fati diem pulchrnm, et vivos se cremari jubent, quibus aut segnis aetas ant incommoda valetudo est. Illi, qui in urbibus degunt, siderum motus scite spectare dicuntur et futura praedicere. Deos putant, quidquid colere coeperunt, arbores maxime, quas violare nefas est. 51. Alexandro fines Indiae ingresso gentium reguli occurre- runt, imperata facturi, ilium tertium Jove 1 genitum ad ipsos pervenisse memorantes: patrem Liberum atque Herculem fama cognitos esse, ipsum coram adesse cernique. Rex benigne exceptos sequi jussit, iisdem itinerant ducibus 2 usurus. Cete- rum cum amplius nemo occurreret, Hephaestionem et Perdic- cam cum copiarum parte praemisit ad subigendos, qui aversa- rt'ntur 3 imperium ; jussitque ad flumen Indum procedere et navigia fact-ie, quibus in ulteriora transportari posset 4 exercitus. Illi, quia plura 5 flumina superanda erant, sic junxere naves, ut solutae plaustris vebi possent rursusque conjungi. Inde domita ignobili gente ad 6 ]^"ysam urbem pervenit. Qui obsidionis malis fatigati dedidere se. Hinc ad regionem quae Daedala vocatur, perventum est. Deseruerant incolae sedes et in avios silvestresque montes confugerant. Ergo Acadira transit, aeque usta et destituta incolentium fuga. Itaque ratio- nem belli necessitas mutavit. Divisis enim copiis, pluribua 3 388. R. 3. s 195, R. 4. * 396, R. 2. s 407. « 66S. 7 205, R. 2. 8 251. • 616, R. a 51. ! 395. *324. 3 515, R. 3. « 632, R. 6 312 . e 410, R. 2, 3. 68 LATItf HEADER. simul locis arma ostendit, oppressique, ubi non exspeotaverani hostem, omni elude perdomiti sunt. Ptolomaens plurimas urbes, Alexander maximas cepit; rursusque, quas distribuerat, copias junxit. Snperato deinde Choaspe amne ad flumen Indum sextis decimis castris pervenit, omniaque, ut praeceperat, ad trajiciendum praeparata ab Hepliaestione repperit. Regnabat in ea regione Omphis, qui venienti obviam cum exercitu egres- sns corpus suum et totas imperii vires protinus tradidit. Laetus simplicitate barbari rex et dextram, fidei suae pignus, dedit et regnum restituit. Omphis, permittente Alexandro, et regium insigue sumpsit et more gentis suae nomen, quod patris fuerat. Taxilen appellabant populares, sequente nomine -imperium, in quemcunque transierat. 7 Quaerenti Alexandro, plures agricul- tores haberet, an milites? cum duobus regibus bellanti" sibi majore 9 militum quam agrestium manu opus esse, respondit. Abisares et Porus erant, ultra Hydaspen amnem regn antes. 52. Postero die legati Abisarae adierunt regem; 1 omnia dici- oni ejus, ita ut mandatum erat, permittebai.it; firmataque invi- cem fide remittuntur ad regem. Porum quoque nominis sui fama ratus 2 ad deditionem posse compelli, misit ad eum Oleo- charen, qui 3 deimntiaret, ut stipendium penderet et in primo suorum tinium aditu occurreret regi. Porum alterum 4 ex his 5 factum m esse respondit, ut intranti regnum suum praesto esset, sed armatus. Itaque in ulteriore ripa Poms cum magno exer- citu consederat, ut transitu 6 prohiberet hostem. Alexander inops consilii, 7 ad fallendum hostem hunc dolum intendit. Erat insula in flumine silvestris et tegendis 8 insidiis apta. Possa quoque praealta baud procul 9 ripa, quam tenebat ipse, non pedites moclo sed etiam cum equis viros poterat abscondere. Igitur ut a custodia hujus opportunitatis oculos hostium aver- teret, Ptolomaeum cum omnibus turmis obequitare jussit procnl 9 insula et subinde Indos clamore terrere, quasi flumen transnatums foret. 10 Averso hoste in eos, qui cum Ptolomaeo inferiorem obsederant ripam, rex amnem cum ceteris copiis trajecit. Jam agmen in cornua divisum ipse ducebat, cum Poro nuntiatur, armis virisque ripam obtineri et rerum adesse » 569. 8 669. 9 890. 52. 1 330, R. 2. » 278, R. 3 632. * 306. * 371, R. 5 •888. »373. M30. • 418, R. i° 604. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 69 discrimen. Centum quadrigas et quattuor milia equitum venienti agmini objecit. Summa virium erat in curribus. Senos 11 viros singuli vehebant, duos clipeatos, duos sagittarios, ah utroque latere dispositos ; aurigae erant ceteri. Scythae et Dahae primi omnium invaserunt Indos. Jam undique pugna se moverafc, cum hi, qui currus agebant, 12 effusis liabenis in medium discrimen mere coeperun^ Anceps id malum titris- qne erat. Nam et Macedonum pedites primo impetu obtere- bantur, et per invia immissi currus excutiebant eos, a quibus regebantur; 12 aliorum turbati equi in amnem praecipitaverunt curricula; pauci telis hostium exacti penetraverunt ad Porum acerrime pugnam cientem. Macedones elephantorum aspectus parumper inhibuit, qui dispositi inter armatos speciem turrium procul fecerant. At Alexander suos cobortatus concitat equum primus; jamque, ut destinatum erat, invaserat ordines hostium cum Coenus ingenti vi in laevum cornu invehitur. Phalanx quoque mediam Indorum aciem uno impetu perrupit. 53. Porus tamen colligere dispersos, obvius hosti ire pergifc elephantosque ante agmen suorum agi jubet. Post eos posnerat peditem ac sagittarios et tympana pulsare solitos. Magnum beluae injecere terrorem, insolitusque stridor non equos modo sed Tiros quoque ordinesque turbaverat. Praecipue terribilis ilia fades erat, cum maim arma virosque corriperent et super se regentibus traderent. Anceps ergo pugna nuncsequentium, nunc fugientium elephantos in multum diei 1 varium certamen extraxit, donee securibus pedes beluarum et manus amputare coeperunt. Ergo elephanti vulneribus tandem fatigati suos impetu sternunt, et, qui rexerant eos, 2 praecipitati in terrain ab ipsis obterebantur. Porus desti tutus a pluribus tela in circum- fusos ex elephanto suo magnitudine inter ceteros eminente coe- pit ingerere, multisque emin.ua vulneratis expositus ipse ad ictus undique petebatur. Xovem jam vulnera hinc tergo, illinc pec- tore exceperat, cum belua instincta rabie invecta est in ordines, donee rector beluae regem conspexit fluentibus membris omis- sisque armis vix compotem mentis. 3 Turn beluam in fugam concitat. Sed elephantus quoque, qui multa exceperat tela, »310. I 2 626, R. 53. » 371, R. 3. 2 626, R. s 373. 70 LATItf READER. deficiebat. Porus saucius labi ex belua coepit. Indus, qui elephantum regebat, descendere eum ratus, 4 more solito ele- phantum procumbere jussit in genua, Qui ut se Bubmisit, ceteri quoque, ita enim instituti erant, demisere corpora in ter- rain. Rex spoliari corpus Pori, interemptum esse credens, jubet, et, qui detraherent 5 loricam vestemque, concurrerunt. Turn elephantus dominum tueri^t spoliautes coepit appetere, leva- tumque corpus ejus dorso suo imponere. Ergo telis unclique obruitur, confossoque eo in vehiculum Porus imponitur. Alex- ander aegrum curavit baud secus, quam si pro ipso pugnasset; 8 confirmatum contra spem omnium in amicorum numerum recepit, mox donavit ampliore regno, quam tenuit. 54. Alexander tarn memorabili victoria laetus, qua sibi Orien- tis fines apertos esse censebat, Soli victimis caesis, ad interiora Indiae processit. Silvae erant prope in immensum spatium diffusae, procerisque et in eximiam altitudinem editis arboribus umbrosae. Caeli temperies salubris, quippe et vim solis umbrae levant et aquae largae man ant e fontibus. Serpentium magna vis in silvis erat, squamis fulgorem auri reddentibus. Virus baud ullum magis noxium est, quippe morsnm praesens mors sequebatur, donee ab incolis remedium oblatum est. Hinc per deserta ventum est ad flumen Hyarotim. Junctum erat flumini 1 nemos, opacum arboribus alibi invisitatis agrestiumque pavo- num multitudine frequens. Castris inde motis oppidum baud procul positum corona capit obsidibusque acceptis stipendium imponit. 55. Cum ad Soplthis regis fines venisset, ubi eum cum ducen- tis milibus peditum bostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis non minus victoriarum numero quam laboribus fessus lacrimis eum deprecatur, finem tandem belli faceret; 1 aliquando patriae redi- tusque meminisset, respiceret militum annos, quibus vix aetas ad reditum sufficeret. 2 Ostendere 3 alius canitiem, alius vulnera ; tandem orare, ut reliquias saltern suas paternis sepulchris red- dat; ac si non* militibus, vel ipse sibi parcat, ne fortunam suam nimis onerando fatiget. Ille cum neque cobortatione neque precibus mitigare posset iratos, inops consilii 5 desiluit e tribu- 4 278, R. »032. «604. 54. ' 346, R. 2. 55. » 546, R. 3. « 630. » 65a « 592. 6 3T3. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRA 71 nali claudique regiam jussit, omnibus praeter assuetos adire" prohibits. Biduum irae datum est; tertio die processit, erigi- que duodecim aras ex quadrato saxo, monumentum expeditionis suae, jussit exstrui. Hinc repetens, quae emensus erat, ad flumeii Acesinem locat castra. Deinde Ocean um aditurus classem mille navium aedificari jussit. Discordes Porum et Taxilen Indiae reges, firmata per adfinitatem gratia, relinqnit in suis regnis, summo in aedificanda classe amborum studio usus. Oppida quoque duo condidit, quorum alteram Nicaeam appel- lavit, alteram Bucephalam, equi mortui memoriae ac nomini dedicans urbem. Elephantis deinde et impediments terra sequi jussis, secundo amne dennxit. 56. Perveutum erat in regionem, in qua Hydaspes amnis Acesini committitur. Hinc decurrit in lines Sibornm, qui de 1 exercitu Herculis majores suos esse memorant. Pelles ferarum pro veste, clavae tela erant. Exscensioue facta urbem eorum expugnare adortus magnaque vi defendentium pulsus multos Macedonum amisit. Sed cum in obsidione perseveraret, oppi- daui desperata salute ignem subjecerunt tectis seque ac liberos conjngesque incendio cremaverunt. Inde ventum est in regionem Oxydracarum Mallorumque, quos alias bellare inter se solitos tunc periculi societas'junxerat. Cum proelio victor esset, exercitum ad urbem eorum ducit. Ipse de muro quern primus ceperat, in urbis planitiem desiluit atque unus ad v 41S, R. 58. - 1 373. 2 2.S7, R. 2. •» G23. M29. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. 73 videii sibi Ocoanum abesse, indicant regi. Itaqne ingenti alacritate nautici remigant. Tertio jam die mixtum flumini' subibat mare, leni adhnc aestn confnndente dispares nndas. Torn ad insulam medio amne sitam applicant classem et ad commeatus petendos discurrunt. Teitia ferme bora erat, cnm stata vice Oceanns exaestuans invehi coepit et retro flumen urgere. Identidem intnmescens mare et in campos panlo ante siccos descendere superfusum; navigia levata ant inter se col lidi ant dispergi. Panlo 6 post meridiem reciprocari coepit mare, magno traetu aquis in suum f re turn recurrentibus. Hex cnm ex eo, quod acciderat, conjectaret, post solis ortum statum tempus esse, de 7 media nocte, ut aestum occuparet. cum paucis navigiis secundo amne defluxit. Evectus os ejus quadraginta stadia processit in mare, tandem voti sui compos; praesidibus- que et maris et locorum diis sacrificio facto ad classem rediit. 59. Leonnato deinde praemisso, ut puteos foderet, qua ter- restri itinere dncturus exercitum videbatur, quippe sicca erat regio, ipse cum copiis substitit, vernum tempus exspectans. Interim urbes plerasque condidit. Nearcho atque Onesicrito nauticae rei 1 peritis imperavit, ut validissimas navinm deduce- rent in Oceanum, progressique quoad tuto possent, a naturam maris noscerent; vel eodem amne, vel Euphrate subire eos posse, cum reverti ad se vellent. Jamque mitigata hieme et navibus, quae inutiles videbantur, crematis terra ducebat exer- citum. Nonis castris in regionem Arabitarum, inde quinto die ad flumen pervenit, Arabum incolae appellant. Regio deserta et aquarum inops excipit; quam emensus in Oritas transit maritimos. Desertam vastamque regionem tenent ac ne cum finitimis quidem ullo commercii jure miscentur. Ipsa solitudo natura quoque immitia efferavit ingenia; prominent ungues numquam recisi, comae hirsutae et intonsae sunt. Tuguria concliis et ceteris purgamentis maris instruunt. Eerarum pel- libus tecti piscibus 3 sole duratis vescuntur. Consumptis igitur alimentis Macedones primo 4 inopiam, deinde famem sentire coeperunt, radices palmarum, namque sola ea arbor gignitur, ubique rimantes. Sed cum haec quoque alimenta defecerant, » 346, R. 2. « 400. 7 393, R. 59. » 373. 2 500, 2. 3 405. * 324, R. 7. 74 LATIK BEADER. jumenta caedebant, ne equis 5 quidem abstinebant; et cum dees- sent, quae sarcinas veherent, spolia de hostibus, propter quae ultima Orientis peragraverant, cremabant incendio. Famem deindc pestilentia secuta est. Ergo strati erant campi paene plu- ribus semivivis quam cadaveribus. Kex finitimarum region um pracf;Ctos, quantis angustiis premeretur, certiores fecit et ad Phrataphernen Partbyaeorum satrapen misit, qui 6 juberet, camelis cocta cibaria adferri. Nee cessatum est ab his. Itaque fame dumtaxat vindicatus exercitus tandem in Gedrosiae fines perducitur. Omnium rerum copia fertilis ea regio est, in qua stativa habuit, ut vexatos milites quiete firmaret. Deinde in Carman iam processit. (50. Haud mnlto 1 post Nearchus et Onesicritus. quos longius in Oceanum procedere jusserat, litora Eubri maris legentes cum in regionem Carmaniae venissent, relictis navibns ad regem ascendunt. Nuntiant quaedam audita, alia comperta. Insulam ostio amnis subjectam auro abundare ; plenum esse beluarnm mare, aestu secundo eas ferri magnarum navinm corpora aequantes; Eubrum mare non a colore undarum, ut plerique crederent, 2 sed ab Erythro rege appellari ; esse haud procul a continenti insulam palmis frequentibus consitam, in medio fere nemore columnam eminere, Erythri regis monumentum, litteris gentis ejus scriptam. Eex, cognoscendi 3 plura cupidine accen- sus, rursus eos terrain legere jubet, donee ad Euphratis ostia appellerent classem; incle ad verso amne Babylonem subirent. Ipse animo infinita complexus statuerat, omni ad Orientem maritima regione perdomita, ex Syria petere Africam, Cartha- gini infensus, inde Numidiae solitudinibus peragratis cursum Gades dirigere — nam ibi columnas Herculis esse fama vulgave- rat — Hispanias deinde, quas Hiberiam Graeci a flumine Hibero Yocabant, adire et praetervehi Alpes 4 Italiaeqne oram, unde in Epirum brevis cursus est. Igitur Mesopotamiae praetoribus imperavit, ut, materia in Libano monte caesa devectaque ad urbem Syriae Thapsacum, septingentas naves septiremes aedifi- carent deducerentque Babyloniam. Cypriorum regibus 5 impe- ratum, ut aes stuppamque et vela praeberent. * 3S8. «623. 60. > 400. 2 500, 2. a 4 o 8) r. 2 . «330. » 208. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRE, 75 61. Ventum est deinde Persagada. Sepulcrum Oyri, quod ibi erat, Alexander jnssit apeviri. Auro argeiitoque repletnm esse credicleranr, sed praeter clipeum ejus pntrem et arena duos Scythicos et acinacem nihil repperit. Alexander, senioribus militnm in patriam remissis, tredecim milia peditum 1 et duo milia eqnitum, quae in Asia retineret, 2 eligi jussit, existimans, modico exercitu contineri posse Asiam, quia pluribns locis praesidia disposuisset 3 nuperque couditas urbes colouis replesset, res novare non cupientibus. Ceterum ut cognitum est, alios remitti domos, 4 alios retineri, perpetuam eum regni sedem in Asia habiturum rati, disciplinae militaris immemores seditiosis vocibus castra complent, regemqne ferocius quam alias adorti omnes simnl missionem postnlare coeperunt, palam professi, nusqnam inde nisi 5 in patriam vestigium esse motnros. Nee jam precious, sed convicio agebant, jubentes eum solum cum patre suo Hammone in ire bella, quoniam milites suos fastidiret. 3 Contra ille nunc castigare 6 milites, nunc lenibus verbis monere, ne gloriosam militiam seditionibus infuscarent. Ad postre- mum, cum verbis nihil proficeret, e tribunali in contionem armatam inermis ipse desiluit et nullo 7 prohibente tredecim seditionis auctores manu sua correptos ad supplicium custodi- bus corporis tradidit. Inde separatim auxilia Persarum in con- tione alloquitur. Laudat perpetuam illorum cum in se turn in pristinos reges fidem ; nunc quoque, ait, custodiam corporis sui non Macedonibus tantum se, verum etiam illis crediturum. Atque ita mille ex his juvenes in numerum satellitum legit. Quam rem aegre Macedones tulerunt. 62. Postero die cum prohiberentur aditu, 1 Asiaticis modo militibus admissis, lugubrem totis castris 2 edidere clamorem, denuntiantes protinus se morituros, si rex perseveraret 3 irasci. Cumque dies noctesque ante regiam persistentes miserabiii clamore habituque paenitentiam suam approbarent, tertio die rex victus constantia supplicum processit, incusataque leniter exercitus immodestia, non sine multis utrimque lacrimis in gratiam se cum ipsis redire profes'sus est. Ita supra decern veteranorum milia dimissa sunt, quos Craterus deduxit. Lit- 61. * 308. 2 632. '541. « 410. »592,2. 6 650. 7 304. 62. r 3S8. a 386. »660,2. 7G LATIJT READER. ten's etiam ad Antipatrum scriptis honorem emeritis haberi praecepit, ut qnotiens ludi atque certamina ederentnr, 4 in pri- mis ordinibus coronati spectarent. Craterum Macedoniae 1 continentibusque regionibns cum imperio praeesse placuit, Antipatrum cum supplemento juniorum Macedonum ad regem pergere. 63. Motis inde castris Babylonem procedebat. Jamque vix triginta ab urbe stadiis 1 aberat, cum Nearchus occurrit, quern per Oceania m et Euphratis ostia Babylonem praemiserat. Ora- bat, ne urbem vellet ingredi; fatalem earn ei fore, ex Chaldaeis se comperisse. Rex fama eorum bominum motus, dimissis in urbem amicorum plerisque, alia via praeter Babylonem ducit ac ducentis inde stadiis stativa locat. Sed ab Anaxarcho phi- losopho edoctus, contemptis Chaldaeorum monitis, urbem in- trat. Legationes eo ex universo ferme orbe confluxerant. Quibus per complures dies studiose auditis, deinceps ad He- phaestionis familiarissimi paulo ante in itinere mortui exsequias adjecit animum; quae summo omnium studio celebrata sunt. Deinde expeditione facta in Arabum fines futuri 2 securus Chal- daeos irridebat, quod Babylonem non ingressus tantum esset 3 incolumis, verum etiam excessisset. In urbem reversus cum Nearchum excepisset convivio jamque cubitum 4 iturus esset, Medii Thessali obnixis precibus dedit, ut ad eum comissatum 4 veniret. Ubi postquam tota nocte perpotavit, male habere coepit. Ingravescens deinde morbus adeo omnes vires intra sextum diem exhausit, ut ne vocis quidem potestas esset. In- terea milites, sollicitudine desiderioque ejus anxii, quamquam obtestantibns 5 ducibus, ne valetudinem regis onerarent, expres- serunt, ut in conspectum ejus admitterentur; quibus osculan- dam 6 dextram suam flentibus porrexit. Dimisso vulgo propi- usque adire jussis amicis, detractum anulum digito Perdiccae tradidit adjectis mandatis, ut corpus suum ad Hammonem ferri juberent. Quaerentibus bis, cui relinqueret regnum ? respondit, ei, qui esset optimus. Suprema haec vox fuit regis et paulo post exstinguitur. * 509, 2. 8 346. 63. * 400, R. 1. * 373. * 541. * 436. • 611, R. • 431. V. 0. JULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLIOO. LIBER QUINTUS. I. Lucio Domitio 1 Appio Claudio Consulibus 2 discedens ab hibernis 3 Caesar in Italiam, 4 ut quotaunis facere consuerat,* legatis imperat, 6 quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas 7 possent 8 hieme" naves aedificandas 10 veteresque reficiendas cu- rarent." Earum niodnm formamque" demonstrat. Ad celeri- tatem onerandi subductionesque paulo 13 facit humilioresquam 14 quibus 15 in nostro mari 16 uti consuevimus ; atque id 17 eo magis I. l Lucio Domitio, Appio Clau- dio. Et is often omitted in formu- la?. G. 483. 2 Ii. D., A. C, consulibus : ablative absolute, abstract translation. G. 409. 3 Discedens ab hibernis : tbe sep- arative ablative commonly has a preposition, such as ab, ex, de: 265, 295, 529. G. 388. 4 In Italiam : The terminal accu- sative, except in names of towns, takes a preposition, such as in, ad, -versus, 274. G. 342. 5 Consuerat : The perfect and plu- perfect of certain inchoative verbs are used as present and imperfect respectively. G. 228, R. 233, R. 6 Imperat : Historical present, 226, 393. Very common in Latin, to be avoided* in English. G. 2-20. 7 Quam plurimas naves : Quam, with the superlative, is to be ex- plained by the absorption of tarn with the positive ; as, tarn multas quam plurimas; 80, 180, 488, 600. G. 317, R. 8 Possent : Oratio Recta, poteritis, 114, 369. G. 516. 9 Hieme : Time when is put in the ablative, 136. G. 392. 10 Naves aedificandas : The accu- sative of the gerundive is used as the object to be effected, as 304, 695 (Factitive predicate). G. 431. 11 Curarent : The historical pres- ent has its sequences according to its tense or its sense, often both in the same sentence. See 38, 182, 563, 623, 702, 705. G. 511, R. 1. J2 Formamque : -que completes or extends, as in 232, 326, 498. G. 478. 13 Paulo : Measure of difference is put in the ablative, 76, 124, 155, 200, 212, 625. G. 400. 14 Quam quibus - quam eas (=eae sunt) quibus. Correlative omitted. G. 621, 647, R. 1. 15 Quibus uti consuevimus : Utor takes the ablative, 194, 314. G. 405. 16 In nostro mari : The ablative of the place where takes the preposi- tion in, which has a varied English translation. G. 384. 17 Atque id : Atque and et with is and other demonstratives serve to emphasize; atque id = atque id fecit. So atque hie, 225, 244, 280. G 293, R. 2. 78 LATIN - READEK. quod 18 propter crebras commutationes aestnum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat: 19 ad onera et ad multitudinem ju- mentorum transportandam 20 paulo latiores quam quibus in re- liquis utimur maribus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri/ 1 quam ad rem multum bumilitas adjuvat. Ea quae sunt usui 22 ad armandas naves ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse conven- tibus Galliae citerioris peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum yenisset, 23 civitatibus milites imperat 24 cer- tumque in locum convenire jubet. Qua re nuntiata Pirustae legatos ad eum 25 mittunt qui doceant 26 nihil earum rerum pu- blico factum consilio, 27 seseque paratos esse demon strant omnibus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. 28 Percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certain diem adcluci jubet; nisi ita fecerint, 29 sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. His ad diem adductis ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat qui litem aestiment 30 paenamque constituant. 18 Quod-cognoverat : The causal particles quod, quia, and quoniam take the indicative except in indi- rect discourse : 287, 350, 599. G. 539. 19 Fieri-cognoverat : Verbs of knowing and showing take the ac- cusative and infinitive. G. 527. 20 Ad multitudinem transportan- dam : Ad, with gerund or gerundive, denotes adaptation. G. 433. Hence, by inference, design, 126. The ge- rundive form is the rule with prepo- sitions when the verb is active trans- itive. G. 428. 21 Imperat fieri : Imperare takes ut with subjunctive ; it may take a passive infinitive, 127, 472. G. 532, R. 1. 22 Usui : The dative of the object for which is used after such verbs as esse, to be, relinquere, to leave, mittere, to send, 158, 186, 224, 365, 376, 552. G 350. 23 Cum venisset : Cum, in narra- tive, takes the imperfect subjunc- tive of contemporaneous, the plu- perfect subjunctive of prior action. It is often to be translated by the English participle. G. 586. 24 Civitatibus milites imperat : Imperare, in the sense of impose, levy, takes an accusative in addition to the dative, 267. G. 346. 25 Ad eum mittunt : Motion to a person is expressed by ad and the accusative, 626. G. 344, R. 1. 26 Qui doceant : Qui = ut is, of purpose, takes the subjunctive, 30, 152, 172, 630. G. 632. On the tense, 12. 27 Publico consilio : Ablative of manner (sometimes hardly to be dis- tinguished from means), 243. G. 401. R. 28 Paratos satisfacere : Paratus, ready, like parare, takes the infini- tive. G. 424. In the sense of fur- nished, equipped, ad, with the ger- und, is more usual, 87. 29 Nisi ita fecerint : Perfect sub- junctive in O. O. representing future perfect indicative in 0. R. G. 600, 10. 30 Qui aestiment, like qui doceant, 26. G. 032. DE BELLO GALLICO. 79 II. His confectis rebus 31 conventibusque peractis in citeriorem Gulliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitar. Eo cum venisset, circnitis omnibus hiberois, singulari militum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia 32 circiter DC ejus generis cujus" supra demonstravimus naves et longas xxviii invenit instructas, neque multum abesse ab eo quin 34 paucis diebus 38 deduci possint. Collaudatis militibus atque iis qui negotio 8- praefueraut," quid fieri velit 38 ostendit, atque omnes ad portum Itium 39 convenire jubet, quo ex portu 40 commodissimum in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium pas- snum 41 xxx a continenti. 42 Huic rei 43 quod satis esse visum est militum 44 reliquit: ipse 45 cum legionibus expeditis iv et equitibus dccc in fines Trevirorum proficiscitur, 46 quod II. 31 His confectis rebus : Instead of tlie neuter adjective, the word res is frequently used, especially in forms which are identical for differ- ent genders, 43, 245, 453, 609. G. 195, R. 4. 32 In summa rerum inopia, in the midst of, in spite of. Res is often superfluous in English. 33 Cujus supra demonstravimus : Cujus sc. generis naves. 34 Neque multum abesse ab eo quin: Abesse is impersonal, ab eo commonly omitted : the use of it is characteristic of Caesar's circum- stantial style. This combination commonly takes ut ; here ab eo has no effect on the construction. G. 551, 1. 35 Paucis diebus : Time within which is put in the ablative with or without in. G. 392. 36 Negotio praefuerunt : Many verbs compounded with prepositions take the dative, especially in moral relations, prae- 275, sub- 452, 545 ; transitive verbs take an accusative besides, 306, 567, 640. G. 346. 37 Praefuerant : The pluperfect of an action that is over, 313, 448. G. 233. Notice also the Latin tendency to use a relative periphrasis, on ac- count of its exactness. G. 626, R. 38 Quid fieri velit : The dependent interrogative is put in the subjunc- tive, 55, 74. G. 469. On the tense, see 12. 39 Ad portum Itium: Names of towns are put in the accusative of the place whitlier, but when a com- mon noun, such as urbs, oppidum, portus, precedes, in or ad must be prefixed, 85. G. 410, R. 2. 40 Quo ex portu : The antecedent of the relative is often repeated in the relative clause with the relative as its attributive. Especially char- acteristic of Caesar's exactness, 192, 203, 241, 629. G. 617. 41 Milium passuum : Passuum de- pends on milium. Mille, in the sin- gular, is an indeclinable adjective, and seldom used as a substantive ; in the plural it is a substantive, and must have the genitive, 248. G. 308. 43 A continenti : The place from which distance is measured regular- ly has ab (a), 269. G. 411, R. 1. 43 Huic rei: 31. G. 195, R. 4. 44 Satis — militum : Partitive geni- tive, 112, 171, 281, 484, 636. G. 371. 45 Ipse — proficiscitur : The general — sets out. Ipse, the distinctive pro- noun, is often used to contrast, 135 632. G. 297, R 1. 46 Proficiscitur : A singular sub- V 0* 80 LATIN" READER. hi 47 neque ad concilia veniebant, neqne imperio parebant," Ger- man osque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur. III. Haec civitas longe plnrinmm totius Galliae 49 equitatu 5 ' valet magnasque habet copias peditum, Kheimmque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangifc. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se 51 con tendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix, e 52 quibus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legion umqne adventn cognitum est, 53 ad eum venit; se suosque omnes in officio futuros neque ab amicitia populi Romani 54 defecturos confirmavit, quaeque in Treviris gererentur 65 ostendit. At 56 Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere," iisque qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti magni- tudine 58 per medios fines 59 Trevirorum a flu mine Rheno ad ini- tium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed postea- quam 60 nonnulli principes ex ea civitate, 61 et familiaritate ject combined witli another word by cum is treated sometimes as a sin- gular, sometimes as a plural. Here the general is, of course, the main personage. So everywhere in this book, 86, 134. G. 281, R. 2. 47 Hi : the latter. G. 290. 48 Neque — veniebant neque pare- bant : The negative imperfect de- notes resistance to pressure, some- times would not, sometimes could not, 204. 528. G. 224. III. 49 Totius Galliae = totius Gal- liae populorum. Otherwise when singulars are employed, it is more common to use ex or de with the ablative than the partitive genitive. G. 371, R. 5. 50 Equitatu : Ablative of respect (measure), 199, 553. G. 398. 61 Inter se: This is the Latin re- ciprocal, one another, 474. G. 212. 62 E quibus: Ex (e) wich the ab- lative is more common than the par- titive genitive after numerals and the like. Caesah uses the combina- tion frequently and freely, 90, 207, 289, 386, 583", 615, 682. (J. 371, 11. 5. 53 Simul atque — cognitum est: In historical narrative temporal clauses with simul atque, postquam, and the like, commonly take the historical perfect (or historical present) indic- ative. We often translate by a plu- perfect, 60, 149, 404, 698. G. 563. 54 Amicitia populi Romani : Ob- jective genitive. G. 361. 56 Gererentur, indirect question, 38. G. 469. 66 At Indutiomarus : At is used in startling transitions, 125, 645. G. 490. 67 Cogere : Historical infinitive. The historical infinitive is used in lively descriptions ; it takes the place of the imperfect, and gives the outlines, not the details, 110, 409. G. 650. 68 Ingenti magnitudine : An at- tributive ablative which is taken up into the relative clause ; the forest of Arden, a forest of vast extent, which, etc., or ablative of manner to pertinet. G. 618. 69 Per medios fines: Adjectives denoting position are often used partitively, 298, 397, 606. G. 287, R. 60 Posteaquam venerunt : On the tense, see 53. Temporal conjunc- tions are often used with an intima- tion of cause, 102. G. 538, R. 61 Ex ea civitate: Ablative with DE BELLO GALLICO. 81 Ciugetorigis adducti" et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti, ad Caesarem venerunt et de snis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, qnoniam 63 civitati 64 consulere non possent, Indutio- marus veritus 65 ne ab omnibus desereretur 66 legates ad Caesa- rem mittit: sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius 67 civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnia nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam 68 laberetur itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seque, si Caesar permit- teret, 6 " 9 ad eum in castra 70 venturum, suas 71 civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum. IV. Caesar, etsi intellegebat 72 qua de causa 73 ea dicerentur, qnaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, 74 tamen, ne aestatem in Treviris consumere cogeretur omnibus ad Britan- nicum bellum rebus 75 comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. His adductis, in iis filio pro- pinquisque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, conso- latus Indutiomarum bortatusque est uti in officio permaneret : ex instead of a partitive genitive. See 49. G. 371, R. 5. 62 Familiaritate adducti : The moving cause is often expressed by a participle with the ablative, such as adductus, permotus, 189, 454. G. 407, R. 63 Quoniam — non possent : 0. 0. "What they said or thought was : Quoniam non possumus, 174. G. 541. 64 Civitati consulere : Consulere, with accusative, to consult ; with the dative, to study, forward, the interest of, 352. G. 347. 66 Veritus. The perfect participle is often used where we should em- ploy a present, 123, 138, 157, 318, 539, 572. G. 278, R. 66 Ne desereretur : Verbs of fear- ing take the subjunctive with ne when the positive is feared, with ut (ne non) when the negative is feared, 574. The present subjunctive rep- resents the present and future in- dicative. Transferred to the past, the present subjunctive becomes im- perfect. G. 552. 67 Quo facilius contineret: Quo is a favorite final conjunction with comparatives. G. 545. 68 Propter, by reason of: Moving cause. G. 407, R. 1. 69 Si Caesar permitteret : O. R., Si Caesar permittet. G. 660, 3. 70 Ad eum in castra : Motion to- ward embraces all the local designa- tions. To him in the camp=into the camp to him, 240, 479. G. 410, R. 5. 71 Sua-se-eum-suas-ejus : Observe the use of determinative and reflex- ive. G. 522. IV. 72 Etsi intellegebat : Etsi {even if), although, more commonly takes the indicative (logical condi- tion), 183, 359, 416, 580, 601. G. 606. 73 Qua de causa : Monosyllabic prepositions are frequently put be- tween adjectives and substantives, 150, 227, 253. G. 680, R. 2. 74 Dicerentur — deterreret : De« pendent interrogative, 38. G. 469. 75 Omnibus rebus : 31. G. 195 R. 3. 82 LATIK READER. nihilo 16 tamen setins principibns Trevirorum ad se convocatis," bos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit: quod cum merito ejus ab se fieri intellegebat, 78 turn magni interesse 79 arbitrabatur ejus auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimnm 80 yalere, civjus tain egregiam in se voluutatem perspexisset. 81 Id tnlifc factum gra- viter Indutiomarus suam gratiam inter suos minui ; 82 et qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, 83 multo gravius boc dolore 84 exarsit. V. His rebus constitutes Caesar ad portum Itium 85 cum le- gionibus pervenit. 86 Ibi cognoscit lx naves quae in Meldis factae erant tempestate rejectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem unde erant profectae revertisse : reliquas paratas .ad navigandum 87 atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit numero 88 milium 89 iv principesque ex omnibus civitatibus : ex quibns 90 perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco 91 secum ducere deereverat, quod, cum ipse abes- set, 92 motum Galliae verebatur. VI. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo ante ab 78 Nihilo: 13. G. 400. be regarded as verbs of saying and " Principibus convocatis : As a thinking, 667. G. 533. rule, the ablative absolute does not 83 Qui fuisset : Here qui=cum is stand when it is identical with the of contrast, whereas. G. 637. subject, object, or dependent case of 84 Hoc dolore == hujus rei dolore, the verb. Exceptions occur, as here, 255. G. 357, R. 2. for the sake of clearness or liveli- V. 85 Ad portum Itium: 39. G. ness, 541. G. 409, R. 3. 410, R. 2. 76 Cum intellegebat, turn arbi- 86 Caesar cum legionibus perve- trabatur : Cum, not only — turn, nit: 46. G. 281, R. 2. out also and especially, 665. G. " Paratas ad navigandum : Ad, 580. *with accusative after an adjective 79 Magni interesse : Interest may signifying fitness. Comp. 28. G. take the genitive of value of the de- 35(5, R. 3. gree of concern, the accusative and 88 Numero : Pleonastic. G. 692. infinitive of the object of concern. 8a Milium depends on equitatus : G. 382. Genitivus generis. G. 367, R. 80 Quam plurimum : 7. G. 317, "Ex quibus : 52. G. 371, R. R. 5. 81 Cujus — perspexisset: Qui = ul Obsidum loco: Loco, used cum is takes the subjunctive, 131, metaphorical] v, generally omits in, 575. G. 636. 339. G. 385, R. ba Tulit graviter suam gratiam *- Cum abesset : O. R. cum abero, minui : Verbs of emotion take the as verebatur involves a future no accusative and infinitive as they may tion. G. 515, R. 3. DE BELLO OALLICO. 83 nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, 93 cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue,"' quod in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis def'erri; quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque 95 recusandi aut deprecandi causa 96 legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo 97 precibus petere con- tendit ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus 98 navi- gandi" mare timeret, 100 partim quod religionibus 101 impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, 102 omni spe impetrandi 103 adempta, principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos hortarique coepit uti in continenti remanerent; metu territare, non sine causa 104 fieri ut 105 Gallia omni nobilitate 108 spoliaretur: id esse consilium 107 Caesaris, ut quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur 108 bos omnes in Britanniam trans- VI. 93 Cupidum rerum novarum : Genitive after an adjective of desire. G. 373. 94 Accedebat hue quod : To this was added (as a cause) the fact that (The addition of hue is quite in Caesar's style. Comp. ab eo, c. ii., 34.) The other construction is ut, 231. Comp. 419. G. 525, R. 3. 95 Neque, and yet — not, 142. G. 482, R. 4. 96 Recusandi aut deprecandi cau3a : The genitive of gerund or gerundive with causa is a very com- mon way of expressing design, 252, 272. G. 429, R. 2. 97 Primo, at first ; primum, first ; primus, the first (was he). G. 324, R.7. 98 Insuetus navigandi : Genitive after an adjective of ignorance. G. 373. 99 Navigandi : The gerund or ge- rundive is used after adjectives that require a complement. G. 429. 100 partim quod timeret (indirect discourse) : Partim quod impediri diceret = quod (ut dicebat) impedi- retur. Verbs of saying and thinking are put in the subjunctive with quod by a kind of attraction. G. 541, R. 2. 101 Religionibus : By religious scru- ples. Pluralizing abstracts makes them concrete. G. 195, R. 5. 102 Posteaquam vidit : Causation implied, c. iii., 60. G. 538, R. 103 Spe impetrandi: The gerund or gerundive is frequently used with abstracts as a complement. G. 4^9. 104 Non sine causa : For the best of reasons. Litotes (understatement, simple statement, Quietism) is a fa- vorite figure in the classic languages, 280, 360, 418, 569. G. 448, R. 2. 105 Fieri ut : A common consecu- tive combination, often to be left untranslated. G. 558. 106 Nobilitate spoliaretur: Abla- tive after a verb of depriving, 616. G. 389. 107 Id esse consilium, etc. Let the pupil study in his grammar the lead- ing principles of indirect discourse. G. 651. 108 Interficere vereretur : Verbs of fearing with the infinitive are verbs of will. lie fears to kill —He is unwilling to kill from fear. G. 552, R. 1. 84 LATIN" READER. ductos necaret: 109 fid em reliqnis interponere, jusjurandum pos- cere, 110 ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent communi con- si Ho administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem defere- bantnr. VII. Qua re cognita 111 Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae dignitatis 112 tribiiebat, coercendum 113 atque deterrendum quibus- cumque rebus posset 114 Dumnorigem statuebat; quod 116 longi- us 116 ejus amentiam progredi 117 videbat, prospiciendum ne ne quid 119 - 120 sibi 121 ac rei publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies cir- citer xxv 122 in eo loco commoratus, 128 quod Corns vent us naviga- tionem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo 124 tamen setius omnia ejus consilia cognosce- ret: tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in naves jubet. At 125 omnium impeditis animis Dumnorix cum equitibus Aeduorum acastris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem we Transductos necaret : Take across and kill, take across to kill. Participles are always subordinate, though often conveniently trans- lated as co-ordinates, 276, 322, 586, 590. G. 667, R. 1. 110 Interponere poscere. Histori- cal infinitive, c. iii., 57. G. 650. VII. ni Qua re cognita: In Latin the relative is more freely used than in English, 294. G. 612. 112 Tantum dignitatis : Partitive genitive, c. ii., 44. G. 371. 11:1 Coercendum sc esse : Esse is often omitted with participles and participial forms, 190. G. 200. 114 Posset : 0. R. potero, c. i., 8. G. 516. 115 Quod, but because : Asyndeton. G. 493, R, 116 Longius sc. quam par erat : When the standard of comparison is omitted, it is often to be supplied by the proper or usual standard, par, or the like, 137, 223, 251, 296, 302, 549. G. 312, 2. 