STACK VNNEX with the "&, , . , ' Jordan fcJMt&rtreB.iSo, /'//// - srt&to*is f THE AMMA WITH PRINCIPAL RULES ; COMPILED FROM SOME OF Tliemost considerable Hebrew Grammars, AXD PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO BYTHXER'S LYRA PROPHETIC A: ALSO, Complete Paradigms of the Verbs. AND AN ELEGANT ENGRAFING OFT II E HEBREW ALPHABET, ON A SCALE OF EQUAL PARTS; With the Radicals and Servilcs at one View. CAREFULLY REVISED AXD CORRECTED, BY T. YEATES. HonDon : Printed by E. Justins, 34, Brick Lane, near Whitechapcl; FOR JORDAN AND MAXWELL, ISO, FLEET STREET; AXD W. BAYNES, 5-i, PATEHXOSTER ROW. 1304 JFOR SUCH AS ARE ABOUT ENTEIUXG OX THE Study of the Hebrew Language. J:\FTER the Learner has acquired a perfect knowledge of the Hebrew alphabet, and the characters and sounds of the vowel points, he may commence with the reading of the lan- guage. The easiest method to acquire a faci- lity in this, will be to read such parts of the Hebrew text where most proper names occur, or such other words as have an exact translation in the roman letter, in which the English ver- sion of the bible will best assist him: for there he will find every Hebrew letter and point ren- dered as they should be pronounced. Then he may proceed in reading any Hebrew that falls in his way ; and by frequent exercise, attain to a just and elegant pronunciation. The more easy parts of the Hebrew text are the historical: the poetical and prophetical books are less proper for learners to be^iu with, as they abound with a variety of rhetorical figures, 2070956 figures, and many anomalies, not common to the prosaic stile, which is more fixed and regu- lar: for which reason, the Hebrew psalter is not to be preferred to beginners in the lan- guage ; though it is found more convenient in regard of the several helps designed to teach the language, such as Bythner's Lyra Prophc- tica, and similar compilations. If the learner is furnished with a Hebrew bible, I would recommend him to commence his reading in the five books of Moses, which possess a surprising degree of beauty and sub- limity, and can hardly be equalled for purity and 'fluency of language, excepting in the pro- phetical books. In the choice of a version, the English bible affords the best assistance, as it is every where strictly literal, serving almost every purpose as to the acquirement of the As you continue reading on, with your gram- mar in your hand, you will soon become fami- liar with both the language and its grammar. To learn the one without the other, will profit you little, which is the cause why so many are unsuccessful in learning Hebrew they learn the rules of the grammar, and neglect the read- ing of the language. And it is this that ac- counts for the objections many make " the Hebrew Hebrew grammar, (say they) is of all others, the most difficult." The reason is, they study the dry rules, which none can understand without the language they concern. When you have so far succeeded, as to know the different parts of speech, let your first at- tention be to the derivation, formation, and structure of the Hebrew nouns, as pointed out in the rules, viz. number, gender, case, cScc. and also that of the pronouns peculiar to them. Having attained a tolerable acquaintance with the forms and accidence of the noun, you will then pass on to the verb. The paradigms of the verbs subjoined to the grammar, may present, at first sight, a formidable appearance to you as a learner; but after a little examina- tion, they will cease to deter you. The paradigm of perfect verbs, given in the example of "TE 1 ? lamad, is the first to be attended to, as it is the foundation of the whole system. In this paradigm, the verbs in kal, with those of its passive conjugation niphal, should first of all be carefully committed to memory. The pronominal deflexions and forms of these, are Common with those of the other conjugations* and of those in the succeeding paradigms, which being once obtained, the rest will easily follow. Havin Having thus done, pursue the same course with the other paradigms in kal and niphal, which you will find to be by far the easiest, me- thod to attain the elementary forms therein given. Afterwards go through the conjugations of pihel and puhal, and hiphil and hophal, in the same regular manner; and lastly, that of hithpahel. Then turn to the fundamental pa- radigm of lamad, and frequently exercise } r our- self in it, until you are perfect in all the forms peculiar to each conjugation. Thus, by careful and attentive reading the Hebrew text, you will imperceptibly accumu- late a good stock of words, and become gra- dually acquainted with the rules and genius of the language, without the aid of a jew: for these men, who insinuate themselves as teach- ers among die Christians, were never known to o afford them anv material assistance in learning * o the Hebrew scriptures. Besides this, it is a fixed principle among them, " not to teach the law to a heathen or a Christian." "With regard to the pronunciation of the lan- guage, according to the points, you will avail yourself of this, not all at once, but after a moderate course of reading, and a few months time: for as this language is so widely different in its writing from the European tongues, where the 7 the words are written full, and with their vowels, which the Hebrew does not admit of, but in their place adopts the points, so you cannot reasonably expect to become master of its pro- nunciation and reading immediately. Should the learner have any scruples as to the authority of the Hebrew punctuation, ex- tant in the printed copies of the bible, suffice it to obser. e, that the usage and antiquity of the points have been traced so far back, that no writer hath yet been able to ascertain the pre- cise period when they first originated; and though they are charged with novelty, yet no man can confute their antiquity. Ail the prime copies of the Hebrew bible, printed from the earliest times, have the points. The earliest lexicons, written by the learned among the Christians, as those of Forster, Ave- narius, and others, have the points; and many of the pious and learned Reformers, who en- gaged in the first translations of the Hebrew bible into the European tongues, made no :; -.Tu- ple at the Hebrew punctuation; but, o-i the contrary, maintained its utility and into -ity. The Jews, dispersed throughout Europe, A^ia, and Africa, uniformly hold with the sunn sys- tem of punctuation ; nor are the readers in tneir synagogues permitted to that office, unti, they are 8 are competent to read an unpointed manuscript, according to the reading of the pointed copies. The Karites who rigidly adhere to the letter and text of scripture, of all others, the most averse to innovations, are of the same sentiment with all the rest of their nation throughout the world, respecting the points. Lastly The charge has never yet been sub- stantiated, that " the points corrupt the word of God," or pervert the sense of scripture: but the contrary has long been proved, that they main- tain its integrity, and confirm the right sense of scripture; though in such a system as that of the points is, delivered in a variety of charac- ters, subject to numberless rules of change and mutation, it cannot be thought that it hath escaped every error, no more than the letters themselves, that are in some parts of the text, supposed to be corruptions made by the care- lessness of transcribers and copiers of the bible. T. YEATES. All Soul's College, Oxford, 1804. CHAP. I. Of the. Letters and Points CHAP. II. Of Reading Hebrew . 