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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 CXF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 AND 
 
 GUIDE TO EMIGRATION; 
 
 CIVINQ THE LATEST AND MOST COMPLETE STATISTICS 
 
 or 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT, ARMY, NAVY, DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS, FINANCE, 
 REVENUE, TARIFF, LAND SALES, HOMESTEAD AND NATURALIZA- 
 TION LAWS, DEBT, POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND 
 EACH STATE AND CONSIDERABLE CITY, AGRICULTURAL 
 CONDITION, AREA FOR CULTIVATION, FOREIGN COINS 
 AND THEIR VALUE, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 
 POSTAGES AND LABOR TABLES, EDUCATION 
 AND RAILWAYS, ETC., ETC., 
 
 FUBNISHINQ ALL THE NECESSARY INFORMATION CONCERNING 
 THE COUNTRY, 
 
 FOB 
 
 THE SETTLER, TBE BDS1NESS MAN, 
 THE HERCBANT,THE FARMER, THE 1PORTEROT PROFESSIONAL MAN. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED, 1879. 
 
 NEW TOER: 
 
 GATLOFUD WATSON, PUBLISHER, 61 BEEKMAN STREET. 
 
 1SS1.
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 ftun 
 
 Titte 1 
 
 Publisher's Preface ' 3 
 
 Contents. ...". - ** 
 
 The General Government: President Vice-President" State Department. .. x 7 
 
 Diplomatic Officers v 8 
 
 Foreign Legations in the United States 9 
 
 Treasury Department 10 
 
 War Department 11 
 
 Navy Department 12 
 
 Department of the Interior 13 
 
 Post Office Department 13 
 
 Department of Justice 14 
 
 The Judiciary 14 
 
 Department of Agriculture Government Printing Office Department of 
 
 Education 16 
 
 U. S. Mint and Branches 16 
 
 Legislative Branch of the Government Congressional Districts 17 
 
 Presidents tinder the Federal Constitution Vice-Presidents Chief-Jus- 
 
 tices of the Supreme Court Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. 18 
 
 Apportionment of Representatives > 19 
 
 Expense of Maintaining the Government 19 
 
 Valuation of Property, etc., in the United States 20 
 
 The Public Debt of the United States 21 
 
 National Debt, March 1, 1879 Liabilities 22 
 
 Public Debt at ita Maximum Coin and Currency Values 23 
 
 Reduction of the National Debt from March, 1869, to January, 1881 24 
 
 Debt of each Administration 24 
 
 Paper Money of the United States 25 
 
 Gold and Silver Coins Petroleum Production Territorial Governments 26 
 
 Banks and Banking in the United States 27 
 
 States and Savings Banks in the United States 28 
 
 States and Savings Banks Returns 29 
 
 Legal Interest in the States and Territories 30 
 
 Business Failures in the United States 31 
 
 Rates of Postage 32 
 
 Railroad System of the United States 36 
 
 Difference in Time Largo Cities of the World 37 
 
 Imports and Exports 38 
 
 Silk Manufacture and Importation of Silk Goods 39
 
 Vi. CONTENTS. 
 
 PACT 
 
 Educational 40 
 
 Religions Statistics 46 
 
 The Census Census of the United States, taken in 1870 47 
 
 Population of all the Cities of the United States 48 
 
 Order of the States, in point of Population, at several periods 60 
 
 Order of Territories 60 
 
 Population of States by Races Comparative Increase of Population 51 
 
 Area of the United States 62 
 
 The Individual States of the Union 63 
 
 Immigration 55 
 
 New Naturalization Law 67 
 
 Presidential Vote CO 
 
 History of the Presidential Election and Inauguration 66 
 
 Declaration of Independence. 71 
 
 Constitution of the. United States. 73 
 
 Agricultural Statistics 88 
 
 Indian Corn Wheat Oats 89 
 
 Barley Rye Buckwheat Potatoes 89- 
 
 Hay Cotton Tobacco 90 
 
 Rice, Sugar and Molasses 92 
 
 Live Stock 93 
 
 Weight, of a Bushel 94 
 
 The Labor Question 96 
 
 Average Weekly Wages 100 
 
 Average Price of Commodities 105 
 
 Advice to those seeking New Homes 106 
 
 Homestead for Soldiers 119 
 
 Internal Revenue 120 
 
 Stamp Duties 122 
 
 The Finance Bill.. . : 124 
 
 Custom House Fees 125 
 
 The West 126 
 
 Historical Chronology 146 
 
 Police Statistics in Various Cities 162 
 
 The Queen and Royal Family of England 166 
 
 Foreign Nations 167 
 
 Commerce with Great Britain 168 
 
 British America 171 
 
 Exports and Imports 175 
 
 Carrying Tiade of the Dominion 17& 
 
 Postal Facilities and Post-Offices, etc 176
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 XT MUNCIPAL DEPABTMENTS, OFFICEBS OP THE CABINET, THE ABMY AND 
 
 AND THEER SUBORDINATES DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OtJB MINISTERS AND 
 CONSULS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, AND THEIRS TO THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 
 
 PKE3IDENT. 
 
 HUTHERFORD B. HAYES, of Ohio. Term expires March 4, 1881. 
 
 The President is chosen by Electors, -who are elected by the Peo- 
 ple, each State having as many as it has Senators and Representa- 
 tives in Congress. He holds office four years; is Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States; has power to 
 grant pardons and reprieves for offenses against the United States; 
 makes treaties, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; 
 nominates, and, with the consent of the Senate, appoints, all Cabinet, 
 Diplomatic, Judicial and Executive officers; has power to convene 
 Congress, or the Senate only ; communicates with Congress by mes- 
 sage at every session; receives all Foreign Ministers; takes*arethat 
 the laws are faithfully executed, and the public business transacted. 
 Salary $50,000 a year. 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 WILLIAM A. WHEELER, of New York. Term expires March 4, 1881 
 Is chosen by the Electors at the same time, and in the same 
 manner as the President; is President of the Senate, and has*he 
 casting vote therein. In case of the death, resignation, disability-or 
 removal of the President, his powers and duties devolve upon the 
 Vice-President for the residue of his term. In cases of vacancy, 
 where the Vice-President succeeds to the Presidential office, the 
 President of tho Senate becomes ex-officio Vice-President. Salary 
 $10,000 a year. 
 
 THE STATE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Preserves the public archives, records, laws, documents and trea- 
 ties, and supervises their publication ; conducts all business and cor- 
 respondence arising out of Foreign Relations; makes out and records 
 passports, commissions, etc. 
 
 Department Officers, 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Secretary of State WM. M. EVARTS, of New York $8,000 
 
 Assistant Secretary Fred. W. Seward, of New York 3,500 
 
 Second Assistant Secretary Wm. Hunter, of Rhode Island 3,500 
 
 " " Charles Parson, oi Mas* 3,50
 
 Diplomatic Officers. 
 
 CODMTKr. 
 
 NAMKS. 
 
 orricie. 
 
 FOKKIGNHKSID NCk 
 
 SALARY 
 
 Great Britain 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 James Russell Lowell 
 Win J Uopmn 
 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation. 
 2d Sec. Legation 
 Consul General 
 Consul 
 do . 
 
 London 
 do 
 
 $17,500 
 2,625 
 2.UC9 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 3,000 
 2,600 
 5,(JOO 
 4,600 
 4,000 
 17,500 
 2,625 
 2.000 
 8,000 
 2.000 
 2,000 
 17,500 
 2.625 
 2,000 
 6,000 
 3,000 
 2.500 
 12.000 
 1,800 
 1,500 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 2,000 
 2.0X) 
 7,500 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 7.500 
 2,000 
 1.500 
 5,000 
 1,500 
 7,500 
 1,500 
 17,500 
 2,625 
 2,000 
 4.000 
 5.000 
 2,000 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 1,500 
 1.500 
 1,500 
 12,000 
 1,800 
 3.000 
 2.000 
 6.000 
 2,000 
 1.500 
 12,000 
 1,800 
 S.OOO 
 1,501) 
 1,500 
 7.500 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 1.500 
 2,000 
 4,1)00 
 6,000 
 3,000 
 4,000 
 1,200 
 2,000 
 12,000 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 
 Ehriuan 8. Nudal 
 Adam Kudeau 
 Stephen n. Packard 
 b. F. Cooper 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 Liverpool 
 Glasgow 
 
 do 
 East Indies 
 
 
 do 
 
 Belfast. .. . 
 
 A. C. Litehfleld '. 
 Oliver M. Spencer 
 JohnQ. Smith 
 John W. Foster 
 
 Wm.' II. ' Ed wards'.'.'.'. '............ 
 S. P. Young. 
 L. E. Dyer 
 A. Wilkins 
 Edward F. Noyes 
 
 Consul-General 
 Consul 
 Consul. General 
 Minister 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 Australia 
 
 Melbourne 
 Montreal 
 fc>t. Petersburg.. 
 do 
 
 Canada 
 
 Bussia 
 do 
 do 
 
 Consul-General 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 France 
 
 Consul 
 Consul 
 Consul 
 Minister 
 
 Moscow 
 Odessa 
 Cronstadt 
 Pans 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 R. K. Hitt 
 Henry Vignaud 
 
 Secretary Legation. . 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 John A. Briclgeland 
 
 Consul 
 
 Havre 
 
 do 
 
 John B. Gould 
 
 do 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation.. 
 
 Marseilles 
 Madrid 
 do .... 
 
 Bpain 
 do 
 do 
 
 Lucius Fairehild 
 DwightT. Reed 
 Alfred N. Duffle 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Cuba- 
 Portugal 
 do 
 do 
 Belgium 
 do 
 
 Henry 0. Hall 
 Benjamin Moran 
 Henry W. Diman 
 William Stuve 
 Wm. CassiusGoodloe 
 Tohn Wilson 
 
 ConsuJ-General 
 Charge d'Affairs 
 
 Havana 
 Lisbon. 
 do 
 
 Consular Agent 
 Minister Resident.. .. 
 
 Oporto 
 Brussels 
 do 
 
 do 
 Netherlands 
 do 
 
 James R. Weaver 
 James Uirney 
 John F. Winter 
 
 do 
 Minis'crResidcnt 
 
 Antwerp 
 The Hague 
 Rotterdam 
 
 do 
 Denmark 
 
 David Eckstein 
 M. J. Cramer 
 
 do 
 
 Amsterdam 
 Copenhagen. . . . 
 do 
 
 Charge d' Affairs 
 Consul 
 M inister Resident 
 
 do .. : 
 
 Sweden & Norway. 
 do do 
 Germany 
 d 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Henry B. Ryder 
 John Li. Stevens. 
 
 Stockholm 
 Gottenburg 
 Berlin 
 do 
 
 Aiiure w" D. M lute 
 H. Sidney Everett 
 Chapman Coleman 
 II. Kreismann 
 Alfred E. Lee 
 John II. Steuart 
 
 Minister. 
 Secretary Legation. . 
 Asst. Secretary 
 Consul General 
 Consul-General 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Saxony 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Wilson King 
 
 do 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Hamburg 
 Bavarin t 
 Wurteuiburg 
 
 JolmM. Wilson 
 O. Hcnrv Horstinan 
 Jos. S. Potter 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Hamburg 
 Munich 
 Stuitgart, 
 
 Baden 
 Austria-Hungary. . . 
 do 
 do 
 
 Edward M. Smith 
 
 do . 
 
 Manheim 
 
 Minister 
 
 
 John V. Delaplaino 
 James Riley Weaver 
 A. W. Thayer 
 Nicholas Fish 
 
 Secretary Legation. . 
 Consul-General 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do .; 
 Switzerland 
 
 Chnree d'Affairs 
 
 Berne 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Italy 
 do 
 
 George 1'. Marsh 
 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation.. 
 Consul-General 
 
 Rome 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 Eugene Schnyler 
 John V. llnzleton.. 
 
 do 
 
 Genoa 
 
 do 
 Tnrkey 
 do 
 do 
 
 X. Odoll Duncan 
 J. B. Longstreet . . 
 G. Harris i.eap 
 
 do 
 MinisterResidcnt 
 Sec. Leg. A C. Gen'l. 
 
 Nnples 
 Constantinople.. 
 do 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Frank S. DeHaas 
 John T Edgar 
 
 Consul 
 
 Jerusalem 
 Beirut 
 
 
 do 
 Greece 
 
 ElbertE. Furnain 
 
 Acent A Con. -Gen'l . 
 charge d'Affairs 
 Consul 
 Min. A Consul-Gen... 
 Consul 
 Consul 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation.. 
 Interpreter 
 
 Cairo 
 
 
 Barbary States 
 t.ilicri :i 
 
 F. A. Matthews..'. 
 John H. Smvth 
 
 Tangier 
 Monrovia 
 Zanzibar 
 Tamatave 
 Yeddo 
 
 Muscat...: 
 
 Wm. H. Hathorne 
 William W. Robinson 
 John A. Bingham 
 Durham W. Stevens 
 David Thompson 
 
 Japan 
 do 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 rto 
 
 do 
 
 T. B. Van Buren 
 W. P. MaiiRum 
 N. J. Ne witter 
 David B Sickles 
 
 Consul 
 Consul-General 
 do 
 
 Kanagawa 
 
 do :: 
 
 do 
 ginm 
 
 do 
 do 
 Minister Ilesident ... 
 Secretary legation. . 
 Consul-General 
 Consul 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do . . ... 
 
 Osaka 
 Bangkok 
 Peking 
 do 
 Shanghai .. .. 
 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 12,000 
 6.000 
 6,000 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 3,5tK> 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 7,500 
 4,000 
 7,500 
 1,500 
 12,000 
 1,800 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 2.000 
 3.000 
 7,600 
 
 (!liina 
 
 George F. Sewaril 
 C heste r Holcombo 
 Owen N. Denny 
 Joseph J. Henderson 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Amoy 
 Canton 
 Chi Foo 
 Chin Kieng 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 da 
 
 Wm. A. < 'on a he 
 J. C. 8. Colby 
 M. M. Delano 
 
 do 
 
 Han Kow 
 Nintf J'o 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 Hawaiian Islands.. 
 do do 
 Hsytl 
 
 B.C. Lord 
 
 E. T. Sheppard 
 James M. Oomly 
 James Scott 
 
 do .... 
 
 do 
 
 Minister 
 
 Tien Tsin 
 
 do 
 
 John M. Langston 
 Paul J ones 
 Philip H. Morgan 
 Daniel S. Richardson 
 Augustus J, Cassard 
 David H. Strother 
 Warner P. Sntton 
 S. T. Trowbridge 
 Cornelius A. Logan 
 
 Minister Res. A C. G. 
 Consul , 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation. . 
 Consul 
 Consul-Genernl 
 Consul 
 Consul 
 Mini'tor 
 
 Portnu Prince... 
 St. Domingo 
 Mexico 
 do 
 
 Ban Domingo 
 Mexico 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 Pen. Am. State* 
 
 Tampico 
 M xico 
 Matamoras 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 Guatemala .
 
 Diplomatic Officers. Continued. 
 
 COCSfBT. 
 
 KAXB. 
 
 OTFICK. 
 
 FOCZICX nusiD'rrcE 
 
 SALABT 
 
 Guatemala 
 Colomu.'u 
 do 
 
 T. Francis Medina 
 Ernest Dichinati 
 
 Consul 
 Minister Resident... 
 Com. Agent 
 
 Guatemala 
 Bogota 
 Aspinwall 
 
 7',5CO 
 5,OCO 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Jehu Baker 
 
 Minister 
 
 Caracas 
 
 7,600 
 1 600 
 
 
 Phanor M. Eder 
 
 do 
 
 Guayaquil 
 
 1,200 
 
 Brazil 
 do 
 
 Henry W. Uilliard 
 John C. White 
 
 Minister 
 Secretary Legation.. 
 
 Kio de Jnueiro... 
 do do 
 
 12.000 
 1.800 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 Thorn as Adamson 
 Joseph W. Stryker 
 
 Consul Gcnural 
 
 do do 
 Pernnnjbuco 
 
 e.ooo 
 
 2,000 
 
 Argen tine Conf. 
 
 Thomas O. Osboru 
 
 Minister 
 
 Buenos Ay res.... 
 do do 
 
 7,600 
 S,(XX) 
 
 Paraguay A Uru'y . 
 
 John 0. Caldwell 
 
 ( 'haru'o do Affaires. . 
 Consul 
 
 Montevideo, Ur'y. 
 do do 
 
 5.000 
 2,000 
 
 Chili 
 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 do 
 
 
 Consul 
 
 Valparaiso 
 
 3,000 
 
 Peru 
 
 Isaac P. Christiancy 
 
 Minister ,. 
 
 Lima 
 
 10.000 
 
 do 
 
 Robert T, Clayton 
 
 Consul 
 
 Callao 
 
 s.ooo 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 
 Minister <k Con Gen 
 
 
 6000 
 
 
 
 
 San Jose 
 
 s.ooo 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Apia 
 
 8,000 
 
 Honduras 
 
 George A. K. Morris 
 Clarence C. Ford 
 
 do 
 do 
 
 Amapala 
 La Union 
 
 s.ooo 
 
 2,500 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Tahiti 
 
 J,UOO 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOREIGN LEGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 COUSTBT. 
 
 KAMB. 
 
 BAXK. 
 
 ABGBimxE REPUBLIC. 
 
 Senor Don Manue 1 R. Garcia 
 
 E. E. anrt M. P. 
 Sec. of Leg., Ch. A'Att-adtnt. 
 Attache. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Sec. cf Leg., Ch. d'AfT. adixt. 
 2d Sec. of Legation. 
 E. E. nnd M. P. 
 Councillor of Legation. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Attache. 
 Naval Attache. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Attache. 
 E. E. andM. P. 
 AistantE E-and M. P. 
 
 
 41 
 
 SenorDon Episanio Portela 
 
 AUSTBIA-HONGARY 
 
 Vacant 
 
 M 
 
 Chevalier Ernest von Tavera 
 Mr. K.Buhdorn 
 
 BELGIUM 
 
 Mr. Maurice Delfosso 
 Mr. Leon Von ilen Bossche 
 
 BRAZIL 
 
 Councillor A. P. de Carvalho Borgcs 
 Mr. Benjamin Franklin Torreao do Barros 
 Mr. Joaquin Kabueo . . 
 
 CHILI 
 
 Captuin Arthur Silvoira daMutta 
 Senor Don lunacioZciiteno . 
 
 
 Senor Don E. V. Zanurtu. . . 
 
 
 i-hen Lan Pin 
 
 
 Mr. Yung Wini; 
 
 it 
 
 Yung Tsang Siang 
 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Minister Resident. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Attache. 
 Minister Resident. 
 Minister Resident 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary ot Legation. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Military Attache. 
 Consul Chancellor. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Chancellor rf Legation. . 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Naval Attache. 
 Second Secretary. 
 Second Secretary. 
 Third Secretary. 
 Attache. 
 E. E. and M, P. 
 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 E. E, and M. P. 
 Minister Resident. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Attache. 
 Attache. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Second Secretary. 
 Minister Resident. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 
 M 
 
 Oavid W. Bartlett . . . 
 
 COLOMBIA 
 
 Senor Doctor Santiago Perez 
 
 COSTA RICA 
 
 Don CJ. Espinosa , 
 SenorDon MunuelM. Pcralta . 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 Kerr Bille 
 
 
 Mr. Max Outre y 
 
 
 Mr. Millon de la Vertville . 
 
 ., 
 
 Mr. Francois de Corcella 
 
 M 
 
 Mr. Paul Dejardin 
 
 Cl'.ttK.lNT 
 
 Mr. Kur I von Schlozcr 
 Baron Max von Thiclmann 
 Mr. P. W. BuiMeekc 
 
 ORE AT H KIT AI X 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K. C. B 
 Victor Arthur Wellington Drummoud, Esq 
 
 M 
 
 [Ion. Power H. le I'oer Trench 
 
 ::::::::::::::::;:: 
 
 Mr. Frank C. Lascclles 
 Mr. Francis C. E. Denys 
 Chanes Fox Frederick Adam Esq 
 
 GUATEMALA, SALT A- > 
 
 Dou.t HONDURAS. . ) 
 HAWAII 
 
 Senor Don Vicente Dardon 
 
 Senor Don J. Saborio 
 Mr. ElishaH. Allen .. 
 
 HAYTI 
 TTALT 
 
 .J.\!'1N 
 
 Mr. Stephen Preston 
 Mr. ClmrlesA. Preston 
 Baron Albert Blanc 
 CountB.Litta 
 Jushie Yoshida Kivonari.. 
 
 
 Shorokiu Yoshida bjiro 
 Mr. Asada Yusunori 
 Mr. Seinoske Tashiro 
 
 Ml'XICO 
 
 Senor Don Manuel M. de Zamacona 
 
 
 Senor Don Jose Y. de Cuellar 
 
 
 
 Snnor Don Cayetano Romero 
 
 N KTITr.KL AMDS 
 NlCABACOA 
 
 Mr. de Pestel 
 Senor Doctor Don Adam Cardenas . 
 
 
 Senor Don Joaquin Eli/ondo . 
 
 PARAGUAY 
 
 Dr. Benjamin Aceval 
 Senor Don Jose 8. Decond 
 

 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 Foreign Legations in the Untied Stales Continued, 
 
 couxxitr. 
 
 MAKE. 
 
 RAKK. 
 
 
 Vacant 
 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 Secretary of Legatiou. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 First Secretary. 
 Second Secretary. 
 E. E. andM. P. 
 1st Sec. A Ch. d'Aff. ad tnC 
 Second Secretary. 
 Second Secretary. 
 Third Secretary. 
 Attache. 
 Attache. 
 Military Attnche. 
 Naval Attache. 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 E. E. and M. P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 E E, nndM.P. 
 Secretary of Legation. 
 
 
 
 
 Don Eduanlo Villeua 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 Mr. Nicholas Slushkiu 
 Mr. Gregoirede Wilhimov 
 Mr. George Bakhmeteff 
 
 M 
 
 .Senor Don Jose Brunetti 
 Senor Don Francisco Soliveres 
 Senor Don Jo.=e de Soto 
 
 
 
 Senor Don Luis Polo de Bernabe J. 
 
 
 
 Senor Don Carlos Erenchnm 
 
 ::::::::::::::::::: 
 
 Senor Don Tomas deRueda , 
 Senor Col. Don Teodoro Bermudez 
 Com. Sennr Don Juan Moatajo 
 
 SWIDEN AND NORWAY . 
 
 TURKEY , 
 
 
 Mr C de Bildt 
 
 firpi*oire Arista rchi Bey 
 "altazzi Effendi 
 
 
 Senor I >on Juan B. Da 1 la Costa 
 
 
 Senor Don Andres S. Ibarra,. .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 
 
 
 
 THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT 
 
 Receives and has charge of all moneys paid into the United States 
 Treasury, has general supervision of the fiscal transactions of the 
 Government, the collection of revenue, the auditing and payment of 
 accounts, and other disbursements ; supervises the execution of the 
 laws relating to Commerce and Navigation of the United States, the 
 Revenues and Currency, the Coast Survey, the Mint and Coinage, 
 the Light-House Establishment, the construction of Marine Hos- 
 pitals, Custom-Houses, &c. The First Comptroller prescribes the 
 mode of keeping and rendering accounts for the civil and diplomatic 
 service, and the public land. To him the First, Fifth, and Sixth 
 Auditors report. The Second Comptroller prescribes the mode of 
 keeping and rendering accounts for the Army, Navy, and Indian 
 Departments, and to him the Second, Third, and Fourth Auditors 
 report. The First Auditor adjusts the accounts of the customs, 
 revenue, civil service and private acts of Congress. The Second 
 Auditor adjusts accounts relating to pay, clothing and recruiting of 
 the army, the arsenals, armories and ordnance, and the Indian De- 
 partment. The Third Auditor adjusts accounts for army subsis- 
 tence, fortifications, military academy and roads, quartermaster's 
 department and military claims. The Fourth Auditor adjusts the 
 navy accounts, the Fifth diplomatic, and the Sixth postal affairs. 
 
 Department Officers. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury JOHN SHEEMAN, of Ohio $8,000 
 
 Assistant Secretary John B. Hawley, of Illinois 4,50& 
 
 " Henry F. French, of Massachusetts 4,500 
 
 Supervising Architect James G. Hill, of Massachusetts 4,500' 
 
 Treasurer of United States James Gilfillan, of Connecticut 6,000
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 It 
 
 Department Officers Continued. 
 
 Salary- 
 
 Assistant Treasurer of United States Albert U. Wynan, of Nebraska. 3,600 
 
 Solicitor Kenneth Kayner, of Mississippi 3,000 
 
 Superintendent of Lite Saving Station Siuinner I. Kim ball, of Maine 4,000 
 
 Superintendent Coast Survey O. P. Patterson, of California 6,000 
 
 Jashier J. W. Mhelpley, of New York 4,500 
 
 Director of the Mint A. L. Snowden, of Pennsylvania 4,50ft 
 
 Register of the Treasury Glenni W. Scofield, of Pennsylvania 4,000 
 
 Comptroller ot tne Currency John J. Knox, of New York 5,000 
 
 Commissioner of Internal lievenue Green B. Ixaum, of Illinois , 6,000 
 
 Bureau of Statistics Joseph Nimmo, Jr., of New York 2,400 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing O. H. Irish, of Nebraska 4,500 
 
 First Comptroller Albert G-. Porter, of Indiana 5,000- 
 
 Second Comptroller William W. Upton, of New Hampshire 5,000 
 
 Commissioner of Customs Henry C. Johnson, cf Pennsylvania 4,000 
 
 1st Auditor Robert M. Reynolds, of Alabama 3,600 
 
 2d Auditor Ezra B. French, of Maine. 3,601 
 
 3d Auditor Horace Austin, of Maine 3,600 
 
 4th Auditor Stephen J. W. Tabor, of Iowa 3,60( 
 
 5th Auditor Jacob H. Ela, of New Hampshire 3,60O 
 
 6th Auditor J. M. McGrew, of Ohio ,,, 3,600' 
 
 THE AVAR DEPARTMENT 
 
 Has charge of business growing out of military affairs, keeps the 
 records of the army, issues commissions, directs the movement of 
 troops, superintends their payment, stores, clothing, arms and equip- 
 ments and ordnance, constructs fortifications, and conducts worka 
 of military engineering, and river and harbor improvements. 
 
 Department Officers. 
 
 Salary 
 
 Secretary of War ALEXANDER RAMSEY, of Minnesota $8,000 
 
 Chief Clerk H. T. Crosby, of Pennsylvania 2,500 
 
 Inspector General- Brevet Major General Randolph B. Marcy, of Mass 
 
 Judge Advocate General Colonel Joseph McRee Dunn, of Indiana 
 
 Adjutant General Brevet Major General E. D. Townsend, of D. C 
 
 Quarter Master General Brevet Major General M. C. Meigs, of Penn 
 
 Commissary General Brigadier General Robert Mncfeely, of Penn 
 
 Surgeon General Brevet Major General Joseph K. Barnes, of Penn 
 
 Paymaster General Brevet Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, of Vt 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Engineers Brevet Major Gen. A. A. Humphreys, of D. O. 
 
 Chief of Ordnance Bureau Brigadier General S. V. Benet, of Florida 
 
 Signal Officer Brevet-Major General Albert J. Myer, of New York 
 
 General Officers of Regular Army. 
 
 KAME AND 11AXK. 
 
 EXTRY 1XTO 
 6KUVICK. 
 
 APPOINTED 
 FliOH. 
 
 KAJIK AXD RAXK. 
 
 EXTISY INTO 
 8EUVICK. 
 
 APPOINTED 
 
 yilOil. 
 
 General. 
 Win. T. Sherman. .... 
 Lieutenant- General. 
 Philip H. Sheridan... 
 Major-Generals. 
 "Winfield S. Hancock. 
 John M. Schotield 
 Irwin McDowell 
 
 1 Brigadier-Generals. 
 Oliver 0. Ho-ward.. . . 
 Alfred H. Terry 
 Edward O. C. Ord 
 Christopher C. Angur 
 George Crook 
 
 July 1, 1840 
 July 1, 1853 
 
 Jnly 1, 1844 
 July 1, 18H7 
 July 1. 1838 
 
 July 1, 1854 
 Jan. 15, 18G5 
 July 1. 1&59 
 Jnly 1, 184C 
 JuUr 1. 185* 
 Jn'.v 1, 1842 
 
 Ohio 
 Ohio 
 
 Penna. 
 California. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Maine. 
 Jonn. 
 Maryland. 
 Xew York. 
 Ohio. 
 Illinois. 
 
 Retired List. 
 Major- Generals. 
 Joseph Hooker. ...... 
 
 Jnly 1, 1837 
 July 1, 1826 
 July 1, 1845 
 Oct. 27, 1839 
 Nov.2!), 186:3 
 July 1, 1856 
 
 July 1, 3849 
 July 1, 1839 
 Juii.27, 1856 
 
 Califomla. 
 Penna. 
 Kentucky. 
 New York. 
 New York. 
 Dist. CoL 
 
 Kentucky. 
 New York 
 Kentucky. 
 
 S. P. Heiutzelman. 
 Thomas J. "Wood.. 
 John C. Kobinson. 
 Daniel E. Sickles.. 
 Samuel S. Carroll. 
 
 Richard "W. Johnson 
 James B. Ricketts-. 
 EliLong.. 
 
 
 John I'ope. 1
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Geographical Divisions and Departments. 
 
 1. Division V the Missouri. Departments of Dakota, of the Missouri, of the Platte, and at 
 Texas ( headquarters at Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 3. Division of the Atlantic. The New England States, tho States pf New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, 
 Indiana, and the District of Columbia ; headquarters at New York City. 
 
 3. Division of the Pacific. Departments of California , of the Columbia, and of Arizona ; head- 
 
 quarters at San Francisco, California. 
 
 4. Division of the South. Departments of the South and of the Gulf; headquarters at Louis- 
 
 viile, Kentucky. 
 
 fi. Department of the Missouri. The States of Missouri, Kansas and Illinois, and the Territo. 
 ries of Colorado and New Mexico, and Camp Supply, Indian Territory ; headquarters at 
 Fort Leavonworth, Kansas. 
 
 *8. Department of the Platte. Tho States of Iowa and Nebraska, and the Territories of Utah 
 and Wyoming; headquarters at Omaha, Nebraska. 
 
 "7. Department of Dakota. Tho State of Minnesota, and the Territories of Dakota and Moo- 
 tana ; headquarters at St. Paul, Minnesota. 
 
 . Department of California. Tho State of Nevada, the post of Fort Hall, Idaho Territory, 
 and so much of the State of California as lies north of a line from the north-west corner 
 of Arizona Territory to Point Conception, California ; headquarters at San Francisco, 
 California. 
 
 9. Department of the Columbia. Tho State of Oregon, and the Territories of Washington, 
 
 Idaho, excepting Fort Hall, and Alaska ; headquarters at Portland, Oregon. 
 JO. Department of Arizona, -The Territory of Arizona, and so much of the State of California 
 as lies south of a line from the north-west orner of Arizona Territory to Point Concep- 
 tion, California ; headquarters at Prescott, Arizona Territory. 
 
 11. Department of the South. The States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
 
 (3xccpt the Gulf posts from Pensacola Harbor in Fort Jefferson and Key West, inclusive), 
 Alabama, including the posts in Mobile Bay, Tennessee and Kentucky ; headquarters at 
 Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 12. Department of Texas. The State of Texas and the Indian Territory, excepting Camp Sup- 
 
 ply ; headquarters at San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 13. Department of the Gulf. The States of Louisiana, Arkansas nnd Miosianippi, nnd th Golf 
 
 posts as far eastward aa, and embracing, Fort Jefferson and Key West, Florida, exclud- 
 ing the ports IU ilpbilQ l>ay ; headquarters at New Orleans. Louisiana. 
 
 THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 
 
 Has charge of the Naval Establishment and all business connected 
 therewith, issues Naval Commissions, instructions and orders, super- 
 vises the enlistment and discharge of seamen, the Marine Corps, the 
 construction of Navy Yards and Docks, the construction and equip- 
 ment of Vessels, tho purchase of provisions, stores, clothing and ord- 
 nance, the conduct of surveys and hydrographical operations. 
 
 Department Officers. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Secretary of the Navy RICHABD W. THOMPSON, of Indiana 8,000 
 
 Chief Clerk John W. Hogg, of District of Columbia 2,500 
 
 Superintendent of Naval Observatory Rear-Admiral John Rodgers 
 
 Hydrographic Office Captain S. R. Franklin 
 
 Superintendent National Almanac Prof. Simon Newcomb 
 
 Commander of Marine Corps Colonel C. G. McCawley .. 
 
 Chief Signal Officer Commodore John C. Beaumont 
 
 'Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks Commodore R. L. Law 
 
 Civil Engineer W. P. S. ganger 
 
 Chief of Navy Bureau Commodore W. D. Whiting 
 
 Ciief of Bureau of Ordnance Commodore Wm. M. Jeffers 
 
 Cliief of Bureau of Provisions and Clothing P. M. General G. F. Cutter . . 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Surgeon-Gen. J. W. Taylor 
 
 Caief of Bureau of Construction nnd Repairs Naval Constructor J. W. Easby 
 Chief of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting Commodore Earl English,. 
 Ohief of Bureau of Steam Engineering Chief Engineer W. H. Shock
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT, 
 Officers of the Navy. 
 
 HAXK AXD HANK. 
 
 BTATB 
 
 FKUM. 
 
 ENTRY INTO 
 
 iJ,KKVICK. 
 
 NAME AND RASK. 
 
 8TATB 
 
 KHUM. 
 
 *NTUT INTO 
 BKliYlCK. 
 
 Admiral. 
 David D. Porter 
 
 Vice- Admiral. 
 Stephen C. Rowan 
 
 Rear-Admirali. 
 Active Lint. 
 
 Penn 
 Ohio 
 
 Maryland 
 New York 
 New York 
 N". Jersey 
 Penn 
 Louisiana 
 Penn 
 Georgia.. 
 N H 
 Alabama. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1829 
 Feb. 1, 182fi 
 
 April 18, 182& 
 Jan. 11, 183;: 
 Jan. 7, 1.-3-. 
 Oct. 5, 183; 
 Oct. 23, 1834 
 April 5. 183i 
 June 5, 1831 
 Dec. 14, 163f: 
 March 11, 1831 
 Dec. 30, 183', 
 
 Commodores. 
 Active List. 
 
 Thomas H. Stevena. 
 Foxhall A. Parker.. . 
 John M. B. Cliiz 
 Andrew Urysou 
 Donald McN. Fairfax 
 Tames 11. Spotts .... 
 J. W. A. Nicholson... 
 G. H. (Jooper 
 
 Conn 
 Virginia. . 
 Michigan 
 NewYork 
 N. C 
 
 Dec. 14, 1835 
 Marrhll,183T 
 April 12, 1837 
 Dec. 1, 183T 
 Ang. 12, lb3T 
 Aug. 2, 1837 
 Feb. 10, 1838 
 Aug. 4, 1837 
 March 1,1838 
 Sept. 4, I83S 
 June 5,1838: 
 Feb. 10, 183* 
 Oct. 20, 1838- 
 April 1, 1839 
 April 24, 183 
 May 11, 1839 
 Sept. 3, 1838 
 July 25, 1839 
 Nov. 13, 1839 
 March 2, 1839 
 Sept. 25,1840 
 Feb. 11, 1840 
 April 18,1840 
 Feb. 14, 1840 
 
 Kentucky 
 NewYork 
 NewYork 
 Penn 
 Ohio 
 Fenn 
 NewYork 
 New York 
 Missouri. 
 NewYork 
 NewYork 
 NewYork 
 XewYork 
 Vermont. 
 NewYork 
 N. Jersey 
 NewYork 
 Vermont. 
 Tenn 
 
 J. C Beaumont 
 I.C. Fwbiger 
 IMerce Crosby 
 f. B. Creighton ...... 
 
 V.K. Hnghea .'. 
 
 C. R. Calhoun 
 
 Win E Le Roy...... 
 
 IJbas. H. Baldwin. 
 R. W. Shufeldt. ... 
 V. C. Rhiud.. 
 
 J. K. M. Mullany 
 O.K. P. Kodgers 
 Stephen D. Trenchard 
 Tuna. II. Patterson. . . 
 John C. Ho well 
 EdwaidT. Nichola... 
 Robert H. Wyraan. .. 
 George 15. Bui ch ..... 
 
 r. M. Ransom 
 W. E. Hopkina. ... 
 
 I'lioin-.iH Patterson 
 Wm. N. Jeffera . . . 
 Kdwanl Simpson.. 
 Wm. G. Temple... 
 Samuel B Carter.. 
 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ,.;. 
 
 Has charge of the survey, management, sales and grants of Public* 
 Lands, the examination of Pension and Bounty Land claims, the 
 management of Indian affairs, the examination of Inventions and 
 award of Patents, the collection of Statistics, the distribution of 
 Seeds, Plants, etc., the taking of Censuses, the management of Gov- 
 ernment mines, the erection of Publio Buildings, and the construe' 
 tion of wagon roads to the Pacific. 
 
 Department Officers. 
 
 Balary. 
 
 Secretary of the Interior CAKL SCHUBZ, of Missouri $8,000 
 
 Assistant Secretary Charles F. Gorham, of Mich 3,500 
 
 General Land Office James A. Williamson, of Iowa, Commissioner 4,000 
 
 Indian Office Ezra A. Hayt, of New York, Commissioner 4,500 
 
 Pension Office John A. Bentley, of Wisconsin, " 3,600 
 
 Patent Office Halbert E. Paine, " " 4,500 
 
 Bureau of Education John Eaton, of Tenn., " ..3,000 
 
 Census Office Francis A. Walker, Conn. , Superintendent 
 
 THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 
 
 Has charge of the Postal System, the establishment and discon- 
 tinuance of Post Offices, appointment of Postmasters, the contracts 
 for carrying the mails, the Dead Letter Office, maintains an inspec- 
 tion to prevent frauds, mail depredations, etc.
 
 1.4 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Department Officers. 
 
 Salary, 
 
 Postmaster-General HOEACK MATNABD, of Tennessee $8,000 
 
 Appointment Office 1st Assistant P. M. General, Jas. M. Tyner, Ind 3,500 
 
 'Contract Office 2d Assistant P. M. General, Thomas A. Brady, Indiana 3,500 
 
 Finance Office 3d Assistant P. M. General, Abraham D. Ilazen, Penn 3,500 
 
 -Superintendent of Money Order System C. F. McDonald, of Mass 3,000 
 
 -Superintendent of Foreign Mails J. H. Blackfan, of New Jersey 3,000 
 
 Superintendent of Free Delivery R. W. Gurley, of Louisiana 3,000 
 
 Superintendent of Dead Letter Office E. J. Dallas, of Kansas 3, COO 
 
 General Superintendent R. R. Mail Service W. B. Thompson, of Ohio 3,000 
 
 Auditor Railroad Accounts Theophilus French 2,000 
 
 Superintendent of Bank Agency Dudley W. Rhodes, of Ohio 3,000 
 
 Topographer W. F. Nicholson, of D. C 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 
 
 The Attorney -General, who is the head of this department, is the 
 legal adviser of the President and heads of departments, examines 
 titles, applications for pardons, and judicial and legal appointments, 
 -conducts and argues suits in which Government is concerned, etc. 
 
 Department Officers, 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Attosney-General CHAELES DEVENS, of Mass. $8.000 
 
 Assistant Attorney-General Edwin B. Smith, of Maine 5,000 
 
 do do Thomas Simons, of New York 5,000 
 
 Solicitor-GeneralSamuel F. Phillips, of North Carolina 7,000 
 
 Assistant Att'y-General for Department of Interior E. M. Marble, of Mich. . 5,000 
 
 do do P. O. Department Alfred A. Freeman, of Tenu 4,000 
 
 Solicitor of Internal Revenue C. Chesley, of New Hampshire 4,500 
 
 Solicitor of the Treasury Kenneth Raynor, of N. Carolina 4,500 
 
 Assistant Solicitor of Treasury Joseph H. Robinson 3,000 
 
 Examiner of Claims for State Department H. O'Connor, of Iowa 3,500 
 
 Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles A. J. Bentley, of Ohio 2,700 
 
 -Chief Clerk George C. Wing, of Ohio 2,200 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 Supreme Court rf the United States. 
 Appointed. Age. Salary. 
 
 1874. MOKKISON R. WAITE, of Ohio.. .Chief Justice. 63 $10,500 
 
 1880. Goo. F. Edmunds, of Vermont Asso. Jus. 68 10,000 
 
 1858. Nathan Clifford, Portland, Maine do 75 10,000 
 
 1862. Noah H. Swayne, Columbus, Ohio do 74 10,000 
 
 1862. Samuel F. Miller, Keokuk, Iowa, do 63 10,000 
 
 1863. Stephen J; Field, California, do 62 10,000 
 
 1870. Joseph P. Bradley, New Jersey co 66 10,000 
 
 1870. William Strong, Pennsylvania, do 70 10,000 
 
 1877. John M. Harlan, Kentucky do 64 10,000 
 
 The Court holds one general term, annually, at Washington, D. 
 C., commencing on the first Monday in December. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 ID. Wesley Middleton, of Washington, Clerk 
 
 William T. Otto, of Washington, D. C., Reporter 
 
 John G. Nicolay, of Illinois, Marshal
 
 TSE GENERAL QOVERNMEXt. 15 
 
 Circuit Judges of the United Males. 
 
 MM*. 
 
 I*IEST CIBCTJIT. (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode Island) 
 
 John Lowell, of Boston, Mass $6,000 
 
 'SECOND CIKCUIT. (Vermont, Connecticut, Northern New York, Southern 
 
 New York, and Eastern New York) Samuel Blatchford, New York 6,000 
 
 THIRD CIRCUIT. (New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, Western Pennsylvania, 
 
 Delaware) "William McKennen, of Pennsylvania 6,000 
 
 FOURTH CIRCUIT. (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and 
 
 South Carolina) Hugh L . Bond, Maryland 6,000 
 
 FnfTH .CiBcurr. (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, 
 
 Colorado, Misssouri, and Nebraska) Wm. B. Woods, of Alabama 6,000 
 
 SIXTH CIECTTIT. (Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennesee) John Baxter, 
 
 of Tennessee 6,000 
 
 SEVENTH CIECUIT. (Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin) Thomas Drummond, 
 
 of Illinois 6,000 
 
 SIGHTH CIRCUIT. (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas) 
 
 Geo. W. McCrary, of Iowa 6,000 
 
 NTNTH CIRCUIT. (California, Oregon and Nevada) Lorenzo Sawyer, of 
 
 California .,> , 6,000 
 
 District Courts. Judges. (States.) 
 
 ALABAMA, N. D., M. D. and S. D. John Bruce, of Montgomery, Ala. ARKANSAS, 
 W.sD. I. C. Parker, of Fort Smith, Ark.; E. D., H. C. Caldwell, of Little Rock, 
 Ark. CALIFORNIA Ogden Hoffman, of San Francisco. COLORADO Moses Hallett 
 of Denver. ' CONNECTICUT Nathaniel Shipman, of Hartford. DELAWABK Ed- 
 ward G. Bradford, of Wilmington. FLORIDA, N. D. Thomas Settle, of Jackson- 
 ville; S. D., James W. Locke, of Key West. GEORGIA, N. D. and S. D. John 
 Erskine, of Atlanta. ILLINOIS, N. D. Henry W. Blodgett; S. D., Samuel H. 
 Treat, Jr. INDIANA Walter Q. Gresham. IOWA James M. Love. KANSAS 
 Cassius G. Foster. KENTUCKY W. H. Hays. LOUISIANA Edward C. Billings. 
 MAINE Edw. Fox. MARYLAND Thos. J. Morris. MASSACHSUETTS T. L. Nelson. 
 MICHIGAN, E. D. H. B. Brown; W. D., S. L. Withey. MINNESOTA E. R, Nel- 
 son. MISSISSIPPI, N. D. andS. D. Robert A. Hill. MISSOURI, E. D. Samuel 
 Treat; W. D., Arnold Krekd. NEBRASKA Elmer S. Dundy. NEVADA Edgar 
 W. Hillyer. NEW HAMPSHIRE Daniel Clark. NEW JERSEY John T. Nixon. 
 NEW YORK, N. D. W. J. Wallace; S. D., W. G. Choate ; E. D., Charles L. 
 Benedict. NORTH CAROLINA, E D. George W. Brooks; W. D., Robert P. 
 Dick. OHIO, N. D. Martin Welker ; S. D., Philip B. Swing. OREGON Matthew 
 P. Deady. PENNSYLVANIA, E. D. Wm. Butler ; W. D., W. W. Ketcham. RUODB 
 ISLAND John P. Knowles. SOUTH CAROLINA George S. Bryan. TENNESSEE, E. 
 D. and M. D. Conally F. Trigg; W. D., E. S. Hammond. TEXAS, E. D. Amos 
 Morrill; W. D., T. H. Duval. VERMONT Hoyt H. Wheeler. VIRGINIA, E. D. 
 Robert W. Hughes: W. D., Alexander Rives. WEST VIRGINIA John J. Jackson. 
 WISCONSIN, E. D. Charles E. Dyer; W. D., Romanza Bunn. Of these District 
 Judges, two (Cal. audCol.). receive $5,000 each; one (La.), $4,500; nine (Md., 
 Mass., N. J., N. Y. 3, Penn. 2, and W. D. Ohio), $4,000 each; all the remainder 
 $3,500-each. 
 
 District Courts. Judges. (Territories). 
 
 ARIZONA C. G. W: French. DAKOTA Peter C. Shannon. IDAHO John T. 
 Morgan. MONTANA D. S. Wade. NEW MEXICO L. Bradford Prince. UTAH
 
 16 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 John A. Hunter. WASHINGTON Roger S. Green. WYOMTNO James B. Sauer. 
 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA David K. Cartter, Chief Justice, $4,500. Alexander B. 
 Hagner, Walter S. Cox, Charles P. James, Andrew Wiley, Arthur B. McArthur, 
 Associates, $4,000 each. 
 
 Court of Claims. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 /C. D. Drake, Missouri, Chief Justice. $4,500 
 
 J. C. Bancroft Davis, New York 4,500 
 
 "Wm. H. Hunt, Louisiana 4,500 
 
 Charles C. Nott, New York 4,500 
 
 William A. Richardson 4,500 
 
 Archibald Hopkins, Clerk 3,000 
 
 John Randolph, Assistant Clerk 2,000 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 'Salary. 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture WM. G. LE Due, of Minnesota. . . : $3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk E. A. Carman,, of New Jersey. 1,800 
 
 Statistician C. Worthington, of Maryland 2,000 
 
 Entomologist J. W. Potter 2,000 
 
 Chemise-Peter Cottier, of Vermont 2,000 
 
 Superintendent of Botanical Gardens Wm. Saunders, of Pennsylvania. . . . 
 
 Superintendent of Seed Room A. Glass, of Dist. of Columbia 
 
 Botanist G. Vasey, of Illinois 
 
 Librarian E. H. Stevens, of Louisiana 
 
 Disbursing Clerk B. F. Fuller, of Illinois 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Congressional Printer J. D. DEFBEES, of Indiana 3,600 
 
 Chief Clerk A. F. Childs, of Dist. Columbia 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Commissioner of Education Gen. JOHN EATON, Jr., of Term $3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk Charles Warren 1,800 
 
 Translator Herman Jacobson. . 
 
 UNITED STATES MINT AND BRANCHES. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 A. Landou Snowden, Superintendent Philadelphia 
 
 Thomas C.Acton, do New York 
 
 Henry L. Dodge, do San Francisco, Cal 
 
 Henry S. Foote, do New Orleans, La 
 
 James Crawford, do Carson City, Nev 
 
 Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer Charlotte, N.C 
 
 Herman Silver, do Denver, Col 
 
 Wm. Penn Prescott, do Carson City, Nev 
 
 Albert Walters, do Boise City, Idaho 
 
 Charles Rumley, do Helena, Montana 
 
 Benjamin F. Flanders, Treasurer, New Orleans, La
 
 THE GENEEAL GOVERNMENT. 17 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 THE National Legislature consists of a Senate of two members from 
 each State, making the full Senate now consist of seventy-six members, 
 and a House of Eepresentatives, now having two hundred and ninety-three 
 members. The Senators are chosen by the Legislatures of their several 
 States, for a term of six years, either by concurrent vote or by joint ballot, 
 as the State may prescribe. The members of the House of Representa- 
 tives are usually elected by a plurality vote in districts of each State, 
 whose bounds are prescribed by the Legislature, for the term of two years. 
 In a few instances they have been elected at large : i. e.j by the plurality 
 vote of the entire State. 
 
 The Constitution requires nine years' citizenship to qualify for admis- 
 sion to the Senate, and seven years to the House of Representatives. 
 An act approved July 26, I860, requires the Legislature of each State 
 which shall be chosen next preceding the expiration of any Senatorial 
 term, on the second Tuesday after its first meeting, to elect a successor, 
 each House Dominating viva voce, and then convening in Joint Assembly 
 to compare nominations. In case of agreement, such person shall be 
 declared duly elected; and if they do not agree, then balloting to continue 
 from day to day at 12 M. during the session until choice has been made. 
 Vacancies are to be filled in like manner. The members of each 
 House receive a salary of $5,000 per annum, and actual mileage at 
 twenty cents per mile . For each day's absence, except when caused 
 by sickness, $8 per diem is deducted from the salary. The Speaker 
 of the House of Representatives receives $10,000. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 The House of Representatives of the United States is composed of 
 members elected by Districts. The number apportioned to the States has 
 varied at each decennial census, as shown by the following Table : 
 
 Cenau*. "When Apportioned. "Whole No. Rep. Ratio, Ono to 
 
 Uy Constitution , 65 
 
 1790 April 14, 1792 105 33,004 
 
 1SOO Jan. 14, 180-2 141 523,000 
 
 1810 Dec. 21, 1311 181 35,000 
 
 1820 March 7, 182-2 213 40,000 
 
 1830 May 22, 1832 240 46,700 
 
 1840 June 25, 1842 22 70,080 
 
 1850 July 30, 1852 233 93,423 
 
 1860 April, 1861 242 137,000 
 
 1870 Dec. 1871 , 281 142,000 
 
 By adding members for fractions of tho rntio, and the admission of Colorado, the numbor 
 of Representatives has been brought up lo 5:1)3.
 
 re 
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Presidents under tfie Federal Constitution. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Inaugurated. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Age at 
 Inaugu- 
 ration. 
 
 Tears 
 in 
 office. 
 
 Died. 
 
 Age 
 at 
 Deatjfc 
 
 1. (rcorge Washington, of Virgiuia . . 
 2. John Adams, ot Massachusetts . . . 
 3. Thomas Jefferson . of Virginia 
 
 April 30, 1789 
 Mar. 41797 
 Mar. 41801 
 Mar. 41809 
 Mar. 41817 
 Mar. 41825 
 Mar. 41829 
 Mar. 41837 
 Mar. 41841 
 
 Apr. 41841 
 Mar. 41845 
 Mar. 41849- 
 
 July 91850 
 Mar. 41853 
 Mar. 41857 
 Mar. 4-T-1861 
 
 Apr. 15-1865 
 Mar. 4 ICLII 
 Mar. 41877 
 
 1732 
 1735 
 1743 
 1751 
 1759 
 1767 
 1767 
 1782 
 1773 
 
 1790 
 1795 
 17e4 
 
 1800 
 1804 
 1791 
 1809 
 
 1808 
 1*22 
 1822 
 
 57 
 62 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 62 
 55 
 68 
 
 57 
 49 
 65 
 
 50 
 49 
 65 
 52 
 
 57 
 47 
 55 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 8 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 14, 1799 
 July 41826 
 July 41826 
 June 28, 1836 
 July 41831 
 Feb. 21!, 1^48 
 June 8 1845 
 July 24, 1862 
 April 4,1841 
 
 Jan. 17, 1862 
 June 15, 1*49 
 July 91850 
 
 Mar. 81874 
 Oct. 81869 
 June 11869 
 April 15, 1865 
 
 July 31,1675 
 
 68 
 91 
 83 
 85 
 73 
 80 
 78 
 79 
 63 
 
 7Z f 
 54 
 66 
 
 74 
 65 
 77 
 59 
 
 67 
 
 
 6. John Quincy Adams, of Mass 
 7. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. . . 
 8. Martin Van Buren, of New York 
 9. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio 
 10. John Tyler, or Virginia, Vice-Pres- 
 ident, succeeded President Harri- 
 
 )1. James K. Polk, of Tennessee 
 IS!. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana 
 13. Millard Fillmore, of N. Y., Vice 
 President, succeeded Pres. Taylor 
 who died July 9 1850 
 
 14. Franklin Pierce, of N. Hampshire 
 15. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania 
 16 Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois 
 
 17. Andrew Johnson, Viee-Pregidcnt 
 succeeded President Lincoln, who 
 was assassinated April 14, 1665 . . . 
 18. Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois 
 
 19. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio 
 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Inaugurated. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Died. 
 
 1. John Adams, of Massachusetts 
 
 1789 
 
 1735 
 
 1826 
 
 Z.' Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia 
 
 1797 
 
 1743 
 
 1826 
 
 3. Aaron Burr, of New York 
 
 1801 
 
 1750 
 
 1836 
 
 4.' George Clinton, of New York 
 
 1805 
 
 1739 
 
 181-2 
 
 5. Elbridgo Gerry, o f Massachusetts 
 
 1813 
 
 1744 
 
 1814 
 
 C. Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York . 
 
 1817 
 
 1744 
 
 1825 
 
 7. John C. Calhoan, of South Carolina 
 
 1825 
 
 1782 
 
 1850 
 
 8. Martin Van Buren, of New York 
 
 1833 
 
 1782 
 
 1803 
 
 9. Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky 
 
 1837 
 
 1780 
 
 1850 
 
 10. John Tyler, of Virginia . 
 
 1341 
 
 1790 
 
 1862 
 
 11, George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania 
 
 1845 
 
 1792 
 
 1B65 
 
 12. Mitlard Fillmore, of New Y*brk 
 
 1849 
 
 1800 
 
 1874 
 
 13. William R. King, of Alabama 
 
 1853 
 
 1786 
 
 1853 
 
 14. John O. Brec ken ridge of Kentucky 
 
 1857 
 
 1881 
 
 1875 
 
 15, Hannibal Haraliu, of Maine 
 
 1861 
 
 1809 
 
 
 10. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee . 
 
 1865 
 
 1808 
 
 ItTS 
 
 17. Schuvler Colfax ot" Indiana 
 
 1869 
 
 1823 
 
 
 18. Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts 
 
 1873 
 
 | 1812 
 
 187& 
 
 1U. William A. Wheeler, of New York... 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 Chief Justices of tJie Supreme Court of tlie United States. 
 
 Name. 
 
 State. 
 
 Term of 
 Service. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Died. 
 
 John Jay 
 John Rut-ledge 
 
 New York 
 
 17891795 
 1795 1795 
 
 1745 
 1739 
 
 1829 
 1800 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth 
 
 
 1706 180J 
 
 1752 
 
 107 
 
 Jojin Marshall 
 
 
 1801 1830 
 
 1755 
 
 1836 
 
 Roger B. Taney 
 Salmon P. Chase 
 
 Maryland 
 Ohio 
 
 1836 18C4 
 18C4 1873 
 
 1777 
 1808 
 
 1864 
 1873 
 
 Morrison R. Waite 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1874.... | 
 
 l<5 
 
 
 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 State. 
 
 Term of 
 Service. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Died. 
 
 .Tohn Rutledgo 
 William Cushing 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 17891791 
 17891810 
 
 1739 
 1733 
 
 1800 
 1810 
 
 James Wilson 
 
 
 1789 1798 
 
 1742 
 
 1798 
 
 John Blair 
 
 
 1789 1796 
 
 1732 
 
 1800 
 
 Robert H. Harrison 
 Jumps Iredell 
 
 Maryland 
 
 17391789 
 17901799 
 
 1745 
 1750 
 
 1790 
 1799 
 
 Thomas .Johnson 
 "William Patterson . . . 
 
 Maryland 
 New Jersey. .. 
 
 17911703 
 179:! IPOfi 
 
 17T2 
 174:1 
 
 1819 
 'HOfi
 
 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 Associate Justices of Hie Supreme Court oftlie U. S. (Continued.) 
 
 Name. 
 
 State. 
 
 Term of 
 Service. 
 
 Bom. 
 
 Died. 
 
 Samuel Chase 
 
 Bushrod Washington 
 
 Maryland 
 Virginia 
 North Carolina 
 
 17961811 
 17981829 
 1799--1804 
 
 1741 
 1759 
 1755 
 
 1811 
 1829 
 1810 
 
 
 South Carolina. . . 
 
 1804 -1834 
 
 1771 
 
 1834 
 
 
 New York 
 
 180K 1823 
 
 1757 
 
 1823 
 
 Thomas Todd 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 18071826 
 
 1765 
 
 1826 
 
 Joseph Story 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 18111845 
 
 1779 
 
 1845 
 
 Gabriel Duval 
 
 Maryland 
 
 18111835 
 
 1751 
 
 1844 
 
 
 New York 
 
 18231845 
 
 1767 
 
 1845 
 
 Jiobert Trimble 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 18261829 
 
 1776 
 
 1829 
 
 John McLean 
 
 Ohio 
 
 18291861 
 
 1785 
 
 1861 
 
 Henry Baldwin 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 18301846 
 
 1779 
 
 1846 
 
 James M. Wayno 
 
 Georgia 
 
 18351867 
 
 1786 
 
 1867 
 
 Philip H. Harbour 
 
 Virginia 
 
 18361841 
 
 1779 
 
 1841 
 
 John Cat ron 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 18371865 
 
 1786 
 
 1865 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 18371852 
 
 
 1852 
 
 Peter V. Daniel . . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 1841 1860 
 
 J785 
 
 1860 
 
 Samuel Nelson 
 
 New York 
 
 lfri 1851 
 
 1792 
 
 1863 
 
 Lievi Woodbnry. 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 
 18451851 
 
 1790 
 
 1851 
 
 Robert C. Gtier 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 1846 1870 
 
 1794 
 
 1870 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 18511857 
 
 1809 
 
 
 James A. Campbell 
 
 Alabama ..., 
 
 1853 185(i 
 
 1802 
 
 
 Nathan Clifford - 
 
 Maine .......... 
 
 1858 . .. 
 
 1803 
 
 .1 
 
 Noah H. 8wavn... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 isea . .. 
 
 1805 
 
 
 Samuel 7. Miller 
 
 Iowa .............. 
 
 18C8 . .. 
 
 1816 
 
 
 DaridDavls. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1832 1877 
 
 1815 
 
 
 flfeophon J. FleM .............. ., 
 
 California 
 
 
 1817 
 
 
 
 
 1870 . .. 
 
 l09 
 
 
 Jooepb P. Bradley 
 
 
 1S79 
 
 1813 
 
 
 "Ward Hunt 
 
 New York 
 
 1872. .. 
 
 1811 
 
 
 John M. llarlan 
 
 Kentucky ........ 
 
 1877 
 
 1814 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IPPOSTTONlfENT OF REPEESENTATTYES. 
 By Act Deo. 14, 1871, under census of 1870. 
 
 .Alabama 
 
 8 
 
 Kansas ....... 
 
 .. 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 Rhode Island . 
 South Carolina 
 
 2 
 ..I 5 
 
 10 
 
 Arkansas 
 California 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 Kentucky 
 Louisiana 
 
 ...10 
 ...6 
 
 Nevada 
 New Hampshire 
 New Jersey. 
 New York 
 North Carolina. . 
 Ohio. 
 
 .. 1 
 .. 3 
 
 .. 7 
 ..33 
 
 .. 8 
 20 
 
 
 4 
 
 Maine 
 
 ... 5 
 
 c 
 
 Texas 
 Virginia 
 
 ... 6 
 ... 9 
 3 
 
 Delaware. . . 
 
 1 
 
 Florida . . . 
 
 2 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Michigan 
 
 ...11 
 
 ... 9 
 
 XJeorgia 
 
 9 
 
 West Virginia . 
 
 ... 3 
 . . 8 
 
 Illinois 
 
 19 
 
 Minnesota .... 
 
 ... 3 
 
 Ore "on . ... 
 
 1 
 
 Indiana 
 
 13' 
 
 Mississippi.. .. 
 
 . c 
 
 Pennsylvania. . . . 
 
 ..27 
 
 Colorado, 
 Totai 
 
 1 
 
 ..293 
 
 Iowa 
 
 .... 9 
 
 Missouri 
 
 ...13 
 
 The ratio of apportionment is 'about 142,000 inhabitants for a 
 Member of Congress, though allowance is made for fractions in 
 .excess of one-half. 
 
 Expense of maintaining the government, not including the inter- 
 est on the bonds, for each year from 1861 to 1878 : 
 
 Jane 30, 1862 $570, 841, 700 25 
 
 1863 714,709,99558 
 
 1864 865,234,08786 
 
 1865 1,290,312,982 41 
 
 1866 1,141,072,66609 
 
 " 1867 346,729,12433 
 
 1868 377,340,284 00 
 
 1H69 321,490,59775 
 
 1870 309,653,560 75 
 
 June 30, 1871 $292,177,188 25 
 
 1872 270,559,695 91 
 
 1873 2(52,254,216 97 
 
 1874 302,63:3,873 76 
 
 1875 268,447,54376 
 
 1876 258,459,79710 
 
 1877 238,660,0893 
 
 1878 236,964,326 80 
 
 1879 161,610,933 53
 
 VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE UNITED STATES iy 1370. 
 
 f . . - 
 
 ^^-^--*70'30Cv55--0^0-tr6-<^^--.c5-3-0-t*--^Q0^1 Cl I-- tS T - '3 1^ TO 
 
 cfa>^rroocc'oo^'^^rCrfro'ift'^i'^:^co':o^ 
 
 -q^i^> OO-^'M-H^JOOOCO 00 CO CO CO!-*. O C-I-^OOO CO >* OO * CO O CS r* 
 
 
 co -"tTeo ^^^ 
 
 i OOr-t 
 
 
 ING 
 
 870. 
 
 i^r-Tc^in'o"r-i'cc"-t''c<r^V'^t'o^3o'oi ^'^"^^^Q'c^*^'^'^^cd^^^'td"*.o'C) irfid'o'co-Hr-T 
 
 ^ CQOirt MOOM W^eO!ScOt>-i- 00 KjS ^l^aje - Mr-ti-*-* 
 
 ff >' 'r- 
 
 o o io o -M '.o ^- -o :o :Jc co -t- o-i i-^coosr-* jo'-ogsi^-oco^? ^C* V3 'TCX^ ^S l ^'-^ ^j 
 
 Scd! 
 3,4 
 
 te2> 
 
 HOT K 
 L, or 
 
 STATK. 
 
 t-~'?f T*}* *'** t*^ffQ-4 
 
 cO'O^-iCO^'-^^O^O'orQ 
 
 o -H ro c^ oo < 
 
 32 
 
 <TJ -^ to T^i c^ c-o ift' -tf 3* '. 
 
 O'M-H'Sl -n '/ i - :-: -, ^ 
 
 co -^5 1 co o ci ^ -f ro cr^i -. 
 
 "' 
 
 3 * eo < IQ co i *o < 
 
 |3.ss,aaa.^fcs 
 
 ^liSlSssilj 
 
 '5 7-1 rt* co TO ^j * & >f5 * ^ ~p r 3 
 O tfs '-o -rt< r "i 7^ cc -f 10 >n w ?^ 
 
 |
 
 THS PUBLIC DEBT. 21 
 
 PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 OCTOBER 1, 1880. 
 
 Debt bearing Interest. 
 
 Bonds at 6 per cent $222,819.050 00 
 
 Bonds at 5 per cent , , ' 474,531,550 00 
 
 Bonds at 4 per cent 250,000,000 00 
 
 Bonds at 4 per cent .' 738,263,950 00 
 
 Refunding Certificates 1,083,850 00 
 
 Navy Pension Fund 14,000,000 00 
 
 Principal $1,700,698,400 00 
 
 Interest 18,134,503 00 
 
 Debt on which Interest has ceased since Maturity. 
 
 Principal 6,011,665 00 
 
 Interest ' 764,356 00 
 
 Debt bearing no Interest. 
 
 Old demand and Legal-Tender Notes $346,741 ,841 00 
 
 Certificates of Deposit 9,965,000 00 
 
 Fractional Currency 7,181,940 00 
 
 Gold and Silver Certificates 26,033,660 00 
 
 Principal $389,922,441 00 
 
 Unclaimed Interest. 8,077 00 
 
 Total Debt. 
 
 Principal $2,096,632,507 00- 
 
 Interest 1 8,906,936 00 
 
 Total 2,1 15,539,443 00 
 
 Cash in Treasury. 
 Total Cash in Treasury, at date $199,945,260 00 
 
 Debt less Cash in the Treasury, December 1, 1875 $2,117,917,132 67 
 
 Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1876 2,089,336,099 42 
 
 Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1877 2,046,027,065 94 
 
 Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1878 2,027,414,325 79 
 
 Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1879 2,016,049,722 83 
 
 Debt less Cash in Treasury, October 1, 1880 1,915,594,183 00 
 
 Bonds to Pacific Railway Companies, Interest payable in Lawful Money. 
 
 Principal outstanding $64,623,512 00 
 
 Interest accrued and not yet paid 909,352 00 
 
 Interest paid by the United States 47,589,861 00. 
 
 Interest repaid by Transportation of Mails, etc 13,824,655 00 
 
 By Cash Payments 5 per cent, net earnings 6~5,199 00 
 
 Balance of Interest paid by the United States 33,1 10,008 00
 
 22 
 
 THE PUBLIC DEBT. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DEBT MAECH 1, 1879. 
 
 THE LOANS MADE BY GOVEKNMENT NOT YET REDEEMED. 
 1. Debt bearing Interest on Coin. 
 
 TITLE OF LOAN. 
 
 Amo'nt 
 Issued 
 in Mil- 
 lions. 
 
 Per Cent 
 Interest 
 
 'When Redeemable. 
 
 Amount 
 Out stand- 
 ing. 
 
 Accrued 
 Interest to> 
 Date. 
 
 
 20,000 
 7,022 
 18,415 
 1,091 
 189,327 
 75,000 
 
 194,567 
 
 379,506 
 42,540 
 
 508,440 
 250,000 
 
 5 
 5 
 C 
 6 
 G 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4)4 
 4 
 
 After Jan. 1, 1874 
 
 260,000 
 
 3,250 00 
 
 Loan of Jan. 1, 1861 (Act of ? 
 June 22 1860 J 
 
 < After Jan.l, 1871 &be-? 
 \ fore Jan. 1,1881 5 
 Pay able Jnn 1 1681 
 
 18,415,000 
 945,000 
 189,321,350 
 75,000,000 
 
 194,566,300 
 161,857,600 
 
 508,440,350 
 
 250,000,000 
 406,900,000 
 
 184,150 00 
 9,45000 
 1,893,213 50 
 750,000 00 
 
 4,864,157 50 
 5,612,472 75 
 
 2,118,501 46 
 
 937,500 00 
 8,220,567 25- 
 
 Loan of Feb. 8, 1861 (1881's).. 
 Oregon "War Debt, July 1, ? 
 1861 (Act of MarchS 1861) $ 
 L'n July 17&Aug. 5, '61('81's) 
 Loan of 1 1863, dated June 15, J 
 1864 (1881 s), 3d issue J 
 
 Ten-Forties of 1864 
 
 Payable July 1, 1881 
 Payable Jan. &. July ; 1881 
 Pay 'ble after June 30, 1881 
 ( After March 1,1 874, & ) 
 \ Payable M'ch 1,1904. 5 
 After July 1, 1K72 \ 
 After July 1 , 1873 J 
 
 Five- Twenties of 1867* 
 Five-Twenties of 1868 
 
 Fnn'd L'n 1881, issued under > 
 ActsJ'ly 14,'70&Jan.20,'71 J 
 Fitn'dL'n 1801, Acts TO & '71. 
 Fund'dL'n of 1907, same Acts. 
 
 After May 1,1881 
 
 After Sept. 1, 1891 
 
 After July 1, 1907 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,014,271,900 
 
 24,603,587 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Debt bearing Interest in Currency or lawful money. 
 
 TITLE OF LOAN. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Interest. 
 
 Principal 
 Outstanding. 
 
 Interest 
 Accrued<t 
 not yet 
 Paid. 
 
 Balance of 
 Int'stpaidby 
 Uiiit'd State*. 
 
 
 3 
 
 $14 000,000 
 
 f210 000 
 
 
 PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANIES LOANS. 
 Conditional Half interest now and all the principal and 
 interest eventually to be paid by Companies- 
 Central Pacific 
 
 C 
 
 25 8P5 120 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 303 000 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 27236J512 
 
 
 
 Central Branch of Union Pacific 
 
 6 
 
 1 600.000 
 
 > 646,235 
 
 41,773,743 00 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,970 560 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1,628320 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 $64,623,512 
 
 $646235 
 
 $41 773 745 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 There had been also to March 1, 1879, $10,658,076 of interest paid by trans- 
 portation of mails, &c. These loans are to run 30 years from date of their issue. 
 
 3. Debt on which the Interest has ceased since maturity. 
 
 
 PrCt 
 
 Principal. 
 
 Interest. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Called Bonds not yet Surrendered May 1, 1979 
 
 6 
 
 67,429,110 
 
 1,203,641 
 
 68,629,755 
 
 4. Debt bearing no Interest. 
 
 TITLE OF DEBT. 
 
 Principal. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Old Demand and Legal Tender Notes 
 
 $346.742,941 
 46,100,000 
 
 15,986,412 
 19,087,680 
 
 $ More than half of this is probably 
 ( destroyed by flre or otherwise. 
 Am'nt diminished since redempt'n. 
 
 Certificates of Deposit. 
 
 Fractional Currency 
 
 Coin and Silver Certificates 
 
 
 * Before May 1, 1879, all the Five-Twenties, amounting to $1,602.5S7,350, were funded into the 5. 4^ anil 
 4 per cent. Loans, the Loan of June 14, 1853 and all the Ten-Korties of 1864, amounting together lo- 
 $194,826,300, were called in, and by July 10, all would be refunded in Four per cents.
 
 THE PUBLIC DEBT. 
 
 PUBLIC DEBT AT ITS MAXIMUM CUKEENCY AT ITS COIN VALUE. 
 
 The public debt reached its maximum on August 31, 18G5, when it amounted to 
 $2,845,907,626, composed as follows: 
 
 Funded debt $1,109,568,192 
 
 Matured debt 
 
 Temporary loans 
 
 Certificates of debt 
 
 Five per cent, legal-tender notes 
 
 Compound-interest legal- tender notes. 
 
 Seven-thirty notes 
 
 United States notes, (legal tenders).. . . 
 
 Fractional Currency 
 
 Suspended requisitions uncalled for. . . 
 
 1.503,020 
 
 ....; 107,14.8,713 
 
 85,093,000 
 
 , 33,954,230 
 
 217,024,160 
 
 830,000,000 
 
 433,160,569 
 
 26,344,742 
 
 2,111,000 
 
 Total $2,845,907,626 
 
 Of these obligatioms $684,138,959 were a legal-tender in the payment of all 
 debts, public and private, except customs, duties and interest on the public debt. 
 
 The amount of legal- tender notes, demand notes, fractional currency, and national 
 currency, and national bank notes, outstanding on August 31, 1865, and annually 
 thereafter, from January 1, 1866, to January 1, 1878, and the amounts outstanding 
 November 1, 1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency 
 price of gold, and the gold price of currency, at each date : 
 
 Bate. 
 
 United States Issue. 
 
 Notes of na- 
 tional banks 
 including 
 Gold Notes. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 2 
 
 "U 
 
 ti 
 
 v 
 
 5*3 
 
 Gold price of 
 SlvO Oui Tencj- 
 
 Legal-tender 
 Notes. 
 
 Old 
 Demand 
 
 Kotes. 
 
 Fractional 
 Currency. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1865 
 
 $432,757,604 
 
 $402,965 
 
 $26,344,742 
 
 $176,213,955 
 
 *635,719,266 
 
 $144 25 
 
 $69 35 
 
 Jan. 1, 186G 
 
 425,839,319 
 
 392 070 
 
 26,000,420 
 
 298,588,419 
 
 750,820,228 
 
 144 50 
 
 69 20 
 
 Jan. 1, 18C7 
 
 380,276,100 
 
 221,682 
 
 28,732,812 
 
 299,846,206 
 
 709,076,860 
 
 133 00 
 
 75 IS 
 
 Jan. 1, 18G8 
 
 356,000,000 
 
 159,127 
 
 31,597,583 
 
 299,747,569 
 
 687,504,279 
 
 133 25 
 
 75 04 
 
 Jan. 1, I860 
 
 355,892,975 
 
 128,098 
 
 34,215,715 
 
 299,629,322 
 
 689,866,110 
 
 135 00 
 
 74 07 
 
 Jan. 1, 1870 
 
 356,000,000 
 
 113,098 
 
 39,762,664 
 
 299,904,029 
 
 695,779,791 
 
 120 00 
 
 83 33 
 
 Jan. 1, 1871 
 
 356,000,000 
 
 101,086 
 
 39,995,089 
 
 206,307,672 
 
 702,403,847 
 
 110 75 
 
 90 29 
 
 Jaa; 1, 1872 
 
 357,500,000 
 
 92,801 
 
 40,707,877 
 
 328,465,431 
 
 726,826,109 
 
 109 50 
 
 91 32 
 
 Jan. 1, 1873 
 
 358,557,907 
 
 84,387 
 
 45,722,061 
 
 344,582,812 
 
 748,947,167 
 
 112 00 
 
 89 23 
 
 Jan. 1, 1874 
 
 378,401,702 
 
 79,637 
 
 48,544,792 
 
 350,848,236 
 
 777,874.367 
 
 110 25 
 
 90 70 
 
 Jan. 1, 1875 
 
 382,0*0,000 
 
 72,317 
 
 46,390,598 
 
 354,128,250 
 
 782,591,165 
 
 112 50 
 
 88 89 
 
 Jan. 1, 1876 
 
 371,827,220 
 
 69,642 
 
 44,147.072 
 
 346,479,756 
 
 762,523,690 
 
 112 75 
 
 88 6d 
 
 Jan. 1, 1877 
 
 366,055,084 
 
 65.462 
 
 26,348,206 
 
 321,595,606 
 
 714,064,358 
 
 107 00 
 
 93 46 
 
 Jan. 1, 1878 
 
 349,943,776 
 
 63,532 
 
 17,764,109 
 
 321,672,505 
 
 689,443,922 
 
 102 87 
 
 97 21 
 
 Nov. 1, 1878 
 
 346,681,016 
 
 62,065 
 
 16,211,193 
 
 322,460,715 
 
 685,414,989 
 
 100 25 
 
 99 75
 
 THK PTTKHG DEB1. 
 
 REDUCTION OF THE NATIONAL DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 from March 1, 1869, to January I, 1881. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 Debt of the 
 UnitC'l States, 
 less cash in the 
 Treasury. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 Debt of the 
 United States, 
 less cash in the 
 Treasury. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 Debt of the 
 United State*, 
 less cash in tho 
 Treasury. 
 
 1869 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 Mar. 1.. 
 
 2,525,463,260 
 
 Mar. 1 . 
 
 2,157,380,700 
 
 Mar. 1. 
 
 2,083,781,143 
 
 June 1 . . 
 
 2,505,412,613 
 
 June 1 . 
 
 2,149,963,873 
 
 June 1 . 
 
 2,063,377,342 
 
 Sept. 1 . . 
 
 2,475,962,501 
 
 Sept. 1 . 
 
 2,140,695,365 
 
 Sept. 1 . 
 
 2,055,469,779 
 
 Dec. 1 . . 
 
 2,453,559,735 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,150,862,053 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,046,027,066 
 
 1870 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 Mar. 1.. 
 
 2,438,323,477 
 
 Mar. 1 . 
 
 2,154,880,066 
 
 Mar. 1 . 
 
 2,042,037,129 
 
 June 1 . . 
 
 2,406,562,371 
 
 June 1 . 
 
 2,145,268,438 
 
 June 1 . 
 
 2,035,786,841 
 
 Sept.l.. 
 
 2,355,921,150 
 
 Sept. 1 . 
 
 2,140,178,614 
 
 Sept. 1 . 
 
 2,029,105,020 
 
 Dec. 1.. 
 
 2,334,308,494 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,138,938,334 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,027,414,326 
 
 1871 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 Mar.l.. 
 
 2,320,708,846 
 
 Mar. 1 . 
 
 2,137,315,989 
 
 Mar. 1. 
 
 2,026,207,541 
 
 June 1 . . 
 
 2,299,134,184 
 
 June 1. 
 
 2,130,119,975 
 
 July 1. 
 
 2,027,207,256 
 
 Sept. 1 . . 
 
 2,274,122,560 
 
 Sept. 1. 
 
 2,125,808,789 
 
 Oct. 1. 
 
 2,027,202,452 
 
 Dec. 1 . .' 
 
 2,248,251,367 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,117,917,132 
 
 Dec.31. 
 
 2,011,798,505 
 
 1872 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 Mar. 1 . . 
 
 2,225,813,497 
 
 Mar. 1 . 
 
 2,114,960,306 
 
 Apr ill. 
 
 1,980,392,824 
 
 June 1 . . 
 
 2,193,517,378 
 
 July 1. 
 
 2,099,439,344 
 
 July 1. 
 
 1,942,172,296 
 
 Sept. 1 . . 
 
 2,177,322.020 
 
 Sept. 1 . 
 
 2,095,181,941 
 
 Oct. 1. 
 
 1,915,594,183 
 
 Dec. 1 . . 
 
 2,160,568,030 
 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 2,089,336.099 
 
 Dec.31. 
 
 
 DEBT OF EACH ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Washington's First Term 1793 $80,352,636 
 
 do Second Term 1797 82,064,479 
 
 John Adam's 1801 82,038,050 
 
 Jefferson's First Term 1805 82,312,150 
 
 do Second Term 1809 57,023,192 
 
 Madison's First Term 1813 59,962,827 
 
 do Second Term 1817 123,491,965 
 
 Monroe's First Terra 1821 89,987,427 
 
 do Second Term 1825 , 83,788,432 
 
 John Qnincy Adams 1829 59,421,413 
 
 Jackson's First Term 1833 7,001,022 
 
 Interest 1836 291,089 
 
 Jackson's Second Term 1837 1,895,312 
 
 VanBuren 1841 6,488,784 
 
 Tyler 1845 17,093,794 
 
 Polk 1849 64,704,693 
 
 Fillraore * 1853 67,340,620 
 
 Pierce ,....'... 1857 29,060,387 
 
 Buchanan 1861 90,867,828 
 
 Lincoln 1865 2,682,593,026 
 
 Johnson January 1 1866 2,810,810,357 
 
 Johnson March 4 1869 2,491,399.904 
 
 Grant March 1 1871 2,320,708,846 
 
 ,-do March 1 1872 2,225,813,497 
 
 do March 4 1873 2,157,380,700 
 
 do March 1 1876 2,114,960,306 
 
 do March 4 1877 2,088,781,143 
 
 Hayes March 4 1878 2,042,037,129 
 
 do March 1 1879 2,026,207,541 
 
 do . Mar^li 1 1880 1,995,112,221
 
 I HE PUBLIC DEBT. 
 
 25 
 
 PAPER MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The amount of Legal Tender notes, Demand Notes, Fractional Currency, and 
 National Bank Notes outstanding on August 31, 1865, and annually thereafter, from 
 January 1, I860, to January 1, 1879, and the amounts outstanding November 1 
 1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold 
 nnd the gold price of currency at each date, prepared by the Comptroller of the 
 Currency : 
 
 Date. 
 
 United States Issues. 
 
 Notes of 
 National 
 Banks, in- 
 cluding 
 Gold Notes. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 .22 
 
 "E'o 
 
 &o 
 
 ^-o 
 So 
 
 15 
 
 o<= 
 
 s 
 l| 
 
 S 
 
 ^2 
 OS 
 
 $69 32 
 69 20 
 75 18 
 75 04 
 74 07 
 83 33 
 CO 29 
 91 32 
 89 28- 
 90 70 
 88 89 
 68 69 
 93 46 
 87 21 
 99 75 
 100 00 
 
 inooo 
 
 100 00 
 
 Legal - Ten- 
 der Notes. 
 
 Old De- 
 mand 
 Notes. 
 
 Fractional 
 Currency. 
 
 An<-31 1865 
 
 |432,757,C04 
 425,839,319 
 380,276,160 
 356,000,000 
 355,892,975 
 356,000,000 
 356,000.000 
 357,500,000 
 358,557,007 
 378,401.702 
 382,000.000 
 371,827,220 
 366,055,084 
 349.943,776 
 346,681,016 
 346,681,016 
 846,081.016 
 846,6S1,01C 
 
 $402,955 
 392,070 
 221,682 
 159,127 
 128,098 
 113,098 
 101.086 
 92,801 
 84,387 
 79,637 
 72.317 
 69,642 
 65,4fi2 
 63.532 
 62,065 
 62,035 
 61,RG5 
 61,195 
 
 $76,344,742 
 26,000,420 
 28,732,812 
 31,597,583 
 34,215,715 
 39,762,664 
 39,995,089 
 40,767.877 
 45,722,061 
 48,544.792 
 46.390,598 
 44,147,072 
 26,348.206 
 17.764,109 
 16,211,193 
 16,108.155 
 15,710,960 
 15,625,297 
 
 $176,213,955 
 298,588,419 
 299,846,206 
 299,747,569 
 299,629,322 
 299,904,029 
 306,307,672 
 328,465.431 
 344,582,812 
 350,848.23(i 
 354,128.250 
 346,479,756 
 321,595,606 
 321,672.505 
 322,460,715 
 319,652,121 
 83T,181,418 
 
 $635,719,266 
 750,820.228 
 709,076.860 
 687.504,279 
 689,866,110 
 695,779,791 
 702,403,847 
 7-J6.826.109 
 748,947,167 
 777,874 367 
 782,591.165 
 762,523,690 
 714,064,358 
 689,443,92-J 
 685,414,'IHi 
 682,503,327 
 699,634,759 
 
 $144 25 
 144 50 
 133 00 
 133 25 
 135 00 
 120 00 
 110 75 
 109 50 
 112 00 
 110 25 
 112 50 
 112 75 
 107 00 
 102 87 
 100 25 
 100 00 
 100 00 
 100 00 
 
 Jan 1 1866 
 
 Jan 1 1867 
 
 Jan 1 1868 
 
 Jan.l, 1869 
 Jan 1 1870 
 
 Jan 1 1871 ... 
 
 Jan. 1,1872 
 
 Jan. 1.1873 
 Jan 1 1874 
 
 Jan. 1,1875 
 
 Jan 1, 1876 
 
 Jan. 1. 1877 
 
 Jan. 1 1878 
 
 Nov.l, 1878 
 
 Jan. 1 1879 
 
 Nov. 1,1879 
 
 April 1,1880 
 
 From the organization of the U. S. Government to the 30th day 
 of June, 1861, that day being the close of the fiscal year, the U. S. 
 Government had called into its Treasury from the people the follow- 
 ing sums from the following sources : 
 
 Customs Eevenues $1,575,152,579 92 
 
 Land Disposed of 175,817,961 00 
 
 Taxes and other Receipts 95,305,322 56 
 
 Total Ordinary Revenue from 1789 to 1861 1,846,275,863 48 
 
 Total Expenditure, same period 1,453,790,786 00 
 
 Excess Revenue $392,485,077 48 
 
 The following sums have been paid out as interest on Bonds for 
 the past 15 years for the fiscal years ending : . s 
 
 June 30, 1861 $6,112,296 18 
 
 1862 13,190,32445 
 
 1863 24,729,846 61 
 
 1864 53,685,421 69 
 
 1865 132,987,350 25 
 
 1866 133,067,741 69 
 
 1867 135,034,011 04 
 
 1868 140,424,04500 
 
 1869 130,61-4,242 80 
 
 June 30, 1870 129,235,498 00 
 
 1871 125,576,565 93 
 
 1872 117,357839 72 
 
 1873 140,947,583 27 
 
 1874 107,119,815 21 
 
 1375 103,093,544 67 
 
 1876..: 100,243,271 23 
 
 1877 97,124,51158 
 
 1878 *102, 500,874 65 
 
 1879 *10f),327,949 00 
 
 This apparent increase is due, to the payment of three months interest on tlie called bonds, interest 
 
 being paid also on the 4*4 and 4 per cent bonds from the time of purchase. The next two years wiV. 
 
 how a large reduction.
 
 26 GOLD AND SILVER COINS. PTROLEUM. TERRITORIAL GOVEttNlfTS, 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER COINS. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Monetary Unit. 
 
 Standard. 
 
 Value 
 iuU.S. 
 Mon'.v 
 
 Standard Coins. 
 
 Austria... ...... 
 
 Florin... 
 
 
 
 8 Guldens or 20 f. Gold, $3.85.89. 
 5, 10, and 20 Francs. 
 Escudo, half Bolivar, and Boliva*. 
 None. 
 None. 
 None. 
 Dollar. 
 Condor, Doubloon and Escudo. 
 10 and 20 Crowns. 
 Dollar. 
 5, 10, 25 and 50 Piasters. 
 5, 10 and 20 Francs. 
 Half Sovereign and Sovereign. 
 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Drachma 
 5, 10 and 20 ilarks. 
 1, 2, 5, 10 and SO Yen. 
 
 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Lire. 
 
 Peso or Dollar, 5. 10, 25 & 50 Centaoo 
 Fioriu ; Teu Guldens, Gold, |4.01.09t 
 10 and 20 Crowns. 
 
 2. 5, and 10 Milreis. 
 Quarter, Half and One Rouble. 
 
 5, 10. 20. 50 and 100 Pesetas. 
 10 and 20 Crowns. 
 5, 10 and 20 Francs. 
 
 25, 50, 190, 250 and 500 Piasters 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 Franc 
 
 Gold&Silv'r 
 Gold&Silv'r 
 Gold- 
 
 $.19.3 
 0.96.5 
 0.54.5 
 1.00.0 
 096.5 
 0.93.5 
 0.91.2 
 0.26 8 
 0.93.5 
 4.97.4 
 0.19.3 
 4.80.65 
 0.19.3 
 0.23.8 
 0.99.7 
 0.44.4 
 0.19.3 
 1.00.0 
 101.5 
 038.5 
 0.26.8 
 093.5 
 1.08.0 
 0.74.8 
 1.00.0 
 0.19.3 
 0.26.8 
 019.3 
 0.84.4 
 0.04.3 
 0.93.5 
 
 Bolivia 
 Brazil 
 
 Dollar 
 Milreisof 1,000 reis. 
 Dollar 
 Peso 
 Dollar 
 Peso 
 Crown 
 Dollar 
 
 Brit.Pos8.N.Am 
 Bogota 
 CentralAmsrica 
 Chili 
 Denmark 
 Ecuador 
 
 Gold 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Gold 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 
 E"ypt 
 
 Pound, 100 Piasters. 
 Franc 
 
 Gold 
 
 France 
 
 Gold&Silv'r 
 Gold.. 
 
 Great Britain . . 
 Greece.. . . 
 
 Pound Sterling 
 
 Drachma 
 
 Gold&Silv'r 
 Gold 
 
 German Empire 
 Japan 
 India 
 
 Marli 
 
 Yen 
 
 Rupee of 10 Annas.. 
 Lira 
 
 Gold 
 Silv.-r 
 Gold&Silv'r 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Gold&Silv'i 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Gold 
 
 Italy ... 
 
 Liberia 
 Mexico 
 [Netherlands. 
 
 Dollar 
 Dollar 
 
 Norway 
 Pern 
 
 Crown 
 Dollar 
 
 Mill eis>f 1,000 reis 
 RoubleoflOOCopecs 
 Dollar 
 Peseta oflOOCentm's 
 Crown 
 Fran c 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Ku.xsi i.. 
 
 Silver 
 Gold 
 Gold&Silv'j 
 Gold 
 G<'ld&Silv'i 
 silver. ... 
 
 Sandwiclilsl'ds. 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 Switzerland . . 
 
 Tiipoli . . . 
 
 M abhubof 20 piast'rs 
 Piaster 
 Peso 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 
 U.S. ol'Colombia 
 
 
 
 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION. 
 
 PETROLEUM, crude nnd refined. Its production east of the Mississippi, and tha 
 amount exported in each of the last eight calendar years. 
 
 
 Production. 
 
 Exportation. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Quantities, 
 
 Values. 
 
 
 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 20S, 58 1,600 
 
 "149,892,691 
 
 *$36,894,810 
 
 * Fiscal Years. After 1874, 
 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 250,243,200 
 394,850,400 
 
 '145,171,593 
 
 "187,815,187 
 
 "34,058,390 
 "42,050,756 
 
 tho Amounts and Values ai* 
 for Calendar Years. 
 
 1874 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 432,104,400 
 6H.Je30toD.31 
 350,320920 
 
 "247,806,483 
 130,106,065 
 238,548.312 
 
 *41, 245,815 
 17,072,677 
 31,734,093 
 
 1874 was a year of excep- 
 tionally large production, and 
 the exports increased in pro- 
 portion, but leaving out that 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 366,683,400 
 602,459,200 
 619.007.004 
 
 263,453,296 
 361,887.225 
 349,346,253 
 
 49,045,040 
 f>7,539,8?3 
 41.022,007 
 
 year, and there has been a 
 steady, and for the most, part, 
 rapid increase, both in the pro- 
 duction and export of Petro- 
 
 Totals. 
 
 3,224,250,124 
 
 2,074,027,097 
 
 $351,163,461 
 
 leum. 
 
 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 GOVERNORS. 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 GOVERNORS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bcnj P. Potts. 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Sitku 
 
 
 Now -Mexico... 
 Utah 
 
 Santa Fc 
 Salt Lake City 
 
 (Jen. Low Wallace. 
 Eli H. Murray. 
 
 Dist. Col'bia 
 Idaho 
 Inflinn 
 
 Washington. 
 Boise City,.. 
 Talileqnnh.. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 Mason Hrayman 
 Lewis Downing. 
 
 Washington 
 Wyoming 
 
 Olympia 
 Cheyenne 
 
 Klislm V. Kerry. 
 John H. Hoyt. 
 
 The Governors of the organized.Tert Stories receive a salary of $2,COO each.
 
 AXD BAXKINQ. 27 
 
 BANKS AND BANKING IN THE U. S. 
 
 NATIONAL BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Table, by States and geographical divisions, of the number of banks organized, closed 
 and closing, and in operation, with their capital, bonds on deposit, and circulation 
 issued, redeemed and outstanding on the 1st day of November, 1878. 
 
 STATES AXD TKRIU- 
 
 TOKJES. 
 
 BASKS. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 Cusciajanm. 
 
 Organ 
 izvd. 
 
 nl.i 
 .liilil- 
 li< n 
 
 Jit 
 OIHT- 
 
 Hli.m 
 
 Capital 
 Paiil in. 
 
 Bonds on 
 Deposit 
 
 Issned. 
 
 Redeemed. 
 
 Outstand- 
 ing. 
 
 Maine 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 50 
 242 
 G2 
 86 
 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 5 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 72 
 
 46 
 47 
 237 
 1 1 
 82 
 
 510.660,000 
 5,740.000 
 ^,533,000 
 95,407,000 
 20,009.800 
 2:>,504,e20 
 
 $9.6:6,2:0 
 5,769,000 
 7,662,500 
 72,221.950 
 14254.400 
 20,323 700 
 
 $20,538.530 
 12.118,075 
 18,979,600 
 166.473.645 
 35.020,715 
 47,555,410 
 
 $11,738,656 
 6,923,328 
 11,627,166 
 102,777.080 
 21,976,50.1 
 29,564.017 
 
 $8,799 924 
 5,194,741 
 7,352,434 
 63,696,r,6> 
 13,050,210 
 17,991,393 
 
 New Hampshire. . . 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 Totals, E. States- 
 New York 
 $ew Jetsey 
 
 5(il 
 
 16 
 
 545 
 
 165,654,420 
 
 129,857,800 
 
 300,692,025 
 
 184,006,752 
 
 116,085,27:5- 
 
 340 
 71 
 2, r >7 
 14 
 34 
 
 CO 
 2 
 22 
 
 "2 
 
 2cO 
 09 
 235 
 14 
 32 
 
 90,089.691 
 13,858,350 
 55,90!l,HO 
 1,76:1.985 
 12,865,010 
 
 55,766,300 
 12626,350 
 46,677,650 
 1,549,200 
 7,821,000 
 
 169,862,715 
 29,531,520 
 109,208,135 
 3.432.065 
 2-',314,450 
 
 118.990.888 
 18,172,195 
 66,960,1-30 
 2,000,005 
 14,614.27(5 
 
 50,871,827 
 11,359,325- 
 4 -',247,305. 
 1,432,060* 
 7,700,174 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 
 Totals, M. States 
 Distr't of Columbia 
 
 716 
 
 86 
 
 630 
 
 175,086,876 
 
 124,440,500 
 
 334,349,485 
 
 220,738,794 
 
 113,610,691 
 
 Jl 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 12 
 17 
 
 
 
 11 
 2 
 11 
 12 
 3 
 55 
 32 
 43 
 
 4 
 11 
 5 
 
 '5 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 7 
 21 
 
 7 
 18 
 IS 
 15 
 12 
 12 
 1 
 10 
 
 1.507,000 
 3,285.000 
 1,756,000 
 2. 55 1.0(0 
 2,851.100 
 2,041.000 
 50.000 
 1,658,000 
 
 1,1 55, 000 
 2,529,P50 
 1.458,000 
 1.7ti4.i 00 
 1,490,000 
 1,925,000 
 50.0CO 
 1,621,000 
 
 3,549,600 
 7.226,270 
 4,941,430 
 3,980.200 
 3,580.325 
 4,817,790 
 59,500 
 2,999.130 
 66,000 
 6,557.760 
 
 2,450,001 
 4.865.578 
 3.3K3.022 
 .2,272,720 
 2,230,960 
 2,891 381 
 15,700 
 1,511.142 
 65.389 
 4.53:5.224 
 
 1.090,599- 
 2.360,692: 
 1.548,40* 
 1,713, 480> 
 .1,349,365- 
 1,926,409- 
 43,800 
 1.478,98.-*- 
 611 
 2.024,53(5 
 537,005 
 251,592 
 8,227,340- 
 2,567,833 
 2,344,432 
 
 "West Virginia 
 
 South Carolina 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 7 
 11 
 2 
 
 43 
 23 
 22 
 
 3,475,000 
 1,100,000 
 205,000 
 9,936.500 
 3,080.300 
 7,175,000 
 
 1,820,000 
 
 Texas 
 
 680,000 
 205,000 
 8,546.350 
 2.754.500 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,686,420 
 53I % 900 
 18,039,495 
 6,400,280 
 10,947,335 
 
 1,149,415 
 280.307 
 9,812 155 
 3,832.947 
 8,102,943 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tcunei-seo 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Totals, So. States. 
 Ohio ... 
 
 275 
 
 70 
 
 205 
 
 40,670,900 
 
 27,998,700 
 
 75,380,475 
 
 47,915,t84 
 
 27,464,591 
 
 196 
 115 
 165 
 90 
 56 
 99 
 39 
 27 
 12 
 
 34 
 21 
 20 
 11 
 18 
 23 
 8 
 16 
 2 
 
 1(2 
 94 
 139 
 7J 
 38 
 76 
 31 
 11 
 10 
 
 26.986.900 
 15,026.530 
 17.194,600 
 9,514.500 
 3,315,000 
 5,927,000 
 4,968.700 
 800,000 
 1.000,000 
 
 23.157.250 
 12.918,500 
 9,988, 500 
 6,275,750 
 2.094,500 
 4,557,000 
 2,679.400 
 740,000 
 844,000 
 
 56.231,270 
 34,542.755 
 33,574.905 
 1 0,253. 1!)0 
 7,165,660 
 12.427.740 
 7,124.660 
 2,813,680 
 1,853,340 
 
 34.845,147 
 22,144,156 
 23.659,677 
 10,255,800 
 4,878.370 
 8,038.221 
 4,502.396 
 1,891,101 
 1,112,;06 
 
 2I.3X6.12S 
 12,398,59V 
 9.915,22* 
 5,997,330- 
 2.287,290- 
 4,389.519 
 2,622 264 
 922,51* 
 741,234 
 
 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 
 
 
 Totals, "W. States 
 
 799 
 
 159 
 
 1 
 
 "5 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 G40 
 
 81,733,230 
 
 63 254.900 
 
 171.987,200 |1 11. 327,094 
 
 60,060,106 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 18 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 131.700 
 487,000 
 1,611,9x0 
 614,930 
 197,740 
 544,420 
 116.360 
 591,070 
 155,530 
 45,000 
 
 128,587 
 263.100 
 868,639 
 545.8.4 
 115,739 
 297,871 
 62,300 
 325,510 
 56,530 
 
 3,m 
 
 223,900- 
 743 281 
 
 e^.osti: 
 
 82,001 
 S4B,549- 
 54,000- 
 265, 500- 
 99,000 
 45,000 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 2.10. 000 
 1,235.000 
 200.000 
 100.000 
 350 000 
 125000 
 300.000 
 175.000 
 150,000 
 
 2T>0,000 
 823.000 
 50,000 
 100.000 
 260,000 
 00,000 
 300.000 
 110.0UO 
 50,0( 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Utah 
 
 Idaho . .. 
 
 Montana 
 
 Wyomin" 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Dakota 
 
 
 Totals,Pac.St.<tT'rs 
 Mutilfd NotesRetir 
 
 Grand Totals 
 Add Gold Banks. .. 
 
 Totals for all Banks 
 
 
 :i9 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 2.885,000 
 
 2.023,000 
 
 4,495,670 
 
 2,664,210 
 
 1,831,46* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,339,674 
 
 
 
 
 469,230. 4-,'fi 
 4,.: 00,000 
 
 
 
 
 2,390 
 10 
 
 343 
 1 
 
 '047 
 9 
 
 347,574.900 
 1,834,000 
 
 886.904,^55 
 3,051,220 
 
 567,252.734 
 1,5-2.300 
 
 320,9!'1.7S> 
 
 ],48,;!(> 
 
 2,400 
 
 344 
 
 2,056 
 
 47J.530.426 
 
 349 408,900 
 
 889,956,075 
 
 508,835,034 
 
 322,460,715-
 
 28 BANKS AND BANKING. 
 
 STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES, June, 1878. 
 
 STATES AXI> TKBKITOBIES. 
 
 No. of 
 Banks 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Deposits. 
 
 TAX. 
 
 On Capital. 
 
 On Deposits 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Maine 
 
 CU 
 71 
 21 
 170 
 59 
 58 
 107 
 
 $92,108 
 61,000 
 344,167 
 834.666 
 3,001,097 
 3,883,267 
 2,840,000 
 
 $28,957,428 
 28,309,624 
 8,140,383 
 157,816,812 
 70,746,941 
 50,028,328 
 78,853,210 
 
 |188 98 
 152 50 
 829 33 
 1,429 33 
 3,826 47 
 8,188 1C 
 5,604 62 
 
 fl.253 21 
 4,270 50 
 4,096 57 
 5,085 19 
 17,694 04 
 39,301 63 
 31,271 53 
 
 1,442 19 
 4,423 00 
 4,92590 
 6,514 52 
 21,520 51 
 47,489 79 
 36,876 35 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New England States.. 
 Now York 
 
 555 
 
 11,116,605 
 
 422,857,726 
 
 20,219 59 
 
 102,972 67 
 
 123,192 26 
 
 328 
 443 
 14 
 59 
 313 
 59 
 37 
 9 
 13 
 41 
 10 
 
 10,427,448 
 40,700,289 
 642,000 
 1,741,071 
 10.807.358 
 2,113,756 
 4,657547 
 712,578 
 627,513 
 4,162,516 
 496,742 
 
 148,258.669 
 247,964,314 
 12,153,189 
 19,326.498 
 29,979.015 
 42,552,729 
 13,727,252 
 1,798,521 
 559,703 
 34,604,030 
 3,151,613 
 
 20,290 36 
 56,276 58 
 706 47 
 3,536 29 
 25,172 82 
 4,648 68 
 10,284 93 
 1,667 97 
 962 01 
 8,795 49 
 513 18 
 
 100,972 62 
 214,356 85 
 4,039 36 
 14,537 16 
 74,851 74 
 61,604 26 
 22,599 96 
 2,031 54 
 
 yis 51 
 
 15,740 49 
 
 6,469 94 
 
 121.262 98 
 250,633 43 
 4,745 83 
 18,123 45 
 100,024 56 
 6(i,252 94 
 32,884 89 
 3,699 51 
 1,875 52 
 24,535 93 
 6,983 12 
 
 New York City 
 
 Albany 
 
 No w Jersey . 
 
 Pennsylvania ...... 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Washington . . .... 
 
