H H UC-NRLF *B 1U 23E GIFT OF 1 Afetu Yor& State Education Department New York State Library LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE LISTS IQ06 LEGISLATION BULLETIN 3OC EMPLOYMENT OF BLIND A partial list of material in the N. Y. State Library relating to industrial training and employment of the adult blind. BY HELEN PAGE BATES PH.D. II PAGE PAGB Note 27 General 28 United States 30 California 30 Connecticut. . . 30 Indiana 30 Maryland 31 Massachusetts 31 Michigan 32 New York 32 Pennsylvania 32 Wisconsin 33 Foreign countries 33 England 33 France 34 Germany s 34 NOTE The existing agencies for improving the condition of the blind in Europe and the United States may be grouped as educational, industrial and charitable. The charitable provisions consist of pensions, quite generally made use of in England, and found in this country in New York city and in Cleveland, also by recent statute of 1903 introduced into the state of Illinois. In addition there are public and private asylums for the aged and incapacitated blind. The educational provisions include the work that libraries are doing in printing and circulating embossed books for the blind, the special day classes in connection with the common schools, the home teaching of the adult blind, and the public and private institu- tions for the young blind. In the United States these institutions cover the elementary and lower high school grades of instruction. They furnish also manual and technical training in a few trades, such as broom and mattress making, chair caning, weaving and rope making. In contrast with foreign institutions, the literary training in America is much more prominent than the industrial. Industrial homes, where the inmates are taught how to work and required to work toward their support, have been tried in many states. The number of beneficiaries of these various institutions, however, aggregate but a small proportion of the total blind population. There is nowhere adequate provision for the adult; blind, 80% of whom become so after 20 years of age' and are thus debarred 36398..; 28 N. Y. STATE LIBRARY REFERENCE LISTS I906 from admission to institutions. To meet this exigency industrial training schools and workshops have been operated for the adult blind in England since 1856 and also in connection with German institutions. In case of the latter an efficient system of after-care of pupils has aided materially in making the blind self-supporting after leaving the institution. In England the education of the blind was made compulsory by act of 1894, provision being made at the same time for a system of government grants by means of which certain certified schools furnish free instruction for blind children in special day classes. In the United States, two permanent state commissions for the blind have been created, one in Connecticut to have general super- vision of education and one in Massachusetts to provide training for self-support. Massachusetts has also established an experiment station where new occupations may be tested as to their availability. The best general sources of information on the subject are the Great Britain Royal Commission report on the blind and deaf and dumb, published in 1889, together with the reports of the Massa- chusetts commissions, published in 1900, 1904 and 1906 respec- tively, and that of the New York commission, in 1904. General YEAR 1888 Dow, J. J, superintendent of Minnesota School for Blind. Organiza- tion to Aid Adult Blind to Become Self-supporting. National Con- ference of Charities and Corrections. Proceedings, p. 1 13-19. Shows that schools for young blind can not supply industrial training for adult blind without great detriment to the former; urges need of organizations similar to those of Dresden and Paris, through which positions are secured for pupils of institutions and temporary aid given to unemployed till work is obtained. 1888 Illinois Board of Public Charities. Workshops for Blind. Report 1888, p.69-75. Criticizes the establishment of industrial homes for blind, and contrasts the results obtainable by local workshops for blind as operated in Europe. 1889 Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb. Re- port, 1889. London. 4V. Gives summary on prevailing conditions of blind both in Europe and United States, with detailed description of institutions for blind in England and on the continent. 1890 United States Census of 1890. Insane, Feeble-minded, Deaf and Dumb, and Blind, v.n, pt7. Tabulation of occupations of blind men and women, p. 745. 1893 Van Cleve, J. S. The Bearing of Blindness on Musicianship. Music, 3:62-69; 5:21-28, 196-206. Treats of difficulties and achievements of blind men as performers, teachers and com- posers of music. 