117 Progredi, that it was advancing; progredientem, advancing. Actual perception takes the participle, in- tellectual perception the infinitive. The difference is often effaced, nec- essarily in the passive. G. 527, R. 1. 1Ie Ne quid nocere posset : In a final sentence ; ut nihil in a con- secutive, 347, 505, 691. G. 543, 4. 119 Quid is the accusative of the inner object. G. 331, R. 2. 120 Quid, any ; aliquid, some ; quidquam, any at all. G. 802. 121 Sibi ac rei publicae : In a de- pendent final sentence the reflexive may refer to the subject of the lead- ing clause. G. 521. 122 Dies xxv. : Time how long is put in the accusative. G. 337. 123 Commoratus : The perfect par- ticiple, especially of deponents, is often used where we should expect the present, c. iii., 65. G. 278, R. In this passage the perfect (aorist) is suggested by the definite date. G. 224! R. 2. 124 Nihilo : C. i., 13. G. 400. 125 At: C. iii., 56. G. 490. DE BELLO GALLICO. 85 eqnitatus ad eum insequendum 128 mittit retrahique 127 imperat: si vim faciat 1 " neque 129 pareat, interfici jubet, nihil hnnc se ab- senfce pro sano factum m arbitratus 130 qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. 181 Ille enim 132 revocatus resistere ac se mann de- fendere suorunique fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamirans liberum se liheraeque esse civitatis. Illi, ut erat imperatum, 133 circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt; at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. VIII. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, 134 ut portus tuere- tnr et rei frumentariae provideret qnaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosceret. consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse 135 cum quinque legionibus et pari nnmero equitum quern in con- tinenti relinquebat solis occasu naves solvit, et leni Africo pro- vectus media circiter nocte 136 vento intermisso cursum non tenuit, et longius 137 delatus aestu orta luce sub sinistra Briran- niam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem secutus 138 remis contendit ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit mil i turn virtus laudanda, qui 139 vectoriis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore longarum n avium cursum adaequarunt. 140 Accessum est 141 ad Britanniam C. 1., a 128 Ad eum insequendum : 20. G. 433. m Retrahi imperat : c. i., 21. 532, R 1. 128 Si vim faciat : 0. R. si vim fa- ciet or faciat. G. 598, R. 3. 129 Neque pareat : Neque (nee) is in regular use for and not. G. 482. 130 Arbitratus : See 123. G. 278, R. 131 Qui neglexisset — cum negle- xisset, c. iv., 81. G. 630. 132 Ille enim resistere coepit : Enim (postpositive) serves to intro- duce an explanation, illustration, con- firmation. (And well might Caesar have expected some such crack- brained proceeding) for — ; and indeed he did begin to offer resistance. G. 500. 1S3 Ut erat imperatum sc. iis. As they ho.d been ordered to do. The impersonal construction is necessary with the passive of all verbs that do not take the accusative. G. 208. VIII. 13i Labieno relicto: C. ii., 46. G. 281, R. 2. 135 Ipse : C. ii., 45. G. 297, R. 1. 136 Media nocte : C. i., 9. 137 Longius: C. vii., 116. R. 2. 138 Secutus : C. vii., 123. R. 129 Qui adaequarunt : enim is often nearly = quod. 140 Cursum adaequarunt: aequare and adaequare in the sense of come up to take the accusative. G. 345, R. 1. 141 Accessum est: Impersonal? are freelv made from passives, 323, 384, 392, 675. G. 199, R. 1. G. 3P2. G. 312, G. 278, Qui = is G. 027. 86 LATIN - READER. omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore; neque 1 " in eo loco hostis est visus, seel, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudiue navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privafcisque, quas sui quisque 143 commodi 144 fecerat, amplius 145 octingentae 148 uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. IX. Caesar exposito exercitu' 47 et loco castris 148 idoneo cap to, ubi ex captivis cognovit 140 quo in loco 160 hostium copiae conse- dissent, 1 " cohortibus x ad mare relictis et equitibus ccc qui 159 praesidio navibus 153 essent, de tertia vigilia 154 ad liostes con- tends, eo minus 155 veritus navibus 156 ' 157 quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibus 158 Quintnm Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuum circiter xn 159 hostium copias conspicatus est. Uli equitatu 160 atque essedis ad flumen progressi ex loco supe- riore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperuut. Eepulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt locum nacti egreo-ie 142 Neque, and yet not, c. vi., 95. G. 482, R. 4. M Sui quisque : The reflexive forms are usually put immediately before quisque, 399. G. 305, R. 1. 144 Commodi is the predicative genitive of characteristic ; which each one had (had) made as a matter of personal (sui) convenience. G. 429, R. 2. 145 Quae amplius o. visae erant : When all are embraced there is no partition. We say, of which, 487. G. 368, R. 2. 146 Amplius octingentae : Quam is often omitted after plus, amplius, minus, and the like, without affect- ing the construction, 516, 644. G. 311, R. 4. IX. 147 Exposito exercitu: Abla- tive absolute, active translation. G. 409. '*'* Castris idoneo : Adjectives of fitness take the dative. G. 356. ;4 ' J Ubi cognovit: C. iii., 53. G. 5(53. 150 Quo in loco: C. iv., 73. G. 680, R. 2. 161 Consedissent : Pluperfect sub- junctive representing completed ac- tion after an historical tense. G. 511. 152 Qui essent : C. i., 26. G. 632. is» praesidio navibus : Double dative. G. 350. 154 De tertia vigilia : De in desig- nations of time means while yet; ichile it was yet the third watch. G. 393, R. 155 Eo minus : C. i., 13. G. 400. 156 Navibus veritus : The dative with verbs of fearing is translated for. This use is more common with metuere and timere than with ve- reri. G. 347. i57 Veritus : C. iii., 65. G. 278, R. 158 p r aesidio navibus — praefecit : a slight stretch of the idiom (22. G. 350.) Pacio may, however, be re- garded as causative of esse. 109 Milia passuum xii. Extent in space is put in the accusative, 188, 561, 566. G. 335. 190 Equitatu : The ablative of at- tendance of a military movement gem-rally takes cum when there is no adjective ; here it shades off into the instrumental. G. 391. DE BELLO GALLTCO. 87 et natura et opere munitnm, quern domestici belli ut videban- tur 161 causa jam ante praeparaverant ; nam crebris arboribns succisis 162 omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis 1 " 3 rari 164 propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi 165 prohibebant. 106 At milites legion is vn testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adjecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expnle- runt paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi 167 vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod magna parte diei consumpta munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui 168 volebat. X. Postridie ejus diei 109 mane tripertito milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant 170 persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris 171 progressis, cum jam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt qui nuntiarent 172 superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adflictas atque in litore 173 ejectas esse; quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, 174 * 17b neque nautae gubernato- resque vim tempestatis pati possent ; itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. 161 Videbantur : The personal con- genitive is to be noted only on ac- struction is often preferred in this count of its circumstantiality ; comp. verb and its kindred. G. 528. c. ii., 34. 162 Crebris arboribus succisis: "° Qui fugerant : Relative clauses Abstract translation. G. 667, R. 2. in the imperfect and pluperfect in- 163 Ex silvis : Position from with- dicative often remain nnattracted ; in which, c. xxvi., 328. G. 388, R. partly for liveliness, partly for elear- 2. ness. The imperfect subjunctive 164 Rari : Predicative use of the might otherwise represent future in- adjective. G. 324, R. 6. dicative, the pluperfect subjunctive 165 Ingredi prohibebant : Prohi- the future perfect indicative ; comp. bere regularly takes the infinitive 293, 320. G. 630, R. 1. in Caesar, 256. G. 548, R. 1. 171 Aliquantum itineris: C. ii.,44. 166 Prohibebant : Imperfect of en- G. 371. deavor. G. 224. m Qui nuntiarent : Subjunctive of 167 Prosequi vetuit: With jubeo design, c. i., 26. G. 632. and veto the infinitive active (or de- 173 In litore ejectas : In with the ponent) can be used without an in- ablative after a verb of motion of definite subject, 414. G. 532, R. 2. the result of motion. G. 413, R. I. ie * Tempus relinqui volebat : Ac- J74 Quod — subsisterent : The sub- cusative and infinitive after a verb junctive as in O. 0., 63. G. 541. of will. G. 532. ns The imperfect represents the X. 16tf Postridie ejus diei : Postri- imperfect indicative of the speakers, die is to all intents a noun=postero being measured not by nuntiarent die, and the construction with the but by afflictas. G. 518. 88 LATIN" HEADER. XL His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque itinere desistere 176 jubet, ipse ad naves revertitur: eadem fere quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat coram perspicit, sic ut 177 amissis circiter XL navibus 178 reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent! alios arcessi jubet; Labieno scribit ut 179 quam plurimas 180 posset iis legionibus, quae sunt 181 apud eum, naves instituat. 182 Ipse etsi res erat 183 multae operae 184 ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione coujungi. 185 In his rebus circiter dies x consumit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias quas ante praesidio navibus 186 reliquit: ipse eodem uncle redierat proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, ma- j ores jam undique in eum locum copiae Britaunorum convene- rant, summa imperii bellique admin istrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno, cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus 187 flu men dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum lxxx. 188 Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civi- tatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; seel nostro adventu permoti 189 Britanni hunc to ti bello imperioque praefeceraiit. XI. 176 Itinere desistere : Separa- ie3 Etsi res erat : C. iv., 72. G. tive ablative without preposition, 606. after a verb of removal. G. 888. 1S4 Multae operae : Genitive of 171 Sic ut : Restrictive like ita ut, quality in the predicate, 597. G. and yet. G. 556, R. 5. 365. 178 Amissis navibus : The partici- lb5 Cum castris conjungi : Com- ple may be used in a concessive (ad- pounds with con (con=cum) com- versative sense). So any adverbial monly repeat the preposition, 254, modifier; magno negotio, with great 391, 607. G. 346, R. 1. trouble, it is true. G. 670. lt6 Praesidio navibus : Double 179 Scribit ut: Any verb used as a dative, c. i., 22. G. 350. verb of will or desire may have a )87 A maritimis civitatibus : Corn- complementary final clause. G. pounds with dis (di), commonly 5-16. take ab with ablative, 210. The 180 Quam plurimas : C. i., 7. G. dative is poetical. G. 888. 317,11. 1MS Milia lxxx. : Distance how far 1,1 Quae sunt apud eum : Indica- is put in the accusative, c. ix., 159. tive because it is an explanation of G. 335, 2. the author's, 642. Tense to match 1BH Permoti: The moving cause is scribit. G. 630, R. 1. often expressed hy a participle with m Posset— instituat : C. i., 12. the ablative, 62, 278. G. 407 G. 511, R. 1. R. 1. DE BELLO OALLICO. 89 X fl. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos 190 in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt; tnaritima pars ab iis qui praedae ac belli inferendi 1 * 1 causa ex Belgio transierant qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur quibus orti ex civitatibus 192 eo pervenerunt, et belld illato ibi permanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia, fete Gallicis consimilia; pecorum ma- gnus numerus. Utuntur aut 193 aere, 194 ant taleis ferreis ad cer- tum pondus examinatis pro nnmmo. Nascitnr ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferram, sed ejus exigua est copia : aere utuntur importato. 195 Materia cuj usque generis ut in Gallia est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem 196 et gall in am et anserem 197 gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt teni- peratiora qnam in Gallia remissioribus frigoribus. 198 XI [I. Insula natura 199 triquetra, cujus imum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus qui est ad Cautium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, in- ferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter milia pas- su urn D. Alteram vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem, qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio 200 minor, ut aestimatur, qnam Britannia, sed pari spatio 201 transmissus atque 202 ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae appel- latur Mona; complures praeterea minores subjectae insulae existimantur; de quibus insulis 203 nonnulli scripserunt dies XII. 190 Natos sc. esse : C. vii., (Polysyndeton), or omitted through- 113. G. 200. out (Asyndeton). G. 483, 2. 191 Praedae ac belli inferendi 198 Frigoribus, cold seasons: Plu- causa : C. vi., 96. G. 372. ralizing abstract nouns makes them •"" Civitatum quibus ex civitati- concrete, 301. G. 195, R. 5. Abla- bus : ('. ii., 40. G. G17. tiye absolute. J93 Aut (aut — aut) denotes abso- XIII. 19M Natura: Ablative of re- lute exclusion or substitution. G. spect, c. iii., 50. G. 398. 41).-). 200 Dimidio: C. i., 13. G. 400. 194 Aere : C. i., 15. G. 405. 201 Pari spatio: Ablative of qual- 195 Importato : Predicative attri- ity, c. iii.,58. G. 402. Transmissus: bution. The copper ichich they use Genitive dependent on spatio. is imported. G. 324. JU ' 2 Atque ex Gallia : Adjectives 196 Leporem et gallinam et an- and adverbs of likeness and unlike- serem as articles of food in the sin- ness may take atque, 303. G. 646. gular. G. 195, R. 8. 203 De quibus insulis : C. ii., 40. 197 Et — et is inserted throughout G. 617. 90 LATIN READEK. continuos xxx sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo per* contationibus reperiebamus, 804 nisi 205 certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti noctes videbamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, dcc milium. Ter- tium est contra septentriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra; sed ejus angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat: hoc milia passuum dccc in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnia insula est in circuitu vicies centum 206 milium passuum. XIV. Ex his omnibus 207 longe sunt humanissimi qui 208 Can- tium incolnnt, quae regio 209 est maritima omnia, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. 210 Interiores plerique fru- menta non serunt, sed lacte 211 et carne vivunt, pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnesvero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc 212 horridiores sunt in pugna adspectu: capilloque sunt promisso 213 atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores liabent deni 214 duodenique 216 inter se communes, et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentes- que cum liberis ; si qui 216 sunt ex his nati, 217 eorum habentur liberi, quo 218 primum 219 virgo quaeque deducta est. XV. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equi- tatu 220 nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut 221 nostri omnibus 204 Nihil reperiebamus : C. ii., 48. 2:3 Capillo promisso : The de- G. 224. scriptive ablative is necessary for 205 Nisi, only (all that we know is parts of the body. G. 402, Ii. 1. that). G. 592, R. 2. 2J4 Deni duodenique : The dis- 206 Vicies centum milia passuum : tributive is used with great exact- to avoid duo milia milia. ness in Latin. G. 310. XIV. 207 Ex his omnibus: C. iii., 21 ° -que: And as many as. G. 497. 52. G. 371, R. 5. 216 Si qui sunt nati— habentur : 208 QuiCantiumincolunt. The cor- Antecedent iterative (generic) action relative is is often omitted, especial- has perfect indicative in one mem- ly when it would stand in the same ber, present in the other, 271. G.509. case as the relative. (C. i., 14. G. a " Ex his : Ex is very common 621.) The inhabitants of Kent. G.62G. after participles of birth {not re- 209 Quae regio, a region which, stricted to the mother). G. 395. The appositive of the antecedent is 21B Quo = ad quos, the relative ad- often incorporated into the relative verb for an oblique case of the rela- clause, 470. G. (518. tive with preposition. G. (513, R. 1. ■ w A Gallica differunt consuetu- 21J Primum : C. vi., 97. G. 324, dine: C. xi., 187. G. 388. R. 7 211 Lacte vivunt : Vivo takes the XV. 22 ° Cum equitatu conflixe- ablative of means. G. 405. runt : C. xii., 185. (J. 310, R. 1. 212 Hoc: Ablative of measure, c. 221 Ut=4ta tamen ut, restrictive. i., 13. G. 400. Thereby the G. 55G li. 5. DE BELLO CJALLICO. 91 partibus superiores fueriut atque eos in silvas collesque com- pulerint, 222 sed compluribus interi'ectis cnpidius 223 insecuti nori- nullos ex'suis amiserunt. At illi intermisso spatio impruden- tibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorura subito se ex silvis ejecerunfc impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati acriter pngnaverunt, dnabusque missis sub- sidio 224 cohortibus a Caesare, atque 225 his primis legionum dua- rum, cum hae perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitis- bent, novo gen ere pugnae perterritis nostris, per raedios auda- cissime perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur. 226 Illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repelluntur. XVI. Toto hoc in 227 genere pugnae cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est 228 nostros propter gravitatem arm o rum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent 229 neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem, equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plertimque cede- rent, et cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, 930 ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue 231 ut numquam conferti sed rari magnisque 938 interval lis proeliaren- tur, stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. XVII. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus consti- 222 Oompulerint: The perfect sub- the position, see c. iv., 73. G. 680, junctive after an historical tense R. 2. gives the final result (upshot), often " 8 Intellectum e s t — n o s t r o s : with the negative, as c. liv., 662. Forms compounded with esse regu- G. 513. larly take the impersonal construc- 223 Cupidius: sc. quam par erat, tion and not the nominative and in- e. vii., 116. G. 312. fiuitive. G. 528. 224 Subsidio : Dative of the object 229 Quod possent : O. Obliqua. G. for which, c. i., 22. G. 350. 541. 225 Atque his primis : Atque with 230 Cum reaiovissent, desilirent : emphasis, and that the first and In O. R. it would be : cum remove- to; comp. c. L, 17. G. 293, R. 2. rant — desiliebant. G. 569. 226 Interficitur, repelluntur : His- 231 Accedebat hue ut : C. vi., 94. torical presents, to be avoided in G. 525, R. 3. English, c. i, 6. G. 220. 232 Magnisque : -que and consa XVI. -- 7 Toto hoc in genere: On quently, c. i., 11. G. 478. 92 LATIN READEE. terunt, rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie nostros eqnites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabu- landi causa tres legion es atqne omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibns ad pabu- latores advolaverunt, sic nti 233 ab signis legionibusque non ab- sisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto 234 reppulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt quoad 236 subsidio 236 confisi eqnites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes ege- runt, magnoque eorum numcro interfecto, neque sui colligendi 237 neque consistendi aut 238 ex essedis desiliendi facultatem clede- riint. Ex hac fuga protinus quae undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus umquam 239 summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt. XVIII. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flnmen Tamesin in fines 240 Cassivellauni exercitum duxit, quod flumen 241 uno omnino loco 242 pedibus 243 atque hoc 244 aegre transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, animum advertit ad alteram flu minis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas : ripa a litem erat acutis sudibus praefixisque munita, ejusdemque generis sub aqua de- fixae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus 245 cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones sub- sequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, XVII. 233 Sic uti non absisterent: 236 Subsidio: Ablative or dative So that they (the enemy) did not stop with confisi. G. 345, R. 2. short of (G. 556). More natural, 237 Sui colligendi: Sui is not a sic uti absisterent, yet so that they plural but a neuter possessive, hence did stop short of (sic restrictive like not colligendorum, 482, 643. G. ita,c.xi., 177. G.556, R.5). Others: 429, R. 1. sicubi absisterent, sc. pabulatores, * 38 Neque — neque — aut: Aut and translate sicubi, whenever at any serves to subdivide the second neg- point. G. 569, R. This would nat- ative, 341. G. 444. u rally require advolabant in the 23a Neque umquam : So regularly other clause. Translate rather, in and not et numquam. G. 482, R. 3. case they should attempt to leave the XVIII. 240 Ad flumen Tamesin in line at any point, c. xliii, 530. G. fines: C. iii., 70. G. 410, R. 5. 462, R. 241 Quod flumen: C. ii, 40. G. 234 Acriter impetu facto: By 617. making a vigorous charge. G. 409. 242 Uno loco : In often omitted 235 Neque fecerunt — quoad — ege- with loco, 405, 610. G. o85, R. runt: After a negative, quoad, until, 243 Pedibus : C. i.,27. G. 401, R. and the like, generally take the in- 244 Atque hoc aegre : Like atque dicative unless there is a notion of id, c. i., 17. G. 293, R. 2. purpose or suspense. G. 573. 24b Rebus : G. 195, R. 4. DE BELLO GALLICO. 93 cum" 6 capite solo 24 ' ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legi- oniim atque equitum sustinere uon possent ripasque dimitte- rent ac se fugae mandarent. XIX. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni de- posita spe cont'entionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, milibus circiter iv essedariorum 248 relictis, itinera nostra servabat pau- lnmque ex via excedebat, locisque impeditis 249 ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compelle- bat; et cum 250 equitatus noster liberius 251 praedandi vastan- dique causa 262 se in agros ejecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo 253 nos- trorum equitum cum iis 254 confligebat, atque hoc metu 265 latius vagari 256 prohibebat. Eelinquebatur 257 ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi 258 Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis 259 incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, 260 quan- tum labore atque itinere 261 legionarii milites efficere poterant. XX. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum region um civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesafis fidem secutus ad eura in continentem Galliam 262 venerat (cujus pater Imanu- 246 Cum— exstarent : Adversative 255 Hoc metu=hujus rei metu, c cum, 325, 496. G. 588. iv., 84. G. 357, R. 2. 247 Capite solo : Ablative of meas- 256 Vagari: C. ix., 165. G. 547, are. G. 398. R. 1. XIX. '* 48 Milibus essedariorum : 2b7 ReUnquebatur ut Caesar, etc.: C. ii., 41. G, 308. All that was left for Caesar to do was 249 Locis impeditis : Place, as to, etc, G. 558. cause, manner, means, does not re- 25S Discedi : Impersonal passive, quire a preposition, 329, 603, 689, c. viii., 141. G. 199. R. 1. 699. G. 387. Loco is often used 25H In agris vastandis : Ix the de- without in. vastalion of the fields. Agi is vastan- 250 Cum ejecerat — emittebat. Iter- dis, by the devastation. G. 432, ative antecedent action in the past 434. is put in the pluperfect with the 260 Hostibus noceretur. The da- imperfect in the leading clause. G. tive case cannot be used as the sub- 569. ject of the passive. Hence the im- 251 Liberius, sc. quam par erat: personal construction, 133, 436. C. vii., 116. G. 312, 2. G. 208. 252 Praedandi causa: C. vi., 96. 261 Labore atque itinere : The ad- Q. 429, R. 2. versative relation seems to require 253 Magno cum periculo : C. iv., hendiadys (G. 695) : On the toilsome 73. G. 680, R. 2. march, despite the toilsome march. 264 Cum iis confligebat: C. xi., XX. 26J Ad eum in continentem 185. G. 346, R. 1. Galliam: See c. iii., 70. G. 410, R. 5. 94: LATIN READER. entius in ea civitate regnum obtinuerafc interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse 203 ftiga mortem vitaverat), legatos ad Caesa- rem mittnnt pollicentiirqne sese ei dedituros 264 atque imperata facturos: petunt ut Mandubracium ab injuria 265 Cassivellanni defendat atqne in civitatem mi t tat qui praesit 266 imperiumque obtineat. His 2 " Caesar imperat obsides XL frumentumque ex- ercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Uli imperata celeri- ter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. XXL Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum 268 inju- ria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab iis cognoscit non longe ex eo loco 269 oppidum Cassivellanni abesse silvis paludi- busque muni turn, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque nu- merus convenerit. 270 Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, 271 quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa 272 convenire consuerunt. Eo proficisci- tur cum legionibus : locum reperifc egregie natura atque opere munitum; tamen huhc duabus ex partibus oppngnare conten- dit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt, seseque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt. Magnus ibi Humerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. XXII. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, 878 Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, 274 quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus 263 Ipse=filius (G. 297). The asyn- 26a Ex eo loco, starting from, com- deton (G. 475, R.) is the more natu- monly abeoloco, c.ii.,42. G.411,R.l. ral as the relative would have been 87,) Quo convenerit : Necessary awkward (G. 639). part of the sentence, hence subjunc- 264 Sese dedituros, sc. sese se d. : tive (0. R. convenit). G. 630. The reflexive is often omitted with 271 Cum — munierunt : Antecedent the future infinitive, esse also, 357. iterative action, c.xiv., 271. G. 569. G. 527, R. 2. 272 Incursionis vitandae causa : C. 286 Ab injuria defendere : C. i., 3. vi., 96. G. 429, R. 2. G. 388. XXII. 273 Dum haec geruntur : •2f,6 Q u i p ra esit : The indefinite an- Dum, ichifat, of contemporaneous tecedent (aliquis) is generally omit- but not necessarily coextensive ac- ted, 333. G. 623 tion, takes the present indicative as 2e7 His imperat obsides : C. i., 24. a mere tense of continuance parallel G. 346. with the present participle, the lack XXI. 268 Militum, on the part of of which in the passive it supplies. the soldiers, subjective genitive. G. G. 572. 361. 274 Ad Cantium : C. i, 4. G. 342. L>E BELLO GALLICO. 95 regionibus"* quafctuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit, atque his imperat uti coactis omnibus copiis 276 castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. Ii 277 cum ad castra venissent, nostri erup- tioue facta multis eorum interfectis. capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis fmibus, maxime etiam permotus 378 defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset, 2 ' 9 hiemare in continenti propter repentinos vralliae motus, neque multum 280 aestatis superesset atque id xacile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et quid in annos singulos vectigalis 281 populo Romano Britannia penderet" 8 con- stituit: interdicit atque imperat 283 Cassivellauno, ne Mandu- bracio neu 284 Trinobantibus noceat, 285 XXIII. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves inveuit refectas. 286 His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nounullae tempestate deperierant 287 naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic 288 accidit uti ex 289 tan to navium numero, tot navigationibus, 290 neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis quae milites 276 Quibus regionibus praeerant: peratitely forbids, a kind of hendia- C. ii., 36. G. 346. dys. G. 695. 276 Coactis copiis : C. vi., 109. G. 2b4 Ne — neu : The negative ne is 667, R. 1. continued by neve or neu. G. 277 Ii : Emphatic position to con- 450. trast with nostri. G. 677. 2 " Noceat : Sequence of tense, 278 Permotus defectione: C. xi., c. i.,12. G. 511, R. 1. 189. G. 407, R. 1. XXIII. 266 Refectas: Participle of 279 Cum constituisset: Causal cum, the actual condition ; different from 688. G. 587. refectas esse. So the present parti- 260 Neque multum^t'er^ little (Li- ciple is different from the infinitive, ' totes), c. vi., 148. G. 448, R. 2. 117. G. 536. Atque id, and that (little). 2b7 Quod habebat et — deperie- 281 Quid vectigalis : Partitive gen- rant: C. i., 18. G. 539. itive, c. ii., 44. G. 371. 28b Sic accidit uti : A fuller form 282 Quid penderet : A form of the for the ordinary accidit uti. G. 556, deliberative subjunctive involving 558. Caesar does not object to such an imperative sense. Quid pendat exactness. Comp. c. ii., 34. Britannia? What is Britain to pay ? ""Ex tanto numero: C. iii., 52. Britain is represented as asking, G. 371, R. 5. Quid pendam? What shall I pay f 20 ° Tot navigationibus: Ablative 536. G. 258. absolute, Although there had been so 283 Interdicit atque imperat, im- many trips made. G. 409, 611. 96 LATIN READER. porfcaret 391 desideraretur, at ex iis quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentnr, prioris commeatus expositis militibus, et qnas postea Labienus facie» das 29 * curaverat 298 numero lx, per- paucae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes rejiceventur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, 294 ne anni tempore a navigatione 295 excluderetur. quod aequiuoctium suberat, neces- sario angustius 296 milites collocavit, ac summa tranquillitate consf-cuta, secunda 297 inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce 298 terrain attigit omnesque incolumes 299 naves perduxit. XXIV. Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samaro- brivae 300 peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates 301 angustius 308 proven erat, coactus est aliter ac 303 supe- rioribus annib exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere: ex quibus imam in Morinos ducen- dam 304 Gaio Fabio legato dedit; alteram in Nervios Qninto Ciceroni ; tertiam in Esubios Lucio Eoscio ; quartam in Kemis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Trevirorum hiemare jussit; tres in Belgis 305 collocavit: his 306 Marcum Crassum qiiaestorem et Lucium Munatium Plancum et Gainm Trebonium legatos prae- fecit. Unnm legionem, quam proxime trans Padnm conscrip- serat, et coliortes quinque in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui 307 sub imperio Ambiorigis et 24,1 Quae milites portaret — quae 2 " Incolumes : Predicative attri- remitterentur : Subjunctive by at- bution. G. 324, R. 2. traction of mood. G. 631. (After XXIV. 30u Samarobrivae : Names remitterentur I have omitted et to of towns are put in the locative of avoid an awkward zeugma. So the place where. In the first de- Lona:.) clension the locative coincides with 292 Faciendas: C. L; 10. G. 431. the dative. G. 412. 2a3 Curaverat: The indicative in 301 Siccitates, dry seasons, droughts: a parenthetic relative statement. G. C. xii, 198. G. 195, R. 5. 631, R. 1. Comp. c. xi., 170. 302 Angustius : C. vii., 116. G. 2a4 Quas cum exspectasset: C. vii., 312, 2. 111. G. 612. 303 Aliter ac: C.xiii., 202. G. 646. 24,5 A navigatione : C. i., 3. G. 304 Ducendam dedit : C. i., 10. 388. G. 431. So below. 296 Angustius : C. vii., 116. G. 305 In Belgis: Verbs of placing 312, 2. take in with the ablative, 427, 543, 297 Secunda : Emphatic position = 582. G. 384, R. 1. secunda demum vigilia, not until 3 " 6 His Crassum praefecit : C. i., the second watch; hence cum is 36. G. 346. whereas, although. G. 678. 30T Quorum — qui : Relatives are 298 p]-i ma luce: C. iii., 59. G. seldom coupled bv conjunctions. 287, li. Comp. liv., 653. g! 639. ' T)E BELLO GALLICO. 97 Catuvolci erant, mi sit. His militibus Quintum Titurium Sabi- num et Lucium Aurnnculemm Cottam legatos praeesse jussit. Ad hunc niodum distributis legionibus facillime inopiae 308 fru- mentariae sese mederi posse 300 existimavit : atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna, praeter earn quam Lucio Koscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, mili- bus 310 passuum centum continebantur. Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocasset munitaque hiberna cognovisset, 311 in Gallia morari constituit. XXV. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco 312 natus Tasgetius, cujus majores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. 313 Huic Caesar pro ejus virtu te atque in se benevolentia, quod in omni- bus bellis singulari ejus opera 314 fuerat usus, majorum locum restituerat. Tertium 315 jam hunc 316 annum regnantem inimici multis palam ex civitate auctoribus 317 interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, 318 quod ad plures 319 pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum le- gione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci jubet ibique hiemare; quornmque opera cognoverat 320 Tasgetium interfec- tum, hos 321 comprehensos 322 ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoribusque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior fac- tus est in hiberna perventum 323 locumque hibernis esse munitum. 308 Inopiae mederi : Mederi, to his reign. He had been reigning go remedy {take measures for), governs ing on three years. G. 221. the dative. G. 345, R. 2. ' 318 Hunc = Tasgetium. Others re- 80S Mederi posse : As mederi has fer to annum. G. 290, 5. no future, mederi posse is used as 311 Inimici auctoribus : Others, a kind of periphrastic (Greek infini- inimicis. tive and av), 468. G. 240, R. 3. 318 Veritus : C. vii., 123. G. 278, 310 Milibus passuum : C. ii., 41. R. G. 308. 31B Plures =multos. 311 Quoad cognovisset : The sub- * aa Cognoverat, not cognoverit. junctive in O. O. (quoad cognovero- Caesar knew who they were. Cog- morabor). G. 573. noverit would leave the finding out XXV. 312 Summo loco natus: Par- to Plancus, c. x., 170. G. 630, R. 1. ticiples which denote birth take the S21 Hos: Less usual antecedent of ablative of origin with (c. xiv., 217) the relative, 501. G. 620. or without the prepositions ex and 322 Comprehensos mittere, to ar- de. G. 395. rest and send, a convenient transla- 313 Obtinuerant: C. ii., 37. G. tion, but not strictly in accordance 233. with the conception, c. vi., 109. G. 314 Opera usus : C. i., 15. G. 405. 667, R. 2. 313 Tertium hunc annum regnan- 323 Perventum: On this imperson. tern: This was now the third year of al use see c. viii., 141. 98 LATIN HEADER. XXVI. Diebus eirciter xv quibus 824 in hibcrna ventum est, initium repentiiii tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambi- orige et Catuvolco; qui cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent 325 frumentumque 326 in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treviri nuntiis impulsi, suos concitaverunt, subi- toque 326 oppressis lignatoribus magna maim ad castra oppugna- tum 327 venerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallum- que adscendissent, atque una ex parte 328 Hispanis equitibus emissis equestri proelio 329 superiores fuissent, desperata re 380 hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Turn suo more con- clamaverunt 331 uti aliqui 332 ex nostris ad colloquium prodiret; habere sese quae de re communi dicere vellent, 333 quibus rebus controversias minui posse 334 sperarent. XXVII. Mittitur 335 ad eos colloquendi causa Gaius Arpineius, eqnes Roman us, familiaris Quinti Titurii, et Quintus Junius ex Hispania quidam, qui jam ante missu 336 Caesaris ad Ambi- origem ventitare consuerat; apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est: sese pro Caesaris 337 in se beneficiis pluri- XXVI. 324 Diebus xv. — quibus ventum est : Within 15 days within which, loosely, 15 days or less after the arrival. G. 400, R. 3. 326 Cum praesto fuissent, although, c. xviii., 246. B26 F rum entumque — subitoque : Observe how -que carries out the previous clause, c. i., 11. 327 Ad castra oppugnatum (sc. cas- tra): Brachylogy. G. 689. 32b Una ex parte : The place whence gives the point of view from which. In English a different trans- lation is often given, 407, 677. 32H Equestri proelio, in a, cavalry engagement : We often use in in English where it is unnecessary in Latin, c. xix., 249. 330 Desperata re : Because of desperare rem, c. xxxviii., 477. Res often superfluous in our idiom: in despair. 331 Conclamaverunt uti prodiret: The first imperative in O. O. may have ut, 466. G. 655, R. 332 Aliqui: As a substantive. G. 105. 333 Quae vellent : Omission of in- definite antecedent, c. xx., 266. 334 Minui posse rather than mi- nutum iri : Fore ut would be awk- ward in a relative sentence, c. xxiv., 309. XXVII. 335 Mittitur : The predi- cate agrees with the nearest subject. G. 281, Exc. 336 Missu : Verbal ablative of cause. G. 407. Many such verbals are found only in the ablative. G. 76. So coactu below. Also 362. 337 Sese pro Caesaris, etc. : An in- structive specimen of O. Obliqua. The O. R. is approximately as fol- lows ; G. 651,652, K. 1 : Equidem pro Caesaris in me beneficiis plurimum me ei confiteor debere, quod ejus opera stipendio liberatus sum, quod Aduatucis finiti- mis meis peudere consueveram (not consuevi : the tense is measured by liberatus sum) quodque mihi (the O. O. has ei instead of the more regu- lar sibi [G. 521, R. 7, comp. R. 5] by shifting the point of view to the re- DE BELLO GALLICO. 99 mum ei confiteri debere, quod ejus opera stipendio liberatus 8 *' esset quod Aduatucis finitimis suis peudere consuesset: quod- que ei et tilius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci obsidum uumero 339 missos apud se in servitute et cateuis 340 tennissent; neque id quod fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum aut judicio aut 341 voluutate sua fecisse, sed coactu civitutis; suaque esse ejusmodi imperia ut uou minus habere t juris in se multitudo quam 342 ipse in multitudinem. Civitati porro banc 343 fuisse belli cansam, quod repentiuae Gallorum conjurationi resistere 11011 potuerit. 344 Id se facile ex humili- porter, not an infrequent deviation in Caesar) et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi sunt, quos Adua- tuci obsidum numero missos apud se in servitute et catenis tenuerant ; neque id quod feci de oppugnatione castrorum, aut judicio aut voluntate mea feci (0. 0. fecerit — not fecisset — by Repraesentatio, which assumes the point of view of the speaker to the extent of the tense and gives greater liveliness and clearness to the discourse), sed coactu civitatis ; meaque sunt ejusmodi imperia ut non minus habeat juris in me mul- titudo quam ego in multitudinem. (The 0. 