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REPORT 
 
 OF A 
 
 COMMITTEE OF THE TRUSTEES 
 
 OF 
 
 COLUMBIA COLLEGE, 
 
 APPOINTED TO 
 
 INQUIRE INTO THE CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION, 
 
 AND TO CONSIDER SUCH MEASURES AS MIGHT 
 
 BE JUDGED EXPEDIENT TO INCREASE 
 
 ITS EFFICIENCY AND USEFULNESS. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES AND FOR THEIR USE. 
 
 53'£tD-^orlt : 
 
 JOHN W. AMERMAN, PRINTER, 
 No. 47 Cedar-street. 
 
 1858. 
 

 1^'^ 
 
 -h 
 
KEPORT. 
 
 To the, Trustees of Columbia College in the City of New- 
 York : 
 
 The Committee appointed by them to inquire into the 
 state of the Institution respectfully report : 
 
 That in the performance of the duty committed to them, 
 they have proposed to the President and Professors a series 
 of questions, and received their answers to them, in confor- 
 mity to the resolutions under which the Committee were 
 appointed, each question being proposed orally and the 
 answer taken down in writing, as given at the time. There 
 were few exceptions to this mode of proceeding, and those 
 only where manifest propriety and convenience dictated a 
 departure from the rule. The Committee also elicited the 
 statements of Presidents and Professors of other institutions 
 of learning, and of other gentlemen known to be competent 
 to give valuable suggestions and advice concerning the sub- 
 jects under consideration. These statements were made in 
 reply to circular questions issued by the Committee. The 
 Librarian was also examined by the Committee ; and an ab- 
 stract has been made of such portions of the minutes of the 
 Board of the College as seemed to be important in connection 
 with the matters referred. The materials thus collected 
 have, under the direction of the Trustees, been printed, and 
 are herewith submitted. They will be referred to from time 
 to time in the progress of this report. 
 
 The Committee was appointed on the 10th September, 
 1856, Their inquiry commenced soon afterwards, and was 
 mainly terminated only in August, 1857, since which time 
 
they have given such attention to the subject as their private 
 business would allow. 
 
 By the reference made to the Committee at the time of 
 their appointment, it became their duty to inquire into the 
 present and past administration of the system of education 
 and discipline of the College and Grammar School, and their 
 condition in respect to government, order, discipline and 
 efficient and thorough instruction, and the observance of the 
 statutes ; to report fully upon the matters referred, stating their 
 opinion thereon ; and if they should find any defects, either 
 in the statutes or their practical application, to state the 
 causes of the same, and recommend such measures as might 
 be deemed necessary for their correction, suggesting such 
 alterations as, in the judgment of the Committee, would tend 
 to the orderly government of the students, and to the ascer- 
 taining and enforcing their attention and proficiency. 
 
 By a subsequent reference it was also made the duty of 
 the Committee to take the statements and opinions of the 
 President and Members of the Faculty and other persons, 
 upon the subject of an University course of instruction. 
 
 It will thus be perceived that the subject with which the 
 Committee has had to deal is a very wide one ; in tact, cover- 
 ing all the various particulars of the scheme for the govern- 
 ment, instruction and discipline of the students which are 
 expressed in the College statutes, and involving an investi- 
 gation into the present condition of the Institution, and the 
 consideration of such measures as might be judged expe- 
 dient to increase its efticiency and usefulness. 
 
 The general object of the Trustees, in devising a system of 
 statutes, is to provide a course and method of instruction. A 
 certain class of regulations is necessary to accomplish this 
 main purpose. But further rules are requisite for its prac- 
 tical accomplishment ; which may, for the sake of order and 
 method in the distribution of the several topics discussed in 
 this report, be thus divided : 1. Such as operate upon the 
 students to secure their attention and proficiency and good 
 behavior ; 2. Such as prescribe the powers and duties of the 
 President and Professors, to give vitality, energy and effi- 
 
ciency to tiie system ; 3. Such as provide for the supervision 
 and superintendence of the practical operation of the whole 
 plan, to secure its continued and constant efficiency. 
 
 First, as regards a course and method of instruction. 
 
 The consideration of the course of instruction belongs to 
 another Committee, to whom this Committee would recom- 
 mend a reference of so much of the materials herewitli sub- 
 mitted as relates to that subject. This Committee would, 
 however, make one or two suggestions on this subject. Tlie 
 statute lately passed requires some amendments to make it 
 conform to the scheme of attendance adopted by the Trustees, 
 and is in one particular inconsistent witli the statute on ad- 
 missions, as pointed out by Professor Drisler, at pages 66, 67 
 of Ins statement. Moreover, this Committee would suggest 
 the particular designation of a course of instruction in Grer- 
 man, and in other modern languages, when attendances upon 
 Professors of those languages shall be provided for, to carry 
 out the recommendations hereinafter made in reference to 
 regulations for those departments. 
 
 While this Committee do not deem it their duty to recom- 
 mend any specific alteration in the course of study — that office 
 belonging to others — there are yet considerations connected 
 with its success, touching the method of teaching the sub- 
 jects prescribed by the statute on the course, which, as tend- 
 ing to give practical efficiency to that course, they think they 
 ought not to leave without treating. 
 
 A question in this connection, upon which the Committee 
 have bestowed much consideration, and in relation to which 
 several of the gentlemen, whose statements are submitted, 
 have given their opinion, refers to the expediency of the use 
 of text-books in the several departments, and the mode of 
 their selection and designation. On comparing those state- 
 ments, it wull be found that the President and all those Pro- 
 fessors of the College who have expressed theirviewson this 
 subject, agree that instruction in every department ought to 
 be from text-books, provided proper books can be procured ; 
 and, with one exception, they advise that the books should 
 be selected and designated by the Professor, subject to the 
 
approval of the Trustees, and changed only on his suggestion, 
 subject to the like approval. In this opinion Chancellor 
 Tappan, Mr. Stewart, Dr. Hale, President Bourns, Professor 
 Tucker and Bishop Potter, of Pennsylvania, concur. On the 
 other hand, Mr. Strong, Dr. Lieber and Professor Yethake 
 think that the widest discretion ought to be allowed to each 
 Professor. There is thus apparent a strong preponderance of 
 opinion in favor of the authoritative designation of text-books 
 as a general rule. 
 
 As a means of instruction to put a proper work in the 
 hands of the student, and to require him to master its con- 
 tents, will more effectually secure his making himself thor- 
 oughly acquainted with the subject, and better enable him 
 to preserve the connection of its several parts, than any oral 
 instruction alone could do ; and the mere exercise of the 
 mind, in the thoughtful and thorough study of an approved 
 work, is of very great advantage, apartfrom any positive know- 
 ledge thereby acquired. Indeed, the question is not as to the 
 advantage of the use of text-books, for they are used in all de- 
 partments of the College to a greater or less extent. In some 
 they are indispensable, as in Mathematics and the Classics. 
 But the inquiry is, ought they to be designated by statute, 
 and to what extent ought they to be made the basis of in- 
 struction? 
 
 The result of the inquiries of the Committee would seem 
 to show that some regulation of this subject by statute is 
 necessary. At least one of the Professors required the stu- 
 dents to use text-books, of which he is the author, for those 
 parts of the course of which they treat. Doubtless a Profes- 
 sor, so situated, would be really of opinion that the success of 
 his instruction would be promoted by the use of his own 
 works, and that opinion might be correct, but reasons are 
 obvious why, even in that case, the decision on this point 
 should not be made by the author himself. 
 
 Another of the Professors had uniformly adopted the prac- 
 tice of giving to his class a list of the best text-books, stating 
 that any one of them would be satisfactory ; in addition to 
 this, either requiring or inciting the students to make refer- 
 
ences on the pages of their note-books to general reading, 
 with their authorities. This designation of several works, 
 with the liberty of choice in the student, who can hardly be 
 supposed to have capacity to choose discreetly, seems to the 
 Committee open to objection ; making it almost impossible 
 to ascertain the knowledge of any student of the text he 
 selects to the profit of others who have made a different selec- 
 tion, leading the students to desultory instead of careful read- 
 ing, and rendering it impracticable to grade them accord- 
 ing to their several degrees of proficiency by a common test, 
 which shall be both just, and the justice of which all may re- 
 cognise. The Committee have reason to believe that the 
 notes of references to authorities have sometimes been made 
 by the students by means of hurried and careless examina- 
 tion of books for that mere purpose, the time at their dis- 
 posal allowing them to do nothing more than make a show to 
 obtain credit with the Professor, without any profit to them- 
 selves, but on the contrary, to their injury, through the waste 
 of time that might have been usefully employed ; this prac- 
 tice, at the same time, encouraging a habit of superficial 
 reading, instead of the research which is the object sought. 
 If only one approved text-book were used by the whole class, 
 the contents of which each student should be required to 
 master, all would have a common task, the examination of 
 each would be comprehended by all the others, and there 
 would be presented a uniform and well-understood test of 
 proficiency. Moreover, if instead of the students being 
 stimulated to search for authorities, they were directed to 
 particular parts of works proper for them to read in connec- 
 tion with any controverted points, in place of dissipation 
 there would result a concentration of attention. 
 
 It is supposed that the inquiries of the Committee on this 
 point show the necessity of the designation of text-books by 
 statute ; for if there be one system of instruction the best 
 adapted to secure the proper training of the students, it 
 ought to be adopted and enforced. It is said that each 
 teacher has his own method of instruction, to interfere with 
 which would impair his efficiency. But the adoption of text- 
 
books in which students should be required to be prepared, 
 would still leave a wide field for the exercise of the discretion 
 of cacli Professor. He could comment on the text, lecture 
 on the points arising, state and enforce his own views, and 
 refer particularly to other authorities. The students would 
 be careful readers as well as hearers; and the injunction of 
 our statute, that they " shall be habituated, as far as may be 
 practicable, to study subjects, rather than whole books, and 
 shall be directed by their instructors to the sources whence 
 they may best derive assistance," would be complied with. 
 
 But there is another view in connection with which a regu- 
 lation of the kind recommended seems to be necessary. 
 
 The Committee on the course have forcibly advocated the 
 truth of the principle, that the proper object of instruction of 
 undergraduates is to train and discipline the mind ; only to 
 impart absolute or special knowledge so far as may be ac- 
 complished collaterally in the process of training, but to fix 
 habits of close attention and application, and to induce the 
 ready exercise of the reasoning faculties. Upon this basis 
 avowedly the statute on the course of study was framed. It 
 was doubtless intended, both by that Committee and by the 
 Trustees, that each department of study should be confined 
 and restrained to such limits that the effect of its pursuit, 
 even if considered without reference to other branches, should 
 be to exercise the mental powers, and not run into special 
 professional instruction ; but when considered in connection 
 with other departments, that it should have only its propor- 
 tional importance in due subordination to the other parts of 
 the scheme considered as a whole. If the whole course is 
 wisely constructed for the accomplishment of the end in view, 
 (as was certainly designed,) it is to be pursued thorouglily in 
 all its parts, none to be neglected, but each to be mastered to 
 the degree and extent prescribed ; and relative attention to 
 any one department cannot be increased without serious detri- 
 ment. This detriment would consist not only in the disre- 
 gard of the proper end of instruction in a particular subject, 
 and the encouragement of a tendency to the exercise of spe- 
 cial powers, but also in the necessary consequence of pro- 
 
ducing neglect of the studies of other departments. The 
 intention and rule are, that all departments of study shall be 
 mastered to the extent prescribed, and our course is too 
 severe to render this possible, if any one branch be stretched 
 beyond its due limit. 
 
 It is therefore submitted, that a due regard either to the 
 aim of our instruction or to the ability of the student to ac- 
 complish the work we allot to him, requires us carefully to 
 specify the extent of instruction in each department, not 
 only absolutely in reference to itself, but relatively in refer- 
 ence to others. 
 
 It seems to the Committee that this end is not accomplished 
 by the statute on the course, l^or, indeed, does it appear that 
 its accomplishment was within the scope or design of the in- 
 structions given by the Trustees to the Committee on that 
 subject, adhering to which they departed as little as possible 
 from the then existing statute. The statute passed upon their 
 report designates subjects in the most general terms, leaving 
 the extent of instruction intended entirely uncertain, and 
 necessarily left to the discretion of the several Professors ; and 
 where, in the Classical departments, particular authors are 
 prescribed, it declares that such of the works specified, or 
 such portions of them, shall be read as the Professor and the 
 President shall think fit. 
 
 The necessity of some regulation of the proportionate at- 
 tention to be given to each study was felt when the scheme 
 of attendance was settled. The object of this scheme was 
 properly to divide the time and attention of the students 
 amongst the several Professors. But although in some de- 
 gree accomplishing that object, it is not of itself sufficient. 
 There is still a great latitude permitted, which allows room 
 for the Professor to extend the course beyond due bounds, to 
 invite voluntary exercises, or, where different subjects for the 
 same session are assigned, to give one an undue preponder- 
 ance over another. Experience shows that a Professor, as 
 a general rule, does not justly appreciate the amount of 
 study of his own special subjects which is compatible with 
 a due attention to those of other Professors, and, therefore, in 
 
10 
 
 sotiie cases is disposed to press or incite the student to too 
 great ju-o^ress in his own department. This tendency, your 
 Connnittee suggest, may properly be restrained, as incom- 
 patible with the general and unitbrni training which is re- 
 quisite to the complete education of the pupil. 
 
 If, then, it be requisite for the complete eflSciency of the 
 instruction in the College, that the precise limits of the course 
 in each subject should be prescribed by statute, the question 
 arises, how is this practicable ? Where proper text-books can 
 be procured, they may be designated, witli the parts proper 
 for instruction in a particular session (if a selection should 
 be necessary) specially prescribed. In the Classical dei)art- 
 ment alternative courses may be constructed in the manner 
 pointed out by Professor Drisler, at page 60 of his testimony, 
 with the liberty in the Professor to select any one course for 
 a particular class. But in some departments it may be im- 
 possible always to find proper text-books. In such cases 
 there should be a particular designation of heads of subjects, 
 distinctly prescribing the extent of instruction. The course, 
 thus particularly defined, would be matter of positive statute. 
 
 To frame such a statute would, no doubt, be a labor of great 
 difficulty. Yet, if the preceding views are sound, such a 
 statute should be enacted; and from its enactment, if framed 
 by such competent hands as to command the perfect confi- 
 dence of the Trustees in the wisdom of its provisions, there 
 would result in this Board uniformity of opinion on this im- 
 portant subject, and in place of the constant change pro- 
 duced by the repeated applications of Professors for greater 
 time to be given to their particular departments, yielded to 
 with too great facility, we would secure the permanency due 
 to a well-considered system. 
 