1896 United States Bureau of . Education. Statistics on Institutions for Blind.; * Report 1893-96, 20:2117-21. Gives geographic distribution of institutions, aggregate number of teachers and pupils, and proportiqn of, teachers and pupils- in literary and industrial departments. JIS70 EMPLOYMENT OF BLIND 20, YEAR 1898 Bennett, A. G. instructor in diseases of eye and ear at University of Buffalo. Massage as an Occupation for Blind. Philadelphia Medical Journal, 1 '.4 2 6-2 9. Increasing demand for trained masseurs, both women and men, the sensitive touch of the blind making them peculiarly fitted for this work. 1898 Sibley, J. T. superintendent of Missouri School for Blind at St Louis. Has Massage Any Place in Schools for Blind? American Association of Instructors of Blind. Proceedings, p. 19-31. 1900 Allen, E. E. Education of Defectives. 5ip. Butler, N. M. ed. Mono- graphs on Education in U. S. 1900, no. 15. History of education of blind, p.18-29. 1900 Anagnos, Michael, director of Perkins Institute and Massachusetts School for Blind, at Boston. Through Education to Independence. Education, 20:298—305. Disapproves of founding industrial homes for blind which deprive blind of needed association with business world; advocates founding of scholarships for eligible can- didates for higher education. 1900 Massachusetts State Board of Education. Report on Instruction of Adult Blind at their Homes. 33P. (House Document 1364) Gives comparative views of what is being done by English, German and American agencies for adult blind as to home teaching and trade instruction. 1904 Campbell, C. F. F. agent of Massachusetts Association for Promoting Interests of Blind. Spontaneous Recreation and Industrial Training for the Blind. National Conference of Charities and Corrections. Proceedings, p. 4 19-21. 1904 Hall, H. L. superintendent of Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men. Trades for the Blind. See Report of Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men, p. 2 7-37. 1904 Massachusetts Commission to Investigate Condition of Adult Blind. Report 1904. i4p. (House Document 187) Commission recommends that for the adult blind, 20 to 60 years of age, the state pro- vide employment bureaus, also shop schools or industrial homes, the maintenance of a registration bureau being a necessary prerequisite to the success of "the latter 1904 New York Commission to Investigate Condition of Adult Blind. Report 1904. 74P. (Assembly Document 6) Most comprehensive report. In addition to material made available through Massa- chusetts commissions of 1899 and 1903, the New York commission made careful investigation of New York city pensioners, local poorhouses, prominent institutions of blind east of Mississippi river, and through agents registered conditions of 1000 cases of resident blind in state. 1904 United States Census of 1900. Benevolent Institutions. 332p. P-5o-53 Schools and homes for deaf and blind; p.296-305 gives name, location of pub- lic, private or ecclesiastical institutions for blind, classes admitted, object of institu- tion and date of foundation. 1905 McCune, T. F. superintendent Iowa College for Blind at Vinton. Education of Blind in United States. Bulletin of Iowa Institutions, 7:429-39. Comparative statement of the schools for blind in the several states, organization and management, per capita allowance for maintenance, courses of study, proportional number of teachers to enrolment in literary and industrial departments of each institution. 1905 Smead, G. L. superintendent of Ohio State School for Blind. Institu- tions for Blind in United States as essential Part of Educational System. Bulletin of Iowa Institutions, 7:137-45. 30 N. Y. STATE LIBRARY REFERENCE LISTS I906 1905 Lewis, F. P. president of New York Commission for Blind, 1904. Necessity of State Care of Adult Blind. Charities, 13:497-98. Emphasizes need of state aid to furnish trade training for adult blind who have be- come blind when beyond school age; all blind, even if they have had industrial training in institutions, need assistance in finding employment, since as a class they are particularly lacking in knowledge of business world. 1906 : Present Needs of Adult Blind. Charities, 15:607-9. Emphasizes financial gain to state of preventing all cases of unnecessary blindness and of providing trade instruction to utilize industrial ability of each adult blind person. 1906 Campbell, C. F. F. agent of Massachusetts Association for Promoting Interests of Blind. Scope of Future Work to Improve Condition of Blind. Charities, 15:610-13. 1906 Charities and the Commons. Special Issue on Blind, 15:567-658. 1906 Massachusetts Commission on Adult Blind. Report. 