0. has ipse. Ipse does not simply represent ego. Still the dis- tinction is sufficiently brought out without ipse in 0. R.) Civitati porro haec fuit belli causa, quod repenti- nae Gallorum conjurationi resistere non potuit (O. O. potuerit, Reprae- sentatio). Id facile ex humilitate mea probare possum, quod non adeo sum imperitus rerum, ut meis copiis populum Roman urn superari posse confidam. Sed est Galliae commune consilium; omnibus hibernis Caesa- ris oppugnandis hie est dictus dies, ne qua legio alterae (rare form=al- teri) legioni subsidio venire posset. Non facile Galli Gallis negarepotu- erunt, praesertim cum de reciperan- da commuui libertate consilium ini- tum videretur. Quibus quoniain pro pietate satisfeci, habeo nunc ratio- neni officii pro beneficiis Caesaris ; moneo, oro Titurium pro hospitio ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. Magna manus Germanorum conduo ta Rhenum transiit ; haec aderit biduo. Vestrum (ipsorum) est con- silium velitisne priusquam finitimi sentiant, eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia pas- suum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius a vobis abest. Hoc polliceor et jurejurando confirmo me (not so readily omitted as se) tu- tum iter per fines daturum quod cum facio (cum with the present indica- tive of a coincident action, G. 583) et civitati consulo quod hibernis leva- tur (livelier than levetur or levabi- tur) et Caesari pro ejus meritis gra- tiam refero. 33e Stipendio liberatus : Ab omit- ted with a thing. G. 388. 339 Obsidum numero : In this phrase in is more commonly omit- ted (comp. c. v., 91), 659. G. 334, R. 340 In servitute et catenis : A cli- max, not a hendiadys. G. 095. 341 Aut — aut is often used to sub- divide a negative, c. xvi., 238. G. 444. S42 Non minus — quam : not lesi (quite as much). G. 647, R. 5. 343 Hanc causam : Hanc attracted into the gender of causa. G. 202, R. 4. 344 Quod — potuerit: That— anob ject clause, the antecedent being ho* 100 LATIX READER. fate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit imperitus rerum 846 nt suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse confidat. Sed esse Galliae commune consilium; omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppngnandis 846 liunc esse dictum diem, ne qua 347 legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset: non facile Gallos Gallis 348 negare potuisse, praesertim cum de reciperanda 349 communi libertate consilium initum videretur. Quibns quoniam pro pietate satis- fecerit, 360 habere nunc se rationem officii pro beneficiis Caesaris; monere, orare 351 Titurium pro hospitio, ut suae ac militum saluti 352 consulat: magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum 863 tran sisse; banc ad fore biduo. 364 Ipsorum esse con- silium yelintne 356 prius quam finitimi sentiant 356 eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia passuum circiter L, alter paulo amplius ab iis absit. Ulud se polliceri et jurejurando confirmare, tutum iter per fines daturum ; 357 quod cum faciat, et civitati sese con- sulere quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro ejus meritis gratiam referre. Hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix. XXVIII. Arpineius et Junius quae audierunt 368 ad legatos deferunt. Illi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dice- attracted into hanc. Comp. 361, SB3 Rhenum transisse: Verbs com- 364. G. 525. pounded with trans take the accu- 345 Imperitus rerum : C. vi., 98. sative. G. 330. G. 373. Res superfluous for us, c. 354 Biduo : Time within which, xxvi., 330. The Roman says biduum, triduum, 346 Omnibus — oppugnandis : The quadriduum, instead of duo, tres, dative of the gerund or gerundive quattuor dies. G. 392. is not much used in earlier prose, 355 Velintne : We should find 429. G. 430. an alternative more natural. G. 347 Ne qua, the final negative ; ut 456. nulla, the consecutive, c. vii., 118. 358 Prius quam sentiant: With G. 54H, 4. On'subsidio, see 22. prius quam the subjunctive is very 348 Gallos Gallis : Similars and common after a positive sentence opposites are often put side by side, Here the thing is to be avoided and 551, 584. G. 683. the subjunctive more correct even 340 De reciperanda — libertate: De outside of O. O. G. 579. is one of the few prepositions com- 367 Daturum =se daturum esse: monlv used with the gerund or ge- C. xx., 264. G. 527, K. 2. rundive. G. 434. XXVIII. 3b8 Quae audierunt : 360 Quoniam — satisfecerit : Indi- What they have heard; quae audie- rect discourse, c. i., 18. G. 539. rint, what it is they have heard. The 361 Monere, orare : The asyndeton indicative emphasizes the trothful- is passionate: climax. ness of the report. G. 469* R. 3; 3 " Saluti consulat: C.iii.,64. G.347. 613, It. 2. DE BELLO GALLICO. 101 banfcur,"* tamen non neglegenda 360 existimabant ; maximeque hac re permovebantur, quod 391 civitatem ignobilem atque hu- milera Eburonum sua spoil te populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendnm. Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt, maguaque inter eos exsistit controversia. Lucius Aurunculeius compluresque tribuui militum et primorum ordinum centu- riones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis injussu 362 Cae- saris discedendum existimabant: 363 quantasvis copias etiam Ger- manorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebaut: rem 364 esse testimonio, 305 quod primum hostium impetum, mnltis ultro vulneribus illatis, fortissime sustinuerint: 366 re frumentaria non premi: interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia: postrenio, quid esse 367 ' 36 ' levius aut turpius quani auo tore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium ? XXIX. Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum majores manus hostium adjunctis Germanis convenissent, 869 aut cum aliquid 370 calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset 369 acceptum ; breveni consulendi 371 esse occasionem : Caesarem arbitrari 373 profectum in Italiam; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tas- getii consilium fuisse capturos, 873 neque Eburones, si ille ades- set, 374 tanta contemptione nostri 375 ad castra venturos esse: non 359 Etsi — dicebantur : C. iv., 72. at * Others quid esset, from 0. R., G. 606. quid sit. G. 654, R. 2. 360 Non neglegenda: Litotes, c.vi., XXIX. 36B Oum — convenissent: 104. G. 448, R. 2. O. R. cum — convenerint. So esset 361 Hac re — quod : An object sen- O. R. erit, c. i., 8. G. 516. tence, c. xxvii., 344.. G. 525. 37U Aliquid, some (considerable). G. 362 Injussu: C. xxvii., 336. G. 301. 407. 371 Consulendi — occasio : Gerund 363 Existimabant — docebant: Ob- of the complement. G. 429. perve the weight of the imperfect. 372 Arbitrari (sc. se): The reflexive G. 222. is not ud frequently omitted in O. O. 364 Rem (=hanc rem) quod : An Comp. c xx., 264. G. 527, R. 2. object sentence, 344. G. 525. The 373 Fuisse capturos O. R. fuerunt subjunctive in 0. 0. capturi=cepissent. G. 662, 2. 363 Testimonio : Dative of object 374 Si ille adesset — venturos esse: for which, c. i., 22. G. 350. O. R. si adesset — venirent. One of 366 Sustinuerint : Repraesentatio, the very few instances of this form c. xxvii. . 337. G. 657. of the conditional sentence in 0. 0. 367 Quid esse : 0. R. quid est ? A Hence a standing example in gram- rhetorical question, being ultimately mars. G. 662, 1, 599, R. 4. a mere statement, is treated as a 375 Contemptione nostri : Nostri statement and put in the infinitive rather than nostra, because it is ob- in 0. 0. G. 654, R. 1. jective. G. 362, 599, R. 4. 102 LATItf READER. hostem anctorem sed rem spectare; subesse Rhenum; magno esse Germanis dolori 376 Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias: ardere Galliam tot contumeliis acceptis sub popnli Romani imperinm redactam, superiore gloria rei militaris ex- stincta. Postremo quis hoc sibi persuaderet 3 " sine certa re Ambiorigem ad ejusmodi consilium descendisse? Suam sen- ten tiam in utramque partem esse tutam: si nihil esset 378 durius, nullo cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, 378 unam esse in celeri- tate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque eorum qui disseu- tirent 379 consilium quern haberet exitum ? 380 in quo si non 381 ' S8a praesens periculum, at 383 certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda. XXX. Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita cum a Cotta pwmisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, 384 Vincite, in- quit, 386 si ita vultis, Sabinus, et id clariore voce ut magna pars militum exaudiret: neque is sum, inquit, qui gravissime ex vobis 386 mortis periculo terrear: 387 hi 388 sapient, et si gravius quid accident, 389 abs 390 te rationem reposcent; qui, si per te 378 Magno Germanis dolori: C.i., the apodosis of a concessive condi- 22. G. 350. tional. G. 490. 377 Quis hoc sibi persuaderet : O. XXX. ^ Cum — resisteretur : C. R. quis persuadeat=nemo persua- viii., 141. G. 199, R. 1. deat. In O. 0. potential rhetorical 385 Inquit is used in citing 0. R., questions retain the subjunctive or and is always parenthetic. The sub- are put in the future infinitive, in ject is commonly postponed as here, which form they are not to be dis- G. 651, R. 2. tinguished from rhetorical future 386 Ex vobis : instead of partitive indicative questions. G. 654, R. 2. genitive, c. Hi., 52. G. 371, R. 5. 378 Si nihil esset durius: O. R. 387 Terrear : The consecutive erit or est. (Others read sit.) Either (characteristic) subjunctive qui=ut. gives a perfectly good sense ; but si G. 633. consentiret clearly represents con- " 88 Hi : The soldiers, these (friends sentit. G. 600. 3. of mine). G. 290, 4. * 7a Qui dissentirent : O. R. qui 389 Si acciderit — reposcent : The dissentiunt. G. 653. stern logical condition (G. 597) is 380 Quern haberet exitum: See beautifully contrasted with the wish quis persuaderet, 377. G. 654, R. 2. implied in the following ideal con- 381 Si non, sc. esset: The verb of dition (G. 598) : Si per te liceat — the protasis is to be supplied from sustineant. (Utinam sustineant, uti- the apodosis. G. 601. nam non intereant.) 882 Si non is necessary when the 390 Abste: Chiefly used before te, conditional is concessive. G. 592. abs Anally dies out even before that, 885 At certe: At is often used in a te. G. 418. DE BELLO GALLICO. 103 liceat, perendino die cum 391 proximis hibernis conjnncti com- mnnem cum reliqais belli casum sustineant, non rejecti et rele- gati longe ab ceteris ant ferro ant fame intereant. XXXI. Consurgitur 899 ex consilio; comprehendunt 3 " utrnm- que 394 et orant ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in sum mum periculum deducant: facilem esse rem, sen maneant sen pro- ficiscantur, 8 * 6 si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent; 396 con- era in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere. Res disputa- tione ad mediam noctem perducitur: tandem dat Cotta per- motusmanus: superat sententia Sabini. Pronuntiatur prima luce 397 ituros: consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum 39 * sua quisque 399 miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare pos- set/ 00 quid ex instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. Omnia excogitantur quare nee sine pericnlo maneatur et lan- guore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. 401 Prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur ut quibus 402 esset persuasum non ab boste, sed ab homine amicissimo Ambiorisre consilium datum 403 longissimo agmine maximisque impedimentis. 391 Cum proximis hibernis con- junct* : C. xi., 185. G. 346, II. 1. XXXI. 392 Consurgitur: C. viii., 141. G. 199, R. 1. 35,3 Comprehendunt — orant : Ob- serve the liveliness of the multiplied historical presents (c. i., 66. G. 220) and of the asyndeta, G. 475 (absence of conjunctions). 394 Utrumque : First one, then the other, not both together, 450, 550. G. 307. 395 Seu maneant seu proficiscan- tur : O. R. manebitis — proficisce- mini. G. 597, R.4. 396 Si modo=dum modo : The conditional involves a wish ; hence the same in O. R. and O. O. G. 598, 575. 397 Prima luce : C. 59. G. 287. 39fc Cum — circumspiceret: The se- quence of an historical tense. G. 511. R. 1. 399 Sua qu"sque : The normal or- der, c. viii., 143. G. 305, R. 1. 400 Quid p;sset — quid cogeretur : O. R. quid possum =potero, quid cogor=cogar. G. 515, R 3. 4UI Quare (== quibus) maneatur : That is calculated to prevent their re- maining without danger, and to in- crease, etc. Caustic language; their plans were so foolish that their de- struction seemed a calculation. Ob- serve how the consecutive runs into the final. G. 633. 402 Sic ut quibus esset persuasum: Just as was natural for men, in the style of men who were persuaded, etc. Sic lays stress on the confident way (longissimo agmine maximisque impedimentis) in which they went out ; commonly ut qui alone. G. 636. Caesar likes to express cor- relatives, c. i. 34; vi.94. The com- bination ut qui (Greek are) is not equivalent to quasi (Greek gcS). The whole passage is bitter. 403 Datum se. esse : When verbs of willing and wishing are used as verbs of saying and thinking, know- ing and showing, the infinitive must be used. G. 546, R. 2. 104 LATIN" READER. XXXII. At hostes, posteaqnam ex nocturno fremiti! vigiliis* que cle profectione eornm sen sennit, 404 collocatis insidiis biper- tito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco 405 a milibns passiuim circiter duobus, 406 llomanorum adventnm exspectabant; et cum se major pars agminis in magnam convallem demisisset, ex utraqne parte 407 ejus vallis subito se ostenderunt, novissimosque premere et primos prohibere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere coeperunt. XXXIII. Turn demum Titurius, qui 408 nihil ante providisset, trepidare 409 et concursare cohortesque disponere; haec tamen ipsa timide atque ut 410 eum omnia deficere 411 yiderentur: quod plerumque iis accidere consu'evit qui in ipso negotio consilium capere coguntur. At 412 Cotta qui cogitasset 413 haec posse in itinere accidere, atque ob earn causam profectionis auctor non fnisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat, et in appellandis co- hortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat. Cum propter longitudinem agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et quid quoque loco faciendum esset pro- videre possent, jusserunt pronuntiare 414 ut impedimenta relin- querent atque in orbem 415 consisterent. Quod consilium etsi in ejusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, 416 tamen incommode accidit ; nam et nostris militibus 417 spem minuit, et hostes ad XXXII. 404 Posteaquam — sense- 4U Eum deficere : Deficere takes runt : c. iii., 53. G. 563. the accusative, contrary to analogy. 405 Opportuno loco: Loco often G. 345, R. 1. omits in even in a literal sense, c. 4M At: But on the other hand. G» xviii., 242. G. 385. 490. 406 A milibus duobus : When the 4J3 Qui cogitasset = cum cogi- point of reference is taken for tasset : Inasmuch as, causal. G. granted (off), the distance is ex- 630. pressed by a (ab) with ablative, 4U Pronuntiare : After jubeo the otherwise, 578. G. 335, R. 2. infinitive active can be used without 407 Ex utraque parte : C. xxvi., an imaginary or indefinite subject. 328. G. 388, R, 2. G. 532, R. 1. Corap. c. ix., 167. XXXIII. 408 Qui (=cum) nihil ante 415 In orbem : The direction of the providisset : Whereas, causal, inas- motion rather than the result. G. much as, 491 (G. 630); others adver- 413, R. 2. gative. 4J6 Etsi — non est: C. iv., 72. G. 40» Trepidare, concursare, dispo- 600. nere: Historical infinitives, c. iii., 417 Nostris militibus spem: This 57. G. 650. form throws tin; weight on spem. 410 Atque ut=ita ut. The demon- The genitive would emphasize mili* Btrative is implied. (J. 550. turn, 542. G. 349, R. 2. DE BELLO GALLICO. 105 pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine 418 snmmo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut 413 vulgo milites ab signis discederenfc, quae quis- que 42u eorum carissima haberet ab impedimentis petere atque abripere properaret, clamore et fletu omnia complerentur. XXXIV. At barbaris 421 consilium non defuit, nam duces eorum tota acie 422 pronuntiare jusserun't ne quis 423 ab loco dis- cederet; illorum 424 esse praedam, atque illis 424 reservari quae- cumque Romani reliquissent; 425 proinde 426 omnia in victoria 427 posita existimarent. Erant et virtute et numero 428 pugnando 42 * pares nostri. Tamen etsi ab duce et a fortuna 430 deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quoties quaeque cobors procurrerat, 431 ab ea parte magnus numerus hos- tium cadebat. Qua re animadversa Ambiorix pronuntiari jubet, ut procul tela conjiciant neu 432 propius accedant, et quam in partem Romani impetum fecerint 433 cedant; levitate armorum 434 418 Non sine summo timore : Li- totes, c. vi., 104. G. 448, R. 2. 4ia Accidit ut : Comp. 94. G. 558. 4 ' 20 Quae quisque : The normal position of quisque with the rela- tive. G. 305. XXXIV. * ai Barbaris: Deesse has the construction of esse. So above, c. xxxiii., saluti deerat. G. 346. 4 " Tota acie : Along the whole line. In designations of place with totus, the ablative of the place where is generally used without in, 674. G. 386. 423 Ne quis : Quis, the common form after si, ne, num, cum, quo, and relatives generally, 612, 704. G. 302, 543, 4. 424 Illorum — illis : O. R. vestram — vobis. Observe that illorum is opposed to Romani, reservari to reliquissent. G. 663, 2. 425 Reliquissent : O. R. reliquerint, F. P. I. G. 516. The preceding in- finitives have a future sense. G. 219. 426 Proinde — existimarent : Pro- inde often used in exhortations. G. 504. The imperative is represented in O. O. by the subjunctive. G. 655. 427 In victoria posita : So below, in virtute ponebant ; after verbs of placing, in is used with the ablative, c. xxiv., 305. G. 384, R. 1. 428 Virtute et numero : Ablative of respect. G. 398. 42a Pugnando : The dative of the gerund is used chiefly after words which imply capacity aud adapta- tion, c. xxvii., 346. G. 430. 430 A fortuna : Ab is used with personifications as well as with per- sons. G. 205, R. 2. 431 Quoties quaeque cohors pro- currerat--cadebat : Iterative ante- cedent action, c. xix., 250. G. 569. 432 Neu propius accedant : In a final sentence negatives are added by neve, neu, seldom (after ut) by neque. G. 543, 546. 433 Fecerint cedant : O. R. fece- rint (F. P. I.) cedite. G. 569. 434 Levitate : Owing to, etc. Caus- al ablative (G. 407). But as levitate armorum — levibus armis, the con- struction approaches the ablative absolute. G. 357, R. 2. 106 LATIN - READER. et cotidiana exercitatione nihil 435 iis 438 ' 437 noceri posse; rursus se ad signa recipientes 438 insequantur. XXXV. Quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime observato, cum 439 qnaepiam 440 cohors px orbe excesserat atque impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim earn partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto 441 tela recipi. Rursus cum in eum locum unde erant egressi reverti coeperant, et ab iis qui cesserant et ab iis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur; sin autem 442 locum tenere vellent, 443 nee virtuti locus relinque- batur neque ab tanta multitudine conjecta tela conferti 444 vitare poterant. Tamen tot incommodis conflictati multis vulneribus acceptis resistebant, et magna parte diei consumpta cum a prima luce ad horam vni pugnaretur, 445 nihil quod 446 ipsis esset indignum 447 committebant. Turn Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat, 448 viro forti et magnae auctori- tatis, 449 utrumque 450 femur tragula transjicitur: Quintus Luca- nius ejusdem ordinis fortissime pugnans, dnm 461 circumvento filio 452 subvenit, interficitur: Lucius Cotta legatus omnes co- hortes ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur. 435 Nihil : Adverbial accusative tional notion, which suggests the (inner object). G. 331, R. 3. construction of O. Obliqua. The in- 436 lis noceri posse: On the im- dicative conditional is not much used personal form see c. xix., 260. G. in an iterative temporal sense. G. 208. 569, R. 2. 4a7 Iis=vobis. G. 663, 2. 444 Conferti : Crowded (as they 438 Se recipientes : The reflexive were) ; causal participle. G. 669. is used out of reference to the sub- 445 Cum pugnaretur : Without ject of the sentence, chiefly in re- cum it would be pugnabatur, the flexive formulae. G. 521, R. 2. fighting had been going on. G. 225. XXV. 439 Cum excesserat — fecerat * * 46 Nihil quod indignum esset : — refugiebant: Iterative antecedent Subjunctive of character. G. 633. action. So below: erant, egressi, 441 Ipsis indignum: Familiar con- coeperant, cesserant, steterant, cir- struction of dignus, etc. G. 398, R. 2. cumveniebantur, c. xix., 260. G. 44B Duxerat: C. ii., 37. G. 233. 569. 44s Viro forti et magnae auctori- 440 Quaepiam : Not to be distin- tatis : Observe the parallelism of guished from aliqua. G. 303. adjective and genitive. G. 357. 441 Ab latere aperto : On the ex- 45 ° Utrumque : C. xxxi., 394, G posed side. G. 388, R. 2. 307. 442 Sin autem : If not but (if), if on 461 Dum subvenit interficitur : the other hand. G. 593. Causal. Observe the participle be- 443 Vellent : Notice the change of low, adhortans, 473, 548. G. 572 r construction from the pluperfect in- R. 2. dicative to imperfect subjunctive. 46 - Filio subvenit : C. ii., 36. G. This is doubtless due to the condi- 346. DE BELLO GALLICO. 107 XXXVI. His rebus 458 permotus 454 Quintns Titnrins, cum procul Ambiorigem suos cohortautem 455 conspexisset, interpre- tem suum Gnaeum Pompeium ad eum m it tit rogatum 456 nt sibi militibusque parcat Ille appellatns respondit : Si velit 467 secum colloqui, licere ; sperare 458 a multitudine impetrari posse 459 quod ad militum salutem pertineat; ipsi 460 vero 461 nihil 468 nocitum iri, 483 in que earn rem se suam fidem interponere. Ille 464 cum Cotta saucio communicat, si videatur, 485 pugua ut excedant 4 " ct eum Ambiorige una colloquantur; sperare ab eo de sua 467 ac militum salute impetrare posse. 468 Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat 4 " atqne in eo perseverat. XXXVII. Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos 470 militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi jubet, et cum propius 471 Ambiorigem accessisset, jussns arma abjicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem faciant 4 ™ imperat. Interim dum 473 de condicionibus inter se 474 agunt longiorque 4 " XXXVI. 453 His rebus: C. ii., 31. G. 195, R. 4. 454 Permotus : C. iii., 62. G. 407, R. 1. 455 Cohortantem : C. xxiii., 286. G. 536. 456 Mittit rogatum : Supine after verb of motion. G. 436. 457 Si velit : Repraesentatio. G. 657. O. R. vult (or velit because licet is equivalent to future). G. 598. 458 Sperare posse : Se twice omitted (se) sperare (se) posse. Tbe reflexive is not unfrequently omit- ted. Comp. xx., 264. G. 527, R. 2. 459 Posse: Posse bas no future infinitive, and by reason of its mean- ing needs no peripbrasis. G. 659, R. 1 ; 240, R. 3. 400 Ipsi (sc. Titurio): Contrast to militum. G. 297, R. 1. 461 Vero is commonly put in tbe second place, asserts with convic- tion, and is used to beigbten tbe preceding statement : " Whatever might befall tbe soldiers, his honor was pledged to Titurius." G. 489. 462 Nihil : Accusative of inner ob- ject (adverbial accusative). G. 208. 2* 463 Nocitum iri : The force of iri is felt here. Fore ut would not an- swer so well, and posse would not be reassuring. G. 436, R. 2. 464 Ille, sc. Titurius. G. 292. 465 Si videatur: 0. R. videtur. G. 660, 8. 466 Ut excedant: C. xxvi., 331. G. 546. 407 De sua=Tituri et Cottae. G. 5°1 " 46 ' 8 Posse : C. xxiv., 309. G. 240, R. 3. 469 Negat: Nego (ne-igo, ag-),Isay no is regularly used for dico non. G. 446. XXXVII. 47U Quos tribunos : In- corporation, c. xiv., 209. G. 618. 471 Propius Ambiorigem: Propius construed like prope. G. 356, R. 4. With the comparative prcpius com- pare the English comparative near (positive nifjli). 472 Ut idem faciant imperat : C. i. t 121. G. 532, R. 1. 473 Dum agunt: C. xxxv.,451. G. 572, R. 474 Inter se : C. iii., 51. G. 212. 475 Longior: Prolonged. G. 312. 108 , LATIN READER. consulto ab Ambiori.ge instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitnr. Turn vero suo 476 more victoriam conclamant alque ululatum tollunt, impetuque in nostros facto ordines pertnr- bant. Ibi Lucius Oottapugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum; reliqui se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi : ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum projecit, ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre ad noctem op- pugnationem sustinent: noctu ad unum omues desperata sa- lute 4 " se ipsi interficiunt. 478 Pauci ex proelio elapsi iucertis itineribus per silvas ad Titum Labienum legatum in bibenia 479 perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis 4B0 certiorem faciunt. XXXVIII. Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant ejus regno 481 finitimi, proficis- citur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit, peditatumque sese subsequi jubet. Re demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque ne sui in perpetuum liberandi 482 atque ulciscendi Romanos pro bis quas acceperint 483 injuriis occasionem dimittaut: interfectos esse legates duos magnamque partem exercitus interisse demonstrat ; nihil esse neo-otii 464 subito oppressam legionem quae cum Cicerone hie- met 4 * 5 interfici ; se ad earn rem profitetur adjutorem. 486 Facile bac oratione Nerviis persuadet. XXXIX. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Centrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes 487 sub 476 Suo more: Emphatic position, jectives of nearness take the dative. 504, 521. G. 678. <*• 356. 477 Desperata salute : Desperare 482 Sui liberandi : C. xvn., 237 aliquid, to give tip in despair ; de G. 429, R. 1. aliqua re, to be in despair about a 483 Quas acceperint . A necessary thing. Or. 329, R. relative clause in a final sentence. -178 Se ipsi interficiunt : A rare ex- G. 630 pression (never se interficiunt). The 481 Nihil negotii : C. ii., 44. G. stress is on ipsi. G. 298. 371. 479 Ad Labienum in hiberna: 4B5 Hiemet: C. xxvn.,337. G. 651. C. iii., 70. G. 410, R 5. 486 Adjutorem : As a helpei, hit 4Hi> De rebus gestis certiorem fa- help. G. 324, R. 4. ciunt: Certiorem facere has the XXXIX. 48T Qui omnes: When all constructions of verbs of memory, are embraced there is no partition, G. 375, R. 5. whereas we say, all of whom, c. viii. XXXV ill. 481 Regno finitimi : Ad- 145. G. 368, R. 2. DE BELLO GALLICO. 109 eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas 488 manus possunt cogunt efc de improviso ad Ciceronis hibema ad volant, nondum ad eum fama de Titurii morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, 489 quod fuit necesse, 490 ut nonnulli milites, qui lignationis nmnitionis- que causa in silvas discessissent, 491 repeutino equitum adventu interciperentur. His circumventis magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque liorum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugn are incipiunt: nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, val- lum conscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant, atque hanc adepti 492 victo- riam in perpetuum se fore victores coniidebant. XL/. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litterae magnis propositis praemiis si pertulissent: 493 obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex materia quam munition is causa comportaverant turres admodum cxx excitantur incredi- bili celeritate; quae deesse operi videbantur perficiuntur. Hostes postero die multo majoribus coactis copiis castra oppug- nant, fossam complent. Ab nostris eadem ratione qua pridie resistitur: hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur: non aegris, non vulneratis 494 facultas quietis datur: quaecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt, 495 noctu comparantur: multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum Humerus instituitur ; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, 49 " 6 ne nocturnum quidem 497 sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur. 488 Quam maximas : C. i., 7. G. ject is to be supplied from mittun- 317, R. tur, missi= nuntii. Comp. Engl. 4b9 Accidit ut : Comp. 94. G. 558. ~su£.s-sengers. 490 Quod fuit necesse, sc. accide- 494 Non aegris, non vulneratis. re: Parenthetic, G. 616, R. 2. Lively asyndeton. In quieter style, 491 Qui — discessissent : Causal, c. neque — neque. So throughout the xxsiii., 408. G. 636. passage. G. 475, R. 4S2 Adepti : Conditional participle. 495 Opus sunt : Predicative con- Adeptos would be more strictly strnction of opus. G. 390. correct ; adepti is much livelier. 496 Cum tenuissima valetudine G. 670. esset: C. xviii., 246. G. 588. XL. 493 Si pertulissent: O. R. si 4 " Ne — quidem: Bestrides the pertuleritis. Comp. 92, 678. G. emphatic word or groim. G. 447 615, R. 3 ; 660, R. 4. The sub- R. 2. 110 LATIK HEADER. XLI. Tunc duces principesque 498 Nerviorum, qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque aniicitiae cum Cicerone habebant, colloqui sese velle dicunt. Facta potestate eadem quae Ambi- orix cum Titurio egerat commemorant: omnem esse in armis Galliam, Germanos Ehenum transisse, Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppngnari. Addunt etiam de Sabini morte. Ambio- rigem ostentant fidei faciundae causa. Errare 499 eos dicunt, si quicquam 600 ab his 501 praesidii &oa sperent qui suis rebus 603 diffi- dant; 504 sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Ro- manum animo ut 505 nihil nisi 608 hiberna recusent atque banc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint: licere illis incolumibus 007 per se ex hibernis discedere, et quascumque in partes velint 508 sine metu proficisci. Cicero ad haec unum modo respondit: non esse consuetudinem populi Eomani ullam accipere ab hoste armato condicionem: si ab armis discedere velint, se adjutore utantur 509 legatosque ad Caesarem mittant: sperare pro ejus justitia 510 quae petierint impetraturos. 511 XLII. Ab hac spe 512 repulsi Nervii vallo pedum ix 513 et fossa pedum xv hiberna cingunt. Haec et superiorum annorum XLI. 498 Duces principesque : C. of the object (illis) is found in i., 11. G. 478. standard prose chiefly with licet. 4MB Errare si sperent : 0. R. erra- G. 535, R. 2. tis si speratis. G. 660, 8. 50B Quascumque in partes velint: 600 Si quicquam sperent : Quis- O. R. volunt or volent. G. 246, R. quam involves a negative notion, 4 ; 234, R. 2. 523. G. 304. fc0tt Utantur: Imper. becomes Subj. 501 His : C. xxv., 321. G. 620. in O. 0. G. 655. 502 Praesidii : C. ii., 44. G. 371. 51 ° Pro ejus justitia: In accord- 503 Suis rebus: C. xxviii., 476. ance with his sense of justice, such G. 678. being his sense of justice. G. 618, 504 Qui diffidant : Subjunctive or R. indicative in O. R. Subjunctive, see- 6U Quae petierint: In such cases ing that they distrust. G. 636. In- the context alone can decide whether dicative, for, in that they distrust, petierint (perfect subjunctive) repre- G. 627. sents petistis (perfect indicative) or 0(15 Ut nihil — recusent: C. vii., petieritis (future perfect indicative). 118. G. 543, 4. Here it is the former. G. 514, R. 6U6 Nihil nisi : Nisi is often used XLII. Bia Ab hac spe repulsi : Pic- after negative sentences or equiva- turesque use of the preposition in a lents in the sense of but, only, except, moral relation. G. 388. besides, c. xiii., 205. G. 592, R. 2. 513 Pedum novem : Genitive of 507 Licere illis incolumibus dis- quality (G. 364), 9 feet (high) ; fossa cedere : This attraction of the accu- pedum quindecim, 15 feet (wide). sative predicate of the infinitive Tbe width is always meant when iincolumes discedere) into the case the depth is not expressed. DE BELLO GALL1CO. Ill consuetudine ab nobis cognoverant, et quos de exercihi habe- bant captivos ab iis docebantur ; sed nulla ferramentorum copia" 4 quae esset 516 ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis caespites cir- cumcidere. manibus sagulisque terrain exhaurire cogebantnr. Qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit: nam minus lioris tribus 519 milium passuum xv in circuital munitio- nem perfecerunt : reliquisque diebns turres ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas iidem 617 captivi docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. XLIII. Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto vento fer- ventes fusili 518 ex argilla glandes fundis et fervefacta jacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, jacere coepe- runt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magni- tudine in omuem locum castrorum distulerunt. Hostes maxi- mo clamore sicuti parta 519 jam atque explorata victoria turres testudiuesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit ut, cum undiqne flamma torrerentur 520 maximaque telorum muititudine premerentur suaque 521 omnia impedimenta atque omnes fortu- nas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo 522 demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quis- quam, 523 ac turn omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. Hie dies nostris louge gravissimus 524 fuit; sed tamen hunc habuit even turn ut eo die 525 maximus numerus hostium vulneraretur 614 Nulla copia : Ablative abso- when, hence, although. See below, ac lute. G. 408. turn, and even then, in spite of that, 515 Quae esset: Subjunctive of c. xviii., 244. G. 588. character, such as to be, ichich 521 Sua omnia impedimenta : Em- was. G. 633. We should expect phatic position, c. xxxvii., 476. G. essent to agree with ferramento- 678. rum . 522 Non modo — nemo — sed ne 516 Minus horis tribus: In less — quidem: A common combina- than three hours, c. viii., 146. G. tion. G. 484. 311 R. 4, 392- 523 Quisquam : On account of the 617 Iidem: Likewise. G. 296. negative notion, c. xli., 500. G. XLIII. 518 Fusili ex argilla: Abla- 304. tive of material requires ex. G. 396. 524 Longe gravissimus: A familiar 519 Sicuti parta victoria: Just as strengthening of the superlative. (they would have done) if the tic- G. 317. tory had been obtained. G. 604, R. 5 - b Eo die : Pleonasm, not unfa* 2 miliar to Caesau's love of clearness, 5 ' 2tt Cum torrerentur: At a time G. 69.'. HIVEI 112 LATIN" READEK. atque interficeretur, ut 528 ' 62T se sub ipso vallo constipayerant 6 " recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. 628 Paulum quidem in- termissa flamma, et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo 529 quo stabant loco recesserunt suosque omnes removerunt: nutu vocibusque hostes si introire vellent 630 vocare coeperunt; quorum 631 progredi ausus est nemo. 582 Turn ex omni parte lapidibus conjectis de- turbati, turrisque succensa est. XL[V. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri centuriones, qui jam primis ordinibus appropinquarent, 633 Titus Pulio et Lucius Vorenus. Hi perpetuas inter se 534 controversias habebant qui- nam 535 anteferretur, 636 omnibusque annis de loco summis simul- tatibus contendebant. Ex bis Pulio, cum acerrime ad muniti- ones pugnaretur, Quid dubitas, iuquit, Vorene, aut quern locum tuae probandae virtutis spectas ? hie dies de nostris controver- siis judicabit. Haec quum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaque parte 537 hostium confertissima est vis, ea irrumpit. Ne Vorenus quidem 538 turn sese vallo continet, sed omnium veri- tus 539 existimationem subsequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto Pulio pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine 540 procur- rentem transjicit, quo percusso 541 et exanimato huiic scutis pro- 626 Ut se constipaverant : As they 634 Inter se: C. iii., 51. G. 212. had packed themselves tight (and lay ,3 * Quinam : Where there are but packed). Pluperfect of resulting con- two, uter is almost invariably used. dition parallel with imperfect. G. 233. Here quinam is exceptional. G. 315, 527 Ut : Comparative, and then by R. inference causal. First accordance, 636 Anteferretur = anteferendus then cause. G. G45, R. 4. esset : Deliberative subjunctive, a ' 2H Non dabant: Would not give, which was to be preferred, c. xxii., c. ii., 48. G. 224. 282. G. 258. 5jy Ex eo quo stabant loco : c. i., 637 Qua parte : We should say 3. G. 388. where ; the Romans regard the 530 Si introire vellent : In case means, 329. G. 387. So below, they should. Half-interrogative. G. vallo, icithin the rampart. Others 462, 2. read, quaque pars visa est in earn; 531 Quorum=:at eorum : The ad- others, quaeque pars, etc. versative signification of the relative 538 Ne Vorenus quidem: Nor — must be a mere inference from the either. G. 447, R. 2. context. G. (539, R. 63tf Veritus : C. iii., 65. G. 278, R. M a Ausus est nemo : Emphatic B4 ° Ex multitudine : C. iii., 61. position of the subject. So above, G. 371, R. 5. decederet nemo. G. G76. 541 Quo percusso— hunc : Thisvio- XLIV. ^ 33 Qui appropinquarent = lation of the rule, which is by no ut ii : C. xlii., 515. G. 533. means rigid, is amply justified by DE BELLO GALLTCO. 113 tegunt a in hostem tela nniversi conjiciunt neqne dant regre- diundi facultatem. Tninsfigitiu* scutum Pulioni* 49 et veru- tnm in balteo 548 defigitur. Avertit hie casus vaginam et gladi- um educere conanti dextram moratur man um; impeditum 644 hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit 545 inimicus 540 ill 1 Vorenns et laboranti sub veil it." Ad linnc 547 se confestim a Pulione omnia multitudo convertit: ilium vernto transfixum arbitrantur. Gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenns. atque uno interfecto reliquos paullnm propellit ; clum 548 cupidius 649 instat, in locum inferiorem dejectus concidit. Huic rursus circumven- to fert subsidium Pulio, atque ambo 550 incolumes compluri- bus interfeetis gamma cum laude sese intra munitiones recipi- nnt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque" yersavit nt alter alteri" 1 inimicus auxilio 652 salutique esset, neque dijudicari posset uter utri virtute 653 anteferendus vide- retur. XLV. Qnanto" 4 erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugna- tio, et max i me quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res ad paucitatem defensorum 655 pervenerat, tantocrebriores lit- .fcerae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur; quorum pars depre- hensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necaba- tur. 556 Erat unus intns Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco natus the antithesis hunc, hostem, c. iv., B48 Dum instat: C. xxxv., 451. G. 77. G. 407, R. 8. 572, R. 1. bi - Transfigitur scutum Pulioni: 54i * Cupidius : C. vii., 116. G. 312,2. P. has his shield pierced through. B50 Ambo, both together ; utrum- G. 344. Pulionis would be very dif- que, first one, then the other, in op- ferent, 417. G. 349, R. 2 ; 343, R. 2. posite scales, c. xxxi., 394. G. 307. The stress here is on scutum. So 55) Alter alteri, uter utri: C.xxvii., dextram below. 348. G. 683. 643 In balteo defigitur : C. xxiv., 552 Auxilio esset : C. 1, 22. G. 543. G. 384, R. 1. 350. 644 Impeditum circumsistunt: All 653 Virtute : C. iii., 50. G. 398. verbs compounded with circum take XLV. 534 Quanto— tanto : Correla- the accusative. G. 330. tives are more varied in Latin than 545 Succurrit— illi : C. ii., 36. G. in English. G. 645. 34G. 555 Paucitas defensorum : A few 546 Inimicus, enemy (as or though defenders, a handful of defenders. he was) : Predicative attribution. G. 357, R. 2. (Gre-k, £vSpy? gjk). G. 324, 611. 556 Pars necabatur : The singular 541 Hunc, sc. Vorenum : Ilium, sc. more natural on account of depre- Pulionem, the latter — the former, hensa ; others necabantur. G. 202, the natural use. G. 292, R. 1. R. 1. 114 LATIN" READER. honesto, 557 qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suam- que ei fidem praestiterafc. Hie servo spe libertatis magmsque persuaclet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. Has ille in jaculo illigatas effert, et Gallus inter Gallos sine nlla 65 " suspi- cione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de periculis Cice- ronis legionisqne cognoscitur. XLVI. Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter xi diei statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad Marcnm Crassum 559 quaestorem mit- tit, cujus hiberna aberant ab eo 560 milia passunm xxv. 561 Jubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum nuntio 562 Crassus. Alterum ad C. Fabium legatum mittit ut in Atrebatum fines legionem adducat, 563 qua sibi iter facien- dum sciebat. Scribit Labieno, si rei publicae commodo 564 facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat : 565 reliquam par- tem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectan- dam; equites circiter quadringentos ex proximis hibernis col- ligit. XLVIL Hora circiter in ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus eo die milia passuum xxv. 668 progreditur. Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit 567 legionemque ei attribuit, quod ibi im- pedimenta exercitus, 568 obsides civitatum, litteras publicas fru- mentumque omne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat, relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum 569 moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. Labienus interitu 557 Loco natus honesto: Partici- G. 540. On the sequence, c. i., 12. pies of birth take the ablative with G. 511, R. (217) or without ex. G. 305. b64 Commodo rei publicae : Con- 658 Sine ulla suspicione: Ullus sistently with the interests of the the adjective form for quisquam in State, commonicealth. Ablative of a negative sentence. G. 364. manner ; rei publicae takes the XLVI. " 9 In Bellovacos ad place of an adjective. G. 401. M. Crassum: C. hi., 70. G. 410, 6e * Si posset— veniat: O.R. si pote- R. ris — veni, shifting sequence. G. G57. 660 Abeo : C. i., 3. G. 388. XLVIL 566 Milia passuum xxv.: 681 Milia passuum xxv.: C. ix., C. ix., 159. G. 335. 159. G. 335. B67 Crassum Samarobrivae prae- ■>62 Exit cum nuntio : With (imme- ficit : C. ii., 36. G. 340. diately upon) the reception of the 568 Impedimenta exercitus, obsi- news. G. 393, R. des civitatum, etc. : Asyndeton, c. 563 Mittit ut adducat : Any verb xii., 197. G. 483, 2. used as a verb of willing or demand- 569 Non ita multum : Litotes, c. vi., ing may have the final construction. 104. G. 448, R. 2. DE BELLO GALLICO. 115 Sabini et caede"* cohortium cognita, 571 cum omnes ad eum Trevirorum copiae venissent, veritus," 2 si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, 573 ut 674 h ostium impetum sustinere posset, praesertim quos receuti victoria efferri sciret, 675 litteras Caesari remittit, quanto cum penculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset: 576 rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit: docet omnes equitatus 577 peditatusque copias Trevirorum tria milia 678 passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse. 579 XLVIII. Caesar consilio ejus probiito, etsi 680 opinion e 681 trium legion am dejectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communi saluti auxilium in celeritate 682 ponebat. Venit magnis itineri- bus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. Turn cuidam ex equitibus 583 Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. Hanc Graecis conscriptam litte- ris mittit, ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus 584 consilia cognoscantur. Si adire non posset, 685 monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad amentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum ab- jiciat. In litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum 588 celeri- 670 Oaede — cognita : Agreement 579 Labienus — consedisse : This with the nearest. G. 282. is a specimen of a long period (In- 671 Cognita: Ablative absolute, tercalary). G. 686, 2. active translation, or on account of XLVIII. 6B0 Etsi redierat : C. iv., cum, abstract, G. 409. 72. G. 606. 572 Veritus: C. iii., 65. G. 278, R. 581 Opinione : Ablative of respect 673 Si fecisset: C. xl.,493. G. 516. (G. 398), or more forcibly ablative of 674 Ut posset: C. iii., 66. G. 552. separation. G. 388. 675 Quos sciret : C. iv. , 81. G. 636. s82 In celeritate ponebat : C. xxiv., 676 Educturus esset : Periphrastic 305. G. 384, R. 1. tense of subjunctive representing 683 Cuidam ex equitibus : C. iii., the future after an historical pres- 52. G. 371, R. 5. ent=aorist. G. 515. 6B4 Nostra ab hostibus : C.xxvii., 677 Equitatus: The genitivus gen- 348. G. 683. eris equivalent to an adjective, cav- 5e5 Si adire non posset : 0. R. si airy forces, forces consisting of cav- non poteris. G. 660. Si non, not airy. G. 359, R. ; 367, R. The lat- nisi, which would be inadmissible ter substantive does not signify a here, as the positive alternative is different thing from the former, c. present to the mind, si poteris, adi- v.. 88. to. See c. 1., 605. 578 Tria militum — consedisse : 6b6 Profectum : Had started AND Distance at which may be measured would, etc. A co-ordinate translation by accusative or ablative when the does not, however, give the causal point of reference is given. Other- sense which lies in profectum, c. vi. wise, c. xxxii., 406. G. 335, 2. 109. G. 667, R. 1. 116 LATIN" EEADER. teradfore: hortatur ut prist! nam yirtutem retineafc. Gall us periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Haec casu ad tnrrim adhaesit, 687 neque 588 ab nostris bid no 589 animad- versa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitnr; dempta 590 ad Ciceronem defertur. Ille perlectam in conventu militum reci- tat, maximaque omnes laetitia 591 adficit. Tnm fumi incendio- rum procul videbantur, quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. XLIX. Galli re cognita per exploratores obsidionem relin- quunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt: hae erant ar- matorum circiter milia lx. Cicero data facilitate Galium ab 599 eodem Verticone, qnem supra demonstravimns, 593 repetit qui 594 litteras ad Caesarem deferat: hunc admonet iter caute diligen- terque faciat: 596 perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media nocte Caesar allatis suos facit certiores, eosqne ad dimicandum animo 596 confirmat: postero die lnce prima movet castra, et circiter milia passuum qnattnor progressns trans vallem magnam et rivum multitudinem hostium conspi- catnr. Erat magni periculi 697 res tanttilis copiis iniqno loco 598 dimicare; turn quoniam obsidione liberatum Ciceronem scie- 587 Ad turrim adhaesit : When the 593 Quern supra demonstravimus : local signification preponderates the Mentioned above, a relative clause preposition is repeated with its pro- where we might use a participle, per case, instead of the dative, 607, G. 071, R. 694. G. 340, R. 1. 694 Galium qui— deferat: A Gaul 5Bb Neque dempta est; Neque= to convey (not the same Gaul men- neque tamen. G. 482, R. 4. tioned c. xlv.). A good instance of 5S9 Biduo : Not time how long, as the blending of the potential and the commentators say, but time optative. Qui = idoneus qui. G. within which. Observe the negative. 032. G. 392, R. 3. 596 Faciat : Ut omitted, as often 590 Dempta defertur: Coordinate after such verbs as moneo. A brief translation. So perlectam (sc. epis- O. O., 701. G. 595, R. 3. tolam) — recitat. C. vi., 109. G. 007, 59ti Animo: In old Latin ab animo : R. 1. In mind. Others regard such abla- 591 Laetitia — adficit : Adficere tives as locatives. G. 398, R. 1. with the ablative of abstracts is a fa- 597 Erat magni periculi: C. xi., vorite term, a. laetitia, to gladden, a. 184. G. 305. dolore, to grieve, 685. G. 403, R. 2. 69b Tantulis copiis, iniquo loco : XLIX. 69 - Galium ab — Verticone Are both best regarded as abla- petit : Peto takes the accusative and tive absolute, the scope of which ab with the ablative, not two accu- is wider than is supposed. G. eatives. G. 333, R. 2. 408. DE BELLO GALLICO. 117 bat,'" aequo ammo remittendum de celeritate existimabat. Consedit, et quam aequissimo potest loco" 00 castra commnnit, atque haec etsi erant exigua 601 per se, vix hominum milium yii praesertim nnllis cum impediments, tamen angustiis yiarum quam maxime potest contrabit eo cousilio 603 ut in summam contemptionem bostibus yeniat. Interim speculatoribus in omnes partes dimissis explorat quo commodissime itinere 683 val- lis trau siri possit. L. Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utri- que s-ese suo loco continent; Galli, quod ampliores copias, quae nondum convenerant, exspectabant; Caesar, si forte timo- ris simulatione bostes in suum 604 locum elicere posset, 605 ut citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderet ; si id efficere nou posset, ut exploratis itineribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque trau sire t. Prima luce. 606 bostium equitatus ad castra 601 accedit proeliumque cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere jubet; simul ex omnibus partibus 608 castra altiore yallo muniri portasque obstrui atque in bis administrandis rebus 609 quam maxime concursari et cum simulatione agi timoris jubet. LI. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias transducunt aciemque iniquo loco 610 constituunt; nostris yero etiam de vallo deductis propius acceduut et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus partibus conjiciunt; praeconibusque circummissis pronuutiari jubent, seu 611 quis 612 Gallus sen Romanus velit ante boram ter- tiam ad se trausire sine periculo licere ; post id tempus non 699 Quoniam sciebat : C. i., 18. 606 Prima luce : C. iii , 59. G. 287, G. 538. R. 600 Quam aequissimo loco: C. i., 607 Ad castra accedit: C. xlviii., 7. G. 317, R. 587. Cum equitibus committit, c. 601 Etsi erant: C. iv., 72. G. 606. xi., 185. G. 346, R. 1. 602 Eo consilio : A not uncommon W8 Ex omnibus partibus : 0. antecedent to a final clause with ut. xxvi., 328. G 388, R. 2. G. 545, 1. 60a Rebus: C. h\, 31. G. 195, R. 603 Quo itinere : C. xix., 249. G. 4. 387. LI. 810 Iniquo loco: C. xviii., 242. L. 604 Suum : Favorable (for him). G. 385, R. G. 299, R. 6n Seu quis Gallus seu Romanus 605 Si forte— posset — si non pos- velit: O. R., vult or volet. G. 060, set: O. R. possit. G. 659, R. 1. Si 3. non because the positive precedes, 6Vi On quis, c. xxxiv., 423. G. c. xlviii., 585. G. 592. 302. 118 LATIN READER. fore potestatem : ac 613 sic nosfcros contempserunt ut obstructis in speciem portis singulis ordinibus caespitum, quod ea non posse intrornmpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas complere inciperent. Turn Caesar omnibus portis erup- tione facta equitatuque emisso celeriter bostes in fugam dat sic uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo; 614 magnumque ex iis 616 numerum occidit atque omnes armis 010 exuit. 617 LII. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque inter- cedebant, 618 neque etiam 619 parvulo detrimento illorum locum relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copiis eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. Institutas turres, testudines munitiones- que hostium admiratur: legione prodncta cognoscit non deci- mum quemque 620 esse reliquum nlilitem sine vulnere. 681 Ex bis omnibus 622 judicat rebus quanto cum periculo et quanta cum virtute res sint 623 administratae: Ciceronem pro ejus merito legionemque collaudat : centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De easu Sabini et Cottae certius ex cap- tivis cognoscit. Postero die contione babita rem gestam pro- ponit, milites consolatur et confirmat : quod detrimentum 6 " culpa et temeritate legati sit aceeptum, boc 625 aequiore animo ferendum docet, quod beneficio deorum immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommodo neque bostibus diutiua la-etatio neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur. LIII. Interim ad Labienum 628 per Kemos 627 incredibili celeri- 613 Ac: And actually. G. 479. 621 Sine vulnere : Emphatic posi- 614 Omnino — nemo : The separa- tion at the end. G. 676. tion emphasizes. G. 675. 6 " Ex his omnibus rebus : Abla- 615 Ex iis: C. iii.,52. G. 371, R. 5. tive of measure (reference) with 616 Armis : Verbs of depriving- characteristic preposition (whence- take the ablative, c. vi , 106. G. relation). G. 398. R. 1. 889. 623 Res sint administratae : Se- 617 Exuit: Strips t/iem of (causes quence according to tense, c. L, 12. them to strip themselves of, throw G. 511, R. 1. away) their arms. G. 310. 6 - 4 Quod detrimentum=:(id) detri- LII 61fc Quod intercedebant : mentum quod. Correlative omitted Quod with indicative alter a verb and incorporation. G. 622. of emotion. G. 542. 626 Hoc aequiore animo : Hoc, ab- 6,9 Etiam belongs closely to par- lative of measure, c. i., 13. G. 400. vulo. More common, et ne parvulo LIII. 62e Ad Labienum : C. i., 25. quidem. G. 480. (i. :544, R. 1. 6J0 Non decimum quemque: Not 8 - 7 Per Remos : Through (the one man out of each ten. G. 305. land of) the Remi. G. 335. DE BELLO GALLICO. 119 tate de victoria Caesaris fama perferfcur, nt, cum ab hibernis Ciceronis milia passunm abesset circiter lx, eoqne post horam nonam diei Caesar pervenisset, 628 ante mediam noctem ad portas castrorum clamor orirettir, quo clamore 629 significatio victoriae gratulatioque ab Remis Labieno fieret. 630 Hac fama ad Treviros perlata Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labi en i oppugnare decreverat, noctu profugit copiasque omnes in Treviros reducit. Caesar Fabium cum sua legione 631 remittit in hiberna, ipse 633 cum in legionibus circum Samarobrivam trinis 633 hibernis 634 hiemare constituit; et quod tanti motus Ga]liae exstiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. Xam illo incommodo de Sabini morte perlato, omnes 635 fere Galliae civi- tates de bello consultabant, nuntios legationesque in omnes partes dimittebant, et quid reliqui consilii 636 caperent 637 atque unde initio m belli fieret explorabant, nocturuaque in locis de- sertis concilia habebant. Xeque 638 ullum fere totius hiemis tempus sine sollicitudine Caesaris intercessit. quin 639 aliquem de consiliis ac motu Gallorum nuntium acciperet. In his ab Lucio Roscio legato, quern legioni 640 xiii praefecerat, certior factus est magnas Gallorum copias earum civitatum, 641 quae Aremoricae appellantur, 642 oppugnandi sui 643 causa convenisse, neque longius milia 644 passuum viii ab hibernis suis afuisse; 628 Cum abesset eoque pervenis- the deliberative subjunctive. G. set : C. xviii., 246. G. 588. 258. 629 Quo clamore: C. ii., 40. G. 63B Neque ullum: So regularly 617. and not et nullum, c. vii., 129. G. 630 Fieret: C. i., 26. G. 632. 482, R. 3. 631 Cum sua legione: Sua, sc. Fabii. 639 Quin: Quin = ut eo non, is only The context shows that it is not used after negative sentences. Hence Caesar's. G. 295, R. 1. the positive sense of the combina- Bn Ipse— ipse : C. ii., 45. G. 297. tion and the use of aliquem. G. 556, 63 a Trinis hibernis : The form 302, R. trini is used with pluralia tantum. wo Quern legioni praefecerat : C. G. 95, R. 2. ii., 36. G. 346. 634 Hibernis : On the simple abla- 641 Earum civitatum depends on tive see c. xix., 249 (manner). G. Gallorum. 387. 642 Quae appellantur : Indicative 635 Omnes fere : Regular position clause in the midst of O. O., c. xi., of fere, 661. G. 679, R. 1. 181. G. 630, R. 1. 636 Quid consilii: C. ii., 44. G. fl43 Oppugnandi sui : C. xvii.,237. 37 L. Reliqui is nominative. G. 429. Sui, sc. Roscii, the real agent 837 Caperent — fieret: The first of the leading sentence. G. 521, R. 2. subjunctive represents the indica- 644 Longius milia viii.: C. viii., tive. G. 515, R. 3. The second 146. G. 311, R. 4. 120 LATIN" HEADER. sed nuntio allato de victoria Caesaris discessisse adeo ufc'fugae similis discessus videretur. LIV. At 845 Caesar principibus cirjusque civitatis ad se evoca- tis, alias 646 territando, 047 cum se scire quae ii ere nt denuntiaret, alias cohortando, mag nam partem Galliae in officio tenuit. Tamen 648 Senones, quae est civitas 649 in primis firma et magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis, 650 Cavarinnm quern Caesar apud eos regem constituerat, cujus frater Moritasgus adventu 651 in Gal- liam 652 Caesaris cujusque 653 majores regnum obtinuerant, inter* ficere publico consilio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profu- gisset, usque ad fines insecuti regno domoque 654 expulerunt ; et missis ad Caesarem satisfaciendi causa legatis, cum is omnem ad se senatum venire jussisset, dicto 656 audientes non fuerunt. Tan turn apud homines barbaros valuit esse 656 aliquos 657 repertos principes inferendi belli, 658 tantamque omnibus voluntatum commutationem attulit. ut praeter Aeduos et Eemos quos prae- cipuo 659 semper honore Caesar habuit, alteros 660 pro vetere ac perpetua erga populum Romauum fide, alteros pro recentibus LIV. 64& At : C. iii., 56. G. 490. 646 Alias — alias, non — non : At one time — at another (indefinite). Con- trast alteros — alteros below. G. 306. 647 Territando — cohortando: Ab- lative gerund of means. G. 432. Ob- serve the variety of subordination in the sentence, ablative absolute, ger- und, cum. 648 Tamen often stands at the head of its clause, seldom at the head of the whole sentence. G. G81. 649 Quae est civitas = civitas quae est (G. 618), or qui sunt civitas. G. 616, 3, II. 050 Magnae inter Gallos auctori- tatis : C. xi., 183. G. 365. 651 Adventu Caesaris : Time when, not as often cause also. G. 3^-2. 662 In Galliam : The terminal ac- cusative with adventus as a verbal noun. G. 342. Observe also the position. G. 415. 063 Cujus — cujusque : Observe the close connection of these two rela- tives and the subordination of both to quem. Comp. c. xxiv., 307. G. 639. e54 Regno domoque expulerunt: Ablative of separation, without a preposition. Comp. c. xlviii., 582. G. 388. 655 Dicto audientes = oboedientes: Dicto as it were personified : audire, to hearken unto. G. 345. Observe the long period. 650 Esse — belli : Subject to valuit. G. 195. 657 Aliquos : Some, with a shade of contempt G. 301. «68 p r i nc ipes inferendi belli — qui primi inferrent bellum, G. 429. G5u p r aecipuo semper honore habuit : C. xxvii., 339. G. 334, R. 385, II. After the analogy of habe- re loco, numero. Observe the em- phatic position of semper-. G. 679. 000 Alteros— alteros : Of two defi- nite sets. Comp. 676. G. 306. DE BELLO GALLICO. 121 Gallici belli officiis, nulla fere 661 civitas fuerit 662 non snspecta nobis. Idque adeo* 6 " baud scio minmaumne 664 sit, cum com- pluribus aliis de causis, turn maxime 665 quod ii qui virtute belli omnibus gentibiis praeferebantur 666 tantum se ejus opinionis dcperdidisse" 7 ub a populo Romano imperia preferrent gravis- sime dolebant. LV. Treviri vero atque Iodutiomarus totius hiemis nullum tempus intermiserunt 668 quin trans Rbenum legates mitterent, civitates sollicitarent, pecuuias pollicerentur, magna parte exer- citus nostri interfecta multo minorem superesse dicerent 669 par- tem. Neque tamen ulli 670 civitati 671 Germanorum persuaderi potuit ut Khenum transiret, cum se bis expertos dicerent Ario- visti bello 672 et Tencterornm transitu; non esse amplius fortu- nam temptaturos. Hac spe 673 lapsus Indutiomarus nibilo minus copias cogere, exercere, a finitimis equos parare, exsule3 damnatosque tota Gallia 674 magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit. Ac tantam sibi jam bis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem compara- Yerat ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam at- que amicitiam publice privatimque peterent. LVL Ubi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, 675 altera 676 ex 677 parte Senones Oarnntesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Ner- 661 Nulla fere non : Almost every, runt quin : Quin is, so to speak Emphatic use of opposing negatives, doubly dependent on nullum and G 448 R4 On fere, c. liii., 635. intermitto. Gr. 551, bd5. '«" Fuerit • Perfect (aoristic) sub- 66tf Sollicitarent, pollicerentur, di- iunctive after an liistorical tense cerent : Lively asyndeton. Outside with a negative, c. xv., 222. G.513. of a dependent clause it would be 663 Adeo belongs to mirandum. liistorical infinitive, G. * R - 700 Peterent depends on praecipit. 707 Viderit : Perfect subjunctive, q g46 0. O. construction. G. 578. So qui " wl On tlie omission of ut, c. xlix., occiderint. G. GS'O. 595. G.546.R.3. 70(j Ipso: Very. G. 297. 3 NOTES. DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI. DE GESTIS AIjEXANDRI : This was once used as the title of the work of Q. Curtius Rufus, on which see the note C. 8. C. 1. Birth of Alexander (Cic. Div. 1, 47). Letter of Philip to Aristotle, announcing the same (A. Gell. 9, 3). Olympiade : Daughter of Neoptolemus, King of Epirus. " Alexander inherited the violent temperament and headstrong will of his furious Epirotic mother." (Grote.)— Dianae Ephesiae- Diana of Ephesus, a Goddess of Nature, not to be confounded with the sister of Apollo.— templum: The old temple was burned bv Herostratus ; the remains of the new temple have been brought to light of late years.— doctor em accivit: Alex- ander was thirteen years old when he was put under the in- struction of Aristotle, and remained with him three years. C. 2. Promise of Alexander's boyhood. Anecdotes showing his high spirit and his lofty ambition. Story of his horse Bu- cephalus (Plut. Vit. Alex.). Takes part in the decisive battle of Chaeronea. Bucephala : " Oxhead." Bucephalas is after the Macedonian f orm .__ Chaeroneam : The battle of Chaeronea was fatal to the liberties of Greece — " that dishonest victory at Chaeronea, fatal to liberty." (Milton.)— sacra cohorte : S. C is a translation of the Greek iepoS XoxoS " Sacred Band," a regiment of three hundred men, each bound to the comrade at his side by solemn vows of friendship. C. 3. Philip having been murdered at Aegae, Alexander as- cends the throne of Macedon, and punishes the assassins of his father. The Diet of the Greek States at Corinth elect him com- mander-in-chief of the Greek forces in the war against the Per- sians (Justin, 11, 2). Alexander and Diogenes (Cic. Tusc. 5, 92). necatus : By Pausanias, who was immediately slain. Alex andro Lyncestae : Son-in-law of Antipater (C. 6). C. 4. The Athenians and Thebans show signs of disaffection. But the Athenians soon sue for peace, which is granted. B. C. 356. Autumn. 338. 336. 335. Autumn. 126 LATI^ HE A DEE. B. O 335. 334. Spring. rex cecidisset : Grote thinks that this welcome news was not fabricated, but only too hastily credited by Demosthenes. C. 5. The Thebans persist and are crushed. Thebes is de- stroyed (Justin, 9, 4). The house of Pindar alone is spared (Plin. 7, 109). Phocenses et Plataeenses : Whoever was responsible for this destruction, " unparalleled in Grecian history," Alexander looked back upon it with shame and remorse. C. 6. Alexander crosses the Hellespont, and offers funeral sacrifices at the tomb of Achilles (Jtjstin ; Cic. pro Arch. 34). bellum Persicum : A Persian war of vengeance for the inva- sion of Xerxes, of liberation for the Asiatic Greeks, had long been a favorite scheme of Greek leaders. — Antipatro : Anti- ' pater was one of the ablest of Philip's generals, and held Greece well in hand during Alexander's career of victory. — Achillis : "Alexander was in many points a reproduction of the heroic Greeks." (Grote.) C. 7. Brilliant victory over the Persians at the crossing of ' the river Granicus in Mysia. Alexander's life saved by Clitus (Justin). ingens caedes : The loss of the Persian cavalry was not great, but the slaughter of the leading Persians, who fought with reckless valor, was fearful. The infantry was utterly and finally broken up. Autumn, c. 8. The Greeks of Asia Minor liberated. Miletus and Halicarnassus reduced. Alexander marches on Gordium. Story of the Gordian Knot (Curt. 3, 1). The previous chapters have been made up by Professor Latt- mann of extracts from various authors. The rest of the nar- rative is taken chiefly from the work of Quintus Curtius Ruf us, a rhetorical historian, who is supposed to have lived in the first half of the first century after Christ. His chief authority was Clitarchus, the author of a popular history of Alexander (about 300 B.C.); his great model of composition was his older contemporary Livy. It is true that Curtius was not an his- torian in the higher sense ; his knowledge of politics and of the art of war was slender, and he had little appreciation of the great work of fusing East and West, to which Alexander was destined. But his style is brilliant, his narrative vivid, his grouping of facts effective, his analysis of character and motive subtle, and his moral tone virginal. A purer book can hardly be put into the hands of boys, and the glow of his sympathy with all that is manly and elevated makes the read- - ing of Curtius as wholesome as it is attractive. In common with the writers of the Silver Age, Curtius has some peculiari- NOTES — DE GESTIS ALEXANDRA 127 ties in diction and construction, which are not in strict accord- »• «. ance with the standards of prose, but the slight poetical tinge thus imparted to his style will hardly injure the Latinity of beginners. Three-fourths of his vocabulary may be found in Livy, and in the extracts given there are very few words that would strike a Latin scholar as unusual in prose. The chief deviations in Syntax have been indicated by reference to the Grammar ; and other peculiarities are mentioned in the Notes, which have been taken largely from Prof. Vogel's school edition (Berlin, 1870-72). In a few instances the language has been slightly modified by Prof. Lattmann in the direction of the normal standards. C. 9. Darius takes command in person. Review at Babylon. 333. Order of march (Curt. 3, 2. 3). Xerxis exemplo : At Doriscus. " Ten thousand men were counted and packed together as closely as possible ; a line was drawn, and a wall of inclosure built around the space which they had occupied, into which all the army was directed to enter successively, so that the aggregate number of divisions, comprising 10,000 each, was thus ascertained."' (Grote.)— imago solis : Probably a golden ball in a case of crystal. — ignis : The Persians were fire- worshippers, as are the modern Parsees.— equus Solis : The horse was sacred to Mithras, the sun god of the Persians and son of Ahura Mazda (Ormuzd), who corre- sponds to Jupiter. — Immortales — ad decern milia : Herodotus says exactly 10,000, any vacancy being immediately filled ; hence "The Immortals." Comp. the French Academy.— sus- penderat=suspensum habebat : Pluperf. of Resulting Condi- tion. — cidarim : The cidarls [ridpa 6p$?}) was a kind of hat or turban of conical form ; only the king was allowed to wear it perfectly upright (Xen. Anab. 2, 5, 23).— hastas— spicula: 1 ' Shafts "— " points. "— conjunx : Statira.— lixarumque : -que "to wind up with." — leviter ariaati— milites levis armaturae. C. 10. Alexander enters Cilicia by the famous pass through the Taurus, the Pylae. Bathes in the river Cydnus. Danger- ous sickness. Alexander and his physician Philip (Curt. 3, 4-6). vinctum ergo se tradi : Ergo belongs to tradi, the so-called ergo of resignation. C 11. Darius, against the advice of his Greek mercenaries, advances into Cilicia. Fama stare : Stare takes the Abl. like niti, and in the same sense. See G. 403, R. 3. C. 12-14. Battle of Issus. November; Eadem nocte : " At the same time that the Macedonians were marching southward to cross Mount Amanus by the southern 128 LATIN" HEADER. B- c. pass, and attack Darius in tlie plain, Darius was coming over into Cilicia by the northern pass, to drive them before him back into Macedonia." (Grote.) C. 15. Alexander's noble bearing toward the ladies of Darius's household (Cgkt. 3, 12). veneratae sunt : " Made obeisance." — excusans : " Alleging as an excuse ; " " giving as an excuse that she did not know the king, as she had never seen him before." 332. C. 16. Darius's flight to the Euphrates. Letter from Darius to Alexander, with proposals of peace, which are rejected (Curt. 4, 1). de cetero= rov Xontov " in future," not a classic use. End of July. C. 17-20. Siege of Tyre, lasting seven months. Desperate resistance of the besieged, and final reduction of the city (Curt. 4, 2-4). C. 17. Byblum: Byblus=Qebal. — urbem vetustate inclitam . Canaan begat Sidon his first-born, Gen. 10, 15. — Herculi : The Tyrian Melkarth was popularly identified with Hercules (HpanXiji). M. is the personification of the sun in his vic- torious course from East to West. Comp. "The Pillars of Hercules." — ab iUo deo : The Macedonian kings traced their descent from Archelaus, son of the Heracleid Temenus. — Oarthaginem : Karthada=New-town. C. 18. Tyro vetere= Palaetyro (C. 17). — rupit= dirupit. The picturesque language of the Silver Age prefers the simple to the compound. C. 19. adversum ventum : The adverse wind was the south- west. C. 20. coloniae certe : Certe, " at all events," i. e., whether the other statements be true or not. C. 21. New proposals of peace from Darius ; again rejected by Alexander (Curt. 4, 5). ut regi : See C. 16. — Statirae : By others called BarsinS. Alexander married her two years afterwards. — inde : ab Haly. Winter. c. 22. Gaza is taken after a siege of two months (Curt. 4, 6). linqui = relinqui. — submitti genu: Archaic for submitters genua. — lubricis armis : Adversative relation, "although." 881. C 23. The Macedonians advance into Egypt. Alexander pring. vigits t k e orac i e f j U piter Amnion ; founds the city of Alex- NOTES — DE GESTIS ALEXAXDKI. 129 B. C. 331. andria, and then takes up the line of march for the Euphrates (Curt. 4, 7. 8). quadriduum absumptum est : The oasis Siwah is five days' journey from the coast. — effigiem: A figure with a ram's head, in one hand a wand, in the other a key, is found on the Egyp- tian monuments. This is supposed to be Amnion. The um- bilicus mentioned in the text has been explained as the sacred discus (quoit).— filium appellat : " Son of Amnion," was a title of the Egyptian kings.— Pater aeque : Others read Vatesque. C 24. Darius masses his troops at Babylon, and moves thence northeast beyond the Tigris (Curt. 4, 6. 8. 9). summissae: "turned up." — demissae: "turned down." — Arbela : Arbela gave its name to the great battle which was fought at Gaugamela, " House of the Camel," several leagues off. C. 25. Alexander follows Darius by forced marches, and Summer, reaches the Euphrates in eleven days, the Tigris in four more (Curt. 4, 9). C. 26. Death of the wife of Darius. Renewed proposals of peace ; renewed refusal (Curt. 4, 10 ; Justin, 11, 12). C. 27. Preparations for battle. Position of the Macedonians (Curt. 4, 12. 13). dextra : A dextra would be more elegant, to match a laeva. C. 28. Battle of Arbela. Darius flees into the interior of October 1. Media. laxatis habenis : Laxatis, poetic for remissis. — spe posse : Spe freely used as in Livy, for sperantes. — certe vates : See the note on certe, C. 20. — fodiebat : For perfodiebat.— dato pugnae spatio : " Availing himself of a pause in the fighting," seems to be the meaning ; dare spatium ordinarily signifies " to give an opportunity." Another and easier reading is fugae. C. 29. Alexander advances on Babylon, which is surrendered by Mazaeus (Curt. 5, 1). carmen canentes : See C. 9 (p. 40). C. 30. Debauch of the Macedonian army during their month's Winter, stay in Babylon. Reinforcements from Macedonia (Curt. 5. 1). C. 31. Entrance of Alexander into Susa. Forces his way through the Susides Pylae. Interview with mutilated Greek captives (Curt. 5, 2-4). 9 130 LATIN" READER. B- c. c. 32. Occupation and pillage of Persepolis (Curt. 5, 6). Spring. C. 33. Burning of Persepolis. C. 34. On the way from Ecbatana to Bactra, Darius is seized by the traitors Bessus and Nabarzanes, and confined in a tumbrel (Curt. 5, 10. 12). C. 35. The column of the flying foe is overtaken and dis- persed (Curt. 5, 13). C. 36. The tumbrel is found. Darius dies of the wounds dealt by the conspirators (Curt. 5, 13 ; Freinsheim). C 37. Change in the demeanor of Alexander. March into Parthiene. Discontent of the soldiers at Hecatompylos. Alex- ander pacifies them by a personal appeal. Advance into Hyrcania (Curt. 6, 2-4). polliceri obseqaium=:7niUtes obsecuturos esse. — curam regis intenderat : "Kept the king racked with anxiety." With intenderat comp. suspenderat, C. 9. 330. Autumn. Bucephalus lost (Curt. Winter. C 38. Description of the Mardi. 6,5). velut laquei : In Curtius velut serves to modify, like quasi. — virgulta subire : Subire, "creep under." — neminem esse vic- turum : '■' That no one will be suffered to live." — cum ceteris donis : "With gifts besides," as Bucephalus was not a gift. Perhaps a Grecism: /.isrd tgjv aWoov doopcav. C. 39. Bessus assumes the royal title as Artaxerxes III. Baggage of Alexander's troops burned. The revolted satrap Satibarzanes pursued. The Arii quelled. The Drangae in- vaded. The conspiracy of Philotas discovered. The con- spirators punished. Parmenio assassinated by Polydamas un- der Alexander's order (Curt. 6, 6-11 ; 7, 2). C. 40. Winter campaign of the Macedonians in the high- lands of the Parapamisadae (Curt. 7, 3). incoviditMTti=rude, ferurn, seldom used of persons. — obruunt sc. terra. — nix discussa: The MSS. have simply discussa sc. hiems. — aperire : Comp. Apr Vis. — aliud quam \\t—quam hoe tit. The demonstrative is implied, and the tit clause is equivalent to an infinitive. C. 41. Alexander founds the city of Alexandria at the foot of the Caucasus (Curt. 7, 3). NOTES — DE GESTIS ALEXAXDRI. 131 Oaucasum : Caucasus is originally a common noun, and means " Snow mountain." The Parapamisus is the Caucasus Indicus, so called to distinguish it from the Caucasus proper, or Caspian Caucasus. Curtius seems to have considered them identical. — Promethea : According to the myth, Prometheus was chained to the Caspian Caucasus. C. 42. Bessus, deserted by the Bactrians, flees beyond the Oxus. Description of Bactria (Curt. 7, 4). Bactrianae terrae : Bactria lies between Parapamisus and the river Oxus, which separates it from Sogdiana. The de- scription is said to be very accurate. C 43. Toilsome and dangerous march through Sogdiana in pur- suit of Bessus. Crossing the river Oxus on skins (Curt. 7, 5). Sogdianorum : A part of the ancient Sogdiana (Bokhara) is still called Sogd. C. 44. Bessus betrayed into the hands of Alexander. An- other Alexandria founded on the Jaxartes (Curt. 7, 5. 6). C. 45. The Scythians threaten the new settlement. The crossing of the Jaxartes. Flight of the enemy. The Sacae submit (Curt. 7, 9). suis impositam esse cervicibus : A familiar phrase of a troublesome neighbor. C. 46. Alexander's visit to Bazaira. Description of the park. The lion of Lysimachus (Curt. 8, 1). Alexander slays Clitus at a banquet in Maracanda. His repentance. (Justin, 12, 6 ; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 9 ; Tusc. 4, 37). greges clausi : Clau8i=inclusi. — nemora — silvas — saltum : Nemora " groves," properly of artificial parks ; silvae and saltus of natural forests. But in this passage there seems to be no sharp distinction. The Greek name (derived from the Persian) is 7tapccdEi6o$. C. 47. Oxyartes surrenders to Alexander. Alexander es- pouses Roxane, daughter of Oxyartes (Curt. 8, 4). coeuntium pignus : " Symbol of wedlock." C. 48. Preparations for the Indian campaign. Alexander assumes more and more the bearing of a Persian despot. De- mands divine honors for his person. Indignation of the Mace- donians (Curt. 8, 5). Callisthenes Olynthius : Callisthenes of Olynthius, a kins- man and pupil of Aristotle, especially famous for his History of Macedon. b. o. 330. 329. Spring Summer 328. Summer. Winter 132 LATIJST READER. B.C. 328. 327. Spring. C. 49. Description of India and its inhabitants (Curt. 8, 9) quae Austrum accipiunt=gwae Austro maxime exposita sunt, a poetical turn ; " which have a southern exposure." — omnium eximius : As if eximius were a superlative, which it is in sense. — Rubro mari : Used loosely. — reverheratvir=:repercutitur. — arborum : Especially the bark of palm-trees. — zcves—psittaci, " parrots." — nisi invecta: " Except as imported." C. 50. Luxury of the Indian kings. The Fakirs (Curt. 8, 9). agreste et horridum : Horridum in a good sense as opposed to the perditi mores of the others. (Comp. Juv. 10, 298.) Winter. 326. Summer. C. 51. Alexander crosses the border of India. The forces are divided, and the country subjugated in detail. Surrender Spring, of Omphis (Taxiles). (Curt. 8, 10. 12.) C. 52. March to the Hydaspes. Porus opposes the passage of the Hydaspes (Curt. 8, 13). C. 53. Great battle with Porus, and victory over the same. Porus finds favor with Alexander, and is restored to his throne and his dominion enlarged (Curt. 8, 13. 14). descendere=descensurum esse, "was about to alight."- — amicorwm.=sraipGov, "suite." C. 54. Description of the interior of India. Advance to the Hyarotis (Curt. 9, 1). caeli tem$eries=natnra caeli, "climate." — fulgorem redden - tibus : Reddo, " repeat," in the sense of " resemble " is poetic. — praesens : " Immediate." C. 55. Alexander reaches the border of the kingdom of So- pithes. Refusal of the army to advance. Alexander yields, erects twelve altars as a memorial of his expedition, and re- turns to the Acesines, where he founds two cities. Goes down the river (Curt. 9, 1-3). C. 56. Heroic defence of the Sibi. Invasion of the land of the Oxydracae and Malli. In storming a city of the Oxydra- cae, Alexander is badly wounded (Justin 12, 9). Anxious sus- pense of the army (Curt. 9, 5). Pelles — clavae : The typical attire of Heracles. See p. 16, end. C. 57. Craterus conducts the army along the banks. Alex- ander continues his voyage. Subjugation of the Musicani. The Sambi and their poisoned swords (Curt. 9, 8). Alex- ander's dream (ClC. Div. 2, 66, 135). 325. Spring KOTES — DE BELLO GALLICO. 133 strenuae mortis: Strenuus, "active," hence "sudden. B.C. 325. Winter. C. 58. Dangerous passage out of the Indus into the ocean Summer. (Curt. 9, 9). subibat : " Came up," as it were, to meet them ; " met them." — evectus os : Xot for in os. Evectus is construed after the analogy of egredior. Comp. Gr. eceXSslv. C. 59. Nearchus, with the fleet, follows the coast. Alexan- Autumn. der" returns up stream some distance, then marches into the re- gion of the Oritae. Fearful hardships of the army. Rest in Gedrosia. Advance into Carmania (Curt. 9, 10). Nearchus : Nearchus of Crete, a special favorite of Alexan- der, was a man of great ability, of varied and thorough at- tainments. He wrote a famous account of this voyage along the coast (7taptX7tAovS).— Onesicritus : Chief pilot of the fleet. A good sailor, but an arch liar. — maritimi : The so-called Fish- eaters, ^lx^voqidyoi. — Gedrosiae: Gedrosia, also written Ge- drosia, Beluchistan. — Hibero : Ebro. C. 61. Alexander's visit to Persagada and the tomb of Cyrus (Curt. 10, 1). A part of the Macedonian troops sent home. Mutiny of the others (10, 2). Alexander announces his inten- tion to confide the protection of his person to his Asiatic troops alone (10, 4). C. 62. Repentance of the Macedonians. Reconciliation (Curt. 10, 4). C 63. Alexander, despite warning, enters Babylon. After the mad revel of a night, he falls sick and dies (Curt. 10, 5). 334. Jane 11, 323. C. JULII CAESAEIS DE BELLO GALLICO. LIBER V. I. Caesar gives orders for the building of a new fleet, and the refitting of the old. Holds assizes in Hither Gaul. Quells trouble in Illyria. The Pirustae. propter crebras commutationes aestuum : An erroneous view. The inferior height of the waves is said to be due to the shallowness of the channel.