 Middle States 
 
 1,320 
 
 77,088,818 
 
 544,075,533 
 
 132,854 78 
 
 518,167 43 
 
 651,022 21 
 
 Virginia 
 
 77 
 22 
 13 
 18 
 67 
 6 
 22 
 32 
 3 
 21 
 102 
 15 
 74 
 17 
 31 
 
 3,281,667 
 1,497.782 
 588,290 
 911,523 
 4,317,817 
 89,483 
 993.276 
 1,289.573 
 116.000 
 4,473,905 
 3,707,057 
 225,576 
 7,010,103 
 5,288,296 
 1,769,671 
 
 6,499.580 
 3,927737 
 978,018 
 1,004,668 
 3.948,488 
 233,405 
 1,813,605 
 1,732,597 
 43,110 
 7,994,123 
 4,626,420 
 298,605 
 6,287.262 
 5,650 057 
 2,731,199 
 
 7,753 69 
 3,668 37 
 1,470 72 
 2,273 77 
 10,711 4!) 
 223 70 
 2,420 69 
 2,535 64 
 177 50 
 10,726 42 
 8,744 54 
 514 24 
 16,656 29 
 12,9 il 68 
 4,ai3 85 
 
 15,421 29 
 9,819 28 
 2,445 03 
 2,428 28 
 9.190 49 
 583 48 
 4,533 93 
 4,331 42 
 120 28 
 15,184 95 
 11,565 63 
 746 48 
 15,718 26 
 14,125 04 
 6,^28 00 
 
 23,174 98 
 13,487 65 
 3,915 75 
 4,707 05 
 19,901 85 
 807 13 
 6,954 62 
 6,867 06 
 297 78 
 25,911 37 
 20,310 17 
 1,260 72 
 32,374 55 
 27,096 72 
 11,061 tCj 
 
 "West Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina. ...... 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 A labama . . 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 New Orleans . . 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 TCflntiir.Vy ... 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Southern States 
 
 520 
 
 35,559,029 
 
 47,774,074 
 
 85,087 50 
 
 113,041 84 
 
 198,129 34 
 
 Ohio 
 
 255 
 21 
 9 
 150 
 319 
 31 
 153 
 15 
 89 
 11 
 287 
 77 
 176 
 32 
 109 
 48 
 
 6,042,364 
 2,022,369 
 8!8,623 
 5,091,175 
 4.509,738 
 3.G12,!iOn 
 2,636,707 
 1,108,368 
 1,386.425 
 729,853 
 5,255.013 
 1,510,502 
 4 124.269 
 6,576,033 
 1,472,344 
 503,595 
 
 15.952,238 
 7,361,629 
 12,244.907 
 10,224,039 
 12,472,557 
 6,832,575 
 4,737,722 
 5,179,009 
 3,714,069 
 5,747,509 
 8.224,785 
 3,233,693 
 10,184,792 
 16,387,002 
 2,598,746 
 1,189 250 
 
 12,959 68 
 3,388 23 
 1,590 98 
 11,721 3C 
 10,153 55 
 4,892 45 
 6,454 25 
 1,1-00 91 
 3,026 20 
 1,669 66 
 12,711 94 
 3,662 47 
 9,811 03 
 14,540 48 
 3,441 85 
 1,203 76 
 
 38,776 39 
 17,295 38 
 17,403 31 
 21,838 78 
 29,981 71 
 17,043 45 
 11,844 11 
 11,038 32 
 9,284 96 
 14,368 72 
 20,377 82 
 7,950 50 
 25,461 50 
 4 40.967 45 
 6,496 55 
 2,972 96 
 
 51,736 07 
 20,683 61 
 13,994 29 
 33,563 14 
 40,135 26 
 21,935 90 
 l,->,298 30 
 12,839 23 
 12311 Ifi 
 16,038 38 
 33,089 76 
 11,612 97 
 35,272 53 
 55,507 93 
 9,933 40 
 4,176 71 
 
 Cincinnati .. 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Wisconsin . ... 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Missouri 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Western States 
 
 1,782 
 
 47,470,286 
 
 126,284,766 
 
 103,031 80 
 
 293,101 91 
 
 396,133 71 
 
 Oregon 
 
 10 
 84 
 33 
 28 
 18 
 8 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 
 643,225 
 9.143.1-29 
 21,787,031- 
 526.11)0 
 412.268 
 190,000 
 5.000 
 82,794 
 54,000 
 78,039 
 133,413 
 20-.000 
 85,000 
 
 1,439,547 
 17,422,175 
 78,070629 
 934,915 
 1,914,583 
 714,555 
 61,180 
 148,682 
 16,358 
 277,927 
 188,918 
 537,450 
 25.885 
 
 1,499 49 
 24,733 99 
 4(i,256 46 
 1,315 46. 
 1,030 66 
 475 00 
 12 50 
 198 69 
 135 00 
 195 10 
 333 53 
 520 09 
 212 50 
 
 3,602 45 
 37,946 00 
 132,601 59 
 2,336 38 
 4,786 37 
 1,786 37 
 152 95 
 371 70 
 40 8* 
 694 80 
 472 28 
 1,343 62 
 64 70 
 
 5,101 94 
 62,679 99 
 178,858 05 
 3,651 84 
 5,817 03 
 2.261 37 
 165 45 
 570 39 
 175 88 
 889 PO 
 805 &t 
 1,863 62 
 277 20 
 
 California 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Utah 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Wyoming... 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Washington .... 
 
 .Arizona? 
 
 Pacific St's (feTeritor's 
 Totals 
 
 217 
 4,40ot 
 
 34,148.094 
 
 101,802,804 
 
 76,918 38 
 
 186.200 09 
 
 263,118 47 
 
 205.382, Sfi* 
 
 1,242.794,9031 418,1120'. 
 
 1.213.483 94 
 
 1,631.595 00
 
 BANES AND 
 
 In the following table the number of State Banks & Trust Companies was, on the 1st of Jon*,. 
 1878, 853; their average capital was $124,347,262 ; the nniouut of their deposits, $.>ii9,482,ti25. 
 
 The nunibc r of private Bankers was 2856 ; their average capital for the previous six mouth* 
 was $77,798.228 : the average amount of deposits. $183,832.9115. The number of Savings Bank* 
 with capital was 23; amount of capital $3,237.342. Tho number of Savings Banks without cap- 
 ital was 668 ; the amount of their deposits $803,299,345. 
 
 STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 
 
 The laws of the United States require returns of capital and deposits to be made 
 to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, for purposes of taxation, by all State 
 banks, savings-banks, and private bankers. The data of the following table were 
 obtained from that Commissioner. This table exhibits, by geographical divisions, 
 the number of State banks, and trust companies, private bankers, and savings-banks* 
 and their average capital and deposits for the six months ending May 31, 1878: 
 
 STATE RANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES. 
 
 V 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Banks. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Deposits, 
 
 Kew England States 
 
 42 
 
 $8 189 517 
 
 $15 062 430 
 
 Middle States . ...... 
 
 217 
 
 42 446 037 
 
 122 098 84T 
 
 Southern States.. .......................................... 
 
 233 
 
 27 378 751 
 
 30 667 577 
 
 Western States .... . ..... . ..... 
 
 296 
 
 20 247 869 
 
 38 877 28T 
 
 Pacific States and Territories 
 
 C5 
 
 26 085 088 
 
 82 776 484 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States... 
 
 853 
 
 124.347. 1C2 
 
 229.4^.625 
 
 PRIVATE BANKERS. 
 
 Middle States 
 Southern States 
 "Western States 
 
 1 States 
 
 71 
 
 2 858 688 
 
 3228297 
 
 
 916 
 
 3< 482 781 
 
 61 922 90S 
 
 ,es 
 
 280 
 
 7 298,396 
 
 13,683,874 
 
 08 
 
 1,450 
 
 26,917,565 
 
 75,107,656 
 
 and Territories. ....... ... . .... ..... 
 
 139 
 
 6 240 798 
 
 29 P30 230 
 
 
 
 
 
 States... 
 
 2,8f>6 
 
 77.798.2-J8 
 
 183.832,905 
 
 SAVINGS-BANKS WITH CAPITAL. 
 
 Hew England States. 
 
 1 
 
 08,400 
 
 1 139 916 
 
 Middle States 
 
 3 
 
 ICO 000 
 
 1 273 143 
 
 
 4 
 
 881 882 
 
 1 278 90ft 
 
 
 11 
 
 304 852 
 
 1 931 700 
 
 Pacific States and Territories............. 
 
 4 
 
 1 822208 
 
 20 456 307 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 23 
 
 3 '237 342 
 
 26 179 968 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAVINGS-BANKS WITHOUT CAPITAL. 
 
 New En "land States. 
 
 441 
 
 
 403 427 085 
 
 Middle States 
 
 190 
 
 
 358 6SO 635 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 3 
 
 
 2,143,723 
 
 "Western States 
 
 25 
 
 
 10308,123 
 
 Pacific States and Territories 
 
 / 
 9 
 
 
 28,739,783 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States... 
 
 CG8 
 
 
 803.299.345 
 
 New England States. 
 
 555 
 
 11 116 605 
 
 422 857 726 
 
 Middle States . 
 
 1 326 
 
 77 088 818 
 
 544 075 533 
 
 Southern States ............................................ 
 
 520 
 
 35,559 029 
 
 47,774,074 
 
 Western States ........ 
 
 1,782 
 
 47 470 286 
 
 126 284,766 
 
 Pacific States and Territories 
 
 217 
 
 34,148,094 
 
 101,802,804 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 4,400 
 
 205,382,832 
 
 1.242. 794.903
 
 LEGAL SATES OF INTEREST IJT THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 LEGAL INTEREST. 
 
 Alabama. Eight percent. On usurious contracts 
 the principal only can be recovered. 
 
 Arhinxu. Six per cent.', but parties may con- 
 tract far any rate not exceeding ten. Usury for- 
 feits both principal and interest 
 
 California . Ten per cent, after a debt becomes 
 due, but parties may agree upon any rate of inter- 
 est whatever, simple or compound, 
 
 Colorado Territory. Ten per cent on money 
 loaned. 
 
 Connecticut. Six per cent. Usury forfeits in- 
 terest taken In excess of legal rate. 
 
 Dakota. Seven per cent. Parties may contract 
 for a rate not exceeding twelve. Usury forfeits 
 a)! the interest taken. 
 
 Delaware Six per cent. Penalty for usury for- 
 tfeits a sum equal to the money lent. 
 
 District of Columbia. Six per cent Parties may 
 stipulate in writing for ten. Usury forfeits all the 
 interest. 
 
 Florida. Eight per cent Usury laws repealed. 
 Money may be loaned at any rate. 
 
 Georgia. Seven percent. Parties may contract 
 for twelve. A higher rate than twelve forfeits 
 interest and excess. 
 
 Idaho Territory. Ten per cent Parties may agree 
 im writing for any rate not exceeding two per 
 cent per month. Penalty for greater rate is three 
 times tho amount paid, fine of $300, or six months 
 imprisonment, or both. 
 
 Illinois, Six per cent., but parties may agree in 
 writing for ten. Penalty for usury forfeits the 
 *ntire intcrc*t. 
 
 Indiana. Six per cent Parties may agree in 
 writing for any rate not exceeding ten. Beyond 
 that rate is illegal as to excess only. 
 
 Iowa Six percent. Parties may agree in wri- 
 ting for ten. A higher rate works a forfeiture of 
 ten per cent. 
 
 Kansas. Seven per cent Parties may agree for 
 twelve. Usury forfeits the excess. 
 
 Kentucky. Six per cent., but contracts may be 
 made in writing for ten. Usury forfeits the whole 
 Interest charged. 
 
 Louisiana. Five per cent., eight per cent, may 
 too stipulated for, if embodied in the face of tho 
 obligation, but no higher than eight per cent 
 
 Jiaine. Six per cent. Parties may agree in 
 writing to any rate. 
 
 Maryland. Six percent. Usurious contrac's can- 
 not be enforced for the excess above tho legal rate. 
 
 Michigan. Seven per cent. Parties may contract 
 for any rate not exceeding ten. 
 
 Minnesota. Seven per cent. Parties may con- 
 tract to pay as high as twelve, in writing, but con- 
 tract for higher ra'c is voi<l to the excess. 
 
 llissisKippi. Six per ccttt Parties may contract 
 In writing for ten. .Where more than ten is taken 
 the excess cannot be recovered. 
 
 Hissouri. Six per cent Contract in writing may 
 be made for ten. The penalty for usury is forfeiture 
 of the interest at ten per cent 
 
 Montana. Parties may stipulate for any rate of 
 Interest 
 
 Ifebraslia. Ten per cent or any rate on express 
 contract not greater than twelve. Usury prohibits 
 the recovery of any interest on tho principal. 
 
 Nevada. Ten percent Contractsin writingmay 
 be made for the payment of any other rate. 
 
 Nete Hampshire. Six. per cent A higher rate for- 
 feits three times tho excess to the person aggrieved 
 suing therefor, 
 
 New-Jertey. Six per cent Usury forfeits all 
 interest and costs. 
 
 New-Mexico Territory. Six per cent, but parties 
 may agree upon any rate. 
 
 tfeic- York, Six per cent. Usury Is a misde- 
 meanor, puni.hable by a fine of $1,000 or six 
 months imprisonment, or both, and forfeit* the 
 principal, even in tho hands of third parties. 
 
 Worth Carolina Six per cent ; eight may be stip- 
 ulated for when money is borrowed. Penalty for 
 usury is double the amount lent and indictment for 
 misdemeanor. 
 
 Ohio. Six. per cent Contract in writing may bo 
 for eight No penalty attached for violation of 
 law. If contract is for a higher rate than eight it 
 is void as to interest, and recovery is limited U> 
 principal and six per cent 
 
 Oregon. Ten per cent Parties may agree on 
 twelve. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Six per cent. Usurious interest 
 cannot be co'.lcctcd. If paid it maybe recovered 
 by suit therefor within six months. 
 
 Rhode Island. Six per cent Any rate may be 
 agreed upon. 
 
 South Carolina. Seven per cent Usury laws are 
 aboUshcd, and parlies may contract without limit 
 Contracts must be in writing. 
 
 Tennessee. Six per cent Parties may con'ract In 
 writing for any rate not exceeding ten per tent 
 
 Texas. Eight per cent. All usury laws abolished 
 by the Constitution. 
 
 Utah Territory. Ten per cent No usury law*. 
 Any rate may be agreed on. 
 
 Vermont. Six per cent Usury forfeits only the 
 excess. 
 
 Virginia. Six per cent Lenders forfeit all in- 
 t rest in case of usury. 
 
 Washington Territory. "Ten per cent. Any &U 
 agreed upon in writing is valid. 
 
 Went Virginia. Six per cent. Excess of Interest 
 cannot be recovered if usury is pleaded. 
 
 Wisconsin. Seven per cent Parties may con- 
 tract in writing for ten. No interest can bo com- 
 puted on interest Usury forfeits all tho interest 
 paid. 
 
 Wyoming Territory. Twelve per cant, but any 
 rate may be agreed upon in writing. 
 
 Upper Canada. Six per cent, but parties may 
 agree upon any rate. 
 
 Loicer Canada. Sis. per cent, but any rate maj 
 be stipulated for. 
 
 The Currency Act of Congress limits Nation*! 
 Banks to a rate of six per cent. In tho District of 
 Columbia Congress allows a rate often par cent
 
 susnruss FAILURES, 
 
 81 
 
 BUSINESS AND FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1878. 
 
 JTnmber From Dun, Barlow Co.'s Report. Number Amount 
 
 reported of ^ of 
 
 InBns'na STATES AND CITIES. Failures. Liabilities. 
 
 6,315 Alabama 51 $874,062 
 
 202 Arizona 6 81,307 
 
 4,211 Arkansas A 41 407,653 
 
 California, 310 6,899,539 
 
 City of San Francisco 222 4,700,591 
 
 2,522 " Colorado 58 541,542 
 
 12,587 Connecticut 281 4,680,588 
 
 840 Dakota 7 83,000 
 
 3,635 Delaware. i '23 281,500 
 
 2,713 District of Columbia. \ 30 320,202 
 
 1,879 Florida 4 22 133,288 
 
 7,748 Georgia 119 3,738,134 
 
 299 Idaho \ ... 
 
 K1 n7 r ( Illinois * 470 7,672,931 
 
 <U>U ' {) - City of Chicago 362 12,926,800 
 
 25,402 Indiana 374 5,243,549 
 
 22,760 Iowa 400 3,428,100 
 
 8,863 Kansas 44 647,902 
 
 16,846 Kentucky 220 5,905,756 
 
 7,859 Louisiana 127 4,830,462 
 
 11,004 Maine 170 1,406,200 
 
 13,329 Maryland 119 2,568,986 
 
 ,/. 71 o j Massachusetts 604 12,707,645 
 
 <5<5,71dj cilyofBoston 325 11,279,523 
 
 23,336 Michigan 369 6,627,709 
 
 9,127 Minnesota 149 1,052,403 
 
 5,525 Mississippi 99 1.073,660 
 
 Missouri 101 1,036,416 
 
 City of St. Louis 167 4,171,300 
 
 401 Montana ... 
 
 4,029 Nebraska '. 106 825,400 
 
 1,516 Nevada 37 419,797 
 
 7,587 New Hampshire Ill 854,739 
 
 19,500 NewJersey 168 4,741,993 
 
 New York ...;..... 969 15,791,084 
 
 City of New York 863 42,501,731 
 
 6,635 ' North Carolina 89 11,059,200 
 
 , , rR t Ohio 515 10, 799, 300 
 
 u> 1 City of Cincinnati ;... 216 7,570,311 
 
 2,679 Oregon ; ,. 13 173,500 
 
 Pennsylvania 770 15,714,270 
 
 City of Philadelphia 257 101,373,700 
 
 5,123 ' Rhode Island. 130 2,521,981 
 
 4,593 South Carolina 59 1,788,522 
 
 8,243 Tennessee 194 2,205.873 
 
 11,909 Texas 228 2,733,725 
 
 1,265 Utah 17 121,050 
 
 6,751 Vermont 113 1,843,350 
 
 15,534 Virginia nnd West Va 166 1,584,626 
 
 816 Washington Territory 3 16,900 
 
 20,305 Wisconsin 163 2,317,382 
 
 394 Wyoming 11 62,050 
 
 674,741 Total 10,478 $234,383,132 
 
 The great increase in the number of failures and the amount of liabilities in 1878, 
 was due to several causes. Prominent among these were the culmination of five 
 
 years of business depression; unfavorable weather in the winter and spring ; at- 
 tempts in Congress to defeat resumption; a general decline of prices all over the 
 world ; the yellow fever epid mic, and the repeal of the bankrupt law, which took 
 
 effect Sept. 1, and hastened the bankruptcy of many who sought to lake advantage 
 
 of its provisions. Tho resumption of specie payments in 1879, the immense crops 
 
 of 1878, and the cheering prospects for trade, give a much better outlook for the 
 present year.
 
 83 KATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE 
 
 BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 The standar-l single rate to Great Britain is % oz. avoirdupois; to Prance and the Continent (by 
 French Mails), it is 15 prammcs, or >4" oz. avoirdupois. 
 
 * Prepayment of U::ion Rates arc optional. When not prepaid, double Rates are collected. 
 
 DESTINATION. 
 
 CTS. CIS. 
 
 Africa, Spanish Possessions on Northern Coast *5 2 
 
 Australia, except New South Wales and Queensland, via San Fran . 5 2 
 
 Austria *5 2 
 
 Azores '. t *5 2 
 
 Balearic Isles . . *5 2 
 
 Belgium *5 2 
 
 Bermuda 5 2 
 
 Canary Islands *5 2 
 
 Carthagena and U. S., of Colombia, direct Mail 5 2 
 
 Costa Rica, direct Mail, via Aspinwall 5 2 
 
 Cuba, direct Mail '.'. 5 2 
 
 Denmark *5 2 
 
 Egypt *5 2 
 
 Faroe Islands *5 2 
 
 Fiji Islands, direct, via San Francisco 6 2 
 
 Finland '. 5 2 
 
 France *5 2 
 
 Germany *5 2 
 
 Gibraltar, British Mail. *5 2 
 
 Great Britain *5 2 
 
 Greece *5 2 
 
 Hay ti, by direct Steamer 5 2 
 
 Honduras, Spanish, via Panama 5 2 
 
 Iceland. . ' *5 2 
 
 Island of Malta *5 2 
 
 Island of Madeira *5 2 
 
 Italy '. *5 2 
 
 Japan, direct, via San Francisco 5 2 
 
 Luxemburg '. *5 2 
 
 Moldavia, Montenegro, Roumania and Servia 5 2 
 
 Morocco Western Coast Spanish Postal Stations *5 2 
 
 Netherlands. *o 2 
 
 New Foundland 5 2 
 
 New Granada, direct Mail 5 2 
 
 Nicaragua, direct Mails, Western Ports only 5 2 
 
 Norway *5 2 
 
 Panama, direct Mail 5 2 
 
 Pekin, Tien Tsin, Kalgan, and Ourga, via Germany and Russia.. . . 2 
 
 Persia, German Mail 2 
 
 Poland 2 
 
 Porto Rico, direct Mail 2 
 
 Portugal * 2 
 
 Roumania * 2 
 
 Russia * 2 
 
 Servia * 2 
 
 Shanghai, direct from San Francisco 5 2 
 
 Spain *5 2 
 
 St. Domingo, direct Steamer 5 2 
 
 Sweden *5 2 
 
 Switzerland *5 2 
 
 Tangier, via Spain *5 2 
 
 Tripolis, Italian Mail -. 5 2 
 
 Tunis, " " 5 2 
 
 Turkey *5 2 
 
 West Indies, direct Mail 5 2 
 
 Postal Uiiiou Bates. Miscellaneous Mails on next page.
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE. 
 KATES OF POSTAGE. Continued. 
 
 33 
 
 The standard single rate to Great Britain, is. Jj oz. avoirdupois; to France and the Continent (by 
 French Mails), it is 13 grammes, or } oz. avoirdupois, nearly. 
 
 Prepayment of L'nion Gates are optional. When not pre-paiil, double nates are collected. 
 
 DESTINATION. 
 
 Africa, British Possessions on West Coast, by British Mail 
 
 Argentine Confederation, U. S. Packet, via Brazil. 
 
 Australia, New South Wales and Queensland, via Southampton 
 
 Bolivia, British Mail, via Aspinwall 
 
 Brazil, direct Mail 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 Burmah, German Mail 
 
 Burmah, British Mail, via Brindisi 
 
 Buenos Ayres, U. S. Packet, via Brazil 
 
 Canada 
 
 Carthagena, New Grenada, British Mail and U. S. of Colombia. . . . 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, British Mail ; 
 
 Curagoa, British Mail, via St. Thomas. 
 
 Ceylon. British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 Chili, British Mail, via Colon 
 
 Costa Rica, Eastern parts of British Mail, via Colon 
 
 Ecuador, British Mail via Colon 
 
 Gambia, British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 Gold Coast, British Mail 
 
 Guadaloupe, British Mail, via St. Thomas 
 
 Greytown, British Mail, via Aspinwall 
 
 Guiana, British, French and Dutch, via St. Thomas 
 
 Guatemala, direct Mail, via Aspinwall 
 
 Hawaiian Kingdom, direct Mail 
 
 Honduras, British 
 
 Honduras, other 
 
 Hayti, via St. Thomas 
 
 Hong Kong, Canton, Swatow, Arnoy and Foo Chow, via San Fran. 
 
 India (Hindostan except Ceylon) British Mail 
 
 Java, British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 Liberia, British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 Martinique," " " St. Thomas 
 
 Morocco, " " except Spanish Possessions on West Coast. .. 
 
 Mexico, by sea 
 
 New Caledonia and all French Colonies 
 
 " overland 
 
 New South Wales, direct Mail 
 
 New Zealand. " " 
 
 Nicaragua, (Eastern ports of) British Mail, via Colon 
 
 Paraguay, British Mail 
 
 Persia, via Persian Gulf 
 
 Peru, British Mail, via Aspinwall 
 
 Queensland, British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 Salvador direct Mail 
 
 Siarn, direct from San Francisco 
 
 Sierra Leone, British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 St. Domingo, via St. Thomas 
 
 St. Helena, British Mail 
 
 Straits Settlements, Singapore, &c 
 
 Turks Island, British Mail, via St. Thomas 
 
 Uruguay, British Mail 
 
 Venezuela, British Mail, via St. Thomas 
 
 Victoria 
 
 West Indies, British Mail, via St. Thomas 
 
 4i it French Colonies, via France 
 
 Zanzibar. British Mail, via Southampton 
 
 + Thi rate for 8 oz. Samples No Samples exceeding 8 oz. in wight can be forwarded. $ For 4 oz. 
 
 Letters'^ 
 o?. or less. 
 
 CO rf 
 't& 
 *. 
 
 Ill 
 
 2..; u 
 C 3 o 
 
 52 j 
 cca a 
 
 CTS. 
 
 CIS. 
 
 CTS. 
 
 no 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 [10 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 i'4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 fio 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 t 6 
 
 *15 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
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 t 
 
 *10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 no 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 no 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 fio 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 J10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 _ 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
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 27 
 
 4 
 
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 12 
 
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 2 
 
 t _ 
 
 10 
 
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 8 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
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 13 
 
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 "27 
 
 4 
 
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 13 
 
 4 
 
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 4
 
 84 . HATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 s~ 
 
 EATES OF DOMESTIC POSTAGE. 
 LETTEES. 
 
 The standard single-rate weight is % z - avoirdupois. 
 
 Single-rate letter, throughout the United States 3 eta. 
 
 For each additional % oz. or fraction 3 " 
 
 Drop letters, fi r local delivery, single rate 2 " 
 
 Drop letters, where there is no local delivery, single rate 1 ct. 
 
 Postal card, throughout the United States I " 
 
 Advertised letters are charged extra 1 " 
 
 These postages must be prepaid by stamps. Letters are to ba 
 forwarded without additional charge, if the person to whom they are 
 addressed has changed his residence, and has left proper directions 
 to such effect. Letters uncalled for will be returned to the sender, 
 if a request to that effect be written upon the envelope. Properly 
 certified letters of soldiers and sailors will be forwarded without pre- 
 payment. No extra charge is made for the service of carriers taking 
 letters to or from the Post-offices. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 1. On newspapers (excepting weeklies), whether regular or transient, and without regard to 
 weight or frequency of issue, 1 cent each. 
 
 2. On periodicals (other than newspapers), whether regular or transient, not exceeding two 
 ounces in weight, 1 cent each. 
 
 3. On periodicals (other than newspapers), whether regular or transient, exceeding two ounces 
 in weight, 2 cents each. 
 
 4. Circulars, unsealed, 1 cent each. These rates to be prepaid by ordinary postage stamps 
 affixed. 
 
 _5. Weekly newspapers, excepted above, to regular subscribers, 2 cents per pound, to be ' 
 weighed in bulk, and prepaid with " newspaper and periodical stamps" at the, office of mailing. 
 
 6. Weekly newspapers to transient parties, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, to oe 
 prepaid by ordinary postage stamps affixed. 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE ON THIRD-CLASS MATTEB. 
 
 Mailable matter of the third class embraces all pamphlets, occasional publications, transient 
 newspapers, magazines, handbills, posters, unsealed circulars, prospectuses, books, book manu- 
 scripts, proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets, maps, prints, engravings, blanks, flexible patterns, 
 articles of merchandise, sample cards, phonographic paper, letter envelopes, postal envelopes 
 and wrappers, cards, plain and ornamental paper, photographic representations of different 
 types, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, and all other matter which may be declared mailable 
 by law, and all other articles not above the weight prescribed by law, which are not, from their 
 form or nature, liable to destroy, deface, or otherwise injure the contents of the mail-bag or the 
 person of any one engaged in the postal service. Weight of packages not to exceed four pounds. 
 
 By act of July 12, 1876, third-class matter is divided as follows : 
 
 One cent for two ounces. Almanacs, books (printed), calendars, catalogues, corrected proofs, 
 handbills, magazines, when not sent to regular subscribers, maps lithographed or engraved 
 music (printed sheet), newspapers when not sent to regular subscribers, occasional publications, 
 pamphlets, posters, proof-sheets, prospectuses, and regular publications designed primarily for 
 advertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for circulation at. nominal rates. 
 
 One cent for each ounce. Blank books, blank cards, book manuscript passing between authors 
 and publishers, card boards and other flexible material, chromo-lithograpns, circulars, engravings, 
 envelopes, flexible patterns, heliotypes, letter envelopes, letter paper, lithographs, merchandise, 
 models, ornamented paper, postal cards, -when sent in bulk and not addressed, photographic 
 views, photographic paper, printed blanks, printed cards, sample cards, samples of ores, metals, 
 minerals, and merchandise, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, and scions, stereoscopic views. 
 
 Any article of mail-matter, subject to postage at the rate of one cent for each ounce or frac- 
 tion thereof, which may be inclosed in the same package with items subject to the rate of one 
 cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, will subject the entire package to the highest rate, 
 viz. : one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. 
 
 All packages of matter of the third class must be so wrapped or enveloped, with open sides 
 or ends, that their contents may be readily and thoroughly examined by postmasters without 
 destroying the wrappers ; but seeds, and other articles liable, from their form or nature, _to loss 
 or damage unless specially protected, may be inclosed in unsealed bags or boxes which can 
 readily be opened for examination of the contents and rcclosed ; or sealed bags, made of mate- 
 rial sufficiently transparent to show the contents clearly, without opening, may be used for such 
 matter. 
 
 Matter of 1'ie third class inclosed in sealed envelopes notched at the ends or sides, or with the 
 corners cut off, cannot be mailed except at letter postage rates. 
 
 Matter of the second and third clashes containing any writing whatever will be charged with 
 1 otter postage, except as follows : 
 
 The sender of any article of. the third class of mail-matter may write his or her name or 
 address therein, or on the outride thereof, with the word ' from " above or preceding the t^ame, 
 or may write briefly or print on any package the number and names of the articles inclosed.
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE. 35 
 
 POSTAL CAEDS. 
 
 The object of the postal card is to facilitate letter correspondence and provide for the trans- 
 taission through the mails, at a reduced rate of postage, of shorf'communications, either printed 
 or written in pencil or ink. They may therefore be used for orders, invitations, notices, receipts, 
 acknowledgments, price-lists, and other requirements of business and social life ; and the matter 
 desired to be conveyed may be either in writing or in print, or partially in both. 
 
 In their treatment as mail-matter they are to be regarded by postmasters the same as sealed 
 letters, and not as printed matter, except that in no case will unclaimed cards be returned to the 
 -writers or sent to the Dead Letter Office. If not delivered within sixty days from the time of 
 receipt they will be burned by postmasters. 
 
 The postage of one cent each is paid by the stamp impressed on these cards, and no further 
 payment is required. 
 
 No card is a " postal card " except such as are issued by the Post Office Department. An 
 ordinary printed business card may be sent through the mails when prepaid by a one-cent post- 
 age stamp attached ; but such card must contain absolutely no written matter except the address ; 
 otherwise it will be treated as not fully prepaid, and refused admission into the mails. 
 
 In using postal cards, be careful not to write or have anything printed on the side to be used 
 for the address, except the aijdress ; also be careful not to paste, gum, or attach anything to 
 them. They are unmailable as postal cards when these suggestions are disregarded. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING AKTICLES ARE UNMAILABLE. 
 
 Packages containing liquids, poisons, glass, explosive chemicals, live animals, sharp-pointed 
 instruments, flour, sugar, or any other matter liable to deface or destroy the contents of the mail, 
 or injure the person of anyone connected with the service. All letters upon the envelope or 
 which, or postal card upon which, indecent, lewd, obscene, or lascivious delineations, epithets, 
 terms, or language may be written or printed, or disloyal devices printed or engraved, and letters 
 or circulars concerning illegal lotteries, so-called gift concerts, or other similar enterprises offer- 
 ing prizes, or concerning schemes devised and intended to deceive and defraud the public. Also, 
 all obscene, lewd, or lascivious books, pamphlets, pictures, papers, prints, or other publications 
 of an indecent character. 
 
 Registration. Letters may be registered on payment of a fee of ten cents, but the Govern- 
 ment takes no responsibility for safe carriage or compensation in case of loss. 
 
 Registration, Fee on Packages. Prepaid at letter rates, not over four pounds in weight, to any 
 part of the United States, 10 cents for each package, in addition to the postage. The package 
 must be endorsed on the back, with the name and address of the sender, and a receipt will be 
 returned from the person to whom it is addressed. 
 
 Money Orders. AM principal post-offices now receive small sums of money, and issue drafts 
 for the same upon other post-offices, subject to the following charges and regulations. 
 
 These Orders, payable at any Money Order Post Office in the country, are issued at the fol- 
 lowing rates : 
 
 On orders not exceeeing $15 10 eta. 
 
 Over $15 and net exceeding $20. 15 " 
 
 Over $30 and not exceeding $40 20 " 
 
 Over $40 and not exceeding $50 25 " 
 
 When more than $50 is required, additional orders must be 
 obtained, but not more than three orders will be issued in one day to 
 the same payee, at the same office. 
 
 If a money order is lost, a certificate should be obtained from 
 both the paying and issuing Postmaster that it has not been paid, 
 and will not be paid, and the Department at Washington will issue 
 another on application. 
 
 If a money order is not collected within one year from date, it is 
 invalid, and can only be paid by the Department at Washington on 
 application through the issuing or paying Postmaster. 
 
 PRINTKD MATTER TO THE BRITISH PROVINCES. 
 
 The regular United States rates must be prepaid, but these only 
 pay for transportation to the boundary line; a second fee is charged 
 on delivery by the Provincial post-office. 
 
 ACT OF JANUARY 27, 1873, ABOLISHING THE FRANKING PRIVILEGE. 
 
 Be it enacted, $c., That the franking privilege be, and the same is hereby 
 abolished, from and after the first day of July, A. D. 187i5, and that henceforth 
 all official correspondence of whatever nature, and other mailable matter, sent 
 from or addressed to any officer of the Government or person now authorized to 
 frank such matter shall be chargeable with the same rates of postage as may bo 
 lawfully imposed upon like matter eeut by or addressed to other persons.
 
 36 
 
 RAILROAD SYSTEM OF THE TNITED STATES. 
 
 RAILKOAD STATISTICS. 
 
 MILEAGE OF RAILROADS IN OPERATION, AND ANNUAL INCREASE, 1830-1878. 
 [From Poor's Manual of the Railroad* of the Vnital State*.} 
 
 TEAKS. 
 
 M'lesin 
 Operati'n. 
 
 Annual 
 Increase of 
 Mileage. 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 Miles in 
 Opcrati'u 
 
 Arinnal 
 ."noTeiisooi 
 Mileage. 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 Miles in 
 Operati'n. 
 
 Annual 
 Increase of 
 Mileage. 
 
 isrx).... 
 
 23 
 
 
 1847. . . . 
 
 5.5P3 
 
 CfiS 
 
 1804..... 
 
 33, 08 
 
 738 
 
 1-31.... 
 
 95 
 
 "72 
 
 1848 
 
 5.99G 
 
 398 
 
 1 181)5 
 
 35,085 
 
 1,177 
 
 1832.... 
 
 229 
 
 134 
 
 1849.... 
 
 7,363 
 
 I,3(i9 
 
 I860 
 
 3ti,827 
 
 1,742 
 
 ,1833.... 
 
 380 
 
 lol 
 
 1850 
 
 9,021 
 
 1,650 
 
 , 1867 
 
 39.271! 
 
 2,449 
 
 183.4.... 
 
 B33 
 
 2.>:i 
 
 1851 
 
 10. 962 
 
 1,9(51 
 
 1808 
 
 4-2.255 
 
 2,979 
 
 ,1835.... 
 
 1 098 
 
 4(i;> 
 
 1852 
 
 12.903 
 
 1,92(5 
 
 I860.... 
 
 47,203 
 
 4.953 
 
 1836.... 
 
 1.273 
 
 175 
 
 1 f 53 
 
 15,300 
 
 2,45-2 
 
 18 
 
 5-J.688 
 
 5,(i90 
 
 1837.... 
 
 1,497 
 
 224 
 
 1854.... 
 
 lfi.720 
 
 1,300 
 
 1871 
 
 CO. 508 
 
 7,070 
 
 1838.... 
 
 1,913 
 
 41G 
 
 1853... 
 
 18,374 
 
 1.G54 
 
 1872... 
 
 0(5,735 
 
 f.,107 i 
 
 1839.... 
 
 2,30-J 
 
 389 
 
 1856.... 
 
 22.010 
 
 3,042 
 
 1873.... 
 
 70,8-10 
 
 4,105 
 
 1840.... 
 
 2.818 
 
 51G 
 
 1857 
 
 24 ;03 
 
 2,487 
 
 1874.... 
 
 72,741 
 
 1,901 
 
 1841 
 
 3,535 
 
 717 
 
 1858.... 
 
 2I5.9H8 
 
 2.4H5 
 
 1875 
 
 74,053 
 
 1,917 
 
 1842.... 
 
 4,026 
 
 491 
 
 1859.... 
 
 28,789 
 
 1,821 
 
 1876.... 
 
 77,514 
 
 2,850 
 
 1843.... 
 
 4.18-. 
 
 159 
 
 1 SCO . . . 
 
 30.C35 
 
 1,840 
 
 1877.... 
 
 79,795 
 
 2.281 
 
 1844.... 
 
 4,377 
 
 19J 
 
 IStil.... 
 
 31,2rG 
 
 G51 
 
 Ic78 
 
 82,483 
 
 2,083 , 
 
 1845.... 
 
 4,*>33 
 
 256 
 
 18(12 
 
 3,', 120 
 
 834 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1846. . . . 
 
 4,030 
 
 297 
 
 1803.... 
 
 33,170 
 
 1,050 
 
 
 
 
 Itisc'tiinnlcd t lint them are l.gflUinilr* of railroad track, in donlilo. tr< bio or quad ruplc tracks, sid- 
 ings, etc.. inakiii',' the total teiiutli in slnple track. January 1, 1.-78. 18.21W miles, and January 1, 1879. 
 about 101,000 miles. The mileage of 1878 is 2,CS3 against 2,i81 in 1877. 
 
 MILEAGE OF NEW 15 AILBOADS CONSTRUCTED IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY FOR FIVE TEARS, 
 
 [I mm the nai'icny Age.} 
 
 STATES, <tc. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1678. 
 
 STATE?, &c. 
 
 1374. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 187a 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1}* 
 
 22 
 
 Missouri... . 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 low 
 
 36 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Montana. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 go 
 
 52 
 
 C9 
 
 55 
 
 Al'k:ins:is . . 
 
 Id 
 
 38! A 
 
 49 
 
 
 7 
 
 Nevada 
 
 40 
 
 C4 
 
 
 
 
 Calitornia.. . 
 Colorado 
 
 Hoy. 
 
 23 
 
 1R5 
 
 lll?6 
 21 
 
 344% 
 154 J V 
 7 
 
 235% 
 lJk> 
 3)j 
 
 71 X 
 193J4 
 
 N'. Hiimpshire 
 New Jersey . 
 New Mexico 
 
 45 
 39 
 
 15,'< 
 
 i-iy, 
 
 9J4 
 C4 
 
 18 
 81V. 
 
 35 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 New York 
 
 125 V 
 
 206 
 
 co% 
 
 151% 
 
 P1V, 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 X. Carolina 
 
 Vs' 4 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 Florida 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 17C>< 
 
 6 
 
 275 
 
 2C9 
 
 97 
 
 Geor"ia. ... 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 
 C2 
 
 ()n-pon 
 
 
 
 
 
 3G 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 
 
 
 126 
 
 1'eniisylvania 
 
 l''Ua 
 
 13C94 
 
 OOJs 
 
 119% 
 
 1S8) 
 
 
 231 
 
 200 
 
 53 
 
 55M 
 
 103 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 14 
 
 
 9 
 
 9?s 
 
 
 
 09>* 
 
 109 V> 
 
 72M 
 
 24 
 
 74 
 
 S. Carolina . 
 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 48% 
 
 1 Oi- 
 
 Indian Ter't'j' 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7^ 
 
 21% 
 
 IO 
 
 Iowa 
 
 48 
 01 
 
 84H 
 
 9C?4 
 70 
 
 165> 
 
 80" 
 
 255 J6 
 
 Kit 14 
 
 Texas 
 Utah 
 
 75 
 
 59 
 
 34>^ 
 
 7 
 
 387% 
 
 108 }< 2 
 
 
 "-' 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 31M 
 
 
 138 
 
 28M 
 
 20 
 
 Vermont.... 
 
 f> 
 
 33 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 Louisiana. .. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 70% 
 
 
 10 
 
 10% 
 
 ic;^ 
 
 Vainfl-. 
 
 yiy z 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Washini'tonT 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-2)$ 
 
 15 
 
 Maryland 
 
 MasH;hus't8 
 
 12 
 
 279.1 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 y ; 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 "iik 
 
 56 
 
 5)6 
 
 IIO 1 ^ 
 
 \V. Virginia.. 
 
 Wisconsin . . 
 
 "ic2" " 
 
 . 
 3 
 
 
 
 '123% 
 
 20> 
 02 
 5 
 
 1GK 
 63% 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 twi/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Missisbinni . . 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 26 
 
 Total... 
 
 5.025 
 
 l.:,Ci 
 
 2.4:0 
 
 1.281 
 
 2.CS3 
 
 GENERAL RESULT OF RAILROAD OPERATIONS, 1871-1878. 
 
 YEAES. . 
 
 Miles 
 Operated. 
 
 Capital nnd 
 Funded Debt 
 
 EAUNIXCS. 
 
 Dirjdenda 
 Paid. 
 
 Gross. 
 
 Kct. 
 
 1871 
 
 44.C14 
 
 57.327 
 C6,2:t3 
 09,273 
 
 ?2.GG4.G27,G4-> 
 3, 159,42:5,057 
 3.784,543,034 
 4.2-21.703.594 
 4,415,031.6..0 
 4,468,591,935 
 4,r)(;8,507,248 
 i,5i9,9-.o,.l/; 
 
 $403,309,20=! 
 4 'JO 24 1.055 
 526,4 19,!':,5 
 580.406,016 
 563.065.505 
 497.257,9:9 
 472,000,272 
 i9J,103,G51 
 
 $141,746.404 
 105,754,373 
 183,810 5t:i! 
 139,570,958 
 18.\r.0 .,433 
 180,452,752 
 170.07'. C^- 
 187,o75,16T 
 
 t.-)G,45fi,GPl 
 G-4, 118.157 
 07,1-20,709 
 07,042,04-2 
 74,-J94,293 
 08,039.008 
 5P,5f>n,31 : : 
 53,029,368 
 
 1872 . 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 71,757 
 73,508 
 74112 
 73,'J^O 
 
 1876 
 18.77 
 
 j^-,8 

 
 DIFFERENCES IN TIME. THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 87 
 
 DIFFERENCE OF TIME. 
 
 WHEN it is 12 o'clock at noon at New York City, ifc will bo morning at nil places 
 west of New York, and afternoon at all places east, as in the annexed table. 
 
 PLACES WEST. 
 
 Aoapnlco, Mexico 
 
 Auburn, New York. .. 
 
 Augusta, Ga 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Burlington, N. J. 
 
 Buffalo.N.Y 
 
 Charleston, S. C 
 
 Chicago, III 
 
 Cincinnati, O 
 
 Columbus,. O 
 
 Dayton, O 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 Dover, Del 
 
 Ewing Harbor, O. T... 
 Ft.Leavenworth, Kan. 
 
 Galveston, Texas 
 
 Geneva, N. Y 
 
 H arrisburg, Pa 
 
 Honolulu, S. I 
 
 Huntsville, Ala. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 Jackson, Miss 
 
 Jefferson, Mo 
 
 Key West, Fla 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn 
 
 4938 
 5031 
 
 (> 2 
 
 13 1C 
 
 11 23 5'J 
 
 1920 
 
 23 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 P 
 8 
 10 36 5? 
 
 83d 
 1037 
 
 47 53 
 48-1 -I 
 
 34 S 
 81fi 
 1144 
 
 10 55 32 
 
 10 47 32 
 
 11 28 54 
 11 2028 
 
 I 
 
 PLACES WKST. 
 
 Little Rock. Ark 
 
 Louisville. Ky 
 
 Mexico, Mex 
 
 Milledgeville, Ga 
 
 Milwaukee-, Wis 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Monterey, Mex 
 
 Monterey, C<)1 
 
 Nashville. Tenn 
 
 Natchez, Miss 
 
 Newark, N. J 
 
 Newbi-rn, N. C 
 
 New Orleans. La 
 
 Norfolk. Va 
 
 Pennacnla, Pl 
 
 Petmbnrg, Va 
 
 Philadelphia.Pa 
 
 Pittsbnrg, Pa 
 
 Point Hudson, W. T.. 
 
 Princeton. N. J 
 
 Kacine, WU 
 
 Raleigh, N. C 
 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 Ilochenter. N. Y 
 
 Sacketts Uarbor, N.Y. 
 
 1047 
 
 10 14 
 10 : 1944 
 
 11 22 43 
 II 4,10 
 II 0| 2 
 10 
 
 8l48;3J 
 lit 8|48 
 10 50 2(i 
 It SO 2 
 1147,44 
 
 10 5G 4 
 
 11 5049 
 
 Ill 8 
 
 11 4C 44 
 II 3.V2. r > 
 113: 
 74.' 
 
 I 1 57 26 
 llj 5 
 
 II 4(1 
 1146 
 
 II 44 40 
 1152 
 
 PLACES WEST. 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 
 
 St. Augustine, Fla.. . 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 San Antonio. Teaas. . 
 
 ^an Diego, Cal 
 
 S;in Francisco. Cal... 
 
 Santa Fe, N. Mex 
 
 Santa Cruz. W.I 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Scarlioro liar. W. T 
 Springfield. III....:... 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla 
 
 Tampico, Mex 
 
 Toronto. C. W 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Tuscal"os:i. Ala... 
 
 Utica. N.Y 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mex 
 
 Viiirennea, Ind 
 
 Washington. I). C... 
 
 Wheeling, AY. Vn 
 
 Wilmington, N.C.... 
 
 Wilmington. Del 
 
 Yorktown, Va 
 
 a. 
 85644 
 
 29 
 5.i 44 
 
 10 43 45 
 
 84fi 
 9 51 
 
 84* 
 
 8 37 36 
 
 10 24 37 
 
 3833 
 28 
 1C 
 12 
 
 U30 
 624 
 4753 
 1133 
 
 4324 
 II 54 
 11 4U48 
 
 52 
 1740 
 
 PLACES EAST 
 
 AFTER- 
 NOON. 
 
 FLACKS EAST. 
 
 PLACES EAST. 
 
 Albany, N.Y 
 
 Augusta, Mo 
 
 Bangor, Me 
 
 Berlin, Prus 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Constantinople, Tur... 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 JTredericton. N. H 
 
 II. M. 
 1 
 
 Ifi 
 20 
 
 11 30 
 
 i; :->. o 
 
 4 30 4 J 
 
 Halifax.N.S 
 
 Hambure, Germany.. 
 
 Hurt lord, Conn 
 
 London, England 
 
 Low-oil. Mass 
 
 MlddletAwn, Conn.. . 
 
 Mon'reil. L. C 
 
 Now Haven, Couu.. 
 
 II. I M. 
 
 ONI 
 
 5 35 58 
 521 
 45541 
 104' 
 
 0| 5!S* 
 1 44 
 423 
 
 Paris, Franco 
 
 Portland, Mino 
 
 Providence, II. I 
 
 Quebec, Canada 
 
 Home, Italy 
 
 St. Petersburg, Rus. 
 Stockholm. Sweden.. 
 Vicuna, Aubtria 
 
 AFTKB- 
 
 NOON. 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 1025 
 
 I- 
 
 5 45 59 
 
 5718 
 
 818 
 
 137 
 
 THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CITIES. POPULATION. 
 
 CITIES. POI-ULATIOS. 
 
 CITIE3. POPULATIOK. 
 
 CITIES. POPTTLATIOS. 
 
 
 8,533,184 
 
 1,988,748 
 1,500,000 
 1.300,000 
 1,209,561 
 1,075,61)0 
 1,045,000 
 l,02n,770 
 847,452 
 800.000 
 800.000 
 794,615 
 780,6-21 
 670,00(1 
 644,405 
 620,000 
 11,970 
 600,00!) 
 600,000 
 566,930 
 560/200 
 555,044 
 533 000 
 5-27,000 
 
 Chicapo 
 
 508,298 
 500,000 
 448,743 
 406,014 
 400,000 
 400,000 
 400,000 
 4i>o,iOO 
 397,522 
 380,238 
 377,000 
 367,'284 
 363 5iio 
 850,000 
 349.883 
 342,815 
 330,(iOO 
 820,000 
 818,864 
 315,506 
 314,666 
 
 Saiklo 
 
 300,000 
 284,779 
 2*2,00(1 
 274,97^ 
 261,ii7t; 
 236.02:: 
 :55,lM 
 452,01; 
 251,584 
 251,<Hh 
 250,001 
 24ti,15S 
 28!).o5< 
 227,SM' 
 221,805 
 219,93? 
 21-.74I 
 !15,14( 
 !i 5.128 
 '12.054 
 :07,770 
 
 or>.ooi 
 
 98,8'<9 
 ;)7,295 
 
 JuenosAyres.. . 
 Jristol 
 Prngne 
 Bradford 
 Santiago ........ 
 
 95,000 
 '!)u,5.S9 
 S9.y4i> 
 .Sti.OUO 
 Sit.OC'O 
 .75.188 
 174,894 
 .74,249 
 67,o93 
 165,077 
 102,975 
 161,814 
 16-1,01)0 
 ir.9,i'65 
 158 900 
 157,946 
 154.766 
 154,417 
 152500 
 152,009 
 150.000 
 149,720 
 149,003 
 
 Paiis 
 Peking . . . 
 
 Nlnj!]io 
 
 l.uclcnow 
 Sheflield 
 Hio <le Janeiro . . 
 
 Canton 
 
 Hamburg 
 Manchester 
 Birmingham 
 Nanking 
 Amoy 
 Madras 
 Brussels 
 St. Louis 
 Madrid 
 Boston 
 Che Foo 
 Cairo 
 
 New York 
 Constantinople 
 Berlin 
 Vienna 
 
 Koine 
 B.-mLkok 
 Barcelona 
 Warsaw 
 Melbourne 
 Havana 
 Cincinnati 
 Ureslau 
 San Francisco .. . 
 Bucharest 
 Palermo 
 Edinburgh 
 Bordeaux 
 New Orleans .... 
 Alexandria 
 Turin 
 
 3enares 
 ielfast 
 rvdney, N.S.W.. 
 ?loreuce 
 StiickUolm ..... 
 Ulle ... 
 Odessa 
 Washington 
 Pittsburgh 
 Patna, India 
 Cleveland 
 Buffiilo 
 Delhi 
 Salfo'd 
 Seville 
 Monte Vidao 
 Dundee 
 
 Philadelphia .. 
 Tokio, 1'te Yedo 
 Foochow 
 Calcutta 
 New Yedo 
 St. Petersburg.. 
 Bombay 
 
 
 
 Hankow 
 
 Shanghai 
 Marseilles 
 Mexico 
 Dublin 
 
 Kon Kiang .... 
 Brooklyn 
 Kioto, Japan .. 
 
 Buda-Pesth 
 Amsterdam 
 
 813,401 
 
 3i 12,266 
 800,000 
 
 Copenhagen 
 Munich 
 Dresden . . 
 
 Osaca, Japan . . 
 Liverpool 
 
 Agra, India 
 

 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 TABLE OF IMPOSTS, FOREIGN EXPORTS, NET IMPORTS AND DOMES- 
 TIC EXPORTS, FROM 1844 TO 1880. 
 
 The following table exhibits the Imports, Exports of Foreign Goods, net Im- 
 ports and Exports of goods, the production, growth or manufacture of the United 
 Slates from the year 1S21, -when for the first time, the distinction was made between 
 the imports and exports of merchandize and that of coin and bullion. The fiscal 
 year closed September 30, till June 30, 1843, when it closed as now, June 30. An 
 additional column, gives the value of our domestic exports, since 1861, in mixed 
 values gold and currency, all the other columns being in gold values. 
 
 TEAR, ENDIHG: 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Foreign 
 Exports 
 
 Net Imports. 
 
 DOMESTK 
 
 Total 
 Gold Value. 
 
 ; Kxi'twrs. 
 Gold&C'riicy 
 
 i-Wpt. 30 1821.... 
 " 1822.... 
 11 " 18B3... 
 " " 1824.... 
 " " 1825 
 " " 1826.... 
 " " 1827.... 
 " " 182S.... 
 " " 1829.... 
 " " 1830 
 " 1831 
 1 " 1632 
 1 ' 1833 
 1 " 18,4 
 
 1 
 
 62,585,724 
 83,241,541 
 77.579,267 
 80,549,007 
 96.310,075 
 84,974,477 
 79,484,068 
 88,509,824 
 74,4 2,527 
 7(1,876,920 
 103,191,124 
 101,029,266 
 
 12^521 1332 
 149,895,742 
 189,980,035 
 I40,9r-9,217 
 113,717,404 
 162,092,132 
 107,141,519 
 127,946,177 
 100,162,067 
 64,753,799 
 108,435,035 
 117,254,564 
 121,691,797 
 146,545,638 
 154,998,928 
 147,857,439 
 178.138.318 
 216,224.932 
 212 945,442 
 267,978,647 
 304,562,381 
 261,468,520 
 314,639,942 
 360,890,141 
 282,613,150 
 338,768,130 
 362,16ri,254 
 335.650,153 
 205,771,729 
 252,919.920 
 329,562,895 
 248.555,652 
 445,512,158 
 417,833,575 
 371.624,808 
 437,314.255 
 462,377,587 
 541,493,708 
 640,338,766 
 663,617,147 
 ( 595,861,248 
 
 * 
 
 21,302,488 
 22,886.202 
 27,543,622 
 25.337,157 
 32,590,643 
 24.539,612 
 23,403,136 
 21,595017 
 16,658.478 
 14,387,479 
 20 0:(3,526 
 24,039,473 
 19,822,735 
 23,312.811 
 20,504,495 
 21,746,360 
 21,854,962 
 12,452,795 
 17,494,525 
 18,190,312 
 15,469,081 
 11,721,538 
 6,552,697 
 11,484 867 
 15,346,830 
 11,346,623 
 8,011,158 
 21,128,010 
 13,08,8C5 
 14,951 806 
 21,698,293 
 17,289,382 
 17,558,460 
 21,850,194 
 28,448.293 
 36,378,578 
 23,975 617 
 30,886,142 
 20, 89.'), 077 
 26,933,022 
 20,645,427 
 16,869,466 
 
 20]256!94C 
 32,114,157 
 14,742,117 
 20611,508 
 22,601,126 
 2:>,173,414 
 30,427,159 
 28,459,899 
 22,769,749 
 28,149511 
 23,780,338 
 
 $ 
 
 41,283,236 
 60.955,339 
 50,035,645 
 55,211,850 
 63,749,432 
 60,434,865 
 56,080,932 
 66,914,807 
 57,834,049 
 56,489,441 
 83,157,598 
 7(i,989,793 
 88,295.576 
 103,208,521 
 129.391,247 
 168,233,675 
 119,134,255 
 101,21)4,1)09 
 144,597,607 
 88.951,207 
 112,477,096 
 88,440,549 
 58,201,102 
 96,950,166 
 101,907,734 
 110,345,174 
 138,534,460 
 133,870,916 
 134.768,574 
 163,186,510 
 194.526,639 
 195,656,060 
 250,420,187 
 279,712,187 
 233,020,227 
 2J8,261,364 
 336,914,524 
 251,727.008 
 317,873,053 
 335.233.2:52 
 315,004,726 
 188,902,263 
 226,796,336 
 309,305.955 
 216.441,495 
 430,770,041 
 397,222,067 
 349,023,682 
 412.140.841 
 431,950.428 
 513,033,809 
 617,569,017 
 635.467,636 
 572,080,910 
 
 1 
 
 43,671,8^4 
 49,874,079 
 47,155,408 
 50,649,500 
 66,944,745 
 53,055,710 
 58,921,691 
 50,669.669 
 
 61, '277^057 
 63,137,470 
 70,31 7, G'> 
 81.024.162 
 101,189,062 
 106,916,680 
 95,564,414 
 96,033,821 
 103,533,691 
 113,895.634 
 106.382,722 
 92,969,996 
 77,793,783 
 99,715,179 
 99,299,776 
 10-2,141,893 
 150,637.464 
 132.904.121 
 132,666,955 
 136,946.912 
 196,689,718 
 192,368,984 
 213,417.697 
 252,047,806 
 246,70i>,553 
 310,586,330 
 338,985,665 
 293,758,279 
 335,894,385 
 373,189,274 
 228,699,486 
 210,688,675 
 241.997,474 
 243,977,589 
 5201,558,372 
 420,161,476 
 332,618,0811 
 353,135,875 
 318,082,663 
 4-20,500,275 
 512,802267 
 501,-285,371 
 578,938,985 
 629,133,107 
 10,200,059 
 583,141,229 
 15,596,5-24 
 
 |213,069,5J 
 
 300,035,109 
 
 323,743.187 
 550,684,277 
 433.577,312 
 454,301,713 
 413,961,115 
 499,092,143 
 56-2,518,651 
 549,219,713 
 649,132,563 
 693 039,051 
 11,424.0; 
 643,094,767 
 15596,524 
 644,956.406 
 10,507 563 
 676,115,592 
 72-2.811,815 
 $10,5:15,857 
 717,0!>3,77r 
 S45,9'JO,.V2a 
 
 1 " 1835.... 
 ' " 1836.... 
 " " 1837.... 
 " " 1838.... 
 " 1839 ... 
 " ......1840 
 
 " " 1641 
 " " 1842.... 
 June 30 1B43*... 
 June 30 1814 
 
 " 1845.... 
 
 " isS:... 
 
 " " 1848.... 
 " 1849.... 
 " 1850.... 
 " " 1851.... 
 " " 1852.... 
 41 ' 1853.... 
 " " 1854.... 
 " 1855.... 
 41 " 1856.... 
 " " 1857... 
 " " 1858... 
 - " 1859... 
 " " 1860... 
 
 * " 1861 
 
 " ' ... . 1862 
 
 ' 1863 
 " ' 1864.... 
 " ' 1865.... 
 " ' 1866.... 
 ' ' 1867.... 
 * ' 1868...'. 
 " ' 1869.... 
 " ' 1870.... 
 " " 1871.... 
 * " 1872.... 
 ' " 1873.... 
 
 " 1874.... 
 " " 1875.... 
 
 * " 1877... 
 " " 1878.... 
 
 " " 1879.. 
 " I860.... 
 
 ( 553,906,153 
 
 22,433,624 
 
 531,472,529 
 
 C 476,677,671 
 
 21,270,035 
 
 455,407,836 
 
 575,6-20,938 
 10 507 503 
 
 492,097,540 
 466,872,846 
 
 460.078,775 
 743,481,765 
 
 25,832,495 
 20,834,738 
 
 12,093,651 
 11,692,305 
 
 4~6~6,265,045 
 446,038,106 
 
 446,532,718 
 
 632,804,962 
 707,771,153 
 
 717/93777 
 645,1)90,528 
 
 * Nine months only. 
 5 Addition to Domestic Exports, Merchandise only, taken from Canadian reports.
 
 THE SILK INTEREST. 
 
 39 
 
 ssss 
 
 S.li'3 
 
 w if H 5 ' g "* M 1.L 
 sL o" 1 ! S s - 
 
 Totals 
 
 1 1? : i : i ::-=: i ::::: 
 
 e 2 : i :::.:: t2 :::::::: 
 
 l OS 
 
 ARTICLES MANUFACTl 
 
 American Silk Industry. Value of Goods Manufactured each Tear. 
 
 3 
 
 _co jfe JOfS" -' J - 
 
 _ : to *- 00 to p *\n^^;i 00 IO oo -X 1 SO 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 
 s 
 
 pU~- at co to"tn (a (-."en cj'co to o oo -i 
 
 -j o to jo p -* tc to i' to . -^ w' o ci w o o ^ c: 
 
 tO C" Ci 00 -> IO CT. rf^ O OS ^ ">O "-O O P ill CO i*i * OD 4 
 
 ft 
 
 o-.iI3oo-5 ooc'r:.i-SiJ:Jioto^ior) : o 
 
 OOC: OOOOOOOOOO . iil OOO(iO> O 
 
 to 
 
 u 
 01 
 
 JO JW.-* .>-'..>-'.* J^J* 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 * 
 
 ooooooooooioio tjooaooxta 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 OD 
 ) 
 
 CB 
 
 Totals 
 
 g 00 tt g> 3.) 4Cc| O O ffi M W < Jg 13 O 5f g 
 
 ARTICLES IMPOR' 
 
 Importation of Silk Goods and Manufactures, at the Port of Kcw Tork 
 In each Tear. 
 
 Q* & *"& ~' 2. ^MfDpiTOOOCt^^^SH 
 M7Q' Jfzi;^' rf ' so W' B^O-rjOO. O 
 
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 OL 
 
 B ; : :::,.!...!.::::.. 
 
 B 
 
 
 
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 4 
 
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 CO .-^ VI -^1 O OO ' oo t O4O' tOwlr- 4t031Oip-J 
 
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 1 
 
 Oitotoc5(O| | to->qo> iiob p-i ptojo 
 
 f 
 
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 OCOOIOlPt-' ' .UO_ ' CJCitOO OOWOO^., 
 CO Si ^ iO * * tO^trTUi* tn p***3 COOOI** 
 
 H 
 
 
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 Is II Si: : .1^3: illsli-lO
 
 .40 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 THE Educational condition of the United States, though, not yei 
 what wo may hope it will be, is far in advance of that of any other 
 nation. Some of the German States maintain a system of compul- 
 sory education, which ensures to every child a certain amount of 
 intellectual training, but this is surrounded by such restrictions that 
 it is not so beneficial to the youth of the State as our more free and 
 practical system of education. In our country, up to the close of 
 the late war, very few of the Southern States had any thorough sys- 
 tem of primary education, and many of their secondary and higher 
 schools, colleges and seminaries, were very superficial; but the last 
 ten years has witnessed a great advance in these respects in those 
 States, and the Narthern .States have made equally rapid progress. 
 
 The tables which follow, show that nearly 9,000,000 of our chil- 
 dren somewhat niore than one-fifth of our entire population are 
 enrolled in our Public Schools; 24G,G54 in our secondary and special 
 schools (these returns are so incomplete that they do not probably 
 represent one-half of the actual number in attendance, the Catholic 
 Secondary Schools reporting 242,000 children), the Universities and 
 Colleges have 5G,253 students, and the Scientific and Professional 
 Schools 25,039, making a grand total of nearly 9,600,000 children 
 and youth under instruction; more than 270,000 teachers are 
 engaged in the work of instruction. For the purposes of this edu- 
 cation, the investment in real estate, appliances for teaching, and 
 libraries, is over $314,000,000; the amount of vested and permanent 
 funds (largely increased by benefactions, sales of land, etc., every 
 year,) is more than $127,500,000, and the annual income $108,300,- 
 000. No nation in the world can make such an exhibit as this, but 
 we may fairly hope that another decade will show one-fourth of our 
 population under instruction, with greatly increased facilities. The 
 reader will find, also, in the tables which follow, an account of the 
 piivate benefactions made to education since 1870, and of the large 
 libraries which have made such a rapid growth within the past few 
 years.
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 STATES ANI> 
 TJERRITORIKS. 
 
 School Age. 
 
 School Population. 
 
 Number between 9 
 and 18 years of age. 
 
 Number enrolled in 
 Publio Schools. 
 
 *Averntre Daily At- 
 tendance. 
 
 Average duration of 
 School in d:iys. 
 
 Number of 
 Teachers em- 
 ployed in 
 Publio School. 
 
 ij 
 
 * 
 
 Female. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 5to2i 
 6 21 
 
 406,270 
 184,G92 
 171,563 
 23,27.i 
 134,976 
 47.82.T 
 94.522 
 394,037 
 958.003 
 667.711 
 533,903 
 199.986 
 437,100 
 274,1:8? 
 221.477 
 818,120 
 294,70? 
 448.784 
 218,641 
 318.45!) 
 738,431 
 80,122 
 6,315 
 76.272 
 312,694 
 1,583,064 
 348.60:i 
 1,017,726 
 44.661 
 1,222,697 
 53,31(i 
 239,264 
 426.012 
 313,061 
 89.541 
 482,78!) 
 179,897 
 461,829 
 
 284.389 
 138,519 
 154,406 
 16,292 
 112-480 
 35,878 
 70,891 
 354.633 
 718.502 
 500.783 
 341,713 
 129,331 
 349.680 
 206,010 
 14,t,!)(iO 
 207,090 
 294,708 
 336.588 
 153,048 
 222,921 
 516 901 
 56,085 
 5,6a3 
 55,865 
 265 790 
 1.108.144 
 261,452 
 757,138 
 31,262 
 917,031 
 48,321 
 239,264 
 383,950 
 281.754 
 67,155 
 307,230 
 134,922 
 323,280 
 
 147,340 
 73,878 
 130.930 
 12,552 
 120.189 
 19,881 
 32.371 
 156.394 
 C87.446 
 502,362 
 384.012 
 142606 
 228.000 
 74.846 
 157.3-.i3 
 142,992 
 302,118 
 343,619 
 130,280 
 168.217 
 394,780 
 55,423 
 4.811 
 66,751 
 191,731 
 1,059,238 
 146,737 
 712,129 
 21,518 
 890.073 
 38,554 
 110,416 
 199,058 
 184.705 
 78,139 
 184 486 
 115.300 
 279,854 
 
 110,253 
 
 42,680 
 78,027 
 7,343 
 C8.993 
 
 "28,306 
 96,680 
 
 86.5 
 
 149.6 
 116.0 
 176.0 
 140.0 
 132.0 
 
 2,702 
 1,582 
 1,033 
 172 
 721 
 (4 
 (7 
 
 1.29T 
 740 
 1,660 
 205 
 2,324 
 30) 
 96) 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 5 17 
 
 Colorado 
 
 5 21 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 4 10 
 
 Delaware 
 
 5 21 
 
 Florida 
 
 6. .21 
 6 18 
 
 
 6 21 
 
 
 9.288 
 7.670 
 6,500 
 2,484 
 4,236 
 797 
 1984 
 1,120 
 1,169 
 3,285 
 1.372 
 2.989 
 5.004 
 1,504 
 35 
 503 
 946 
 7,428 
 (2. 
 12,306 
 496 
 8.585 
 195 
 1,773 
 3,125 
 (4. 
 
 r>67 
 
 2,711 
 
 2,677 
 (9, 
 
 12,330 
 5,463 
 11,645 
 2890 
 1,732 
 760 
 4,475 
 1,594 
 8,047 
 D.183 
 1,591 
 1979 
 3,747 
 1,587 
 60 
 3.100 
 2.307 
 22,585 
 690) 
 10,180 
 457 
 11,295 
 861 
 1,083 
 10S3 
 030) 
 3,739 
 1,551. 
 734 
 451) 
 
 
 0..2I 
 5 21 
 
 300,743 
 
 120.0 
 1360 
 1020 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 5 21 
 
 85.580 
 159,000 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 6 20 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 6 21 
 
 Maine 
 
 4 21 
 
 100,641 
 69,25!) 
 216.861 
 200,000 
 71,292 
 106,894 
 192,904 
 
 117.r 
 187.0 
 177.0 
 138.0 
 1200 
 1400 
 99.0 
 96.0 
 
 iobo 
 
 194.0 
 1760 
 50.0 
 140.0 
 105.5 
 151.0 
 178.0 
 10UO 
 100.0 
 780 
 111.0 
 112.0 
 92.5 
 14H.O 
 
 Maryland 
 
 5 20 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 5 15 
 
 Michigan .. 
 Minnesota 
 Missippi 
 Missouri 
 Nebraska 
 Nevada 
 
 5.. 20 
 5. .21 
 5. .21 
 5.. 21 
 S..21 
 6 18 
 
 2.884 
 48,268 
 98089 
 531,835 
 97.830 
 435,341) 
 
 New Hampshire 
 New Jersey 
 New York 
 "North Carolina 
 Ohio 
 
 4. .21 
 5. .18 
 5. .21 
 6. .21 
 6 21 
 
 Oregon 
 
 4 20 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 Rhode Island 
 South Carolina 
 Tennessee 
 
 6. .21 
 5.. 15 
 6. .16 
 6 18 
 
 551.848 
 26,163 
 
 136,805 
 125,224 
 50,023 
 103,927 
 79,002 
 
 Texas 
 
 6 .18 
 
 
 5 20 
 
 
 5 21 
 
 
 6 21 
 
 
 4 20 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 6. .21 
 
 13,983,634 
 
 10,533,055 
 
 8,693,289 
 
 
 
 (247, 
 
 468) 
 
 
 2,508 
 f.34:i 
 31,671 
 4020 
 3822 
 29,312 
 35,696 
 8,350 
 1,095 
 
 1.881 
 
 5,840 
 29,133 
 2.814 
 2,250 
 28,984 
 29.747 
 5,427 
 845 
 
 508 
 4.428 
 18,785 
 3.270 
 2215 
 5,151 
 19,278 
 6,699 
 1.2-.22 
 3,754 
 
 419 
 
 180. 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 8 
 154 
 871 
 
 D'ikoti 
 
 5. 21 
 6. .17 
 5 21 
 
 Uist. of Columbia.. 
 
 13,494 
 
 191.0 
 
 Montana 
 New Mexico 
 Utah 
 
 4. .21 
 7. .18 
 4.. 16 
 
 1.710 
 
 920 
 132.0 
 140.0 
 70.0 
 
 43 
 
 132 
 220 
 (2 
 
 56 
 15 
 
 238 
 20) 
 1G 
 
 13,462 
 
 Washington 
 Wyoming 
 
 4. .21 
 5. .20 
 6 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 124,817 
 
 106,921 
 
 77,922 
 
 
 
 (1, 
 
 839) 
 
 
 Grand Totals 
 
 
 14,108,451 
 
 10,639,9761 8,771,211 
 
 
 
 (249, 
 
 307) 
 
 * So many of tho States do not return the average daily attendance, that the total footing* 
 are of no value, and are omitted.
 
 PUJSLIO SCHOOLS. 
 
 STATISTICS OP THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES, JAN., 1870. 
 
 STATES AND 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Average 
 Monthly 
 Salary of 
 Teachers. 
 
 Annual income of the Public Schools 
 
 Annual Expenditures of Public Schools. 
 
 4 
 
 Female. 
 
 Sites, T5iiiltlings,Libraries, 
 Furuitnre and apparatus. 
 
 Salaries of Superintend- 
 cuts. 
 
 Salaries of Teachers. 
 
 Miscellaneons. 
 
 Total Expenditures. 
 
 
 $<27 
 
 20) 
 
 $553014 
 789,536 
 3,390.359 
 254.6W 
 1,592,749 
 192,735 
 188.952 
 435 319 
 
 $100 
 5491i. 
 465, 95r 
 76,215 
 220,942 
 
 34,187 
 24.100 
 43,622 
 7,500 
 20,000 
 
 $489,492 
 259,747 
 1,810,479 
 102,783 
 1,057,242 
 
 
 523,779 
 750,000 
 2,701,863 
 218,313 
 
 1,552,583 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 California.. 
 
 84.93 
 CO.OO 
 70.05 
 (28 
 50.00 
 
 68.01 
 48.00 
 37.35 
 00) 
 30.00 
 
 381,803 
 31.815 
 254,399 
 
 Colorado 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 15,600 
 
 
 
 
 107,724 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 Indiana 
 
 48.21 
 05.00 
 3668 
 33.9S 
 (49. 
 37.00 
 37.00 
 41.73 
 88.37 
 51.29 
 41.36 
 55.47 
 38.00 
 38.CO 
 (100. 
 42.61 
 67.65 
 (58. 
 30.00 
 60.00 
 51.45 
 4107 
 58.18 
 31.64 
 30.1-5 
 (53. 
 45.62 
 33.52 
 3503 
 50.83 
 
 3332 
 40.00 
 28.33 
 27.25 
 40) 
 37.00 
 18.00 
 41.73 
 35.35 
 28.19 
 28.91 
 55.47 
 2950 
 33.10 
 56) 
 25.54 
 37.75 
 36) 
 2500 
 44.00 
 45.50 
 34.09 
 46 17 
 29.21 
 30.85 
 00) 
 25.65 
 28.71 
 30.77 
 33.28 
 
 8,268,540 
 5,041,517 
 5,035.498 
 1,042,298 
 1,438,436 
 699 665 
 1,313,303 
 1,376,046 
 0,410,514 
 4,173,551 
 1,861,158 
 1.110.248 
 3 013 595 
 
 1.090.574 
 700.000 
 1,114.68 
 182.886 
 111,406 
 60.182 
 110,725 
 272,539 
 1,533,14-2 
 571,109 
 208.03(1 
 55,000 
 
 '50,666 
 
 5,326,780 
 2,830,747 
 2,598.440 
 089,907 
 
 971,854 
 949 457 
 892,626 
 113,208 
 
 8,268,540 
 4.530 204 
 4.605,749' 
 1.020 101 
 1,559,452 
 699,665 
 1 313.303 
 1,641,047 
 7.000,000 
 3.516,7-2 
 1.158,447 
 1.040 (iOO 
 3,000 000 
 928. 188 
 124.301 
 742,854 
 9,340,983 
 1,601 .25* 
 300, 000 
 7,651,956 
 215,707 
 9,363.927 
 704,643 
 420,4iil 
 703,35!* 
 72U, 230 
 625,057 
 1,0-23,390 
 715,160 
 2.066,375 
 
 
 Kansas 
 Kentucky 
 
 34,100 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 24.000 
 29,668 
 25,440 
 
 573,144 
 1,046.766 
 1,035.755 
 
 42,339 
 126.144 
 307,313 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 Massachusetts 
 Michigan 
 Minnesota 
 Mississippi.. ..... 
 
 
 
 1,950,928 
 702,662 
 856,950 
 
 994,745 
 247,755 
 80,000 
 
 48,650 
 
 Missouri. ....... 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 292,475 
 146.181 
 621,649 
 2.311,465 
 11,601,256 
 500,000 
 8,711,411 
 204,760 
 8,798,816 
 761,796 
 489.542 
 740,316 
 244. H79 
 516,252 
 1,215,353 
 753,477 
 2,308,187 
 
 327,406 
 22,723 
 264,244 
 549,619 
 2,131,927 
 15.100 
 1,313,515 
 3.125 
 2,059,465 
 275.835 
 22,222 
 44,406 
 60,081 
 89,789 
 97.278 
 123,844 
 371,496 
 
 18,916 
 
 414,827 
 83.548 
 424.889 
 1,731,816 
 7,849,667 
 158,129 
 4,787,964 
 
 4, 640, 825 
 383,284 
 369,685 
 582,918 
 630,334 
 440,536 
 726,300 
 541,359 
 1,350,884 
 
 167,039 
 18,030 
 5:,721 
 30,780 
 1.569,662 
 8,445 
 1,391,704 
 
 '"2,557,587 
 77,059 
 31,554 
 42,420 
 2ti,5-8 
 82 089 
 151.150 
 47,457 
 241,777 
 
 
 New Hampshire.... 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 28,770 
 
 58", 773 
 2,000 
 00,050 
 11,681 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 Tennessee 
 
 19,385 
 9,233 
 12,643 
 48,668 
 2.500 
 50,000 
 
 Texas 
 
 "Vermont 
 
 "Virginia 
 "West Virginia... 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 88,399,237 
 
 14,710,475 
 
 25,486 
 
 46,448,787 
 
 11,893,524 
 
 -5,526,91-4 
 
 
 00.00 
 35.00 
 lo.OO 
 55.00 
 65.00 
 
 100.00 
 25.00 
 75.00 
 55.00 
 57.00 
 
 28,759 
 32.C02 
 517.610 
 22,497 
 31,821 
 25,473 
 130,799 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,151 
 32,603 
 366,57 
 17,2 
 67,147 
 18.890 
 183,813 
 54 720 
 16,40* 
 99,000 
 
 
 9,985 
 61,123 
 
 
 18.046 
 209,368 
 
 4,572 
 86,568 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. . 
 Idaho 
 
 9,520 
 
 Montana 
 
 28,726 
 
 4,500 
 
 33,921 
 . 15,432 
 130,800 
 54,720 
 16,400 
 
 
 New Mexico. ....... 
 
 3,458 
 
 Utah 
 
 47.00 
 
 23.00 
 
 49,568 
 
 3,450 
 
 "Washington 
 
 
 AVyoming ........ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99,929 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 889,490 
 
 149,402 
 
 17,470 
 
 578,687 
 
 94 : 598 
 
 88C,5C$ 
 
 
 Qrand Totals 
 
 
 
 b9,288.7-27| 14,859,877 
 
 42,956 
 
 47,027,474 
 
 11,988,122 
 
 R0,407,440
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES, JAN., 1878. 
 
 STATES AND 
 TliPvIUTOliiKS. 
 
 Number of School- 
 Housett. 
 
 Estimated viilue of 
 sites, buildings nnd 
 all other School Prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Amount of Permanent 
 School Fund. 
 
 Expenditure in the 
 yvurper capita of 
 tho School population 
 
 Expenditure in the 
 year per capita of 
 pupils enrolli-d in the 
 Public Schools. 
 
 1 Expenditure in the 
 year per capita, of av- 
 Iercgo attendance on 
 the Public Schools. 
 
 Amount of benefac- 
 tion for educational 
 Surposes reported aa 
 avingbeeii made dur- 
 ing the year 1875, 
 
 Alabama 
 
 3,898 
 
 
 2 " 06 ;> 50 
 
 
 
 
 $2,825 
 
 
 2, 134 
 
 355 000 
 
 1 ->2-2 500 
 
 $4.06 
 
 $10 15 
 
 $17.57 
 
 5,680 
 
 
 2,1 no 
 
 5 068 67d 
 
 1 737 500 
 
 
 17.09 
 
 2582 
 
 13,000 
 
 
 172 
 
 474 OOd 
 
 
 9 38 
 
 17.39 
 
 29.73 
 
 1,300* 
 
 Connecti cut 
 
 1,650 
 
 
 2 807 697 
 
 11.80 
 
 12.92 
 
 2250 
 
 34,750 
 
 Delaware 
 
 369 
 
 
 470 000 
 
 
 
 9.64 
 
 10,000 
 
 Klorida 
 
 796 
 
 
 225 000 
 
 1.99 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.69 
 
 500 
 
 Geor'na 
 
 3,669 
 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 2.78 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 11,451 
 
 19 876 708 
 
 7 r<cO 554 
 
 
 
 
 388,434 
 
 Indiana 
 
 9,307 
 
 10 870 338 
 
 8 799 192 
 
 078 
 
 9.01 
 
 15.06 
 
 51,600 
 
 
 9,528 
 
 8 617 95 i 
 
 3 303 961 
 
 6.75 
 
 9.38 
 
 15.99 
 
 174,859- 
 
 
 3715 
 
 4 141) 090 
 
 1 163 OHO 
 
 4.28 
 
 5.93 
 
 9.99 
 
 3,20O 
 
 
 4 1-94 
 
 1 64 OHO 
 
 1 327 000 
 
 
 
 
 26495- 
 
 
 1,032 
 
 896 100 
 
 400 000 
 
 245 
 
 9.40 
 
 
 12,80i> 
 
 
 4 180 
 
 3 019 549 
 
 400 558 
 
 541 
 
 7.68 
 
 1201 
 
 307,800- 
 
 Maryland 
 
 1.846 
 
 
 350 370 
 
 5.01 
 
 968 
 
 19.99 
 
 
 Massach u set ts 
 Michigan 
 
 5,551 
 5.702 
 
 20.856,7:7 
 SJ.3V) 894 
 
 2.000.000 
 3,977,^69 
 
 22.00 
 6.67 
 
 20.00 
 11.97 
 
 30.00 
 14.97 
 
 247,39 
 32 342 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 3,0r5 
 
 2 808 156 
 
 3 200 000 
 
 5.74 
 
 9.29 
 
 16.98 
 
 18.967 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 2275 
 
 1 000 000 
 
 1 068 359 
 
 2.84 
 
 5.38 
 
 C.83 
 
 21,000 
 
 
 7 325 
 
 6 771 163 
 
 7 248 535 
 
 
 
 
 184,455- 
 
 
 1 805 
 
 
 1 "12 288 
 
 7 76 
 
 11.42 
 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 11 Oil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire.... 
 
 2,223 
 2948 
 
 2,258 000 
 6 287 207 
 
 500.000 
 800 000 
 
 6.57 
 585 
 
 731 
 9.55 
 
 1041 
 17.97 
 
 475,760 
 324 901 
 
 New York 
 
 11 781 
 
 29 928 60 
 
 3 08(1 11)8 
 
 
 
 
 410,421 
 
 North Carolina 
 Ohio 
 
 4,02D 
 11,834 
 
 19 876 504 
 
 2,187.564 
 3 046 713 
 
 '""j'-Q 
 
 ""ib". 57 
 
 ""i7 
 
 33,550> 
 181,030 
 
 
 85'J 
 
 350 000 
 
 1 314 000 
 
 
 
 
 3,175- 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 17.092 
 
 24 200 78') 
 
 
 
 
 
 810,67-2 
 
 lihodo Island. 
 
 739 
 
 2360 017 
 
 205 143 
 
 937 
 
 12.96 
 
 19.09 
 
 16.94S 
 
 
 2347 
 
 313 289 
 
 4 19 543 
 
 1 78 
 
 3^6 
 
 
 17,925- 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 3,125 
 
 
 512 5:10 
 
 1.64 
 
 3.53 
 
 5.14 
 
 42. 1ST 
 
 Texas 
 
 3898 
 
 1 73 508 
 
 2 031 673 
 
 
 
 
 7,850 
 
 
 2800 
 
 1 339 804 
 
 
 7-04 
 
 889 
 
 12.60 
 
 25,075- 
 
 Virgiui i 
 
 
 757 181 
 
 1 050 000 
 
 1-93 
 
 5.05 
 
 8,96 
 
 91,012 
 
 ~WVt Virginia 
 
 3245 
 
 5260 
 
 1 60:>,027 
 4 979 1C9 
 
 290.000 
 2 624 -'40 
 
 292 
 3 64 
 
 468 
 605 
 
 7.1!) 
 
 15,000 
 40,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 162, ( J. r )l 
 
 192 193 598 
 
 72 6tfl 517 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 20 000 
 
 
 9 (52 
 
 42 41 
 
 57.66 
 
 
 Dakota 
 
 29li 
 
 24 ( '0 
 
 
 3 92 
 
 7 36 
 
 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. . 
 Idaho 
 
 47 
 53 
 
 1,114.16:2 
 
 
 
 11.57 
 
 19.51 
 
 27.10 
 
 6,500 
 
 
 76 
 
 60 000 
 
 
 8 4 
 
 14 36 
 
 1860 
 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 138 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 Urah 
 
 296 
 
 438 665 
 
 
 5 15 
 
 8.53 
 
 13.69 
 
 6.671 
 
 Washington 
 
 219 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,400 
 
 AVvomiug 
 
 13 
 
 32 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ludian 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1 312 
 
 1 6'JO 253 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand Totals.. . . . 
 
 104.263 
 
 193,^83.851 
 
 
 
 
 
 '4,120,50:4 
 
 t Nominal not ranch over 3 per cent, now available. J The benefaction to education in 1874. 
 were $6 053.304; in 1873, $11,226,977; iu 1872, $9,957,494; in 1871, $8,435,990; making a total in fiv 
 years of $39,800,327. 
 
 In 1876 there were 3,032 Public Libraries in the U. S., with 12,276,964 volumes. 201 contained over 10,00* 
 volumes each ; 73 over 20,000; 52 over 33.000; 29 over 40.030, and 19 over 50,003 volumes The largest are: 
 Library of Congress, 303,003 ; Boston Public Library, 199,809 ; Harvard University, 227,650 ; Astor. 152,446 ; 
 -Mercantile, N. Y., 160,613 ; Mercantile. Philadelphia, 125,168; House of Representatives, Washington, 125, 
 OOJ; Yale College, 114,200; Boston Athcnseu.n, 20-VXX); P; ila. Lib. Co., 101,000; N. Y. State, at Albany, 95,- 
 000, and several others rapidly approaching 103,000. Permanent endowment funds, about $15,003,000. 
 Amount invested in buil-lings, grounds, books, manuscripts *c.. $40,OCO,OCO, at least. Amount investcit 
 in Academies of Design, Art Collections, Arch.to'n y, Natural History and Science (of which then; a.-a 
 nearly 120) , aggregates from $15,OUO.(X)0 to $.0,OMi,CCO.
 
 SECONDARY AND SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 
 
 After our Pablic Schools, of which we have given such full statistics in the pro- 
 ceding tables, some schools of secondary or superior instruction, which uuder a 
 variety of names, form the 1 connecting links between the public school and the 
 college or university. Some of these are private schools but somewhat permanent 
 in character; they may be schools for boys, or for girls, or both; others rank as 
 academies, high schools or seminaries; others still, are preparatory sphools for (he 
 college course; others still as schools of superior instruction lor women, Female 
 Seminaries, Colleges, Academies, or Collegiate Institutes. Still another class, are 
 Commercial or Business Colleges. There are also Normal Schools or Colleges, 
 sometimes private, sometimes State or City institutions, intended for training 
 teachers and schools of special instruction for deaf mutes, blind, feeble minded, 
 orphans and juvenile offenders. The character of these schools is so diverse that 
 we cannot bring them under a table, showing the number in each State, but we 
 givo below the aggregate number of each class in the entire country, with such 
 .particulars as can be collected concerning them, premising that a considerable num- 
 ber are not reported in any year. 
 
 
 03 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 6 i 
 
 
 
 
 t> 
 
 1 
 
 .= 
 
 k 
 
 S 
 
 c. 
 
 4 
 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 CLASSES OF 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 e 
 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 = 2 
 
 t"=j 
 
 6**J 
 
 If 
 
 ff 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 "a 
 
 6 
 
 fc| 
 
 "3 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 V- - J 3 
 
 |?3 
 
 c >,_> c 
 
 p s i- 
 
 C 3 
 
 'f^ 
 
 
 & 
 
 m 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 3 ~* 
 
 
 
 5Sse 
 
 
 O-H 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 ( o 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 C 
 H 
 
 6 
 'x^i 
 
 Schools* Acad. Bovs. 
 
 215 
 
 830 
 
 152 
 
 1^.70? 
 
 15,676 
 
 117 
 
 $7,268.600 
 
 89o,8=;o 
 
 $23\n8 
 
 $1,144,63? 
 
 JM.8i6 
 
 Schools <k Acad. Girls. 
 Schools, Boys fc Girls. 
 Preparatory Schools. 
 
 617 
 
 I -2 
 
 510 
 1,239 
 17 
 
 1.943 
 1.407 
 46) 
 
 22.37, 
 70.067 
 
 45 
 35,978 
 (12. 
 
 21,918 
 ',54)' 
 
 6,17^,601; 
 12.193.332 
 4.815.257 
 
 35.553 
 2.3i5,53 
 
 4-735 
 214 231 
 72.782 
 
 1,255,16? 
 
 456,776 
 
 122,8=5 
 
 "te.lss 
 
 Bailouts, Acail*. SIMM Col 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Col. lua. (or imperial- 
 Instruction of \vonipii .. 
 
 222 
 
 585 
 
 1,592 
 
 23.975 
 
 
 23-975 
 
 10,805,1:0 
 
 -78,650 
 
 60,699 
 
 1,259,411 
 
 2i7.t3 
 
 Normal Schools & Col. 
 <;<)in. * Business Col. 
 
 137 
 
 (1.0 
 
 (c, 
 
 3') 
 94) 
 
 26.106 
 
 12.924 
 
 (20, 
 
 16.181 
 
 10 ) 
 
 
 
 
 684,071 
 
 96.103 
 
 
 
 
 Kindergarten 
 
 
 (2 
 
 ID) 
 
 2,8=9 
 
 (2, 
 
 809.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 &PKCIAL 'INSTRUCTION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iSchoolsforDeal Mutes 
 Schools lor the Hliucl. 
 Schools, feeble iniiul- 
 
 4' 
 29 
 
 (2 
 
 (4 
 
 94 > 
 98> 
 
 S.o8; 
 2,054 
 
 2,795 
 
 (2, 
 
 2.292 
 054) 
 
 3.893-467 
 
 
 1,049,524 
 
 1,144.044 
 
 866^11 
 
 
 
 
 eil, Idiolic, Ac 
 
 9 
 
 (3 I 
 
 71) 
 
 1.372 
 
 816 
 
 Stf 
 
 
 
 
 242 ^IJ 
 
 
 Reform Schools 
 
 
 367 
 
 311 
 
 10,670 
 
 6.HI 
 
 2,559 
 
 
 
 Earn gs 
 
 
 nr K- 
 
 Orphan A*vliimn. Sol- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 ^liur's Or. Honinx, Infnnt 
 
 
 (1.3 
 
 28) 
 
 24,584 
 
 10,656 
 
 13,928 
 
 
 
 
 
 f, ,O2O 
 
 AayliimsA lint iw Schools 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ora ud Totals 
 
 2,163 
 
 (14.0 
 
 60; 
 
 246,654 
 
 (246, 
 
 654) 
 
 51,288,406 
 
 5,c3,i83 
 
 2,264,202 
 
 12,132,913 
 
 r ^5,07. 
 
 
 IV. SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 There still remains, to complete our summary review of tho, Educational institntions of ibid 
 country, some account of the Scientific and Professional Schools or Inalitnt ions of tho U;.itd 
 States. The S 'ientiflc Schools are of two class-es. Those organized under tho law nv,kirig 
 grants of land to Agricultural Collefros, and receiving the avails of these grants, and Ihnse not 
 receiving these avails, but endowed by State or private munificence. Tho Theological Semina- 
 ri'-s and institutions o-tn be classed under a single head, though some of them are c-'iir.ected 
 with Colleges or Universities, and others are, independent of these; some have a. com so of 
 classical study, and others aro confined to theological studies exclusively. TKe J^aw Bcburja 
 -come under a single head, but tho Medical Schools are divided into Kegular. Homoeopathic a cd 
 Eclectic, and the Dental and 1'harmacentical Schools aro also classed -*i't!i them. We give 
 hftrewitii such statistics ns can be obtained of nil these Scientific and PcufcftMonal Schools'. 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 c "^ 
 
 ^- K" 
 
 
 
 
 
 ".' 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 ^ c - 
 
 i_ C 
 
 
 . 
 
 '- f 
 
 ? -4 
 
 3 
 
 " a 
 
 , 
 
 - i. 
 
 " j 
 
 CLASSES OP SCHOOLS 
 OK INSTITUTIONS IN 
 UNITED bl-ATtS. 
 
 'S '' 
 
 g 
 
 *^l 
 "9 K 
 
 dumber o 
 lu stiirti 
 
 It: 
 
 I - l; 
 -.fcfi 
 
 = | 
 
 *-i 
 
 ^ a a 
 
 3 
 
 S ^ = 
 
 |l 
 
 c ^ 
 
 11 
 
 c "5 
 
 Co 
 
 k- 3 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 x. E 
 
 Xa 
 
 iz "S 
 
 
 
 b! 
 
 " 
 
 00 
 
 
 I. S-CIKNTIKICSCHOOL8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A School* cnilowi-il 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D Not thu* rncloweil 
 
 SI 
 
 219 
 f, 1 S 
 
 Z 2S8 
 
 
 ua 
 
 CI1 
 
 1.C2C 
 
 1.820.0"' 
 
 I.BI7.73S 
 
 11 -'.Kir, 
 
 22 S ,338 
 
 216 
 
 60.19S 
 599. 17T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 311 
 
 IV. MKOICAI.8cilOOI.fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A Hezular I'rnrlice. 
 
 6.1 
 
 F09 
 
 7.51S 
 
 (", 
 
 -is 
 
 
 
 2 4*7. 9"f 
 
 lr,0.26f> 
 
 12.071 
 
 sns.72i 
 
 
 B7 39(1 
 
 B HomiEopatlilc 
 C Kcli-cltr 
 
 11 
 
 1SS 
 36 
 
 cr,i 
 sns 
 
 (6 
 
 .IS) 
 
 
 
 216 00(- 
 
 00,000 
 
 3,100 
 
 4B.1T-I 
 
 2.",.-t2S 
 
 
 4,11*1) 
 1.400 
 
 D-ntnl SciiooU 
 
 
 IT,:, 
 
 469 
 
 
 
 
 
 68.00(1 
 
 
 
 49,238 
 
 
 1.513 
 
 Schools of Pharmacy.. . 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 952 
 
 (9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Ilt.TM 
 
 39,550 
 
 3,205 
 
 26. .Ml 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 3 ill 
 
 1.7B9 
 
 2:.. 039 
 
 (--- 
 
 KM 
 
 1 r.f,7 
 
 r, BOO 
 
 19 409.354 
 
 15.942 J79 
 
 l.ui..ru 
 
 1 S!17 391 
 
 
 H77.43I) 
 
 In nio^t of tlio Thenlocic-al Schoo.s. tho tuition is provided lor bv endowment and i< tn 
 *rs!iip of tho Scientific Schools cover tho tuition ; thero arc also Irco scholarships in soino of th 
 Medical Schools usually the result of State grants.
 
 UNIVERSITIES AXD COLLEGES. 
 
 Uisouili|o.v 4 
 jo aaqmux 
 
 w, OOO QO -OOP". 
 
 OQ o>g inwvo M^CO ^. - 
 
 spunj 
 dp|8J8ioqog 
 
 jo juiiouiy 
 
 socunos \\n \ ":". "."O 
 
 UIOJJ OUIOOUI j oo ^jjm 
 
 l CT, O "T WD t^. f 1 ; -T O^ -f 
 
 1 
 
 spunj I g>3 
 
 UIOJJ OUIOJUJ i ^""^ 
 
 "" CO c*j iri - CO 
 M-i n M n Wl 
 
 spunj 
 OAT) an p '.ij 
 jo junouiY 
 
 8 o 
 
 - 
 
 -O ir'^c?;c?j^8 S cC 
 
 -ICO C4 
 
 snitutKUIy 
 puus.puiiO.io 
 
 jo ointf.v 
 
 $ 
 -rJ 
 
 ' ^ JP ^ o> "- 1 O co o rN. 
 ; crao ci o o o c*-, c* r-. 
 
 J 
 
 -sO 
 
 1 u u 
 
 JOSSOJO.IJ 
 
 'cr.v 
 
 -r -i f O oxo w ( 
 
 l^.vD CO O ir, ir, O\ *r - 
 
 ^ N -^oo ~ o i 
 
 ' 
 
 C^c<l t^JT O^"OO DoOi-*tx. -TOO P 
 
 > C ' -f Cl CO O 1^. -t rt W k -r O ^ (- |>, 
 
 co -r T -r . . >- o - O. co -. 
 
 puu 
 
 "- SJOSSOJOJJ 
 
 - ^r IO 
 
 
 .jo 
 
 SJO)3ll.lSm 
 
 oa,i 'OM 1 1 1M I 
 
 tf>. ^no 0-0 - w cr.00 W.O -t
 
 4G 
 
 RELIGIOUS STATISTICS, 1878* 
 
 ,* . 
 
 JJc*o O a g 
 
 Hills 
 
 - 
 
 iftlf 
 
 ' 
 
 p|Kl 
 f . lfi|l| 
 
 ilffl 
 
 . M. 1-1-lCOIOCH. OA.*.CC>-'0>' ^J-J- ~l-fc.12.fc.W2: 
 
 ODtSODOH-0- - O 1- tn JO tn -JW Cfl >- CO CO 00 *. -1 
 
 JS o : 
 
 oo 
 
 S 3 S 
 
 X 1 "V "<3 en~O Cn . *- 
 
 '->cc<i.*.? > :~i 
 
 m o o "o 
 
 
 ODi-'CX)OCXO 
 
 >-> h-i d^ U 
 
 otococ-. n ~ o ?. 5K5oS-i&aS(5bSi 
 
 ) jn j-i ^ ^ en -J en ti en oo *- K; jx fO 5Oj-*_cc * c;^ 
 
 o 10 o H- cn*o\ "c: "** to "~i O CO tfc.'ec"*- en iu~i 
 
 . C d O O X li C C-. O -1 O li C.T O O -J *O C O : 
 
 1 1-> -j 
 _ i - * 
 
 "Icrgymcn. 
 
 Dioc's, S.vn 
 Coiif- Classes 
 Associations 
 f rcshyt's. > f. 
 
 Churc'.icR, 
 ""onprcp'it'n 
 ami Pnrisho 
 
 Church Edi- 
 fices. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Sittings. 
 
 C.1 CO )O VI ib. g *. tS CO 
 
 ^ S . -3 " -J ' 
 
 OOCOOOOCOOOOtOOIjOJ-^CO)-*COOD^ODCnOOCi^C: 00 M*4O 
 
 j-co I Coiiimunio 
 
 'rsot I'liur- 
 ches, Cong's, 
 or Pari--l)"". 
 
 to _M_I-I jo j-'j-'va .co .cope 
 
 o*ioi*o> 'oo.- *4c-c ^J- 1 - J- 1 j^j** r^* 5*' - r* %** cncnt^ 1 -^ j ct>ci-vij^ji'oc 
 
 tO!Ot-*CCOC'" - ?.CnCO4OlCOC;COC,T-^dK-J^OC^<OtOC 
 
 M .fc, tO t-> !-"* ODtO- i -IS 
 
 >.po, _-ji-ip> ^i c ^>J cnj-'co pjo jo C.T pfe J3 p is p cc -j 
 
 I -^ I ^ Ci 'O O *CV* ^"fc, OD*CO CO"--o"-^"^Vl"'cn^ - ^^O-^ODCOH-bpO 1u 
 > p I CJI ^ j*^ ** ^ Ol O O C-" -^1 CO >X " i 00 Cn CO O -5 ^ CC CJl CO Cv O to 
 
 <= o oo 
 
 I. c '' = 2S!iSx.'Si: 
 
 JCnOCn*^OOOOOOOOOO 
 
 ! 6^do-^'-''^cno' o; 
 
 > ; j- p -4 ~i ci ou ^- \ ^- < 
 
 > fe.1.t V 00^0"%- "*o . "fc.*! 
 
 > roooo'^tot-'co. io 
 
 ca is i-> 
 
 r. _"p A. i-" w^cc j-> 
 " "" 
 
 jo j- 1 
 
 "" 
 
 .w; : : : 
 
 oo o w -j | 
 
 O 00 00 -< C ' 
 
 __ 
 o ^"cn'co cc <O "tcoo 
 
 i 1C J- il *. *- 00 
 
 c: ~ - ix tt CO CO JO 
 
 ..'^'."_ > ^: W 
 
 1 ^-" *. CD 00 -J ! 
 
 i atoao O<OM to ieatcx MCD io<k co w ui u 
 
 : "wS: 
 
 : <s^: 
 
 ; ; - , t>; 
 : : gS- 
 
 o A -j ; 
 
 t Cl ^ 00 30 *J JO 00 , 
 
 tT-tVj'U- "j*. *r~ic~-J ' 
 
 : CO CC JO H- O *k -J ' 
 
 ' w c; -* o en o co 
 
 >~*o; 
 
 i8: 
 
 CO CO Cn - ifc. -4 CO 
 
 ^- ^ ^. r. u ~ 
 
 _ao o co_o _-p 
 
 ' 
 
 "-l 
 
 ODO 
 
 01 > 
 
 >-'Cn>-Si-'>sr!lo 
 o> co c: 01 to C.T -o -a 
 
 10 ct ^c >- *k co 
 cocvotocntoocotxui 
 
 Adherent 
 Populatiun. 
 
 Value of 
 
 Church 
 
 Property. 
 
 Contribute n* 
 
 for 15cncvo 
 
 lent and 
 
 Church J'ur 
 
 j>o.-cs. 
 
 Aildition.s t. 
 i'liurcli.M( in 
 icrshipwith 
 in the War. 
 
 Sun 'ay 
 Schools. 
 
 Sunday- 
 School 
 Teachers A 
 Scholars. 
 
 Dcnon.ina'al 
 Acad's.S'h'ls 
 & Seminar's. 
 
 [Inlv'g.Coirg'i 
 :Th<!lK.Sem'i 
 f D'nom's. 
 
 N'cwsp'crs &\ 
 
 ?eriodic'lsoa 
 
 Dcnom's. I
 
 CEXSUS oy rat; 
 
 STATUS. 
 
 47 
 
 CENSUS OF 1870. 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL NATIYITY AND POEfiIGM 
 PARENTAGE. 
 
 / 
 
 | From the Report of the Superintendent of the Cennu.] 
 
 STATES AND 
 tKRRTTORIES. 
 
 1870. 
 
 I860. 
 
 Total population. 
 
 Native born. 
 
 Foreign bora. 
 
 Total population. 
 
 Native born. 
 
 1 
 
 Total U. States 
 Total States 
 
 38,558,371 
 
 32,991,142 
 
 5,567,229 
 
 31,443,321 
 
 27,304,624 
 
 4,138,69-1 
 
 38,115,641 
 
 32,1542,012 
 
 5,473,029 
 
 31,183,744 
 
 27,084,592 
 
 ""^7,099,158 
 
 
 996,992 
 484,471 
 560,247 
 537,454 
 125,015 
 187,748 
 1,184,109 
 2,539,891 
 1,680,637 
 1,194,020 
 304.399 
 1,321,011 
 726.915 
 626,915 
 780,894 
 1,457351 
 1,184 059 
 439,700 
 827,922 
 1,721.293 
 
 987.030 
 479,445 
 350.416 
 423,815 
 115.879 
 182,781 
 1, 172,982 
 2,024.093 
 1.539.1 63 
 989,39^ 
 310,007 
 1,357,613 
 005,088 
 578,034 
 697,482 
 1,104.032 
 1)16.04'.) 
 279.000 
 PI 6.731 
 1 199 028 
 
 9.962 
 5,020 
 209,831 
 113.639 
 9,136 
 4,907 
 11,127 
 515,198 
 141,474 
 204,6!>2 
 48,392 
 63..JS8 
 61.827 
 48,881 
 83,412 
 35331!) 
 2GH.OIO 
 160,097 
 11,191 
 222.207 
 :!0.74r< 
 18801 
 29.611 
 188,943 
 1,138.353 
 3.02!) 
 372,493 
 11.600 
 
 53,396 
 8.074 
 19,310 
 62411 
 47,155 
 13.75-1 
 17,091 
 364,499 
 
 964,201 
 435,450 
 379,994 
 460,147 
 112,216 
 140,424 
 1.057.280 
 1.711.951 
 1,350.428 
 074 913 
 107,200 
 1,155,084 
 708.002 
 62H.279 
 087.049 
 1,231.000 
 749,113 
 172.023 
 791,303 
 1,182,012 
 2S.841 
 0.857 
 326.073 
 672,035 
 3,880.735 
 992.022 
 2,339.511 
 52,465 
 2,900,215 
 174.020 
 703,708 
 1,109. 801 
 004,215 
 315.098 
 1,219.630 
 3~S.088 
 775,881 
 
 951,849 
 431,850 
 233,466 
 379,451 
 103,051 
 137,115 
 1,045,615 
 1,387,308 
 1,232,144 
 568,836 
 94,515 
 1,095,885 
 627,027 
 590,826 
 609,520 
 970,960 
 600,020 
 113,295 
 782,747 
 1,021,471 
 22,490 
 4,793 
 305,135 
 549,245 
 2,879,455 
 989,324 
 2,011,262 
 47,342 
 2,475,710 
 137,220 
 693,722 
 1,088,575 
 560,743 
 888,355 
 1,201,117 
 300,143 
 498-954 
 
 12,32 
 
 3, (WO 
 146.528 
 80,69* 
 9,165 
 3309 
 11,671 
 324,643 
 118.284 
 106.077 
 13,691 
 59,799 
 80,975 
 37,453 
 77,529 
 200,106 
 149,093 
 58,728 
 8,558 
 100,541 
 6,351 
 2,064 
 20.938 
 122,790 
 1,001,280 
 3,298 
 328,249 
 5,123 
 430,505 
 37,394 
 9,98ft 
 21,226 
 43422 
 32,743 
 18,513 
 16,545 
 276,927 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jilasaacliuseits 
 
 
 
 
 
 122,993 
 42,491 
 318,300 
 900,091! 
 4,3*2,759 
 1.071,301 
 2,005.260 
 90,923 
 3,521, !l..i 
 217,353 
 705,606 
 1 258 520 
 
 92,24'. 
 