 This work might be assigned to gentlemen of acknow- 
 ledged attainments and ability in the several departments of 
 instruction, who are entirely disconnected with the institu- 
 tion, or to a Committee of this Board, or to the Faculty of 
 the College. All these modes have engaged the attention of 
 the Committee. In their judgment a commission appointed 
 for the purpose should possess three requisites : 1. A special 
 
11 
 
 acquaintance, existing in some members of the body, with 
 each brancli of knowledge to be contained in the course. 2. 
 Experience in instruction. 3. Familiarity with the average 
 ability and aptitude of the students of the College. All these 
 requisites are possessed by the Faculty alone. Some of the 
 members of the Board of Trustees have had experience in 
 instruction, more have special knowledge of particular de- 
 partments, but none have that intimate acquaintance with 
 the capabilities of the under-graduates, which can be ac- 
 quired only by the daily intercourse in the College ; and the 
 necessary attention to their ordinary professional duties would 
 render Trustees unable to give careful, deliberate attention 
 to the necessary details. Strangers to the Institution would 
 be wanting in the third requisite. For these reasons the Com- 
 mittee would recommend that power be given to the Board 
 of the College, and it be made their duty to frame a scheme 
 in which shall be specified both the subjects and the extent 
 of instruction in each department, by reference to text-books, 
 where proper books can be procured, and in other cases by 
 particular and definite reference to heads or divisions; so that 
 the precise extent of instruction in each department may be 
 definitely prescribed ; and also to frame a scheme of attend- 
 ance in conformity with the course of instruction ; both 
 which schemes, on being reported to the Trustees, shall have 
 the force of a statute, and be incorporated with the statutes 
 of the College. The other details of such a reference will 
 be embraced in a resolution to be proposed for passage by 
 the Trustees, and to be appended to this report. 
 
 The subject of the emploj^ment of tutors as assistants to 
 the several Professors has come under the consideration of 
 the Committee. The system of casting upon the Professor 
 the doubleduty of lecturing and hearing recitations is of long 
 standing in this Institution, and is common, it is believed, to 
 all Colleges in the United States. In special schools the 
 practice is different. A recommendation to change this 
 method would not be listened to with favor : nor, indeed, do 
 the Committee think it desirable. To bring the students, in 
 all their exercises, under the eye and observation of the Pro- 
 
12 
 
 fessor, must be a great advantage. And it seems to the Com- 
 mittee, that under the arrangement now made for the division 
 of the classes into sections, with an adequate preparation at 
 entrance duly enforced, it is perfectly practicable for the 
 Professor to attend M-ithout assistance to the proper instruc- 
 tion of tlie students. A large increase in the number of stu- 
 dents might, indeed, render the employment of tutors or as- 
 sistants necessary for the drilling and examination of the 
 students, in aid of the Professor, who ought, nevertheless, 
 liimself to perform the same duty so far as time would admit. 
 
 The employment of tutors, however, is recommended on 
 other grounds. A student may be dismissed or suspended, 
 and during the continuance of his punishment must be ab- 
 sent from College exercises; he may be found deficient at an 
 intermediate examination, in which case he might be con- 
 tinued in the Institution until the concluding examination, 
 then to abide that final test ; or without suffering any pun- 
 ishment, or being found wanting upon the ajDplication of the 
 test of examination, he may feel that he requires assistance 
 beyond that which the regular performance of the duties of 
 the Professor will enable him to bestow. In all these cases 
 it is desirable that there should be an officer or officers of the 
 College to whose instruction the Faculty might direct the 
 student in cases of discipline, or recommend him, upon his 
 own application, to resort; and to secure the permanent ser- 
 vice of one or more tutors, to be strictly confined, so far as the 
 College is concerned, to the performance of the duties above 
 indicated, it would be well that they should have a small an- 
 nual compensation, to be paid out of the College treasury, 
 and should receive, in addition, from the students, fees to be 
 regulated by College statutes. 
 
 As to reviews : The Committee think that the revision of 
 their studies by the students, under the direction of the Pro- 
 fessor, is in the highest degree important ; it constitutes a 
 repetition that they might with advantage make for themselves 
 oftener than the statute requires, but which ought to be se- 
 cured at least once in a term. But the proper time and 
 method of this review is a question admitting of more doubt. 
 
13 
 
 The present statute seems, by implication at least, to require 
 that the revision take place at the end of each term, and that 
 it shall be pursued during a period of time to be exclusively 
 devoted to this exercise. We are satisfied, from the state- 
 ments made to us by the President and Professors, that the 
 practice, according to this construction, has encouraged the 
 students to postpone their preparation to the period assigned 
 for review, mainly in order to fit themselves for examination, 
 and thus, in many cases, instead of being, in fact, a revision, 
 it has only aff'orded an additional opportunity for original 
 acquisition, and thus promoted indolence and inattention, to 
 the detriment of proper training. The object of repetition, 
 and of testing thereby the continued progress of the student, 
 could be better attained by requiring that the review should 
 be conducted from time to time throughout the session. 
 This plan would not be subject to the very serious objections 
 to which the method now prevailing is liable. 
 
 The proper method of instruction of the students in elocu- 
 tion has attracted the attention of the Committee. The stat- 
 utes were always silent as to the time or place for the per- 
 formance of exercises in oratory, nor did they ever contain 
 any regulation for special instruction in this dtpartinent, fur- 
 ther than to throw upon the Professor of Rhetoric the duty 
 of instruction in the Elements of Oratory in tiie Sophomore 
 year. The Board of Trustees, however, appointed a Profes- 
 sor of Elocution, the attendance upon whom has been volun- 
 tary, and seems to have been very irregular and without 
 advantageous results. Lately the Board have dispensed 
 with this office, and have imposed its duties upon the Pro- 
 fessor of Rhetoric, to whose chair they properly belono-. 
 There is still, however, no designation of this subject of in- 
 struction in the statute on the course, where it might properly 
 be inserted in the curriculum of each year. But the practice 
 in relation to tiie time and place of performing the exercises 
 in declamation has varied. Formerly, and until late in the 
 Presidency of Dr. Duer, the following was the method : In 
 the Chapel, immediately after the termination of the religious 
 service, one student from each of the three lower classes in 
 
u 
 
 turn delivered an oration which he had committed to 
 memory, either selected from a standard collection, or origi- 
 nal ; and on Saturday, on which day the students assembled 
 at the usual hour for religious services, four students of the 
 Senior class declaimed original essays ; after these exercises 
 on tbat day were concluded, the students met in the rooms of 
 tlieir literary societies to return and receive books from their 
 libraries, or attended the Board of tbe College, met for the 
 purpose of administering general discipline, according to a 
 statutory provision which still stands in the printed copies of 
 the statutes, but which has long been obsolete under the as- 
 sumed sanction of the Trustees, the Faculty now meeting on 
 Friday instead of Saturday. Tbe stated meetings of the 
 Board of the College on the last named day being discon- 
 tinued, the attendance of the students was entirely dispensed 
 with, and the Seniors thenceforth delivered their orations on 
 the same days with the other students. Recently a still greater 
 change has taken place. Upon the appointment of a chaplain 
 to conduct the Chapel services, and the adoption of the wise 
 and salutary arrangements to make those services more ap- 
 propriate and solemn, declamation in the Chapel was entirely 
 discontinued ; and since the removal of the College to 49tli 
 street, the orations of the students have been delivered in 
 the lecture-room before the Professor of Rhetoric and the 
 class, or a section of the class. The motive that induced 
 this last change, which is understood to have been sanctioned 
 by the Chapel Committee of this Board, was no doubt to pro- 
 mote the decorous and reverential behavior of the students 
 in a place where religious services are conducted, by discon- 
 necting it with all other uses. There can be no doubt of the 
 advantages of this, or of its beneficial influence upon the 
 students. But this arrangement (with which it is not pro- 
 posed to interfere) leaves us without any College Hall ; yet 
 such a room is, it seems to this Committee, under the present 
 system, absolutely necessary, not only for exercises in public 
 spetiking, but for other purposes. A separate and appro- 
 priate building could be erected on the College ground, either 
 a Hall or Chapel, at a cost, it is believed, not exceeding 
 
15 
 
 six or seven thousand dollars. This, it is recommended, 
 should be done at the earliest practicable period. It is 
 deemed a wiser measure than again to devote the Chapel to 
 ordinary College uses, and thus to lose the benefits which 
 are confidently stated to be derived from the existing prac- 
 tice. But the one or the other of these changes ought 
 to be adopted, for the banishment of declamation from 
 the Chapel or College Hall must very much diminish 
 the efficiency of instruction in oratory. To make the exer- 
 cise of the student spirited and eff"ective, he must speak 
 before an audience and in a place of dignity and im- 
 portance. Instead of finding this audience as formerly, 
 in the assembled Faculty and students, he addresses but one 
 Professor and a part of his own class in a small room. He 
 thus loses the practice before a considerable assembly, which 
 is essential to give him ease and self-possession on public 
 occasions. Besides, the present method takes too much time 
 from the other duties of the Professor, who could give more 
 eff'ective instruction by short judicious criticisms daily im- 
 parted to each class upon the delivery of the students who 
 had spoken in the presence of all the classes. Every change, 
 it appears to the Committee, has been for the worse. The 
 assigning the exercises of the Seniors to the same days with 
 those of the other classes, has diminished the dignity and 
 importance which naturally, from the separation, belonged to 
 the orations of the members of the highest class, besides in- 
 creasing the length of time taken up by declamation on 
 those days. And the last alteration the Committee cannot 
 but think likely, sooner or later, to lead to the discontinuance 
 of all attention to this branch of instruction. 
 
 In this connection the Committee would observe, that the 
 attendance of the students on Saturday had a very beneficial 
 influence, by bringing them into more intimate association 
 with one another than is practicable on other days. It gave 
 them greater interest in each other, promoted their friendly 
 attachments, and, in consequence, increased their interest in 
 the College, the bond of union between them. They could 
 now be assembled on that day with great advantage. It is 
 
16 
 
 true, some live at a great distance. These miglit be excused, 
 except when they have an exercise to perform, or are cited 
 to appear before the Board of the College ; yet probably 
 the desire to meet their classmates would, after a time, 
 induce them to attend. The Committee would, therefore, 
 recommend that the statutes should provide for the as- 
 sembling of the students and the Board of the College on 
 Saturday, so soon as a College Hall shall be provided. 
 
 There is now no provision whatever in the statutes in re 
 spect to Chapel services. Their permanent regulation, the 
 Committee think, should be made part of the statutes. 
 
 The Board of Trustees have, in the scheme of attendance, 
 reqnired the students to attend the several Professors in sec- 
 tions for recitation. This regulation, to secure its regular and 
 permanent enforcement, should be incorporated in the stat- 
 utes; and the hours at which the classes are divided 
 into sections should there appear. The mode of this divi- 
 sion should be alphabetical — the first half in alphabetical 
 order to be the first section, and the other half the second 
 section. 
 
 The subjects so far treated relate to the method of instruc- 
 tion. From their consideration there has resulted the re- 
 commendation of regulations, the intent of which is to guide 
 the Professor to conduct the education of the student ac- 
 cording to the details of a system, designed to efi'ect the 
 proper training of the student, and, at the same time, whilst 
 enforcing his due proficiency in the whole course, not to press 
 him beyond his ability. These regulations are for the guid- 
 ance of the ofiicers of the College. Other statutory provi- 
 sions operate upon the students to secure their attention, 
 proficiency and good behavior. They relate to Tests of Pro- 
 ficiencij^ Rewards^ Offences and Punishments. 
 
 TESTS OF rKOFICIENCT. 
 
 The Committee have addressed to the orentlemen whose 
 statements are submitted the question whether the students 
 should be strictly required to master the course of instruc- 
 tion, or whether allowance ought to be made for those who, 
 
17 
 
 from want of capacity or indolence, fail to do so. The an- 
 swers received have been very nearly uniform in favor of 
 strictness in this respect, with the qualification, however, that 
 the same degree of proficiency should not be required from 
 all students. It is urged, however, that the sons of wealthy 
 parents, who have not the stimulus to exertion possessed by 
 those in less prosperous worldly condition, may derive some 
 advantage from the College course, although negligent, and 
 be thus taught to use the influence of their position to better 
 ends than they would had they not this advantage ; and that, 
 therefore, the College ought to be indulgent towards them. 
 But, indeed, true charity to rich students as well as regard 
 to their classmates, admonishes us to make necessity a spur 
 to the performance of duty. The habit of study renders 
 study easy and pleasant. The object of the Institution is 
 mental discipline. If mental indolence be indulged, instead 
 of mental activity enforced, we do positive injury instead of 
 good ; and the contagion of such examples is inevitable. 
 Besides, what is exacted from one must be exacted from an- 
 other, and what is tolerated in one must be tolerated in an- 
 other. Any such distinction is therefore unjust in itself, and 
 if once made, must necessarily render impossible strict dis- 
 cipline in any case. Nor, indeed, is it believed that there is 
 any ground, in fact, for an exception in favor of such a class 
 of students. They would be ashamed to claim any such ex- 
 emption from ordinary rules, and on all the members of their 
 respective classes being graded according to their real merits, 
 these would usually be found not below their fellows ; nor 
 do the Committee believe that such students would be led to 
 attend other institutions less rigorous. There can, however, 
 be no doubt that allowance must be made for lack of intel- 
 lectual capacity ; this may readily be done, through a uni- 
 form system of marks, such as has lately been adopted by the 
 Faculty, by declaring an average, below which if a student 
 fall, he will not be permitted to proceed with his class. This 
 average siiould be placed at such a grade as not to exclude 
 students of dull or slow minds, who are yet faithful and dili- 
 gent ; and if any prove to be so dull and slow as to be un- 
 
 2 
 
IS 
 
 able to attain tin's average, it is safe to say that they are 
 uiiaMe to profit by the College course, and had better -with- 
 draw from the Institution, or become members of a lower 
 class. 
 