— actuarias : " Light galleys." Comp. agere remis—ex His- pania : Spain was rich in metals, and especially in spartum, of which cordage was made. 134 LATIN READER. II. Caesar returns to the army. Orders a rendezvous at Itius Portus. Preparation for the invasion of Britain. Caesar goes in person to the territory of the Treveri. III. Factions among the Treveri. The rivals Cingetorix and Indutio- marus. Cingetorix faithful to the Romans. Warlike preparations of Indutiomarus. On reflection Indutiomarus capitulates. ingenti magnitudine : 500 (Roman) miles, according to accounts. IV. Indutiomarus presents himself with two hundred hostages ; but the preference shown to Cingetorix rankles. V. Caesar goes to Itius Portus. Determines to take with him most of the Gallic chieftains as hostages. Meldis : The light ships, built in the interior, were brought down the Seine. VI. Dumnorix, the Aeduan, an enterprising and dangerous man, begged to be left in Gaul. His prayer being refused, Dumnorix tries to form a league against Caesar. de quo ante ab nobis dictum est: Characterized (1, 18) as summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidus rerum novarum. VII. Caesar watches Dumnorix. The order to embark is given. Dumnorix, with the Aeduan cavalry, sets out for his own country. A body of cavalry is sent in pursuit of Dumnorix. Dumnorix refuses to return, and is despatched. The Aeduans obey. liberum liberaeque esse civitatis : Observe the calmness with which Caesar states this appeal of Dumnorix, and accepts what we should call the odium of the murder. But there was no odium in his eyes. His policy was Roman policy, and remorseless. " The choice lay between hammer and anvil " (Mommsen). The anvil has no rights as against the hammer. VIII. Labienus left in charge. Caesar puts out at sunset. Arrives in Britain at noon the following day. No enemy to be seen. earn partem insulae : Dover. Others suppose that the army landed at Deal, or at several neighboring points at once. IX. Caesar ascertains the position of the enemy, leaves a guard for the ships, and advances into the interior. The enemy routed. No pursuit for sufficient reasons. flumen : Supposed to be the Little Stour. X. Pursuit in three columns ordered. The fleet shattered by a storm. Caesar returns to the landing-place. NOTES — DE BELLO GALLICO. 135 XI. Ten days required for the necessary arrangements. On his return to the army, Caesar finds the Britons consolidated under the command of Cassivellaunus. XII. Inhabitants and productions of Britain. XIII. Geography of Britain. Insula, etc.: Caesar's sojourn on the island was so short, his acquaint- ance with it so partial, that his report is very wide of the truth. How- ever, Tacitus, one hundred and fifty years afterwards, was no better in- formed. XIV. Habits and customs of the Britons. Their marriage relations. deni duodenique : Not an uncommon arrangement among primitive tribes — " polyandry." XV. Active skirmishing with the enemy. Temporary success of the Britons. XVI. Novel and embarrassing tactics of the enemy, XVII. The enemy emboldened by success. The Roman cavalry makes a determined attack, and drives the Britons headlong. No further united resistance to the advance of the Romans. XVIII. Caesar crosses the Thames in the face of the enemy. The Britons betake themselves to flight. uno omnino loco : " The most favorable point is Sunbury ; but there are eight or nine fordable places " (Napoleon III.). XIX. Cassivellaunus resorts to guerrilla warfare XX. The Trinobants surrender to Caesar, and put themselves under his protection. legatos mittunt : " More from hatred of Cassivellaunus than from fear of the Romans " (Mommsen). XXI. Other British tribes surrender. Cassi vellaunus's ' * town " carried, oppidum vocent cum, etc.: The town was " an abattis on a large scale." XXII. Cassivellaunus and his allies attack the naval camp. The at- tack repelled with slaughter. Cassivellaunus comes to terms. " Cassivellaunus had the good sense not to press the dangerous enemy," and acceded to Caesar's terms. But the tribute was never imposed and never paid, and the other conditions were doubtless a mere parade. Caesar's plan of subjugation failed, and he wisely put the best face on it XXIII. Short and fair passage back to Gaul. 136 LATIN" READER. XXIV. Distribution of the legions. Quinto Ciceroni : Quintus Cicero, the brother of Marcus Tullius Ci- cero, was Caesar's legate from 54 to 52 B. C. The orator was not insen- sible of Caesar's considerate treatment of his brother, and, in his turn, Caesar was not unwilling to conciliate a man of Cicero's prominence. Aduatuca : " More than fourteen different localities have been proposed for identification with Aduatuca " (Napoleon III.). XXV. Disturbances among the Carnutes. Tasgetius, who had been made king by Caesar, murdered. Plancus sent to arrest the assassins. XXVI. Ambiorix and Catuvolcus, chieftains of the Eburones, attack the winter quarters of Sabinus and Cotta. XXVII. Parley. Speech of Ambiorix, in which he warns the Romans of their danger from the united Gauls and the advancing Germans, and urges them to withdraw. ex Hispania quidam : Similar brief expressions are found elsewhere in Caesar, e. g., C. xiii.: omnes ex Gallia naves ; but the Latin language, in the best period, is chary of such combinations. XXVIII. Council of war. Cotta opposes the advice of Ambiorix. XXIX. Titurius favors the advice of Ambiorix. Ariovisti mortem : It would appear that he died not only soon after, but in consequence of his unsuccessful struggle with the Romans (1, 52). XXX. In the heat of the discussion, Titurius makes an indirect appeal to the soldiers. XXXI. The council is prolonged beyond midnight. Cotta yields. The Romans prepare to evacuate the camp. Omnia excogitantur : Others understand : " All arguments are devised (to show) why there is no remaining without danger." XXXII. The enemy lies in wait for the Romans, and attacks them at a cruel disadvantage. XXXIII. Excitement of Titurius. Admirable bearing of Cotta. The soldiers are disheartened and distracted. XXXIV. The attack is well conducted. The Romans show their old valor, but the wily tactics of the enemy prevail. XXXV. The fight lasts from day- break to the eighth hour (2 p.m.). Losses of the Romans. XXXVI. Ambiorix consents to a parley. Titurius accepts. Cotta de- clines. NOTES — DE BELLO GALLICO. 137 XXXVII. Titurius and liis officers hold a conference with Ambiorix, in the course of which they are treacherously assassinated. The Roman ranks are broken ; Cotta and most of his men are slain. The rest retreat to the camp. Heroism of Petrosidius. The resistance prolonged until nightfall. At night all perish by their own hands. The news is carried to Labienus by stragglers. XXXVIII. Ambiorix rallies the Aduatuci and the Nervii around the standard of revolt. Cicero's winter-quarters to be attacked. Ambiorix : Caesar never forgave Ambiorix and the Eburones for this heavy blow. Suetonius says that he suffered hair and beard to grow until he had avenged himself. XXXIX. Messengers are sent to all the clients of the Nervii, and Cicero is suddenly assailed by a large force of Gauls. Ciceronis hiberna : South of Brussels towards the Sambre. The exact position is a matter of dispute. XL. Cicero's messengers are intercepted. The enemy busy without. Cicero indefatigable within. XLI. Colloquy of the Nervii and Cicero. Cicero refuses to treat with an armed foe. XLII. The Nervii surround the camp with lines of circumvallation. XLIII. The barracks fired by the missiles of the enemy. Vigorous repulse of a vigorous assault. XLIV. Episode of the rival centurions, Pulio and Corenus. avertit vaginam : Soldiers wore the sword on the right side, so as not to interfere with the shield. Higher officers wore it on the left, as they carried no shield. — dejectum : By his own impetuosity. XLV. After many unsuccessful attempts a letter is at length conveyed to Caesar. unus Nervius : " One man — a Nervian." — in jaculo illigatas : How it wag tied on does not appear. Perhaps it was hidden under the movable head. XLVI. Caesar summons Crassus and Fabius ; sends a conditional order to Labienus. XL VII. Crassus is left in charge of Samarobriva. Fabius's forces join Caesar's column. Labienus is detained by the massing of the Eburones near his camp. XLVIII. Forced march of Caesar. A letter is shot into Cicero's camp promising succor. 138 LATIN" READER. Graecis litteris : " In Greek characters," most likely, also, in the Greek language. Polyaenus undertakes to give the words : Oappeiv, ^orj^EiOiv TCpo6dexov. XLTX. The Gauls raise the siege and turn their arms against Caesar. Caesar, being forewarned, camps and reconnoitres. The camp is made as small as possible in order to deceive the enemy. augustiis viarum : The ordinary width of the via principalis was one hundred feet, of others fifty. L. Caesar's manoeuvres to draw the enemy on. in speciem : So that they could take down the sod readily, when they wished to make a sally. LI. The enemy assail the camp in full confidence, and are utterly routed. > LII. Arrival at the camp of Cicero. The heroic garrison and their able commander lauded. Speech of Caesar. LIU. Rapid spread of the news of Caesar's victory. Restlessness of the Gauls. Fabius returns to his winter-quarters ; Caesar to Samaro- briva. Trouble in Aremorica. LIV. Caesar, by various means, keeps a great part of the Gauls to their allegiance. None trusted except the Aedui and the Remi. haud scio mirandumne : " Gaul paid forty millions of sesterces yearly, and was forced to support the legions summer and winter. District upon district was laid waste. The masses felt the bondage ; the nobles were imbittered by the loss of their revenues and of their influeuce." (Dru- mann.) " And to think that a nation of at least a million of fighting men should have been subjugated by bare fifty thousand ! " (Monnnsen.) LV. Indutiomarus and the Treveri fail of obtaining help from Ger- many. For all that, Indutiomarus perseveres in his project. LVI. An armed council called by Indutiomarus. Labienus to be at- tacked. LVII. Indutiomarus parades his cavalry under the fortifications of Labienus. Labienus pretends fear, while he is concentrating his cavalry. LVIII. Labienus, having introduced his cavalry under cover of the night, makes a sudden charge on Indutiomarus. In the rout which en- sues, Indutiomarus is singled out and slain. The Eburones and Nervii disperse, and Gaul becomes a little more quiet. hominis: "Man" is distinguished from " Fortune," who is a deity, "God disposed as man proposed." VOCABULARY. In this Vocabulary the designation of the regular genders and the numerals are purposely omitted ; also, sundry proper names of which nothing more is to be said, than that they are proper names. A, ab, abs, off, from, on ; ab ea parte, on that side ; ab latere aperto, on the exposed flunk ; at a distance from, a milibus passuum duobus, two miles off. abavus, i, great-great-grandfather. abdo, 3. didi, ditum, put away, hide. abducO, 3. duxi, ductum, lead away. abeO, 4. ii, itum, go away. abhorred, 2. ui — (bristle off), differ from. abies, etis, f. fir. abigd, 3. egl, actum, drive away. abjicid (abicio), 3. jeci, jectum, throw away. ablud, 3. lul, lutum, wish off. abripid, 3. ripui, reptum, snatch away. absconds, 3. condi (didi), ditum, hide {away). absens, ntis, absent. absistd, 3. stiti, keep back. absorbed, 2. sorbui (sorpsi), suck up, swallow up. absterged, 2. tersl, tersum, wipe away. abstined, 2. tinui, tentum, hold off, keep from, abstain from. abstrahd, 3. traxi, tractum, drag 'away. absum, abesse, afui, be absent, away, off, gone ; non multum ab eo abest quin, little is lacking to make, &c. absumS, 3. sumpsl, sumptum, con- sume. abundd, 1. (flow off), abound ; abun- dans multitudine, icith overwhelm- ingly superior numbers. ac, atque, and (too); as. acanthis, idis, f. goldfinch. accedd, 3. cessi, cessum, approach ; accedit hue, there is added to thi» (followed by), quod, the fact that ; ut, that. accendo, 3. dl, censum, 3. set on fire fire, light, rouse to fury. acceptus, a, um, acceptable, welcome. accido, 3. cidi (fall), befall, chance, happen, turn out. accio, 4. send for. accipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, take, accept, receive, sustain, be exposed to. accipiter, tris, m. liawk. accola, neighbor. accommodS, 1. adapt. accuratus, a, um, careful. accurrd, 3. curri, cursum, run up. accusO, 1. accuse. acer, cris, ere, sharp, vigorous. acerbus, a, um, bitter. Acesines, is, Chenab (River). acies, el. f. (line of) battle. acinaces, is, m. sabre, scimitar. acriter, sharply, hotly, briskly. actuaria navis, light transport. acutus, a, um, pointed, sharp. ad, at, to, against, in addition ; to- wards, by ; for ; to the number of; af ter,adhunc modum ; by, against, ad certam diem ; till, noctem ; up to, ad numerum ; before (of a city). adaequo, 1. equal ; cursum alicujus adaequare, keep up with. adamanteus, a, um, of adamant, steel. addO, 3. didi, ditum (put to), add , a. (de morte), add an account. adduco, 3. duxi, ductum, bring up. adeO, 4. ii, itum, go to, approach. adeo, to that degree. adferO^ adferre, attull, allatum (ad- latum), bring (up, to). 140 VOCABULARY. adficio, 3. feci, fectum {do to), treat, affect. Often to be translated by a verb corresponding to its ablative ; laetitia adficere, gladden ; cruci- atu. adf., torture. adflgd, 3. fixi, fixum, fasten to, nail to ; cruel adf., crucify. adfinitas, atis, f . marriage connection. adfirm6, 1. asseverate, affirm. adfiatus, us, breathing on, breeze, blast, inspiration. adfligc, 3. fiixi, fiictum, dash against, shatter, damage, strike. adhaeresc6, 3. haesi, haesum, stick to. adhibeS, 2. apply, call in, invite, use, employ. adhortatiS, encouragement, exhorta- tion. adhortor, 1. encourage, exhort. adhuc, hitherto, still. adigo, 3. egl, actum {drive up), push foricard, move up. adimO, 3. emi, emptum, take away. adipiscor, 3, adeptus, gain. aditus, us, access, approach, ways and means, occasion. adjaceS, 2. {lie by), be adjacent. adjicic, 3. jeci, jectum, add. adjungo, 3. junxi, junctum, join to, attach, add ; adjunctis Germanis, with the Germans besides. adjutor, helper. adjuv6, 1. juvi, jutum, help. adminislro, 1. manage, arrange, con- duct. admirabilis, e, wonderful, admirable. admlratiS, wonder. admiror, 1. wonder at, admire. admisceS, 2. miscui, mixtum, mix in ; admixtis sagittariis, with arch- ers among them. admittS, 3. misi, missum {let to), ad- mit. admodum, to a degree, fully, quite. admonec, 2. {bring to mind), remind, admonish, urge. admoved, 2. movi, motum, move up, apply. adnata, 1. swim up. adolescS, 3. olevl, ultum, grow up. adorior, 4. ortus, attack, undertake, set to work. adorns, 1. {fit up), adorn. ads. . . See as and ass. adsto, 1 . stitl, staturus, stand by. adsum, adesse, adfui (affui), adfore, be present, at hand. Aduatuci, Gallic tribe on the left bank of the Meuse. adulatwi grovelling), flattery, adula- tion ; in adulationem compositus, with studied flattery. adulator, flatterer. adulescens, ntis, youth. adulor, 1. {grovel to) fawn on, flatter. adulter, I, paramour, adulterer. adultus, fr. adolesco. [freeze. adurQ, 3. ussi, ustum, burn, blister, advehd, 3. vexi, vectum, bring up. advena {new-comer), stranger. adveniS, 4. veni, ventum, arrive. advento, 1. approach. adventus, us, arrival, approach, com- ing. _ adversarius, I, opponent, enemy. adversus, prep, towards, against. adversus, a, um, turned towards, in front, contrary ; adverso amne, up stream ; in os adversum, full in the mouth, face. adverts, 3. ti, sum, turn towards ; animum adverto, perceive. advocS, 1. call up. advolS, 1. fly at, to; hurry to, charge. advolvo, 3. volvi, volutum, roll up to ; pedibus alicujus advolvi, to fall grovelling at one's feet. aedes, is, temple ; pi. house. aedificium, I, building. aedific6, 1. build. Aedui, drum, Keltic tribe between the Loire (Liger) and the Saone (Arar). Aegae, arum, city in Macedonia. aeger, gra, grum, sick {in mind or body) ; aeger animi, heart-sick. aegre, hardly, with difficulty. aegritude, sickness, hea?'t-sickness t distress. aegrStus, a, um, sick. Aegyptus, f. Egypt. aeque, equally. aequinoctium, equinox. j aequc, 1. make equal, equal, come up I to. VOCABULARY. 141 aequor, oris, n. {level), sea. aequus, a, urn, level, even, favora- ble. aequus animus, even temper, perfect balance, equanimity. aer, eris, m. air. aereus, a, urn, of bronze, brazen. aeripes, pedis, brazen-footed. aerumna, trouble ; toil, labor. aes, aeris, n. copper, money. Aesopicus, a, um, Aesopic, after the manner of Aesop. aestas, atis, f. summer. aestimatid, valuation, estimation, rep- utation. aestimO, 1. value, judge. aestivus, a, um, summer — . aestus, us (seething), heat, tide. aetas, atis, age ; generation. aeternus, a, um, eternal. aff . . . See adf. Africus, I, South-west icind. agasO, groom, ass-driver. ager, gri, field; pi. territory, district. agger, eris, m. mound, rampart, dam, line. aggredior, 3. gressus, attack. agito, 1. drive {violently). agmen, inis, line (of march), column, train, procession ; agmine quad- rato (of marching in a rectangle so as to be ready for an attack), in battle order. agnosco, 3. agnovi, agnitum, recog- nize. ago, 3. egi, actum, drive, bring ; chase, push forward, be after; treat, discuss; act, do; spend _; causam agere, plead a case ; gra- tias agere, thank ; precibus agere, try entreaties. agrestis, e, country, rural, savage, rustic. Agriani, orum, a Thracian tribe. agricola, ) tiller of the soil, farmer , agricultor, ) husbandman. ait (fr. ajo), he says. ala, icing'; squadron. alacer, eris, ere, lively, alert. alacritas, atis, liveliness, high spirits, cheerfulness, alacrity. ala u da, lark. albed, 2. , be white. albus, a, um, white; plumbum al- bum, tin. alias, at other times ; alias — alias, at one time — at another ; now — now. alibi, elsewhere. alienus, a, um, belonging to others, strange, foreign. alimentum, nourishment, food, pro- vision. alio, adv. in another direction. alioqui, adv. otherwise, generally. abquamdiu, for a while. aliquando, one day, once, at some time. aliquantum, somewhat ; a. itineris, a considerable distance. aliquis (qui), aliqua, aliquid (quod), some one, something (or other). aliquot, some, several. aliquoties, several times. aliter, otherwise, ac than. aliunde, from elsewhere, from other quarters. alius, a, ud, other (different). Alii — alii, some — others; alii — alios, one — another. G. 306. ailatrO, 1. bark at. allevO, 1. lift up, raise. allicio, 3. lexi, lectum, draw on, al- lure, entice. alloquor, 3. locutus, address. alo, 3. alui, altum, alitum, feed, keep, rear, produce. Alpes, ium, f. Alps. altare, is, n. altar. alter, era, erum, other, second, one (of two) ; alter — alter, the one — the other. altercor, 1. wrangle. altitudd, inis, height. altus, a, um, high, deep. altum, the deep, the high sea. alveus, i, bed (of a river), channel.^ Amanicae pylae, pass between Syria and Cilicia. ambigO, 3. , be doubtful. ambiguus, a, um, doubtful, irresolute, ambiguous. ambio, 4. surround. Ambiorix, igis, chief of the J^m rones ambo, ambae, ambo, both (together). ambulo, 1. walk, go off. 142 VOCABULARY. amburs, 3. ussi, ustum, burn. amentia, madness. amentum (ammentum), thong, strap. amicitia, friendship, loyalty. amiculum, upper garment. amicus, a, urn, friend ; loyal ; ami- cus, subst. a friend. amitto, 3. misi, missum, let go, let slip, lose. amnis, is, m. river ; amne adverso, up stream : secundo, down stream. amo, 1. love. amoenus, a, um, pleasant, charming. amor, love. AmphitryS, onis, husband of Alc- mena. amplector, 3. amplexus, embrace. amplitude {spaciousness), greatness, high position. amplius, adv. more, further. amplus, a, um, spacious, ample, on a large scale. amputo, 1, (clear off), cut off, amputate. an, or ; what then? ; whether. Anacharsis, is and idis, Scythian sage in the time of Solon. Ancalites, um, British tribe near Oxford. anceps, cipitis (two-headed), double, wavering. ancilla, maid (servant). ancora, anchor. ango, 3. anxi, — , choke, distress. angor, anguish. anguis, is, c. snake. angulus, I, corner, angle. angustiae, arum, narrow pass; straits ; a. viarum, narrow streets. angustus, a, um, narrow, scanty, close. anima, breath, soul. animadverts, 3. verti, versum, ob- serve, notice, perceive. animal, alis, n. animal. animus, I, mind, heart, spirit, dispo- sition, temper ; courage ; senses ; animi causa, for amusement; ani- mi motus, excitement, agitation ; animo linqui, faint ; animum re- ciperare, come to. A. like corpus, is often to be translated by a pronoun. annecto, 3. nexi, nexum, attach ; a. tintinnabulum, bell. anniversarius, a, um, annual. annotinus, a, um, of the year before. annuo, 3. annul, — , give a nod, nod (assent). annus, i, year. anser, eris, m. goose. ante, prep, before. antea (ante), adv. before. antecedo, 3. cessi, cessum, precede, get the start of, be ahead of, excel. antecursores, um, advanced guard. anteeO, Ire, Ivi, itum, go before, pre- cede. antefero, ferre, tuli, latum, prefer. anteponS, 3. posui, positum, put be- fore, prefer. antequam (ante — quam), conj. be- fore. antesignanl, 5rum, (before the stand- ard); picked troops of the van. Antipater, tri, one of Alexander's lieutenants. antlquitas, atis, antiquity. antiquus, a, um, ancient ; nihil anti- quius habere, consider nothing more important, make it one's first business. anulus, i, ring. anus, us, old woman. anxius, a, um, anxious, alarmed. apage, begone, get you gone. aper, apri, wild boar. aperio, 4. ui, turn, open, disclose, re- veal, expose. apertus, a, um, open, exposed. apparatus, us, preparation, equip- ment, array, splendor. appareo, 2. appear, be evident. appello, 1. call on, call, appeal to, ad- dress. appello, 3. pull, pulsum (push to), push ashore, land; pass, make for. appeto, 3. petlvi, petitum, seek, seize, draw nigh, attack. applicO, 1. and phcui, plicitum, ap- ply, bring near, lean ; terrae ap- plicari, touch land. appono, 3. posui, positum, set before apporto, 1. bring, fetch, carry, con vey. apprehendo, 3. prehendi, sum, lay hold of seize. approbo, 1. approve, prove. appropinquO, 1. approach. VOCABULARY. 143 aprlcor, 1. sun oneself, bask. aptus, a, urn, fit, apt. apud, prep, by, at, before. aqua, water; mensurae ex aqua, water-clocks. aquila, eagle ; standard. aquilifer, feri, eagle (standard) bearer. aquilS, North wind. ara, altar. Arabitae, a people in Gedrosia. Arabs, bis, Arabian. Arachosii, a people of Persia on the Indus. Araxes, is, river in Persia, Bend- amir. Arbela, orum, city east of the Tigris. arbiter, tri, umpire. arbitror, 1. judge, think, believe. arbor, oris, f. tree. arcanum, secret. arcessS, 3. ivi, Itum, send for. arcus, us, bow. arde8, 2. arsi, arsum, be ablaze, fired. ardor, burning, fire, heat. arduus, a, um, steep, difficult. Arduenna silva, Forest of Ardennes (Arden). Aremoricae civitates (Kelt, are by, mor sea), communities on the sea- coast between the Loire and the Seine, modern Brittany and a part of Normandy. arena, (better harena), sand. argenteus, a, um, of silver. argentum, silver. argilla, clay. Argo, us, f. fabulous vessel, the crew being called Argonautae, Ar- gonauts. argu6, 3. ui, — , accuse. Argyraspides {men of the silver shield), a picked corps. aridus, a, um, dry. aries, etis, ram. Aril, orum, a people on the Parapa- misus. Ariovistus, King of the Suevi. Aristoteles, is, Aristotle, a famous philosopher. arma, orum {equipments), arms ; in armis esse, be under arms ; ab ar- mis discedere, lay down arms. armamaxa, close carriage. armatura, armor ; levis armatura, light-armed troops. armiger, geri, armorbearer. armentum, head (of large cattle). arms, 1. equip, arm. aro, 1 . plough. arrepd, 3. repsi, reptum, crawl up. arrigS, 3. rexi, rectum, raise up, prick up. arripiS, 3. ripui, reptum, snatch. arrogS, 1. claim for oneself, arrogate. ars, artis, art, accomplishment ; qual- ity. artifex, ficis, artist, artificer, per- former. artus, us, limb. artus, a, um, narrow, cramped. arvum, i, field. arx, arcis, citadel. ascendS, 3. di, sum, climb up, mount, ascend. ascensus, us, mounting, ascent. ascribo, 3. scrips!, scriptum, write in addition, add (in writing). asellus, I, donkey, Dobbin. asinus, i, ass. aspectus, us, sight, aspect, appear- ance. asper, a, um, rough, rugged, tough, hard. asperitas, atis, roughness, ruggedness. aspernor, 1. spurn, scout. aspicio, 3. spexi, spectum, behold. asporto, 1. carry off. assentior, 4. sensus, agree with, sec ond. assentor, 1. echo, flatter. assequor, 3. secutus, attain, catch up with. asser, eris, m. pole, beam asservQ, 1. watch, guard. assideS, 2. sedi, sessum, sit by, take a seat by. assuetus, a, um, accustomed, used. assumd, 3. sumpsi, sumptum, take up, assume, be reinforced by. astringS, 3. strinxi, strictum, draw up, draw tight, tie tight, bind, cramp. at, but (on the other hand) ; si — at, if —yet, for all that, at least. Athenae, arum, Athens. Athenienses, ium, Athenians. IVSX 144 VOCABULARY. Atlas, antis, King and mountain in Mauritania. atque, ac, and also, and too, and ; as, simul ac, as soon as. Atrebates, um, Belgian tribe in the neighborhood of Artois. atrox, ocis, savage, fierce. attamen, nevertheless. attends, 3. di, turn, stretch {tight), drain, bend. attentus, a, um, attentive. attexd, 3. texui, textum, plait to, plait and attach to. attine6, 2. tinul, tentum, pertain. attingS, 3. tigl, tactum, touch, reach. attribuS, 3. ul, utum, assign. auctor, 5ris, originator, adviser, abet- tor, author ; auctore aliquo, at some one's instance ; auctorem esse, approve, authorize, put up (to), instigate. auctdritas, influence, authority. audacia, boldness. audacter (super! . audacissime), bold- ly, daringly. audax, acis, bold, daring. aude6, 2. ausus, dare, venture. audio, 4. hear; dicto audientem esse, be obedient to orders. auferS, 3. auferre, abstuli, ablatum, carry away. aufugio, 3. fugl, fugitum, flee, run away, escape. auged, 2. auxi, auctum, increase, swell. Augias, ae, King of Elis. augur, uris, augur, soothsayer. auguror, 1. augur, foretell. Aulis, idis, harbor in Boeotia. aura, breath, breeze, smell. auratus, a, um, gilded. aureus, a, um, golden. auricula, tip of the ear, ear. auriga, driver, charioteer. auris, is, ear. aurum, gold. anspicium, augury, presage. auscultS, 1. listen. Auster, tri, South wind. aut, or ; aut — aut, either — or. autem, but, moreover (postpositive). auxilium, aid; auxilio venire, come to the aid; auxilia, orum, rein- forcements. avarus, a, um, avaricious, grasping , adv. avare. avelld, 3. velli, vulsum, pluck, tea? away. aversor, 1. reject. averto, 3. verti, versum, turn aside, displace, draw off, divert. avia, grandmother. aviditas, atis, greediness. avidus, a, um, greedy, eager. avis, is, f. bird. avitus, a, um, ancestral. aviusj a, um (off the road), remote. avolo, 1. fly away. avunculus, i, uncle (mother's brother) avus, I, grandfather. axis, is, m. axle, axis, pole. B. Bacillum, stick, staff. ballista, ballista (hurling machine). balneae, arum, baths. balteus, i, baldric, belt, girdle. barba, beard. barbarus, a, um (outlandish), for eigner, barbaric, barbarian, barba rous. beatus, a, um, blessed, happy. Belgae, arum, Belgians. Belgium, Belgium. belle, finely. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. bellicus, a, um, pertaining to war , res bellicae, war. bellS, 1. carry on war. Bellovaci, orum, Belgian tribe be- tween the Seine, the Som/me and the Oise. bellum (= duellum, duel), war. belua, (// age) beast. bene, adv. fr. bonus, well. beneficentia, beneficence. beneficium, kindness, benefit, favor. benevolentia, good will, loyalty. benignus, a, um (goodnatured), kind, kindly; benigne, kindly, in a spirit of kindness. bestia, beast, animal. bestiola, little (poor little) beast, crea tore. Bias, antis, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. VOCABULARY. 145 bibS, 3. bibi, — , drink. Bibroci, orum, tribe in 8. E. Britain. biceps, cipitis, two-headed. biformis, e, with two forms. biduum, {space of) two days. bipartlto, in two division*. bipennis, two-edged (axe), pole-axe. bis (for duis), twice. bitumen, inis, n. bitumen. blandimentum, flattery, caress. blandior, 4. flatter, caress. blanditia, flattery, caress, blandish- ment. blandus, a, um, insinuating, coaxing, cajoling, smirking. Boeotia, canton of Greece, N. of Attica. bonus, a, um (comp. melior, sup. optimus), good ; bona, goods, prop- f rty. bos, bovis, c. ox, cow ; pi. oxen, kine. bovlle, is (cow-house), stall. bracchium (brachium), arm. brevis, e, short; brevi, in a short time. brevitas, atis, shortness, brevity. Britanni, orum, Britons. Britannia, Britain. Britannicus, British. bruma ( = brevissima sc. dies,) shortest day, w inter (solstice). bubulcus, I, (neat) herd. Bucephalas, ae, Bucephalus. bucina, /torn, trumpet. C = Gajus (the letter O originally ■standing for G as well). cadaver, eris, n. dead body, corpse. Cadmus, I, founder of Thebes. cad 6, 3. cecidi, casum, fall. caeco, 1. blind. caedes, is (cutting down), slaughter, murder, massacre. caedQ, 3. cecidi, caesum, fell, hew. caelebs, ibis, unmarried. caelestis, e, heavenly, divine. caelo, 1. carve. caelum, heaven, sky, skies, climate. caenum, mud, mire. caeruleus, a, um, greenish blue, sky- blue. Caesar (C. Julius), gen. Caesaris. Born 100 B. G, forms the first tri- umvirate in 60 B. G icith Pompcy and Crass/As, commands in Gaul from 58-50 B. G; Caesar, Emperor. caespes, itis, m. god, turf. calamitas, atis, disaster, calamity. calcar, aris, n. spur ; subdere cal- caria, put spur to one's horse. calculus, i, stone, piece (at draughts), man. calidus, a, um, warm, hot, heated. caligS, inis, darkness. callidus, a, um cunning, sly. calo, onis, camp servant. calor, warmth. calx, calcis, heel. camelus, i, camel. campester, tris, tre, through level ountry. campus, i, field, plain. candidus, a, um, (dazzling) white. canis, is, c. dog, hound. canities, ei, gray hair. can6, 3. cecini, cantum, sing. Cantium, Kent. canto, 1. sing. cantus, us, song. capax, acis, holding, capable, able to contain. capella, kid, (she) goat. capessS, 3. capessivi, Itum, take hold of, undertake, betake oneself to. capillus, i, hair (of the head). capiS, 3. cepi, captum, catch, seize, take, take up, occupy, hold, contain; consilium capere, form a plan ; paenam capere, take satisfaction, wreak vengeance. capitalis, e, capital, mortal. captivitas, atis, captivity. captlvus, a, um, captive. capto, 1. snap, catch at, try to catch. caput, itis, n. head, person, life, cap- ital ; capitis damnare, condemn to death. carbasus, I, f. fine linen; pi. carbasa, orum. career, eris, prison, jail ; pi. barriers (starting, post). careS, 2. be, do, icithout. carmen, inis, song. Carnutes, um, powerful tribe on both sides of the Loire. 146 YOCA.BULAEY. car5, carnis, f. flesh, meat. Carthago, Carthage. carus, a, urn, clear ; carum habere, hold dear, value. casa, cottage, hut, barracks. Cassi, 6 rum, tribe in S. Britain. castigo, 1. chastise, rebuke. Castor, oris, one of the Dioscuri) brother of Pollux. castra, orum, camp ; day's march. casus, us, chance, case, fortune, fate; disaster, death. catena, chain. catulus, I, puppy, whelp. Caucasus, I, mountain between Black Sea and Caspian. cauda, tail. caupo, onis, inn-keeper. causa, cause, ground, case, suit (at law), source; causa amicitiae, friendly relations ; causa, for the sake of cautus, a, um, cautious, wary ; adv. caute. cavea, cage. caveS, 2. cavi, cautum, beware. cavillor, 1. tease, rally, criticise. cedo, 3. cessl, cessum, give way, yield. cedrus, I, f. cedar. celeber, bris, bre, frequented, cele- brated. celebro, 1. celebrate. celer, celeiis, celere, quick. celeritas, atis, speed, quickness. celenter, quickly. celo, 1. hide, conceal. cena, dinner. Cenimagni, orum, British tribe in Suffolk (?) ceno, 1. dine. c§nse5, 2. censul, censum, think, de- termine. censor, oris, censor. centurio, onis, centurion, captain. cera, wax. cernd, 3. (crevi) (cretum), perceive, test. certamen, inis, contest, struggle, ri- valry. certe, certainly, at least, at any rate. certo, 1. contend. certus, a, um, fixed, certain, definite sure ; certiorem facere, inform } res certa, a certainty. cerva, doe. cervix, icis, neck. cervus, i, stag. cess6, 1. loiter, dally. ceteri, ae, a, the rest; every one (thing) else. ceterum (for the rest), but. Ceutrones, um, Belgian tribe in the, neighborhood of Courtray. Chaldaei, orum, Chaldeans, sooth- sayers and astrologers. charta, paper. Chersonesus Taurica, Crimea. chlamys, ydis, f. cloak. Chorasmii, orum, tribe on the Oxus. cibaria, orum, provisions. cibus, i, food. cicatrix, icis, scar. CicerO, onis, Quintus Tullius, brotJi- er of the orator Marcus, ciconia, stork. cidaris, is, headdress of Persian king; turban. cie6, 2. civi, citum, stir up, urge on. Cingetorix, igis, 1. chieftain of the Treveri ; 2. British chieftain. cingo, 3. cinxi, cinctum, gird, sur- round. cinis, eris, ashes. circa, around, about. circiter, about. circuitus, us, circuit, circumference. circulus, i, circle, gathering. circum, round about. circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, put around, surround. circumcido, 3. cidi, cisum, cut round, cut out. circumduct, 3. duxi, ductum, lead around, round and round. circumeo, 4. ivi, itum, go round, go the rounds of, inspect. circumferd, ferre, tuli, latum, carry round. circumfundS, fudi, fusum, pour around, surround. circumlinO. 3. levi, litum, besmear coat. circummittS, 3. misi, missum, send, around, all round. VOCABULARY. 147 circumnavige, I. sail around. circumpendee, 2. hang about. circumsiste, 3. steti, press around, surround. circumspicie, 3. spexi, spectum, look round, over. circumvehor, 3. ride round. circumvenie, 4. veni, ventum, sur- round . circus, i, ring, circle, course, circus. citerior, ius, hither (from Italy). citharista, player an cithern. cito, quickly, soon. cits, 1. quicken, summon; citato gradu, at quick step. citra, this side of. civis, is, c. citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas, atis, community, state. clades, is, disaster, defeat. clam, secretly. clamits, 1. cry out {often). clams, 1. cry aloud. clamor, oris, outcry, yell, clamor. clarus, a, um, clear, loud, renowned, bright. classis, is, fleet. Claudius, i, consul B. C. 54. claude, 3. clausi, clausum, shut, close; clausum in pectore, at the bottom of the heart. clava, club. clavus, i, nail ; c. rotae, Unc7i-pin. clem ens, ntis, mild. dementia, mildness, clemency. cliens, ntis, defendant. climax, acis, climax. clipeatus, a, um, {furnished) with a shield. clipeus, i, shield. clitellae, arum, pack-saddle. coactu, by compulsion, constraint. coagmentS, 1. fasten together. coctus, a, um, cooked, burnt. coeS, ire, ivi, itum, come together, unite. coepi, coepisse, def. begin. coerces, 2. restrain, keep within bounds, put under restraint. cogitS, 1. (bring toget/ier in mind), think. cognatus, a, um, related, akin. cognitis, knowledge. cognomen, inis, surname. cognosce, 3. gnovi, gnitum, find out, know, learn. cog6,3. coegi.coactum, bring togeth- er, gather, collect; bring to if. compel; cogere agmen, bring up the rear. cohaered, 2. (cohaerescd, 3.) haesi, haesum, stick together. cohors, tis, cohort, tenth part of a Horn an legion. cohortatio, exlwrtation. cohortor, 1. (comfort) encourage. Colchi, orum, country and city on the Black Sea. collauds, 1. praise up, extol. collega, colleague. collide, 3. lisi, lisum, dash together, come into collision. collige, 1. bind up. colligO, 3. legi, lectum, gather, col- lect ; se colligere, rally, become collected. collis, m. hill. collocS, 1 . post, quarter. colloquium, parley, conference. colloquor, 3. locutus, parley, confer collum, neck. cold, 3. colui, cultum, till, cultivate ; inhabit; deck, dress up ; reverence worship. colonus, I, colonist, settler. color, color. colubra, sneike. columba, (lore, pigeon. columna, pillar, column. coma, hair. combure, 3. combussi, combustum, burn (up). comes, itis, companion. comis, is, kind, affable. c5missor, 1. revel, hold high revel. comitas, atis, affability, kindness [of manner), courtesy. comitor, 1. accompany, attend. commeatus, us, (transportation) trip; furlough; provisions. commemorS, 1. mention. commendatio, 1. recommendation. commends, I. commit, commend, rec- ommend. commentarii, orum, note -book, me- moir*. commercium, trade, traffic, com- merce. 143 VOCABULARY. commigrs, 1. remove. commllits, fellow- soldier, comrade. comminus, hand to hand. committs, 3. misi, missum {put to- gether, wholly), commit, intrust; join, begin. commodum, convenience, advantage, interest, profit; commodo rei pu- blicae, consistently with public in- terest. commodus, a, urn, convenient. commoror, 1. stay, tarry. commoveQ, 2. movi, motum, move, stir. communice, 1. impart, communicate. communis, 4. fortify, strengthen. communis, e, common, in common. communitas, atis, community. commutatio, change. commute, 1. change. compages, is, fastening. compare, 1. get up, procure, acquire, provide; compare. compello, 3. pull, pulsum, drive up, drive. comperio, 4. perl, pertum, find out. compis, pedis, f. fetter. complector, 3. plexus, embrace. compleo, 2. plevi, pletum, fill up. complures, plura (plurium), several, a good many. compone, 3. posul, positum {put to- gether), settle, arrange, get up. comporto, 1. bring together. compos, otis [having the mastery); animi c, in one's senses, conscious ; voti c, having prayer answered. comprehends, 3. ndi, nsum {catch up), seize, arrest. comprobo, 1. approve {fully), justify. concedo, 3. cessi, cessum, withdraw, betake oneself ; grant ; concedere vitam, spare life. concha, shell. concido, 3. cidi, — ,fall {of a heap), tumble. concilio, 1. gain over. concilium, council, diet. concipie, 3. cepl, ceptum, catch up, conceive. concite, 1. stir up, goad, spur. conclamo, 1. cry aloud, raise a cry, shout. concordia, concord, harmony. concors, cordis, of one mind, liarmfr nious. concubia nocte, time of first, deep sleep. concupisce, 3. cuplvi, cupltum, de- sire, covet. concurre, 3. currl (cucurrl) cursum, run together, make a rush, attack. concursie, concursus, us, rush, col- lision, throng, concourse. concurse, 1. hurry to and fro. condicio, condition. con die, 4. pickle, embalm. conditor, founder. condo, 3. didi, ditum {put up), found ; hide. condone, 1. present, grant. conduce, 3. duxl, ductum, bring to- gether, hire. confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatum, bring together; collato pede, foot to foot, man to man; conferre signa, meet in battle. confertus, a, um (f r. confercie) {stuff- ed together), in close array, thick. confessie, confession. confestim, immediately, instantly. conficio, 3. feci, fectum {do up), fin- ish, perform ; {use up), wear out, exhaust ; chew {up). confide, 3. f isus, trust, be confident. conf ige, 3. fixi, fixum, pierce. confinis, e, neighboring, on the fron- tier. confinium, frontier. confirme, 1. strengthen ; c. animo, encourage ; make a strong state- ment, state positively, aver. Pass. get strong, well. confiteor, 2. fessus, acknowledge, con- fess. conflagro, 1. burn up. conflicte, 1. {knock up), batter, harass, conflige, 3. fiixi, flictum [knock to- gether), fall afoul of one another, fight. confluens, ntis, m. confluence. conflue, 3.xi,xum,^(//c togetJu r,meet. confodie, 3. fodl, fossum, pierce, stab, {to the heart), kill. confringe, 3. fregl, fractum, crust** snap. VOCABULARY. 149 confugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee, betake 1 oneself in flight, take refuge. confundo, 3. fudi, fusum {pour to- gether), mix wp, confuse, confound. congerO, 3. gessi, gestum, bring to- g ether, heap up. conjecto, 1. guess. conjicio (conicio), 3. conjeci, conje- ctum, throw, hurl, bring together, bring; gather = conjecture ; in fugam c. put to- flight; se in f jgam c. betake oneself to flight. conitor (connitor), 8. conisus, co- nixus, strain. conjugium, wedlock. conjungO, 3. junxl, junctum, join {together), unite. conjunx (conjux), jugis, c. spouse, consort, husband, wife. conjuratiO, conspiracy. conjuratus, conspirator. conjuro, conspire. conor, 1, endeavor, try. conqueror, 2. questus, complain (bit- terly). conquiesco, 3. quievi, quietum, get quiet, calm. conquirO, 3. quisivi, quisitum, hunt up. conscendo, 3. scendi, scensum, mount, climb ; in naves conscen- dere, embark. conscisco, 3. scivi, scitum (procure); sibi mortem c. (do oneself to death), kill oneself conscientia, consciousness. conscius, a, um, aware, privy to ; subst. accomplice. conscribS, 3. scrips!, scriptum {write up), enrol, levy. consecrO, 1. consecrate. consector, 1. follow up, pursue (hot- ly)- consentio, 4. sensi, sensum {be of one mind), be combined, in league with. consequor, 3. secutus, follow up, catch up, reach, attain ; ensue. conseroj 3. serui, sertum, join. consero, 3. sevi, situm, sow, set out, plant. considers, 1. consider. consido. 