EXCHANGE 
 
PUBLICATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 AMERICANA GERMANICA 
 
 MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE 
 STUDY OF THE 
 
 Literaiy,pnguistic and Other Cultural Relations 
 
 OF 
 
 Germany and America 
 
 EDITOR 
 MARION DEXTER LEARNED 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 XXIX. THE SYNTAX OF BRANT S NAREENSCHIFF 
 
 (See List at the End of the Book) 
 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 THE SYNTAX OF 
 
 BRANT S NARRENSCHIFF 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY DEXTER LEARNED 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT 
 
 OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 Bmericana Germanica 
 
 NUMBER 29. 
 
 Americana Germantca press 
 
 Philadelphia 
 1917 
 
Copyright, 1917 
 
 by 
 
 HENEY DEXTER LEABNED 
 
PATEI 
 
 ALIAM IN PAETEM ITEE MONSTEAVIT II/LE 
 MIHI VIBES DEFECEEVNT SEQVENDO 
 
 380106 
 
AUTHOR S PREFACE 
 
 No work heretofore published on Sebastian Brant s Narrenschiff 
 has attempted to treat thoroughly the subject of its syntax, al 
 though occasional points are noted and discussed in Zarncke s 
 edition, 1 otherwise so exhaustive. It is my purpose to present a 
 systematic study of the syntax in as complete and accessible a 
 manner as I may, and thus attempt to elucidate some part of this 
 relatively little explored transition period in the history of the 
 literary language : when the Middle High German literary idioms 
 were gradually breaking down and giving way to the simpler, more 
 direct, more universal constructions of the popular speech. 
 
 The matters of arrangement and accessibility, in which our 
 German linguistic treatises leave so much to be desired, have 
 seemed to me to be of especial importance in such a work. I have 
 therefore been at great pains to put the material in as simple and 
 lucid an order . as I could devise : alphabetic wherever possible, 
 otherwise according to its logical relation or importance. I have 
 made careful cross-references and compiled an index which is 
 intended to include every mention of every word and every con 
 struction discussed. 
 
 It has been my aim to account for and at least to suggest the 
 explanation or development of every syntactical form used by 
 Brant which is not found in the literary language of the present 
 day, or which for any other reason such as recording an early 
 appearance of a modern usage foreign to Middle High German, 
 or for the sake of completeness seemed interesting enough to note. 
 
 Several considerations make the Narrenschiff an admirable 
 subject for such an investigation. In the first place, the author 
 was not much of a traveller, but lived all his days in the neighbor 
 hood of his birthplace, so that, in spite of Zarncke s repeated 
 
 See Bibliography. 
 
 (7) 
 
8 Preface 
 
 insistence * that German was practically a foreign language to 
 Brant, we may safely assume that he spoke an unaffected German : 
 " Wie ihm der Schnabel gewachsen war." Indeed, the very fact 
 that Brant was accustomed to write on learned topics in Latin 
 makes it all the more certain that this work, intended for popular 
 reading, represents the colloquial idiom. As a matter of fact, we 
 find but one or two expressions that can possibly be called Latin- 
 isms 2 in the NarrenscMff. Besides, Brant was not interested in 
 linguistics, and could have had no purpose to improve his native 
 tongue by flavoring it with Latin. If we need further proof of 
 the naive character of Brant s German, it is to be found in the 
 work itself, the language of which corresponds perfectly to the 
 present-day dialect of that region. 3 
 
 The book is important also because of its tremendous circula 
 tion and its profound influence, not only in Germany, but all ovei 
 Europe, which need not be discussed here in detail; and in this 
 connection we should note that it just precedes the influence on the 
 literary language exerted by Luther s translation of the Bible. 
 
 Finally, and perhaps most important, we have in this text 
 exactly what Brant wrote, since it is evident from many consider 
 ations 4 that Brant himself corrected the proof sheets very care 
 fully, and insisted that the compositor follow his copy accurately. 
 The result is a text differing not a little from the language of 
 contemporary prints. 
 
 I have limited myself here to the first edition of 149 4. 5 
 
 Any study of the inflectional forms which Brant used would 
 be beyond the scope of this work. Besides, the results would be 
 of questionable reliability because of the hopeless inconsistencies 
 in contractions and spelling which appear on every page. Brant 
 seems to have had regard only for sounds. 
 
 1 Op. tit., p. xxiv and elsewhere. 
 
 * These are noted where they appear in the body of the work. 
 
 8 Cf. Ch. Schmidt Wtirterbuch der Strassburger Mundwrt, Strassburg 1896. 
 I have discussed certain minor points of deviation from the popular dialect 
 in the last chapter. 
 
 * Zarncke op. tit., p. 267. 
 
 5 1 used the facsimile edition of Franz Schultz, see Bibliography. 
 
Preface 9 
 
 I have noted my indebtedness to the special treatises which 
 were useful to me at the proper places in the footnotes, and col 
 lected these and some more general titles in the bibliography. 
 
 At this point it may be proper to explain that I have not had 
 access to a large number of books which I expected to find helpful. 
 Many of them could not be located in this country at all, and of 
 course could not be procured from abroad at this time. This is 
 particularly true of dissertations lately published in Germany. 
 To be sure, relatively little has been done with the syntax of these 
 individual monuments. 
 
 Professor Shumway, who suggested this subject and turned over 
 to me the manuscript of an unpublished study he made in 1898 
 of the genitive in the Narrenschiff, besides helping me in many 
 details, has incurred, my sincerest gratitude. The searching criti 
 cisms of my father, Professor Learned, have also, I trust, borne 
 fruit. 
 
 HENRY DEXTER LEARNED. 
 
 Philadelphia, June 1917. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE PAGE 
 
 I. USE OF CASES 13 
 
 Accusative, If; of content, 3; of limited time or space, 
 4 ; of specification, 5 
 
 Dative of possession, etc., 6 ; with verbs, 7 ; ethical, 8 ; 
 by attraction, 9 
 
 Genitive, possessive, subjective, 10; objective, 11; of 
 specification, 12f; instrumental, 14; of character 
 istic, 15; of quality, 16; of cause, 17 f; of material, 
 19; partitive, 20; adverbial, 21; with verbs, 22. 
 
 II. PREPOSITIONS 24 
 
 With Accusative, 23; with Dative, 24; with Dative and 
 Accusative, 25 ; with Genitive, 26 ; position of prepo 
 sitions, 27; as Prefixes, 28f. 
 
 III. PBONOUNS 28 
 
 Personal in genitive, 30; Possessives, 31; Reflexives, 
 32; Relatives, 33f; Demonstratives, 35; with in 
 animate antecedents, 36 ; other Pronouns, 37 ; Def . 
 Article, 38. 
 
 IV. VEEBS 31 
 
 Intransitives, 39; Impersonals, 40; Reflexives, 41; with 
 varying constr., 42 ; with double constr., 43 ; the par 
 ticle ge-, 44. 
 
 Syntax of moods: Indie, and Subj., 45f; Infinitive, 
 47ff; Progressive forms, 50. 
 
 V. CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVEEBS 39 
 
 Correlative and in comparison, 51 ; old usages, 52 ; 
 Adverbs, 53f. 
 
 VI. THE RELATIVE CONSEEVATISM OF BEANT, LUTHEE 
 
 AND SACHS 43 
 
 BlBLIOGEAPHY 50 
 
 INDEX . 52 
 
NOTE: For abbreviations of titles not self-explanatory, consult the bib 
 liography. Citations are numbered according to paragraphs or numbered sec 
 tions where the particular book is so divided ( e. g., Paul, Lehmann ) . Figures 
 not preceded by any other note refer to paragraphs in this book. References 
 by page are so noted (e, g., p. 20). Lines from the Narrenschiff are cited in 
 Arabic, Chapters in Roman numerals. Small a, b, c, d after the number of 
 the chapter indicates the line before the woodcut accompanying each chapter 
 ( e. g., vi b ; xxiv 10 ) . The " Vorrede " is abbreviated " Vorr." ; " title " means 
 that the citation is from the title to the chapter noted. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 CHAPTER I. USE OF CASES. 
 ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 1. The use of the accusative in the Narrenschiff does not 
 differ greatly from the modern practise. Some verbs, e. g., 
 garen, take an accusative in the, Narrenschiff which were used 
 differently in MHG. ; but the old and the new usages are gener 
 ally found together, neither to the exclusion of the other. 1 Where 
 the Narrenschiff records a verb with the accusative only, it is used 
 so, as a rule, in NHG. So we find bediiren, flyehen, bhiiten; 
 the impersonals diirsten (w. noch and the dative), frtiren, hun 
 ger n, etc. 
 
 2. The accusative with the following verbs is interesting: 
 bedencken 2 : wer bedenckt all dyng by zyt xii 3. 
 duncken: Er sicht vil das jn nit dunckt gut xxvi 28. 
 
 Der dunckt sich stryffecht Ivii 3. 
 
 impersonally: Manchen dunckt / er wer, etc. xxxiv a. 
 
 for dencken: Wer vil versuchen dut Den dunckt doch nit 
 
 eyn yeder gut xviii 28. 
 
 erkunden: er erkund all stett vnd landt Ixvi 3. 
 gelangen 3 : Alls das sy gelangt Ixxxii 56. 
 (ge) lusten 3 : wan hie zu leben lust xliii 14. 
 
 Ein yeder findt das in gelust Vorr. 48. 
 vermahlen: Wer die (frow) vermahlet synem lib Ixiv 60. 
 vnderstan : ettwas gross vnderstan xv 23. 
 vrteln : Wer ander vrtelt bosz vnd kleyn 4 xxix b. 
 
 1 For such variant usage, see the chapter on verbs. 
 
 2 Generally intrans., or reflex., as in : Wer sich, bedenckt xii 5. 
 
 3 MHG. requires the subjective idea in the genitive, thus: des sie gelangt, 
 etc., Cf. 22 footnote to entleren and Paul 265. 
 
 * Zarncke, p. 358, n. to this passage, calls this double accusative, otherwise 
 unrecorded, a Latinism. 
 
 (13) 
 
;!* v ?**;i The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 >.> -. ; %: 
 
 . 
 beviln 1 : das es jnn (ace. s. m.) nit bevilt Ixxx 9. 
 
 gewenden: der sorgt Das er nit gewenden mag xxiv 34. 
 werffen: Bisz man sie wurffet mit eym steyn Ixii 11. 
 zychen: Was zychstu mich xxiii 31. 
 erziirnen 2 : das er Tceynen erzilrn xviii 24. 
 
 3. The " accusative of content/ 7 as Paul calls it, 3 is repre 
 sented by such phrases as : Das man jm fluch bosz schwur Ixxvii 
 66. 
 
 4. The accusative is used, as in all periods of the language, 
 to express limited or definite time or space: 
 
 ir verlust Den sie den tag hetten gehan Vorr. 98. 
 
 das ichs nit mag Volbringen me / myn alien tag v 16. 
 
 Barmhertzigkeyt die leng nit stat xiv 27. 
 
 Gott beittet lange jor xxv 15. 
 
 Der weg ist breyt Dan vil sint die jn gant xlvii 16. 
 
 But the picturesque use of the accusative with any verb of 
 motion to denote the space covered, so extensive in MUG., 4 is not 
 found otherwise. 
 
 5. A related use of the accusative is to denote specification : 5 
 
 pflichtig ut; schuldig ut Ivii 29 f. 
 
 DATIVE. 
 
 6. The use of the dative in MHG. was but little different from 
 the modern practise. We should not, therefore, expect to find 
 much to discuss in the Narrenschiff under this caption. It is 
 hardly necessary to mention such obvious constructions as the 
 dative of possession with parts of the body : die oren mir, etc. ; 
 
 1 Cf. 2, footn. to gelangen; also Paul 265. 
 
 2 MHG. zilrnen is transitive (Paul 241). Brant uses it intransitively in: 
 Der herr des emiirn Do mem jn hochfwrt macht den turn xcii 115f., where 
 des may be causal genitive or the object of erziirnen. 
 
 3 Op. oit., 242. 
 
 4 Paul 245. 
 
 6 This construction occurs only in such phrases in the Narrenschiff, It was 
 much more widely used in MHG., Cf. Paul 247, 3. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 15 
 
 the dative of indirect object extended to adjectives: mannen schdnt- 
 lich Vorr. 116; der sel so fyndt (= feindlich) Ixxxviii 25; wie 
 nach (== nah) es jm sy xcix 87 ; Jceym gehorsam Ixxxv 8 ! 7 ; with 
 the phrases goch (= jah, eilig), wol, not sein; with beitten, 1 
 dienen, 2 gef alien; similarly in such an expression as: das man 
 jm fluch bosz schwur Ixxvii 66 ; with gefiigen, gelten, glichen, 
 glouben, 3 gehoren, 4 vermahlen : w er die vermdhlet synem lib Ixiv 
 60; vergiinnen, 3 nemen, raten, bescheren, 3 schmeichen ( = 
 schmeichelri) , trowen, truwen, tfin, wichen, bezalen, zemen, 5 
 verzyhen. 
 
 Note. A clear instrumental dative, rare even in MHG., 6 occurs 
 in : er sy alien dingen witzig xxxvi 4. 
 