 It would appear that such strictness as is here recom- 
 mended has not been enforced by the Faculty; at least it 
 was not before the removal of the College. The Committee 
 endeavored to ascertain what had prompted this indulgence, 
 and also whether the reasons which might have actuated the 
 officers of the College in this respect were such as to lead to 
 the conclusion that the enforcement of a stricter rule would 
 produce no beneficial results. And in answer to the inqui- 
 ries of the Committee, the opinion was expressed by the 
 President that the ultimate results of a severe discipline 
 would be advantageous, though it might lead to the training 
 of only a few thorough scholars annually. Such oj)inion 
 was also advanced by Prof. Anthon ; and the doubt was 
 expressed by the President, whether public opinion would 
 sanction a strict course, and whether, to avoid a large dimi- 
 nution of students, allowance ought not to be made for de- 
 fect of intellectual capacity, imperfect elementary training, 
 and inattention or indifference of parents as to the studies of 
 their sons. Prof. McYickar expressed his opinion against 
 the enforcement of a rigid discipline. Yet the President 
 himself recommends it according to the system above inti- 
 mated, as do also Professors Anthon, Drisler and McCuUoh, 
 and all these concur in opinion, that the experience of the 
 Institution does not show that the exclusion of students 
 lound deficient at the concluding examination is inexpedi- 
 ent. Probably the apprehension of a diminution of the num- 
 ber of students, as a consequence of a strict enforcement of the 
 statutes, has led to the laxity of the ofiicers of the College. 
 But it does seem to the Committee that the object of the In- 
 stitution is to educate students, and not to have a large num- 
 ber of them to be, in the main, very imperfectly educated. 
 However large that number, if half of them graduate with 
 no real benefit to themselves derived from the College course, 
 (as must be the case if they fall below a reasonable lowest 
 
19 
 
 average mark,) our office is but half performed. Our aim is 
 to train the students to habits of diligence, attention and ac- 
 tivity of mind. Imperfect previous elementary training and 
 the indolence of students, whether occasioned by the inatten- 
 tion or indifference of their parents to their progress, or by 
 any other cause, prevent the accomplishment of that aim. 
 We should, therefore, deal with these as evils to be reme- 
 died, not as indicating a permanent element to be provided 
 for. As a continuing element, they are fraught with great 
 injury to the student. His inadequate preparation, excused 
 session after session, necessarily, as the common rule, leads 
 him to regard it a matter of indifference whether he applies 
 himself to study or not, and to look upon it as a mere pre- 
 tence that he has any serious duty to perform. He needs the 
 stimulus of necessity. To tolerate his indolence is to increase 
 it. Thus, instead of forming good habits, we form bad. A 
 contrary course, in making indolence a disgrace, to be fol- 
 lowed by a severe penalty, would, in the majority of cases, 
 produce a beneficial change upon individual students. They 
 would do their duty if it were really and seriously required. 
 When public opinion is spoken of in this connection as not 
 likely to sanction a stricter discipline, it must, we suppose, 
 be understood as an opinion to be evidenced by the number 
 of students found to attend the College. Experience alone 
 can show what may be the result in this respect. A better 
 administration must be introduced gradually, from considera- 
 tions of justice to the students. But when a due degree of 
 severity shall be uniformly practiced, we may take it for 
 granted that the Institution will receive no less approbation, 
 nor will parents be any less desirous to send their sons to it 
 because convinced that once entered in its classes they will be 
 both able and be required to derive real and permanent ad- 
 vantage from its instruction. A deservedly high reputation 
 for efficiency is likely to attract students, as to deserve 
 success is generally to attain it. Within the twenty-five 
 years preceding the recent removal of the College, in the face 
 of a very large accession of population and wealth to 
 the city, the number of students had not materially in- 
 
20 
 
 creased ; whilst it is believed that daring the same period 
 the discipline of the Institution had gradually relaxed. No 
 enlargement of the classes was caused by that indulgence. 
 It would be well now to try the reverse system ; and we 
 may at least, with clear consciences, hope by the salutary 
 results produced in cases of students graduating, to spread a 
 favorable estimate of the value of real and efficient training 
 upon the basis of a Classical education. Taking it for 
 ^ granted, then, that there is but one safe rule, which, is to en- 
 force the proficiency of all the students up to a standard of 
 acquirement to be graduated by the fair average ability of 
 students, it is next proposed to consider such statutory pro- 
 visions as are supposed to be best calculated to test and 
 ascertain that proficiency. 
 
 The first application of any test of the acquirements of the 
 student is made upon his presenting himself as a candidate 
 for entrance. Upon this much depends. We are told by 
 Professor Drisler. as the result of his experience, that the 
 insufficient preparation of the students in the Classics is 
 the cause of great embarrassment, leading to the ne- 
 cessity of teaching them in the Freshman year, and that 
 necessarily very inadequately, what they ought to have 
 learned in the schools — this tending to the great hind- 
 rance of their classmates, and in many cases leaving de- 
 ficiencies never afterwards removed, and rendering it im- 
 possible for the student to keep up with his class upon 
 the administration of any proper discipline. He tells us, 
 moreover, that not more than one-half of the entering students 
 are found to possess the attainments required. The state- 
 ment of Professor Hackley does not show any existing in- 
 adequate preparation in Mathematics. He states that candi- 
 dates for admission had not always been well versed in the 
 preliminary mathematical studies during his occupancy of the 
 chair, but of late none had been admitted not thoroughly pre- 
 pared. The Committee are of opinion that it is expedient to 
 secure a strict entrance examination in Mathematics as well 
 as in Classics. There are well understood objections to such 
 strictness : that the College ojQTering no inducements beyond 
 
21 
 
 the instruction it affords, candidates not qualified for admission 
 would either not enter College at all, or go to other institu- 
 tions more loose in their requirements ; that students, not at 
 first qualified to enter, may, and often do, make up their de- 
 ficiencies after entrance ; and that even the indolent, though 
 thej may not recover their lost ground, will yet derive some 
 advantage from instruction. The last of these objections 
 supposes that the evil will be permanent — that the de- 
 ficiency evidenced by a want of due preparation at en- 
 trance, arising from indolence, should be suffered to con- 
 tinue during the student's subsequent College course. But 
 the Committee have already expressed the opinion that 
 this is inconsistent with the maintenance of due disci- 
 pline, and that such deficiencies, arising from such a cause, 
 ought to occasion the separation of the student from the 
 Institution, unless he will join a lower class. As to the first 
 objection, if we are convinced that the prescribed prelimi- 
 nary preparation is requisite for the student to derive proper 
 advantage from the College course, and to prevent the re- 
 tardation of those really fitted for entrance, it would seem 
 better to meet the difiiculty in the outset, and not to admit 
 such (the irreclaimable) as must be soon excluded. The sec- 
 ond objection has, indeed, great force. If a student can 
 make up his deficiency, why not admit him, and allow him to 
 do so ? But how is this ability to be ascertained in the out- 
 set ? We can make no distinctions ; all must be treated 
 alike. If so, the corrigible and incorrigible must all alike 
 be suffered to enter College. Then we cannot punish for de- 
 ficiencies known but disregarded, and we must lend our 
 efforts to bring the student forward from the point of prepara- 
 tion we have admitted to be sufficient in the first instance — 
 put aside the proper business of the Freshman year, and un- 
 dertake therein the work of the Grammar School, instead of 
 the studies of the Freshman Class. This would derange the 
 whole course. Therefore, though it be true that a few candi- 
 dates for entrance, found upon examination not to be quali- 
 fied, might, if admitted, afterwards with great labor make up 
 their deficiencies ; yet it would be better that even these 
 
22 
 
 should wait anotlier year for the next entering class, or pur- 
 sue their studies out of the Institution until fitted to enter 
 that class for which they first present themselves. 
 
 By requiring, in all cases, adequate preliminary prepara- 
 tion, we will secure it, raise the reputation of the College, 
 extend the desire for the education atibrded by it, and excite 
 the schools to greater efiiciency. It should be borne in mind 
 that, while entrance examinations may be strict, it by no 
 means follows that the same degree of proficiency must be 
 required from all candidates. There must be difi'erent grades. 
 The same scale of marks used for other examinations would 
 show a number below which if the student falls it may be 
 presumed that it would be unwise to admit him, under the 
 conviction that subsequent diligence cannot suffice to enable 
 him to comply with the requirements of the Institution. In 
 such a case it is more just to the student kindly to inform 
 him and his parents of the true condition of tilings, and to 
 recommend him to pursue his studies for another year, after 
 the expiration of which he may again present himself for 
 examination, than to admit him on his first application, with 
 the nearly ascertained certainty that at the end of his first 
 year he must be dismissed. Oftentimes the deficiency may 
 be found to arise from the immature age of the candidate. 
 Strictness at the first is the best remedy for this, as showing 
 to him the necessity for delaying the commencement of his 
 College studies. Taking it for granted, then, that the quali- 
 fications of candidates applying for entrance ought to be as- 
 certained by some competent test, the question arises, what 
 regulations are advisable for the purpose of securing strict 
 and impartial entrance examinations, and of forming and 
 pronouncing a judgment upon the result ? For it is manifest 
 that if strictness be exercised, it is highly expedient, for the 
 satisfaction of the students, parents and teachers of schools, 
 that both the trial and the decision of the question should be 
 made by such authority and in such mode as to command 
 respect and confidence. 
 
 Upon examining the statutes we find no provisions in re- 
 gard to entrance examinations. Chapter IV. declares the 
 
23 
 
 pre-requisites for admission ; but nowhere is it declared in 
 what manner they shall be ascertained. Under the power, 
 however, to make all such regulations for tlie better execu- 
 tion of the Colleo;e svstem as shall not contravene the charter, 
 the statutes nor the orders of the Trustees, it is believed tlie 
 Board of the College have power to regulate this subject. 
 They do not appear to have done so: and the Committee 
 suppose that entrance examinations are of sufficient impor- 
 tance to require permanent statutory provisions concerning 
 them. The Committee find that the custom prevailing during 
 the Presidencj'of Dr. Harris presents a marked contrast with 
 that now in force. We quote Professor Anthon's testimony 
 as to the former practice. He says: "The applicants for 
 admission were formed into one large class, and each student 
 was publicly examined by the Mathematical and Classical 
 Professor. The Board were generally in full attendance, 
 together with the President; minutes were taken of the per- 
 formance of the candidates by the attending Professors, 
 whether examining or not, and referred to in determining 
 their votes as to their admission, and relative order of merit 
 on admission. At the end of the examination by book, in 
 the Classical department, a piece of English was given out 
 to the candidates, which they were required to turn into 
 grammatical Latin before leaving the examination room, to 
 which fictitious names were to be appended ; and it was 
 generally understood that this last mentioned exercise carried 
 with it the greatest weight in determinins; the relative merit 
 on admission. ]^o candidate was allowed to hold communi- 
 cation with another while so turning the piece of English 
 into Latin. The examinations were extremely rigid, due al- 
 lowance being made for any trepidation on the part of the 
 candidate. The Faculty then held a meeting, at which they 
 compared notes and settled, the relative position of the can- 
 didates by number ; and the result was then formally an- 
 nounced by the President in the College Chapel." To this 
 may be added the well-understood fact, that such examina- 
 tions were uniformly attended by the masters of the schools, 
 who exhibited the greatest interest in the test thns applied 
 
24 
 
 to their pnpils, and a just pride if one of them could obtain 
 the first place, an honor regarded as very important. 
 
 Contrast with this the present practice. Professor Hack- 
 ley stated, on the 8th of July, 1856, in relation to the two 
 entrance examinations then last past, that there were some 
 students examined at the time publicly appointed, in the pre- 
 sence of the President and of the Professors instructing the 
 Freshman Class. One-half of the whole class came from the 
 College Grammar School, and were not examined at all, but 
 were admitted on the certificate of the Rector of that school, 
 (which appears to have been the uniform practice ;) of the 
 remaining number, not more than one-half were examined at 
 the appointed time and place. It farther appears, that two 
 days are publicly appointed by the President, upon either of 
 which students may present themselves for examination ; the 
 one at the close of the concluding examination of the under- 
 graduates, and the other the Saturday before the first Monday 
 in October ; and that all students applying after the last day 
 are privately examined, without any excuse required for not 
 applying at the time prescribed. The President and all the 
 Professors state that none of the ofiicers of the College are 
 present at either of the appointed examinations, except the 
 President and the Professors instructing the Freshman Class. 
 The mode of conducting the examinations on such occa- 
 sions is clearly detailed by Professor Drisler. At the time of 
 which the Professor was speaking, before the recent removal 
 of the College, the candidates were assembled in the Chapel ; 
 the Classical Professor took his seat at a table, at one 
 end of the platform, which extended across the upper 
 side of the Chapel, and the Professor of Mathematics stood 
 or sat near his black board at the other and opposite 
 end of the platform, the President being seated midway 
 between them ; then one student was called up by the Presi- 
 dent to be examined by one Professor, and another by 
 the other Professor, and the examination of both proceeded 
 simultaneously. This statement is enough to show that 
 neither the President nor any of the candidates not under 
 examination could judge of the performances of the students 
 
25 
 
 examined under such circumstances. The examinations were 
 made in a phice that might be called public, if the public 
 were invited to attend, but they were substantially private. 
 
 It is also estabiished b^ the testimony, that the President 
 in effect decides as to whether the candidates shall be ad- 
 mitted, not, indeed, in opposition to the examining Professors ; 
 but he claims it as resting entirely in his own discretion, and 
 the question is never brought before or determined by the 
 Board of the College. 
 
 It seems to the Committee that the earlier practice was 
 the better, and presented advantages which the latter wants. 
 Thus, by grading the students according to their relative 
 merit, as exhibited on their entrance examination, the effect 
 was accomplished of exciting the emulation of students and 
 teachei-s, and thus improving the schools ; and then, by re- 
 quiring all the Professors to attend, and afterwards to judge 
 of the results as members of the Board of the College, their 
 personal observation and active cooperation were applied to 
 secure the proper performance of a duty, which, in its after 
 consequences, must affect the success of the instruction of 
 each of them, as well as increase or diminish the reputation 
 of the Institution ; and their subsequent action in judging of 
 the result, gave a dignity and aspect of deliberate care to the 
 conclusion, which could not but be salutary. All these fea- 
 tures are now wanting, and to secure their revival the Com- 
 mittee recommend the following regulations for incorpora- 
 tion in a statute : That all candidates for entrance into 
 the Freshman Class shall be assembled in the College Hall 
 on the Monday preceding the commencement of the fall 
 term, in t je presence of the President and all the Professors, 
 and shall be examined by the Professors instructing tlie 
 Freshman Class. That they shall be graded in order of 
 merit, by a number affixed to the performance of each, ex- 
 pressing both absolute and relative merit, according to the 
 system used for other examinations ; and if any candidate 
 shall fail to attain a prescribed minimum number in any de- 
 partment, (to be by general regulation settled by the Board 
 of the College,) he shall be deemed unfit to enter. The pa- 
 
26 
 
 rents and guardians of candidates, and the teachers under 
 whose instruction they have been prepared for entrance, but 
 no other persons shall be invited to attend. It shall be the 
 duty of the Board of the College, at a meeting to be held 
 after the conclusion of the examination, to judge and deter- 
 mine whether the candidates, severally, shall be admitted, 
 and also as to the absolute and relative merit of each ; and 
 tiie result of their deliberation shall be recorded in their 
 minutes, as to the merit and order of the admitted candidates, 
 and shall be announced by the President, in the Hall, 
 at some convenient time, of which the persons present 
 sliall be informed at the conclusion of the examination. 
 The Committee specify the use of the College Hall for en- 
 trance examinations, because it is essential, if their main 
 recommendations are carried out, that some large room asso- 
 ciated with general College uses should be selected for this 
 purpose. The provisions for the action of the Faculty are 
 intended to secure their active participation in the examina- 
 tion, and the particularity used seems to be important, in 
 view of the plan proposed being new, and of tlie delicacy 
 which would render Professors unwilling to judge of the 
 examinations of their associates, unless peremptorily re- 
 quired to do so. There seems, to tlie Committee, no advan- 
 tage in making the examinations public, but great good may 
 result from the attendance of those immediately interested. 
 The same time should be assigned for the examination of all 
 the candidates, in order to give greater interest and impor- 
 tance to the occasion, as well as to effect the simultaneous 
 grading of the whole class. Inconvenience to such as leave 
 town for the summer months is alleged against a day in July, 
 and want of freshness of preparation in such as complete 
 their school studies early in the summer, against a day shortly 
 preceding the beginning of the fall term. But one day only 
 should be appointed, and it is most just to all that it should be 
 as late as possible, in order to give to each every opportunity 
 time will allow to fit himself for the examination. There 
 may, however, be causes perfectly sufficient to excuse the 
 attendance of students at the appointed time, as sickness, to 
 
27 
 
 be certified by a physician, or absence from the city really 
 unavoidable. These should be judged of by the President, 
 and all students excused for such causes should be examined 
 subsequently, on some certain day, to be fixed by general 
 regulation ; the examination to be conducted and superin- 
 tended in the same manner as the general examination. No 
 position should be given to these candidates, in the order of 
 the class, until the first subsequent public examination. The 
 regulations proposed would subject students of the College 
 Grammar School to the same test as other candidates. This 
 is deemed fair and right, due to other schools, and necessary 
 to secure the interest of their masters in the College, as well 
 as in itself furnishing a very desirable opportunity of ascer- 
 taining the efiiciency of instruction in that preparatory de- 
 partment of the Institution. Upon examining the testimony 
 submitted by the Committee, there will be found a decided 
 preponderance of opinion in favor of the principles which 
 have guided the Committee in making their recommendations 
 in regard to entrance examinations. The Committee think 
 that some provisions are necessary to regulate the manner of 
 admission of students to entrance into the hio-her classes. 
 Such candidates are now admitted by the President, on the 
 certificates of the Professors who instruct the class into which 
 the candidates intend to enter. In order to prevent the too 
 ready admission of such students, the Committee recom- 
 mend that they be examined at the same time with the 
 candidates for entrance into the Freshman Class, in the pre- 
 paratory studies required for entrance into that class, and 
 again, on the day immediately succeeding, be examined for 
 the higher class. And the Committee think that the regula- 
 tions relative to entrance examinations before recommended 
 should be made applicable to all candidates, into whatever 
 class they may propose to enter. 
 