3. sedi, sessum, settle, take a seat, a position, encamp. consilium, advice, counsel, plan, de- sign ; wisdom ; eo consilio ut, with the design of; ipsorum est consilium, they themselves must de- cide ; consilium capere, to take measures. consimilis, e (quite) like. consists, 3. stiti, stop), halt, take po- sition, make a stand ; in orbem c. form a circle {corresponding to our 1 hollow square '). consolor, 1. comfort. conspectus, us, sight, view ; in con- spectum dare, display. conspiciO, 3. spexi, spectum, behold, see, spy. conspicor, 1. catch sight of, descry. consplcuus, a, um, conspicuous. constans, ntis, constant. constantia, constancy, firmness, per- sistency, self-command. consterno, 3. stravi, stratum, strew. constlpo, 1. {stuff), crowd, pack to- gether. constituo, 3. ui, utum, establish, fix, settle, post, appoint. consto, 1. stiti, — , stand fast; con- sist ; constat, it is agreed on all hands, well known. constringo, 3. strinxi, strictum, bind {together), tie tight. consuescO, 3. suevi, suetum, become accustomed : perf. be accustomed, wont. consuetudo, custom, practice, inter- course. consul, sulis, consul. consularis (vir), ex-consul. consulo, 3. consult; take measures ; with dat. study the interest of. consulto, 1. take counsel. consulto, on purpose. consumo, 3. sumpsl, sumptum, take up, spend, destroy, consume. consurgo, 3. surrexi, surrectum, rise {together, in a body). contabulo, 1. (plank up), floor, fur- nish with floors, stories. contegO, 3. texi, tectum, cover (up). contemnd, 3. tempsi, temptum, de- spise. contemplor, 1. gaze at, contemplate. contemptiS, contempt. 150 VOCABULARY. contends, 3. tendi, tentum (stretcJi to the full), strain, tug, push for- ward, urge, fight, struggle, contend. contenti5. struggle, exertion, conten- tion. contentus, a, urn, satisfied, contented. conterreO, 2. frighten. continens, nti», unbroken, continu- ous ; adjacent ; continens (sc. ter- ra), mainland, continent. continentia, continence, self-control. confined, 2. keep {together), keep close, hold, bound, contain. contingd, 3 . tigi, tactum, touch, abut upon ; happen, fall to the lot of. continuus, a, urn, successive, un- broken. contiS ( = co[n]venti6), assembly, speech ; contionem habere, make, deliver a speech. contra, prep, (over against), against, facing, in reply to, contrary to ; adv. on the other hand, on the op- posite side. contraho, 3. traxi, tractum, draio (up), collect, concentrate, narrow, contract. contrecto, i. paw. controversia, dispute, contention. contumelia, affront, indignity, in- sult ; c. verborum, insulting lan- guage. conubium (connubium), intermar- riage ; conubio conjungi, inter- marry. convalesce, 3. valui, — , get well. convallis, valley. convenae, strangers (raked up to found a city), colonists. convenio, 4. veni, ventum, come to- gether, meet, assemble ; suit; con- venire aliquem, to visit; conve- nit, it is agreed. conventus, us, meeting, assembly, as- sizes. converrS, 3. verri, versum, sweep together, up. converts, 3. verti, versum, turn about, direct, translate ; se con- vertere, betake oneself ; in se con- vertere, attract. convlcior, 1. berate. convicium, reviling, railing ; con- vicia dicere, make hard speeches , convicio agere, try coarse banter. conviva, guest. convlvalis, of a banquet, convivial^ festal. convivium, banquet, party. convoco, call together, convoke. cooperio, 4. perul, pertum, cover (up). coorior, 4. coortus, spring up, rise. copia, stores, supply, quantity, mass ; abundance, plenty ; opportunity, way of getting ; copiae, forces. coquo, 3. coxi, coctum, cook. cor, cordis, n. heart. cdram (face to face), personally, icith one's own eyes. corium, hide. cornu, us, horn ; icing (of army). corona, garland, wreath, crown; line of works, circumvallation ; sub corona vendere, sell as slaves, into slavery. cordnd, wreathe, crown. corpus, oris, n. body, person. See animus, corripio, 3. ripui, reptum, seize. corrumpo, 3. rupl, ruptum, corrupt % bribe. Corus, I, N. W. wind. cotidianus, a, um (better than quo- tidianus), daily. coturnix, icis, quail. Oraneus lucus, grove near Corinth. Crassus, i, son of the Triumvir. crates, is, hurdle, fascine. creber, bra, brum, frequent, numer ous. crebro, frequently. credo, 3. didi, ditum (put faith) trust, believe. cremO, 1, burn. creO, 1. create. cresco, 3. crevi, cretum, grow, in, crease. crimen, inis, n. charge, crime. crinis, is, m. hair. OrotSniatae, arum, inhabitants of Crotona, in lower Italy. cruciatus, us, torture. crucio, 1. torture. crudalis, e, cruel. crudelitas, atis, cruelty. cruentus, a, um, bloody, gory. VOCABULARY. 151 cruor, blood, gore. crus, cruris, n. leg. crux, crucis, cross. crystallum, crystal. cubitalis, e, a cubit long, high. cub5, 1. cubul, cubitum, lie down. cuculus, I, cuckoo. culex, icis, m. gnat. culpa, fault, blame. cultus, us, attire, garb, array, style, manner of life, cultivation. cum, pre]), with; conj. ichen, as, since; although, whereas ; cum — turn, both — and, not only, but also; cum primum, as soon as, just as. cumuls, 1. heap up. cumulus, I, heap. cunae, arum, cradle. cunctor, 1. delay, dally. cunctus, a, um, all {together). cuniculus, I (rabbit), underground passage, mine. cupiditas, atis, eagerness. cuplds, desire. cupidus, a, um, eager, greedy, desi- rous ; adv. cupide. cupis, 3. Ivi, Itum, desire. cur, why. cura, care. curatis, treatment, cure. curs, 1. take care, care for, have (a thing done) ; treat, nurse ; cor- pus curare, recruit oneself. curriculum, course ; chariot. currS, 3. cucurri, cursum, run. currus, us, chariot. cursus, us, run. course ; cursum tenere, keep a straight course. custodia, guard, jail; c. corporis, body-guard. custodio, 4. guard. custo.s, odis, guard, sentinel. cutis, is, skin. Cynicus, I, Cynic. D Dahae, arum, tribe on Caspian sea. Damascus, I, f . capit d of Coele- Syria. damns, 1. declare guilty, convict, con- demn. damnum, loss. Dareus, I (Oodomannus), King of Persia, defeated by Alexander; Hystaspis (filius), father of Xerxes. de, from; during (while yet); of (partitive) ; concerning, about ; qua de causa, for which reason. dea, goddess. debes, 2. (have from), owe, ought, must ; pass, be owing, due. debilis, e, disa'led, weak. deceds, 3. cessi, cessum, go away, get out of the way, withdraw, retire ; die. decerns, 3, crevi, cretum, decide, determine ; acie decernere, fight a pitched battle. decet, 2. decuit, it becomes, is becom- ing. decids, 3. cidi, fall down. decipis, 3. cepl, ceptum (take in), de- ceive. decoquS, 3. coxl, coctum, boil (doicn), boil well. decor, 5ris (comeliness), grace, beauty. decors, 1. grace, adorn. decorus, a, um, becoming, handsome. decurrS, 3. curri (cucurri), cursum, run (down), run one's course. decus, oris, n. ornament. dedecus, oris, n. disgrace. dedicS, 1. dedicate. deditis, surrender. dedo, 3. didi, ditum, surrender. deducS, 3. duxi, ductum, bring down; take home (marry); launch; march; in periculum summum deducere, imperil to the utmost. defatigs, 1. wear out. defectis, revolt. defectus, a, um, worn out. defends, 3. ndi, nsum {ward off) de- fend. defensor, defender. defers, ferre, tuli, latum, carry down, out of one's course ; confer ; report. deficiS, 3. feci, fectum, fail, be lack- ing, give way ; revolt. defigs, 3. fixi, fixum, fix, fasten, stupefy. defiagrs, 1. bum down (to the ground) defiuo, 3. fiuxi, fiuctum (flow), float soil down. defodis, 3. fodl, fossum, bury. 152 VOCABULARY. deformitas, atis, ugliness, uncomeli- n ess. defungor, 3. defunctus, discharge; morte defungi, die. degS, 3. degi, — , spend {time). dein, deinde, thereupon, then. deinceps, in succession, in turn. dejicis (deicio), 3. cast, hurl, throw d<> ten, force down; slay; disap- point, balk. delabor, 3. fall down, slip down. delect6, 1. delight. deles, 2. evi, etum, blot out, destroy, annihilate. deliberS, 1. weigh, deliberate. deligS, 1. {tie to), fasten; ad ancoram deligare, anchor. deligo, 3. legi, lectum, choose, pick. delitescS, 3. litui, — , skulk, lurk. demerge, 3. mersi, mersum, plunge. demigratis, emigration. demigrs, 1. emigrate ; quit one's post. demitts, 3. misl, missum, let down; se demittere, descend, stoop. demS, 3. dempsl, demptum, take down, take away, take off. demonstrS, 1. point out, show, de- clare, state, describe. demulces, 2. mulsi, mulsum, stroke, caress, lick. demum, at length, not — until. denarius, I, denarius, a Roman coin used as a rough equivalent of the Greek drachma {Fr. franc). denique, finally, in fine. dens, ntis, m. tooth, tusk. densus, a, urn, thick, dense. denuntiatis, announcement, threat. denuntis, 1. send word, give notice. depended, 2. — , — , hang down. deperds, 3. didi, ditum, lose (utterly). depereo, 4. ii, iturus, be lost {utterly). deplorS, 1. bewail, deplore. deponS, 3. posul, positum, lay down, lay aside, give up, deposit. deporto, 1. carry away. deprecor, 1. {beg off), petition against, deprecate, beseech. deprehendo, 3. catch, seize. dirides, 2. risi, ilsum, jet r at. deride. deripis, 3. ripul, reptum, tear down, off. derisor, mocker. descends, 3. ndi, nsum, come down x descend ; resort to. describs, 3. scripsl, scriptum, drait off, divide. deserS, 3. serui, sertum, forsake, abandon, leave in the lurch, desert. desertus, a, um, forsaken, desolate, deserted, desert. deslderium, longing. desiderS, 1. want, long for, miss, lose. designs, 1. designate. desilis, 4. silui, (sultum), leap down. desinS, 3. desii, desitum, leave off, cease. desists, 3. stiti, stitum, leave off, de- sist. desperatis, hopelessness, despair. desperS, 1. give up hope, despair {of), give up in despair ; part, despera- tus, desperate. destins, 1. fix, destine, determine ; destinatum, purpose. destitus, 3. desert, deprive. desum, deesse, defui, be wanting, fail, fail to further. detegs, 3. texi, tectum, uncover, take off. deterges, 2. (3.) tersi, tersum, wipe off. „ deterreo, 2. scare off, deter. detrahs, 3. traxi, tractum, draw off, take off. out, remove. detrimentum, loss. deturbs, 1. dislodge. deus, i, god. deity. devehs, 3. vexi, vectum, bring down, convey ; devehor, ride, sail down. de verts, 3. verti, versum, turn in, take lodging. devincS, 3. vici, victum, vanquish {utterly). devols, 1. fiy down, swoop down. devors, 1. devour. devoveS, 3. vovi, votum, devote. dexter, tera, terum, and tra, trum, right ; dextra (manus), right (hand). \daughter of Latona. Diana, goddess, sister of Apollo % (dicio), Sinn/. dies, 3. dixi, dictum, say; name, appoint; veil e die eje, mean. diets, 1. dictate. VOCABULARY. 153 dictum, saying, speech, word ; dicto audiens, obedient. dies, el, m. and f. (pi. m.) day ; in dies, from day to day (progressive change) ; appointed day (gene- rally f.) ; ad diem, to the day. differo, ferre, disluli, dilatum (bear apart), spread; differ; put off, postpone. difficiiis, e, hard to do, difficult. diffldo, 3. fisus, distrust, doubt. diffunde, 3. fudi, fusum {pour out), scatter, extend. digitus, I, finger. dignitas, atis, position, weight, dig- nity, honor. dignus, a, um, worthy. dijudicS, 1. decide. dilabor, 3. lapsus, slip away, straggle opart, scatter. dilacerS, 1. tear in pieces. dilani6, 1. mangle. dilatiS, putting off, postponement. diligens, ntis, careful, diligent. diligenter, carefully, diligently ; comp. ius, sup. issime. diligentia, care, zeal. diligS, 3. lexi, lectum, love, like. dimic6, 1. fight. dlmidius, a, um, half ; dimidio, by haZf.^ dimittB, 3. misi, missum, send apart, in different directions ; let slip, let go, drop, dismiss, lose, abandon. dimovea, 2. movi, motum, put aside. Diogenes Cynicus, D. the Cynic phi- losopher. dirigo, 3. rexi, rectum, direct, guide. dirimS, 3. emi, emptum (sunder), sep- arate. diripiB, 3. ripui, reptum (tear apart), plunder. diru6, 3. rui, rutum (tumble apart), destroy. discedS, 3. go (apart) abroad, depart, withdraw, disband; ab armis dis- cedere, lay down arms. discessus, us, departure. discidium, dissension. discindS, 3. scidi, scissum, 3. tear open, cut apart, open, cleave. disciplina, training, discipline. disco, 3. didici, — , learn. discordia, disagreement, discord. discors, rdis, at variance, discordant discrlmen, inis, difference, decision crisis, struggle, danger. discurro, 3. curri, cursum, run, hasten in different directions, hither and thither. discutio, 3. cussi, cussum, knock apart, melt. dispar, paris, unequal. dispergo, 3. spersi, spersum (scatter eibroad), disperse. dispone, 3. posui, positum (set at different points), arrange, post. disputatie, discussion. dispute, 1. discuss, maintain, dis- pute, argue; in utramque 'par- tem disputare, argue for and against, debate. dissensid, difference of opinion, dis- pute, dissension. dissentie, 4. sensi, sensum, differ (in opinion). dissimul5, 1. (make believe that a thing is not so), conceal, disguise, dissemble. dissipS, 1. scatter. distingue, 3. (meirk off), pick out, trim, embroider, ornament, adorn. distribue, 3. ui, utum, distribute, quarter. diu, long ; comp. diutius. diurnus, a, um, by day. diutinus, a, um, ) 7 , ,. ■* diuturnus7a, um, \ lon 9 ^tmued). diversus, a, um, different. dives, itis, rich. divide, 3 visi, visum, divide. divinatie, divinatujn, gift of divina- tion, second sight. divinitas, atis, divinity , divine power. divinus, a, um, divine. divitiae, arum, riches. do, dare, dedi, datum, give, put, ap- point; operam dare, endeeivor, take pains ; manus dare, give up ; in fugam dare, put to flight. docee, 2. docui, doctum, teeich, in- struct; inform; state, explain. docilis, e, easily taught, trained. doleo, 2. feel pain ; be grieved, cha* grined; resent. dolium, ^'ar, cask. 154 VOCAB CJLARY. dolor, pain, vexation, resentment, grief. dolus, tricky wile. domesticus, a, urn, home, at home, domestic. dominus, I, master, owner. Domitius (L. Ahenobarbus), Con- sul, B. G. 54. domitS, 1. tame, break, subdue. dom6, 1. domui, domitum, tame, subdue. domus, us, f . house ; doml, at home ; domum, home. donee, lohile, until. donS, 1. present. donum, present. dormid, 4. sleep. dorsum, back, ridge. doryphoroe (dopvcpopoi), lancers. dos, dotis, dowry. dracS, dragon. Drangae, arum, people of Persia, W. of Arachosia, S. of Oedrosia. dromas, adis (camelus), dromedary. dubitatid, doubt, hesitation. dubit6, 1. doubt, hesitate. dubius, a, um, doubtful, undecided ; sine dubio, without doubt. duc6\ 3. duxi, ductum, lead, bring, take, march ; take home {marry) ; protract, deem. dum, whilst, so long as, until. dummodo, provided only. Dumnorix, igis, chief of the Aedui. dumtaxat {to be exact), only; at least. duplies, 1. double. dure, 1. harden ; dry ; last, hold out. durus, a, um, hard, difficult; nihil du- rius, no especial pressure, difficulty. dux, ducis, guide, leader, general. E E, see ex. ea, that way, there. ebrius, a, um, drunken. ebur, oris, n. ivory. eburneus, a, um, of ivory. Eburones, um, Belgian tribe between the Meuse and the Rhine. Ecbatana, orum, capital of Media, summer residence of the Kings of Persia. ecce, behold. edic8, 3. dixi, dictum, issue an edict, editus, a, um, elevated, lofty. edo, 3. edidi, editum, put forth, ut- ter, perform, perpetrate, exhibit; pugnam edere, fight. ed5, 3. edi, esum, eat. edoces, 2. cui, ctum, teadi, train. educd, 3. duxi, ductum, lead, take, march out. educp, 1. bring up, educate. efferS, efferre, extuli, elatum, bear out, carry out, bury ; elate, lift up. effer6, 1. make wild, savage, frantic. effici6, 3. feci, fectum, bring about, produce, make, accomplish. effigies, el, effigy, image, figure. effie, 1. breathe out. effodiS, 3. fodi, fossum, dig out, gouge out. effugiS, 3. fugi, fugitum, escape. effund6, 3. fudi, fusum, pour out, empty; hurl; se effundere, stream forth; habenas effundere, let reins go; ruga effusa, wild flight ; in amorem effundi, fall madly in love. eger8, 3. egessi, egestum, bring out (in heaps). ego, I. egredior, 3. gressus, go out, march out, pass. egregie, admirably. egregius, a, um (out of the common run), signal, marked, excellent, no- ble ; fine, nice. egressus, us, landing. eheu, alas!^ ejicio (eiciS), 3. ejeci, ejectum, cast out; see.) rush at; in litore ejici, be stranded. ejulatus, us, wailing. ejulo, 1. wail. ejusmodi, of that kind, such. elephas, ntis, m. elephantus, i, ele pliant. elici5, 3. licui, licitum, lure out, en- tice, draw out. elido, 3. lisi, lisum (dash out), crush. eligO, 3. legi, lectum, choose, pick, eloquor, 3. elocutus, speak (out, hold forth). _ eluvios, ei, wash, gully. emergd, 3. mersi, mersum, emerge. VOCABULARY. 155 emeritus, a, um, having served one's time, exempt. emetior, 4. mensus, measure, trav- erse. emineS, 2. ui, stick, stand out, rise out. eminus, from afar, a distance. emitto, 3. send out, forth, let go, shoot, start. em6, 3. emi, emptum, buy. en, to ! enarrS, 1. recount. enascor, 3. natus, grow up, out. enim, for (postpositive). enuntie, 1. declare, tell, reveal, blab. eo, thither; on that account; eo magis, minus, the more, the less. e6, Ire, Ivi (il), itum, go, march. eodem, to the same place. Ephesius, a, um, of Ephesus. epilogus, i, close, epilogue. epistula (epistola), letter. epulor, 1. feast, banquet. epulum, I ; epulae, arum, banquet. equa, mare. eques, itis, horseman, rider, knight, cavalry. equester, tris, tre, cavalry. equidem, the fact is (I), indeed. equitatus, us, cavalry. equus, i, horse. erga, towards. ergo, therefore. erigS, 3. rexl, rectum (lift right up), rear, erect, build, construct. eripiS, 3. ripul, reptum, snatch from, wrest. Eris, idis, goddess of Discord. err6, 1 . go wrong, wander about, err, be astray, be mistaken. error, mistake, error. erubescS, 3. rubui, — , blush. erudio, 4. instruct. eruditus, a, um, learned, accom- plished. erumpd, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst out, break out, forth. eruS, 3. rul, rutum, drag, pluck out, tea/r out, destroy. eruptiS (bursting forth), sally. Erythrus, I {Bed, Rufus), fabulous king, said to have given his name to the Red Sea (Mare Erythrae- um). essedarius, i, chariot -fighter, esse- dory. essedum, I, war-chariot (on two wheels. Esubii, Keltic tribe near Essey in Normandy. et, and ; et — et, (both) — and. etiam, even, still ; also, too. etsi (even if), although. Euphrates, is, river of Mesopotamia. Eurystheus, el, son of Sthenelos, grandson of Perseus, King of My- cenae. evade, 3. vasi, vasum, come fort7i> escape, turn out. evanesce, 3. vanui, vanish (away). evehor, 3. vectus, ride, sail out. evelle, 3. velli, vulsum, pluck, take out. evenie, 4. veni, ventum, happen, be the upshot. eventum,_i, > . ft> eventus, us, ) ' evertd, 3. verti, vers am, overturn^ destroy. evite, 1. get out of the way of, avoid. evoce, 1. call out. evolve, 3. volvi, volutum, roll (out). ex (before vowels and consonants), e (before consonants), out of , from out of, on the side of, of, in conse- quence of; in accordance with ; ex usu, useful. exaestuO, 1. boil up, mount. examine, 1. weigh, examine. exanimo, 1. take breath away, kill; pass, lose breath. exardesce, 3. arsL arsum, be kindled, break out; be incensed. exaudie, 1. hear. excede, 3. cessi, cessum, leave, quit, depart (lift). excello, 3. — . — . excel. excelsus, a, um, h igh , lofty, elevated. excido, 3. excidi, — ,fdl out, drop from. excidium (razing), destruction. excipio, 3. cepl. ceptum, take out, up, except; receive; receive the charge of, catch ; relieve. excite, 1. rouse, stir up, excite, awake f /■tiii up. exclame, 1. cry out. 156 VOCABULARY. excludo, 3. clusi, clusum, shut out, cut of\ excdgito, 1. think out, contrive, im- agine. excurrO, 3. curri (cucurri), cursum, run out. excusS, 1. excuse; urge in excuse ; valetudinem excusare, plead sick- ness. excutio, 3. cussi, cussum, knock out, shake out, get out, hurl, shoot. exemplum, example. exeO, Ire, ii, itum, go out, march off. exsrceO, 2. practise, exercise, drill, train. exercitatio, practice, exercise, drill, training. exercitus, us, army. exhaurio, 4. hausi, haustum (bale out), exhaust; scoop up and re- move, Caks. (c. xlii.) applies more particularly to manibus j comp. Gr. (390. _ exigS, 3. egl, actum, drive out, ex- pel, execute, exact, spend. exiguus, a, urn, scant, small. eximius, a, urn, exceptional, extraor- dinary, rare, splendid, fine. exim5, 3. emi, emptum, take away, remote, relieve of. existimatiS, opinion, exist.iniO, 1. think, consider. exit turn, destruction. exitus, us, going forth, issue. exonor, oriri, ortus, rise. exornS, 1. adorn, bedeck. expeditio, expedition. expedltu3, a, um (unencumbered), clear, open ; pi. troops without bag- gage, light troops. expeild, 3. pull, pulsum, drive out, banish. expergiscor, 3. perrectus (rouse one- self), wake. experior, 4. expertus, make trial of, try, put to the test. expers, rtis, without part, taking no part, unacquainted with. expetS, 3. petivl, petitum, seek. expi6, 1. expiate, atone for. explico, 1. and plicul, plicitum, un- fold, develop, deploy. explorator, scout. exploratus, a, um, decided beyond a doubt. explorO, 1. bring out, spy out, ascer- tain definitely. exponS, 3. posui, positum, put out, land, expose. exprimO, 3. press!, pressum, ex- press, fashion, form. exprobro, 1. cast up to, reproach with. expugnS, 1. take by storm, conquer \ reduce. exqulsitus, a, um (sought out), care- ■ ful-ty chosen, exquisite. exscensio, landing. exsecror, 1. curse. exsequiae, funeral (procession), ob- sequies. exsequor, 3. secutus, carry out, fol- low out, perform, execute. exsilium, exile. exsisto, 3. stiti, rise, take rise, exist, show itself, prove. exsorbeo, 2. ui, suck out, wash off. exspectatio, expectation. exspecto, 1. look out for, wait for, await, wait to see. exsplro, 1. breathe one's last, expire. exstinguo, 3. stinxl, stinctum, put out, extinguish, kill; pass, ex- pire. exsto, 1. stiti, stand out, be extant ; capite solo exstare, have only the head above. exstruo, 3. struxi, structum, rear, build. exsul, ulis, exile. exsulto, 1. leap for joy, exult. extends, 3. tendi, tensum (tentum), stretch out, extend. externus, a, um (outside), foreign, alien. exterreo, 2. frighten (out of one's Wits). extimescS, 3. ui, — , be frightened. extollo, 3. — , — , extol, exalt. extra, outside, icithout, beyond ; ex- tra jactum teli, out of reach of missiles, out of range. extrahS, 3. traxi, tractum (drag out), draw out, get out, extract, dawdle away. extremus, a, um, utmost, outermost. VOCABULARY. 157 at the end '(tail), last, hindmost, rear. exuo, 3. ui, utum, strip. exur6, 3. ussi, ustum, burn. Faber, brl, handicraftsman, carpen- ter ; pi. sappers, pioneers, engi- : neers. fabricator, builder. fabula, faMe, legend, story, play. facetiae, arum, fun, joke. facies, ei, face. facilis, e, easy ; adv. facile (facilius, facillime), easily, readily. facinus, oris, n. deed, crime. facie, 3. feci, factum, do, make ; fi- dem facere, inspire confidence; potestatem facere, grant permis- sion ; vim f., employ force ; iter f., march; finem f., put an end to, cease, factio, party. factum, deed, action, transaction. facultas, atis, opportunity, chance. facundus, a, urn, possessing the gift of speech; vir f., a ready speaker. fagus, i, f. beech (more accurately a kind of oak). falcatus, a, urn, furnished with scythes, scythe-bearing, scythed. fallax, acis, deceitful. fallo, 3. fefelli, falsum, deceive, dis- appoint ; pass, be mistaken. falx, cis, sickle, hook (like a sickle). fama, fame, report, public opinion, renown. fames, is, hunger, famine. familiaris, e, familiar ; subst. (fa- miliar), intimate friend ; res fa- miliaiis, property. familiaritas, atis, intimacy, friend- ship. famulus, i, servant. fanum, sanctuary, fane. fas, indecl. allowable, lawful, right. fascia, band, ribbon, fillet, fasciculus, i, little bundle, fagot. fascis, is, m. bundle, fagot. fastidid, 4. loathe, despise. fasti gium, top, summit; in altius fastigium excedere, reach a great- er elevation, Maker level. fatalis, e, fateful, fatal. fatigO, 1. break down, fatigue. fatum, fate. fatuu3, a, um, silly, simpleton, jool. faux, usually fauces, ium, jaws, de- file, narrows. fax, facis, touch. fel, fellis, n. gall. feles, is, f. cat. felix, icis, lucky, happy. femina, woman, female. femur, oris, thigh. fenestra, window. fera, wild beast. ferax, acis, productive, fruitful, fere, almost, about. ferinus, a, um, of wild beasts. ferme, about. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear ; (bear tales), say, report ; graviter ferre, be annoyed, take ill, amiss ; sub- sidium f., bring help ; opinio fert, opinion goes, has it. ferocia, fierceness, wildness, savage- ry. ferox, ocis, fierce, mettlesome. ferramentum (iron) tool. ferreus, a, um, iron, of iron. ferrum, iron, sword. f ertOis , e, fru itful, fertile. ferus, a, um, wild, savage. fervefacis, 3. feci, factum, make (boPing), fiery, red hot. ferveO, 2. fervi (bui), — ,be hot. fervidus, a, um, boiling, healed fessus, a, um, weary. festinanter, hastily. festinO, 1. hasten, make haste. fideUs, e, faithful. fides, ei (good) faith, faithfulness, loyalty, credit, trust, promise, pledf/ed word, pledge, honor, pro- tection, alliance ; fidem praestare, show oneself faithful ; fidem se- qui, trust oneself to any one, pledge oneself to any one, espouse one's cause ; f. interponere, pledge one's honor ; i. implorare, implore pro- tection ; se potestati fideique per- mittere, to surrender to one's au- thority and honor, = make an un- conditional surrender ; in fidem accipere, receive the surrender of. 158 VOCABULARY. fides, is, string ; pi. cithern, tyre. fido, 3. fisus, trust. fiducia, confidence. f Idus, a, urn, faithful. fige, 3, fixl, fixum, fix, fasten, pierce. filia, daughter. filius, son. f IniO, 4. finish. finis, is, m. (more rarely f.), end, limit, boundary, border ; plu.v. bor- der, territory. finitimus, a, um, neighboring, bor- dering ; subst. neighbor. fio, fieri, factus (pass, of facxS), be made or done, become, rise, happen, take place ; fit ut, it so happens that, it is that ; certiorem fieri, be informed. firmS, 1. strengthen, encourage ; fir- mare invicem fidem, give mutual assurance of fidelity. f irmus, a, um, strong. flagito, 1. demand. flagr6, 1. bum. fiamma, flame, fire. fleets, 3. flexl, flexum, bend, prevail on. fleo, 2. flevi, fletum, weep. fletus, us, weeping. flo, 1. blow. floreS, 2. ui, — , flourish. fids, floris, flower, bloom. fluctuo, 1. (biUow), waver. fluctus, us, flood, icave. flumen, inis, river. flu5, 3. fluxi, — , flow, droop, be re- laxed. fluvius, i, river. fodia, 3. fodi, fossum, dig, pierce. foedo, 1. befoul, pollute, tarnish. foedus, a, um, foul. foedus, eris, n. league, treaty. fons, ntis, m. fountain, spring. foramen, inis, hole, orifice. fore, fat. inf. of sum and fl5. fores, ium, door. forma, shape, mould, form, appear- ance. formids, fear. formO, 1. mould, form. formosus, a, um, shapely, beautiful. fora, tis, chance. forte, by chance; si forte, if perhaps. fortis, e, brave, courageous, gallant ; adv. fortiter, fortius, fortissime. fortitudd, bravery, courage. fortuna, fortune, fate, chance; pi. property, goods and chattels. fortunatus. a, um, fortunate. forum, market-place. fossa, ditch, fosse. foved, 2. fovi, f5tum, warm, hug. frang6, 3. fregi, fr actum, break t crush ; pass, feel, crush. frater, tris, brother. frau3, fraudis, fraud. fremitus, us, roar, noise, hubbub. fremo, 3. ui, itum, roar, make a noise, a hubbub. frenatus, a, um, bridled. frendo (eS), 3. (2.) — , fresum, gnash the teeth. frenum, curb, bit, bridle. frequens, ntis, crowded, thronged. f return, frith, straits. frigus, oris, cold, frost ; pi. cold seo> sons, spells. frons, frondis, leafage, foliage. frons, frontis, brow, forehead, front; recta fronte, with its full front. fructus, us, fruit. fruges, um, fruits of the field. frumentarius, a, um, pertaining to com, grain; res frumentaria, com, commissary department ; inopia frumentaria, short supply, scarcity of corn. frumentum, com, grain. fruor, 3. fruitus, fructus (get fruit), get enjoyment, enjoy. frustra, in vain. frustum, bit, scrap. frutex, icis, shrub. fuga, flight ; in fugam dare, conji- cere, put to flight. fugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee, fly, run, i scape. fugitivus, a, um, run away, fugitive. fugd, 1. put to flight. fulgeo, 2. fulsi, — , glitter, shine. fulgor, glitter. fume, 1. smoke. fumus, i, smoke; pi. columns of smoke. funda, sling. funditor, dinger. VOCABULARY. 159 funds, 3. fudi, fusum, pour, spread, scatter, rout. funis, is, m. rope. Furiae, arum, the Furies. (furo), 3. — , rage, rave, be mad, rabid. furor, rage, fury. fusilis, e (molten), moulded. fustis, is, m. cudgel. futurus, a, urn, future. G Gades, ium, Cadiz. galea, helmet. Gallia, Gaul, 1. Gallia citerior, Cis- alpina, togata, the region of the Po,inN. Italy ; 2. Gallia Transal- pina, France, Netherlands W. of Germany, Switzerland. Gallicus, a, um, Gcdlic. galllna, hen, poultry. gallus, I, cock. gaudeo, 2. gavisus, rejoice, delight. gaudium, joy. Gaza, ae, Gaza of the Bible, Sam- son's Gaza. Gedrosia, Beluchistan. Geidumni, drum, dependants of the Nervii. gelidus, a, um, cold. gelu, us, cold. gemini, 5rum, twins. gemitus, us, groan, moan. gemma, gem, precious stone. gener, eri, son-in-law. generdsus, a, um, noble, generous, gentlemanly. gens, gentis, race, tribe, clan, people. genu, us, knee; in genu procumbere, kneel down. genus, eris, kind, class, sort, race ; genus ducere, derive origin, trace descent. German!, orum, Germans. ger6, 3. gessi, gestum, carry, man- age, do; bellum gerere, wage, carry on war ; res gestae, exploits, transactions, what has been done ; rem gerere, carry on the business, fight ; rem bene gerere, make a successful stroke. gesta, orum, deeds, exploits. gest6, 1. carry, wear. gignQ, 3. genui, genitum, beget; pass. be bom. gladius, I, sword. glans, ndis (acorn), ball. gloria, fame, renown, glory. glorior, 1. (take glory to oneself \ boast, brag. gracilis, e, slender. gracilitas, atis, slenderness. graculus, i, jackdaw. gradus, us, step. Granicus, river of Mysia. grassor, 1. proceed (to extremities), rage, riot. gratia, favor, influence, gratitude ; gratiam habere, feel thankful ; gratiam referre, return favor, make return for, requite, repay ; gratias agere, return thanks, thank; gratiam inire, gain popu- larity, favor (with) ; in gratiam re- dire, make friends (again); gratia, for the sake. gratulor, 1. congratulate. gratulabundus, a, um, congratula- ting, offering congratulations. gratulatie, congratulation. gratus, a, um, grateful, acceptable. gravis, e, heavy, iceighty, of weight, severe, serious. gra vitas, atis, weight. graviter (gravius, gravissime), heav- ily, seriously ; g. permotus, great- ly embittered ; g. dolere, ferre, resent bitterly, be sore at. grav6, 1. weigh down, be heavy for, make uncomfortable. gremium, lap. grex, gregis, flock, herd. Grudii, orum, Belgic tribe subject to the Nervii. grus, gruis, crane. gubernator, pilot. gusto, 1. tade. guttur, uris, n. throat. H Habenae, arum (holders), reins. habeo, 2. ui, itum, have, hold, possess L keep, regard; orationem habere make a speech. habitS, 1. dwell, inhabit. 1 habitus, us, bearing, attire. 1G0 VOCABULARY. haeree, 2. haesi, haesum, stick ; in medio haerere, be hemmed in from all sides ; haggle, hesitate. Halicarnassus, i, f. a city in Asia Minor. Halys, yos, river of Asia Minor, Kisil-Irmak, a noted boundary. Haramon (AmmSn), a god in Libya with ram's horns, identified with Jupiter. hamus, I, hook. Harpyiae, Harpies, half virgins, half birds. haruspex, icis, haruspex. hasta, spear. hastaU, orum, spearmen. haud, jiot. haurio, 4. hausi, haustum (scoop), draw (water &c), drain. Hellespontus, Hellespont, Darda- nelles. Heracieota, of Heraclea in Lower Italy. herba, grass. hercule, mehercule, By Hercules. heroicus, a, urn, heroic. heros, ois, hero. herus (erus), I, master. heus, ho! hiberna, 5rum, winter quarters. liic, haec, hoc, this; abl. hoc, on this account. hie, here, at this point. hiemalis, e, of winter. hiemO, 1. winter. hiems, hiemis, winter. hinc, hence, on this side. hirsutus, a, um, rough. Hispania, Spain. Hispanus, a, um, Spanish. home, inis, human being, fellow; plu. people. honestus, a, um, honoi*able, virtuous. honor (honos), ho nor, dignity, esteem, regard. hora, hour (twelfth part of daylight or night, the first hour being, say, 6 A. M. or P. M.) horrendus, a, um, horrible. horridus, a, um (bristly), rough, rug- ged, d readful, frightful. horror, chill, shudder. hortor 1. exhort, urge. hortus, I, garden. hospes, itis, stranger, guest, host, friend. hospitaliter, hospitably. hospitium, I, friendship, friend's house. hostia, victim. hostilis, e, of the, an, enemy, hostile. hostis, is, c. enemy ; pi. often where ice use the collective singular. hue, hither, hereto, to this. humanus, a, um, human, cultivated, refined. humerus (better umerus), shoulder. humilis, e, low, weak. humilitas, atis, lowness, low build, weakness. hums, 1. bury, inter, humor (umor), moisture. humus, I, ground ; humi, on the ground. Hyarotis, idis, m. river, affluent of the Acesines. Hydaspes, is, m. river in India, con- fluent of the Acesines. Hydra, Hydra, fabulous water-snake. Hyrcania, country S. E. of the Cas- pian sea. Ibi, there. ictus, us, blow, thrust, cast. idcirco, therefore. idem, eadem, idem, the same. identidem, again and again, repeat' edly. ideo, on that account. idoneus, a, um, suitable, convenient. igitur, therefore. ignarus, a, um, unknowing, not know- ing, ignorant, unacquainted with. ignis, is, m. fire ; ignem concipere, catch fire ; i. injicere, set on fire. ignobilis, e, obscure, mean, insignifi- cant, ignoble. ignore, 1. not know, be unacquainted with. ignosce, 3. ignovi, ignotum, forgive. Ignotus, a, um, unknown. Ilia, ium, flanks. Ilias, adis, f. Iliad. Ilium, Troy. illacrime, 1. weep over. VOCABULARY. 1C1 illicio, 3. lexi, lectum, entice. illldo, 3. lisi, llsum, dash against. illigs, 1. bind, tie to. illino, '■'). levi, litum, besmear, anoint, perfume. ille, ilia, illud, that ; he, she, it. illustris, e, bright ; dies illustris, broad day. Illyricum. llhjria. imago, inis, likeness, image, picture. imber, bris, m. shower. imitabilis, e, imitable. imitor, 1. imitate. immanis, e, monstrous. immanitas, atis, enormity, inhuman- ity. immemor, oris, unmindful, forget- ful. immensus, a, um {unmeasured), im- measurable, immense. immergO, 3. mersi, mersum, plunge in. immerit5, undeservedly. immineo, 2. — , — , overhang, threaten, be imminent. immisceO, 2. miscul, mixtum, mix in, get into, get in among. immitis, e, rude, rough. immitto, 3. mlsi, missum, send in, send against^ turn on, hurl. immodestia, irunt of moderation, of self-control, license. immodicus, a, um, immoderate. immolo, 1. sacrifice. immortalis, e, undying, immortal. impedlmentum, hindrance ; pi. bag- gage heavy baggage. impedid, 4. (shackle), hinder, obstruct, embarrass, engage, preoccupy. impello, 8 pull, pulsum, push on, shove on, instigate. impended, 2. — , — , hang over, be impending. impense, earnestly, energetically. imperator, commander, general; em- [ii /'"/'. imperitus, a, um, unpractised, un- skilled, ignorant. Lmparium, dominion, sway, rule; pi. rights as a ruler. impero, \,give commands, command, order, impose, levy, make a levy of, order to furnish ; govern. impetrO, 1. obtain {what one wishes), get. impetus, us, onset, onslaught, assault, cJiarge, violence. impigre, energ/ tically. impleO, 2. plevi, pletum, fill. implico, 1. aAd plicul, plicitum, en- tangle, involve, knot. imploro, 1. beseech, implore, appeal to. imp5n6, 3. posui, positum, put in, 2)ut on, on board, impose. import5, 1 . bring in ; import. importunus, a, um, pressing, impor- tunate, impertinent, churlish. impiimis (in piimis), amongst the chief, chiefly, especiedly ; if possible. imprimO, 3. pressi, pressum, press upon, impress. improbo, 1. disapprove. improbus, a, um, naughty, wicked, ■remorseless, ruthless ; knave. improviso (de improviso), unfore- seen, unexpectedly . imprudens, not foreseeing, off one's guard, imprudent, unicittingily). imprudentia, want of foresight. impudens, ntis, shameless, impudent. impulsu, at the suggestion,- impulse. impune, without punishment, with impunity, scot-free. in, 1. with ace. into, to, towards, for; in longitudinem, lengthwise, in length ; in utramque partem, in either case ; in speciem, for a blind, make-believe. 2. with abl. in, amongst, in the case of, on ; in summa inopia, in spite of extreme destitution; in praesentia, at present. inanis, e, empty. incalesco, 3. calui, — , grow warm. incautus, a, um, unwary, heedless, incautious ; adv. incaute. incedo, 3. cessi, cessum, walk in, enter. incendium, fire, conflagration. incendd, 3. ndi, nsum, set on fire, fire. incertus, a, um, uncertain, doubtful. incessO, 3. cessi vi (cessi), attack. incido, 3. cidi, casum, fall into, chance upon. incipio, 3. cepi, ceptum, begin. 1G2 VOCABULARY. inclitus, a, urn, renowned. include, 3. clusl, clusum, shut in, surround. incognitus, a, um, unknown. incohd (incho6), 1. begin. incola, inhabitant. incold, 3. colui, cultum, dwell in, live in, inhabit. incolumis, e, unhurt, unharmed, without hurt, without loss, safe. incommodus, a, um (uncomfortable), disastrous; incommoda valetudo, bad, ill health ; adv. incommode. incommodum, disaster. inconditus, a, um (unorganized), con- fused, uncultivated, rude, wild. incredibilis, e (passing belief), extra- ordinary. increpB, 1. ui, itum, chide, take to task, inveigh against. incubs, 1. ui, itum, lie upon. incurro, 3. currl (cucurri), cursum, run (upon), charge, come running (upon). incursie, incursion, raid. incusS, 1. find fault with, censure. inde, thence, therefore. indecore, unbecomingly. indicium, token, indication. indies, 1. point out, announce, betray. indicS, 3. dixl, dictum, proclaim, appoint, fix. In die us, a, um, of, in India. indies, daily (progressive change). indigne ferre, be indignant at. indignor, 1. be indignant. indignus, a, um, unworthy. indo, 3. didi, ditum, give. indoles, is, temper, talent. indued, 3. duxi, due turn, lead, draw on; plate. indulgentia, indulgence. indulged, 2. dulsl, dultum, indulge. induS, 3. ui, utum, put on, dress, ar- ray. industria, energy, industry ; de in- dustria, purposely. Indus, i, river ; Indian. Indutiomarus, i, chief of the Treveri. ine6, ire, ii, itum, enter upon, engage in; gratiam inire, gain favor, popularity ; consilium inire, form a plan. ineptus, a, um, unsuitable, silly. inermis, e, unarmed. inexpertus, a, um, untried. inexplicabilis, e, unknottable. infamia, infamy. infans, ntis, infant, babe, minor, youthful. infelix, icis, unhappy. infensus, a, um, hostile, embittered against. inferi, orum, the gods below, the lower world. inferior, ius, lower, inferior. inferd, ferre, tuli, illatum, bear in, bring in, upon, inflict; bellum inferre, wage ivar ; pedem inferre (put one's foot in), attack; peri- culum inferre, cause danger. inficid, 3. feci, fectum, stain, paint. infinitus, a, um, without end, bound- less, enormous, infinite. infula, fillet. infuscS, 1. obscure, tarnish. ingemum, genius, character, disposi- tion. ingens, ntis, gigantic, huge, vast, great, ingere, 3. gessi, gestum (carry in, pile in), hurl upon, shower upon. ingratus, a, um, ungrateful, unpleas- ant, thankless. ingravesco, 3. — , — , get more seri- ous, worse. ingredior, 3. gressus (step in), enter. inhaerescS, 3. haesl, haesum, stick in. inhibeS, 2. check, stop. inhumatus, a, um, unburied. inimicitia (unfriendlituss), enmity. inimlcus, a, um, unfriendly, ill-dis- posed ; animo inimico, ill-affected. iSiibst. enemy, adversary. iniquus, a, um, unfair, unjust, un- favorable, adverse. initium, beginning. injiciS, 3. ieci, iectum, throw into, on, put into; inspire; furorem injicere. madden, enrage; rixam injicere, start a quarrel. injuria, wrong, outrage, injury. injussu, without orders. innitor, 3. nixus (nisus), stay oneself on, lean on. VOCABULARY. 