 23 6110 
 
 mi 153 
 3.244,400 
 1,988,332 
 2,'2.707 
 79323 
 2,' 170,042 
 101,957 
 697.532 
 1,239,204 
 750.108 
 283,390 
 1/M1.40T 
 424.923 
 690,171 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New York 
 North Carolina 
 Ohio . 
 
 
 Pemudyvania 
 
 Khmlo Island 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 818.579 
 XiO.551 
 1,225,163 
 442 C14 
 1,054670 
 
 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Cotal Territories . . 
 .Arizona 
 
 442,730 
 
 348,530 
 
 94,200 
 
 259,757 
 
 220,032 
 
 39,545 
 
 9,658 
 39 864 
 
 3,849 
 3:1.205 
 9 300 
 HM4C 
 7,114 
 . 12,010 
 P6.254 
 50,084 
 B.93I 
 5.605 
 
 5 HO!) 
 
 
 
 
 
 0,599 
 4,815 
 10,254 
 7,885 
 7,979 
 5J6BO 
 30.702 
 5,024 
 3.513 
 
 34,277 
 
 4,a37 
 75,080 
 
 31,011 
 3,003 
 62,596 
 
 8,006 
 1,774 
 
 12,484 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 14.181 
 131,700 
 14.999 
 20,595 
 91 874 
 B6,7i 
 23.955 
 11.118 
 
 I>it. oi Columbia. 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 
 
 
 Now-JIeiico 
 'Utah 
 
 93,516 
 40,273 
 11,594 
 
 86,793 
 27,519 
 8,450 
 
 6,723 
 12,754 
 3,144 
 
 Wasljin^ton 
 Wyoming
 
 48 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 POPULATION OP ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 fTbis iaMu has ten carefully Compiled from the census (official copy) of 1870. It embra?e 
 nil iliBcUica icturned as such, with a few that appear to have been omitted as cities 
 distinctively. 
 
 STATES AXD 
 CITIES. 
 i 
 
 Total 
 I'ojMia.tion. 
 
 3,185 
 4,907 
 32,034 
 10,588 
 6,484 
 1,933 
 1,689 
 1,214 
 
 STATES AND 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 STATES AXI> 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 Alabama. 
 " liiilaula 
 
 I Uinois. cont'd. 
 
 7,161 
 4,055 
 5,441 
 1,564 
 7,889 
 7,019 
 10,158 
 9,203 
 7,263 
 5,200 
 3,852 
 2,748 
 3,546 
 4,662 
 3,138 
 1,631 
 1,640 
 2,680 
 7,736 
 5,696 
 82,849 
 3,650 
 *,052 
 11,049 
 7,890 
 2,051 
 17.364 
 3,998 
 1,551 
 4,507 
 
 571,021 
 
 1,663 
 2,496 
 3,701 
 21,830 
 11,718 
 2,707 
 3,133 
 3,227 
 48,244 
 7,254 
 S',1C4 
 1?,506 
 6,581 
 ?,139 
 8,950 
 10,709 
 5,985 
 13,396 
 S,617 
 9,445 
 2,372 
 2,731 
 7,206 
 16,103 
 S',765 
 5,440 
 ,881 
 
 Imoa continued. 
 Independence . . 
 
 2.945 
 5,914 
 12,766 
 4,088 
 l,75fi 
 3.21 S 
 2,074 
 6,710 
 3,204 
 5,214 
 3,401 
 4,337 
 2,291 
 1,485 
 
 / Huntsville 
 Mobile 
 
 Dixou 
 
 Elgin 
 
 
 Montgomery... 
 
 El Paso 
 
 
 
 Maquoketa 
 Marsh alltown.. 
 McGregor 
 
 Talladf'a 
 
 
 Tuscaloosa 
 Tuscumbia 
 
 Galesburg 
 Jacksonville 
 Joliet 
 
 Muscatine 
 Oskaloosa 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Lit tie Rock 
 California. 
 Los Angelea.... 
 Marysville 
 
 12,380 
 
 5,728 
 4,738 
 10,500 
 16,283 
 2,300 
 149,473 
 9,089 
 10,006 
 
 La Sallo 
 Li tchuVlii 
 
 Ottumwa 
 Sioux City 
 
 Macomb 
 Msndota 
 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 Wiutcraet 
 
 Oakland 
 Sacramento, 
 San Diego 
 
 Mound City. . . . 
 Mt. Carmel 
 
 Total 
 
 Kantian. 
 Atchison 
 Baxter Springs. 
 
 160,630 
 
 7,054 
 1,284 
 2.108 
 4,147 
 8,320 
 17,873 
 2,941 
 1,811 
 5,794 
 L',948 
 
 San Francisco . . 
 San Jose 
 Stockton 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pekin 
 
 Fort Scott 
 
 Total 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Bridgeport 
 
 208,177 
 
 18,9C9 
 37,180 
 6,923 
 50,840 
 16,653 
 10,826 
 
 Peru 
 Quincy 
 
 Leaven worth. .. 
 
 Rockford 
 
 
 Hartford 
 Middletown 
 !Now Haven 
 Norwich 
 
 Rock Island 
 Shelbyville 
 Springfield 
 
 
 "Wyaudotte 
 Total 
 
 54,351 
 
 24.503 
 5,330 
 ^,171 
 3.13& 
 14,801 
 100,753 
 4,705 
 15,087: 
 3,137 
 C860 
 2i655 
 
 Waterburf .... 
 Total " 
 
 Watseca 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Covington 
 
 141,391 
 4,759 
 30,841 
 
 11,384 
 _109,l!t9 
 120,583 
 
 6,912 
 3,347 
 1.717 
 2,023 
 13,999 
 
 4,251 
 21,789 
 15,389 
 7,401 
 10,810 
 2 750 
 2.748 
 
 \Vaukcgan 
 Total 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Henderson 
 Hopkiusville ... 
 Lexington 
 
 Delaware. 
 Wilmington 
 ZXt. of Columbia. 
 Georgetown 
 Washington. 
 Total 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Connorsville... 
 Crawfordsville 
 Evansville 
 Fort Wayne... 
 franklin City. 
 Goshen 
 
 
 
 
 Owensboro 
 
 florida. 
 Jacksonville ... 
 
 Paris 
 
 Greencastle 
 Indianapolis .. . 
 Jeffersouville... 
 Kendall ville.... 
 Lafayette 
 
 Total 
 
 185,512 
 
 6,498 
 1,573 
 191,418 
 4.607 
 
 St. Angustine.. 
 Tallahassee 
 Total 
 
 Louisiana. 
 Baton Rouge... 
 Donaldsonville . 
 New Orleans. . . 
 Shreveport 
 Total 
 
 tieorma. 
 
 
 Lawrenceburgl 
 Logansport 
 Madison 
 
 
 204,096 
 
 6.169 
 7.808 
 18,289 
 7,371 
 5,278 
 10,282 
 5,944 
 3,007 
 13,600 
 31,413 
 7.074 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Maine. 
 
 , Columbus 
 1 Macon 
 JMilledgeviDe... 
 1 Rome 
 
 Michigan City. . 
 New Albany... 
 Pern 
 Richmond 
 
 Augusta 
 Bangui- 
 Bath 
 Belfast 
 
 , Savannah 
 Total 
 
 Idaho. 
 Boise City 
 Idaho City 
 Silver City 
 
 28,235 
 93,373 
 
 995 
 
 889 
 599 
 
 Seymour' 
 Shelbyville 
 South-Bend 
 Terre Haute . . . 
 Valparaiso 
 Vincennes 
 Wabash City... 
 
 Biddeford 
 Ciiliiis 
 Hallo well . . . 
 
 
 Portland . 
 Rocklaud 
 
 Total 
 Illinois. 
 Alton 
 
 2,483 
 
 8,665 
 2,825 
 1.269 
 11,162 
 8,146 
 14,590 
 2,003 
 6,267 
 3,308 
 3.190 
 4,625 
 29P,U77 
 4.751 
 
 Total 
 Iowa. 
 Burlington 
 Cedar Falls 
 Cedar Rapids.. 
 
 itw/jsa 
 
 14,930 
 2,070 
 5,940 
 6,120 
 10,020 
 20,038 
 12,035 
 18,434 
 9,226 
 3, 095 
 4.011 
 1.291 
 
 Total 
 
 Maryland. 
 Annapolis 
 Baltimore 
 Frederick... f . 
 Hagerstown .. 
 
 116,236 
 
 5,744 
 267,354 
 8,526 
 5,779 
 
 Amboy 
 Anna........ .. 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Bloomington .. 
 
 ]',U slllH'11 
 
 Council Bluffs. 
 Davenport 
 Des Moines 
 Dubuque 
 Fairneld 
 Fort Dodge . . . 
 Fort Madison . 
 Gle*>woo<l 
 
 Total 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 Boston 
 
 287,403 
 
 250,526 
 39,634 
 28.323 
 18.547 
 W,7M 
 i3,0'.W 
 
 Canton 
 Ccntralia ..... 
 Champaign 
 
 Cambridge.... 
 Oharlestown . . 
 
 Fall River 
 Haverhill 
 
 JJauviiie......
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 POPULATION OF ALL THE CITIES OF TEE UNITED STATES. Continued. 
 
 STATES AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 STATES AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population 
 
 STATES AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 Va. continued 
 
 28,921 
 40,928 
 28,233 
 21,320 
 12,595 
 24,117 
 26.703 
 18,629 
 41,105 
 
 Missouri co/it'd. 
 
 310.864 
 1,095 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 10,006 
 8,600 
 8.920 
 216,239 
 5,40-7 
 92,825 
 31,274 
 30,473 
 5,455 
 3,711 
 11,031 
 5,686 
 4,725 
 8,029 
 5.21H 
 5,185 
 4,876 
 6,698 
 5,927 
 5,824 
 10,592 
 13,008 
 12,652 
 8,107 
 5,648 
 31,584 
 4,278 
 3,457 
 5,419 
 6,377 
 8,075 
 10,011 
 
 Lowell 
 
 "Westport 
 Total 
 
 
 
 Chillicothe 
 Cincinnati 
 Circleville 
 Cleveland 
 Columbus 
 
 New Bedford.. 
 ' Newbnryport . . 
 
 401,963 
 3,842 
 
 16,083 
 6,050 
 
 Montana. 
 Helena 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Nebraska. 
 Omaha 
 
 "Worcester 
 
 Nebraska City 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Total ,,.... 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 619,439 
 
 8,438 
 7,363 
 5,838 
 7,064 
 1.227 
 4,381 
 ,408 
 79,577 
 11,350 
 5,386 
 3,147 
 16'507 
 3,518 
 2,319 
 11,447 
 5,241 
 1,772 
 3,343 
 4,925 
 5,986 
 6,002 
 4,630 
 2,065 
 4,867 
 5,973 
 7,460 
 1.790 
 2,731 
 5,471 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 1,324 
 3,042 
 7,048 
 
 Hamilton 
 Ironton 
 
 Ann Arbor 
 Battle Creek.. . 
 
 "Rav Pitv 
 
 Carson City 
 Virginia . . 
 
 Lancaster 
 Mansfield 
 Marietta 
 
 
 Big Rapids 
 CoTdwater 
 Corunna 
 
 Totnl 
 New Hampshire. 
 Concord 
 
 12,241 
 9,294 
 23,536 
 10,543 
 9,211 
 
 Xlassillon 
 Mt. Vernon . . . 
 Newark 
 
 Detroit 
 East Saginnw 
 Flint 
 
 Manchester . . . 
 Nashua 
 
 Pomeroy 
 Portsmouth 
 Sandusky 
 Springfield 
 Steubenville... 
 Tiffin 
 
 Grand Haven . . 
 Grand Rapids.. 
 Hillsdale 
 
 Portsmouth .... 
 Total 
 
 64,825 
 
 1.043 
 
 6,830 
 5,817 
 20.045 
 20,832 
 4,129 
 20.297 
 62.546 
 . 6,101 
 105,059 
 15,058 
 9,348 
 33,579 
 5,095 
 2,798 
 6.258 
 22,874 
 
 New Jerxey. 
 Atlantic City.. 
 Brighton 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Lansing 
 
 Burlington 
 Camden 
 
 
 Lapeer 
 
 
 Manistee 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Xenia 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Harrison 
 Hoboken 
 
 Yotmgstown . . 
 
 Mnskegon 
 
 Jersey City 
 Millville 
 
 Total 
 
 Niles 
 
 595,461 
 
 1,382 
 
 8,293 
 
 Owasso 
 
 
 Oregon. 
 Oregon City. . . 
 Portland 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 New Brunswick 
 Orange 
 
 Port Huron 
 Sa<nnaw 
 
 
 Total 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Plainfield 
 
 9,675 
 
 53,180 
 13,884 
 10,610 
 ,393 
 9,485 
 6,461 
 6,809 
 19,646 
 23,103 
 20,233 
 6,989 
 7,103 
 C74,0J 
 86,076 
 33,930 
 35,09;! 
 8,639 
 16..030 
 11,003 
 
 1,048,68(5 
 
 12,521 
 68,904 
 
 81,423 
 
 Wyamlotte 
 Ypsilauti 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Allegheny 
 Allentown 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Trentoii 
 
 Minnesota. 
 Dnluth 
 
 3,131 
 
 3,458 
 3,482 
 13,066 
 2,070 
 4,260 
 3,953 
 5,013 
 2,161 
 29,030 
 7,192 
 
 Total 
 
 367,709 
 4,765 
 
 69.422 
 17,225 
 12,692 
 396,099 
 117,714 
 15,357 
 15,863 
 8.615 
 12,4* 
 17,014 
 942,292 
 10.076 
 20,910 
 20,080 
 62.386 
 11,000 
 11,026 
 43,051 
 46.465 
 28,804 
 ,336 
 
 Carbon dale 
 
 New Mexico. 
 Santa Fe 
 New York. 
 Albany 
 
 Hastings 
 
 
 Mankato 
 
 
 Minneapolis 
 Owatonna 
 
 Erie 
 
 
 Harrisburg 
 
 Red Wing 
 
 Binghamton 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Lock Haven . . . 
 
 St. Anthony 
 8t. Clond 
 
 Buffalo ... 
 
 
 Philadelphia.... 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 St. Panl 
 
 
 Winona 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Lockport 
 
 Scrantoh 
 
 IKvtitirippi. 
 Columbus.. N.. 
 Grenada 
 
 4.812 
 1,887 
 2,406 
 4,234 
 975 
 9,057 
 12,443 
 
 Newburg 
 New York 
 Ogdensburg 
 
 Titusville 
 Williamsport .. 
 York 
 
 Holly Springs.. 
 Jackson ....... 
 Macon 
 
 Oswego 
 Poughkeepsie .. 
 Rochester 
 
 Total 
 
 Rhode Inland. 
 
 Natchez 
 Ticksburgh 
 
 Schenectady ... 
 Syracuse 
 
 ProYideiice .... 
 Total 
 
 Total 
 
 Missouri. 
 Cape Girardean 
 Ctullicothe 
 Hannibal 
 Independence .. 
 Jefferson City.. 
 Kansas City 
 Louisiana 
 
 35,814 
 
 3,585 
 3,978 
 10,125 
 3,184 
 4.420 
 32,260 
 3,639 
 3,678 
 5,570 
 19,565 
 
 Troy 
 Utica 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 48,958 
 9,298 
 
 "Watertown 
 
 Columbia 
 Total 
 
 Total 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Charlotte 
 Fayetteville.... 
 Newborne 
 Raleigh 
 
 1,887,853 
 
 4,473 
 4,660 
 5,849 
 7,790 
 13,446 
 
 58,254 
 
 6,093 
 8,683 
 40,226 
 25.865 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Chattanooga.... 
 Knoxville 
 Memphis 
 Nashville 
 
 Total... 
 
 St. Charles 
 St. Joseph 
 
 Wilmington 
 Total... 
 
 36.218 
 
 80.866
 
 50 CENava OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 POPULATION OP ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Continued. 
 
 STATES AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 STATUS AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 STATES AND 
 CITIES. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 Texas. 
 Austin 
 
 4428 
 
 Vermont. cont'd. 
 Montpelier 
 
 3023 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 4518 
 
 Browusville. . . 
 
 4 905 
 
 Rutland 
 
 9834 
 
 
 3265 
 
 Salves ton 
 
 13.818 
 
 St. Albans 
 
 7,014 
 
 Beloit 
 
 4396 
 
 Houston 
 
 9,3*2 
 
 St. Johnsbury. . 
 
 4,665 
 
 Fond du Lao... 
 
 12,764 
 
 San Antonio . . . 
 
 12,256 
 
 Total 
 
 49,443 
 
 Green Bay 
 
 4,660 
 
 Total. 
 
 44,789 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 
 Kenosha 
 
 4309 
 
 Logan 
 
 1,757 
 
 Fredericksb'gh 
 
 4,046 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 7,785 
 
 Manti 
 Mt. Pleasant... 
 
 1,239 
 134G 
 
 Lynchburgh 
 Norfolk 
 
 6,825 
 19,229 
 
 Manitowoc 
 
 5,168 
 
 Ogden 
 
 3,127 
 
 Petersburg!! . . . 
 
 18,950 
 
 Milwaukee . 
 
 71,449 
 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 12,854 
 
 Portsmouth 
 Richmond 
 
 10,492 
 51,038 
 
 Portage 
 
 12,663 
 3,945 
 
 Termont. 
 Benuiugton 
 
 2,501 
 4 933 
 
 Total 
 West Virginia. 
 Parkersburg . . . 
 
 124,150 
 , 5,546 
 
 Sheboygan 
 "Watertown 
 
 5,310 
 7.55T 
 
 
 14 387 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 19,280 
 
 Total 
 
 175624 
 
 Middleburv . . . 
 
 3.086 
 
 Total... 
 
 24.826 
 
 
 
 ORDER OF THE STATES IN POINT OF POPULATION, AT SEVERAL PERIODS. 
 
 1790. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Virginia 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 New York 
 Pennsylvania 
 Virginia 
 Ohio 
 
 New York 
 Pennsylvania 
 Ohio. 
 
 New York 
 Pennsylvania 
 Ohio. 
 
 New York . 
 Pennsylvania . 
 Ohio 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indiana 
 
 South Carolina.. . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Kentucky. . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 South Carolina.... 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Tennessee. . " 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 New llampsbiro 
 
 Georgia 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 Maiuo 
 
 
 North Carolina. . . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 
 
 
 North Carolina. . . 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 South. Carolina. . . 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 New Jersey 
 Michigan 
 
 Iowa 
 New Jersey 
 
 Texas 
 Maryland 
 
 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 New Hampshire.. 
 
 Maine 
 
 South Carolina. . . 
 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Texas 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 California 
 
 
 Florida 
 Michigan 
 
 Texas 
 Arkansas 
 
 Arkansas 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Iowa 
 
 New Hampshire. . 
 
 West Virginia. ... 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island 
 California 
 
 Vermont 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Kansas 
 Minnesota 
 
 
 
 Delaware 
 Florida 
 
 Minnesota 
 Florida 
 
 Vermont 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Delaware 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon 
 Nevada 
 
 ORDER OF TERRITORIES, 1870. 
 
 District of Columbia, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Dacotah, 
 Arizona, Wyoming. The census of Alaska has not been taken.
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATE* 
 
 POPULATION OF STATES BY RACES. 
 
 
 \\ Kites. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Indians. 
 
 
 A labama 
 
 521.384 
 
 9,581 
 362,115 
 499,424 
 39,221 
 527,449 
 12,887 
 102,221 
 88.278 
 96,057 
 638,926 
 10,618 
 2,511,096 
 1,655.837 
 1,188,207 
 346.377 
 1,098,692 
 362,065 
 624,809 
 605,497 
 1,443,156 
 1,167,282 
 438,257 
 382 f-96 
 1,603,146 
 18,306 
 122,117 
 38,959 
 317.697 
 875,407 
 90.393 
 4,330,210 
 678,470 
 2,601,946 
 86,92!) 
 3,4r>(i,i;o9 
 212,219 
 289,667 
 936,119 
 504,700 
 86,044 
 329,613 
 712,089 
 22.195 
 424,033 
 1 051,351 
 
 475,510 
 26 
 122,169 
 4,272 
 456 
 9,668 
 94 
 
 43.404 
 91,689 
 545,142 
 60 
 28,762 
 24,560 
 5,762 
 17,108 
 222.210 
 364.210 
 1,606 
 175,391 
 13,947 
 11,849 
 759 
 444.201 
 118,071 
 183 
 789 
 357 
 580 
 30,658 
 172 
 52,081 
 391,650 
 63,213 
 346 
 65,294 
 4,980 
 415.814 
 322,331 
 253,475 
 
 924 
 512,841 
 207 
 17,980 
 2,113 
 183 
 s, 10*; New J 
 
 98 
 31 
 89 
 7,241 
 180 
 239 
 1,200 
 
 15 
 2 
 4 
 
 47 
 32 
 240 
 48 
 914 
 108 
 569 
 499 
 4 
 151 
 4,926 
 690 
 809 
 75 
 157 
 87 
 23 
 23 
 16 
 1,309 
 439 
 1,241 
 100 
 318 
 34 
 154 
 124 
 70 
 379 
 175 
 14 
 229 
 1,319 
 1 
 1,206 
 66 
 ersey 10. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut ... 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 Florida ... 
 
 Georgia . . 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Hliuoia 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas .. 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine . . .... 
 
 Maryland 
 
 ^Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri? 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 *New Jersey 
 
 New Mexica ; 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina ... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania .... 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermon t 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington Territory 
 
 Wet Virginia 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 8,726 
 lassachusett 
 
 * Japanese: California, 33 ; 1 
 
 COMPARATIVE INCREASE OF POPULATION. 
 
 Census. 
 
 Population. 
 
 7ncr0*M, 
 Per Cent, 
 
 1800 
 
 3,929,827 
 5 30") 937 
 
 
 1810 
 
 7 239 814 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 
 18.TO 
 
 12 866 020 
 
 
 1840 
 
 17 069 453 
 
 
 1850 
 
 2'J 191 876 
 
 
 1860 . 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. *. 
 
 Total area of the Public Lands of the States atirt Territories 1,792,844, 160 
 
 Total area of those States where there are no Public Lauds 476,546,560 
 
 Area of Indian Territory 44, 154,2 10 
 
 " Area of District of Col. iubia 38,400 
 
 Grand total of area of the United States, in acres 2,311,583,360 
 
 r, Three Million Six Hundred Eleven Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-nine square Miles. 
 
 This does not include the area of the great Lakes just within and 
 forming a portion of our Northern boundary; neither does it include 
 the marine league on the coast.
 
 52 
 
 THE STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 Stfwil 
 
 S J 
 
 . a a * s 
 
 .._. _ . _ _ _ .saassdassspsc^cPscHHcHE 
 
 ^^^^HHH-HoifNH--c<HHHHHHHHHHHHH-H-.HHcorHHcH 
 
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 irS 
 
 cr. o r-. o -M 
 
 ' 
 
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 " 
 
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 S_r^C5_ 
 
 l-OOtOOXTT'-OOti 
 
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 TEE IXDITIDUAL STATES OF THE UNIOtf. 
 
 53 
 
 THE INDIVIDUAL STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 HIS-TORICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNI m ^D STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 [Note. The whole area of -the United States, including water surface of 
 lakes and rivers, is nearly equal to four million square miles, embracing tho 
 Russian purchase.] 
 
 The Thirteen Original 
 
 States. 
 
 6ET- 
 
 TL'I) 
 
 Sq, 
 miles 
 
 * Pop. 
 1870. 
 
 The Thirteen Original 
 States. 
 
 Set- 
 tled 
 
 Sq. 
 miles 
 
 * Pep. 
 
 1870. 
 
 
 1623 
 1620 
 KiUG 
 1633 
 1613 
 1624 
 1681 
 
 9,280 
 7, tOO 
 1.306 
 4,750 
 47,000 
 8.320 
 46,000 
 
 318,300 
 1,457,351 
 217,353 
 537,454 
 4,386, 730 
 906,096 
 3,521,791 
 
 
 1627 
 1634 
 '607 
 1650 
 1670 
 1733 
 
 2,120 
 11,124 
 61,352 
 50,704 
 34,000 
 58,000 
 
 125,015 
 780.894 
 1,C67,177 
 1,071,361 
 705,606 
 1,184,109 
 
 
 Maryland , 
 
 
 Virginia East and West . 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 New York 
 New Jersey 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 South Carolina 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The tota f population of the United States in 18CO was, in round numbers, 31,500,000. In 
 1865 it is estimated that the population was 35,500,000, including the inhabitants of the Ter. 
 ritories, estimated at 360,000 persons on January 1, 1865. The Census of 1870 made the whole 
 nuniber,abou* 39,000,000; at the end of the present century it will be, probably, 103,000,000. 
 
 THE STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. 
 
 STATES 
 AUJ1ITTKD. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Lonsiana , 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 A liibama. 
 
 Maine 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Florida.: 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Texas , 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California. 
 
 Min IK sola 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kansms 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Nevada 
 
 f Colorado 
 
 g Nebraska 
 
 Set- 
 tled. 
 
 ACT 
 
 ORGANIZING 
 TKKIUTOBY. 
 
 1774| 
 
 VKt 
 
 17.56 
 
 Ordin'c of 1787 
 
 March 3, 1805 
 
 1899 
 
 1730 
 
 1540 
 
 1683 Feb'ry 3, 1809. 
 
 1713! March 3, 1817 
 
 May 
 April 
 
 7, 1800 
 7, 1798. 
 
 16-J3 
 
 1763; June 4, 1812 
 1685 1 March 2, 181P. 
 1670 Jan'ry 11, 1805 
 1565 : March 30, 1822 
 1718!June 12, 1638 
 1694 
 
 16G9 April 20, 1836 
 
 1769! 
 
 16fi4 March 3, 1849 
 1792 Aug. 14, 1848. 
 1849 May, 30, 1854 
 
 1607J 
 
 1848|Maroh 2, 1861 
 
 | Feb'ry 28. 1P61- 
 
 1852 May ' 30, 1854 
 
 U.S. STAT- 
 UTES. 
 
 743 
 
 ACT 
 
 ADMITTING 
 STATE. 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 
 Feb. 18, 
 June 1, 
 April 30, 
 April 8, 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 1791 
 1791 
 1796 
 1802 
 1812 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 
 March 3, 1820 
 
 March 2, 
 
 493 June 15 
 309 Jan. 26 
 654 March 3 
 235 1 March 3, 
 ....Dec. 29, 
 10 March 3 
 Sept, 9 
 Feb. 26 
 
 403 
 
 323 Feb. 14, 
 
 277 Jan. 29, 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1821 
 1836 
 1*37 
 1845 
 1845 
 1P45 
 1847 
 1850 
 1857 
 1859 
 1861 
 1862 
 
 Mar. 21, 1864 
 
 March 1, 1867 13 
 
 U. 8. STAT- 
 UTES. 
 
 11 
 
 189 
 191 
 491 
 173 
 701 
 39'J 
 472 
 536 
 608 
 544 
 645 
 
 
 144 
 742 
 742 
 108 
 178 
 452 
 1P6 
 3^3 
 126 
 633 
 
 30 
 
 AREA IN 
 SQ. MILES. 
 
 37,680 
 
 a 10,212 
 45,600 
 39,964 
 
 a 41,346 
 33.8(9 
 47,156 
 
 a 55,410 
 50,722 
 
 a 35,000 
 65,350 
 52,198 
 
 a 56,431 
 
 59,268 
 
 55,045 
 
 274,356 
 
 53,924 
 
 a 188,981 
 83,531 
 95,274 
 81,318 
 23,000 
 
 6112,090 
 
 a 104.500 
 75,995 
 
 POPULA- 
 TION, 
 1870. 
 
 1,323,264 
 
 330,558 
 1,258,326 
 2,675,468 
 
 734,420 
 1,668,169 
 
 842,056 
 2,567.036 
 
 996,175 
 
 630,423 
 1,725,658 
 
 486,103 
 1,184,653 
 
 189,950 
 1,181,359 
 
 795.590 
 1,055,501 
 
 556,208 
 
 424,543 
 00.878 
 
 379,497 
 
 447943 
 44.686 
 39,681 
 
 1 16,883 
 
 TEUBTTORIES. 
 
 Wyon\?ng 
 
 XeV Mexico 
 
 Utah : 
 
 Washington 
 
 Dakota ^ . . 
 
 Arizoua 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 Indian 
 
 A District of Columbia 
 
 North-western America, 
 purchased liy treaty of 
 May 28, 1867 
 
 tVH UN- 
 SET- 
 TLED. 
 
 1666 
 1570 
 1847 
 1840 
 1850 
 1600 
 1862 
 1862 
 1832 
 177\ 5 
 
 1799 
 
 ACT ORGANISING 
 TERRITORY. 
 
 July 25, 1868. 
 Sept. 9, 1850. 
 Sept. 9, 18.50. 
 March 2, 1853. 
 March 2, 1861. 
 Feb. 24, 1863. 
 March 3, 1863. 
 May 26, 1864. 
 
 July 16, 1790. 
 March 3, 1791. 
 
 July 27, 1868. 
 
 U. 8. STAT- 
 UTES. 
 
 178 
 446 
 4.53 
 172 
 2'J9 
 664 
 808 
 85 
 
 130? 
 214 } 
 
 15 240 
 
 AREA IN SQ. 
 MILES. 
 
 97.883 
 121,201 
 84,746 
 69,994 
 150,932 
 d 113,916 
 k 86.294 
 143.776 
 68,991 
 10 miles sq 
 
 557,390 
 
 POPULA- 
 TION, 
 
 1870. 
 
 9,118 
 92,6<14 
 70,000 
 23,925 
 14,181 
 
 9,658 
 
 20,594 
 131,706 
 
 67,000
 
 gA THE INDIVIDUAL STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 NOTES TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. 
 
 a. The areas of those States marked a are derived from geographical author- 
 ities, the public surveys not having been completely extended over them. 
 
 J. The present area of Nevada is 112,000 square miles, enlarged by adding 
 one degree of longitude lying between the 37th and 42d degrees of north lati- 
 tude, -which was detached from the west part of Utah, and also north-western 
 part of Arizona Territory, per act of Congress, approved May 5, I860, (U. S. 
 Laws, 1865 and 1866, p. 43), and assented to by the .Legislature of the State of 
 Nevada, January 18, 1867. 
 
 c. The present area of Utah is 84,476 square miles, reduced from the former 
 area of 88,056 square miles by incorporating one degree of longitude on the 
 east side, between the 41st and 42d degrees of north latitude, with the Terri- 
 tory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, Approved July 25, 1868. 
 
 d. The present area of Arizona is 113,916 square miles, reduced from the 
 fqrmer area of 127,141 square miles, by an act of Congress, approved May 5, 
 1866, detaching from the north-western part of Arizona a tract of land equal to 
 12,225 square miles, and adding it to the State of Nevada. (U. S. Laws 1865 
 and 1866, p. 43.) 
 
 e. Nevada. Enabling act approved March 24, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13, p. 
 30.) Duly admitted into the Union. President's proclamation No. 22, dated 
 October 31, 1864. (Statutes, vol.. 13, p. 749.) 
 
 /. Colorado. Enabling act approved March 21, 1863. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 
 32.) Not yet admitted. 
 
 g. Nebraska. Enabling act approved April 19, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 
 47.) Duly admitted into the Union. See Pi esident's proclamation No. 9, datecj 
 March 1, 1867. (U. S. Laws 1866 and 1867, p. 4.) 
 
 h. That portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac Rive* 
 was retroceded to Virginia, July 9, 1846. (Statutes, vol. 9. p. 35.) 
 
 i. Boundaries. Commencing at 54 40' north latitude, ascending Portland 
 Channel to the mountains, following their summits to 141 west longitude; 
 thence north on this line to the Arctic Ocean, forming the eastern boundary. 
 Starting from the Arctic Ocean west, the line descends Behring Straits, be- 
 tween the two islands of Krusenstern and Romanzoff, to the parallel of 65 30', 
 and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Arctic Ocean. Begin- 
 ning again at the same initial point, on the parallel of 65 30', thence, in a 
 course southwest, through Behring Straits, between the Island of St. Lawrence 
 and Cape Choukotski, to the 170 west longitude, and thence southwesterly 
 through Behring Sea, between the islands of Alton and Copper, to the meridi- 
 an of 193 west longitude, leaving the prolonged group of the Aleutian Islands 
 in the possessions now transferred to the United States, and making the west- 
 ern boundary of our country the dividing line between Asia and America. 
 
 j. The present area of Dakota is 150,932 square miles, reduced from the for 
 mer area of 243,597 square miles, by incorporating seven degrees of longitude 
 of the western part, between the 41st and 45th degrees of north latitude, with 
 the Territory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868. 
 
 k. The present area of Idaho is 86,294 square miles, reduced from the for- 
 mer area of 90,932 square miles by incorporpting one degree of longitude ot 
 the east side, between the 42d and 44th degrees of north latitude with the. 
 Territory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868.
 
 65 
 
 IMMIGRATION, FROM 1783 TO 1880. 
 
 BY an Act of Congress approved March 2, 1818, Collectors of 
 Customs were required to keep a record, and make a quarterly return 
 to the Treasury of all passengers arriving in their respective districts 
 from Foreign Ports, and these reports, duly condensed in the Depart- 
 ment, are the chief bases of our knowledge of the subsequent growth 
 and progress of Immigration. Total number of foreign-born passen- 
 gers arriving at the ports of th United States in the several years 
 from 1783 to 1880 inclusive, are as follows: Previous to 
 
 1820 
 
 250 000 
 
 1835 
 
 45,374 
 
 1851 
 
 379,466 
 
 1867 
 
 293,601 
 
 
 8 385 
 
 1836 
 
 . .. 76242 
 
 1852 
 
 371,603 
 
 1868 
 
 289,145 
 
 1821 
 
 9 127 
 
 1837 
 
 ... 79 340 
 
 1853 
 
 3K8,(i45 
 
 1869 
 
 385,287 
 
 1822 
 
 6 911 
 
 1838 
 
 . .. 39,914 
 
 1854 
 
 427833 
 
 1870 
 
 356303 
 
 1823 
 
 6 T)4 
 
 1839 
 
 . .. 68.069 
 
 1855 
 
 200,877 
 
 1871 
 
 346938 
 
 1824 
 
 7 912 
 
 1840 
 
 84 066 
 
 1856 
 
 200,436 
 
 1872 
 
 404806 
 
 1825 
 
 10 l l )9 
 
 1841 
 
 . ... 80289 
 
 1857 
 
 251,306 
 
 3873 
 
 437004 
 
 1826 
 
 10 837 
 
 1842 
 
 ...104 565 
 
 1858 
 
 123,126 
 
 1874 
 
 277593 
 
 1827 
 
 18 875 
 
 1843 
 
 .. 52496 
 
 1859 
 
 121,282 
 
 1875 
 
 209 036 
 
 1828 
 
 27 382 
 
 1844 
 
 78615 
 
 1860 
 
 153,640 
 
 1876 
 
 187 027 
 
 1829 
 
 22 "520 
 
 1845 
 
 114 371 
 
 1861 
 
 91,920 
 
 1877 
 
 149 020 
 
 1830 
 
 ' 2:3*322 
 
 1846 
 
 154,416 
 
 1862 
 
 89,005 
 
 1878 
 
 157,778 
 
 1831 
 
 2 633 
 
 1847 
 
 2)4,968 
 
 1863 
 
 174,523 
 
 1879 ... 
 
 .. . 197 954 
 
 1832 
 
 60 482 
 
 1848 
 
 226,527 
 
 1864 
 
 193,191 
 
 1880 
 
 4-4 HXJ 
 
 1833 
 
 58 640 
 
 1849 
 
 297,024 
 
 1865 
 
 248,394 
 
 
 
 1834 
 
 65 365 
 
 1850 
 
 369,980 
 
 1866 
 
 314,840 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of the Immigrants who landed on our shores in the sixty years end- 
 ing with June 30, 1880 (1820 to 1880) there came from different countries 
 as follows : 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 and Ireland. 4,792,207 
 
 France 805.590 
 
 West Indies... 76,500 
 Sweden and 
 
 Norway 800,292 
 
 S. America.... 9,216 
 
 Africa 841 
 
 Spain 26,311 
 
 Russia and 
 
 Poland 
 
 Switzerland.. . 
 
 China 
 
 Germany 
 
 Holland 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Italy 
 
 Belgium 
 
 49,658 
 
 84,913 
 
 202,054 
 
 2,094.664 
 
 45,795 
 
 24,077 
 
 72.555 
 
 22,909 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Portugal ...... 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Greece 
 
 Austro - Hun- 
 gary 
 
 Japan 
 
 Asia, not spe- 
 cified 
 
 49,655 
 
 7,484 
 
 580 
 
 860 
 
 97,RS1 
 855 
 
 612 
 
 British North 
 
 America 670.231 
 
 Central Amer. 1,453 
 
 Australia, Ac. 19,4:3 
 Countries not 
 
 specified .... 813,755 
 
 Total 60 years 10,1 29,295 
 
 Of those arriving here from January 1st, 1820, to June 30, 1880, 
 those wholly or mainly speaking English were from 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 4,692,217 
 
 British North America 570,231 
 
 English West India Islands 1,242 
 
 Australia and adjacent Islands 19,433 
 
 Azores and African Islands 
 
 Africa 
 
 8,076 
 
 Total of English speech 5,291,081 
 
 Of races mainly Teutonic or Scandinavian there were from 
 
 
 2994 664 
 
 
 84.913 
 . 49,655 
 . 860,292 
 545 
 
 Of Sclavic races 
 Total 
 
 49,6T,8 
 
 Austro-Hungary 
 Holland 
 
 . 97.SK1 
 . 45,795 
 22909 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden and Norway . . 
 
 
 S,706,8ia 
 
 
 
 
 Of French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian races there were from 
 
 France 
 Ppain 
 
 805,510 
 26311 
 
 Central America 
 South American States. 
 West Indies 
 Cape Verde. Madeira 
 
 1,458 
 9,216 
 76,500 
 
 1,298 
 
 Mlquelon 
 
 8 
 
 
 13 
 
 Portugal 
 Italy 
 
 7,433 
 72 555 
 
 Total 
 
 
 624,384. 
 
 Mexico 
 
 24,077 
 
 
 
 

 
 60 IMMIGRATION. 
 
 Of Asiatic and Polynesian races there were from 
 
 China 
 
 202 054 
 
 African Rations 
 
 &41 
 
 Japan 
 
 855 
 
 Turkey 
 
 fxSO 
 
 The rest of Asia and Asiatic Islands. 
 
 612 
 
 Greece 
 
 MO 
 
 
 47S 
 
 Countries not specified 
 
 313 755 
 
 Total Asiatic Etc 
 
 203 479 
 
 Total . . 
 
 815 536 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of the 3,734,248 passengers Janded at Gastle Garden from 
 August 1, 1855, to January 1, 1879, their avowed destinations were 
 as follows : 
 
 New York and 
 undecided. . 1,501,531 
 Maine 6 164 
 
 Florida 
 
 710 
 1,452 
 1,405 
 6,568 
 3,329 
 C26 
 6,432 
 16436 
 
 Dakota . 
 
 4,729 
 2,284 
 271 
 35,390 
 322 
 195 
 1,725 
 3 
 2,179 
 48,210 
 
 844 
 
 tries. 
 
 88 
 69,765 
 12 205 
 
 Nova Scotia.. 
 New Fouudl'd 
 NewD'miiiion 
 S. America 
 Cuba 
 
 145 
 2 
 
 616 
 770 
 404 
 24 
 389 
 
 255 
 
 llli 
 
 473 
 52 
 
 7 
 10 
 SI 
 
 23,036 
 
 Alabama 
 Mississippi . . 
 Louisiana 
 Texas 
 
 Colorado 
 Wyoming 
 Utah 
 
 New Hampsh'r 4,120 
 Vermont C 210 
 
 
 Massachusetts 170,024 
 Khode Island. 34,273 
 Connecticut . . 67.600 
 New Jersey . . 115,566 
 Pennsylvania. 381,614 
 Delaware 3,404 
 Maryland 27,103 
 Dia. Columbia 11,297 
 Virginia 10,427 
 W. Virginia.. 1,636 
 N. Carolina. . . 1,015 
 S. Carolina... 3,567 
 Georgia 3,020 
 
 Arkansas 
 Tennessee 
 Kentucky . . 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Lima 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 Bermudas and 
 other W. In. 
 Central Am . . 
 N. W. Coast. . 
 Australia 
 Sandwich Isl'a 
 Japan 
 
 Ohio 
 
 191,434 
 92,717 
 46.848 
 345,894 
 175,199 
 81,598 
 67.780 
 66,389 
 19,503 
 18,950 
 
 New Mexico.. 
 California 
 Oregon and 
 Wash. Ter.. 
 
 Other Coun 
 Brit. Colum... 
 
 Michigan 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Wisconsin 
 Iowa 
 
 
 China 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Vancouver's L 
 Unknown 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The total arrivals of Immigrants Into the United States In the year ending June 80,1880, was 457,257; 
 of whom 144,576 were from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; 81,633 from Germany ; 
 202,871 from other European countries ; 99,706 from British America ; 5,806 from China and Japan ; 643 
 from the Azores ; 1,351 from the West Indies; 23 from the East Indies ; S3 from South America, and 
 the remainder from other countries. 
 
 Passengers lauded at Castle Garden from May 5, 1827, to January 1, 1879 . 
 
 ARRIVED FROM 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 ARRIVED FROM 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Austria 
 
 28,530 
 
 Italy 
 
 62,453 
 
 Asia Minor 
 
 98 
 
 Japan 
 
 320 
 
 Atlantic Islands 
 
 2,134 
 
 Malta 
 
 22 
 
 Australia 
 
 241 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 18 
 
 Asia, including Persia and 
 
 
 Mexico 
 
 1,260 
 
 Asiatic Russia 
 
 257 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 24 
 
 Africa . 
 
 243 
 
 Norway, including Lapland . 
 
 49.057 
 
 British. America 
 
 3.224 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 41 
 
 Belgium 
 
 10,444 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 1,653 
 
 Canada 
 
 1,531) 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1,822 
 
 China 
 
 1,421 
 
 liiissi.i 
 
 29,064 
 
 Central America 
 
 520 
 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 97 
 
 Denmark 
 
 36,837 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 85,144 
 
 East India 
 
 388 
 
 Scotland 
 
 161,093 
 
 Eugland . . 
 
 740,196 
 
 Sweden 
 
 124,526 
 
 France 
 
 110,529 
 
 Spain . 
 
 8,87(5 
 
 Germany 
 
 2, 163, 82 i 
 
 South America 
 
 3,362 
 
 Greece 
 
 292 
 
 Turkey 
 
 298 
 
 Hungary 
 
 2,349 
 
 Wales 
 
 9,484 
 
 Holland 
 
 40,022 
 
 West Indies 
 
 29,635 
 
 Isle of Man 
 
 49 
 
 
 135 
 
 Ireland 
 
 2,018422 
 
 
 
 Iceland 
 
 147 
 
 Total 
 
 5,729.535
 
 THE NE TT NATURALIZE T10N LA W 57 
 
 THE NEW NATUKALIZATION LAW. 
 
 ACT TO AMEND THE NATURALIZATION LAWS AND TO PUNISH 
 AGAINST THE SAME, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Eeprcsentativcs oftlie United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any oath, 
 affirmation, or affidavit shall be made or taken under or by virtue of any 
 act or law relating to the naturalization of aliens, or in any proceedings 
 under s.uch acts or laws, if any person or persons taking or making 
 such oath, affirmation, or affidavit, shall knowingly swear or affirm false- 
 ly, the same shall be deemed and taken to be perjury, and the person or 
 persons guilty thereof shall upon conviction thereof be sentenced to im- 
 prisonment for a term not exceeding five years and not less than one 
 year, and to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be itfurtlicr enacted, That if any person applying to 
 be admitted a citizen, or appearing as a witness for any such person, shall 
 "oiowingly personate any other person than himself, or falsely appear in 
 die name of a deceased person, or in an assumed or fictitious name, or if 
 any person shall falsely make, forge, or counterfeit any oath, affirmation, 
 notice, affidavit, certificate, order, record, signature, or other instrument, 
 paper, or proceeding required or authorized by any law or act relating to 
 or providing for the naturalization of aliens ; or shall utter, sell, dispose 
 of, or use as true or genuine, or for any unlawful purpose, any false, 
 forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit oath, affirmation, notice, certificate, order, 
 record, signature, instrument, paper, or proceeding as aforesaid ; or sell 
 or dispose of to any person other than the person for whom it was origin- 
 ally issued, any certificate of citizenship, or certificate showing any per- 
 son to be admitted a citizen ; or if any person shall in any manner use 
 for the purpose of registering as a voter, or as evidence of a right to vote, 
 or otherwise, unlawfully, any order, certificate of citizenship, or certificate, 
 judgment, or exemplification, showing such person to be admitted to be a 
 citizen, whether heretofore or hereafter issued or made, knowing that 
 such order or -certificate, judgment or exemplification has been unlaw- 
 fully issued or made ; or if any person shall unlawfully use, or 
 attempt to use, any such order or certificate, issued to or in the 
 name of any other person, or in a fictitious name, or the name of 
 a deceased person ; or use, or attempt to use, or aid, or assist, or 
 participate in the use of any certificate of citizenship, knowing the same 
 to be forged, or counterfeit, or ante-dated, or knowing the same to have
 
 58 TEE NEW NATURALIZATION LA W 
 
 been procured by fraud, or otherwise unlawfully obtained ; or if any 
 person, without any lawful excuse, shall knowingly have or be possessed 
 of any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit certificate of citizenship, 
 purporting to have been issued under the provisions of any law of the 
 United States relating to naturalization, knowing such certificate to be 
 false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit, with intent unlawfully to use the 
 same ; or if any person shall obtain, accept, or receive any certificate of 
 citizenship known to such person to have been procured by fraud, or by 
 the use of any false name, or by means of any false statement made with 
 intent to procure, or to aid in procuring, the issue of such certificate, or 
 known to such person to be fraudulently altered or ante-dated ; or if any 
 person who has been or may be admitted to be a citizen shall, on oath or 
 affirmation, or by affidavit, knowingly deny that he has been so admitted, 
 with intent to evade or avoid any duty or liability imposed or required by 
 law, every person so offending shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of 
 felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to be imprisoned 
 and kept at hard labor for a period not less than one year nor more> 
 than five years, or be fined in a sum not less than three hundred dollars 
 nor more than one thousand dollars, or both such punishments may be 
 imposed, in the discretion of the court. And every person who shall 
 knowingly and intentionally aid or abet any person in the commission of 
 any such felony, or attempt to do any act hereby made felony, or counsel, 
 advise, or procure, or attempt to procure the commission thereof, shall be 
 liable to indictment and punishment in the same manner and to the same 
 extent as the principal party guilty of such felony, and such person may 
 be tried and convicted thereof without the previous conviction of such 
 principal. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That any person who shall know- 
 ingly use any certificate of naturalization heretofore granted by any 
 court, or which shall hereafter be granted, which has been, or shall be,, 
 procured through fraud or by false evidence, or has been or shall be issued 
 by the clerk, or any other officer of the court without any appearance 
 and hearing of the applicant in court and without lawful authority ; and 
 any person who shall falsely represent himself to be a citizen of the 
 United States, without having been duly admitted to citizenship, for any 
 fraudulent purpose whatever, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
 and upon conviction thereof in due course of law, shall be sentenced to 
 pay a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not 
 exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the court taking 
 cognizance of the same. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That the provisions of this act 
 shall apply to all proceedings had or taken, or attempted to be had or 
 taken, before any court in which any proceeding for naturalization shall 
 be commenced, had, or taken, or attempted to be commenced ; and the 
 courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of all offenses under
 
 i'HE NEW NATURALIZA TION LA W 53 
 
 the provisions of this act, in or before whatsoever court or tribunal the 
 eame shall have been committed. 
 
 SEC. 5 And be it further enacted, That in any city having upward 
 of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be the duty of the judge of the- 
 circuit court of the United States for the circuit wherein said city shall 
 be, upon the application of two citizens, to appoint in writing for each 1 - 
 election district or voting precinct in said city, and to change or renew 
 said appointment as occasion may require, from time to time, two citizens 
 resident of the district or precinct, one from each political party, who, 
 when so designated, shall be, and are hereby, authorized to attend at all 
 times and places fixed for the registration of voters, who, being registered, 
 would be entitled to vote for representative in Congress, and at all times 
 and places for holding elections of representatives in Congress, and for 
 counting the votes cast at said elections, and to challenge any name pro- 
 posed to be registered, and any vote offered, and to be present and witness 
 tb.rougb.6ut the counting of all votes, and to remain where the ballot 
 boxes are kept at all times after the polls are open until the votes are 
 finally counted: and said persons or either of them shall have the right 
 fco affix their signature or his signature to said register for purposes of 
 identification, and to attach thereto, or to the certificate of the number of 
 votes cast, any statement touching the truth or fairness thereof which 
 they or he may ask to attach ; and any one who shall prevent any person 
 so designated from doing any of the acts authorized as aforesaid, or who 
 shall hinder or molest any such person in doing any of the said acts, or 
 fihall aid or abei in preventing, hindering or molesting any such person in 
 respect of any such acts, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convic- 
 tion shall be punished by imprisonment not less than one year. 
 
 SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That in any city having upward 
 of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be lawful for the marshal of the 
 United States for the district wherein said city shall be, to appoint a* 
 many special deputies as may be necessary to preserve order at any elec- 
 tion at which representatives in Congress are to be chosen ; and said 
 deputies are hereby authorized to preserve order at such elections, and to 
 arrest for any offence or breach of the peace committed in their view. 
 
 SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That the naturalization laws are 
 hereby extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African 
 descent. 
 
 Approved, July 14, 1870.
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 ART. XII. OF AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES The Electors 
 shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one 
 of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state -with themselves ; they shall 
 name in their ballot the person voted for aa President, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
 for as Vice-President, ana they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, 
 and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
 lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
 States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then 
 be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the Presi. 
 dent, if such, number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person 
 have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
 on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immedi- 
 ately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 
 States, the representation from each State having one; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
 of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President when- 
 ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
 then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the >ase of the death or other constitutional 
 disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes, as Vice-Presl. 
 dent, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
 appointed; and if no person have a miijority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the 
 Senate shall choose the Vice- President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of 
 the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible tu 
 that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 (This Amendment should be read in connection with Section 1 of Article II. of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, to which it is an amendment). See Constitution of the United 
 States, page 123 
 
 ELECTORAL VOTE OF EACH STATE FROM 1808 TO 1820. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 18O8. 
 
 1812. 
 
 1S1G.* 
 
 iszo.t 
 
 PKES'T 
 
 VICE-PRES'T 
 
 PR'ST 
 
 V.-P. 
 
 PHES. 
 
 V.-PRES. 
 
 PRES. 
 
 V.-PUE 
 
 Jamee Madison 
 
 Charles C.Pinckne.y 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 t 
 
 5, 
 
 ? 
 
 James Madison 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 James Madison 
 
 DeAVitt Clinton 
 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 Jared Ingersoll 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 Rufiis King 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 John E. Howard 
 
 Scattering 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 a 
 
 d- 
 
 Daniel D.Tompkins 
 
 Richard Stockton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;{ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 :i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kentucky 
 Louisiana 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 3 
 Q 
 
 .- 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 C 
 2 
 
 5 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 2J 
 
 8 
 
 90 
 
 
 11 
 is 
 
 
 10 
 
 "a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 R 
 
 8 
 
 fi 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 7 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 ft 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 f 
 
 
 :i 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 29 
 
 is 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 1") 
 
 
 29 
 IS 
 
 
 
 2:1 
 IS 
 
 
 29 
 T, 
 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 "0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 SKS 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 9') 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 .. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 A j 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 .. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 8J 
 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 122 
 
 47 
 
 6 ! 113 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 128 
 
 89131 
 
 86 183 34 
 
 183 '22 
 
 12 
 
 231 
 
 1 
 
 21d 
 
 8 
 
 In 1816 Connecticut gave five votes to James Ross, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President, 
 and four to John Marshall of Virginia (Chief-Justice Marshall) for the same office. Delaware 
 gave three votes for Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, for Vice-President. 
 
 t In 1820, John Quincy Adams received one Electoral Vote for President (from New Hamp- 
 shire), and Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, one for Vice-President. Richard Stockton, of .Nevr 
 Jersey, received 8 votes from Massachusetts for the Vice-Presidency. Daniel Rodney, of Dela- 
 ware, 4 from his own State, and Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, one from his own State, for the 
 
 1 There is no record of the Popular Vote by States previous to 1824 known to be existence. 
 Many of the States cboso the Electors by joint convention of the Legislatures previous ta 
 that time, as a few did later.
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 1 
 
 POPULAR VOTK. 
 
 *m 
 
 ;p;!l!|ll;-|!g!||l !p 
 
 
 
 i the election of 1824 there were four candidates for the Presidenc}', each of whom received n number of Electoral Votes, but r.o one. a majority ; Andrew Jackson received 
 urality of both the Electoral and Popular Vote (99 of the former and 155,872 of the latter) ; but as there was evidently no election, it devolved upon the. House of Represen- 
 vcs to choose a President according to the. 12th Amendment of the (Tonstitution. The voting waa by States, and 24 tellers (one member from each State) were appointed. 
 baVots were ca-tfor the threo highest candidates on the list, Messrs Jackson, Adams and Crawford. The friends of Mr. Clay supported Mr, Adams. When the vote was 
 Ued, thirteen States voied for Mr. Adams, seven for Oen. Jackson and four tor Mr. Crawford. Mr. Adams was then declared elected. Mr. Calhouu having received a largu 
 ority ot all the. Electoral votes for Vice-President took the oath on the 4th of March, 1825. 
 le Elections of IH'28 and 1832 were not specially noticeable. Gen. Jackson, whose friends had denounced tho supposed coalition between Messrs. Adams nml Clay, in 1824-5, 
 orriipt was elected by alarge majority over his competitor, both on the Popular and Electornl Vote in 1828," and re-elected by a still larger majority over Mr. Clay in 1832. 
 n Kloyd of Virginia and Win, Wirt of "Maryland received each a small number of Electoral Vote* in 1832, and Mr. Clay had but 49, while Oen. Jackson received 19, 
 
 e 
 
 K 
 
 |H 
 
 nosijaBf Aiajpuy 
 
 |!f 
 
 NO 
 
 ELECTORAL VOTK. 
 
 I 
 
 .MJlimillH souiy :::::::::::::::::::: : * ; 
 
 
 
 oos A'juan r::::::::::::::::::: ~ : ; : j - 
 
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 :::::::::::::::::: g, : *. : : g 
 
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 PRKSIDF 
 
 
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 1828. 
 
 POPULAR VOTK. 
 
 r 
 
 
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 8- 
 
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 -- 
 
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 KLKCTORAL VOTl 
 
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 POPULAR VOTK. 
 
 /BIO A"juan 
 
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 SJwS^Hffif^'jIS 88 *? 
 
 
 
 ELECTORAL VOTE. 
 
 VICK-PRESIDKNT 
 
 
 iJJWJjj : : : : QJj : : : ': ":" <^ 
 
 UOS5(31!p.tt3JpUV 
 
 : : : : : : M : ^ M :::::: : : E 1 
 
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 BTATES. 
 
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 3 &> -"S '5S3 
 
 r!l,, s ! -Nip 
 
 3 
 
 o 
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 Electors in each State in 1832 
 
 
 i 
 
 M Bp!irs;i
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 |j 8 8 j[ ! "u5in ::? ::*?-! ::. 4' : i" 2 .-* :~ 2 :<*:; S a .|'3 
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 wm'r x/Biitiun fce>2>i*TO - ;< t^io-. r^ . . (^ CT- 1^ <?" 000 CT; : U -O**- 1 
 
 ^IO< Jbaiu' eo Tru-tc-.u-.-!-vco w-rNM-*TN ene^cn^t-vo ^. t *n~i * c^ o ^-*-> o> 
 
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 ^J CS |r>.cf.GO'-^'-"^O'-co ^^*" c>.'Ci/*'O^f* ' *o I .O ?;-. ^'51 
 
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 g tt " * I : : : ' : . : '. : : : " ^ ***,-. 
 
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 IIS
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 liUDlJOmy u- t^. -nj ** ao ct 5ro -* * t-. co Tt\o*O >~> ui TT MVO ^u * ,0* -<sb' wco u~ *O 
 
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 2u;a -a UIOIIUAV | ""inS STS*" | "* | S" J S 
 
 noos Piau"'M |::::::::::3::'g:::::::::::g:'"::|s; 
 
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 ^ jonng -o ini!M ! * :;:":: * : * : ^"* j a 
 
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 12, 
 
 lleso w 
 
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 =3 
 
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 "*
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 C 
 
 * 
 
 H 
 
 -TBBaBBSg 
 
 
 w 
 1 
 
 in December, the vacancy was not filled, nn<J 
 oral Votes. *Ir. Lincoln liad 14 majority over 
 
 1 
 oatiTtnojj UBOtjqnd I 
 -aa ';uao 'S sassA'in 
 
 
 
 
 ^oo^nqos 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
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 gggi in ajOA l"JO^ooi3 -. en' N n M 
 
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 aaiuroo^ OTIBJOOUIOQ 
 
 : %. ': S^fg, SRS'ls :'! S^gf ^.S'S^ - : : :S> :1s 
 
 I 
 
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 aaniniojj uooiiqndag 
 
 
 VO 
 
 In Nevada, in 1864, three Republican Electors were chosen, hut one of thorn having died before the Electoral Vote was cast 
 only two Electoral Votes were cnst In the Election of )8fiO, lour candidates -were in Ihe field, aluif -whom received & me Elect 
 
 
 tf 
 
 uosutjof ivajpuy 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 frggi ui <X(OA iBJoiooia ( 
 
 i? 
 
 I 1860. | 
 
 oaui 
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 PUB uotun 'rag miop 
 
 SSS^SIS^ HHs^ls ?'"SlHft: K^Hs - :> S 
 
 1 
 
 &8 '>om m ^ SS"^S iC'S, fe?2 2: ^^'"S: 
 
 '*l2no(i 'y uaqdois 
 
 tii^ii PPiii tffippr i ;ii i! 
 
 1 
 
 oauiuiojj 
 ojipjjiiMin.uji 'o uqof 
 
 S.gSj-^ygog-l Ss?.^.;5o?RRS S : - : sHc- ^R^.sS :! 
 
 211,866,352845,763 
 
 < %- : R$3 r ~ eo Z n 2" ff.a^ij 1 " w : :'5-S cr - ( R j.iv?? R: 
 
 -a. 
 
 BOuttnOfcj u^ot^qtid 
 *uiooui r r muuvjqv 
 
 : :?J-cB: "slf'l ^ <!?&? :1 SlCt^&l?^: :J|! :c 
 
 :|5: MR - S-|Sai& ^]2^i]2_2 
 
 TICK-rKBS'1 
 
 
 85 
 
 uT',uii![i Ttjqinuuu 
 
 : :-:: sff* :::->-:: iff-fr* :::->::- 
 
 I 
 
 1 PRESIDENT 
 
 sBianoa -y 'qdajs 1 :::::: ::::::::::: : . -' ; : : 
 \\sfl uqop | :::::: . . : . 3 
 
 I 
 
 uioourj unjqwqy 
 
 
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 ji: 
 
 STATES. 
 
 ? : :/ 
 
 
 "3 
 1 
 
 1 111 
 
 0, ","*,""!, 
 
 > j{;;ffoa*6,^ ot "mS R- 3""^- 
 
 g
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 ;oo ; t- o e*i r>. ; oO t *" tS3 t *"* J t^ t * t t ^* t * ' "^ 
 
 < 
 
 JO 'AVO 
 
 oauttuo^i 
 
 J 
 3 #! i; 
 
 ooajaiovj 
 
 onBJOJinod 
 
 'anoj jo '3(000 
 
 O jo 'p 
 O 'V s 
 
 
 o 00 o ^Ooo MO -r-TOr^-rO woo "^ co *r t^ o w. M vr, -ro cooo-fi i^QQ^-fcOG I o 
 -TO t> if. t-x CO CO ir -- O O -T u-. to :_- - O O O .'' CO t-. rj.p'O .T. s 5- - O 0-T'S p OfO-rp t- 
 
 -TO t^ u". r^. co co "" o o T i/. co :"< o O O "CO t^ Tiri if, "^.^ T O CT>-T\ 
 o <~> O r^t^-rcoPtoo"^ r^jh- """X. 00 i/"t w co -r co -r o -T O u-i / t vn o -TOO t^*x> fO ir-i^)O -T 
 
 
 
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 c- M oo /). I m 
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 saatiiiuoj^ uo ]v\} 
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 jo'A.p-j-uiBS ' A 
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 JO 
 
 aaajino^ 
 UBanqudaa 
 'OjqO J *3AH 
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 w *r^' ' CNvf < or^o;o t 
 
 i >-. u^cs ; 
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 C^O T-*-O CO*-CSmOC 
 
 
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 66 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION". 
 
 HISTORY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION, 
 
 SUBSEQUENT TO THE MEETING OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGES. 
 
 The doubt in regard to the result of the Presidential Election was not removed 
 by the- returns from the Electoral Colleges which met December 6, 1876, for in 
 South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana two or more lists of Electors were returned, 
 though some of them lacked the required authentication, and in Oregon, one name 
 was returned who had confessedly not been elected, and there were in consequence 
 three Electoral Certificates from that State, one containing the elected list, one 
 substituting one name not elected for an elector declared to have been ineligible, 
 and one made up of the names of this substituted elector and two others whom he 
 had appointed. The confusion seemed constantly growing more hopeless, and the 
 danger of revolution or violence constantly greater. Investigating Committees 
 had been sent to South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana by both houses of Con- 
 gress, and informal commissions sent by the President and by the Chairman of tha 
 National Democratic Committee. A joint committee was at last appointed from the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, with instructions to consider and report a 
 bill for regulating the counting of the votes for President and Vice-President. . 
 The questions which were to be solved were these : whether as one party claimed, 
 the Vice-President or Acting Vice-President of the United States was vested with 
 the exclusive power of opening and counting, or causing to be counted, the electoral 
 vote; whether his functions in this matter were purely ministerial; whether in case 
 ef two returns he alone had the right to decide which were valid; and if not, 
 whether the Senate or the House, or either or both, separately or together, RJ a 
 joint convention, or the House voti g by States, had a right to decide the question 
 for him ; whether the House had a right, after objecting to the electoral vote of any 
 State, to declare that there was no election, and to proceed to vote for a President 
 by States, the Senate thereupon electing the Vice-President. There wero other but 
 minor questions also involved, and it was felt that there was need of great caution 
 and wisdom in digesting a plan which would prove satisfactory to both parties and 
 avert the threatened conflict. The committee was selected with great care, and con- 
 sisted of some of the ablest men in each house. The President of the Senate named 
 four Republicans and three Democrats, and the Speaker of the House four Demo- 
 crats and three Republicans, so that each party might be represented by an equal 
 number. The Senators on the committee were Messrs. Edmunds, Frelinghuysen, 
 Morton, Conkling,Thurman, Bayard and Ransom, and the members of the House, 
 Messrs. Payne, Hunton, Hewitt, Springer, McCrary, Hoar and "Willard. The 
 committee thus constituted, after long and careful deliberation, reported the follow- 
 ing act on the 18th of January, 1877. 
 
 THE ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION. 
 
 AN ACT to provide for and regulate the counting of votes for President and Vice- 
 President, and the decision of questions arising thereon, for the term com- 
 mencing March Fourth, Anno Do:i.ini eighteen hundred and seventy-seven. 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled, That the Senate and House of Representatives shall 
 meet in the hall of the House or Representatives, at the hour of one o'clock post 
 meridian, on the first Thursday in February, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and 
 seventy-seven, and the President of the Senate shall be their presiding officer. 
 Two tellers shall be previously appointed on the part of the Senate, and two on the 
 part of the House of Representatives, to whom shall be handed, as they are opened 
 by the President of the Senate, all the certificates, and papers purporting to be 
 certificates, of the electoral votes, which certificates and papers shall be opened, 
 presented, and acted upon in alphabetical order of the States, beginning with the 
 letter A; and said tellers having then read the same in the presence and hearing of 
 the two Houses, shall make a list of the votes as they shall appear from the said 
 certificates; and the votes having been ascertained and counted as.m this act pro- 
 Tided, the result of tho same shall be delivered to the President of the Senate, wJio
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION. C7 
 
 ,A 
 
 shall thereupon announce the state of the vote, and the names of the persons, if 
 any, elected, which announcement shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of the 
 persons elected President and Vice-President of the United States, and, together 
 with a list of the votes, be entered ou the journals of the two Houses. Upon such 
 reading of any such certificate or paper when there shall be only one return from 
 a State, the President of the Senate shall call for objections, if any. Every ob- 
 jection shall be made in writing, and shall state clearly and concisely, and without 
 Argument, the ground thereof, and shall be signed by at least one Senator and one 
 member of the House of Representatives before the same shall be received. When 
 all objections so made to any vote or paper from a State shall havo been received 
 and read, the Senate shall thereupon withdraw, and such objections shall be sub- 
 mitted to the Senate for its decision ; and the speaker of the House of Representa- 
 tives shall, in like manner, submit such objections to the House of Representatives 
 for its decision ; and no electoral vote or votes from any State from which but ono 
 return has been received shall be rejected, except by the affirmative vote of the two 
 Houses. When the two Houses have voted, they shall immediately again meet, 
 *md the presiding officer shall then announce the decision of the question sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 SEC. 2. That, if more than one return, or paper purporting to be a return from a 
 State, shall have been received by the President of the Senate, purporting to be tha 
 certificates of electoral votes given at the last preceding election for President and 
 Vice-president in such State (unless they phall be duplicates of the same return), 
 all such returns and papers shall be o; ened by him in the presence of the two 
 Houses when met as aforesaid, and read by the tellers, and all such returns and 
 papers shall thereupon be submitted to the judgment and decision as to which is 
 the true and lawful electoral vote of such State, of a commission constituted as 
 follows, namely : During the session of each House, on the Tuesday next preceding 
 the first Thursday in February, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, each House 
 shall, by viva voce vote, appoint five of its members, who with the five associate 
 justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, to be ascertained as herein- 
 after provided, shall constitute a commission for the decision of all questions upon 
 or in respect of such double returns named in this section. On the Tuesday next 
 preceding the first Thursday in February, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and 
 seventy-seven, or as soon thereafter as may be, the associate justices of the Supremo 
 Court of the United States now assigned to the first, third, eighth, and ninth 
 circuits shall select, in such manner as a majority of them shall deem fit, another 
 of the associate justices of said court, which five persons shall be members of said 
 commission ; and the person longest in commission of said five justices shall be tho 
 president of said commission. The members of said commission shall respectively 
 
 take and subscribe tha following oaths: "I, , do solemnly swear (or 
 
 affirm, as tho case may be) that I will impartially examine and consider all questions 
 submitted to the commission of which I am a member, and a true judgment give 
 thereon, agreeably to the Constitution and the laws: so help me God;" which 
 oath shall be filed with the Secretary of the Senate. When the commission shall 
 have been thus organized, it shall not be in the power of either House to dissolve 
 the eame, or to withdraw any of its members ; but if any such Senator or member 
 shall die or become physically unable to perform the duties required by this act, 
 the fact of such death or physical inability shall be by said commission, before it 
 shall proceed iurther, communicated to the Senate or House of Representatives, as 
 the case may be, which body shall immediately aud without debate proceed by viva 
 voco vote to fill tho place so vacated, and tho person so appointed shall take and 
 subscribe the rath hereinbefore prescribed, and become a member of said com- 
 missio i ; and, in like manner, if any of said justices of tho Supreme Court shall 
 die or become physically incapable of performing the duties required by this act, 
 the other of said justices, members of the said commission, shall immediately ap- 
 point another justice cf said court a number of said commission, and, in such 
 appointments, regard shall be had to the impartiality and freedom from bias sought 
 by tho original appointments to said commission, who shall thereupon immediately 
 take and subscribe the oath hereinbefore prescribed, and become a member of said 
 commission to fill the vacancy so occasioned. All the certificates and papers purport- 
 ing to be certificates of the electoral votes of each State shall be opened, in the 
 alphabetical order of the States, as provided in section one of this act ; and when 
 there shall be more than one such certificate or paper, as tho certificates and papers 
 from such State shall so be opened (excepting duplicates of the same return), they 
 shall be read by the tellers, and thereupon the President of the Senate shall call foi
 
 Co PRESIDE MI AL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION. 
 
 objections, if any. Every objection shall bo made in -writing, and shall state clearly 
 and concisely, and without argument, the ground thereof, and shall be signed by 
 at least one Senator and one member of the House of .Representatives before the 
 same shall be received. When all such objections so made to any certificate, vote, 
 or paper from a State shall have been received and read, all such certificates, votes 
 and papers so objected to, and all papers accompanying the same, together with 
 such objections, shall be forthwith submitted to said commission, which shall pro- 
 ceed to consider the same, with the same powers, if any, now possessed for that 
 purpose by the two Houses acting separately or together, and by a majority of 
 votes, decide whether any and what votes from such State are the votes provided 
 for by the Constitution of the United States, and how many and what persons were 
 duly appointed electors in such State, and may therein take into view such petitions, 
 depositions, and other papers, if any, as shall, by the Constitution and now existing 
 law, bo competent and pertinent in such consideration; which decision shall be 
 made in writing, stating briefly the ground thereof, and signed by the members of 
 said commission agreeing therein; whereupon the two Houses shall again meet, and 
 such decision shall be read and entered in the journal of each house, and the 
 counting of the votes shall proceed in conformity therewith, unless, xipon objection 
 made thereto in writing by ut least five Senators and five members of the House of 
 Representatives, the two Houses shall separately concur in ordering otherwise, in 
 which case such concurrent order shall govern. No votes or papers from any 
 other State shall be acted upon until tho objections previously made to the votes 
 or papers from any State shall have been finally disposed of. 
 
 SKC. 3. That, while tho two Houses shall be in meeting, as provided in this act, 
 no debate shall be allowed and no question shall be put by the presiding officer, 
 except to either House on a motion to withdraw ; and ho shall have power to pre- 
 serve order. 
 
 SEC. 4. That when the two Houses separate to decide upon an objection that 
 may have been made to the counting of any electoral vote or votes from any State, 
 r upon objection to a report of said commission, or other question arising under 
 this act, each Senator and Represen ative may speak to such objection or question ten. 
 minutes, and not oftener than once; but after such debate sh 11 have lasted two hours, 
 it shall be the duty of each House to put the main question without further debate. 
 
 SEC. 5. That at such joint meeting of tho two Houses, seats shall be provided as 
 foil .ws : For the President of the Senate, the Speaker's chair ; for the Speaker, 
 immediately upon his left ; the Senators in the body of the hnll upon the right of the 
 presiding officer; for the Representatives, in the body of the hall not provided for 
 the Senators ; for the tellers. Secretary < f the Senate, and Cl, j rk of the House of 
 Representatives, at the Clerk's desk; for the ot her officers of the two Houses, in 
 front of the Clerk's desk and upon each siile of the Speaker's platform. Such joint 
 meeting shall not b3 dissolved until the count of electoral votes shall be com- 
 pleted and the result declared ; and no recess shall be taken unless a question shall 
 have arisen in regard to counting any such votes, or otherwise under this act, in, 
 whi^h case it shall be competent for either House, acting separately, in the manner 
 hereinbefore provided, to direct a recexs of such House not beyond the next day, 
 Sunday excepted, at the hour of t n o'clock in the lorenoon. And while any 
 question is being considered by baid commission , either House may proceed with 
 its legislative or other bus ness. 
 
 SEC. 6. That nothing in this act shall be held to impair or affect any right now- 
 existing under the Constitution, and laws to question, by proceeding in the judicial 
 courts of the United States, the right or title of the person who shall be declared 
 elect-d, or who shall claim to be President or Vice-President of the United States, 
 if any such right exists. 
 
 SEC. 7. That said commission shall make its own rules, keep a record of its pro- 
 ceedings, and shall have power to employ such persons ns may be necessary for tho 
 transaction of its business and the execution of its power. 
 
 Approved, January 29, 1877. 
 
 This act passed the Ssnate January 25, 1877. forty-seven Senators voting for it, 
 seventeen against it, and ten not voting. It passed the House, Jan. 26, one hun- 
 dred a d ninety-one voting for it, eighty-six against it, and fourteen not voting. It 
 was approved by the President, Jan. 29, 1877. 
 
 On the 30th of Junuary the Senate and House each elected their members of tho 
 Commission, and the four Judges of the Supreme Court virtually named in tho 
 act, proceeded to elect a fifth, choosing Justice Joseph P. Bradley, of N. J. The 
 Commission was thus constituted as follows:
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION. CO 
 
 Justices of the Supreme Court. Senator*. Representative*. 
 
 NATHAN CLIFFORD, Preei- GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, Vt, JAMES A. G A RFIELD. Ohio. 
 
 dent. Me. FRED. T. FRELINGHUY- GEORGE F. HOAR, Mass. 
 
 SAMUEL F. MILLER, Iowa. SEN, N.J. HENRY B. PAYNE, Ohio. 
 
 WILLIAM STRONG, Penn. OLIVEit P. MORTON, Ind. EPPA HUNTON, Va. 
 
 STEPHEN J. FIELD, Cal. ALLENG.THCRMAN.Ohio. JOSIAH G. ABBOTT, Mas*. 
 TOSEPH P. BRADLEY, K. J. THOMAS F. BAYARD. Del. 
 
 On the 31st of January the Commission met and adopted the following rules ; 
 
 RULES OF THE COMMISSION. 
 
 RULE I. The Committee shall appoint a Secretary, two Assistant Secretaries, a 
 Marshal, and two Deputy Marshals, a Stenographer, and such messengers as shall 
 be neediul; to hold during the pleasure of the Commission. 
 
 RULE II. On a y subject submitted to the Commission, a hearing shall be had; 
 and counsel shall be allowed to conduct the case on each side. 
 
 RULE III. Counsel, not exceeding two in number on each side, will be heard by the 
 -Commission, on the merits of any case presented to it, not longer than two hours being 
 allowed to each side, unless a longer time and additional counsel shall be specially 
 authorized by the Commission. In the hearing of iuterlocuting questions, but one 
 counsel shall bo heard on each side, and he not longer than fifteen minutes, unless 
 the Commission allow further time and additional counsel; and printed arguments 
 will be received. 
 
 RULE IV. The objectors to any certificate or vote, may select two of their num- 
 ber to support their objections in oral argument, and to advocate the validity of 
 any certificate or vote, the validity of which they maintain; and in like manner 
 the objectors to any other certificate may select two of their number for a like pur- 
 pose ; but, under this rule, not more than four persons shall speak, and neither 
 side shall occupy more than two hours. 
 
 RULE V. Applications for process to compel the attendance of witnesses, or the 
 production of written documentary testimony may be made by counsel on either 
 eide, and all process shall be served and executed by the Marshal of the Commis- 
 sion or his deputies. Depositions hereafter taken for use before the Commission 
 ehall be sufficiently authenticated if taken before any Commissioner of the Circuit 
 Courts of the United States, or any clerk or deputy clerk of the United States. 
 
 RULE VI. Admission to the public sittings of the Commission shall be regulated 
 in such manner as the President of the Commission shall direct. 
 
 RULE VII. The Commission will sit, unless otherwise ordered, in the room of 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, and with open doors (excepting when in 
 consultation), unless otherwise directed. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C , January 31, 1877. 
 
 The first case requiring the action of the Commission was that of the electoral 
 vote of Florida. There were three certificates presented to the President of the 
 Senate, two of them certifying though on different grounds to the election of the 
 Hayes Electors; one of them having been issued by order of the Supremo Court of 
 Florida some weeks after the meeting of the Electoral College, on account of an al- 
 leged, defect in the count, and the third certifying to the election c f the Tildeu 
 Electors, but not signed by the requisite authority. There was also a further ques- 
 tion regarding the eligibility of F. C. Humphreys, one of the Hayes Electors, who, 
 it was alleged, was a U. S. Shipping Commissioner when chosen an Elector. After 
 a long and able argument on each side, the Commission voted Feb. 9 eight in the 
 affirmative and seven in the negative " That the four Hayes Electors were duly 
 appointed, and that the votes cast by them are the votes provided for by the Con- 
 stitution of the United States ; that neither the second or the third certificates pre- 
 sented were the certificates of votes prescribed by the Constitution , and that the 
 evidence did not show that F. C. Humphreys held the office of a Shipping Conu 
 missioner of the U. S at the time of his election. " 
 
 This decision having been reported to Congress, it was sustained by the Senate: 
 ye&s, 44; nays, 24; not voting, 7; and rejected by the House: yeas, 1G8; nays, 103; 
 not voting, 19; and, according to the Aft, wis counted, Feb. 10. 
 
 The Louisiana case was i - eached and laid before the Commission Feb. 13, where 
 it was debated till Feb. 16, when the Commission decided, Ly a vote of eight to 
 seven, that the eight Hayes Electors were the lawful electors of the Stato 
 of Louisiana, and their votes the votes provided by the Constitution of tJbo
 
 70 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION. 
 
 United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President. Thi* 
 decision, like that in the Florida case, rested on the basis that the Electoral Com- 
 mission did not possess any more or greater power than the Congress which had 
 created it, and, therefore, had no power to go behind the legally-authorized report 
 of the Returning Board, Board of Canvassers, or other authority prescribed by the* 
 State for this purpose. 
 
 This decision was reported to Congress on the 16th of February, but was not 
 acted upon until the 19th, when the Senate sustained the decision of the Commis- 
 sion by 41 yeas; nays, 28; not voting, 6. The House rejected it by yeas, 173;: 
 nays, 99; not voting, 18; and the vote was counted Feb. 20. Objection was made 
 to one of the Electors in the Michigan, and one in the Nevada, certificate; but as 
 there was but one certificate in each case, and the objections wsre evidently invalid, 
 they were not referred to the Commission. 
 
 The Oregon case was reached Feb. 21, and referred to the Commission, which re^ 
 assembled Feb. 22. The arguments on both sides were heard, and on Feb. 23 the 
 Commission decided "That W. H. Odell, John C. Cartwright and John W. Watts, 
 the persons named as Electors in certificate No. 1, were the lawful Electors of the 
 State of Oregon, and that their votes are the votes provided for by the Constitution 
 of the United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President of 
 the United States." This decision passed by the usual vote of eight yeas and seven 
 nays. 
 
 The fact of the election of three Hayes Electors in Oregon was not in dispute, 
 but it was claimed that one of these, J. W. Watts, was a postmaster at the time of 
 his election, and so ineligible ; and Gov. Grover had assumed to throw out his 
 name and give the certificate to Messrs. Odell, Cartwright, and E. A. Cronin, who 
 had been. Mr. Watts' competitor, but had fallen 1,000 votes short of an election. 
 Thus, while the Secretary of State (the canvassing authority of the State) had cer- 
 tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Watts, Gov. Grover had cer- 
 tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Cronin. Mr. Cronin, failing 
 to persuade Messrs. Odell and Cartwright to act with him, had resolved himself 
 into an Electoral College, and had chosen two men who had not been voted for at 
 all, as Electors, and sent or rather brought in a third certificate, declaring E. A. 
 Cronin, J. N. T. Miller and John Parker the duly appointed Electors. This cer- 
 tificate was rejected, as was Cronin's appointment, by the entire Commission. On 
 the 24th of February the Senate sustained the decision of the Commission by 
 yeas, 40; nays, 24; and 11 did not vote. The House rejected it by yeas, 151; 
 nays, 106; not voting, 33. On the 26th of Feb. objection was made to Electors in 
 the Pennsylvania and Rhode Island Colleges; but as there were only single Certifi- 
 cates in each case, they were not referred to the Commission. 
 
 The case of South Carolina was reached Feb, 26, and Hon. A. G. Thurman hav- 
 ing withdrawn on account of illness from the Commission, Hon. Francis Kernan, 
 of N. Y., was chosen in his place The case of South Carolina differed from those 
 which had preceded it in some important particulars. Although there were two 
 certificates, it was not seriously contended that the Hayes Electors had not received 
 a majority of votes, but it was urged that, owing to the failure of the Legislature to 
 provide a system of registration, and to the disorders, irregularities and frauds at- 
 tending the Presidential election, that election should be declared void, and 
 that the State, being at that time under duress from the United States troops stationed 
 there, was incapable of holding a valid election. The Commission, after hearing 
 the arguments, decided unanimously that the Tilden Electoral ticket should be 
 rejected, and, by a vote of eight to seven, that the Hayes Electors were lawful 
 Electors for the State of South Carolina, and that the State was entitled to have 
 her vote counted. The Senate the same day sustained the action of the Com- 
 mission by yeas, 39; nays, 22; not voting, 14; and the House rejected it by 
 yeas, 190; nays, 72; not voting, 28. To the vote was counted. 
 
 Objection was made to Electors on the certificates of Vermont and Wisconsin, but 
 these did not come within the provisions of the Commission. 
 
 On the morning of March 2, the completion of the count of Electors was reached, 
 and at 4:10 A. M. , of that day, Mr, Allison, one of the Tellers on the part of the Senate, 
 announced the result of the footings as 185 votes for the Republican candidates, and 
 184 votes for the Democratic candidates, whereupon his Honor Thomas W, Ferry, 
 President of the Senate, declared RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, of Ohio, the duly elected 
 President, and WILLIAM A. WHEELER, of New York, the dxily elected Vice-President 
 of the United States f < r the term of four years, commencing on the 4th of Marchu 
 1877.
 
 DECLAKATIOX OF 1SDZPENDEXCJ3. 71 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
 dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- 
 sume among the POWERS OF THE EARTH the separate and equal station to which the 
 LAWS OF NATUKE and of NATURE'S GOD entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions 
 of MANKIND requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
 separation. Wo hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created 
 EQUAL; that they are endowed by their CREATOR with certain Unalienable Rights; 
 that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: That to 
 secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
 powers from the consent of the governed : That whenever any form of government 
 becomes destructive of these ends, it is the RIGHT of the PEOPLE to alter or abolish 
 it, and to institute NEW GOVERNMENT, laying its foundation on SUCH PRINCIPLES, and 
 organizing its powers in SUCH FORM as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
 SAFETY AND HAPPINESS. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long 
 established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly 
 all experience hath shown , that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
 are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
 accustomed. But when a long train of ABUSES and USURPATIONS, pursuing invari- 
 ably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute DESPOTISM, 
 it is their RIGHT, it is their DUTY, to throw off SUCH GOVERNMENT, and to provide 
 new guards for iheir future SECURITY. Such has been the patient sufferance of 
 these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
 former systems of Government. The history of the present king of GREAT BRITAIN 
 is a history of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct object the 
 establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let FACTS 
 be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to Laws, the most 
 wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to 
 pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
 tion till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neg- 
 lected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accomodation 
 of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Rep- 
 resentation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
 only. Ho has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
 and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of 
 fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representa- 
 tive Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness hia invasions on the 
 Rights of tho People. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to 
 cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of annihila- 
 tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in 
 the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
 within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that 
 purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass 
 others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new 
 appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of Justice, by refus- 
 ing his assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges 
 dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and pay- 
 ment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept 
 among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legiala-
 
 72 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 tares. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, th 
 Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
 to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts 
 of Pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of Armed Troops among 
 us: For protecting them by a Mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders 
 which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our 
 Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our consent: 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of TRIAL BY JUEY: For trans- 
 porting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended Offences: For abolishing tho 
 free system of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an 
 Arbitrary Government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an 
 example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col- 
 onies: For taking away our CHARTERS, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and 
 altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments: For suspending our own 
 Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in 
 all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of 
 his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our Seas, ravaged 
 our coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the lives of our People. He is at this 
 time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, 
 desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, 
 scarcely paralleled in the most BARBAROUS AGES, and totally unworthy the head of a 
 CIVILIZED NATION. He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends 
 and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited Domestic In- 
 surrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
 tiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is, an undistin- 
 guished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these 
 OPPRESSIONS, we have Petitioned for REDRESS in the most humble terms: Our 
 repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose 
 character is thus marked by every act which may define a TYRANT, is unfit to be 
 the ruler of a FREE PEOPLE. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our 
 British brethren. Wo have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their 
 legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
 them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
 pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the 
 ties of our common kindred to disavow their usurpations, which would inevitably 
 interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
 voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the nece sity 
 which denounces our SEPARATION, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, 
 enemies in War in Peace, Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of th* 
 United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
 Judge of the world for tho rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by 
 authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare: That 
 these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; 
 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political 
 connection between them and the Slate of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally 
 dissolved; and that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES they have full power to levy 
 War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts 
 and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of 
 this DECLARATION, with a firm reliance on the protection of DIVINE PROVI- 
 DENCE, we mutually pledge to each other our LIVES, our FORTUNES, and our sacred 
 SONOB.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide 
 for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
 blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
 establish this Constitution of the United States of America : 
 
 ABTICLE I, Congress. 
 
 SECTION L Legislative Powers. 
 
 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
 gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of [Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. House of Representatives. 
 
 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
 chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the 
 electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
 electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 Qualifications of Members. Apportionment. 
 
 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
 to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
 United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
 the several States which may be included within this Union, accord- 
 ing to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding 
 to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- 
 vice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths 
 of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within 
 three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United 
 States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man- 
 ner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives 
 shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall 
 -tave at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
 be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
 three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 
 one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
 sight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. 
 South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, 
 the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
 vacancies.
 
 Y I CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 6. The House of Kepresentatives shall choose their Speaker and 
 other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION I1L Senate. 
 
 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- 
 tors from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; 
 and each Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the 
 first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
 classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
 at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expi- 
 ration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of 
 the sixth year ; so that one third may be chosen every second year ; 
 and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the 
 recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may 
 make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the Legis- 
 lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of 
 the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 
 
 6. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President 
 pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
 exercise the office of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments ; 
 when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmation. 
 "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
 shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther 
 than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy 
 
 ' any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the 
 party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
 trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. Election of Members. 
 
 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
 and Kepresentatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
 lature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter 
 such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
 such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
 shall by law appoint a different day.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 
 
 SECTION V. Powers of each House, 
 
 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
 stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjoarn 
 from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
 absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each 
 House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
 its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
 thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their 
 judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
 either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
 present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without 
 the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to- 
 any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting- 
 
 SECTION YL Compensation, Privileges, Etc. 
 
 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
 for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treas- 
 ury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason,, 
 felony and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
 attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to 
 and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either 
 House, they shall, not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which 
 he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 
 of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emolu- 
 ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no 
 person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member 
 of either House during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VH . Bills and Resolutions, Etc. 
 
 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives ; but the Senate may propose, or concur with amend- 
 ments, as on other bills. 
 
 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
 and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the 
 President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if 
 not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it 
 shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration^, 
 two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
 
 7G CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall, 
 iikewise, be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of that 
 House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
 Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- 
 nal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner 
 as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- 
 vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
 question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the 
 United States ; and before the same shall take effect shall be 
 approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
 two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to 
 the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill 
 
 SECTION VIIL Powers of Congress. 
 
 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, 
 imposts and excises to pay the debts and provide for the common 
 defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
 posts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- 
 eral States, and with the Indian tribes. 
 
 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
 on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
 and fix the standard of weights and measures. 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
 and current coin of the United States. 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post roads. 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing 
 jfor limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their 
 respective writings and discoveries. 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
 liigh seas, and offences against the law of nations. 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
 rules concerning captures on land and water. 
 
 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to 
 that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy.
 
 ZXITXD STATJH&. ^ 
 
 14. To make roles for the government and regulation of the land 
 and naval forces. 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of 
 the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, 
 and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- 
 vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the 
 appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia* 
 according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases -whatsoever, over 
 such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
 particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
 the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority 
 over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the 
 State in w,hich the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for car- 
 rying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested 
 by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in 
 any department thereof. 
 
 SECTION DL Prohibitions and Privileges. 
 
 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
 States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohib- 
 ited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty maybe 
 imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars on each 
 person. 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
 may require it. 
 
 3. No bill of attainder or ex-post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
 tion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
 State. 
 
 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
 revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall 
 vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
 duties in another. 
 
 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence 
 of appropriation made by law ; and a regular statement and account 
 of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
 lished from time to time, 
 
 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and 
 no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, with-
 
 73 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
 office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foregin 
 state. 
 
 SECTION X. State Restrictions. 
 
 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; 
 grant letters of marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, 
 make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, 
 pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- 
 posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely 
 necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of 
 nil duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall 
 "be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such 
 laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
 tonage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
 agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
 engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
 as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE H. President. 
 
 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
 jears, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same 
 term, be elected as follows : 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
 thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number 
 of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
 in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person hold- 
 ing an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- 
 
 pointed an Elector. 
 
 , 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
 (ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
 tant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
 of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; 
 which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
 of the Government of the United States, directed to the President 
 of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
 ihe Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
 &nd the votes shall then be counted. The person having the great- 
 est number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be 
 vnore than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 
 
 votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
 by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a major- 
 ity, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
 manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
 votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State 
 naving one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
 ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
 the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
 choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
 votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should 
 remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose 
 from them by ballot the Vice-President.] 
 
 [This clause altogether altered and supplied by the XII Amendment] 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, 
 *nd the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be 
 the same throughout the United States. 
 
 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
 United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
 be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be 
 eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty- 
 five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
 States. 
 
 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, .or of his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties 
 of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and 
 the Congres may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resig- 
 nation, or inability both of the President and Vice-President, declar- 
 ing what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act 
 accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
 elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
 compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur- 
 ing the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
 receive within that period any other emolument from the United 
 States or any of them. 
 
 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the 
 following oath or affirmation : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
 office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
 ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
 States." 
 
 SECTION n. Powers of tlie President. 
 
 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
 navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States,
 
 80 CONSTITUTION OF THE V KITED STATES. 
 
 when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
 require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
 executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of 
 their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
 
 and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases 
 
 ,'of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 
 concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers 
 and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of 
 the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
 vided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress 
 may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they 
 think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
 heads of departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
 happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION UL Duties of the President. 
 
 1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information oi 
 the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
 measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
 extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, 
 and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time 
 of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
 proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; 
 he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
 mission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 SECTION IV. Impeachment of Officers. 
 
 * 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- 
 tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. Judiciary. 
 
 SECTION I. Courts Judges, 
 
 1. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from 
 time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme 
 and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and 
 shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which 
 shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
 
 CONSTITUTION C ff THE UNITED STATES. 81 
 
 
 
 SECTION n. Judicial Powers Civil Criminal 
 
 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, 
 pr/ising under this Constitution, the laws of tho United States, and 
 tieaties made, or which shall be made under their authority ; to all 
 cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to 
 <all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
 which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between 
 two or more States between a State and the citizens of another 
 State between citizens of different States between citizens of the 
 same State claiming lands under grants of different States and 
 between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens 
 or subjects. 
 
 2. In all cases .iffecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, tho Supreme 
 Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
 mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
 as to the law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regula- 
 tions as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be 
 by jury ; and such trial shall bo held in the State where tho said 
 crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 
 any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as tho Congress 
 may by law have directed. 
 
 SECTION HL Treason. 
 
 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
 war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, givfcg them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall bo convicted of treason unless on the 
 testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
 open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
 treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 
 cc forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.-State Eights. 
 
 SECTION I. Restitution and Privileges. 
 
 1. Full faith and credit shall bo given in each State to the publiq 
 acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And 
 the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such 
 acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION IL Privilege of Citizens. 
 
 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and 
 immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
 crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shatf
 
 gfr CONSTITUTION OF THE -UNITED STATES. 
 
 on demand of the Executive authority of the State from -winch he 
 Ked, be deli vered up, to be- removed to the State having jurisdiction 
 of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws 
 thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
 Regulation therein, be discharged from such service or Jabor, but 
 shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 
 
 labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION HL New States. 
 
 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
 but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
 of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two 
 or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legisla- 
 tures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress, 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all noed 
 fill rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
 belonging fo the United States, and nothing in this Constitution 
 shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, 
 or ! any particular State. 
 
 SECTION IV. State Gorwmments Republican. 
 
 1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in tlxli Union 
 a republican form of Government, aud shall protect each of them 
 against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or of (be 
 Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against- domai ' 
 
 t(o. violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. Amendments. 
 
 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses eaall deem 
 ! it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on 
 the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
 shall call a convention for proposing amendments, whicii. in either 
 case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Consti- 
 tution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the sev- 
 !eral States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, a '-the one or 
 the other mode of ratification may be proposed by tli..- Congress ; 
 provided that no amendment which may be made prior io the year 
 108 shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the 
 ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its con- 
 sent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate 
 
 ARTICLE VL-Debts. 
 
 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the 
 adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid againtt the United 
 States under this Constitution, as under the confederation- 
 
 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United Stales which shall 
 foe madf in pursuance thereof ; and all treaties made, o> which shall
 
 CONSTITUTION Of THE UNITED STATES. C3(f 
 
 i 
 
 t>e made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the 
 supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be 
 bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
 the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
 members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and ju- 
 dicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, 
 shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; 
 but no religious, test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
 office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 AKTICLE VH Eatification. 
 
 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suffi- 
 cient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States 
 so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in Convention^ by the unanimous consent of the States 
 present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
 Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of 
 the Independence of the United Stated of America, the 
 Twelfth. 
 In witness whereof; we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 ATTEST : President, and Deputy from Virginia* 
 
 WM. JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 Articles in addition to, and amendment of the Constitution of the 
 United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by 
 the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth ar- 
 ticle of the original Constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE 1. 
 
 Congress shau make no law respecting a'd establishment of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof 5 or abridging the freedom of 
 speech, or of the press ; or the right of tha people peaceably to as- 
 semble, and to petition the Government for a ledress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE H 
 
 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
 State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
 fringed. 
 
 ARTICLE HI. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
 the consent of the owner, nor in time Oi war but in a manner to be 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IK. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers
 
 li CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not b& 
 violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- 
 ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
 to be searched, and the persons or things to bo seized. 
 
 Ar.TICLE V| 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infa- 
 mous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 
 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia 
 when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall 
 any person be subject, for the same offense, to be twice p~t in jeopardy 
 of life or limb ; nor shall bo compelled in any criminal case to be a 
 witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
 without due process of law ; nor sh*li private property bo takeu for 
 public use without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VL 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall snjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall Lave 
 been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the na- 
 ture and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
 against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
 his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense, 
 
 ARTICLE VH. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no 
 fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of 
 the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 cor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ABTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not b(y 
 tonstrued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Cor ^titution,. 
 nur prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to me States respect- 
 ively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 The judicial power of. the United States shall not be construed to 
 extend io any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against 
 one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens 
 or subjects of any foreign State,
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AETICLE 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
 lot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall nob 
 be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall nam;> 
 in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- 
 lots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis- 
 tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons 
 voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, 
 which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the 
 eeat of the Government of the United States, directed to the Presi- 
 dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
 and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
 number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number 
 be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no 
 person liave such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
 numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as Presi- 
 dent, the House of Representatives fehall choose immediately, by bal- 
 lot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall bo 
 taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
 two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall bo 
 necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
 not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
 upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then tho 
 Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other 
 constitutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President 
 shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 
 ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall 
 choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
 two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of tho 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 But no person constitutionally ineligible to the olfice of President, 
 ehall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. - 
 
 [An article intended as a thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Eleventh Congress, 
 bat was not ratified by a sufficient number of States to become valid 
 as a part of the Constitution. It is erroneously given in an edition oJ 
 the Laws of the United States,published byBiorenandDuaneinl815.j 
 
 [NOTE. The eleventh article of the amendments to the Constitu- 
 tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Third Congress; the 
 twelfth article, at the First Session of the Eighth Congress ; and the 
 thirteenth article at the Second Session of the Eleventh
 
 3 CONSTITUTION OF TEE TJS1TED STATES. 
 
 ABTICLE XHL 
 
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
 for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall ex- 
 ist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
 diction. 
 
 ABTICLE XIV. 
 
 SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United; 
 States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
 or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 
 of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any per- 
 son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny 
 to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of tho 
 laws. 
 
 SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
 States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
 number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
 when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
 President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives 
 in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
 members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
 habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
 of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation 
 in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
 be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
 shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
 age in such State. 
 
 SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
 gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, 
 civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
 having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
 (officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, 
 or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Cors 
 Btitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection o> 
 rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
 thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, 
 remove such disability. 
 
 SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
 thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
 bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
 not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall 
 assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
 or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE EXITED STATES. 1 
 
 emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and 
 claims thall be held illegal and void. 
 
 SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
 legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 AETICLE XV. 
 
 SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
 account of race or color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation.
 
 AGRICULTURAL* 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, 1870-1878. 
 
 I.-CHOPS. 
 
 1. INDIAN Cons In tills crop Illinois ranks first; Iowa, second; Missouri, third; 
 Kansas, fourth. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 I'.u.slu In. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Trico. 
 
 V:iluo 
 per Acra. 
 
 1870... 
 JS71 
 
 1,094,255000 
 y91.8!l8.00(l 
 
 3?,046.97: 
 3-1.091 137 
 
 6001.839,030 
 478 275 ()0 
 
 23 3 
 29 1 
 
 $0 54 9 
 48 2 
 
 1 15 57 
 
 14 0'* 
 
 1872 
 
 1.002,719 "0. 
 
 :c< 52(5 H3<; 
 
 435 14<> 2<)0 
 
 30 7 
 
 39 8 
 
 12 24 
 
 1873 
 
 932,274 000 
 
 3", 197 148 
 
 447 183 020 
 
 23 8 
 
 43 
 
 11 41 
 
 JP74 
 
 85d. i-i 8.500 
 
 4V030.918 
 
 f>50,043'ot'0 
 
 20 7 
 
 G4 7 
 
 13 49 
 
 1875 
 187'5 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 1,321,069.000 
 l,283.827.r.OO 
 1,343.558.000 
 1.371 000 000 
 
 44.841.371 
 39.033.304 
 50.3ii!U13 
 51 409 ('00 
 
 555.44.1.93(1 
 475,491.210 
 480,043 400 
 43 800 000 
 
 29.4 
 21! 1 
 28 (i 
 20 7 
 
 42 
 37 
 35 8 
 31 9 
 
 12 3d 
 
 i;:> 
 9 54 
 Ot 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 10,279,749,000 
 
 384.151 8C4 
 
 64,400,870.800 
 
 20 7 
 
 447 
 
 $11 0-2 
 
 Average 
 
 1 14.',1943J^ 
 
 42,683 540 
 
 C495 052 318 
 
 2(J 7 
 
 44 7 
 
 $11 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. WHEAT Iowa and Minnesota lead on tho wheat crop; Illinois and California 
 not far behind. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Eushtls. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Trice. 
 
 Valuo 
 per Acre. 
 
 1870 
 
 235 884 700 
 
 18 997,591 
 
 5245 F65 045 
 
 12 4 
 
 $1 04 2 
 
 $12 94 
 
 1871 
 
 230,722.400 
 
 19.943.t93 
 
 : 90,41 1.*20 
 
 11 5 
 
 1 25 c 
 
 14 51) 
 
 1872 
 
 219,997 100 
 
 20.858.359 
 
 310 180,375 
 
 11 9 
 
 1 24 
 
 11 K7 
 
 1873 
 
 281 '254 7<i(! 
 
 22 171 076 
 
 32359) f05 
 
 12 7 
 
 1 15 
 
 14 50 
 
 J874 
 
 308. 10,!.". 00 
 
 24,907,027 
 
 291.107.895 
 
 12 :< 
 
 94 4 
 
 11 l.:i 
 
 J87.1 . 
 
 292 i:!C,OOli 
 
 26.381,518 
 
 2:)4.580,!!90 
 
 11 
 
 1 00 (i 
 
 11 13 
 
 1870 
 
 239350.500 
 
 27.027,021 
 
 3110.25 ',300 
 
 10 4 
 
 1 03 7 
 
 10 84 
 
 1877 
 
 3fi5 094 800 
 
 20,193 407 
 
 395 15^,375 
 
 13 9 
 
 1 08 2 
 
 is oa 
 
 1878 
 
 427,000,000 
 
 23,492.000 
 
 :WJ,000,005 
 
 14 2 
 
 78 2 
 
 10 9T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2,074,550,900 
 
 2 1 f.. 758,480 
 
 S'-i.780 15\(;05 
 
 l-i '2 
 
 80 97 3 
 
 $1205 
 
 
 2J7.172322 
 
 23 373, 1G5 
 
 ^308,DOU,17S 
 
 12 2 
 
 97 3 
 
 13 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OATS Illinois takes tho lead on this crop ; New York follows, and then Iowa 
 and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Piico. 
 
 Value 
 per Aero. 
 
 1870 
 
 247.277,400 
 
 8.792,395 
 
 6107.130,710 
 
 2a 1 
 
 $0 43 3 
 
 (12 1ft 
 
 1871 
 
 1255 743 000 
 
 8 305 t-09 
 
 107,570 0:>0 
 
 30 5 
 
 40 1 
 
 12 30 
 
 1872 
 
 271 747 000 
 
 9 000 709 
 
 91,315710 
 
 30 1 
 
 33 6 
 
 10 14 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 S2;0,340.000 
 24(1 309,000 
 
 0,751, 700 
 10 897,412 
 
 101.175,750 
 125,047.530 
 
 27.7 
 22 
 
 37 4 
 52 
 
 10 3T 
 11 4T 
 
 1875 . 
 
 354317,000 
 
 11 9l5,0'i5 
 
 1-.'9,499.930 
 
 29 7 
 
 36 5 
 
 10 ' <i 
 
 1876 
 
 320 884 dOO 
 
 13,358 908 
 
 1 12,865,90. 
 
 24 
 
 35 1 
 
 8 41 
 
 1877 
 
 400 394 000 
 
 1-J 8'JO 148 
 
 1H, 001, 550 
 
 31 6 
 
 29 2 
 
 9 2.1 
 
 1878 
 
 411,855.500 
 
 13,170,000 
 
 140,544.000 
 
 30 9 
 
 90 
 
 11 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2,779,326,000 
 
 98,084,210 
 
 $1,028,817.110 
 
 28 4 
 
 $0 34 1 
 
 $10 6T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ATfli^vo ......... 
 
 30d,815,211 
 
 10,t78,240 
 
 $114,313,012 
 
 23.4 
 
 $0 38.1 
 
 $10 07 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 California, New York and Iowa are tho States which raiso tho largest 
 part of Iho Barley crop. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Valuo. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Price. 
 
 Valuo t 
 
 per Aero. 
 
 1870 
 
 26 T5 400 
 
 1 103 924 
 
 $22 244 rfi4 
 
 23 7 
 
 CO P4 5 
 
 $20 OS 
 
 1871 
 
 26 71? 00 
 
 1 177 606 
 
 21 541 777 
 
 2' 1 f 
 
 80 ti 
 
 18 29 
 
 1872 
 
 26 46 400 
 
 1 :t!)7 082 
 
 19 837 77: 
 
 19 2 
 
 Tl 8 
 
 14 19 
 
 1873 
 
 32.044,4(11 
 
 1.387 100 
 
 29 33: "2f 
 
 v>3 i 
 
 81 $ 
 
 21 15 
 
 1674 
 
 32 552 00 
 
 1 580 (126 
 
 29 98 1 7(.! 
 
 20 ( 
 
 92 1 
 
 18 9ft 
 
 13:5 
 
 36 '08 TOO 
 
 1 7-9.902 
 
 2 1 ) 952 08- 
 
 20 ( 
 
 81 1 
 
 16 73 
 
 1876 r... 
 
 38 710.500 
 
 1 7(>6,5ll 
 
 25735 110 
 
 21 '. 
 
 Oli 4 
 
 14 5I 
 
 1877 
 
 34 441 400 
 
 1 6U (554 
 
 22023 ("44 
 
 21 I 
 
 C3 9 
 
 13 C I 
 
 1876 
 
 42 000 000 
 
 1 790 JO 
 
 26 I6ij 000 
 
 2.'$ 4 
 
 C2 8 
 
 14 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toial 
 
 296.517.79l 
 
 13,fil2.471 
 
 S2->6 823 268 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A vcnvo 
 
 31,S14,7iM 
 
 I,477,c0l 
 
 025,082 158 
 
 51 
 
 Q'J 77 3 
 
 S16 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. EYE Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, Wisconsin ami Kansas are in their 
 order tho principal States engaged in raising this crop. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Lushcls. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Valao. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Price. 
 
 Valuo 
 per Aero. 
 
 1870 
 
 15 473 COO 
 
 1 I7fi 137 
 
 $12012 C05 
 
 13 1 
 
 CO 81 5 
 
 $10 "a 
 
 lt<7l 
 
 15 985.800 
 
 1 069 531 
 
 12 145 (i4i; 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 79 
 
 11 35 
 
 1872 
 
 14 8-8 COO 
 
 1 048 ' :,4 
 
 1 1 363 (93 
 
 14 1 
 
 76 3 
 
 10 BJ 
 
 1873 
 
 15 142 ( Oil 
 
 1 151) 355 
 
 11 548 126 
 
 13 I 
 
 78 2< 
 
 10 04 
 
 1874 
 
 14 990 GOO 
 
 1 116 716 
 
 12870 411 
 
 13 4 
 
 85 8 
 
 1 1 53 
 
 1875 
 
 17722 100 
 
 1 35 ' "88 
 
 13 631 900 
 
 13 
 
 76 P 
 
 10 0-J 
 
 187fi 
 
 20 374 tOO 
 
 1 468 374 
 
 13635 626 
 
 13 8 
 
 C6 P 
 
 23 
 
 1877 
 
 21 170 100 
 
 1 412 502 
 
 12 542 895 
 
 14 9 
 
 19 2 
 
 8 i-T 
 
 1878 
 
 25 8<)0 000 
 
 1 621 000 
 
 16 847 400 
 
 15 9 
 
 55 3 
 
 10 3* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 160,927 COO 
 
 11,423,453 
 
 SI 17 19t 502 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average. .............. 
 
 17,8:0,844 
 
 1 269,272 
 
 $ 13.022 05fi 
 
 13 9 
 
 CO 74 1 
 
 J10 ~J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45. BUCKWHEAT This is not a largo crop, nor is it rapidly extending; about four- 
 fifths of the whole is grown in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, 
 and most of the remainder in three or four of tho north-western Stales. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Va:ue. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Trico. 
 
 Valuo 
 per Aero. 
 
 1870 
 
 9,84 1 500 
 
 536,992 
 
 17,725,044 
 
 18 3 
 
 CO 78 4 
 
 on aa 
 
 1*71 
 
 8 328.700 
 
 413,915 
 
 6.900,26t 
 
 20 1 
 
 82 8 
 
 16 07 
 
 1872 
 
 8 133.500 
 
 448,497 
 
 6,747,61t 
 
 18 1 
 
 82 9 
 
 15 04 
 
 1S73 
 
 7,837,700 
 
 454,152 
 
 6,3X2.04'.: 
 
 17 2 
 
 81 4 
 
 14 05 
 
 1874 
 
 8,016,600 
 
 452.590 
 
 6,477,8t; 
 
 17 7 
 
 to 8 
 
 14 31 
 
 1875 
 
 10,082,100 
 
 575,530 
 
 7,166,267 
 
 17 5 
 
 71 
 
 12 45 
 
 1876 
 
 9668 800 
 
 666,441 
 
 7 021.4!'8 
 
 14 5 
 
 72 
 
 10 53 
 
 1877 
 
 10.177,000 
 
 (:49,92:J 
 
 6,998. clO 
 
 15 6 
 
 C8 7 
 
 10 78 
 
 18 8 
 
 12,247,000 
 
 673,000 
 
 7,225.230 
 
 18 2 
 
 i9 i 
 
 lo 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 84 332 900 
 
 4 871 040 
 
 $62 816 Ijfi'J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Avpn*gfl 
 
 9,370,322 
 
 541,3^6 
 
 fi,<J79,t,2r 
 
 17 4 
 
 75 3 
 
 $13 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. POTATOES New York takes the lead in tho Potato crop, and Pennsylvania, 
 Wisconsin and Ohio follow, but the crop is a largo one in most of tho north- 
 ern States.
 
 AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Price. 
 
 Value 
 per Acre. 
 
 1870 
 
 114775.000 
 
 1,325,119 
 
 $82,068.59: 
 
 80 6 
 
 $0 72 
 
 $62 38 
 
 1871 
 
 120.461,700 
 
 1,220,912 
 
 
 98 6 
 
 59 (i 
 
 58 83 
 
 
 113,51,000 
 
 1.331,331 
 
 68.091.121 
 
 85 2 
 
 59 9 
 
 51 14 
 
 1873 
 
 106 089,000 
 
 1.29.U39 
 
 74,77 4,e9( 
 
 81 9 
 
 ',0 5 
 
 57 73 
 
 1874 
 
 105,981 00<i 
 
 1.310.041 
 
 71,823 33' 
 
 K) 9 
 
 C7.' 
 
 54 B3 V 
 
 1875 
 
 166 877,000 
 
 1.51U.041 
 
 G5,OI9,42> 
 
 110 5 
 
 39 9 
 
 43 05 
 
 1876 
 
 124.827,0<iO 
 
 1.741,983 
 
 83,861,39U 
 
 71.6 
 
 65 5 
 
 48 14 
 
 1877 ' t 
 
 170,092 000 
 
 1.792287 
 
 76,249,500 
 
 94.9 
 
 44 8 
 
 42 54 
 
 1878 
 
 124,027,000 
 
 1 C2J.OOO 
 
 73,000,000 
 
 70. J 
 
 50 8 
 
 41 33 
 
 Total 
 
 1 146 645 700 
 
 14 053 853 
 
 $667 324 771 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 127,405,077 
 
 1,501 53'J 
 
 $74,147,212 
 
 83 1 
 
 $J 53 1 
 
 (51 ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HAY New York leads in this great crop, and Illinois and Pennsylvania follow. 
 We give only the statistics of 1876 and 1877, thoso of 1878 and tho early 
 years of this decade being unreliable. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Toas. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Price. 
 
 Value 
 per Aero. 
 
 JJ<7<J 
 
 30 870.000 
 
 24 769 60." 
 
 $.100 901 000 
 
 Tani;. 
 1 24 
 
 $a 9 7-i' 
 
 $12 13 
 
 J877 
 
 31 629 300 
 
 25 367 70. 6 
 
 271 934 900 
 
 1 32 
 
 8 60 
 
 10 7S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 62 505 600 
 
 50 137 31: 
 
 $572 83') 950 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AverocG... 
 
 31 252,800 
 
 25,068,65i 
 
 2=6,417,973 
 
 1 28 
 
 $3 9 1. 
 
 11 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. COTTON This product being only reported at tho ports whence it is shipped, it 
 is difficult to ascertain the exact product of each State. Wo give, therefore, 
 only the gross amount of the crops and their values, premising that Cotton 
 is grown as a marketable crop only in North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- 
 gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texjs, Arkansas, Tennessee 
 and Southern Missouri. A few bales may bo grown one or two degrees 
 further north, but not enough to produce any effect upon the market 
 
 Years. 
 
 Bale* 
 Produced 
 
 Value. 
 
 &-, 
 
 2i 
 
 <&.* 
 
 Amount 
 Export- 
 ed. 
 
 Value of 
 Exports. 
 
 Ani'tn-tain- 
 e<l for Home 
 Coiisump- 
 tiou. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Kept 1. 187C.-7.... 
 ept. 1,1877-8.... 
 
 4,811,265 
 :.,200,OOU 
 
 $212,000,000 
 194,000,000 
 
 12 25 
 8 25 
 
 Jin leg. 
 3,346,640 
 3,785,000 
 
 $17 1.1 -.8.508 
 14.V00,000 
 
 1,4C3,C25 
 1,415,000 
 
 $71,000,000 
 48,500,009 
 
 Total 
 
 10011 265 
 
 (436 000 000 
 
 
 7 131 640 
 
 $316 618 "-0,- 
 
 2 878 625 
 
 $119 005 20ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arerago 
 
 5,003,632 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10. TOBACCO All the chewing, and a largo proportion of tho smoking tobacco 
 and snuff used in this country aro produced on our own soil, while about 
 two thirds of the cigars and cigarettes are made hero from native tobacco, 
 tho other third being imported either in the manufactured or unmanufac- 
 tured state.
 
 AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 I 
 
 Tobarco 
 
 CM>]> i f lliu 
 
 Ye ,r. 
 
 Value cf 
 Crop. 
 
 Amount re- 
 turuf il lor 
 lev. Tax. 
 
 A mount of 
 Tax. 
 
 "3 
 s.s 
 C-O 
 
 Am nti f 
 Tubat-cu 
 
 1 iniio lil 
 
 Value 
 of 
 Imports 
 
 Amount 
 Tobacco 
 Exp..rieil 
 
 Valao of 
 Exports. 
 
 
 
 
 L(IH. Manuf. OtiM. u.Tobl 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Toh.&Snuft' iimlDt-ars'ii! c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ur 
 
 408,000,000 
 
 C3,2tO,000 
 
 12 .HI5.I!0| $23.675,;>7ti '16 
 
 6,C63,843 
 
 C,812,4y6 
 
 120174377 
 
 28.547.8G2. 
 
 
 
 
 Ku.ofCijji'i'tt OnCigais&c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 &. Ciiiari t's. ainl ^Tamil's 
 
 
 
 
 Re-Expta Ilc-Exp't 
 
 
 
 
 1.067.950.61 2) ! .494.147 
 
 
 Lbs. To- 
 
 
 750,738 
 
 547,27* 
 
 
 
 
 Lbs Manuf., OnM, n.Tob 
 
 
 b ii ceo, 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 & Driller* iu 
 
 
 &.C. 
 
 
 * 
 
 ! 
 
 18TC 
 
 CSO.CCO.CCO 
 
 ,217,OCO 
 
 1 1P,7!I6,727 
 
 28,526 823 
 
 125 
 
 6,598,410 
 
 6,081,647 
 
 108200734 
 
 2j,C82,C70. 
 
 
 
 
 Ko Cigam 
 
 OnCtB,C'g s 
 
 
 Mo.ol'Ci- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & (.'ijrar-tV 
 
 aii'l Alaimls. 
 
 
 gars,&c. 
 
 
 Re-Exprt Re-Exp'f 
 
 
 
 
 i,S08,141,. 70 
 
 ll.2t8.M7 
 
 
 59'J,086 
 
 
 "i 06,393 
 
 39c,27i 
 
 
 
 
 Lbs. Mam.f. 
 
 OuMi.ii.Tol> 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Totmrro. 
 
 JcDoalfihin 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 r 
 
 ; 
 
 JS77 
 
 4:o,eco,cco 
 
 C?,437,000 
 
 127.4fl.U9 
 
 29.t8l.r07 
 
 8.3 
 
 7,188,718 
 
 5,7CO,OCC 
 
 149347670 
 
 32,079,04t 
 
 
 
 
 "Kit. CIJJMIS 
 
 OliCijiiu.s&c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 &Cixre'in. 
 
 (tMaiinlVt M 
 
 
 
 
 Re-Exprt Re-Exp ft- 
 
 
 
 
 1.93tC391.4ftt! ll.4.(i:0 
 
 
 
 
 266,. 01 
 
 2Sh!,31> 
 
 
 
 
 Llm.Manul. OnMau.Tob 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 Tobarro. 
 
 .lllllDl 111': 1U 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 187 
 
 CC3.CCO.CCO 
 
 ~,cco,coo 
 
 119,406,588 
 
 28.204,045 
 
 5.(i 
 
 8,C03,C41 
 
 C.4C9.8C8 
 
 ;8CC8C557 
 
 8,434,43a 
 
 
 
 
 No. ijjais 
 
 fij>aiiA-c. & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JkCtjnuvt'f. 
 
 Manf t-tnr'n 
 
 
 
 
 He-Exprt Rc-Exp't 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 x',0,-2,356,3C2| 11, 87,7.0 
 
 
 
 
 4t4,481 
 
 313,61)1' 
 
 Lcsidrs Cigars cud other manufactures of Tobacco, tothovalno < f Cf!,8C4,975. t Ccsidc*. 
 33C.CCO Cigars. J EciiJcs e,CL x J,CCO Cigars cal oilier n:s.uufac:urc8 cf Tobacco, to (ho value, of 
 53,073,432. rifs.ilca :i l^rgo uurabcr cf Ci^a.:-s aad other foinu cf uianuf^ciurcd Tobacco, yal- 
 wl at C3,2';a,743. 
 
 1L Hicru Thin crop has passed through great fluctuations -within the past thirty 
 years, both iu the quantity produced and tho districts in which it is growni 
 Formerly the crop was very I.:rg3, and was almost wholly produced on the. 
 Atlantic coast, in tho States of South Carolina and Georgia, and in n small 
 district of lower North Carolina, and ranged from 200 to '215 millions of 
 pounds. Now, tho total product iu tho best years, does not exceed 83,000,- 
 OCO pounds, of which about one-half is grown in Louisiana. 
 
 g 
 
 Amount 
 
 Value 
 
 | 
 
 lie ports. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Re- 
 
 Value Doin'stc'Dunif 
 
 Tutsi 
 
 Total 
 Valuo 
 
 H 
 
 it' Crops. 
 
 >f Ciop. 
 
 Ejl 
 
 
 
 Export*. 
 
 (Exports txpts 
 
 .Export 8. 
 
 Expt* 
 
 
 Pou nil*. 
 
 $ 
 
 <:t.. 
 
 J'onnilH. 
 
 I 
 
 rounds. 
 
 $ Poiinds. 
 
 I 
 
 I'oi uds. 
 
 $ 
 
 18C9 
 
 73,635 000 
 
 5,1:4.450 
 
 7 00 53. 1)65, 1!H 1.325234 
 
 8.8f6,i 64 284632 2,2^.833 145934 
 
 11.101.497 
 
 4I;04C(J 
 
 187050.244,0003,517,080 
 
 7.00 43,12:1,939 1.C07 612 
 
 15 212,833 454316 2,133.014 121655 
 
 17.345,847 
 
 681971 
 
 1871 39,350.000 3,361,750 
 
 8 50 64,655,8-^7 
 
 1. 876,786 
 
 10,21 .''SO 80463 
 
 445,842 
 
 22502 I0.658.7C3 
 
 ;; 02965* 
 
 1872 
 
 42,636,3 3,517,493 
 
 8.25 
 
 74.64-J.631 3,:il7.172 
 
 12.6:i.993'.fc996 
 
 403,8: 5 
 
 2 --.68 
 
 13,0.>5,794 
 
 401764 
 
 187. 
 
 4 ',548,rOO 
 
 3,765.694 
 
 7.60 
 
 83,755,22.-) 
 
 2.:i04.(.96 i;0204.7-;4 
 
 591417 
 
 27o,637 
 
 19740 20,479,401 
 
 611157 
 
 1874 
 
 55.l23,2flO 
 
 3,858,630 
 
 700 71.257716 
 
 2.083.24C 2.-).840.877 
 
 763497 
 
 f:5f,!!22 
 
 S70T5 26.399,799 
 
 790575K 
 
 1875 
 
 83.635 001 
 
 5,770.815 
 
 6 PO 59,414.749 1 547,ti97,li > ,3.'2 330 34'.i;94 
 
 77.337 
 
 19831 12.f,29,6i7 
 
 36272.") 
 
 1876 
 
 1*77 
 
 8H.OOO.OOO 5,160,000 
 60,'0\950 3,932/fr) 
 
 6.00 71,561.852 1.1.93,547 16610.614 -)0(i:53 
 fi.. e O 60.978.tifl9 1.439.767 14 4p3 645 3692(5 
 
 439,991 
 1 HOti Ofc*2 
 
 H0918! 17,0 0605 4:r<47t 
 78112ll5.790,627|44734t 
 
 12. SUQAH AND MOLASSES. The cultivation of Cane Sugar in the United States ia 
 conducted under such disadvantages that the amount produced has not, sine* 
 18G2, much if at all exceeded one-eighth of the amount imported. Tho pro- 
 duction of Maple and Sorghum Sugar has been increasing, but has not yet 
 reached an amount of more than one-sixth of the whole domestic production^ 
 It has lately been charged by the Government, that owing to frauds in grad- 
 ing imported sugars, the annual income from sugars is from seven to ten 
 millions dollars less than it should be. The following tables give all th<* 
 facts relative to tho production, importation, exportation, and duties on 
 cu^ars and molasses, from 1870 to 1879.
 
 AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 aOXXXOOXXOOOe 
 
 cototorototoioco to 
 co'co 01 iu co >t- OD lo Oi- 
 
 O-l^ODOOllOOOS 
 
 I-JtCtOOlOiOOCOtO 
 
 G O ND tOCT> CO 1fr.OS Cn ' 
 
 OOSCOCOGOCnCO 
 
 utoooooxoootooi 
 
 tO OO 00^ t>3 tO W 'o 1C 
 
 oco'-'ooaox-xx-^ 
 Oi w-i 01 or o CD TO *> ro 
 
 _ a 
 
 5*1 os ~-i co i > _oi ii < 
 
 O -3 X OS Ol <O !- -1 CS 
 i-> fO 0" -3 -1 O O? Ci CI 
 
 ft CO I- 1 O tO tO OOt tf 
 
 ^. en o - 1 to ooc *>'*!- 
 
 OD 1C Ol OD V- bD C Ci CT 
 
 eOirxcDto>-'OiMt-' 
 
 oo o H- to w <c> LC w c; 
 
 
 en o ^- fo o > O't 01 O". o 
 
 Cn O OS O Ol 1* ^) o OC 3 
 
 a. ju co tc to.pi 
 "bo'x *-> oj 
 
 "<! OD CO OD OS ^ >- Oli? 
 tO ^1 O 3C' OS O O5 Ol O w 
 
 JK os p 50 co t H- ps - g 
 " 
 
 W 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 -g 
 
 a 
 
 ? 
 
 5 " 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 OOGCOOOCQOCXGLOOOO 
 -^4 ^ -.1 ^1 ^1 ^< ^1 -^ ^T 
 
 to o 
 
 * CT W CO i-" 1 ' 
 _jfk f*j~CfiOi P 
 
 "o o"o"bs "01 Vo 
 
 o coo x oi"<i ?o oo 
 
 I- 1 O O tr< W 
 
 : tOM^ Oioo 
 Or Ol O O' ^1 Ci Or Oi O 
 
 1 X'~'WO*>-i 'i 't^c* 
 CiOOC^OltOOSCCM 
 Orf^-OlCCCC^lOOl' 
 
 -T -J Oi M X ~.1 M Oi oi 
 
 JI^OOp^-'COCOCOO 
 
 oo'x co en oo^o x co os 
 OS tc Oi cc en ^a Oi ^l X 
 
 CO O >-' X > X C!' O OO 
 
 COCOlOCOCObOtOWiO 
 
 i *> Ci >*> X X -a QD 
 I V* OS '-2 4 ~1 il tO 
 
 pen 
 
 CC iD Ol 
 
 J3S Ci Xp 
 (X 1^ CO (C IO 
 
 O -O i- 1 ~1 OS to X * 
 
 x i- 1 o os en QO oi 
 ' 
 
 Cpt-C*-OJ* rf'CQC 
 
 CO i-i IO ~1 O & CO Oi 1 
 >. i4i.i4^COCn OO IO 
 
 . 
 
 o co co i- 4 co K> en o > . 
 
 o .1 X CO CO Cn co - o
 
 AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 II. LIVE STOCK. 
 
 This department of agricultural production increases ia a much more rapid ratio 
 than tho population, much of the land west of tho Mississippi, ns well as the prai- 
 rie lands, cast cf the river, being admirably adapted to gracing, ^xnd the breeding 
 of neat cattlo and swine for slaughter, and sheep, both for their fioeco and for 
 ElaugMcr, being conducted on a larga scale. Horsos and mules aro also roared in 
 great numbers for domestic use and for exportation. For many years past we have 
 cspcrtcd L:rge quantities of salted and smoked meats to Europe, mess beef, mesa 
 pork, Lams, shoulders, jerked beef, bacon, &c., ns well as lard, and in moderate 
 quantities, tallow, butter, cheese and condensed milk; but for the last three or four 
 years, n Urge export trade has sprung up in live stock for slaughter, neat cattle 
 tnd bheep, and iu frjsh beef and fresh mutton, us well as much greater quantitica 
 cf baiter, cheese, and liquid condensed milk. This has speedily developed into an 
 cnonuous traffic. Oysters and fresh fruits aro abo exported ia considerable quan- 
 tities. la the following tables we have given the numbers, average price and esti- 
 ma'.cd value of tho live stock oi the country in 1876, 1877 and 1878, and also the 
 exports of animals arid animal products for the list three years. Wo deem these 
 statistics of great importance to tho farmer, agricultural settler, and to tho shipper, 
 as indicating the directions in which agricultural labor may be most profitably 
 cmploved. 
 
 l.-FAKM AXIMAT.S nt the Tnd of each Tear. 
 
 AMMALS. 
 
 DECEMKEU, 1876. 
 
 DECEMUEK, 1377. 
 
 DRCEJIDEP., 1378. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Av.Pr 
 
 Value. 
 
 Nmnber, 
 
 Ar.Pr 
 
 Valve. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Av.Pr 
 
 Value. 
 
 Horses 
 JIulcs 
 
 10,401,527 
 1,000,423 
 10,738.120 
 
 58 CD 
 04 57 
 
 23 23 
 
 1 
 
 010,372,843 
 
 103,910,231 
 304,347,205 
 
 10.320,700 
 1,037,500 
 11.300.10C 
 
 8 
 
 58 1C 
 
 03. TO 
 
 X 41 
 
 8 
 COO : 813,C81 
 
 104,323,930 
 203,439,CGC 
 
 10,018,800 
 1.CC7.000 
 i:,20C,COO 
 
 C4 01 
 22 91 
 
 $ 
 
 030,401,300 
 
 100.004,070 
 C70.C33,20C 
 
 Ui'ch Cows 
 
 Oxen & oth- 
 er Cattle.. 
 
 17,047,381 
 
 13 C4 
 
 335,000,128 
 
 1D,223 } 30! 
 
 17 14 
 
 C29.341.703 
 
 21,077,000 
 
 13 10 
 
 231,03,700 
 
 Cheep <tG'ta 
 
 33,081,723 
 
 2 31 
 
 01,000,003 
 
 33,740,50; 
 
 O f>j 
 
 CO.C03.0C2 
 
 33,432,000 
 
 2 40 
 
 02,338,240 
 
 Bwino...-. .. 
 
 i - 
 
 34,033,280 
 
 5 03 171,345,321 
 
 i 
 
 32,232,30 
 
 4 9S| 1CO,83?,532 
 
 I 
 
 34,351,400 
 
 500 
 
 171,037,000 
 
 S.-AAIMAI>S and AXIMAL. PKODUOTS Imported In each fear. 
 
 These are f >r the l-'isn.l year ending Juno 33, except where tnr.r'.:c;l with a *. 
 
 ANIMALS 
 AMI ANIMAL 
 PKODUCTB. 
 
 187(1. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1 K 7 f . 
 
 TOTALS nut :t YKARS. 
 
 Number orl 
 Quunliiy. | Value. 
 
 Xmb'r r 
 Qna:ititv. 
 
 Vain.-. 
 
 Nnib'r or i 
 Qiuntitv. Value. 
 
 Nmb i-or 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 LiveSt'kExpt 
 HOJJH 
 Homed Cattle 
 llorsr.s 
 
 Mllll-H ..... 
 
 CBO-14 
 M,. r >93 
 2,0:fO 
 l.';84 
 110,312 
 
 $ 
 
 070012 
 1,1)0,703 
 2M4 JUiJ 
 224,8(0 
 171.101 
 ;;! U17 
 
 C5107 
 50.001 
 i!,040 
 3,441 
 
 179.017 
 
 8 
 099. 1?0 
 l.W'3,080 
 301. '34 
 47 ",4(4 
 234,-! SO 
 18f!i5 
 4.55-2,-VJH 
 r>.-.'44,fi8 
 49.51 '.412 
 2.9:0 9:V; 
 3,930,977 
 3G.480 
 4,4 -M (JH> 
 12,700.6-27 
 123,-0 
 8.429 
 0,29 i,4 14 
 450, M81 
 25,5(i2,G6:i 
 
 29.281 
 
 eo.,040 
 
 4,104 
 
 :i.8tio 
 
 183.995 
 
 9 
 
 2 >7.259 
 3,89(i!ei8 
 798.725 
 r>0i,5l3 
 333,4:t!l 
 4(i,8ll 
 
 102,435 
 1 1.631 
 8.174 
 9081 
 473,324 
 
 * 
 l.f.3f. 431 
 C 600.601 
 1,'!!48>1 
 1,201,^07 
 7 iil.OSO 
 90.353 
 0,532,37!> 
 11.79(5.491 
 140.927.073 
 !Ui0.49O 
 10,03 ;,947 
 45 75* 
 0.404,934 
 39,074,239- 
 371.168 
 31, -009 
 16,954;082 
 1,845,733 
 78,00(i,173 
 
 Bheep 
 Uthfrs&fowls 
 Fw-hBeef.lbs 
 Fr'h Beef.lbs 
 Hfic'n.Hinslbs 
 B'l.Sal'.Cornd 
 MeatH I'rH'rid 
 Mut'n.fi-sh.lbs 
 Butt<-r. Ibs .. 
 Chee p> , Ibs . . 
 Condus'ilMilk 
 Kggw, dozeii.. 
 P.iik, Ibs ... 
 Anni'lUi!s,";ul 
 Lard 
 
 ' 19.838 f 95 
 32i.7;iO,l12 
 3G,5!IC,130 
 
 i. 743.2 11 
 39,C64,4:0 
 3,18(i.30-l 
 '.198,0, 2 
 
 49,210,990 
 . r ..\:(G2.73li 
 4:0.0 714fi 
 39,155,1.>3 
 
 349,368 
 21 527.242 
 107,364 Uti6 
 
 ""32r.9i 
 
 09,071.894 
 631.247 
 234.741233 
 
 54.04(5.771 
 5:J.:i40,fi96 
 592.797 4^1 
 38,831,:57:( 
 
 "V:!n.r?2 
 
 2), 837.1! 7 
 123,; b3 730 
 
 " 91,2(15 
 71.88!,ir>5 
 22l(i.(i7fi 
 343.097464 
 
 5.000,M5i 
 4 t<08.(i1 : J 
 51.730205 
 a !I73,2 54 
 5,039,918 
 9,272 
 3, 03:. 822 
 14,103.529 
 128,* 18 
 14.880 
 4.9l:j.f>46 
 1.2M 718 
 30.0 ' 4,023 
 
 163,257761 
 128.542354 
 l:tMT>H4799 
 114,5rf2C82 
 
 470.9r)0 
 48.009.253 
 32S : 824Ct)6 
 
 156.489 
 
 ir>r..755iti7 
 
 3016,968 
 746,245 03B 
 
 4.041,894 
 7,07li,2(J4 
 
 29.C33' 
 
 M.in.viis 
 
 lK8.9. r i< 
 1C8 40:. 839 
 
 I.109.4PG 
 12,2:0.083 
 118/.4:) 
 8.300 
 5,74-,0-.'2 
 17.{.(i:.l 
 22.429,48.'. 
 
 Tutnl Vfilncs 
 
 189,881.80!) 
 
 114.57(i(i2".' Il24.14330i 
 
 329,271 8.H 
 
 * Theao amount:; cro for tlio ealciidar year.
 
 AGRICULTmiAL. 
 
 ./ 
 / g 
 
 tn H 
 
 >- 
 
 S a 
 
 j W 
 
 o w 
 
 2 > 
 
 W M 
 
 50 O 
 
 1 Wheat. 
 
 8: pssaass 
 
 at*. 
 
 ooStrw*iSo"i43oti: SaoowTtooSfe- So Barley. 
 
 8sa8ggsaaag&sia8feg.a8aag.aaisasSaaasisii"Jian'corn. 
 
 : : 3: : : 
 
 : ga: 
 
 Corn on the Cnh. 
 
 S; 8: 
 
 Corn Mont nnd Ryo 
 JI ill. 
 
 : : g: : : : gggg: : : 8g: :: g: ::::::::::: 
 
 ::::::: IS: g: : : : 
 
 : : 2: :::::: I'otaiws, Swec-t. 
 
 : g: : : 
 gSJS: : 
 
 g: :::::::::: :_ : : g: : g: g | Carrots. 
 g2252!g. 13: 3: : : 2J: ggiSJS: SI Onions. 
 
 gag: : 
 
 ggg: : 
 2: 
 
 : g: g. : RsSS?: :: g: &::::: g: : : SI Turnips, Kimlish. 
 
 g: ::::::::::::: g: . : g i Beets. 
 
 _8888: Sg*S: : ' : gS8.-._L_8 I Beans^ 
 : : : g: : : g: 5:"?: : : : : ggg: : g-g-| ivas. 
 
 Apples, I'ciu-lics, 
 Pears and Quinces. 
 
 Apples. 
 
 S: ; : g: 
 
 iDiii-d iVaclu- 
 
 :: g: ^S;: : g: : g: ::?: 
 
 Menip Sc'i-d. 
 
 Tilltit 
 
 ggggg: : 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Conl. Bituminous. 
 
 ^2t^S355?i--" RS ^ ^^5Ss l_-"--ll.L- 
 
 V,2j ' J}' u. c ^2is"'.S252 25' ~'3 cr.'XX-X.'naiy^ 
 
 B ' 'Iiw*2Ss" ^-wcia-r-'S "- ? e!p"2S3'5i 
 
 3 :j^'_>-' ' ' b' a '." 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 >; 
 3* 
 
 23 
 
 
 o 
 
 W "q 
 
 o3 
 
 3 P) 
 
 0<1 
 
 k-< rj 
 i} X 
 
 113 3 
 
 ga 
 
 g 
 
 X SO 
 
 ^ 
 O H 
 PI 
 > M 
 
 w n 
 
 3 S 
 
 P) 
 w 
 
 s^ 
 
 9 > 
 K a 
 fe; r* 
 
 i 
 
 ^M 
 
 5
 
 AGRICULTURAL. 95 
 
 ADDITIONAL TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. 
 
 In addition to the articles named in the foregoing table, the following weights 
 per bushel, of the following articles, are established by law in the States indicated, 
 yiz; 
 
 Coke: Pennsylvania, 40 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 40 pounds to the bushel; 
 Iowa, 38 pounds to the bushel. 
 
 Hominy: Massachusetts, CO pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 60 pounds to tho bushel. 
 
 Peas, ground: Georgia, 25 pounds to the bushel ; Kentucky, 24 pounds to th 
 busheL 
 
 Parsnips: Connecticut, 45 pounds to the bushel; Wisconsin, 44 pounds to th 
 bushel ; Montana, 50 pounds to tho bushel. 
 
 Ruta-bagas: Maine, CO pounds to the bushel; Connecticut, CO pounds to th* 
 bushel; Wisconsin, CC pounds to the bushel. 
 
 Mangel-wurzel : Maine, CO pounds to tho bushel ; Connecticut, CO pounds to th 
 bushel ; Washington Territory, CO pounds to the bushel. 
 
 Vegetables not specified : Rhode Island, 50 pounds to the bushel; Washington 
 Territory, CO pounds to tho bushel. 
 
 Onion top sets ; Virginia, 28 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 25 pounds to th* 
 bushel. 
 
 Dried fruit Plums : Michigan, 28 pounds to tho bushel. 
 
 Peaches, peeled : Virginia, 40 pounds to the bushel ; Georgia, 3g 
 
 pounds to tho bu&hel. 
 
 Currants, gooseberries, and grapes: Iowa, 40 pounds to tho bushel. 
 Other berries: Ilhodo Island, 32 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 40 pounds to 
 tho bushel; Iowa, 3^ pounds to tho bushel. 
 
 Chestnuts: Virginia, C7 pounds to tho bushel. 
 Peanuts: Virginia, 22 pounds to the bushel. 
 
 Seeds Broom-corn : Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel; Dakota, 30 pounds to th 
 bushel. 
 
 Cotton: Georgia, 30 pounds to the bushel; Missouri, 33 pounds to tho 
 bushel. 
 
 Osago Orange: Virginia, 34 pounds to tho bushel; Michigan, 33 pounds 
 to the bushel; Iowa, 32 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 32 pounds 
 to tho bushel. 
 
 Rape: Wisconsin, GO pounds to the bushel. 
 
 Sorghum: Iowa, 30 pounds to tho bushel; Nebraska, 30 pounds to tho 
 bushel. 
 
 Orchard grass: Virginia, 14 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds 
 to tho bushel. 
 
 Redtop: Virginia, 12 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds to the 
 bushel. 
 
 Sand: Iowa, 130 pounds to tho bushel.
 
 THE LABOR QUESTION. 
 
 IN a vrork like this, devoled lo the highest interests of the workingmen of ell 
 classes, whether their Ubor is mechanical, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing 
 or intellectual, it is due to the large and intelligent clientage which we desire to 
 represent, that questions pertaining to the employment of labor, the hours of work- 
 ing, the average remuneration of different classes of workiugmeu, and the advanta- 
 ges and disadvantages of labor unions, should be fairly though briefly considered. 
 
 There is a prevalent disposition among woikingmen to regard the employer and 
 employed as classes hostile to each other, and as having interests which are dia- 
 metrically opposed to each other. 
 
 This wo believe to bo not only a very narrow, but an entirely false view. Wero it- 
 true, there would bo 110 work clone in civilized countries, except what every man 
 could do for himself. A man wants a house built ; ho must build it for himself, on 
 this theory, though thero might be n hundred workmen who desire t > labor on it j 
 for, the moment he seeks to employ others to do this work, he becomes au employer, 
 n capitalist, and his position is hostile to that of tho men ho employs, and he cau 
 have no object in life, but lo use his money to oppress and distress them; while they, 
 in return, look upon him with envy and hatred, because he has more money than 
 they, and is th ir natural antagonist and oppressor. Tho theory oncostated in thi& 
 plain way, even the most ignorant can see its fallacy. What wo have to say in re- 
 gard to the labor question here, concerns only labor in the United States. Wo have 
 nothing to do wi h the labor question in Russia, Germany, France, Italy or Great 
 Britain. The government of those countries, and the conditions under which alone 
 labor is possible there, are entirely different from ours, and whatever excuse there 
 may be for making tha labor question a political one there, no such excuse avails 
 here. 80 long as ho violates uo law, and docs no injustice to his follow man, the 
 vorkingmnn possesses tho same lights and privilege; as the capitalist. For liim to 
 resort to violence, and oppose the government which ho himself has had n hand in 
 making, is as absurd as it was for the petted child who when his wearied mother 
 eaid "Well, let him have what ho wants," (o exclaim, "I won't have what I want." 
 
 If the workingman has not all his just rights under our government, it is his fault. 
 He is one of t.he law makers; let him ask for theso just laws and he will get them. 
 
 A word, then, nbout that much abused title, ' ' Capitalist." What is a Capitalist 
 in this country? He is, in most cases, a man who, beginning as a workingmnn, and 
 often iu early life steeped to the lips in poverty, has, by industry, economy and 
 good management, saved his earnings to such an extent, as to I e nblo to employ 
 others; and his income being thus increased, extends his business till ho employs 
 hundreds and perhaps thousands of Lis late fellow workmen. Is it supposablo tliat 
 Fiich n. man will forget that he himself has been n workingman, or that he will be- 
 come hostile to the interests of thoso with whom he hus wrought df t y after day? 
 I suppose that the late Cornelius Vauderbilt was the largest Capitalist employing 
 labor, in our time. Yet who that has read his history does not know that iu early 
 life ho was not only a workingman, but one of tho most laborious of workiugmeu? 
 The venerable Peter Cooper is another example of the advancement of an indus- 
 trious and prudent workingman to tho ranks of tho employers; Asa Packer, the 
 largest proprietor of Coal Mines in America, and the man who single handed, has 
 been able, lor many mouths, to prevent the great Coal Companies from forming a 
 combination which would prove disadvantageous to the publii-, was, at the age of 28, 
 n day-laborer, earning but fifty or sixty cents ft day. Thomns Scott, the controlling 
 spirit of the Pennsylvan : a Cenlral Railway and nil its affiliated roads, came up from 
 the ranks of the workiugmen. So did William Orton, late President of the Western 
 Union Telegraph Co., and hundreds more whom we might name. 
 
 These men have, or had, large amount sol capital nt. their disposal, and thry chose 
 to dispose of it in such a way us to employ great numbers of men. This was cer- 
 tainly no wrong, but a benefit, they were obliged to fix upon some terms on which 
 they would employ such help as they needed. No one was compelled <o work for 
 them, if their rate of compensation was less than could be obtained for tho sime 
 work elsewere ; nnd il is not, we believe, pretended that they pnid, on tho average, 
 less wages than the others. So far, then, t!;ere is nothing to awaken hostility be- 
 tween employers and employed. It was not assumed that these men were perfect, 
 or honest, upri ht, and benevolent in their business, beyond the average of men. 
 They were men of like passions and dispositions with the rest of us. 
 
 But now, after a season of excessive commercial prosperity, and high prices, the 
 result in part of an inflated currency, there comes a time of financial depression.
 
 THH L ALOR QUESTION, cf 
 
 If our capitalist ia .1 manufacturer, ho finds Li* goods will not sell, or if tliey are 
 told at all, it must bo at a price below their actual cost, and consequently, iu the long 
 run, he must reduce the cost of manufacture, or become a bankrupt. The cost of 
 the raw material has depreciated, ami he tiies to make up his lo ses by buying it 
 lower, but it' tho depression is of lung contuminco ho is still a heavy loser His 
 employes have been receiving hi^h wnv.cs in the past ; is itwroug, tlmt ho should say 
 to them, I cannot afford to pay the highest prices, I must reduce your \vagesby such. 
 a percentage. If others will pay more, of course they have the right to go whero 
 they ran receive the largest wae, but if i\ part of their number, or others, who aro 
 out of work, choose to accept bis terms, which it is fair to presume are the best ho 
 can afford, those who leave his employ have no right to molest or obstruct those 
 who choose to remain iu it. 
 
 If the capitalist has reduced Lis wage ; too low, below those paid by others in the 
 B-imo business or below what is, under the circumstances, a living rate, and all his 
 employes leave him, and others as competent will not take their places, ho soon 
 find < out his mistake, and is ready to compromise. 
 
 Much is said of the soullessuess of corporations, r.nd it is often asserfcd that the 
 cases of oppression of workingincn nre more frequent whero they are employed by 
 corporations than elsewhere. We doubt this si company or corporation which ia 
 honestly and ably managed, is governed by the Bame motives and principles as an 
 individual capitalist. It must manage i!s affairs carefully and economically or its 
 stockholders wi 1 suffer loss ; as a general rnlo, corporations pay higher wages, es- 
 pecially in prosperous time- 1 , than individual capitalists, and the difference comes 
 out of tho pockets of the stockholders. Happy is that corporation whose slock is 
 mainly or largely owned hy its employes. Individual capitalists and corporations, 
 engaged in tho same or similar lines of business, sometimes associate themselves to- 
 gether, and through this association, act in concert in regard to the amount of pro- 
 duction, Avages and other matters appertaining to their united ink-rests. Working- 
 men often take exception to these associations, and denounce them as oppressive and 
 as hostile to the working classes. 
 
 We cannot see tho reasonableness of this. It is n fundamental principal in our 
 republican for .a of government, that men havo a right to associate together for lha 
 protection of their just arid lawful interests, though not for purposes of wrong and 
 violence. As a general rulo, these a^sociatirms havo proved beneficial to both em- 
 ployers and employed. A comparison of views has tended to shorten rather than 
 protract tho hours of labor, and to advance as fast as it could justly be done tho 
 amount of vrages. It Las also led to what workiugmen should be thankful for, a 
 classification and discrimination iu regard to the skill and capacity of employes, 
 by which higher wages havo been paid to the industrious and skilled workman, 
 while tho indolent and incapable Lave cither been dismissed, cr remanded to low 
 wages till their work was improved. 
 
 This much wo havo felt it right and just (o say for tho employers. Now let us seo 
 what, the rights and privileges that theworkingmaiiiind workingwoman may claim. 
 
 Let us begin negatively. No human being has au absolute right to compel an- 
 other to employ him, bo that other an individual capi alist, a corporation, or tho 
 state. Man has a right to live, if ho can, by honest toil, of hand, of foot, or brain ; 
 but ho has no right to compel nn individual, n corporation or tho state, to support 
 him. Ho has no right to obtain his living by theft or A iolence. In a normal con- 
 dition of society, therti is enough work to employ every honest, intelligent, temper- 
 ate and industrious man who has tho health t work. But for the purpose of bring- 
 ing the employers and employes together it is sometimes necessaiy that thero 
 should bo changes of location, or, iu other words, emigration on tho part of Borne 
 of those elesiring employment. 
 
 In a normal state of society, when business is depressed, the intemperate, the 
 improvident, the ignorant, and the worthless are sure to bo thrown out of employ- 
 ment. This result is inevitable, no Trades Union or organization can prevent it. 
 Henco the necessity, that Avor-ingnuu and their children should be educated for 
 their business, that they should be strictly temperate, honest ami industrious. They 
 should be more than this. The employe who seeks to make the interest of h : s em- 
 ployer his own interest, and is watchful against any loss or injury to it, may think 
 his faithful services unappreciated, but in the time of trial, in ninety-nine cases out 
 of n hundred, he will find that his faithfulness hns been noticed, if it has not been 
 commended, and that though others may be dismissed, he will bo retained, if his 
 retention is possible. 
 
 It is the undoubted right of every workingman to refuse to work for an employer,
 
 53 THJS LABOR QVESTIGHT. 
 
 If his wages are reduced, below what ho regards as a just and living compensation j 
 it is the right of any number of workinguun who are ihus aggrieved, or who feel 
 satisfied that they should receive a higher price lor their work than they are now 
 receiving, to refu e to work any longer at those wages. This is usually called "a 
 strike," and whether it produces its intended effect or not, that of compelling tho 
 employers to raise the price of work, it is none the less tho rLht and privilege of 
 the workingmaii to refuse tho work. 
 
 But wheu the strike is made, lie has no right to take any steps to prevent others 
 from obtaining the work he has refused. 
 
 When an employer, from whatever motive, reduces the wages of his employes, or 
 refuses to advance them, and they strike, it is his right and privilege to obtain 
 other equally competent help at the reduced price, if ho can. He may be actuated 
 fcy good or bad motives iu doing this ; it may be, and olten is. the case that tho 
 condition of the market for his goods, renders it impossible for him to go on giving 
 his present wages without becoming bankrupt, and thus this act, hard as it s ems, 
 may be really one of kindness to his employes, by furnishing them employment at 
 moderate wages, instead of throwing them out e f employment entirely by failure. 
 But whether his motives are good or bad, as soon as he has applicants for work at 
 *he reduced price, who are competent lor tho work, and employs them, the law 
 throws around them and him its protection. Those who had previously been in his 
 employ, must not obstruct the new-comers, or use violence toward them in nny way. 
 If they do, they become law-breakers and will receive punishment, and justly too; 
 for theso new workingrneii are only doing what they in their circ amstances would do. 
 
 Tho workingmen on a strike may remonstrate, may urge the restoration of th 
 higher wages, may protest or petition, for redress. Thut is their right. 
 
 SVo have alluded to tho association of workingmen together in strikes. This, too, 
 te on 3 of their rights, and wo would not confine this association of workingmen to 
 the time of a strike. 
 
 Trades Unions are not objectionable in themselves, on tho contrary they maybe, 
 and often times are, tho means of doing great good to tho workiu^men who aro 
 members, and to their families. It is only when they are perverted from their truo 
 purpose that they become mischievous. Iu tho early history of tho Trades Unions 
 in Cr;-at Britain thty were hot-beds of crime. The workiugmen guaded to revengo 
 by the oppression which they suffered, resisted by arson, assassination and niuider, 
 ell tho-attampts of tho employers to employ non-uuion men, or to employ any greater 
 r less: number of men, or men of greater efficiency, rr a*; any other wages thim they 
 prescribed. Charles lleado in his '-Put yourself iu his Place," has drawn with per- 
 lect fidelity the picture of the horrors ot that time, and we have had au example of 
 them of nearly as great enormity, iu tho Molly Maguircs organization among tho 
 miners cf Pennsylvania. 
 
 But these times and deeds have passed away, never again to return. Workingmeu 
 now understand bolter than they did formerly tho natural laws which govt rn labor; 
 they Know very generally that in a period of financial depression, such ns we havo 
 been passing through, that no force can compel tho capitalist to pny for any length 
 of time, higher prices th n he can afford; nnd if it could, tho end would be still 
 moro disastrous, because capital would bo annihilated, or rendered co timid, that it 
 would not venture to employ labor nt all. 
 
 Trades Unions, ns at present constituted, are mainly Mutual Benefit Associations, 
 which by small \veeklypayrneuts, usually of from 20 to 30 cents p; r week, provido 
 fund fur tho care of sick members, the burial of tho dead, tho providing for tho 
 widows and orphans, tho aid of the infirm, disabled or unemployed, if temperato 
 ami of reputablo character. They also negotiate W'th the employers, with whom 
 they cudeavor to maintain friendly rt latious, keep n general supervision over wages, 
 recognizing tho difference (which the old Trade:; Uuious did not) between skilled 
 and unskilled workmen, prevent strikes, wheu possible, by mediation, and whero 
 they prove inevitable, grant such assistance to tho striker ; in money or supplies as 
 may bo required. Tho best and strongest of theso Unions avoid carefully any po- 
 litical action, and will not sell themselves to fiuy party. 
 
 Iu Great Britain within tho past twenty-five years these Unions have attained to 
 great influence, and embody great numbers of mrmbe R, tho total number of mem- 
 bers in England in 1878, being, it is said, about 1.500,000. Among their other work 
 ther ) they encourage emigration, niul nid emigrant members to find n, new home iu 
 Canada, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and to some extent in tho United States. 
 
 One of the largest and most efficient of these Unions i.s tho Amalgamate d Society 
 I Engineers, Machinists Millwrights, Smiths and Pattern Makers, founded ia Jan.
 
 THE LABOR QUESTION, rj 
 
 1851, but reorganized after severe misfortunes toward tho closo of 1852. Its mem- 
 bership has risen Irotu 9,737 in Jm. 1853, to 45,472 in 1878; itsluudslrom$25,000 
 in the first named years to $1,376.350 in 1S77. It haa about 4<-0 branches in all 
 parts rf tho world, of which 36 are iu tho Ui-ited States. Its discipline < fits mem- 
 bers is very strict. ''All persons, " isaj's i ts constitution, ' admitted into this Society, 
 shall ba possessed of Rood ability as workmen, of steady habits aud good moral 
 character,'* and their records show that their rules are enforced with great rigor. 
 The dues are Jrorn k5 to CO cents per week. The benefits are considerable. Tha 
 unemployed members, where tho lack of employment is the result of jtu author- 
 ized ttrike, or of the general depression of business, receives $3 per week lor 14 
 weeks, anil $2.10 per week lor the uext thirty, if he is unemployed bo long, Sick 
 benefits are $ : 5 p< r week lor 26 weeks, and $1.25 lor a longer period. Fun ral ben- 
 efits, (to members SCO, to the wives $30, ) area considerable item. Accidents result- 
 ing in permanent injury, causing further inability to work, are compensated by a 
 payment rf $5CO. The disabled member by keeping up his contribution of 12 cents 
 per week is Rti.l entitled to receive sick ai d luuerul benefits provided that the sick- 
 ness is not the saiuo complaint fur which he received the $500. The superannuated 
 members roceivo an allowance varying iu different cases, and ca e.s of exceptional 
 distress recaive extnv allowance. Their expenses are light. Tho following state- 
 ment of tho President of thu Society, Johu Bennett, will explain very fully its prin- 
 ciples and purposes: 
 
 " But the great and primary object of this organization is to maintain the condition 
 of the trade, is to sea that the benefit to menu ers out of work is so much, and 
 given under such circumstances as will leave them no excuse lor underselling their 
 labor, or of agreeing to regulations which are injurious to their f. How-workmen 
 all these benefits are instituted for the purpose of providing Irr tho wants of mem- 
 bers when in adverse circumstance?, of cementing u fueling of brotherhood through- 
 out the society, and enlisting every member iu the good work of supporting tho 
 best interest of the trade. To provide only for merely benevolent benefits is to 
 satisfy the sympathetic feelings of our nature; bat we must nevt r lose bight of tho 
 great and r.ll-absorbiug fact that we lire 11 Trudo Society, established to protect tho 
 interests cf trade; and tho consideration, far above all others, should bo how that 
 protection can be secured viih tho moans ut n\r disposal." 
 
 In general, Trades Unions of tho better class have not been iw successful in the 
 United States ns iu Great Britain. There in some reason to hope that they may 
 become more so iu tho futuiv. They have in many cases been only organizations 
 of a single trade, as tho Typographical Unions for tho Printers, the t. Crispins for 
 the Sh emakers, tho Loconiolivo Engineers for that class, &c., find have, in many 
 instances,* omo into violent and protracted collisions with tho em ploycrs vl.ichhavo 
 engendered r, bitter hostility. Of late tho inclination to consolidate several trades 
 or callings iu ouo society. 1 as 1 ecu gaini* g ground, and every such organization is 
 to be encouraged, us it liberalizes ami enlarges tho field of tho workmguien, and 
 renders them more tolerant of tho rights of employers, nnd less deposed to violence. 
 Tho Workinemen's Central Union of Boston is ouo oi' tho latest and most successful 
 of these. Tho movements for Trade Prott ction by means of Secret S< cieties (tho 
 Patrons of Husbandry and tho Sovereigns of Industry) combined too many objects, 
 Co-operation .Trade Protection, Mutual Benefits, Intellectual and Soc : ul Culture, 
 and tho forms of Secret Societies, to be able to give each itslull necessary attention. 
 Still these organizations havo accomplished some good for the worinog class**, aud 
 given a new impulse to Co-operative Stores, Manufactories, and business operations. 
 
 Tho tables heretofore inserted in this woik of the wages paid f r 1 ibcr iu Grent 
 Britain iu 1872 and 1873, and of tho prices of Provisions, Groceries hud other lend- 
 ing articles in tho Proviuci 1 Towns and Cities, are now valueles ; since tlio ter- 
 rible depression in every department cf trade since 1878, has cfft-cttd such changes 
 in tho rate of wages and tho prices of provisions that they afford no cluo to tho 
 present condition of things. Emigration has largely increased, end tbo t:r at re- 
 duction in tho amount, of poods exported t.> the Uui ed States, and the equally vast 
 increase of food products imported from thenco, l:avo revolutionized tLe price of 
 provisions, &c. Tho future for British wovldngmcii has a gloomy outlook, while 
 in our own country wo seem to be passing into an cr v of great prosperity. 
 
 The following table gives tlio wage s actually paid in Massachusetts, on tho pold 
 standard, iu 18GO. 1H72 and 1^78, tho List being a year of grent depression. Tho 
 probabilities are that there, ns well as elsr here, wages will appreciate to n moder- 
 ate degree with returning prosperity. We also give the average retail prices of Gro- 
 ceries, Provisions, Fuel, Dry Goods, Rents, &c. , for the same years.
 
 AVERAGE A7EEKLY \VACE-18GO, 1872 ;.::D 1S73. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AVKIIAUK V.'hKKLV 
 
 '.VAGE. <ioLn STNP iir 
 
 ill 
 55 S 1 
 i.2 = 
 
 .5^ " 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AVKit.icjic WKKKLV 
 \\'AG>-'.<. oi.ii STN'D 
 
 Q> 
 
 ^^ 2^ 
 C 
 
 If GO. 
 
 1372. ! 1S78. 
 
 13CO. 1872. 
 
 1878. 
 
 8 
 
 13 CO 
 
 8 00 
 7 3 ! 
 17 75 
 8 00 
 15 CO 
 12 2.-. 
 8 CO 
 
 n . r 7 
 
 5 09 
 5 00 
 
 11 T7 
 l-J CO 
 
 l-i (1 
 12 CO 
 
 7 t: 
 n cr 
 
 14 'i5 
 U tt. 
 12 (U 
 U ( . 
 10 ! 
 (2 U 
 15 tv 
 
 itl: 
 
 b'ni 
 
 3 :r. 
 
 3 K 
 
 :i <i, 
 
 3 tu 
 
 r 
 
 7 .1; 
 00 
 
 5 :>. 
 7 C 
 13 .", 
 3 Ct 
 3 ',7 
 3 CO 
 4 to 
 
 13 < 
 li I. 
 
 .7 l ; j 
 Id ( 
 .:. I. 
 15 I.i 
 15 1. 
 1 i 14 
 a oo 
 8 00 
 5 01 
 4 70 
 5 to 
 
 11 33 
 13 K1 
 
 u n; 
 
 li .10 
 Hi. 45 
 Irt 00 
 12 25 
 13 37 
 8 2' 
 8 13 
 
 Agriculture. 
 J,nl)'i3)> rnio.A:bonrd 
 iLub'i o pr d..^ , uu bo 'rd 
 
 Arms A Ammimliiun. 
 
 $13 C3 
 1)J 
 
 11 00 
 
 :.? .1.1 
 
 I '. 00 
 Hi) 00 
 
 i; oo 
 s> 7:. 
 
 9 4:> 
 10 00 
 11 00 
 1.2 00 
 (i 00 
 5 10 
 
 G CO 
 
 C 50 
 
 11 30 
 
 Jl 00 
 
 10 00 
 <i 1:3 
 
 .'. (() 
 CO 
 
 S:D oo 
 
 13 4i 
 
 ei." :2 
 
 1 C5 
 
 1J CO 
 i>7 .10 
 15 00 
 LO 00 
 
 lu ro 
 
 17 1^ 
 
 ] 1 ii.> 
 
 li 50 
 1J .10 
 1 ' 00 
 8 00 
 C 10 
 
 1100 
 8 10 
 1.1 75 
 8 00 
 I - 00 
 1 1 -10 
 It Ml 
 1J 50 
 8 & 
 6 V> 
 
 13 '>:, 
 
 C^oo 
 
 35 
 
 4 CO 
 3 00 
 
 ^50 
 737 
 4 60 
 2 T'0 
 2 .10 
 
 :< oo 
 
 2 TO 
 
 to 
 
 1 .10 
 3 07 
 
 r.o 
 
 Boots <2 Suocs Coa.'J 
 ...<Ve-S tiers 
 
 e 
 
 10 CO 
 Irt :w 
 U '^5 
 
 11 CO 
 
 15 ro 
 
 5 50 
 
 11 
 5 ', 1 
 
 C 00 
 7 8:< 
 IV CO 
 9 .'5 
 
 8 
 
 17 78 
 14 fi'i 
 s M 
 
 i^O O> 
 
 M PO 
 
 17 78 
 
 n rr> 
 r. 48 
 
 4 77 
 
 n 10 
 
 l: 41 
 
 n ro 
 i ; I-* 
 i ; r 
 n; do 
 i ; i 
 u it 
 u r. 
 
 1-^00 
 
 u\,i 
 
 u ;,i : 
 
 7 ( 
 
 7 ( '.' 
 8J 
 
 l:j :vt 
 
 15 ! 
 14 1 
 10 (rl 
 10 oi 
 M 1 . 
 8 40 
 
 Jl 
 
 1G t" 
 
 r. r 
 
 17 7. 
 
 n r 
 
 14 41 
 
 11 5. 
 
 C - 
 4 Trt 
 1 4-, 
 
 i rr, 
 i 11 
 
 ':; CO 
 
 I 1 ti^ 
 
 ,4 -.2 
 .1 3.< 
 
 .1 :-3 
 
 C 
 
 1 CO 
 
 2 : 
 
 02 
 250- 
 
 2 Ib 
 27 
 
 o- 
 
 1 5(1 
 
 n rt 
 4 1; 
 
 4 01 
 2 4>' 
 04 
 
 2 0" 
 1 2> 
 
 1 i . 
 2 09 
 
 i ro 
 
 1 ^0 
 <!2 
 2 C> 
 
 2T 
 IS 
 
 tt 
 
 4* 
 1 CJ 
 
 1 .'J 
 
 C4* 
 1 Oi 
 371 
 C4 
 f,4 
 
 52* 
 1 00* 
 
 2 :io 
 
 4 34 
 4 I J 
 
 2 41 
 
 1 ',7 
 
 .10 
 26* 
 
 M* 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 41 
 
 :i 8i 
 1 M 
 1 8'.l* 
 3 43 
 3 95 
 2 07 
 1 92 
 1 13 
 99 
 
 
 Madhuo Hands, w'mn 
 McKay Operators. . . 
 
 BtJrttrrS 
 
 il;.i-liinisi s, t in e.ncii . . 
 
 IllSprctor-1 
 
 IiiBperti.rs, f remen. . 
 3'Mtteis 
 
 IJ- atet'8 out 
 
 
 
 To'il-Mai er 
 
 ' Boxes. 
 jMrn 
 lu'imien und (in Is . . 
 Boys 
 
 
 AVatrhnien 
 
 Fireme.1 1 
 
 !Kn"inerrs 
 
 Lib rei's 
 
 Brcc<<J, Crcckcrc, r.tc 
 Brt-ad-IIakprs 
 O'cUfr-Biikenj 
 Drivers 
 
 liiiVS . . 
 
 Artlsanx Tools. 
 Pnttern-Makeis 
 
 I'll -('uiteis 
 
 
 
 1'ackers, \Vomcn 
 
 Breweries. 
 Teamsters 
 
 C C3 
 
 or:. 
 
 
 For r ei'D 
 
 
 Wood-Workei 
 Fii'i-hi-rs .- -. 
 
 
 U 50 
 H (iO 
 10 (HI 
 
 iO ro 
 
 9 i; 
 
 U 1! 
 
 1 J 0,1 
 
 \\'ii 
 
 In,!. 
 3 1 
 2 ! . 
 U 1. 
 
 :i < ., 
 7 r,u 
 
 U Ol/ 
 (i 00 
 (i OU 
 U 
 9 t:t 
 2 (( 
 3 i.'J 
 
 3 00 
 2 CO 
 1 75 
 4 4.. 
 
 U'iltcllllll'll .. 
 
 Helpei 
 
 
 l>abi'ivrs 
 
 I'll'll'tT" . 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 1 \Viisli- 1 Ions-- 
 
 Jjleacliy,Dy'n2, Prritg 
 
 7 co 
 
 .". 00 
 5 (10 
 
 5 M) 
 
 3 '-. 
 
 ia oi 
 
 i.1 Ii- 
 
 *7 Ov 
 8 
 
 7" 
 11 00 
 _J 40 
 
 C <;., 
 (i OH 
 
 * " **' 
 
 140 
 1 <>5 
 
 Su 
 
 Mash-Floor 
 
 
 Brlcte. 
 
 Knsrim- Tenders 
 PrinitTt 
 
 Duck Tenders 
 
 
 Dy:-rs 
 
 
 De8i ir nt!i'8 
 
 C"> 00 
 
 2'i C 
 
 2 . 00 
 
 
 
 Eii"vaver8 
 
 3 so 
 5 00 
 
 5 .vi 
 C 00 
 
 11 10 
 ft 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 c on 
 r> so 
 
 1.1 
 
 c e: 
 
 8T' 
 C 
 
 ri nr 
 ucn 
 
 14 CV 
 
 8 On 
 
 we,, 
 
 ~ 80 
 5 50 
 5 ".5 
 
 7 07 
 C 00 
 00 
 <i 75 
 00 
 
 y oo 
 
 8 40 
 1J Ml 
 
 li 1-J 
 
 8 Id 
 7 Mi 
 C 33 
 
 20 
 50 
 25 
 1 U. 
 
 240 
 1 12 
 I'.u 
 1 50 
 83 
 
 
 Drieis 
 
 jKiijii eers 
 
 
 Finish' r.i.nml Fuckers 
 
 I'ri'sser^ 
 
 |Fae-Bi ick men 
 !l'iirners' AHsistauts. . 
 
 3 >\ -i s ami S, earners. . 
 Singe s 
 
 
 
 Carpenter" 
 
 I Id-tier^ 
 
 :i o.. 
 
 4 C. 
 
 11 CO 
 7 
 14 HI 
 
 i.i u; 
 21 bo 
 
 12 T4 
 
 i-j 4; 
 7 rn 
 
 r 1 5 
 
 i u 
 
 9 r 
 11 1 
 
 10 i. 
 
 14 :. 
 
 12 ! 
 14 
 10 IS- 
 11 <' 
 7 Ifi 
 7 14 
 
 QVain-ters 
 
 
 M' ciiani" H, repairs. .. 
 Color-Mi \e.is 
 
 Brushes. 
 
 
 Firemen 
 
 I'i i.slifi-s,lu\v gr'dw'k 
 
 Men 
 
 \7oni n 
 
 4 25 
 
 3 37 
 
 2 75 
 5 25 
 
 17 00 
 14 f-5 
 
 3 Cl 
 
 ir> 3^ 
 
 4 9.-, 
 3 PO 
 4 80 
 3 CO 
 ^7 
 
 so ro 
 
 17 77 
 
 70 
 J.3 
 
 &S 
 1 12 
 
 3 00 
 
 y !i^ 
 
 1'i.int-Urush 'M-nkci-R. 
 Do l-'i.io AVork 
 
 BOYH 
 
 Giils 
 
 l!()\ s nn<\ Girls 
 
 
 
 
 Bookbinders. 
 Gild.rs.. 
 
 C'nnl'et-M, !; w pr'd w'k 
 
 jl'an-haiids. women. .. 
 
 Finishers 
 
 
 u sr 
 
 5 21 
 5 C6 
 
 1<3 00 
 10 5d 
 M .10 
 
 r> ro 
 
 10 50 
 14 CO 
 
 Id 3ti 
 U Cli 
 C ', 1 
 
 14 81 
 lt> 00 
 
 14 22 
 
 1J 00 
 
 1778 
 
 l(i 20 
 V 05 
 C 32 
 
 11 05 
 
 M n 
 
 14 25 
 !! 00 
 10 0:> 
 12 00 
 11 75 
 19 .10 
 13 75 
 
 y si 
 
 f ! i 
 cs 
 
 * r." 
 
 21 
 7'> 
 1 .10 
 * 50 
 
 *2 73 
 
 
 F'ldi-H&Si-wers, w'uni 
 Collators, MomfU 
 
 Boot* and SJtoes. 
 Cotters 
 
 r.uildir.j Trades. 
 n pouters 
 jPaintorx & (Jlaziers.. 
 Steam &.Gasl''i,ters. 
 
 ! Slflt. 18 
 
 Bott' HUTS 
 
 Machine-Closers. ... 
 Boot -Tre.el'8 
 
 
 
 
 Fit lent 
 
 
 Finixhira 
 Buffers 
 
 ICarpi'iiters" I,al>orprs 
 Mas. &. J'last. laborers 
 
 He>r*
 
 LABOTI 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AVKKAGK WKKKLY 
 
 fl 
 
 OCCUPATION'S. 
 
 AVKKAGK WEEKLY 
 >\'<f;K. (inLli r-TN'D 
 
 2* * 
 
 m 
 
 18CO. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1-78. 
 
 I8CO 
 
 1872 
 
 1878 
 
 Cabinet Making. 
 
 $10 11 
 1.0 ;.o 
 
 15 00 
 11 (-0 
 12 tO 
 
 $11 rc 
 
 17 X, 
 15 11 
 Iti Ct 
 
 11 CO 
 i-4 00 
 17 CO 
 11 
 1 ' 33 
 
 E") 
 
 3 r,o 
 
 2 CO 
 10" 
 47" 
 
 Cotton (ioortx. 
 Opeiiet s and Pickers. 
 Do Beys. 
 Strippeis 
 
 64 If 
 25. 
 4 48 
 
 4 ro 
 
 G 51 
 3 4 - 
 2 3:> 
 2 70 
 3 .'0 
 Hi 10 
 li (0 
 8 CO 
 1710 
 7 CO 
 9 CO 
 li CO 
 3 4. 
 3 4: 
 
 G ~:> 
 i r? 
 
 2 0'. 
 : Cl 
 
 2 (, 
 2 3'. 
 
 11 5- 
 
 4 01 
 :< ci 
 3 :<( 
 1 51 
 2 5> 
 3 .'( 
 9 Ot 
 4 50 
 2 40 
 
 1 (,!4 
 
 13 ro 
 
 2 53 
 3 54 
 7 35 
 4 22 
 8 19 
 1 11 
 
 C 7' 
 
 4 ; t 
 
 H 25 
 2 
 
 ; co 
 
 5 tO 
 G tO 
 
 4 ro 
 
 8 3:i 
 
 67 35 
 4 55 
 7 00 
 7 -.; 
 7 f( 
 5 C. 
 
 *> >( 
 
 20 /. 
 1C C( 
 14 .! 
 
 4 rc 
 
 4 /3 
 
 10 70 
 u U) 
 
 4 C5 
 4 L'C 
 
 4 C( 
 
 14 C: 
 9 3: 
 
 4 t. 
 
 4 K 
 G 41 
 
 5 CC 
 15 4. 
 31 3:< 
 10 00 
 
 504 
 11 .'7 
 10 C7 
 
 a to 
 
 3 f 8 
 
 r 33 
 
 10 C7 
 U I 1 
 5 1& 
 7 SI 
 9 50 
 11 3 
 
 14 C7 
 
 8 64 1 
 8 Jf> 
 4 60 
 
 8 rs 
 
 $G2T 
 3 45 
 50t. 
 7 !'. 
 7 34 
 44" 
 3 70 
 3 4. 
 4 f I 
 
 il 4t 
 tO (t 
 1!) 4. 
 
 .1 : 
 U 4 
 3 7x 
 4 tl 
 74i 
 4 Ot 
 1 (t 
 2 3* 
 4 65 
 3 96 
 3 34 
 3 5 
 2 7< 
 2 K 
 1 Ot 
 9 Ot 
 5 51 
 4 3t 
 3 ft 
 2 4!. 
 2 it 
 ft fe(, 
 15 Oo 
 9 Ou 
 4 fci. 
 3 9 
 
 . u rt/ 
 
 3 Ct 
 5 3T, 
 9 2.', 
 5 3t* 
 11 27 
 iO 40 
 9 19 
 7!5 
 5 55 
 12 Oe 
 8 34 
 G EO 
 6 tO 
 3 C'. 
 9 tO 
 5 tO 
 11 3 
 5 14 
 18 CO 
 
 .0 CO 
 9 00 
 9 11 
 5 25 
 3 9fi 
 4 50 
 5 01 
 fi 30 
 
 4 ro 
 
 17 25 
 9 30 
 6 45 
 4 27 
 4 70 
 8 13 
 
 1 47 
 
 ~ r 
 
 " 83 
 
 1 37 
 15 
 1 30 
 2 Oi 
 CO* 
 2 CO 
 1 75 
 1 CO 
 2 4>) 
 44 
 2G 
 55 
 1 CJ 
 
 SO* 
 25 
 1 65 
 63 
 6(1 
 1 13 
 
 G 43 
 
 i ro 
 
 1 50 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 24 
 
 2='0 
 G CO 
 
 4 ro 
 i to 
 
 1 34 
 3 00 
 47 
 1 fcl 
 
 1 ! 
 1 03 
 3 03 
 1 51* 
 
 1 20 
 
 J'9 
 
 ~ !0 
 1 CO 
 !0 
 
 ;j co 
 3 n 
 
 1 4) 
 3 CO 
 1 44 
 
 2 53 
 2 CO . 
 1 !T 
 73 
 
 56 
 85' 
 2 13 
 1 01 
 SI 
 67 
 2 26 
 
 
 Gilders 
 
 Stiippei-H &, Giiudeii- 
 Giindeis 
 
 
 Cabine -Makers 
 Mill-Men 
 Polisheis & Finishers 
 
 10 50 
 
 10 o; 
 
 10 CO 
 10 90 
 G CO 
 
 o re 
 
 5 50 
 5 50 
 C 00 
 
 14 Ct 
 
 U 4-i 
 
 14 Ct 
 G C. 
 
 G r 
 
 11 
 10 r.i 
 10 25 
 11 42 
 7 CC 
 
 9 2." 
 7 25 
 
 G ri 
 
 G 30 
 5 57 
 
 C2 
 
 25 
 52 
 1 CO 
 
 2 75 
 1 75 
 1 CO 
 
 32 
 
 i ro 
 
 r to 
 
 ro 
 
 3 CO 
 2 CO 
 1 20 
 
 a t J 
 
 50 
 1 50 
 
 1 CO 
 
 3 CO 
 
 2 CO 
 
 : CO 
 2 C j 
 
 3 S3 
 2 Cti 
 4 C4 
 3 Cti 
 3 18 
 4 14 
 1 f>0 
 
 2 08 
 3 25 
 1 11 
 14 
 39 
 54* 
 02 
 
 2 CO 
 
 Kiiinio Ti-nili-is 
 
 Drawis 
 
 lit ilway & Alley Boj ^ 
 jslnbbers . 
 
 XJpliolbt. sewtrs.w'mn 
 Carpctings. 
 
 Overseers < t'Caiding 
 Sectio Hi-nils 
 
 Sec' nd Hands . . . . 
 
 Xlveisct'isi't Spinniup 
 Secoiid lliiti''t>. .. 
 
 Wool-Watsheis 
 WoolrPrejiarers . 
 Combers 
 
 Section Hands 
 
 Generul Hands 
 Young Persons 
 
 
 Dyei 8 an 1 Dryei s. . . 
 
 Di;i\\ ii;ic in 
 
 G CO 
 4 tO 
 2 50 
 fi OC 
 7 50 
 G i-0 
 3 rt 
 7 50 
 
 3 CO 
 
 4 ro 
 
 7 50 
 C CC 
 
 24 OC 
 9 CO 
 7 00 
 5 CO 
 
 11 FC 
 11 !0 
 9 50 
 10 C4 
 
 j-j <;- 
 
 11 20 
 
 7 Ct 
 
 i 
 
 10 45 
 13 !>2 
 11 0- 
 9 17 
 
 c : 
 
 5 53 
 4 CO 
 
 4 56 
 
 C CO 
 
 5 53 
 
 a L;, 
 
 7 4f 
 4 Ci 
 
 C2C1 
 9 fc7 
 
 n r: 
 
 17 3 
 
 17 48 
 17 71 
 17 7 
 10 CO 
 12 43 
 
 10 C7 
 7 11 
 7 11 
 7 11 
 
 8 CO 
 7 11 
 
 7 11 
 
 1500 
 8 19 
 
 24 45 
 11) t5 
 11 2 
 Hi 
 
 7 7' 
 10 tl 
 
 4 7< 
 
 7 ro 
 7 i: 
 3 rj^ 
 G ro 
 
 10 50 
 
 8 :( 
 
 4 1C 
 10 33 
 4 3' 
 3 CO 
 500 
 9 00 
 10 75 
 7 00 
 7 50 
 7 CO 
 11 00 
 10 00 
 
 7 or. 
 
 3 15 
 
 15 1C 
 
 14 5l 
 14 1' 
 13 70 
 15 tO 
 15 21 
 9 CO 
 
 7 fC 
 5 71 
 G 41 
 5 31 
 4 50 
 G 02 
 4 CO 
 G 31 
 
 7 00 
 !-> 00 
 7 50 
 11 CO 
 5 CO 
 
 C4 t'2 
 Iti CO 
 14 31 
 
 10 at 
 
 G 4> 
 
 5 P2 
 
 3 4i 
 4 58 
 
 3 ro 
 
 8 CO 
 C CO 
 
 Sparu Hands 
 
 Mill -Sjiinn' i-s 
 Mitlo Spiiun rs, wm'n 
 
 Mulo Spim.eiK, Loys. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dofi'era 
 
 Burlei s J . . . 
 
 Ih'raii oSpii ners 
 !FiamRp'iii. l.'s&gV 
 Fruno Spini eis. cirh 
 lFrnio Spii neiH. l>oj> 
 Kratne S])iiinei f .w'n'iii 
 HingR; inneir,\t>rs'i 
 
 Ri"g Spinners, {iirls. 
 Do sjiaroli ds u'l 
 :lott'ers, boys & kMs 
 
 Section Hands.. ...... 
 Diawi r.i and Spin ni> 
 Doffers 
 
 Frnme-S|iiunei8. ...... 
 'Twisters 
 
 
 
 Packeis -. . 
 
 
 Machn'sls &Carpnt'ij> 
 Wati'hmen 
 
 Laborers 
 
 Fly&J'kFrmTiidu 
 Rei-l'g <t Warp's.', ov'i* 
 Do second hands 
 Do Kpare. h'ds, girlt- 
 
 Do :j)n. 1,'is 
 
 Do do (jverseen- 
 Do 5'oniig persons 
 Reelers 
 Reamers 
 
 Laborei s' Boy 
 
 Carriages. 
 Body-Makers 
 
 Carriage-Part Makerc 
 Wheel wijghts 
 Trimmers 
 
 Blackt-miths. . . .. ;... 
 Blacksn itlis' Helpen- 
 
 Corsets. 
 Torewon an. . .....'... 
 
 Wai pi-is 
 
 Dress rs 
 
 Dres-er--' ov j-seers. . 
 
 .Thread-di essei s 
 
 1 'r.iwi rs 
 
 Ovet lookers ........ 
 
 Embroid'-iets. ...... 
 
 1 >iawers.sec' nd h'n'^ 
 Drawers, sect'n lunidK 
 lii MU cis, th id Lands 
 Drawers, room Lauds. 
 Quill r.-* . 
 
 Needle-Hands... .-. 
 
 J-inii-hers & Packets 
 11 a- liiue-Ilands 
 Boner* 
 
 E veleters 
 
 
 Bind' rs .. . 
 
 Twisters, wemen 
 
 ( ntteis 
 
 f'utters, men 
 
 Winders, women 
 Winders, overseers... 
 
 4 45 
 15 CO 
 
 Piessers .. 
 
 Pressers, men 
 
 4 44 
 7 41 
 
 7 001 
 7 74 
 4 50 
 
 4 00 
 1^ 10 
 7 17 
 5 44 
 4 06 
 4 *M 
 5 87 
 
 Custom, Work 
 
 Weaver*, o trseers 
 |Wo!ivers,si'cv nd li'mlu 
 Weavers, tect u II'IH'K 
 Weavers. Fj>a e 1 ands 
 Weaveis. 41o ms 
 Weavers, Slooms... 
 Weavers, 61<> ms .. 
 Weavers, 8 looms 
 Bobbin-boys 
 
 Clotiung-Ileady-lIacU 
 Overseers 
 
 Cutters 
 
 Trimmers 
 Piesi-ers 
 
 Basters, women 
 Mach'n-opei V. wome' 
 Pinsh'r-.atriotwswini 
 Finishers, shop, wm'i 
 Finishers, contr. w m'u 
 Finis! e,rs,ciM'nv< inn 
 Paii ts, Vest, Gust .Wrk 
 
 Cloth-room, overseeis 
 Clotli-room, see'd L'ds 
 Cloth-ioom. men. . .. 
 ( lotli-room.wni.&b'ys 
 1'wcki g-room,g s&li's 
 Dyers
 
 TUX .LABOR QUESTION. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AVKRIGK WKKKLY 
 '.VACE. I;OLT> STNn'iin 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 A v Mt A UK WKKKI.V 
 
 .VAO>,V^OLIlST.1 < !) 
 
 If 
 
 18CO. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1SCO. 1872. 1878. 
 
 Cotton (lotida Cout'd. 
 BnndleiH 
 O* ei>eers of Repairs 
 
 03 CO f C" 
 17 1 i 1 7 33 
 8 35 )J 1-i 
 
 CS 88 
 5.J 00 
 10 72 
 
 S2 rs 
 
 2 5,1 
 2 :<7 
 
 ' T/ ' ' 1 
 
 Ki'itters 
 
 6 
 
 7 TO 
 G 83 
 !) 00 
 8 50 
 1-1 25 
 1-2 10 
 7 00 
 15 00 
 
 5 ('() 
 
 4 55 
 2 CO 
 
 G OU 
 
 2 3 
 4 00 
 (I 00 
 
 r. oo 
 1 7: 
 
 4 50 
 .'. 75 
 
 3 12 
 ii 0. 
 
 5 CO 
 
 u ro 
 
 U 50 
 
 10 00 
 5 OU 
 9 13 
 G 50 
 9 (4 
 ti 00 
 G 7C 
 1* 83 
 8 00 
 
 :o co 
 
 4 00 
 
 9 :o 
 
 9 l(i 
 G CO 
 G 00 
 7 CO 
 7 50 
 
 e 
 
 10 41 
 
 n co 
 
 13 77 
 
 U 2,5 
 
 G C7 
 7 4 
 5 7d 
 4 CO 
 
 5 "48 
 
 8 *9 
 G W 
 
 a a., 
 
 G 11 
 35. 
 7 It 
 
 U ! J 
 
 17 CO 
 14 1,1 
 14 tl 
 
 1G 00 
 10 UO 
 14 40 
 
 14 <0 
 12 KO 
 14 C7 
 
 8 r '^ 
 
 S 
 
 C CO 
 
 a a% 
 
 ii 00 
 G 00 
 5 70 
 15 00 
 12 00 
 7 to 
 
 11 CO 
 ).' GO 
 15 00 
 11 00 
 16 00 
 13 Ml 
 8 00 
 2J CO 
 
 c 7- 
 
 (V 15 
 
 3 30 
 54-. 
 
 3 01 
 li 80 
 7 50 
 5 18 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 4 f-'O 
 11 40 
 5 70 
 1 to 
 5 40 
 7 CO 
 3 55 
 3 PO 
 10 00 
 
 r, oo 
 3 no 
 
 4 20 
 5 41 
 4 50 
 7 0-- 
 
 ii 40 
 3 01 
 5 If 
 
 3d 
 
 4 80, 
 G 3l* 
 10 
 
 ,5<>4 
 U30 
 IJ 5T. 
 
 G CO 
 
 12 r 
 
 7 70 
 1.! tl'. 
 7 50 
 9 75 
 10 Ki 
 9 7 
 12 CO 
 5 CO 
 12 CO 
 
 10 :v 
 to 
 
 7 21 
 9 CO 
 10 01 
 
 9 
 
 3 5ft 
 1 7T 
 G 00> 
 2 50- 
 1 7 > 
 
 1 (>:> 
 
 1 00 
 1 15. 
 
 6* 
 80- 
 4> 
 1 H> 
 1 C 
 
 80 
 
 SO 
 1 7> 
 30 
 7* 
 
 2 0!> 
 
 2 48 
 
 374 
 
 2 80 
 3 2> 
 1 09 
 3 
 1 2> 
 3 41 
 1 50 
 3 00 
 1 K.I 
 1 75 
 2 00 
 1 CO 
 2 .'0 
 1 2J 
 2 CO 
 1 27 ! 
 2 00 
 i 2 50 
 
 
 Mechanics' Laborei a 
 
 5 47 
 9 00 
 7 (19 
 11 50 
 5 22 
 C 8.5 
 5 40 
 
 9 40 
 G 00 
 U CO 
 8 25 
 9 00 
 3 00 
 11 00 
 5 75 
 1.) 00 
 
 li 50 
 
 8 37 
 1.) CO 
 5 17 
 4 53 
 5 50 
 
 9 C4 
 
 G 5.2 
 
 ]> 50 
 
 B 7J 
 
 8 .; 
 10 c: 
 
 13 3 ; 
 
 7 11 
 
 11 37 
 1 j (15 
 
 8 12 
 
 ti Cl 
 
 12 CO 
 li 00 
 11 05 
 9 00 
 1 1 C J 
 3 30 
 1 1 25 
 G CO 
 1 ) 50 
 7 50 
 9 OU 
 1) CO 
 
 4 53 
 G 00 
 
 12 i: 
 
 7 4J 
 
 1 3 cr 
 
 1 47 
 
 T Ll 
 4 4) 
 1 11 
 1 i; I 
 2 tl 
 
 2 ro 
 
 1 (2 
 30 
 
 To 
 
 1 (' 1 
 
 (.j 
 
 CO 
 
 Jl 
 
 3 00'" 
 
 
 Menders 
 
 
 Kotiiry knitter.-", men. 
 
 Overseers of Yard 
 Yard Hands 
 
 V aid han ds& watch'n 
 Leather. 
 f/nersanil Ueamers.. 
 
 AVatchmen 
 
 
 Cutlery. 
 Formers 
 
 
 
 Forgf rs' helpers 
 
 
 Grinders 
 
 
 Ba w \ era. 
 
 
 Hafiers and Finis' ' e> s 
 Hafters & Fin'ia bovt- 
 
 
 Liiie:i Goods. 
 Tlacklem 
 
 
 
 
 Inspectors, women . 
 Ktampers, boy s &gii Ii- 
 Men 
 
 Prevail r<, boys 
 
 Pre, an I-M, j_ir. 
 I'UlHiM hers 
 
 "Women ............. 
 
 
 Laborers 
 
 
 Drfissmckvng. 
 
 
 Spinm rs, ;. ii Is 
 Spinner.*, men 
 
 Dresaiuukcrs. 
 
 Envelopes. 
 Cutters 
 
 1 ill III -I H 
 
 Sjioulers 
 
 
 
 U 03 
 7 73 
 7 75 
 13 00 
 G 00 
 11 00 
 4 CO 
 9 00 
 10 00 
 10 50 
 5 00 
 G 00 
 21 00 
 
 7 23 
 
 G 8'J 
 
 e cr 
 la 41 
 
 1J 33 
 
 n 78 
 
 13 00 
 
 1J 33 
 1:2 00 
 10 C'. 
 7 11 
 9 11 
 13 2-2 
 
 3 5C 
 
 4 4', 
 
 1J H. 
 
 G 75 
 G 7.. 
 15 00 
 4 5U 
 9 CO 
 3 00 
 8 00 
 9 00 
 9 75 
 4 50 
 G 00 
 -1 00 
 
 12 00 
 JO 50 
 9 00 
 1.2 00 
 -.0 Oo 
 U 1C 
 
 11 li. 
 
 U 01 
 li 00 
 8 0(. 
 G OC 
 1-2 00 
 12 01 
 U 50 
 4 50 
 4 00 
 
 G 00 
 15 C2 
 7 87 
 13 5( 
 G "5 
 7 50 
 5 10 
 8 40 
 
 1 ill* 
 1 Oir 
 1 (10* 
 3 00' 
 1 50* 
 1 40' 
 1 0>> 
 1 00* 
 1 00* 
 75* 
 50* 
 
 
 
 Winilers 
 
 [Machine hands, \. in". 
 Overseer of Ku.iug. . . 
 
 . \lcchauics.* 
 Jute Goods. 
 Carders 
 
 Primers , 
 
 Pi-inters, women 
 Box-makers, wonuu. . 
 Re w rrs, women 
 Packeis .......... 
 
 
 Kovi-rs 
 
 
 
 
 Laborers 
 
 liimdl' rs 
 
 Foremen....... ..... 
 
 
 Glass. 
 Blowers 
 
 
 Shiltei-4 .. 
 
 
 Kiln-men 
 
 1? bbln carriers 
 
 Cutters 
 
 Polishers. ........ 
 
 Keeli-i-8 
 
 Gaffeis 
 
 Oilers 
 
 Servitors... 
 
 Yard h..nds 
 IfiicA ir.csftMaehinenj 
 Pattern Makers 
 Iron Moulders 
 Bra s M"iildeis 
 
 Foot -makers 
 
 
 Gaiheiers 
 
 Slickers- ii]). 
 
 AVare- wheelers 
 
 Eii"i'avi-rs ... 
 
 Mixers. ...... 
 
 
 Men, Lot in deprtni'ts 
 Boys 
 
 P.bicksini i h's helpers 
 Machinists 
 
 "Women and girls 
 Hosiery. 
 Overseer of Cardinp . . 
 Young persons, oil d'jr 
 Overs'r, bl'chgcfc d \ e'g 
 Men, ble'ch'g & dye'* 
 Overseer of Spiniiinfr. 
 Men & boys, spii.innj: 
 Khapert 
 
 Cleanei s and Clipper 
 Chuckeis. 
 
 
 Po' i shers ........... 
 
 Setters up 
 
 Ki vet heaters, boys.. . 
 H\\ et ers 
 
 i Wood -work era 
 1'aiutei's 
 
 
 Fiuh-heri, w men . . . 
 
 Cutters and lnmi-(l-r-i. 
 
 
 Teitmstern
 
 THE LABOR QVESTIQX. 
 
 OCCLTATIOXS. 
 
 AVKIIAUK \\ KKKI.Y 
 
 \\'.\I;K. oi.n.s-TAMi'Ki! 
 
 SI 
 
 * ^ 
 
 ^s! 
 
 OCCUPATION'S. 
 
 AYKRAUK WKKKLV 
 
 WAOK. tiOLD.-TN'l 
 
 lil 
 
 1?= S 
 
 9 
 (3 
 
 05* 
 
 3 91 
 
 2 76 
 2G4 
 2 40 
 2 65 
 
 r> 9:1 
 
 G 34 
 1 23 
 1 73 
 
 i o;i 
 
 3 45 
 57-4 
 4 }-i 
 2 59 
 1 tO 
 
 207 
 
 '.! 
 
 1 8 
 
 15 ro* 
 
 1 ! ,'0 
 15 00 
 III 50* 
 
 i o ro* 
 
 I ! 00 
 
 C CO* 
 
 i ro 
 idi 
 
 1 49 
 10 
 
 10 
 4 50 
 7 .'0 
 3 CO 
 
 n 
 
 1 50 
 
 1 10 
 75 
 
 1 50 
 1 50 
 
 29 
 
 i-ra 
 
 1 00 
 
 1HCO. | 187-2. 
 
 1.-78. 
 
 1800 
 
 1872. 
 
 
 12 C7 
 4 44 
 
 3 8<J 
 
 14 44 
 
 lo W 
 
 n 
 
 15 22 
 
 7 Jl 
 
 15 C3 
 
 i' IT 
 
 21 rr 
 n; K. 
 
 21 10 
 
 Hi CO 
 
 21 :o 
 n; i o 
 
 111 32 
 Id CC 
 
 12 19 
 10 C7 
 
 1878. 
 
 $ 
 
 12 i:0 
 4 05 
 
 14 12 
 
 15 41 
 
 0! 
 11 01 
 1-2 (0 
 l S:, 
 15 11 
 % 40 
 (> :i; 
 5 H 
 ia 2.- 
 
 '25 2i 
 18 11 
 1-2 7 
 7 - 
 
 12 CO 
 5 55 
 15 Cl 
 5 '.{, 
 7 87 
 18 Cl 
 G : I 
 15 CtJ 
 l< 7.'. 
 4 7: 
 iG .'(: 
 if 40 
 4 3", 
 
 ':'. 75 
 
 14 20 
 
 12 C7 
 II 11 
 7 5G 
 
 9 CO 
 7 .'0 
 2 (0 
 10 TO 
 12 10 
 !l CO 
 12 (0 
 15 (() 
 9 7: 
 
 5 4C 
 5 40 
 
 G 7: 
 
 5 70 
 10 CO 
 3 CO 
 1-2 C( 
 15 CO 
 10 ii 
 
 9 47 
 11 CO 
 
 C fC 
 G 75 
 12 00 
 9 d 
 10 .'0 
 9 75 
 C 00 
 
 Mutch ex. 
 Mrn 
 
 $10 r: 
 c uc 
 
 c ro 
 
 4 ;0 
 'i :' I 
 
 3 7; 
 i> :i 
 ir> u 
 
 10 .'( 
 7 C( 
 7 f.l 
 
 $tf, co 
 
 4 10 
 4 10 
 
 Cl C'. 
 
 11) I.'. 
 
 14 (0 
 14 It 
 
 9 c:; 
 
 13 ".', 
 
 fio ro 
 
 4 00 
 3 CO 
 
 3 :o 
 12 ro 
 
 j:l 4(1 
 1 1 f-0 
 1* 00 
 
 i!) no 
 
 1-3 7.-. 
 1-2 '5 
 ! 
 
 i :i ro 
 
 -7 CO 
 !) CO 
 
 n ro 
 
 13 PO 
 
 l< 1C 
 
 l.f CO 
 
 . 2 ro 
 
 1 MO 
 11 4-2 
 7 L8 
 
 13 '.C: 
 
 (i CO 
 1'J 10 
 4 (5 
 11 7:. 
 1* 00 
 12 00 
 !) 00 
 10 ;7 
 12 10 
 
 9 C'2 
 
 *3 ."7 
 1 03 
 
 i ro 
 i :.o 
 a oo 
 
 !0 
 
 ?> 'j.-> 
 :t in 
 1 M) 
 2 CO 
 It U 
 1 U 
 
 1 7? 
 
 ; J-retrrett J/ei*, 
 Fruit* (nut 1'ickles. 
 Mm 
 
 C 
 11 C7 
 5 CO 
 
 10 19 
 12 71 
 
 17 45 
 
 8 C7 
 J !!;') 
 
 10 ro 
 
 8 7 
 5 1 
 5 (i 
 4 7 
 14 (-3 
 19 T4 
 i:< in 
 10 28 
 o 4-2 
 
 10 CO 
 10 3.i 
 
 G 2S 
 
 21 CO 
 21 (0 
 27 CO 
 24 CO 
 22 .'0 
 ;.! (.0 
 18 10 
 15 to 
 15 CO 
 
 4 CO 
 4 tO 
 5 35 
 4 tO 
 G 75 
 3 CO 
 7 50 
 7 50 
 7 50 
 
 8 ro 
 
 9 50 
 
 5 70 
 
 G CO 
 
 1 1 r.o 
 
 7 50 
 10 i.2 
 8 17 
 5 00 
 
 
 Girls 
 
 U'ouien and Gills 
 Printing. 
 Jol> Comjiositors 
 Job ('imipositois. . 
 
 BuYS . . . 
 
 Hetals<(:2Ietar.icCoods 
 JLinnin'i.s men 
 
 
 Rollers 
 
 Ti-oof-n-aders. vomeii 
 
 JiiliPl-CSMIIiIl...: 
 
 Jiil) 1'res.snien 
 
 PuddUrs 
 
 fihiii"lers 
 
 Helpers 
 
 "\Vir -di-HWeis 
 Annealeis & Cleaners- 
 Itiitiei M, 
 
 
 
 Pri-^s Fi-nliTs. wom'u 
 'niii]Mii>itori", daily. .. 
 
 
 J illm cis 
 
 RtocKi-i.t 
 
 I'lvsMiitM', d .ily 
 lJ<>i'k Ci'inpi silois. . . 
 B"ok Coi' )i H . \\uuien. 
 , Jihlber 6'o..(/x. 
 Kl'ixtic Fabrics. 
 litililu-r-w ikcrs .... 
 Rubber-wofki-w.trmii 
 ON r.-e v of Wfavera 
 AVcavers, vi men 
 
 
 
 
 ]!l irk lllUMins' he 1| < ]> 
 
 
 llaeliilii.-ls 
 
 
 Ml'LdlZUi'cG'di, .T.'nr 
 Wood-Tvorkci s 
 "\Vomeii 
 
 I'veis, Forvmtn 
 Sew ill" j. ill-. 
 
 Oversell- of .Spoolers. 
 Sp n'eis, men 
 S|io<ilers, vi. men . . . 
 O\ ei M':I . Leal her w'k 
 Men i n Leather work 
 Hoy i n J.eaihi r vork 
 Oiiill' is, liny.- 1 &. yirls. 
 
 Men 
 
 ]U)\ s i ml Girls. 
 Moulder* 
 
 
 )Sti-c] HI ! r] s 
 
 Mettil-woikeiti 
 
 AValcliineu 
 
 
 10 id 
 
 7 ! " 
 
 S^fes. 
 Safu ^Inkers 
 
 Millinery. 
 Managers 
 
 
 i' il. ll.l-l S 
 
 7-,' 
 
 i:i :< 
 7 t." 
 lii tr, 
 ] .: :K 
 13 c7 
 
 i> 'ti. 
 
 K; -:i 
 7 r. 
 
 15 CO 
 7 !>:t 
 
 3 L'l 
 
 Ifi C3 
 Hi 
 7 !0 
 10 10 
 70 
 7 50 
 7 70 
 3 92 
 
 r> ro 
 
 r> to 
 
 !0 
 3 40 
 G ',0 
 3 -.7 
 5 88 
 9 ,:> 
 f 4 
 
 r. ro 
 
 7 11 
 
 ir, co 
 
 li> 00 
 14 1,7 
 1G CO 
 b L9 
 
 11 33 
 G13 
 
 8 ft 
 
 r> 3;, 
 
 t!' 
 4 10 
 
 9 3J 
 
 10 T2 
 
 M :^:{ 
 
 ,,. 
 
 n IQ 
 
 10 12 
 14 -n: 
 14 19 
 14 0!t 
 7 11 
 !.-> CO 
 7 70 
 
 13 CO 
 
 10 4ti 
 41 
 
 2'; 4r 
 r> 21 
 
 10 41 
 1.V2.-) 
 7 40 
 8 40 
 10 20 
 5 27 
 7 CO 
 7 27 
 7 9.-. 
 fi CO 
 7 5G 
 4 53 
 G 57 
 It i.0 
 S 17 
 
 G r.."> 
 
 1 44 
 
 rs* 
 
 2 ~7 
 
 .! I.I 
 1 ! 1 
 
 J-2 
 
 1 40* 
 " 't 
 
 3 ro 
 
 it 5J 
 110 
 
 9 ro 
 
 5 35 
 '2 Cl 
 5 15 
 1 70 
 !0 
 
 2 :o 
 
 1 Ii5 
 1 50 
 
 1 47 
 1 C5 
 1 (0 
 
 tli 
 1 i?G 
 
 G:t 
 3 45 
 2 lit 
 1 05 
 
 
 3!iusiccl I.islrumcnti. 
 
 j Siiip-Luiiding. 
 Cji'p nler--, .1<1 work. 
 Cai'lienteis. ii- w wi.ik 
 CalKei old vork. .. 
 (' Ik' is, new work .. 
 Joi tiers, did work 
 Ji'inei s, in-w work. . . 
 
 Yariiishers. .. . 
 
 
 MilI-mMi 
 
 .Action-Makeis 
 .A ei loii-ti. nki I.H, v iii'ii 
 '1'iiin i .- 
 
 LU.IUUTS 
 
 
 -Tain'*. 
 FoTTwr 
 
 Llacksmiths 
 
 Silk. 
 Windi rs 
 
 ilix. is and tirindeis 
 
 1)0} 8 
 
 Doul lers 
 
 J'oper. 
 Tor cm ' ii 
 
 
 Spoi'leis imd Skeintis 
 Dyers 
 
 Millwii>;hlB 
 
 >t>j--li}ii<' tenders... 
 3'apei mm hineleiid'r.- 
 'riireshei-v oiiii n. ... 
 liag-ciitteis 
 
 
 
 
 En ;: Hi us & Fiicmeii 
 i Socp and Candles. 
 Mm :'... 
 
 Finish r.- 
 Fiui.- hew, t ills 
 
 
 Fiuinheln' helper*... 
 
 Cnitir* 
 Cutteis. }:iils 
 
 Cui.illc Makri s 
 
 Htune. 
 
 Bleachers 
 
 liHg-M I'lerS . 
 
 Paving-cutters 
 Stone-cut le.ru 
 
 Mi n on SUM k 
 
 
 1 Hack Mil ilhs. 
 
 !Ki>i>ine< is &. Firemen 
 Lain ii-!> 
 
 Laborers
 
 THE LABOR QUESTIOX. 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AVKKAUK \> Kt.KLV 
 W/GF, iOLI f>Tn'HI> 
 
 HI 
 
 c-'S z 
 ^i S 
 
 OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 AvhKAUK WKKKLY 
 W ,*<;!. i'in.1" ST.N'U 
 
 C^ 
 
 Sst 
 
 5=1 i 
 
 > 
 
 18CO. | 1872. 
 
 1S78. 
 
 18CO. '18:2. 1*78. 
 
 tit raw (juudn. 
 Bleachers 
 
 $4 ."0 
 12 dO 
 7 Ml 
 
 1J CO 
 
 1 '. 70 
 17 4 
 
 1J O.i 
 
 r, rs 
 
 544 
 
 5'2 
 5(8 
 
 r>(o 
 
 4 '.7 
 
 c :3 
 
 4 Ml 
 f. f.o 
 4 Ml 
 4 5n 
 
 r. :i2 
 3 '.4 
 
 i (.0 
 
 4 CO 
 2 (A 
 I'JIO 
 4 T7 
 
 :; :o 
 
 2 *0 
 
 ( V> 
 : (0 
 4 75 
 4 (0 
 41 
 2 71 
 
 :< ro 
 
 4 OP 
 :i :-7 
 2 40 
 4* 
 4 M 
 
 7 ro 
 n re 
 r> ro 
 7 ro 
 
 r. -jr. 
 5 r." 
 
 5 23 
 
 r. 40 
 
 CO f 6 
 Hi CO 
 
 17 77 
 
 l ;; c,(i 
 
 Ui CO 
 71: 
 
 ) ro 
 
 H (,0 
 7 !C> 
 ,,3 
 
 7 ro 
 
 4 !2 
 4 40 
 
 20 
 
 f, f 5 
 4 60 
 
 9 40 
 
 7 47 
 7 41 
 
 9 00 
 1-2 00 
 12 00 
 12 00 
 
 10 r-o 
 
 11 25 
 18 (0 
 
 7 ro 
 
 9 00 
 9 (.C 
 10 :o 
 
 !> CO 
 
 18 CO 
 
 7 tO 
 1J7J 
 9 in 
 18 CO 
 
 13 51 
 1 l 10 
 
 o tfi 
 
 5 r<! 
 
 -1 M 
 
 M, 
 ii Ci. 
 C, tl 
 G 1- 
 
 (.(i 
 
 G r,t, 
 
 8 10 
 li < 
 7 1^ 
 G Hl< 
 
 5 ;.') 
 
 G !!' 
 4 r.4 
 4 ! :s 
 4 .'0 
 4 (,(l 
 1 J 1 (i 
 li 1! 
 4 15 
 3 (0 
 '< f4 
 
 :i (d 
 c; i;. 
 4 ro 
 
 8 (il 
 : pi 
 :. (i 
 5 (4 
 4 22 
 4(1' 
 7 
 (i 7:i 
 9 I- 
 J > ;.". 
 7 CO 
 
 i ro 
 
 R 95 
 
 7 15 
 (i r'l 
 
 r, (0 
 
 $3 30 
 
 75 
 1 50 
 U 00 
 
 1 >V, 
 1 ! G 
 J tl) 
 
 1 .12 
 1 la 
 !"4 
 44 
 00 
 
 a 21 
 
 i r>-, 
 
 J 00 
 1 Hi 
 1 50 
 1 23 
 87 
 
 to 
 
 91 
 
 r,o 
 i :w 
 i; ( ) 
 
 1 -2 
 
 !'."> 
 
 WoUlen Coeds-Cent d 
 
 ShwirerH, men &. Loys 
 Sneai er.-, nu-ii i,- wi.i'n 
 Sheiiier.-, Lo\8 
 
 S 
 
 5 00 
 f i.6 
 4 CO 
 
 r. ce 
 
 5 04 
 5 08 
 3 H 
 3 (0 
 (i II 
 3 08 
 5 (0 
 3 78 
 
 at a 
 
 3 0. 
 
 (i Mi 
 7 33 
 i. 5i 
 9 (0 
 5 <4 
 7 08 
 
 7 :,o 
 
 1^ CO 
 
 7 fO 
 
 C, (0 
 
 c M 
 4 -n 
 
 f- (0 
 
 4 rn 
 
 4 FO 
 3 (0 
 
 :i f o 
 
 C l( 
 12 CO 
 13 f< 
 C T 
 3 (0 
 
 c ro 
 
 ! CO 
 4 (0 
 4 10 
 
 ro 
 r. ro 
 r> FO 
 
 5 
 
 $c ;;:i 
 
 7 20 
 7 (1 
 (i 25 
 4 98 
 7 C8 
 4 91 
 8 00 
 li 17 
 12 47 
 
 9 97 
 7 8 
 
 10 04 
 5 33 
 
 10 C7 
 
 8 er 
 
 14 <0 
 
 n :rc 
 
 10 r.' 
 
 G 
 
 5 81 
 
 i; (0 
 
 5 40 
 
 C 75 
 5 !0 
 G 34 
 4 r.9 
 3 v5 
 7 08 
 4 95 
 7 2:1 
 5 'Jit 
 IS 33 
 
 3 ro 
 7 ro 
 9 :u 
 
 8 78 
 
 :c ro 
 
 (i C!l 
 9 41 
 !l 00 
 18 00 
 
 10 (6 
 3 '0 
 21 (0 
 9 (0 
 12 1 1. 
 9 (0 
 
 10 ro 
 
 9 (0 
 6 00 
 12 GO 
 
 7 r.o 
 
 15 00 
 
 9 8:< 
 21 00 
 IP 00 
 9 M) 
 
 ;i oo 
 7 ro 
 
 C (0 
 
 f) CO 
 
 7 Ml 
 
 7 ro 
 7 ro 
 
 5 04 
 : 2 
 5 f-2 
 5 70 
 :t :0 
 J -0 
 7 14 
 4 r-j 
 
 1 04 
 9 18 
 :i '0 
 7 02 
 2 12 
 5 . r 8 
 5 40 
 7 0-2 
 
 7 ro 
 
 7 P8 
 
 
 
 fl 
 1 :<4 
 1 41) 
 
 1 47 
 80 
 1 2 
 78 
 2.. 
 1 04- 
 1 87 
 2 21 
 1 45 
 3 4:1 
 45 
 1 00 
 200 
 2 22 
 1 50 
 1 25 
 2 33 
 1 5i 
 CO 
 
 2 Ofl 
 1 M) 
 
 i ro 
 
 1 7.1 
 
 34 
 52 
 1 8-3 
 PO 
 30 
 - 30 
 1 14 
 2 93 
 1 !>4 
 2 4:i 
 !0 
 52 
 3 13 
 1 58 
 1 20 
 53 
 1 00 
 1 18 
 
 Bloekeis 
 
 PlrH.-erU 
 
 
 Ma liineKewern 
 Pl-iHier-Bliiek maker* 
 
 WlliltlfTH 
 
 Fuller"*, i-igj;. 11 '-"' *"'*' 
 Siu'iiU'i s 
 
 Giv r s<'rs 
 
 
 Bllllel-M 
 
 *i'i||iTK 
 
 hmlern, women 
 MiirleiH, nirls 
 
 
 
 Fi.i*b>-rs... 
 
 }tt aid- winders 
 
 Finishers, women 
 P rker- 
 
 
 Tobacco. 
 Ptrippei R. 
 
 I'iicUers, wi men 
 MecliauicH . ... 
 
 I'.ci\ K jiii'l {;ii'la 
 
 
 I'ri-ssind i 
 
 ('i_'M'-ni;u,( ,s. wonieii 
 
 "cii n hands 
 
 il-'in UK n 
 
 Type. 
 Cast* rs 
 
 'Kii:i e-r- & fir men 
 
 L 11* TIT" . 
 
 
 Drcuwra 
 
 
 Jiof, <U situated 
 
 
 Kubb< rs. 
 
 TTooJ Hals. 
 
 Setters 
 
 Bre. keis 
 
 Woiilkn Gccds. 
 "Wo<>l-Koi tors ... . 
 
 Cul'deift, i <>vs 
 
 (,'ardeiH. f reinen 
 i<'iirder>. 1 1 c< ml 1., nil.- 
 Dyt-rs, fiisl };l!i(!e.. .. 
 'I>yeiH, UK n 
 H -id'-i cm. fun mm. 
 Harili-i eis. ii.cii 
 H nl< iK'iH. 1 iy-. ... 
 
 "\V j.she) H 6i Scourers 
 
 DvT8 .' 
 
 I>rv rs 
 
 Yonu-r TeiHons. . 
 Uyt'is i:iil ficmiwiH.. 
 Washers ' 
 
 3 >v- IN Mul Pryi-is... 
 Wh IK S OHI'-'H. Dry's 
 Dryer* a:irt 1 ickeis. .. 
 Scourei'H 
 
 1 i ilium is. v i ii.cn . . 
 
 r.iiiri.i is 
 
 HI !!< 7H. 1 VI 18H-1H. . . 
 
 Kiniuli r.- 
 
 Canier-i 
 
 C nlerf, v.'om- n 
 Card: TK. wm'ii.Vys,' Is 
 Cardi jv.ynunjr poi S'PK 
 .Gardeih.'lioyH & tii'ls. 
 Cardan. ovViKt-dK 
 fiiri]t|>e, K 
 
 l"juiki-iN. li>r< nn n 
 I'hniiii IH. n-c ml |I'IJ<'K 
 I'lunki |y, lxi_\N 
 
 TTor.tid Cc,ds. 
 \Vii il.-or'ers 
 
 Httippers, I.OVR 
 
 Strijip. iv, Loyn& girls 
 
 HpilllMTH 
 
 M) 
 K5 
 
 1 40 
 
 50 
 1 CO 
 1 20 
 1 50 
 
 1 5,i 
 
 ex 
 
 2 20 
 1 -20 
 J 12 
 1 58 
 :{ 75 
 1 50 
 
 O Ml 
 ~ "'' 
 
 1 71 
 
 1 ro 
 i rr, 
 
 1 10 
 
 \V. Ill \\-HslKM8 
 
 Wjiimern, l;oys 
 FplraerH, men . . . 
 Spinner*, y'ngperaons 
 Jack-Mi i. no'. s 
 
 
 \V . 1 l''ini>lins 
 
 
 i:"!-iiiir tenders 
 
 Jack-spn iieiK Leys. 
 Jack s| n'lHVii!: ]> iV 
 Spoolers, w.'meii 
 t poolers. iris . 
 
 Pntt.-ts 
 
 B-'i-liin-Keit'-ra 
 
 ))<>. II-IH wnti-'n&!:iil 
 
 l)i 8s< jrrud WwriMTH 
 
 J>r<S 'lH&Wtp < lf>,WUlli 
 
 tore- Bern.. . . 
 3 )rps*ei R. men 
 
 DIPKSPIH 
 
 Twist, ri 
 
 
 
 Wi-nv- is 
 
 WVa vern 
 
 
 Wcavcis ni> 11 
 
 Fi'l'iiu'-tfiirtiTS 
 
 I Sllfl. -IS 
 
 AVi-nvrrs, women.. . 
 Weaver.-, lueii&wm'n 
 FiilM-H 
 fiheare's 
 
 
 f'rnliln-18 
 l)r<-- 
 
 * Indicates dicitase in Wtigi E. = IZo t-hangc in vnpi K. E"ai.lis, Avagcs not obtained. 
 
 LIVING EXPENSES. 
 
 Tho nbove result oonrcrniniir V.TVTS bcins; nrrived nt, ill > piibjert of the rost of 
 iiwug bocorucb au iutorebtiug question. \Ve present iv lablo bhowiDg the prices of
 
 THE LABOR QUESTION. 
 
 groceries, provisions, fuel, dry gocds, boots, rent, and board, for I860, 1872, and 
 1873, togaiher with n column showing tho p r cautago of iacreaso or docreaso oa 
 <?aoh item of expense for 1878. as conspired with IHCO : 
 
 Quantities 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 GUOCEKIKfi. 
 
 Barrel Fl'iur, Whi-a 1 , s 'pel-fine $7 Cl 
 
 Ban-l Flour, "Wheat, family 714 
 
 Pound Flour, llv 3 
 
 Ponm! Orn Meal 
 
 Pound Codflah, dry.,..' 5 
 
 Pound Ilico 7 
 
 Quart I'.tvins R 
 
 Found T' n, Oo'ong M 
 
 Found C'ufioe, K t, g'-een 21 
 
 Pound Coffee, mist- d 23 
 
 Fountl Rngar, fenoft brown 8 
 
 Found Surar, coffto 9 
 
 F<mnl fvij::ir. jini'til it< d 10} 
 
 Gal 'on M liii-sc s, New Orleans .'0 
 
 (Julio . Molasses, Porto llico 57 
 
 Gallon... Syrup t.'l 
 
 Pound...,. Soap, common 8 
 
 Found Starch 11 
 
 FaormoMt 
 
 Ponn<l Beef, roasting 11 
 
 Toil nd lieef, Houp 4 
 
 Pound I'eit', rump steak II 
 
 Found Jta'-f'. rornt) I 
 
 Found Veal, f.>re-(junr:er 7 
 
 Pound Veal, liin i-quarter H 
 
 Pnuii'l Vniil. cu'lots 14 
 
 Pound Mutton, tore-quarter 7 
 
 Pound Mutton, teg 13 
 
 Found Mutto i Ch -p l:| 
 
 Pound I Pork, fresh II 
 
 Pound Pork, ttalted 11 
 
 Pound Hams, smoked 1.J 
 
 Poui d Shoulders, cirned 8 
 
 Pound Satwiges 11 
 
 Ponn I l.'ird KJ 
 
 Pound Markertl, pickled 9 
 
 Pound I inter 21 
 
 Pimh'l Chee i:j 
 
 Busfcol Potatoes 19 
 
 Suat.... Milk 4 
 
 ozen Kggs CO 
 
 FUEL. 
 
 .Ton On! (i 40 
 
 i'ord Wood, liard C 4D 
 
 ord Wood, pine 4 !:) 
 
 Diiv Goons. 
 
 Tard Sh'rtinjr, 4-4 brown 9 
 
 Yar.l Shininj... 4 4 bleached.., 10 
 
 Yard Slie*-tin<r, 0-8 brown I 10 
 
 Yard S: :eet:njr. 9 8 bleached 13 
 
 Yard Cotton Flannel 15 
 
 Yard Ticking 17 
 
 Ynrd Prints 11 
 
 Yard Satinet Oii 
 
 EOOTS. 
 
 Pair Men's heavy | 273 
 
 KEXTS. 
 
 Mon'h Four-rooms tenemput 4 43 
 
 Month Six rootus tenement 754 
 
 BOA ED. 
 
 Werk MPH 73 
 
 AVeek Women 17!) 
 
 KETAII, Pincns. 
 STAXDAUU, GOLD. 
 
 18GO. 
 
 10 12 
 7 CO 
 
 3 C4 
 
 1-1 75 
 
 11} 00 
 
 5 C2 
 3 7J 
 
 1S78. 
 
 C3 C3 
 
 7 'J i 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 ro 
 st 
 
 2i> 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 C8 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 CO 
 
 8 
 10 
 I.'i 
 10 
 10 
 17 
 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 n 
 
 1! 
 9 
 11 
 10 
 1-3 
 25 
 13 
 !7 
 
 C -T. 
 C 71 
 5 01 
 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 11 
 
 1 I 
 
 17 
 7 
 
 324 
 
 5 55 
 9 43 
 
 Pe.'-Ontago 
 
 Ot'lllCM'ilSO 
 
 o'Dfcieaso 
 f jr 1 87i?, ad 
 cuinpured 
 \vitn l&CO. 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 i; 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 'a 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 1 i 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 * 3 
 13 
 
 10 
 41 
 
 26 
 
 39 
 40 
 40 
 39 
 
 * 7 
 C5 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 47 
 
 * Decrease. All tho rest Increase in cost.
 
 10G 
 
 ADVICE TO THOSE SEEKING NEW HOMES. 
 
 " GO "V7EST, YOUXG MAN." Horace Greeley. 
 
 For some years after tho lalo civil war, emigration from Enropo increased, and 
 the average lauuiber of arrivals of imiiiigr iiits, lor the port of New York alone, lor 
 the nine years 165-1873, both inclusive, was 240.UOO. But in 1874 there vus a 
 sudden reduction iu the iiuinlicr of nrrivals; lulling off from 2CG.rl8 iu 1873 to 
 104,041 in 1874; 84,560 in Itf75; C8.2G4 in 1870, and 54,536 in 1877. In 1878 the 
 trade began to rise again 75,347 coming to the pi rt of New York, and 138,4C'J at 
 all points. It should be said, also, that fi larger number than lorimiiy came into 
 the country I y way cf the Dominion of Canada, and otlur Atlantic: anil Pacific 
 ports. Iu all about 4,6. 2,000 immigrants have arrived in this country isiuce 18G1. 
 The past fulling off ia immigration WHS tliu t> s^ven-l causes; the depressiein in 
 business and finance*, which had listed from 1^73 to 1878, had caused many busi- 
 ness failures, and tho redaction iu values, si necessary prelude to r. sumption, hud 
 almost p iralyzed manufacturing. Our immense agriciilum.l crops were.* old ;.t very 
 low prices, because thi re was liot, until 1877 and 1878, a largo demand In- them 
 from Europe, the cereals of Southern lln*sia being inai k< ted nt n. lower price and 
 tho production was too great lor the consumption M' tho homo market. Meanwhilo 
 the demand for labor at remniurativo prices W;is, until LS77, taking all tLiugs into 
 Recount, better iu Europe than here and tho number cf tinigiauts who returned 
 to their homes i:i Europe was greater than at any pre\ ious period. As our con- 
 dition began to improve, and Business grewmoro I risk, and manufacturing revived 
 Jitre, the btate cf affairs iu Europe became rapidly worse; in G eat Urita.n tho in- 
 debtedness iu India was crushing iho wealthy firms eugaged in that trade; the 
 demand lor their manufactures Irom this country and other countries was rapidly 
 diminishing, and, to n large extent, our goods >vt ro taking their place. Thero w\s 
 little demand, except from India, which could not pay, lor British iron and steel; 
 Belgium, Franco and Germany vtre r.udcrl.idr!iiig English iron musters </n their 
 own soil. Tho goods of Manchester and Sheffield remained on their shelves, and 
 American poods cf better quality were e ftvreel in those eitii s .it lo er price*. Th6 
 failure of the B ink of the City of Glasgow in October, 18T8, of the West of Englutd 
 Bank iu December, and of one or two small- r institutions subsequently, caused 
 great numbers cf failures; and the extensi c strikes which followed the attempt of 
 the manufacturers, shipbuilders and mtno owners to reduce wages, added to the 
 genei a I gloom. Whilj this redaction wr.s n matter < f necessity en the part of the 
 capitalists, it bnro with great fe-verity on tho working classes, ^'hen, iu addition 
 to this, the gov rument was carrying on war ri Afghanistan and m Zulul::nd, ami 
 had accepted heavy responsibilities i i Asia Minor. Cyprus j.nd Egypt, iuvolvirg 
 increaseel taxation, anel Inelia was hopelessly in debt, 1 hero was great roem lor 
 apprehension, and the tendency to emigration is a natural consequence cf that 
 apprehension. 
 
 Ou the Continent tho condition of things was not much better. Germany. Italy, 
 Spain and France were in a condition of upheaval. iSocialibm on the one biJe and 
 Ultra-montauism on the other, are ihn atening the peae^e of j.ll lour, ami attempts 
 lit repression only npgravate the difficulty. Itnssiii is permcate-d by Nih lisn\ the 
 worst form of socialism, because il i-* only destiue:tive, with no desire cr iut ntion 
 of reconstruction. Turkey is in a deplorable slate, but her peoj le do not migrate 
 westward. From the other countries named, as veil as from tho Kcandii avian 
 States, tho probabilities lira strong of a greater immigration to this country than we 
 have over Been. Neither Canada nor Australasia offer any such inducements to the 
 industrious and peace-loving immigrau's as wo can offer anel we shall, unquestion- 
 ably, receive tho lar je r portion of tht m. 
 
 Let us, then, give Borne friendly nud disinteresteel adv-co to tlwc who are in- 
 tending to come anel make their hcmen iu our country. We ar j not interested in 
 any laud scheme- any railroad or transportation company; we are n<<t citizens of 
 any of theso-called lanel States rr Territories, ami do net o\< n nn acre of Innd in any 
 one of them; wo are simply intelligent citizens of the Uuiteel Sta'es, patriotic 
 enough to desire the growth and prospe rity of our country, nml its se tllement by 
 honest, upright, law-abiding. industrious citizens, who will build up fe-r themselves 
 and their children homes here in which they may enjoy long life and prosperity.
 
 SEEKIXG XEW 
 
 107 
 
 "We have taken the titmost pains to obtain the most thorough information ponsi- 
 Me in regard to the different States and Territories which aremviting immigration, 
 r.uel what \vo have to say here, will bo found to bo entirely true, and without any 
 coloring of personal interest. 
 
 But it is ui-t alone for European emigrants that we have collected this informa- 
 tion. Since 1873 more thau two million American citizens have migrated from tho 
 Eastern States to the States and Territories west < t the Mississippi ; and perhaps. 
 !,s many more, most of them mechanics and young farmers, though including also- 
 other professions and trades, r.re fully determined to go \viihiu the iiext year or two. 
 We would not seek to detain them at the East, lor there is n grand livid for devel- 
 opment in tho West, and the greater tho number of intelligent, industrious and 
 patriotic Ame icuu citizens who bhall settle its vast pra ries and curry tiuther tho- 
 religious, literary and political institutions which have caused the East to prosper 
 in the past, the strong r will be the guaranty of the perpetuity of our Union with 
 its noblo heritage of free institutions. 
 
 To both clashes, then the emigrants from foreign lands and onr own sons, 
 brothers and friends who aro setting their faces westward, we would address our 
 counsels. 
 
 1. We would say, first, to r.ll intending emigrants whether from our own or foreign 
 countries, do not go West without home ready money beyond your travelling ex- 
 penses, and the amount necessary to secure > our lauds. It you are intending to ba 
 farmers you will need money to stock your farm, to buy seed and food for your 
 stock, anil to support j'our f.imily until you can realize on Jour first crop. The* 
 omigrntut who is thus unprovided will faro hard in a new country, though tho settler* 
 there aro as generous aud helpful as they c.m 1 c Tho larger tho amount of ready 
 money an emigrant can com inand, the im>ro easily and pleasantly v ill he be situated. 
 The building of n rude house, and furnishing it in tho plainest way, will consuma 
 considerable money and the first breaking up of liin land, tho neceF&try ngricul- 
 tur.d implements and machines, and the hire of help in putting ia his crops, nsido 
 from the cost of tock and fodder, will add to his early expenses. Tho man who- 
 can go to any of the western States or Territories and tnko up a farm and have on 
 hand, alter paying tho necessary fees and laud expenses. $1,000 (200\ will have* 
 a very comfonable time, and will, under ordinary circumstances, bo well situated 
 for the future. The man who has a much smaller sum will find that lie has many 
 hardships to undirgo, and will do better to seek ^ nploymeut i.a n l.ired laborer lor 
 the first year, purchasing his land meanwhile, and if possible, getting in n crop. 
 
 The mechanic or operative who t, r ocs West for a homo nlso needs capital, though, 
 perhaps not as much, if his calling i.s one of those which ar > indispensable ia a, new 
 country. A good carpenter, mason, blacksmith, miller, sawyer, stone-cutter, brick- 
 maker, painter and ; lazier will be reasonably sure of remunerative work very Koon; 
 but two or tbreo hundred dollars at Jeat4, and as much more ns they can command* 
 will be need d. For professional men there may be a longer \vaitirg re quired. The* 
 clergyman may have a congregation to preach to, 1 ut die ralary l.o w 11 rcc< ivo 
 from them r.t ilrst will bo very ^ mrll, r.nd unless h" can derive at lea; t a part d' hia 
 salary from other source?, he will bo very sure to sn8l-r. Tho physiciim will find" 
 his services in demand but his fees will, many of them, bo collpcteel wi:h difficulty^ 
 Tho l-.iwy.T m'\y have to wait long for business, but will generally manage to get his. 
 pay for his services. The editor, the artist, tho bookseller, aud the dealers in lux- 
 uries generally must wait till society reaches its second stage of development. 
 
 2. BJ deliberate in tho choice of a location, and do not decide until you havo 
 carefully weighed all the advantages ami elisa vantages of each. It is our purposo. 
 to set these befora you so fully and fairly as to aid ymi in this matter. 
 
 It is not n< cessnry to g > to the Webt in order to find land at a reasonable pricey 
 in good and healthy locations, and within mcdirato distance of n, gooel mnrket. 
 There are 1 irgo tracts ia Maine of very lair 1 md, with ready access by river rr rail- 
 road to good, though not l;irgc, markets. Thesoilisn>tasrichftsthatatthe West, 
 nnd tho winters are long and cold ; tho elimato is healthy, except a strong tendency 
 to pulmonary consumption, which is tho scourge of most cold climates on the sea- 
 board; but these lands compare very well with tho ne*.v Canadian lands and aro 
 more accessible to markets. Wheat, rye nnd larky can be grown to aelvantnge, 
 but tho Rummers ar not penemll Jng enough frr Indian crrn, though a very largo 
 business is done at Sico, Biddeford, Ac , in canning tho green corn lor consump- 
 tion. Th ilong winters make the t earing rf cattle s.nd ^e- p less profitable than in 
 southern r^cions. Tho other New Knrland Spates have bnt little land which, attha 
 prices at which it would be bold, woulel be attractive to emigrants.
 
 1C3 SEEKING NEW HOMES. 
 
 Tho State of New York has much desirable land for settlers. The eastern two 
 thirds of Long Iblaud has a light, friable soil, easily cultivated, inclined to be sandy, 
 tut yielding very large crops when properly manured, with abundant manures, and 
 railroad lines giving it speedy access to the New York aud Brooklyn markets, the 
 best on the Continent. The whol.) island might und should bo covered with market 
 gardens, and flower gardens. Much of this land is purchasable nt from three to 
 ten dollars an acre, and lor market gardening from 10 to 20 acres is sufficient. Tha 
 climate is mild and healthful, aud the prompt returns for labor sure It is neces- 
 sary that the settler should know something of the business of market gardening ; 
 but this is as easily acquired as any other agricultural business. The Island is, in, 
 i*s greatest length. 104 miles long, and from 7 to 15 miles broad. The difficulties 
 ill regard to this region iu the p.tht have been due to the want of good railroad 
 communication ; but thee have now disappeared, and the railroads will multiply 
 from year to year. Within leu years these lauds will increase in value, certainly 
 five fold and possibly ten foM. There are extensive tract** of laud in eastern New 
 Jersey which might also be easily transformed into rich market gardens, as some of 
 them have already been. But to return to New York. In the northern part of tho 
 State there in n vast tract known as the John Brown Tract, covering the greater 
 part of several large counties, of excellent farming lands, much of it forest, with 
 numerous lakes aud streams valuable laud for grain crops, especially wheat, bar- 
 ley, rye, oats ami buckwheat, and much of it excellent grazing land. It has been 
 proposed to set it apart as a public par*, with a view to the utilization of its lakes 
 and streams for thu supply of tho cauals and the upper waters of the Hudson. 
 There nre railroads and navigable streams on all sides of this vast tract, but ns yet 
 no railroad through it, though this difficulty would be readily overcome if it were 
 fairly opened lor settlement. All the c.reals except Indian corn could be produced 
 abuudiutly. Therj is much wiU game in the tract, deer especially, and feathered 
 game of all sorts, and delicious lish iu great abundance. There are some bears, 
 catamounts, lynxes, badgers, and luany foxes, woodchucks, rabbits, i-quiriels, &c. t 
 &c. The m rkets are Ogdeusburgh, Oswego, Waterlown, Home, Uticn, Li tlj Falls, 
 Schenectidy aud Albany. Laud can be purchased at from CO cents to $ > p -r acre. 
 
 Pennsylvania has, near the centre of the State, a similar tract of desirable though 
 mountainous land. 
 
 But perhaps, in porno respects, the most desirable region for some classes of 
 immigrants and settlers is to be found in West Virginia. The region is hilly and 
 parts of it too mountainous for cultivation, but wherever it can be cultivated 
 the soil is rich and productive. The wholo region abounds in valuable timber 
 black walnut, oak, ash, beech, hickory, chestnut, and other hnrd woods, with a fair 
 proportion of hemlock and pine. These command high prices nt markets readily 
 accessible. I?s mineral wealth of coal, of the best quality, pet' oleum, Fait, lime, 
 baryta. &e., is inexhaustible and the markets (>f Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Piichmond, 
 Norfolk and Baltimore ar<i easily accessible from nearly all points of the State. 
 Three railroads cross tho State, on ! ut its northern border, one at its southern, and 
 one nearlv through the centre. Tho Ohio River also skirts the border of the Rtata 
 on lhonorth-w stand is navigable for largo steamers. The climate is excellent. Land 
 cau bo purchased iu this State iit from $3 to $10 per aero, and tracts not so desira- 
 ble, at lower prices. The Governor of tho State will furnish all tho information 
 needed. 
 
 In the Southern Atlantic States there is a fine climate and much good land offered 
 nt reasonable prices, but, with the exception of Florida, the social, political, edu- 
 cational and financial conditions of these States nre not such as to make emigration 
 to them desir.iblo. The only way in which emigration to Virginia, North Carolina, 
 fiouth Cur.-lina Georgia, Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana, rr Arkansas is practica- 
 tle, is by colo lies; and in most of those States, there would still bo difficulties and 
 disabilities which would make rv residence there unpleasant. These 8tattsj;re ruled 
 1 10 much bf fie pistol, the rifle, and the shot-gun, to make life agreeable there. 
 Florida i.i obtaining a largo population of northern nettlers, nnd though some por- 
 tions of th State ar<> subject to malarious fevers, and its principal towns suffer 
 occasionally from yellow f ver. tho climate in tho interior is delightful, and the 
 c'Utura of the orange, lemon and fiy. and other semi-tropical fruits, is becoming 
 large and profitable. Lands in desirable portions of the State are much in demand 
 and aro bringing hicrrter prices than those we have named from other S'ntes. 
 
 Texas has. since 1S7 . been n favorite resort for those emigrants who desiro a 
 warm clinmto. The interior of the State is very healthy, and for rearing cattle, 
 sheep and horses, its advantages aro superior to those of any other State. Tho
 
 SEEKIXQ XEW UOIIES. 1C? 
 
 lands, especially iii eastern and middle Texas, are very fertile and yield immense 
 crops of Indian corn, t-orghuin, sugar-cane, cotton, rice md tobacco. The best 
 mode of settlement here i.s by colouies, ami the region to be settled should be care- 
 fully explored by a committee < f the colonists in advance. Western Texas is very 
 dry, and along the Mexican and northern borders, Mexican raiders, and Apache and 
 Comauche Indians very often make plundering expeditions, carrying e<ff horsesand 
 cattle, and destroying properly and occasionally murdering the settlers. The 
 finances of the State ure not so well administered as they should be. and the taxes 
 fire 1 irgely in arrears. It i.s easier to obiain a char title to lands here than in most 
 of the States where the title does not come either from the U. S. Government or 
 from the railways to which the government has made grants. Lund can be obtained,, 
 unimproved, tit from $1 to $5 per acre. 
 
 Tennessee (East Tennessee in particular') has n uch desirable lani!. The valleys 
 along tho Appalachian chain, in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, extending into, 
 ii' rtheru Georgia and Alaibanm, have n delightlul e Innate, great mineral wealth, 
 nnd much valuable- timber, and in many places n fertile soil. For capitalists, min- 
 ers, workers in iron, copper or zinc, colliers, and the mechanical trades generally, 
 this region gives belter promise of obtaining u competence than most others. A 
 Dumber of largo colouies from Great Britain liavo already located themselves here, 
 and, even under the financial pressure of 1 he past li voyeurs, mo.ti'f them havedono 
 well. Mieldb Tennessee has also much desirable land for settl rs, anil it is offered 
 at low prices. Tho financial condition of the State in not good, and the party in 
 power Lava shown n proclivity lor repudiation of their past debts, which has given 
 them n bad reputation abroad. East Tennessee is traverse d by several railways and 
 Las lor its markets, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Charleston and Savannah. Middle, 
 and Western Tennessee raise large quantities ol cotton, Indian corn and peanuts, as 
 well as sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, Ac. E:ist Tennessee produces very litlle cot- 
 ton, but more of the food products. Land can be obtained tit low prices, especially 
 if purchased lor colonies in large tracts. 
 
 Arkansas has in its western portion large tracts of very fair land, Lilly but pro- 
 ductive, nnd with great mineral wealth. The mountains are well covered with 
 heavy timber. The climate is salubrious and especially ad i [ .ted for those having 
 any tendency to pulmonary diseases, Rheumatic and gouty diseases are much 
 benefited by the Hot Springs. Yet the social, pe litical ami financial conelition of 
 the State is such that we hesitate to recommenel it as a home for e-inigrants. 
 
 Whi'e Missouri has many tracts of land suited for emigrants, we must, un'il fiho 
 repeals her repudiation laws, regard her as an undesirable Stale fur our own citizens 
 c>r those seeking a homo from fore gn countries to make* their residence. Mechanics 
 find machinists will often find in St. Louis good ami remunerative employment, 
 and miners may find work in her iron, lead i.ud coal mines. 
 
 In Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, there nr no very desirable linds belonging lo Iho 
 United States Government, and certainly none which could bo taken unelerthe 
 Homestead, Pre-emption or Timber Culture l.iws and very little in Wisconsin. 
 The Illinois Ceu ral R.I?., Chicago & North Western. Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific, Burlington & Missouri River, n d s verol others have 1 md grants and will 
 fell ulterimte s ctions to settlers at from $ > to $10 pi v acre. These lauels being on. 
 t.unk nilro .d lines are, in many ea-es, desirable ns investments. 
 
 But in the States of Minnesota, Nebraska. Kansas, nnd Colorado, oast rf tLo 
 Sii rra Ne ada, and the Territories of Dakda, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, 
 New Mexico and Arizona, there are still very c nsiderable qntint.it it s of government 
 linds; though in each of the States nul in the Territories of Wyoming, Utah nnel 
 New Mexico, thero have been 1 irge grants to railroads. 
 
 Of these States nnd Te ri ones somn are more desirable llian others, though all 
 have their advantages nnd el isad vantages. Minnesota has n fertile soil, great enter- 
 prise, and n magnificent future. The climate in winter is cold, but elry and uniform ; 
 in Bumim r it is delightful. Tho western portion of the State, which forms n part 
 of the valley cf the Red River of the North, isth be tland for Spring wheat in tho 
 United States, nnd the lirge;- portion of the Minnesota. vhat, which 1ms n worlel- 
 wide reputation, is raised there. This region i.s attracting g oat, numb* rs of immi- 
 f r<m*s, nnd is t--ft versed bv several railroads the Northern Pacific, anel the railroad 
 now building through the Red River Valley from Pembina southward, are tie most 
 imporiant. Lands every w-ay desirable can ITHV 1 e procured in this r^gioti, by the 
 use ot cash or bounty lind scrip, under the Homestead Act or under tho Timber 
 Cultnr! Act. We R all explain thes 1 processes of obta ning lands further on. 
 Land j can also be obtained by individual settlers from the railroads which gridiron
 
 110 SEEKING A'TF HO3IE8. 
 
 Iho State, at somewhat higher prices, but with tho advantages of a ready access to 
 good markets. Considerable portions of the Stole are well adapted to grazing, but 
 the cattle and sheep must be carefully housed during the lo g winter, aud henco 
 the cost of raising stock for food purposes is greater han in most Souther i S ates 
 jind Te ritories. Butter, < hetse and wool are largely produced, and with ranch 
 profit. The principal ci'ies and towns have had a very rapid but healthy growth, 
 and are goo I plac s for industrious and enterprising mec. auics to find abundant 
 and remunerative employment. 
 
 Dakota Territory, which joins Minnesota and Iowa on the west, is one of our 
 newest territories. An effort likely to be successful is now making to divide it and 
 to organize from it, with perhaps the addition of a small portion of Wyoming and 
 Montana Teiritories, a new territory to bj called Lincoln, which Khali include tho 
 whole of the Black Hills region, where recent gold discoveries have built up a 
 thriving district. This measure would work no ill t Dakota and would greatly 
 f;ic litate the development of the new territory. The greater part of the settl uients 
 of the Territory of Dakota, ns it will be after this new territoiy is organized, are iu 
 (he eastern a d south-eastern port ons; the Northern Pacific Railroa t crosses tho 
 fttato just below the 47th parallel, and Bismarck, its station on the Missouri River, 
 is a town of some imp rtanc \ and other towns a e growing up on the line of that 
 road. The eastern or rather north-easUm counties adjoining Miuneso'a nro in tho 
 fertile valley of tho Red River of the North, and are admirably adapted to wheat 
 culture. South-eastern Dakota has also a very rich soil, and is equally well suited 
 for grazing, and the culture < f cereals or r ot crops. A correspondent of the Milwau- 
 Iceo (Wis.) tentlncl. who had spent H me time in S. E. Dakota in the autumn of 
 1873, says that in ILinsou County, G<"i miles north of Yank o\ (the capital of tho 
 ten-lory \ on the 1st of December, 1878, "tho ground was Ireo from snow, and 
 attle and horses were f eding on the wil 1 prairie grass. No coun ry in the world 
 produces .1 more nutritions griss; oxen need no other food. Ff.r stock and she p 
 raising this region has perhaps no rival in a noi them latitude, and offers special 
 attractions to tho dairyman." A* other correspondent, w itiug about th> samo 
 time, says of this region : "Dako'a is/vir excellence a stock country, as he natural 
 grasses f ro rich, and yield heavy crops of hay. All that is to be done is t > pay for 
 herding in summer, a A to cut hay and cure it for winter use. The cost of herding 
 is about ten shillings prr head for a season of five months. Sheep pay well, tho 
 climate being dry and the lands rolling. The s^il will grow anything to perfection 
 ndiipted to the latitude, as it contains nn almost inexhaustible supp'y of pla .t food. 
 I saw a carrot two and a half feet long, Mid it w s not cosnidered much of a carrot 
 cith r." Mr. W.II. Swartz, for som i years a highly respected citizen of that part 
 of Dakota, writes to the Examiner and Chronicle, New York, iu March, 1879, that 
 ' the chief business of the region is agriculture. Stock raising will return 100 per 
 cent, on investmei t every three or four years, and ca i bo carried on regardless of 
 grasshoppers (tho Rocky Mountain locust, which has in some ye rs destroyed tho 
 frr.iin crops) and t'io influences that sometimes affect the small grains. Water is to 
 
 be found nta deplh of fiom 15 to 25 fee', mostly of a very goo I. quality." 
 
 "The soil is equal to any in the world. Tho climate is milder than iu tko samo 
 latitude east by some degrees. Tho Spring opens fully as caily, ordinarily, as nt 
 Pittsburgh, Penu. The fall season is exceptionally fiue, affording the farmer 
 ftmp o time to secure his crops. There is a railroad to Yanktou, tho cap tal. in tho 
 nouth-ea'-trornerof the Ter itory, aud several others projectc I but not, finished; thero 
 i? also the Norl hern Pacific Raihoa 1 , already mentioned, just below the 47th parallel 
 txnd crossing tho territory from east to wes*-. The Missouri River is navigable 
 through nearly the whole of its extent in the territory, for steame-.s. The eastern 
 counties in the Red River Valley can send their grain to market by Minnesota rail- 
 roads. Still it must be acknowledged that tho want of r.iilro ids increases the es- 
 penso of t ransportation of crops aud t oods. This is a present objection to Dakota, 
 Imt it will soon cease to be so for railroads in the west keep pace with the iucreaso 
 of tho population. Meantime, as this territory is tho most accessible of any of 
 those which contain a large amount of government land, with a healthful climate, 
 abundant streams, and other advantages for emigrants, we may as well describo 
 Lere the processes by which rm emigrant farmer can ol>tain 4-0 acres of govern- 
 ment land of the best quality at. a very moderate cost. Tho samo process will pro- 
 cure these lands iu the other States "and Tenitories where desirable government 
 lands an yet for salo but it is not lo be forgotten that desirable Government lands 
 are fast becoming scarce. 
 
 Tho method of obtaining them is thus described by Mr. W. H. Swartz, a prac-
 
 SJEEKtXO IfEW HOMES. 
 
 tienl business man, thoroughly familiar with Dakota, but now residing at Eyota, 
 Minnesota: 
 
 There being but fe-w railroad land grants in Dakota, tho only way to obtain thesa 
 lands is to enter them under the Homestead laws of the U. S. A. Every citizen of 
 tbo Uui'ed States, or thoso who declare their intention to become fiuch, over twenty- 
 one years of age, whether male or female, except the married wile, possesses threo 
 rights entitling them to 48 J acres of government land: the right of pre-emption, 
 homestead, and im entry under the Timber Culture Act. A pre-emption is a fourth 
 of a section, or 1GO acres of land, obtained by occupancy and improvement, and 
 the payment of $ I %5 per acre, or $200 for 1GO acres. Payment can be made at any 
 time alter C mouths or within 33 months from date of entry, and a deed obtained 
 allowing to dispose of cr hold the purchase at will. A homestead is ft simil.ir tract 
 obtained by the payment of $14 government fees, and the continued occupancy 
 and improvement of the land for five successive years. Persons are not required 
 to remain on it uninterruptedly, but nn abandonment for six months works a for- 
 feiture. Thoso who prefer, and are able, cnn secure a title after six mouths by 
 paying the pre-emption price. A claim under tho Timber Culture Act is secured 
 by paying $11 government fee , and the plan'iug of tree seeds or cuttings to the 
 nmount of ten acres. Three years' time are allowed in which to do this, making 
 the cost merely nominal. Persons entering a claim lor timber culture are not re- 
 quired to occupy it, or even go upon it, if they do not desire to. The improve- 
 ments can be made by employed help. Two years are allowed before any trees 
 need be planted, and the entire expense, if d >ne by employed labor, will not exceed 
 $120 f or tho entry. Every individual may enter ei her pre-emption or homestead 
 and a claim under the Timber Culture Act at the same ti i.e, making 320 acres, and 
 after fulfilling the requirements of the law regulating either of the former two, can 
 exercise his remaining unoccxipied right, giving Lira 48J ncres. Persons wishing 
 to enter these lands must appear in person at a Territorial United States Land- 
 Offiee, or before a Clerk of the Court for the county in which the 1 xnd is located. 
 All persons, however, who have served in tho army or navy of the U.S.A., or their 
 widows or orphans, can enter a homestead through power of attorney for the sum 
 of 2, and hold the Lmd cue year without occupying it. They have also tho 
 privilege of changing their entry to any other selection within six months, and if 
 they fail to ratify their application at the end of the six months and enter upon their 
 claim, no forfeiture is made excepting the privilege of filing again by power of 
 Attorney. 
 
 Mel riisktx is one of the newer States of the Union, admitted H 18G7. Ite area IM 
 nearly ?(J,000 square miles, a little less than that of England and Scotland together. 
 Ite population, which was 122,993 in 1870, was not less than 450,tOO in 1879. Tho 
 increase by immigration alone, in the year ending June 30, 178, was not hiss than 
 1(K),OUO. There were sold to immigrants in that year 614,774 acres of preempted, 
 homestead and timber culture lands by the government, and 303,9'Jl acres of rail- 
 road laudd, making nearly 920,000 acres beside all sales of private larms and all 
 tho uncompleted sales of government lands. The unsold government lands 
 amounted ut that timo to about twenty-eight million acres, but only a portion of 
 thi se we<:e desirable. 
 
 The climate is excellent, though tho heat of summer is sometimes intense 
 for a few days, ami tho winds in winter sweep over the prairies with great force. 
 Westeru Nebraska, beyond tb.3 lUOih Meridian W. from Greenwich, is subject to 
 drought, the rainfall being comparatively small; but the influence of settlement 
 and cultivation, and f specially of tree-planting, has been, remarkable in increasing 
 the amount of ram fall. The crop of cereals in 1877 in the State was about 50,- 
 000,000 bushels ; in 1678 over 80,000,000 bushds. Much of the country i.s a Imir- 
 nbly adapted to { razing purposes and with, at the utmost, a few weeks shelter, 
 cattle can obtain their own living froiu the prairie grass. Many of the settlements 
 are by colonies, aud these have generally done wt 11. Ol the more recent immigrants, 
 the greater portion are from the Eastern and Atlantic States. The Missouri River 
 forms tho entire eastern boundary of the State, and is navigable and navigated by 
 largo Kteamtrs for the whole distance; the Platte River and the Niobrara, which 
 . traverse the breadth of the Sfate from cast to vest, are not navigable throughout 
 the yi ar or for any considerable distance. The Platte i . n broad butshallow stream, 
 aud receives many affluents from its north bank, but very few from Ibe south bank. 
 The numerous branches of the Kansas River, which water the southern nnd south- 
 . eastern part of the State, largely supply this deficiency. The Union Pacific U.K., 
 which follows the Valley of tho Plalte, Loclge Polo Creek, and the South Fork of
 
 112 SEEKIXO NEW HOMES. 
 
 the Platte, crosses Mio State near the middle from cast to west; and tho Turlington 
 and Missouri River, the Alcbison and Nebraska, St. Joseph and Denver City. Aiiel- 
 l.ind Pacitic, and other railroads n fiord ready access to southern and south-east* in 
 Nebraska. Portions of the State have suffered from the grasshopper > r Ire ust 
 plaguy I ut it is believed that tho measures proposed for tLeir repression will bo 
 found cff.-cti/c. The Colorado beetle or potato bug, which threatened at 0110 t.mo 
 tho destruction of that valuable tuber, is now regarded with indifference. Its 
 pievalence m such vast n mbcrs, and perha s that e>f the Rocky Mountain locust 
 also, was duo to tho wanton destruction of tho prairie hvns and other descriptions 
 of grouse, which had been carried on for several years. North-western Nebraska 
 olfjr.i 1 ;ss inducements lor settlers than tuo rest of tho State. It is dry and sandy, 
 and the soil i.s covered in summer with alkaline deposits. Water is scanty, and 
 many of tho small Likes or ponds aro saline or ulkaliue. 
 
 * Kim as, tho state next south of Nebraska, is an older state than Nebraska, but 
 admitted into the Union so lately as 1859. It lies between the par.illels of 37 U and 
 40 N.I it., and thornfridiausof O^'und 102 W. lougitudo from Greeuwieh, and is tho 
 Central 3tato of ttuUaitjd S*ates. aa t i.i KOIUO sens , the heart of the North Ameri- 
 ! can Continent. Its area is 81,1)18 rqnaro miles, about the smne as that of Eugl .ml 
 find Scotland. Its population in 18(50, was 1()9,000, in 1870, 304,399, nnd is now 
 probably not loss than 730,000. In Iho year ending June 30, 1878, 1,711,572 acres 
 of Roverument lauds were sold, and probably ovtr n million acres of railro id lands. 
 
 The climate- of Kansas is healthful ami ]>ieasiiut, occasionally tho heat is intense 
 in summer, and Ihu average rainfall, especially in Western Kansas, though iucreas- 
 jiag, is yet somewhat less than is desirable. Much of the soil is very fertile, nnd that 
 portion of tho state lying west of tho JOOlh meridian, though alkaline, in tolerably 
 ;vrell \vati r3o", and the profuse planting of trees there has so n. m-h increased the rain- 
 fall, that these 1 mds bid lair to yield e::ce Ih ut wheat and barley crops. 
 | Tho State is nptdly s-ettling, and i:i rroductivencfsr'nks with the elder stairs. 
 |!Ls crops of Indian Corn rank third < r fourth in the Union, r.r.d the Wheat crop* 
 seventh or eighth. Ils so 1 is well adapted lo the growth of cereals nnd root crops, 
 while it has excellent faciliti- s for Mock-raising. Though ft r KO new n state it in 
 traversed by an unusual number of railroads, and all portions c xcept the north-west 
 j aro readily accessible by means of the gnat lines nud their brunches and feeders, 
 'yet southern aud south- western Kansas seem to be at present the regions most 
 sought by settlers. Like its neighbors in the north and west, Kansas has had its 
 ,visitationse>f drought, of grasshoppers or Rocky Mountain locusts, nnd of Colorado 
 , beetles, bat has survived them nil, and by the abundance cf its crops for time or 
 jfour years past, has recovered from its losses. It is hardly probable that it will bo 
 desolated by either of theso scourges again very soon. The educational advantages 
 jof both Nebraska and Kansas nro excellent, nnd the two state nro in a good nran- 
 icial condition. Tho principal to^ns in Kansas are thriving nnd proving rapidly, 
 and offer good opportunities e>i employment to inelustri<<usaud intelligent mechanics. 
 \ COLORADO is the latest accession to the sisterhood of state*, baviug been received 
 in the Centennial year. 1876. It lies between the pmnlMs ( f 37 nnd 41 N. Lat., 
 and tho meridians of 102 and 1U9 west longitude Irom Gr<eiiich. Its nrf a is 
 1 104,500 square miles, n little less than that of the United Kingdom of Gnat Britain 
 r.nd Inland, nnd its population, which in 1S70 was 38.864, now probably exceeds 
 200,000. Unlike the states and territories previously described, it is a mountain 
 state; tho Rocky Mountains in two nearly parallel ranges, pass through it from 
 north to south nearly centrally, and Lave within tho bounds < f the state, f ome of 
 their loftit st peaks. Tho table-lauds nnd foot-hills 1 y which the Rocky Mountains 
 ore approached from the east, nre themselves el-vntrcl, and most of Iho nraMe and 
 pastoral lands of the state nre from 4.0( lo 7,000 feet nbovo tho level of the Fea. 
 , The mountain j.oaks rise lo an rltitnde of from 12.000 to ] 5,000 f( et. On the west- 
 ern portion of the state beyond the Rocky Mountains, the surface is excet dingly 
 rough, though with some beautiful valleys. 'The Grand, Green and San Juan Rivrs 
 nnd their affluents, which are the ROtuefC of Iho Colorado rf the "\\Vsf. plough 
 through these broken hinds in canons varying in depth f r< m 2.CCO to 4. COO feet. 
 This is one of the new mining regions, nnd gold and silver arc found in paying 
 quantities by those who urn willing to undergo Ihe hardships f the way anel *,ho 
 Still greater hardships which attach to tho miner's life in sue h a region. 
 
 Another peculiar feature e>f Colorado is i's vast natural paiks. 'J In ro nre FPVfral 
 of these, the largest beirg tlio North, tho Middle, the South and tho San Luis Pnrks 
 They ar> extensive fertile valleys, s-urronnned V>y the lofty mountain vnlls of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and are undoubtedly tho btda of ancient lakes of vast extent,
 
 &EEE1XQ XTV HOMES. 113 
 
 which, in some of the upheavals of the geologic periods, have been drained, and 
 formed these beautiful valleys. These parks are six or seven thousand feet above 
 the sea. Their whole surface is covered with a rich and abundant herbage, and in, 
 the season, with the gayest flowers. 
 
 Colorado has much good soil, but for the most part is better adapted to grazing 
 than to tho culture of the cereals aud root crops. Its grasses are eagerly sought by 
 cattle and sheep, and both thrive and fatten on them. At the close of the last 
 year this new state had over half a million of cattle and 750,000 sheep in its pas- 
 tares. Notwithstanding the elevation, both cattle and sheep seldom require to bo 
 sheltered and fed during the wiuter. Most of the arable lands require irrigation, 
 for which, in m:my sections, provision has been made, and if properly irrigated, 
 the lands yield almost incredible crops. In the. table lands of Weld County, in tho 
 N. N. E. part of the state, irrigated fields are reported by the very highest authority, 
 to have yielded in successive years, over 300 bushels of Indian corn to the acre, a 
 yield never equalled elsewhere. To the enterprising farmer with a small capital, 
 perhaps no portion of the west offers a better opportunity of profitable investment 
 and labor. The grains, vegetables and root crops, which by irrigation yield to 
 abundantly, aroiu immediate demand at proiitable prices, by the mining and other 
 population. Those farmers who are engaged in stock raising, are large purchasers 
 of vegetables and grain, and as from the salubrity, dryness and elevation of tha 
 country, Colorado has become a favorite resort for invalids, tho towns form excel- 
 lent markets for produce. Eastern Colorado is well provided with railroads. 
 The Denver Pacific, the Atchison.Topeka and Santa Fe, tho Colorado Central, and 
 several minor roads, some of them of narrow gauge, traverse these table lands, 
 while tho Union Pacific skirts its northern border. As yet the principal range of 
 the Rocky Mountains in the State has not been crossed, and Western Colorado has 
 no railroads in operation, but at tho present rate of progress this will not long be 
 the case. The recent discoveries of gold and silver in enormous quantities at Lead- 
 ville, Silver Cliff, Rosita, and further West, near Ouray, are producing a stampedo 
 In that direction, and will compel the quick completion of railroads now in progress. 
 
 WYOMING TERBITORY lies brtween 41 aud 45 of north latitude, and between 
 the meridians of 104 and 111 of west longitude from Greenwich. The Rocky 
 Mountains cross it diagonally from north-west to south-east, covering a breadth of 
 more than 200 miles, though between the ranges there are some fine, arable valleys, 
 especially those of Big Horn River nnd its affluents, and tho north fork of the 
 1'latto River. Between the 42d aud 43d parallels the Sweet Water Mountain range 
 crosses the Territory from we>t to east, terminating at the east in La ramie Park. 
 Tho two parallel diagonal ranges, aro tho Wind River Mountains on the west, and 
 the Big Horn on the east. A Kinnll portion of the Black Hills region, now noted 
 for its gold mines, is in tho north-east of this Territory, and the Yellowstone Na- 
 tional Park, covering 3575 square miles, containing the most wonderful natural 
 curiosities in the world, is in the north-west corner. Wyoming has an area of 97.- 
 883 square miles, or 62,6-15,120 square acres, considerably moie than England, 
 Wales and Scotland, but only one-eighth of tho whole hud been surveyed, to July, 
 187d. The mineral wealth of Wyoming is perhaps less abundant than that of some 
 of the other States and Territories, though gold in paying quantities is produced at 
 sever.)! points. The whole amount of deposits of gold and silver at the mint or its 
 branches, from Wyoming Territory since its first settlement, is only $Gtf4,OCO. Cop- 
 per is found at several points, but awaits development. There are, also, iron, lead 
 and g\psum iu large quantities. But the most profitable mineral product of the 
 country is coal. It is supposed to be lignite, being found in tertiary deposits, but 
 it is of very good quality, and is used not only on the Union and Central Pacific 
 Roads, which travers the southern part of tho Territory, but in the towns and vil- 
 lages along those lines. 
 
 Wyoming is better adapted (o tho raising of cattle than to the culture of grain 
 and root crops. In many quarters there is a good hay crop, but for cereals or 
 toots, irrigation is required, and in valleys, with this aid, large crops nro raised. 
 
 The presence of a large population of consumers of food will insure a prompt 
 and ready market at hiph prices for vegetables and cereals, and will justify consid- 
 erable outlay for irrigation. 
 
 The rush of travel toward Yellowstone National Park, will mnke the stations ou 
 the route thither excellent markets for all kinds of produce. Tho Indians in the 
 Territory are generally peaceful and friendly. 
 
 MONTANA TEBKITOET lies north and north-west of Wyoming, extending to the 
 boundary of the Dominion of Canada on the north, joining Dakota ou the 55th
 
 Ill SEEKING WW HOMES. 
 
 meridian, and extending to the Bitter Root and Wind River Mountains, the western- 
 most range of the Rocky Mountains on the west. It lies between the 45th and 49th 
 parallels of north latitude, the west portion dipping down to the 44th parallel, and 
 between the 104th and the 116th meridians west from Greenwich. Its area ia 
 143,776 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres, or one seventh larger than the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a mountainous country, though it has 
 many beautiful and some fertile valleys, and some extensive plains. The various > 
 ranges of the Rocky Mountains traverse the whole western portion, covering a width 
 of from 150 to 180 miles. The Bitter Root range divides it from Idaho Territory. 
 There are also lower ranges dividing the Yellowstone from the Missouri, as well as 
 north of the Missouri, and south of the Yellowstone; they run from west to east. 
 
 The Territory is well watered. The sources of the largest rivers of the continent^ 
 the Missouri with its great tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Madison, Jefferson 
 and Gallatiu, and the head waters of the Snake and Clark's Fork, the two great 
 tributaries of the Columbia River, are in this Territory. The climate is mild and 
 temperate except on the high elevations. The rainfall is from 12 to 16 inches 
 annually, and is increasing, but the facilities for irrigation are generally good. 
 
 The Territory is rich in mineral wealth, 120 millions of dollars of gold and 
 silver, mostly gold, having been produced in its mines since 1861. The yield in 
 1878 exceeded $5,000, 000. There are also valuable copper ores, coal beds, (lignite) 
 and petroleum springs in this Territory. 
 
 About one-ninth of the whole land in Montana has been surveyed ; while there 
 is much of the Territory which is unsurveyable, and worthless for agricultural and 
 pastoral purposes , there is also a much larger amount of valuable land than has 
 hitherto been supposed. The sage-brush lands, covered with alkali, and formerly 
 supposed to be worthless, prove, under the increased rainfall, and especially with 
 moderate irrigation, the most fertile lands for cereals in the world. The wheat and 
 oats produced on these lands, surpass all others in the market in weight and qual- 
 ity. But this Territory is especially adapted for stock raising , and has already 
 very large herds and flocks. The returns in 1878 show 300,000 cattle and 100,000 
 sheep, about 40,000 horses and mules. There are no railroads as yet, in the Terri- 
 tory, but it is very accessible by the Missouri and Yellowstone, and has good wagon 
 roads. The Indians are not likely to be very troublesome. 
 
 IDAHO TERTUTOBY lies between the parallels of 42 and 49 north latitude and 
 meridians of 111 and 1 17 west longitude from Greenwich. It is of irregular form, 
 narrow at the north and broad at the south.its eastern boundary being the Bitter 
 Root and Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains, the westernmost range of 
 these mountains. 
 
 It is for the most part in the Valley of the Snake or Lewis River, the main tribu- 
 tary of the Columbia River, and part of the great basin lying between the Rocky 
 and the Sierra Nevada or Cascade Mountains, but is crossed by several considerable 
 ranges, those on the south-east and south forming the borders of the Great Salt 
 Lake Basin, the Coeur d' Alene Mountains in the north being outlying spurs of the 
 Bitter Root Mountains, and the vast irregular mass of the Salmon River Mount- 
 ains near the centre, dividing the upper Snake River Valley from the Salmon River, 
 or lower Snake River Valley. The area is 86, 294 square miles, about as large as 
 New York and Ohio. The Territory is mainly drained by the Snake River and its 
 affluents, the Owyhee, Salmon and Spokane Rivers, through the Clark's Fork of the 
 Columbia, and some of its affluents cross it in the north, and the Bear River, a 
 tributary of the Great Salt Lake, enters the Territory on the south. The climate 
 of Idaho is temperate and mild except at the highest elevations. Much of the land 
 requires irrigation, but under a moderate amount of irrigation it yields very large 
 crops of cereals and vegetables. The mountain slopes are covered with heavy 
 timber. There are considerable tracts of good pastoral lands. Only about one- 
 twelfth of the area of the Territory has as yet been surveyed. Much of what are 
 known as sage-brush lands might be profitably settled, by companies or colonies 
 who would provide for irrigation on a large scale, by which the most bounteous 
 crops could be secured. 
 
 The mineral wealth of the Territory is very great, over 23 millions of bullion, 
 mostly gold, having been deposited in the mint and branches, j revious to July 1, 
 1878. The yield in 1878 was at least $1,500,000, and might be almost indefinitely 
 increased. There is one railroad in the southern part of the Territorj 7 , the Utah, 
 extending from the Union Pacific at Ogden, to Old Fort Hall on the Snake River. 
 The settlement by colonies is the best method in this Territory. 
 
 UTAH, "the land of the Mormons,'' lies between the parallels of 37 and 42 north
 
 SEEKINt NEW HOMES ' 115 
 
 V" 
 
 *w- 
 
 iairhide, and between 109 and 114 west longitude from Greenwich. It is for the 
 most part in a deep basin surrounded by high mountains, the Wahsatch range form- 
 ing the eastern rim of the basin. East of this range the country belongs to the 
 Rocky Mountain system. It is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, tho 
 <3rand, Green and San Juan Itivers, all of which flow through deep canons, from 
 JJ,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface of the elevated plain. 
 
 West of the Wahsatch Mountains there are a succession of valleys, forming to- 
 gether a part of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the lakes and rivers have no outlet. 
 The Great Salt Lake is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and has an area of 1,900 square 
 miles. 
 
 In the north-west and west the plains are alkaline, treeless and covered with sage- 
 bush, but by irrigation, even these produce 4U to 50 bushels of wheat, 70 to 80 
 bushels of oats and barley, and from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes, to the acre. 
 The Mountains are generally covered with timber, which belongs to the California 
 forest growth, though not attaining its great height. There is about 4,000 square 
 miles of timb?r of the 84,000 square miles in the Territory. The lower portion of 
 the valley around Utah Lake, and the Jordan and Sevier, is fertile and requires less 
 irrigation. The Mormon system of irrigation is very effective. 
 
 The climate, though dry and cool from the general elevation of the surface, is 
 very healthy. The rainfall is somewhat more than 15 inches annually, except in the 
 north-west. Eastern Utah has a climate and soil much like Colorado; the soil yields 
 large crops when irrigated. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are Mormons, 
 a peculiar people acknowledging Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and their succes- 
 sors, as their supreme religous leaders and prophets, holding many strange and 
 crude views, practicing polygamy, and defying the authority of the United States 
 in regard to it. The remainder of the people are not Mormons, and are engaged in 
 mining, agriculture and other business pursuits. 
 
 Utah is very rich in minerals. Mining for the precious metals has been discour- 
 aged by the Mormons, but the yield of silver is now more than $5,000,000 a year, 
 and considerable quantities of gold are also produced. It is richer in the best 
 iron ores than any other portion of the United States. It has also copper, lead 
 and sulphur, in abundance, and has immense beds of both lignite and bituminous 
 coals of excellent quality. The Union Pacific Iluilroad passes across the northern 
 portion, arid the Utah Railroad, 54 miles in length, extends from Ogden southward. 
 There are 350 irrigating canals. 
 
 NEW MEXICO, a Territory largely inhabited by Spanish Americans and the Mex- 
 ican or Pueblo (village) Indians/ lies between the parallels of 31 20' r.nd 37 
 north laiitude, and between the meridians of 103 2' and 1G9 2' west longitude 
 from Greenwich. Its area is 121,201 square miles, almost precisely that of tho 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It forms a part of tho elevated 
 table land which forms the foundation of the Rocky Mountains, ns well as of tho 
 Sierra Nevada. At Santa Fe it is 6,082 feet above the sea, in the Upper Rio Grando 
 Valiey, 5. OCO to 6,000 feet, at Albuquerque, 4,800 feet, on the Llano Estacado, or 
 Staked Plain, and at El Paso, 3,000 to 3,[>00 feet. From this elevated plain rise hun- 
 dreds of peaks from 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the plain. The Staked Plain, in the 
 south-east, is a broad, almost level, treeless and waterless plain, sterile, but where 
 it can be irrigated, capable of yielding immense crops, and producing abundantly 
 the me^quite, a small but very valuable and deep rooted si. rub of the Acncia family. 
 West of the llio Grande, wherever irrigation is possible, the soil yields abundantly, 
 grain and vegetables, while the gramma gr<iss on the hill slopes furnishes a delicious 
 and fattening food for cattle. The raising of cattle is likely to become the favorite 
 agricultural pursuit in the Territory, and many portions are admirably adapted for 
 fruit raising. The climate is unrivalled for health. The rainfall in Santa Fe is 
 about 13 inches annually; at Mesilla, in the south part of the Territory, on the west 
 bank of the Rio Grand, it is not quite six inches. There are two railroads entering 
 the Territory. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe comes from the east, and ia 
 now completed to Santa Fe. The Denver and Rio Grande conies from the north, and 
 has also reached Santa Fe. The population is about 130,000 ; 100,000 whites and 
 nearly 90,000 of them Mexicans, the remainder mostly from the Eastern States 
 there are 25 to 30,000 Indians of various races, including about 8,000 Pueblo or 
 Village Indians, of the ancient Mexican races. Education is in a very low con- 
 dition; more than three-fifths of the population cannot read or write. The public 
 Schools and most of the private Schools are under control of the Jesuits, or other 
 Catholic orders, and the instruction is more religious than literary. Colonies will do 
 well in this Territory.
 
 113 SEEKING NEW HOMES. 
 
 AMZON.V TEKEITOEY is sandwiched between California and Nevada on tho west,, 
 and New Mexico on tho cast, having Utah on tho north, and Mexico on th* 
 south. 
 
 It is between 31 37' and 37 north latitude, and between the meridians of 109 D 
 and lid 3 25' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 113,910 square miles, or 
 a little more than the united area of Michigan and Illinois. Tho north and west 
 of the Territory arc drained by the Colorado River and its principal tributaries, tho 
 San Juan and little Colorado, with the r affluents. Theso rivers plough through 
 the mesas or talle-lauds, in canons from 3,000 to 5,000 feet deep, and the lands 
 through which they pass are dry, parched and sterile, except where they can be ir- 
 rigated. A few artesian wells furnish a scanty supply of water, and among the- 
 ruins of tho Aztec towns are largo reservoirs for holding the rain water, which 
 rarely falls. The southern part of the Territory is watered by the' Gila and its 
 numerous tributaries, and is more easily cultivated, as there is a large rainfall, 
 and the banks of the Gila and lower Colorado arc overflown in summer. The heat 
 in summer in south and south-west Arizona is terrible, 120 and 126 in the shade,, 
 and 160 or more in the sun, is not an uncommon temperature in summer, but the/ 
 winters are mild and delightful. On the table lands the temperature is pleasant 
 during tho year. Irrigation is necessary to agricultural production everywhere in. 
 the Territory, but it contains excellent grazing lands, and a sufficient amount of 
 arable land to insure a sufficient supply of vegetables and cereals for the population. 
 There is considerable timber on tho Mountain slopes, and the various species of 
 cactus attain great size there. 
 
 Tho mineral wealth of Arizona is enormous, gold, silver, quick-silver, phtina, 
 tin, nickel, very puro copper ores, lead, the best ores of iron, bituminous coals of 
 excellent quality, salt, "sulphur, gypsum and many of the precious stones, abound 
 there. $:00,000 of gold and $:3,000,OCO of silver were sent from this Territory ia 
 1878, and that amount is constantly increasing with tho increasing population. The- 
 Indians are 110 lougcr troublesome. For miners, engineers, or herdsmen, tho Ter- 
 ritory is very attractive, and intelligent farmers can do well there. 
 
 NEVADA was admitted as a State when its population was notoriously too small, 
 and though tho number of inhabitants is increasing, it is still below the quota for a 
 member of Congress, though it is represented by one member in the lower house 
 f Congress. It lies between the 35th and 42d parallels of north latitude, and 
 between tho 114th and 120th meridians of west longitude from Greenwich. Its 
 area is 112,090 square miles, about the same as Arizona. Its mineral wealth sur- 
 passes that of any of the western States or Territories. In 1877 tho yield of silver 
 from the mines was $11,594,G1G; in 1878 $47,C7G,8G3. Tho silver mines aro scaU 
 terecl over the whole State. 
 
 Its production of pold, mostly parted from the silver, is nearly 20 millions of 
 dollars, and both gold and silver arc increasing. It has also quick-silver, lead, 
 copper, iron, antimony, sulphur, arsenic, graphite, borax, carbonate of soda, in 
 immense quantities, rock salt, lignite or brown coal of good quality, &c., &c. 
 
 The climate varies with tho latitude and elevation. The cold of winter is intense* 
 in the mountains nnd lofty valleys, tho mercury falling to 10 1G, and much 
 lower in tho mountains, and tho heat in the summer, is equally intense, rising to 
 105 iu Juno, but tbo nights in summer are cool ; July and August are not so hot. 
 In south-east Nevada, there is much less cold, and cotton and the sugar cano arc* 
 both cultivated there. 
 
 Tho climate is generally healthy. Tho rainfall is larger than in the States and 
 Territories lying east of it, but much of tho land needs irrigating to be successfully 
 cultivated. Much of tho mountain slopes is well adapted to grazing, and tho 
 State has already a largo amount of livo stock, for its population. The sage-bru.sk 
 lands where irrigated, yield very large crops of the alfalfa clover, the cereals and 
 Tegetablts. Provision was made in 1878 for irrigating more than 1CO.OCO acres of 
 these sage-brush lands. 
 
 Tlio State has many Inkep, mostly without outlet, the water in some is pure, in 
 others brackish or alkaline, in a few s ilt. Pyramid Lake with its nsUurol pyramid 
 in the centre, the three Mud Lakes, Holloway. Jlumboldt, Carson, Walter's, Preuss, 
 Franklin, Pabranagat, and on the border lino of California, the beautiful Lake Tahoe, 
 1,500 feet deep, nnd 6. 000 feet abovo the sea. Southern Novada is a barren and 
 desolate region, but has valuable mices. The Central Pacific Railroad crospes the- 
 State in a west-south-west direction, between the parallels of 41 20' and 39 30', 
 and there nra several local rai Loads. Nevada is a good State for miners, smelters, 
 engineers, intelligent farmers, grazers, and enterprising mechanics.
 
 SEEKING NEW HOMES. 117 
 
 CALIFORNIA lias been so often described, that \vo can only speak of it now in re- 
 ference to its adaptation to receive emigrants. It has a vast territory, extending 
 from 32 28' to 42 s north latitude, and lying between tho meridians of 114 30' 
 and 124 45' west longitude from Greenwich. Kecent surveys have reduced some- 
 what its supposed area, which was formerly stated at 188,980 square miles, but is 
 now said, by the United States land office, to be 157,801 square miles, a territory 
 about as lar^e as that of the Kingdom of Sweden. 
 
 The climate varies through all the gradations of the temperate and semi-tropical 
 regions The average mean temperature of the year ranges from Gl 5' at Hum- 
 boldt Bay, and 56 0' at San Francisco, to 73 5' at Fort Yuma. The summer 
 mean temperature has a range of 33 degrees between Humboldt Bay and Fort Yuma, 
 while the winter mean varies but 14. The annual rainfall is equally varied, at 
 Humboldt Bay, from 57 to G4 inches; in Klamath Co., from 81 to 110 inches, in 
 Nevada Co., at latitude 39 20', G4 inches to 81 inches; in San Francisco, 20.79 
 inches; in Sacramento, 18.23; in San Diego, 10.43; in Fort Yuma, 3.24 inches. 
 It is a land of lakes, rivers and mountains, with some of the most beautiful and 
 fertile lands in the world, and some of the most desolate and forbidding. Its golden 
 grain is famous the world over, and its vineyards and olive garden?, luscious fruits 
 and abundant crops of every thing which will grow anywhere, are well known. 
 About 50 millions of acres of its lands are arable, but they arc mostly taken up in 
 large ranches or plantations, though these are now being divided, in many instances, 
 into small farms. For the most part, arable lands are too dear for the farmer of 
 small means. Many of these large ranches are on unsurveyed lands, and must 
 eventually come into market, when there will be a good opportunity for purchasing 
 farms. 
 
 There are nearly 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, and though stock-raising is 
 generally carried out upon a large scale, it is possible for an intelligent stock grower 
 to do well in the business. South-east California is a wild volcanic region, with ita 
 dry lakes covered with Bait or bitumen, its vast sinks, many of them below the sur- 
 face of the ocean, and its Death Valley, most appropriately named. It is now pro- 
 posed, by a short ship canal, to turn tho waters of the Pacific into this valley and 
 render it habilable, where it is not submerged. 
 
 The mineral wealth of California is very great. Its production of gold and silver 
 since 1849 has been nearly 700 million dollars, and it is still producing over 20 mil- 
 lions a year, mostly in gold, quick-silver to tho amount of about 2,000,000 annually; 
 copper, tin, coal, &c., &c., are also produced. Most parts of tho State are easily 
 reached by railroads and steamers. 
 
 California is a good State for artisans, gardeners, vine growers and dressers, and 
 farmers who are content to be employed at first by others; miners, metal workers, 
 machinists, and operators in woollen mills, &c., &c., but less so for those who wish 
 to purchase farms. 
 
 OREGON, one of the two States lying on the Pacific. It is between the parallels of 
 42 and 46 18' north latitude, and the meridians of 116 33' and 124 25' west 
 longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 95,274 rniks. About live-sevenths of ita 
 northern boundary is formed by the Columbia, or what is sometimes called the 
 Oregon River, the largest river flowing into tho Pacific Ocean, and at least three- 
 fifths of its eastern boundary is washed by tho Snako or Lewis River, tho largest 
 tributary of the Columbia. 
 
 Most of the State is well watered, mainly from tho affluents of the Columbia 
 nnd Snake, though the Klamath, a California river, rises in tho State, and tho 
 Uinpqua, Rogue and other small streams fall into tho Pacific. It is divided by tho 
 Cascade nnd Bluo ranges of Mountains into three sections, known as Western, Mid- 
 dle, and Eastern Oregon. Western Oregon, that part lying west of tho Cascades, a 
 strip about 110 miks wide, though broken and hilly from the presence of tbo cpast 
 range, which is from 3,000 to 4,000 feet in height, is generally fertile, and the Moun- 
 tains arc clothed with heavy timber to their summits. The Willamette Valley, lying 
 between the Coast and Cascade ranges, and containing about 5,000,000 acres, is 
 exceedingly fertile and beautiful. The rainfall in Western Oregon ranges from 44 
 to GO inches, the highest amount being reached at the mouth of tho Columbia in 
 the north, and near the Klamath Lakes in the south. The temperature is mild 
 nnd delightful. The mean for the year being 52 13', and the range very moderate. 
 Middle Oregon is dryer, not so well watered nor so fertile. The rainfall is about 
 20 inches. The climate is agreeable, except in the south, where the high mountains 
 make it sometimes excessively cold. Eastern Oregon is dry, but has many well 
 xratered and fertile valleys. The winters are cold, with deep snow. Western Oregon
 
 118 SEEKING NW HOMES. 
 
 is traversed for almost its entire length from south to north by the California branch: 
 of the Northern Pacific. The rivers abound with valuable fish. The salmon fish- 
 eries send out about $10,000,000 worth annually, mostly in cans, and canued beef 
 is also largely exported. The agricultural crops are good, and command a fair price ; 
 wheat, oats and potatoes yield largely. The timber trade is very large, the finest 
 trees of Oregon being very large, and the wood durable. Fruit is also largely culti- 
 vated. It is an excellent country for raising live stock, especially cattle and sheep. 
 The wool product of the State is considerable, and mostly consumed in Oregon wool- 
 len factories. 
 
 i The mineral wealth of the State is very great, but not so fully developed as it 
 should be. Nearly $'<J,OuO,000 of gold and silver, principally the iormer, ate mined 
 annually; other metals abound. Most of the mints are in eastern and middlo 
 Oregon. Miners, lumbermen, fishermen, herdsmen, and industrious, intelligent 
 farmers, will find Oregon the best place for them. There is much Government land 
 yet in market. 
 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY is, except Alaska, the extreme north-western Territory 
 of the United States, and Alaska is not as yet, in a condition to invite immigration. 
 
 The Territory may be said in general terms, to lie between the parallels of 45 
 30' and 49 north latitude, and between 117 and 125 3 west longitude from Green-, 
 wich. The Columbia River, which drains about two-thirds of the Territory forms its 
 southern boundary, for three- fourths of its width from east to west, and its western 
 shores are washed by the Pacific, and the waters of Iho Strait of Juan de Fuca and the 
 Gulf of Georgia. The area of the Territory is 69,994 square miles. Western Wash- 
 ington like western Oregon, has much broken land, but tue valleys, especially around 
 boih sides of Puget Sound, aro very fertile, and the slopes of the mountains are 
 heavily timbered, and valuable. There are 200 miles of railroad in operation in the 
 Territory , and the Columbia lliver, Snake River and Clark's Fork are navigable , ex- 
 cept at four points, throughout their entire course in this Territory. 
 
 The climate of Western Washington is much like that of England, mild and 
 moist, the extreme heat of summer seldom exceeding 80 degrees F., and the nights 
 cool and agreeable. The winters aro so mild that it is seldom necessary to house 
 the live stock. Mean annual temperature 52, annual range only about 40 degrees. 
 Rainfall 100 to 130 inches on the coast, 36 inches at Cascade Mountains; in East- 
 tern Washington, from 12 to 24 inches. The summers in Central and Eastern Wash- 
 ington are dry and hot, winters much like those of Pennsylvania, cold, but not 
 severe. Only about one-third of the public lauds aro }*et surveyed, There is somo 
 gold in the Territory, but more coal, iron, and other minerals. 
 
 The coal in the Puyallup Valley is anthracite, of excellent quality, and a railroad 
 now runs to the mines. There are other beds of both anthracite and bituminous 
 coal, along the Cascade Mountains. The soil is, much of it, very fertile, and tho 
 finest trees are but little inferior to the giant sequoias of California. 
 
 The Territory is well adapted to the culture of the cereals, which can be brought 
 to a good market, by the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which have now 500 miles of 
 uninterrupted navigation. It is also a good region for wool growing and stock 
 raising. The salmon and other fisheries in Puget ound, and in the Columbia, are> 
 very profitable. A grand future awaits the citizens of Oregon and Washington.
 
 HOUESiXAD FOR SOLDIERS 113 
 
 HOMESTEAD FOR SOLDIERS. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 
 GENERAL LAND OFFICE, Aug. 8, 1870. } 
 
 GENTLEMEN : The following is the twenty -fifth section of the act 
 of Congress, approved July 15, 1870, entitled " An act making appropri- 
 ations for the support of the army for the year ending June 30, 1871, ancj 
 for other purposes," viz. : 
 
 SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That every private soldier and 
 officer who has served in the army of the United States during the rebel- 
 lion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, and every 
 seaman, marine, and officer or other person who has served in the navy 
 of the United States, or in the marine corps or revenue marine during 
 the rebellion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, 
 shall, on payment of the fee or commission to any Register or Receiver of 
 any Land Office required by law, be entitled to enter one quarter section 
 of land; not mineral, of the alternate reserved sections of public/ lands 
 along the lines of any railroads or other public works in the United States, 
 wherever public lands have been or may be granted by acts of Congress, 
 and to receive a patent therefor under and by virtue of the provisions of 
 the act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain, and 
 the acts amendatory thereof, and on the terms and conditions therein pre- 
 scribed ; and all the provisions of said acts, excetp as herein modified, 
 shall extend and be applicable to entries under this act, and the Commis- 
 sioner of the General Land Office is hereby authorized to prescribe the 
 necessary rules and regulations to carry this section into effect, and deter- 
 mine all facts necessary thereto. 
 
 By these provisions the Homestead Law of 20th May, 1862, and the 
 acts amendatory thereof, are so modified as to allow entries to be made by 
 the parties mentioned therein, of the maximum quantity of one quarter- 
 section, or 160 acres of land, held at the double minimum price of $2.50 
 per acre, instead of one-half quarter-section, or eighty acres as heretofore, 
 
 In case of a party desiring to avail himself thereof, you will require 
 him to file the usual homestead application for the tract desired, if legally 
 liable to entry, to make affidavit according to the form hereto annexed, 
 instead of the usual homestead affidavit, and on doing so allow him to 
 make payment of the $10 fee stipulated in the act of 20th May, 1862, 
 and the usual commissions on the price of the land at $2.50 per acre, th& 
 entry to be regularly numbered and reported to this office in your monthly 
 homestead returns. 
 
 Regarding settlement and cultivation, the requirements of the law in 
 tiiis class of entries are the same as in other homestead entries. 
 
 Very respectfully your obedient servant, 
 
 JOSEPH S. WILSON, 
 Commissioner, Register, and Receiver.
 
 120 INTERNAL REVENUE. 
 
 IS<? "LITTLE TARIFF LAW," j>. GCJ. 
 
 THESE rates are tboso of the new Internal .Revenue Law, passed 
 June, 1872, 'and taking effect October 1, 1872. 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons $1 00 
 
 Banks, on average amount of deposits, each month 1-24 of 1 per ct. 
 
 Bank deposits, savings, etc. , having no capital stock, per six months \ of 1 per ct. 
 Banks, on capital , beyond the average amount invested in United States 
 
 bonds, each month 1-24 of 1 per ct 
 
 Banks, cm average amount of circulation, each month 1-12 of 1 per ct 
 
 Banks, on average amount of circulation, beyond 00 per cent, of the capital, 
 
 an additional tax each month 1-6 of 1 per ct. 
 
 Banks, on amount of notes of any person, stato bank, or stato banking 
 
 association, used and paid out as circulation 10 per cU 
 
 Beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons $1 CO 
 
 Brandy, made from grapes, per gallon 70 
 
 Brewers, special tax on 100 00 
 
 Chewing tobacco, fine cut, plug, or twist, per Ib 20 
 
 Cigars, manufacturers of, special tax - 10 00 
 
 Cigars, of all descriptions, made of tobacco or any substitute therefor, per 
 
 1,000 : C 00 
 
 Cigars, imported, in addition to import duty to pay same as above. 
 
 Cigarettes, not weighing more than 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per 1,000 , 1 50 
 
 Cigarettes, weight exceeding 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per 1,000 C 00 
 
 , Dealers in leaf tobacco, wholesale 25 Ofl 
 
 Dealers in leaf tobacco, retail 5 00 
 
 Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales in excess of $1,000, per dollar of excess. ... 5 
 
 j Distilled spirits, every proof gallon 70 
 
 'Distillers, producing 100 bbls. or less, (40 gallons of proof spirits to bbl.) 
 
 per annum. 400 00 
 
 Distillers, for each bbl. in excess of 100 bbls 4 00 
 
 Distillers, on each bbl. of 40 gallons in warehouse when act took effect, and 
 
 when withdrawn 4 00 
 
 I Distillers ^ of brandy from grapes, peaches, and apples exclusively, pro- 
 ducing less than 150 bbls. annually, special tax $50, and $4 per bbl. of 40 
 
 gallons. 
 .Distillery, having aggregate capacily for mashing, etc., 20 bushels of grain 
 
 per day, cr less per day . t r , 2 00 
 
 Distillery, in excess of 20 bushels cf grihrper day, for every 20 bushels, per 
 
 day 2 00 
 
 (Fermented liquors, in general, per bbl 1 00
 
 REVENUE l^l 
 
 Gas, coal, illuminating, \vhcn tho product shall not bo above 200,000 
 
 cubic feet per month, per 1,000 cubic feet 10 
 
 53as, coal, when product exceeds 200,000, and does not exceed 580,000 
 
 cubic feet per mouth, per 1,000 cubic feet 15 
 
 Cas, co.il, \vbcn product exceeds 500,000, and docs not exceed 5,000,000 
 
 cubic feet per month, per 1,000 cubic feet 20 
 
 Gas, coal, when product exceeds 5,000,000 feet per month, per 1,COO cubic 
 
 feet 25 
 
 Imitation wines and champagne, not made from grapes, currants, rhu- 
 barb, or berries, grown in tho United States, rectified or mixed, to bo 
 eoid as wine or any other name, per dozen bottles of more than a pint 
 
 and not more than a quart 2 40 
 
 Imitation wines, containing not more than one pint, per dozen bottles.. 1 20 
 
 Lager beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 00 
 
 Liquors, dealers in, whoso sales, including sales of all other merchandise, 
 BYiall exceed $25,000, an additional tax for every $100 on sales of liquors 
 
 in excess of such $25,000.1 1 00 
 
 Manufacturers of stills 50 00 
 
 Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made- 20 00 
 
 Porter, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 00 
 
 Rectifiers, special tax 200 00 
 
 Retail liquor dealers, special tax 25 00 
 
 Retail malt liquor dealers 20 00 
 
 Snuff, manufactured, of tobacco, or any substitute, when prepared for 
 
 use, per Ib 32 
 
 8nuff-floar, sold or removed, for use, per Ib 32 
 
 Stamps, distillers', other than tax-paid stamps charged to collector, each 10 
 
 Tobacco, dealers in 10 08 
 
 Tobacco, manufacturers of 10 00 
 
 Tobacco, twisted by hand, or reduced from leaf, to bo consumed, without 
 
 tho uso of machine or instrument, and not pressed or sweetened, per Ib. 20 
 
 Tobacco, all other kinds not provided for, per Ib 20 
 
 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with moro than two horses, mules, or other 
 
 animals (first class) 50 00 
 
 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or other animals 
 
 (second class) 25 00 
 
 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or other animal (third 
 
 class) 15 00 
 
 Tobacco peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public conveyance (fourth 
 
 class) 10 00 
 
 Tobacco, snuff and cigars, for immediate export, stamps for, each 10 
 
 \Vholcsaloliquordealcrs 100 00 
 
 "Wholesale malt liquor dealers 50 00 
 
 Wholesale dealers in liquors whoso sales, including sales of all other mer- 
 chandise, shall exceed $25,000, each to pay an additional tax on every 
 $100 of salea of liquors in excess of $25,000 . - - 1 00
 
 f rr 
 
 STAMP DUTIES 
 
 STAMP DUTIES. 
 
 THE latest Internal Revenue Act of the United States (that of June, 
 1872), provides for Hie following stamp duties after October 1, 1872. AH 
 ether stamp duties in Schedule B are repealed. 
 
 SCHEDULE B. 
 
 Rank chcck,"dra/fc, or order for tbo payment of any sum of money what* 
 Bocvcr, drawn upon any bank, banker, or trust company, or for any 
 Bum exceeding $10, drawn upon any other person or persons, com- 
 panies, or corporations, at eight or on demand 2 
 
 Medicines or Preparations. 
 
 * 
 
 SCHEDULE C. 
 
 For and upon every packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosnre, con- 
 taining any pills, powders, tinctures, troches, or lozenges, syrups, cor- 
 dials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, 
 pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or other preparations or 
 compositions whatsoever, made and sold, or removed for consumption 
 and sale, by any person or persons whatever, wherein the person mak- 
 ing or preparing the same lias, or claims to have, any private formula 
 or occult secret or art for the making or preparing the same, or has, or 
 claims to have, any exclusive right or title to the making or preparing 
 the same, or which are prepared, uttered, vended, or exposed for sale 
 under any letters patent, or held out or recommended to the public by 
 the makers, venders, or proprietors thereof as proprietary medicines, 
 or as remedies or specifics for any disease, diseases, or affections what- 
 ever affecting the human or animal body, as follows : where such pack- 
 et, box, bottle, vial, or other inclosurc, with its contents, shall not ex- 
 ceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of twenty-five cents, one cent 1 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its con- 
 tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 25 cents, and not exceed 
 the retail price or value of CO cents, two cents 2 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosurc, with its con- 
 tents shall exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, and shall not 
 exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, three cents 3 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosuro, with its con- 
 tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, and shall not 
 exceed the retail price or A-aluo of $1, four cents 4 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its con- 
 tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every 
 ,*>0 cents or fractional part thereof over and above the $1, as before- 
 meutioned, an additional two cents 9
 
 STAlt* DUTIES 
 
 Perfumery and Cosmetics. 
 
 For and upon ovory packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, con- 
 taining any essence, extract, toilet water, cosmetic, hair oil, pomade, 
 hair dressing, hair restorative, hair dye, tooth wash, dentifrice, tooth 
 paste, aromatic cachons, or any similar articles, by whatsoever name the 
 same have been, now arc, or may hereafter bo called, known, or distin- 
 guished, used or applied, or to bo used or applied as perfumes or appli- 
 cations to the hair, mouth, or skin, made, prepared, and sold or re- 
 moved for consumption and sale in the United States, where such 
 packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosurc, with its contents, 
 shall not exceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of 25 cents, ouo 
 cent I 
 
 Where such packet, bottle, box, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its 
 contents, shall cxiccd the retail price or value of 25 cents, and shall 
 not exceed the retail price or value of GO cents, two cents fc 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its 
 contents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, and shall 
 not exce9d the retail price or value of 75 cents, three cents 5 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
 tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, and shall not 
 exceed the retail price or value of $1, four cents 4 
 
 Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
 tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every 
 GO cents or fractional part thereof over and above the $1, as before 
 mentioned, an additional two cents 9 
 
 Friction matches, or lucifer matches, or other articles made in part of 
 wood, ami used for like purposes, in parcels or packages containing 
 100 matches or less, for each parcel or package, one cent I 
 
 When in parcels or packages containing more than 100 and not more 
 than 200 matches, for each parcel or package, two cents & 
 
 And for every additional 100 matches, or fractional parts thereof, one 
 cent - 
 
 For wax tapers, double the rates herein imposed upon friction or lucifer 
 matches ; on cigar lights, made in part of Avood, wax, glass, paper, or 
 other materials, in parcels or packages containing 25 lights or less in 
 each parcel or package, one cent ^ 
 
 When in parcels or packages containing more than 25 and uoti>nore than 
 50 lights, two cents ^ 
 
 For every additional 25 lights or fractional part of that number, one 
 cent additioual.. *
 
 1M THE FINANCE BILL. 
 
 Passed Jane SO, 1874. 
 
 SECTION 1. Tho Act entitled " An Act to provide National Currency, secured by a Pledge of Unit- 
 ed States Bonds, and to pro vide for tho Circulation and Kedemptiou thereof, "approved June 3, 1864, 
 tfhall be hereafter known as tho Kational Hank Act. 
 
 SEC. 2. That Section a 1 of tho Kational Bank Act bo so amended thit tho several Associations there- 
 in provided for shall not be required to keep on hand any amount of money whatever, by reason of 
 tho amount of their respective circulations; but the moneys require.' I by said section to ho kept at 
 all times on hand sha!l ba determined by thoimiount of deposits, as provided for in the said section. 
 
 SEC. 3. That every association organized or to bo organized under tha provisions of tho said act, 
 and of the several acts amendatory thereof, shall at all times keep and havo on deposit in tho Tivas- 
 nry of the United States, in lawful money of the United States, a sum equal to five per con turn of its 
 circulation, to be held and used for tho redemption of such circulation, which sum shall bo counted 
 as a part of its lawful reserve, as provided in Section 2 of this act, and when the circulating notes of 
 any such associations, assorted or unassorted shall bo p: eseuted for redemption in sums of 1,000 or 
 any multiple thereof to tho Treasurer of tho United States, tho same, shall be redeemed in United 
 States notes. All notes so redeemed shall be charged by tho Treasurer of tho United States to the 
 respective associations issuing i ho t-ame. und ho shall notify them severally on the first day of each 
 month or oftener, at his discretion, of tho mount of such redemptions, and whenever such redemp- 
 tions for any association shall amount to tho Mini of $500 such association HO notified shall forthwith 
 deposit with the Treasurer of tho United States a sum lit United States notes equal to t ho amount of 
 its circulating notes so redeemed ; and all notes of National Banks worn, defaced, mutilated, or oth- 
 erwise unfit for circulation f-hall, when received by any Assistant Treasurer, or at any designated 
 depository of the United States, be forwarded to tho Treasurer of the United States for redompt ion, 
 :a provided herein ; and when such redemptions have been so reimbursed tbfc circulating notes so 
 redeemed shall bo forwarded to tho respective associations by which they were i-sned ; luit if any 
 nch notes are worn, mutilated, defaced, or rendered otherwise unlit for uso, they shall 1 >o forwarded 
 to tho Controller of tho Currency and destroyed and replaced as now provided bylaw. Provided, 
 that each of such associations shall reimburse to tho Treasury the charges for transportation ana 
 the costs for assorting such notes, and tho associations h'-ivaf rr organized shall also generally re- 
 imburse to tho Treasury the cost of engraving such plates us phallbe ordered by earh association 
 respectively, and tho amount assessed upon each association shall ho in proportion to the circulation 
 .redeemed, a >d be charged to tho fund <>n depo>it with tho Treasurer; and provided farther, that no 
 much of Section 32 of said National Bank Act recognizing, or permitting tho redemption of its circu- 
 latingnotes elsewhere than at its own counter, except as provided in this section, is hereby repealed. 
 
 SKC. 4. That any association organized under this act, or any < f the nets to which this is an amend- 
 ment, desiring to withdraw its circulating notes, in whole or in part, may upon thedepo it of lawful 
 money with tho Treasurer of tho United States, in sums not less than 59,000, take up tho bonds which 
 aid association has on deposit with tho Treasurer for the security of such circulating notes, which 
 bonds shall be assigned to the banks in the manner specified in tho 19th section of tho Kational Bjnk 
 Act, and the outstanding notes of said association to t>n amount equal to tho legal-tender notes de- 
 posited, shall be redeemed at the Treasury of the United States and destroyed, aa jio\v provided by 
 law; provided tho amountof tho bonds on deposit for circulation shall not lie reduced below $50,000. 
 
 SEC. 6. That tho Controller of the Currency shall, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of tho 
 Treasury may prescribe, cause the charter numbers of the association to be printed on all National Hank 
 notes which may bo hereafter issued by him. 
 
 SKC. 6. That tho amountof United States no'es outstanding, nnd to \\c. issued as a part of the circulating 
 medium, shall not exceed the sum of $382,(KK).OU), which said sum shall appear in each monthly statement of 
 Iho public debt, and no part thereof shall b hold or used asa reserve. 
 
 SKC. 7. Tha tso much of the act, entitled An Act to provide lor ilio redemption of the three por centum tem- 
 
 Porary loan certificates, and for an increase of National Bank noted, as provided, t lint no circulation shall 
 : withdrawn undep the provisions of Section C of said Act x until alter toe $.">t.()uo.o<X) granted in Section 1 of 
 
 section, and in the manner therein provided, onjani/ccd in States having mi excess of circulation, to with- 
 draw and return so much of this circulation as by said Act ma v ho apportioned to ho withdrawn from thorn, 
 or in lieu thereof to deposit in tho Treasury ot the United Stales lawful money suflicicnt to redeem such cir- 
 culation, and upon tho return of the circulation ivqui ed, or the cpositot lawful money :is heroin provided, 
 a proportionate amount of the bonds held to secure the circulation of such association us shall inako such, 
 return ord. posit, shall be surrendered toil. 
 
 SEC. 8. That upon thefailurc of the National 1'anks upon which requisitions for circulation shall bo made, 
 or of any of them, to return t ho amount required, or to deposit in the treasury lawful money to redeem tho 
 circulation required within thirty day*, the Controller of toe Currency sli.ill at once sell, as provided in Sec- 
 tion 49, of tiic National Currency Act, approved June 3, 1884. bnud<hcid to secure tho redemption of tho cir- 
 culation of tho association or associations which thall KO tail to tin amount sutHcleutto red> em the circula- 
 tion required of such association or associations, and with ih-.i proceeds which shall bo deposited in tho 
 Treasury otthc United States so much of tho circulation of said associa. ion or associations shall bo redeemed 
 AS will equal tho a mount required and not returned ;tnnl it there be any excess pt 'proceeds over tlic amount 
 required lor such redemption, it shall bo returned to the association or associations whoso bonds shall havo 
 been sold ; and it shall bo the duty of the Treasurer, Assistant Treasurers, designated depositaries and Na- 
 tional Bank depositaries of the United State*, who shall b kept informed by the Con t roller of i ho Currency 
 of such associations as shall fail to return circulation as required, to assort and return to tho Treasurer lor 
 redemption tho notes of such associations us shall come into their hands until the amount required shall bo 
 redeemed, and in l,ko manner to assort ami return to the Treasury for redemption tho notes oi such National 
 Banks as havo tailed or gone into voluntary liquidation for the purpose ot winding up their affairs or such 
 .as shall hereafter so fail or go Into liquidation. 
 
 SKC. 9. That from and after the pas>qj:o of this net it shall be. lawful for t lie Controller of the Currency, nnd 
 he is hereby ordered, to issua circulating notes w thout delay as applications n re tlicrcformade, nottoex- 
 <:ocd $55,(JUO,flOO, to associations organized or to be organized, in iliosc Ktates and Territories having lent than 
 their proportion of circulation under au apportionment made on the bans of population and of wealth 
 jis shown by the returns of the census of J870, nnd every association hereafter organized shall bo subject to 
 and be jrovcrned bv the rules, restriction.-, ir d limitations rndpo-sesslho rights, privileges, and franchises 
 now or hereafter to bo prescribed l.y law as National Hanking Associations, wiih the same power to amend, 
 alter nnd repeal, provided by the National Hank Act, PFUV dcd that the whole amountof circulation with- 
 drawn, and removed from tho bunks transacting business shall not exceed $5">.i)00.00ii, and t hat sucli circula- 
 tion shall be withdrawn, nnd redeemed a i shall bo necessary to supply the circulation previously issued to 
 the banks in th so States having less than their apportionment; and provided further, that not more than 
 :$) 000,000 shall bo withdrawn nnd redeemed as hoiein contemplated, during fiscal year ending Juno ,'X>, 1875. 
 
 Tho titlo of the bill is amended to read as follow i : ' An ;ict to fix vhe amountof United States notes, pro- 
 vide for tho redistribution of the National Hank Currency, and for oilier purposes."
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE FEES. 
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE FEES, 
 
 BY LAW TO BE PAID AT THS SEVERAL CUSTOM HOUSES ELSEWHE3E THAX 
 ON THE NOKTII, NOKTH-EAST AND NOKT1I-\VEST FUONTIEKS. 
 
 For admeasurement of tonnnge, an<l certifying tho same, for every transverse section 
 
 n;.dT iho tonnage deck $1.50 
 
 For each between decks above tonnage deck 3.00 
 
 For eacli poop, or etased-iu space above we upper or spar deck, required by law to bo 
 
 inline;, ttu red 1.50 
 
 Certificate of regUtry or record 2.00 
 
 I udorscnien t OH Certificate of repibtry or reeoi d l.OO 
 
 For every bend under the Ilegistry Act 25 
 
 Certificate of Enrollment ,- 5O 
 
 Indorsement on Certificate of Enrpl!ni( nt of Change of Master, &c 20> 
 
 License and granting tbe Same, including bond, if not over 21) tons 25. 
 
 A bovo 20* an il not o vt r 100 tons 5O 
 
 Over 100 tons 1.00 
 
 Indorse men ton a License, of Change of Mastt r, &c 20 
 
 Certify ing manifest, and granting pera.it lor licensed vetsclto go from district to district 
 
 Under 50 tons 25 
 
 Over 50 tons So- 
 Certifying manifest, and grautiug permission to rej/ictered vessels to go from uistrict to 
 
 disti ict 1 .50 
 
 Receiving Certified manifeht and granting permit on arrival of siu-li registered vessel. . . 1.50 
 Granting pyrinit to a veshel u<>tl)elonuing to a Citizen of tlioUi.ued States, to go from 
 
 district to district, and receiving mauiftst ., 2.00 
 
 "Receiving manifest, and graining permit to unload, fur last-mcutiouedvcssel, on arrival 
 
 at ono district from auoi her 2.00 
 
 Grautiug permit for vessel carrj ing on fishery to trade nt a foreign port 25 
 
 licport and entry of fori ign goods imported in ttuch vessel 25- 
 
 3Smry of vessel of 100 tons and more 2.5O 
 
 Clearance of vessel of 100 tons and more 2.50 
 
 Entry of vessel under 100 tons 1.50 
 
 Clearance of vessel under 100 tons 1.5O 
 
 Post Kntry 2.00 
 
 Permit to laud or deliver goods 20 
 
 Bond taken officially 40 
 
 Permit to lade goods f-r rxportat ion entitled to drawback 30 
 
 Debenture, or other oflicial certificate 2O 
 
 "Bill of Health 
 
 Ollichil dncnments, required by any merchant, owner or master of any vessel, not before 
 
 enumerated 20 
 
 Servict s, other than mlnieanun meut, to be pi -rforined by the Surveyor, iu vessels of 100 
 
 tons ami more, having on board me. rhandie subject to duty 3.00 
 
 For likjserviies in vessels under ICO tons, having similar nierehundiHO 1.00 
 
 For like services ia all vessels not having merchandise subject to duty GC3& 
 
 Protection .23 
 
 Crew Li.tt 25 
 
 General ptnuitt'iliind passenger's baggage. 20 
 
 "Weighing cf -wriiUiablo articles exported perlOOlbs UJ 
 
 W ighingof Silt, to cure fish, (See Ait. 122 Warehouse "Regulations) 
 
 "\Vii^hin^< t'other wpigh:iblo articles in tho dintri.ta of Boston, Kcw York, Philadelphia, 
 
 and "Baltimore, per 1121 bit 01 ?& 
 
 "Weighing of other wei^hable articles in tho district of Norfolk 0^14 
 
 Weighing of other weigbabta articles in all other itistiicts OJ 
 
 Caiiging of gaugaule articles exported, per cask 10 
 
 Iraugiug other articles. Casks each 12 
 
 Cases and Baskets, eucl i 04J4 
 
 Ali>, Purler, &c., per docen bottle*. .01 y* 
 
 Ueasniiiig, per 100 bushels Coal, chalk, brimstone .90 
 
 Salt 75 
 
 Potatoes, eeeda, grain and all si Miilar measurable articles 45 
 
 Marble, lumber, and other similar article.-*, the actual expense incurred 
 
 For recording billot* sale, mortgage, hypothecation, or conveyance of vosel, under Act 
 
 of July 20, 1850 ". 50 
 
 For recording certificate for discharging and canreLng any such eon vc\ ance 50 
 
 3or furnishing a certificate, setting forth the naim s of the owiu rs .f 'any registered or 
 
 enrolled vessel, the parts or properties owned by each, and also the material f;tcts 
 
 of any existing bill of salo, mortgage, hypothecati.<n, or other iucttmbranee, tho date, 
 
 amount of such inoumbrance, and from and to vhoin uiad>t 1.00 
 
 Far furnishing copies of such records, lor each bill of sale, inortgHire or ether convex anco .50 
 For licenses to Werners, ca a compensation for the invpectionand examination made fur 
 
 the year, and furnishing (ho required copies <>/ the inxptction certificate, under tha 
 
 Steamboat Lino, approved Auguxt 30 1852, in addition to Hie fees above mentioned, for 
 
 itxuiiig enrollments aad license* to ressels : 
 w each steam vessel of 1(!0 tuns or under 25.00 
 
 and tor each ton in excess of 100 tons 05 
 
 fttT licensing of pilots and engineers 10.00
 
 THE WEST: 
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 
 
 THEBE have been in our country, as in other countries of Christendom, 
 periodical crazes times when nations, states, and communities were com- 
 pletely under the influence of a single dominating idea, which, with the great 
 masses of the people, drove out all other ideas and thoughts from their minds. 
 .Eating or drinking, waking or sleeping, they could think and talk of noth- 
 ing else. These crazes sometimes seem very absurd to us, as we look back 
 upon them; but at the time, they are intensely real. They may do some 
 good: perhaps they always do; but they do much evil also. They may be 
 industrial, scientific after the fashion of popular science, political, agricul- 
 tural, educational, or religious; but whatever may be the subject of the 
 craze, its effect is much the same. 
 
 THE MOnUS MULTICATTLIS CRAZE. 
 
 The Morus Multicaulis fever of 1835-38 was an example of the agricultural 
 and industrial sort. Men of sound judgment and of good business abilities, 
 were deluded into the belief, that by planting or start ing a half-dozen or a 
 dozen cuttings of a foreign shrub or tree they would speedily amass an immense 
 fortune; that from these litile sticks, not so large as a pipe stem, there would 
 presently grow stately mulberry-trees, on which millions of silkworms to be 
 somehow procured, would feast and form cocoons, which any girl could 
 reel, and which would, by some hocus-pocus process, be transmuted into ele- 
 gant dross-silk, dress-goods, velvets, satins, ribbons, and luce, all of which 
 would be furnished without cost, to the fortunate possessor of the mulberry- 
 slips. 
 
 The whole thing looks supremely ridiculous to us now; but then, every 
 man and woman invested all that they could earn, or beg, or steal in these 
 j)rreious-twig.s; and whrn the bubble burst, as it did in 1837, it involved 
 millions of people in heavy, and some of them in ruinous losses. 
 
 THE SECOND ADVENT CRAZE OF 1843. 
 
 There followed this a religious delusion, the Second Adcnt craze of 1843, 
 when people made up ascension robes, and some, in their zeal stole the mus- 
 lin which they used in their manufacture. 
 
 THE WESTERN CRAZE OP 1847-48. 
 
 A few years later there was an emigration craze. Tlie West, which (hen 
 meant Indiana, lllincis, Michigan, Wisconsin, Towa, and Mi-souri, and the 
 cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Louis, was on every man's lips; tcng 
 of thousands of miles of railroads were projected, thousands of cities laid 
 out on pan"er, stocks and bonds issued without stint, every kind of wild-cat 
 paper issued as money, and the most fabulous stories toid, of the fortunes 
 amassed in a single day, by the advance in lands, city lots, and stocks. This 
 craze, too, died out from sheer absurdity, but with frightful losses.
 
 OIIOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 127 
 
 OTHER CXAZES. 
 
 Time -vould fail me to tell of the crazes eince that time ; of the petroleum 
 mania, the shoddy speculation, the mining fever of a dozen years ago, the 
 new railroad excitement, all ending in general disaster, and in long years of 
 gloom ; now to be replaced, perhaps, by an emigration fever, and a reckless 
 speculation in mining properties, almost as absurd as the earlier manias, and 
 even more disastrous. It seems to be the fate of the Yankee to be at one 
 moment on the top of Pisgah, and the next in the Valley of Humiliation. 
 
 THE PRESENT MINING CRAZE. 
 
 There are at the present time (May, 1880) over 1500 mining compa- 
 nies or organizations in the region west of the Mississippi, nine tenths of 
 them formed within two years past, and having a nominal capital of about 
 $2,000,000,000. From ignorance of the business, bad management, and 
 often from misrepresentation in regard to their value, more than nine tenths 
 will prove unproductive, and the stockholders will meet with heavy losses. 
 One hundred and forty mining companies, incorporated in San Francisco 
 within a few years past, have assessed their stockholders $47,000,000, besides 
 their original capital, and have paid in all only $6,000,000 dividends. 
 
 THE DESIRE TO GO WEST. 
 
 "But," it may be asked, "what has all this to do with going West ?" 
 Much more than you may think, my friend. You are a working-man, a ma- 
 chinist, an operative in a manufactory, a builder, or an artisan in some one of 
 the trades or callings which are followed in our Eastern communities, or you 
 have been farming in a moderate way, or engaged in trade. You have laid 
 up a little, have perhaps a home of your own, though there may be a small 
 mortgage on it; but you do not get rich so fast as you would like, and, as 
 you look upon your wife and little ones, you think to yourself, "I have not 
 much to leave to them if I were taken away, and they might be left to suffer. 
 I must try in some way to accumulate property faster, so as to be able to 
 leave them in better circumstances." As you look about you, there seems to 
 be no chance in your present circumstances and position, for doing this. If 
 you are a working-man, your wages are only likely to be advanced, when 
 there are such advances in food and clothing and living expenses, as will 
 leave you no more net gain than you have had in the past. If you are fol- 
 lowing a trade or calling, any advance in price is necessarily accompanied 
 by an advance in material, or wages of employe's, and in living expenses, 
 which loaves you no better off than you were before. In trade, there is per- 
 liii ps a little advantage in prosperous times, because there are not so many 
 bad debts, but very few can lay up money in retail trade. You arc appar- 
 ently cut off from any considerable improvement of your circumstances. 
 
 THE EMIGRATION FEVER. 
 
 Meantime the spirit of emigration is abroad in the air, Every other man 
 whom you meet is talking of the West the West, with its rich and con- 
 stantly developing mines of gold and silver; the West, with its productive 
 farms and its agricultural wealth ; the West, with its immense herds of cat- 
 tle, find its hundreds of thousands of sheep and goats. You ask yourself, 
 *' Why not go to this great West and accumulate wealth, as others have done, 
 in a few years, instead of wasting my time here for a mere pittance?" 
 i 
 
 "WHAT IS INVOLVED IN EMIGRATION TO THE WEST. 
 
 The mania is abroad, and you are in a fair way to become one of its vic- 
 tims. Still your question is a reasonable one. Allow us to answer it, after 
 the Yankee fashion, by asking some others. Have you a very clear, distinct 
 idea of what is included in emigration to a new State or Territory?
 
 128 THE WEST: 
 
 THE DISCOMFORTS. 
 
 You have a good, comfortable home, with all its appliances and con- 
 veniences. It may be small, but it is a good home. If you emigrate to the 
 frontier, even if you have a good sum of money to pay your living expenses, 
 your home for the first year or two must be of sods, of logs, or of canvas. 
 ' You must content yourself with the fewest possible conveniences for com- 
 fortable housekeeping, and the roughest and poorest food; all those thou- 
 sand little comforts, which go to make up our Eastern civilization, will be 
 wanting, for a year or two at least. If you make your new home on tho 
 prairie, the summer's sun will scorch and burn you, and the winter's snow 
 may bury your little cabin out of sight. Neighbors at first will be few and 
 far apart. Schools and churches will conic in time, but you will have to 
 lift heavily to make them come, and for a year or two you will be obliged 
 to go without them. If your home is in the timbered land, other disabili- 
 ties, equally severe, will try you. Wolves, panthers, lynxes, and now and 
 then a bear, will pay you visits, not so much because they care for your so- 
 ciety, as because they hope to find some food, on or about your premises. 
 You will have a vigorous appetite, though it may sometimes be difficult to 
 satisfy it; and the exposure to the pure open air may improve your health, 
 though there arc some chances of malarial fever or catarrhal affections. You 
 may have been particular about your clothing at the East, but you will very 
 Boon present an appearance which would well befit a tramp. 
 
 DANGERS TO HEALTH. 
 
 We do not speak of the risks to health, because, with only a few ex- 
 ceptions, the region west of the Mississippi is healthy. The region border- 
 ing immediately on the Mississippi, from the Iowa line southward, and thy 
 lower Missouri, ns well as Southeast Kansas, much of the Indian Territory 
 and the lower lands of Texas, arc to some extent subject to billious, remit- 
 tent, and intermittent fevers, and care should be taken, if a location is 
 sought there, to select elevated lands, with good drainage and no standing 
 water, and to avoid the night air and heavy dews. 
 
 RISKS OF LOSS. 
 
 There are also some risks in investing the money you have been able to 
 save in the past. If you have saved $1000 or $2000, and buy or secure a 
 farm in some one of these new States or territories, by whatever mode you 
 have obtained or are to obtain a title to it, it will probably be about twenty 
 months before you can realize anything on your first crop. Meantime you 
 must make your first payments on your land, which will be more or less, ac- 
 cording to the mode of purchase; pay for having it broken up, which will 
 i cost you from four to eight dollars per acre, according to the thoroughness 
 f with which it is done; must pay for seed, and buy the horses, mules, oxen, 
 or cows needed, and the wagons, carts, ploughs, harrows, cultivators, and, 
 if you can, a harvester for your first grain crop. You must also buy or build 
 your cabin and furnish it, or, which will be about the same thing, pay tho 
 freight on your furniture from the East. And whatever you or your family 
 need in the way of food or clothing, before you receive anything from tha 
 first crop, must also come out of this reserve. 
 
 THE CHANCES OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE. 
 
 It is true that, if you are successful, your money will have been put out 
 at good interest ten, twelve, or even twenty per cent, perhaps but there 
 are chances of failure, and the risk should be fairly considered. Even if 
 you are able to pre-empt your land, and so delay paying the Government 
 price for it for thirty-three months, or take it up under the Homestead or 
 Timber Culture acts, or buy it of the railway companies, on long time, you
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGKATE THITHER. 129 
 
 will still find ample use for your $1000 or $2000 in paying your necessary 
 expenses, and maintaining your family, until the crop money comes in. 
 
 WHAT A SUCCESSFUL FIRST CHOP WILL ACCOMPLISH. 
 
 If this first crop has been twenty acres in root crops and twenty in wheat 
 (you will hardly be able to crop more than forty acres at first), and there 
 have been no drawbacks, but a full crop of both, you should be able to 
 raise about $2000 from the forty acres, aud cultivating besides a large gar- 
 den plot, to provide your family with all the vegetables they need. A pig 
 and a calf will add to your meat rations, and your cow should furnish the 
 butter and milk needed. Under these circumstances, if you are a good 
 manager, you may be able to make your next payment, if necessary, ou 
 your farm ; to improve your dwelling, and break up an additional twenty or 
 forty acres ; support your family in better style than the previous year, and 
 still lay up a small sum toward replacing your reserve. 
 
 THE POSSIBILITIES OF FAILURE. 
 
 But suppose that your wheat is consumed while growing, by the grasshop- 
 per or Rocky Mountain locust, and your root crops by the Colorado beetle or 
 potato bug, and the gophers, or the moles ; or that your farm is desolated 
 by drought ; that your horses or mules, your oxen or cows, or the pig or pigs, 
 whose luscious flesh you have been looking forward to, as a part of your 
 winter's supply, are destroyed by wolves, lynxes, or bears, or are seized with 
 the diseases not infrequently prevalent; your supplies for the coming year 
 will be cut off, and if your reserve has all been expended, you will be very 
 hard pressed to find the means for supporting your family, and obtaining 
 the seed necessary to be planted or sown for the next year. You may say 
 that it is not probable that all these disasters will come at nce; so 
 would have said many thousands of farmers, who put in their first or second 
 crops in the autumn of 1878 or the spring of 1874, and yet it was exactly 
 these disasters which did come in that year, and thousands of families wero 
 only kept from starvation, by the public and private bounties bestowed upon 
 them, largely by Eastern people. 
 
 ROSE-COLORED PICTURES OF THE EMIGRATION AGENTS. 
 
 This is not the sort of talk you will be likely to hear from the agents of 
 emigration societies, or land-grant railroad companies ; they will represent 
 to you that the climate, soil, and productions render the country a perfect 
 paradise ; that there are no disturbing or discouraging influences, but that 
 everything is perfectly lovely. The crops are grown without labor, the 
 houses are builded without effort, the live stock takes care of itself, the rain 
 irrigates thoroughly the long-parched soil, so soon as the immigrant plants 
 his foot upon it. Such unthinking advocates of emigration will accuse us 
 of hostility to it, but most unjustly; for while we have presented frankly 
 and without exaggeration the troubles and privations which the emigrant 
 must encounter in the early months of his settlement, there is a bright future 
 before him, if he has only the nerve, patience, enterprise, and good fortune 
 to triumph over them all. 
 
 WHY THE DARK SIDE AS WELL AS THE BRIGHT SHOULD BE PRESENTED. 
 
 No man of true courage is ever discouraged by the presentation of diffi- 
 culties to be surmounted in attaining a desired end ; he is only stimulated to 
 greater effort to overcome them. If, on the other hand, only the bright side 
 is presented to him, and all knowledge of difficulties and discouragements 
 is carefully withheld from him when he is called unexpectedly to encounter 
 serious trials and privations, of which he had no previous warning, the 
 probability of disappointment and despair is greatly increased. He is the 
 best friend of the emigrant who shows him what clouds and storms will 
 darken his way, as .well as the glowing sunshine which will gladden it.
 
 100 THE WEST: 
 
 GARIBALDI'S PROCLAMATION. 
 
 When Garibaldi was about to enter upon his campaign for the capture 
 of Rome and its annexation to the kingdom of Italy, he sent out this pro- 
 elamation: "Italians, I am about to move forward for the conquest of 
 Home, and I call upon the brave patriots of Italy to volunteer for my help. 
 Whoso joins my army will have but scanty and poor rations; his couch will 
 be the cool ground, his shelter-tent the starry skies; if he is wounded or 
 sick, no hospital will open its gates to him ; if he falls, no priest will give 
 him extreme unction, or say masses for his soul's repose but at the end of 
 the fight, there is a free, a redeemed Italy ! Comrades, brothers, forward and 
 enlist!" And they did come forward and enlist by thousands, and though 
 many fell, the great end was at last gained. 
 
 WHAT THE EMIGRANT HAS TO ENCOUNTER. 
 
 Your warfare is not with human foes, or despotisms hastening to decay, 
 but only with the inertia of the natural world, with the difficulties and pri- 
 vations incident to a new settlement, and possibly with insect foes, diseases, 
 and summer droughts. These once overcome, and you will have established 
 yourselves in homes whose value is constantly increasing, and will have ere 
 long an income sufficiently ample for your family and yourselves. You who 
 are enterprising, courageous, and persevering, come forward and enlist ! 
 
 THE CHANCES FOR THE MEN WHO HAVE TRADES. 
 
 Those working-men who have good trades, and are skilful in them, may 
 fiad profitable employment in their respective lines of business much sooner 
 than the farmer, and have an opportunity of obtaining better social posi- 
 tions, than they can usually do here; but they will do well to secure some 
 land enough for their own needs. To keep two or three cows and a few 
 sheep ; to raise what grain and root crops are needed for home consumption ; 
 to have a comfortable home, with pleasant surroundings of flowers, shrubs, 
 fruit and forest-trees, and a good vegetable garden, will not be very expen- 
 sive, if there are young hands to help; and if in, or near one of the growing 
 towns of the West, it will be not only a source of pleasure, >but of constantly- 
 increasing profit. And in many instances there will be opportunities for the 
 cultivation of special crops on a small scale, the raising of poultry, the rear- 
 ing of silk-worms, the care of bees, etc., etc., which will add materially to 
 the revenues of the household. 
 
 We can hardly advise our friends to go into the business of stock-raising 
 or wool-growing in the West, unless they have a considerable capital at 
 command. 
 
 HEAVY CAPITAL NEEDED IN STOCK-RAISING. 
 
 A cattle-ranche, even on the smallest scale which will pay a profit, re- 
 quires at least $20,000 to start with, and would be more speedily profitable 
 with $50,000. As many of the large cattle-farms or ranches are owned by 
 joint stock companies, some stock might be taken in them with a smaller 
 sum, say $5,000 or $10,000; but their capital is usually from $500,000 to 
 $1,000,000, and the dividend on a small sum would be nothing for two or 
 three years, and not a large amount for several more. Eventually it might 
 
 pay. 
 
 BECOMING A HERDER. 
 
 Another way of working into this business would be to become a herder 
 or "cow-boy" at first, and, buying a few cows and calves, herd them with 
 the rest of the stock. At "rounding up" time, brand them with the herder's 
 own brand (which must be recorded), and in the course of five or eight years 
 there will be a herd of respectable size from this small beginning, so that it 
 will answer to set up a separate ranche. This can be done -to much better
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHEE. . 131 
 
 advantage in Texas than elsewhere; but the Texas cattle bring lower prices 
 in the market than those of the States farther north. 
 
 SHEEP-FARMING. 
 
 As to the sheep, $14,000 or $15,000 will answer to start a sheep farm if a 
 man understands the business, though a larger sum is better. The profit 
 from raising sheep is sooner realized than from raising cattle, and is nearly as 
 great. A single man with a little money, who will be content to serve as a 
 shepherd for five years, and pasture his own sheep with his employer's flock, 
 can lead out a very respectable flock at the end of that time, but it would 
 be difficult, if not impossible, to support a family in that way before the five 
 years were up. The wages of a herder or a shepherd vary from $18 to $25 
 a month and keeping ; but their lives are very lonely, and the danger to life 
 .and limb is considerable. 
 
 THE MINING CRAZE. 
 
 There is at the present time a great craze in regard to the fortunes to be 
 made in mining operations, especially for gold and silver in the West. You 
 will hear every day that Mr. A. or Mr. B., Senator C., or Judge D., or Col. 
 JE. has become a millionaire, through the valuable mines in which he has 
 invested. Sometimes you will be told that some of these fortunate men 
 have accumulated five, six, ten, or twenty millions in a very short time. 
 This may be true, or it may not. 
 
 HOW GREAT FORTUNES ARE MADE IN MINING OPERATIONS. 
 
 If it is true, you may be sure of these three things: First, that these mil- 
 lionaires were men of comfortably large fortunes before they took hold of 
 those great enterprises; that they investigated very thoroughly, and, hawing 
 their money at command, took advantage of the circumstances, and bought 
 for a small sum what has brought them a large profit. Second, that a great 
 part of their profit has been realized by selling shares in a company which 
 they have formed, putting in a property which cost them perhaps $30,000, 
 as the equivalent for a capital stock of $3,000,000 to $5,000,000. The mine 
 may have been worth five or ten times what they actually paid for it, but 
 most of these concerns are watered prodigiously. Third, that however 
 many millions this fortunate mine-owner may suppose himself to be worth, 
 or make others believe he is worth, it is by no means certain, that within 
 one, two, or three years he may find that he is not worth as much money as 
 he was, when he made his first investment in mining property. 
 
 A STRIKING EXAMPLE. 
 
 Take an example. Not six months ago Col. C.'s name was in all the 
 papers; he had come to one of the great mining centres with a fair property, 
 most of it in ready money, a year or so before, and had investigated the con 
 dition of a newly-opened mine there, had taken an interest in it before it 
 was much developed, had bought other claims on the same lode, till with a 
 trusty partner he owned three fourths of this mine and the adjacent cla:ms. 
 He then organized a company, with a capital of ten millions, and large 
 amounts of the stock were sold ; what capital was necessary was used for 
 the full development of the mine, and a smelter purchased and kept running 
 on the ores. For several months the dividends were large ; the amount of 
 rich ore smelted was sufficient to justify them, and the stock of which the 
 par value was $25 rose to $32 or $33. Suddenly it began to fall, and when 
 it reached $13 our capitalist gave orders to sell all his stock; but too late! 
 it continued to sink till it reached $4.50 per share, where it stood a few 
 days ago. The "ore on the dump," that is, the ore which was mined and 
 brought to the surface, was exhausted, and the miners had come to a wall 
 of porphyry, or, as they call it, a "horse," which contained no silver. ' Ex- 
 pensive explorations were made, and there was some ground for hope, that 
 beyond this wall of stone, there might be another lode or vein which would
 
 132 THE \VEST: 
 
 prove as profitable as the former ones. The capitalist was honest and well- 
 meaning, but when he looks around and sees the wreck of his own property 
 and the property of others who bought the stock from their faith in him, h& 
 doubtless wishes he was back where he was two years ago. 
 
 MORALS TO THIS STORY. 
 
 There are several morals to this story indirect ones, it is true, but none 
 the less serviceable, if you will only heed them. One is, that it is'nqt all 
 gold that glitters, and that even the shrewdest man who is not practically 
 acquainted with mining, may make a great mistake in purchasing mining 
 property. Another is that you should never be beguiled into buying mining 
 stocks, no matter at what price they may be offered. The par value of these 
 stocks represents from ten to one hundred times the actual cost of the mining 
 property ; and even at that, most of them ' are liable to assessments beyond 
 the original purchase, "to develop the mine." 
 
 WHAT SHOULD BE KNOWN BEFORE BUYING MINING PROPERTY. 
 
 No ! if you will put your money into mining property, wait until you can 
 see the property for yourself; until you can learn how much ore has been 
 taken out, what its probable value per ton is, what is the condition of the 
 mine behind "the ore on the dump" i.e., whether the veins or lodes not 
 yet worked or excavated, promise as rich ore as that already raised whether 
 there are any obstructions to future success in mining, such as accumulation 
 of water, intense heat of the mine, "horses" in the veins, or barren tracts in 
 the lodes. It is necessary also to know what is the character of the product- 
 of the mine : if it is gold, whether it is free milling gold, which needs only 
 to be crushed by the stamps and run over the amalgamated plates to yield 
 up the quarter part of the gold; or whether it is combined with sulphur and 
 copper, or sulphur and zinc, or with lead. Where sulphur is present in the 
 form of sulphides or sulphurets, roasting, and sometimes chlorination or 
 lixiviation, is required to expel the sulphur; and these are costly processes, 
 and will only pay when the ores are rich. If the ores are silver, you should 
 know whether it is combined with lead, zinc, or copper ; whether it is a car- 
 .bonate, a sulphate, a chloride, a telluriate, or a sulphuret of silver, or of 
 silver-bearing lead. Most of the silver ores require smelting, some of them 
 roasting, some chlondinizing, and some lixiviation. 
 
 TRAK SPORT ATION. 
 
 At some mines, distant from railroads, and requiring difficult and ex- 
 pensive methods for the complete reduction of their ores, there is a process 
 of concentration carried on which preserves in a kind of base bullion all the 
 valuable portions of the ore, rejecting that which is worthless, and reduces 
 the weight from four fifths to nine tenths, so that they can be transported 
 at much less cost to the works where the silver can be completely reduced 
 and the full value of the lead retained. The questions of transportation and 
 of the proximity of a railroad are, next to the reduction works, of great 
 importance in estimating the value of a mine. If your ore or base bullion 
 has to be packed on the backs of mules over a mountain trail for twenty, 
 thirty, or fifty miles, or if it must be carried one hundred or one hundred 
 and fifty miles in wagons, at $12, $15, or $20 a ton, it must needs be very 
 good ore to pay for the transportation, and yield any profit to the miner; 
 but if it is near a railroad, where the ore can be carried without too much 
 handling, and if it is ore that can be easily or readily reduced or concentrated, 
 ore which will yield from $6 to $10 a ton will pay a handsome profit. 
 
 If, then, you will buy an interest in a mine, look it over thoroughly be- 
 fore buying; be sure to "come in on the hard pan," as the miners say, i.e., 
 pay only the first cost of the mine, before they have begun to water the 
 stock, and pay for the mine, only the value of the ore in sight. You cannot 
 be badly defrauded if you do this.
 
 WHO SHOULD* MIGRATE THITHER. 133 
 
 FOLLY OF BUYING AN INTEREST IN A PLACER MINE. 
 
 Do not be beguiled into buying an interest in a placer mine, even if it is 
 worked on the hydraulic system. It may pay magnificent dividends for a 
 time, but it is sure to be completely exhausted before long, and will leave no 
 hope of any further profit, unless the tailings can be re-worked by Edison's 
 process, and generally, John Chinaman has already extracted every available 
 grain of gold from them. 
 
 PROSPECTING FOR A MINE NOT ADVISABLE. 
 
 If you visit the mining districts, you may be tempted to' try your hand at 
 prospecting for a new mine. Unless you are an educated mining engineer, 
 please take our advice which is, in one word, "Don't!" No "tenderfoot" 
 (the mining phrase for greenhorn), or, at least, not one in a thousand, has ever 
 tried that with success, certainly not in these later days. You run a much 
 t>etter chance of being struck with lightning, than of discovering a mine 
 -worth working, or one which, when found, you could develop without a 
 considerable amount of capital. It is much better to join forces with an 
 honest expert, if you can find such a one, and putting your capital, in part 
 or in whole, against his knowledge, work away together at the mine, till you 
 have developed it sufficiently to be able to command the necessary capital to 
 make it a success. 
 
 PURCHASING A PARTLY-DEVELOPED MINE. 
 
 There is no lack of good mines, as yet not much developed, in all the 
 Rocky Mountain region, and there is not likely to be, for many years to 
 come. But if you have, by thus joining forces with an expert, found a 
 really good and valuable mine, do not give it away to the capitalists, in re- 
 turn for their establishing smelting works or stamp mills near you. If you 
 have a good thing, hold on to it, and they will come to you for your custom. 
 In some sections, as in the Black Hills, for instance, the large mine owners 
 who have an abundance of capital, make it a rule to buy up every new mine 
 which promises fairly, that they may be able to hold a monopoly of the 
 mining business of that region. Although the ores there are all of low 
 grade, very few of them yielding more than from $6 to $13 a ton, and some 
 not more than $5, yet from the convenience and economy of their reduction 
 works, they are able to make their poor ores pay a better profit, than higher 
 grade ores pay elsewhere. 
 
 THE LIFE OF THE PRACTICAL MINER. 
 
 Having thus briefly placed before you the difficulties and dangers incident 
 to investments in mining property, let us say a few words concerning the life 
 of the practical miner and his work. By the practical miner we mean here, 
 not, necessarily, the dull, uneducated mining laborer, who pursues his daily 
 task and receives his daily wage, with no thought beyond these, but in many 
 instances the owners of new and undeveloped mines, who, with but moder- 
 -ate means, and with great intelligence and commendable industry, are work- 
 ing diligently, to open a mine and ascertain its real value. In many 
 instances, in Colorada, Montana and Utah, graduates of our great universi- 
 ties, professional men, merchants, mining engineers, master mechanics, and 
 machinists have bent their backs, begrimed their faces, and blistered their 
 hands, at their unaccustomed toil with the pick or shovel, the winch, the 
 pan or the sieve, in washing, amalgamating, digging shafts, opening winzes 
 and tunnels, drawing up and lowering the miner's bucket, and stoping, or 
 opening the veins or lodes, above or below the levels, which they had cut in 
 the rocky ridge in which their principal lode was found. 
 
 This is hard work ; and it is only the hope of gain sufficient to remunerate 
 these volunteer working-men for their toil, which gives strength to their
 
 134 THE WEST: 
 
 arms and vigor to their blows. For a long and steady pull, they would 
 have to give place to the sturdy and stolid laborer; but their energy and 
 will power may hold out, till they have sufficient encouragement in their 
 prospects, to warrant their employment of men of greater brawn and muscle, 
 though of less intellectual ability. 
 
 HARDSHIPS OF THE IMMIGRANT TO A MINING REGION. 
 
 The lot of the immigrant to the mining districts, even if he has a mod- 
 erate capital at command, is harder, and his condition more uncomfortable, 
 than that of the immigrant who has a faimer's vocation in view. The farmer 
 can have a rude yet comparatively comfortable shelter from sun, wind, and 
 storm reared very soon. His farm is on the prairie or the edge of the forest,, 
 and at all events not on broken or rocky ground. He can command gener- 
 ally food sufficient for himself and his family, either from the nearest town,, 
 or, if on the extreme frontier, by the use of his rifle or his fishing-rod. 
 Before he realizes anything from his own farm, there is always opportunity 
 for eaiiinor good wages by working for his neighbors. 
 
 Butt lie immigrant to the mining regions finds them invariably in a rough 
 and broken country ; and if he seeks a place anywhere in the Rocky Mountain- 
 ranges, especially on their western slopes, which are richest in gold and 
 silver, he will soon discover that he has come upon a region, which has- 
 hardly a parallel on the earth's surface in the boldness of its cliffs, the rug- 
 gedness of its precipices, the depth and gloominess of its canons, and the- 
 wonderful character of its eroded and water-worn rocks and caverns. 
 Sharp, treeless ridges, upheaved by earthquakes or displaced by volcanic 
 action, are the most frequent localities of the larger fissure veins and lodes. 
 
 A MINING VENTURE. 
 
 If, then, you determine to try your fortune in mining operations, having 
 located a promising claim by the assistance of such an honest and capable 
 expert as we have spoken of, who becomes your partner on ; 'the grub stake 
 plan," as it is called in the mining region, you furnishing the necessary 
 money and provisions (mostly canned meats, -fish, and vegetables) against 
 his experienced mining knowledge and skill, in both directing and working- 
 personally, you may as well go to work yourself with him, and with what 
 other mining laborers you can find means to employ, for the sooner your 
 lode is partially developed, the sooner you will be likely to receive a return 
 for your money invested. You have found a lode not already claimed, and 
 you and your partner have made such examination and assay as to satisfy 
 you that it probably contains paying ore. 
 
 BTAKING OFF TOUR CLAIM. 
 
 Your first business is to stake off your claim. By the United States 
 mining laws, unless restricted by local laws, as they sometimes are, you can. 
 claim 1500 feet in length upon the line of the lode, and a width of 300 feet 
 on each side of it, making a tract of 1500 by 600 feet, unless this extends 
 into other claims previously made. This is about 204 acres. To make sure 
 of the course and dip of your fissure vein, you should run a tunnel or drift 
 into it or sink a shaft of small size before recording it.* Next you stake- 
 this off and have it recorded within twenty days at the district Register's- 
 office, describing it by its metes and bounds, in connection with some promi 
 nent natural object, stating also the precise extent of your elaim, andi 
 whether it is taken on one or both sides of the point of discovery of the- 
 existence of the lode, and obtain your certificate of location. At the same 
 time, or if possible before recording it, you should post on your claim ;u 
 notice of its extent, the names of the locators, the number ol feet claimed,, 
 
 * This is important, as the Government now refuses to admit a claim which has not beer* 
 thus explored.
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHEE. 135 
 
 and the direction from the point of discovery shaft. The bounds of tho 
 claim must be denned by good sized posts of wood or stone, set at suitable 
 distance from each other. 
 
 HOW TO ENTER SEVERAL, CLAIMS. 
 
 If several others are associated with you, you can, if you choose, claim a 
 similar tract of 1500 feet by 600 feet for each person, not exceeding eigh'j 
 in all, having, however, made exploration by a discovery shaft tunnel or 
 drift on each plat, and having staked it off and posted a notice of it at the > 
 discovery shaft, giving all the particulars already specified for each plat. 
 But these several plats must -not run into any other claim, and each must 
 have in its central line a well defined lode or vein and all these particulars 
 must be given for each plat in the application for a recorder's certificate. 
 The fees for this filing are five dollars each to the Register and Receiver for 
 each plat. 
 
 HOLDING POSSESSION. 
 
 In order to hold possession of these mining plats it is required that until 
 the patent is issued which may not be under one, two, or three years the 
 locator or locators must perform work, or make improvements on each plat, 
 to the value of not less than one hundred dollars each year. It may happen 
 that ^he lode or vein dips at such an angle as to come outside of the claim 
 on one side or the other, at a depth which is not too great to be worked ; 
 where this is the case the locator or his grantors and legal successors can 
 claim this vein, between the vertical lines of 1500 feet (the extent of the 
 claim), although these lines may be extended beyond the three hundred feet 
 limit on either side. 
 
 BLIND LODES AND TUNNELLING CLAIMS. 
 
 If in tunnelling their lode the owners of a claim come upon blind lodes, 
 i.e., those not appearing at the surface, extending at a greater or less angle 
 from the original lode, and not previously known to exist, they have a right 
 to tunnel these blind lodes to an extent not exceeding 3000 feet, though 
 they must be worked with reasonable diligence, and a failure to work them 
 for six months is considered an abandonment of them. If they are worked 
 continuously, no surface claimant of the land beyond the limits ,of the 800 
 feet and within 3000 feet of their commencement can make a valid claim to 
 the surface under which they run. These are called tunnel rights. 
 
 CONTESTING CLAIMS. 
 
 Where a contesting claim is brought against an original one, the law 
 requires that both parties should file a survey, which must be endorsed by 
 the Surveyor General, and the Register publishes a full notice of both claims, 
 at the expense of the claimants, for sixty days in some newspaper published 
 nearest the claim. 
 
 MAKING PAYMENT FOR THE CLAIM. 
 
 Or if there is no adverse claimant, the publication may be made for the 
 protection of the title of the original claimant, who at the end of the sixty 
 days files his affidavit showing the posting of the claim during the sixty days, 
 and that he has complied with the other requirements of the law, and asks 
 for his patent, paying to the Receiver, in addition to the other fees, five dol- 
 lars for each acre and five dollars for each fraction of an acre in his claim. 
 Thus in the case of a single claim the payment will be for the twenty and 
 four-seventh acres, one hundred and five dollars. The Receiver issues the 
 usual duplicate receipt for this money and forwards all the papers to the 
 General Land Office at Washington, where a patent for the land is issued if 
 it is found regular.
 
 THE WEST: 
 
 PROSECUTING AN ADVERSE CLAIM. 
 
 If there is an adverse claimant who persists in his claim, after the sixty 
 days' publication the Receiver gives notice in writing to both parties, requir- 
 ing the adverse claimant to proceed within thirty days to prosecute his claim 
 before a court of competent jurisdiction, and if he fails to do so within that 
 time, it will be considered waived, and the application of the original claim- 
 ant for a patent will be allowed to proceed on its merits. 
 
 These are all the provisions of the law in regard to lode or vein mining, and 
 they apply as well to the newly discovered form of deposits known as con- 
 tact lodes, except so far as "tunnel rights" are concerned. 
 
 PLACER MIXING UNCERTAIN. 
 
 Placer mining comes under different provisions, but as we cannot advise 
 you to invest in placer mining on account of its uncertainty, it is hardly 
 worth while to specify the lengthy provisions of the law in regard to it. 
 
 WORK NO THE CLAIM. 
 
 Now, then, your claim to your mine being reasonably secured, you have 
 time to find out what value there is to it, present or prospective. Here come 
 in your uncertainties and perplexities. It may prove a fortune for you, and 
 then again it may not. The chance is perhaps about one in five that if your 
 prospector was skillful, you have a good thing. 
 
 THE DISCOUNT NECESSARY ON THE ASSAY. 
 
 If it is a true fissure vein, and the dip is at such an angle that it can be 
 worked without too much expense, it may prove profitable-, but you must 
 not suppose that because the lode at or near the surface yields on assay (if it 
 is gold) eighty or a hundred dollars to the ton of ore or gangue, that you 
 will be able to realize that amount per ton from it in practically working the 
 vein. Even if it proved as rich at a greater depth as at the surface, which 
 is not probable, as the productiveness usually diminishes to some extent as 
 you p^enqtrate deeper, the assay must be reduced at least twenty-five per cent, 
 to estimate the actual working product. 
 
 "POCKETS" AND "CHIMNEYS" vs. "HORSES." 
 
 There may be "pockets" and "chimneys," spurs from the main vein, of 
 exceptional richness yielding three, four or five hundred dollars or more per 
 ton; but these are rare; while the occurrence of "horses" or boulders of 
 porphyry or quartz, entirely barren of gold, blocking the vein for some feet, 
 are far more frequent, and tracts of barren rock in the vein, extending for a 
 hundred feet or more, are not uncommon. 
 
 LOW GRADE ORES SOMETIMES PROFITABLE. 
 
 There are very few gold veins in the whole mining region whose average 
 yield is as much as forty dollars to the ton ; hundreds of veins are worked 
 and yield a good profit under favorable circumstances where the yield does 
 not exceed from six to thirteen dollars per ton. If your gold mine has a 
 stamp mill near at hand, and you can transport your ore or quartz there 
 without too heavy expense, and the gold is what is known as free milling 
 gold, that is, pure or nearly pure gold in the quartz, and not a sulphuret, or 
 other combination which requires, for its reduction, roasting or chloridiniz- 
 ing or lixiviation (all expensive processes), you have no reason to be discour- 
 aged if it does not yield over $15 or $20 to the ton.
 
 VV1IO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 137 
 
 CONTACT LODES. 
 
 But it is possible that, instead of a fissure vein, you have a contact lode. 
 Tou do not know -what that is ? Very probably; but \ve will tell you. It is 
 a newly-discovered form of mineral deposit, so far as we yet know confined 
 to silver-bearing lead ores, in which, however, there may be some gold in 
 combination with the silver and lead. These contact lodes were first discov- 
 ered in the vicinity of Leadville, where their character was not for a long 
 time understood ; but they have since been found in other localities on the 
 western slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and elsewhere, and it is 
 possible that some of the mines in the Black Hills, may prove to be of the 
 same character. In the fissure veins or lodes the gold or silver (oftenest the 
 gold) was found mixed with quartz and other broken down rock between 
 walls of porphyry or other hard rock. These veins, and the fissure which 
 they fill, may incline at any direction, but they are generally very narrow, 
 varying from two or three inches, or even less, to perhaps, at the widest, 
 four or five feet. When, therefore, the carbonate of silver deposits in the 
 vicinity of Leadville began to uncover to a width of forty, fifty, and 
 finally one hundred and even one hundred and fifty feet, people wond- 
 ered at the tremendous dimensions of this vast fissure vein, and were 
 ready to t think they had hit upon the mother-vein of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. After a time, however, they began to find that, though so very broad, 
 1hese deposits were not very thick; that, while the true fissure veins pene- 
 Irated for an unknown distance into the earth, the miner in these, going 
 down vertically, soon came to entirely barren rock. Penetrating through 
 this, he might come to another layer of silver ore, or he might not. 
 
 WHAT CONTACT LODES ARE. 
 
 It was a considerable time after these discoveries were made before 
 their real significance was understood. They are layers or strata of the 
 argentiferous carbonate of lead, interposed between the strata of rock, 
 sandstone, limestone, slate, hornblende, gneiss, or granite, as the case may 
 l>e, and they may extend to the right or left indefinitely, thinning out in 
 some places and thicker in others; but their vertical thickness is not very 
 jjreat. In some instances, on penetrating through the underlying stratum 
 of rock, one, and we believe, in one instance two, similar deposits were 
 found between lower strata. The name given to these deposits contact 
 lodes expresses their character very well, for they are in contact with 
 the strata above and below them. 
 
 THESE CONTACT LODES NO RICHER THAN THE FISSURE VEINS. 
 
 You are not to suppose that these deposits are entirely of pure ore, 
 or indeed that they contain any larger proportion of pure silver or lead 
 than the deposits contained in fissure veins. The average yield of silver 
 and lead from the mines in the vicinity of Leadville is from $50 to $75 
 to the ton. A few have exceeded this for a time, but the yield of larger 
 .amounts, as of $200 to $350 per ton, has very soon fallen off. 
 
 COSTLY REDUCTION WORKS NECESSARY. 
 
 Like all silver mining, this cannot be carried on successfully without 
 costly reduction works, smelters, or works for roasting, chloridinization, 
 lixiviation, etc. These, if owned by other parties than the owners of the 
 mines, generally absorb the largest share of the profits, and in the end often 
 become the proprietors of the mine, if it is a good one. 
 
 LARGE CAPITAL NECESSARY FOR SILVER MINING. 
 
 The point where the small mining proprietor begins to lose ground, nsd 
 make losses instead of profits, is the one where he finds that more capital is 
 indispensable for the development of his mine, and, in order to secure that
 
 138 THE WEST: 
 
 capital, parts with a controlling interest in it, and soon is crowded out by 
 his wealthier associates, who take advantage of his toil and sacrifices, with- 
 out making him any adequate return for them. 
 
 There are not to-day a dozen mines in all the West which are in the hands 
 of their original discoverers or owners. 
 
 MINING IN THE SMALL WAY IN ABIZONA. 
 
 In Arizona, to those who are disposed to brave the climate, and the often 
 protracted drought, and the isolation from the great centres of life and civ- 
 ilization, there are good opportunities for mining, even on a small scale. 
 The lodes, both of gold and silver, are exceptionally rich, and even the sim- 
 plest and rudest processes yield large returns. In no other region among 
 civilized nations can a farmer do as General Fr6mont says many of the Ari- 
 zona farmers are in the habit of doing viz. : having found a gold mine upon 
 the.ir farms, which they have not the means of working on a large scale, they 
 pursue their ordinary farm-work, and, when a leisure day comes, dig a quan- 
 tity of gold ore from the vein, pound it up in a wooden or stone mortar with 
 a log pestle, wash it in an old tin pan, or pick out the gold if it is in largo- 
 grains, or amalgamate it if it is in small scales or powder, after the rude 
 Mexican way, and then expel the mercury by heat. At the next market-day, 
 with their other produce, they bring their bag of gold dust and sell it, re- 
 peating the process when spending money runs low. This method of min- 
 ing is rather wasteful, as much of the gold is lost ; but there is more money 
 made by it there than in many of the mines by more expensive processes. 
 
 The vein and lodes in Arizona are so rich in gold and silver that there is 
 a much better opportunity for men of small means to unite together and re- 
 duce the ores in a small way -and with inexpensive apparatus, and obtain 
 large profits, than anywhere else.* 
 
 THE MINING OF OTHER MINERALS. 
 
 But gold and silver are not the only minerals to be mined in this Western 
 country, nor the only minerals which will yield a large profit. The produc- 
 tion of gold and silver in the United States amounts to from eighty to ninety 
 million dollars a year, and in the coming years will undoubtedly exceed one' 
 hundred millions ; but it constitutes only about one twelfth of the entire 
 mineral production of the country. The coal mines yield a much larger an- 
 nual amount than the mines of gold and silver at least three, and perhaps 
 four, times as much. Copper, lead, and zinc are produced annually to the 
 amount of more than one hundred millions, while iron and steel, the latter 
 now made directly from the ore, exceed two hundred millions. The other 
 mineral products, such as petroleum, salt, plaster of Paris, cement, sulphur, 
 borax, nitrates and carbonates of soda and potassa, etc., etc., make up an- 
 other large sum. The production and marketing of some of these minerals 
 will yiel^l a more certain, and in the end, a larger profit than most of th& 
 gold and silver mining. 
 
 PETROLEUM: AND COAL. 
 
 Petroleum and coal production, in particular (the former found in great 
 abundance in Wyoming Territory and in California, and probably in some of 
 the other States and Territories, and the latter in many parts of the West),t 
 
 * There is, however, a strong probability that the marked tendency, which is now mani- 
 fested, to invent or discover processes by which the severe labor and large expense now 
 incurred in the reduction of gold and silver ores may be materially lessened, will not prove 
 unavailing in other regions than Arizona. The recent invention of Mr. Edison by which the 
 tailings from the stamp mills and amalgamated plates may be made to yield up a large per- 
 centage of gold hitherto lost, and anotner process, even more successful, now about to be 
 brought to public notice, gives us great reason to hope that we are about to see cheap gold 
 mining at least. 
 
 t The coal-beds west of the Mississippi are of all known qualities, and are valuable for 
 fuels, for gas-making, for smelting, and the production of iron and steel. Many of them are 
 geologically lignite, or coals of the tertiary formation ; but in New Mexico, and perhaps at 
 other points, we have a phenomenon which is not know to exist elsewhere on the globe 
 vie: these soft, lignite, bituminous coals transformed into anthracite by volcanic action.
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 139 
 
 are industrious, which cannot fail to prove profitable and to be largely de- 
 veloped within the next five or ten years. The production of copper and 
 lead is already very large, and it is not necessary now to send the ores of the 
 former to Europe to be smelted. 
 
 SALT, BORAX, AND SULPHUR. 
 
 Salt, a prime necessity of human life, and used extensively in mining pro- 
 cesses and in meat packing, is found in all forms : by evaporation ut the? 
 salt lakes and on the ocean shores, by boiling and solar evaporation from 
 brine springs, and by mining in the numerous deposits of rock-salt. Borax 
 (bi-borate of soda) is found as a natural product in California and Nevada, 
 in such quantities, that its gathering and exportation is a large and growing 
 business. The alkaline plains yield at certain points carbonates and nitrato* 
 of soda and potassa (cooking-soda, saleratus, saltpetre, etc.) in large quan- 
 tities, and nearly chemically pure sulphur is very abundant in California, 
 Nevada, and Utah, and can be exported with great profit. An industry in. 
 which there is not too much competition is much more certain to yield suc- 
 cess than one of greater promise into which thousands are rushing. 
 
 THE ARTISAN IN THE WEST. 
 
 But it may be tha you have no fancy for mining or the exploiting of min- 
 eral products. You have not been brought up on a farm, nor been accus- 
 tomed to the rearing of live stock. You have a good trade, and are skilful 
 in it, and you have been accustomed from boyhood to the care of a garden,, 
 and to the cultivation of vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers ; but your pres- 
 ent quarters are too contracted for any considerable indulgence of your 
 tastes. You have, moreover, a great desire to go West. What shall youdoi' 
 Go, by all means, friend. You will find abundant employment, and a good 
 opportunity to acquire a competence. You may have to rough it at first,, 
 but in a short time you will find yourself in p. position of comfort. 
 
 WHAT CALLINGS ARE MOST SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 If your calling is one of the indispensable ones builder, mason, plasterer, 
 painter, glazier, paper-hanger, blacksmith, butcher, baker, hatter and fur- 
 rier, or perhaps tanner, shoemaker, harness-maker, brick-maker, watchmaker 
 and jeweller, bookbinder, stationer and news-dealer, miller, saw-mill tender, 
 tinman, roofer, etc., etc. you will find plenty of work in any of the new 
 mining towns or farming villages, and at good prices; but take our advice: 
 secure, before it is too high, a forty-acre lot of good land in the immediate 
 vicinity, have it broken up, build a house on it, small at first, but so it can 
 be enlarged easily. Sow your land to wheat or root crops, and you can sell 
 this crop at home, with but little trouble, and add a comfortable amount to- 
 your income. Then plant young trees shade trees, fruit trees of well- 
 known and choice varieties and devote your spare moments and hours to> 
 them; plant eight or ten acres, as soon as you can, with all the vegetables 
 and truck which go to make up a market garden, and you will soon find 
 that however profitable your trade may be, your market garden brings in 
 twice as much ; and your nursery of young trees will soon be thronged with 
 purchasers. If you have children who are growing up, add flowers, build a 
 greenhouse, and as fast as you can learn the art of floral cultivation, work 
 into the florist's business. 
 
 NURSERIES, MARKET GARDENS, AND GREENHOUSES. 
 
 If work at your trade is dull, push your flowers, your market garden, 
 your nursery, the more; if work is brisk, train your children to attend tc> 
 this, giving them your oversight as often as you can.
 
 140 THE WEST: 
 
 HORTICULTURE VS. SPECULATION. 
 
 Following up this course, you need not break your heart if your neighbor 
 A, who is a mine owner, finds a pocket in his mine which yields him many 
 thousand dollars; or if your neighbor B sells out his shares for fifty or a 
 hundred thousand dollars more than they cost him. You are adding to the 
 earth's production , you are making two blades of grass grow where only one 
 grew before, or a hundred trees where none grew previously; your neighbor 
 who speculates in shares produces nothing, he only gambles on what others 
 have produced. ' You may acquire property more slowly than he, but your 
 course is sure and safe, and the chances are that ten years hence, you will 
 be much the richer man of the two, though he may have won and lost a 
 dozen fortunes in that time. 
 
 THE TEACHER AT THE WEST. 
 
 If you are a teacher, and would better your condition by emigrating to 
 the West, our advice would be much the same. Good teachers are always 
 in demand, even in the newest towns. The Yankee must have a school- 
 house, and, generally, a church too, in his new village, quite as goon as a 
 house for himself; the school-house, at all events, is sure to come very soon, 
 whatever the nationality of the settlers of the town. But while you are 
 teaching the young idea how to shoot, teach the shrubs, the young trees, and 
 the flowers and vegetables to put forth their shoots too. Secure your forty 
 acres as near to the town as possible, and make and keep it productive. 
 Then, when teaching becomes a drudgery, and you desire to be relieved from 
 its cares, you will have a valuable property, and a profitable business to make 
 jour declining years comfortable. Keep bees, if you can, or pigeons or 
 poultry, rabbits or hares, or pet birds, anything except cats and curdogs. 
 Teach your children botany and natural history, and lead their minds up 
 -from the beautiful flowers to Him who painted them with His sunbeams, and 
 from the wise and curious animals, so well adapted to their modes of living, 
 to Him whose omniscience guides all the actions of His creatures, and whose 
 providence provides for their needs. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL MEN, CLERGYMEN. 
 
 The members of the several learned professions hardlv need our advice in 
 Tegard to emigration. Clergymen, in the exercise of tlieir clerical duties, 
 Tvill find their positions at first trying, because of the present poverty of 
 most of the settlers. When a man has expended all his means in paying for 
 his land and its first cultivation, and the food which his family must con- 
 sume before he realizes on his first crop, he cannot aid in supporting a min- 
 ister, however strong may be his desire to do so. Moreover, these new im- 
 migrants must aid in building a church edifice of some kind, as well as in sup- 
 porting a pastor, and this, while still straitened in regard to their own means 
 Iliving. After a few years this will be easy, but meantime they cannot with 
 safety dispense with the church or clergyman. If the clergyman has any 
 spare money he will do well to buy some land, or at least to secure the title 
 of it to himself; it may be very convenient by and by. In most instances 
 the Home Missionary Societies, of the different denominations, in the East 
 will grant aid to deserving churches and ministers, till the churches are able 
 to stand alone. 
 
 LAWYERS AND PHYSICIANS. 
 
 Lawyers and physicians are plenty enough, but they fare rather better 
 than clergymen. The lawyers find a great deal of business in the abundant 
 litigation in the mining districts and in conveyancing, and most of them 
 have an additional resource in politics, which sooner or later bring them 
 into official positions. The physicians, beside their professional duties, are 
 mostly either chemists, metallurgists, or botanists, and find employment which
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 14 1 
 
 is profitable, either in connection with some of the mining, assaying or 
 smelting companies, or in a professor's chair. 
 
 ENGINEERS AND ARTISTS. 
 
 Engineers are sure of constant employment, whether mining or civil 
 engineers, if they understand their business. 
 
 Artists generally come as visitors, not immigrants, but are often employed 
 by the wealthy mine owners very profitably. 
 
 OPERATVES AND EMPLOYES IN FACTORIES, ETC. 
 
 Employe's and operatives in manufactories may find employment in some- 
 kinds of manufacture in the States nearest the Mississippi, for there is a largo 
 amount of manufacturing in Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and 
 Kansas, and manufactures are increasing in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. 
 There is some opportunity for millers, saw-mill hands, sash, door and blind 
 makers, coopers, agricultural machinery hands, iron ana steel rail makers, 
 iron furnace and foundry hands, stove and hollow ware founders and finish- 
 ers, smelters, and in California and Oregon, salmon packers and a few 
 woollen factory hands. In Kansas, Arkansas and Texas there are some 
 eotton factories, and many oil mills for expressing cotton-seed oil, castor oil,. 
 linseed oil, etc. 
 
 COTTON AND WOOLLEN FACTORIES. 
 
 The factories for manufacturing cotton and wool are likely to increase 
 largely within a few years. A machine has been invented, and is now in 
 use to some extent, for spinning cotton with the seed in it, unginned, and 
 the yarn is much better and more beautiful and durable than can be produced 
 from ginned cotton. The yarn produced by these machines is destined to 
 be manufactured largely in the vicinity of the cotton fields, and will thus 
 create a home demand for cotton. "Wool is now produced so largely through- 
 out this whole region, that much saving of freight will result from its manu- 
 facture near the centres of wool production. When this is accomplished, 
 the operatives from Eastern cotton and woollen factories will find it for their 
 interest to emigrate westward. 
 
 IS IT NECESSARY TO GO WEST ? 
 
 But, after all, is it not barely possible that there are lands east of the 
 Mississippi, where, all things being taken into the account, a man or family 
 can live as well and make as much money as in the West, and at the same 
 time avoid the hardships and discomforts of a life on the frontier ? 
 
 There is the same choice of occupations here as at the West. Land is not 
 quite so low, generally, but on the other hand you avoid the long and ex- 
 pensive journey to the West. The agricultural production, under favorable 
 circumstances, does not differ materially, but there prices are low and the 
 cost of transportation to a better and higher market is very heavy, while 
 here you have a market almost at your doors, and that, one which pays the 
 highest price for produce. If there is a difference, as there certainly is in 
 some sections, the Eastern climate is healthier, neither the heat nor the cold 
 so oppressive, the rainfall sufficient to prevent any apprehension of a drought,, 
 the insect pests much less formidable, and the danger from malarial fevers 
 less serious. The intensity of the cold of winter is greater in the northern 
 tier of States and Territories of the West than in the middle Atlantic States, 
 and the heat of the south-western States and Territories in summer, has no 
 parallel in the East. 
 
 WHERE THE NEW LANDS ARE MAINE AND NEW ENGLAND GENERALLY. 
 
 " But where," you will ask, " are these lands, to which you refer in the 
 Atlantic States, and how can we reach them?" We answer, Not perhaps in 
 Maine, though there is much good land in the State which is to be had at
 
 1.43 THE WEST: 
 
 from three to five dollars per acre; but it is, for the most part, somewhat 
 remote from good markets, and the winter's cold is severe and protracted. 
 Yet if you wish to engage in silver or copper mining there is a very fair 
 opportunity for doing so in Maine, and with perhaps as good results as most 
 men will attain at the West, and with lighter expenses. 
 
 Northern New Hampshire and Vermont have some good lands to be pur- 
 chased at low prices, but the winters are hard and the soil rocky. Massa- 
 chusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are too densely populated to have 
 much cheap land. Still there are old farms to be bought very low. in the 
 two former states, which need only the energy of a thorough farmer, to bring 
 them into a thrifty condition and to make them yield very profitable crops. 
 There are more or less mines and quarries in all three, which would pay well 
 if well managed. 
 
 NEW YORK NORTHERN NEW YORK. 
 
 New York has two large tracts of land and several smaller ones which, all 
 "things considered, are as favorably situated for profitable settlement as most 
 of the Western lands. These are, first, the region known as " the Adiron- 
 dacks," " John Brown's Tract," etc., in Northern New York. The country 
 is well watered, the soil is mostly a virgin soil, with considerable timber of 
 excellent quality on it, and will yield large crops of spring wheat, rye, and 
 Parley, the early sorghum, and in some sections Indian corn. The land can be 
 purchased for from two to five dollars per acre, except where there is heavy 
 timber on it, when it would probably be worth from eight to ten dollars. lit 
 is not at present traversed by any railroads, but these would soon be con- 
 structed if settlements were made there. The winter is very cold, but so it 
 is in the valley of the Red River of the North. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley, 
 as well as potatoes and other root crops for which it is well adapted, can be 
 brought to market at a moderate expense, and the prices they will command 
 are much higher than those paid in the West. 
 
 LONG ISLAND. 
 
 The second region which is eligible for settlement in New York, is on 
 Long Island, and mainly in Suffolk County. It seems almost incredible that 
 half a million of acres of land lying between thirty-five and ninety miles 
 from New York City, the best and most inexhaustible market in the world, 
 with a good soil, a very healthful climate, well watered, and having a suf- 
 ficient but not excessive annual rainfall, should lie unimproved, and be at 
 the present time for sale at from five to twelve dollars per acre. And the 
 wonder is all the greater, when we find that a railroad passes through the 
 whole length of this tract, with several branches, and that no part of it is more 
 than twelve miles from the railroad, and much of it within from one to five 
 miles of it, and that this railroad is now offering every facility to farmers, to 
 
 (transport their produce to market, and to bring from the city the needed fer- 
 tilizers. The shores of the island abound in the best qualities of edible fish, 
 oysters, clams, mussels, scollops, lobsters, crabs, etc., and the game birds and 
 four-footed game of the whole region are abundant. On the island are forty 
 factories for the production of oil from the menhaden, and the fish-scrap, or 
 guano, one of the best fertilizers known, is now sent away from the island, 
 because there is little or no demand for it there. 
 
 WHY IT HA8 NOT BEEN SETTLED HITHERTO. 
 
 The only causes which can be assigned for the non-settlement of these 
 lands, are the apathy of the inhabitants, and their lack of enterprise, and the 
 evil report which has been made, falsely, of the barrenness of the lands, by 
 those who preferred to supply themselves with wood from these lands, rather 
 than to have them cultivated and populous, and be obliged to purchase coal 
 for fuel. This state of affairs is now passing away.
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGliATE THITHER. 143 
 
 ITS ADVANTAGES. 
 
 The land can be cleared at from five to ten dollars per acre, some of the 
 "timber being large enough for building purposes or for railroad ties. It 
 will yield from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels of wheat or from twenty to 
 twenty-eight bushels of rye to the acre, from two hundred and fifty to three 
 hundred and fifty bushels of potatoes of the best quality, and with good cul- 
 tivation and fair manuring, the whole region can be transformed into market 
 gardens, fruit orchards, and strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry lands of 
 the greatest productiveness, and for all these products there is an unfailing 
 demand at the highest prices, in New York and Brooklyn and the cities ad- 
 jacent. 
 
 MARKET-GARDEN FARMING MORE PROFITABLE HERE THAN AT THE "WEST. 
 
 With the same capital, a young farmer, who is intelligent and enterpris- 
 ing, can do better on these lands, than he can in Kansas, Minnesota, Dakota, 
 or Montana, and can be so conveniently situated to the great city that he or 
 his family can visit it as often as they please. The great summer resorts of 
 Cony Island, Rockaway Beach, Long Beach, Fire Island, and Montauk, 
 which are visited by nearly two millions of people every season, afford ad- 
 ditional markets for produce. The island affords also great opportunities 
 for successful manufacturing. The great city of Brooklyn at its western ex- 
 tremity, has more than 250 millions of dollars invested in manufacturing, 
 and there is now rapid progress in the establishment of manufactories in the 
 counties of Queens and Suffolk. 
 
 - 1. ' 
 
 NOT ADAPTED TO MINING. 
 
 There are not, at present, any known mineral deposits of great value on 
 the island, whatever there may be in the future. The man whose heart is 
 set on obtaining wealth from mining, will do better to go elsewhere ; but 
 even he need not go to the Rocky Mountains or the Pacific coast k> find 
 employment suited to his tastes, as we shall presently show. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 If "Long Island's rock-bound shore" does not satisfy your longings for 
 a new home, what have you to say to New Jersey? 
 
 Just listen to a few facts in relation to the lands which can be furnished 
 to immigrants in that State. These facts are officially published, during the 
 present year, by the Secretary of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor and In- 
 dustry of New Jersey. 
 
 A MILLION ACRES. 
 
 There are more than a million of acres of uncleared lands in the eight 
 southern counties of New Jersey, which can be purchased at from $5 to $20 
 per acre. They have been held by large proprietors, and most of them have 
 their titles direct from the "Lords Proprietors," Penn, Fenwick, Byllinge, 
 and others, who received their grants from Charles II. These great proprie- 
 tors held their estates of from 17,000 to 80,000 acres of woodlands, and in- 
 creased their fortunes by selling wood, timber and charcoal to the forges, 
 iron furnaces, and glass-works of the vicinity. These great estates are now 
 broken up, and the use of anthracite and other coals for the furnaces and 
 glass-works, and for fuel, has rendered their former business less produc- 
 tive. 
 
 THE SOIL AND CLIMATE FERTILIZERS. 
 
 The soil of these lands is good, a light loam, but easily cultivated ; it can 
 be readily fertilized by the use of marl, which is abundant in the imme- 
 diate vicinity, and is worth from $1 to $1.75 per ton; lime, which is worth
 
 144 THE WEST: 
 
 from twelve to 1 fifteen cents a bushel; or fish guano, which is a very power- 
 ful manure, worth from $15 to $18 per ton. It will produce almost any crop 
 which you may desire to cultivate, and yields fine crops of the cereals and 
 Indian corn (thirty to sixty bushels of the latter), root crops, melons, market- 
 garden vegetables of excellent quality, fruit of great excellence, and all the 
 small fruits. Railroads traverse all these counties, and both New York and 
 Philadelphia furnish excellent markets. 
 
 The climate is very mild, the mean annual range of the thermometer being- 
 only 43 and the extremes being about 90 and 15 F. 
 
 RAINFALL, GRAPE CULTURE, MANUFACTURES, ETC. 
 
 The rainfall is about 48 inches. Ploughing can be done every month in 
 the year. The culture of the grape is a favorite industry, and the grape at- 
 tains great perfection from the long season without frost. The region is re- 
 markably healthy and free from all malarious influences. It is especially 
 commended for sufferers from pulmonary complaints. 
 
 Here are glass-works, silk factories, iron mines, artificial-stone works, 
 iron furnaces, and a great variety of other manufacturing and mining indus- 
 tries. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 If, however, you still prefer a country abounding in mineral wealth, turn 
 your face westward or rather south-westward, and you will find in West Vir- 
 ginia, western North Carolina, or east Tennessee all that your heart can de- 
 sire In the way of mineral wealth. In West Virginia the most abundant min- 
 erals are petroleum, salt, coal, and iron, and all are found in the greatest 
 abundance. The salt springs along the banks of the Great Kanawha yield a 
 salt of the very best quality. The petroleum wells yield mostly the heavy 
 lubricating oils, though some of them produce the lighter illuminating oils. 
 The quantity seems to be inexhaustible. The coal is of several varieties, but 
 all of excellent quality. There are cannel coals, gas coals, smelting coals, 
 analogous to the Indiana block coal, and some semi-anthracite coals for fuel. 
 At some points in the canon of New River and elsewhere, the best iron ores 
 and furnace coals are in such close proximity, that the pig iron can be pro- 
 duced at the lowest possible cost, lime and other fluxes being also at hand, 
 and the cars of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway passing close at hand to 
 carry it away. The climate is salubrious and pleasant, except on the moun- 
 tain summits, where the snow lies long. The mountain slopes are covered 
 with valuable timber, furnishing the principal supply of black walnut .and 
 other hard woods to the manufacturers of furniture. The soil in the val- 
 leys is excellent, the rainfall sufficient, and the crops satisfactory. Land is 
 cheap here, but the settler, though nearer the great markets than at the West, 
 is very much isolated. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 In her mountainous region, in the west of the State, has veins of gold 
 and silver, which, though not very rich, yield a fair competence to the in- 
 dustrious miner. She has also mountains of mica, from which the best large 
 sheets are procured ; and some iron and lead. The soil is not very rich, and 
 the method of tilling it is primitive. There is much timber in the moun- 
 tains. The climate is agreeable, and there are valuable mineral springs at 
 several points. Land is held at low prices, but its quality is not such as to 
 make it very desirable. 
 
 EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 East Tennessee has valuable iron mines, copper mines, and coal-beds, 
 and at several points is largely engaged in the production of iron which is of 
 excellent quality. There is also gold, salt, and some petroleum in her hills. 
 Much of her land is covered with heavy timber. Land is cheap, but the soil
 
 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. 145 
 
 is poor, and requires fertilizers to enable the settler to procure good crops. 
 But the mineral wealth of the region -will eventually enrich it. Northern 
 Georgia and Alabama have considerable quantities of gold and silver, but the 
 ores are poor, or the precious metals have not been thoroughly extracted. 
 These regions are not very attractive to the emigrant. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Florida offers many advantages to the settler in her fine climate, her 
 generally fertile soil, and her early seasons. The cultivation of the orange 
 has been greatly developed there, and is profitable to those who can wait for 
 the maturity of the orange groves. This takes about ten years, and then 
 the income is permanent and constantly increasing. Some parts of the pen- 
 insula are subject to malarial diseases. 
 
 THE MORAL. 
 
 The moral of our long dissertation is, that with health, industry, enter- 
 prise, and economy a man can achieve a competence almost anywhere ; with- 
 out them, he will not succeed, even under the most favorable circumstances.
 
 146 
 
 ONE HUKDEED TEABS AGO." 
 
 HISTORICAL CHEONOLOGY O7 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1761. 
 
 Excitement in the colonies against the British Govern 
 Bient, caused by enforcement of Navigation Act against Steuben 
 illegal traders. 
 
 1765. 
 
 Protests against Stamp Act (passed March 22t by the 
 colonists, who object to taxation without representation 
 Oct /First Colonial Congress met in New York. 
 
 1766. 
 Stamp Act repealed. 
 
 1767. 
 
 New duties levied on. glass, paper, printers' colors and 
 tea, and against which the colonial assemblies protest 
 
 1768. 
 Gen. Gates sent to Boston to overawe the colonists. 
 
 1770. 
 
 March 5 Boston Massacre, when the first blood was 
 si* It in the dispute with England.... Daniel Boone ex- 
 plores Kentucky. 
 
 1771. 
 
 Armed protest against taxation in the Carolinas, and 
 Governor Tyron suppresses the rebellion. 
 
 1773. 
 British Parliament repeals the duties, except three- 
 
 } pence a pound on tea Dec. lli Dutiable tea emptied 
 nto Boston Harbor by men in disguise. 
 1774. 
 
 Rights issued ____ April Tea thrown overboard in New 
 York Harbor Dec. 25 British tea ship forbidden to 
 hind at 1'hiladclphia. 
 
 1775. 
 
 April 19 Battle of Lexington, Mass., and beginning o: 
 the War of Independence May 10 Fort Tieonderoga 
 captured l.yCol.Ethan Allen... .Crown Point and White- 
 hall taken June 17 Battle of Bunker Hill, and death 
 of General Warren ____ 90 George Washington commis- 
 tione.U Commander-in-chief of the Army of the United 
 Colonies Bills ot credit, known as Continental money, 
 -iiu'd by Congress.... Americans invade Canada Sur- 
 render of Montreal Death of General Montgomery 
 before Quebec Kentucky first settled by whites, near 
 Lexiagvon. 
 
 1776. 
 
 March 17 The British evacuate Boston Americans 
 driven out of Canada ____ July 4 Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. Aug. 2 Signed by the representatives of the 
 thirteen States July 8 Read to the people by John 
 Mxon from the Observatory, State-house yard. Phila- 
 delphia Aug. 27 Americans defeated on Long Island 
 .... Sept. 9 Title of ' United States" adopted by Congress 
 .. ..Sept 15 New York City taken by the B-itist ...Oct. 
 11, 12 Battle on LakeChamplain....Retreatot Washing- 
 ton over the Hudson ana across th Jerseys to Penn- 
 sylvania Oct. 18 Kosciusko commissioned an officer 
 in IJ. S. army.... Oct. 29 Battle of White Plains, N. Y.... 
 Dec. Congress adjourns to Baltimore. ...25 Washington 
 crosses the Delaware; 26 Captures 1.000 Hessians at 
 Fronton, and recrosses the Delaware ____ Dec. Benjamin 
 franklin and Arthur Lee, V. S. Embassy to solicit aid 
 trotn France, arrive in Paris. 
 
 1777. 
 
 Jan. 3 Battle of Princeton Washington in Winter 
 quarters at Morristown, receives 24,000 muskets trpm 
 France.... Congress returns to Philadelphia.... April 
 British burn Danbury, Ct May Americans destroy 
 Hritih stores at Sag Harbor, L. I ____ June 30 Britisli 
 ii rmy crosses from Jersey to Staten Island. . . .July 10 
 Seizure of British Gen. Presrott in Ivhode Island by Col 
 Win. Barton. . . .July 5 Burgoyne takes Crown Point an 
 Ticonderoga ____ 31 Lafayette commissioned a major- 
 general, and introduced to V ashington li: Philadelphia. 
 Aug. 3. ...Aug. 16 Battle of Bennington Sept 11 
 1'altle of Brandywine and retreat ol Americans to 
 l liester, and to Philadelphia 12 Sept 18 Congress re- 
 tires to Lancaster, and then to York 26 British Gen. 
 Howe marches to Philadelphia, and encamps at German- 
 lown....Oct 4 Washington attacks the enemy at Gcr- 
 iii tn'own Burgoyne advances to Saratoga 17 Sur- 
 rcndor ot'Burgoyiie and his whole army to Gen. Gates, 
 ut Saratoga, N. Y ____ 22 Battle of Red Bank, on Delaware 
 1'ivcr. and death of Count Donop Howe's army goes 
 iio winter qulirtcrs in Philadelphia, and Wasliiugum's 
 A. Valley Forge. 
 
 1778. 
 
 Feb. 6- Treaty of alliance with France .... May 5 V aroa 
 
 teuben crsated a major-general in American army 
 
 June 18 Howe's army evacuates Philadelphia, and re- 
 treats towards New V ork. . . 28 Attacked by American* 
 
 on the plains of Monmouth, and retreats again 2s July 
 
 8 A French fleet arrives in the Delaware 30 Con- 
 gress meets in Philadelphia Shoes worth $700 a pair 
 
 in the Carolinas Aug. 12 French and English fleets 
 
 disabled in a storm off Rhode Island 29 Battle of 
 
 Rhode Island Wyoming Valley pillaged by Tories and). 
 
 Indians Nov. 3 French fleet sails for West Indies 
 
 11, 12 Cherry Valley attacked by Indians and Tories 
 
 Dec. 29 The British capture Savannah, Ga. 
 1779 
 
 March Major-general Israel Putnam's famous ride 
 
 down HorsenecK Hill May 11 British advance to 
 
 Charleston, S. C., but retreat at the approach of Gen. 
 Lincoln June 6 Patrick Henry dies June Norfolk. 
 
 Va., burnt by the British June 2J Americans repulsi d. 
 
 at Stone Ferry July New Haven, Ot, plundered, anil 
 East Haven, Fairfleld and Norvfalk turned... Stony 
 Point, on the Hudson, captured by the Americans 
 Sept 22 Paul Jones, in the Bon Honune Richard, cap- 
 tures the British ship Serapis Oct 9 Repulse of 
 French and Americans, and death ol Count Pulaski. . . . 
 25 Withdrawal of British troops from Rhode .'stand 
 Gen. Sullivan chastises the Six Nations Dec. 25 Kit- 
 Henry Clinton, with his forces, sails for the South 
 Washington in Winter quartersat ilorristown, N J. 
 1780, 
 
 Washington sends Baron DeKalb to aid the Patriots in 
 the Carolinas Feb. 11 Clinton's troops land below 
 
 Charleston. ...May 12 Surrender of Charleston Sub- 
 
 fjjugution of South Carolina Gen. Gates marches South 
 
 ind isdefeated by the British at Camden, S. C.. Aug. J6; 
 Baron DeKalb killed British again laud in Jersey . and 
 attempt to capture Washington's stores at Morristowiv 
 but are repulsed at Springfield, June 23 July 10 Ar- 
 rival of a French fleet ami 6,OuO troops, under the Count 
 de Rochambeau, at Newport, B. I Sept 22 ArnoFd 
 meets Andre at Haverstru w to arrange for the surrende-j 
 of West Point 23 Capture of Major Andre and dis- 
 covery of Benedict Arnold's treason Oct Andre 
 
 langed as a spy American Academy of Arts aud 
 
 Sciences at Boston founded. 
 
 1781. 
 
 Continemtal money almost worthless Jan. 17 Defeat 
 of the British at Cowpens by Gen. Morgan, and retreat 
 ot the Americans into Virginia.... March 15 Battle cif 
 jiuillord. .. .Retreat ot the British to Wilmington.. .May 
 26 Act of Congress authorizing Bank of North America. 
 
 n be established at Philadelphia Battle ot Eutaw 
 
 Springs, South Carolina New London. Ct, burnt by 
 the British... Arnold, in the British service, commitH 
 depredations in Virginia Aug. Cornwallis fortifies 
 limseli at Yorktown Arnold devastates the New 
 
 England coast Sept 28 Washington and Rochambeau 
 
 arrive be I ore Yorktown Oct 19 Surrender ot Corn- 
 wallis at Yorktown, which secures the ultimate triumpit 
 
 of the United States Rochambeau remains in Virginia. 
 
 and Washington marches North, and goes into Winter 
 quarters on the Hudson. 
 
 1782. 
 
 British flee from Wilmington, S. C., at the approach of 
 
 Sen. St Clair Clinton and his army blockaded in Ne w 
 
 York by Washington March 4 British House of Coni- 
 
 nons resolves to end the war ...May 5 Arrival of Sir 
 
 Guy Carleton to treat for peace July 11 British 
 
 evacuate Savannah . . .First war sh.'p cons ructed in UK? 
 Jnited States at P9rtsmouth, N H. .. .John Adams, Jolm 
 Fay. Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson and 
 Henry Laurens appointed by the United States, Commis- 
 sioners to conclude a treaty of peace with Great Britain. 
 ...Four of them meet English commissioners in Paris, 
 and sign preliminary treaty Nov. 30 Dec. 14 British 
 evacuate Charleston, and Gen. Francis Marion (" The 
 Swamp Fox") disbands his brigade. 
 1783. 
 
 Jan Bank of North America opened in Philadelphia 
 . . .Jan. 20 French and English commissioners sign 
 
 reaty of peace A cessation of hostilities proclaimed 
 
 n the army Feb. 5 American Independence ac- 
 knowledged by Sweden; Feb. 25, acknowledged by Den- 
 
 . 
 d J 
 
 irk; March 24, by Spain; July, by Russia Sept. 3 
 
 :iiuite treaty of peace signed at Pa. is. and America's
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 147 
 
 Independence acknowledged by Great Britain.... June 
 \y Society of the Cincinnati formed by officers of the 
 
 1801. 
 March 4 Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President.... 
 
 W Society ot the Cincinnati formed by officers ot the March 4 Thomas Jenersoii inaugurated rresiaent. ... 
 hrmj -it Newburg. ...Nov. 3 United States army form- Tripoli declares war against the United States.... U. 3. 
 ally disbanded . . .25 New York City evacuated by the Navy Yard at Philadelphia established. 
 Hntis,!), and General Washington at head ol American 1802. 
 
 wrmy. filtered the city 2(5 Congress assembles at! April Ohio admitted as a tiuite.. .Yellow Fever ravage* 
 .Dec. 4 Washington takes leave of nis Philadelphia. 
 
 Annapolis. Md 
 
 coiuraiies-m-arms. New York City Dec. 23 Washing- 
 ion resigns his commission to Congress Slavery 
 
 abolished in Massachusetts The parties known as 
 
 i'cdeialists and Anti-Federalists originated. 
 1784. 
 
 First voyage of an American ship to China from New 
 o k. ...New York Chamber ot Commerce founded 
 Jan. 4 -Treaty 01 Paris ratified by Congress. 
 1785. 
 
 John Adams, first American ambassador to England, 
 has an audience with the King First Federal Congress 
 
 organised in New York. 
 
 1786. 
 
 Shay's insurrection in Massachusetts. 
 1787. 
 
 May 23 A convention to amend articles of Confedera- 
 ion composed ot delegates from all the States except 
 ilioUe Island, met in Philadelphia. Federal constitution 
 formed and submitted to Congress Sept. 28.. . July- 
 North -.vestern Tei ritory. embracing the present Statesot 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin estab- 
 
 1788. 
 
 their slaves. 
 
 1803. 
 
 April Louisiana purchased from the French, and divi- 
 ded into Territory of New Orleans uiid Districtof Loui- 
 siana. . .Alien and sedition laws passed Amendment!* 
 to the constitution adopted.... Com. Prebie sails for 
 Tripoli U. S. frigate Philadelphia captured by the 
 
 Tripoli tans. 
 
 1804. 
 
 Lewis and Clarke start on an exploring expedition up 
 the Missouri and down the Columbia Kiver to the 1'acitie- 
 
 Ocean Feb. 15 Lieut Decatur burns the Philadelphia 
 
 iu the harbor of Tripoli Middlesex canul, first in the 
 
 United States, completed July 12 Alex. Hamilton 
 
 killed ii a duel by Aaron Burr.... Aug. Com. Prebie 
 bombards Tripoli. 
 
 1805 
 
 Michigan created into a Territory June 3 The Pasha 
 
 of Tripoli makes terms of peace.... Yellow-fever pesti- 
 
 lence in New York. 
 
 1807. 
 
 May 22 Beginning of trial of Aaron Burr on a charge 
 f treason, Richmond. Va. ; Sept 15. acquitted . recom- 
 mitted, but nevtr tried Robert Fulton navigates the 
 
 Hudson in a steamboat June 22 The Chesapeake flied 
 
 upon by the British ship Leopard ..Retaliatory meas- 
 ures between England and France cripple the American 
 shipping trade abroad. . .Congress decrees a*i embargo, 
 which detains all vessels, both American and foreign, in 
 port 
 
 1809. 
 
 March 1 Congress repeals the embargo on shipping, 
 and at the same time passes a law forbidding an com- 
 mercial intercourse with Englan i or France until their 
 obnoxious restrictions on commerce shall be removed. 
 . . .March 4 James Madison inaugui atcd President. 
 
 1811. 
 
 Congress refuses to recharter the Bank of the United 
 States Nov. 5 Battle of Tippeeanoe, General Harri- 
 son defeats the Indians. 
 
 1812. 
 June 19 The President formally declares war against 
 
 yuaxers of Philadelphia emancipate 
 
 March 4 Federal Constitution ratified by the requisite 
 number of States, and becomes the organic law of the 
 Kepubiic... .March 11 Philadelphia incorporated as a 
 city . . . April 6 Washington chosen the flrst Presidentol 
 
 lilt: United .Stafcs, and John Adams Vice-Pre.-ident 30 
 
 Washington inaugurated at the City Hall, Wall Street, 
 New York Department* ot Treasury, War and For- 
 eign Aftairs created, and a national judiciary established 
 
 Nov. 21 North Carolina adopts the Constitution. 
 
 1790. 
 
 District ot Columbia eilcd to the United States by 
 
 Marvland and Virginia \pril 17 Death of Benjamin 
 
 Kraiikliu May 29 Khode Island adopts the Constitu- 
 tion, Using the last of the original thirteen States to do so 
 AUK i2--Congress adjourns in New York, and, Dec. 6, 
 meets in Philadelphia First census of fhe United 
 
 States; population 3,929,326 Territory South-west of Great Britain General Dearborn appointed Com- 
 
 th.? .Miio established. A United States ship circumnavi- mander-in-chiel. . .New England States threaten to IK- 
 
 gates the globe T'-oubleswith the Indians, which con- cede July 12 Gen. I- ull crosses the Detroit Kiver to 
 
 tiiuie until '94. . .The Anti-Federalists become known as attack Fort Maiden. Canada. .. 17 Fort Mackinaw cap- 
 
 the Republican party. Itured by British and Indians .. .Aug. 7 Hull retires Irom 
 
 1791. (Canada ..13 The Essex, Captain Porter, captures the 
 
 Feb. 18 Vermont admitted as'a State City of Wash-1 Alert flrst vessel taken from the British in that war 
 
 ington founded First bale of cotton exported to Eng- 
 land since the war. 
 
 1792. 
 April 2 Act past establishing United States Mint at 
 
 16 Surrender ot Detroit to British Several skirm- 
 ishes on the frontiei... 19 U S. I'rigate Constitution. 
 Commodore Isaac Hull, capture* and burnsthe Guerriere. 
 .....Oct 18 U S. sloop Wasp. Capt Jones, captures the 
 
 Philadelphia June 1 Kentucky admitted as a State; Frolic, and both are taken by the British ship Poictiers 
 
 . . V, UMiington and Adams re-elected June 21 25 C S. frigate United States, Com. Decatu'-, captures 
 
 Philadelphia and Lancashire Turnpike Company Char-jthe Macedonian Dec. 28^-The Constitution, Com. 
 
 tercd, Icoad opened in 1795 the first turnpike in the Bainbridge, makes a prize of the British frigate Java 
 
 United Mates. I.... April 8 Louisiana admitted as a State. 
 
 1793. 
 Cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney. 
 
 1794. 
 
 Congress appropriates $700.000 to establish a navy. III-I*MV.BUMMBW. ...MUMIMM* W*M*MM Mv.- lt . V o am^ t 
 surreotion among the Dutch in Western Pennsylvania on [the Delaware and -avages the Southern coast. . .New 
 account of duties on distilled liquor John Jay ap- England coast blockaded by Com. Hardy Feb. 21 
 
 Jan. 22 British Gen. Proctor defeats the Americans 
 t French town, prisoners and wounded massacred by 
 .Admiral Cockburn destroys shipping ut 
 
 pointed Envoy Extraordinary to England to settle dis- 
 putes between the two Governments. 
 1795. 
 
 Treaty with Western Indians... Yellow-fever pestilence York (now Toronto). May Fort George tai;cu. . June 
 
 in New York Oct. Treaty with Spain. 
 
 1796. 
 
 June Tennessee admitted as a State Credit of th 
 Government re-established, and all disputes with foreign 
 towers, except France, adjusted Sept Washington! 
 
 issues a farewell address. 
 
 1797. 
 
 John A4ars inaugurated President; Thomas Jefferson 
 
 Vice-President Envoys appointed toadjustdithculties 
 
 with France are refused an audience with the French 
 Directory. 
 
 1798. 
 
 Preparations for hostilities with France July 
 Washington again appointed Commander-in-chief ol the 
 
 Army Navy Department created, with Benjamin 
 
 Stoddart ot Maryland, as Secretary French Directory 
 
 make overtures for peace 
 
 1799. 
 
 Jan. Lafayette returns to France Feb. 26 Three 
 
 Envoys proceed to France to negotiate lor peace 
 
 iec. 14 Washington dies at Mount Vernon, aged 68 
 years. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Removal of the Capital from Philadelphia to Washing- 
 ton May Formation of Mississippi Territory s>ppt. 
 
 Si) American Envoys to France conclude a treaty with 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 Battle ot Ogdensburg, N Y . . .March 4 Second inaugu- 
 ration ot President Madison Successful defense of 
 
 Forts Meigs and Sandusky. .. .April Americans capture 
 
 -U. S. frigate Chesapeake sui renders to the Shannon 
 British;. Capt. James Lawrence ("Don't give up the 
 
 .ship I"; mortally wounded and dies June 6 General 
 
 Dearborn succeeded by Gen. Wilkinson... Aug. 30 Mas- 
 sacre by Creek Indians at Fort Minims, Alabama River 
 ... Generals Andrew Jackson and Coffee prosecute the 
 war against the Indians . . .Sept. 10 Battle of Lake Erie 
 
 Com. Perry defeats and captures the British Fleet 
 
 28 or 29 Americans take | ossession of Detroit Oct. 5 
 
 Battle of the Thames. Americans, under Gen. Harri- 
 son almost annihilate the British, under Proctor. Te- 
 cumseh killed . Termination 01 the war en the North- 
 west boundary 12 Americans compelled to abandon 
 Fort George. British and Indians surprise and capture 
 
 Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo and several 
 
 e and cp 
 other > r illi 
 
 II Age 
 
 and towns... .Power loom introduced in Uie t : filled 
 
 March The Essex taken bv British ships PI ou-e and 
 
 Cherub Gen. Wilkinson repulsed on Canadian :ro;ilier 
 
 and superseded by Gen Izard May 5 British attactc 
 Oswego and withdraw 7 . July 3 Kort Erie captured 
 4 Battle of Chipnewa : British defeated . 25 But- 
 tle ot Niagara ; British againdeieated . .Aug. 9-12 Com. 
 Hardy makes an unsuccessful attack on Stonirigton. 
 Aug. 15 llepulse ol assault on Kort Erie.. .24 Uas- de- 
 feats the Americans ut iiladtiisburg, and on the a_u.t .
 
 143 
 
 'CHRONOLOGY: 
 
 day cap'.ure.s the City of Washington, burtfvng the Capi- 
 tol, White House and other buildings 25 British re- 
 treat to tneir ships Sept.i2-14 Unsuccessful attack on 
 
 Baltimore; Gen. Ross killed Sept, 13 Key composes 
 
 "The Star-Spangled Banner." Sept. 15 British at- 
 tack on Mobile repulsf-d Sept. Com. McDonough's 
 victory on Lake Champlain. The British land forces, 
 
 .under Prevost, are defeated at Plattsburgh, N. Y 
 
 Americans destroy Fort Erie, and Nov. 5 go into Winter 
 
 quarters at Buffalo Nov. 7 Gen. Jackson storms and 
 
 captures Pensacola, Fla., and leaves for Mobile 9 15 
 Hartford Convention Federalists oppose the war, and 
 tnreaten a secession of the New England States Dec. 
 2 Gen Jackson arrives at New Orleans 24 Treaty of 
 peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent 
 1815. 
 
 Jan. 8 Battle of New Orleans 15 U. S. ship Presi 
 dent captured by the Endymion Feb. 17 Treaty 01 
 Ghent ratified and peace proclaimed March 23 The 
 Hornet captures the Penguin War with Algiers ... 
 Com. Decatur humbles the Mediteranean pirates 
 April 6 Massacre of American prisoners at Dartmoor, 
 .England. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Congress charters a new United States Bank Indi- 
 ana admitted as a State The Republican party in N. Y. 
 
 City adopt, for the first time, the title of Democrats. 
 1817. 
 
 James Monroe inaugurated President The United 
 States suppresses piratical establishments in Florida 
 
 and Texas Trouble with the Seminole and Creek luol- 
 
 4i na Dec. Mississippi admitted as a State. . . .July 4. 
 
 Erie Canal begun. 
 
 1818. 
 
 Gen. Jackson pursues the Indians into Florida, takes 
 Pensacola and banishes the Spanish authorities and 
 
 iroops Aug. 24 Centre foundation of present Capitol 
 
 laid at Washington, D. C Doc. Illinois admitted as a 
 
 1819. 
 
 Steam- 
 
 'oe 1 
 
 Florida ceded by Spain to the United States Stea 
 
 or, named the Savannah, first crossed the Atlantic. 
 Kint lodge of Oddfellows opened in the States Terri 
 lory of Arkansas formed Dec. Alabama admitted as 
 
 1820. 
 
 March Maine admitted as a State James Mbrr< 
 r'-elected President 
 
 1821. 
 
 Aupt. 21 Missouri admitted as a State, with the famous 
 " Compromise," under which it was resolved that in fu- 
 ture no slave State should be erected north of northern 
 boundary of Arkansas... .Streets of Baltimore lighted 
 
 1822. 
 Piracy in the West Indies suppressed by the United 
 
 .States Boston, Mass., incorporated as a city March 
 
 H United States acknowledge independence of South 
 
 America Oct. 3 Treaty with Colombia. 
 
 1823. 
 
 President Monroe promulgates the doctrine that the 
 United States ought to resist the extension of foreign 
 dominion or influence upon ttie American continent 
 
 182*. 
 Aug. 15 Lafayette revisits the United States. 
 
 1825. 
 
 March 4 John Quincy Adams inaugurated President. 
 Corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monumentlaid by Lafay- 
 ette Lafayette leaves for France in frigate Brandy- 
 wine Erie canal completed Contest between the 
 
 Federal government and Georgia concerning Indian 
 
 10 President Jackson issues a proclamation, denying 
 the right of any State to nullify any act of the Federal 
 Government The Morse system of electro-magnetic 
 telegraphy invented. 
 
 1833. 
 Tariff dispute settled by the passage of Henry Clay's 
 
 bill March 4 President Jackson inaugurated for a 
 
 second term He rmovcs the public funds from the 
 Bank of the United States . . .Widespread commercial 
 distress Opponents of Andrew Jackson first call them- 
 selves the Whig Party. . . .Oct 14 Political riots in Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 1834. 
 Chclera again rages in New York. 
 
 1835. 
 War with Seminole Indians, led by Osceola, in Florida 
 
 ...Texas declared independent Nov. 15 Great fire iq 
 
 t New York Democrats first called " The Locotbco Pai'- 
 ty." July 12 Negro riots in Philadelphia. 
 
 1836. 
 
 The Creeks aid the Seminoles in their war Arkansas 
 
 admitted as a State National debt paid off March 
 29 Pennsylvania newly incorporates the Bank of the 
 United States. 
 
 1837, 
 
 Jan. 25 Michigan admitted as a State.... March 4 
 Martin Van Buren inaugurated President The banks 
 
 suspend specie payment; panic in business circles 
 
 Many Americans as>ist the Canadian insurgents The 
 steamboat Caroline burnt by the British, near Schlosser, 
 east of Niagara, on United States Territory. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Proclamation by the President against American citi- 
 zens aiding the Canadians. . . .The steamship Sirius, the 
 first to make the Western transatlantic passage, arrives 
 at New York from Cork, Ireland, and is followed on the 
 
 same day by the Great Western from Bristol, Eng 
 
 The Wilkes exploring expedition to South Seas sailed. 
 
 1839. 
 
 Another financial panic, and, in October, banks sus- 
 pend specie payment. 
 
 July 4 Sub-Treasury bill becomes a law Railroad 
 
 riots in Philadelphia. 
 
 1841. 
 
 March 4 William H. Harrison inaugurated President; 
 
 ied April 4 Aug. 9 Sub-Treasury act repealed ana a 
 
 ^eneral bankruptcy bill passed Alex. MacLeod, inv 
 jlicated in the burning of the Caroline, tried for arson 
 
 d 
 
 l li 
 
 July 4 Death of ex-Presidents John Adams and Thom- 
 
 A Jefferson Morgan excitement and formation of 
 
 Anti-Masonry Party. 
 
 1828. 
 
 MayCongress passes a tariff bill imposing heavy 
 <luiies on British goods. Denounced by the Southern 
 
 people as oppressive and unconstitutional Title of 
 
 "Democrats" adopted generally by Republican Party. 
 
 March 4 Inauguration of Gen. Andrew Jackson as 
 
 President July 4 Corner-Stone laid of U. S. Mint, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Treaty with the Ottoman Porte Workingtoan's Par- 
 ty originated in New York City. 
 1831 . 
 
 Jan. 10--King of the Netherlands renders his decision 
 on the boundary question between Maine and the British 
 possessions. Rejected by both parties and question set- 
 tled in 1842 by the Treaty of Washington July 4 
 James Monroe dies. 
 
 1832. 
 
 Black Hawk Indian War commenced June27 Chol- 
 era breaks out in New York Aug. Indians driven 
 6uyond the Mississippi capture of Black Hawk and end^ 
 <n' the war South Carolina declares the tariff acts 
 mill and void and threatens to withdraw from the Union 
 n tiie Government attempts to collect the duties.,. 
 
 and murder at Utica, N. Y., and acquitted, Oct 12 
 Feb. 4 United States Bank failed and other banks sus- 
 >endcd specie payment 
 
 Aug. Treaty, defining the boundaries between the 
 United States and the British American Possessions and 
 or suppressing the slave trade, and for giving np fugitive 
 criminals, signed at Washington Aug. 1 "Abolition 
 ".iots," in Philadelphia. Churches burned. 
 1843. 
 
 Suppression of a threatened insurrection in Rhode 
 Island, caused by the adoption of a new constitution, 
 known as the Dorr Rebellion Jan. 11 "Weaver's 
 
 Riots," Philadelphia. 
 
 1844. 
 
 Treaty of commerce with China... May and July 
 Jiots, and Catholic churches burned in Philadelphia. . . . 
 
 May 27 Anti-rent riots in New York State Tele- 
 
 gra'phic communication established between Washing- 
 ,011 and Baltimore. 
 
 1845. 
 
 March 1 The Republic of Texas received into the 
 
 Union 3 Florida and Iowa admitted as States 4 
 
 James K Polk inaugurated President. . . June 8 Death 
 
 of Gen. Andrew Jackson Treaty with Great Britain 
 
 1xing Northwestern boundary Gen. Zachary Taylor 
 ordered to defend the Texan border against a threatened 
 invasion by Mexico. 
 
 1846 
 
 War with Mexico May 8 Battle of Palo Alto 9 
 
 Battle of Reseca de la Palma. Mexicans beaten in both 
 
 ...July 6 Com. Sloat takes possession of Monterey...- 
 Aug. Gen. Kearney takes possession of New Mexico 
 
 3ol. Fremont occupies California Aug. 19 Com. 
 
 Stockton blockades Mexican ports Dec. Iowa minut- 
 ed as a State. . .Oct. 25. Com. Perry bombards Tobasco, 
 
 Mexico Nov. 14 Com. Connor occupies Tampico. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Feb. 8 Kearney proclaims the annexation of Califor- 
 nia to the United States Col. Doniphan defeats Mexi. 
 
 cans in Chihuahua and takes possession of that province 
 . . .Feb. 23 Battle of Bnena vista , Taylor defeats Santa 
 
 Anna March 27 Surrender of Vera Cruz and castle to 
 
 Gen. Scott and Com. Perry Battle of Cerro Gordo 
 
 April 18 Aug. 20 Battles of Contreras and Cherubus- 
 
 co. . . .Sept. 8 Battle of Meliiio del Rey. . . .13 Battle at 
 Chepultepec. . , .14 American army enters City of Mex- 
 ',co. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Feb. 18 Gen. Scott superseded in Mexico by Gen. Win. 
 
 O. Butler Treaty of Guadaloupc HMn'go whi,-.h stipn- 
 
 ,lati-d for the evacuation of Mexico by the Americ an Ar .
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 my -wlthinthrec months; the payment of $15,000,000 byjafid subsequently goes to Philadelphia, Jfi u York and 
 
 United States and Great Britain Mny 29 Wisconsin 
 admitted as a State July 4 Peace with Mexico for- 
 mally proclaimed News* of the discovery of gold in 
 California reached the States Mormons (founded bj 
 Joseph Smith 1827) settled near Great Salt Lake, Utal 
 . . . .Dec. 8 First deposit of California gold in Mint. 
 1849. 
 
 promise." Dec. 20 Carolina secedes from the Union. 
 Dec 26 (Jen. Anderson evacuates Fort Moultru-, 
 Ohar.eston, and occupies Kort 8unuer...Dec. 30 resi- 
 dent Buchanan declines to receive delegates fruiu South 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Jan. 9 Mississippi secedes. Confederates at Charleston 
 
 Great exodus of gold-seekers to California March 4 flre into reinforcement steamer Star at the West 10 
 
 The " Wilmot Proviso " passed by Congress March 5 Alabama and Florida recede 11 Major Anderson re- 
 
 Gen. Zachary Tnylor inaugurated President June 15 fuses to surrender Fort Sumter . ..12 Conlederatestortily 
 James K. Polk dies The people of California vote Vicksburgh, Miss., and seize Navy Yard at Pensacola. 
 
 against slavery in that territory Cholera in NewYo-k Fla.. .18 Georgia secedes Jan. 26 Louisiana secedes 
 
 '....29 Secretary -of-Treasury, John A. Dix, issues his 
 thrilling order, addressed " VV. Hemphill Jones, New Or- 
 leans :" " If any one attempts to haul down the American 
 Hag, shoot him on the spot! 1 ' Feb. 5 Texas secedes 
 
 .May 30 to sept. 8 Philadelphia depleted by cholera 
 Treaty with England for a transit way across the 
 Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 1850. 
 
 March 31-^John C. Calhoun dies. . 
 expedition, in search of Sir John Fra 
 York July 9 President Taylor dies Great fire in 
 
 .May The Grinnell by legislative act Peace conlereuce assembles nt 
 anklin. leaves New Washington, D. C., and first congress of the seven seceded 
 
 Philadelph 
 
 10 Vice-President Millard Fillmore as- 
 
 the Presidency Violent debates between the 
 
 Pro-slavery and Free-soil parties in Congress Over the 
 proposed admission of California Sept. 9 Passage ol 
 Henry Clay's "Omnibus Bill," relative to slavery... 
 Territory of Utah organized, 
 1851. 
 
 Letter postage reduced to three cents Lopez's expe 
 
 dition landed in Cuba Lopez captured, and executed 
 in Havana, Sept. 1 Minnesota purchased from the 
 Sioux Indians Dec. Louis Kossuth arrives in New 
 
 York Dec. 24j Capitol at Washington partly destroyed beating, bringing away company and private properly. 
 
 by flre. <nd saluting his ling with fiftv gun. 1 ' 15 Pre*idei)t 
 
 1852. 
 
 United States expedition to Japan, under command of 
 Com. Perry, a brother of the hero of Lake Erie June 
 29 Henry Clay dies Oct- 24 Daniel Webster dies. 
 1853. 
 
 Washington Territory created out of the northern part 
 of Oregon 4 Franklin Pierce inaugurated Presiuent 
 May Four vessels, underCapt. Ringgold, leave on an ex- 
 ploring expedition to the North Pacific Ocean Expedi- 
 tions start to explore routes for a railway to the Pacific 
 coast Second expedition in search of Sir John Frank- 
 lin leaves, under command of Doctor Kane. . . .Capt. In- 
 graliam upholds the rights of American citizenship ii; 
 the affair of Martin Koszta, at Smyrna. 
 
 1854. s_ 
 
 May Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which cre- 
 ated those two Territories, and left the people of every 
 territory, on becoming a State, free to adopt or exclude 
 the institution ot slavery Feb. 28 Seizure of the 
 
 States assembles at Montgomery, Ala Jefferson Davi. 
 chosen President of Conlederate States, and A. 11 
 
 Stephens, Vice-President 18 Davis inaugurated a 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. Gen. Twiggs surrenders to the Con- 
 federates in Texas, and March 1 is dismissed from U. S 
 Army in disgrace 22 President-elect Lincoln, with 
 his own hands, raises the American flag at the State 
 House, Philadelphia March 4 He is inaugurated at 
 "~ : ~r Anderson again relusts 
 
 -_, 'ate batteries open fire on 
 
 FortSumter. The North aroused... 14 Major Ahdcrsoit 
 vacnates Fort Sumter "wi.h colors flying and drums 
 
 Lincoln calls lor 75,000 troops 17 President 
 issues letters of marque, and President Lincoln blockades 
 Southern ports Virginia passes oidinance of secession* 
 18 U. s. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry destroyed by 
 Federal authorities First troops arrhed at Washing- 
 Ion, via Harriburgu, Pa 19 Sixth Massachusetts 
 
 Kegiment attacked while passing through Baltimore. 
 Seventh Regiment of New York leaves that city for 
 Washington 21 Norfolk (Va.) Navy Yard burnt by 
 
 Federal authorities May 6 Arkansas formally secedes 
 
 . . 9-11 Tennessee secedes. . .20 North Carolina secede* 
 'A Col. E. E. Ellsworth murdered at Alexandria, Va. 
 ...JuneS Stephen A. Douglasdies. . . July21 Battle ot 
 Bull Run Aug. 10 Battle ef Wilson's Creek, Missouri 
 Gen. Nathaniel Lyon killed. . . .20 Gen. G. B. McClellan 
 
 it slavery rep. 28 Seizure ot the 
 hip Black Warrior in harbor of Hav- 
 
 assumes command of Army of Potomac Sept. 20 Col. 
 
 Mulligan forced to surrender at Lexington, Ky Oct. 
 
 21 Battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. Gen. E. D. Baker killed. 
 
 31 Gen. \\inficld Scott resigns, and McClellan is 
 
 made commander-in-chief. . . .Nov. 8 Capt. Wilkes ot the 
 ana June 7 Reciprocity treaty between Great Brit- San J..cimo captures M;ison and Slidell on board ot the 
 
 in and the United States, respecting international (Trent War with England imminent 30 Jefferson, 
 
 trade, fisheries, etc July 13^-Capt. Hollins of sloop Davis elected President of Confederate States lor six 
 
 years Dec. 2 Congress votes thanks 19 Capt. Wilkes. 
 
 ....30 Ranks in New York suspend specie payment.... 
 
 Mason end Slidell surrendered, and oil Jan. 1, 1862 they 
 
 sail for Europe. 
 
 1862. 
 Jan. 17 Ex-President John Tyler dies Feb. 6 Cten. 
 
 Grant captures Fort Henry 7-8 Gen. Burnsidu cap- 
 
 Cyane bombards San Juan de Nicaragua March 31 
 Commercial treaty with Japan concluded by Com. Perry 
 
 Oct 9 Ostend Conference. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Serious trouble in Kansas over the slavery question 
 William Walker takes possession ot Nicaragua and es- 
 tablishes a government there June 28 Railroad from 
 
 Charles Sum"~r, iu Senate 
 
 1857. 
 
 Jan. 4 Kansas rejects the Lecompton Constitution 
 
 Disturbances in Utah.. .March The Supreme Court 
 
 givesjudgnient in the Dred Seott case Aug. 24 Be. 
 
 ginning ot financial panic, which culminates in an a), 
 most general suspension of banks. 
 1858. 
 
 Mny Minnesota admitted as a State. . . .Aug. 3 Kansas 
 
 again rejects Lecompton Constitution Aug. Atlantic 
 
 telegraph cable laid. President s message to Queen Vic- 
 toria sent 16, but cable proved a failure. 
 18i9. 
 
 Oregon admitted as a State June 25 Commodore 
 
 Tatnall of U. S. Navy, in Chinese waters, makes his 
 
 famous utterance: "Biood is thicker than water!" 
 
 July 4 A. H. Stephens ot Georgia advocates the forma- 
 tion of a Southern Confederacy Oct. 10 John Hrowif s 
 
 raid on Harper's Ferry 18 Brown and his companions 
 
 captured Dec. 2 
 
 ry....li 
 Brown 
 
 hung Nov. Gen. Scott 
 
 *eiit to protect American intei ests in San Juan. 
 1860. 
 
 March John Brown's companions hung March 27 
 
 Japanese Embassy, first to leave Japan, arrive at San 
 Francisco. Received at Washington.!). C., by President 
 Buchanan, and afterward* have public receptions in 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, departing from 
 the latter city in frigate Niagara June 29... May 17 
 
 Abraham Lincoln nominated at Chicago Sept- 21 
 
 i'riiiceof Wales arrives at Detroit, -visiting United Status, 
 
 Panama to Aspinwall opened Dispute with England tures Rounoke, N. C ____ 13-16 Assault nnd capture, by 
 ever enlistment of soUliers for Crimean War ..... Gen. Gen. Grant, of Fort Donelson, Tenn 27 Government 
 Harney chastises the Sioux Indians. enjoins newspapers from giving publicity 10 important 
 
 1856. military movements March 2 Gen. K. W Lander 
 
 May 22 Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina, assaults dies at Camp Chase, Va 6-8 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 
 
 8 Rebel ram Virginia (formerly Merrimac) sinks the 
 Cumberland and the Congress... .9 Naval battle be- 
 tween the Monitor and the Merrimac 11 McClellait 
 assumes personal command of the Army of Potomoc. . .. 
 14 Burnside captures Newburn, N. C.... 18 Gen. W. H. 
 Keim dies April 1 Slavery abolished in District of 
 Columbia 5 McClellan begins siege of Yorktown, Va. 
 
 6-7 Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing death 
 of Gen. A. S. Johnston; Gen. C. F. Smith dies 25, and 
 Gen. W. H. L. Lawrence 10 25 New Orleans surrend- 
 ers to Farragut May 1 Gen. Butler formally take* 
 possession ot New Orleans ____ 5 Battle of Williamsbtirg, 
 Va 3l-June 1 Battles of Fair Oaks aud Seven Pines, 
 Va 27-July 1 Seven Days' Fight, Va ____ 12 Pre-ident 
 Lincoln appeals to theBorder Sta tes in behalf ot emanci- 
 pat 
 
 tion 14 Gen. Pope assumes command in Virginia 
 18-19 New York and Philadelphia begin using car 
 tickets and postage stamps as currency 23 Halleck 
 made General-in-chief of U. S. army Aug. Admiral 
 George C. Reid dies ____ 5 Battle of Baton Rouge, La, 
 Gen. Thomas Williamskilled....6-Gen. Robt. L. McCok 
 hot by guerillas. .. 9 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va 
 "Uollan 
 
 16 McCl 
 
 ictreats from Harrison's Landing, Va 
 
 23 Gen. Henry Bohlen killed 29 Battle of Groveton 
 
 or Manassas, Va 30 Second Battle of Bull Run, Va. 
 
 Gen. George B. Taylor dies Sept. 1 Sept. 1 Battle 01 
 
 Chantilly, Va. Gens. PhilipKeanieyandlsaacJ Steven.- 
 killed President Lincoln issues proclamation as a pre 
 limiiiHry to emancipating slaves. . . McClellan placed in 
 vytbinand of lortiucatious 01 Wuiliaujttu... .14 Batt*
 
 150 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 of 
 
 of Sonth Monntnin, Md. Gen. Reno killed 13-15 (A.Stedman killed 8 Fort Gaines captured 16 Gen. 
 Harper's Ferry, Va., surrendered... 17 Battle ot An-iD. P. Woodbury dies ____ Sept. l-*Sboinaan occupies At- 
 
 lietam, Md. Gen. Mansfield killed; Gen. I. P. Rodmar 
 
 <ties Sept. 29, and Gen. I. B. Richardson Nov. 4 24 
 
 President Lincoln provisionally suspends habeas corpus 
 ....Oct. 1 Internal-revenue Stamp Law goes into etlect 
 . . . .3-4-6 Battle of Corinth, Miss. Gen. P. A. Hackelmai: 
 killed. . ..8-Battle of IVrry ville, Ky. Gens. R. J. Oglesby 
 Win. R. Terrill and J. S. Jackson killed. .. .10-13 Con 
 
 federates, under Stuart, enter Pennsylvania 30 Gen 
 
 Rosencrans supersedes Gen. Buell at the West.... Gen 
 O. M. Mitchell killed at Beauiort, S. C.... Nov. 5 Gen. 
 McClellan superseded by Gen. Burnside as commandei 
 of Army of Potomac. .. .Nov. 6 Gen. C. I). Jameson dies 
 
 7 Com. Garrett J. Pendergast dies 10 Rear 
 
 Admiral K. A. F. Lavalette dies 22 Gen. F. E. Patter- 
 son killed at Fairfax. Va. ...Dec. 10-15 Gen. Burnside 
 attacks and retreats from Frederickshurg, Va. Battle 
 of Fredericksburg Dec 13 Gens. G. D. Bayard and 
 O. F. Jackson killed 31 F ^ttle ot Mnrfrcesboro, Tenn., 
 begun, and Bragg is defeated. 
 
 1863. 
 
 Jan. Gen. E. N. Kirk, wounded at Murfreesborc, dies. 
 . . .IPresident Lincoln emancipates slaves. ...9 French 
 Government offers mediation declined Feb. 6. . .26 Gen. 
 Hooker supersedes Gen. Hum*. Je 25 Congress passes 
 
 the Consi-ription or Draft bill Uarch 3 Congress 
 
 authorizes suspension ot habeas corpus 6 Clement L. 
 
 \allandinghain serenaded in Philadelphia great excite- 
 ment there 18 Bread riot of Conledeiale soldiers' 
 wives, Salisbury, N. C 21 Gen. E. V. Sumner dies 
 28 (Jen. James Cooper dies. .. April 7 Federals attack 
 Charleston. S. C.. k6 Gen', liurn.-ideassunieseommand 
 of DcpartmentofOhio. .. May \-i Battle of Chancellors- 
 ville, Va. Stonewall Jackson is wo'.uided, and dies May 
 
 lanta, Ga 7 He orders its depopulation 14 Gen. J. 
 
 B. Howell killed 19 Sheridan deieats Early at Win. 
 
 Chester. Va. Gen. D. A. Russell killed. . . .24 Com. T A. 
 
 Conover dies 29 Gen. H. Burnham dies Oct. 19 
 
 Rebel raid on St. Albans, Vt 19 Battle of Cedar Creek, 
 
 Va. Gen. D. D. Bid well killed... .29 Gen. T. E. G. Ran- 
 som dies Nov. 8 McClellan resigns trotn U. S. arm}'. 
 
 13 Sherman destroys Atlanta 30 Gen. Thomas 
 
 repulses Hood at Franklin, Tenn. Rebel Maj.-Gen. P. R. 
 
 Cleburne killed Dec. 14-16 Thomasdefeats Hood near 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 21 Sherman enters Savannah, Ga 
 
 24-25 Admiral Porter and Gen. Butler assault Wilminj- 
 
 ton, N. C. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Jan. 13-15 Att* ,,Kon and capture of Fore $risher, N. C. 
 
 ...16 Monitor Patapsco sinks, Charleston Harbor 
 
 Feb. 1 Congress abolishes slavcrv in the United States. 
 
 ... 6 Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va 17 Columbia, S. 
 
 C., captured 18 Charleston, S. C., surrendered... 18 
 Gen. Lee assumes su; reme command of Conlederate 
 armies, and recommends arming of the blacks... 22 
 Conledera e Congress decree that the slaves shall be 
 irmed. Schofield captures Wilmington, N. C 27-March 
 
 6 General Sheridan's raid into Virginia March 4 
 
 Secont inauguration of President Lincoln 14-April 13 
 
 Stoneman's raid in Virginia and North Carolina 
 
 March 10-11 Battle ofKinston, N. C. . . .20 Mobile, Ala., 
 
 >esieged 29-April 3 Battles of Hatcher's Rur and 
 
 <"ive Forks, Va April 2 Assault on Petersburg, Va 
 
 1-3 Grant occupies Richmond and Petersburg, Va. . . .6 
 Battle otDeatonville, Va 9 General T. A Smyth dies. 
 Surrender of Gen Lee, Appomattox Court-house, Va 
 2 The Union flag hoisted atFortSumter. Mobile, Ala., 
 
 10; Gen. H. G Berry dies May 3; Gen. A. W. Whipple, captured 13 Drafting and recmi;ing stopped 14 
 
 Mav5-. and Gen. Ed. Kirby.Junel May 4 Gen. Joseph i President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth... 
 
 B. Plummer dies.. . .14 Grancdefcats Gen. Joe Johnston 15 Prcsi 
 Jit Jackson, Miss... 16 Grant defeats Gen. Pembertonat 
 
 Champion Hills, Miss 18 Grant invests Vicksburg, 
 
 ...June 14 Battle of Winchester, Va. ..Gen. Lee 
 
 sident Lincoln dies, and And rew Johnson becomes 
 
 President 22 Com. W. W. McKean dies 26 ,1. 
 
 Wilkes Booth shot May 4-9 Surrender of Gen. Taylor 
 
 and rebel fleet. . .10 Capture of Jefferson DavlsatJrwin 
 
 invades Maryland and Pennsylvania 16 May or Henry ville, Ga 26 Surrender of General Kirby Smith End 
 
 ol Philadelphia calls upon citizens to close their places of the Rebellion 22 President Johnson rescinds order 
 
 of business and prepare to defend the State... .27 Gen. requiring passports from all travelers entering t lie United 
 
 Oo. II. Meadc supersedes Gen. Hooker 28 Theatres, States^nd opens Southern ports 26 He proclaims a 
 
 libraries and places ut business doted in Philadelphia, conditional amnesty June 1 Solemn fast for death ot 
 
 ireat rejoicing at the North over the surrender. . . .State- giving lor peace 6 ('apt. Waddell surrender* cruiser 
 
 ,iouse and tire-bells rnng in Philadelphia 8 Port Hud-'shennandoah to British Government 10 ('apt. Wirz 
 
 son. Miss., surrenders 15 President Lincoln nnmesiof Amlersonvillc prison executed 22 Ccm.J. II. Miss* 
 
 Aug. 6 as a day of National Thanksgiving... .13-16 Dralt roon dies Dec. 1 Habeas corpus restored at the North,' 
 riots in New York City ; also that week in Boston, Mass., 1866. 
 
 and Portsmouth, N. H 30 Gen. Geo. C. Strong, Jan. 28 Hon. Thomas Chandler dies. .. .Feb. 19 Pre>i. 
 
 wounded at storming of Fort Wagner, Charleston (July dentvctocs Freedmen's Bureau bill March 14 dared 
 
 W-18 dies Aug. 14 (Jen. Benj. Walsh dies. .. il Law- Sparks, historian, dies 27 President Johnson vetoes 
 
 rcnce, Kas., sacked and burned 25-30 (Jen. Averill's Civil-rights bill... April 9 Civil rights bill passed over 
 
 calvary raid into Virginia. .Sept. 6 Women's bread the President's veto.. .12 Hon. Daniel 8. Dickinson dies. 
 riotin Mobile, Ala. During the year there was also one ... May 16 President Johnson vetoes the admission of 
 
 in Richmond, Va.,five thousand 'women taking part Colorado as a State. .29 Gen. Winfield Scott dies... J line 
 
 6 Fort Wagner, Cnarlefrton-evacua ted 8 Boatattack 7 Fenians from the United States make a raid into 
 
 on FortSumtcr 10 Gen. Burnside occupies Knoxvule, Canada ..17 Hon. Lewis Cass dies July 16 Fretd- 
 T( nn... 19-20 Battle of Chickamauga, Ga. Gen. W. H. mens' Bureau bill become a law... 27 Atlantic telegraph 
 I.ytle killed Oct. 10 Quantrell's attack on Fort Scott, the sucoessiul one completed 30 Maj Gen. Lysan- 
 
 Kiingaa 21-22 Battle ot Philadelphia, Tenn Nov. 12drr Cutler dies Aug. 14 National Union Convention 
 
 Meeting held to restore Arkansas to the Union 14-17 assembles in Philadelphia wigwam Sept. 1 South- 
 
 Gen. Longstrcet deieats Burnside 23-25 Grant and ern Unionist Convention assembles in Philadelphia. . . .7 
 
 Sherman defeat Brngat Chattanooga, Tenn 25 Gen. Matthias W.. Baldwin pioneer in American locomotives 
 
 Win. P. Sanders dies. .. .26-27 Battles oi Locust Grove dies Oct. 13 'Prince" John Van Buren, son ol Hon. 
 
 ;" :l Mine Run, Ya Dec 4 President Lincoln offers Martin: dies Dec. 13 Congress passes bill giving ne- 
 
 amnesty to all but the rebel leaders. ..16-^Gen. John groes the right to vote in District ot Columbia.- 2O 
 J.uford dies ...22 Cooper's Shop Soldiers' Home. Plain- Muj.-Gen Samuel R. Curtis dies, 
 lelphia, dedicated.. ..30 The Monitor founders off >pe 1867. 
 
 Jatteras. Jan. 9 Virginia rejects Fourteenth Amendment w 
 
 1864. Congress passes bill providing for" universal siif.rage" 
 
 Jan. 8 Res-- Adimra/ George H. Storer dies....Feo. 11 in the "territories. .. SB President Johnson vetoes biii t 
 
 Com. Win. o. M cCluney dies 20 Battle of Olustee, admit Colorado .. 29 He vetoes bill to admit Nebraska ' 
 
 Jf\n Fi-b 27-March 4 Kilpatrick and Dahlgreen re- ... .Feb 6 Delaware and Louisiana reject Constitutional 
 
 nilsed at Richmond, Va... .March 12 D S. Grant snc- Amendment 8 Nebraska admitted as a State.. 
 
 nerds Halleck as commander-in-chief April 8 Battle March 2 President Johnson vetoes Reconstiuction bill 
 
 of Sabine Cross Roads.La 9 Battle of Pleasant Hill, .. 25 Teiiure-olofllcc bill passed over President's veto' 
 
 La 12 Massacre at Fort Pillow. Tenn. 
 
 <}. Stevenson killed 
 
 . . .H Stuart, "Confederate "cavalry eniir.ent ~W post-office in New Stork City. . -May 3. 
 leader,^ killed 18-25 Battles of Spottsvlvania Court- tight-hour riots in Chicago ..... 9 General strike ot 
 
 Samuel A. Rice dies. .20-22-28-Sherman> three battles structien bill.. 21-Rioi in Hnoxville. Tenn. New York 
 
 in ar Atlanta, Ga" The March to the Sea." 30 Con- State Constitutional Convention rejects woman- suffrage 
 
 j-.-derates again invade Maryland and Pennsylvania, an(J|pioposition 30 Gen. Sheridan remove-. Governor 
 
 burn Chambenbtirg Ang, 6 Confederate floti'lnncr.r iThrockmorton of Texas Aug 5 Si cretnry Stanton is 
 MnUle. AIa..dtroyedby VarmgW....* UeueraiGnflUilrenuestei by the 1'resident to resign, but rofnsc* ^a_
 
 151 
 
 Stanton suspended, and Gen. Grant appointed Secretary (President Grant issnes a proclamation enlqiningneutral 
 
 ^'t' War ad interim 17 Gen. Sheridan relieved at New jity as to war between France and Prussia 23 Irish 
 
 Orleans 19 National Labor Congress meets at Chica- National Congress convenes, Cincinnati Oct, 4 
 
 \:a Sept 8 President issues amnesty proclamation Seepnd_Southern Commercial Convention, Cincinnati 
 
 . . . S) Negro riots in Savannah, Ga Oct. 3 Whiskey 
 
 riot in Philadelphia Nov. 2 Gen. Sherman announces 
 
 Indian war at an end ...8 Formal transfer of Alaska 
 
 t ) Geu. Rosseau. at New Archangel 14 Denmark con- 
 
 i ludes treaty, ceding and selling the islands of St. Thom- 
 
 ..12 Death of Gen. Robert E. Lee 25 Convention in 
 Cincinnati for purpose of removing National Capital 
 from Washington to some point West 
 
 1871. 
 
 _ . . Jan. 1 Cabral, the Dominican Chief, denounces Presi. 
 
 JM, San Juan and Santa Cruz, to United States.... 22 dent Grant, and opposes sale and annexation of St Do- 
 
 J^fTerson Davis returns to Richmond.... Dec. 7 Resolu- 
 tion of Judiciary Committee to impeach President John- 
 
 son voted down in the House 108 to 57. 
 1868. 
 
 Hon. John Covode dies 29 O'Donovan Rossa ana 
 
 other Fenian exiles arrive in New York 30 House <>( 
 
 Jan. 6 House of Representatives passes bill making Representatives pass resolution of welcome to Irish ex- 
 iles Feb. 9 New Jersey recommends Philadelphia as 
 the place to hold Centennial celebration, 1876 18- -Ca- 
 
 .iu'li t hours a day's work for Government laborers. . . .13 
 
 The Senate reinstates Stanton 14 Gen. Grant va- ... 
 
 rates War office in favor of Secretary Stanton. .. .Feb. 13 bral, in a letter to Vice-President Coll'ax, denounces the 
 Another attempt to impeach President Johnson 20 union of Dominica and Hayti 19 Helena, Ark., Hi- 
 New Jersey Legislature withdraws ratification of pro- most destroyed by a tornado ...22 British members of 
 
 posed Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment 21 Joint High Commission arrive in New York 27 Com- 
 
 Stanton again removed, and General Thomas appointed mission begins its sessions in Washington, D. C. . . .March 
 Secrtary of War ail interim 22 Stanton adheres loe 3 Kiots in Pennsylvania coal mines 5 Chinamen's 
 
 the office 2t HOUM votes (126 to 27) to impeach th 
 President 25 Gov. Ward of New Jersey vetoes reso 
 lution of Legislature withdrawing ratification of Four- 
 
 teenth Amendment. .. March 2 
 
 ing n 
 Hou 
 
 se adopts impeach- 
 
 mcift articles. . . A They are presented to the Senate. . . 
 6 NewJerseySe.nate passes over Gov. Ward's veto as to 
 
 organizes a Court of Impeachment 7 President 
 
 Jonnson summoned to appear before it. . . .13 Impeach- 
 ment Court sits 23 President's counsel answer im- 
 peachment articles, and Courtadjourns to 30. . . .26 Sen- 
 ate ratifies North German treaty 28 U. S. Grand Jury 
 
 mingo to the United States 10-11 U. S. House and 
 Senate appoint committee to vi^it St. Domingo.... II 
 
 riotin San Francisco Cal 27 Senator Sumner denoiin 
 ces Santo Domingo scheme. . . 30 Colored parade in New 
 York in honor ot Fifteenth Amendment . . .April 7 Coal 
 riots in Scranton, Pa.. . 10 Celebration in New York of 
 (ierman Unity and end of war between Pru sia uiul 
 France May 1 U. S. Supreme Court sustains consii- 
 
 amendment; lower House does the same, 25 6 Senate tutionality of Legal-tender act .. .3 President Grant is- 
 
 ' sues proclamation for suppression of Ku-Klux Klan 6 
 
 Joint High Commission concludes Washington Treaty 
 
 15-16 German peace celebration in Philadelphia 
 
 24 Treaty of Washington ratified by Senate. . 29 Natu- 
 ralization Treaty between Austria and United States 
 ratified by the Reichsrath.. .30 Deroration Da 
 
 at Richmond, Va., finds new bill of indictment against' 
 
 Jefferson Davis April 2 North German Parliament June 1 American naval force, making a survey of th^ 
 
 passes the Naturalization treaty with the United States, coast of Corea, Asia, fired on from masked batteries. ? 
 6 Michigan votes against negro suffrage 24 Pres- Minister Low demands an apology, and i.s answered 
 ident nominates Gen. Schofleld to be Secretary of War that "the Corean civilization ot'4.0UO years brooks no 
 
 May 21 Grant and Colfax nominated at Chicago interference from outside barbarians." 10, II U. S. 
 
 The Burlingame Chinese Embassy arrive at New York naval forces land on the island of Kang Noe. Corea, ami 
 
 26 Impeachment C'>urt declares the President not destroy a fort and the Citadel. .. .17 Hon. Clement L. 
 
 cuilty. Secretary Stanton resigns 30 Senate con- Vallandlngham dies. ..38 President Grant appohrtsCivil 
 Jlrms Gen. Schofield as Stanton's successor June 1 service -re-form Commission. ...July 3 Naval forces, hav- 
 
 Ex-Prssident James Buchanan die* 5 Chinese Em- ing attained their object, retire from coast ot Corea 
 
 'fcassy received bv President Johnson 22 King of Bel- 4 President Grant proclaims complete ratification of 
 
 gium reviews United State" squadron under Farragut Treaty of Washington 12 Orange parade and riot in 
 
 off Ostend 24 Senate passes eight-hour law 25 Xew York. . .Ill Massachusetts' Centennial Committee 
 President vetoes "Omnibus bill... 20 President vetoes arrive in Philadelphia Sept. 24 Chief- Justice McKeon 
 Electoral College bill. Sc-oretary Seward announces of Utah decides against Mormons serving as grand ju - 
 ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment 24 : Presi- ors in Federal courts Oot 2 Postal money -order ar- 
 dent orders Secretary of War to withdraw military rangement between United States and Gieat Britain 
 
 forces from Southern States represented in Congress, goesinto effect Brigham Young arrested for Mormon 
 
 Senate ratifies treaty with China 25 Senate ratifies proclivities 7 Firstgreat fire in Chicago breaks out 
 
 treaty with Mexico 27 Jefferson Davis and family .. .8-!) Second and greatest fire in Chicago. ..10 Election 
 
 sail from Quebec for England 30 Gen. Meade declares riotin Philadelphia between white rough sand negroes, 
 
 civil government restored in Florida, Georgia and Ala- and attempts to destroy the office of The 1'reas 26 
 bama Aug. 11 Hon. Thadeus Stevens dies Washing- Gen. Robert Ander.sor. dies, Nice, France ; Hon. Thomas 
 
 ton, D. C 22 President declaros Sitka a port of entry Ewing, Lancastar, O 27 Arrest of William M. Tweed, 
 
 26 Oregon withdraws ratification ot Fourteenth New York City Dec. .17 Internationalist funeral pro- 
 Amendment Nov. 3 Iowa and Minnesota vote in fa- cession in New York City. 
 for ot negro suffrage, and Missouri against it. 1872. 
 
 1869. Jan. 10 National Woman-suffrage Convention, Wash- 
 Jan. 1 Gen. Grant holds a public reception in Inde- ington Feb. 28 Congress sets apart Yellowstone Val- 
 
 pendence Hall, Philadelphia Feb. 20 Martial lawde- ley as a national park April 2 Prof. S. F. B. Mor.-e 
 
 elared in Tennessee 22-26 Congress passes Fifteenth dies New York City 16 Prof. Morse memorial servi- 
 
 Amondment. Kansas is the first State (Feb. 27), to rati- ces in various cities and also in Hall of United State* 
 
 (V it, though imperfectly, and Delaware Uie first, to House of Representatives May 10 Woman-suffrage 
 
 reject it. ..March 4 Uen. Grantinaugurated as President Convention in New York nominates Mrs. Woodhull for 
 25 Pennsylvania ratifies Fifteenth, Amendment President and Frederick Douglass for Vicc-President... 
 
 ahall be no reduction in Government Laborer's wage __ 
 
 because of reduction of hours June 18 lion. Henry Treaty of Washington, meet at Geneva, Switzerland... . 
 
 J. Raymond. JT. I'. Times, dies July IS Completion of 17 Monster Peace Jubilee, Boston July 9 Democratic 
 
 Atlantic cable from Bre 
 
 Win. Pitt Fessenden dies 10 Hon. John Belldies 
 
 Jfi Hon. John Minor Bolts dies Oct. 8 Virginia r .__ 
 
 fies Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments... Ex-Presi- 
 
 IK Hon. John Minor Bolts dies Oct. 8 Virginia rati- Jan. 6 McEnery inaugurated Governor of Louisiana; 
 
 ' also, Kellogg.... Jan. 20 Sanguinary defeat of United 
 
 dent Franklin Pu-rce aies Nov. 4 Geo. Peabody dies States troops by the Modocs 27 Congress abolishes 
 
 6 Admiral Charles Stuart dies 24 National the franking privilege Feb. 26 Alexander II. Steph 
 
 Woman-suffrage Convention. Cleveland, O.. and Henry ens elected to Congress from Eighth District ot Georgia 
 
 Ward Beecher chosen President Dec. 10 National March 4 Second inaugurationofU. S. Grant as Pres- 
 
 Colored Labor Convention, Washington 24 Hou. Ed- ident April 11 General CanbyandDr. Thomas miir- 
 
 win M. Stanton dies. dered by Capt Jack and the Modocs 26 United States 
 
 1870. troops surprised and slaughtered by the Modocs in the 
 
 Jan. 26 Virginia readmitted into the Union Feb. 9 lava beds Maya Hon. James L. Orr, United States 
 
 -U. 8. Signal Bureau established by Act of Congress. . . . Minister to Russia dies St. Petersburg. . . .7 Chiet .) n> 
 
 17 Mississippi re-admitted into the Union 23 Hon. .ice Salmon P. Chase dies . . .June 1 Captir e ot * aptain 
 
 Anson Burlingame dies March28 Mai -Gen. George H. Jack and the last ot the Modocs.... 10 The American 
 Thomas dies 29 Texas re-admitted to representation Department in the Vienna Exposition formally opened 
 In Congress , thus completing the work of reconstruction . . . 27 Completion of the new Atlantic cable. . . July^ M 
 30 'President Grant announces the adoption ot the Capt. Buddington and party rescued in the Artie MM 
 
 Fifteenth Amendment July 12 Admiral John A hv the whaler Ravenscraig 25 Great fire in Baltimore 
 
 Dahlgren Jies Aug. 14 Admiral David G. KarrasutiMd. . 20 Destructive fire in Norfolk, Va Aug. 2 
 
 4te..,,U_Mational Labor Congress, Cincinnati.... 23~Jui cut we in Portland, Oregon " 9 Disastrous Conlla
 
 152 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 eration In Portland. Me Sept. 18 Suspension of Jn 
 
 Cooke & Co., and beginning ot a financial panic 30- 
 
 Grand Masonic parade in Philadelphia Oct. 3 Cap. 
 
 .lack and three accomplices hanged. First session > 
 Evangelical Alliance, N. Y. City 31 Spanish guiibpu 
 Tornado seizes American steamer Virginius on the hig. 
 seas... 4 Gcn.Burriel of Santiago do Cuba shoots (Jen. K\ 
 an and others. ..7 He butchersCapt. Fryol the Virginia 
 :md his crew 23 A protocol, arranging the difference 
 between the United States and Spain, agreed upon.. . 
 
 Dec. 24 Death of Prof. Louis Agassiz 1C Celcbratioi 
 
 in Boston ol the centennial of the "tea-party "in th 
 harbor of that city . .Spain lortnally surrenders th 
 Virginius to the United. States 26 The Vinrinius, ii 
 tow of United States steamer Ossipee, sinks off Frying 
 pan Shoals, 
 
 1874. 
 
 Jan. 8 Repeal of the Salary Act, save -with respect t 
 President Grant . . .9 Board of Centennial Supervisor: 
 Philadelphia, adopt plans and pecincatiuna lor perma 
 neat exhibition building 21 President Grant sign 
 new salary bill. . . . Heb 24 Women's movement again* 
 liquor selling begins in Ohio and spreads to other States 
 ....26-^ Defeat in the House of iiic bill reviving the (rank 
 ing privilege... April 3 A cremation society formed ii 
 
 New Yoric 14 Congress passes the inri.itatiou or cur 
 
 rency bill March 8 Death of ex-President Millard 
 
 Fillmorc 11 Death of Hon. Charles Stunner 22 
 
 President Grant vetoes inflation ... .May 13 The Brook: 
 forces surrender tn Arkansas, and quiet is restored.... 2. 
 Senate passes Supplementary Civil-rights bill.... 26 
 Scnaio passes bill inviting loreign nations to take partii 
 the Centennial ut Philadelphia ...Juno 8 U S. Steamei 
 
 Swatara, with party of scientists, sailed Iroir New Yorl 
 
 1876. t , f . -[ - i v Jk 
 
 Jan. 1 Centennial year ushered in with rejoicings 
 ..,(v Defeat of lierzegoviniun insurgentsby Turks, 
 600 killed 7 A second dcleat of the Heneaovini- 
 ans, many lives lost Ships Harvest Queen and 
 Cupe Comorin collided off the British Coast, all on 
 board lost 868 military recruits burned to death. 
 in Russia by burning of railroad cars ____ 11 Over 
 300 Soldiers frozen to death in Douza, Turkey ____ 14 
 Defeat of Amnesty Billin U. S. House of Repre- 
 sentatives. ...15 Earthquake in Maine ____ 17 T rede- 
 gar Iron Works, Richmond, Va., failed, liabilities. 
 $1,300,000 ---- 18 Herzegoviniansrout 6battnlinns of 
 Turks, 300 Turks killed.... 22 Two days fighting be- 
 tween Herzegoviniaiis and Turks; 450 Turks killed 
 25 E. D. Winslow, Boston journalist, Ae.,fled. 
 having committed forgeries to amouii tot $250,000. . . 
 25 The Centennia 
 of Representatives.... 
 
 Northampton (Mass.) National Bank of $070,000 ____ 
 26 Postage on third-class matter reduced to on 
 cent for two ounces. . .Writsserved on Gen. Schenck, 
 Am. Minister to England, on account of his connec. 
 tion with the Emma Min Matter ____ 29 Destructive 
 overflow of the Ohio River ____ Feb. 2- Portuguese 
 House of Peers voted the Abolition of Slavery in St. 
 Thomas, Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea ____ 4 Fire 
 in a Colliery in St. EtiL-nne, Belgium, 158 men killed 
 . . . .8 Large lire in New York, $3,000,000 property 
 destroyed; 4 firemen killed. ..11 Centennial appro- 
 priation ) assed the Senate 15 Winslow, the Bos- 
 
 ton forger, arrested in London 17 Gen. Schenck, 
 U. S. Minister to England, resigned 18 Maine 
 
 legislature abolished Capital Punishment 23 
 
 ,. . 
 
 nial appropriation passed the Hous 
 ives.... Masked burglars robbed th 
 
 eminent, in oue-Uence to a proclamation from P. 
 
 Grant, surrenders to the United States Army 1'J K<-l 
 
 logg government reinstated 26 Victory of the .Ameri 
 
 canltitlc-tcain in tho i -to-national match at Creed moor 
 
 li.l Oct. 1 6-Nation.il monument to Abraham Lincoli 
 
 dedicated at Springfield, III. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Jan. 8 Beginning of the civil suit of Theodore Tilton 
 M. Henry Ward Beechcr... .7 House of Representative: 
 
 residen 
 ccs the 
 
 passes Sherman's Specie-resumption bill. . .14 Pr 
 Grant signs it.... Feb. 8 President Graut duuoun... 
 
 Garland government in Arkansas, and recognizer 
 Brooks as Governor 18 He issuesa proclamation con 
 veiling the Senate in extraordinary session March 6 ____ 
 
 March 1 President Grant approves the Civil-rights biil 
 ....2 Franking privilege partially restored.... 12 an- 
 
 nouncement from Rome that Aid. bishop McCloskey ol 
 New York, had been created a Cardinal ____ 24 Extraor- 
 
 dinary session of Senate terminate!. President Grant 
 
 orders all available cavalry into the Black Hills coun- . 
 
 try, to remove trespassers, etc ..... April 18 Centennial fractional currency passes both Houses of Congress- 
 
 ol the Battles of Concord and Lexington. Mas;., celc ..... 13 Turks successful in a- battle near Kievais; SOP 
 
 bratcd in those places... 24-Spain pays$45.(XH) of the ' ------- '" " 
 
 880,000 agreed upon as the Virgiuius indemnity.... 27 
 
 Cardinal Mccloskcy receives the beretta ____ May 11 
 
 ____ 
 
 First international btmday-school Convention assembles 
 In Baltimore, Md. . . .17 Ex-Vice-presidentJohn C. Breck- 
 
 enridge dies ...... June 17 Celebration at Boston o( 
 
 the Bunkerllill Centennial... William M.Tweed released 
 from Blackwell's Island, rcarresttd, and coii-igntd to 
 Ludlow-strcct jail on a civil suit ____ 29 The American 
 
 Team \vin the international rifle-match nt Dollymount, 
 Ireland- -..July 2 Jury in Tilton-Boechcr case fail to 
 agree . ,.9 Gen. Francis P, Blair dies ____ 27 Duncan. 
 
 Sherman & Co.,K. Y. Bankers, suspend, and the failure 
 is followed by others SI Ex- President Andrew John- 
 ton dies ---- .Nov. 22 Vice-President Henry Wilson dies 
 
 Dec. 7 President Grant, in his annual message, 
 recommends free and non-sectarian schools, separation 
 of Church from State, taxation of church property, and 
 a sound currency 8 Congress is memorialized toap- 
 urooriate $1.600,000 for the Centennial Exhibition. 
 4 Escape ot William M. Tweed 11 Dvnamite explo- 
 sion at Kremcr-h-ivcn, CO persons killed ..... 12 Sarah 
 
 Alexander, a Jewess, brutally murdered at East New 
 York, King's Co., N. Y.... 16 Explosion in a coalmine 
 
 !n Belgium, 110 persons killed 17 Wcston. Thompson 
 and Ellis executed in the Tombs for the murder ot the 
 pedlar Wcisbcrg ..... 2580 persons killed at Helekon, 
 
 Switzerland, at a Christmas festival ..... 28 Destruc- 
 
 live hurricane in the Philippine Islands. 50 lives 
 
 the $C.UUO,u<*> Tweed suit found a verdict lor the (too 
 pie of $6,537,117.38 ..... Japan declared war against 
 Cores ..... A great battle between Egyptians ai.'d 
 Abvssinlans; 5,OiJO Abyssinians killed ..... 11 Daniel 
 Drew failed ---- 13 Ldeut.-Gov. Davis, of Mississippi 
 impeached and found guilty of high crimes ami 
 misdemeanors, and on the 23d removc.1 Irom office 
 ...16 Terrible inundations in France, Belgium and 
 Germany 21 Great battle between Mexican Gov 
 eminent troops and Revolutionists; Government 
 defeated; 1500 killed 25 The dykes nt Herzogen- 
 bosch, Holland, give way, flooding tho town, hun- 
 dreds of horses swept a way and 0,000 persons made 
 homeless 28 500 Persians lost by a shipwreck ir- 
 the Arabian Sea ____ 29 Gov. Adelbert Ames, ot Miss- 
 issippi, resigns, and J. M. Stone, President of Senate, 
 succeeds him ____ April 4 Successful and bloodies." 
 revolution in Ilayti ____ 5 U. S. Senate organized nt 
 a High Court of Impeachment in the Bclkiiap case 
 ---- 10-12 Tho bill to issue silver coin injilace ot 
 
 rgents killed 15 Dom Pedro II, Emperor of 
 Br;i/il, arrived in New York ____ 17 Issue of silver 
 currency began ---- 27 Belknap's trial began ---- 28 
 Queen Victoria assumed the additional title of "Em- 
 press of India." ____ May 6 20,000 charees of "rend 
 rock powder" exploded on Jersey City Heights, do- 
 ing immense damage.... 8 The House of Represen- 
 tatives passed the Hawaiian Treaty Bill ____ 9 Grand 
 Jury or Criminal Court of District of Columbia. 
 bund a true bill against Ex-Secretary Belkuap.... 
 P. N. Rubenstein, the condemned murderer of Sarah 
 Alexander, died in prison l:.' A battle between 
 furksand Herzegovinians this day and another on, 
 the 25th; Turks defeated in both, losing 700 in tho 
 first and 500 in the second ____ 16 Green Clay Bmith 
 lominatcd for Presidency by Prohibitionists 18 
 rYter Cooper nominated Tor Presidency by Infla tion- 
 sts. ..20 Sir Edmund Brickley, Bart., manufacturer, 
 declared bankrupt, liabilities $2,500,000 ..... 22 Ed- 
 wards Picrrepont appointed Minister to England; 
 Alfonso Talt, Attorney-General ; J. Donald Cameron, 
 Secretary of War. . ..'29 Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Tur- 
 cey, deposed nnd Murad ElTendi declared hissucces- 
 sor June The Turks wcredefeatcdinencountera 
 with the Hcrzegoviiuiin insurgents on the 1st, 3d, 
 4th, 18th and 20th, losing in all 3,480 men. . . .344,000 
 >:irrcls of crude-petroleum oil were struck by light- 
 ling ond burned at Oil City, Penn ____ 4 Abdul Azia 
 committed suicide in Constantinople A special 
 rain MU 1'rom Jersey City. N. J., to San I raneiscu.
 
 CRUONOLOUY. 
 
 In SShonro, S4 minnte.. . . .10-15 ripflstror? innnda-, 
 tioiisiii China, many thousandsot Chinese c. owned' 
 ____ 12 Destructive inundations in SvyiUiTland, 
 many lives lost ____ 14-46 .Republican National Con- 
 tention in Cincinnati, Rutherioul 15. Hayes nomiUr 
 ated tor President, Wat. A. VV heeler, Vice-President 
 jj Turkish Ministers of War and Foreign Attuirs, 
 and otner persons, killed and some others wounded 
 l>y an assassin named Hassin....l7 i.eni-H. Bris- 
 tow, Secretary ol Treasury, resigned Hassin, the 
 assassin, hanged ..... 20 U. S. Treasurer New, and 
 Solicitor of the Treasury, Bluford Wilson, resigned 
 
 ...21 Lot M.Morrill. of Maine, appointed Secretary 
 of Treasury ..... 23-Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria; 
 
 within three months reported irom 18,000 to 30,000 
 persons murdered, women ravished, and 37 towns 
 end villages plundered and destroyed 25 Gen. 
 (Jeorge A. Custer, his two brothers and 250 soldiers 
 Killed in a fight with the Sioux on the Little Horn 
 Jtiver, Montana!... 27-29 Democratic National Con- 
 vention met at St. Louis and nominated Samuel J. 
 3 ilden for President, and Thomas A, llcndricks for 
 Vice-President ____ 2'J Albert M. Wyman appointed 
 
 1 T . 8. Treasurer ...... July 1 Servia declared wur 
 
 figainst Turkey, and on the 3d, her army wasde- 
 Jtitted near Luicar. losing 2,000 men, and again, on 
 the 6th, experienced another severe defeat, lo-iug 
 3,300men ____ 4 CentennialAnniversa ryot' American 
 
 Independence : a vast concourse of people at Phila- 
 delphia, and a universal observance of the day 
 throughout the United States TerriNe tornado in 
 4'entral Iowa, 60to80 persons killed J 1 Hon. D. 
 D. Pratt, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, re- 
 signed ... Hon. M arsha I Uewel 1, Post master-General, 
 
 > signed nnd pave place to James M. Tyuer, of Ind., 
 ppointed oil the 12th 19 At the College 
 
 
 
 regt<a,,at Saratoga, Cornell University won all 
 three or the races ____ 26 The F 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 t C 
 
 d801i 
 
 ...v.. . ,.,^i... ,0 ...__ French Government's 
 
 Jiowder magazine atTotiiouse exploded, with great 
 oss of lile 29 The Ex-Queen, Isabella, returned 
 
 to Spain... 30 The Turks were guiliy of greatatroei- 
 lies in Bosnia, 3,000 Christians were massacred and 
 aill manner of outrages committed ; their troops 
 Tvere defeated by the Servians and Montenegrins.. . 
 Aug. 1 Colorado declared a State of the Union by 
 President Grant Gen. Belknnp acquitted on the 
 
 impeachment trial 7 Servians defeated by the ia 
 
 Turks, losingfl.ooo men. . . .14-15 Tho Turks were dc- c< 
 leatedbytheMontrncgrins,]osing8,t;COmen,andthe p 
 
 daring a Cyclone In Tndia ! SfiVef nl thousand houses 
 demolished ..... Nov. 1 Armistice sinned between 
 
 Turkey and Servia ____ 5 4(H) Cheyenne lodges snr- 
 
 render to Gen. Wiles ..... 7 Day of Presidential 
 
 Election; result uncertain.' '.Lerdo do -Tejado re- 
 elected President of Mexico. .10 Centennial Exhi- 
 bition formally closed ____ 12 Gold discoveries in the 
 
 Black Hills. .. .lli European 1 owers preparing for 
 
 war... Gi ruiMiy rouses totaku part in the Paris 
 Imposition ot 1878 ____ 20 The Joungcr Brothers 
 
 plead guilty to the murder ot Haywood, Cashier of 
 Northucid (Maine) Bank... 21' Chiel-Justiee Jgiesius 
 revolts from President Lerdo, and declares himself 
 Provisional President of Mexico 23 The Sultan 
 al>uli-hes Slavery in the Turkish Empire ____ Tweed 
 
 arrives in New \ erk Irom Vigo, and is imprisoned in 
 Lndlow Street Jail 26 Russian loan of $73,000,000 
 subscribed... South Carolina Canvassers imprisoned 
 for contempt ---- Webster Statue unveih d in New 
 
 York... .28 Gen. Crook captures 100 Indian lodges 
 
 ..... i9 Great lire in Tokio, Japan; 6,WX) houses 
 
 destroyed; 60 lives lost ____ Dec. 1 Sale of the Cen- 
 
 teniiial Buildings ____ 2 Resignation of the French 
 
 Ministry. . .4 Greeley monument unveiled in Green- 
 wood Cemcterv ...... 5 Burning of the Brooklyn 
 
 Theatre, a bout 300 lives lost. .. New Anglo-American 
 Extradition Treaty negotiated ...... Remains of 
 
 Baron de Palm cremated at Washington, Pa ..... 7 
 
 Lerdo tiers Irom the Mexican Capital nnd General 
 I'o nris Itiaz proclaims himself Provisional Presi- 
 dent 8 Severe gale and snowstorm, from the 
 Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic 13 Ice gorge in 
 the Mississippi, at St Louis; many steainerscrushed 
 ..... 15 Centennial congratulations received from 
 
 the Mikado of Jap:, n 19 MidhatPasIia appointed 
 Grand Vizier 25 120 vessels lost on the Coast of 
 Scotland by a gale ____ -6 The Isthmus Canal Com- 
 
 mission report in favor of the Nicaragua route 
 Continence of European Powers at Constantinople 
 ____ 29 Terrible railroad disaster at As-htabula, O. : 
 
 Train breaks through a budge, cars taku tire, about 
 - 
 
 . . . 
 by G 
 
 rextday by the Servians, with grent slaughter 
 
 17 Greatfamino in the northern proviiu-esof China, T 
 
 thousands dying daily Great outrages by the lr._ 
 
 Turks in Bulgaria. ...14 On this date and the 19th th 
 and 39d, the Turks were repulsed nnd defeated by 
 the Servians 21 the great Coal Combination was . 
 
 l>roken 23 N. Y. State Republican Convention C 
 
 licld at Saratoga, E. D. Morgan nominated for Gor- 
 rrnor, Sherimin S. Rogers Lieutcnant-Governor. ... 
 ** vcre light between the Sioux and Gens. Terry and 
 <:rook, Indians defeated, but losses heavy 30 If. 
 If. State Democratic Convention nominated Horatio 
 Seymour for Governor, but ho would not accept.... 
 
 lie ut -Governor Dorsheimcr renominated 31 
 
 Jlurad Eflendi, Sultan of Turkey, deposed, and Ab- 
 dul llamed proclaimed his successor Sept. 4 _ 
 
 Servians defeated by tho Turks 6 \Vn.. M. Tweed a _ 
 arrested at Vigo, Spain.... Turkslo tl,8oo men in a bet 
 fight with the Montenegrins. .71,500 Egyptian 
 troops massacred in Abyssinia.. 9 Indian village 
 
 raptured and destroyed by Gen. Crook's troops 
 
 13 N. Y. Democratic Convention reconvened and 
 nominate Lucius Robinson for Governor U Inter- 
 national Rifle Match atCrcedmoor, American Team 
 
 victorious 15 Yellow fever raging at Savannah 
 
 .16 Gen. Crook destroys another Indian village 
 ....17 Fight between whites and blacks at Aiken, 
 fc. C. ,24 Hell Gate reef, in N. Y. harbor, success- 
 
 lully blown up; 60,000 pound 3 of dynamite and pow- 
 der Used 21 Statue of Sewiird in Mudisou 1'ark, 
 
 N. Y., unveiled 28-30 The Servians were twice 
 
 and the Turks once defeated 30 Great hurricane 
 in Porto Rico, many lives and mui h property lost 
 
 Oct 3 Cyoicne passed over central America; 
 
 many liveslost; $5,000,OOOpropcrtyUcstroycd. .5 
 
 Ul n.9 n.i.yu.. ..1U I3MIIV A-n U11UI13 IICU1 l I J11UJUL11I, 
 
 West Virginia nnd Ohio; Democrats successful in 
 first two and Republicans in the last 12 Monu- 
 ment to Christopher Columbus unveilcdiii Philad. 1- 
 puia 10,000 Egyptians massacred by Abyssininns 
 
 Montenegrins defeat Turks and kill 1,5OO ot them 
 
 17 Snirh Carolina declared in a state of insur- 
 rection. .21 Turks evacuate Montenegro.' ..24 
 Cen. Crook captured 4SO lodges of Indians.. .25 
 Continental Lile Insurance Company su.-pei.tled. .. 
 28 British Arctic Expedition, Cn pt. N ares, returned ; 
 they had penetrated to within 400 miles of the Pole 
 . ..29 The Servian General. Tcbernayeff, defeated 
 lijr the XurJsj. *U About 215,000 people perished 
 
 25-23. 
 
 Jan. 1. Orders gent to U. 8. troops on the Rio 
 rande to protect American citizens against Mexi- 
 can outrag' s.. Two Legislatures organized in Louis- 
 iana.. Terrific gale and many ship wrecks on the 8. 
 const of England.. Quron Victoria p'oclaimed Em- 
 press of India at Delhi.. .Rev. Dr. W. L. Brecken- 
 
 riilj.'o, Presbyterian. 73, died at Raymond, Mo 2. 
 
 Turks attack Ncgotin in Servia; are repulsed with 
 
 lossof 146 soldiers 3. Centennial celebration of 
 
 the battle of Princeton.. Terrible hurricane in Gul- 
 puzooa, Spain. ..Gen. Diaz attacks and defeats Ig- 
 lesias at Gunnajuata.. Railroad accident near 
 
 Copenhagen, Denmark; 9 kiliod, 37 injured 4. 
 
 vOrneliusVanderbiltdied.agcd S5, N.Y. .Extradition 
 ifftaty signed between U. S. and Spain; applies to 
 nd all criminal offenses except political.. Spnin severs 
 relations with Chinese government 5. Active 
 warpreparationsinRussin. Active German officers 
 forbidden to enter the Russian army.. Steamship 
 G( orgc Cromwell wrecked off Cnpc St. Mary, N. F. ; 
 all on board lost. . . .6. Rev. Richard Cobbold, Eng. 
 author, died in London, 80 7. S.s. L'Amerique 
 shore atSeabright. N. J. ; 3 of the crew lost.. Duel 
 etween Bennett nnd May in Delaware; nobody 
 hurt. >tr. Montgomery sunk by a collision off ('ape 
 
 May; 13 | ersons drowned Gen. Miles defeats 
 
 Crazy Horse's band at Wolf Mountain.. Hermann 
 Brockhaus, German Orientalist, died at Leipsic, 
 
 Ger 9. The Russian fleet, with the Grand Dukes 
 
 Alexisand Constantine, nnives off Charleston 
 
 12. Fall ofSOOIeetof the glassroot of Grand Central 
 Depot, N'.Y., Irom the weight of the snow. .Earth- 
 quake in California 13. Ice gorge on Ohio River; 
 
 rreat loss of life and property; $2,0(JO,000 each at 
 
 Pittsburgh nnd Cincinnati 14. Battle with the 
 
 Indians near Elkhorn 15. The Ore at Powers sub- 
 mit their modified ultimatum to Turkey. .American 
 ship George Green lost with all on board, on the 
 BnglUhroaM 17. Roar Admiral Joseph Smith, 
 U.S.N., 83, died at Washington, DC. .Shower of ser- 
 pents at Memphis, Tenn. .Election riot at Montreal ; 
 lackingOfTown Hall. .Newsof dreadful famine in 
 India; British Government estimate cost ol relief at 
 
 $32,51)0.000 18. Crazy Ilor.-e captures a wugoii 
 
 train and kills 20men west of the Missouri.. Turkish 
 Porte unanimously reject the ultimatum.... 2n. Str. 
 
 I 1! 
 
 Porte unanimously reject the ultimatum 2n. St 
 George Washington, N. Y. for St. Johns, N.F., lo 
 
 st 
 
 , 
 
 near Cape Race; U) persons drowned 21. Capt. 
 Richard R. Locke, one of the Dartmoor prisoners 
 and a veteran of 1812. died at Rye Heach, N.H. .Jno. 
 C. Lord, D.D., Presbylerinn. 71, died i:t Buffalo ---- 
 
 , .., . , 
 
 Fire in Bolton, Kng., colli- ry ; 15 lives lost ---- 
 people, massacred in Call, U.S. of Colombia, 
 
 24. 300 people, 
 
 B.A ..... 25. Memorial Rtatue of Robert Burns un- 
 veiled at Glasgow.. Guerillas attack Gen. Welshes, 
 of Santa nder, Spain, and are defeated with 400 killed 
 and 61)0 wounded and prisoners 27. Memorial of
 
 CHROXOLOG*. 
 
 l.SOO bankers and brokers, asking for repeal of all clared by coroner's jury to have been unsafe, and 
 
 LakohoreRR. Co. censured.... 8. Explosion in 
 Worcester, Eng., coal mine and death of a large 
 
 i, umber of miners 9. Montenegro and Turkey 
 
 cannot agree uron a peace basis 10. Tenement 
 
 house in Mew York burned with three inmates 
 
 special taxes on National banks, presented to Con - 
 
 eress 28. Moody and Sank ey nieetingscommence 
 
 ii\ Boston... Signor Blitz, p eslidigituteur, dies at 
 
 Philadelphia, 67 29. First meeting of National 
 
 Sunday School Congressin Chicago 31. Electoral 
 
 Commission (bill signed 28th) organi/id vrith five [Cabinet nominations confirmed... Senator Simon 
 Senators.flve Representatives, and live SupremeiCameron resigned. .Rev. E. O. Hovey, Professor of 
 Court Judges.. First Mexican installment ($300,U)0)|Chemistry and Geology, 76, died at Crawfordsville. 
 
 paid Feb. 1. Keeper Porter, of Auburn State Ind 11. 250 Communists ^convicts) pardoned in 
 
 Y\ ' 
 
 rison, murdered by Wm.B.irr, a convict.. Servia 
 
 *nd Turkey agree upon a preliminary treaty of died atGenoa, Ita.y.. Mine. Octavia Le Vert, auih- 
 
 peace 5. A Spanish vessel board, d by pirates off 
 
 North Guinea.. Midhat Piisha deposed from Grand 
 Viziersliip of Turkey ; Edhem Pasha his successor 
 
 .6. Burning of S.S. Bavaria, en route from N.O. 
 to Limerick.. Rev. W. M. Daily. D.D., LL.D., form- 
 erly President Louisiana State University, Method- 
 ist. 65, died at N. Orleans. .Outbreak among Apache 
 Indians in Arizona. .Rear Admiral James Alden, U. 
 B. N.,died at San Francisco.. Col. J. O'Mahoney, 
 Fcniattleadtr.57,N.Y.City..Bri ishStr.Kthelashore 
 on Lundy Island, Wales, and tenpersonsdrowned. . 
 The Electoral Commission by a vote of 8 to 7 decides 
 n t to go behind the returns.. Crazy Horse's band 
 
 defeated by Gen. Miles, near Tongue Kiver 
 
 8. Henry B. Smith, D. D.. LL. D., Professor 
 Union Theological Seminary, Presbyterian, 61, died 
 in N. Y... Rear Admiral Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N.,76, 
 died Washington, D.C... Opening of English House ot 
 
 Parliament 10. Gunpowder explosion at Adher- 
 
 nahed, India, kills 50 and wound s 1,000 persons. .R'r 
 Admiral Theodorus Bailey, U.S.N., 74, died at Wash- 
 
 oress, 67, died at Augusta, Ga.. Henry M. Stanley 
 
 announced the survey ot Lake Tanganyika 14. 
 
 Six Chinamt n murdered in Chico, Batter t o., Cal., 
 
 Cleopatra 
 
 ; resents 
 ouglass 
 
 by a gang of white rumans. .The Khedive 
 Cleopatra's needle to Great Britain .. Fred. ; 
 appointed United States Marshal lor the District of 
 Columbia 15. Diaz recognized as President of 
 Mexico by U. S. ..Stephen S. Jones, editor, Chicago, 
 
 hotdeadin his office by Dr. W. C. Drake 17. U. 
 
 S. Senate adjourns.. Six hours fight between Bos- 
 nians and Turks near Orezgonia 18. Str. Russ- 
 
 land from Antwerp lor New Yoik, went a hore at 
 Long Branch.. Iglesias, late President of Mexico, 
 but deposed by the Diaz revolution, issued a pio- 
 clamation from New Orleans. .Englunddemanded a 
 modification of the Russian protocol.. Sir Ed ward 
 Belcher, Rear Admiral, commander of an expedition 
 insearcn ot Sir John Franklin, 78, died in London 
 
 19. Ex-Goy. Emory Washburne, of Mass., 77, 
 
 Jied at Cambridge, Mass. . J. Donald Cameron, late 
 secretary of Treasury, elected U. S. Senator Irom 
 
 ington, D.C 11. Sir Win. Ferguson. President of Penn. .Saigo begins a formidable n hellion in Japan 
 
 Royal College of Surgeons, 69, died in London 12 
 Rinderpest spreading throughout Germany. .New 
 
 insurrection in Bosnia 13. New Stock Exchange 
 
 organized in New York 14. Receiver appointed 
 tor New Jersey Central Railroad.. Aime de Pichot, 
 French writer, died in Lonnon..Gen. Changarnier. 
 84,diedin Paris.France 15. Attempt to assassin- 
 ate Gov. Packard, in New Orleans. .Col. Gordon, Af- 
 rican explorer, appointed governor ot the Province 
 ot Soudan, Africa.. Coal mine exp osion atGraisses- 
 FOC, France, and 65 miners killed 16. L. D. Pils- 
 hurv confirmed as Supt. of N. V. SJate prisons.. 
 
 Midiiat Pasha arrives at Naples 17. Gen. Diaz 
 
 dlecieit P es. x andlgnacio Vallaste, Chief Justice of 
 
 Mexico 18. Attempted assassination of the Arch- 
 
 liishop of Mexico. .Rear Admiral Chas. H. Davis, I". 
 S.N.,70,Uicd at Washington, D.C. ...19. Judge H. 
 W. Williams, a justice ot the Supreme Court, died at 
 Pittsburgh. Pa.... 20. Rear Admiral Louis Golds- 
 borou.h, U. S. N., 72. died at Washington, D. C.. 
 Rinderpest at l:ull, Eng... 21. British bark Marie 
 wrecked off west coast of Africa; 12 men lost. .Boiler 
 *xplosi nat Mi >dlcion, Ohio, killing 4 and injuring 
 
 near Lowell, Mum., by train wreckers.. Sir. Fran 
 conia wrecked off Point San Bias. .Maj. Gen. Amos 
 B. Eaton, Commissary Gen. U. S. A., died at New 
 Haven, Conn. . ..24. submarine volcanic eruption at 
 
 Kiilakauii Bay, Hawaiian Islands 25. Furious 
 
 storm on the coast of Long Island; several vessels 
 and crews lo-t 26. 229 Sioux Indians surrender 
 
 at the Chevenne Agency 27. Whaling Str. Spitz- 
 
 toergen, with 20 persons, lost nearBergen, Norway. . 
 Ex-Go v. Joseph Johnston, 92, died at Bridgeport, Va. 
 ...The Electoral Commission decide all the doubtful 
 States for Hayes and Wheeler by a vote of 8 to 7 
 March I. Formidable mob dispersed in Charleston, 
 S C...GOV. Unycsleaves Columbus, Ohio, for Wash- 
 ineton. .The Miridites take up arms against Turkey, 
 and besiege the 1'uka fortress. .The British Mediter- 
 ranean squadron order* d to concentrate at Malta. . 
 . .2. The electoral count completed, and Messrs. 
 Hayes and Wheeler declared duly elected President 
 
 and Vice-Pres.dentof the U. S 3. Joel T. Hart, 
 
 sculptor, 67, died at Florence. Italy.. Chief Justice 
 Waite administers the oath of ofli -e to Pres. Hayes 
 . .Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Servia 
 
 l?tored 5. Bateman House 
 
 urkey at 
 at Kan 
 
 sas, Pa.. 
 
 turned; 6 persons perish.. XLIVth Congress ad 
 
 Senate opened. .Hftrqnisde Compiegne, distinguish- 
 ed African traveler, killed in a duel at Cairo, Egypt 
 ..Austria concentrates troops on the frontiers ol 
 Dalmatia and Croatia.. C. D. Compton, Marquis ot 
 Northampton, 61, died in London 6. Franklin J, 
 Moses, Sr., Ch. Jus. Supreme Court of S. Carolina. 
 72, died in Columbia, S. C.. .Destructive fire in Bond 
 street, N. Y. (Robhins A Appleton building) ; 1 ss, 
 $1,661,000. .Joe Coburn, notorious pugilist, sent to 
 Sing Sing for ten years 7. The President nomin- 
 ates his cabinet.. Matilda A. Heron, actress, 47, died 
 in N. Y. .Panic in the St. Francis Xavier Church, N. 
 
 France 13. Chas. Cowden Clark, Eng. author,91, 
 
 20. Congress appropriates 200,01X1 to complete 
 the Washington Monument 21. Leipsic fixed upon 
 as the seat of the Imperial Court ot Germany.. Deat h 
 of Prince Charles of Hesse Darmstadt.. President 
 Haves' cabinetdecide uponaLoui-ianaConimission 
 
 ....22. Labor crisis in Gern. any 23. Jno. D. Lee, 
 
 one of the Mormon murderers at the Mountain 
 Meadow massacre, was executed there; his confes- 
 sion implicates many leading Mormons 24. Vil- 
 lage of Madrid, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., almost des- 
 troyed by fire 26. Waller Ba;. ehot, publicist, died 
 
 in London.. Prof. Jno. S. Hart, teacher iind author, 
 67, died in Phila 27. Dam of the Slaffordsville, 
 Conn., rcse voir gives wa\ ; t>\o persons drowned; 
 $1,000,000 loss.. One editor kills another in Topeka. 
 Kansas.. Sir J. F.Fitzgerald Field Marshal British 
 Arm}-, 91. died in Tours, Frai.ce. ..28. 1 rineeAmoine 
 Bonaparte, nephew ot Napoleon I, die-din Florence, 
 
 Italy 29. Mexican aunoritiea imprison U. s. 
 
 Consul Sutton 30. Eevoltin Pashalik of Diarbe- 
 kir, Armenia.. General Chare, te presents Cardinal 
 Simeoni with an album containing the signatures 
 of over 30.<uOvolunte> rs, who are ready to fight lor 
 
 12 persons 22. Train thrown from railroad track the teni] oral power olthe Pope 31. The Cabinet 
 
 decides to withdraw the U. S. troops from South 
 Carolina.. Russia amended protocol, incorporating 
 
 England's suggestions, accepted by the powers 
 
 April 2. First telephone concertat Stemway Hall, 
 N. Y. City.. Bismarck tenders his resignation as 
 Chancellor of Germany 3. Capt. Frcd'k Lahr- 
 bush, formerly ot British Army, in, died in N. Y. 
 
 City 4. Prospects of war in the Eastincreasing; 
 
 Russia determined to fight 5. Orville D. Jewett 
 kills his uncle and himself by exploding a hand- 
 grenade in his store in Front st.,N. Y. . . .6. The 
 Louisiana Commission commences its session at 
 New Orleans.. Insurgent Gen. TrutiUo defeats con- 
 servative forces in U. S of Colombia, S. A., and the 
 State of Antiorjuia is surrendered to him 8. Rev. 
 Krederick A. Muhl nberg, D.D. an eminent philan- 
 thropist and founder of St. Luke's Hospital, and St. 
 Johhland. 80. died in New York ; and John Conant, 
 
 also a philanthropist, 87, died at JalTray, N.H 
 
 10. U. S. troops withdrawn from the State House 
 in Columbia, B.C. ; Gov. Chamberlin gives up the 
 contest. ...ii. Southern Hotel in St. Louis burned, 
 and 10 lives lost. .Prof. Smith, ot Rochester, discov- 
 ers a new comet near Cassiopeia.. Ross Winans, sn 
 eminent inventor, 80, died at Baltimore, Md. ... 12. 
 
 journs*me <?<>.. President Hayes and Vice-President Joseph, chief of Ni z Perces, in .Oregon, declines to 
 wheeler publicly inaugurated.. Special session of goon the Lapwaireservation.. Russian troopsmove 
 
 toward the Roumanian frontier 13. S.S. Leo, 
 
 Savannah to Nassau, burned at sea; 3 passengers 
 and 18 of crew lost.. Darien exploring expedition 
 
 returns to Panama ij. Lorenzo Sabine,ex-M.C. 
 
 and author, 75, died at Boston, Mass. .1,000 Indians, 
 Roman Nose's band, with their chief, surrender to 
 Gen. Crook at Spotted Tail Agency.. Turkey rejects 
 the terms of the protocol of the Great Powers: panic 
 on theVienna.Bour.se 15. Grand Duke Nicholas 
 reviews Russian army of the Pruth 17. Japan- 
 ese insurgents defei ted and putto flight. .50,000 peo- 
 ple in London make a demonstration in favor ot 
 Tii 
 
 tevcrai persons killed... Ashtabula bridge dc-jTichborne claimant.. Russia and Turkey making
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 energetic preparations for war. .Twee 1 delivers a 
 statement, to the Attorney General 18. The Mur- 
 phy temperance movement spreading throughout 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio.. An insurrection breaks 
 cutin Spain 19. The Louisiana Commission re- 
 eorts in favor of Nicholls for Governor, and his 
 Legislature 20. Twelve oil wells and tanks des- 
 troyed by lightning in Butler Co., Pa... The Roman 
 government determines to dissolve all Republican 
 and International Associations in Italy 21. Eight 
 lodges of Cbeyennes, comprising 550 persons 85 
 fighting men, surrender to Gen. Crook. .Brig Roan- 
 
 France 21. Roumania declares herindependence 
 and proclaims war a gainst Turkey 22. Accident 
 at launch of S.S. Saratoga, at Chester. Pa. ; - men 
 crushed to death and 2 injured.. Sir M. D. Wyatt, 
 architect, died in London. . .Ghivet burned bv Rus- 
 sians: Adler bombarded by Turks; Forts Tahmaz 
 
 - . and Kara Dagh, outworks of Kars, bombarded by 
 
 oke, Wylie, Philadelphia jo Porto Cabello.lost at Russians 23. W. H. Hosmer, poet, died in Avon, 
 
 N. Y. . .Don Carlos leaves France for Linz, Aus 
 
 sea; n persons drowned.. Emperor of Russia arrives 
 at Kiscneneff. . Revolt in Paraguay ; a brother of 
 the President assassinated, but the conspirators 
 Touted 23. Russia declares war against Turkey 
 . .Jassyfin Koumania) occupied by Russian troops: 
 the Montenegrins orcupy Kistar. Russians cross the 
 
 Pruth at three points 24. Withdrawal of U.S. 
 
 troops from Louisiana State House. End of the 
 
 Packard government 26. Atrocious murder of Cheyennes and Arapahoes...The Russians 
 
 Judge Chisholm, his son and daughter and Mr<. Gil- " 
 iner, by a mob in De Kalb, Kemper Co., Miss. . . 
 Pirstbtttleofthe war near Batourn, on the Black 
 Sea; Russians loseSoo 20. Str. Sidonian. Glasgow 
 to N.Y., explodes aboiler, 7 killed.. Montreal Novelty 
 Worksburned; 9 killed, 10 iniured.. Battle before 
 Kars. Russians under MelikofF defeat Moukhtar 
 Pasha'.. Ex-Senator and Gov. Wm. G. Brownlow 
 
 <Parson Brownlow), 72, died at Knoxville, Tenn 
 
 i. Roumanians, Montenegrins and Herzegovinian? 
 '- lia against Turkey Mayi. Queen Vie- 
 
 31. Roum; 
 foin Rn<s 
 toriaissut 
 
 wood, Dakota, t take steps for organizing the new 
 territory of Lincoln.. Prince Cassan, the Khedive's 
 
 Russiansrepulsed atBatoum ..... 24. 
 
 istria... 
 Religious war 
 
 ..... . 
 
 proclaimed in Bosnia.. Ten Broeck, at Louisville 
 races, makes the fastest one mile on record time, 
 1.39% ..... 26. Gen. and Mrs. Grantarrive at Queens- 
 
 town.. The Russians blow up a large monitor on the 
 Danube with torpedoes 28. Lieut. I.awton leaves 
 Red Cloud Agency for the Indian territory with 972 
 
 Sameba Heights 29. The Turks defeat the Rus- 
 sians near Kutari 29. Fletcher Harper, last sur- 
 vivor of the original Harper Brothers, 71, died in N. 
 Y. ..John Lothrop Motley, historian and diplomat- 
 ist, 63, died in London 31. Moukhtar Pasha dis- 
 missed and disgraced June i. Gen. Ord instructed 
 
 to follow marauding parties of Mexicans across the 
 Rio Grande.. .Gen. Grant given a reception by the 
 
 Prince of Wales at Marlboro House, London a. 
 
 Fire caused by lightning near Millerstown, Pa. ; 
 
 . ... . _. __ $85,000 worth of petroleum destroyed 3. Fiftieth 
 
 ssues a pro -lamation of neutrality in the East- anniversary of the consecration of Piua IXasa 
 
 rn war. . Part of the roof of the N. Y. post-office f~ " 
 
 killing 3 men 2. Diaz dec'ared elected Prcsii 
 
 by the Mexican Congress.. .Russian troops capture! Mrs. Elizabeth F. EHet, authoress, 59, died in N. Y. 
 
 Bayazid in Armenia. Montenegrins hold theDugal 4. Tornado visits Mt. Cannel, 111. ; n persons 
 
 Pass, blockading Goransko and Nicsics. the Pressikilled and many injured... Waterspout does great 
 
 law of 1865 suspended at Constantinople,.. Col. John 
 
 Forsythe,editor t 66, died atMobile 3. Great land 
 
 slide in Canada on banks of river Voill-tt; 5 per- 
 sons killed . .The Porte issues a circular denouncing 
 Roumania's treachery 4. Rev. Mr. Miiler sus- 
 pended for heresy by New Jersey S.vnod.. Turkish 
 monitors bombard Reni. .President Hayes calls an 
 extra Congressional session for Oct. 15. .". .5. Spani-ih 
 government offer amnesty and pardon to all Cuban 
 
 insurgents who 'will lay down their arms 6. 
 
 Crazy Horse and his band of goo Sioux surrender. . 
 Russians bombard Kars 7. King of Abyssinia de- 
 clares war againstthe Khedive oWsgypt. .'Transvaal 
 Republic, South Africa, aii nexed to British Empire 
 8. Expiration of sewing machine patents.. Pos- 
 tal convention with Italy signed by President.. 
 
 .Turki-h. monitors bombard Kussian batteries at the Postal Union 12. 
 
 Ibrail, and with the fortressatWidin.bombnrdKala- R.R. near Point of Rocks; 6 personskilled 13. 
 
 fat also.. Cossacks cross the Danube.... 9. Explosion " 
 in Wadesville mine, St. Clair, Pa., killing 7 and 
 
 damage in Iowa, N. w. of Burlington 5. Over 
 
 15,000 million feet of standing pine timberdestroyed 
 by forest firesin Michigan and Wisconsin. .A Greek 
 patriarch, in a pastoral letter, counsels loyalty to 
 
 Turkey... The Czar arrives at the front 6. A 
 
 bridge falls at Bath, England nearly 200 persons 
 
 thrown into the Avon ; 12 killed and 50 injured 
 
 jr. Cleopatra's needle, destined for England, ex- 
 
 liumed 8. A hat shop burned at Bridgeport. 
 
 Conn.; n men killed by falling walls... Destructi\e 
 fire in Galyeston, Texas; $1,500,000 of property des- 
 troyi d. .New levy of 218,000 men ordered in Russia 
 . . .The Turks try to force the Duga Puss in Montene- 
 gro and lose 4,000 men 9. Fastpassenger traffic 
 
 inaugurated by the Pennsylvania and connecting 
 Western roads... Persia applies for admission into 
 Collision on Bait. & Ohio 
 
 in Wadesville mine, St. Clair, Pa., killing 7 and 
 wounding 2. .A fanatical outbreak in the Tcnelo- 
 hantse country, in consequence of the Turkish war. 
 
 R.R. near Point of Rocks; 6 personskilled 13. 
 
 Corner stone of a Soldier's Home laid at Bath, N.Y. 
 . .Mustapha Tewflc Pasha appointed commander at 
 Kars. .Suleiman Pasha, after a bloody battle, forces 
 the Duga Pass and advances on Nicsics... Ludwig 
 
 put down by the Russians; 100 killed, 250 wounded III, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, dies at Darm" 
 
 .. Commodore B. S. Totten, U. S. N.,7i, died at New 'stunt 14. Prince Louis of Hesse, under the title 
 
 Bedford, Mass 10. Opening of permanent exhi-'of Ludwig IV, becomes Grand Duke. .Russians re- 
 
 founder of the Redemptionist order in America, 68, 
 died in Baltimore n. Prof.Taylor Lewis, LL.D., 
 
 75, died atSchenectady, N.Y 
 
 .Taylor 
 Wallso 
 
 fan unfinished 
 
 court-house at Rocklord, 111., fell, killing 10 work- 
 men. .Turkish iron-clad sunk by Russian masked 
 butteries near Ibrail . .Russians defeated at Batoum 
 with heavy loss, in an 8 hours battle ____ 12. Japanese 
 Empire admitted to Postal Union from June i 13. 
 Diaz recognized by Germany. .L.J.E.Picard, French 
 statesman, 56, died in Paris 14. Poisoning of 
 miners at Strcator, 111. .Burning of villages of Clin- 
 ton Mills, Edinburgh and Forest in northern N. Y. 
 . .Six Turkish iron-clads bombard Sukum Kaleh, but 
 are defeated. . President Hayes attends the banquet 
 of the Chamber of Commerce ____ 15. Unveiling of 
 statue of Fitz Greene Ilallock at Central Park, N.Y. 
 ..Five foot tidal wave in Lake Erie.. The Mindites 
 drive the Turksfrom Oroschi. .Mexican authorities 
 sit Acapulco apologise for imprisoning Consul Sat- 
 
 flag.. A dam bursts near Belvidere, N. J., killing 6 
 persons... Gen. C. F. Henningson,62, died at Wash- 
 ington, D.C. . .Bancroft Davis resigns as minister to 
 Germany ..... 15. Rt. Hon. Sir George Mellish, Lord 
 Justice of Appeal, died in London. .Mary Carpenter, 
 authoress, died in Bristol. .Lady Maxwell (Hon. Mrs. 
 Norton), 70, London ..... 16. Severe battle between 
 Turks and Montenegrins nt Rasiiogli.vika; Turks 
 defeated with a loss of 2,000 dead and wounded. . . 
 James Russell Lowell accepts the mission to Spain 
 ..... 17. Str. Lizzie burned in the Gulf of Mcxi o, 3 
 
 Illinois attempts to make silver coin a legal tender 
 for all debts in the State.. Commodore E. W. Car- 
 icnter, U.S.N., ;o, died at Shrewsbury, N. J. .. Crisis 
 
 M 
 
 in 
 
 _ -the French cabinet.. Destructive forest fires in 
 Michigan. .TornadoatFul ton. Mo., destroys 10 bnild- 
 
 y, N 
 fore 
 
 Str. Indiana. .Ardahan with 22 cannon captured by 
 the Russians... Terrible famine in Shnn-tungaml 
 Chin-li provinces, China 19. Convention at Dead- 
 
 17. 
 lo 
 
 o, 3 
 ied 
 
 lives lost.. Rev. John S. C. Abbott, author, 71, di 
 in New Haven, Conn ..... 19. Moukhtar Pasha's right 
 ing defeated ..... 20. Three-fourths of St. John's 
 
 15. Unveiling of New Brunswick, destroyed by fire ; 30 persons killed 
 ntrnl Park, N.Y. ..Chas. F Briggs, author and journalist, 67, died in 
 
 ... , , , 
 
 broi klyn. N. Y. . .Admiral Rons, 82, died in London 
 . .C. H. Upton, U. S. Consul nt Geneva, Switz., died 
 there 21. Ten "Mollie Magnires" hung six at 
 
 _______ 
 
 ton, and salute his flag ..... 16. Thj Legislature of Pottsville and four at Manch Chunk.. Judge Hilton 
 
 excludes Jews from the Grand Union Hotel, Sara- 
 toga 22. President Hayes issues anorderpr*- 
 
 hibiting office-holders from taking an active part in 
 jolitics..lowa Republican Convention refuses to 
 ndorse the President's Southern policy.. Commo- 
 
 'ngs and part of railroad depot 17. Dedication of dore John W. Goldsborough, U. S. N., 69, died in 
 
 revolutionary monument on Dorchester Heights, Philadelphia, Pa 23. The Turin march on Cet- 
 
 Mass. ..Ex-President Grant sails for Europeintho tinje, capital ot Montenegro, having effected a junc- 
 
 tion after six days fighting ..... 25. La 
 Marblehead, Mass., 72 buildings destroyed.. .Pr 
 dent McMahon pardoned 844 Communists. ..Qu 
 
 e fire at 
 esi- 
 een.
 
 15G 
 
 CBXOXOLOGY. 
 
 r* 
 
 i j 
 
 6 pi 
 
 Victoria received Gen. Grant nt Windsor Castle... 
 Robert Dale Owen, author, died at .Peerless Point, j 
 
 Luke George 20. Harv:, rd defeats Columbia in 
 
 an eight-oar boat race at Springtleld, Mass 28. 
 
 Monument in honor of the defenders ol Fort Moul- 
 trie in 1776, unveiled in Charleston. S. (" . . A re volu- 
 tion breaks out at Puerto Plata, San Domingo... 
 C.iovanniSantini, Italian professor of Astronomy, 
 died at Padua, ) taly July i. Tlin celebrated trot- 
 ling mare, Lady Thome, dted..Gencralreductdonof 
 wages on railroads; lears of strikers... Battle at 
 
 Sistovn. The Turks victorious 2. Fight between 
 
 Col. Whippie'scommand and Indians on Cjiearwater 
 River, Idaho.. The Pan-Presbyterian Council began 
 its.sessionin Edinburgh, Scotland. .President Mac- 
 Mahon called on the army to sustain him through 
 
 the crisis 3. The British Mediterancan licet 
 
 arrived in Besika Bay.. Inundations in tlio province 
 
 of Murica, Spain ; 22 persons drowned 4. Capt. 
 
 J. A. Webster, senior officer in U.S. Revenue Service, 
 
 died in Baltimore, Md 5. The Turks driven out 
 
 of Montenegro... Louisiana Returning lluardincin- 
 
 .bers tried on charge of forgery 6. Gen. Gram 
 
 arrives nt Brussels.. po.ooo Russians cross the Dan- 
 ube.. Russian campaign in Armenia a 1 ail lire.. F. W. 
 llacklandcr, traveler nnd author, died in Munich. 
 
 7. U. 8. troops cross the Rio Gran ic in pursuit 
 
 of Mexican marauders . .Destructive storm in Fen- 
 saukee, \\'is. : almost the whole town levelled; 6 
 persons killed. .Russians rapture Tirnovft. capital of 
 Bulgaria.. .Khedive of Egypt offers a licet lothe 
 Porte 8. Russians forced to withdraw from Kara. 
 
 with heavy loss 9. Hurricane at Springfield, 
 
 Mass. . .Export of liorses from Germany prohibited. 
 ..Prof.SanbornTenuey, of Williams College, 50, died 
 
 in Buchanan, () 10. Chief Joseph's Nez 1'crccs 
 
 kill 31 Chinamen in Idaho n. Six miners killed 
 
 in a mine explosion at Wheatland, Pa. ..Fight 
 between U.S. troops and NezPercesutCottonwood; 
 Oapt, Lieut, and n men killed; 13 Indianskilled.. 
 Meeting ol Georgia Const. Convention. . . 12. Attack 
 
 on Orangemen in Montreal, i killed, 4 wounded 
 
 Russians routed nnd driven from Plevna (Jen. 
 
 Grant in Germany . .Gen. Sir Geo. Bell, K.C.B., died 
 
 in London 13. Baron W. E. von Ketteler, i;ishop 
 
 of Hayence, died there 14. Boiler explosion at 
 
 Mflcnrgy. Pa.. 3 men killed 15. British Sir. Eton 
 wrecked otl'the coast of Chili, and ovi rioolivcslost 
 16. Great railro <1 strike on Halt. & OhioR.R. 
 . .$68,000,000 subscribed to date ol the U.S. 4 jicrci-m. 
 loan. .The Russismscapture Nlkopolisonthe Dauube 
 
 17. Strike continues on Bait. A Ohio R.R. The 
 
 whole line blocked... EX-<JOV. Tilden and Hon. J. 
 
 Bigelow, Sec. oi S ate of N. Y.,sail lor Europe 18. 
 
 Gov. Matthews, of W. Virginia, calls lor government 
 
 aid to suppress the riot; 250 regulars sent ix 
 
 The strikes become general over all the road-- 
 managed by the Bait. & Oido and Penn. Central 
 ..Suleiman Pasha appointed commander of the 
 army ol Roumelia. .Hon. 1). A. Lapham, author and 
 
 scientist, 68, died at Milwaukie, Wis 20 to 26 
 
 The strikes become general on most of the trunk 
 
 roads, though very slight on New York Central 
 
 ai. Terribleriot and Conflagration nt Pittsburgh, 
 Fa., more than $3,WK),ruO of property destroyed.. 
 Collision between State troops and rioters; ninny 
 killed and wound ed..Pittsbuigh rioters surrender 
 on 23d.. Uiotous demonstrations against Chine.-ein 
 San Francisco. .On the 251)1 riots in i hicngo, Louis- 
 ville and. St Louis: ma y killed and wounded 
 
 26. Another riot in Chicago; 21 killed, and many 
 
 wounded. .Bloody rintin Keading, Pa 27. Affair 
 
 quiclingin ull quarters...}?. Y. militia ordered to 
 their homes 29. All trunk roads open again, but 
 
 .great disorder in the coal regions Foreign, 20 to 
 
 29. Russians attack Osman Pasha, but are, repaired 
 with heavy loss.. Suleiman Pasha is defeated bv 
 Russians at Karabunar.. The Russians ilestroy six 
 railroad bridges on the Danube.. Montenegrins bom- 
 bard Medics.. On t c 29 h the Czarowitch'a forces 
 defeated the Turks near Rustchuk, taking 8,000 
 prisoner.", 31 guns and 10 s-tandaids.. On the 241)1 
 scobedo, the Mexican insurgent general, was ar- 
 
 rested.. On the 26ih eigi.t men were killed by a 
 boiler ex plosion near Tunstall, Eng..3o. Centennial 
 anniversary ol the adoption of the l^ew York con- 
 stitution celebrated at Kingston... The Russians 
 were defeated near Plevna.. .Gen. Gliourka woiia 
 
 victory over the Turks at Yeni Sagra, Roumelia 
 
 On the 25th George W. Matsell, ex-polico superin- 
 tendent and commissioner, died in New York On Alb 
 
 the 28th Prof. Isaac W. Jackson, M.D., of Union Col- 
 lege, 72, died at Schenectady, N. Y Ontheaoth 
 
 George Ward Hunt, 1st Lord of the Admiralty ol 
 
 Great Britain, died in Hamburg On the soth 
 
 Commodore J. W. Swilt, U.S.N., died at Geneva, N. 
 Y., and same day Samuel Warren, an eminent 
 
 English nuthor, died in London 31. W II. Vnnder- 
 
 bilt ordered $100,000 to be distributed ratably among 
 
 the employees of the N. T. Central who had nor 
 
 "oined in the strike August i. Gov. Robiasoifc 
 
 pardons young Walworth, the parricide ...Riot at 
 Scranton Pa. .Schr. Florence, of Howgate'sexpedi- 
 tion, sailed for the North Pole". ...2. The town o( 
 
 Conejo, Panama, burned 3. Win. B. Ogdcn, first 
 
 mayor ol Chicago, 71, died atFnrdham Heights, N. 
 Y. . .Box factory in Cincinnati burned ; several girls 
 
 burntto dealh". Great fire at EastSaginaw, Mich. ; 
 
 Jaoo.oco destroyed 4. Poorhouse atSancoc burn-- 
 
 ed, I7imnatcs perished.. Fi< Id Marshal Von t-tcin- 
 
 metz, 71, died at Land tck, Silesia 5. Eaton, Wis., 
 
 burned ; several lives lost. .Russians defeated south 
 f the Balkans 6. Centennial celebration ol bat- 
 tle ol Oriskany 7. General order prohibiting the 
 
 sale of arms and ammunition to Indians.. Repulse 
 
 ot Russians at Lovau 8. Kiotsat Belfast, Ireland 
 
 ..Gen. Grant in Switzerland. ...9. Gen. Gibbon 
 nghtsthe Nc 7. Percesin Montana, a drawn battle. .- v 
 A train fell through a drawbridge at Ocean;, ort, N. 
 J. ; 60 persons injured.. Dr. A. B. Crosby, professor 
 in P>elle\ ue Mcd. College, 45, died in Hanover, N H. 
 ... 10 Political troubles increasing in France; 
 
 many Republican papers there suspended 13. 
 
 Mexic.'Ui outrages on the Rio Grande : Mexicans 
 cross the river, murder J i dge Cox and another man., 
 release Mexican murderers from jail aude-cap 
 across the river. ...Chaunccy Rose, nu eminent 
 philanthropist, died in Terre Haute, Ind 15. The 
 .-.l ugglu between the Russians and Suleiman Pasha. 
 lor bnlpka Pats commenced. .Win. Longman-, Lon- 
 don publisher, 78, died in London 16. Rev. Asa 
 
 D. Smith, D.D., LL.D., presidentol Dartmouth Col- 
 
 D. Smith. U.D., LL.U.,j)residentot Dartmouih Col 
 tege, died at Hanover, N. II... Prof. Asaph li.iildis 
 covers two satellites ol Mar-. .Centennial celebra- 
 tion oi the battle of lleiiningion attended by more 
 than 60,000 people... .18. Gayvi.le, Dakota, almost 
 en irely destioycd by lire, 2-0 buildings Consumed, 
 lossfcfo.ooo 19. JJoukhtar Pasba repulse s a Rus- 
 sia i attack 20. Consolidation of Western Union 
 
 and Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Com] anies.. 
 Great slrike in Pennsylvania coal regions, 50,000* 
 men out . . .21. Meeting ol National Board of Trade 
 at Mi \vaukee, ^ is... 22. Insurrection in Crete., 
 Ano.her revolt in Bosnia 24 and 25. Sharp and 
 continuous fighting in Sliipka Pass.. The Ru.~-siun.-i 
 gain and hold some important positions. .The 'lurks 
 capture Kizil tope, but are defeated at KurukDara 
 ...26. Dr. 11. Diaper and Pi of C. S. Holden dis- 
 cover a third sat. llite ol Mars. . .Hon. E. P. Noyes^ 
 Minister to France, reaches Paris. . .27. The Knight* 
 leinplarsol the l).S. houl their 2j'.h triennial con- 
 clave at Cleveland, Ohio.. .Strike ended in th 
 Lehigh Valley coal repio s..Senor CostelloandhU 
 son, leading Cuban insurgents, surrender to Iho 
 
 Spanish authorities 18. ^ onlercnee ot State Gov- 
 
 '.nioisat Philadelphia. .Ben De l:ar, actor, 61, iticd 
 at st. Louis, Mo. .. .29. Railroad accident near DCS 
 M nines, 20 persons Killed. .Urighani Young, the Mor- 
 mon piophut and chiel, 76, died ui. S It i.aky lily. 
 Utah... 30. Monument to Jolm Brown, of O.-sa- 
 waiomie, Kansas, tledicaicd in presence of 10,000 
 people.. Raphael Scmines, ex-couimauder of tho 
 Comederate cruiser Alabama, 6, died at Point 
 Ckar, Ala. .The village ol Karahassenlarcaplured 
 by the 'l urk.s inter a severe buttle. Turkish loss 3,000 
 killed and Wounded, Rus.-ian lo-s 4.ooo...lius^iam* 
 ileiciiledon the. Lorn, Popkoi abandoned, uijil Iho 
 
 Russian position completely tinned 31. Fire at 
 
 1'aris, Texas, 10 business blocksdestroyed, loss 8250,- 
 ooo. .Usutan Pusiut Bains a siynal vi lory at Plevna 
 ... .September i. Toriladotti MaysvilU , l\y.. Meet- 
 ing of Am. Association lor AdvancemcUt 01 Scienc 
 
 ai Na-h\ille, 'Jemi Alruii Adams, fi,uu ,er of 
 
 Adnmsl'.X|,ressCo ,', j, died at \Vat, i town, Mass.. 
 K. L. Uavenporl, actor, 61, died at Canton, 1'a 
 
 2. Insurrection in china among interior t.ibes 
 
 3. Louis Adolpbe Th.ers, ex president ot France, 
 3o, died in Paris, France.. Hale's pi.uio factory, N. 
 Y., liurnt-d and ,-eveial persons killed. .A house ill 
 
 eUuiati undermined and tails, killing 4 women 
 4. "Cra/.y Horse" arrested nt Spoiled Tail 
 Agency lor attempting to induce the Indians to go- 
 to war .Russians capture Lovatz alter 12 hours 
 lighting. ...5. "Crazy Horse" iskille I while, trying; 
 lo escape from ibc<uard house at Camp Robinson 
 
 7. President Hayes and party leave Washington) 
 
 for a visit to Ohio a'nd other States 8. Rev. i .u in 
 Hall, D .D..pniicssor (,t Theoio^y at Auburn, uied 
 ihere..Tie Catholic Kishop, Amedcus, died at St. 
 Albans, Vt 9. Nicsies surrenders to the .Montene- 
 grins, .'fl.o death .1. om lamineln Madras, India, rc- 
 
 porUM to l.n aboutqne million n. Yellow lever 
 
 appears at l-'eruandina, Fia 12. The i riiish ships 
 
 valanche a nd Foster collide off Portland, i.ng , 104. 
 ersons drowned.. Gambetta sentenced to fine and 
 
 .. 
 
 imprisonment tor a political speech, but thu ca.-.o 
 appi'iiled and the sentence never carried out..'1'lie 
 Russian^ ag.iin repulsed at Plevna with lerribla
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 157 
 
 loss .TTereulnnode Oarvu'.ho, Portuguese historian, 
 
 57, died at Lisbon 14. Rev. Benjamin Schneider, 
 
 an eminent missionary to Turkey, died in Boston, 
 Mass 15. The American ride team win the inter- 
 national mate): at Creedinoor. .Four persons mur- 
 ,<lered by Chinamen near Rock ton, Placer county, 
 Hlalifnrnia. .Constnntine Canaris, prime minister ot 
 I he Kingdom of (Greece ,86, died at Athens, Greece 
 ....17. Tlie Presidential party cordially received at 
 Louisville, Ky.. Chinese quarters at Grass Valley, 
 Cal., burned. .Soldiers' and Sailors' monument at 
 Boston dedicated.. Queen Pomare, of the Society Is- 
 lands, died there... .18. Eastern bound express 
 train on Union Pacific R. R. robbed by thirteen men 
 at Big Springs, Neb. ; $78,000 taken. .H. M. Stanley, 
 the African traveller, reached St. Paulde Loiinda 
 (west coastof Africa), havingcrossedthe Continent 
 and traced the Congoor Livingstone river from its 
 
 celebration of surrender of Bnrgoyno atSchnyler- 
 
 dlle, N.Y 19. Heavy fighting at Kars 20. Fire 
 
 n Portland, N. B. ; 250 buildings burned; 2,500 per- 
 sons homeless.... 22. Colliery explosion at High 
 Blantyre, Scotland; 200 lives lost... 23. Commission 
 nterviewed .Bitting Bull at Fcrt \Valsh, Canada, but 
 
 were unsuccessful 24. George L. Fox, pantomim- 
 
 ist, ?2, died at Cambridge, Mass.. Prof. Jas. Orton, 
 of Vassar College, scientist, 47, died in Bolivia.'S. 
 
 America 25. The Turks repulse the Russiansat 
 
 Phrygos 26. Ismail Pasha effects a junction with 
 
 Mouklitar Pasha.. KuKlux outrages in ClarK Co, 
 Ohio. .91 deathsfrom yellow fever in Fernandina to 
 date 28. Edwin Adams, actor, 42, died in Phila- 
 delphia, Pa... Julia Kavanagh, novelist. 53, died in 
 Sice, Italy. .Joseph Durham, sculptor, died in Lon- 
 lon 29. N. B. Forrest, ex-Confederate general 
 
 J;6.died~'in "Memphis, Tenn.. Meeting of National 
 source to the sea.. ..19. Centennial celebrat ; on of Liberal League at Rochester., t. W. _Stoughton 
 
 the battle of Bemis Heights. . . 20. Louis V. Bogy, U. 
 S. Senator from Missouri, 64, died at St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 21. Collision on N. Y. Central R.R. near Rome, 
 
 N. Y., three killed and several wounded.. Str. Olga 
 sails from Alexandria, Egypt, towing the caisson 
 containing the obelisk.. Great battle of Bi<-la,in 
 which the Russiansare defeated, losing 4,000 killed, 
 3,000 wounded 22. W. H. Fox Talbot, the father 
 of photography, 77, died in London, Eng.... 23. The 
 famine in India subsiding, heavy rains having fallen 
 
 lominated as Minister to Russia 30. John Walsh 
 lominated Minister to England.. Goldsmith Maid, 
 amous trotting marc, 21 years old, withdrawn from 
 
 the turf November i. Collision between freight 
 
 and express trains on Philadelphia and Erie R. R. ; 
 
 5 men were killed \Vm. Gale, pedestrian, London, 
 
 ompleted 4,000 quarter miles in 4,ocx> consecutive 
 eriods of 10 minutes each, beginning October 20 
 ident McMahon gives a dinner to Gen. Grantat 
 
 in many of the districts... Urbaine J. J. Leverrier, 
 astronomer, 66, died in Paris .. 24. I'atentOfliceat di 
 Washington partially burned. .President Hayes in 
 Va. .Japanese insurgent leaders slain and rebellion 
 
 illion of property and many lives.. Yellow 
 racing at \ era Cruz ; 140 deaihs in August ____ 
 
 ended.. A hurricane in Curagoa, \V. I., destroyin 
 two million 
 
 fever racin ____ 
 
 25. The Montenegrins captu e Goransko, Pina and 
 Fort Grivica, and Vum Belek andsurrou ding vil- 
 lages . . .26. Lieut. Bullis crosses the Rio Grande in 
 pursuit of Mexican raiders . Commodore J. M. Frai- 
 ley, U. S.N.. 6x died in Philadelphia, Pa ...28. Con- 
 ference at Washington of Si <ux Indians with the 
 President 29. Osman Pasha again defeats the 
 Russians at Plevna. .Henry Meiggs, the great South 
 American railroad contractor, 66, died in Peru ____ 
 30. Village of Putnam, Conn., nearly destroyed by 
 1Bre..Wm. C. Oilman, a well known business in an in 
 New York, detected in forgery and swindling to the 
 extent of $236,000.. Unsucessful attempt at revolu- 
 tion in Hayii. .Russians defeat 4,000 Daghestan in- 
 
 >eri 
 
 ^resi 
 
 Ely see, Paris Oliver P. Morton, U. S. Senator 
 
 from Indiana, and former Governor, 54, died at In- 
 dianapolis Field Marshal Frederick VonWrangel, 
 
 93, died in Berlin, Prussia 2 Chief Justice, W. K. 
 
 Draper, C. B. ?7,died in Toronto, Canada. 
 
 urgent*. 
 
 October i. Sioux delegates at Wash- 
 
 ington consent to removal to the new reservation 
 recommended by the President.. Heavy but inde- 
 cisive battle in Asia Minor between Russians and 
 
 the Tnrksuiider Mouklitar Pasha 2. The Sultan 
 
 confers the title of Ghazi (conqueror; u-on Osman 
 Pasha and Mouklitar Pasha . . Woman suffrage prop- 
 osition defeated in Oolorado. .Lewis Lillie, inventor 
 and manufacturer of sales, died at Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 3. Carshopsof New York Dry Dock R.R.Co. 
 
 burned, lossfcoo.ooo. .Boiler explosion at Shedder 
 town, Ohio, tnree men killed and several others 
 
 fatally injured.. Spanish troops defeat 2,000 insur 
 
 gents on the Looloo Islands. ..Railroad accident ly, and S. to Tennessee Army appropriation bill 
 
 l>etween Worensch and Norstoff on the Don -,400 
 Abchasian prisoners killed.. .J. R. Bayley, D.D., 
 Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore, 63, died 
 inNe wark,N.J...M me. Teresa Titjiens, prima donna. 
 43, died in London ...4. Centennial of battle ol 
 Germantown, Pa. .Severe cyclone, doinggreat dam- 
 age, along the S. and E. Atlantic coast. . Excursion 
 train wrecked near Phoenixville, Pa. ; 12 killed and 
 a number injured 5. Col. Miles captures Chief 
 
 4 Earth- 
 
 quake shocks throughout northern New York, New 
 England, and the Eastern British Provinces,at2 A.M. 
 ..... 5 Bland Silver bill passed the House ____ 6 
 Elections held in 12 States Gustav Brion, French 
 ainter, died in Paris... Heavy battle nearErzerum: 
 
 painter, ded in ars... eavy atte nearrzerum: 
 Russians repulsed 7. Amelia, dowager Queen or 
 Saxony, died in Dresden 9 IiiMirg< nts in San 
 Domingo increasing in numbers. Alarm a ttho Cap- 
 itol ..... 10 Schooner Magellan wricked on Lake 
 Michigan ; 8 lives lost ____ Forty of Ex-Su'tnn Murad's 
 servants strang'ed, lor aiding in a conspiracy tore- 
 instate him ____ Martin Ptiine.M.D., LL.D., professor, 
 Ac., 83, died in New York City ..... 11 Rio tin El Paso 
 County, Texas ..... 12 Suit commenced by Cornelius 
 J. Vanderbilt and his sister Mrs. LaBau, to break 
 his father's will ____ Prof. Watson 1 of Michigan Uni- 
 ersity discovers a planet of the nth magnitude 
 iireat Storm on the British Coast; loss $1.200,000 
 F. Blodgett, Ex-Governor of Georgia, died at Atlanta, 
 Ga ____ Passage of the Army appropriation bill by 
 the House ____ 13 Henry Peters Gray, urtist, 58, died 
 in New York City 14 Burning of Fie d, Leiter 
 i Co's dry goods house, Chicago; loss, $250,000 
 Billiard match for the world's championship, Sax ton 
 beutsCyrille Dion Trans-Pacific Cable Company, 
 organized to li^ a Cable from California to Japan, 
 rtVi Honolulu, Capital stock, 810,000,000. .. .15 Explo- 
 sion of fire-damp, in Jermyn Col!iery,near Scran- 
 ton, Pa., a number killed andinjnred ____ Earthquake 
 shocks in Iowa, Nebraska, nnd in the N. W. general- 
 
 amended and passed by Senate 16 Pierre Lan- 
 frey. Republican Senator of France, died at Ver- 
 sailles 18 Russians capture Kars by a brilliant 
 
 nightassanlt 19 Fort Edward Institute burned. 
 
 ...20 Julius Kircher of New York, cremates his 
 
 dead infant 21 The Roumanian! after a three 
 
 days battle, capture Rahova John V. L. Pruyn, 
 
 LL.D., Chancellor of Board of Regents of Uuivursity 
 of State of New York, died at Albany, N. Y 
 
 Joseph and the Nez Perces after a three days' baitle Steamship Alabama, lost on CoastofS'outh America; 
 6. Great number of Cuban insurgents surrender 70 drowned Diaz or " 
 
 ..Wm. Gale walks 1,500 miles in 1,000 consecutive 
 hours, beginning Aug. 26 ...7. Senator L. O. Bor- 
 deau died in Paris, France 8. First suit under 
 the timber depredation laws, in Minnesota, is de- 
 cided for the government... Severe earthquake at 
 Geneva, Switzerland 1 1 . Explosion i n a colliery 
 at Pemberton, Eng., 4okilled. .Spanish government 
 pays S5;o,ooo Indemnity to Minister Lowellforlosses 
 by American citizens in Cuba 12. Wm. C. Gil- 
 man (referred to in Sept.) surrenders himself and is 
 sent to State prison for five y-ars-. ... 14. The "Cleo- 
 patra's needle" encounters a heavy storm en route 
 to Eng and, and is abandoned off Cape Finistcrre; 
 is subsequent 'y picked up and taken to Ferrol, 
 Spain. .Republicans gain an overwhelming victory 
 in the French elections. . . .15. Prof. Peters, of Clin 
 ton, N Y.. discovers a new planet of the eleventh 
 magnitude. .Extra session of Congress opened at 
 Washington; Samuel J. Randa 1 chosen speaker ot 
 the Hou-e.. Antonio S'cialoja, eminent Italianlaw- 
 
 ver and publicist, dies at Rome 16. 4,oooN. Y. 
 
 -cigar makers on a strike.. Theodore Barriere, dram- 
 ntio author, died in 1'aris. .Geo Hadley, M.D., Prof, 
 -of CJiemistry, 64, died in Buffalo.... 17. Centennial 
 
 rders Tre vino with 2,500 troops 
 ;o the Uio Grande, 1q repel invasion by U. S. troops 
 ...Canadian Fisheries commissioners, one dissent- 
 ng, deci es that the. U. S. shall pay Great Britain 
 55.500,000 for fishing in Canadian waters 24 The 
 -evolution in Ecuador collapses U. 8. Steamer 
 Huron wrecked at Kitty Hawk. N. C. : looliveslost 
 ....26 All night session of U. S. Senate 27 
 Steamer C. H. Northam burned in N. Y. Harbor, 
 three lives lost 27 Twenty colored people drown- 
 ed and 30 horses swept a way by a flood at Buckhan- 
 
 non.Va 29 Workingmen'sdenionstrationagainst 
 
 the Chinese in San Francisco; Kearney comes to.the 
 front The insurrection in San Domingo spreads 
 
 over the en tire country 3o The Senate pass the 
 
 ParisExposition bill.. ..Thirty mile Oil Pipe between 
 Great Beit and Pittsburgh, Pa. completed Com- 
 modore C. N. B. Caldwell.U. S. M.,died ai Waltham, 
 Mass December 2 Messrs. Moody & Sankey com- 
 mence their labors in Providence, R. I The lead- 
 ing merchants and manufacturer* ol Paris, Appeal 
 to President WcMnhon to yield to the majority, in 
 the interests of trmle and of the International Ex- 
 posit on... 2 Stcnnihi.ii t l.otos burned on the Mis- 
 sissippi, near Waterloo, I.a. , n lives lost Extra
 
 158 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 session in Congress closed and regular session 
 opened. . . .Attorney Gen. Connor of S. O., resigned 
 
 4 Turks capture Elena Robert Tyler, son of the Khedive. .U. S. steamer Kearsarge driven ashore 
 
 the late Ex-President,died in Baltimore. .ConsulGen. 
 
 Murz ,1 German philanthropist, died in Berlin, Prus- 
 
 "ta.. ..<;. Austria protests against Servia's partioi- 
 
 ation in the Russo-Turkish war. . . .6. Fire in Mil- 
 
 ni-Saghra occ 
 
 ve days' 
 u pied bi 
 
 by the Russians.. Demetrius 
 
 I' 1 
 
 lerstown, N. Y. lossSzoo.ooo. .French ministry tender 
 their resignations* and McMahon accepts them. .M- 
 uufaure granted perfect liberty in forming a new 
 Cabinet by the President. .Reportsof terrible famine 
 in Bulgaria.... 7. John A. Collins alias Thorpe hum- 
 in Auburn lor the murder of a fellow convict.. Erie 
 Canal closed.. Wreck of the Steamer European in 
 the English channel.no lives lost. .Rev. Dr, A. T. 
 tflcdsoe, editorand author, 69,died in Alexandria, Va. 
 Active Temperance crusade in Baltimore, over 
 12,000 sign the pledge. . ..9. $800,000 fire in Louisville, 
 Ky.. .Plevna surrendered unconditionally to the 
 Knssians by Osman Pasha, 30,000 prisoners and 77 
 guns surrendered.... to. Gen.JohnM. llarlan, takes 
 the oath of office as Associate Justice of the U. S 
 Bum-erne Court 12. The Grand Turkish Council 
 at Constantinople resolve to carry on the war to the 
 last extremity.. The Czar visits Usnian Pasha, and 
 returns his sword.. ..J. Cogswell Perkins, author, 
 68, died at Salem, Mass.. 13. A new French Minis- 
 try announced.. Rev. Samuel Spring, D. D., Cong- 
 regationalist author, 85,dicd in East liartford.Conn. 
 l*. Town of Osceola, Mo. taken possession of by a 
 ffi*S? . mob.. Scrvia declares war against Turkey; 
 the Turks burn and evacuate Elena.. An insurrection 
 
 in the province of Amyre, Crete 15. The Forte 
 
 asks the European powers to mediate.. The Ser- 
 vians cross the Turkish frontier at Pirot. and inarch 
 on Kossovo, and on the i6thfortity the heights ot'To- lv , .,. -.. ... , ,_ .,,.. 
 
 Rolnitza and Secanika, comniaiiuing the defence at resolution favoring remonetiza lion of the silver dol- 
 itzsch . . . . 16. President. H&YPB nominate* Ax -Qov. Inrnnri nnssnirp nt the Bland hill. .Turks cvflpuntrt 
 
 sen 16. President Hayes nominates ex -Gov. 
 . JlcCormick, of Arizona, Commissioner Gene- 
 
 <itzsch 
 
 R. C. M ,.., t 
 
 ralto the Paris Exposition... '.17. Ar'daiutzsch car- 
 ried by assault by the Russians. .All the powers ex- 
 cept England refuse tointerlero between Russia and 
 rurkey.. D'Aurellede Paladines, corps commander 
 in i8;o-7r, and life Senator of France, died in Paris. 
 18. Texas State troops surrender to the inob at 
 San Elizario. .Orders given in Russia for the imme- 
 diate mobilization of oo.oooniore troops '.9. Jas. 
 
 Ballantine, author, 69, died in Edingburgh, Scotland. 
 ..Reportsof famine in Nothern China.. Six person.- 
 suffocated with coal gasat Randolph, Mass; twochil- 
 dren burned to death at Newport, N. Y 20. Ex- 
 plosion in Greenfield & Son's confectionary factory 
 in New York, 15 lives lost.. Cabinet crisis in Ger- 
 1118113-.. Russian lossbythe war to date, officially 
 stated at 80,412 men. .Mercy B. Jackson, M. D., Prof, 
 of diseases of children, Boston University, 78, died 
 in Boston 21, The famous racing mare Flora 
 reniple, died neflr Philadelphia, aged 32 years. .. 
 Prince Charlesof Roumania.receivesthe IronCross 
 from the Emperor Wil.iam 22. American Mu- 
 seum of Natural History at New York, formally 
 opened by President Hayes.. Excise Commissioner 
 f New York, absconds with $5o,ooo of the 
 ds 23. The Porte ineffectually attempts 
 
 Murphy o! 
 public fun 
 
 to depose Prince Milan of Servia 
 
 'ffectnally 
 . .Henry M 
 
 I. Stanley 
 
 arrives at Aden, Arabia, on his way home. .Terrible 
 snow storm in Roumania ; hundreds of Russian sol- 
 diers and Turkish prisoners perish 24. Robert P. 
 Parrott, (Parrott's rifled cannon,) inventor, died at 
 Cold Spring, N. Y.. .Mrs Hatfield and three children 
 drowned through the ice near Yarmouth, Nova Sco- 
 tia The insurgents at Crete convoke the Nation- 
 al Assembly to establish a Provincial government. 
 -.The Servians are repulsed at Yatic, but capture 
 Ak-Palanka after eight hoursfighting 26. Thirty 
 thousand Servians with 120 guns invest Nitzsch.. 
 Montenegrins defeat a Turkish force near Dulcigno. 
 ..George A. Bailey, publisher of the Congressional 
 
 Globe, died at Deering, Me 27. The Servians are 
 
 repulsed at Novi Bazar andPirot by the Turks 
 
 28. Explosion in the Stanton shalt near \\ilkes- 
 barre 30. The British Channel fleet and all com- 
 missioned ships under repair, ordered to be ready 
 
 years superintendent'! 1 !, Y. State Inebriate Asylum, 
 died at Bmghamton, N. Y 31. Gustave Courbet, 
 artist ana communist, dicd.in Paris... President 
 Hayes' silver wedding celebrated in Washington. 
 
 1878. 
 January!. John S.Randall, noted entomologist 
 
 Report of the massacre of JS.GCO people fn K.ishgar 
 by the Chinese.. Stanley welcomed nt the court of 
 
 in Portsmouth harbor.. John Orton Cole, 84, died in 
 Albany.. Gen. Alfonso de la Marmora. Italian soldier 
 and statesman, 73, died in Florence, Italy 8. Oc- 
 cupation of Stahtza and Petrichero bv the Russians. 
 .. Retreat of Chakir Pasha. .Don Francisco de laGn- 
 erra, Mexican statesman, died in Mexico. Connt de 
 Palikao, French statesman and Senator, 81, died* 
 in Paris. . . 9. Russians under General Radetsky 
 capture entire Turkish army at Shipka Pass. .Reso- 
 lutions introduced in the Massachusetts Legislature 
 favoring a gold standard, andcimdenving the Bland? 
 SilverBill. .VictorEmanuel II, King of Italy, 57, died 
 in Home n. Fernando Wood'sinvestigation res- 
 olution passes the House .. Nissa captured by the Ser- 
 vians' alter a five days' battle. .Eski-Saghra and Ye- 
 
 Bulgiiris, Greek Statesman, died in Athens r2. 
 
 Great fire in London, lossover$i,oco,cco 13. Cen- 
 tral Superintendcncy of Indian affairsdiscontinued 
 by order of Secretary Schurz 14. Thirteen lives 
 lost by the wreck of the schooner Little Kate. 6ft 
 Duxbury. Mass is Sixteen persons killed and a 
 large number injured by a railroad accident near 
 Tariffville, Conn.. $300.000 voted for the new State 
 Capitol at Albany . .General McCIellan inaugurated 
 
 Governor of New Jersey 16. Lead City, Dakota, 
 
 cap ured by border ruffians.. Samuel Bowies, jour- 
 nalist (Springfield Republican), 51, died at Spring- 
 field. Mass. ... 17. Four negroes killed by a mob at 
 Lexington, Kv. .Treaty of commerce and friendship 
 
 between the United States and Samoa signed 18, 
 
 Commodore George W. Hollins, U. S. N., 79, died at 
 
 Baltimore 19. The Ohio Senate passes a joint 
 
 resolution favoring remonetiza lion of the silver dol- 
 lar and passage of the Bland bill.. Turks evacuate 
 Adrianople.. Banquet to Stanley at Paris. .Insurrec- 
 tion at Thessaly and Macedonia 21. Cleopatra's 
 needle arrives in England.. Servian troops occupy 
 Pristina and Kar Shumli.-Widdin completely in- 
 vested and bombardment commenced. .E. K.Col- 
 lins, founder of Collins' line of Steamships.76.died in 
 
 New York city 
 
 Russians occupy Adrianople. 
 
 23. Marriage of Alfonso, King of Spain, to the 
 
 Princess Mercedos .The Austrian Cabinet resigns. . 
 Gen. Atig Willich,68, died atSt Mary, Ohio.... 24. 
 Earls of Derby and Carnarvon, of the British Min- 
 istry, resign 25. The U. S. Sen te passes Mat. 
 
 thews Silver resolution 26. Terrible famine re- 
 ported in China; 9,cco,cco people starving. .William 
 Gale completes a walk of a quarter of a mile every 
 ten minutes for thirteen consecutive days. . Dr. Jno. 
 Dornn, a noted English author, 70, died in London. 
 
 27. Three islands in Lake Scutari, captured by 
 
 Montenegrins.. George P. Gordon, inventor of the 
 Gordon printing press, 67, died in Norfolk, Va 28. 
 Defeatofthe Turkish army at Raschasink by the 
 Servians. .Revolt in Athens 29. Turks defeated 
 by Thessalian insurgents on Mount Pelion.. Sir Ed- 
 ward S. Creasy. English historian, 65, died in I.on. 
 
 don 30. Joseph Hildebrand, German philosopher, 
 
 72, died in Germany. . 31. Sir. Metropolis, Phila- 
 delphia to Brazii.driven ashore on Currituck Beach,. 
 N.C., and wrecked, nearly ico lives lost. .Armistice 
 
 signed between Russia and Turkey February i. 
 
 Storm on the Atlantic coast, many vessels wrecked 
 .Panic in Constantinople.. Russians occupy Kazan 
 . .Stranding of British steamer Astarte at Castillos, 
 and 30 lives lost. . .George Cruikshank, English art- 
 ist and designer, 8s, died in London 2. Fostal 
 convention signed between the United States and 
 
 Australia 3. co Red Cloud Indians go upon the 
 
 war-path... Gov. Wells, of Louisiana, surrenders... 
 Chas. Thomas, brevet Mai-Gen. U. S. A., 80, dies at 
 Washington, D.C..Erzei-oum surrenders to the Rus- 
 sians .An asylum in Tien-Tsin, China, burned with 
 
 2,oco persons 5. Prefect of St. Petersburg shot by 
 
 Vera Sassulitch 6. Russians take posses-ion ol 
 
 the fortifications at Constantinople.. .7 Ciovanni 
 M. M. Ferretti, Pope Pius IX, 85, diesat Borne. .Con- 
 clusion of Louisiana trial; Anderson convicted. . 
 
 tor sea by January 15. .G. Dod-:e, M. D., for several 8. Tornadoat Augusta Ga 9. Epirus insurgents 
 
 ..._ . _, proclaim a union withGreece. .Immense tidal wave 
 
 011 the coastof Peru.. Evacuation o f Widdin, Rust 
 chuk, Silistria, and Belgradshvik by the Turks 
 n. Ship British America and brig Carrie Winnow 
 collide off Sandy Hook; several lives lost... Gideon 
 Wells, ex-Sec, of Navy, 75, died in Hartford, Conn. 
 
 and numismatist, 6o,died atUtica.N. Y 2. Alba- .. Charles M. Conrad, ex-U. S. Senator andex-Sec. 
 
 nia invaded by the Montenegrins. .Turksdefeated at of War, 73, died in Now Orleans, La.. .Wm. Welsh. 
 
 Bogrov.. Seven men killed by a nitro-glycerine ex- 
 plosion at Negaunee, Mich. . Emile Lambinet, French 
 artistic, died in Paris 3. Russians capture So 
 
 philanthropist, 76, died in Philadelphia. ..12 Recep- 
 tion by Congress of Carpenter's picture of Abraham 
 Lincoln 13. The British fleet entered the Dar- 
 
 phia in Central Turkey.. Communication between danclles.. Rev. Dr. Alexander Duff, missionary, 71. 
 Servians and the Russian army of the Vid..Re-!dicd atLidmouth.Eng. ..Mother 'leresa (MissMui.v 
 
 treat of Suleiman Pasha on Stalitza 4. Marquis Hannah Sewell), founder ol areligiousorder,87,dieil 
 
 Wilopolski, Polish statesman, died in London. ...5. in Baltimore 14. Turkish Parliament dissolved
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 159 
 
 ... .15. Opening of the Spanish Cortes. .Bayard Tay- 
 lor nominated Minister to Germany 16. Passage 
 
 of the Bland slver bill. .Withdrawal of the British 
 fleet to Madanca Bav... Rev. Win. Goodell, pioneer 
 abolitionist. 85, died'at Janesville. Wis 17. Four- 
 teen persons drowned by the sinking of the steamer 
 C. R. Palmer. .Disastrous fire in New York, two 
 
 churches and six stores burned; loss. $1.000,000 
 
 18. Russia persuaded not to occupy Constantinople 
 ..20. End of the ten-years' Cuban rebellion.. Car- 
 dinal Pecci elected Pope, and takes the name of Leo 
 
 XIII 21. Concurrence of the House in the Senate 
 
 amendments to the silver bill, and tiie measure sent 
 to the President... 22. National Greenback party 
 organized at Toledo, Ohio. . I'rof. Albert Smi h.M.D., 
 
 LL.D., 78, died at Peterboro, N.H 23. Passage ot 
 
 imactby the Utah legislature disfranchising Gen- 
 tiles 24. Collision of a ferryboat and a schooner 
 
 in the Hudson river; several killed... 25. K. W. 
 Taylor, first Comptroller of V. S. Treasury, di'-d in 
 Washington . . Hon. Townsend Harris. ex-U.S. Consii' 
 to Japan, died in N.Y. City. .Gen. Duplessis. Frcml 
 soldier, died in Paris 26. Destructive floods in 
 California, causing the loss ot" many lives.. Father 
 AngeloSacchi, Italian astronomer, 60, died in Pisa. 
 
 Italy 27. The Bland silver bill vetoed by the 
 
 President. .The Archbishop of Rennet died there 
 28. Passage of the Bland silver bill over the Presi- 
 dent's veto, .reorganization of the New York State 
 
 Military Association March i. Excitement in 
 
 England, and preparations made for a conflict with 
 Russia. . . .2. Duel between M. deCassagnacand M. 
 Thompson, the latter wounded in the throat.. Beni. 
 F. Wade, ex-Vice-President of U. S. and ex-U.S. 
 
 Senator, 77. died at Jefferson, O 3. Signing of the 
 
 treaty of6an Stel'ano between Russia and Turkey. . 
 Coronation of Pope LeoXIII..Greatdemonst ration 
 at Pottstuwn, Pa., in opposition to the Tariff bill 
 4. Tornado in Casey county, Ky., and several per- 
 sons killed.. Mr. Porter, V>f Indianapolis, nominated 
 tor first comptroller of the Treasury.. Confirmation 
 
 of Bayard Taylor as Minister to Germany . Hot 
 
 Springs, Ark., nearly destroyed by fire 6. Judge 
 Asa l.riggs, ex-M.C. and ex-U.S. Senator from N. C.. 
 68, died in N.Y. City 7. Opening of Italian parlia- 
 ment. ..Count Paolo F. Pchlopis, one of the "Ala- 
 bama" arbitrators, an Italian slat' sman,79, died in 
 Jtaly..The Archduke Francis, uncle of Emperor of 
 Austria, died in Vienna. . .8. Colliery explosion near 
 
 Glasgow, great loss of life 9. Printing ot one and 
 
 two dollar greenbacks resumed by the Treasury de- 
 partment.. Terrific wind and snow storm in the 
 west; snow 15 feet deep in the streets of Cheyenne, 
 
 Wyo 10. Outbreak of cholera in Arabia . . Burning 
 
 of the transport steamer Sphinx near CapeE in, 
 7 .coo Circassians perish... Overthrow of President 
 
 Baez in San Domingo 11. Disgraceful hazing 
 
 affair at Dartmouth College 12. Colliery explo- 
 sion near Bolton, Eng., 40 lives lost. . . 13. Jefferson 
 county, \V. Va., swept by a terrific stonn..A.Viollet 
 le Duc-architect, landscape painter and author. 
 
 died in Paris 14. Commodore Robert F.Pinkn y, 
 
 U.S.N., 66, died at Baltimore, Md 16. Commodore 
 
 John H. Graham, U.S.N.,84, died at Newbury, N. 
 H. .. England commencesa war with the Caffresin 
 
 South Africa 17. Treaty of peace ratified at St. 
 
 Petersburg. .Robbery of the Lechmere bank, Boston 
 
 ...18. Greatstrike of weavers in England... .19. 
 O'Donovan Rossa riot in Toronto, Can... Anderson 
 released by order of Supreme Court of La.. .20. End 
 of the Hayti rebellion... Prince Bismarck's ultima- 
 tum to Nicaragua. ..Paul Boy ton swims ihe Strait 
 
 of Gibraltar 22. Five persons killed byab>iler 
 
 explosion at Richmond, Va 23. Steamer Magenta 
 
 Imrstsa steam pipe near SingSinr,N.Y.,six persons 
 killed.. O'Leary wins the international walking 
 match in London . .4 ceo houses destroyed by fire in 
 Tokio, Japan... John Alli.-on, Register of the Treas- 
 ury and ex-M. C.,died in Washington, D. C 24. 
 Sinking of the British naval training ship Eurydice 
 off the Isle ot Wight, 3coli\es lost. . .25. Amillion- 
 
 dollar fire in Philadelphia 26. Fire in New York, 
 
 loss$";oo,cco. . . .27. Forty persons killed by a colliery 
 explosion in North Staffordshire, Eng. .. 28. Glenni 
 W. Scofield confirmed as Register of theTreajury 
 . ...30. Ex-President Grant received by the Pope 
 April i. Opening ot the Mexican Congress.. Marquis 
 ol Salisbury becomes Secretary of State in English 
 Cabinet... 2. Assassination of the Earl of Leitrim, 
 clerk and driver, in Derry, Ireland f,. Mob vio- 
 lence in Rho<le Island cotton mills, Kent county.. 20 
 persons killed and injured by an oil explosion at 
 
 Mauch Chunk 7. Burning of the Bath, N. Y.. 
 
 poorhottse, is inmates perish in the flames... Boiler 
 explosion in a Boston factory and several persons 
 
 killed 9. Thirteen buildings destroyed by fire in 
 
 (ialveston, Texas u. Steenburg. the Amsterdam, 
 
 N.Y., murderer, confesses to eleven murders. . Prince 
 Napoleon Lucicn C. J. F. Murat died in Paris. ..E.\. 
 
 Chief Justice T. Bigelow,68, died in Boston, Maw... 
 Rev. George Putnam, D.U.. 71, died in Boston, Mass. 
 
 12. Portions of Kansas K wept by a tornado, great 
 
 loss oflile and property . . Wm. F. Tweed. 55, died in 
 New York E. Delatield Smith. ex-U. S. District At- 
 torney, died in New York. .Dr. J. Behrendt, ethnol- 
 ogist, died in Guatemala, (Central America. .George 
 
 Tyler Bigelow, LL.D. ,68, died in Boston, Mass 13. 
 
 F'ifteen acresof Clarksville, Tenn., burned over, loss 
 $500,000. .Oxford wins the boat race with Cambridge 
 on the Thames. ...14. Canton, China, devastated by 
 a hurricane, accompanied by two water-spouts... 
 Town of Goa, Venezuela, destroyed by an earth- 
 quake. ..17. Three murderers I vuched at Huntsvillc, I 
 Ala. ..18. Collision between white and black miners, j 
 and a number killed, at Coal Creek, Ind 19. A ' 
 general strike in the manufacturing districts of 
 England. . Riots in Montreal... Geo. W. Blunt, Pilot 
 Commissioner and author, 76, died in New York.. 
 Rev.P. F Lynden, Catholic Vicnr-general of Boston, 
 66,died there. ...20. Rev. J. P. Dubreuii,D.D.,Vicar- 
 h general of Baltimore, Md., 63, died there 2r. The 
 Azor sails from Charleston, S. C., with 250 colored 
 emigrants for Liberia 22. Promulgation of th 
 Pope'sencyclical asserting temporal power. .Nihil- 
 ist troubles in Ru=sia...Wm. Orton. President Wes- 
 tern Union Telegraph Co., 54, died in New York 
 
 23. Destructive tornado in western Iowa... 24. Prof. 
 Malaguti, chemist, 78, died in Sevres, France 26. 
 Geo. Grant, founder Victoria Colony, Kansas, dieii 
 
 there 27. The Barclav street explosion, in New 
 
 York City, loss$i,5oo,ooor. Delegation of distinguish- 
 ed Southerners entertained at Boston 28. Gen. 
 
 Todleben appointed to succeed the Grand Duko 
 Nicholas in command of the Russian army in Tur- 
 kcv.. Twenty persons killed bv a boiler explosion at 
 Dublin, Ireland 30. First contingent of British 
 
 troops sent to Malta May i. Opening of Paria 
 
 Exposition. . John Morriasey, gambler, State Senator 
 and ex-M.C. ,47, died at Saratoga 2. Flour mill 
 explosion at Minneapolis, killing 17 persons. . W. S. 
 'Brien, "Bonanza. King, "died at San Rafael, Cal. 
 
 4. England transports native troops from India 
 
 to operate agninstKussia 5. Count SchouvalolJf 
 
 sets off on a mission of peace 6. Packard nom- 
 inated fur consn 1 at Liverpool 7. An in su rrectioti 
 in Central Turkey; 21 Mohammedan villages des- 
 troyed 10. The Canadian parliament prorogued 
 
 ..S.S. Sardinian burned at harbor of Londonderry, 
 three killed and forty injured. ..Troubles with thu 
 Mexicunson the Texas border. ..The bankrupt act 
 
 repeal bill passed it. Attempted assassination of 
 
 Emperor William by Hoedel... 13. Seventeen Am- 
 erican vessels chartered by Russia... Catharine E. 
 Beechor, educator and author, 77, died in Elmira, N. 
 
 Y 13. Prof. Joseph 8. Henry, LL.D., scientist, 
 
 secretary Smithsonian Institute. 80, died in Wash- 
 ington, 1> ('...Mrs. John Bright, wife of Hon. John 
 Bright, iH< datRockdale, Eng.... Mai. -Gen. Thos. S. 
 Dakin, ccl. brated rilleshot, 46, died in Brooklyn,}*'. 
 
 Y 16. Cotton strike riots atPreston, Manchester 
 
 and Burnly, Ens 17. The Potter investigation 
 
 ordered by the llou<e ot Representatives. . .Message 
 
 from President Hayes on the fishery award 18, 
 
 Meeting of the American Bocia I Science Association 
 
 in Cincinnati 19. Forty persons burned todeatli 
 
 in a Calcutta theatre. .Rev. S. M. Isaacs, journalist, 
 74. died in New York 22. A pleasure steamer cap- 
 si/.ed in Grand river. Canada, and nine persons 
 drowned.. Francis Perallo rode 305 miles in i4hrs 
 andsi niiu. at Fleetwood Park, N Y. .,.23. An Indian 
 outbreak in Montana. .. 24. Greatstomi in Wi.con- 
 sin, attended with loss of life 25. Dmhessof 
 Argyle died at Edinburgh... John A. Bolles, naval 
 Solicitor-general. 69, died in Washington. .J no. Scott 
 
 Harrison, ex-M. C.,died at North Bend. Ind 28. 
 
 Invitations to the Berlin Congress issued by Ger- 
 many. .Earl Rusiell (Lord John Rnssel), formerly 
 British Premier, 86, died in London, Eng. ..'to. Severe 
 drought on the Island of Jamaica... Sinning of thu 
 German naval vessel Grosser Kurlurstin th" Eng- 
 lish channel, and nearly 300 lives lost. The body or 
 the son of ex-President Harrison found in an Ohio 
 medical college June i. Uprising of the Bannock 
 Indians. . . .2. A tornado destroy sico Houses a t Rich- 
 mond, Mo.. Wreck of the str. Idaho on the coast of 
 Ireland.. .Nobeling attempts the assassination of 
 
 Emperor William 3. yera Sassiilitch escapes 
 
 from the Russian authorities. . .400 Russians mas- 
 sacred in Roumelia 6. The Pope appeals to tho 
 lowers to protect Catholics in Turkey.. Rev. Nath't 
 touton, D-D., historian, 77, died at Concord. N. H... 
 John Wingate Thornton, historian, 60. diedat Bo 
 ton. Mass. .Gen. Neville Baraguay d'Hillicrs, French 
 
 soldier and statesman, 83, died at Paris 7. Peaco 
 
 proclaimed in Cuba.. Colliery explosion in Lanca- 
 shire, Eng., killing 240 pel-tons... The act repealing 
 the bankrupt law signed by the President. .Five 
 = egrocs lynched at Bayou Sara, La 9. Capt. liar 
 
 I ,1
 
 16u 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 per's fight with the Bannock Indians... Amnesty] ...31. Ratification of *'r.e treaty of Berlin.. Hanloa 
 granted to Cuban patriot prisoners. . .Turkey selects, defeats Ross in n boat ra<-,e at Riverside, N. B. . . 31 
 two Christians to attend the Berlin Congress. .Bul-[ Yellow lever bre > ks out at New Orleans August 
 
 ..ii. A Russian embassy sent to Cabul...H. T. 
 
 Montague, actor, 35, died in San Francisco 12. 
 
 Ge.n. Gfrant received witn great honor a tBt Pcters- 
 barg. .H.mloii winstlie scull race at Barrie, Out. .. 
 Kus-sian torpedo boat explodes at Nicolaieff, and 34 
 persons killed 13. Tin: Sultan ratines the Berlin 
 treaty . .Serious Orange riot in Ottawa. .The cabinet 
 approvestlie universal po tal treaty.. Yellow fever 
 
 appears at Memphis, Tenn 15. Passenger train 
 
 wrecked near Chillicothe. Ohio.. Austriansdefeated 
 n ar Tuzla.; tacy Baxter, Prof, of Elocution at Har- 
 vard Universi.y, 60, died at Cape May. N. J J. H 
 
 ister, diesat Washington. D.C ...11. Ten thousandlBuffalo, N.Y., ihe fastest time on record... Coinmo- 
 natives killed by a tornado in China.. Adjournment dore Chaa. H.Jackson, U.S. N., 75, died in Philadel- 
 of the French Senate and Chamber of Deputies... phia 6. Bogardus wins the Internationa I shout- 
 Downfall of the Catholic Ministry in Belgium.. Wm. ing match in England. . 7. Beginning of the Aus- 
 Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, 83, died in New'tro-Bosnian war. .Collision on the Panhandle R. R 
 York.. Ex-King Georgeof Hanover died 13. Meet-jnearS.eubenvillc.O. ; 15 persons killed and 4oin- 
 
 ing of the Berlin Ccngress..Prof.G.W.Keeley.LL.D.,jjured 8. Powder magazine explodes at Fratesi, 
 
 73, died in Waterville, Me 14. Messrs. Fenton ( Russia, killing 45 persons 9. 'ierrificstorinand 
 
 Groesbeck and Walkcrnominatedascoinmissioners loss of many lives at Wallingford, Conn o. Ar- 
 
 to tho International Monetary Congress 18. Col. rival at New York of the Columbia crew.. Opening 
 Wm.M.Vermilye, founder of banking house, 72,diediof the international monetary conference at Paris 
 in New York. ...19. Schr. Eo; hen sails from New 
 York for the Arctic reeionsin quest of the relics of 
 Sir John Franklin. ..Centennial anniversary of the 
 evacuationof Valley Forge.. Rev.Chas.Hodge, D.D., 
 LL.D., theological professor and author, 83, died al 
 Princeton, N.J..Thos.Winans,of Baltimore, inventor 
 and millionaire, died at Newport, R.I 20. Hanlan 
 defeats Morris in a sculling race at Hulton.Pa... 
 Congress adjourns.. (Jen. Fitz Henry Warren, 62, died 
 at Brim field. Mass. .800 French Communist* pardon- 
 ed 22. Great fire in Montreal 23. Col. Gco. P. 
 
 Kane, Mavor of Baltimore, Ac., died there. ...24. ...... ............. w ...,i. .1.... .. r , ..*...,.........., ,. 
 
 Chas. T. Matthews, comedian, 77, died in Maiiches- Raymond, LL.D., President Vassar College, 6,, died 
 
 ter. Eng 25. Battle with tho Indians \t Curry at rough kcep.-io, N. Y 16. Hoedel beueiided at 
 
 Creek, Oregon 26. liussia scndstroopsinto Rcrvia " 
 
 ....2*. Queen Mercedes of Spain, 18, diesat Madrid, 
 Spain 27. Austria empowered to occupy Bosni-i 
 and Herzegovina... Judge Sidney Breese, ex-U. 8. 
 Senator. 83, died in Illinois.. Mrs. Sarah H. P. Whit- 
 man, poet and author, 75, died in Providence, R.I. 
 
 28. Harvard deteals Yale in a boat race at New 
 
 London, Conn.. Centennial of tho battle of Mon- 
 mouth in New Jersey 29. Tunnel caves in at 
 Bchwclm.Ger. , burying 25 persons July i. Iiide 
 pendence of Roumania and Montenegro acknowl- 
 edged 2. Twenty fire thousand men out of 
 
 employment in the Schuylkill mining regions 3. 
 Centennial anniversary ot the massacre of Wyoin- 
 ing. ..Dr. J. C. Aver, cheniist mid patent medicine 
 
 manufacturer, died at Winchendon, Mass 4. Ten 
 
 persons killed and fifteen injured by lightning at 
 picnic nc-ar Pittsburgh. . A New London picnic party 
 struek by lightning... Rev. Johu Dowling, 1). D., 
 Clergyman and author, 70, died lit Mid .letown, N.Y. 
 5. Victory of the Columbia College crew at the 
 Henley regatta in England 6. Indian fights in 
 
 Oregon 7. Batouin ceded to Russia., i.esignation 
 
 of the Austrian Cabinet.. 4.700 houses destroyed by of Lake Michigan, extending over 160 miles 3. 
 fire in Mandalay, Burmah... French elections forlBUbop McCoskry, of Michigan, deposed (rood the 
 dcputies.and large Republican gains.. Explosion ii Epi.-copate. Sinking of the steamer Princess Alice in 
 
 the Thames, causing a loss of over 500 lives 6. 
 
 ,., . . 
 
 Berlin 17. Rapid spread of the yellow fever in 
 the (South. .. Richard Upjohn, architect, 77, died in 
 
 ew York 18. Terrible explosion at Pottsville.Pa. 
 
 .Gen. (.'rant has mi interview with the Czar ao. 
 
 Austrians occupy Serajevo at. National regatta 
 atNewark. .lix-Queen Maria Christina dc Bourbon 
 >ff*palu 72. died atSt.Adrcssc, France. . Wni. Niblo, 
 
 founder of Niblo's Garden, 89, died at New York 
 
 1* Powder mills explode at NMnanee.Mida. .and 
 
 several employees killed 2?. Ex-Gov. Padclford, 
 
 of R.I.. 71, died at Providence, R.I 30. A pardon 
 :othp Fenians Melody and Condon granted by the 
 CnglMi government". ...Miskolez, Hungary, almost, 
 ntirely destroyed by a storm, mid over 500 persons 
 rowncd..A miro-glyccrine explosion at Negaunoe, 
 Mich., \viili great loss of life 31. A general rush 
 nto bankruptcy, owing to the expiration of the 
 tankrapt act.. Judge Thomas B. D wight, 41, died in 
 
 Andover, Mass September i. J. G. Dickerson, 
 
 U>. L) .Judge of the Supreme Court ot Maine, 65, died 
 n San Fraucisco 2. Anniversary of Sedan cele- 
 >rated in German v.. British Columbia wants to 
 withdraw from the Union. . Forest fires on theshorn 
 
 a petroleum factory in France.and 3o lives lost. . . 
 8. Battle with the Indians at Willow Springsand 
 Beasley's Mills, Oregon... Geo. 8. Apple-ton, book 
 publisher, 53. died at Riverside, N.Y.. .9. Announce 
 ment of a secret treaty between England and Tur 
 key 10. (Jen. Howard fights a severe battle a 
 Head Birch Creek ...12. Capt, Webb swims abou 
 40 miles in 9 hrs. 57 min., Thames river, England... 
 13. Berlin treaty signed by all the plenipotentiaries 
 and Congress adjourns... Harvey J. Eastman, edu 
 
 cator, mayor ot Poughkeepsie, died there 14 
 
 Canadian troops flre into a mob at St. Henri June 
 tion ...u. Removal of Arthur and Cornell from the 
 New York, custom-house. . .1=0 cases of sunstroke at 
 St. Louis 18. A train of 22 cars fall tiirougha 
 bridge at a height of 90 feet near Montlcello, Ind. 
 killingscveralpersons 20. Gen. Merrittbecomes 
 collector, and Gen. Graham surveyor of customs at 
 New York 
 States Uisi 
 21. Grand Army encampment at Gettysburg 22 
 
 ork... Geo. F. She pley, judge of First United 
 
 District Court, Maine, 67, died in Bangor 
 
 and Army encampment at Gettysburg 22. 
 
 Lord Beaconsfleld made a knight of the garter 23. 
 The order ot the garter conferred upon the Marquis 
 of Salisbury... Meeting of the National Greenback 
 Convention ntSyracuse..Riotat EastSt. Louis, Mo. 
 ..'Minnie Warren" (Mrs. Newell), a very beautiful 
 dwarf, sister of Mrs. Tom Thumb, 28, died in Massa- 
 chusetts 25. British ship Loch Ard lost with 47 
 
 lives. .Rev. Samuel C. Jackson, D.D., c ongregation- 
 alist clergy man and author,7&, died in Mass 26. A 
 boat capsizes near blackwater, Ireland ; 14 children 
 and 3 tea hers drowned.. Riotous demonstrations!!! 
 Washington, D.C Col. Forsyth routes the Indian- 
 near Sharkic's ranche 28. Grand banquet to 
 
 Beaconsfleld and Salisbury in London... Austrian 
 army enters Bosnia... Marquis of Lome appointe' 
 Governor-General of Canada... 29. Total eclipse ol 
 the sun, observations l>eing made at Denver and 
 Other points Four negroes hnngcd by a mob at 
 ifonroc, La 33. German parliamentary election 
 
 Gen. J. T. Spraguc, U. S. A , died in New YorK Citr 
 7. Albanians murder Mehemet Ali, the Turkish 
 general, and 20 of his suite 8. Trebinje surrend- 
 er, d to the Austrians 9. Meeting of the German 
 
 Reichstag.. Maine election, and large increase of 
 Greenback vole ii. Two hundred and eighty 
 lives lost by a colliery explosion in Wales 13. 
 Etasdant evacuate Er/.en>nm. .(Jreatstorms in tho 
 west, causing much destruction to railroad prop- 
 erty 14. The Porte accepts the English pro- 
 gramme of reforms for Asia Minor 16. Defeat of 
 the Canadian Government in the elections 17. 
 The Butler-Democratic-Greenback Convention at 
 Worcester.. Rev. Parre P. Irving, D. D., Episcopal 
 nephew of Washington Irving, and author.72 
 
 at New Bri htpii.S. I,, New 
 A 
 
 copal 
 , died 
 
 18. Ex Gov. 
 
 L. Chariot, of I l.,78, died at Dixon,Ill 10. Ar- 
 
 ivalot the Chinese Embassy in Washington. Chey- 
 nne raid in Kansas. .Col. Thomas K. Thorpe.author, 
 63, died in New York 22. Whole towns swi-pt 
 .iwny bv a tornado in Hay ti.. British mission to 
 Afghanistan retuM-d permission to enter Cabul 
 23. Russians evacuate San Stetano. .Eruption of ML 
 
 Vesuvius. .Tuzia surrendered to the Austrians 
 
 2*. Suicide of Ex-Congressman A. H. Laflln, at 
 I'itchburg, Mass.. Treaty between the United Stati -it 
 and the Samoan Islands ratified. .Col. James A. 
 Hamilton, eldest surviving son of Alexander Ham- 
 lton,9o, died atlrvington. N Y..2J. Joliu Perm, an 
 eminent mechanical engineer, died in Philadel- 
 phia. .(Jen. Henry Raymond, oldest survivor of the 
 \var of 1812, 9o, Jersey City....Ex-Ju<ige B. V. 
 Thomas, Ex-M. C., died atSnlem. Mass .Dr. August 
 f.Petennann, eminent geographer, by suicide, v\ 
 iotha, Germany 29. Betrothal of the old King 
 
 >f Holland TO Yellow fever at its height at 
 
 Memphis and New Orleans; more than 300 deaths 
 
 , r day Octobers. Failure of the t ity of Glas- 
 
 ow B nk. Austrian -ministerial crisis.. Jtotint'loii,
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 161 
 
 Hint of Bnrmah, probably, (tied Sf pt 12, but not an- 
 nounced till Oct. 2. .Cyrille Dion, champion billiard 
 player, 35, died at Montreal, Can 3. Hunlon de- 
 K-iits Courtney in a sculling race at Lachiu , Can. . . 
 4. Insurrection in Santa Cruz.. Turks massacre 
 
 sian den. Kauffman's extraordinary assurance to 
 
 the Ameer.. British success in Khyberpas.s 23. 
 
 Arrival of the Sarmatianat Halifax with the Mar- 
 quis and Marchioness of Lome on board.... 24. Un- 
 vriling of the Humboldt statue at St. Louis 25. 
 
 i?adi 1'asha, and 156 officers and men at Podgoritza] Sinking of the steamer Ppmmerania by a collision 
 
 5 Austria conquers the Bosnian insurgents luear the Eng.ish coast, with the lossof twenty lives 
 
 sir Francis Grant, Pn-sident Royal Academy. 75!. .27. Khurura Fortoccupied by the British.. Flight 
 diedin London, Eng.. 6. Lord Clielmsford died in of the Afghan garrison to Peiwar Fitty persons 
 
 Boston; 21 persons killed and a large number in- "Godey's Lady's Book," 76, diedin Philadelphia... 
 jured 9. The Forte's circular to the powers nr-'English forces enter Khyber pass,in Afghanistan... 
 rests Austrian cruel ties in Bosnia and Herzegovina '29. Riot in Breathitt county, Ky..Lyman Tremain, 
 ....10. Kt Rev. Thomas Galbeny, D. D., R. C. Ex-M. C. and Ex-Attorney-General of N. Y., 60, died 
 
 Bishop of Hartford, 45, died there ____ n. Panic in a 
 
 Liverpool theatre, : 2 persons trampled to death. ... 
 
 Archbishop Felix AntoineDupanloup, of Bordeaux, 
 member of French Assembly, died at Bordeaux ..... 
 
 15. The town of Edinburgh, Pa., reduced to ashes. . 
 Five negroes lynched at Mt. Vernon...-i4- Myste- 
 rious murder of Policeman Smith, at Jersey City... 
 The jury in the Biiling* trial disagree, and are dis- 
 charged. .Meeting held at Rheimsin favor of the 
 Vranco-Americiin commercial treaty . .Pierre Sonte, 
 x-Minister to Spain, rebel Commissioner, diedin 
 New Orleans, La 15. Commodore Scnufeldt's 
 cruise to Africa.. Baron Von Pretis Cognoda in- 
 trusted with the task of forming a new Austrian 
 cabinet 16. Convention signed between the Cre- 
 tans and the Turks.. Nine persons killed by a panic 
 in a colored Baptist Church, at Lynchburg, Va.... 
 
 Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, Mexican war and rebel Gen- 
 eral, died att. Helena, Ark.... 17. A New Bedford 
 
 whaler capsized and 73 fishermen drowned ...... i9. 
 
 Passage or the German Anti-socialist bill ____ Benja- 
 
 min H. La trope. Jr., eminent civil engineer, 71, died 
 in Baltimore, Md 20. Rear Admiral Hiram Pauld- 
 ing, U.S.N.,8i, died at Huntington, L. I ____ 20. The 
 
 , . 
 
 German Socialists leave the Reichstag in a body... 
 Railroad collision in Wales.and 12 persons killed and 
 20 injured 21. Fifteen villages inundated by the 
 Nile..Rt Rev. S. N. Rosecrans, R. C. Bishop of Co- 
 lumbus, and brother of Gen. Rosecrans, 51, died at 
 Columbus 22. Resignation of the whole Italian 
 cabinet 23. Pennsylvania Yisited by a wind- 
 storm, and many people killed and injured. . .Cardi- 
 nal Paul Cullcn, 75, diedin Dublin ____ 25. Loss of 
 
 the steamer City ot Houston, on the Florida coast.. 
 Moncasi attempts the assassination ot King Alfonso, 
 of Spain.... 27. Robbery of the Manhattan Bank, 
 
 New York 28. Strike 9f 30,000 Clyde iron work- 
 ers.. Bulgarian insurrection spreading.. Arrival in 
 Irelandof Lord Dufferin 30. Resignation of the 
 Grecian Ministry 3!. Terrible ravages of cholera 
 in Morocco.. Steamer Helvetia, from Liverpool to 
 New York, runs down and sinks the British coast- 
 guard cruiser Fanny, and i7 lives lost ____ November 
 
 i. Great conflagration in Maynooth College, Ire- ______ _______ ________ ______ 
 
 land.. Extensive strike in English cotton-spinning years. .John H. Almv, <ournalist and former army 
 district.. Garnier Page, French statesman and his- 
 
 tinople. 77, died in Europe 6. Jean Jaques Fazy, 
 Swiss statesman, died in Switzerland 7. Rob- 
 bery of A. T. Stewart's grave in New York.. Appeal 
 of Mormon women in Utah against polygamy.. .H. 
 W. Bache, U. S. coast survey, died in Bristol, R. I. . 
 Robert Howell. artist, engraver of " Audubon's 
 
 Birds," died at Tarry town, N. Y. 
 part of Cape' - 
 
 .9. Principal 
 
 Berlin, 66, died in Chicago 12. Switzerland gives 
 notice that she will withdraw from the Latin Union 
 ..Endofthe yellow fever in the southwest. .Total 
 
 of 12,000 people 14. Gen. Grant received with 
 
 sanante attempts the life of Humbert I., of Italy 
 
 Publication of Lord Salisbury's reply to S-cretary 
 Evarts on the fishery question. . . . 18. Political mas- 
 sacre at Lemberg, Germany.. Destructive inunda- 
 tion in Norwich, England.. Assassina ion of Don 
 Manuel Pardo.Ex-President of Peru . Serious loss ol 
 'life by inundation of the river Save, at Pesth. Aus- 
 tria 20. A reward of $50,000 offered for the re- 
 
 covery of A. T.Stewart's body and conviction of Ex-1'resident of the University of Iowa, died iu 
 the thieves. .War begun between England and Hartford, Conn... Ex-Gov. Onslow Stearns, of Now 
 
 Afghanistan.^Duel between M. Gambetta and M. 
 de Fourtou; neither injured ...21. Explosion ata 
 coal mine at Sullivan, Ind., fourteen men killed and 
 a number injured.. Payment of the fisheries award 
 under protest by Minister WeUh in London, Rus- 
 
 in Albany.. Col. Robert Chustre Buchanan, U.S.A., 
 ' ', diedin Washington, D. C.. Commodore William 
 , Spicer, U.S.N.,57, died in Washington Decem- 
 ber i. Collision on the Mississippi between the 
 
 steame-s Charles Morgan and Cotton Valley; sink- 
 ing ot thelatter with the loss of 20 lives.. George H. 
 Lewis, author, husband of "George Eliot," died iu 
 London. .Alfred Wigan. an actor, died in London... 
 2. Opening of the International Dairy Exhibition 
 in New York city ____ Congress convenes.. Kt Rev. 
 
 Joseph P. B. Wilmer, Professor, Bishop of New 
 Orleans, died there ____ 3. Evacuation of Jelallabad 
 
 by the Ameer'sforces; twenty villages burned and 
 most of the inhabitants massacred by the Macedo- 
 nian insurgents.. 4. Openinaof the English Parlia- 
 ment.. Formation of a new Turkish Ministry.. Gen- 
 eral Roberts wins a victory in Peiwar pass.. 5 
 Ovation to Emperor William on his return to Ber- 
 lin ..... Capt. Whyte Mtlville, novelist, died in Eng- 
 
 land. .Scnor Rivero.chief of the progressionists and 
 democrats in Spain, died there 7. Arrest of an 
 American, Rmner, in Constantinople, charged with 
 conspiracy agirinstthe Sultan 8. Failure of the 
 West of England Bank ____ 9. Publication of the 
 
 Ameer's reply to the Viceroy of India. .British Con- 
 sulate at Adrianople raided by the Russians ..... 10. 
 
 Banishment of Mahmoud Dainad Pasha to Tripoli.. 
 Heavy floods in New York and various other States 
 ..James II. Monahan, Chief Justice of Common 
 Pleas and privy councillor, 73, died in Dublin ...... 
 
 Henry Wells, founder of WelU College, and Wells & 
 Fargo's Express, 73, died in Glasgow, Scotland ..... 
 
 ii. Discovery of rich silver fields at Leadville, 
 Colorado.. 12. A general uprising reported against 
 the authority of the Ameer in Afghanistan .The 
 commandant of Fort Ali-Musjid blown from the 
 mouth ot a cannon.. The Afghans plead for peace... 
 14. Abdul Kerim and Redif Pasha banished to 
 Rhodes.. The Princess Alice Mand Mary, of England, 
 Grand Duchess of Hesse Darmstadt, died at Darm- 
 stadt of diphtheria, aged 35 years ....... 16. Cholera 
 
 and famine carrying off thousands ofpeople iu Mo- 
 rocco.. Severe business depression In England.... 17. 
 
 Gold at par in New York city for the first time in i7 
 
 ld at p 
 rs. .Jo 
 
 . . . , 
 
 agent, 48, died in New York 18. Execution of 
 
 torian, died in Paris 3. Christopher R. Robert, Jack Kehoe, leader of the Molly Maguires.. Steamer 
 philanthropist, founder of Robert College, Constan- Byzantin sunkin the Dardanelles, and 100 liveslost 
 
 , 
 ..Formation of a new Italian Cabinet ..... 19. Bay- 
 
 ard Taylbr, author, traveller and poet, American. 
 Minister to Germany. 53, died in Berlin... 20. Jelal- 
 labad occupied by Gen. Browne Flight of the 
 Ameer from Cabul to Turkestan ...... 21. Reported 
 
 loss of the brig C. R. Burgess, bound from Boston to 
 England, witli all on board ...... Rev. Dr. McCauley 
 
 ......,,....,. i. ....... y . i mi. n/.n , ...... . . , 
 
 May, N. J., destroyed by an incendiary principal of King's College, Windsor, N. S., died 
 
 re. ...ii. Mul fiat Pasha appointed Governor of there ____ 24. Accident on the Lehigh Valley Rail- 
 
 yria ..... N.B.Judd, Ex-M. C., and Ex-Minister to 
 
 road, and five persons killed.. American steamshi 
 State of Louisiana founders upon the rocks of Lousih 
 Lame, Ireland. .Rear Admiral Hoff, U.S.N.,69, died 
 at Washington, D. C Rev. Jos. B. O'Hagan, S. J 
 
 number of'deathsf^m the scourge, 20,000. .Memphis Presidentof College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, 
 the greatest proportional sufferer; 5,000 deaths out Mass., died there 26. Rev. Leonard Woods. D. 
 
 D..LLD., Ex-President of l owdoin College, died in 
 
 Mass Submission of Yakoob Khan, son ot the 
 
 Ameer, and virtual ending of the Afghan war. .The 
 capital of Northern Brazil devastated by small- 
 pox ; 600 deaths daily 27. Arrival of the Ameer 
 
 of Afghanistan at Tashkend News received of 
 
 the loss of the steamer Emily B. Souder, iwo day* 
 out of New York, on the loth instant, with the loss 
 
 of 36 lives Gen. D. C. Collum, Superintendent of 
 
 Railways and Army Transportation, during tho 
 war, and former Superintendent of Erie Railway, 
 died in Brooklyn, N. Y. .Rev. George Thacher, D.t)., 
 
 Hampshire, diedin Concord, N. H..Nitro-i;!ycerino 
 explosion at Upper Prcakncss, N. J., killing throe 
 
 men 30. Harriet Grotc, widow of George Grote, 
 
 authoress, died in London.
 
 POLICE STATISTICS. 
 
 - *:,. 
 
 ' " ' 
 
 / 
 % 
 
 POLICE STATISTICS IN VARIOUS CITIES. 
 
 NEW TOEK Number of officers 2,600; Patrolmen's pay $100 per 
 month; Sergeants' pay $133 per month; Captains' $166 per 
 month; latest census, 1875, 1,046,037; -number of arrests 78,451; 
 arerage per officer 37; square miles 41; Superintendent, G. W. 
 "Walling. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA Number of Patrolmen 1,200; 1876, arrests 44,919; 
 Patrolmen's pay $2.25 per diem; Captains' pay $125 per month; 
 Sergeants pay $90.20 per month; Population 1876, 817,488; K. H. 
 Jones, Chief of Police. Square miles 1 25",; square acres 82,803; 
 Park Police 114; number of Buildings Jan. 1st, 1876, 145,001; 
 4 Captains; 26 Lieutenants; 62 Sergeants. 
 
 BROOKLYN Number of officers 567; Patrolmen's pay $100 per month; 
 Sergeants' pay $133 per month; Captains' $166 per month; offi- 
 cial census, 1870, 396,099; number of arrests 25,558; average per 
 officer 45; square miles 25; Superintendent, Patrick Campbell. 
 
 
 ST. Louis Number of officers 439; Patrolmen's pay $75 per month; 
 
 Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Captains' $150 per month; official 
 census, 1870, 310,864; number of arrests 19,082; average per 
 officer 51; square miles 5.2; Superintendent, James McDonough. 
 
 BOSTON Number of officers 630; Patrolmen's pay $90 per month; 
 Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Captains' pay $150 per month ; 
 official census, 1870, 250,526; number of arrests 25,261; average 
 per officer 51; square miles 104; Superintendent, Wm. Savage. 
 
 BALTIMORE Number of officers 592 ; Patrolmen's pay $78 per month ; 
 Sergeants' pay $82 per month; Lieutenants' pay $86 per month; 
 Captains' pay $92 per month; official census, 1870, 267,354; num- 
 ber of arrests 26,365; average ner officer 47; square miles 1G; 
 Superintendent, John T. Gray.
 
 POLICE STATIS 1ICS. 'IJ 
 
 NEW ORLEANS Number of officers 585; official census, 1870, 191,418; 
 number of arrests 21,286; average per officer 50; square miles 
 150, Superintendent, W. F. Loan. 
 
 CHICAGO Number of officers 507; Patrolmen's pay $850 per year; 
 Sergeants' pay $1,220 per year; Chief's pay $1,615 per year; 
 population 298,977; square miles 40; Superintendent, M. C. 
 Hickey. 
 
 CINCINNATI Number of officers 332; Patrolmen's pay $66.67; Lieu- 
 tenants' pay $75 per month; official census, 1870, 216,239; num- 
 ber of arrests 4,517; average per officer 26; square miles 24; 
 Superintendent, Ira Wood. 
 
 COLUMBUS, O. Number of officers 37; number of arrests 4,031; 
 average per officer 109; Superintendent, Samuel Thompson. 
 
 BUFFALO Number of officers 203; Patrolmen's pay $66.67 per month-; 
 Sergeants' pay $75 per month; Captains', $100 per month; official 
 census, 1870, 118,000; number of arrests 8,858; average per 
 officer 44; square miles 27; Superintendent, John Byrnes. 
 
 AT/RANT Number of officers 112 ; Patrolmen's pay $68 per month ; 
 Lieutenants' pay $85 per month; Captains' pay $116 per month; 
 official census, 1870, 69,422; number of arrests 6,373; average 
 
 per officer 56; square miles 22; Superintendent, John Maloy. 
 
 .. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO Number of officers 150; Patrolmen's pay $125 gold, 
 per month; Sergeants' pay $150 per month; Captains', $175 
 per month; official census, 1870, 149,473; number of arrests 
 20,108; average per officer 134; square miles 37.5; Superintend- 
 ent, H. H. Ellis. 
 
 WASHINGTON Number of officers 232; Patrolmen's pay $90 per 
 month; Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Lieutenants' pay $150 
 per month; official census, 1870, 109,099; number of arrests 
 14,226; average per officer 62; square miles 14; Superintendent, 
 A. C. Bichards. 
 
 CLEVELAND Number of officers 171; Patrolmen's pay $825 per year; 
 Sergeants' pay $930 per year; Lieutenants' pay $1,020 per year; 
 Captains' pay 1,400 per year; official census, 1870, 92,229; square 
 miles 29; Superintendent, J. W. Schmitt.
 
 164 POLICE STATISTICS. 
 
 TOLEDO Number of officers 52; Patrolmen's pay $720 per year? 
 Sergeants' pay $800 per year; Chief's pay $1,700 per year: offi- 
 cial census, 1870, 31,584; square miles 16; Superintendent, J. C. 
 Purdy. 
 
 MILWAUKIE Number of officers 62; Patrolmen's pay $66 per month;, 
 Sergeants' pay $75 per month ; Captains' pay $80 per month ; 
 official census, 1870, 71,440; square miles 13; Superintendent, 
 Wm. Beck. 
 
 WOECESTEK Number of officers 50; Patrolmen's pay $820 per year;- 
 Captains' pay $900 per year; Chief's pay $1,600 per year; popu- 
 lation 41,405; square miles 12; Superintendent, Ansel Wash- 
 burne. 
 
 CHELSEA,. MASS. Number of officers 22; Patrolmen's pay $2.25 per 
 day; Sergeants' pay $2.50 per day; Captains' pay $3 per day; 
 official census, 1870, 18,547; square miles 1.8; Superintendent* 
 Wm. P. Drury. 
 
 JERSEY CITY Number of force 165 ; Four stations 2 subs. ; Chief 
 Benjamin Murphy, salary $2,000; Four Captains $1,500; Sixteen 
 Sergeants $960 ; Patrolmen $840. The numerical strength of De- 
 partment is considered inadequate in proportion to number of pop- 
 ulation, valuation of property and area square miles to patrol. 
 
 CHARLESTON, S. C. Number of officers 138; official census, 1870, 48,- 
 956; number of arrests 2,705; average per officer 20; square 
 miles 16; Superintendent, H. W. Hendricks. 
 
 NEWABK, N. J. Number of officers 177; official census, 1870, 105,059;. 
 number of arrests 6,752; average per officer 38; Superintendent, 
 Jno. Mills. 
 
 SALEM, MASS. Number of officers 42; official census, 1870, 24,117; 
 number of arrests 1,682; average per officer 40; Superintendent, 
 Hill. 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Number of officers 62 ; Patrolmen's pay $900 per 
 year; Captains' pay $1,200 per year; official census, 1870, 48,244; 
 Superintendent,, A. C. Dewey. 
 
 COVINOTON, Ky. Number of officers 20; Patrolmen's pay $720 per 
 year; Lieutenant's pay $1,200 per year; official census, 1870, 24,- 
 502; Superintendent, P. J. Bolan. 
 
 LOWELL Number of officers 52; Patrolmen's pay $900 per year; 
 Captains' pay $1,200; Chief's pay $1,800 per year; population 
 40,928.
 
 POLICE STATISTICS. 1C,"> 
 
 AJU.EGHAKY Number of officers 57; Patrolmens' pay $803 per year; 
 Captains' pay $900 per year; Chief's pay $1,000 per year; popu- 
 lation 53,180; number of arrests 2,641. 
 
 OSWEGO Number of officers 11; Patrolmen's pay $60 per month; 
 Captains' pay $960 per year; population 20,910; number of arrests 
 1,117; Chief, Nathan Lee. 
 
 PROVIDENCE Number of officers 191; Patrolmens' pay $1,080 per year; 
 Captai/is' pay $1,300 per year; Chief's pay $1,250; number of ar- 
 rests .-8,964 
 
 BICHMOND Number of officers 84: Patrolmens' pay $900 per year; 
 Captains' pay $1,200 per year; Chief's pay $2,000 per year; pop- 
 ulation 51,038; number of arrests 6,800. 
 
 UTICA Number of officers 20; Patrolmens' pay $720 per year; Assist- 
 ant Chief's pay $960 per year; Chief's pay $1,200 per year; pop- 
 ulation 28,804; number of arrests, 1876, 1,200; average per officer 
 60; square miles 8; cost Dept. $16,000; Chief, James Dwyer. 
 
 SYRACUSE Number of officers 34; Patrolmen's pay $75 per month; 
 Captains' pay $1,200 per year; Chief 'spay $1,500 per year; popu- 
 lation 60,000; number of arrests, 1876, 3,360; arerage per officer 
 33; Chief, Thomas Davis. 
 
 NORFOLK Population, 1870, 19,256; number of force 44; Chief's pay 
 $3 per day; Assistant Chief's pay $2.75 per day; Patrolmen's pay 
 $2 per day; 18 hours' duty in 48; number of arrests, 1876, 1,977. 
 
 BEADING Number of officers 28; pay $45 per month with uniform; 
 Chief's pay $950 per year; population 33,000; Chief, Peter Cullin. 
 
 HARRISBURG Population 30,000; Chief, Christian Cilley; pay 
 
 per year; Lieutenant's pay $780 per year; Officers' pay $600 per 
 year; square miles 3|. 
 
 SCRANTON Population 35,000; Chief, Jack Breese; number of officers 
 11; pay $75 per month. 
 
 PATTON Population, 1870, 30,473; number of force 35; Chief's pay 
 $1,440 per year; Sergeants' pay $900 per year; Roundsmen's pay 
 $850 per year; Patrolmen's pay $800 per year; 11 hows' duty 
 every 24; Chief, Amos Clark.
 
 If.G POLICE. ROYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 LONDON, ENG. Number of officers 8,833; population in 1878, 3,533,- 
 184; number of arrests 42,951; average per officer 8; square 
 miles 122; Superintendent, J. T. "Willmayer. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, ENG. Number of officers 1,018 ; population in 1878, 527,- 
 000; number of arrests 32,243; average per office* 32; square 
 miles 12; Superintendent, Anthony Jones. 
 
 MANCHESTER, ENG. Number of officers 682; population in 1878, 400,- 
 000; number of arrests 31,158; average per officer 46; Superin- 
 tendent, W. H. Palin, Oh. Con. 
 
 DUBLIN, IRELAND Number of officers 2,085; population in 1878, 314,- 
 666; number of arrests 32,243; average per officer 16; square 
 miles 5 . 
 
 THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 THE QUEEN. VICTOBIA, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, Queen, Defender of the Faith. Her Majesty was born in Kensington Palace, 
 May 24, 1819; succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, 
 King William IV.; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married Feb. 10, 1840, to His 
 Royal Highness, Prince Albert. Her Majesty is the only child of his late Royal 
 Highness, Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George HL The children of Her 
 Majesty are 
 
 Her Royal Highness Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, PBINCESS ROYAL OP ENG- 
 LAND AND PBUSSIA, born Nov. 21, 1840, and married to His Royal Highness William, 
 the Crown Prince of Germany, Jan. 5, 1858, and has had issue, four sons and four 
 daughters. One son (the third,) died June 18, 1866. The eldest daughter, V. E. 
 A. Charlotte, was married Feb. 18, 1878, to Hereditary Prince of Saxe Meiningen, and 
 has one child. 
 
 His Royal Highness Albert Edward, PBINCE OP WALES, Born Nov. 9, 1841 ; mar- 
 ried, March 10, 1863, Alexandria of Denmark, (Princess of Wales), born Dec. 1, 
 1844, and has had issue, Prince Albert Victor, born Jan. 8, 1864, George Frederick 
 Ernest Albert, born June 3, 1865; Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born Feb. 
 20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 1868; Maude Charlotte Mary 
 Victoria, born Nov. 26, 1869, and Alexander J. C. A., born 6th April, died 7th 
 April, 1871. 
 
 Her Royal Highness Alice Maud Mary, born April 25, 1843; married to H. R. H. 
 Prince Louis Frederick of Hesse, July 1, 1862, and has issue five daughters and one 
 son; second son killed by accident May, 1873; Youngest daughter died of diph- 
 theria, Nov. 15, 1878, and H. R. H. died of the same disease, Dec. 14, 1878. 
 
 His Royal Highness Alfred Ernest Albert, duke of Edinburgh, born Aug. 6, 
 1844; married Her Imperial Highness, the Grand Dutchees Marie, of Russia, Jan. 23, 
 1874, and has one son and three daughters. 
 
 Her Royal Highness Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846; married to 
 H. R. H. Prince Frederick Christian Charles Augustus Schleswig-Holstein-Son- 
 derburg-Augustenburg, July 5, 1866, and has had issue three sons and two 
 daughters. The youngest son died when seven days old, May 19, 1876. 
 
 Her Royal Highness Louisa Carolina Alberta, born March 18, 1848; married to 
 the Marquis of Lome, eldest son of the Duke of Argyle, March, 1871. The Mar- 
 iquis is now Governor General of Canada. 
 
 1 His Royal Highness Arthur William Patrick Albert, born May 1, 1850, Duke of 
 Connaught, married March 13, 1879, to the Princess Louisa Margaret, grand niece 
 of the Emperor of Germany, and daughter of Prince Frederick Karl. H. R. H. has 
 received the appointment of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 His Royal Highness Leopold George Duncan Albert, born April 7, 1853, H. R. H. 
 is expected to take orders in the Anglican Church the present year, (1879). 
 
 Her Royal Highness Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born April 14, 1857.
 
 FOREIGN NATIONS. 
 
 167 
 
 FOREIGN NATIONS. 
 
 t PKESENT KULEKS, POPULATION, SQUARE MILES, ETC. 
 
 STATES, 4c. 
 
 CAPITALS. 
 
 RCLKRS, 4c. 
 
 TITLES. 
 
 POPLT'N. 
 
 Sq MILES 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 
 Magdala 
 
 JohannpsIMCiis.su 
 Tu Due.. 
 
 King 
 
 3,000,000 
 7,600,000 
 
 IO,OOO,OOo 
 
 1, 500,00o 
 
 1,877,500 
 
 7-700,49! 
 1,507,000 
 
 I.20O,00 
 
 5-4I2.23J 
 5.253,82! 
 
 I,000,00o 
 2,000,00o 
 
 l,7So,oo 
 
 10,196,328 
 
 3,400,000 
 
 I,O2O,OO 
 3 873,00 
 720,98 4 
 !25.000.00 
 
 2,300,000 
 2,851, 8<8 
 8,ooo,oc 
 
 20O,OOo 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,950,400 
 
 I, lOO.OOo 
 
 5,250,000 
 36,905.788 
 42.727.260 
 33,95,02 3 
 1,457,894 
 
 I,lfo,00o 
 
 884,218 
 
 700,500 
 350,000 
 27,769,47"; 
 33,110,825 
 820,000 
 3,000,000 
 
 553,897 
 95,682 
 
 9,158,250 
 
 1IO.OOO 
 
 3,750,000 
 
 3,924,792 
 250,000 
 3'9-3i4 
 50,000 
 300,000 
 5,000,000 
 3,37) ooo 
 4,367,882 
 25,742,404 
 5.376.000 
 85,68";,945 
 182,599 
 194,494 
 292,4 3 
 2,760,586 
 62,000 
 150,000 
 660,000 
 1,720,000 
 5,700,000 
 "23.262,000 
 6,303,395 
 
 2,770,035 
 28,165,000 
 49,185,000 
 440,000 
 1,784,194 
 1,815.05? 
 150,000 
 
 158,000 
 500,000 
 600,000 
 175,000 
 838,600 
 240,940 
 5,824 
 344,400 
 29,292 
 11,372 
 140,000 
 500,870 
 290,000 
 3,288,000 
 192,000 
 33,524 
 3,620,510 
 222,308 
 4,540,000 
 126,060 
 323.750 
 90,300 
 26,040 
 
 15,218 
 248,380 
 212.800 
 204,096 
 20V44 
 I 1,115 
 '9,353 
 40,776 
 2,965 
 29,828 
 47,090 
 114,406 
 155,525 
 60,000 
 228.570 
 5,138 
 1,131 
 743,820 
 1,710 
 260.000 
 12,680 
 58,170 
 2,470 
 42.470 
 ,56-7oo 
 036,000 
 503,380 
 35,8i2 
 137,566 
 49,262 
 8,325,3 3 
 760 
 933 
 1,421 
 5,"88 
 7,628 
 20.596 
 7,3-^5 
 18.787 
 339,000 
 320,975 
 293.260 
 15.091 
 1,742.874 
 3,603,844 
 73.53 
 403,276 
 
 7 'g 5 
 
 Coptic. 
 Moham'dan, 
 Buddhist. 
 Moham'dan. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic, 
 R. C. 4 Prot 
 Moham'dan.. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Moham'dan, 
 R. Catholic. 
 Pagan. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Buddhist. 
 Buddhist. 
 Protestant. 
 Protestant 
 Bud. 4 Pagan. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic. 
 3onfuc4Bud. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Pagan. 
 Lutheran. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Mahom'-da.n, 
 R. Catholic. 
 Protestant. 
 Protestant. 
 Greek (liYcfc 
 R. Catholic. 
 Lutheran. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic, 
 R. C-ithalic, 
 Buddhist. 
 Prote tant. 
 Christian. 
 Lutheran. 
 Lutheran, 
 R. Catholic. 
 Greek Ch'rck 
 Moham'dan. 
 Prote-tant. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Lutheran. 
 Protestant. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Moham'dan. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Protestant 
 GreekCh'rch 
 Greek Ch'rch 
 Lutheran. 
 Lutheran. 
 Lutheran. 
 Luth. 4 R. C. 
 Protestant. 
 R. Catholic. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Greek Ch'rck 
 Buddhist. 
 R, Catholic. 
 Lutheran. 
 I'rot. 4 R C. 
 Moham'dan. 
 Christian. 
 R. Calholic. 
 R. Catholic. 
 Lutheran. 
 Mohani'dan. 
 
 
 
 Shah 
 
 Anam (Cochin China) 
 Aral. i:i (Muscat 1 
 Argentine Republic.. 
 Austro-Hungary 
 Baden 
 Barbary States 
 Bavaria 
 Belgium 
 Beloochistan 
 Bolivia. ..7. 
 
 Hue 
 
 Muscat 
 Buenoa Ayres. 
 Vienna 
 Carlsruhe 
 Tripoli 
 Munich 
 Brussels 
 Kelat 
 3ruro 
 
 Sevd B. Bin Said. 
 Dr. N. Aveilaneda 
 Francis Joseph I. 
 Frederick I 
 Dabri Pasha 
 Louis 1 1 
 Leopold II 
 Khodadad 
 Gen. H. Daga 
 Abdul Mumein 
 Dom Pedro 1 1 
 Thebo 
 Ong S'detchN'd'm 
 Marquis of Lome. 
 Sir H.B.E. Frere.. 
 KuangSu 
 Anabal Pinto 
 Aquileo Parra 
 Zung-Che 
 Dr. A. Esquivel... 
 Adahaonzon II... 
 Christian IX 
 GendeVeintimilla 
 Tewflk Pasha 
 J. de Grevy 
 William I 
 Victoria I 
 George I 
 J. Rufino Barrios. 
 Louis IV 
 Gen. B. Canal 
 Vlarco A. Soto 
 Humbert I 
 Mu'suHito 
 A. W. Gurdner 
 Rana- ot > II 
 Kred'k Francis II. 
 Kred'k William I. 
 Gen.Porflrio Diaz. 
 Nicola* 
 Muley Hassan 
 William III 
 P. J. Chnmorro... 
 Peter I 
 J. H. Brand 
 J. Baptista Gill... 
 Nassar-ed-Din 
 
 Dom Luis I 
 William I 
 
 Imaum 
 President 
 Emperor 
 Grand Duke. 
 Pasha 
 King 
 King 
 Khan 
 President 
 Sultan 
 Emperor 
 King 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 Vlandalay 
 Pan om pm . .. 
 Ottawa 
 Cape Town 
 Pekin 
 
 Cambodia 
 Canada, Dominion of 
 Cape Colony 
 China 
 
 Gov. General 
 Governor 
 Emperor 
 President 
 President.. . 
 
 Chili 
 Colombia 
 Corea 
 Costa Rica 
 Dahomey 
 Denmark 
 Ecuador 
 Kgypt 
 France 
 Germany ; 
 Gt, Britain A Ireland 
 Greece 
 Guatemala 
 Hesse 
 Hayti 
 Honduras 
 Italy 
 Japan 
 Liberia 
 
 Santiago 
 Bogota 
 Kingkitao 
 San Jose 
 Abomey 
 Copenhagen . . 
 Quito 
 Cairo 
 Paris 
 Berlin 
 London 
 Athens 
 Guatemala 
 Darmstadt 
 P't-au Prince. 
 Comayagua... 
 Rome 
 Tokio 
 Monrovia 
 Antananarivo 
 Schwerin 
 Strelitz 
 
 President 
 King 
 King 
 President.... 
 Khedive 
 President 
 Emperor 
 Queen 
 King 
 President... 
 Grand Duke 
 President.... 
 Pr- sident 
 King 
 Mikado 
 President 
 Jueen 
 Grand Duke 
 3rand Duke 
 President 
 Hospodar.... 
 Sultan 
 
 Mecklen'g Schwerin. 
 Micklenberg Strelitz. 
 Mexico 
 Montenegro. 
 Morocco 
 Netherlands 
 
 Mexico 
 Cettigne 
 Morocco 
 Amsterdam... 
 Managa 
 Oldenburg . . . 
 Blcemfontein. 
 Asuncion 
 Teheran 
 Lima 
 Lisbon 
 
 President 
 Grand Duke 
 President 
 President.... 
 Shah 
 President.. . . 
 King 
 
 Oldenburg 
 Orange Free States. . . 
 Paraguay 
 Persia 
 Peru 
 Portugal 
 Prussia 
 
 Roumania 
 Russia 
 Saze Coburg & Gotha. 
 Saxe-Meiningen 
 Saxe- Weimar 
 Saxony 
 Sandwich Islands ... 
 San Domingo 
 San Salvador 
 Servia 
 Siam 
 Spain 
 Sweden A Norway. . . 
 Switzerland 
 Turkey 
 
 Bucharest 
 St. Petersburg 
 Gotha AC'b'rg 
 Meiningen 
 Weimar 
 Dresden 
 Honolulu 
 San Domingo. 
 San Salvador. 
 Belgrade 
 Bangkok 
 Madrid 
 Stockholm 
 Berne 
 Constantinopl 
 Washinston.. . 
 Monte Video.. 
 Caracas 
 Stuttgart 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Karl J 
 Alexander II 
 Ernstll 
 George II 
 Charles Alex'nder 
 Albert 1 
 David Kalakaua. . 
 UlyssesTEspaillet 
 Rafael Zaldivar.. 
 MirnObrenovicIV 
 P. S. Par.iininthra 
 Alfonso XII 
 Oscar II 
 Dr.K. Schcnck 
 Abdul Hamid II.. 
 Rutherf'd B.Hayes 
 L. Latorrc 
 Gen. F. Alcantara 
 CharlesI 
 SeydB. Bin Said... 
 
 Domnu 
 Emperor 
 Duke 
 Duke 
 Grand Duke 
 King. . 
 King 
 President 
 President 
 Hospodar 
 First King .. 
 King 
 King 
 President 
 Sultan 
 President... . 
 Dictator ... 
 President.... 
 King 
 Sultan 
 
 United States 
 Uruguay 
 Venezuela 
 Wurtemburg 
 Zanzibar 
 
 With its Colonies.
 
 1G3 
 
 COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 THE United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its dependencies and 
 Colonies, has always been our largest customer for our productions, and was for 
 many years our largest creditor also, sending us her manufactured goods and receiv- 
 ing in return our raw materials in such quantities as she required for home or 
 foreign consumption, and thus having almost always a balance of trade against us, 
 which we were obliged to pay in coin. 
 
 Of late years, the balance has been the other way, and a large portion of GUI 
 bonded debt, held by foreigners, has been paid from this surplus. 
 
 It will be interesting and instructive to review this commerce for the 89 years of 
 which we have record of it. In 1790, we imported from Great Britain, merchan- 
 dise of the value of $13,563,044, and exported to her and her dependencies, mer- 
 chandise valued at $6,888,478, our exports thus being almost exactly one-half of our 
 imports. Oar total imports in 1790, were $23,000,000, and our total exports 
 $20,205,156. Our total imports in 1878, were $466,872,846, and our total exports 
 $722,811,815. In 1878, our imports of merchandise from the British Empire, were 
 $157,244,933, and our exports of merchandise to the countries comprising that 
 Empire, were $452,032,886. 
 
 The imports and exports of specie and bullion, which were about equal, are 
 excluded in both cases. In other words, our imports are about 12 times as large 
 as they were in 1790, and our exports 65| times as large. It will be interesting to 
 notice some of the items which made up our early exports to Great Britain, and 
 to compare them with the exports at the present time. In this way we can ascertain, 
 in part, what have been our principal productions, for, as a general rule, a nation 
 exports only those things of which it has a surplus, after supplying its own wants. 
 In rare instances, it has not facilities for working up its raw material to advantage, 
 . and exports it, receiving back that material in a manufactured form. This was the 
 case with our cotton, to some extent, for many years, and also with our ores of cop- 
 per, zinc, &c., and the demand was so great abroad for some of our fruits, that the 
 entire crop was exported. The following table gives our principal articles of export 
 to Great Britain, in 1790. Some of these were goods imported and re-exported 
 by us: 
 
 EXPOBTS FKOM THE UNITED STATES TO GEEAT BEITAIN DUBING THE FISCAL TEAR 
 ENDED SEPT. 30, 1790. 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 Tobacco, hogsheads 73,708 $2,754,493 
 
 Cotton, raw, bales 1,403 47,428 
 
 Ashes, pot and pearl, tons 7,675 747.079 
 
 Flax-seed, cakes 36,917 219,924 
 
 Wheat, bushels 292,042 355,361 
 
 Corn, bushels 98,407 56,205 
 
 Flour, barrels * .104,880 676,274 
 
 Meal, barrels ; 1.401 5,435 
 
 Rice, tierces 36,930 773,852 
 
 Beef and pork, Barrels 154 898 
 
 Bread, barrels 201 610 
 
 Butter, firkins, 384 2,310 
 
 Honey, firkins 151 906 
 
 Tallow, pounds 156,708 17,211 
 
 Oil, whale, barrels 1,738 21,048 
 
 Oil, sperm, barrels. 3,840 60,000 
 
 Tar, barrels.. 71,077 105,510 
 
 Turpentine, barrels 27,800 71,240 
 
 Pitch, barrels 7,000 13,920 
 
 Seeds and roots 1,242 
 
 Staves and heading 177,968
 
 COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 1 GO 
 
 Quantity. Yalut. 
 
 Lumber $35,204 
 
 Timber, scantlings, shingles, &c 27,402 
 
 Leather, pounds. 8,650 2,316 
 
 Snuff; pounds 4,100 1,394 
 
 Wax, pounds 87,294 21,852 
 
 Deer-skins 25,642 
 
 Furs 35,899 
 
 Ginseng, casks 529 32,424 
 
 Pig-iron, tons 3,258 78,676 
 
 Bar-iron, tons - 40 2,936 
 
 Indigo, pounds 532,542 473,830 
 
 Logwood, tons 216 3,019 
 
 Lignum vitae, tons 75 750 
 
 Mahogany 16,724 
 
 Wines, pipes 45 4,425 
 
 Merchandise 8,041 
 
 Uuenumerated 10,330 
 
 Total $6,888,97S 
 
 The indigo, dye, and cabinet woods and wines were of foreign production, as 
 was also, without doubt, the bar-iron and a large quantity of pig-iron. It will be 
 observed that the great Southern staple, tobacco, soon to yield the supremacy to 
 cotton, was of the value of $2,750,000, or 40 per cent, of the whole export. 
 
 We should notice, also, that cotton, before the invention of the cotton gins, was 
 but a very small item, its value being only $47,428, nearly $34 per bale, though the 
 bales at this time weighed only 150 pounds. The exports of cereals, wheat, corn, 
 flour and meal, were about $1,092,000, a small amount as compared with our present 
 export, but almost one-sixth of the whole export to Great Britain at that time. 
 
 The amount of provisions exported is very trifling, in marked contrast with our 
 present immense export. There was no marked increase in the export of cotton 
 until 1796, when 5,628,176 pounds were sent to Great Britain, valued at about 
 $1,407,000. Seven years later, the export to that country was 27, 760, 574 pounds, 
 worth $6,107,326, or almost as much as the entire exports to that country 13 years 
 before. The same year (1803), 50,274 hogsheads of tobacco, worth $4,524,660, 
 were exported to England. These two items making more than five-eighths of the 
 whole export. From this time till 1860, there was a steady increase in each decade, 
 of the cotton export. In I860, though the price of cotton had fallen to 10 or 12 
 cents a pound, the export of it to Great Britain and its dependencies, amounted to 
 $134,929,000, while the total exports to that country, amounted to $168, 960,000, only 
 $34,000,000 being for all other articles. In 1866, the price of cotton being high, 
 our cotton exports to the British Empire amounted to $218,772,000, against 
 $287,516,000 of our total exports to that Empire. During the 12 years since 1866, 
 our exports of cotton to the British Empire, have aggregated $1,445,064,000, an 
 annual average of $120,442,000, against $3,445,037,000 of exports of all kinds of 
 merchandise to that Empire, or an annual average of $287,089,083; cotton being 
 nearly 42 per cent, of the average exports. The following table gives the aggre- 
 gate by decades, of imports and exports, and of exports of cotton to the British 
 Empire, for 58 years- 
 
 Exportt. 
 Periodt. Imports. Exporte. of Cotton. 
 
 1821-30 $290,831,000 $242,482,000 $185,397,000 
 
 1831-40.... 475,194,000 462,146,000 378,185,000 
 
 1841-50.... 464,358,000 570,651,000 378,576,000 
 
 1851-60 1,166,322.000 1,193,350,000 840,436,000 
 
 1861-70.... 1,343,702,000 1,748,307,000 799,810,000 
 
 1871-78.... 1,386,576,000 2,588,377,000 1,106,846,000 
 
 Total for 58 years. . ,$5,126.98~37oOO $6,805,313,000 $3^689,250, 000 
 
 Annual average. . . 88,396,000 117,333,000 63,608,000 
 
 Our trade with the United Kingdom during the last 58 years aggregates, in round 
 numbers, $5,127,000,000 in imports, and 6,805,000,000 in exports, an excess of ex- 
 ports over imports of $1,687,000,000, which has been used in paying balances to 
 creditor nations. 
 
 It was not, however, till 1847, that our exports to the United Kingdom, began, as 
 ?> rule, to exceed our imports. Since that date there has been but six years out of
 
 170 COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 31, in which we imported more merchandise from Great Britain than we sent her; 
 these years were 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855, and 1864, and as we have said, 
 the excess of our exports in the 58 years since 1820, amounts to $1,678,000,000. 
 
 Let us now give a list of our principal exports to the British Empire in 1878, by 
 way of comparison with those of 1790, on a preceding page. 
 
 PBINCIPAI. DOMESTIC EtPOBTS TO THE BETTISH EMKEE IN 1878. 
 
 Values. 
 
 Agricultural Implements and Machines $1,102,29S 
 
 Living Animals of all kinds 4,396,453 
 
 Bread Staffs 146,304,119 
 
 Carriages, Carts and Railroad Cars . . . . 685,022 
 
 Clocks 591,425 
 
 Coal 1,871,277 
 
 Cotton, raw 117,014,743 
 
 Cotton, manufactured 3,299, 405 
 
 Drugs and Chemicals 967,438 
 
 Pur and Fur Skins 2,014,594 
 
 Hemp and manufactures of 825,135 
 
 Hides and Skins 673, 615 
 
 Hops 2,122,983 
 
 Iron and manufactures of Iron 4,266, 740 
 
 Steel and manufactures of Steel 681, 761 
 
 Leather and manufactures of Leather 6, 164, 904 
 
 Musical instruments 557,562 
 
 Naval Stores 1,125,856 
 
 Oil Cake 5,076,550 
 
 Oils, mineral 10,001,528 
 
 Provisions 82,374,578 
 
 Sewing Machines 611,509 
 
 Spirits of Turpentine 1,776,216 
 
 Kefined Sugar and Molasses 3 ,360, 879 
 
 Tallow 3, 240, 469 
 
 Tobacco, manufactured and unmanufactured 12,317, 788 
 
 Wearing apparel 270, 863 
 
 Wood, Timber and manufactures of Wood 8,464,287 
 
 Total exports $452,032,88fi 
 
 A comparison of these two lists Trill show that while the exports of most of the 
 articles which then were staples, have increased enormously, a few have dropped out 
 entirely. We do not export now, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, rice, wax, (nor till 
 the present year, honey, ) whale and sperm oils, and very small amounts of seeds 
 and roots, ginseng, or indigo, logwood, lignum vitae, or mahogany. We do export 
 gome wines, but they are of our own manufacture. 
 
 Tobacco, cotton, bread stuffs, provisions, tallow, furs, and naval stores have been 
 sent to England the past year, to the amount of nearly 310 millions of dollars ; while 
 mineral oils, which were unknown in 1790; wood in manufactured forms, oil cake, 
 living animals, leather and its manufactures, iron and steel and their manufactures, 
 refined sugar and molasses, hops, agricultural implements, sewing machines, musi- 
 cal instruments, clocks, carriages and railroad cars, manufactured cotton goods, 
 coal and hemp, are among the new articles which figure most largely in our exports, 
 even to Great Britain, after the great staples. 
 
 A considerable portion of these new exports are the result directly and indirectly, 
 of our Centennial Exposition here, and that of Paris in 1878 ; and if we are care- 
 ful to encourage our agriculture and our manufactures, and to make known our 
 products to the world, it is not too much to hope that before the dawn of the twen- 
 tieth century, we shall be the leading commercial nation of the world, and New 
 York will be, what London has been for so many years, the financial Capital of the 
 world.
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 17t 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 The territory claimed by Great Britian in North America, includes all that por- 
 tion of the continent lying north of the northern boundary of the United States,. 
 except the territory of Alaska. 
 
 Its sub-divisions are : 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA, THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, though not a province of the Dominion of Canada, is partially 
 in accord with it, and may be treated under the same general head. The LABRA- 
 DOB and HUDSON'S BAT EEGION are Territories, occupied at wide intervals, by trad- 
 ing posts or forts, and under the Government of the Dominion. 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 consists of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec formerly Canada East and Can- 
 ada West, or Upper and Lower Canada Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, 
 British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. The North-western Territories are 
 controlled by the Dominion, but not represented in its Parliament. These Prov- 
 inces were united under one Government, by the Act of Imperial Parliament, 
 passed in March, 1867, and which took effect July 1, of the same year. 
 
 The seat of Government of the Dominion is at OTTAWA. 
 
 The Executive Officers of the Dominion Government are a Governor-General and 
 Privy Council of thirteen members, who also constitute the Cabinet of the Gov- 
 ornor-General. The present Governor-General, who is the direct representative 
 of the Queen, and answers to the Viceroy of India, though with somewbat more 
 restricted powers, is most Hon. JOHN DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, MAKQUIS OF LOENE, K. 
 T. G. C. M. G., born in 1845, and married in 1871 to the PRINCESS LOUISE CAROLINE 
 A.LBERTA, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. The Marquis was appointed Gov- 
 ernor-General July 28, 1878, and arrived in the Dominion with the Princess, on, 
 the 23d of November, 1878. 
 
 His salary is 10,000 ($50,000) per annum, and a residence. 
 Hiscivil establishment or personal Staff consists of : 
 
 Gov. -General's Secretary Major J. De Winton, E. A. 
 
 Military Secretary, V. C. Col. J. C. McNeill, C. B. 
 
 Controller Hon. E. Moreton. 
 
 Aides de Camp Capt. V. Cater, 91st Fool ; Hon. C. Harbord, Scots Fusilier 
 Guards. 
 
 Dominion Aides de Camp Lt.-Col. Hewitt Bernard, C. M. G. ; Capt. G. R. Lay- 
 ton. 
 
 Commander of the Forces Gen. Sir P. L. McDougall, K. C. M. G. 
 
 Assis!ant Adjutant and Q. M.- General Lt.-Col. A. S. Cameron, V. C. 
 
 Aides de Camp Lieut. J. C. Barker, E. E. ; Capt. Hon. N. F. Elliot. 
 
 Commanding the Militia Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. Selby Smyth, K. C. M. G. 
 
 Deputy Governor Hon. Sir W. B. Euhards, Chief Justice of Canada. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S PEIVY COUNCIL 
 for the Dominion, are : 
 
 Premier and Minister of the Interior Sir John A. Macdonald, K. C. B. D. C. L.. 
 (Oxon.), Q. C. 
 
 Finance Minister Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B. 
 
 Minister of Public Works Hon. C. Tupper, C. B. 
 
 Minister of Agriculture and Statistics Hon. John H. Pope. 
 
 President of CouncU Hon. John O'Connor, Q. C.
 
 172 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 Minister of Justice Hon. J. McDonald, Q. C. 
 
 Postmaster-General Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, C. B. 
 
 Minister of Militia Hon. Louis R. Masson. 
 
 Secretary of State Hon. J. C. Aikens. 
 
 Secretary of Marine and Fisheries Hon. J. C. Pope. 
 
 Minister of Customs Hon. Mackenzie Bowell. 
 
 Minister of Inland Revenue Hon. L. F. G. Baby. 
 
 Receiver- General Hon. Alexander Campbell, Q. C. 
 
 Without Portfolio Ron. R. D. Wilmot 
 
 % The members of the Council (except the Premier) receive salaries of 1,44(1 
 <$7,200) per annum. The Premier's salary is 1,643 ($8,215). 
 
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion Hon. 
 Sir William Buell Richards, Kn't. 
 
 Puisne Judges Hons. W. J. Ritchie, S. H. Strong, T. Fournier, W. A. Henry, 
 Henri E. Tachereau. 
 
 The Chief Justice receives an annual salary of 1,646 ($8,230), and the Puisne 
 Judges 1,440 ($7,200) each. 
 
 THE DOMINION SENATE , according to the Constitution, consists of 77 members, viz : 
 "24 each for Ontario and Quebec , and 24 for the three Maritime Provinces ; 2 for Mani- 
 toba and 3 for British Columbia. Provision ia also made for the representation 
 of Newfoundland when it shall come into the Dominion. The Northwest Territo- 
 ries have no representatives or delegates in the Parliament. The members of tha 
 Senate are nominated for life by summons of the Governor-General, under the 
 Great Seal of Canada. Each Senator must be 30 years of age, a born or natural- 
 ized subject, and possessed of property, real or personal, of the value of $4,000, in the 
 Province for which he is appointed . The Speaker of the Senate has a salary of 
 $4,000 per annum. Each member of the Senate receives $10 a day for attendancs 
 on the sessions up to 100 days, but nothing beyond. They are also allowed 10 
 ents a mile for traveling expenses. There are at present but 72 Senators, whoso 
 names and residences are as follows: 
 
 Hon. John Hamilton 1 Kingston 
 
 '' Benjamin "Seymour Port Hope 
 
 " Walter H. Dickson Niagara 
 
 " James Shaw Smith's Falls 
 
 " Alexander Camphell Toronto 
 
 41 David Christie Paris 
 
 " James Cox Aikins Toronto 
 
 David Reesor Markham 
 
 Elijah Leonard London 
 
 "William McMaster Toronto 
 
 John Simpson Bowman ville 
 
 James Skead Ottawa 
 
 David L. Macpherson Toronto 
 
 Donald McDonald Toronto 
 
 BiUa Flint Belleville 
 
 George W, Allen Toronto 
 
 Jacques O. Bureau Montreal 
 
 Luc Letellier De St. Juat. .Riviere Ouelle 
 
 John Hamilton Hawkesbury 
 
 Charles Cormier Plessisville 
 
 David E. Price Quebec 
 
 L. Dnmouchel Longneuil 
 
 Louis Lacoste Bouchery ille 
 
 J. F. Armand Riviere des Prairies 
 
 Charles Wilson Montreal 
 
 William H. Chaffers St. Cesaire 
 
 Jean B. Guevremont Sorel 
 
 James FerVier Montreal 
 
 Thomas Ryan Montreal 
 
 T. D. Archibald Sydney, Cape Breton 
 
 Robert B. Dickey Amherst 
 
 John Bourinot Sydney 
 
 William Miller Arichat 
 
 A. E. Botsford Westeock, Wind 
 
 William H. Odell Fredericfrm 
 
 David Wark Fredericton 
 
 Hon. John Ferguson, Bathurst, NewBrnnswick 
 
 ' B. D. Wilmot Belmont, Sunbury 
 
 ' A. R. McClelan Hopewell, Albion Co. 
 
 ' J. C. Chapais St. Denis, Kara. 
 
 ' James R. Benson St. Catharines 
 
 1 John Glasier Sunbury, N. B. 
 
 ' James Dever St. John, N. B. 
 
 A. W. McLelan Londonderry 
 
 A. Macfarlane Wallace, N. 8. 
 
 Jeremiah Northrup Halifax 
 
 Frank Smith Toro to 
 
 Robert Read Bellevillo 
 
 M. A. Girard St. Boniface, Manitoba 
 
 J. Sutherland Keldonan, " 
 
 I. W. W. Can-all... Barkerville, Brit. Col. 
 
 C. F. Cornwall Ashcroft " " 
 
 W. J. McDonald Victoria " " 
 
 H. A. N. Kaulbach Lnnenburg 
 
 M. H. Cochrane Compton 
 
 William Mmrhead Chatham, K. B. 
 
 Alexander Vidal Sarniu 
 
 Eugene Chinic Quebec 
 
 George Alexander Woodstock 
 
 J. H. Bellerose St. Vincent de Paul 
 
 D. Montgomery Park Corner 
 
 R. P. Havthorne Charlottetown 
 
 T. H. Haviland Charlottetown 
 
 George W. Howlan Albertou 
 
 F, X7A. Trudel Montreal 
 
 George A. Brown Toronto 
 
 R. W. Scott Ottawa 
 
 E. G. Penny Montreal 
 
 Pierre Bailiamgeon Quebec 
 
 A. H. Paquet St. Cuthbert 
 
 Hector Fabre Quebeo 
 
 Christian H. Pozer Beauce 
 
 Hon. David Christie ia Speaker of the Senate, and Robert Lemoine, Clerk of the Parliaments.
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 173 
 
 The House of Commons, or Representative House of the Canadian Par- 
 liament, is elected by the people for five years, at the rate of one rep- 
 resentative for every 17,000 souls. On the basis of the Census of 1871, 
 it consists of 206 members, viz : 88 for the Province of Ontario, 65 
 for Quebec, 21 for Nova Scotia, 16 for New Brunswick, 4 for Manitoba, 
 6 for British Columbia, and 6 foi Prince Edward's Island. The constituencies 
 vary in the different Provinces. In Ontario and Quebec, a vote is given to every 
 male subject being the owner, or occupier, or tenant, or real property of the as- 
 sessed value of $300, or of the yearly value of $30, if within cities and towns, or of 
 the assessed value of $200, or the yearly value of $20, if not in towns. In New 
 Brunswick a vote is given to every male subject of the age of 21 years, assessed in 
 -respect of real estate to the amount of $100, or of personal property, or personal 
 and real, amounting together to $400, or $400 annual income. In Nova Scotia, 
 the franchise is with all subjects, of the age of 21 years, assessed in respect of real 
 estate to the value of $150, or in respect of personal estate, or real and personal 
 together, to the value of $400. Voting in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, 
 British Columbia, and Prince Edward's Island, is open, or viva voce, but in New 
 Brunswick, votes are taken by ballot. The Speaker of the House of Commons has 
 a salary, of $4,000 per annum, and each member $10 per day up to the end of 30 
 days, and for a session lasting longer than this period, the sum of $1,000 with, in 
 every case, 10 cents per mile for traveling expenses. Eight dollars per day is de- 
 ducted for every day's absence of a member during the session, unless the absence 
 is caused by illness. 
 
 The Dominion Parliament answers to the Congres* of the United States, and 
 its legislation concerns solely the National or Dominion affairs. Each of the 
 seven Provinces has its own Lieutenant- Governor and Executive Council. Ontario, 
 Manitoba and British Columbia have only a House of Assembly in addition for leg- 
 islative action ; but Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's 
 Island have each a Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. The Executive 
 Council and Provincial Cabinet of Ontario consists of six members, viz : An At- 
 torney-General, Treasurer, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Commissioner of Pub- 
 lic Works, Minister of Education, and Provincial Secretary. The House of Assem- 
 bly has 82 members. Hon. D. A. Macdonald, of Toronto, is Lieutenant-Governor. 
 The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec was, in January, 1879, Hon. 
 Luc. Letellier de Just, but his removal has been requested ; there is an Executive 
 Council of 7 members, viz ; Premier and Minister of Agriculture and Public 
 Works, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Treasurer, Provincial Secretary and Reg- 
 istrar, Speaker of Legislative Council, Attorney-General, and Solicitor-General., 
 The Legislative Council consists of 24 members, and the Legislative Assembly of 
 65 members. The Seat of Government is Quebec. 
 
 Hon. E. B. Chandler, Q. C., is Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New 
 Brunswick. The Executive Council consists of 9 members, a President, Attorney- 
 General, Provincial Secretary, Surveyor-General, Chief-Commissioner of Board of 
 Works, and four members without other office. The Legislative Council consists 
 of 17 members, and the House of Assembly of 41 members. The Seat of Govern- 
 ment is Fredericton. The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Nova Scotia is 
 Hon. Adams George Archibald. There are 9 members of the Executive Council 
 (besides 8 retired members who may participate in its deliberations), viz : Trea- 
 surer, Attorney-General, Provincial Secretary, Commissioner of Public Works and 
 Mines, Commissioner of Crown Lands, and four members without other offiee. 
 The Legislative Council consists of 19 members, and the House of Assembly of 
 3a The Seat of Government is Halifax.
 
 174 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 The Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward's Island is Sir Robert Hodgson, 
 Knight The Executive Council consists of 9 members, namely : Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, Minister of Public Works, Provincial Secretary and Treasurer, and six mem- 
 T^ers without office. The Legislative Council has 13 members, and the House of 
 Assembly 30 members. The Seat of Government is Charlottetown, 
 
 The Lieutenant-Go vernor of the Province of Manitoba, is Hon. Joseph Edward 
 Cauchon. The Executive Council has 5 members, Provincial Treasurer, who is 
 also Premier, Provincial Secretary and Attorney-General, and Minister of Public 
 Works. The Legislative Assembly has 24 members. The Seat of Government is 
 Fort Garry. 
 
 The Province of British Columbia has Hon. Albert N. Richards, Q. C.,for its 
 Lieutenant-Governor. Its Executive Council consists of 5 members, viz : Tht 
 Attorney-General and Provincial Secretary, the Minister of Finance and Agricul- 
 ture, and the Chief Commissioner of Land and Works. The Legislative Assem- 
 bly has 25 members. Victoria, Vancouver's Island, is the Seat of Government. 
 
 The North-west Territories are BO far organized as to have a Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, Hon. David Laird, and an Executive Council of 5 members, which includes 
 the two Stipendiary Magistrates, and the Commissioner of Police. The Seat o! 
 Government is at Battleford. 
 
 JUDICIABY or THE DOMINION. The Dominion has only two Courts. The Su- 
 preme Court, or High Court of Appeal, composed of a Chief Justice and fivePuisno 
 Judges, viz: Hon. William Buell Richards, Chief Justice; Hon. William Johns- 
 ton Ritchie, Hon. Samuel Henry Strong, Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau, Hon. 
 Telesphore Fournier, and Hon. William Alexander Henry, Puisne Judges. R. 
 Casselles, Jr., is the Registrar of the Court this Court has appellate, civil and 
 criminal jurisdiction within and throughout the Dominion of Canada. It holds, 
 annually, two sessions, in January and June, at Ottawa, at which place the Judges 
 reside. The Exchequer Court, presided over by the same Judges, possesses con- 
 current original jurisdiction in the Dominion, in all cases La which it is sought to 
 enforce any law relating to the revenue, and exclusive original jurisdiction in all 
 cases in which demand is made, or relief sought, in respect of any matter which 
 might, in England, be the subject of a suit or action in the Court of Exchequer, 
 on its revenue side, against the Crown or an officer of the Crown. In each of the 
 .Provinces, there are Provincial Courts of Appeal, of Queen's Bench , of Common 
 Pleas, Chancery, County and Division Courts, more or -less numerous, according 
 to the population and necessities of the Provinces. 
 
 ABEA AND POPULATION. The area of the seven Provinces of the Dominion, and 
 of the outlying colony of Newfoundland, and their population, in 1871, were as 
 follows : 
 
 PROVINCES. 
 
 ABEA, 
 ENGLISH 
 SQ. MILES. 
 
 POPULATION, 1871 to 1877. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 
 106.935 
 193,355 
 21,731 
 27,322 
 2,947,923 
 225,500 
 2,173 
 40,200 
 
 828,590 
 596,041 
 193,792 
 
 145,888 
 
 792,261 
 595,475 
 194,008 
 136,706 
 
 1,620,851 
 1,191,516 
 387,800 
 285,594 
 125,000 
 50,000 
 94,021 
 161,389 
 
 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Manitoba and N. W. Territories. . . . 
 
 
 
 Prince Edward's Island 
 
 47,121 
 75,547 
 
 46,900 
 70,989 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 3,555,149 
 
 
 
 3,916,171
 
 AML'h'ICA. 
 
 175 
 
 Tie population of the Dominion has increased with considerable rapidity since 
 "1871. About 358,000 immigrants had arrived in the Dominion, up to the close of 
 1876, of whom 210,000 are known to have actually settled in the Provinces this 
 is exclusive of the natural increase, as well as of persons who have migrated from 
 the United States to Canada. The population of the Dominion and Newfound- 
 land is now, 1879, probably about 4,500,000. 
 
 The finances of the Dominion of Canada have not been for some years past in a 
 prosperous condition, though there are some indications of improvement. The 
 public debt of the Dominion July 1, 1877, was 35,892,453 ($179,462,265) ; about 
 $100,000,000 of this debt was payable in England. 
 
 In proportion to her population this debt was as great as that of the United 
 States, and in proportion to the wealth of the two countries, considerably larger. 
 Since 1877, however, while the aggregate amount of the Canadian debt may have 
 .slightly increased, her means for paying it have largely increased also, and her 
 relative financial position is better than it \vas two or four years ago. 
 
 The public revenue of the Dominion for the year ending June 30, 1878, was 
 . .4,532,721 ($22,663,605), audits expenditures 4,832,726 ($24,163,630"), showing a 
 deficiency of $1,500,000. The extravagance and wastefulness of former Adminis- 
 trations is not likely to be repeated at present. 
 
 In the year ending June 30, 1878, the total imports into Canada were 19,125,- 
 084 ($95,625,420) ; and the total exports were 16,298,267 ($81,491,335) ; showing 
 nn excess of imports of $14,134,085. The imports from Great Britain into the 
 Dominion in 1877-78 were 7, 584, 430 ($37,722,400), and the total exports to Great 
 Britain, 11,186,195 ($55,930,975). 
 
 The trade with the United States was also very large, the commodities imported 
 from the United States being of the value of $49,631,700 ; and the exports from the 
 Dominion to the United State8r$27,971,193. 
 
 EXPOKTS AND IMPOSTS. 
 
 The following table gives the exports and imports, from all countries, and those 
 from Great Britain and the United States, for the years 1875, 1876, 1877, and 1878: 
 
 Tears. 
 
 CHEAT BRITAIN. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 TOTAL COMMERCE. 
 
 AJl'T TO OTHER COUNTE'S 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Expor's. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 June 30, 1875. 
 " 1878. 
 
 " 1877. 
 " 1878. 
 
 $48.079.635 
 51,923,525 
 55.930.975 
 
 $42,070.695 
 34.Si3.6i5 
 37.922,400 
 
 $32,763,870 
 33,930 607 
 2^,033,467 
 27.971.193 
 
 $50,805,820 
 51,186.506 
 51,023,461 
 49.631,700 
 
 $77.886,979 
 88.966,43; 
 7/.75-393 
 81,491.335 
 
 $123,070,283 
 98,210.846 
 94,^21,180 
 95.625.420 
 
 f3.6 5 9, 9 36 
 6,412,303 
 
 $6.537.893 
 13.513.715 
 4,875,3'9 
 
 
 r 
 
 TONNAGE OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 STATEMENT SHOWING THS NUMBEB OF VESSELS AND NUMBER OP TONS ON THE REG- 
 ISTRY BOOKS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA ON DECEMBER 31 , 
 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876. AND 1877. 
 
 
 1 
 
 373. 
 
 1 
 
 ?74. 
 
 1 
 
 375. 
 
 1 
 
 876. 
 
 1 
 
 877. 
 
 PROVISOES. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 00 
 
 1. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 rf 
 
 1 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 z 
 
 
 H 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 Xew Brunswick . . 
 ZS'ova Scotia 
 IJucbec 
 
 1,147 
 2,803 
 1 842 
 
 277,850 
 449,701 
 214,043 
 
 i,n4 
 
 2,787 
 1,837 
 
 294,741 
 479,669 
 218,946 
 
 1,133 
 
 2,786 
 1,831 
 
 307,!26 
 505,144 
 222,96.-> 
 
 1,154 
 2^69 
 1,902 
 
 324,513 
 529,252 
 228,502 
 
 1,133 
 
 2,91)1 
 1,951 
 
 329,457 
 541,579 
 248,399 
 
 
 681 
 
 89,111 
 
 815 
 
 113 008 
 
 &25 
 
 114,990 
 
 8f9 
 
 123,947 
 
 926 
 
 131,791 
 
 Prince Ed. Island.. 
 British Columbia. . 
 Manitoba 
 
 880 
 30 
 
 38,918 
 4,095 
 
 312 
 35 
 
 48,388 
 3,611 
 
 325 
 40 
 2 
 
 50,677 
 3,685 
 178 
 
 33fl 
 40 
 3 
 
 50692 
 3,809 
 
 r,s 
 
 342 
 43 
 6 
 
 55,547 
 3,809 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 6,783 
 
 1,073.718 
 
 6,930 
 
 1.158,363 
 
 6,942 
 
 1,205,565 
 
 7,194 
 
 1.260,893 
 
 7.3C2 
 
 1,310.760
 
 I?G CARRYING TRADE OF BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 miles more had been surveyed and concessions granted by the Government. A. 
 railway has been projected, crossing the whole Dominion, from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, intended to bind British Columbia to the Eastern Provinces, and the Brit- 
 ish Government has guaranteed a loan of $12,500,000 in aid of this enterprise. 
 
 POSTAL FACILITIES AND POST-OFFICES. There were, June 30, 1876, in the Domin- 
 ion, 4,893 post-offices. The uniform rate of postage, of three cents, has been 
 established all over the Dominion. The number of letters and postal cards sent 
 through the post-office during the year 1875, was 34,510,000 ; the number of news- 
 papers, 23,500,000. There are in all the principal cities and towns of Ontario and 
 Quebec, Post-Office Savings Banks, in which auyperson may leavea deposit account, 
 and may deposit any sum yearly, from $1 to $300, the Dominion paying interest at 
 the rate of 4 per cent., compounded annually. Depositors may make their deposits 
 in any P. O. Savings Bank, and on their removal, may continue at any other, and 
 draw the entire amount of deposit from the P. O. Savings Bank nearest them, by 
 applying to the Postmaster-General at Ottawa. 
 
 BANKS. There were, on the 1st of Jan., 1876, 289 Banks and branches in the 
 Dominion, and their condition was as follows : 
 
 Total Authorized Capital $68,966,666, of which $64,899,321 had been subscribed, 
 and $61,270,220 paid up. The amount of their circulation was $20, 831, 009, of their 
 deposits, $64, 553, T20; their total liabilities $89, 271 ,144; of their assets, $6,276,273, 
 or about 10 per cent, of their capital, was in specie, and $30,717,467 was immedi- 
 ately available, while their total assets amounted to$167,155 ,600 or almost twice their 
 liabilities. 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE. The following are the Statistics of Fire Insurance Companies doing busi- 
 ness in Canada, January 1, 1876. Am't of Policies Ain't at Risk, 
 
 Net Cash Prem. written -within at date. Loaaes paid, 
 the year. 
 
 Canadian Companies $1,646,654 $168,896,111 $190284.543 $1.062.2W> 
 
 British Companies 1,683,715 166,953,268 154,835,931 1,299,614 
 
 American Companies 264,395 17,357,605 19,300,555 181,713 
 
 FISHERIES OF THE DOMINION. The Fisheries form a very important portion of the industry 
 and wealth of the Dominion of Canada. At the close of 1875, the following were the official 
 eVitistics of their yield and value: 
 
 .Nova Scotia $5,573,851.58 
 
 New Brunswick fc>,427,654.1t> 
 
 Quebec $1,594,259.15 
 
 Ontario 453,194.00 
 
 British Columbia, Manitoba and North- Western Territories (estimated) . 434,723.00 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador (exports only) 2,983,485.00 
 
 $13,468,166.89 
 
 This total is, doubtless, far below the truth, as many items are not recorded such as th 
 dome consumption of Newfoundland and Labrador, the yield and value of the rivers, smaller 
 lakes and streams of the interior, etc. 
 
 EDUCATION. The School systems of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, are 
 quite efficient and furnish primary instruction which compares very favorably with 
 that of many of the States of the American Union. Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's 
 Island and Newfoundland are less complete and effective, while those of British 
 Columbia and Miiitoba are as yet in an unorganized condition. 
 
 Higher education is very liberally provided for. There are seven universities, 
 and fifteen Colleges, (some of them affiliated with the universities) in the Domin- 
 ion, and a large number of Collegiate Institutes, Female Colleges, Young Ladies' 
 Seminaries, &c., &c. Most of the Universities have faculties of Theology, Law 
 and Medicine, and several of them Scientific Schools also, presided over by eminent 
 scientists. There are two Normal Schools and a model Training School in the 
 Province of Ontario, and three Normal Schools in the Province of Quebec. There 
 are also similar schools in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There are County 
 High Schools in Ontario, and to some extent in Quebec and New Brunswick. At 
 the close of the year 1875, there were in the Province of Ontario, 5,258 educational 
 institutions of all kinds, with 494,065 pupils, and $4 ,212,360 was expended annually 
 in their support. Of these, 4,834 were public schools, with 474,241 pupils. 
 
 RELIGIOUS DENOMTNATioNg. The Roman Catholics are the most numerous relig- 
 ious denomination, its adherents numbering, in 1871, 1,492,029; eighty-five per 
 cent, of these were, however, in the Province of Quebec, and they had a plurality 
 also in New Brunswick. In Ontario the Presbyterians were most numerous, while 
 the Methodists and the Anglican Church were not far behind. The Baptists are 
 next in numbers to these three denominations, and there are also some Lutherans, 
 Congregationalists, and a small number of several minor denominations.
 
 BROWN BROTHERS & CO., 
 
 59 WALL STREET, : 
 
 2H Chestnut St., Phila. NEW YORK. No.66 State St., Boston. 
 
 ADD 
 
 ALEXANDER BROWN & SONS, 
 
 Cor. Baltimore and Calvert Streets, Baltimore. 
 
 BUY AND SELL BILLS OF EXCHANGE 
 
 OK 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, ' 
 ; / t } BELGIUM AND HOLLAND, 
 
 I'&editMa&tftrtm 
 
 ^K ^y *&' 
 
 AVAILABLE IK ANY PART OF THE WORLD, AND IN FRANCS, FOR 
 USE IN MARTINIQUE AND GUADALOUPE, 
 
 Make Telegraphic Transfers of Money, 
 
 Between this and other Countries, through London and Paris. 
 
 Make Collections of Drafts drawn abroad on all points in the 
 
 United States and Canada, 
 And of Drafts drawn in the United States on Foreign Countries. 
 
 To Travelers. Travelers' Credits issued either against cash 
 deposited or satisfactory guarantee of repayment : In Dollars, for use 
 in the United States and adjacent countries ; or in Poun-ds Sterling, 
 for use in any part of the world. Application for credits may be 
 addressed to either of the above houses direct, or through any first- 
 class Bank or Banker. 
 
 BROWN, SHIPLEY .& CO., BROWN, SHIPLEY & CO., 
 
 26 Chapel Street, Liverpool. Founder's Court Lothbury London.
 
 i 
 
 Pure Whites
 
 ATLANTIC 
 
 Mutual Insurance Company, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 OFFICE, 51 WALL STREET. 
 
 ORGANIZED 1842, 
 
 INSURES AGAINST MARINE AND INLAND NAVIGATION RISKS, 
 
 And will issue Policies making Loss payable in England. 
 
 Its Aflsets for the Security of its Policies, are more than 
 
 TEN MILLION DOLLARS. 
 
 In the course of its Business it has paid losses amounting to 
 
 $80,000,000, 
 
 and has returned to its dealers in Certificates of Profits, bearing 
 interest, 
 
 $45,000,000, 
 
 of which amount there has been redeemed in cash 
 
 $37,000,000, 
 
 The Profits of the Company revert to the assured, and are 
 divided annually, upon the Premiums terminated during the year, 
 Certificates for which are issued, bearing interest until redeemed. 
 
 J. I>. .TO1VES, President. 
 
 OHAS. J3ETVTVIS, Vice-President. 
 W. H. M. MOORE, 3d Vice-OPres't. 
 
 A. A. JRAVEIV, 3d Vic 
 J. H. CHA.!M:A.IV, Secretary.
 
 661.- H333-1879
 
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