 7. Interesting echoes from MHG. are found in the continued 
 construction of many verbs with the dative: 
 (ge) bresten : jm brest hie zitlich gut iii 13. 
 
 was 7 im gebrist Vorr. 30. 
 
 bekommen (= begegnen) : das jm vil lilt beJcum Ixxx 14. 
 lassen 8 : Zum bdttel loss ich mir der wile Ixiii 78. 
 (ge)lieben (=placere) : Dem wisen liebt eynfaltiheit xviii 30. 
 
 wie jm gelyebt Ivii 33. 
 lieben (=amare): wer mich lieb hat / den lieb ouch ich \\ 
 
 xxii 17. 
 
 luppen (=lupfen Q ) : dem fldschlin luppen Ixxxi 4. 
 lusen (= prugeln) : Des soil man jm mit kolben lusen xc 12. 
 rufen 10 : ob sie morn ruff jm xxxi 32. 
 
 1 MHG. regularly with the genitive, Paul 263. The example in the Nwrren- 
 schiff is : Do jm gott beittet xxv 15. Elsewhere it is intrans. 
 8 Does not occur in the sense of verdienen, as in MHG. 
 3 See also the chapter on verbs. 
 * Occurs once with zu der hymel ghfirt nit zu Den gensen xiv 29 f . 
 
 5 Still strong, as in MHG. 
 
 6 Paul 249c. The usual construction in MHG. is with ze, cf. Lexer. 
 T Cf. 2, footnote to gelangen. 
 
 8 This construction is not recorded elsewhere, apparently. 
 
 9 Zarncke, p. 426 n. to this passage, gives this meaning, i. e., aufheben uvn 
 daraus zu trinken. Elsewhere in MHG. lupfen is always transitive, cf. Lexer. 
 
 10 Transitive use first appears in late MHG. ; previously the dative had been 
 the regular construction (Paul 248; Zarncke p. 364 n. to xxxi 32). 
 
16 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 sparen *: Dar vmb / das jm got spart Ixxxvi 16. 
 trowen 2 : er manchen trowt x 3. 
 volgen 3 : volgen gutem ratt viii title. 
 
 unwillen (= nauseare 4 ) : so unwillest du der selen min 
 Ixxxiv 24. 
 
 8. A peculiarly striking use of the ethical dative, due perhaps, 
 to a violent ellipsis, occurs in : Dar vmb stund kunig Salomon Synr 
 muter vff / von synem iron xc 28. 
 
 9. A kind of dative by attraction, to which Zarncke 5 calls 
 attention as being not uncommon in MHG. when a preposition 
 with an infinitive communicates its action to the intervening noun : 
 von falbem hengst striche c title in register (at end of first edi 
 tion) . 
 
 GENITIVE. 
 
 10. The most interesting case in the Narrenschiff from a his 
 torical point of view is the genitive, since it corresponds best to 
 the traditional MHG. usage, while showing unmistakable ten 
 dencies toward modern simplicity. In its most obvious use, as 
 the case of possession, further extended to the subjective idea with 
 verbal nouns, it is not different from the modern practise: eins 
 mullers thier i 34 ; das 1st alter narren gltrust xxxiv 7 ; Der 
 heylgen vdtter ler Vorr. 3 ; Vil seek die synt des esels dot xxx c ; 
 we have also the construction: Ein frilndes ratt viii 31. 
 
 11. With nouns formed from verbs we have an objective geni 
 tive, as in all periods of the language: ervolgung guter sytten 
 Vorr. title; sin selbst bewerung xv 24; vnsers zu lend ist keyn 
 hoffen cviii 44 ;. erfarung oiler land Ixvi title ; verretery der land 
 
 1 Zarncke, p. 431 n. to this passage, suggests that this may be a Latinism 
 (cf. parcere) or an ellipsis, the dative being a real indirect object. 
 
 2 Probably typographical error for manchem, since the antecedent is singu 
 lar, cf. Zarncke p. 318, n. to this passage. 
 
 8 Regularly with the dative in all meanings. Nevertheless its auxiliary is 
 haben (as in Luther) : Hett er gefolget viii 25. 
 
 4 Meaning given by Zarncke, p. 429 n. to this passage. 
 6 Op. cit., p. 443 n. to c title. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 17 
 
 Ixxxiii 14 ; also when the construction is extended to nouna not so 
 immediately suggesting the verbal idea: syner zungen meister 
 xix 34 ; man hatt jr acht 1 ib. 54 ; die hant der geistlicheit nit acht 
 Ixxiii 87 ; durch guts willen (= von Qeldes wegeri) lii b; des zum 
 ziigen (= als Zeugen dessen) cxi 23. 
 
 12. The use of the genitive to denote a specific modification of 
 an idea what might be termed a genitive of specification was 
 well established in MHG., 2 and persists in the Narrenschiff, 
 although it is in many cases very difficult to distinguish from 
 other similar uses. Such instances as the following may perhaps 
 be grouped most satisfactorily under this heading: 
 
 Will anders er mit eren stan lix 8. 
 
 Vil hant des (= darilber) brieff vnd sygel gut Wie das sie 
 
 sint von edelm blut Ixxvi 51 f. 
 Der vatter hat keynr syppschafft frog 3 cii 88. 
 
 13. We may perhaps most conveniently explain the use of 
 the genitive with certain adjectives as being immediately related 
 to the genitive of specification: 
 
 behend 4 : Der messen kunst was er behend Ixvi 28. 
 blosz: Der ist der synn vnd wiszheit blosz xxi c. 
 fry 5 : Der happen vnd des Jcolben fry Yorr. 132. 
 mtissig 6 : Der ging der narren mussig wol Ixviii 34; 
 
 Der selben wer gut mussig gon c 29. 
 wert 7 : der eren, geldes, bessers wert. 
 gewisz 4 : gewiss der set Ixxxv 140 ; syn (= dessen) ungewisz 
 
 Ivii 84. 
 
 / 14. A construction closely related to the foregoing is the instru 
 mental genitive. Typical examples are : bdttlens er sich nert Ixx 
 
 1 Occurs in MHG., but more commonly with tif or ze t cf. Zarncke p. 335 n. 
 to this passage. 
 
 2 Paul 259 et passim,. 
 
 3 MHG. fragen takes the genitive, Paul 263. 
 * Paul 266. 
 
 6 Paul 259 ; cf . also under prep. vor. 
 
 Zarncke, p. 409 n. to Ixviii 34, cites examples of this construction from 
 H. Sachs and Seb. Franck; cf. also Paul 266. 
 
 7 Paul 261. 
 
18 77/r 
 
 28; but also: all welt will mit Idttlen neren sick Ixiii 3; and: 
 vil neren vsz dem bdttel sich Ixiii 93 ; keyns mit dem tmdern halt 
 mitlyden syner schwdr xcix 78. In one instance this genitive 
 is replaced by a prepositional phrase: Wer von syner sack will 
 
 15. The j vmlive .! rli;ir:ir|eristic IH used rather more lYeeK 
 
 than in modern German. Examples are Der sy guter dyng Vorr. 
 135 ; Die sint des adels von Bennfeldt Ixxvi 46. 
 
 16. The i-emliNc of quality (c. /., <fcr rillrr i/nolcr siniir; 
 linn 1 * innii : frisf t fn-ii r irinlrr; ;nul |)lir:iscs willi IIKI nclirrlt i . ullrr 
 hand, !.-.), ;i \.T\ similar con Inn-lion lo tlio his!, docs not. o<vnr 
 in Ilir A ( //-/v//.sr hi ft. pn|i:ihlv l>cc;i ns- II ran!, simply lound no 
 occnsion I.. us(^ it; il, Imd not died on! ;il llml time, IMI! \v;is <piih- 
 common unhl much hilcr. 
 
 17. The nse of tlid "-rniliyo to express cause, iVc.pienl in 
 M1KJ., 1 isslill common in (he A ,/r/v//.sr// /// :// II>I<I<TS sf, rl>< ii \\\\\ 
 
 51; weniy sind syn ( mm davon) warden rich* cii 62; Nabal wer 
 syns gsp6ts gelont xlii 28 ; des ( deswegen f deshalb, etc.) occurs 
 ahoul thirls times: dw verdurbt num nit Ixiii 84; the last is as 
 often expressed by darvmb, however, showing the tendency to 
 
 abandon the old construction. 
 
 18. A further extension of (lie causal idea ma\ he seen in the 
 use of the genii ive after the following adject iyes: 
 
 geert: //*///// lns:. In-il iril ich xi/n //<(// y 10; Die 
 
 solicits rales hoch </<v/7 \ii 10; 
 fro n : V^r.v fiilxchen. ordrn ////. ich. fro \ 1 28 ; 
 swfir 4 : Myrrha wer nit Adonis swdr ( schwanger) \\\\ . r 
 urtrlitz 6 : des urtriitx oiii !!)<>; 
 
 to which we may add the phrase: dee ( dessen) stroff oxi 82. 
 
 I Paul 207. 
 
 II Paul 254, 207. 
 75. 250, 
 
 4 But of.: von Wtvn tohwfir xlviii 2. 
 
 Zarnoke, p, 451 n. to thia passage, quotes examples from H. Sachs; of. 
 MHO. wrdrtawmt \vith gmitive, Paul 265, 
 
Tin tfi/ntax of Brant s Narrawhiff 19 
 
 Note. In the same connection we may logically remark that 
 
 Iho phrase frond ban, which we .should expect to find \\ilh the 
 CMIISM! ^vnilivo, recpiire^ :i pivpoMliniuil rxpres i.m :,/,//-,/ N ii I; 
 
 dor ab ex 1; Mancher hat von sym reden freyd; we find also 
 sorg han with vmb cv 64; with vff xlviii 77; ratt pflegen with 
 rmh l viii b; Ion vmb vii 20. Further instances of preposi 
 tional phnises where we should oxpec! cnusiil irenitives nro: At/nni 
 
 wer nit von <>//m L-ln/nm. bisz Gestossen vsz dem Paradisz xii 13 ; 
 
 Da* fi/))f) ilninch-fn trcr ron iri/n. \vi Si>. 
 
 19. The genitive of material, which was extensively usoxl in 
 
 MIKJ., - ! is iii.ich resh-iclcd in 1 ho Xarrcnscli / // . occiirriiiij: oulv in 
 .such expressions :is: Drr Itiil ror fiillitiKj sirli ,/cr N//.V: :t cvi k j:>; 
 
 mil /n l/ltfrr </< sr/i n /J l X orr. 1 ; alles adels Idr Ixxvi 61 ; it is not 
 
 found \\ilh IKMMI . ;i in Ml 1C. <l<i; r/oAA .v // c /r. 
 
 20. The Partitive genitive is used in the Narrenschiff much 
 
 sis in M1KJ. M.xjnnples nre: fin /)/c;//m///vr/ Jrffks xliv 20; 
 
 m* gelts Ixiii 94; Per ( deren) sytzen vier vnd zwenttig noch 
 
 Sri (.v/V) Mrnsinirti Ixiii , {;{ ; I // //(/r/r//. //v/j/r/ /r//.svr .v/;// 
 
 xlvii 28; / // //\////.s xvi 6; so vil der down Vorr. 50; Der sclben 
 man em teil hie fyndt* Vorr. 127; was ere, 9 was gliicks, //v/,v 
 gewins etc. ; Der jm nye leydes hatgethan xb; Des glychen Plato 
 ouch geschach xxxv 19 ; Des glichen vor nie wiirt gehdrt ciii 150 ; 
 
 Dt-r must t/fs ini-rhs jnn orcn Initi" 1 xxxvi . 50; jr kfi/nfr* \\ 17; 
 
 jr i/c,der Ixxiii 81; der (deren) dheyner Ix 10; alter sorgen 
 keyn xcix 188 ; So drincken wir dann nit des b6sten 9 Ixxxi 23 ; 
 
 so jilso wild snperl:i!i\<^, hut limited .MS in modern (Jernuin: allcr 
 
 meyst xxi 24; vffs aller best (saepw*) ; aller mynst Ixv 65. 
 
 Note. Instances in which the partitive genitive, strictly re 
 quired in MHG., is replaced by another construction are: cyn 
 
 hrnl xlvi I}!); \ <ni. In irlicni huh irli r//vwww hurl i . r . ; Mm 
 
 1 Of. MHO, 8i wurden d#8 *e rAte. 76. 250. 
 
 Paul 250. 76. 253. 
 
 "76. 203. //>. 202. 
 
 4 76. 250. 76. 254. 
 
 1 The only occurrence of this construction, etten and trinckcn requiring the 
 
 elsewhere in the 
 
20 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 hat man dock der gschrifft so vil Von alter vnd von nuwer ee 
 (= Testament) xi 15 ; er von dem appfel asz xii 12 ; Jcouffen wyn 
 noch brot xix 44;. this is true with numerals where a qualifying 
 adjective intervenes/ as in: vier kleyne ding cvi 13; with vil, 
 which has thus lost its old substantive character to this extent and 
 is used as a numeral: vil andern (dat. plu.) Ixix 12 ; jnn vil joren 
 Ixxxv 12 ; vile Landt (metri causa) Ixvi 49 ; but with a qualifying 
 adjective the genitive is always used after vil (about 50 cases 
 occur which are certainly genitive, including those in which a 
 qualifying adjective is present, e. g., vil falscher ler ciii 75), and 
 in the majority of instances it is impossible to determine the case 
 because of the confusion in inflectional endings; similarly, with 
 all, me (mer) , manch, wenig the usage is divided, showing a 
 partial decay of the old construction. 2 Statistics would obviously 
 be worthless. 
 