163 innocens, ntis, innocent. innumerabilis, e, countless, innu- merable. inopia, want, scarcity, neecliness, in- digence. inops, opis (wWiout resource), needy, poor in ; inops consilii, at one's icit's end, at a loss what to do. inprimis. See imprimis. inquam, quoth I, I say. Insanabilis, e, incurable. insciens, ntis, not knowing; insciente Oaesare, without the knowledge of Caesar. inscribe, 3. scrips!, scriptum, write on, inscribe. insequor, 3. secutus, follow up, pur- sue. insert, 3. serui, sertum, insert. inserd, 3. sevi, situm, plant in. insideo, 2. sedi, sessum, sit on,occupy. insidiae, ambuscade. insigne, badge, ensign. insignis, e, marked, remarkable. insiliS, 4. ui, — , leap upon, hop up upon. insimulS, 1. charge. insolentia {extraordinary conduct), insolence. insolitus, a, vim, unaccustomed, un- familiar. insomnis, e, sleepless. insons, ntis, guiltless. insperatus, a, um, unexpected. instigo, 1. egg on, urge on, set on. instinguO, 3. stinxi, stinctum, prick, goad on. instituO, 3. ui, utum, set up, get up, set on foot, erect, build, form, be- gin, open, prepare, train. instS, 1. stiti, — , press on, press hard. instrumentum, furniture, appliance, implement, tool. instruS, 3. struxi, structum, draw up, organize, furnish, prepare ; part, instructus, in battle array, ready. insuetus, a, um, unaccustomed, un- used. insula, islet n d ; insulam capere, make the island. insum, esse, fui, be in. intactus, a, um, untouched, undis- turbed. integer, gra, grum (not tampered tcith), entire, fresh. intellego, 3. lexi, lectum, under- stand, see clearly. intends, 3. tendi, tentum (tensum), strain, stretch (every nerve) ; fu- gam intendere, speed flight ; ocu- los intendere, look intently ; _ cu- ram intendere, rack with anxiety; dolum intendere, lay a trap. intentus, a, um, intent. inter, between, among; inter se, among themselves, with one another. intercede, 3. cessi, cessum, come be- tween, intervene, exist between. intercipiS, 3. cepi, ceptum, cut off, intercept. interdict, 3. dixi, dictum, interdict, forbid ; praecipit et interdicit, he strictly enjoins. interea, meanwhile. intereS, ire, ii, itum, perish, interficio, 3. feci, fectum, slay, kill. intern 1 uS, 3. fluxi, flow between. interim, meanwhile. interims, 3. emi, emptum, make away with, kill, slay. interior, us, inner; subst. interiores, those living inland, in the inteHor; interiora, the interior. interitus, us, destruction, perdition, death. intermittS, 3. misi, missum (leave a gap), let pass, lose ; intermit, put a stop to; ventus intermittitur, the wind abates, lulls ; flamma i., the iire slacks. interniteo, 2. ui, — , shine from be- tween. interponO, 3. posui, positum, inter- pose ; fidem interponere, pledge one's honor. interpres, etis, interpreter. interrogo, 1. ask; interrogatum, question. intersum, esse, fui, be present, take part in; interest, it is of impor- tance. intervallum, interval, distance. interveniS, 4. veni, ventum, com« in between, intervene. 164 VOCABULARY. intexS, 3. texul, textum, weave in. intimus, a, urn, inmost, intimate. intonsus, a, um, ' unshorn, unsha- ven. intortus, a, um, matted, tangled. intra, within. intrd, 1. enter. introduce, 3. duxi, ductum, intro- duce. intrdeo, 4. Ivi, (ii) itum, go in, enter. introgredior, 3. gressus, step in, enter. introitus, us, entrance. intromitt6, 3. misi, missum, let in. introrumpo, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst in. intumescS, 3. tumui, swell. intus, within. inultus, a, um, unavenged. inurd, 3. ussl, ustum, bum in; no- tam inurere, brand. inusitatus, a, um, unusual. inutilis, e, useless, good for nothing. invadd, 3. vasl, vasum, go in. attack, come over, invade. invehS, 3, vexi, vectum, bring in, import ; invehor, get in, come in, press in; penetrate, charge, pour in, inveigh. invenis, 4. venl, ventum, come upon, find. inveterasco, 3. avl (grow old), become fixed, establisJied ; inveteratus, rooted, inveterate, veteran. invicem, in turn, mutually. invidia, envy. invlsitatus, unseen, unfamiliar, un- known. invlsus, a, um, hated. invltatis, invitation. invltd, 1. invite. invitus, a, um, unwilling. invius, a, um, pathless. invoc6, 1. call on, invoke. ipse, a, um, self, very, Ira, anger. Iratus, a, um, angry. irrldeS, 2, risi, rlsum, lauqh at. irrito, 1. rouse, excite, irritate. irritus (=in + ratus), not valid, of no avail. irrump5, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst into, come down upon, make in roar /is. is, ea, id, he, she, it; that; is qui ter- rear, a man to be scared; eo minus the less ; ea, that way. Issus, i, f. city of Cilicia. iste, ista, istud, that (of yours). isthmus, I, isthmus (of Corinth). ita, so, in the following manner ; non ita, not so, not so very; not quite, no indeed. itaque, and so, consequently, there- fore. iter, itineris, n. journey, march, route, road, way ; ex itinere, on the march ; aliquantum itineris, a considerable distance ; magnum iter, forced march. iterum, again. Itius portus, Wissant (f) JaceS, 2. ul, lie (prostrate). jaci6, 3. jeel, jactum, hurl, throw, jactd, 1. toss, bandy, brag of. jactus, us, throw, cast. jaculum, javelin. jam, already, now, by this time, anon. flgp The translation of jam is of- ten unnatural in English. Jam ante, before, even before. janitor, gate-keeper. janua, gate. Jaxartes, is, river emptying into the Sea of Aral. jocus, i, jest, joke ; jocus familiaris, joke between friends. jube6, 2. jussi, jussum, bid, order. jucundus, a, um, pleasant, sweet, amusing. judex, icis, judge, juryman. judicium, sentence, judgment, court, trial; judicio, purposely. judicS, judge, think, decide, pro- nounce. juguld, 1. cut the throat of, murder. jugum, yoke, chain (of mountains). jumentum, beast of burden. jung5, 3. junxi, junctum, join, form, pontibus jungere, bridge. junior, 5ris, younger, Jund, onis, goddess, consort of Jupi- ter. Juppiter (= Jovipiter), Jo vis, Jupi- ter, Gr. ZevS, the supreme God. VOCABULARY. 165 jus, juris, n. right, justice, authority; jura reddere, administer justice, ; jura belli, lain of tear ; in j. am bulare, go to court, law; j. juran- dum, oath. jussu, by order, by command, justitia, justice. juvenis, is, youth. juventus, ntis, youth. L L = Lucius, labor, toil, labor. labor, 3. lapsus, dip up, away ; make a slip, fall away ; escape ; spe labi, be disappointed. labors, 1. toil, strain, work hard, suffer; be in distress, embarrass- ment, want. labrum, lip. lac, lactis. n. milk. lacere, 1. tear in ribbons, in pieces. lacertus, i, tipper arm, arm. lacessO, 3. ivi, itum, assail, provoke, la trass. LacO, onis, Lacedaemonian. lacrima, tear. lacrimS, 1. shed tears, weep. laedo, 3. laesi, laesum, icound, insult. laetatio (a rare word), jubilation. laetitia, gladness ; laetitia adficere, fill with gladness, joy, gladden. laetor, 1. be glad. laetus, a, urn, glad, joyful; flourish- ing. laevus, a,um, left; laeva(sc. manus), left hand. Iamb6, 3. Iambi, lick. lamentor, 1. make lamentation. lamina (lammina), plate {of metal) ; argenteis laminis inductus, plated with silver. languide, languidly, feebly. languor, fatigue, lassitude. laniatus, us, mangling. lanio, 1. mangle. lapillus, pebble, gem. lapis, idis, stone. lapsus, us {slipping), course. laqueus, i, noose, snare, toils. largus, a, um, free, liberal, abundant, copious, lavish; adv. large, ius, issime. lassitude, faintness, lassitude. late, widely; latius, too far.' latebra, hiding-place. latebrosus, a, um, full of hiding- places. lated, 2. ui, lie hid. later, eris, brick. latibulum, hiding-place, covert, den, lair. latitude, breadth, width. Latona, goddess, mother of Apollo and Diana. latratus, us, barking. latro, highwayman. latrocinium, robbery on Hie highway, freebootery, raiding. latrunculus, i, diminut. of latro, robber, piece, man {at draughts). latus, a, um, broad, wide. latus, eris, side, flank. laudo, 1. praise. laureus, a, um, of laurel, laurel. laus, laudis, praise, glory. Iax6, 1. slack, abate ; laxatus, a, um, loose. lectica, litter, palanquin. lectus, a, um, picked. legatio, embassy. legatus, i, ambassador, envoy, lieu- tenant. legie, legion {at the time of Caesar consisting of 10 cohorts, of from 300 to 3(30 men each, each cohort divided into three maniples — 100 to 120 men each — each maniple into two centuries; in all from 3,000 to 3,000 men). legionarii, legionaries. lego, 3. legi, lectum, pick, choose, gather ; read ; coast along. lenis, is, gentle, mild, 'placid. leniter, gently ; couip. lenius, with less vigor. Ie6, lion. leonina societas (lions partnership), lion's share. lepus, oris, m. hare. Lerna, swamp in Argolis. Levaci, a Belgic tribe near Ghent. levis, e, light, weak, slight, insignifi- cant, thoughtless; adv. leviter. levitas, atis, lightness. levd, 1. lighten, alleviate, relieve, lift. 1GG VOCABULARY. lex, legis (that which is laid down), laic, condition. Libanus, I, Lebanon. libenter, willingly ; libenter ludifi- cor, 1 like to fool. liber, bri (inner) bark ; book. liber, a, waif free; adv. libere ; couip. liberius, more freely ; too freely, with too much freedom. Liber, eri, God of wine, identified with Bacchus. liberi, orum, children. libero, 1. free, set free. libertas, atis, freedom. libet, libuit (libitum est), it pleases, one would like. libs, 1. taste. Libya, Libya, Africa. licet, licuit (licitum est), it is left free, one may : si per te liceret, if you allowed it, if it were not for you. lignatiS, getting wood. lignator, wood cutter (getter). ligneus, a, um, wooden. lignum, wood, log. Iig6, Onis, m. mattock. limus, i, mud. lingua, tongue, language. Iinqu8, 3. Hqui, leave; animo lin- qui, faint. linteum, linen cloth. linum, flax. liquor, liquid. lis, litis, suit at late, damages. KtigO, 1. contend, wrangle. littera, letter (character of the alpha- bet) ; pi. litterae, letter, epistle ; letter's, studies ; litterae publicae, public documents. litus, oris, shore. lixa, sutler. loco, 1. place, post, station, let, rent. locupleto, 1. enrich. locus, I, place, position, ground, post, rank ; locum capere, reach desti- nation; loco, in the stead of, as; opport a a it i/, room; family, parent- age, position ; pi. parts, climate. longe, far, distant, by far ; comp. longius, too far. longinquus, a, um, long, far, distant, protracted. longitudo, length. longus, a, um, long ; navis longa, ship of war ; comp. longior, longer than usual. loquor, 3. loctitus, speak, talk. lorica, corselet ; parapet (a kind of breastwork). lorum, thong, strap ; loris caedere, flog. lubricus, a, um, slippery. lucerna, lantern. lucrum, gain, profit. luctor, 1. wrestle. luctus, us, mourning. lucus, i, sacred grove. ludibrium, mockery ; 1. oculorum, optical illusion. ludificor, 1 . make sport of, fool. ludo, 3. lusi, lusum, play, sporty make sport, game (of), mock. ltidus, i, play, game, gayety. lugeo, 2. luxi, — , be in mourning , mourn. Lugotorix, igis, a Briton. lugubris, e, mournful. lunatus, a, um (half) moon-shaped, crescent-shaped. Iu6, 3. lui, — , pay for, atone for, expiate. lupus, i, wolf. luscinia, nightingale. lustratio, review. lux, lucis, light, daylight; prima luce, at day Weak ; luce clarissi- ma, broad day. luxuria, debauchery , luxury. luxus, us, debauchery, extravagance. Lycia, in Asia Minor. M Macedo, 6nis, a, the Macedonian. macto, 1. slay, sacrifice. maeror, grief, sadness. maestus, a, um, sad. Magi, orum, Magi, priestly caste in Persia. magis, more, rather ; eo magis, aii the more, magister, trl, teacher, master. magistratus, us, magistracy, official, government ; magistratum gerere, be in office. VOCABULARY. 167 magnificentia, magnificence, gran- de u r. magnificus, a, urn, magnificent, grand. magnitude, bigness, greatness, size ; venti magnitudo, high wind. magnopere, greatly, urgently. magnus (major, maximus), great, large, big, loud, ; magni interesse, be of great importance. majores, um, ancestors. male, badly, ill ; male habere, be ill. maledicO, 3. dixi, dictum, speak evil against, slander, curse. malum, apple. malus, a, um, bad, wicked, evil; poor; subst. malum, an evil. mamma, breast, pap. mandatum, commission. mando, 1. commit; se fugae man- dare, betake oneself to flight. Mandubracius, i, chief of the Trino- bants. mane (in good time), in the morning, early in the morning. maneo, 2. mansi, mansum, remain. manicatus, a, um, with (long) sleeves. mano, 1. flow. mansuetus, a, um (used to the hand), tame. manus, us, f. hand; trunk (of ele- phants) ; band, body (of men), force; manus dare, surrender, yield, give way. Maracanda, drum, capital of Sog- diana. Mardi, orum, a tribe S. of the Cas- pian Sea. mare, is, sett ; mare nostrum, Medi- terranean. Mareotis, idis, bog on tlie western mouth of the Nile. margarita, pearl. maritimus, a, um, on the seaboard, sea, maritime. Mars, tis, God of war. mas, maris, male. mater, tris, mother. materia (stuff, material), timber. matrimonium, marriage. matrona, lady, married lady. maturus, ripe, in good time, early ; adv. mature. / matutinus, a, um, early in the morn- ing, of the morning. maxime, most, especially, very. maximopere, greatly, highly. maximus, a, um, superl. of magnus. medeor, 2. — , remedy. medela, remedy, cure. medicina, medical attendance, nurs- ing. medicus, I, physician. mediocris, e, moderate, insignificant. mediterraneus, a, um, inland. medius, a, um, middle, intervening ; media nox, midnight; medii fines, middle of territory. mehercule, by Hercul Meldi, orum, Keltic tribe between Meaux and Melun on the Seine and Marne. membrum, limb, member. memini, isse, remember. memor, oris, mindful. memorabilis, memorable. memoria, memory ; memoria prodi- tum est, there is a tradition. memorS, 1. mention. mendax, acis, given to lying, liar. mens, ntis, mind, understanding. mensis, is, m. month. mensura, measure ; m. ex aqua, wa- ter-clock (clepsydra). mentis, mention. mentior, 4. lie, tell a lie, lie and say. mercennarius, a, um (on wages), hired, mercenary . Mercurius, I, Mercury, God of gain, identified with Greek Hermes. merg6, 3. mersi, mersum, make a plunge, plunge (under water). meridianus, a, um, midday ; south- ern; meridianum tempus, mid- day, noonday. meridies, ei, midday, south. meritum (one's share), desert, service • merito, deservedly ; pro ejus men- tis, as he deserved. meritus, a, um, deserved. met a (winning)-post, goal. metuo, 3. ui, — , fear. metus, us, fear ; hie metus, fear of this. meus, a, um, my, mine, my own, my dear. OF TKr. ^^\ 168 VOCABULARY. miles, itis, soldier, soldiery, foot-sol- dier, common soldier. militaris, e, of war, military ; res militaris, art of war, military science, operations. militia {military) service. Miletus, i, f . city in Ionia. mille, thousand; pi. milia; mille passuum, a thousand paces, a (Ro- man) mile (142 yards less than our English mile). minae, arum, threats. Minerva, Goddess of Thought, iden- tified with Greek Athena. minime, by no means. minister, tri, servant, attendant. ministerium, service. ministrs, 1. seme. minor, us, less, smaller, decreasing , younger ; minus, less; nihilo mi- nus, not a whit the less, neverthe- less ; eo minus, all the less ; minus magnus, smaller. Minos, ois, King of Crete. minus, 3. ui, utum, lessen. mirificus, a, um, marvellous. miror, 1. wonder at. mirus, a, um, strange, marvellous, wonderful. miser, era, erum, wretched, misera- ble, sad. miserabilis, e, pitiable, sad. miserandus, a, um, pitiful. misereor, 2. pity. misere, pitifully, sadly. miseria, wretchedness, misery. misericordia, pity, compassion. missile, is, missile. missis (letting go), discharge. missu. (at the sending), by commis- ■ sion. mitigs, 1. soothe, soften, assuage, ap- pease. mitis, e, mild. mitts, -'3. misi, missum, send, let go, lose ; xram mittere, cease to be an- !/>■>/■ moderatus, a, um, moderate. moderor, 1. manage. modicus, a, um, moderate. modo, only ; non modo — sed ne — quidem, not only, but not even. modus, i, measure, manner, size; ad hunc modum, after this fashion, thus; modo, after the manner, like. moenia, ium (city) icalls. m51es, is, mass ; dam, mole. molior, 1. set in motion, set about, take the pains, purpose ; form. mollis, e, soft; effeminate, womanish; gently sloping. momentum, movement, moment. Mona, according to some the Isle of Man, according to others Anglesea. mones, 2. remind, advise, icarn. monitu, at the instance. mons, montis, m., mountain. monstrS, 1. show, point out. monumentum, monument. mora, delay ; mora reliquorum, de- lay caused by the rest. morbus, i, sickness, disease. mordeo, 2. momordi, morsum, bite. moribundus, a, um, dying. morior, mori, mortuus, die. Morini, orum, Belgic tribe on the coast between the Scheldt and the Lys in Northern Picardy. moror, 1. delay, tarry, check. mors, mortis, death. morsus, us, bite. mortalis, e, mortal. mortifer, era, erum, deadly, fatal. mos, moris, custom, way ; pi. charac- ter, manners, morals. Mosa, Aleuse. motus, us, movement, motion, disturb- ance, revolt ; animi motus, excite- ment. See animus. moves, 2. move, excite; castra mo- vere, break camp, move on; se movere, be set going, start; ne quid moveretur, that there might be no revolt, to guard against a r. mox, presently, by-and-bye. mucrs, sword. mules, 1. maul. muliebris, e, womanish ; adv. mulie- briter, like a looman. mulier, eris, woman. multiplex, icis, manifold. multituds, large body, crowd, multi- tude, masses. multum, much, a great part ; nroito, by much, much the — ; plurimum, most. VOCABULARY. 169 mullus, a, um (pluris, plurimus), much. mulus, I, mule. mundus, I, world, universe. munia, ium, offices, duties. munio, 4. fortify, strengthen, protect. munimentum, fortification. munltio, fortifying, materials for fortifying , fortification. nvunitus, a, um, fortified ; munitis- simus, a, um, thoroughly fortified. munus, eris, office, service, present, gift, bestowment. murmur, uris, murmur. murmurs, 1. murmur. muralis, e, used from walls, mural. mums, I, watt. mus, muris, ni. mouse. musca, fiy. mutilS, 1. maim, mutilate, clip. mute, 1. change. mutuus, a, um, mutual. Mycenae, arum, old capital of Ar- golis. Myrmidones, tribe in Thessaly, vas- sals of Achilles. Mysia, in Asia Minor. N Nam, namque, for. nanciscor, 3. nactus (nanctus), get, get hold of, attain, find, gain. nares, ium, f. nostrils, nose. narratiuncula, short story, anecdote. narro, 1. tell. nascor, 3. natus, be born, produced ; ante Christum natum, before the birth of Christ ; natus, old (so and so many years) ; son. nasus, I, nose. nat6, 1. swim. natu, in age ; maximus natu, oldest. natura, nature. naturalis, e, natural. naufragium, shipwreck. nauta (shipman, skipper), sailor. nauticus, a, um, nautical, naval; nautici, sailors. navalis, e, naval. navigatiS, sailing, navigation. navigium, (sailing) vessel. navigS, 1. sail. navis, is, ship; n. longa, ship of war, -ne, interrogative particle = ? ne, not, that not, lest ; ne quis, lest any one, that no one ; ne — qui- dem, n^t even. nee, nor. See neque. necdum, and not yet. necessario, of necessity. necessarius, a, um, necessary ; subst. kinsman. necesse, necessary ; quod fieri ne- cesse erat, what was inevitable, could not but happen. necessitas, atis, necessity. nec6, 1. put to death, kill. nefas (against God's word), ungodly, impious, wrong. neglegS, 3. neglexl, neglectum, neg led, disregard, despise. nego, 1. say No, not, deny ; refuse. negotium, business, affair, difficulty, trouble. Nemeaeus, a, um, of Nemea in Ar- golis. nem6 (G. nulllus), nobody, no one. nemus, oris, grove, wood. Neptunus, i, Neptune, God of the Water. nequaquam, in no wise, by no man- ner of means. neque (nee), nor, and not ; neque — neque, neither — nor. Nervil, Belgic tribe between the Sam- bre and the Scheldt. Nessus, a Centaur, half man, half horse. neuter (tra, trum, G. trius), neither. neve (neu), or (that) not, and (that) not. nidus, I, nest. nihil, nothing, not at all, not a whit. nihilo minus, setius (secius), none the less, nevertheless. Nilus, i, Nile. nimis, too much, too. nimius, a, um, too great, excessive. nisi, unless, except, without, if not. nitor, brilliancy, glitter. nix, nivis, f . snow. n5, 1. swim. nobilis, e, noble, highborn, famous. nobilitas, atis, nobility, nobles. noceO, 2. do harm. 170 VOCABULARY. noctu, by night. nocturnus, a, urn, by night, night. nodus, I, knot. nolo, nolle, nolul, be unwilling, not want. nomen, inis, name ; nomine, in the name; by name. nominatim, by name. nomino, 1. name. non, not. nondum, not yet. nonne, not ? nonnulli, some. noscito, 1. recognize. nosed, 3. novi, n5tum, learn to know, become acquainted with. jiovl, I know. noster, stra, strum, our. nota, mark, sign, token. noto, 1. mark, make conspicuous. notus, a, um, known. noverca, stepmother. novus, a, um, new ; novae res, revo- lution; novissimus, last; novissi- mi, rear. nox, noctis, night ; nox media, mid- night. noxius, a, um, hurtful, injurious, guilty. nubes, is, cloud. nubo, 3. nupsi, nuptum, marry (of the woman). nude, 1 . strip {naked), bare. nudus, a, um, naked, stripped, bare. nullus, a, um, nullius, none, no; nullo periculo, without any dan- ger. num, whether — ? numen, inis, divinity, divine will. numero, 1. count, account. numerus, 1, number, amount; ad numerum, to the amount (re- quired). nummus, I, money, coin. nunc, now. nunquam, never, not ever. nuntio, 1. (bring the news of), an- nounce. nuntius, i, news, message, messen- ger. nuper (newly), lately. nuptiae, arum, wedding. nusquam, nowhere. nutus, us, nod, beck ; beckoning. Nympha, nymph. Nysa, ae, town in India. 0. Ob (over against), for, on account of; ob earn causam, therefore. obducS, 3. duxi, ductum (lead op- posite), cover ; cicatrice obducta, scarred over, cicatrized. obeS, ire, ii, itum (r/o to meet), per- form, attend to ; obire mortem, die. obequitS, 1. ride up to. oberrS, 1. wander up and down. objiciO (obicio), 3. jeci, jectum, put over against, oppose, throw in tlie way of; nubem objicere, cloud over, becloud ; venabulum o. point a spear; Part, objectus, a, um, op- posite, opposing ; objectum esse, bar, dam. obliviscor, 3. oblitus, forget. obnixus, a, um, urgent. oborior, 4. ortus, rise, start. obruo, 3. rui, rutum, overwhelm, cover, bury. obscurus, a, um, dark, obscure. obsecrd, 1. adjure. obsequium, compliance, obedience. obsero, 3. sevi, situm, sow. obsero, 1. bar (against). observO, 1. observe, regard. obses, sidis, hostage. obsideo, 2. sedi, sessum, beset, be- siege, blockade. obsidio, siege, blockade. obstinate, steadily, persistently. obstrepS, 3. ul, itum (din against), drown by din. obstrud, 3. struxi, structum, block up. obsum, esse, f ui, do harm, injure. obtego, 3. texi, tectum, cover. obtendo, 3. di, turn, stretch before. obterO, 3. trivl, tritum, trample, crush. obtestor, 1. abjure, conjure. obtineo, 2. tinui, tentum, hold, obtain. obtingO, 3. tigi, — fall to. obviam (in the way), to meet. obvius, a, um, meeting. occasio, opportunity, chance. VOCABULARY. 171 occasus, us, setting. occido, 3. cidi, casum, fall, set ; oc- cidens (sc. sol), west. occid6, 3. cidi, cisum,/e^, cut down, sin)/, km, ran riler. occults, 1. hide. occultus, a, urn, hidden, secret. occupo, 1. take up, anticipate, oc- cupy, engross. occurrd, 3. curri, cursum, run, has- ten to meet, meet, encounter. oceanus, i, ocean. ocius, swiftly, promptly. oculus, i, eye ; oculorum ludibrium, optical illusion. odium, hatred, hate. odor, smell, perfume. offendo, 3. di, sum {hit upon, stum- ble against), offend. offero, 3. offerre, obtuli, oblatum, bring, offer, expose. officio, 3. feci, fectum, be in the way, stand in the light. officium, duty, office, service, atten- tion ; in officio esse, tenere, ma- nere, be, keep, remain faithful to duty, true to fealty. offundo, 3. fudi, fusum, pour over; Pass, spread itself over, cover. Slim, once on a time. Olympias, adis, mother of Alexander the Great. Olympia, drum, the Olympic games, celebrated every four years at Olympia, in El is. omitto, 3. let go, omit, leave out, give up, disregard. omnino, in all, at all, generally, whol- ly ; uno omnino loco, only at one point. omnis, e, all, every. onerO, 1. load, lade, overload, burden, be a burden, a drawback; vino oneratus (having too much wine on board), overcome with wine. onus, eris, burden, freight, load. onustus, a, urn, loaded, laden. opacus, a, um, shady. opera, work, pains, trouble; execu- tion; help, service, agency ; ope- ram dare (do one's endeavor), ex- ert one's self. operimentum, covering. operio, 4. ui, opertum, cover. opimus, a, um, fat, rich; spolia opima, spoils taken by one general from another in actual conflict. opinio, opinion, impression, expecta- tion, repute. opinor, 1. think, be of opinion. oportet, uit, it behooves, one must, ought, is to be. opperior, 4. pertus, wait for, await, expect. oppeto, 3. petivi, petitum, go to in ret, meet. oppidani, orum, people of the town, the besieged. oppidum, town. oppono, 3. posui, positum, put in the way of, over against, oppose. opportunitas, atis, opportunity, ad- vantage. opportunus, a, um, convenient, suit- able, timely. opprimo, 3. pressi, pressum, meet and crush, crush, surprise. oppugnatio, assault, attack. oppugno, 1. assault, attack, storm. (ops) opis, power, help, riches, re- sources. optimates, ium (um), leading men. optimus, a, um, superl. of bonus, excellent. opto, 1. icish. opulentia, wealth. opulentus, a, um, wealthy, rich. opus, eris, work, fortification, art / opus est, it is needful, wanted. ora. coast. oraculum, oracle. oratio, speech, language, plea; ora- tionem habere, make a speech. 5rator (speech-make)'), orator, am- bassador. orbis, is, m. circle; orbis (terrarum), wide icorld, world ; in orbtm con- sistere, form a circle; orbis rotae, felly of a wheel, wheel. Orchomenii, orum, Orchomenians, inhabitants of Orchomenus, an an- cient city of Boeotia. Orcus, i, abode of the dead. ordior, 4. orsus (lay a warp, Fr. our- di) 1 ), begin. ordo, inis, m. order, rank, row ; pri- 172 VOCABULARY. mi ordines = centuriones primo- rum ordinum. oriens (sc. sol), rising sun = East. orlgo, inis, rise, origin. orior, 4. ortus, take one's rise, rise. ornamentum, ornament, jewel. ornatus, us, attire, adornment. ornS, 1. dress, deck, adorn, equip, furnish. dro, 1. beg, beseech, entreat. ortus, us, rising. 5s, oris, n. mouth, face. os. ossis, n. bone. osculor, 1. kiss. ostendS, 3. dl, turn and sum (stretch over against), show, point out, ex- plain. ostentatiS, display, bragging. ostento, 1. make a show of display, parade, brag. ostium, door ; mouth (of a river). otium, ease. ovis, is, f . sheep. ove, — rejoice, be in triumphant joy. Fabulator, forager. pabulor, 1. forage. pabulum, forage. pacatus, a, um, peaceful, in a state of peace. pactum, bargain, compact ; manner. Padus, I, the River Po. paelex (pellex), concubine. paena, punishment ; paenas dare, be punished; paenam capere, take satisfaction, wreak vengeance, pun- ish. paene, almost. paeninsula, peninsula. paenitentia, repentance. paenitet, uit, be soi % ry for, repent, regret. Falaetyros, I, f. Old Tyre, destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar 586 B. G. palam, openly, publicly. palla, robe (of state). pallium, cloak, robe. palma, palm. palor, 1. roam about, straggle. palus, udis, swamp, marsh. panis, is, m. bread, loaf of bread. panthera, panther. Parapamisus, I, mountain in Asia, whence flow the Oxus and the Indus; Hindu Kush. Parapamisadae, arum, inhabitants of the same (Kabulistan). par, paris, like, equal, fit, match. Paris, idis, son of Priam. paratus, a, um, ready. pares, 3. peperci, parsurus, spare. parens, ntis, parent; pi. parentis, um, ium. parents, 1. bring funeral sacrifices, do homage (to the dead). pare§, 2. obey, be obedient. parerga (itaoEpya), odd jobs, minor feats. pario, 3. peperi, partum, bring, bear, beget, get, produce, obtain. pariter, alike, equally. pare, 1. make ready, prepare, get ready for, procure ; ictum p. pre* pare to strike. parricida, parricide, foul murderer, assassin. parricldium, foul murder. pars, partis, part, portion, side, quar- ter, way ; pi. party, faction; o- mnibus partibus, at all points ; in utramque partem, in either case ; either way, on both sides. ParthI, drum, Parthians. Parthiene, es, region of Asia S. of Hyrcania, settled by Parthians. particeps, cipis, sharer, partaker, partner, accomplice. partim (ace. of pars), partly. partior, 4. (make into parts), share. parum, but little, too little. parumper, a little while. parvulus, a, um, small, trifling. parvus, a, um (minor, minimus), small, little. pascO, 3. pavi, pastum, feed, graze, tend ; pass, eat, feed on. Pasitigris, is, river in Susiana, "Lit- tle Tigris." passer, eris, sparrow. passus, us, pace; mille passuum, 1.000 paces, a Roman mile. See mille. pastor, herdsman, shepherd. pastoralis, e, of a shepherd. VOCABULARY. 173 patefacio, 3. feci, factum, open (wide), disclose, reveal. pateS, 2. ul, — , stand, lie open, pre- sent an opening, extend. pater, tris, father. paternus, a, um, of a father, paternal. patior, 3. passus, suffer, endure, per- m it. patria, country, natice land. patrimonium, inheritance, patri- mony. patrius, a, um, ancestral. patrS, 1. perform. paucitas, atis, fewness, small number. paucus, a, um, small; pauci, few, (but) few. paulatim, little by little, gradually. paulisper, a little while. paululum, a {very) little. paulum, a little ; abl. paulo. pauper, eris, poor, in narrow cir- cumstances. pavefaciS, 3. feci, factum, frighten. paves, 2. pavi, — , be terror-struck, tremble, be frightened. pavidus, a, um, terror-struck, trem- bling. pavS, peacock. pavor, fear and trembling. pax, pacis, peace. peccatum, error, sin. pecco, 1. do wrong, sin. pectc, 3. pexi, pexum, comb. pectus, oris, breast. pecunia, money, sum of money. pecus, oris, cattle, sheep. pecus, udis, head of cattle, animal. pedes, itis, foot-soldier, infantry. pedester, tris, tre, on foot, by land ; pedester exercitus, land army. peditatus, us, infantry. Feleus, el, King of Phthia in Thes- saly, father of A chilles. pellis, is, skin, fleece. pellc, 3. pepuli, pulsum, push, drive, drive away, banish. pelta, target, small shield. Pelusium, border town on the con- fines of Egypt and Arabia. penates, ium, household gods. pended, 2. pepeadi, — , hang (in- transit.). pendS, 3. hang, weigh, pay. penes, with, in possession of; penes eum victoria stetit, the victory 'ay with, depended on him, was deci- ded by him. penetrd, 1. penetrate. penitus, thoroughly, perfectly, abso- lutely. penna, feather, pinion. per, through, by means of, owing to ; per se, of itself ; per me licet, you may for me, so far as I am con- cerned, for all I care. perag6, 3. egi, actum, perform, hold, spend. peragrS, 1. wander over, traverse. percellS, 3. cull, culsum, smite, dis- may, discourage; perculsus,_pan2'c stricken. percipiS, 3. cepi, ceptum, get, re- ceive, hear. percontatiS, inquiry. percrebrescO, 3. brui, — (get very frequent), spread. percuro, 1. heal thoroughly. percussor, murderer, assassin. percutiC, 3. cussi, cussum, striki (through), stab, smite, punch, JtUL Perdiccas, ae, one of Alexander's offi- cers. perdifficilis, e, very hard to do, very difficult. perditus, a, um, abandoned, de- bauched, reprobate. perdS, 3. didi, ditum (fordo), undo, ruin, lose. perdoms, 1. ui, itum, (thoroughly) tame, (thoroughly) subdue. perduco, 3. duxl, ductum, lead, bring through, over, all the way ; protract. peregrinus, a, um, from abroad, foreign ; subst. foreigner. perendinus, a, um, after to-morrow. perennis, e, from year's end to year's end, perennial. pereO, ire, ii, itum, perish. perexiguus, a, um, m ry small. perferS, ferre, tuli, latum (bear through), get through, carry (all the icay), convey, deliver ; endure (to the end). perficio, 3. feci, fectum [get thrrugh with), complete, accomplish . 174 TOCABULARY. perfidia, bad faith, perfidy. perford, 1. pierce through, transfix, skewer. perfrigidus, a, um, {thoroughly) cold, ice-cold. perfringS, 3. fregi, fractum, break through. perfuga, deserter. perfugid, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee. perfund6, 3. fudl, fusum, pour over, cover from head to foot. perg5, 3. perrexi, perrectum (go right on), proceed. periclitor, 1. expose oneself to dan- ger, be in jeopardy. periculum, risk, hazard, danger; magni periculi, very hazardous; periculum sui facere, to risk (one's self), risk it, make the experiment. perinde, quite as well. peritus, a, um, experienced, skilled, well acquainted with, familiar with.^ perlegS, 3.1egl, lectum, read through. permagnus, a, um, very great. permaneS, 3. mansi, mansum, abide (to the end), hold out, continue, re- main. permetior, 4. mensus, measure, tra- verse. permitto, 2. misi, missum (let through), give Oder, intrust ; per- mit, allow, give up; se potestati fideique permittere, make an ab- solute, unconditional surrender. ' See fides. Part, permissus, lawful. permoveS, 2. m5vi, motum, move (thoroughly), affect, rouse. permulceS, 2. mulsl, mulsum, stroke, soothe, calm,. pernicies, el, fatal injury. perniciosus, a, um, destructive, inju- rious. perpauci, ae, a, very few. perpetuus, a, um, continuous, con- stant, unbroken, without a break, permanent; in perpetuum, for- ever. w perpote, 1. keep drinking, drink on. perrumpQ, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst through, break through. Persa, Persian. Persagada, orum, old capital of Persia. Persepolis, is, capital of Persia. perscribs, 3. scrips!, scriptum, re- port (in writing). persequor, 3. secutus, follow up, pursue, visit; bello persequi, make war on. persevere, 1. persevere, insist. Persicus, a, um, Persian. Persis, idis, Persia. perst5, 1. stiti, stand fast, continue standing. perspiciS, 3. spexi, spectum (see through, spy thoroughly), look into, descry, ascertain, see. perstringO, 3. strinxl, strictum, graze, skirt. persuades, 2. suasi, suasum (make agreeable), persuade, convince. pertaedet, pertaesum est, it wearies, tires. perterre5, 2. frighten thoroughly. pertimescd, 2. timui, — , be (thor- oughly) frightened at, afraid of. pertinacia (power of holding on), obstinacy. pertineS, 2. ui, — , stretch, extend, pertain, concern, involve, be of im- portance. perturbo, 1. throw into disorder, con- fusion, discompose. perveniS, 4. veni, ventum, come (through), arrive, reach; perven- tum est, they reached. pervicax, acis (forceful), persistent. pes, pedis, m.foot; pedibus, on foot. pessimus, superl. of malus. pestilentia, plague. pestis, is, plague, destruction. peto, 3. petivl, il, ltum, make for, aim at, go after, beg, seek, ask. petulans, ntis, saucy, petulant. phalanx, ngis, phalanx. The ordi- nary depth was sixteen; the spears (sarisae) were some 2\-2±feet long, and those of the fifth rank pro- jected three feet beyond the first. Those further back rested their spears on the shoulders of those in front of them. Pharus, I, island near Alexandria. phasianus, I, pheasant. VOCABULARY. 175 Phasis, idis, m. river of Colchis. Philippus, I, King of Macedon, fa- ll/* r of Alexander the Great. philosophus, philosopher. philtrum, phittre, love potion. Phdcenses, ium, Phorians, inhabit- ants ofPhocis, in Central Greece. Phoenlce, es, Phoenicia. pictor, painter. pictura, painting. pietas, atis, filial duty, affection, pa- triotism, love of country. pignus, oris (eris), pledge. pigritia, slowness, laziness. pilum, javelin. TJie shaft was four feet long ; the iron head was long and barbed. pilus, I, a maniple of the Triarii. The T. {third rank men) were the tried veterans who formed the re- serve. Findarus, I, Pindar, a great lyric poet. pingo, 3. pinxi, pictum, embroider, paint. pinguis, e, fat. pinna, battlement. Pirustae, arum, tribe in lllyria. Fisae, arum, city in Fit's. piscis, is, fish. Pisidae, arum, inhabitants of Pisidia in S. Asia Minor. PisS, Roman consul, accused of ex- tortion. pius, a, um, dutiful, pious, loving. placed, 2. please, suit. placidus, a, um, quiet, calm ; adv. placide. placS, 1. appease. plaga, ae, blow. plaga, ae, region. planities, el, plain, level. planus, a, um, level. Plataeenses, ium, Plataeans, inhab- itants of Plata ea in Boeotia, old enemies of Thebes. platanus, I, f. plane-tree. plaustrum, waggon. plebs, is, common people, common- alty. plenus, a, um, full. plerique, aeque, aque, most, the majority ; many. plerumque, for the greater part, gem rally. Pleumoxii, drum, tribe in Fast Flanders. ploratus, us, weeping, lamenting. plumbum, lead; p. album, tin. plures, ium, more, majority; many, several; sup. plurimi, most. See multus. plurimum, see multum; plurimnm valere, have most, very great pow- er, excel. PlutS, God of the lower world. poculum, {drinking) cup. poeta, poet. Poeni, orum (Punics), Carthagin- ians. polliceor, 2. (put forth a bid), prom- ise, volunteer. Pollux, ucis, Pollux, brother of Cas- tor. Polydamas, antis, treacherous friend of Parmenio. Pompejus, Pompei, On. (Gnaeus), an interpreter. pdmum, fruit, apple. pondus, *ris, weight, amount. p5n6, 3. posul, positum, put, place, post, lay down, rest, lay aside, dis- miss ; castra ponere, pitch camp ; positum esse, depend. pons, pontis, m. bridge. Pontus Euxinus, Euxine {or Black) Sea. popularis, e, {belonging to the people;) fellow-countryman ; subject. populor, 1. {peel), despoil, lay waste, ravage. populus, I, people. porrigO, 3. porrexi, porrectum, reach forth, extend, hand. porro, moreover. porta, gate. portentum, portent, miracle. portO, 1. carry. poitus, us, harbor, post. Porus, l, King of India {Lahore). posco, 3. poposcl, — , demand, claim. possum, posse, potui, can, be able hart power. post, after, behind ; adv. afterwards. postea, after {that), afterwards. poster!, 5rum, posterity ; posterum, 176 VOCABULARY. future ; in posterum, for the fu- ture ; postero die, on the next day. posterior, us, after, following ; pos- tremo, ad postremum, finally. postp5no, 3. posul, positum, defer. postquam, posteaquam, after. postridie, next day, following day, morrow; postridie ejus diei, next day.^ postulo, 1. demand, claim. potens, litis, powerful. potentia, poicer. potestas, atis, poicer, command, op- portunity ; potestatem facere, give opport u nity, p rivilege. Potidaea, city in Chalcidice on the Thermaic Gulf potior, 4. possess one's self make one- self master. potissimum, chiefly, especially, by preference, if possible. potius, rather. prae, before, for, in comparison with. praealtus, a, um, very high, deep. praebeO, 2. offer, present, show, fur- nish, provide, lend. praeceps, cipitis (head foremost), headlong. praeceptum, injunction, order, in- struction. praecido, 3. cidi, clsum, cut, hew off. praecipio, 3. cepl, ceptum, order, enjoin, instruct, give instructions, prescribe. praecipito, 1. plunge headlong. praecipuus, a, urn, special; adv. praecipue. praeclarus, a, van, famous, illustrious. praecludo, 3. clusl, clusum, bar (be- fore), close. praeco (crier), herald. praeda, booty, prey. praedicO, 1. boast, extol, cry up. praedicO, 3. dixi, dictum, foretell, prescribe, direct. prae do, robber. praedor, 1 . (make booty of), pillage. praefectus, I, commander, satrap, prefect. praeferO, ferre, tull, latum, carry before, in front, set above, prefer. praeficio, 3. feci, fectum, put over, put in command. praef ig5, 3. fixi, fixum, drive down in front ; praefixus, shod, pointed. praefor, 1. say before, first ; praefa- tus, after saying. praemitto, 3. misl, missum, send ahead, forward, on in advance. praemium, reward. praeparO, 1. prepare. praeruptus, a, um, broken, steep, pre- cipitous. praesens, ntis, present; animus prae- sens, presence of mind. praesentia, presence ; in praesentia, at the moment. praesentio, 4. sensl, sensum, per- ceive beforehand. praesertim, especially. praeses, sidis, president, chief. praesidium, guard, garrison, post, help, protection. praestans, ntis, excellent. praesto, 1. stitl, — (stand ahead), excel, show, perform. praesto, present, at hand, ready ; p. esse, present oneself, wait on. meet. praesum, esse, ful (be at the head), command, conduct, govern. praeter (passing), beyond, except, against, contrary to, above. praeterea, besides. praetereO, Ire, il, itum, pass by; praeteritus, past, previous. praetervehor, 3. vectus, be conveyed, ride, drive, sail along ; oram p. coast along. praetor (one who goes before), gen- eral. praetorium, general's tent, head- quarters. praeustus, a, um, burnt at the end. prandeO, 2. prandl, pransum, break- fast. ' pratum, meadow. preces, um, f. prayers, entreaties; omnibus precibus, by everything that is sacred. precor, 1. pray, entreat ; male pre- cari, curse. premo, 3. press!, pressum, presi (hard). pressus, us, pressure. pretidsus, a, um, costly, precious. pretium, price. VOCABULARY. 