5 CHAP. III. A Brief Account of Hebrew Words .... 6 CHAP. IV. Of Nouns 7 CHAP. V. Of Pronouns 10 CHAP. VI. Of Verbs in general 12 CONTENTS. CHAP. VII. Of the Various Classes of Verbs ...... 15 CHAP. VIII. Of Affixes to Verbs .......... . ---- 20. CHAP. IX. Of the Prefixes .................. 21 CHAP. X. Of the Change of Vowels ..... ..... 24< CHAP. XL Peculiarities of the Syntax .... ..... * 27 CHAP. XII. Of Finding the Root .............. 28 General Index to the Grammar. Order of the Paradigms. 1. "IE/ Lamad he learned. 2. 3$; Jashab he sat. 3. #5} Nagash he approached CONTENTS* 4. Wp Ktim he arose. 5. N>? Matza he found. 6. H7J Galah he revealed. 7. 3HD Sabab he surrounded. Example of Verbs with Affixes. THE PRINCIPAL RULES HEBREW CHAP. I. Of the Letters and other Hebrew Characters. SECTION I. JL if E names, form, sound, and numeral value of the letters, i. e. consonants, are Aiepu jj K o >J 4 5 G 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 Co ' B Phc -j/ - - / 1.7 eti .. t7 - - CO !">! ,.!, j ,1 Krinh"*" ;* 12 ^,\J , or ciu 1 00 .. r <~>nn j. llcsh - p k *> n - M Slim!! I I * th 4OO ! Lhetn ch Final Caph- T 500 Ictli 'V^ J - (J 1 INIem 1 D Coo 700. i od / - i y Nun Caph 2 L Plio 1 n - 800 Teamed -7 Tzadhc i V Mem -G in K 'OOfJ -- J i Th * No sound, i, e. \vlien written without a vowel, t The sound of y is various; soniu sound it in the beginnirg of o The distinction between several letters, which resemble each other, should be carefully re-, marked ; v. g. 33, 33, m, nnn, *IT], DEED, iray, vb K, H, n, and V, (the letters of the technical word ahchang) are called gutterals, as being- pronounced in the throat. N, H, 1 and \ (tlie-ci) are called quiescents, because they often are not sounded, i. e. when they have no vowel under them. "* indeed sometimes becomes a diphthong with the pre- ceding vowel, as ^ ei, and Tat the end of a word is sounded like v, as V$ piv. N. B. The letters of ehevi are often changed O one for another, and they are sometimes dropt or inserted arbitrarily. 2. The various characters, i. e. points and marks, about or within the letters are, vowels, mappik, dagesh, maccaph, or accents. 3. There of a word like gn, as]}ain, gnain: ngn in the middle, as nayar t nangnar ; and Jig at the end, as may, ruang. But the transla- tors of the English bible never give it this harsh sound, as may be seen in the proper names "Q17 Ebcr, ^iQ Baal, and many others. } The translators uniformly sound this letter k. || This letter written with a point on the left Jf is called sin, and, pronounced s as in HDJi^ saphah. ' This form of caph, mem, &c. is called final, because they only assume it at the end of words. 1T If in the ancient Hebrew copies of the bible, numeral letters were used, as it is said they were, the likeness of several letters may account for some mistakes where numbers are concerned, and the careless making or reading a tittle upon a letter might change units into thousands. 3. There are ten vowels (beside sheva, sect. 4.) five long and five short. Their sound is here expressed by the correspondent vowels in some English words. Kametz* *J a all Tzere. # ea heal Longhirek" 1 ^ i while Holem 1 o no Shurek 1 ou wound Pathah J$a care Segol # e men Short hirek K i bid f-Kametz-hatephKo blot Kibbutz K u run 4. Sheva () is an exceeding short e, as in be- long, and is sometimes quiescent. Sheva is understood as standing under all O consonants, except ehevi, which have no other vowel j; Three vowels joined with sheva make three new vowels, called compound sheva 's. Hateph-pathah a C % ~) as manners Hateph-segol 8 e \\\ methinks Hateph-kametz $ o (. ^ 3 rock 5. A pathah is put under a final J"I, H, and V, after a kibbutz, or any of the four last long B 2 vowels: * The J$ is Here only used, as any other letter might have been, to shew the situation of the vowels in respect to the consonants; but the sluirek always has 1, and the holem most commonly. A tittle indeed on any other letter, and the point which distinguishes tf/ from jjjf, may be holem. The point of $ is holem when the pre- ceding consonant has no vowel, and of t^ when the & itself has none, as Ht^D Mosheh, fc^tJJ sone. f KameU and kametz-hateph will be distinguished below. Chap. ii. sect. 3. I As a letter which has dagesh fjrte is doubled (vide infra, sect. 7.) or is the same as if there were two such letters, sheva h understood under the former of them, as ^3*1 ronnu, is th same as vowels: this is called patlialifurth'um, and it is lost when the word increases at the end, as by declining, &c. 6. Mappik is a tittle in a final H, and requires it to he pronounced harder than a common ft, 7. A tittle in any other letter than ft is called dagesh. Of this there arc two sorts, forte and lene. Dagesh forte doubles the letter in which it is put: dagesh hue requires it to be pro- nounced somewhat harder than it would na- turally be, but not so hard as the forte; little notice, however; is taken of dagesh lene in reading, unless it is found in Si or J% which are then pronounced P and T. N. 13. The gutterals and "I do not admit dagesh. 8. A small stroke like a hyphen (") joining two words, is called maccaph, as 3*7~'73 hoi-leal). 9- All the other characters are accents, four of these are pauses : Silluk - * - . Rebbia - - Athnah - $ - : Sakeph-katon tf Soph-pasuk (') is placed at the end of every verse in the Hebrew bible. The other accents (which are many) are sup- posed to direct the pronunciation; but their use is little known. Accents are either tonick, or eiiplionick. If there is but one in a word, it is a tonick accent: if more than one, the last is tonick and the rest are euphonick. CHAP. CHAP. II. Of Heading Hebrew. 1. 1 ii E Hebrews begin to read at the right hand, and the vowels are pronounced after the consonants under which they stand, except pa- 'thah furt ii'um, (chap. i. sect. 5.) as HIH much. 2 S/tei'a is quiescent, 1. At the end of a word, 2. Before another sheva, as fl7/ lamadt, 3. Af- ter a short vowel without dagesh, as "HP 1 ? Urn- di* 9 or, 4. After a long vowel with a tonick accent, as TjDD, masarta. In other cases it is pronounced. 3. Kametz without an accent before a simple sheva, or with an accent before a compound sheva is kametz-hateph, as ^^?n koluiad, ^5?S kosmi, ^-") ronnu. ride p. 3. note 3. 4. Dagesh is lene in 2, -3, *1, 3, D, and ^, (MM "TJ3 begad kephath) in the beginning of a, word, or after a sheva; in all other cases it is forte. CHAP, * The principal use of distinguishing the long from short hirek is to know whether a slicva that follows it is to be pronounced or not: now though hirek without ^ is sometimes reckoned long, it is never long when sheva follosvs it; if therefore a sheva follows a hin-k without 1, and there is no dagesh in the intermediate letter, the hirek is short, and the sheva quiescent. N. B. Diigcsh is sometimes omitted in ^ or Q with sheva; the analogy of the word will shew when there ought to have brc-n a dagesh, and in this case the sheva is pronounced, though it follows a short vo\Yc-l, because of the dagesh understood. CHAP. life A brief Account of Hebrew Words. 1 . XJL Root commonly consists of three letters, and is most frequently the third person singular of the preterite active of a verb, as ")37 he spake*. 2. All the several persons, tenses, <$cc. of verbs, are formed by changing the vowels, or by adding certain letters to the beginning or end of the root. 3. Nouns are likewise formed from these roots, sometimes by only changing the vowels, as">57? a word, from "1?7 he spake, or dropping a radical letter, as "IE bitter, from "HE, it was bitter; and sometimes by also adding a letter or letters to the beginning or end, as ")?7 a vil- derness, from "0*7 he spake. The letters chiefly used for this purpose are H, K, D, 3, n, \ fft$lf} heemanti) and the nouns thus formed, are called heemantic nouns--)-. 4. Other * Some verbs have not this tense; some roots have four letters, some only two ; sometimes a nouu or an indeclinable part of speech is the root, and is to be sought in the lexicon; but this chapter is only designed to give a general notion of the language, without descending to particular rules, exceptions, &c. t & iT a "d ^1? are commonly added to the beginning. like- wise is generally prefixed ; when it is joined at the end it commonly makes an adverb, as ^1^ a day, ODl^ daily, by day. 3 is placed at the end, ^ at the beginning, middle or end, the last is frequent in forming numeral or national adjectives; as "C^ second, "01/23 a Canaamte. 4. Other letters are occasionally prefixed to words, which have the signification of conjunc- tions and prepositions. These, from their situa- tion, arc called prefixes, and are D, IP, H, 1, 3, 7, 3, kjinjte, Moshek Vecaleb). Vide ch. ix. 5. Other letters, occasionally added to the end of words, are called affixes, and stand for pro- nouns. Vide ch. v. sect. 2. 6. K, H, \ \ 3, and n, (mrin$ ehevhioth) are called paragogic letters, as they are often annex- ed to words only to improve the Jlound or add emphasis. fi indeed at the end or the name of a place signifies motion towards it,, as Tj'JJJ, *- ipards Haran. . C II A P. IV, O/' Nouns, 1. JNouxs are either masculine, feminine, or common. The names of things which are evidently feminine, of places, cities, coun- tries, &c. of things of which there are but two* (as eyes, ears, &c.) together with those which end in H or M*, are generally feminine. Most Others are masculine. 2. Nouns have three numbers. Masculines form the dual by adding t-V and tlie plural by adding DVj- ;;, as B^, -(hiamifP two days; plunilW? T . days. Feminines * Sometimes the feminine hath both ft and ]^, which is thought to make the word more emphatical. There is no fljlin^ help at nil. Psa. iii. 2. t Besides the change in the termination, the vowels are often altered. The rules for this will be given chap. x. Sume examples, however, s Feminines form the dual likewise, by a CV, but those which end in H, change it into I\* as H2' a i/enr, D?}#, tuo wars. Fcminincs which end in n or f% form the plural by charigifig tlie last syllable into ril, as /r/^, rttWI /*; others add M, asl'Slr/ U'E"T, pi. to/r$. Some nouns which have a masculine or femi- nine termination in one number, have the con- tra ry or both, in another; as 28 a father, pi. ni3N\ rwjSfl , p3. tfm *? an army, pi. nitfSV and C\^nV, //o.$7s, armies. 3. A however, may be useful here, as a kind of standard of all words with the same points. Singular. a word Plural. ^ a tear a handful 71/2 a work Sinular. death Plural. DTI1D an olive -- #pn liberty n D 1 ?.^ a kingdom n a garment - oy Some derivatives drop a letter of the radical word. When such defectives increase at the end (as by declining, &c.) a dagcsh is put in the latter radical letter, and the preceding vowel, if a long one, is changed into the correspondent short one. DU a people, from DL? pi- D*Slf 1 ," / (' is the common substi- 27 the heart, from 227 pi. pvj? V tut e ), " and '", or k:t- fiin perfect, from C ^ pi. DIBjJ '^ts-katuph for ^ or V) Sometimes (") in this case changed into ('), though both are short vowels, as 3D2 a circuit, from 32D; pi. D*3DD - _ T i . . . * N. E. The change of 1 into T is an irregularity peculiar to the wprd E1\ 3. A noun expressing any quality, with the particle IP or O, (vide chap. ix. sect. 1.) before, or in comparison of, prefixed to another noun, expresses the comparative degree; thy love is good T-P in comparison &ith wme, i. e. is better. The superlative is made 1. By the adverb "T&? greafly 2. By the prefix 3 among, (vide chap, ix. sect. 7 ) blessed among women 3. By the name of God, the trees, mountains, &c. of God 4. The repetition of a word, as good, good 5. T\vo synonymous words, as poor and afflicted 6. By the genitive case (especially the geni- tive plural) of the same or a synonymous word, as King of kings. 4. The cases of nouns are not so determi- nately distinguished as in Latin and Greek ; yet the following rules may be of some use in discovering them. Though n is prefixed to all the cases, it is most frequently to the genitive or vocative, or the accusative after a verb. *?& especially in Rabinical Hebrew and before the affixes, is the sign of the genitive. 7 is sometimes prefixed to the genitive, but more frequently to the dative. ft$ is a short word, not a prefix, which usually precedes the accusative case, or the nominative of passive verbs. IP writ as a distinct Word, or the prefixes E or 3 denote the ablative. 5. When two words are so related, that in Latin the latter would be put in the genitive or ablative case, they are said to be in regimen. If the former of two words in regimen is a feminine endin;in H. that termination is changed o o c into 10 into ri, as fi^fi a law, HI IT *TNft the law of Je- hovah. If the former of two words in regimen is a plural masculine, or a dual of either gender, the termination 0? or D^ is changed into !!, a6 plantations, D"J? ^2 plantations of vi C II A P. V. Of Pronouns. 1. -L no NOUNS are either distinct words' or affixes : of the former kind these are the chief SINGULAR. PLURAL. ^8 I - com. W38 We - cow. $8 thou mas. E-fttf ye, you mas. */ ? / m thou fern. W8 ye, you fern. */'*/ j/ nn he - mas. D!J they m as. N? she - fern. P they /em. *T this - mas. H^Jr these w5. tt*T this - fern. /^ these com. That, which, who, refo*. ^ AYho ? D HD What? 1i? is often put for &rj .nn for Dri Hjn for ]r? and sometimes 13H3 is used for W38 ir . IT . rir for nr or riKr "OiK and ^S are promiscuously used. Some of these pronouns are in a sort de- clined, (vide chap. iv. sect. 4. and the affixes below). Norn* 11 A 07?*. Gen. Dat. Accus. Ablat. Now. Gen, Dat. Accus. Ablat. she, her he, him thee, thou, f.fthou, thee, m. jn I, me. they, them, f. in they, them, m. ou, f. you, m. nniK nno we, us. 2. The following examples shew the affixes, and the manner of affixing them to nouns*. r A ft>- l^ /* Xl / . * Affixes to verbs are treated of chap. viii. Note 1. DD |p, Dn> an d |Jl, are called grave Affixes, because they alter the punctuation of the word to which they are joined in the same manner as regimen does. 2. Nouns in the dual and plural numbers have ^ before all the affixes except^ 3^ a father, Htf a brother, and DH a father-in-law, insert the 1 though singu- lars: as T^Il^ thi/ Jat/ier : and also these seven particles, "in^f qftcr, 7^ to, pll between, *ft unto, 7^ upon, inHJl under, and "7)T together with. 3. } is sometimes inserted between the word and O aflix, especially the affixes ?T, "Tf, and H to nouns, and V] ^^> and *\f] him, to verbs, which 2 is sometimes lost in a dagesh. 4. J"!^ (with) changes " into ' with dagesh, as V^ with me; before ^2 it has T as 121-1^ wV// us; so also DI/ w^' as 12S1/ with us. T T 5. V 1 ^ not, H2H behold, and *|1^ hitherto, instead of 1 have 12, ami nouns that end in fl take 1ff> which are the affixes of the third singular masculine to verbs, as 122^ not he, IH?!* ^** k?/> 12 A feminine noun ITlDn. A masculine noun "l?^. my thy, m. his her Laws. Law. Words. Word. nmin our your, m. your,/ their, m their,/ KT* Dill CHAR VI. Of Verbs in general. 1. JL.JVERY perfect verb has seven conjuga- tions, kal, niphal, pihel, puhal, liiphil, hophal, hithpahel*. See the paradigm 1^7 he learned, for from it7V a l ea f' 6} H C^e affix) has commonly but not always mappik, and is thereby distinguished from the local, and feminine termination. * The first is called kal (vp light) because the verb is there simplest and least encumbered, both in form and signification. In the first grammars, 7^^ Che wrought) was the paradigm of per- fect verbs, and the ]J not being pronounced, or only as h, the preterite of each conjugation would be tygjjri hy$n H'pn ^ 71/5 7^ Lithpahel, hophal, hiphil, puhal, pihel, niphal. That 13 for the illustration of this and each following re* mark. Kal is active. The root is Generally the third. */ singular of its preterite, as*T7 he learned: but the infinitive mood in kal of verbs whose second radical is 1 or \ is commonly to be found in lexicons, and not the preterite. Niphal is the passive of kal. The characte- ristic is 2, as a preformant; or, in those tenses where it has another preformant, a daoesh in the first radical, Instead of 3*, as TOfl, "T&jfl. The signification of a verb in pihel and puhal is strengthened ; thus to seek, in pihel is to seek diligently. Pihel is active, puhal passive. These conjugations have dagesh-f-in the second radical, as "197, IS 1 ?*, 1$?, &c. Hiphil is active, hophal passive : they denote an effect upon another, (v. g. to cause to seek, or to That paradigm was justly laid aside, as J/ being a guttural, will not admit the dagesh, which is the characteristic of some conjuga- tions ; but they continued to be called by those names, which, as they contain the vowels of verbs in each' conjugation, give a ge- neral notion of their form. *Tp;S fie visited, has been commonly used since as the paradigm ; but as the initial letter ^ has some- times a dagesh Icne and sometimes not, and this merely because it is one of begad kephath (the dagesh not being common to all verbs in those conjugations, in which "Jp^ has it) "IE*? he kanied, is here substituted in its place. * This use of dagesh resembles the change made when in and luminate are made into one word, illuminate; the like is done in innumerable instances in all languages. f On account of the dagesh, pihel, puhal, and hithpahel, are palled grave conjugations, the others light. fo le sougJit) in most tenses H is a preformant, as Tp 1 ?,-!,' T^rr. Hithpahel has commonl}' a reciprocal signifi- cation, as he was mad, in hithpahel is, lie made, or feigned himself mad. It has J")n* prefixed in most tenses, and always has dagesh in the se- cond radical, as "TS/Jprr. Sometimes a word occurs which has in part the form of two conjugations. It is to be remembered, there is not an uni- form change in the signification of all verbs in the several conjugations, many having a very different and almost contrary signification in one to what they have in another; of. this the lexicons give instances enough. See 7?n, 2J$r)> &c. 2. Verbs have several moods and tenses in each conjugation. The moods have much the same signification as in other languages. One preterite expresses all the kinds of past action, and the future what is yet to be done. It also signifies the continuance of any thing, or that it is customary, possible, lawful, reasonable, or desirable, to do it. Instead of a present tense, the * X. B. When the first radical letter is a sibilant (?. e. one of the letters J^*pT) the performant letter]! is put after the sibilant, The J! thus transposed is changed into ^ if the sibilant is f, as for ]ST)ir?, he prepared himsdf; and into D if it is as for plJVTO h justified himsdf. 2. When the first radical is 1, CD, or fl, the preformant f| is emitted, and its place supplied by dagesh, us Irl^H for he chanted Kimst'l', 15 the participle of the present is used, hence called benoni, between, i. e. the past and future*. The tenses are often used promiscuously, especially in the poetic and prophetic books. CHAP. VII. Of the various kinds of Verbs, with some particular Observations upon each. VERBS whose first radical is K or \ whose second is 1 or \ or the third K or ft, are called quiescents: such whose first radical is 3, or whose second and third are the same letter, or whose last radical is 3 or n, are called defective, be- cause such letters are dropt in some conjuga- tion, mood, c. These kind of verbs are reckoned irregular ; all the rest are regular. SECTION I. Of regular Verbs. Regular verbs are formed like *?>f; but rift lie took, is formed like JW?, sect. 4. SECTION * The participle of the preterite is called pahul, which is a technical word, this participle of the old paradigm ^J/D being ^Itfg pahul. -f The points are not exactly the same in all verbs ; the vowels, which in the abstracts are put before the word, are in some verbs the alternative for the first vowel of the paradigm; those that stand afjer Ihc words, for the latter, 16 SECTION IT. Of Verbs whose first radical letter is K. 1. In the first singular of every future the radical i* is dropt, lest two alephs should come together; as T3K for 1388, I shall utterly per is] i. 2. These five, 138 he perished, ttX he zcas Killing, ^K he did eat, "10$ he spake, HS1J he baked, form the future of kal thus, Sometimes 3111$ he loved, THiJ he possessed, and ^f gathered, are formed thus, sometimes like j^. As the irregularity is small, there is no para- digm given. SECTION III. Of Verbs zi'hose first radical letter is \ The paradigm 2iJ^ he sat, exhibits the for- mation of these verbs'", except in- the following cases. 1. 7D^ he zzas able, requires 1 in the future of kal, as 731K, &c. and some in liiphil have ?. in- stead of V '2. If the last radical is V, the infinitive of kal has two pathahs, as" riiH to L-HOK: if it is ^ , the two segols are contracted into tzere, as -SV. to go out. 3. These * The grave conjugations are regular. 17 3. These four, HT he threw, VV he knew, J he argued, "N2J he bound or chastened, in hith- pahel change ^ into % as r.WH. 4. These nine, (of which six have V for their second radical*) are formed like #J3, (see the next section) H3J 7/e /<;/!% "P? 7*e bound, *1J5 7^e cow- passed about, HVJ and 3? 7/e placed, VT r he spread, p^C he poured, *VP he formed, fi2 7^e burned. SECTION IV. O/* Fe/^s whose first radical is 3. Tlicse are all formed like the paradigm $23 fo c7/'eu? 7/tY/r, except, 1. Those which have 1 for the second radical, which are formed like D^p, sect. 5, as D1J he fled 2. Those that have fi or V for the third radical, which have two pathahs instead of two segols. in the infinitive of kal; as iHS to blow, from HSJ-and nv to plant, from makes the infinitive with an affix W, as T'^? ^o g/re 7?ze. SECTION v. Of Verbs whose second radical kltcr is 1 or \ Of these Dip to arise, is the paradigm ; but 1. Some of these in the grave conjugations double the first and third radicals, as ^IS to take, makes /57?. D 1 They aic all the verbs which begin with % ami have ^ for the second radical, except ^^ he ucnt out. 18 to die, in the preterite and benoni of kal makes rip. . 3. #13 to be ashamed, in the future of kal has (") under the preformants, like 3'J as Eft2K, &c. 4. Quiescents in "* often omit tlie preform ant H in the imperative of hiphil, as T5 consider, for Tin. 5. The 1 or ^ in some verbs is not quiescent, but they are formed like T^, as lfl# he cried. SECTION VI. Of Verbs whose third radical letter is tf . The third sing. fern, sometimes ends in fl in- stead of H, as fitfVE instead of n$V, and some- times the N is omitted; in other respects, all these verbs are formed like X^9 he found. SECTION VII. Of Verbs whose third radical letter is H. In general they are formed like n?) to reveal; but 1. Some are formed like *ltf?, i. e. neither lose nor change M. 2. Some double the two first radicals in the grave conjugations; as VVIV$, from J"U/# he de- lighted. , 3. nn# 7^6 bowed, and H?# /^ K-^S quiet, in some tenses change H into % as ^u# /^'ffs quiet, IID.^^n #//ey bowed themselves. 4. Verbs that end in H generall} T lose M by apocope, when they are joined in the imperative of 19 of pihel, hiphil, or liithpahel, with ^, a parti- cle of denying ; or in any future with % conver- sivumfuturL Vide chap. ix. No. 4. On tliis account, 'sometimes the preceding vowel is excluded, as fiftffl he made, for IT^tp, sometimes it is transposed to the first radical, as ]??! he built, for fi?l, and sometimes the pre- tbrmants have ("), as ^.1 he wept, for H^l. Some in hiphil have two segols, as ")J! he made fruitful, for Fn?!!; if the first radical is a guttural, two pathahs, as /JH he made to ascend, for n?.y.l ; or if the second is a guttural, a segol and pathah, as HDfl 7K suffer not to be destroyed, for nnzpn. rPPJ Ac ft'ffs, and HT! //e lived, with 1 convers. and sometimes without it, form the future of kal thus, SECTION VIII. O/" Verbs whose second and third radical are the same letter. Some of these in the grave conjugations dou- ble the two first radicals, as vJ/P from V?J he rolled : all the rest are formed after the para- digm 33C? he surrounded. SECTION IX. Of Verbs zchose third radical letter is 3 or ft. These lose the last radical in a dagesh before the afFormants 3 or ft, as ^ftftl I gave, for ^W!?3, Wp I cut, for ^rn?. As they are in other re- spects regular, no paradigm is wanted. i)2 SECTION SECTION X. Of Verbs ti'hich hai'e tzi~o defects or irre- gularities. These are formed according to two paradigms, thus, H{p3 he stretched, is formed like vi'22 and rfe CHAP. VIII. Of Affixes to Verbs. J\FFIXES to verbs signify the patient, i. e. the thing or person acted upon; except to an infinitive mood, which may signify either the agent or patient. Besides the affixes to nouns, there are some peculiar to verbs, as appears by the following table : SINGULAR. \) ; *me com. ^ . - thee mas. ^\ - thee fern. 1 - - -f-hiin mas. ft - Jher fern. CD PLURAL. _ n c "^ U3 you ]3 you fern. & them 7720s. I them fern. Li * The accusative singl. of the first pers. Vj drops the 3 "un in verbs infinitive, and becomes \ -j- The third masculine singl. admits of a paragogic H or 2 '' many instances, and then "j pronominal is changed into *2 but the letter rarely happens. : The 13 1(13 and 21 In the imperative and infinitive of regular verbs in kal, the sheva and holem are inter- changed, and the holem becomes a kametz- hateph, as TiE 1 ? with ^ makes *$$$. ]\Iany other, though less frequent, changes, are made in verbs on account of affixes, and they are 'joined to different tenses by different vowels, as may be seen in the example at the end of the paradigms. CHAP. IX. Of the Prefixes $3 M signifies from*, out of \ in, among, by or near, before or in comparison of, against, after, of, i. e. part of, by means of, because of. is prefixed by hirek and dagesh, as JV? a house, r^SD from a house ; before ahchang or 1 by ("), as "tftiS the Lord, ^XQ from the Lord. 2. & who, which, is prefixed by ('') and dagesh, sometimes, but not often, by () or ( : ). 3. H is emphatic, relative, or interrogative; and often has no particular signification, as the Greek article 5, *, TO- The I The feminine f"J admits also of } paragogic, and is formed with fcamelz as H2. The pronoun t in poetical language is often changed intoljQ. * The common signification of this prefix is from: ^ is but the substitute for the relative ""!{'} that, which, who. pj emphatic is rendered the, and is the article definite of the Hebrew language: Jl hath the sense of "Iti'Jjt prefixed to participles, and is an ititer- rogative to nouns arid verbs : sometimes it is a vocative-. ^ Y;ai is the conjunction copulative and, ^ eompantivc as, like ^ To. ^ In. 00 The emphatic H is prefixed to nouns, the rela- tii'eto preterites or participles of verbs. The emphatic and relative H is prefixed by (") and dagesh, as ^^'l Me Avwg 1 , '^P'i'T? he that learns. Before ahchang or "I, H is prefixed by O, as B^rj that man, B^BhH Me wicked; unless O follows it, and then it is prefixed by f), as EDnn Me K?/SC man. The interrogative H is prefixed by O, as ^<1 /.? f/? If the first letter of the word is a guttural with kametz. H takes ('), as EEljn has he failed? If the guttural has any other vowel than ( T ),or if the first vowel is O, the H takes ("), as Cnn fhey ? If any of the letters 2?3 are inserted after it, the interrogative n is prefixed, like the emphatic, by (") and dagesh; as |3 a son, ]^2 to a son, l^H to a son? 4. 1 may be translated and 9 but, notwithstand- ing, or, even, so, seeing that. 1 is regularly prefixed by ('), asTVTl and a tcay : if a labial (pp) or sheva follows' by 1, as S^bl crwrf c 6'efl^, if a pause by ( T ), as T}!^* especially when it joins two words of nearly the same sig- nification, as BhJ^ afflicted and poor. 1 sometimes changes the preterite, as to its signification, into the future, and is called con- vershum preteriti. Iconv. piet. is prefixed as the conjunciion, but may often be distinguished from it by its throwing the accent to the last syllable; as fWdl thou hast learned, ^7^1 thou, Kiii learn, or, and* thou Kilt learn. Tsome- * The vau conversive is sometimes also a copulative, sometimes only convcrbivc. 1 sometimes changes the future in signification into a preterite; it is thence called conversivnm fnturi, and is prefixed by pathah and dagesh, asTi?1 he will learn, "T1B73 he learned*. 5. 3 signifies likeness, according to, near, about, and is prefixed by sheva, as >l 3 t ?5 according to iny heart. 6'. 7 is rendered to, of, in, upon, among, through, with, according to, zchilst, instead of, &c. 7 is prefixed by sheva; but if the word is a mono- svllable, or if the two next syllables are of equal quantity, by kamets, as Blft to a people, HDIl 1 ? in hope. 7- 2 is used in the same sense as in, into, unto, within, at, among, on, by or with, i. e. the cause or manner of doing an action, over, under, to, towards, against, according to, after: 2 is likewise prefixed by Q, as -IttftB? in a seat. S. The letters Sp exclude the H emphatic, and take its points,' as f'O chaff, fS3 (for) ^3305 like chaff, ^? (for ^H?) like that man. 9. The letters 2^1 before D^ Go increases at the end : in this case the vowels of the ultimate and penultimate syllable are com- monly exchanged for shorter. The following are general rules ; the exceptions, though many, are too trifling to be mentioned. 1. ( T ) penultimate in every increase and regimen is changed into shcva, as ~I3"T, 1131. Q antepenul- timate in verbs is chaned in the same manner, Q ultimate in regimen and before the grave af- fixes is changed into Q, as njJT. "Ql from 2.( ) penultimate in every increase and regimen is contracted into (') as D^PP from 2DD a circuit. (") ultimate in every increase is changed into Q, as Dn>7 from "rCtf*? learning ; in regimen into ( )*. 3. ^penultimate, followed by(") or ( v ), is some- times changed for ( : ), but commonly Qhateph, as being of a similar sound, as ^"^ thy ear, from Ifc 1 ultimate is always in verbs changed into ('), and in -nouns before the grave affixes, unless a sheva follows, when it becomes kametz-hateph. 4. (") penultimate, if another pathah follows, is in every increase changed into sheva, as "H?# a gate, Dnjf# (") ultimate * It is not changed in monosyllables, or after ( T ) or ('j. 25 (") ultimate in declining a noun is changed into ("'), as D* 1 "}^, and 6n account of the affixes into sheva, as &'37"b ^37. In verbs that have ft parae;ogic (") final is changed into ( : ) that have an affix into O, as tfJPTO from tlfff), ^1$7 from 5. ('). penultimate in every increase passes into ( : ), as J?| n'i?er, E^J?9. ( v ) ultimate in forming the dual or plural num- ber is changed into ( T ), as 0"07ip; on account of an affix or a local H into sheva, as ^f]$ and from n; see f^e warf rz/e. II. Some alterations of the points are occasioned by simple or compound sheva. 1 . If two shevas should come together in the beginning, or after a complete syllable; in the middle of a word, the former is changed into pathali) segol, or hirek. See T?K in the last rule. N. B. A consonant and long vowel, or a short vowel between two consonants, the latter of which has a dagesh or sheva, make a complete syllable. 2. In those cases in which other letters would have a simple sheva, the gutterals take a com- pound one. 3. A compound sheva generally causes the preceding letter to have that vowel with which it is compounded: for instance, (~ : ) gives the pre- ceding a (~), ( v: ) gives a( v ), and ( T: ) a ( T ). 4 . Sometimes a compound sheva in this case loses the vowel, and becomes a simple sheva. 26 Thus, n}|l he meditated in third sing. m. fut. kal regularly makes n^H?; but by rule 2d HJnn, by rule 3d ru.T,and by rule 4th TO;. 5. If a simple sheva follows a compound, the compound either drops the sheva, or the vowel with which it is compounded, as 1^9 thy zcork, from nfcW, and ?rij for 1D?nj, from ^H3 Ac was turned. 6. The gutterals will not allow ("') before them, but change it into ("). III. The points are altered on account of the gutterals. As the gutturals and "I will not admit dagesh, they compensate the want of it by changing the preceding vowel into a long one Q into ( T ) (') or Q into (), and () or kametz-hateph into 1 or 1, as |1CHD from a multitude, lor pQ!?P. This com- pensation is sometimes omitted. IV. The accents cause some alterations in the points. 1. *f?, 13, &c. become^, ^J, &c. on account of the pauses, silluk, athna 9 &c. 2. The pauses change a short vowel into a long one, or one long vowel for another of a \ fuller sound, as 7fcp$ for ^8. Ps. v. 3. 3. Sometimes the other accents do the same. V. Maccaph Commonly changes a long vowel of the for- mer word into its correspondent short one, Q into 27 into ("j, (") into ('), 1 or 1 into ('") or kametz-ha- teph. VI. To improve the sound, A long vowel is sometimes changed into a short one, a short into a long one, and one long or short for another. CHAP. XI. Irregularities in Syntax. 1. .TNouNS that signify dominion, and parti- cularly the names of God, though plural, may be put in apposition with singular substan- tives; as n^V.r^^O the man the Lords (Lord) of the land* or joined to a singular ad- jective; as n$p T 0^11$ a cruel Lords (Lord). 2. Numerals from one to ten of the singular O number, frequently take plural substantives, and thus, *]!?$ a thousand; other numerals, even when plural, take singular nouns, as njltf D^^? twenty years*. The cardinals from three to ten which have a masculine termination, are used to feminine nouns, and the contrary ; as rW T ttj itf/# three years 9 &Q n0# three days. ' 3. When * Most numeral adjectives may be placed before or after their substantives ; but in all other cases the substantive stands before tho adjective. If the adjective precedes the substantive, there is an ellipsis of the verb to be ; as flDpn H 2,1 ED goud is liisdw/i, i, t;, wisdom is good ; nmi9 Jl^T ^ 5 s ) rcsf - 28 3. When the two substantives are in regimen, adjective or the verb, which in sense belor^s to one, sometimes agrees with the other in number and gender, D^n D r "|3J ri#p. the bow of the mighti/ ARE broken. D^V T '? ^P the voice of thy brother s bloods CRY. 4. An adjective singular joined to a plural substantive, a verb singular to a nominative plural, or a verb plural to a nominative singu- lar, have a distributive signification. Thy judgments is, i. e. each of them is, right. 5. Sometimes a nominative feminine has a masculine verb, which is thought to express excellency : and a masculine noun, a feminine verb to express the contrary, as ftjlftn MFtyVyoa, (fern, though spoken of men) hcti'e done abomi- nation. Ezek. xxxiii. 26. 6. The pronouns are often redundant; some- times both the separable pronoun and the affix are used for the same person sometimes the relative and personal pronoun. Vide Ps. xvi. 3. The righteous who are in the earth they, and often the relative is redundant, being used along with the antecedent, The zvicked, they shall go, Sec. CHAP. XII. Of fading the Root. accurate acquaintance with the formation of verbs, will generally discover the root. The chief difficulty is in regard to nouns, which are not ranged in the Lexicon in their places, according 29 according to the alphabet, as Latin and Greek nouns commonly are, but under their se\ era! roots. The following remark:? may be useful. 1. It* when the prefixes, affixes, heemantic, and paragogic letters, signs of the gender, number, c. are rejected, three letters remain, they commonly contain the root. 2. If only two letters remain, the root is some kind of defective verb, and may be found by prefixing ^ or 3, inserting 1 or \ doubling the last letter, or adding H to the end. In many cases it is not easy to see which of these methods is to be taken ; and till a person has some good acquaintance with the language, he may be forced to try several of them ; yet the following observations will in many cases assist him. If a noun begins with a heemantic letter, and the first radical has a dagesh, its root commonly begins with 3, as HBO a bed, from HE} ; some- times with \ (because some of these are like the others. See ch. vii. sect. 3. No. 4.) as <"QD a statue, from 3J. The roots of most of the nouns which begin with 1D or 1fl begin with \ as rni.fi a law, from HT, and 3tf1 a seat, from 3l. Many nouns which have a long vowel under the first radical letter, spring from verbs whose second radical is 1 or "*, or whose third is H, especially if the long vowel continues, though some addition is made to the word, as Dg, '^9J?, from Clp. But nouns which have a short vowel under the first radical, or upon having any addition 30 additional the end, admit dagesh in the second radical, commonly have for their root a verb which doubles the second radical, as 3DD a cir- cuit, from 33D, i"te, a word from TTJ^i but *)$ anger, (^8 &c.) comes from *]3K, not *]2$. Nouns which end in ** or p, are commonly derived from verbs that end in n, as ]1fn a vision , from run ; *!$ fruit, from HTg*. 3. Sometimes only one radical letter remains, the root of such will cornnionJy be found by putting 3 to the beginning, and n to the end, as thy rod, from H3. * N. B. When words of this form admit affixes, they are com- Hionly changed thus, I'HSj) his fruit. CO.MPLEAT LIT PARADIGMS HEBREW VERBS, WITH AN EXAMPLE OF THE AFFIXES, AS THEY ARE JOINED TO THEM. ADVERTISEMENT. 0, which is the usual Paradigm of per* feet Verbs, begins with one of the letters of begadkeph'ith, it admits a dagesh in that letter in many places where other Verbs have none. On this account it was thought less proper than *TG 4, which is here substituted in its place. An Abstract is given of each Verb, which is of the same use as the cognata tempora in Greek Grammars. The Points are not the same in all Verbs of the same general kind : in some the vowels which in the Abstracts are put [in brackets] before the word, are used instead of the the first vowel of the Paradigm; in others, that which is put after the words for the latter vowels. Many whose second radical letter is van, or .whose second and third radicals are the same, double the first and third radicals ; as /S?!? from ^ to take, ^ from ty he rolled. Other irregularities of Verbs are less consi- derable, and may be learnt from any Grammar. Adi' Ice ABVICE TO THE LEARNER. XTLLL the paradigms should be carefully com- mitted to memory ; first in the -abstract, where they are formed only through the conjugations, and then at length. As the preterite of Kal is the theme, it may be best always to begin with it ; thus, &c. ITOnp Pre. &c. itf* TSftt T1BJ? ---- Tiob leS? Imp. &c. &c. &c. np^TO^rTO^ni^nD 1 ? Fut. In parsing a verb, first consider what con- jugation, tense, and person it is, and what kind of verb ; form the proper paradigm into that conjugation, tense and person, as above; then change the radicals of the paradigm into those of the verb in question. For instance, n" Q. r r . r ,. c; c; n n -T^^r FFp r r ^ I"" f~ O, n a PARADIC ai of VERBS whose first radical isl 3#? He sa t | Abstract \ Preterite [imperative 5 fe C ' " s _T _T 2 VM -= _ *" O* n & n n n^n n n n n n n n *+&.;*- r; ^=p n n n n ^- *T- -m ir- %;; n- p h n h n n p p j n^ p; n n^ n n n an n n^p g - K nf~l *-n. n- n n n n-n " /. " r o --* r " n n- n n^ rT n Ja - sa n ' n n n^n n n n n n n n j^c; IT D n n % c Q h n h h h n n n n n n n n n Pi pv_ n n- n - p* n-n-n- r n n r n n- n n-' *- f~ *-\>- n ^ n g n n h n" nncnnnnirn n n-n-n-n-n n n n n ^fr-jE; =- m:c; p a * r. c; c. c,; SSSf n n n n n. r n n n n- n n n- c ; c; n, c; j^-c; c; t, c - - - - -- n n- n n r; r, c, fi-S-fe-' n n n Future. \ | Benoni. \ Pa hut. ^ g g j? ^ ,^j 3 - >^ ~ o ~ 9 V 3 "S a, < . c+; S S '~^ tJ td r-l ?* rt 53 -r n n n n n n n n- n n rih n: n - n n n- n n n n 2 n n n n. ru n n *~ t~ i~ f~ a l - *^ n n n n n n " n * *T~ -K JI n n n- n n n- ' ' n ' ' n ^ n^ rT n n n rti-n: n n h Q Q Q J3 Q h h rjHpn . n n n n - n n ff~ *~th n n n Q n Q Q Q rvni h n n rf n n n h"P n- fz n Q J3- Q Q S3- .. n n- n- n: n PARADIGM of VERBS whose first radical letter is } t0.3 fie approached. Abstract Preterite \fmpsrative +J ,-; JJ n n. n r" * T >- 'at- *rit- rrit. -JsJ ft' *& r-t ^ lb 5 n II IT- *rs- *TV TV *rv *rj. n r- r r: n r IT. n r:. ^. ^. ., ** ^, ...5w ^, 5,. n- ir. iz n. 5? : * r 1 -^ L > r- n^ f> ~*i ^*" r ni .O 1 & ^,?> JI J^ r r ^ r o r c ;-c ; r c r:- n- n. c- n- n- r;- r:- n -c-c-c--c-c-n-c- ~1: *-! *->' - ~1i *~|i "* -^l *~1< n n- r. n- c r; c T T *-|i r n Future Benvni PahuL. o o H bo . . 7; x *. .- S ).-. ^V "n-^T- %-\;. *-\- &nc tl- ^ r; .c 1 T* "*- ^r* ^~5^ |r c; c; ^; c; ^, Q-Q-Q-Q-Q- *T|i mi i rtn f~i\ +& rr .. rr .. *~ ". tr *"* cr"- c_ fT"-. - / ^ 1 .. ax tiv *"*' *- . r ^-~' *-* . *^-'' *- . - J^ 1 rii- n D: '- n; n {> c p *- . ; -S n- c J3 Q J3 J3 J3 j m *~ii *~l\ rti r^i PARADIGM of VERBS whose second radical letter is") or\ C1 To arise. Abstract - Preterite {Imperative "( F o a ^ o ^ S '-M -=- U n Q-Q--Q- - v i a o a /-!>. e-i* - *-*.. *-! a^ a ' . n- ji- n- n- Jii- H>_ li_ iir 5'&'S a 1 Q : a _ n. n_ n. a n $3= JJ a J3 i^ n Q- Q O J3- 13' 13 ' J3 S3 13. S3 13 13 " f~ r\t- n Dja-a a O- a ci n a o a a n r: H: d n: rr; o n n; n -'- : 13 J3 Hu *" *~ n iz K tz rr- *r- ( ^- ( a 1 d"iT a f\< f\.. |\j. r^i 01 f^- rii jvi f\> a j> a 13-13 o-o-o- n ^c, c; =- ^c^p n n a;:- r> ^ ^ "&S ^ o a a o a n. n n n- n n- n n n j n n r- n- ^ c jv j^ ^ Q c; c. I } O li n ^ Q $3' - J3' -fl Q > - c; P 13 S3 i3 * *^ '^t- future. | | Bejwni. \ PaJiuL rl C/ c c ^: s J^ ^> ^-5^5 a Q- o cO fi- r\ rv 1 - fit: 50 = _: b '3: 3L. S - a r r^- a .. r\_ n_ r\. r\_ 5 S 5, a ftiwft a Q-Q-Q-0.. Q Q- J3" J3 n 3&n; c; fvc; RC j fi- rx n. - n_ i- r * OQ-O-Q S- n ' o o a u a u a n " a- n n a a Q Q n- n- n_ rv 5vQ"-& Q- Q- Q n- rii a J3 Q liifti a a p a a n a c Q- n &^ *~ *- L^--*-* I..Z3 I _ r-- f~- r *" r~ *~ T~t? *->-,*-, f>_ U," |-\_ *-. fv S J Ql&On" O H Q- W ;O' M *1Q r= n; n_ ft a Q J3 Q Q c q j^ c fi- rv ri- f-i- Q Qr J3 G PARADIGM of VERF.S whose third radical letter is fc$. , fund, Abstract Preterite {Imperative u: tA- *>- J3-- >tr: V! t+ ** +Jt SJ ^": *f- 86 ^ .|>F- S OOC o 13 13 13 13- ^ti- ^.. ^1- ^:- JC % % 5i * <^~ -. >V J^. 36^Jfi55;3C%%%% n ^c;.- n n n n a o Q a a o $3 V'.->1: >1: '^: >|.. Jn ; >,.. %-%%525C^;% n ^r^ r;^ c : c= a *^ 13' 13- Q 1 > ?r>- ^J:- ?^^ n 13 ;^ a a Q Q Q a a r; - a _: n n- % rr Q o Q 13 n n- r. n n r: r: n r p 13 13 p 13 p Q 13 C f f-t" ~t Hi" r- ^' IV' r '- J3 n- it 1 r< n 1 13 13 Q 13 . '- - * 53 a a r>- irt. nv Q Q" Q" n n 5c= n 13 c c c c c n n n r: ir n r: n n c c c; c c c c c c; O Q 13 1 Q 1 13' 13- O 13- 13' a C p iz- n r- n- 13- Q O Q- Future tienoui PafiuL /-* fl fc> 5 c _r c o ri rH <> *v n- r -' "g 8 ..p- V- y - r: - < >V- ^%^% - > n to ff s n fj D d * v~ ., .^; M ?- v,. >i- as i-S % o n c bO - J n; a c; ^:- ' J* : ^ iC 5S i *~" Q-p-U-Q; h n U- n JJ- ^ 13 . "Q ^. J3; ^ ' H" Q Q' O- . c;; - ' Q 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1 a J3>- 13- 13- 13" Q-Q-p-Q- % n'f J3 J3- Q- ?' n" c p; , Q Q O- J3- c c; c *; O 1 13 13' J3' PARADIGM of VEKBS whose third radical letter is ,*f. HJ He revealed. Abstract *! Preterite \Imperative -r^ n n- % TJ a c*c c*J$ n* n-n n IT- n n n n n n- IT- n- j>ir>- 0. d & O n r n r: n n. n n n n- n n r; c c; c; c c c - - - n n n -n Future. ]3enoni. P V - r~. r ' rr. *"* , J-V T-.lv -r-\- -:- 'V > r^:- - -T-: ; | r r ^ J- . n n~ T- IT- *n>- _r- _ H M ' bJO_. "S3 ~ ^--^ r_ too 11 c ^f^^if^ Z* CFQ-P-C si IT % m E ^ c : rjx c ^ r; - -. rr;j^ : . i --jp. : . r*CJT- j^-- -r-::J>:^J>.. J- JN^f- ~P *^ -J^' n n r - n ' , Q-Q-Q-Q- ' ' 5C' C, 1 *V *7 O ^:_ n. >: O-.-JT- *^" r:' ^|..rTj.. 3"T u .-- ~ n n * '- n *- "~ r: I n r: - 'ii'n ^ n ~c n n ;- KG- n n- H; n S "Jj'S'S," nil n"*F "II , M of VERES whose second and third radicals are the samc'letter. Abstract Preterite {Imperative U +5 *c 4-? g 2 S ^ p g M -' G o ri C 3 *^ f^ ^^ ** "4% IT 2 .S q ^ JS O c - 13 3 r . c o ~ 3 P-( ~- Ji dl ~ o c ^ '> Q' n o v* fi ti D O D>- n o D Q D;' . n *- n n n ^ & P r f^~ *~H- r *2 >^^ X s a . "rt n n n !"" *""" n n *ni- D' n S- o n n n n Q' n n n o n n n- O Q n ri n- o. n. r**- J - C" c; f^ C: c : P 13 j_ o p IK* P Q O n D O O D D D D~ n n n> n n n n n, ft n n n |-|- - n n n n n= n n>-n n n n n n n n n n n. _jC n n Ji J^t- Jv - C' *^~ Cv' C : ' P f~ K CM a P n- o Q n- P o o a D O ^; n n- n n- n n^n n.n n }J. n n n n n & r a rr r o- n b'b": n n o o n n n n n D n. a- D: O- 0- Cr b o b- J - fc- ^ P r: c; p p h - o "rt IT 3C n n n n n r: n n n n n O' n> OK o, o. O. Qi n n Di Q' n n 0. D- n n C. n g H * a n Q P- 5C: 00 n- Q- o . o.. n n n- n- Q O n n- no n-n DO n- n o o.. n o n n 00 o. JL, * Hi K m n; m c; j^ C, E, c; c L, I\ Ci L, J- n n : n : n n n : n : n n in^ n * r\-F\ O r| n n n n n n n< n n n h n n n n- 1 n' n o r n n He surrounded. i- nt arc l j ait. prcs. benoni \ Part. pr,t:l pahuf ; . d bb fcb < N V "I's "'6 s _- . c --: fc ' o jj; ^3 * || 111 r*H ^ U^s ^ F .^,j Cw P s 1 ^~ l . ' &< S S'^^; %H^r%i Eon*j n n n n ^p^p n n n P O n n Q o o~o~ n n n fj n n n n- n n r>a Q a n n n n n n n^ n i Q n J^ %; ;;&; n n n n n n n P n> n^ n n d Q' O"QI n n n n a r - c, ^ n *t : ri- % ri . j-i R 3 H 3 H. n" o w n= n p p n Q a rj : H- n H: n n n- n*-i.--n *~ r * * a n c ll 8 n n n- A n n n rr-. ~i.. rr.. *" " rr.. p P o P a n. ^' ri d rt rt * ' n f '' n n n r- n *^ r\+ n o n< n Q O Q Q rli. r|i- ri>. rti. n n n-n ogg^ D-^ r D:0:gr D: Q Q Q Q D O- D- O nrr n^ Fl r a n % n; r; - m p c* f- ci n Q a o Q 6- Q, n n n r> . o, Q Q, Q 1 Q. n n rl P n n 0. Di D, n ri n n n n-- n 'fr-fl n n n n=rt n n rii ' n ' n v* n h n- Q- 5 n : n 13 Q Q Q Q D n n Q..Q m c; c, n; n=iR.n h: n- n n- n^ n n n a - ^ c; 13- 13 13 j- r-- r- R- 13~i3- 13 - r~ r 13 O Q- i r- r- r 1 i ^ _ 13. Or i- f~ i- r 13' r- Q- - r JT- 13. P ~ 13' -> n 13- 13' j r~ f C - |- 13' * Q r c ri: a- rst 13^ Ei ; E' n.-. 13- I a 13- f- r; n> 13. rr- f\- a & 13' a 13 f J-" 13 I 13, 13. r Q'_ JT h_ ^ : j- 13- 5 13 13' 5 a 13' 13' ~S ~S3 "S3 Q t . | v - t- r r j S3 13 -S3- |- l~ I F JI t ^v^r ^fZ ^^ "n~ ~B *& jJJ : J5:. J5 S3- S3 F~: l~* l~ S3 J3 ;S3; 13 S3 p J~ : J-*" *~V *T- _' f_' I j~- 1- r * r r S-\. p' it-'* it-' x-" S3 a 13*- S3*" 13 r- !- i- r : IT- r~ ^ : ^ 13 S3- 13- ^A^N P r: F=- ' ^ HffiHJa- S3 jJ^:: _^ J5 "0""S" i~ t~- 1 " 1 S3- S3" S3" S3- a *"~ = *^ n 5E IT r : r- r-- p; *" n B fc ^ n n ^ IJii&ir "& r^ !?j5-lf- ^ > ~r- > "B^-iS- nl L. *^lh " * 7 ~ ~ i r** J * b E-H n op- p. S3 >*s 1Z! |~h *Hh b 2 ii ~S "S j$ : : ^ . 13 r i- i- S3" S3- a- ^! l~ : ^ P P j- f- ^ "S- S3-13- r t 1 1- i~\' i~\'~ rv- a n> a a J5- j^- ~B S3" S3- 13 i- "i l~- r- n : f\- '" G- "S". "a ~S r- t~ p *fi~8 "S:: |; : "Q;S: a , 5 a a a r: i a o 13; S3 13 ^^' ^d" ^" *** ^* * ' ^ i ^"S- c; r* t ,* 13" S3 137 CD P J3 _ INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR. ACCENTS, tonic and euphonick ch. i. 0, Affixes to nouns ch. v. 2. Affixes to verbs ch. viii. Ahchang, the letters of ch. i. 1. Athnah, a pause ch. i. 9. Begad-kephath. the letters of ch. ii. 4. fienoni, participles ch. vi. 2. Conversivum futuri ch. ix. 4. Conversivum preteriti ch. ix. 4. Dagesh forte or lene ch. i. 7- Ehevi, the letters of ch. i. 1. Ehcvinoth, the letters of ch. iii. 6. Grave affixes eh. v. vide Note. Grave conjugations ch. vi. vide Note, Guiteral letters ch. i. 1. Hateph-kametz ch. i. 4. Hatcph-pathah ch. i. 4. Ifateph-segol ch. i. 4. Heemanti letters, so called ch. iii. 3. Heemantic nouns ch. iii. 3. Iliphil conjugation ch. vi. Hirek, longer short ch. i. 3. Ilithpael, conjugation ch. vi. Holem, a point or vowel ch. i. 3. Hophal, conjugation ch. vi. Kal, conjugation ch. vi. Kametz, a vowel ch. i. 3. Kametz-hatuph ch. i. 3. Kibbutz, a vowel ch. i. 3. Labials, the letters so called ch. ix. 4. INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR. Maccaph or hyphen ch. i. 8. ch. x. 5. Mappik, a point ch. i. 6. filoshe Vecaleb, letters of ch. iii. 4. Niphal, conjugation passive ch. vi. Pathah, a vowel point ch. i. 3. Tathak-furti'Wm ch. i. 5. Paragogic letters ch. iii. 6. Pahul, or passive participle. Pauses ch. i. 9. ch. x. 4. 2. Pihel, conjugation active ch. vi. Prefixes ch. iii. 4. explained ch. i.x. Pronouns, nominative to verbs ch. v; Pronouns of declension ch. v. Pronouns affixed to nouns ch. v. 2. Pronouns affixed to verbs ch. viii. Pronouns relative ch. v. Puhal, congugation passive- ch. vi. Quiescent letters ch. i. Quiescent verbs--- ch. vii. Rcbbia, ;. pause ch. i. 9- Regimes or genitive case ch.iv. 5. Sakeph-katon, a pause ch. i. 9. Segol, a vowel point ch. i. 3. Sheva, a very short vowel ch. i. 4. Shcva, when quiescent -ch. ii. 2. Sheva compound ch. i. 4. ch. x. Shurek, a vowel ch. i. 3. Sibilant letters- ch. vii, vide Note. Silluk, a pause ch. i. 9- Soph-pasuk, a pause ch. i. 9- T^ere, a vowel rh. i. 3. E. JUSTINS, PRINTER, 34, BB1CK LANE, \VlIITECIIAPEL._ A 000106351 o