 21. The genitive is occasionally more loosely used in the 
 Narrenschiff, as in all periods of the language, as an adverb, es 
 pecially in time phrases : der richman asz des morndes jnn der hell 
 xvi 46; eyns mols xix 81 (but also frequently eyn mol xiii 11) ; 
 morgens; nachts; der wile. 
 
 22. A relatively large number of verbs which in MHG. gov 
 erned the genitive retain it in the Narrenschiff. Here are to be 
 found such traditional Indo-European constructions as the geni 
 tive with verbs indicating mental processes : dencken, entpfinden, 
 vergessen, etc. ; with verbs indicating plenty or lack (separation), 
 akin to the partitive idea : entberen, falen, bedtirf en ; verbs in 
 which the causal idea is prominent: eren, frowen; many reflex 
 ives, as sich vlissen ; besides many instances in which the genitive 
 exercises a looser, less easily classified defining function. In the 
 following list only those verbs are noted which are restricted to 
 the genitive. Those having a double construction or a choice of 
 constructions are treated in the special chapter on verbs. 
 
 1 But when the numeral follows, the usage is as in NHG. : vnser schwestern 
 vier Ixxvii 92; der syben wunder eyns Ixxxv 105. 
 
 2 For further example of substitution cf. 25, an. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 21 
 
 entberen *: Es ist der narren gut entbern xlii a. 
 
 jr beid entberen Ixxix 14. 
 
 dencken 2 : die wenig dochtent myn Vorr. 93. 
 beduncken (sich) 3 : der bduht sick syner narrheyt cxi 55. 
 diirf en 4 : sie dorffen sir off ens nicht vi 8. 
 f alen 5 : Des mancher fait Ixxv 4. 
 entpfinden * : er entpfand der gewaltigen handt Ivii 54. 
 
 der hdchlen er entpfyndt Ixxi a ; 
 
 das er das entpfindt vii 7. 
 flyssen (sich) 6 : Wer wyns vnd feiszt dings flysset sich xvi 49 ; 
 
 but once : er sich druff flyszt vi 4. 
 frowen (sich) 7 : Der sich syns vnglucks frowt x 4. 
 fiiren (= feiern) 8 : Der studentten ich ouch nit fur xxvii 1. 
 uberheben (sich) Q : Sins gliicks sich nyemans vberhab xxiii 27. 
 beklagen (sich) : Nestor (et al.) beklagensichdes, etc. xxvi 34. 
 abkommen 10 : des esels Icumen ab Ixxviii 10. 
 lachen: So man sin lach Ixvii 7; 
 
 Wer lachet des eyn ander weynt Ixviii 15. 
 
 1 MHG. eribem regularly takes the genitive (Paul 264). Confusion due to 
 the use of es (nom., gen. sing.) seems to be the origin of the following cases 
 of apparent accusative: Der mftsz hfiren / das er gem eritbur xli 4; danck 
 vnd Ion entbern xcvi 14. This also appears in Luther (Lehmann 27) : die 
 Gaste warens nicht werth Matt. 22, 8 ; Gallion nahm sichs nichts an Ap. 18, 
 17; So wird ers Schaden leiden 1 Cor. 3, 15; da hatten es etliche ihren Spott 
 Ap. 17, 32. 
 
 2 Rare, generally replaced by gedencken, q. v. under verbs. Cf. also: den 
 selben noch zudencken Vorr. 102. 
 
 3 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 265. 
 
 4 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. An apparent accusative 
 occurs in: Der da/rff gluck / vnd wetter gut cix 12. 
 
 5 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. One instance of an with 
 this verb occurs: Wann er nit hett gefdlet dran Ixxv 28. 
 
 6 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. Several instances of vff 
 with this verb occur : er sich dar vff flyszt vi 4. 
 
 T Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. The NHG. construction 
 with auf also appears once : mancher frowt sich / vff frdmbde hab xciv a. 
 
 8 For form cf. Zarncke p. 356 n. to this passage. 
 
 Perhaps the analogy to MHG. uber werden with the genitive ( Paul 263 ) 
 may be the explanation of this construction. 
 
 10 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. 
 
22 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 < 
 
 vermessen (sick) : sollen sie sich des vermessen Ixxx 25. 
 war nemen: es nam nyeman sm war xiii 92. 
 pflegen x : sie grosser wiszheyt pflegen xlvi 7. 
 (be)riimen (sich) : Mancher ~berumbt sich grosser sach li 13 
 
 (replaced once by vsz w. dat. ? cf. 24). 
 
 verrtichen (sich) 2 : Gott des menschen sich verrucht xxiii 7. 
 schonen 3 : Mancher der sytten wenig schont ix 21. 
 
 Eyn alter narr synr sel nit schont v 33. 
 versehen (sich) 4 : ich mich des versich ex 15. 
 spotten: Die juden spotten vnser xcv 46. 
 (ver) sumen (sich) : ich hett des schiffes mich versumbt 
 
 Ixxviii 3. 
 vergessen 5 : syn selbs vergessen Iviii title. 
 
 des fldschlins vergessen Ixxx 26. 
 waltten 6 : Tdeynes heres / walttet got xcix 166. 
 warten 7 : Der letsten (pfrunden) wart er jnn der hell xxx 32. 
 
 yeder wart Der vrteil die er geben hat ii 25. 
 
 Der wardt des schlegels vff dem tach xxiii 4. 
 
 Gott Jr (gen. plu.) warttet xxv 9. 
 
 (also once with vff and the accusative: er musz warten 
 
 vff bescheyt Ixii 22. 
 verwegen (sich) 8 : Procris der hecJcen sich verwdg xii 52. 
 
 1 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 264. 
 
 2 MHG. ruochen regularly takes the genitive, Paul 263. 
 
 8 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 264. The analogy of spwen, 
 schonen to Latin parcere is probably responsible for the dative in: der Tceym 
 Indt geschont Ixxxv 86. 
 
 * Cf. Paul 266. 
 
 6 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 264. The accusative, how- 
 ever, is regular in MHG. when another genitive is dependent upon the first 
 (Paul 264 a. 2) : sie vergisz jrs hertzen leyd liii 14. 
 
 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. 
 
 7 MHG. wcvrten is used with both genitive and dative (Paul 248, 263), but 
 no instances occur in the Ncvrrenschiff which are certainly dative. 
 
 8 Zarncke, p. 325 n. to this passage, gives examples of genitive and accus 
 ative from late MHG., and other references. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 23 
 
 werden ems, 1 jnn 2 : 80 werden sie des kouffes eis (sic) Ixi 29. 
 weynen: Wer lachet des eyn ander weynt Ixviii 15. 
 gewonen 3 : er hat sin nit gewont ix 22. 
 
 1 Probably does not occur earlier than H. Sachs, cf. Zarncke p. 398 n. to 
 Ixi 29. 
 
 2 Paul 260. No certain examples of genitive occur, but the following may 
 be cited as showing a reflection of the MHG. usage, the apparent accusative 
 being due to the confusion in forms explained in the footnote to entberen: 
 Das wiirt er jn dem altter jnn xvi 10; das nyemari Das jnnen werd li 32; 
 examples such as: Das man me nuwer mdr werd jnn xi 29 do not prove 
 anything. 
 
 3 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 263. The MHG. gen. e s (cf. 
 footnote to entberen) seems to be preserved in: ders nit hat gewont v 34. 
 So also with erbarmen: das es got erbarm Ixiii 6. Cf. also jnn werden and 
 footnote. 
 
GHAPTEE II. PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Note. It will be necessary to catalogue only those prepositions 
 the syntax or meaning of which in the Narrenschiff varies from 
 the present norm, since in the main the two usages coincide. 
 
 23. Preposition with the accusative: 
 
 (lurch with the accusative occurs very frequently to express 
 cause, agency, etc.: durch Sebastiami Brant Vorr. tit. 
 Dana entpfing nit durch das golt xii 60 ; durch gotts 
 willen xx 1Y ; wibe durch gutz wille lii tit. ; man geb 
 jn durch (= wegen) jr wiszheyt nut xix 61. 
 
 f iir is still written (= NHG. vor) 1 with the accusative, al 
 though once we find: Wer vor frowen vnd kynder wil 
 reden xlix 1. It occasionally occurs in the sense of 
 anstatt or lieber als, as in: fur wyn das wasser xxxviii 5. 
 
 gegen seems to be restricted to the accusative, cf. gen, 24. 
 
 on (once an) is written for MHG. ane, NHGr. ohne: on mich; 
 on das. 2 
 
 vmb retains its traditional spelling. It occurs in the senses of 
 fur: guts vmb bosz Ixviii 12 ; der Ion drumb xxii 31 ; 
 of wegen very frequently: mich schelten vmb min nutz- 
 lich ler Vorr. 81 ; vmb eyn byssen brot xlvi 39 ;. dar 
 vmb (cf. 17", des) for 1STHG. deswegen; Eyn schadlich 
 ding ist vmb den wyn xvi 13 ; es stiind vmb die Jcynd 
 bos vi 31 ; less commonly in the sense of von: das er 
 dar vmb nit weiszt Ixxx 12 ; and nach: wenn eyn kleyn 
 zyt vmbhar gat (= nach einiger Zeit) Ixxxi 31. It ex 
 presses the measure in: es fait vmb eyn burenschritt 
 Ixv 52. 
 
 24. Prepositions with the dative: 
 
 ab 3 has been preserved in many examples : ab dem hafen Ixxxi 
 50 ; ob tusend sturben drab cii 12. 
 
 1 Paul 270. 2 Cf. 26 for on with the genitive. 
 
 Paul 271. 
 
 (24) 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 25 
 
 by occurs in time phrases where NHG. would use some other 
 preposition : by den joren vi 9 ; by jren tag en xli 18. 
 
 gen x is still used with the dative : gen jm xxviii 14 ; gen mit- 
 temtag Ixvi 44; gen dem hagel, dem wynd, der erden, 
 etc. 
 
 mit 2 is used peculiarly in : het ich in mit sym namen gnent 
 Vorr. 63. 
 
 ob 3 occurs once: ob der hant Ixxix 15. 
 
 vsz is used where NHG. would replace it by some other con 
 struction in: vsz dem eebruch rumen sich xxxiii 28. 
 
 von in phrases has begun to replace the partitive genitive. 4 
 It is used much as in OTIG., except to express agent, 
 where durch is more common. 
 
 vor 5 is the regular form of this word with the dative, although 
 we have one case of confusion in: jm fur Ivi 31. It is 
 used occasionally in the sense of wegen, as in NUG. : 
 vor wyszheyt xlii 9; and once with fry: Vor btriignisz 
 syner frowen fry xxxii 23. 6 
 
 zfi 7 occurs in several phrases which would seem peculiar today : 
 zu dem schiff schwymme Vorr. 22 ;. schiessen zu dem 
 zil xix 66 ; zu dem Icouff gut Vorr. 54 ; zu nacht ib. 
 90; zu husz (= nach House) vi 45, xxxiv 14; zu eym 
 zeichen (= als Zeicheri) viii 16 ; Die jn erschlug zu dot 
 xii 18 ; zu hant (= so fort) xii 23 ; Jceyn arbeit dett nie 
 gut zur yl (= eilig) xlviii 49 ; zu ruck (= hinterruclcs) 
 ci 6. 
 
 1 Paul 270. The Narrenschiff prints gon in one instance. 
 
 2 This preposition is frequently used without an object (a possible con 
 struction even in MHG., cf. Zarncke, p. 331 n. to xvii a) : Wer gut hat / vnd 
 ergetzt sich mit xvii a; Als ob man gott wolt zwingen mitt Ixv 89. 
 
 NOTE. Another case of prepositions used without objects (i. e., as adverbs) 
 occurs in: noch (= nach) als vor (saepius) , which has analogues in NHG. 
 
 3 Paul 271. 
 
 4 Cf. 20 note. 
 
 6 Paul 270. Cf. also 23. 
 
 6 Cf. 15. 
 
 7 The form zu (zu) is printed three times, perhaps due to the regular 
 MHG. spelling (and sound) ze. 
 
26 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 Note. The adjective glichis treated as a preposition governing 
 the dative in such phrases as: glich eym ross xxxii 22. 1 
 
 25. Prepositions with both dative and accusative. 
 
 The distinction between the uses of the two cases is the same as 
 in all periods of the language. 
 
 an occurs in several phrases which are reminiscent of the more 
 definite use of this preposition in MHG. : an der sunn 
 iv 13 ; an beiden ougen blynt xxx 10 ; er fing am pfarrer 
 an xliv 31 ; an jrm bett 2 Ivi 37 ; an Tcreyssen (= par 
 titive genitive 3 ) Ixvi 24 ; hie ist an narren kein gebiiist 4 
 Vorr. 4T ; Wo an dem pfening ist gebrust xviii 32 ; 
 dot an vergyfftem wyn cix 28. 
 
 hynder is used in its MHG. sense in the phrase hynder sich 
 (= zuruck or riickwarts) xl 16. 
 
 in with the accusative is used to express purpose occasionally 5 : 
 jn warnung (== zur Warnung) xii 24; Die zung die 
 brucht man in das recht xix 45. The accusative is 
 striking in : jnn manche wise Ixxxix 8. 
 
 vff is used more freely than in NHG. : vff das (== damit dass) 
 ii 9 ; in time phrases : vff eynen tag (saepius) ; and in 
 the elliptical phrase: vff jrdeschs yeder narr erblindt 
 (= in Bezug auf Irdisches) Ivxi 128. 
 
 under (still spelled as in MHG.) occurs frequently in the 
 phrase: underwil (underwile). 
 