177 Priamus, L, Priam, King of Troy pridie, day before. Priene, es, city in Ionia. primo, at first. primores, urn, first men, men of the front rank, hading men. primum, first. primus, a, urn, first ; prima luce, at daybreak, peep of day ; prima ob- sidio, beginning of siege ; in pn- mis, especially; primi, van. princeps, ipis, first, chief, leader, head man, prince; principem esse belli inferendi, lead, head a tear. principalis, us, lead, command. principium, beginning. prior, prius, former, previous; first. pristinus, a, urn, former, previous, original. priusquam, before (that), sooner than. privatim, privately. privatus, a, um, personal, private. pro, in front of, instead of, for, as, in return for, in. proportion to, considering, according to, as far as concerns; pro sano, as a man] in his senses ; pro tempore ac re, according to circumstances. pro, interj. oh! ah! probitas, atis, honesty, uprightness. probS, 1. prove, approve. probus, a, um, honest, upright, good; adv. probe, properly, well and good. procedo, 3. cessi, cessum, come forward, advance. procella, storm. procerus, a, um, tall. procul, at a distance, far. procumbS, cubui, cubitum, lean for- ward; in genua procumbere, kneel down. procures, 3. curri (cucurri), run forward, in advance, ahead. procus, I, suitor. pr5de6, ire, ii, itum, come forth, out. prods, 3. didl, ditum (pass on), trans- mit ; betray. See memoria. produce, 3. duxi, ductum, lead forth, produce; draw out, protract. proelior, 1. fight. _ proelium, action, skirmish; p. ca« pessere, fight. profectie, departure. profecto, redUy, truly. _ proferd, ferre, tuli, latum, bring forth, put forth. proficio, 3. feci, fectum, accomplish, effect. , . proficiscor, 3. profectus (get for- ward), set out, start, march, pro- ceed profiteor, 2, fessus, profess, offer profllgo. 1. (dash to the ground), de- feat, rout, despatch. profluvium, flow {of blood). profugio, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee (away), flu, escape. profunda, 3. fudi, fusum, pour forth, shed. j profundus, a, um, deep ; -um, depth. progenies, ei, descendants. progredior, 3. gredi, gressus, ad- vance. prohibeo, 3 keep from, hinder. proinde, accordingly, therefore. projiciS (proicio), 3. jeci, jectum, cast forth, hurl, fling. Prometheus, ei, a demigod bound to Mt. Caucasus by Jupiter for teach- ing men the use of fire. promineO, 2. ui, — (stand forth), project. . promitts, 3. misi, missum, promise, promissus, long, flowing. promoveO, 2. movi, mdtum, move forward. promptus, a, um, forward, ready, gallant. pronuntiS, 1. announce publicly , give public notice. prope, (preposition) near, hard-by; adverb, ictU-nigh, nearly, al- most; proxime, lately, very re- cently. . propello, 3. puli, pulsum, drive for- ward, repel. propemodum, well- nigh, almost. propere, hastily. properO, 1. Jiasten, hurry. propinquus, a, um, mar; subst. re- lation, kindred. proponO, 3. posui, positum, set be- ITS VOCABULARY. fore, hold out, offer, propose ; set forth, exhibit, narrate. propter, hard by, near ; on account of, in consequence of propterea, on that account, therefore; p. quod, because. propugnator, defender, champion. pr5pugno, 1. come forward to fight. prora, prow. prorsus, wholly, absolutely. proruO, 3. rul, rutum (tumble forth), rush forth, forward. prosequor, 3. pursue, follow, attend, escort. prosilio, 4. silul, leap forth. prospectus, us, view. prospicio, 3. spexi, spectum, look out, provide for. prosternS, 3. stravi, stratum, throw flat, prostrate. prosum, prodesse, profui (be for), do good. pr5teg5, 3. texl, tectum, cover (in front), protect. protends, ndl, ntum, stretch forth, out, extend. pr5terres, 2. (frighten forth), drive in flight, scare away. protinus, forthwith, immediately. provehor, 3. vectus, be borne for- ward, sail. proveniQ, 4. veni, ventum, come forth, turn out, yield. provided, 2. vidi, visum, foresee, provide for, make provision for. provincia, province, department. proxime. See prope. proximus, a, urn, next. prudens, ntis (gifted with foresight), wise, prudent. prudentia, foresight, wisdom. pubis (puber), puberis, marriage- able, of puberty, adult. pubescS, 3. — , — , grow up. publice, publicly, officially, in public capacity, as a people, at public ex- pense. publics, 1. (make public property), confiscate. publicus, a, um, public, of the peo- ple ; res publica, commonwealth, state. pudor, shame. puer, eri, boy. puerulus, I, little boy, baby boy. pugna, fight, battle. pugno, 1. fight. puicher, chra, chrum, beautiful, fine. pulchritudo, beauty. Pulio, a centurion. pull us, I, young. pulse, 1. knock, strike, clash, rap (at). pulsus, us, striking, battering. pulvinus, I, pillow. pulvis, eris, dust. puniceus, a, um, red, reddish-purple. Punicus, a, um, Punic, CartJiagin- ian. punid, 4. punish. puppis, is, stern (of a vessel). purgamentum (off- scouring), that which is cast asliore, waif. purge, 1. cleanse, justify. purpura, purple. purpuratus, clothed in purple ; pur- puratl, courtiers. purpureus, a, um, purple. puter (putris), tris, tre, decayed. puteus, I, well. puto, 1. think. pylae, arum (ifvXai), pass. Pylus, I, f . city in Elis. Fyrrhus, I, King of Epirus. Pythius, Pythian (Apollo). Q Q = Quintus. qua, by which way, in which direc- tion, where. quadratus, a, um, square, square- hewn. See agmen. quadriduum (quatriduum), (space of) four days. quadrigae, arum, four-horse chariot. quaero, 3. quaeslvl, quaesltum, ask, seek, reach. quaeso, (/) pray, prithee. quaestor (collector), quaestor. qualis, e, (such) as, of which sort. quam, as, how, than; quam pluri- mos (possunt), as many as they can, as many as possible. quamdiu, how long, as (so) long as. quamobrem, wherefore. quam vis, although, however much. - quando, when t ; ever. VOCABULARY. 179 quanquam (quamquam), although. quanto — tanto, by as much as — by so much ; the — the. quantum — tantum, so far — as. quantus, a, um, how much, as much as. quantusvis, avis, umvls, however great {you choose), never so great. quare {by ichich thing), by ichich, ichereby, wherefore, why. quasi, as if. quatio, 3. (quassi), quassum, shake. ■que, and. quercus, us, f. oak. querela, complaint. queror, 3. questus, complain. qui, quae, quod, rel. who, ichich, that. qui, quae, quod, int. what {manner of)1 qui, qua, quod, indef. any, some. qui, hoic? quia, because. quicumque (-cunque), quaecum- que, quodcunque, whoever, what- ever. quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid- dam), a certain, a. quidem, true, indeed, at least, at any rate ; ne — quidem, not even. quies, §tis, rest, sleep. quiescS, 3. quievi, quietum, rest, be quiet. quietus, a, um, quiet, calm. quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet (quid- libet), any {you like). quin {how not), so as not; nullum tempus intercessit quin accipe- ret, no time intervened without his receiving. See absum. quinam, quaenam, quodnam, who, whu-h, what {pray)? how {ichy) not? quinquennium, {space of) five years. quippe, namely, for. quis ? — quid ? who ? what ? ; quid ? why? quis, qua, quid, indef. some (one), any {one) ; ne quis, lest any one, that no one. quisnam ? quidnam ? who ? what ? quisquam — quidquam (quicquam), any at all. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod* que), each one. quisquis, quidquid, whoever, what- ever. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, some, any. quo, whither ; to whom, which. quo (with comp.), that the. . . quoad, until. quod, that, in that, because. qudmodo, how. quondam, formerly. quoniam [now that), since, as indeed. quoque, also, too. quot (indecliu.), how many, as many as. quotannis, every year, yearly. quotidianus, a, um (cotid.), daily. quotidie (cotidie), daily. quotiens (quoties), as often {as). quum. See cum. R Rabies, ei, madness, rage. radicula, rootlet, root. radix, icis, root ; foot {of a moun- tain). radQ, 3. rasi, rasum, scrape, shave. ramosus, a, um, branchy. ramus, i, branch, bough. rana, frog. rapax, acis, rapacious. rapidus, a, um, rapid. rapis, 3. rapui, raptum, carry off rob ; raptum, plunder. raptim, hurriedly. rarus, a, um (gaping), scattered, rare, singly, here and there, in scattered parties. ratie, reckoning, plan, method, way, account, regard. ratis, is, raft. ratus, a, um (fr. reor), reckoning, thinking. rebellis, e, rebellious. rebelle, 1. renew war. recede, 3. cessi, cessum, icithdraic, retreat, retire. recens, ntis,//'C^; integri et recen tes, perfectly fresh. receptaculum, shelter. recessus, us, retreat. 180 VOCABULARY. recids, 3. cidi,cisum (cut hack), trim. recipero (recuperS), 1. get back, re- cover. recipio, 3. cepl, ceptum, take back, get back, recover, receive, under- take ; se recipere, withdraw. reciproco, 1. turn back; pass. ebb. recito, 1. read aloud. recognitis, recognition. reconciliatis, reconciliation, making friends.^ reconcilis, 1. restore, gain (win) back, reconcile. recoiids, 3. didi, ditum, hide. recreS, 1. (make over), restore, re- fresh, strengthen. rector, driver, rider. rectus, a, um, right, straight ; recta regione, in longitude, from E. to W. ; recta fronte, facing. recubs, 1. — , — , recline. recumbo, 3. cubui, cubitum, lie back, lie down again, recline. recuperS. See recipero. recurrS, 3. curri, cursum, run, has- ten back. recusS, 1. refuse; recusans, recu- sant. redds, 3. didi, ditum, give back, re- store, render, deliver, repeat, re- semble. redes, ire, ii, itum, return, come down, be reduced; redit animus, he comes to life. redigo, 3. egi, actum, bring back, re- duce. reditus, us, return. reducS, 3. duxi, ductum, lead, march, bring back. redux, ducis, returned. refers, ferre, tuli (rettuli), latum, bring back, carry back, report, re- late, show, turn ; gratiam referre, make requital, return favor. refertus, a, um, (choke)-ful, full to overflowing. reficis, 3. feci, fectum (make over again), repair, refit. refugis, 3. fugi, fugitum, flee back, run, back, retreat (rapidly). regaiis, e, royal, regal. regina, queen. regis, direction, region, district. regius, a, um, of a king, royal ; re« gia (sc. domus), royal palace. regno, 1. be king, reign. regnum, royal power, kingdom, realm, throne, sovereignty, domin- ion. regs, 3. rexi, rectum, direct, guide, drive ; govern, rule. regredior, 3. gressus (step back), re- trace steps, march back, return. regulus, i (kinglet), chieftain. rejicis (better reicis), 3. jeci, jectum, throw back, drive back, reject. relegS, 1. banish (by law). religis, conscientiousness, religious feeling, conviction, obligation, scru- ple, duty. religiose, conscientiously, scrupu- lously, devotedly. religs, 1. tie, fasten. relinquS, 3. liqui, lictum, leave be- hind, abandon; obsidionem r., abandon the siege; relinquitur ut, the only course open (left) is for reliquiae, arum (what is left), rem- nant, remains. reliquus, a, um, left, remaining , rest. remanes, 2. mansi, mansum, stay behind, remain. remedium, remedy. remex, igis, rower. Remi, drum, Belgic tribe on the Marne (Matrona); their capital, Durocortorum (Rheims). remigS, 1. row. remissus, a, um (slackened), mild. remitts, 3. misi, missum (let go), send back ; slack, relax ; litteras remit- tere, write back; bellum remit- tere, desist from hostilities. removeo, 2. mdvi, motum, remove ; remotus, a, um, remote. remus, i, oar. renovs, 1. renew. reor, reri, ratus, think, suppose. repars, 1. renew. repells, 3. reppuli, repulsum, drive back, thrust back. repente, suddenly. repentinus, a, um, sudden. reperis, 4. repperi, repertum, find out, find. VOCABULARY. 181 repets, 3. petlvi (ii), petitum, seek again, oak again, rep< > it, fetch back. reples. 2. evi, etum, Jill. reports, 1. carry back. reposes, 3. poposci, demand (as one's due), require. reprehends, 3. ndl, nsum, take to task, rebuke, blame. rep rims, 3. press!, pressum, press back, keep back, repress. reputes, 1. take into consideration, think over. requirS, 3. quisivi. quisitum, seek again, require ; hunt up, ask. res, rei, thing, matter, affair, circum- stance, fact ; property; deed, act, fight; event, position, interest. R. is often to be translated by combi- nation, often to be omitted. Re vera, in truth ; res publica, com- monwealth, state; res frumentaria, commissary department, supply of corn ' res novae, revolution, re- volt ; res communis, common in- terest; res gestae, transactions, exploits, feats of arms ; suis rebus diffidere, despair of one's fortune, consider one's self in a desperate plight ; re desperata, in despair ; imperitus rerum, ignorant, inex- perienced. reservo, 1 . keep back, reserve. resists, 3. stitl, — , withstand, re- sist. respicis, 3. spexi, spectum, look back after, have regard to. responded, 2. spondi, sum, make answer, answer ; responsum, an- swer. restitus, 3. ui, utum, restore, right, give instead. rests, 1. stitl, — , remain. resumS, 3. sumpsi, sumptum, take back, resume; vires resumere, gather fresh strength. retines, 2. tinui, tentum, keep back, restrain, retain. retrahs, 3. traxi, tractum, drag, haul bark, bring back. retro, backward. revells, 3. velli (vulsi), vulsum, pluck off, up. reverbers, 1. (lash back), dash back. reverts, 3. ti, sum ; revertor, ver- sus, return. revincis, 4. vinxi, vinctum, tie. revocs, 1. call back, recall. rex, regis, king, sovereign. Rhenus, I, Rhine. rhinoceros, otis, m. rhinoceros. Rhodus, I, f. Rhodes, island in the Aegt an Sea. rictus, us, jaws, muzzle. rides, 2. ri.sl, risum, laugh (at). ridiculus, a, um, laughable, ridicu- lous. riges, 2, — , — , be stiff, rigid. rigor, stiffness, cold, rigor. rigs, 1. water. rima, crack. rimor (make cracks), root into, pry into, search. ripa, bank. risus, us, laughter. ritus, us, use, custom, fashion, man- ia '"/'. rivus, rivulus, i, brook. rixa, wrangle, quarrel. rixor, 1. quarrel, squabble. robur, oris, n. strength, flower (of an army). rods, 3. rosi, rSsum, gnaw. rogatus, us, request. rogS, 1. ask. rogus, i, funeral pile, pyre. Romanus, a, um, Ho man, of Rome. ros, roris, m. dew. rSs-trum, beak. rota, wheel. ruber, bra, brum, red. rudo, 3. rudivi, ruditum, roar, bray. ruina, ruin; ruina equorum, mass of slaughtered horses. rumor, rumor. rumps, 3. rupi, ruptum, burst, break. rus, 3. rui, rutum, rush. rupes, is, rock, cliff. rursus, back again, in one's turn. rusticus, a, um, country; subst. countryman. S Sabinus, cognomen of the tinluc'ig legate Titurius. Sacae, tribe of the Scythians. 182 VOCABULARY. sacer, era, crum, sacred ; sacra fa- cere, sacrifice. sacerdos, otis, c. priest, priestess. sacrificium, sacrifice. sacrifice, 1. sacrifice. sacr5, 1. consecrate. sacrum, sacrifice. saepe, often. saepes, is, hedge. saepi6, 4. saepsi, saeptum, hedge in, surround. saeta (seta), bristle. saevie, 4. rage, be rampant, run riot. sagitta, arrow. Sagittarius, I, archer. sagulum, military cloak. salio, 4. salui, saltum, leap. saltern, at least. salt6, 1. leap, dance. saltus, us, leap ; mountain pasture, pass. salubris, bre, healthy. salus, utis, well-being, weal, welfare, safety ; saluti consulere, have a care for, take care of, safety ; sa- lutem dicere, give greeting. salute, 1. greet, salute. salve, hail! salvus, a, urn, safe, alive. Samarobrlva, Amiens. sanctus, a, um, holy, sacred. sane, surely, verily. sanguis, inis, m. blood. sanies, el, matter, venom, slaver. sanitas, atis, soundness, health. sanus, a, um, sound, in one's senses. sapiens, ntis, wise ; adv. sapienter. sapientia, wisdom. sapic, 3. IvI, ui, 3. have understand- ing, see into it. sarcinae, arum, baggage; sarcinas aptare, get baggage ready. satelles, itis, attendant, satellite. satis, 1. sate. satis, enough ; satius, better. satisfaciS, 3. feci, factum, satisfy. satrapes, is, satrap. satrapla, satrapy. saucius, a, um, wounded. saxum, rock, stone. scalae, arum, ladder. scapha, skiff. scelus, eris, crime. schola, school. scindo, 3. scidi, scissum, split, make a rent, breach in, tear down. scie, 4. know. scitum, decree. scitus, a, um, shrewd. scribe, 3. scrips!, scriptum, write. scrutor, 1. rummage, ransack. scutum, shield. Scytha, /Scythian; Scythae, a no- madic race W. of the Black Sea and in W. Asia ; adj. Scythius. secede, 3. cessi, cessum, withdraw. secessie, withdrawal, revolt. sece, 1. secui, sectum, cut. secundum {following, along'), during. secundus, a, um, following, second ; favoring ; secundo amne, down stream. securis, is, axe. securus, a, um, without care, uncon- cerned, (feeling) safe, secure, con- fident. secus, otherwise. For secius, see se- tius. sed, but. sedee, 2. sedi, sessum. sedes, is, seat, site, abode. seditio, (going apart), sedition. seditiosus, a, um, seditious. segnis, e, sluggish, slow, tedious, tough; adv. segniter. Segontiaci, orum, British tribe in Hampshire and Berkshire. Segovax, ctis, British king. semet = se. simita, path. semivivus (only half alive), 7uHf dead.' semper, always, constantly. [ing. sempiternus, a, um, eternal, unfail- senatus, us, senate. senectus, utis, old age. senex, senis, old man ; comp. senior. Senones, um, Gallic tribe between the Loire and the Marne ; capuai, Agedincum (Sens). sensim, by degrees, gradually. sententia, opinion. sentie, 4. sensi, sensum, be aica?^ t think, feel, perceive; unum „en tire, be of one mind, agree tc ou* thing. VOCABULARY. 183 separating separately. septentriones, um (seven stars, Great | Bear), North. septiremis, with seven banks of oars. sepulcrum, sepulchre, monument. sepultura, burial, sepulture. sequor, 3. secutus, follow. serius, a, um, serious. serm5, 5nis, speech, talk, conversa- tion, language, proposal. serd, 3. sevi, satum, sow. sero, late, too late. serpens, ntis, serpent, snake. serpS, 3. serpsi, serptum, creep, crawl. servilis, e, of a slave, slavish. serviQ. -i.be a slave. servitiis, utis, slavery. servo, 1 . watch, preserve, observe, save. servus, I, bondman, slave. setius. See nihild. seu — seu, wl tether — or. sevocS, 1. call apart, aside. si, if. sic, so ; sic ut, just as. siccitas, atis, dryness, drought. siccS, 1. dry. siccus, a, um, dry, droughty. sicubi, if anywhere. sicuti, just as. Sidon, f. Sidon in Phoenicia (Saida). sidus, eris, constellation, star. sigillum, seal. significatiS, intimation. signified, 1. signify. signum, sign, image, statue, stand- ard ; signal ; signa conferre, join battle, fight. silentium, silence. sileo, 2. ui, — , be silent. silva, wood, forest. Silvester, tris, tre, woody. similis, e, like. slmius, ape, monkey. simplicitas, atis, simplicity, candor, st ret igh tfo r wa rd ness. Simonides, is, a famous lyric poet. simul, at the same time; s. atque (ac), tig soon as. simulacrum, image, likeness. simulatio, pretence. simulo, 1. make believe, pretend, feign, play. simultas, atis, rivalry. sin, but if. sine, without. singillatim, singly. singularis, e, special, extraordinary. singuli, ae, a, each, individual, apiece, one by one; in singulos annos, year by year. sinister, tra, trum, left; sub sinis- tra, on the left. sinus, us, bosom ; gulf. Sisygambis, is, daughter of Artax- erxe* Mnemon, mother of Darius Codomannus. siti6, thirst, be thirsty. sitis, is, thirst. situs, us, situation, site, position. situs, a, um, situated. sive, or; sive — sive, whether —or* smaragdus, i, emerald. socer, eri, father-in-law. societas, atis, partnership, eilliance. socius, partner, accomplice, ally. socorditer, carelessly. sodalis, comrade, companion. Sogdiana, northern province of the Persian Empire, between the Oxus and Jaxartes, Bokhara. SogdianI, inhabitants of the same. sol, solis, sun, Sun-god, Sol. solatium, solace, comfort. soleO, 2. solitus sum, be wont, ac- customed, in the habit, use. solea, sanded. solitudd, solitude, solitary place. solitus, a, um, accustomed. solium, throne. sollemnis, e, {solemn)) solemnis dies, festal day. sollicito, 1. stir up, tamper with. sollicitude, anxiety, care, concern. solum, ground, soil. solus, a, um, alone. solvo, 3. solvi, solutum, loosen, take to pieces, cast off, set sail ; pay ; obsidionem solvere, raise siege. somnium, dream. somnus, i, sleep; in somnis, in a dream. sonus, i, sound. SSpithes, is, an Indian king. sorbeS, 2. sorbui (sorpsi), sorptum, suck up, absorb, drink. 184 VOCABULARY. sordidus, a, um (swart), dirty, mean. soror, sister. sors, sortis, lot, oracle spads, eunuch. spargs, 3. sparsl, sparsum, sprinkle, scatter. spatiosus, a, um (roomy), spacious, extensive. spatium, room, space, interval, time; career. species, el, appearance; speciem facere, present appearance; in speciem, for a blind, to make be- lieve. specimen, inis, sample, specimen. spectaculum, show, spectacle. spectator, on-looker, beholder, spec- tator. spectd, 1. behold, look at, look and see; look towards, face; look to, have regard to. speculator, spy, scout speculor, 1. spy. specus, us, cave, grot. spslunca, cave, cavern. spernS, 3. sprevl, spretum, reject, despise. spero, 1. hope. sp§s, el, hope, expectation. spiculum, point, javelin. spiritus, us, breath. splrs, 1. breathe, blow. spolia, drum (strippings), spoils; s. opim?., see opimus. spolio, 1. strip, rob. despoil. spondeO, 2. spopondl, sponsum, promise. sponte (sua), of one's own accord. squalidus, a, um, rough, foul ; wild. squama, scale. stabilio, 4. (make steady), establish. stabulum, stall, stable, roost, house. stadium, race course, stade (QWfeet). stagnS, 1. form standing icater, over- flow. stagnum, standing water, pool. statim, on the spot, immediately, forthwith. statiS, picket, outpost. stativa, drum, standing camp. statuo, 3. ui, utum, cause to stand, set up, fix, determine. status, a, um, fixed, regular. stercus, oris, dung. sterilis, e, barren. sterilitas, atis, barrenness. sterns, 3 stravi, stratum (strew\ throw down. stimulS, 1. goad. stipendium, tribute, tax. stipes, itis (stake, stock), blockhead. stlps, 1. (stuff), surround. stirps, stirpis (stock), splinter. sts, 1. steti, (staturus), stand, be posted, depend on. strages, is, butchery, massacre. stramentum, straw, thatch. strenuus, a, um, active, energetic, brisk, stridor, roar. strings, 3. strinxl, strictum, graze, draw. Strophius, King of Phocis. strus, 3. struxl, structum, put in layers, build. studes, 2. ui, — , strive, be in earnest, study. studium, zeal, enthusiasm. stultitia, folly. stultus, a, um (dull), foolish, stupid. stuppa, tow, oakum. sturnus, I, starling. suades, 2. suasi, suasum(ma&£ sweet, pleasant), advise. suavis, e, sweet, pleasant; adv. suaviter. sub (w. ace. and abl.), under ; near, close to; towards; sub bruma, d h ring midwin ter. subdo, 3. dldl, ditum, put under. See calcar. subdues, 3. duxi, ductum, haul ((shore. subductis, hauling ashore. subeS, Ire, ii, itum, undergo, sustain, come up. subigs, 3. egi, actum (get under), subjugate. subinde, immediately, thereupon, from time to time. subito, suddenly. subitus, a, um, sudden. subjectus, a, um, put under, subject; lying near, off. subjicis (subicis), jeci, jectum, throw from beneath, thrust under; VOCABULARY. 185 ignes subjicere, set on fire ; sub- due, subject; add ; rejoin. sublatus. Sec tollo. subiimis, e, aloft, high in the air. submitts, 3. mlsl, missum, send (un- der), send secretly; bend; pass. sink : genu s. kink on one's knee. subrideS, 2. risl, risum, smile, grin. subruO, 3. rui, rutum, undermine. subsequor, 3. secutus, follow close. subsidium, aid, help, support, re- serve. subside, 3. sedi, sessum, settle; in genua s. kneel. - subsists, 3. stiti, — , halt, hold out. subsum, esse, fui, be near. subvenio, 4. veni, ventum, come (up) to the help. succedS, 3. cessl, cessum (come up to), succeed, relieve. succendo, 3. di, sum, set fire to. succido, 3. cidi, cisum, cut down, fell. succurrS, 3. curri, cursum, run up (to help one), succor. sudes, is, stake. sudor, siceat. sufficiS, 3. feci, fectum, choose in place ; be sufficient, suffice. suffoco, 1. throttle, choke, drown. suffodis, 3. fodi, fossum (dig from under), stab. suffragium, vote. suggerO, 3. gessi, gestum, supply, bring a supply. sui, sibi, se (sese), self. sulphur (sulpur), uris, n. sulphur. sum, esse, fui, be ; sunt horridiore aspectu, present a more hideous, frightful appearance; capillo sunt promisso, they wear their hair long, flowing. (For various trans- lations see dr. 349, 365, 402.) summa, total, whole amount; surama virium, chief strength; s. belli administrandi, com in and-in-chaf. summitto. iSee submitt6\ summus, a, urn, highest, top, extreme, utmost, greatest, chief, supreme, most important ; summis copiis, in full force ; summa tranquilli- tas, perfect calm. sum6, 3. sumpsi, sumptum, take, take on oneself, undertake. supellex, ectilis, f. furniture. super, over, above, about. superbia, haughtiness, pride. superbus, a, um, overbearing, haugh- ty, proud. superfundo, fudi, fusum, pour over ; pa^s. overflow. superior, upper, higher, former, su- perior, victorious ; superiorem esse, have the upper hand, the bet- ter of. superne, from above. superd, 1. have the upper hand, over- come, surpass, prevail ; cross. supersum, esse, fui, be over and above, remain, survive. supervenio, 3. veni, ventum, come upon, find. supplementum, supplement, re- c r u its, re info r cements. supplex, icis, on one's knees, suppli- ant. suppiiciter (on bended knee), suppli- antly. supplicium, punishment (capital), execution, death; supplicio affi- cere, put to death. supponS, 3. posui, positum, lay un- der, substitute. supra, above, on the top. supremus, highest, last. surgS, 3. surrexi, surrectum, rise, get up. Susa, drum, winter residence of the Persian king ; adj. Susis, idis, of Susa (ShusJian). suspectus, a, um, suspected. suspends, 3. pendi, pensum, hang up, hold hanging, suspend. suspicid, 3. spexi, spectum, look up to, respect. suspicio, suspicion. suspirium, sigh. sustento, 1. maintain, holdout; ae- gre is dies sustentatur, it was hard icork for our men to main- tain themselves that day. sustineS, 2. tinui, tentum (bear up), maintain one's self against, with* stand, stand, sustain. suus, a, um, his, her, its own ; sua loco, on favorable ground. 186 VOCABULARY. Symplegades, um, two rocks fabled to smite together. Syracusae, arum, Syracuse. Syrus, Syrian. Taberna, shop ; inn. tabernaculum, tent, pavilion. tabescs, 8. tabul, — , pine atcay. tabula, tablet; t. picta, picture. taciturnitas, atis, silence, mumness, taciturnity. tacitiumus, a, um, taciturn. tacitus, a, um, silent. talea, tally. talentum, I, talent (6,000 drachmae, the drachma being nearly = franc). talis, e, such. talus, I, ankle-bone, die. tarn, so. tamen, yet, nevertheless ; tamen etsl, although. Tamesis, is, Thames. tamquam (tanquam), as if. Tanais, idis, River Don. tandem, at length ; pray. tangs, 3. tetigi, tactum, touch, bor- der on. tantopere (tanto opere), so greatly. tantulus, a, um, so small, so insig- nificant. tantum, (so much, and) only (so much). tantummodo, only. tantus, a, um, so great, so much; tantus — quantus, so much — as. tardus, a, um, slow. Tarsus, I, f . chief city of Cilicia. Tasgetius, I, chief of the Carnutes. taurus, I, bull. Taurus, I, mountain range of Asia Minor. Taximagulus, I, British chieftain. Taxiles, is, official name of an In- dian Ling. tectum, I, roof, house, dwelling. tegs, 3. texi, tectum, cover, hide. telum, I, missile, dart, shaft, weapon; teli j actus, range. temere, rashly, without considera- tion, thoughtlessly. temeritas, atis, rashness. terns, pole (of a chariot). temperantia, moderation, self-con- trol. temperatus, a, um, temperate, mild. temperies, el, temperature. tempestas, atis, weather, stress of weather, storm (spell of weather), season, time. templum, temple. tempts = tento. tempus, oris, time, season ; opportu- nity ; t. adversum, adversity. temulentus, a, um, drunk. tenax, acis (with a strong grasp), te- nacious, tough. Tencteri, orum, German tribe at the mouth of the Rhine. tendo, 3. tetendl, tensum (tentum), stretch, hasten. tenebrae, arum, darkness. tenes, 2. tenui, tentum, hold, keep, maintain, occupy; in officio te- nere, keep to one's allegiance. tener, a, um, tender. tents, 1. try, put to test. tenuis, e, thin, slight, trifling, feeble, poor. tepor, lukewarmness, mildness. tergum, back, rear. terminus, I, limit, bound, goal. terra, earth, land. terres, 2. frighten. territs, 1. scare. terrester, tris, tre, land, by land. terribilis, is, dreadful, terrible. terrificus, a, um, fearful, terrific. terror, dread, terror. tertium, third time. testimonium, evidence, proof; t. di- cere, bear icitness. testis, is, c. icitness. testor, 1. bear witness, call to witness. testuds, inis (tortoise); testudo, 1. A shed covered with wet hides to protect the besiegers ; mantelet, 2. A roof of interlocked shields, un- der cover of which the soldiers ad- vanced to storm a fort. Thapsacus, I, f . city on the Euphrates. Thebae, arum, Thebes. Theocritus, I, Greek poet of Syracuse. ThermSdon, ontis, river of Pontus. thesaurus, I, treasure, treasury. VOCABULARY. 187 Theseus, ei, King of Athens. Thoas, antis, king of Scythians. Thraces, Tltrucians. Thras6, a braggart. Tigris, idis (is), m. Tigris (arrow), river of Mesopotamia. times, 2. ui, — , feur. timidus, a, urn, fearful, timid. timor, fear. ting5 (u8), 3. tinxi, tinctum, dip, wet, steep. tintinnabulum, bell. titulus, I, title. Titurius. See Sabinus. tolerabilis, e, endurable. tolero, 1. endure, support, get through irith. tollo, 3. sustuli, sublatum, raise, set, take up, lift, elevate, extol; take away, get rid of; sublatus, a, um, lifted up, elevated. tonde§, 2. totondl, tonsum, shear, shave. tormentum, engine {for shooting), nt i stile, torture. torpeO, 2. ui, — , be numb, torpid. _ torques, 2. torsi, tortum, twist, wrench, torture ; hurl. torques (is), is, m. neck-chain, torque. torrens, ntis, burning, parching; roaring, rushing; subst.m. torrent. torreo, 2. ui, tostum, parch, scorch, heat. tot, indecl. so many. totidem, just as many. totus, a, um, gen. ius, whole. tracts, 1. handle, paw, feel; treat. tractus, us {drawing), stretch; suck, current; magno tractu, with a powerful current. trad6, 3. didi, ditum, hand over, turn over, give up, deliver, commit, as- sign, hand down, say. traduce, 3. duxi, ductum, lead, march over. tragula, tragle, strap-javelin. trahS, 3. traxi, tractum* draw, drag, detain; bellum t. protract war; nomen t. derive name. trajectus, us, passage. ^ trajicio. See transjiciS. tranquillitas, atis, calm, calmness, stillness. trans, beyond, across. transed, ire, ii, itum, cross, pass by. transfers, ferre, tuli, latum, trans- fer, transport. transfigO, 3. fixi, fixum, transfix, impale, run through. transfuga, deserter.^ ^ transjiciS (trajicio, traicio), jeci, jectum, put, throw across, cross; strike through, pierce through. transitus, us,_f rossing. transmissus, us, passage across, pass- ing over. transmitto, 3. misi, missum, send across, over, transmit. transno, 1. swim across. transports, 1. carry across, over, transport. transrhenanus, a, um, across the Rhine. transvehS, 3. vexi, vectum, convey across; pass, cross. Trebonius, i, a legate of Caesar's. trepido, 1. be agitated, excited, alarm- ed. Treveri, orum, a tribe m Belgic Gaul. The Moselle runs through their territory ; their capital was Augusta Treverorum, Trier, Treves. tribunal, alis, n. tribunal, tribune. tribunus, i, tribune; t. militum, military tribune, six to a legion, corresponding, say, to colonel. tribu6, 3. ui. utum, award, ascribe. triceps, cipitis, three-headed. triduum, {space of) three days. triennium, {space of) three years. triformis. e, with three bodies. trini, ae, a, three. See Gr. 95, R. 2. Trinobantes, um, tribe in the E. of Britain. Their capital was Ca- malodunum, Colchester. tripertito, in three divisions. triplex, icis, threefold. triquetrus, a, um, three-cornered, tri- angular. tristis, e, sad, gloomy, disheartening. trucido, 1. butcher, slay. truncus, i, trunk, log. < trux, trucis, fierce, wild. tu, tui, thou. tuba, trumpet. 188 VOCABULARY. tueor, 2. (tuitus, tutus), tutatus, pro- tect, defend. tugurium, hut, cottage. turn, then, besides ; cum — turn, both — and {especially). tumultus, us, rising, disturbance. tumulus, I, mound, grave. tunc, then, at this juncture. tunica, shirt, tunic. turba, disturbance, crowd. turbs, 1. disturb. turibulum, censer. turma, squadron. turpis, e,foul, unseemly, disgraceful. turris, is, tower. tus, turis, frankincense. tutus, a, um, safe ; tuto, safely. tuus, a, um, thine. tympana, orum, drums. tyrannus, I, tyrant. Tyrii, orum, Tyrians. Tyrus, i, f. Tyre. U Ubi, where, when, as, if. ubique, everywhere. ulciscor, 3. ultus, take one's ven- geance on, avenge. Ulixes, is, Ulysses. ullus, a, um, gen. ullius, any {in negative and conditional clauses). ulterior, a, us, further. ultimus, a, um, furthest off, most dis- tant, last. ultra, beyond. ultro, beyond, over and above, besides; of one's own accord. ululatus, us, howling. umbilicus, I, navel, centre. umbra, shade, shadow. umbraculum, shady place. umerus (better than humerus), i, shoulder. umor (humor), moisture. umquam (unquam), ever. una, together, in company uncus, i, hook, grappling-iron. unda, wave. unde, whence, from which. undique, from all sides. unguis, is. m. nail, elate, talon. unicus, a, um, only, sole. universus, a, um, whole, all together. unus, a, um, gen. unius, one, sole, only; ad unum, to a man; uno tempore, at one time, at once. urbs, urbis, city. urges, 2. ursi, urge, press hard. uro, 3. us si, ustum, burn. ursus, i, bear. usitatus, accustomed, familiar. usquam, anyw/iere. usque, even, ever, always ; usque ad, up to. usurps, 1. take to use, use, claim, usurp. usus, us, use, usefulness; ex usu, usui esse, be of use, be useful; quae usui sunt, materials. ut, uti, how, as, when, that; after verba studii et voluntatis, to; after Verbs of Fear, that not ; sic ut, so as to. uter, tra, trum, G. ius, which {of two). uter, tris, m. skin. uterque, utraque, utrumque, either; both ; in utramque partem, in either case ; utrique, both parties. uti — ut. utique, at any rate, especially. utpote {as only is possible, as it must be), seeing that, especially. iitor, 3. usus, use, make use, avail one's self, resort to, enjoy, have. Utor, like afficio, shifts its trans- lation with its object. See G. 405, R. 2. utrimque, from either side, both sides. utrum, whether. uva, grape. uxor, wife. Vacca, cow. vadum, ford. vagina, sheath, scabbard. vagor, 1. roam about, prowl about. valeo, 2. ui, itum, be strong, power- ful, count, tell ; plurimum valere, be most powerful ; tantum valuit, it had such an effect, influence. valetuda, health, ill health. validus, a, um, strong, stout. vallis (es), is, valley. VOCABULARY. 1S9 vallum, rampart (of palisades). valvae, arum, folding-doors, leaves. vapor, vapor, steam, heat. vanus, a, um, vain. varietas, atis, variety. varius, a, um, various, varied, incon- stant. vas, vasis; pi. vasa, orum, vessel, utensil ; vasa colligere, pack up. vasto, 1. lay waste. vastus, a, um, empty, waste, wide, vast. vates, is. soothsayer. vectigal, alis, tax, tribute. vectd, 1. convey. vectorius, a, um, for transportation; navigium vectorium, transport. vehemens, ntis (rushing), violent, vehement ; adverb, vehementer, soundly, violently, sore. vehiculum (waggon), carriage, con- veyance, vehicle. veho, 3. vexl, vectum {bring on the way), convey, carry ; pass, ride, drive, sail. vel, or; even. velamentum, covering. vellus, eris, fleece. veld, 1. veil, cover. velocitas, atis, swiftness, speed. velox, ocis, swift, fleet ; adv. vel5- citer, swiftly. velum, sail. velut, velutl, as if. venabulum, hunting-spear. venatiO, hunt; venationem exer- cere, engage in hunting, hunt. venator, hunter. vendo, 3. didi, ditum, sell. venenatus, a, um, poisoned. venerium, poison, venom. veneO, Ire, Ivi (ii), itum, be sold. venerabilis, e, venerable. venerabundus, a, um, in tJie attitude of worshippers. veneror, 1. worship, venerate. venia, permission, pardon ; veniam dare, forgive. venio, 4. venl, ventum, come ; ven- tum est, they came. venor, 1. hunt, catch venter, tris, belly. ventito, 1. come backwards and for- wards, come often. ventus, i, wind. Venus, eris, Goddess of Love. ver, veris, u. spring. verbera, um, blows. verbero, lash, flog. verbum, word ; magna cum contu- melia verborum, with grossly in- sulting language. vere, truly. vereor, 2. veritus (be wary), fear, be afraid, apprehensive ; ut, that not ; ne, that, lest. vergo, 3. incline, trend, lie. vernus, a, um, spring, vernal. vero, truly, indeed ; but. ver so, 1. turn about, change; sic versavit utrumque, so whirled each one about, so changed each man's position, served each such a turn. versor, 1. be engaged, remain, be. versus, us, verse. versus, -ward, towards. Vertico, one of the Nervii. verto, 3. vertl, versum, turn. verum (true), but. verus, a, um, true. verutum, dart with a shaft 3$ feet long, and a triangular head of 3£ inches. vescor, 3. — , feed on, eat vesper, vesperl, > .^ vespera, ) * vesperasco, 3. avl, — ,become evening. vespertilio, m. bat. vester, tra, trum, your, yours. vestigium, trace, track, foot-print, sole. vestlgO, 1. track. vestio, 4. clothe. vestis, is, clothing, dress, garment. veteranus, I, veteran. veto, 1 . ul, itum, forbid. vetus, eris, old, former. vetustas, atis, age, antiquity. vexatio, harassment, plague. vexo, 1. harass, plague. via, road. viator, wayfarer, traveller. vice, turn. vlclnitas, atis, neiglthorhood. viclnus, neighbor. victima, victim. 190 YOCABULABY. -, ) conqueror, victorious, tri- x, \ umphant. victor, victrix victoria, victory victus, us, living, mode of living, food. vicus, i, village. videlicet, evident, you see, to wit. video, 2. vidi, visum, see ; videor, show one's self, be seen, appear, seem, seem good, proper. vigeo, 2. ul, be strong. vigilia, watch, (night) watch. The night was divided into four watches of three Roman hours each, the hours varying according to the sea- son of the year. See hora. vilis, e, cheap, vile. vincio, 4. vinxi, vinctum, bind. vinco, 3. vici, victum, conquer, over- come, vanquish, beat ; have one's way, carry one's point. vindico, 1. claim, save. vlnum, trine. violo, 1. violate. vir, viri, man. vireo, 2. — be green. virga, rod, wand. virgo, virgin, maiden, girl. virgula, rod. virgultum, thicket. virguncula (dimin. of virgo), lass. virtus, titis, manliness, bravery, valor, worth, virtue. virus, i, n. poison. vis, force, violence, significance ; vir- tue ; amount, quantity ; vim in- ferre, violate; vim facere, use force, violence; vires, strength, forces. viscera, um, entrails, vitals. visito, 1. visit. viso, 3. visi, visum, go to see, visit, see after. visum, vision. visus, us, sight. vita, life. vitalis, e, vital. vitis, is, vine. vitium, fault, failing, via vito, 1. avoid, shun, escape. vitrum, woad (a certain plant). vituperO, 1. blame, chide. vivo, 3. vixi, victum, live. vivus, a, um, living, alive. vix, scarcely. vocd, 1. call, summon, bid, invite. volo, velle, volui, be trilling, wish want ; mean ; si ita vultis, if you will have it so. volo, 1. fly. volucris, is, bird. voluntaries, a, um, voluntary, vol- unteer. voluntas, atis, will, inclination, af- fection, desire. voluptas, atis, pleasure. vomo, 3. ui, itum, vomit. Vorenus, i, a centurion. votum, void, prayer, wish. vox, vocis, utterance, voice, cry. Vulcanus, i, Vulcan, God of Fire. vulgo, 1. spread (among the common people). vulgo, commonly. valgus, i, m. and n. rabble, masses. vulnero, 1. wound. vulnus, neris, wound; vulnus in- ferre, inflict a wound. vulpes, is, fox. vultur, uris, m. vulture. vultus, us, countenance. Z Zeuxis, is (idis), famous painter, zona, girdle. PXy" Of TEDS tjhiversitt; ~A RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW MAY 2 5 2004 ■ - . DD20 6M 9-03 FORM NO. 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