32p. (House Document 275) Comprehensive report, based on data collected from leading institutions for blind in Europe and America supplemented by reports of 3600 cases of adult blind residents in state investigated by field agents. Continuation of investigation begun by com- mission of 1903. United States California California Industrial Home for Mechanical Trades for Adult Blind (Oakland). Reports, 1887 to date. Referred to in New York Commission on Blind as most successful industrial home for men and women in United States. Not in New York State Library. Connecticut Connecticut Institute and Industrial Home for Blind (Hartford). Annual Reports, 1893 to date. The institute was established in 1893 as a private corporation for the stated purpose of fur- nishing trade instruction to adult blind, under supervision of State Board of Education for Blind. In 1895 (ch.303) the state made appropriation for industrial plant of institute. Reports from 1893 to date are to be found in those of State Board of Charities, also in those of Board of Education for Blind. Jones, C. H. superintendent of Industrial Institute for Adult Blind. Indus- trial Institute for Adult Blind, at Hartford, Ct. Charities, 15:624-26. Gives early history leading to establishment of institute and describes various industries; ex- periment of employing blind in feeding printing presses, operating stitching machines and folding book sheets promises to be successful. Connecticut State Board of Education for Blind. Reports, 1893 to date. Board was created in 1893 (ch.156), consisting of Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Governor and two appointees, with power to direct the education of all blind persons in state. By act of 1899 (ch.218) the board is to provide for those state beneficiaries over 18 years of age who have been pupils in the industrial department of any institution, three years free in- struction in some useful occupation, and at the end of the period implements, not exceeding $200 in any case, may be furnished. Reports are biennial from 1895 to 1905, thereafter by act of 1905 (ch.66) the reports are to be submitted annually in January. Indiana McGiffen, C. S. superintendent of Indiana Industrial Home for Blind Men. Indiana Industrial Home for Blind Men, at Indianapolis. Charities, 15: 634-35- Private corporation without state or local aid; institution was opened in 1900 as a workshop for blind men; the home feature at first introduced has been abandoned; industry is restricted to broom manufacture. EMPLOYMENT OF BLIND 3 1 Maryland Act to Provide for Commission to Investigate Condition of Adult Blind: to Secure Register of all Blind Residents, which will state causes of blindness and capacity for industrial training; to report recommendations to Legis- lature by Jan. i, 1908. Maryland laws '06, ch.290. Massachusetts Act to Establish Massachusetts Commission for Blind. Massachusetts laws '06, ch.385. Commission of five to be appointed for five years by Governor and'council, to prepare and main- tain register of blind and to serve as bureau of industrial aid; commission may establish industrial training schools and workshops, and also furnish tools to any blind person; annual report; $20,000 appropriation for 1906. Act to Provide for Instruction of Adult Blind at their Homes by Perkins Institute and Massachusetts School for Blind. Massachusetts laws 'oo, ch.430. Follows recommendations of investigating commission of 1899. Campbell, C. F. F, superintendent of Experiment Station for Trade Training of Blind. Experiment Station for Trade Training of Blind at Boston. Charities, 15:635-40, 673. Massachusetts Association for Promoting Interests of Adult Blind was organized in 1903, with the object of testing new occupations for blind, and introducing the blind into factories. Experiment Station was opened in 1904. The fundamental principle is as far as possible to continue a blind person in same line of work followed before blindness. Handmade rugs have proved an available occupation for women, and establishment of handicraft shops in several centers is planned. A mop patented by a blind workman is being manufactured and is selling well on the market. Mechanical processes in manufacture requiring no in- spection have been sought out. This has already resulted in placing several blind persons in factories alongside of sighted operatives. Massachusetts Census of 1895. Defective Social and Physical Condition. v.3, pt 3- Tabular analyses given of number, sex, nativity, illiteracy and employment of blind residents, p.567-72, 592-94. Massachusetts Commission on Adult Blind. Report 1906. 32p. (House Document 275) Continuation of investigation begun by commission of 1903, with additional material of pre- liminary state census returns of 1905 and the consolidated catalogue of 3600 cases of blind residents investigated by field agents; recommendations same as those of preceding com- mission. For rdsum^ see Charities, 15:618-20. Massachusetts Commission to Investigate Condition of Adult Blind. Report 1904. i4p. (House Document 187) Commission recommends that for the adult blind, 20 to 60 years of age, the state provide em- ployment bureaus, also shop schools or industrial homes, the maintenance of a registration bureau being a necessary prerequisite to the success of the latter. Massachusetts State Board of Education. Report on Instruction of Adult Blind at their Homes. 1900. 