 26. Prepositions with the genitive. 
 
 glich (originally an adjective, as in glich wie, als) is often used 
 as a preposition governing the genitive, especially with 
 
 1 Cf. also glich with the genitive, 26. 
 
 2 Regularly used with lett until the xvi cent., cf. Zarncke p. 392 n. to this 
 passage. 
 
 3 Cf. 20 note. Zarhcke, p. 407 n. to this passage, quotes an example from 
 Tristan. 
 
 * Another instance of substitution for the genitive, cf. 2 footnote to gelangen. 
 5 Zarncke, p. 320 n. to xii 24, describes this as a Latinism, and cites 
 examples from Vindler, Geiler, Hugo v. Trimberg and Luther. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 27 
 
 pronouns x : er allzyt flisset sich Wie yederman syg 
 synen (= sein, seiner} glich cv 14. 
 
 on is apparently used as a preposition governing the genitive, 2 
 or at least as a prefix: sie syn soltten wynes on / vnd 
 alles das do truncken macht xvi 32 f . ; wassers on lix 
 23 ; oiler sinnen on Ixxii 29. 
 
 27. The preposition is frequently placed at some distance from 
 its logical object, thus becoming formally an adverb, as in MHG., 3 
 and colloquially today : Wer will eym yeden drincken zu xvi 54 ; 
 Do er wart selbst gehenclcet an Ixix 20 ; Do man nit vor ( vor- 
 her) /eyn zanck vmb hob Ixxi 4; or it may follow the noun, as 
 in: den berg vff Ivi 53; jm fur ib. 31; trostes an Ixv 85. 
 
 28. The behavior of prepositions used as prefixes (separable) 
 is practically identical with the present norm (except for their 
 position in the sentence, which is quite irregular), the preposition 
 giving up its original construction with a certain case in favor of 
 the case demanded by the whole verbal idea. 
 
 Note 1. With vor the dative is used exclusively. 4 
 Note 2. The compounds noch stellen, noch stygen are used 
 with both dative and accusative: den (ace. s. m.) stellt er noch 
 Ixvi 145 ; Wer hohen dingen stellet noch xxiv 21 ; Die stygen 
 vogelndster noch xxxvi 14 ; otherwise noch in composition requires 
 the dative. 
 
 Note 3. By a natural confusionbekommenis printed once for 
 bykommen (== NHG. begegnen), with the dative. 
 
 29. The inseparable prefixes conform to the NHG. norm. 
 
 1 Zarncke, p. 385 n. to xlix 24, cites many examples from other writers. 
 
 3 Paul 259. Cf. also 23 on. Zarncke, p. 329 n. to xvi 32 f., regards it 
 rather as a prefix. The original adverbial use appears in : Mttlen dut nyeman 
 we On dem / der es mfisz trilen Ixiii 81 f. 
 
 3 Paul 273. Cf. also 24 footnote to mit. 
 
 4 Cf. 24 vor. 
 
GHAPTEE III. 
 
 30. The personal pronouns are in general the same as in 
 ., with the exception that the MHG. forms min, din, sin, ir 
 
 are printed (in various ways: myn, etc., and sometimes extended 
 forms * : sinen, iren) . The NHG. forms of the genitive (meiner, 
 etc.) are not used. 
 
 31. Possessives are frequently accompanied by the definite 
 article, and then stand after the noun : der g fatter min Yorr. 45 ; 
 vsz der worJieit syn xi 19 ; while with parts of the body, etc., the 
 possessive is frequently replaced by the dative of the personal 
 pronoun, as in NHG. ; but in as many cases both the possessive 
 and the dative of the personal pronoun are used together: schmy- 
 eren yedem syn styrn xviii 23 ; Dem wiirt verbrennt syn consci- 
 entz xii 80. 
 
 32. The reflexive of the third person in the dative is still, as 
 in MHG., 2 the dative of the personal pronoun (im, ir, in) , sich 
 
 being confined to the accusative : Der wiirfft von jm das blut Vorr. 
 76 ; Das sie soldi lilt sol by jr han xli 12. 
 
 33. Either the demonstrative der die das, 3 the interrogative 
 wer was, 4 or welcher (weller) may be user as relative, whether 
 the antecedent, definite or indefinite, be omitted or not. 5 The 
 usage is very free, as in MHG., 6 in the Narrenschiff : alls das man 
 jm bringt xvi 55 ; durch die / by eym sind xxxix 30 ; Es sindt 
 vff erd Die scliwdtzen xix 19 ; Durch sie wiirt kru das vor was 
 
 1 For detailed treatment of these c/. Zarncke p. 385 n. to xlix 24. 
 
 2 Paul 217. 
 s 76. 343, 1. 
 4 76. 343, 2. 
 
 6 The extended forms in the genitive (dessen, deren, derer, wessen) and in 
 the dative plural (denen) are not used in the Narrenschiff: Der sich des doch 
 nit nymet an Vorr. 62; Der sint vil tusent yetz verlom xxxi 33; Den fait jr 
 anschlag xliii 34; only two instances in the genitive plural and two in the 
 dative plural of the demonstrative occur; ddnen xcvii 8; denen ciii 135; 
 dern xcviii c; deren xcviii 29. 
 
 Of. Paul 344. 
 
 (28) 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 29 
 
 schlecht ib. 46 ; das er gM / nymbt er zu zyt xxvi 64 ; Das er 
 nit syn will / das er ist xxix 34 ; welch wol <wil xxxii 3 ; der 
 . . . wan zu leben lust xliii 14 ; Der ist eyn narr / der macht 
 eyn fur Oder wer fackeln zilndet an xxviii 1, 3. The same 
 interchange occurs in the corresponding adverbs, do and wo being 
 used with apparently no distinction as relative adverbs, as in 
 MHG. 
 
 Note. As general double relative was is used in : was gwalt 
 hat / vnd vil gelt xlvi c. 
 
 34. An interesting survival which to the present time has not 
 completely disappeared from colloquial speech is the old relative 
 so 1 : vnder alter creatur So hat vernunfft liv 17; Des lands so 
 man erJcundet hat Ixvi 46 ; sumnisz vnd schand so man yetz spurt 
 xcix 2 ; all die / so wiszheyt handt eruolget cvii 75. 
 
 35. The demonstrative pronouns do not differ in use from the 
 present norm except that the genitive singular of der 2 is occasion 
 ally replaced by the genitive of the personal pronoun, sin, as in 
 late MHO. 3 : mancher will sin Jceyn wort han (== davon nichts 
 ho ren) ex c. 
 
 36. Personal, relative, demonstrative and interrogative pro 
 nouns having inanimate antecedents may, when used with a prepo 
 sition, be replaced by the corresponding adverb, but the usage in 
 the Narrenschiff is very irregular in this. 
 
 37. Various other pronouns may be mentioned for the sake 
 of completeness: 
 
 lit, nut appear for MHG. icht, nicht (NHG. nichts). The 
 latter is never confused with the particle of negation : nit. 4 
 
 yeman (yemans yemens) and yederman are always unin- 
 flected. 
 
 1 Paul 343, 2, a. 2. 
 
 2 Of. 33 footnote 5. 
 
 3 Paul 222. 
 
 4 Cf. Shumway The Verb in Thos. Murner, i, p. 39 footn. 3. 
 
30 The Syntax of Brant s Narenschiff 
 
 vil and me, originally adjectives, are often used as pronouns, 1 
 hence may or may not be construed with the genitive. 2 
 
 38. A peculiarity to be noted in connection with the article 
 is its omission where it would be required in ordinary language: 
 (dem or einem) ScJiwdtzer ist nut zu reden vil xix 49 ; Hie findt 
 man der welt gantzen louff Yorr. 53 ; an der sunn vnd fur 
 (= feuer) iv 13 ; 3 Die best gezierd / vnd hohster nam ix 25. 
 
 1 Paul 212. 
 
 2 This is treated in detail in 20 and note. 
 
 3 Luther often omits the article in such a case ( where two distinct persons 
 or things are referred to) e. g.: an der Sonne und Mond u/nd Sternen Luke 
 21, 25. 
 
CHAPTER IV. VERBS. 
 
 39. Intransitive verbs occurring in the Narrenschiff which are 
 now either entirely obsolete or no longer used intransitively are: 
 gebresten, fiiren (= NHG. feiern), vergiinnen, hoffen: wer 
 hofft vff eyns andern dott xciv 9 ; jehen : man gyecht xxiii 9 ; 
 lassen : er soil von synen sunden Ian xxxi 3 ; lieben, lonen, lugen : 
 lug fur dich wol xlvii 30; raten, rfifen, verstan, werfen: 
 mit steyn werffen xlii b. 
 
 40. Impersonal are: gebresten, gedencken, gelieben (== 
 
 gef alien), beniigen, gach sin 1 : Jm wer zu vrteiln nit so goch 
 (= eilig) ii 20 ; schwigen: ml wager (= besser) dir geschwygen 
 wer xxviii 22 ; wundern with an: des (= deswegen) ist zu 
 wundern nit daran vi 47. 
 
 41. Reflexive are: bruchen, bedencken: Het Adam sich be- 
 docht vor basz xii 11 ; Der bdencfy sick wol/ ee dann er buw xv 20 ; 
 verdingen, (be)duncken: Die duncJcent sich syn etc. ciii 14; 
 flyssen, began : ml bgont sich wol Ixiii 85 ; glichen : wollust 
 glychet sich Eym wib 1 1 f . ; uberheben, klagen 2 : Idagent sich 
 Ixiii 5 ; geliben (= leiblich gut verpflegt sein 3 ) : was sich 
 gelibt xxxviii 64; lyden 4 : Der lyd sich / so man die (i. e., die 
 Wunde) vffbrech xxxviii 15 ;annemen, 5 verrftchen, (be)riimben, 
 schelten : der sich mit eynem trunckenen schillt Ixviii 4 ; gesoln 
 (= Seelenheil genieszen 3 ) : das gesolt sich xxxviii 64; stehlen: 
 Hep stielt sich ab vi 84; (ver)sumen: das er sich sum Ixxx 13; 
 8umbt er sich an eym Tdeynen stuck xii 22 ; verwegen, beziigen. 
 
 42. Verbs with which there is a choice of various constructions 
 in the Narrenschiff are : 
 
 achten (also acht haben) : 
 
 with the accusative : Keyn bessere Icunst achten sie nut xxvii 
 
 1 Paul 198. 
 
 3 Transitive in MHG., cf. Paul 241. 
 
 8 Zarncke, p. 374 n. to this passage, gives this meaning. 
 
 4 Also transitive, as in NHG. 5 Cf. also 42. 
 
 (31) 
 
32 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 20 ; sie keyn scham noch ere me acJit xxxiii 51 ; Die 
 jugent acht all kunst gar Tdeyn xxvii 7 ; Wer sick fur 
 ein narren acht Vorr. 41 ; Das er nit wis sich achten 
 soil ib. 36; 
 
 with the genitive - 1 : Das sie der rehten kunst nit achten xxvii 
 11; die hant der geistlicheit nit acht Ixxiii 87; Des 
 priesterschafft wenig acht xvi 34; 
 
 with vff and the accusative: achten kein frombden ratt viii 
 
 9 ; Der acht vff gluck nut viii 29. 
 (be)geren 2 : 
 
 with the genitive: eigen nutz des er begert x 26; Der erber- 
 keyt man do nit bgert c 22 ; hut accusative with a de 
 pendent genitive, as in MHG. : 3 Der furst die kron des 
 kunigs gert Ixxxii 36 ; 
 
 with noch: nyemd dar noch frogt noch gdrdt ciii 127; 
 
 with zu: je me man die zu grunden gdrt Ivii 81 ; Do wir all 
 
 begeren zu Ixxxv 68. 
 bruchen 4 : 
 
 with the accusative : ( Wachs) Das brucht Vlisses vff dem mer 
 xxxvi 31; Der ander brucht syn fry en will Ivii 56; 
 
 reflexive with the genitive: Wer eygens koppfs sich bruchen 
 
 will xxxvi 26. 
 gedencken : 
 
 with the genitive: die der jch gedacht Yorr. 91; Ich gantz 
 nit jr gedencken wyl ib. 124 f . ; 
 
 impersonal 5 with the dative : mir gedenckt / das etc. Ixxvi c ; 
 
 1 In a few cases the genitive may be regarded as partitive after wenig, nut, 
 etc. But cf. nut and the accusative, above. 
 
 * 2 MHG. gern takes the genitive regularly, Paul 263. The compound begem 
 is late MHG., Dietz p. 230. 
 