 Besides the test of the acquirements of the students ap- 
 plied upon their presenting themselves for entrance, there 
 are provided semi-annual public examinations of all the stu- 
 dents. The particulars which have come under the observa- 
 tion of the Committee in reference to these examinations, be- 
 
28 
 
 fore the recent accession to the professorial corps, are as fol- 
 lows: In most departments, al though not in all, the subjects 
 of examination were marked upon slips of paper correspond- 
 ing in number with the number of students in the class, and, 
 when called, each student drew one from a file of such slips 
 and presented it to the Professor, who then examined him 
 upon the subject thus drawn. If the examination papers 
 were previously put into the hands of the students, (as was the 
 case, as the Committee have had reason to. believe, in only 
 two departments,) this mode allowed of contrivance by 
 which students might arrange the distribution of subjects 
 amongst themselves. It appears, also, that except in one or 
 two instances, the Professors never made any memorandum 
 of the performances by the students at the examinations. 
 The President alone would perform this duty. Until very 
 recently, none but a verbal report of the results of public ex- 
 aminations were made to the Board of the College, and then 
 only specifying the names of such students as were found de- 
 ficient, and of such as were absent. Recently, such reports 
 were made in writing, and expressed the character of the 
 performance of each student, as well as communicating the 
 names of absentees, and of such students as the examining 
 Professor deemed to be of the best general standing in his 
 department. But these particulars were not reported by all 
 the Professors ; some of them contenting themselves with 
 communicating only those details which were formerly given 
 in the verbal reports. Absences from the public examina- 
 tions seem to have been very numerous. In one examina- 
 tion eleven were excused from attendance, or excused after 
 non-attendance. And absentees, as the President states, 
 if their standing warranted it, were not examined at all. 
 The nature of the excuses allowed as sufficient do not seem 
 to have been always sickness or unavoidable absence ; some- 
 times proof that their health did not allow them to prepare for 
 examination was accepted. In rare cases only were excused 
 students subjected to an examination afterwards. In one in- 
 stance, seven absent students were remanded to a lower class 
 after a concluding examination ; and before the commence- 
 
29 
 
 ment of the next session, witLout any examination whatever, 
 they were allowed to proceed with their respective classes, on 
 condition that they should mate up their deficiency before the 
 next succeeding Christmas vacation. Usually, however, judg- 
 ing from the recollection of the President and the minutes of 
 the Board of the College, students absent from the public ex- 
 amination, without excuse, were required to be privately ex- 
 amined by the several Professors from whose examinations 
 they had absented themselves, before being allowed to pro- 
 ceed with their class ; but they were never otherwise disci- 
 plined for the offence. It is obvious that the discipline of the 
 College, at the times to which the testimony relates, was very 
 lax in regard to absences from the public examinations, and 
 there is reason to believe that students designedly avoided 
 attendance for fear of failure. Both Professor Drisler and 
 Professor McCulloh state, in forcible terms, the necessity of 
 a remedy being found for this evil. 
 
 The discipline by the Board of the College of students 
 found deficient at the concluding as well as at the interme- 
 diate examinations, has been very lenient. The cases 
 (already alluded to on page 28 of the seven students, absent 
 from the concluding examination in 1856, and sufi'ered to 
 proceed without any examination whatever, are the most 
 marked instances. Yery commonly, however, when students 
 have been reported by the President or Professors as having 
 failed at the public examination, they have been ordered 
 to be re-examined in the department in which they had 
 failed, but rarely was there any report of the result of this 
 examination made to the Board of the College, and there 
 is reason to believe that sometimes the examination has not 
 taken place. There is no evidence upon the minutes that in 
 any case was the Board satisfied that students so failing had 
 made up their deficiency before they were allowed to rejoin 
 their classes. Such examinations, when they took place, 
 were always made by the Professors privately. The Commit- 
 tee would not be understood to say that students failing at 
 public examinations, were always allowed to retain their con- 
 nection with the Institution. There are occasional cases of 
 
30 
 
 greater severitj, but usually after a probation succeeding a 
 failure. The Committee have thus endeavored to disclose 
 the state of the discii^line of the Institution respecting the 
 public examinations, simply in order to show the necessity 
 of a statutory remedy to prevent, as far as possible, for the 
 future, the existence of the evils thus made manifest. These 
 evils are the want of a due strictness in the examinations to 
 make them really what it was intended they should be, tests 
 of the proficiency of the students, and not a mere form ; an 
 absence of a due superintendence and direction, and ofiicial 
 cognizance of such examinations by the authorities of the 
 College other than the examining Professors ; the occurrence 
 of numerous absences without check or punishment for the 
 offence ; and the want of an adequate discipline of students 
 when found deficient. The present statute requires these 
 examinations to be close and rigid. The Committee do not 
 think they have always been so. But the statute certainly 
 gives to the Board a discretion to exclude a student, found at 
 the concluding examination to be deficient in the studies of 
 the preceding year, from proceeding to a higher class, or to 
 allow him to proceed. In that respect the action of that 
 Board has been strictly within their powers. In other re- 
 spects the discipline, in regard to the examinations, cannot 
 be justified, although a long continuance of usages must 
 have made it very diflicult for the Faculty as a Board, by 
 interference under their general power of regulation, to in- 
 terpose an effectual remedy. 
 
 There are two objects which ought to be, if possible, at- 
 tained through means of the public examinations of the 
 students ; first, a test of the proficiency of the pupils, accord- 
 ing to the results of which, taken in due connection with the 
 character of their performances in the lecture-room, they 
 shall take grade or be separated from the College ; and, 
 second, a test of the efiiciency of the instruction ; for if it 
 should be known that at successive examinations a large 
 proportion of the students, of fair standing in other depart- 
 ments, were grossly deficient in one, it would indicate some 
 defect in the instruction. It is only on such occasions that 
 
31 
 
 the effect of the Professor's instruction upon whole classes is 
 brouaht under observation. It therefore seems important to 
 attain, if possible, both of such objects. But neither of them 
 can at all times be secured if each Professor has the sole 
 control of the examination upon the subjects of his course ; 
 because, under certain circumstances, there may be tempta- 
 tion to give such facilities to the students examined as would 
 render the result an unreliable indication of the attainments 
 of the students. This is the present method, and it consti- 
 tutes the chief defect in the existing practice. The remedy 
 is to provide for an efficient superintendence and direction 
 of the examinations ou the part of the officers of the College 
 other than the examining Professor. 
 
 Experts in the several departments of knowledge, who are 
 not officers of the Institution, might be appointed to conduct 
 the examinations and to report the results to the President. If 
 such experts, perfectly qualified, could readily be found will- 
 ing to assume the office, this, at first sight, would appear to 
 be the most effectual means to attain the end in view. But 
 the Committee do not feel willing to recommend this measure, 
 in view of the expressions of opinion adverse to it, found in 
 the testimony. It seems doubtful whether in all the de- 
 partments perfectly unobjectionable examiners could be 
 procured who would undertake to perform the duties of 
 such an office in the presence of the Professor; there 
 is a serious doubt whether it would be fair to the stu- 
 dents to subject them to be questioned by any one but 
 their own instructor ; and if possible it would be better to 
 assign this, and all other duties, to the officers of the College — 
 by imposing these upon them distinctly and plainly, to give 
 them at once power and responsibility in the matter, with the 
 expectation thereby of securing the exercise on their part of 
 constant care to prevent abuses calculated to be of great in- 
 jury to the Institution. Formerly, and until more recent ar- 
 rangements rendered it impossible, the members of the 
 Faculty would attend the examinations, but not with any 
 regularity ; and in order to provide that the several Profes- 
 sors should be cognizant of the character of the performances 
 
32 
 
 of the students on such occasions from their own observation, 
 so as to be able intelligently to act in regard to each case to 
 come before them as members of the Board of the College, 
 the Committee would have recommended that all the mem- 
 bers of the Boai*d should be required to be present at all 
 the examinations, were that now practicable. But the pres- 
 ent large number of Professors and multiplicity of depart- 
 ments would, under any such regulation, make the examina- 
 tions consume too much time and encroacii upon the periods 
 allotted to the studies of the classes. Still the same object 
 may, perhaps more effectually, be attained in another way. 
 The Professors of the College may be classified ; and it will 
 be found that the departments of several Professors are so 
 connected that a fair special knowledge in them all, of the 
 subjects under the charge of any Professor in the same class, 
 may be justly presumed. Let all whose departments are so 
 connected be by statute constituted a Board of Examiners in 
 all such departments, under the following regulations : Let 
 such Board, immediately previous to the examination, prepare 
 examination papers, upon which the students shall be ex- 
 amined, and make such order and direction as to the exami- 
 nation as they may deem requisite, not contrary to the 
 statutes. The Professor in the particular department in 
 which the examination is had shall propose all questions ; 
 the other examiners shall, from time to time as they may 
 deon expedient, suggest subjects of examination or questions 
 to be put to the students, and shall generally observe and 
 note the result of the examination as to each student ex- 
 amined. All the examiners shall make and sign a written 
 report to the Board of the College, of the result of the exam- 
 ination, declaring whether the examination was or was not, 
 in their opinion, close and rigid ; " every student being left to 
 stand upon his proper merits ; due tenderness being at the 
 same time shown, that the effects of perturbation might be 
 avoided as much as possible," (to use the language of our 
 present statute,) which reports shall specify the examination 
 marks of each student ; and all such reports shall be entered 
 at lenjith in the minutes of the Board of the College. We 
 
33 
 
 would also recommend that a declaration should be inserted 
 in the same statute, that the Board of Trustees will, from 
 time to time, as may be deemed expedient, appoint experts, 
 either from their own body or from outside the Institution, to 
 be members of one or more of such Boards of Examiners. 
 
 Such a system would be calculated to bring the examina- 
 tions under a supervision and control which is much needed, 
 and which is very imperfectly accomplished by occasional 
 visits of Trustees, or of Committees of the Trustees. What 
 is required is an active participation in the office of exam- 
 iner by persons other than the examining Professor, with the 
 distinct duty of certifying to the performance of the duty. 
 Any thing less must be of little value, because any thing less 
 will not furnish to an observer the means of judging of the 
 merits of students examined, and give assurance to the Trus- 
 tees that the examination has been properly conducted. A con- 
 sideration of the mode in which the examinations are at pres- 
 ent conducted will further show the expediency of putting 
 them under some such regulation as has been before suggested. 
 The examinations in all the departments now proceed at the 
 same time, each Professor examining his class in his own 
 lecture-room ; none of the other Professors are present, and 
 the President can attend but for a short time in any one 
 room. The attention of visitors, either members of the 
 Board of Trustees or strangers, (of whom there are but few,) 
 is divided and distracted ; and it is to be feared that these 
 separate examinations, conducted by the Professors alone, in 
 the place of the daily attendance of the students for recita- 
 tion, ordinarily in the presence of no other observers, may 
 be regarded by the students as of little more serious import- 
 ance than their usual routine exercises. The measure pro- 
 posed by the Committee would remedy this defect. The 
 time required for the whole examination might be longer 
 than that now allotted, but it is believed it would not exceed 
 a fortnight. 
 
 As to the method of the examinations, the Committee are 
 of opinion that they should be both written and oral in each 
 department ; written, to secure a more perfect test of com- 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 parative merit, and oral, to exhibit more completely to the 
 examiners the knowledge of each student, and to accustom 
 him to the exercise of readiness, self-possession and presence 
 of mind. The students should be also examined on subjects 
 of the previous course, so far as these may be essential to in- 
 dicate the complete understanding of the course in which 
 they are then engaged. The necessity of being prepared to 
 this extent would have the tendency to induce them, by 
 constant voluntary reference, to keep alive their knowledge 
 of elementary principles. 
 
 Absence from any of the public examinations should be 
 regarded as an oflFence, to be accounted for to the Board of 
 the College, and always to be followed by an examination 
 by the same examiners who examined the class to which the 
 absent students belonged, to be conducted and reported in 
 the same manner as the regular examinations. A statute to 
 this effect, and its due enforcement, would soon, in all proba- 
 bility, make the attendance of the students much more uni- 
 form. 
 
 The subject of a uniform system of marks to designate 
 the merits of the students, has come under the consideration 
 of the Committee. The adoption of such a system is recom- 
 mended. Its use would be found to consist in imparting ac- 
 curacy to the conclusions of examiners ; in enabling the 
 Faculty fairly to estimate the standing of the students in the 
 several departments, in order to ascertain their true general 
 standing ; and in affording ready means of information con- 
 cerning the degree of diligence and attainment of the stu- 
 dents, both to themselves and to their parents. Nor should 
 the use of such a system be confined to examinations. The 
 progress and application of the students are continually tested 
 by their recitations in class. These give to the efficient and 
 faithful Professor more accurate means of judging of the 
 merits of the students than do the public examinations. A 
 closer and a continued observation is attained, and the stu- 
 dents are free from the embarrassments that possibly may 
 disturb them on the latter occasions. The same system is 
 rec[uisite for both classes of exercises. It is, indeed, indis- 
 
35 
 
 pensable in either to the administration of a strict disci- 
 pline, which, to be just, must be accurate, and to be ac- 
 curate must be indicated by a uniform rule. The con- 
 clusions, thus shortly noted, are abundantly supported by 
 the testimony. This system being extended to the exhi- 
 bition of both the absolute and relative merit of each 
 student, not only would he and his parents perfectly real- 
 ize his true position in the Institution, but the stimulus 
 of emulation would reach a much greater number than 
 it now does ; for all in a class would have their due places in 
 the College records, according to the order of merit, instead 
 of, as now, a few only being distinguished by superior ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 Only general rules for the guidance of the Faculty need 
 be settled by statute ; the details may properly be left to the 
 Board of the College. The Committee, therefore, recom- 
 mend the following provisions, to be embodied in a statute, 
 requiring the Board of the College to adopt regulations, by 
 which they shall establish — 
 
 1. A uniform system of marks, by which the absolute and 
 relative merits in each department of all the students shall 
 be designated, as shown both by recitations throughout the 
 College terms and by the public examinations ; giving such 
 proportionate weight to the public examination marks, 
 combined with the average marks of the students for recita- 
 tions, as to the Faculty shall seem to be just. 
 
 2. A mode of ascertaining the general standing of the 
 students, or their grades in their respective classes, expressing 
 both their absolute and relative merits; giving each depart- 
 ment its due proportionate weight, according to the hours 
 of attendance assigned to each class in that department. 
 
 3. A minimum of marks of general standing ; every 
 student falling below which minimum, at a concluding ex- 
 amination, shall, i^sofacto^ be excluded from proceeding to 
 a higher class. 
 
 4. A minimum of marks, as showing the standing of the 
 students in each department, evinced by a combination of 
 
86 
 
 the recitation and examination marks ; every student falling 
 below which minimum, in any department, at a concluding 
 examination, shall, ipso facto^ be excluded from proceeding 
 to a higher class. 
 
 Regulations recently adopted by the Faculty, though in 
 some respects not as strict as may in future be advantageous, 
 are substantially in accordance with the above recommenda- 
 tions. The fourth head is, however, not expressly provided 
 for. It is deemed important, because the general standing of 
 a student might be such that he would escape falling below 
 a minimum, yet his average number in more than one de- 
 partment might be far too low for a due proficiency ; and 
 this would be the result of an excessive attention to one or 
 more departments to the neglect of others. The Faculty 
 could establish a low minimum at first, even as low as one, 
 or even the fraction of five-tenths ; but whatever they should 
 find it necessary to agree upon as such minimum, would 
 serve to show the success of the instruction in the Institution, 
 The Committee would also recommend an enactment, that 
 the several Professors report monthly to the Board of the 
 College the average standing of the students in their re- 
 spective departments for the month then last elapsed ; from 
 the combination and collation of which reports the general 
 standing of all the students for that month shall be ascer- 
 tained ; and it should be made the duty of the President to 
 transmit to the parent or guardian of each student who shall 
 thus be found to have fallen below a minimum in general 
 standing, or a minimum in any department, a copy of the 
 merit roll of the class for such month — both as to general 
 standing and standing in each department. A similar merit 
 roll should be made out for each class after every examina- 
 tion, be delivered to every student, and sent to parents and 
 guardians. 
 
 These regulations, joined with provisions for the keeping 
 of a College Register, in which the merits of each student 
 shall be entered monthly and after each examination ; for 
 the imposing by the Faculty, upon students found deficient 
 at the intermediate examination, the necessity of pursuing 
 
37 
 
 their studies under the direction of a tutor, as a condition of 
 their continuance in the Institution, and for communicating 
 to parents and guardians of students a copy of the statutes, 
 and of the regulations adopted by the Faculty, particularly 
 calling their attention by circular notices, to those relating to 
 examination and recitation marks — it is believed would be 
 found gradually to raise the degree of scholarship of the 
 students, and at the same time exhibit to all interested in 
 education the earnestness and efficiency with which the duty 
 of instruction is performed in the College. 
 
 REWARDS. 
 
 By the provisions of the present statute, at the close of every 
 examination, a testimonial of merit is to be awarded in each 
 class to the student who shall be considered by the Board 
 of the College as of the best general standing; and it is 
 made the duty of the President and of the Professor of each 
 department to award special testimonials to the two students 
 standing first and second in each particular department of 
 study, exclusive of the student receiving the general testimo- 
 nial. These are all the rewards or honors provided for. So 
 much of the effect, expected to be produced upon the stu- 
 dents by these rewards, depends upon the manner in which 
 they are awarded — upon its being done in such way as to give 
 to the students the assurance that the authorities of the College 
 proceed upon a careful examination of merits, as the ground 
 of their awards — that the Committee looked into the mode 
 of proceeding in such cases. It was found that the Board 
 of the College, in making their awards of general testimo- 
 nials, proceeded upon no precise information of the standing 
 of the students in the several departments of study. Each 
 Professor would vote for that student he thought best in his 
 own department, without any statement of the reasons for 
 his opinion, or reference to any record kept by himself. 
 Again, in respect to the special testimonials, these were 
 awarded by the President and Professor of each department, 
 upon the expressed opinion of the Professor, without reference 
 to any grounds or materials for his judgment. And there is 
 
88 
 
 reason to believe that often the awards of both kinds were 
 based upon the general impressions of the Professors, without 
 exclusive reliance upon the more accurate conclusions to be 
 drawn from the marks received by the students for their 
 recitations and examinations. This state of things, it is 
 feared, was calculated to diminish the respect of the students 
 for the testimonials, as real evidences of superior excellence, 
 and, in consequence, to dissatisfy and discourage, with some 
 reason, the unsuccessful competitors for them. The regula- 
 tions already adopted by the Faculty, in reference to recita- 
 tion and examination marks, and to the awarding of testi- 
 monials, will effectually cure this evil, inasmuch as now the 
 awards of the Board will be founded exclusively upon an ex- 
 amination and comparison of such marks ; and the general 
 provisions previously recommended in this report, and a 
 further enactment, confirming the mode of awarding testi- 
 monials adopted by that Board, would secure the permanency 
 of this system. 
 
 There is, however, good reason to believe that the practice 
 of awarding special testimonials for proficiency in particular 
 departments of study, is faulty. Both Professors Drisler and 
 McCulloh stated that it would often happen that several 
 students had attained the same average in marks, indicating 
 that they would each be entitled to the fii'st or second special 
 testimonial, between whom no distinction could justly be 
 made, and yet the duty would be imposed upon the Profes- 
 sor of making a distinction where none really existed. 
 Again, the tendency of this practice is to encourage excessive 
 attention to one branch of study to the neglect of others ; 
 such, indeed, seems to have been its operation, students 
 negligent in every department but one receiving a testimo- 
 nial in that branch, and others, attentive equally in all, with 
 moderate ability, yet successfully, being excluded from every 
 honor. The importance of encouraging a due proficiency in 
 all departments, and of discouraging the pursuit of special 
 studies to the neglect of others, has already been commented 
 upon in this report. If the position assumed be sound, 
 rewards ought to be so bestowed as to excite to this general 
 
39 
 
 excellence, and never to promote partial application. It 
 would, therefore, be the wiser course entirely to dispense with 
 special testimonials, and to leave all honors of the kind {i. e., 
 testimonials) to depend upon the general grade of the stu- 
 dents, and to make it a prerequisite to their attainment that 
 the students aspiring to them should have reached a certain 
 degree of absolute scholarship. This is substantially the 
 view adopted by Professors Drisler and McCulloh in their 
 testimony, and by the present Faculty in their late regula- 
 tions. For example, all students reaching between 97 and 
 100 in a centigrade scale, after a concluding examination, 
 as the average of the previous years of the College course, 
 might receive testimonials as being in the first grade ; those 
 reaching between 95 and 97, testimonials as being in the 
 second grade, and those reaching between 90 and 95, testi- 
 monials as being in the third grade. These numbers are 
 designated as indicating a degree of scholarship above me- 
 diocrity. They should express the average grade for the 
 whole previous course, until the end of the Junior year. At 
 the end of the Senior year they should express the average 
 grade for that year alone, in order to admit at that time to 
 the contest for honors students who might otherwise be ex- 
 cluded. Upon this basis, when the means of the Institution 
 will allow it, prizes might be awarded. The numbers thus 
 attained would indicate the result of the ordinary tests of 
 scholarship, by recitations and examinations. 
 
 But notwithstanding the general accuracy of these indica- 
 tions, accident or fortuitous circumstances might have their 
 influence in enabling one student to stand superior to another 
 in a high grade ; and as these prizes ought to be looked upon 
 as objects of great importance, a more severe contest ought 
 to be had for these than for the grades. Looking, then, upon 
 a high degree of general scholarship as a preliminary quali- 
 fication to the student's entering upon this contest, let all the 
 students standing in either the first, second or third grades, 
 and these only, be admitted as competitors. The questions 
 then arise, at what point of time in the course should prizes 
 be awarded, and what should be their character? if mouied. 
 
40 
 
 what their amount iu value, and what the period of their en- 
 joyment? and lastly, in what mode ought the relative merits 
 of the competing students to be tested ? Long experience 
 sanctions the use of prizes to excite the emulation of students, 
 as an appeal to a universal motive of action which, though 
 not the highest, is among the most efficacious to induce 
 persevering application. The object, then, to be sought 
 through such prizes in Columbia College would be, in the 
 first place, to encourage the diligence of students in the un- 
 der-graduate course ; secondly, to induce such students to con- 
 tinue their studies in the Institution until the conclusion of 
 the post-graduate course, with Buch proficiency as to enable 
 the College to derive advantage from their attainments. To 
 attain the first object, the prizes ought to be awarded first at 
 that period of time when the uniform course pursued by all 
 the students terminates ; this is at the end of the Junior year. 
 By thus awarding prizes, the right to contend for which 
 would depend upon the conduct and proficiency of the stu- 
 dents, as exhibited by their general standing on the College 
 records during the whole previous course, the influence of the 
 expectation and competition for such honors may be made to 
 extend to all the first three years. Then, again, at the end of 
 the Senior year, other prizes to be contended for only by stu- 
 dents of high general standing for the last year, would have 
 their infiuence upon the performance of duty in that year, 
 and might have their efl'ect upon the post-graduate course 
 by means of the provisions presently to be recommended. It 
 would seem to be expedient to give a money value to the 
 prizes, in order to impart to them greater importance, and 
 thus to act upon the presumption that students would aspire 
 to their attainment, solely as a means of promoting their future 
 mental advancement. It would serve the contemplated pur- 
 pose of the prizes awarded at the end of the Junior year, 
 that they should each consist of a specific sum, payable in 
 two equal payments, one payable immediately, and the other 
 at the expiration of six months, if the student to whom it 
 was awarded should then be in the College. But to produce, 
 through the prizes bestowed at the end of the Senior year 
 
41 
 
 the effect of inducing the pursuit by the graduating students 
 of the studies of the post-graduate course, it would seem to 
 be requisite to make these stipends annual, to be enjoyed until 
 the end of the student's attendance in thepost-graduate course, 
 upon §uch conditions as may be necessary to insure the con- 
 tinued diligence of the recipients. As to the amount ot 
 each of such prizes, $200, $180, $160, $140, for the Junior, and 
 annual stipends of $300 and $200 for the Senior, are suggested 
 as being such values as are calculated to afford real assistance 
 to the successful students, and yet not excessive. To this 
 might be added the title of Fellow to the recipients of the 
 honors awarded at the end of the sub-graduate course, with a 
 preference of employment as tutors, when the Board of the 
 College should have opportunity to recommend or remand 
 students to the instruction of such officers. The point re- 
 maining to be disposed of is, the mode of testing the relative 
 merits of the students contending for the prizes, and, con- 
 nected with this, is the question concerning the number of 
 the prizes. It has already been assumed that there should 
 be established a more accurate test of the relative merits of 
 the students competing for prizes than is applied in order to 
 ascertain their respective grades. The usual, and seemingly 
 only practicable means of applying such test, is by special 
 examinations. Such students may justly be expected to ex- 
 hibit a higher degree of attainment than the residue of their 
 classmates, and for that reason, and as a means of subjecting 
 them to an equal trial, it is recommended that the special 
 examinations be upon matters specially designated in the 
 statute on the course as being the course for honors, in addi- 
 tion to the regular course. Still preserving the principle that 
 special tiaiuing ought to be avoided, there would be an addi- 
 tional course prescribed for each department of College study, 
 the competing students to be examined in all of such 
 courses, so far as pursued by their respective classes at the 
 time of the special examination. Adopting these principles, 
 four prizes— the first of $200, the second of $180, the third 
 of $160, and the fourth of $140— would be awarded at the 
 end of the Junior year, upon a special examination upon the 
 
42 
 
 course for honors designated for that year; and six prizes at 
 the end of the Senior year, two in each of the departments of 
 Letters, Jurisprudence and Science ; the first a stipend of $300, 
 and the second a stipend of $200, upon the courses for honors, 
 to be designated for the several departments. To mark the 
 degree of scholarship appropriate for each prize — to be abso- 
 lute scholarship, not relative — it will be expedient to desig- 
 nate the appropriate number for each. Thus, upon such special 
 examination, the number on a centigrade scale, requisite at 
 the end of the Junior year for the first prize, may be 99 : the 
 second, 98 ; the third, 97, and the fourth, 95 : at the end of 
 the Senior year, for the first prize, 99 ; the second, 97 : and 
 a student failing of the first prize, not by reason of his failing 
 of the required grade, but owing to the superior excellence 
 of another, obtaining even a higher number than that desig- 
 nated as requisite for that honor, would take the next lowest 
 prize ; and so on for each successive prize. The examina- 
 tion being of all the competing students upon the same 
 course, there would be no difliculty in making this adjustment. 
 The annual cost of these prizes, if all won, which would 
 probably be the case, would be — 
 
 Four prizes to the Juniors, of $200, $180, $160 and 
 
 $140 $680 
 
 Six prizes to the Seniors, 3 of $300 and 3 of $200, 
 
 being annual stipends for two years, 3,000 
 
 Total annual cost, $3,680 
 
 In sketching this scheme for prizes, the Committee would 
 not be understood as recommending its immediate operation, 
 but only that the system should be adopted by statute, to go 
 into eflTect when the means of the College will allow. It 
 would lead to the necessity of framing the statute on the 
 course in reference to it ; and this farther duty, the Committee 
 would recommend, should be imposed upon the Board of the 
 College. The scheme, the features of which are above de- 
 tailed, the Committee believe is well adapted to accomplish 
 the object in view, at the least cost consistent with its success. 
 
43 
 
 OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENTS. 
 
 The Committee propose to notice the state of the Institution 
 under this head, in some particulars apparently requiring at- 
 tention. The order preserved in the lecture rooms has been 
 good, except in one or two cases. From the facts elicited in 
 one of these cases, the Committee are induced to recommend 
 that a clause be added to the statute of the behavior of the 
 students, requiring them, when in class, to attend strictly to 
 the exercises of the lecture room, and not to be engaged dur- 
 ing such exercises in any study. Ttie duty would then de- 
 volve upon the Professors to enforce this regulation ; and it 
 is hoped that by this means a license found to prevail in a 
 single instance will be repressed. 
 
 But the state of things found to exist relative to the attend- 
 ance of the students requires special notice. The cases of 
 absence are of two kinds : first, where students have been ab- 
 sent from all the lectures ; and second, where they have been 
 on the same day present in the room of one Professor and 
 absent from that of another. Although there is reason to 
 believe that the general attendance of the students has been 
 more irregular than it should have been, yet there is no de- 
 finite information disclosed on this point, nor could a safe 
 conclusion be drawn without a comparison of the actual aver- 
 age attendance in this College with that in other similar in- 
 stitutions. Upon such an inquiry it was not deemed impor- 
 tant to enter. But the cases of absence of the second class 
 have been numerous, and have, as it is believed, arisen from 
 the desire of students to escape duty in particular depart- 
 ments. Such instances were frequently noticed in the Board 
 of the College, but no measures appear to have been taken 
 for the repression of the evil. There were very few students 
 called before the Board to answer for the ofience. The stat- 
 utes give the President power to grant leave of absence from 
 the College for a reasonable cause, and for such length of 
 time as he shall judge the occasion shall require. This is 
 presumed to mean leave before the fact. But under their 
 general power to make regulations not in contravention of 
 
the statutes or charter, the Board of the College required 
 absent students to present to the President written excuses, 
 signed by their parents or guardians, specifying the causes 
 or reasons of their non-attendance ; and in practice, the Pre- 
 sident has been the sole judge of the sufficiency of such ex- 
 cuses, cases of such kind being never considered, in the way 
 of discipline, except on his suggestion. He stated that the 
 excuses allowed as sufficient were, that the parent had kept 
 the absent student at home, or that he had been absent with 
 his parent's consent. It is apparent, that however unreason- 
 able or frivolous the alleged cause of absence may be, it is 
 deemed sufficient if it have the parent's assent. The state of 
 things thus exhibited leads to the conclusion that in so im- 
 portant a matter as attendance, the students were, during the 
 period covered by the inquiry, allowed too much latitude. 
 
 In the judgment of the Coumiittee, it should be made part 
 of the statutes that no student shall be absent from College, 
 or from any of the lectures or recitations, except in case of 
 absolute necessity, of which the President shall be the judge. 
 And as it was disclosed in the testimony that no permanent 
 record is kept of the absences of the students, but that the 
 number of absences of a student in any session can only be 
 ascertained by a reference to, and examination of the weekly 
 reports of the Professors, filed with the President, it is 
 further recommended, that in their monthly reports of the 
 standing of students, the Professors specify the number of 
 absences of each student in a column appropriated for that 
 purpose, and that in appropriate columns in the College re- 
 cords these be noted opposite to the name of each student, 
 as well as the excuses, if any, allowed for such absences. In 
 this way the regularity of the attendance of each student 
 may at once be known, and the Trustees will have a ready 
 means of information as to the average attendance. 
 
 It has also been found that students absent for a period 
 comprehending a public examination, whether with or with- 
 out leave, have generally been allowed to resume their at- 
 tendance without examination ; and in one instance, a stu- 
 dent absent during the whole of the Sophomore year, was 
 
45 
 
 admitted to the Junior, without examination and without 
 having pursued the studies of the Sophomore Class. How- 
 ever justifiable or allowable his absence, no student ought 
 thus to be suffered to escape the ordinary and salutary trials 
 of proficiency to which his fellows are subjected, or to pro- 
 ceed without its being known that he is duly qualified to 
 do so. The provision already recommended relative to ab- 
 sence from examinations, would probably furnish the requi- 
 site remedy. 
 
 On the subject of the statute entitled of Crimes and Pun- 
 ishments : The Committee would recommend the substitu- 
 tion of the term " offences " for " crimes"' in the title of the 
 statute. Among the punishments there mentioned as appro- 
 priate to certain misconduct, is that of degradation. It is 
 susceptible of two applications ; one as involving the degra- 
 dation from honors, and the other as displacing a student from 
 his class and. remanding him to a lower one. The statute, 
 however, uses the term degradation simply, without specify- 
 ing whether both or one only of these senses is intended ; 
 and it is made applicable both to off'ences against good order 
 and neglect of studies. Upon the question of the propriety 
 of the use of this punishment for neglect of studies, it may 
 be remarked that ordinarily the provisions heretofore recom- 
 mended in this report would, of themselves, operate as an 
 effective punishment for this ofience, and at every examina- 
 tion would, in reality, degrade the student, by lowering his 
 standing. Thus his deficiency would be apparent at the end 
 of the first month after it commenced, and would then be 
 communicated to his parent. At either examination it would 
 also appear and would lower his standing, and likewise be 
 communicated to his parent, and the further penalties would 
 follow at the intermediate examination of his being put 
 under the charge of a tutor, and at the concluding examina- 
 tion of his being excluded from proceeding to a higher class. 
 At any time intermediate between the examinations a forfeit- 
 ure of grade alone would have no real operation, for the fact 
 would still remain that the degraded student had once 
 earned it, and the credit would attach to him notwithstand- 
 
46 
 
 ing his punishment. But a student coming under censure in 
 any of these modes, might justly lose any semi-annual prize 
 payment, payable after such censure incurred ; as he ought 
 also to do if susi:)ended, dismissed or expelled. This would 
 properly be provided for in the statute on prizes. Independ- 
 ently of this, the provisions above alluded to would necessa- 
 rily and sufficiently work the actual degradation of a student 
 neglecting his studies, or guilty of other misconduct, under 
 such a system of demerit marks as the Faculty might think 
 proper to adopt. But for specific acts of disorder, which 
 may be prompted by a momentary indiscretion, the Com- 
 mittee think that it is better not to affect directly the literary 
 standing of the students in any way, through a punishment 
 administered for that offence. For these reasons they recom- 
 mend that degradation be expunged from the statute. 
 
 The same reasoning would apply to the punishments of 
 admonition, suspension, dismission and expulsion, prescribed, 
 in the same connection, in the first section of the statute on 
 Crimes and Punishments, as appropriate for a student neg- 
 lecting his studies. The ultimate result of such neglect 
 upon his standing, and the other penalties, recommended as 
 proper to be attached to it, would perfectly answer the ends 
 of discipline ; and faithfully carried out, would make the ne- 
 cessity of continued diligence ever present to the mind of 
 the students, and at the same time, relieve the Faculty from 
 the necessity of dealing with such deficiency in any other 
 mode. 
 
 Leaving out degradation, the punishments provided by 
 statute are admonition, suspension, dismission and expulsion. 
 There is question neither of the propriety nor necessity for 
 the regulation of the first or the last of these. Concerning, 
 however, the appropriateness of suspension and dismission, 
 as College punishments, and the regulations under which 
 they ought to be placed, there is a difierence of opinion. 
 The intention of the statute evidently is, that the first should 
 be less severe than the last — the temporary suspension of 
 the relations of the student with the College, a more lenient 
 penalty than their complete disruption, though with the pos- 
 
47 
 
 sibility of their restoration — thus forming part of a gradation 
 of punishments, the infliction of any one of which, in a particu- 
 lar case, it is intended should depend upon the aggravation 
 of the offence. This gradation it is important to preserve. 
 But, on the one hand, there are no authorized College tutors 
 to whose instruction and supervision students can be assigned 
 during suspension; without which, as part of the punish- 
 ment itself, there is danger both that the student may 
 lose his ground, so as to be unable to continue with his 
 class, and that the severity of the punishment may be 
 too much mitigated from its being regarded by students 
 as affording an opportunity to escape from restraint. On 
 the other hand, dismission remitted, as has usually been 
 the case, at the expiration of a week or a fortnight after 
 it has been inflicted, upon an expression of repentance 
 and promise of amendment, without examination of the 
 student on his re-admission, or account of the manner in 
 which he has spent his time in the interval, is, in reality, 
 a lighter penalty, in its immediate consequences, than sus- 
 pension. Both these punishments ought to be severe. Under 
 the expressions of opinion that have been made concerning 
 them, the Committee cannot recommend the discontinuance 
 of either. The object of each is to visit an offending student 
 with a just penalty for an offence, both for his own reforma- 
 tion and to deter others from the like. Thus, although a 
 suspended student is deprived of advantages for the prose- 
 cution of his studies, and is, at the same time, required to 
 keep up to an ascertained grade, or at the concluding exami- 
 nation not to be allowed to proceed with his class, yet it is as 
 a punishment that he is required to do this. It is brought 
 upon him by his own fault. To make, then, both these pun- 
 ishments efi'ective, and, at the same time, to preserve their 
 relative severity, it is recommended that it be made the duty 
 of the Faculty, by general regulations, to prescribe to sus- 
 pended students certain daily attendance upon College tutors, 
 who shall be compensated by such students according to rates 
 to be established by the Trustees ; and that it be provided by 
 statute, that if any suspended student shall not produce to the 
 
48 
 
 Faculty, at the expiration of the term of his suspension, the 
 certificate of the tutor, of his compliance with such regula- 
 tion, he shall be dismissed ; and that in all cases of dismission, 
 the dismissed student shall not be re-admitted until he shall 
 have undergone an examination for entrance, to be conducted 
 by the same officei*s, in the same mode and with the like for- 
 malities and severity as if the dismissed student had never 
 been in the Institution. This may appear rigorous ; but there 
 seems no other method of making dismission any thing more 
 than a trifling penalty. As administered heretofore, there is 
 a certainty of restoration on very easy terms ; and the ulti- 
 mate possible consequence of this sentence, consisting in the 
 fact that if the same punishment should be a second time 
 adjudged upon a student, upon the commission of a new 
 offence, it will then be equivalent to expulsion, is so remote 
 as not to be very likely to be present to the mind of the stu- 
 dent as a part of the penalty he may incur by aggravated 
 misconduct. Nor does it seem that the College can assume 
 any control or direction of a student whilst his connection 
 with it is completely severed, as may be done when his en- 
 joyment of the ordinary privileges of the student is only sus- 
 pended. In the one case the College can preserve a direction 
 and control of him, while in the other it cannot. 
 
 As to pronouncing punishments : the statute does not seem 
 to require that they shall be publicly pronounced in the 
 presence of the students, but only that public admonition 
 shall be so pronounced. It prescribes that when public they 
 shall be according to a written form, prepared by the Presi- 
 dent, as the occasion may require, and read in the Chapel by 
 him or his substitute. Except in the case of admonition, this 
 regulation, as to the form of pronouncing jjublic punish- 
 ments, has not been observed. But the question has arisen 
 whether this publicity ought to be given to any punishments. 
 It is apt to be made the occasion for disorder amongst the 
 students, and at the same time it subjects the disciplined 
 students to what seems an unnecessary degradation. Its im- 
 mediate result upon the other students is to excite them to 
 tumultuous expressions of dissatisfaction ; and the moral effect 
 
49 
 
 upon them of the knowledge, that a student has had inflicted 
 upon him a certain punishment for a particular ofience, 
 will be sufliciently accomplished by leaving it to them to 
 ascertain the fact in their own way. It will certainly be 
 known. It is therefore recommended that all punishments, 
 except private admonition, should be pronounced by the 
 President to the students affected, immediately after they 
 shall be adjudged, in the presence of the Faculty alone. 
 Private admonition should be administered by the President 
 in the presence only of the student. 
 
 In order to secure certainty as to the terms of the sentence 
 of the Board upon an oflfendiug student, it is further recom- 
 mended that all such sentences be reduced to writing, passed 
 upon by the Board in that form, before thej^are pronounced, 
 and be read to the students whom they affect, when an- 
 nounced to them. 
 
 In speaking of punishments, the Committee have enume- 
 rated those that are provided by statute, and have recom- 
 mended certain regulations to be made concerning them. 
 But the labors of the Committee and the action of the Trus- 
 tees on such subjects will be barren of any useful result if 
 the statutes deliberately enacted are not observed and com- 
 plied with by the authorities of the College in administering 
 discipline. 
 
 The punishments, which it is declared the Board of the Col- 
 lege may inflict are these : admonition, degradation, sus- 
 pension, dismission and expulsion, and, in addition, prohibiting 
 a student from proceeding with his class, after a concluding 
 examination, for lack of proficiency. The particular enume- 
 ration of these excludes all others ; yet a new designation of 
 punishment was adopted in many cases, and repeatedly 
 students were sentenced " to be dropped from the rolls of 
 the College." When asked what was intended by this, Was 
 it used as equivalent to expulsion, or as equivalent to dismis- 
 sion ? the President and Professors examined on this subject 
 stated that it was in effect expulsion, without the stigma 
 of the name. It is not perceived that if the statute gave the 
 punishment one name, there was in the Faculty any power 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 to give it another. But it would appear that with its change 
 of name there was wrought a change of the substance of the 
 thing, for in more than one instance students dropped from 
 the rolls were re-admitted. This is proof of the evil of per- 
 mitting any departure from the regulations prescribed by the 
 Trustees. 
 
 But the Board of the College have thought it expedient to 
 adopt this designation for a final separation from the College 
 with a view to avoid inflicting the disgrace implied by ex- 
 pulsion. If the separation thus adjudged had in all cases 
 been final, there would be less cause for remark. Yet, at all 
 events, it is well to look into the nature of the offences for 
 which this new and mitigated penalty was thought to be ap- 
 propriate. It will, on examination of the minutes of the 
 Board of the College, be found to have been inflicted in 
 every case under circumstances showing a want of due pro- 
 ficiency in the student under discipline, and never to have 
 been used for other oflences. The proposition, then, upon 
 which the authorities have proceeded is probably this : that 
 where a student has, from any cause, failed to acquire such 
 a knowledge of the subjects of study as to be unfit to remain 
 in his class, and has been guilty of no indecorous, rebellious 
 or immoral conduct, his separation from the Institution ought 
 to be of such a character as to involve no stigma beyond the 
 mere conclusion that he was not able to proceed. But upon 
 this principle, the course of discipline proposed by this re- 
 port for such cases, will be found to be based. A deficiency 
 of this kind would always be made manifest by the first 
 monthly report presented after its occurrence. The student 
 would then be subjected to censure, and so he would be upon 
 every successive report made during the continuance of the 
 defect ; and if the same state of things should exist at the 
 intermediate examination, he would then be put under a 
 discipline which would be a new warning to him, and at the 
 same time afford Ijim opportunity and assistance to recover 
 lost ground. If, at the concluding examination, all this 
 should prove to have been unavailing, he would neither be 
 expelled nor dropped from the rolls of the College, but be 
 
51 
 
 prohibited from proceeding with his class. He might then 
 either join the next lower class or quit the College, as his 
 desire to complete his education or his pride miglit dictate. 
 This, it is submitted, is the best and kindest course of disci- 
 pline for such cases, as, by repeated warnings and opportuni- 
 ties for amendment, affording the best chance for ultimate 
 reformation, and eventually inflicting the most appropriate 
 penalty. For these reasons, the adoption of the punishment, 
 " dropped from the rolls of the College," is not recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Again, in five cases, expulsion, expressly inflicted by that 
 name, has been rescinded, and the expelled students after- 
 wards allowed to resume their attendance. One student was 
 twice expelled and twice re-admitted. This action of the 
 Board seems to have been founded upon the idea that the sen- 
 tence might be rescinded, provided it had not been publicly 
 announced. In two of the cases alluded to it was announced 
 to the class to which the expelled students belonged, but 
 without mentioning their names. But there is no obligation 
 resting upon the President publicly to pronounce the sen- 
 tence, unless so directed by the sentence itself; and as the 
 statute declares, not that no stu.dent puhUclr/ expelled, but no 
 student expelled, shall be re -admitted, the Board of the Col- 
 lege have no power, under any circumstances, to rescind a 
 sentence of this kind, and thus to re-admit an expelled stu- 
 dent without the previous sanction of tlie Trustees ; otherwise, 
 by merely withholding the public announcement of the sen- 
 tence, although the disciplined student and the whole College 
 may and do know it, this salutary provision of the statute 
 may be dispensed with. 
 
 There have been cases of punishment of classes where the 
 attempt was made to repress disorder by compelling the sub- 
 mission and apology of classes, some only of whose members 
 were guilty, and not to punish those alone who were really 
 guilty. It seems to the Committee that the exact reverse was 
 the only course authorized by statute. And the policy pur- 
 sued by the Board of the College led, in every instance, to 
 an unfortunate issue with the students, and to the ultimate 
 
53 
 
 yielding of the Board to a greater or less extent. The true 
 plan would have been to punisli those who could be de- 
 tected ; or, if there were many detected, to select from 
 among them such students for punishment as the Board 
 might have thought proper. No other mode of proceeding 
 was in the power of the Board. But in more than one in- 
 stance, those found to have committed the offence, after re- 
 ceiving appropriate sentences, were pardoned, upon the apol- 
 ogy of their class being made. 
 
 The Committee suppose it is proper for them to remark, 
 that the want of a careful adherence to the provisions of the 
 statutes, in the cases mentioned on this and the preceding 
 pages, is much to be regretted. 
 
 PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 There are two such provided for by the present statutes : 
 1. An exhibition, at which testimonials awarded after the 
 intermediate examination are to be announced, when not 
 less than two students in each class are to declaim, and prizes 
 are to be awarded to the best speakers. If the recommenda- 
 tions of this report were carried out, no testimonials would 
 be awarded except after the concluding examination, and it 
 would seem hardly expedient to have this exhibition for 
 speeches alone, or to award prizes for so subordinate a branch 
 of instruction. It would be better to trust to the spirit and 
 zeal of the students, as members of the College societies, to 
 encourage and incite them to excellence in oratory. The 
 celebration of the anniversaries of these societies would afford 
 more effective displays of this sort than College exhibitions 
 held for the purpose. It is therefore recommended, that the 
 statute relative to these exhibitions should be repealed. 2. 
 Commencements. Order should be preserved on these occa- 
 sions. Moderate and decorous applause is consistent with pro- 
 priet}' , but nothing beyond this ought to be permitted. A more 
 indulgent license, which has too often been allowed, what- 
 ever may be the precedents for it, seems to the Committee 
 entirely inadmissible. What is correct and right for ordi- 
 nary decent assemblies, must be required of us by intelligent, 
 right-thinking persons. We must observe the common rules 
 
53 
 
 of order and decorum, or suflfer in public estimation. The 
 places in which the Commencements and other public exhi- 
 bitions of the College are held, are not favorable either to 
 the dignity which should belong to them, or to the preserva- 
 tion of order. Yet a great improvement was observable in 
 the Commencement of 1858, and reliance may justly be 
 placed upon the President to take such measures as may be 
 effectual for the suppression of the evil on all future occa- 
 sions, and upon the Faculty to support him by the exercise 
 of a proper discipline in the cases of our own students found 
 guilty of breaches of propriety. 
 
 The object of the Commencement is to attract public atten- 
 tion to the Institution, and by the honors then conferred to 
 make known to the friends of the recipients of such honors 
 and to the public the merits of the most deserving students, 
 and generally to display the proficiency of the students. 
 Exercises are then performed, which are in themselves 
 honors, and in which none should participate who have not 
 deserved this distinction ; and it may safely be taken for 
 granted that those students who are in the higher grades are 
 the most able to do credit to the College on this occasion 
 Moreover, as one object is to produce a favorable impression 
 upon the community, tediousness should be avoided, and the 
 exercises not prolonged beyond two or three hours. It is 
 therefore recommended that the speakers should be appointed 
 in the order of their merit, as exhibited by their having won 
 prizes, or by their general standing, and that the number of 
 speakers should be limited to seven ; the scheme would be 
 thus : 
 
 1. Greek Salutatory, First prize in School of Letters. 
 
 2. Latin " " " Jurisprudence. 
 
 3. English Salutatory, " " Science. 
 
 4. English Oration, Second prize in School of Letters. 
 
 5. " " " Jurisprudence. 
 
 6. " " " Science. 
 
 7. Yaledictory — ^To be selected by the students of the gradu- 
 
 ating class standing in first, second and 
 third grades. 
 
54 
 
 Until the prizes should be established, those positions which 
 would be assigned, by the above plan, to the holders of the 
 first and second prize in the respective schools, would be 
 given to the first and second in general standing. It is be- 
 lieved that this plan would work well, give greater dignity 
 and importance to the exercises, both in the estimation of the 
 students and of their parents and friends, and induce confi- 
 dence in the fairness and justice of the awards of such 
 honors. 
 
 The Committee have thus made such remarks and recom- 
 mendations as they deem appropriate on the subject of regu- 
 lations afifecting the course of instruction, and operating upon 
 the students to secure their attention, proficiency and good 
 behavior ; they have endeavored to show the present provi- 
 sions of the statutes, their past administration, and the neces- 
 sity of amendments or further enactments, as either seemed 
 advisable. Before proceeding to the further heads of this 
 report it may be proper to make some suggestions concerning 
 courses in Modern Languages. The Trustees have wisely 
 resolved that such studies shall be entirely voluntary, and 
 shall be pursued during hours not assigned to the regular 
 College course. But yet some regulations in regard to the 
 courses and the attendance and discipline of the students, 
 and perhaps in reference to preliminary preparation, are 
 necessary. The following are suggested : 
 
 1. That a student, in any stage of the College course, be 
 allowed, at the commencement of any Collegiate year, to 
 enter any Modern Language class for which he is fitted. 
 
 2. That no student be allowed to enter the lowest class in 
 any Modern Language unless acquainted with the elementary 
 grammar of the language, and able, correctly, to read and 
 translate into English certain easy works in the same lan- 
 guage, or certain parts of them, to be prescribed by statute; 
 and that no student be allowed to enter a higher class, unless 
 with the same preliminary preparation and an acquaintance 
 with the previous part of the course. This would prevent 
 the necessity of the Professor's teaching the merest elements, 
 which the time that can be afibrded to him will not allow, 
 
55 
 
 and which is incompatible with any considerable progress in 
 instruction ; and it would also prevent that embarrassment 
 which is found to be the consequence of teaching, in the 
 same class, students of different degrees of advancement. 
 This recommendation is in accordance with the opinion of 
 Professor Schmidt, on page 4 of his testimony. 
 
 3. To carry the last recommendation into effect, a course 
 for preliminary preparation, and also College courses in each 
 of the Modern Languages, to be suggested by the respective 
 Professors of such languages, should be incorporated in the 
 statutes ; examinations for entrance into such classes, and 
 semi-annual and concluding examinations, as in the depart- 
 ments in the regular course, should be conducted by the re- 
 spective Professors of Modern Languages, and the results 
 reported to the President. 
 
 4. That it be optional with the students to enter, at the 
 commencement of the Collegiate year, any class in Modern 
 Language for which they may be fitted, but when so entered 
 that they be required to attend with regularity until the end 
 of the year, and be subject, in cases of absence, to the same 
 discipline as if absent from the room of any other Professor. 
 
 5. That all the provisions of the statutes, as to proficiency, 
 examination and recitation marks, grading of students and 
 discipline for lack of due proficiency, shall apply to the stu- 
 dents of any Modern Language, in reference to their dili- 
 gence and acquirement therein, but in their consequences shall 
 extend no further than to effect their continuance or standing 
 in that course. And that all the provisions of the statutes 
 relative to offences against good order shall apply to the con- 
 duct of students while attending the Professor of any Modern 
 Language, and shall subject the offenders, according to 
 the nature and aggravation of the offence, to the same pun- 
 ishment as if it had been committed in the room of any other 
 Professor. 
 
 6. That each^rProfessor of a Modern Language shall be a 
 member of the Board of the College, upon all occasions 
 when the conduct or proficiency of a student in his depart- 
 ment shall be in question, in order that he may be heard and 
 
56 
 
 vote thereon ; but upon no other occasion and for no other 
 purpose. 
 
 The Committee have now arrived at another general head of 
 statute regulations, viz., such as prescribe the powers and 
 duties of the President and Professors. The papers submitted 
 suggest the expediency of adding certain provisions calculated 
 more completely to carry out the system. The existing plan 
 for the government of the College is as follows : The Presi- 
 dent is charged with the care of the property of the College 
 used for the education of the students, and with the super- 
 vision and direction of the Institution, subject to the regula- 
 tions of the charter, the statutes and the decisions of the 
 Board of the College ; he is required to see that the statutes 
 are faithfully executed, and to rectify all deviations from the 
 same ; and to report to the Trustees, .from time to time, upon 
 the state of the Institution, recommending such measures as 
 he shall deem necessary for its future prosperity ; and it is his 
 duty to preside at all meetings of the Faculty and on all 
 public occasions. 
 
 On the other hand, the Professors engaged in the sub- 
 graduate course of instruction, together with the President, 
 constitute the Board of the College, and this Board has power 
 to try offences committed by the students ; to determine their 
 relative standing; to adjudge rewards and punishments, and 
 to make all such regulations for the better execution of the 
 College system as shall not contravene the charter, nor the 
 statutes, nor any order of the Trustees. The concurrence of 
 the President is made necessary to every act of the Board. 
 It is further declared, that this Board shall keep minutes of 
 their proceedings, which shall be laid before the Board of 
 Trustees at their stated meetings. Complaints against stu- 
 dents must be made in the first instance to the President, 
 who may privately admonish the offender, and, in his discre- 
 tion, bring the subject before the Board ; or a Professor, for 
 misconduct in his presence, may cite the offender to appear 
 before the Board. 
 
 The leading features of this system are, that all important 
 acts of discipline of students by awarding standing, and re- 
 
57 
 
 wards and punishments, and all regulations to carry out the 
 statutes, must originate with and be passed by the Board of 
 the College. The President may express his dissent, and 
 thus render invalid the acts of the Board. But in such cases 
 he possesses merely a negative, and no power to originate 
 any measure except as a member of the Board. This power 
 of judging and legislating, in the first instance, it seems 
 highly expedient to repose in the Professors, a congregation 
 of learned men associated for the purpose of educating youth. 
 For the sake of the dignity of their positions, and to secure 
 the greatest advantage from their learning, tact and expe- 
 rience, it is of the greatest importance that they should be 
 actively concerned in all measures aflfecting the condition in, 
 or separation from, the Institution of the students, or pre- 
 scribing rules for their government, in subordination to the 
 system prescribed by the Trustees. On the other hand, the 
 President, by his supervision ; by the use of his discretion to 
 deal, in the first instance, by gentle means, with offending 
 students, except in case of ofl'ences committed in the presence 
 of a Professor ; by his negative upon proposed measures of 
 the Faculty ; and by his reports and recommendations to the 
 Trustees, possesses power to give character and efficiency to 
 the Institution over which he presides ; and inasmuch, if he 
 actively performs his duty, nothing can be done without his 
 knowledge, and no act of discipline or regulation be passed 
 without his concurrence, he is subject to a corresponding 
 responsibility. This, it appears to the Committee, is a wise 
 arrangement of relative powers and duties, based on the prin- 
 ciple that so much power shall be given to the President for 
 the management and government of the College as is con- 
 sistent with the advantage to be derived from the co-opera- 
 tion of the Professors. They, as experienced teachers, con- 
 stantly engaged in instructing the students to be affected by 
 any proposed measure, are necessary elements of a Board of 
 Control. 
 
 In framing the statutes in this respect, no doubt it was 
 deemed essential, for the complete accomplishment of the 
 ends of the College, that the Professors should possess inde- 
 
58 
 
 pendent authority for the government and regulation of the 
 Institution, so far as this was expedient for more perfect pre- 
 servation of discipline and more discreet regulation. There- 
 fore, it was required that in the important matters committed 
 to the power of the Board of the College they, as constituent 
 members of the Board, must act in the first instance, or no 
 measure could be passed — although when passed, the Presi- 
 dent could express his dissent, and thus defeat their act. 
 Thus was secured respect in the students for the authority of 
 the Professors and for the determinations of the College au- 
 thorities. 
 
 In this way a practical construction has been given to the 
 charter. The second section of the charter of 1810 (which 
 is that now in force) gives the Trustees power to appoint " a 
 President of the said College, who shall hold his office dur- 
 ing good behavior, and such Professor or Professors, tutor or ^ 
 tutors, to assist the President in the government and educa- 
 tion of the students belonging to the said College, and such 
 other officer or officers as to the Trustees shall seem meet, all 
 of whom shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the 
 Trustees." The Trustees appear to have judged, and, as this 
 Committee believe, rightly, that it was the intention of the 
 charter that the Professors should, with the President, gov- 
 ern and educate the students ; and that under Section YIII. 
 of the charter, whereby it is declared that " the Trustees 
 and their successors shall have full power and authority to 
 make all ordinances and by-laws which shall seem to them 
 expedient, for the carrying |into effect the designs of their 
 Institution," the Trustees might clothe the Professors with 
 such authority, (through which they might more effectually 
 assist, stand by or help the President in that government and 
 education,) as the Trustees might deem expedient for the ac- 
 complishment of the designs of the Institution. It is an in- 
 stitution for the education of youth in their passage from 
 boyhood to manhood, to be accomplished through the instru- 
 mentality of a President and Professors ; and whatever reg- 
 ulations seem to be best calculated to attain the object, and 
 to make the instrumentality more effectual, are perfectly 
 
59 
 
 within the power of the Trustees. The authority, given 
 either to the President or to the Professors, was not given 
 because the charter required it, but because it seemed neces- 
 sary for the more perfect working of the College. And it is 
 certainly true, that whenever a wise distribution of powers 
 shall be made between the President and Professors, he and 
 they being respectively clothed with such authority as, in an 
 institution like this, may best secure the due education and 
 orderly government of the students, then the Professors will 
 assist the President in the government and education of the 
 student ; and the Trustees will have assigned to them the 
 duty which the charter contemplates they should perform. 
 
 Certain questions are presented concerning the powers and 
 duties of the President. One of these relates to the granting 
 vacations or intermissions of public lectures ; another to in- 
 struction by the President. The statute on vacations, as it 
 now stands, prescribes that there shall be a vacation in the 
 summer of specified duration, and also that there shall be an 
 intermission of public lectures on certain days, and during the 
 Christmas holidays ; but there is no discretion vested anywhere 
 to intermit instruction on any other days. Occasions for the 
 exercise of such a discretion may occur. The Committee are 
 of opinion that such a power may very properly and advan- 
 tageously be vested in the President, and they recommend 
 an additional section to that efiect, limiting his power to ex- 
 traordinary cases, and requiring that he report to the Trus- 
 tees, at their next stated meeting, the object and reasons for 
 granting such intermission. The advantages to be derived 
 from the President's participating in the instruction given in 
 the Institution are, that he would thus be brought into a 
 more intimate knowledge of the capabilities and qualities of 
 the students, and maintain a moral control over them, always 
 the consequence of the teachings of an able and dignified 
 instructor, which can hardly be accomplished in any other 
 mode ; and also that there would thus arise a greater sympa- 
 thy between him and the other members of the Faculty- 
 But while recognising the benefits to be derived from such 
 an arrangement, the Committee are of opinion that the super- 
 
60 
 
 intendence and direction of the College must occupy a large! 
 part of the time of the President; and that it should be left 
 to his own decision whether or not it is expedient that he 
 should undertake any department of instruction, and as to 
 the choice of that department. Dr. King, as the Trustees 
 are aware, has had a department of instruction assigned to 
 him, at his own request. 
 
 The Committee proceed to notice some proposed alterations 
 in the statute in regard to the Board of the College. As a ne- 
 cessary consequence of the independent position occupied by 
 the Board, it is advised that there should be inserted, amongst 
 the powers conferred, that of regulating its own proceedings. 
 The statutes are, perhaps, subject to the criticism of being 
 ambiguous on this point. A further provision is desirable 
 concerning the minutes of the Board. The statute requires 
 it to keep minutes of its proceedings. The obvious intention 
 is, that such book should be kept by a clerk, to be appointed 
 by the Board itself, so that it may have the most perfect 
 control of its own records. Until the time of President Moore, 
 the practice was for the Board to appoint one of its own. 
 members its clerk, who recorded its proceedings. President 
 Moore, however, upon entering on the duties of his office, 
 assumed the task of keeping the minutes — a practice which 
 President King continued. This course the Committee con- 
 sider objectionable, devolving upon the President much un- 
 necessary and merely clerical labor, leading oftentimes to the 
 record taking the form of a journal, and necessarily rendering 
 it, from motives of delicacy, difficult for the Board to control 
 the contents of the record of its own proceedings. The min- 
 utes of the Board of the Colleore are intended to inform the 
 Trustees of their proceedings, and they are submitted monthly 
 to the Trustees for that purpose. The Board ought to be re- 
 sponsible for their accuracy and neatness, and for that reason 
 they ought to be kept by their clerk. A provision to this 
 effect is recommended. 
 
 The exercise of the President's negative upon the action 
 of the Faculty appears to require some regulation, not to 
 limit it in any way, but to prescribe the manner of its inter- 
 
61 
 
 position. The exercise of this important right should appear 
 upon the minutes. Such information would afford an useful 
 insight into the state of the Institution, and it would well 
 comport with the relative powers of the President and the 
 Board of the College, if in such case the act of each were 
 separately recorded. A provision is therefore recommended, 
 that upon any regulation, judgment or resolution being pro- 
 posed fur the action of the Board, a vote thereon shall be 
 taken, and the decision, if the question be decided in the 
 affirmative, recorded ; and if the President shall then declare 
 his dissent or approval, it shall be stated in the minutes. 
 But in all cases, if he desire to do so, the President may state 
 in writing, either at the same or next subsequent meeting, his 
 reasons for withholding his concurrence, which shall be en- 
 tered in full upon the minutes. 
 
 By the existing statute, when a charge of misconduct shall 
 be preferred against a student, the Board have power to re- 
 quire the attendance of any other student as a witness. The 
 expediency of retaining this provision, so far as it enables 
 the Board to enforce the testimony of a student against an 
 accused fellow-student, has been considered by the Commit- 
 tee. To use this power the Board would be obliged to do 
 violence to the sense of honor of the students, amongst 
 whom to be an informer is always considered a disgrace ; and 
 whether such testimony were voluntarily given or were en- 
 forced, the antagonism between the authorities of the Col- 
 lege and this sentiment would be the same. This principle 
 of action, so universal among students, is founded in correct 
 feeling, and it seems to the Committee unwise and unneces- 
 sary to combat it. It could not, it is true, be admitted in 
 the state where no motive and no interest, except such as are 
 allowed to protect the confidence of the married state, or of 
 professional communications, or from self-accusation, are 
 suifered to interfere with the performance of the duty 
 to disclose the whole truth in legal investiijations. But 
 here our investigations are of less importance ; we are 
 dealing with youtli, merely for their instruction and for 
 offences trivial in their moral character; and the success 
 
62 
 
 of no College inquiry is so important as to counterbalance 
 the evil which would result from compelling or inducing the 
 students to do what they believe to be wrong. This principle 
 of conduct is universal amongst under-graduates. It would 
 doubtless be sanctioned by their parents. To enforce or en- 
 courage its violation, if a student complies, voluntarily or in- 
 voluntarily, is to make him lose his own self-respect and forfeit 
 the esteem of his fellows. This effect cannot be disregarded, 
 and especially ought it not to be disregarded if discipline 
 can be maintained without resort to the testimony of students. 
 In a College, where students reside within its precincts, and 
 are at all times under the charge of the College authorities, 
 it may be difficult to devise any efficient substitute for this 
 means for the detection of offenders. Even then it is seldom 
 and unwillingly resorted to. But with us, the supervision 
 and observation of the President and Professors, when the 
 students are in attendance in chapel or lecture rooms, and of 
 the Janitor and of his assistants, when they are in other 
 parts of the College buildings, or in the College grounds, 
 ought to give sufficient opportunity for the discovery of the 
 perpetrators of acts of disorder. For these reasons, or be- 
 cause it has been deemed unwise to invite the resistance of 
 the students, which would have been the probable result of 
 an attempt to compel their testimony, the provision of the 
 statutes now in question has not been enforced. If it ought 
 not to be or cannot be enforced, it had better be expunged 
 than left to remain a dead letter. The Committee do not 
 recommend any substitute for it. They think that the prac- 
 tice of compelling each student to answer as to his own guilt 
 or innocence is liable to nearly equal objections. 
 
 As to the power of a Professor in the preservation of order 
 in his lecture-room, it seems to the Committee that he should 
 have the fullest discretion in this matter. The success of his 
 instruction, his fitness for his position, depend upon his abil- 
 ity to preserve order. He should, therefore, have every 
 power that may be necessary for this purpose — to admonish, 
 to cite to appear before the Board, or to dismiss from his 
 room for the residue of the lecture or recitation, or until the 
 
63 
 
 next meeting of the Board. Sometimes the lightest of these 
 may be sutiicient, sometimes the severest necessary. E'or 
 can such authority be exercised by any other than the Pro- 
 fessor, without injury to the respect for himself, which the 
 class ought to feel. He must himself maintain order in his 
 room, or it cannot be maintained ; a resort to the President 
 weakens the authority of the Professor. Still there ought to 
 be some check upon the exercise of the discretion of Pro- 
 fessors in relation to the discipline of students. They have 
 now, nnder Section 2 of Chapter YIII. of the statutes, for 
 misconduct in their presence, power to cite the offender to 
 appear before the Board of the College. The excusing, by 
 Professors, of students so cited, has been an evil. The amend- 
 ment now suggested is, to give a Professor power, for miscon- 
 duct in his presence, to cite the offender to appear before the 
 Board, or to dismiss him from the room of the Professor for 
 the residue of the lecture or recitation, or until the next meet- 
 ing of the Board ; such dismissal always to be attended with 
 a citation to appear before the Board, and with a written re- 
 port of the circumstances of the case to be made to the Pres- 
 ident and to the Board, of the College; and also to pro- 
 vide that all citations of students, by Professors, to appear 
 before the Board, shall be immediately reported to the Pres- 
 ident, and that no student so cited be excused from answer- 
 ing to the Board for his offence. These provisions would 
 secure the entry upon the minutes of the Board of the College 
 of all such cases, would bring to the notice of the Trustees 
 the state of discipline in the rooms of the several Professors, 
 and consequently tend to afford one of the best means of 
 judging of their several qualities as instructors. 
 
 The superintendence of the College is fully provided for by 
 the statutes, in giving ample powers for this purpose to the 
 President, and by making it his duty to report to the Trus- 
 tees, as occasion shall require, concerning the state of the 
 College, and the measures which may be necessary for its 
 future prosperity. It may be doubted whether any provi- 
 sions could be added to effect a more perfect supervision. 
 This constitutes the most important duty of the President, 
 
G4 
 
 upon the adequate, intelligent, firm and fearless perform- 
 ance of which the character of the College must, in ordinary 
 times, depend. The attention of the Trustees may be extra- 
 oi'dinarily awakened to the state of the College upon occa- 
 sions when abuses have become so notorious as to be mani- 
 fest without inquiry, or when the altered state of the funds of 
 the Institution seem to demand corresponding improve- 
 ments ; but, usually, the Trustees must be dependent upon 
 the President for reliable information as to the state of the 
 College, and equally for suggestions of measures calculated 
 to promote its greater usefulness. Occasional visits of the 
 Trustees may be of great use, by showing their lively inter- 
 est in the College, and by enabling them to judge, in some 
 degree, of the manner in which it is conducted. But they 
 can, in this way, judge only from external appearances, and 
 cannot see the internal workings of the system, nor acquire 
 any accurate knowledge of the manner of the performance 
 of the duty of officers or students. It may, therefore, be 
 doubted whether the measure lately adopted by the Trustees, 
 and now for some time carried into practice, by which the 
 Trustees are divided into Committees, to serve in turn for the 
 term of one month, and charged w^ith the duty of a special 
 supervision, can result in the Trustees being thus put into 
 possession of any accurate view of the state of the Institu- 
 tion. The superintendence of the President, the informa- 
 tion and suggestions he is bound to impart as occasion may 
 require, and the reading of the minutes of the Board of the 
 College, are features systematically contrived as being adapt- 
 ed to the end which such Committees are intended to sub- 
 serve. These Committees constitute a new and concurrent 
 official organization for attaining the same purpose. And it 
 may be feared that the division of responsibility, w4iich must 
 be the consequence of this arrangement, may lead to its obli- 
 gation being less felt in the quarter wdiere it was originally 
 placed. Indeed, as the precise duties, with which the visit- 
 ing Committees are charged, are assigned by the statutes to 
 the President, the conclusion might perhaps be drawn that 
 the agency of that officer is not relied on, and, if so, his 
 
65 
 
 vigilance would naturally be consequently relaxed. These 
 objections apply only to the appointment of officers selected 
 from the Trustees to supervise the Institution as a matter of 
 routine duty. The same duty may be performed by each 
 or an}^ of the Trustees, as opportunity may serve and need 
 may appear to require, without such objections being appli- 
 cable, and such visitations would be of great benefit. 
 
 Although it seems proper to submit these remarks upon 
 the subject of Visiting Committees, yet their abolition is not 
 recommended. Some of the Trustees took great interest in 
 the measure, and were confident that it would prove of great 
 advantage. Under such circumstances this Committee would 
 do nothing to interfere with the trial of the experiment. 
 
 THE LIBKAEY. 
 
 The Committee invite the attention of the Trustees to the 
 Librarian's statement. They would recommend the appro- 
 priation of one thousand dollars annually for the increase of 
 the Library, which may, perhaps, be diminisJied after the 
 lapse of two or three years to the sum of five hundred dol- 
 lars. This matter will, however, be more intelligently dis- 
 posed of through the recommendations of the Library Com- 
 mittee. Under the standing order of the Trustees, passed 
 on the 4th March, 1844, the Library is now under the charge 
 of the Library Committee, which consists of the Chairman 
 of the Board of Trustees, the President of the College, the 
 Clerk, the Treasurer and the Librarian. It is suggested that 
 this arrangement should be altered ; that the President and 
 the Librarian should be the only ex-officio members of the 
 Committee, and that three other members of the Committee 
 should be elected by the Trustees from their number, by 
 ballot. The Treasurer and Clerk have onerous duties to per- 
 form properly pertaining to their offices, and must always 
 find it difficult — oftentimes impossible — to attend meetings 
 of the Library Committee, especially if held, as is desirable, 
 in the Library itself. On the other hand, great advantage, 
 it is believed, would be derived if this duty were devolved 
 upon members of the Board of Trustees, selected with single 
 
 5 
 
06 
 
 regard to their litness for it3 performance. At the first 
 meeting of the Trustees after the commencement of the 
 academic year, the term of office of the eldest member of 
 the Committee, in the order of appointment, should expire, 
 and the Trustees then fill the vacancy by ballot. Thus, after 
 this practice shall have been in operation for two years, the 
 term of service of each member of the Committee will be 
 three years, the ordinary contrivance to secure in a Board a 
 continued familiarity with its duties, and yet allow changes 
 of its members when deemed expedient. The regulations 
 for the use of the Library, made by this Committee, ought 
 to be printed w-ith the statutes. A resolution of the Trustees 
 now requires that the Library be opened five days in each 
 week. If it were opened from one to three o'clock, P. M., on 
 each of those days, it would afford to those students who re- 
 side out of the city a convenient and proper place for study 
 in the interval between the conclusion of College lectures 
 and the time of their departure for home. The Committee, 
 while suiTfirestinff the several alterations above mentioned in 
 reference to the Library, propose for the action of the Trus- 
 tees only such parts of them as relate to the constitution of 
 the Library Committee, judging it best that all other recom- 
 mendations should emanate from them after their new or- 
 ganization. 
 
 In reference to the Grammar School, the Committee sub- 
 mit the statement of the Rector of the school, made in an- 
 swer to questions of the Committee. It is believed that the 
 importance of an efficient Grammar School, to be under 
 proper supervision and regulation by officers of the College, 
 under such a system for its government and support as shall 
 always secure the most thorough training of its pupils, can- 
 not be over-estimated. To attain such training for his son, in 
 other schools, a parent must incur a large annual expense, 
 beyond the means of many who would desire the advantage 
 of a Collegiate education for their sons. The Grammar 
 School is of very great value to meet this want, and as fur- 
 nishing the most manifest source of supply to the College of 
 students adequately prepared at entrance. The Hector of 
 
67 
 
 the school recommends no measure for its improvement or 
 support, and under these circumstances tlie Committee are 
 of opinion that it is inexpedient for them to do more than to 
 submit his communication to tlie consideration of the 
 Trustees. 
 
 The onlj remaining head of the inquiries of the Committee 
 relates to the organization of a University. This will more 
 properly be considered bj another Committee of the Board, 
 to whom the subject has been referred. 
 
 The Committee trust that a sufficient excuse for the length 
 of this report will be found in the numerous and important 
 questions involved in their inquiry, as well as in the volumi- 
 nous and able statements which the Committee have found 
 it necessary to analyze and compare and present for the action 
 of the Trustees. 
 
 Whenever they shall be instructed to do so, the Committee 
 will present, for the consideration of the Trustees, a revised 
 edition of the statutes, amended in conformity to the recom- 
 mendations of this report. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 Gouv. M. Ogden, 
 Henky Jas. Andekson, 
 William Betts, 
 A. W. Beadfokd. 
 Benj. I. Haight. 
 Dated Kew-York, 2Tth November, 185S. 
 
 Note. — Mr. George F. Allen, a member of the Committee, did not sign the 
 report, owing to his absence from the country. 
 
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