33P. (House Document 1364) Gives comparative view of English, German and American authorities on what is being done for adult blind in homes and in trades; recommends that Legislature make appropriation for limited period for home instruction to be expended by Perkins Institute with approval of State Board of Education. For resume" see Charities Review, 1900, 10:194. Perkins Institute and Massachusetts School for Blind. Reports, 1833 to date. Incorporated as New England Asylum for Blind in 1829; separate workshop for adult blind is maintained in South Boston for limited number of pupils; instruction of adult blind in homes is carried on by field agents under supervision of institute with approval of Board of Educa- tion. Wadlin, H. G. chief of Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Physi- cally Defective Population in Massachusetts in Relation to Industry. Bulletin 1902, no. 21, p.1-12. Tabulation of 4000 blind persons in state shows 55% of men and 31% of women to be self- supporting, nearly one third entirely supported by families, one seventh by pensions, pub- lic or private charity, and the remainder partially self-supporting. 32 N. Y. STATE LIBRARY REFERENCE LISTS I906 Wright, Lucy, -field agent of Massachusetts Commission for Adult Blind. Field Work among Blind in Massachusetts. Charities, 15:613-16. Much valuable information gained through cooperation of blind residents and local authorities; need emphasized of promptness in giving industrial aid to prevent blind from drifting into questionable occupations. Michigan Michigan Employment Institution for Blind. Biennial Reports. 1906. Established by act of 1903 (ch.169); board of trustees appointed by Governor to locate site, erect buildings and direct management. The institution is to carry on factory, working home, circulating library and employment bureau; admission of adult blind, 18-60; state to meet expense of apprentices for period not exceeding 3 years; blind inmates of local poor- houses may be sent to state institution; $75,000 for equipment, $10,000 and $25,000 for maintenance 1904-5. Hamilton, J. Perrine, superintendent of Michigan Employment Institution for Blind. Michigan Institution for Blind at Saginaw. Charities, 15:632-34. Institution was opened December 1904, as a combination of industrial home and workshop; at present the broom trade is principal occupation. Workmen on pay roll are paid for work by piece; difficulty in getting notice of institution before adult blind, as census is un- reliable. New York Act to Provide for Appointment of Commission to Prepare . . . Register of Blind . . . and to Investigate their Condition and Report on . . . Estab- lishment by State of Industrial Training Schools . . . $5000. New York laws '06, ch.671. Continuation of movement begun by commission of 1903. For re'sume' see Charities, 15: 687. Morford, E. P. superintendent of Industrial Home for Blind. Industrial Home for Blind at Brooklyn. Charities, 15:627-28. Private corporation established in 1893, consisting of workshops for blind mechanics with home or boarding house attached; factory is conducted on business principles, as to hours, wages and discipline. A Bill to Investigate Causes of Blindness and Methods of Prevention, also to Establish Shop Schools for Blind. (N. Y. Assembly Bill 1905, no. 1909) New York Association for Promoting Interests of Blind (editorials). Chari- ties, 15:362; 16:6. Association organized on the same plan and for same purpose as Massachusetts association; to prepare census of blind in New York city; workshops opened in city. New York Commission to Investigate Condition of Adult Blind. Report 1904. 74p. (Assembly Document 6) Careful investigation in United States and abroad and most comprehensive report. Com- mission recommends creation of permanent state commission to complete and maintain register of resident blind, and establishment of workshops similar to existing ones in Europe. Set also Findings of New York State Commission in Charities, 15 162 1-22. Pennsylvania Allen, E. E. superintendent of Institution for Instruction of Blind at Over- brook. Pennsylvania's Inquiry into Condition of Adult Blind. Charities, 15:622-23. Investigation begun in 1903 of condition of blind residents, by means of field agents; to ac- quaint blind with work of institution and place latter in touch with former pupils. Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind (Philadelphia). Reports, 1874 to date. Incorporated in 1874. Combination of industrial home and manufacturing establishment; factory of 140 blind operatives with sighted foremen, part residing in home, part outside; conventional trades: broom making, mattress making, carpet weaving and chair caning; policy to pay more than market price for articles; $45,000 biennial appropriation. For factory with blind workingmen see World's Work, 6:3817-18. EMPLOYMENT OF BLIND 33 Wisconsin Wisconsin Workshop for Blind (Milwaukee). Biennial Reports, 1904 to date. This workshop was established bv law of 1903 (ch.432) which authorized Board of Control to rent a building in Milwaukee where blind artisans might be taught a trade; biennial appro- priation made of S5000 each for 190? and 1904. The workshop was opened in December igo; and after a few initial experiments willow ware manufacture was decided upon. Act of 1005 fch.j^O provides t 1 it tra le instruction be ,'ivtn b >t 1 to women and men. also to those n-sidin; outside Milwaukee county the state to furnish transportation and board allowance, not t 1 exceed iy* per capita while learn- nQ the trade: willow farms are to he established at state institution*: triennial appropriation is increased to S8000 for 1905 and iqo6. Rep >rts included in those of State Board of Control KiisterTiann, Oscar, superintendent of Wisconsin Workshop for Blirui. Wis- consin Workshop for Blind, at Milwaukee. Charities, 15:629-32. Describes prices* of instruction in manufacture of willow ware, the artisans are allowed as earnin 's the difference between the cost and the selling price of finished product. The use of home- :rown willow will materially decrease the cost of product. Foreign counties England Armitage, T. R. Education and Employment of Blind. London 1886. Comnrehensive view and criticism of provisions for the blind based on personal investigation. Not in New York State Library. Association for Promoting General Welfare of Blind. For description of work 5ft? Report of Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2:19. Association founded by Miss Gilbert in i8>6 to teach trades to adult blind, to give employ- ment in workshops or at their homes, to provide material and insure market for products. System of workshops has been generally adopted throughout England, and in majority of cases has met with success. A Bill to Provide for Technical Education, Employment and Maintenance of Blind over 16 years. (Bill no. 195 of 1906, introduced by Mr Steadman) Authorizes county and borough councils to establish technical schools, maintaining blind dur- ing five years apprenticeship, also to operate municipal workshops; government aid to 50% of cost. British and Foreign Blind Association for Promoting Education and Employ- ment of Blind. For description see Annual Charities Digest and Register, 1904, p.29. Established in 1808 by T. R. Armitage, with branch associations in Europe, Australia, United States and English provinces; maintains central bureau of supplies for blind, also serves as employment bureau. Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb. Report 1899. 4V. v. 1 pref. p. 1-43 Summary on blind. v. 2 pref. p. 12-76 Detailed description of institutes for blind, industrial homes and work- shops in England' and on Continent. pref. p. 154-213 Tabulation of English institutions for blind, comprising 9 schools, 23 workshops, 26 combined schools and workshops and 3 asylums. pref. p. 2 14-17 Tabulation of associations and missions for blind. pref. p 218-21 Tabulation of school board classes for blind in different cities. pref. p. 222-28 Tabulation of pension funds and charities, v. 4 pref. p. 42-45 Digest of testimony relating to industrial training. pref. p.66-75 Occupations of blind. pref. p. 93-95 Supervision of pupils on leaving institution. pref. p. 1 09- 1 3 System of workshops. Home Teaching Society for Blind. For description see Annual Charities Regis- ter and Digest, 1904, p. 30. N Original society, outgrowth of Moon's system of home teaching, established in London by Miss Graham in 1855; object to supply instruction to all blind at homes or in workshops; 60 branch societies have been founded in provinces, the spread of movement being es- peciall y marked in the Australias. Home teachers in many instances aid in placing pupils in employment. 34 N- Y. STATE LIBRARY REFERENCE LISTS I906 Liverpool Workshops and Home Teaching for Outdoor Blind. For descrip- tion see Annual Charities Register and Digest, 1904, p. 36. Established in 1857: to furnish trade instruction and employment and home instruction in reading without regard to age or denomination. London Charity Organization Society. Annual Charities Register and Digest. 1890 to date. Describes work of 150 institutions and associations for the blind in Great Britain, classifying them under (1) pensions, (2) industrial homes, (3) educational institutions 'furnishing in- dustrial training, (4) education and employment of nonresidents, including workshops and home teaching. London Institute for Massage by Blind. For description see Annual Charities Register arid Digest, 1904, p. 30. Established ir» igoi, to provide under medical direction employment for blind as masseurs at a central institute or to send them out to patients in homes or institutions. Royal Blind Asylum and School, at Edinburgh. For description see Report of Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2 144. Established in 1793. Consists of educational department and of workshops, employing nearly 200 workmen, of whom three fourths are nonresidents. Outdoor pupils are received for industrial training to 40 years of age. Royal Glasgow Asylum for Blind. For description of institution, by Thomas Stoddart, superintendent, see New York Commission Report, 1904, p. 40-44. Asylum consists of common school, industrial training school and manufacturing establish- ment; adult blind not having attended school are admitted; variety of industries considered advisable rather than restriction to a few; men becoming blind, for most part, follow same trade as prior to blindness; traveling salesmen employed to further sales; manufacturing establishment self-supporting. See also Report of Great Britain Royal Commission or. Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2: 48-49. Eaton, John, United States Commissioner of Education. Royal Normal College for Blind, at London. United States Bureau of Education, Report 1898-99, 31:451-70. Established in 1872, by Dr F. J. Campbell; the college embraces preparatory and high school departments, technical school and academy of music. The institution has been markedly successful in training of piano tuners, music teachers, pianists, organists, choir masters and vocalists. The institution serves also as employment bureau, a large proportion of pupils receiving positions before leaving college. See also Report of Great Britain Royal Commis- sion on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2: 17, and Charities, 12:62. Rutherford, John. William Moon and his Work for Blind. London 1898. 2 8op. Describes system of home teaching and free lending librararies for blind. Moon's system of embossed type especially suited to aged; adapted to 400 different dialects. France Institution nationale pour les jeunes aveugles at Paris. For description see Report of Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2:57. Incorporated in 1784 and made a national institution in 1791. Pioneer of all educational institutions for the blind, founded through efforts of Valentine Hauy, who first carried out the project of teaching blind to read by raised type. Musical and industrial training has been a prominent feature in course of study. Supplementing the work of the institution, Society de placement et de secours, organized to secure positions and give aid to former pupils of institution. In its main features it follows the principles of supervision carried out in Saxony. The Society is not a state institution, as in the latter country, but was recognized by state in 1856. Similar auxiliary societies have allied themselves to insti- tutions for blind in the provinces. Germany KOnigliche Blinden Anstalt (Steglitz, near Berlin, Prussia). Special Report on Courses of Instruction and Industrial Training prepared for St Louis Exposition. 1903. Oldest institution in Germany, established in 1802. It has educational and well organized industrial departments. Connected with it is a library for blind of 5000 volumes, a point- writing printing press, the Royal Museum for Instruction of Blind, also Association to Fur- ther Economic Independence of Blind (Verein zurBeforderung derWirthschaftlichen Selbst- standigkeit der Blinden). See also Report of Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 2:66-67. EMPLOYMENT OF BLIND 35 Konigliche Sachsische Landes Blinden Anstalt (Dresden). For description of institution see Report of Great Britain Royal Commission on Blind and Deaf and Dumb, 1889, 1:25-28; 2:69-73. Royal Institution for Blind was established as private corporation in 1809, and made a state institution in 1830; it originally consisted of educational and industrial departments. It was found that on discharge from institution, p carried on the trade learned, but shortly rela supervision of former pupils was entered upo could be carried on without a teacher; commerf ial \r& regular correspondence carried on with relati person residing in locality of pupil was appoint! advising and aiding pupils to secure employ buying raw material and in marketing their pr 80% of blind are able to maintain themselves b discharged pupils was begun in 1844 which grew the annual stipend of state aid to blind averaging BedJnto fcfijdicrafts vision or after-care of pupils is known as the Saxon ally made use of in Saxony and Germany and is be England and United States. ad industrial training seldom In 1843 new policy of estricted to those which ltfjf^uced into curriculum ; g m^fcition, a trustworthy Kith cMe^or of institution in Spas g|jfVi to blind also in ts. By jRjeans^pf tni<£Vipervision, 70%- ades leaned in4&*titi5t\ns. A fund for -°85"it agjjrigated $225,000, Thi»srstem of super- ly until in t $25- a. ^as been gener- itroduction ^ursorge^g^tem ancT recommqa*ed for Hauptvogel, Richard. Association for Helping theS^jy^ AWj^ffican Journal of Sociology, 1903, 8:687-92. Account of associations formed in Saxony in cooperation with Institution at Dresden by means of which a blind man on leaving the institution is found a suitable place of employment through alliance with some business man as guardian. YC191947 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA UBRARY