 3 Paul 264 a. 2. For apparent ace. in: nut das er begerdt xxiv 18, cf. 22 
 footnote to entberen. 
 
 4 MHG. with ace. or gen., Lexer. Cf. Zarncke p. 371 n. to xxxvi 26 for con 
 temporary examples. 
 
 B Zarncke, p. 419 n. to this passage, says that this construction, unknown in 
 MHG. except in the passive, appears in the XVI century, and quotes examples 
 from Murner and Fischart, as well as examples of dencken. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 33 
 
 with an and the accusative: Das er an die set gedenckt xxxi 
 
 24; 
 with vff and accusative: Vff das / er vor nie hat gedacht 
 
 xcvi 26. 
 
 dun, besides occurring very often as an auxiliary, is used in 
 the senses of machen, stellen, as in modern dialectal speech ; 
 reflexive : sich dun (= gehen) vi 63. 
 
 erben : 
 
 with the accusative : Bulgarus erbt synen sun xciv 19 ; 
 with the genitive Eyn dienst magt die jr frowen erbt Ixiv 62. 
 
 glouben l : 
 
 with the accusative : der yedes schwdtzen gloubt ci 2 ; 
 with the dative: gloub mir ii 18; Wer guttem rott nit folgt 
 
 vnd gloubt xiii 28 ; Wer yedem narren glouben will 
 
 xi a (doubtful: Der nit hort wiszheit vnd jr gloubt 
 
 xi 26) ; 
 with the genitive: glouben dem schlangen siner wort ci 31; 
 
 der geschrifft glouben xi If.; 
 
 with in 2 : Dar vmb gloubt der nit recht jnn got Ixv 29; 
 with vff and accusative: Der vff das gstirn solch glouben hat 
 
 Ixv 30. 
 halten alone (= existimare), with fur and in vff sich halten 
 
 is used as in NHG. ; 
 reflexive with the genitive 3 : disz welt Sich vast des kollschen 
 
 bottschen helt xlviii 86 ; Der sun des vatters halttet 
 
 sich (== dhnelt dem Vater) xlix 15. 
 
 helfen 4 : 
 
 with the accusative : Was hulff ein menschen das etc. xxiv 
 
 23 ; Was hulff dich / das etc. ib. 25 ; 
 with the dative : Sie hulff en jm nit iii 20 ; jm helfen xc 5 ; 
 
 1 MHG. with dat. of pers., gen. or ace. of thing. Cf. Paul 263, 264. 
 
 2 Zarncke, p. 320 n. to xii 24, calls this a Latinism. 
 
 3 Goedeke, p. 90 n., quotes an example from Facetus. 
 
 4 The MHG. distinction between the use of dat. and ace. (Paul 241; 
 Zarncke p. 341 n. to xxiv 25) is kept up in the Narrenschiff. 
 
34 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 with the genitive l : yeder starb a\m selben we Des er meynt 
 
 helffen yedermann. 
 hiiten 2 : 
 
 with the accusative (supplemented by vor with the dative) : 
 
 vor dem man sich hutt ix 8 (10 times in all) ; 
 with the genitive : der hutt der hewschreck xxxii a ; Wer 
 
 synr frowen hutten dut ib. 2 (twice only). 
 lonen: 
 
 with the accusative: der all ding lont Ixxxv 85 (once) ; 
 with the dative: lonen eym i 24. 
 lugen : 
 
 with the genitive (or dative ?) Eyn yeder lug vor (= vorher) 
 
 syner schantz Iviii 13 ; 
 with fur: lug fur dich wol xlvii 30 ; 
 with zu: Sie lugen ubel zu den sachen ciii 85. 
 manen 3 : 
 
 with the genitive: Der sy eyn yeder narr gemant cxi 85 ; 
 with an: Sie manten mich dran Ixxx 3. 
 annemen: 
 
 with the accusative: Ee er die priesterschafft nam an Ixxiii 
 
 40; 
 reflexive with the genitive: Der sich des dock nit nymet an 
 
 Vorr. 62. 
 genieszen 4 : 
 
 with the accusative : Syn duschen er genusset nit Ixxxix 31 ; 
 with the genitive: Der selb / syns tuschens gnusset nitt 
 
 Ixxxix b; Wes eyner will das er geniesz lix 20. 
 beniigen 5 : 
 
 with the accusative: Do mit losz ich benugen mich i 11 ; 
 
 Keynen benugt me / mit stfm stand Ixxxii 61 ; 
 with the dative: Eym yeden syn armut benug xciv 16. 
 
 1 Cf. Paul 266. 
 
 2 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 264. 
 
 3 Regularly with the genitive of the thing in MHG., Paul 263. 
 
 4 76. 263. For apparent ace. in: das nit nyessen Ixvii 88, cf. 22 n. to 
 entb&ren. 
 
 6 MHG. genuegen is impers., trans., with the subjective idea in the genitive, 
 Paul 241, 265. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 35 
 
 (ge) schwigen x : . 
 
 with the accusative: die worheyt schwigen civ 4; 
 with the genitive : Ich schwig der / den das gyt freud Ixii 31 ; 
 
 Ich will der ander geschwigen Ix 25 ; 
 with the accusative of person, genitive of thing: Ich will des 
 
 gelts jnn (ace. s. m.) gschwige Ixxv 42; 
 with zu : Dar zu sunst yederman swigt still xix 2 ; Schwygt 
 
 dar zu recht xciii 28. 
 sorgen : 
 
 with the accusative: ick sorg den vnderganglc ciii 64; 
 with the (causal) genitive: sorgen grosser schwer xxxviii 
 
 46 ; Des libs wir sorgen Ixxxv 46 ; 
 with vff and accusative : Der sorg Tiatt vff die grebnisz Ixxxv 
 
 98. 
 sparen: 
 
 with the dative 2 : Dar vmb / das jm got spart Ixxxvi 16 ; 
 with the accusative (indirect object in the dative) : der weysz 
 
 nit went er solches spart iii 3. 
 verstan : 
 
 with the accusative as in NHG. ; 
 with the genitive : Die des rechten nit version ii 3 ; 
 reflexive with vff and accusative as in NHG-. 
 vorchten : 
 
 with the accusative: vorchten den herren (= Gott) Ivi 43; 
 with the genitive: Abraham vorcht synr f row en xxxiii 85; 
 reflexive (absolute) : vorchten sich Ixxxvi 10; with vor and 
 
 dative: vor fall sich vorchten xxvi 70. 
 weren 3 : 
 
 with accusative of thing: Alls ubel wechszt das man nit wert 
 vi 24; 
 
 1 MHG. versivigen takes double ace., or gen. of thing, Paul 244 ; Zarncke p. 
 452 n. to civ 4. 
 
 2 A Latinism, according to Zarncke, p. 431 n. to Ixxxvi 16. 
 
 3 Zarncke, p. 301 n. to i 8, enumerates the constructions possible with this 
 verb (ace. of person, gen. or dat. of thing and dat. of person, gen. or ace. of 
 thing) and quotes an example (dat.-gen.) from Fischart. Paul, 241, 263, states 
 that the ace. of person, gen. of thing is regular in MHG. Cf. also 43 weren. 
 
36 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 with dative of thing: das er dem narren (i. e., der Benen- 
 nung) wer Lxvi c; 
 
 with dative of person, genitive of thing: jnn (dat. p.) der 
 
 fliegen weren i 8. 
 wissen : 
 
 with the accusative: ich soldi kuntschafft weisz Vorr. 69 ; 
 
 with the genitive: Der vrsach weisz nyeman gentzlich Ivii 
 80 ; with vmb and the accusative : das er dar vmb weiszt 
 Ixxx 12. 
 
 wiinschen, ordinarily transitive; is used once with the geni 
 tive: Handier wunscht des glidi gouclcels 1 xxvi 61. 
 
 43. The following verbs have a double construction: 
 bitten 2 : 
 
 with accusative of person, genitive of thing: Ich hab sie des 
 
 gebetten nit Ixxix 22. 
 vergiinnen 3 : 
 
 with dative of person, genitive of thing : jm vergiinnen syner 
 
 ruw Ixxxv 67. 
 vber reden: 
 
 with accusative of person, genitive of thing: Wer sidi des 
 
 vber reden latt Iviii 27. 
 ruwen : 
 
 with accusative of person: Wer buwen will / das in nit ruw 
 xv 19 ; den ruwt xcvi c; genitive of thing: Sannabalach 
 syn spottes ruwt xlii 29. 
 schamen : 
 
 with accusative of person, genitive of thing : Die Dern andern 
 (sic) narren sich schammen xcviii c; Die gelerten 
 mussen sich schdme Jr ler vnd jres namen ciii 115. 
 bescheren : 
 
 with dative of person, genitive (or accusative?) of thing: 
 hab got eym guts beschert Ivii 7. 
 
 1 Regularly with the genitive in MHG., Paul 264. 
 
 2 Regularly with genitive of thing in MHG., Paul 263, 264. 
 
 3 Paul 264. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 37 
 
 (ent) (er) weren * : 
 
 with dative of person, genitive of thing: Das ich jnn (dat. p.) 
 wil der fliegen weren i 8 ; So werd jm das 2 nyemer 
 entwert Ivii 8; 
 
 with accusative of person, genitive of thing : Bisz er des hun 
 gers sich erwert Ixx 22. 
 bzalen : 
 
 with dative of person, accusative of thing: Das er jm bezal 
 
 das Ixxxvi 28. 
 beziigen: 
 
 with accusative of person, genitive of thing: ich mich des 
 beziig cxi 28. 
 
 44. The particle ge- has retained its full MHG. functions, 
 being used to give a verb either a perfective or momentary sense: 
 Eyn narr ist wer gesprechen dar xxix 31 ; conversely, it is 
 omitted with the past participles of verbs which already have a 
 perfective meaning: bracht, kumen, funden, geben, etc. 3 
 
 SYNTAX OF MOODS. 
 
 45. Indicative and subjunctive are endlessly confused in the 
 Narrenschiff. The indicative replaces the conditional (subjunc 
 tive) in: Sie wellen tragen was mannen schdntlich was Vorr. 116 ; 
 we find both used in purpose clauses : Do mit myn gdicht nit wilrd 
 (indicative) gestrofft Vorr. 105 ; Das es werd (subjunctive) krusz 
 iv 11 ; das er sie losz (subjunctive) irr gon vi 5 ; in indirect 
 questions: Was die wyszheit hat, Wie sorglich sy der narren stat 
 Vorr. 51 f. ; wer er ist Wem er glich sy ib. 29 f. 
 
 46. The subjunctive is regular in the jussive and in condi 
 tions contrary to fact; and it is often used with rather nice dis 
 crimination in the potential: narrenspiegel in dem ein yeder narr 
 
 1 For detailed discussion cf. 42 weren and footnote. 
 
 2 For apparent ace., cf. 22 footnote to entberen,. 
 
 3 Cf. Paul 305^ 307, 371; Cf. also Shumway, The Verb in Thos. Humer, I, 
 pp. 29 ff . 
 
38 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 sich foenn Vorr. 31 ; Ob es inn foch nit wol gefall ib. 72 ; Wer 
 worheit sag / verdienet Tiasz ib. 74. 
 
 47. The infinitive is used very loosely as a noun : molen 1 
 (= Gemalde) Vorr. 28 ; Leander nit syn schwymmen ddt xiii 
 49 ; Hett Phaeton syn faren gelon xl 21. 
 
 48. The original form of the infinitive (i. e., without zu 2 ) 
 occurs in a few instances: Besser ist hob en gut geberd ix 17; 
 vnderstont 3 schwymme Vorr. 22 ; Eyn ere was ettwan tragen 
 bert (= Barte) iv 3 ; Das jm vff heben ist zu ml xxiv 2 ; Der 
 bgert erfaren vil xxxiv 3 ; Lichter wer eym syn / in der wust lii 
 17 ; horen nit vff arbeiten Ixvii 80 ; wer hofft entgan xxxvi 29 ; 
 so invariably after meynen 4 : meynen do mit gef alien vii 15 ; and 
 (ge)tar: Nyeman getar Zu jnn sprechen xlvi 5 f. ; possibly a La- 
 tinism in : Der zeigt sich selbs eyn narren syn xix 8 ; as in NHG. 
 in: bettlen, schloffen gan; das er recht ler (=lerne) tun xxiii 
 12 ; Wann er ander sterben sicht (regularly with sehen) xxix 7. 
 
 49. There is one striking illustration of a possible construction 
 with lassen and a complementary infinitive: Sychem hett sie ge- 
 lossen gan xxvi 52. 
 
 50. Progressive present and past tenses, used in MHG., 5 occur 
 quite frequently: Dar durch sich mancher ist verfieren xxx 16; 
 Wann er von jm hulff wartend wer xxxviii 45 ; Noch dem man 
 bruchen wart den pflug Ixxxiii 40. 
 
 1 Cf. Zarncke p. 297 n. to this passage. 
 
 2 Cf. Paul 297. 
 
 3 But zu is used also: der vnderstot zu dienen xviii 1 f. 
 
 4 Cf. Zarncke p. 319 n. to x 23. 
 
 5 Generally only sein is used, but werden occurs twice, as in the example 
 noted. For the MHG. usage cf. Paul 287 and a. 1, 297 a. 1 ; also Zarncke p. 
 371 n. to xxxvii b. Cf. also A. W. Aron, Die " progressiven " formen im 
 Mhd. u. Friihnhd., Frankfurt a. M. 1914. 
 
CHAPTER V. CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVEEBS. 
 
 51. In comparisons we find the correlatives: als . . . als 1 : 
 Wem nit der gmein nutz jst als werd Als eigen nutz x 26 f. ; 
 als ml als die affen Ixxiii 18; solch . . . als 2 : Mit soldier 
 mosz als er hat gethan ii 22 ; after comparatives and nut? dann 
 is used: die nut dan mit dorheit vmbgan Vorr. 11; me dan ein 
 hand vnd fusz iii 10 ; ee dann zytt viii 30 ; Dar vmb 1st nutzt 
 vndottlich imer Vnd bliblich by vns dann die ler vi 88 ; and also 
 wan (wen wann) : Jceyn liebern will ich / wen dich han xxxiii 46. 
 
 52. Many conjunctions in the Narrenschiff preserve older 
 usages : 
 
 als 4 : Do Roboam nit volgen wolt Den altten wysen / als er 
 soil viii 18; Landt als jszlant Ixvi 51. 
 
 dan 5 (dann den denn) : Den vordantz hat man mir gelan 
 Dann jch on nutz ml bucher han i af ; Des glich / will 
 mancher doctor syn Der nye gesach Sext (et al.) Dann 
 (= nur, ausser) das er hat eyn pyrment hut Ixxvi 
 65 ff. 6 ; Man musz sprechen / er sy myn sun Dann 
 (= wenn) er dem schelme recht wurt thun v 24. 
 
 das is used alike for damit and so doss (both of which occur, 
 however) : die furen Im schne / das sie wol halb erfruren 
 Vorr. 75. 
 
 Note 1. The conjunction may he omitted in a result 
 clause: Der was als wytt Er ddt jm nut Ixxvi 42. 
 Note 2. By an ellipsis das may be causal : dort ist er 
 
 *Cf. Paul 318. 
 
 3 C7. ib. 318, 348, 4. 
 
 3 Cf. ib. 319. 
 
 * Cf. ib. 348, 4. But wie occurs also: liep stiehlt sick ab wie ein diep vi 
 84. Als ob is used as in NHG. 
 
 B This conj. had begun to take the place of wan in the xv century; cf. 
 Koemheld: Die deutschen Konjunctionen " uxmde," "denn" u. " weil," diss. 
 Giessen, Mainz 1911, p. 45. 
 
 6 Cf. Zarncke p. 421 n. 1 to this passage. 
 
 (39) 
 
40 The Syntax of Brant s NarrenscJiiff 
 
 ewig doit Das er nitt lernet kennen got xlvii 5 f., c/.: 
 das er nit strofft sin kynd Des strofft jn got vi 27. 
 
 do is still used as in MHG. 1 : ich hob gewacht / Do die schley- 
 ffent der jch gedacht Yorr. 90 f. ; Do er was in Chal- 
 deen landt xxxiv 29. 
 
 do mit (twice with das) expresses purpose occasionally: Do 
 mit myn gdicht nit wilrd gestrofft Vorr. 105. 
 
 echt (== wenn nur) : Echt icht alley n mog machen ml xlviii 34. 
 
 ob 2 is used more loosely than in NHG. : Dar vmb soil man ~han 
 fur das best Ob eelut nit gern Jiaben gest xxxiii 76 ;<; 
 Ob man die all nit wissen kann So geb man es eym 
 armen man xx 15 f. ; ob joch and ob scJion are separ 
 ated: Ob es jnn joch nit w\ol gefall Vorr. 72; Ob ich 
 schon hab eyn groben synn i 25. 
 
 so 3 is used variously : most commonly interchangeable with 
 wann as a relative temporal conjunction: Wer gern well 
 , werden bald gesund Der zoug dem artzet recht die wund 
 Vnd lid sich / so man die vff brech xxxviii 15 4 ; so sie 
 sollten vast studieren gont sie bubelieren xxvii 5 f. ; 
 conditional: vil schdntlicher ist sie (i. e., Buhleri) dann 
 80 bulen dunt allt wib vnd mann xii 86 ; also in a pur 
 pose clause : Wer eynen will schlagen ee dann ers jm sag 
 So er sich nit geworen mag ci 8. 
 
 sydt alone or with das as in MHG., 5 or with als, may be tem 
 poral or causal: Sydt ich solch kuntschafft weisz Vorr. 
 69 ; Sidt das jm smeckt des smdres rouch Hi 23 ; Sydt 
 als das vnder der sunnen ist liv 22. 
 
 wann (three times wenn) is temporal or conditional (abso 
 lutely interchangeable with so in this construction) : Eyn 
 yedes ding me sterckung hatt Wann es bynander gsamlet 
 stat dann so es ist zerteilt xcix 135 ; Allexander / wann 
 er truncken was xvi 42 ; also in the sense of wenn nicht, 
 
 1 Cf. 33 and Paul 348, 1. 4 Cf. ib. 331. 
 
 2 Cf. Paul 354. 8 Cf. ib. 353, 3. 
 
 3 Cf. ib. 353, 8, 348, 3. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 41 
 
 nur 1 : mancher dut battlen So er wol werclcen mocht . . ., 
 wann das er sich nit wol mag bucken Ixiii 25 ; Causal 
 use is not found. 
 
 wie (generally replaced in comparisons by als or dann) is used 
 more loosely than in NHG. : Wer grosz arbeyt vnd vnge- 
 mach Hat / wie er furdere frombde sack Ivii 1 f. 
 
 wil (wile, die wil, die wile) is still restricted to the MHG. 
 sense of wahrend 2 : Gib wil du lebst ii 23; Die wile 
 er gat Iv 5 ; but wile ich byn gott Ixxxviii 26 seems 
 to be approaching the causal sense of NHG. 
 
 wo as temporal conjunction has its analogue in NHG. 
 
 53. The peculiarities in the Narrenschiff in the use of adverbs 
 may be briefly noted : 
 
 alien thalb occurs once, xiv 15. 
 
 do as in MHG. is used as double relative (= da wo) : Die 
 suchten wag / do keyner was xxxvi 15. 
 
 draffter occurs once, xiii a. 3 
 
 eynst occurs once in the sense of semel (not, as in NHG., ex 
 clusively quondam) : Eyn katz wann sie eynst angebissen 
 hat xxxiii 42. 
 
 ettwan is regularly used in the sense of quondam, as in MHG. 
 
 fast (vast) is used for NHG. sehr: fast gut i 10 ; vast hoch 
 xxvi 66; and for NHG. fest, tiichtig: sie soltten vast 
 studieren xxvii 5. 
 
 halber occurs three times, as in: Eyn gutter artzt dor vmb nit 
 flucht Ob joch der Tcranck halber hyn zucht xxxviii 21 f. 
 
 in (inn, jn, jnn) is both preposition and adverb, without dis 
 tinction in form: Er ist gef alien dar jn xlv 13. 
 
 me is about twice as common as mer, which seems to be used 
 mostly metri causa. 
 
 1 Occurs sporadically until the 16th century, Moser. 
 
 2 Cf. Paul 253, 6 ; also Roemheld op. tit., pp. 47 ff. 
 
 3 Cf. Zarncke p. 322 n. to this passage for other examples. 
 
42 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 nyenan (= nie) occurs once, xxiv 3 1. 1 
 
 ser has completely replaced vil, even in: das ich ser wunder 
 hob Vorr. 5. 
 
 vsz is the regular form of the adverb: Er mocht hie vsz wol 
 blyben syn xlv 14. 
 
 vor has the senses: fruher, worker, zuvor, voraus: Hett sich 
 Adam bedocht vor basz xii 11 ; Du vor die wergk / dar 
 noch die lere xxi 29 ; So wer er dock eyn narr als vor 
 xxvi 4 ; Sie hant die happen vor zu stur xxvii 2. 
 
 vorhin has the sense of vorher three times, e. g.: wer sich ver- 
 sicht v orhin xii b. 
 
 vor vsz occurs in the sense of besonders. 
 
 wo, as in MHG., may mean wenn or als. 
 
 54. Instances occur in which the superlative of the adverb is 
 formed as in 1STHG., e. g., vffs aller best xxiii a. 
 
 1 Cf. 33 and Paul 344. 
 
CHAPTEK VI. THE EELATIVE CONSEKVATISM OF 
 BKANT, LUTHEB AND SACHS. 
 
 It may be interesting to compare the Narrenschiff and the writ 
 ings of Luther and Hans Sachs with the purpose of determining 
 how much difference exists in the syntax of these divergent norms. 
 Unfortunately, the present work must he greatly circumscribed in 
 this respect by the lack or the inaccessibility of satisfactory pre 
 liminary studies. Most of the special treatises on the language of 
 this period stop with a discussion of the sounds and inflections. 
 
 Brant wrote in the Upper German literary dialect, with an 
 Alemannic or Alsatian caste. That he did have in mind the recog 
 nized norm, 1 rather than simply using the local popular speech, 
 is shown, for instance, by his careful retention of the final -n, 
 which had certainly disappeared (one case, infinitive gschwige J 
 Ixxv 42 shows this loss). 
 
 The most conspicuous differences (aside from the sounds) be 
 tween the men under consideration will be found in the matter of 
 vocabulary; but the syntax, too, shows certain interesting points. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 Luther uses the possessive genitive somewhat more freely than 
 Brant 2 : ihr seid Christi 1 Cor. 3, 23 ; doss ihr eines andern seid 
 Horn. 7, 4. In this respect Luther is more conservative, closer 
 toMHG. 
 
 In the case of the genitive of specification (Cf. 12) Luther has 
 a few echoes, which may appear doubtful 3 : der hats (= dessert, 
 darin) groszere Sunde 1 John 19, 11 ; ich hobs (dies Macht 1 Cor. 
 6, 12 4 ; but we find also well-defined instances: sie waren des 
 Handwerks Teppichmacher Ap. 18, 3; die Lehre welcher 5 du 
 
 Gessner (ca. 1560) calls it lingua commums Germanica vel Helvetica," 
 Burdach: Die Einigung der nhd. Schriftsprache, p. 21. 
 
 2 The citations are from Lehmann, who has used the modern orthography. 
 
 3 But cf. the development as indicated in 22, footnote to entleren. 
 
 * Lehmann 27 does not recognize this construction in the above examples. 
 5 Lehmann 10 refers this genitive, and similar ones, to the verbs. 
 
 (43) 
 
44 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 unterrichtet bist Luke 1, 4 (only in the earliest prints). Luther 
 construes certain adjectives analogously (cf. 13) : ungldubig (but 
 glaubig with an), geizig^ wert. 
 
 Luther uses the instrumental genitive (cf. 14) : der GerecJite 
 wird seines Glaubens leben Rom. 1, 17 2 ; also the genitive of 
 characteristic (cf. 15) : der ist des Glaubens an Jesu Rom. 3, 26 ; 
 der ward Unmuths Mark 10, 22 ; and the genitive of quality 
 (cf. 16) is very common (the Narrenschiff has not a single case) : 
 ihr TJioren und trdges Herzens Luke 24, 25. 3 
 
 Luther seems to have no clear instance of the genitive to express 
 cause or source (cf. 17 f.), unless we may so regard the phrase: 
 es Spott haben, in : die andern Jiattens ihren Spott Ap. 2, 3, and : 
 so wird ers Schaden leiden 1 Cor. 3, 15. At all events, this is an 
 instance in which Brant is the more conservative. 
 
 In their use of the genitive of material (cf. 19) Luther and 
 Brant coincide, both being somewhat more restricted than MHG. 
 
 Luther is less free with the partitive genitive than Brant. It 
 occurs in Luther with expressions of quantity or number: viel, 
 wenig, was, etwas, nicht; with trinken; and with superlatives. 
 Circumlocutions with von and aus occur also. 
 
 Preliminary studies of the genitive in Sachs were not available 
 for a similar comparison of his syntax in this particular. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 A table of the varying constructions will give the clearest 
 impression of the verbs which differ in Brant and Luther. 
 
 BEANT LUTHEE 
 
 f w. genitive 
 
 entberen w. genitive . . . \ , . , n \ 
 
 lw. accusative (occasionally) 
 
 , . , , j, , , . f w. ace. of thing 
 
 bitten w. gen. of thing . . 1 _ 
 
 I w. um and ace. 
 
 (ge)bresten w. dative . . (rare, only in earliest prints) 
 
 t jL . f w. genitive 
 
 oruchen w. accusative . . \ 
 
 (w. accusative 
 
 (sich) w. gen. . . . not found as reflexive. 
 
 ^ehmann 11. 2 /&. 10. 3 /6. 13. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 45 
 
 BRANT LUTHER 
 
 f w. genitive 
 dencfcen w. genitive . . . J 7 , 
 
 jw. a^ razm, m>er 
 
 fw. genitive ) 
 
 eroen 1 . } . w. accusative 
 
 ( w. accusative \ 
 
 entpfinden w. genitive . . w. accusative 
 
 , e / - 7 x f w - genitive 
 
 frowen (sich) w. gen. . . J , , 
 
 } w. cm/ and ace. 
 
 fur en (feiern) w. gen. . . w. accusative 
 
 7 f w. genitive 
 
 beqeren w. genitive . . . J 
 
 ( w. accusative 
 
 lekommen (= treffen) w. dat. [found, but very rare (Francke 
 
 does not note it). 
 
 gelangen (impers.) w. ace. . does not occur. 
 (ge)lieben (=gef alien) w. ace. very rare 
 
 fw. accusative 
 (ge)lusten (impers.) w. ace. | ^ ^^ 
 
 vermahlen trans, w. ind. obj. not noted 
 
 / x i . fw. accusative ) 
 (ge)schwigen J f w. genitive 
 
 ( w. genitive J 
 
 , , fw. gen.) 
 
 sorgen (= sorge traqen) J ^not noted 
 
 | w. ace. J 
 
 versumen (sicJi) w. gen. . versaumlich w. genitive 
 
 In Luther, as in Murner, 1 progressive forms are rarer while in 
 Sachs they are much more common. 2 The Alemannic-Alsatian 
 was fond of these progressive forms. 3 
 
 Brant follows the MUG. practise with ge- prefixed to the past 
 participle (cf. 44) ; Murner uses it oftener, 4 while Luther practi 
 cally conforms to the modern norm, having ge- as a rule. 
 
 1 Shumway: The Verb in Thos. Murner I, p. 35. 
 2 Shumway: Das aUautende Verbum lei H. Sachs, p. 11. 
 3 Socin: Schriftsprache und Dialekte, p. 183. 
 4 Shumway : The Verb in Thos. Murner I, pp. 29 ff. 
 
46 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 The most satisfactory conclusions may be drawn from a study 
 of the various prepositional constructions used by these writers. 1 
 
 Both Sachs and Luther use prepositions with the freedom which 
 MHG. enjoyed, but have lost the careful distinctions which the 
 older language observed, as, for instance, in the cases of an, fur 
 and vor. Brant is universally conservative in this respect, feeling 
 himself closely limited by the MHG. usage. 
 an 
 
 While Luther uses phrases like: reich an oiler Lehre (to replace 
 the MHG. genitive, cf. 13) and Sachs has: drunib wundert micJi 
 an dein geberden Fsp. 47, 22 (to replace the causal genitive, cf. 
 17) ; es tut mir an dir also andt (= leid) Fsp. 49, 14; funff an 
 (= gegeri) unser drey Fsp. 32, 197 ; an (= als Pfand fur) einen 
 Schuld F. S. 361 ? 11 ; Brant knows only the traditional signifi 
 cance of position, except in a few phrases like fahlen an and in 
 substitutions for the partitive genitive, the latter an old established 
 construction. 
 ab 
 
 Brant and Luther still use ab (abe), though rarely; Sachs does 
 not have it. 
 after 
 
 Luther alone has after, in the pejorative sense of nacJi. 
 auf 
 
 Sachs occasionally uses auf where nowadays we should use an 
 or in: auf d&m wald, Frankfurt auf dem Meyn; also auf in time 
 phrases: auf d&m morgen. Luther is most conservative with auf, 
 while Brant extends its use: vff das for damit doss; vff for in 
 Bezug auf (Sachs also), but never uses it to mean any other posi 
 tion than that understood today. 
 aus 
 
 Sachs and Luther use aus in phrases to replace the partitive 
 genitive ; this construction does not occur in the Narrenschiff. 
 bei 
 
 Sachs has: Den schickt er dem Gardian bey (== durch) seinem 
 
 1 Cf. Miller, C. R.: The Preposition in Hans Sachs (see bibliography). 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 47 
 
 Son F. S. 293, 41, 91 f. (often so) ; erkennen lei (= an) ; ver- 
 stehen bei (= unter) ; Luther has bei in the sense of ungefdhr, 
 and also uses it with the accusative (of limit of motion). All 
 these constructions are unknown in the Narrenschiff, as is ausser- 
 halb. 
 
 bis 
 
 Sachs and Luther use bis freely, Brant comparatively rarely. 
 f iir vor 
 
 Brant is most conservative with fur and vor, writing fur once 
 instead of vor, and vor once instead of fur; Sachs has fur instead 
 of vor six times, while in Luther all distinction has disappeared. 
 Sachs uses fur to replace the causal genitive: layd fur dich, fur 
 dich schemen. 
 gegen gen 
 
 Brant uses gegen with the accusative only, gen with the dative ; 
 Sachs makes no distinction; Luther is most like MHG., using 
 gegen with either dative or accusative. In Luther gen is restricted 
 to place names. 
 in 
 
 Sachs has: in bett, in seinen tagen, in die leng; Brant has none 
 of these. Both Brant and Sachs use in to express purpose; 
 Luther does not use it so. 
 mit 
 
 Brant uses mit generally to express an accompaniment rather 
 than purely an instrument, except in mit namen nennen; Sachs 
 has the instrumental use often. 
 ob 
 
 The Narrenschiff has but one instance of ob, while Sachs uses 
 it frequently in many meanings : position, for an, auf, bei, vor, 
 uber, etc. ; causal with the reflexives beJclagen, freuen, erzumen; 
 with spotten, etc. ; also (rarely) with the accusative. Luther 
 uses ob freely, but only with the dative. 
 ohne 
 
 Brant uses on with the accusative or the genitive; Sachs and 
 Luther restrict it to the accusative. 
 
48 The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 fiber 
 
 Sachs lias phrases with uber to replace the causal genitive after 
 Jclagen, erziirnen, etc. 
 
 um 
 
 Brant and Sachs agree in the use of um with the accusative, 
 while Luther uses it with both accusative and genitive. 
 unter 
 
 Brant uses under in the time phrase underwit, which Sachs 
 and Luther do not have. 
 
 Summarizing, we find that Brant is decidedly the most conser 
 vative, as a rule, with prepositions, while Luther and Sachs, in 
 their different ways, are very close together in the order named. 
 
 Miscellaneous differences. 
 
 Luther has sick for the dative of the reflexive regularly, but 
 sometimes im. Brant has im always. 
 
 Luther has es for the genitive of the pronoun es, as in MHG. ; 
 always des (NHG. dessen) ; and prefers the short forms (as in 
 MHG.) ir, im, in (NHG. ihnen), der (KHG. dereri), den (OTIG. 
 deneri), wes. 1 
 
 Brant and Sachs use correlative als . . . als (as in MHG.) 
 where Luther and NHG. have so ... als; Brant has als where 
 Luther and NHG. have wie; weil is temporal in Brant and 
 Luther, causal in Sachs; wann (wenn) is causal in Sachs, 2 but 
 not in Brant or Luther ; Luther uses the modern nichts, unknown 
 to Brant. 
 
 The conclusion seems justified that Brant s conservativism in 
 matters of syntax is greater than a difference of half a century 
 between the dates of the works compared would presuppose. He 
 must have been under stronger reactionary influences than either 
 Luther or Sachs. 
 
 1 Moser, see Bib. 2 Roemheld, op. tit. 
 
The Syntax of Brant s NarrenscJiiff 49 
 
 Sachs was not a scholar. His models were frankly popular. 
 Linguistic forms meant nothing to him, and he had no traditions. 
 We should expect him to he the most naive in his language, to pick 
 up whatever he found handy, whether standard literary usage 
 or not. 
 
 The case with Luther is, of course, very different. We need 
 not seek in Greek or Latin influence the explanation of Luther s 
 variations: they were without doubt indigenous. Luther was a 
 scholar, a reformer. His aim in producing his translation of 
 the Bihle, for instance, was more than churchly : it was linguistic 
 besides; and this linguistic purpose was, in turn, two-fold: to be 
 universal and to be a standard a model of language and style. 
 Withal, his thought was for the present and the future never for 
 the past. 
 
 Brant s aims were quite different. He, too, was a scholar, but 
 he was a formal moralist, a reactionary, untravelled and insular. 
 He was not interested in linguistics in the NarrenscJiiff. For 
 him the past held many valuable precepts, the present and the 
 future were, nothing but grim preparation for the reward or pun 
 ishment to come. It was but natural that he should look back 
 wards linguistically, too, as we have found that he does. 
 
BIBLIOGKAPHY 
 
 The following is a list of the books actually used in the preparation of this 
 work. It thus includes only those which in whole or in part treat the syntax 
 of the men considered, no attempt being made to list all the literature. 
 
 These editions of the Narrenschiff were used: 
 
 Sebastian Brant Das Narrenschiff: Facsimile der Erstausgabe von 1^94 etc. 
 
 ed. Franz SCHULTZ, Strassburg, Triibner, 1913. 
 Das Narrenschiff von Sebastian Brant ed. K. GOEDEKE, in: Deutsche Dichter 
 
 des 16. Jahrhunderts, Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1872 (vol. 7). (Abbreviated 
 
 "Goedeke.") 
 
 Sebastian Brants Narrenschiff ed. F. ZABNCKE, Leipzig, Wigand, 1854. (Abbre 
 viated "Zarncke.") 
 
 Dictionaries : 
 
 LEXER: Mittelhochdeutsches Worterbuch, Leipzig 1869-1878. (Abbreviated 
 
 "Lexer.") 
 MAETIN and LIENHABT: Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten, Strassburg 
 
 1895 and 1907. 
 SCHMIDT, Ch. : Worterbuch der Strassburger Mundart, Strassburg 1896. 
 
 Other works : 
 
 BUBDACH, K. : Die Einigung der neuhochdeutschen Sprache, Halle 1883. 
 GLAUS, P.: Rhythmik und Metrik bei Seb. Brants Narrenschiff, QF. 112. 
 DIETZ, PH.: Worterbuch zu Dr. Mcvrtin Luthers Schriften, Leipzig 1870. 
 
 (Abbreviated "Dietz.") 
 FBANCKE, Carl: Grundzilge der Schriftsprache Luthers etc., Halle, 1914. 
 
 (Abbreviated "Francke.") 
 GOTZE, Alfred: Friihneuhochdeutsches Glossar, in: Kleine Texte fiir Vor- 
 
 lesungen und Uebungen, ed. H. LIETZMANN, No. 101, Bonn 1912. 
 GBIMM, J.: Deutsche Grammatik (vol. 3), Gottingen 1822-1837. 
 
 GUTJAHB, E. A. : Die Anftinge der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache vor Luther, 
 Halle 1910 (Chap, in contains complete bibliography on Luther to date). 
 
 KEHBEIN, J.: Grammatik der deutschen Sprache des 15. bis 16. Jahrhunderts, 
 
 Leipzig 1856. 
 LEHMANN, A.: Luthers Sprache in seiner Uebersetzung des neuen Testaments, 
 
 Halle 1873. (Abbreviated "Lehmann.") 
 MILLEB, C. R. : The Preposition in Hans Sachs, AMEBICANA GEBMANICA vol. 
 
 2, nos. 3, 4. 
 
 (50) 
 
The Syntax of Brant s NarrenscMff 51 
 
 MOSEB, "Virgil: Hi&torisch-grammatische Einfuhrung in die fruhneuhoch- 
 deutschen Schriftdialekte, Halle 1909. (Abbreviated "Moser.") 
 
 PAUL, H.: Mittelhochdeutsche Orammdtik, Halle (8th edition) 1913. (Abbre 
 viated "Paul.") 
 
 PIETSCH, P.: Martin Luther und die hochdeutsche Schriftsprache, Breslau 
 1883. 
 
 ROEMHELD: Die deutschen Conjunctionen " wande" " denn" und "Weil" dis 
 sertation Gieszen, Mainz 1911. 
 
 SOCIN, A. : Schriftsprache und Dialekte im Deutschen, Heilbronn 1888. 
 
 SHUMWAY, D. B.: Das ablautende Verbum bei Hans Sachs, dissertation Got- 
 tingen 1894. 
 
 * The Verb in Thomas Murner, AMERICANA GERMANICA vol. 1, nos. 3, 4. 
 
 WEINHOLD, K.: Alemannische Grammatik, Berlin 1863. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 NOTE: For general headings, consult Table of Contents. Words are 
 indexed by roots (as entpfinden under finden), except where the root is no 
 longer recognizable, or obsolete (as glouben, vergessen, benugen), when they 
 are arranged alphabetically. Figures refer to pages. 
 
 a 
 
 ab prep., 
 
 achten (also acht haben) 
 
 after prep, and prefix, 
 
 allenthalb 
 
 als 
 
 an prep., 
 
 article (def.) omitted, 
 
 auf see vff 
 
 aus see vsz 
 
 b 
 
 behend 
 
 beitten (=warten) 
 
 benugen 
 
 entberen 
 
 bis 
 
 bitten 
 
 blosz 
 
 (ge)bresten- 
 
 bruchen 
 
 dann (denn, etc.) 
 
 das (NHO. doss) 
 
 dencken 
 
 bedencken 
 
 gedencken 
 
 der as rel. pro., 
 
 des causal (=deswegen, etc.) 
 
 dienen 
 
 verdingen 
 
 do (=wo) 
 
 draffter 
 
 drincken 
 
 duncken 13; (be) duncken 
 
 durch 
 
 bediiren 
 
 
 
 (be)durfen 
 
 20, 21 
 
 
 24, 46 
 
 diirsten 
 
 13 
 
 
 31, 32 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 echt conj., 
 
 40 
 
 
 39, 48 
 
 erben 
 
 33, 45 
 
 
 26, 46 
 
 eren 
 
 18, 20 
 
 
 30 
 
 ettwan 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 eynst (=semel) 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 falen 
 
 20, 21 
 
 
 17 
 
 gefallen 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 fast (vast, =sehr) 
 
 41 
 
 
 31, 34 
 
 entpfinden 
 
 20, 21, 45 
 
 20, 
 
 21, 44 
 
 flyehen 
 
 13 
 
 
 47 
 
 flyssen see vlissen 
 
 
 
 36, 44 
 
 folgen see volgen 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 freud han 
 
 19 
 
 15, 
 
 31, 44 
 
 fro 
 
 18 
 
 31, 
 
 32, 44 
 
 frowen 
 
 20, 21, 45 
 
 
 25, 46 
 
 friiren 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 fry 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 gefiigen 
 
 15 
 
 
 39 
 
 fur prep. (cf. vor), 
 
 24, 47 
 
 
 39 
 
 fiirchten see vorchten 
 
 
 20, 
 
 21, 45 
 
 furen 
 
 21, 31, 45 
 
 
 13, 31 
 
 
 
 
 31, 32 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 began 
 
 31 
 
 c.) 
 
 18 
 
 ge- (prefixed to verb 
 
 forms) 37, 45 
 
 
 15 
 
 gegen prep., 
 
 24, 47 
 
 
 31 
 
 gelten 
 
 15 
 
 29, 
 
 40, 41 
 
 gen prep., 
 
 25, 47 
 
 
 41 
 
 Genitive in Luther 
 
 43 
 
 
 19, 44 
 
 (be)geren 
 
 13, 32, 45 
 
 
 31 
 
 glich adj., prep., 
 
 26 
 
 
 24 
 
 glichen 
 
 15, 31 
 
 
 13 
 
 glouben 
 
 15, 33 
 
 
 (52) 
 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 53 
 
 goch sein 
 
 15, 31 
 
 n 
 
 
 vergiinnen 
 
 15, 31, 36 
 
 nemen 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 annemen 
 
 31, 34 
 
 h 
 
 
 war nemen 
 
 22 
 
 halber adv., 
 
 41 
 
 nichts pro., 
 
 48 
 
 halten 
 uberheben 
 
 33 
 21, 31 
 
 genieszen 
 noch (=nach) as prefix 
 
 34 
 
 27 
 
 helfen 
 
 33 
 
 not sein 
 
 15 
 
 hoffen 
 
 31 
 
 numerals 
 
 20 
 
 gehoren 
 
 15 
 
 nut (= nichts) 
 
 29, 44 
 
 hungern 
 
 13 
 
 nyenan 
 
 42 
 
 hiiten 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 bhiiten 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 
 hynder sich = zuriick, etc., 
 
 26 
 
 ob con/., 40; prep., 
 
 25, 47 
 
 i 
 
 
 on (MEG. due) 
 
 24, 27, 47 
 
 in prep., 26, 47; adv., 
 
 41 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 pflegen 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 progressive forms 
 
 38, 45 
 
 keyn 
 
 19 
 
 Pronouns: pers., poss., 28; 
 
 reflex., 28, 
 
 ( be ) klagen 
 
 21, 31 
 
 48; rel., 28, 29; demonstr., 29; 
 
 abkommen 
 
 21 
 
 antec. inanimate, 
 
 29 
 
 bekommen ( = 6 egegnen ) 
 
 15, 27, 45 
 
 
 
 erkunden 
 
 13 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 raten 
 
 15, 31 
 
 1 
 
 
 uber reden 
 
 36 
 
 lachen 
 
 21 
 
 rftfen 
 
 15, 31 
 
 gelangen 
 
 13, 45 
 
 ( be ) rumen 
 
 22, 31 
 
 lar (= leer) 
 
 19 
 
 verruchen 
 
 22, 31 
 
 lassen 
 
 15, 31, 38 
 
 ruwen 
 
 36 
 
 geliben 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 lieben (= amare) 
 
 15, 45 
 
 3 
 
 
 ( ge ) lieben ( = placer e ) 
 
 15, 31 
 
 schamen 
 
 36 
 
 lonen 
 
 31, 34 
 
 schelten 
 
 31 
 
 lugen 
 
 31, 34 
 
 bescheren 
 
 15, 36 
 
 luppen 
 
 15 
 
 schmeichen 
 
 15 
 
 lusen 
 
 15 
 
 schonen 
 
 22 
 
 (ge)lusten 
 
 13, 45 
 
 schwigen 
 
 31, 35, 45 
 
 lyden 
 
 31 
 
 versehen 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 ser adv. (=MHG. vil) , 
 
 42 
 
 m 
 
 
 sin (pers. pro., = dessen, demon 
 
 vermahlen 
 
 13, 15, 45 
 
 str.) 
 
 29 
 
 manch 
 
 20 
 
 so conj., 
 
 40 
 
 manen 
 
 34 
 
 so rel. pro., 
 
 29 
 
 me (mer) 19, 
 
 20, 30, 41 
 
 so ... als 
 
 39, 48 
 
 verinessen 
 
 22 
 
 solch . . . als 
 
 39 
 
 mit 
 
 25, 47 
 
 gesoln 
 
 31 
 
 mussig 
 
 17 
 
 sorgen 
 
 35, 45 
 
The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff 
 
 sparen 
 
 16, 34 
 
 w 
 
 
 spotten 
 
 22 
 
 waltten 
 
 22 
 
 verstan 
 
 31, 34 
 
 wann (wenn etc.) 
 
 39, 40, 48 
 
 vnderstan 
 
 13 
 
 warten 
 
 22 
 
 stehlen 
 
 31 
 
 was 
 
 19, 29, 44 
 
 (ver)sumen 
 
 22, 31, 45 
 
 verwegen 
 
 22, 31 
 
 swar 
 
 18 
 
 welcher (weller) 
 
 28 
 
 sydt conj., 
 
 40 
 
 gewenden 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 wer was as rel. pro. 
 
 28 
 
 t 
 
 
 eins, jnn werden 
 
 22 
 
 trowen (=NHG. drohen) 
 
 15, 16 
 
 (ent) (er) weren 
 
 35, 37 
 
 urtrutz 
 
 18 
 
 werffen 
 
 14, 31 
 
 truwen 
 
 15 
 
 wert 
 
 17, 44 
 
 tun (dun) 
 
 15, 33 
 
 weynen 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 wichen 
 
 15 
 
 u 
 
 
 wie conj., 
 
 41, 48 
 
 iiber 
 
 48 
 
 wil (die wil, wile) conj., 
 
 41, 48 
 
 vff 
 
 26, 46 
 
 wissen 
 
 36 
 
 vmb 
 
 24, 47 
 
 gewisz 
 
 17 
 
 under 
 
 26, 47 
 
 wo conj., 41, 42; adv., 
 
 29 
 
 unwillen 
 
 16 
 
 wol sein 
 
 15 
 
 vrteln 
 
 13 
 
 gewonen 
 
 23 
 
 vsz prep., 25, 46; adv., 
 
 42 
 
 wundern 
 
 31 
 
 tit (=MHG. icht) 
 
 14, 29 
 
 wunschen 
 
 36 
 
 V 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 vergessen 
 
 20, 22 
 
 yeman, yederman 
 
 29 
 
 vil 19 
 
 , 20, 30, 44 
 
 
 
 beviln 
 
 14 
 
 z 
 
 
 vlissen ( flyssen ) 
 
 20, 21, 31 
 
 bezalen 
 
 15, 37 
 
 volgen ( f olgen ) 
 
 16 
 
 zemen 
 
 15 
 
 rt c 
 
 voll 
 
 19 
 
 zu 
 
 25 
 
 von 
 
 25 
 
 beziigen 
 
 31, 37 
 
 vor prep. ( cf. fur ) , 25, 47 ; 
 vorhin adv. (=vorher), 
 
 adv., 27, 42 
 42 
 
 erziirnen 
 zychen 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 vorchten (fiirchten) 
 
 35 
 
 verzyhen 
 
 15 
 
AMERICANA GERMANICA 
 
 MONOGBAPH SERIES. 
 
 1. Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810. By Edward 
 
 Ziegler Davis, Ph. D. 234 pp. Price $1.65 
 
 2. The Harmony Society. A Chapter in German American Culture History. By John 
 
 Archibald Bole, Ph.D. 179 pp. 30 Illustraions. Price $1.50 
 
 3. Friedrich Schiller in America. A Contribution to the Literature of the Poets 
 
 Centenary, 1905. By Ellwood Comly Parry, Ph. D. 117 pp. Price $1.25 
 
 4. The Influence of Salomon Gessner upon English Literature. By Bertha Keed. 
 
 119 pp. Price $1.25 
 
 5. The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and] Its Colony, Hermann, Mis 
 
 souri. By William G. Bek. 193 pp. Price $1.50 
 
 6. Philipp Waldeck s Diary of the American Revolution. With Introduction and 
 
 Photographic Reproductions. By M. D. Learned. 168 pp. Price $1.50 
 
 7. Schwenkfelder Hymnology and the Sources of the First Schwenkfelder Hymn-Book 
 
 Printed in America. With Photographic Reproductions. By Allen Anders 
 Seipt, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price $2.00 
 
 8. The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of German 
 
 Descent. By J. Hanno Deiler. With Illustrations. 136 pp. Price $1.25 
 
 9. Early German Music in Philadelphia. By R. K. Drummond, Ph. D. 112 pp. 
 
 Price $1.25 
 
 1.0. " Uncle Tom s Cabin " in Germany. By Grace Edith MacLean, Ph. D. 102 pp. 
 
 Price $1.50 
 
 11. The Germans in Texas. A Study in Immigration. By Gilbert Giddings Ben 
 
 jamin, Ph.D. 161 pp. 3 Illustrations. Price $1.50 
 
 12. The American Ethnographical Survey. Conestoga Expedition. M. D. Learned, 
 
 Director $2.00 
 
 13. Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664. With 6 Maps and 150 Illustra 
 
 tions and Photographic Reproductions. By Amandus Johnson, Ph. D. Two 
 volumes. 908 pp. Price $10.00 
 
 14. National Unity in the German Novel Before 1870. By Roy H. Perring, Ph. D. 
 
 75 pp. Price $1.25 
 
 15. Journal of Du Roi the Elder, Lieutenant and Adjutant in the Service of the Duke 
 
 of Brunswick, 1776-1778. Translated by Charlotte S. J. Epping. 189 pp. 
 Price $1.50 
 
 16. The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg. By Preston A. Barba, Ph. D. 
 
 151 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00 
 
 17. Baldwin Molhausen, the German Cooper. By Preston A. Barba, Ph. D. 188 pp. 
 
 4 Illustrations. Price . . . $2.00 
 
 18. Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans. By Edwin M. Fogel, 
 
 Ph. D. 386 pp. Price $3.50 
 
 19. Dickens Einfluss auf Ungern-Sternberg, Hesslein, Stolle, Raabe und Ebner-Eschen- 
 
 bach. By J. Theodor Geissendoerfer, Ph.D. 51pp. Price $1.00 
 
 20. Whittier s Relation to German Life and Thought. By lola Kay Eastburn, Ph. D. 
 
 161 pp. Price $2.00 
 
 21. Benjamin Franklin and Germany. By Beatrice Marguerite Victory, Ph. D. 180 
 
 pp. Price $2.00 
 
 22. Die Deutschamerikanische Patriotische Lyrik der Achtundvierziger und Ihre His- 
 
 torische Grundlage. By Gottlieb Betz, Ph. D. 131 pp. Price $1.50 
 
 23. Heine in America. By H. B. Sachs, Ph.D. 193 pp. Price $2.00 
 
 24. Socialism in German American Literature. By William Frederick Kamman, Ph. D. 
 
 124 pp. Price $1.50 
 
 25. Robert Reitzel. By Adolf E. Zucker, Ph.D. 74 pp. Price $1.25 
 
 26. The German Element in Brazil. Colonies and Dialects. By B. F. Schappelle, 
 
 Ph. D. 68 pp. Price $1-50 
 
 27. Kunze s Seminarwm and the Society for the Propagation of Christianity and 
 
 Useful Knowledge among the Germans in America. Illustrated. By C. F. 
 Haussmann, Ph. D. Price $2.00 
 
 28. Edward Young s " Conjectures on Original Composition " in England and Germany. 
 
 By M. W. Steinke. 125 pp. Price $1.50 
 
 29. The Syntax of Brant s Narrenschiff. By Henry Dexter Learned, Ph. D. 53 pp. 
 
 Price $1-50 
 
AMERICANA GERMANICA 
 
 MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 
 
 Literary, Linguistic and Other Cultural Relations of 
 Germany and America 
 
 EDITOR 
 MARION DEXTER LEARNED 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 CONTRIBUTING EDITORS 
 
 H. C. G. BRANDT J. T. HATFIELD 
 
 W. H. CARRUTH W. T. HEWETT 
 
 HERMANN COLLITZ A. R. HOHLFELD 
 
 STARR W. CUTTING HUGO K. SCHILLING 
 
 DANIEL K. DODGE H. SCHMIDT- WARTENBERG 
 
 A. B. FAUST HERMANN SCHOENFELD 
 
 KUNO FRANCKE CALVIN THOMAS 
 
 ADOLPH GERBER H. S. WHITE 
 
 JULIUS GOEBEL HENRY WOOD 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY 
 
 PUBLISHING AGENTS 
 
RETURN CIRCULATION DEPAF 
 TO^+; 202 Main Library 
 
 tTMENT 
 
 
 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 HOME USE 
 
 2 
 
 3 __ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405 
 
 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation 
 
 Desk 
 
 Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 MAY 3 1995 
 
 RECEIVED 
 
 TK ^ DEPT - 
 
 M 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 FORM NO. DD6, 40m, 3/78 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
 s 
 
380106 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY