^m ^nibtv^it^ at WivQinis^ M^naQVHpM SCHOOL OF TEUTONIC LANGUAGES No. II. 'dited by JAMES A. HARRISON, Professor of Teutonic Lamouaqes SYNTAX OF THE VERB IN HE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE FROM 787 A.D. TO 1001 A.D, DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Virginia for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY HUGH MERCER BLAIN, M.A. NEW YORK A. S. BARNES AND COMPANY 1901 ANGLO-SAXON TEXTS. ANGLO-SAXON PROSE READER With Grammar and Vocabulary Combined. LV JAMES A. HABBISON, L.H.D., LL.D., W. H. BA8KEB7ILLE, PH.D. (Lipi.), Professor of English Language in ^•*'' Professor of English in I'anderbilt University of Virginia, University, Nashville, Tenn. 200 pp. x2mo. Cloth. Price, $i.ao, ntt. In the preparation of this manual the Editors have had in view, first, the supply of new and fresh elementary prose texts for the use of students and teachers desirous of varying the Anglo-Saxon primers and readers now before the public; second, a more complete and prac- tical presentation of working forms in the grammar proper. During the progress of the work of preparation, friendly and valuable suggestions were received from Professors Bright, Mead, W. Calloway, Jr., and Blackburn. By the same Authors, A Handy Poetical Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. BASED ON GBOSCHOPP'S QREIN. Edited, RE\nsKD, and Corrected, with Grammatical .\ppksdix, List of Irregular Verbs, and Brief Etymological Featvrks. 318 pp. 8vo. Half Leather. Price, $340, net. In preparing this edition of Groschopp's Revised Grein's Poetical Lexicon of the Anglo- Saxon Language, several new and important features have been introduced; the prominent ones are: — 1. A Grammatical Appendix intended to convey in brief but explicit form a working Out- line of Anglo-Saxon Grammar. 2. Cognate words from the Icelandic, Gothic, Old High German and Modern German, intended to show some of the etymological connections of the Anglo-Saxon poetic vocabulary. 3. A List of the Irregular Verbs occurring in Anglo-Saxon Poetry. 4. The use of Antique Type in the definitions of words, by which the modem English derivative may be directly traced to the Anglo-Saxon original. The present volume contains all words in Anglo-Saxon Poetry, affording students of Old English a handy volume by means of which any poem of that time may be read and sttidied. Also AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR WITH A LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 66 pp. 8vo. Cloth. Price, 60 cents, net. A. S. BARNES & CO., Publishers, 156 FIFTH AVENUE, - - - - NEW YORK SYNTAX OF THE YEHB SCHOOL OF TEUTONIC LANGUAGES No. II. Edited by JAMES A. HARRISON, Pkofkssou of Teitontc lAycvAfiHS ', SYNTAX OF THE VERB IN THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE FROM 787 A.D. TO 1001 A.D. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the XJNtVERsixY of Virginia for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY HUGH MERCER BLAIN, M.A. NEW YORK A. S. BARNES AND COMPANY 1901 Copyright, 1901 By a. S. Barnkh and Compant All rights reserved TO MY FATHER 814983 PREFACE. The object of this paper is to furnish a nucleus for a " Working Syntax of the Anglo-Saxon Verb." My original plan was to combine the results of this research with other treatises on the Verb in Anglo-Saxon (as suggested by Professor Chase in his " Bibliography of Anglo-Saxon Monographs "), thus forming a convenient working syntax of the verb. After much labor and delay, however, in endeavoring to obtain the necessary books and dissertations, I decided to present this part of the work, with the hope that I may be able in the near future to carry out the original plan. The research is for the most part limited to the Parker (A) and Laud (E) MSS. of the Chronicle, between the years 787 and 1001, as being representative of the whole Chronicle. It is im- possible here, — even were it necessary, — to discuss the origin of the Chronicle, the relative value of the MSS., and their dates of writing. For the full discussion of these important points, I would refer to Vol. II. of Earle and Plummer's " Two Saxon Chronicles Parallel." It is only necessary to state that this valuable authority concludes that the entries in the Parker MS. (787 to 1001) were made not long after the events which they describe, while the Laud MS. was written between the years 1121 and 1154. Thus our work is a comparison of the Anglo-Saxon Prose Syntax of the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries with that of the twelfth. In case of doubtful points, however, the conclu- sions are based on the whole text as found in Vol. I. of Earle and Plummer. In general arrangement I have followed Eeussner's " Untersuch- ungen liber die Syntax des Verbums im Heiligen Andreas," but viii PREFACE. wiili numeroCis variations. Although there is necessarily little claim to ongiiiality in general, I would call especial attention to the treatment of Number and Person, which is original in both order and contents. Other books from which I have gleaned valuable suggestions are : March's " Anglo-Saxon Grammar," Sweet's " Xew English Grammar," Nader's " Syntax in Beowulf," Blackburn's " Future in Old English," Smith's " Order of Words in Anglo-Saxon Prose," Smith's " Collective in Modern English," Gori-ell's "Indirect Dis- course in Anglo-Saxon," Harrison's " French Syntax " (condensed by H. M. Blain), Harrison and Baskerville's " New Anglo-Saxon Reader," Gildersleeve's " Latin Grammar," numerous issues of Auglia and Modem Language Publications, and the author's " Subordinate Clauses in Judith." I am especially indebted to Prof. J. A. Harrison, of the Uni- versity of Virginia, for his ready aid at all times and f(tr the general oversight of the whole work. Although one among many bearing on the same subject, it is my hope that this little monograph may serve to hasten, and may even furnish some suggestions to be incorporated in the much- needed " Working Syntax of Anglo-Saxon." CONTENTS. A. — Voices. I. Active: — §§ 1-4, Periphrastic forms. § 5, Indef. man. II. Passive: — § 6, Formation. § 7, Present. § 8, Pret. §9, Perf. § 10, Plup. §§11, 12, Fu- ture. § 13, Imperat. § 14, Infin. B. — Tenses. I. Simple: — §§ 15-19, Present. §§ 20-24, Pret. II. Compound:— §§ 26, 27, Perf. §§ 28, 29, Plup. § 30, Fut. formed by sc«/a« and m7/an, + Inf. §31,Fut. Perf. § 32, Condit. III. Sequence : — § 33, Prin. Clause, Present ; Dep. Clause, Pres. or Imperf . §§ 34, 35, Prin. Clause, Pret.; Dep. Clause, Pret. (pres.). C. — Number and Person. I. Agreement of pred. with single subject : — § 37, Agreement of vb. with subj. §§ 38-44, Collectives : here, fierd, laf, tSeod, sumer-lida, eaca, unfritSJlota, dcel, tSeodsci/pe. §§ 42-44, Rel. Pron. Subj. § 45, '5cet as subj. § 46, hiccet as subj. § 47, Feala. § 48, Monig mon, tntpnig secg. § 49, ma with foil. gen. §§ 50, 51, Numerals. II. Agreement of pred. with more than one subject: — § 53, Sub- jects. . . . plur. vb. § 54, Vb. . . . Subj. § 55, Aux. . . . Subj. . . . particip. § 56, Sing. subj. . . . vb. . . . additional subj. § 58, Vb. + Subj. + mid-phrase. § 59, Subj. + vb. -|- mjc?-phrase. § 60, Subj. -f »j/c?-phrase. . . + vb. D. — Moods. I. Principal Clause ; — § 61, Indie. § 62, Subj. § 63, Imperat. § 64, Subj. used imperatively. II. Dept. Clauses: — 1. Subject Clauses: §§ 65, 66, Ind. ; § 67, Subj. 2. Obj. Clauses : §§ 68-70, Ind. ; §§ 71-73, Subj. § 74, App. obj. clauses. 3. Rel. Clauses: §§ 75, 76, Ind.; § 77, Subj. 4. Temp. Clauses: § 80, Zonne = cum ; § 81, 3a = cum ; § 82, .swd (sona swd) ; § 83, 5a hwile tSe ; § 84, tSrt hwile tJe lengest ; § 85, |>aes he, si^an ; § 87, ar -f Ind. ; § 88, aer -f Subj. ; § 90, o(J, etc., -f Ind. 5. Causal Clauses : § 91, ^if^forZan Zmt, fnr1i(vvi ^e, for^i Zet, foils 1/ 'Se, mid 3rem tScet. 6. Cond. Clauses: § 92, Ind.; §§ 93, 94, Subj. 7. Concess. Clauses: § 95, Ind. ; §§ 96. 97, Subj. 8. Consec. Clauses: §98, Ind.; § 99, Temp, meaning; § 100, Subj. 9. Final Clau.ses : § 101, Subj. with tScet (swd •ScEt] ; 10. Modal Clauses: § 103, swd (. . . swd) ; § 104. tices 3e. CONTENTS. E. — Infinitive. § 105, Simple Inf. with aux. vbs. § 106, luf. ojiiittod. § 107. Inf. (or Inf. 4-obj.) after traus. vbs. § 108, vb. + obj. Inf. (+obj.) §§109-111, Simple Inf. after Intraus. vbs. §§ 112, 113, Inf. with to. F. — I'akticiples. I. Present part. : — §§ 115, 116, Attrib. u.^e. §§ 117, 118, Predic. §119, Snbst. II. I'crf. part. : — §§ 121, 122, Attrib. §§ 123, 124, I'redic. §§ 125, 126, Agree- ment of i)art. § 127, Subst. § 128, Used for a dcj). clause, pure part. § 129, Verbal Subst. G. — Auxiliary Vkkiis. § 131, WeorZan as notional verb. § 132, Ilahlmu a.s notional verb. § 133, Dun. § 134, Cunnan. § 135, Diirran. §§ 136, 137, Miujan. § 138, Zurfan. § 139. H7//an = desire. § 140, 141, IF/Y/an — futurity. § 142, Wiltan as notional verb. § 143, Sculan as aux. vb. § 144, Pret. of scnlan + Inf. = futurity. § 145. Other uses of sculan. 11. — Government of Verbs. § 147, Vbs. with ace. § 148, Dat. § 149, Gen. § 150, Two cases. § 151, Retiex vbs. § 152, lutr. vbs. § 153, Impers. vbs. EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. The text used is that of Earle and Plummer. Reference is made by means of annals, unless the annal covers more than a page, in which case the page is generally given in addition. The letters t, h, m, 1, b, suflixed to page references indicate top, high, middle, low, bottom. The letters A, E, C, F, etc., indicate the MS. to which the example belongs, — A being the Parker MS., and E the Laud MS. Examples with no capital letter following the annal occur in both A and E, the text being that of E. M= the Menologium. A small figure in parenthesis, following an example, indicates the number of similar examples in the same annal. THE VERB. A. — VOICES. ACTIVE. § 1. It is necessary here merely to call attention to one or two circumlocutions which were in use in Old English, though not to the extent that they are employed in Modern English. § 2. The periphrastic forms corresponding to the modem English ivas (fighting^, were {Jighting}, are not in frequent use in the Chronicle, and are only vaguely differentiated from the simple preterit. In almost every case these forms are from the verbs feohtan and winnan, although the simple preterits of these verbs are found with the same meaning. [See Sweet, N. E. G., § 2203, foil.] fa ut resde on hine, and hine mycckim gewundode, and he ealle on Sone cining feohtende wseron, o6 pet hig hine ofslsegen haefdon, 755, p. 49 1. Her com micel sciphere on Waest Wealas, and hi to anum gecyrdon, and wiS Ecgbriht Waest Seaxna cining winnende wseron, 835. and ])y ilcan geare ferde to Rome mid mycclum wurSscipe, and pger wunade • XII • monaS, 855 E. Cf. . . ., and pser was • XII • monap wuniende, 855 A. and hi late on geare to J)am gecyrdon, pset hi wi5 Jjone here winnende wseron, 867. Her on fisum geare com Anlaf . . . mid . . . scipum, and hi Sa on Sa burh festlice feohtende waeron, and eac hi mid fyre ontendan woldon, 994 E. Her com se here to exanmuSan, and up Sa eodan to Sere byrig, and |)aer fgestlice feohtende waeron, ac him man swySe faestlice wiSstod, 1001 E. 1 2 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. § 3. lu several iiistauces tlie idea of coutiauity is more prominent (= " proceeded to "). and J»oer wearS Sidrac eorl ofslflegen. . . . and )»a hergas begen geflymde, and feala |>usendaofslagenra,:ind onfeohtende waeron oS niht, and ))a!S ynib • xiiii • niht gefeaht .-ESered cining . . ., 871. and J)y geare Ilealfdene NorSunhymbra land gedadde, and hergeude weron, and heora tiligende wuTon, 87G. and ]>xs on Eastrou wrohte /Elfred cyning lytle werede geweorc aet /ESelinga ige, and of pam geweorce waes winnende wis )>one here, 878. § 4. In the following sentence the participle is used as a substantive : Nil wille ic hit segge mid worde pxt hwa swa halt ))is write and )>is bode, \>a, wurSe he efre wuniende (= a dweller) mid God .Elmiliti on heuenrice, 675 E. p. 3G b. § 5. The indefinite man with an active verb, instead of the regular passive construction, is found throughout the Chronicle, — frequently instead of the definite pronoun hie. and hine man ofsloh pa, 787. and man gehalgodo on his steal Ecgberht . . . and Wulfred [wjes] to arceb gehalgod, 803 E. 8o 794 E. 796 E. 797 E. 798 E. 82o. 871. 877. 878. 892 A. 894 A, p. 8G ].; p. 87 t. 896 A. 897 A, p. 91 m. 901 A (2). 906 A. 913 A. 918 A. 962 A. 963 E, p. 116 (3) : p. 117 b (3). 975 A. 993 A. 991 E. 992 E. 993 E. 994 E (rep.). 998 E. 999 E (2). 1001 E (2). PASSIVE. i; 6. The Passive is formed by the past i)articiple with the auxiliary verbs hPon, nraan, and unn'^an (^(jcweor^nn). § 7. The Present Passive is formed by the perfect participle with the present forms of Mon, wesan, and ^vcortitm. eoni, etc. : hie gedydon on anre westre ceastre on Wirhealum, sec is Legaceaster gehaten, 894 A. p. 88 t. VOICES — PASSIVE. 3 pset is Meres ig haten, 895 A. and his hauda sindon on Bebbanburh ungebrosnode, 641 E. beon, etc. : and ic wille ])et j)us be gifen se toll. . . . And ic wille pset markete beo in ))e selue tun, 963 E, p. 116 b. So 675 E, p. 36 m. ; p. 31 h. weor^an : and hwa swa hit to breceS, l>a wurSe he amansumed and aniSrod mid ludas and mid ealle deoiie on lielle baton he cume to dedbote, 675 E, p. 37 t. § 8. The Preterit is formed by the perfect participle with the preterit of weor'Sctn and ivesan. iveor'&an : twfBgen aldormen wurdon of slagene, 821. se ealdorman waerS of sloegen, 837 E. and J>8er gehorsade wurdon,866. and se dsel }?e ])8er aweg com wurdon on fleame generede, 894 A, p. 87 b. Ne wearS Angelcynne nan wsersa daed gedon, 979 E. and j/0er wearS para Denescra micle ma ofslegenra, 1001 A. fonne wearS )7ser aefre purh sum ]nng fleam astiht, 998 E. So also : 794 E (2), 822. 833. 838 A. 853 A. 866. 870 1. 871 (6). 881. 885. 887. 892. 893 A. 894 A, p. 87 b (2). 896 A. 897 A (2). 905 A (2). 925 A. 937 A. 948 E. 962 A. 959 E (2). 975 A ■ (3). 978 1. 1001 A (2). 894 A, p. 87 h ; p. 87 m. wesan : Her wses sinoS gegaderod, 788 E. and aefter him wses Paschalis to papan gehalgod, 815 E. 816 A. and ])aer wses my eel wsel geslaegen, 823. So also : 789 E (4). 790 (2). 791 E. 792 E (3). 793 E (2). 794 (2). 795 E (3). 800 E (2). 800 1. (wceron omitted). 802. 806 E. 830 (2). 838 A. 852 E (A has wear^). 867 (2). 871 (3). 878. 882. 887. 890 A. 89i A (2). 894 A, p. 87 t ; p. 87 h ; p. 87 1. 895 A. 897 A (7). 901 A. 905 A. 911 A. 921 1, p. 103 t (2). 922 A. 925 E. 937 A. 942 1. 963 E (9). 972 E. 973 A (5). 975 A (3). 975 E. 978 E. 979 E (2). 984. 985 E. 987 E. 988 E. 989 E. 991 E (2). 993 E. 996 E. 1001 A. 4 VERBS IN TIIK ANGLO-SAXON. § 9. The Perfect is formed by eotn, etc. witli ihe perfect participle, and fre(iueutly denotes a condition or state. The par- ticiple in this case approaches the meaning of an adjective. Ic tySe I'iet eallu \>a |'ing \>e her is gifen and sprecon. and . . . yG3E, p. 117 h. § 10. The Pluperfect follows in its formation that of the preterit. It is equivalent to the Latin Pluperfect Passive. ne com se here oftor ealle ute of \mm setuin ))onne tuwwa, o)>re s\\>e )>a hie aerest to londe comon, aer sio fierd gesamnod wcere, 894 A, p. 84 b. and 8a Deniscan sseton fser behindan, for)>8em hiora cyning waes gewundod on paem gefeohte, 894 A, p. 86 1. § 11. The Future is sometimes formed by the present of b^on and weor^an with the perfect participle : paucod wurS hit )»on li.Tge .iElmihti God )iis wurSscipe ])aet her is gedon, 656 E, p. 30 m. and hwilc abbot }>e he\> )»aer coren of ))e munecan ))aet he beo gebletsad of J>an aercebiscop of Cantwarbyrig, 675 E, j). 36 m. § 12. The Future is also formed by sceal and the jussive infinitive. Nu sceal beon ipfre on li abbod na?s biscop, and )'am sculou [beon] underj'U'dde ealle Scotta biscopes, 56") E. § 13. The Imperative is formed willi ivcor^an (or wesan) and the perfect participle. There is no example of pure impera- tive in the Chronicle. and hwa swa hit to brecoS, J»a wurSo he amansumed and anifirod . . . 675 E, p. 37 t. (Subj as Iniperat.) § 14. The Inlinitive is fornii'd ]>y the infinitive of weortSan (or wesan) witli the jK'rfect participle. Tlie Chronicle has not a single infinitive passive. THE TENSES— PRESENT. B. — THE TENSES OF THE VEEB. USE OF THE SIMPLE TENSES. PKESENT. § 15. The Present Tense is used of that which is going on now, denoting action as well as state. aud his lie liS on Wintanceastre, 855 E. and py ilcan geare for se here of Sigene to Scandlaudan, |>et is betwix Bryttum and Francum, 890. . . . seteowde se steorra pe mon on boclseden haet cometa, same men cwepa}) ou Englisc paet hit sie feaxede steorra, for]?aem paer stent lang leoma of . . . 892 A. se muSa is on eastwarde Cent. ... J^e we Andrsed hataS, se wudu is . . . hundtwelftig mihx lang, 892 E (893 A). pa gegaderedon fa pe in Norphymbrum bugeaS, 894 A, p. 86 1. So also : 860 (2). 871. 874. 888. 962 A. 963 E, p. 115 b. 973 A (rep.). 979 E. 1001 A (rep.). § 16, In the following example the Preterit would be more natural : and hine geces pa to fseder and to hlaforde Scotta cyning and . . . and ealle pa pe on jSTorphyrabrum bugeap . . . 924 A. The clause Sa 3e on Hor^hymhrum hugeatS is regularly used as a noun (= the inhabitants of Northumbria), and the scribe does not see fit to change the tense in this instance. § 17. The following show the simple Present where in Modern Enghsh we regularly use the c?o-form : Ic Wulfere gife to daii See Fetre ... 656 E. Ic ^dgar geate and gife to d?ei toforen Gode . . . 963 E. [See under the auxiliary verb do?i (§ 133).] § 18. The Historical Present is rare, the preterit being almost invariably employed. Marcus se godspellere in Egipta aginp writan paet godspell, 47 F. 6 VKRHS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. § 19. The Present is regularly used for the future in Old English, but it seldom occurs in this capacity in the Chronicle. Instead is found the circumlocution with sculan and willan, from which our Modern English future is derived. and gif hwa cow wiSstent, we eow fultumiaS, J>aet ge hit nuigon gegangan, p. 3 E. pancod wur8 hit J)ou haege iElmihti God J)is wurSscipe paet her is gedon, and ic wile wurSigen J)is daei Crist and See Peter, 65G E, p. 30 lu. and hwilc abbot Jje hep J>fer coren of pe munecan [ic wille"] paet he beo gebletsad . . . 075 E, p. 30 ui. PRETERIT. § 20. The Preterit states a past action, without any refer- ence to the present (Historical Perfect). It is the great narrative tense, and is found in almost every line of the Chronicle. Her nora Beorhtric cyning offan debtor Eadburge ; and on his daguin cuomon aerest • iii" scipu, and pa se gerefa J>cTerto gerad, and hie wolde drifan to pses cyninges tune l>y he nyste hwset hie wseron ; and liieiie men of slog ; p?et waeron pa arestan scipu Deniscra monna pe Angelcynnes lond gesoliton, 787. Et al. ad infin. § 21. The Preterit denotes continuance in the past, and is employed to represent customs, conditions, feelings, etc. The analytical form is generally employed. [For examjUes, see § 3.] J)a wicode se cyng on neaweste J)are byrig, pa hwile pe hie hira corn gerypon, paet . . . 890 A. A doubtful example is : and pa swi8e rape refter paeim, swa pa opre ham comon, pa fundon hie opif Hocradc, 917 A. Also : pa gewendon hi geond pa?t laud, and dydon call swa hi bewuna wapron, slogon and beorndon, 1001 E. § 22, The Preterit represents an action as completed in tlie past, or a condition resulting from the completed action (= Lat. Pres. Perf.). THE TENSES — FORMATION AND USE. 7 and J>aer f»8et mseste wael geslogou on hseSene here pe we aefve gesecgan herdoii (cf. Vulgar "heard tell of"), 851. Her for se myccla here J>e we gefyru £er ymbspraecon, 892 E (893 A). § 23. The Preterit sometimes has the meauiug of a Plu- perfect. paet waerou J?a aerestau scipu Deniscra uionua pe Angelcynnes lend gesohton, 787. and 3a Deniscan saeton paer behindan, forp?em hiora cyning waes gewundod on psera gefeohte . . . 894 A, p. 86 t. pa hie 'Sa fela wucena steton on twa healfe })cer[e] e, and se cyng wass west on Defnum wij) J)one sciphere, pa wteron hie mid metelieste gewsegde . . . 894 A, p. 87 1. § 24. The Preterit is also employed with the meaning of a Conditional. Her bsed Burgrced Miercna cyning and his wiotan iE}>ehvulf cyning ps&t he him gefultuuiade pset him Nor}) Walas gehiersu- made, 853 A. and Burhcred Myrcena cining and his witan bsedon ^Selred West Seaxna cining and Alfred his broSor J>et hi him fultu- medon, 868. and he him aSas swor and gislas sealde, ]>et hit him georo wsere swa hwilce dsege swa hi hit habban woldon, 874. pa gerjedde se cyng and ealle his witan foet man gegaderode J)a scipu ... 992 E. and wrohton pset mseste yfel pe sefre aenig here don mihte (could have done) . . . 994 E. cume to J)aet mynstre . . . and haue foet i'l'ce forgiuenesse . . . paet he scolde haueu gif he to Eonie fore, 675 E, p. 36 1. FORMATION AND USE OF THE COMPOUND TENSES. § 25. In addition to the use of the simple Preterit as a Perfect and Pluperfect (§§ 22 and 23), these tenses are formed by an auxiliary verb with the perfect participle. § 26. The Perfect of transitive verbs is formed in the active by the present of habban with the perfect participle. 8 VERBS IN TIIK ANGLO-SAXON. Ic bane geheord seo kyuiuges .^Selredes geornunge . . . and ic wille I)a?t hit on a?lle wise beo, swa swa ge hit sprecou huuen, G7o E, p. 3G li. ac hine hafaS his heofonlica fieder swi?5e gewrecen. ... Ac se uplica Wrecend hafaS his geuiynd on heofenum, and on eoiSan tobra;d, 971) E. For the Perfect Passive, see § 9. § 27. The Perfect of intransitive verbs is formed by the present of the substantive verb with the perfect participle. It generally expresses the condition (state) arising from an uncom- pleted action. GO niin broSer is faren of J)isse liue swa swa Crist wolde, 656 E, p. 29 b. § 28. The Pluperfect of transitive verbs is formed in the active by the preterit of hahhan with the perfect participle. Her Ecgbriht cining forS ferde, and hine a>r hirfde Offa ^lyr- cena cining, and Byrhtric Waest Siexna cining aflymde . . . 836. and hi haefdon heora cining aworpene Osbriht, 867. pa . . . and sc here J)a burg beseten haefde, 894 A, p. 87 t. fand ])a liidde in ])a ealde wealle writes ])et Headda abb Iroafde fer gewriton, liu Wulfhere kyng and .ESelrod his broSor hit hi-afden wrolit, 963 E, p. 116 t. So also : 894 A, ad init. (2) ; p. 85 : p. 86 1 ; p. 86 b ; p. 87 1. 895 A (3). 896 A (2). 897 A. 901 A. 905 A. 917 A. 918 A. 921 A, p. 102 ni. 1001 A (2). For tlie Plu])erfect Passive, see § 10. § 29. The Phi]H'rfect of intninsiiive verbs of motion is f<»rmeet hit him georo woere swa hwilce daege swa lii hit habban woldon, 874. and saede )>aet he wolde oSer o5Se jiaer libban o3Se )>£er licgan, 901 A. bed him pet lie scolde him giuen ealle \>a, minstre J)a lia-Sene men haifden xr tobiocou, 903 K, p, 1151. So also : 852 A. 853 A. 87G. 878. 887. 894 A, ad init. 896 A. 921 A (3). 946 A. 948, E. 972 E. 992 E. 994 E (2). 999 E. § 35. Under similar circumstances the Present is sometimes found in the Dependent clause. § 36. For fuller treatment, see the auxiliary verbs, sculan and willan. C — XUMliER AND PERSOX. AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH A SINGLE SUBJECT. § 37. The tinite verb agi-ees with the subject in number and person. Ic iEdgar geate and gife todaei toforen Gode . . . 963 E, p. 116. So p. 117, etc. Saxulf la leof, ne J)et an ptrt (Su geornest oc ealle )»a }>ing j'oet ic wat pet 5u geornest on ure Drihtnes halfe, swa ic lufe and tytSe, 656 E, p. 31 1. and he feng to Karles dohter Francua ciuing pa he hamweard waes, 855 E. Her on pysum gcare for se micla here, pe we gefyrn ymbe sprajcon . . . 893 A. We witan oper egland her be easton, per ge magon eardian gif ge willaJJ, p. 3 E. and on his dagum oomon an-pst • iii • scipu NorSmanna of Her('«a lande, 787. Etc. § 38. If the suliject is a collective noun in the sin*rular, the verb stands sometimes in the singular, sometimes in the pluiul. NUMBER AND PERSON. 11 § 39. If there is only one predicate, the verb is generally in the singular, the plural is the exception. This depends upon the thought that is uppermost in the mind of the speaker. If the idea of plurality prevails, the verb is in the plural. here and fierd : Her for se here of East Englum ofer HumbremuSan, 867. So also : 871. 875. 877. 881. 885 A (2). 887. 891 A. 894 A, p. 86 t.; p. 80 m. ; p. 87 t. 895 K. 896 A (2). 897 A. 921 A, p. 103 t. 992 E. 999 E. The following example is worthy of notice : and hi })anon ferdon and iorohto)i j'set maeste yfel pe tefre senig here don mihte^ 994 E. We find one example with a single plural verb after here : and hi fa under J^am hi nihtes bestaelon fsere fyrde se gehorsade here into Exanceastre, 876. laf: and seo lafe vvi3 pone here fryS nam, 867. Hieod: and seo J>eod gesohte Ecgbriht cining him to friSe, 823. sumer-Uda : and aefter pisum gefeohte com mycel sumerHda to Readingum, 871. eaca : and him com micel eaca to, aegj'er ge of East Enghim, ge of ISTorjjhymbrum, 894 A, p. 87 h. "Seodscyjje : and him cierde to call se feodscype on Myrcna- lande, 922 A. unfrltiflota : and seo unfriSflota waes fses sumeres gewend to Ricardes rice, 1000 E. dcel : ]>a, wende se here j)get his fultumes se msesta dael wgere on peem scipum, 911 A. and him beag god docl paes folces to, 913 A. ))a pses on sumera foron micel dsel para burgwara, and eac swa opres folces . . . 896 A. Out of 30 examples, only 2 show the plural. § 40. With two or more predicates the tendency is to pluralize all after the first or second. But there are many (10) examples of two singular verbs, and one of six. The transition 12 VERBS IX Tin: ANGLO-SAXON. is always from singular to i)lural. Sometimes the subject pro- noun is expressed, sumetimes uoL Two verbs in singular : Her for se here eft to Eoferwic ceastre, and )>£er saet an gear, 869. So : 875. 879. 882. 883. 884. 885 E. 921 A, p. 1021. 921 A, p. 103 t. ; p. 103 1. Her for se here of Circenceastre on East Engle, and gesaet past land and gedaelde, and |>y ilcan geare for se liere ofer sse Jje on Fullanhamme saet on Frangland to Gent, and saet faer an gear, 880. Two or more predicates, all plural after first or second : Her com micel sciphere on Wiest Wealas, and hi to anum gecyrdon, and wi5 Ecgbriht Waest Seaxna cining winnende waeron, 835. and on his dsege com niycel sciphere up, and abraecon Wint- anceastre, 800. So: 865 A. 865 E. 866. 808. 870. 872. 873 A. 874. 876. 877. 878. 885 (2). 886. 887. 890. 893 A (892 E). 894 A, p. 84 b. ; p. 85; p. 87 b {dceOj. p. 88 t (laf); p. 88 h. 897A, p. 89 b. 910 E. 911 A. 917 A. 918 A (2). 920 A. 921 A, p. 101 m ; p. 101 b ; p. 102 h (2) ; p. 102 in. 922 A. p. 103 1. 993 E. 994 E. 997 E. 998 E. 999 E. 1001 E. § 41. A following dependent clause always serves to bring out the idea of plurality. and ]>a, sealde se here him gislas, and mycele aSas, \>et hi of his rice woldon, and liim eac geheton )»et heora cyng fulwihte onfon wolde, 878. So : 894 A, p. 85. 805 A. 021 A, p. 103 ni. § 42. If the subject is a relative, the verb agrees with the idea contained in the antecedent. Her for se here eft west )>e rer east gelondo, 886. So : 894 A, p. 86 m. 895 A, ad lin. 921 A, p. 101 1 ; p. 103 t ; p. 103 ni; p. 10:5 1. 922 A (2). ^Vc tind i>iie exception: and se dad )'e I'ut aweg com wurdon on floame generede, 894 A, p. 87 b. NUMBER AND TERSON. 13 § 43. Sometimes a plm-al verb appears after a relative which refers to a collective in the singular. and waes se cyng ]>a, jnderweardes on faere, mid psere scire pe mid him fierdedon, 894 A, p. 86 t. § 44. Earely the verb stands in the singular, when the rela- tive (Se refers to the genitive of the demonstrative (Sara), and this depends upon a singular. This is a case of attraction. He arerde Godes lof wide, and Godes lage lufode, and folces friS bette, swiSost fara cyninga, pe aer him gewurde, be manna gemynde, 959 E, p. 114 b. § 45. The neuter substantival demonstrative ^cct (^ Sis) often points out a following predicate substantive ; in this case the verb agi'ees with the predicate. ))is sindon ])a landes and 5a feonnes fe seo kyning gef into See Petres mynstre, 656 E, p. 31 1. 'pset wseron pa erestan scipu Deniscra manna ]>e Angel cynnes land gesohton, 787. We find the plural of the demonstrative used in the same way : fas sindon ]>a. witnes fe faer waeron, 656 E, p. 31 b. § 46. The same incongruity occurs with the neuter substan- tival interrogative hwcct : . . . and hi wolde dvifan to pes cyninges tune py he nyste hwset hi wseron, 787. § 47. Fela (fcala), with (or without) following genitive, takes a singular or plural verb indifferently. and heora feala psev adruncon, 794 E. and ]>seT wseron feala ofslaegene, 852 E. (peer wearj? monig mon ofslfegen, 853 A). fela wearS todrrefed gleawra Godes Seowa, 975 A, p. 120 m. and l^aer weartJ fela ofslegenra, 1001 A. § 48. Monig mon, mcenig secg, are followed by a singular verb. 14 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. and faer wear)> monig mou ofslaegen, 853 A. paer Iseg secg maeiiig gar urn ageted, 937 A, p. 106 b. § 49. Ma wiili fullowing genitive has a singular verb. and J»ara Deuiscena }>£er weartJ ma ofslaegen, )>eh hie wsel stowe gewald ahton, 905 A. and )»a'r wear8 j'ara Denescra micle ma ofslegenra, )»eah Se hie woelstowe geweald ahtau, lOUl A. § 50. Numerals regularly take the verb in the singular. and ))y ilcau geare com feorpe liealf hand scipa on Temese muj)an, 851. and faer forwearS • cxx • scipa set Swanawic, 877. and Engliscra • Ixii • and j)ara Deniseena • cxx • ))a com faem Deuiscum scipum ))eh ter tied to, 897 A, p. 91 m. )>y ilcan sumera forwearS noloes )>onne • xx • scipa mid monnum mid ealle, 897 A, p. 91 1. § 51. In one place // occurs in the plural, and is followed by a plural verb. fife Isegun on J)am campstede cyninges giunge sweordum aswefede. swilce seofene eac eorlas Anlafes, unrim heriges, flotan and Sceotta, 937 A, p. 108 h. AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE WITH MORE THAN ONE SUBJECT. § 52. In this case the form of the verb depends upon the order and connection of the subjects, § 53. The subjects stand tirst and the verb follows in the plural. Her Adrianus papa and Offa cining forSferden, 794. and Ceolwulf biscop and Eadbald biscop of jiaii Ian do aforon, 794. So: 799. 812. 833. 851. 853 A. 868. 871 (2). 910 E. 922 A, p. 103 b. § 54. The verb jjrecedes the subjects and agrees with the ncari'st. AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICATE. 15 and Jjy ilcan geare gefeaht Ecgberht West Seaxna cluing, and Beornulf Myrcena cining aet Ellaudune, 823. Her bsed Burgred Miercua cyning and his wiotan ^pelwulf cyning . . . 853 A. Her wfes wiS se cining Burhred, and Ceolred aerce biscop and Tunberht biscop and . . . 852 E. and for Godrum, and Oscytel, and Anwend, j)a ))ry ciningas of Hreopedune to Grantanbrycge, myd mycclum here, and saeton ])cer an gear, 875. So: 836. 871 (3). 903 A. 924 A. 992 E. 994 E (2). lOUl A. § 55. The first subject may be between the auxiliary and the participle of a compound tense. and jiaer wearS Sidrac eorl of slaegen se ealda. and Sidrac se geonga, and Osbeorn eorl, and . . . 871, p. 71 1. and J'ser wear)) Heahmund biscop ofslaegen, and fela godra manna, 871, p. 72 h. So : 905 A. 1001 A. § 56. Wlien a single subject precedes, and an additional subject is attached to the verb the latter depends exclusively on the preceding subject word. and Brlbtric cining forpferde and Worr aeldormon, 800. Her CuSred cining forSferde on Cantwarum. and Ceolburli abbe and Heardberht. Her Herebryht aldormon wses ofslaegen from hjepnum mon- num, and monige mid him on Merscwarum, 838 A. So : 894 A, p. 87 b. 897 A, p. 91 h. § 57. A singular subject with a mi^-phrase takes the .verb in the singular or plural according to the order of subject, verb, and phrase. § 58. If both the subject and the phrase follow the verb, the latter is generally in the singular, but sometimes in the plural. When there are two predicates, the second is in the pluraL and wis }jone here fuhton Osric ealdorman mid Hamtunscire, and ^Selwulf ealdorman mid Barruscire, . . . 860. (The only instance of the plural.) 16 VEKliS IN TllK ANGLO-SAXON. pa sona aefter ]>xm com Haesten mid • Ixxx • scipa up on Temese muSaii ... 893 A (892 E). \>a. rad se cyning mid firde . . . 901 A. So : 920 A. 923 A. 924 A. 934 E. 993 A. 1001 A. § 59. If the subject precedes and the phrase follows the verb, the latter is in the singular. Her Ceorl ealdorman gefealit wiS hetJene men raid Defene scire set Wicgeanbeorge, 851. Her Eanulf aldorman gefeaht mid Sumursaetum . . . 845 A. So: 919 A. § 60. The only example of both subject and phrase preced- ing the verb leaves us in doubt as to the number of the verb, the subject being already compound : Her Earnulf dux mid Sumorsaeton and Ealchstan biscop and Osric dux mid Dorsa?ton gefuhton aet Pedredan mufan wi5 Denisc[n]e here, 845 E. U — THE MOODS OF THE YERB. IN THE PRINCIPAL CLAUSE. § 61. The indicative is the prevailing mood in the Principal clause. In it stand without exce]>tion sentences which make an assertion or ask a question. Examples are not necessary. § 62. The Subjunctive in the Principal clause expresses a wish. Gif hwa pis tobrekoj) a!ni|>ing. See Petre mid liis sweord him adylige, 656 E, p. 33 m. and hwa swa liit tobreceS, Jni wurSe he amansumed, 675 E, p. 37 1. Gif liwa hit do(S, ))es ])apa curs of Rome and ealre biscope curs he habbe, 675 E, p. 37 1. Ac God him t,'ounne, )>a't his godc da-da swyft'ran wear?San, })0nnc misdii'da, 959 1'^ § 6?t. The I iiijK'iative exj»resses a coininaiul or an t'lilreaty. THE MOODS OF THE VERB. 17 and swa )m ham cume, do into jjiuan mynstre ))[as ylcan] hadesmenn, 995 F, p. 130 b. § 64 In the first and thii-d persons the Subjunctive is used imperatively. beo he of Englelande ouSer of hwilc oSer igland beo he, cume to pset mynstre on Medeshamstede, and haue ppet ilea forgiue- nesse of Criste and S. Peter. . . . G75 E, p. 36 1. IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES — SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. SUBJECT CLAUSES. § 65. The Indicative is found in Subject clauses in the following cases : and bin geces J)a to faxler and to hlaforde Scotta cyning and . . . and ealle J)a ]>e on ISTorJjhymbrum bugea]) . . . 924 A. CuS wees pet wide geond feola ]?eoda ])3et aferan Eadmund[es] ofer ganetes baS cyningas hine wide wurSodon side bugon to cyninge swa wses him gecynde, 975 E, p. 121 1. § 66. Sometimes the subject is already expressed in the Principal clause by means of IScet or hit. ]>a tidde hit on an Wodnes dei, pet wses on • iiii • idus lanru J>et se king rad in his derfold . . . 1123, p. 251 1. Ac pset ofer com Rome pet ofercumeS eall woruld poet is gold and seolure, 1123, p. 252 1. § 67. The Subjunctive is found in Indirect Discourse. and he stede pone cyng pfet hit wa^s togeanes riht poet man scolde setten clerc ofer muneces, 1123, p. 252 h. OBJECT CLAUSES. § 68. The Indicative is used when the Dependent clause states a fact as real or conceived as real. § 69. It is found after verbs of perceiving, thinking, saying, and like expressions. ongitan: pa onget se here pa-t hie ne mehton pa scypu utbrengan, 896 A. 18 VERBS IN Tin: AXGLO-SAXON. Nu we magoii ongytan pint manna wisdom, and smeagunga, and lioore radas syndon uahtlice ongeau Godes ge))eaht, 971) E. ijehyran : J)a on morgen gehyrdon pxt ]>es ciniges pegnas I>e him bajfton waeron paet se cining olslagen waes . . . 755, p. 49 h. secgan : and he soede J>oue cyng J)a?t hit wa^s togeanes riht paet man scolde setten clerc ofer muueces, 1123, p. 252 h. witan : and he wolde drifan to 8es cininges tuue J)y he nyste hwjet hi waeion, 787. Jivdnn : and se cyng haefde funden J)a^t him mon sa^t wiS on sup healfe Sa^fern miipan, 918 A. fand pahidde in J)a ealde wealle writes J)et Headda abb heafde aer gewriton, hu Wulfhere kyng and ^Elfred liis hroSor hit heafdeu wroht, and hu . . . 963 E, p. 116 1. (Tlie verb is here understood.) § 70. It is also found after verbs of affection. tSawctflw .• and se cyng and ealle his leode Gode pancode his angeancumes, and Jjset he swa geaerndod swatSan ealra leofuste wes, 995 F, ad fiu. § 71. The Subjunctive is used after verbs and expressions of perceiving, thinking, and saying, when the Dependent clause contains a statement that is doulttful or impossible, although it may be certain to the mind of the speaker, same men cwejjaj) on Euglisc J)8et hit sie feaxede steorrr, 892 A. and saede JJaet he wolde oSer o85e JJser libban o?J8e |iaer licgau, 901 A. treowsittn : and ealle wiS trywsodon pa-t hi woldon efen wy[r]hton beon on saj and on lande, 972 E. gphnwidn : pa sume dapgo rad se cyng uj) be pa?re fit*, and gehawade Iiwitt mon mehte pa ua forwyrcan . . . 896 A. be/iatan: and him pa Anlaf behetswa hchiteac geln»stc. phe naefre eft to Angelcynne mid unfriSe cumon nolde, 994 E. § 72. The Subjunctive is used after verbs of believing, supposing. THE MOODS OF THE VERB. 19 ivenan : J^a wencle se here }>a3t his fultuines se majsta dcel waere on pfEin scipuni, and pset hie niehten faran unbefohtene J?aer pser hie wolden, 911 A. ac hi par gefeordon niaran hearm and yfel ponne lii aefre wendon, pset heom aenig burhwarn gedon sceolde, 994 E. \)encan: and fuhton on pa burg ealve dseg, and pohton pait hie hie sceoklen abrecan, 921 A, p. 101 h. So : p. 101 1 ; p. 102 L § 73. The Subjunctive is always used after verbs of willing, wishing, entreating, commanding, permitting, and like expressions. biddan: Her baed Burgred Miercna cyniug and his wiotan ^pelwulf cyning pset he him gefultumade peet him Norp Walas gehiersumade, 853 A. So : 868. 963 E, p. 115 1. beodan : pa he Sa eft ]9onan utfaran wolde, pa het he beodan ofer ealle pa fird pcet hie foron ealle ut setsomne, 905 A. gehdtan : and him eac gehetou pet heora cyng fulwihte onfon wolde. tltSlau (ti/^i(ui) : Ic tySe paet ealle pa ping . . . paet hit stande, 963 E, p. 117 h. {ge)rmdan : and on pam geare man gersedde paet man geald serest gafol Deniscan mannum, for pam mycclan brogan pe hi wrohtan be pam sseriman, 991 E. p gersedde se cyng and ealle his witan poet man gegaderode pa scipu pe abtes wseron to Lundenbyrig, 992 E. So : 994 E. pa rnedde se cyng wiS his witan pset man sceolde mid scipfyrde, and eac mid laudfyrde him ongean faran, 999 E. ge-unnan : Ac God him geuune, paet his gode daeda swySran wearSan, ponne misdaeda, 959 E. willan : and ic wille ])et pus be gifen se toll, 963 E, p. 116 b. So: p. 117t; p. 117 h. § 74. An object clause sometimes, follows in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun (sometimes imderstood) which is the real object. 20 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. and lie liim aSasswor and gislas sealde, |>et hit liim georo wa?re swa hwilce du'ge swa hi hit habban woldon, 874. So : 876. 878. 918 A. 921 A, p. 103 m. 946 A (948 E). Ane misdaeda he dyde ))eah to swiSe, )»aet he ael}>eodige unsida lufode, 959 E. RELATIVE CLAUSES. § 75. The Indicative is the rule especially after affirmative Principal Clauses, wlien the relative clause denotes a fact or reality. Kelative clauses are introduced by 5e ; se, seo, tSwt ; se tie ; tiwr ; tSonon ; hwcer. fSe : )>{et wieron }»a erestan scipu Deniscra mauna )»e Angel cynues land gesohton, 787. and )>ser |)8et raa?ste wael geslogon on liaeSene here )>e we sefre gesecgan herdou, 851. . . . and ciningas jjagnas oft rada on riden J>e man na ne rimde. 871. So: 792 E. 827. 874. 87G. 878. 883. 885. 886. 887. 891 A. 892 A. 892 E (893 A). 894 A, p. 84 b ; p. 86 t ; p. 86 m ; p. 87 m ; p. 87 1 ; p. 88 h. 895 A. 896 A. 897 A. 901 A. 904 A. 905 A. 910 E. 912 A. 913 A. 918 A. 919 A. 920 A. 921 A. 922 A. 924 A. 959 E. 963 E (16). 972 E. 975 A. 975 E. 979 E. 991 E. 992 E. 999 E. 1001 A. se^ seo, tS(ef, tSces, fS"7n, (Snne, ^a .- and aerest wajs ^Elle SuSseaxna cining se ))us mycel haefde, 827. and .(ESelswiS cwaen seo waes /Elf redes swustor cyninges, 888. and py ilcan geare for se here of sigeue to Scandlaudan, pet is betwix Bryttum and Francum, 890. and Godrum se norStM-ne cyning forSferde, J>ses fulluht uama wjes iESelstan, 890. and waeron geseowene fyrene dracan on J'am lyfte fleogeude. ))am tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, 793 E. faer wjes blis micel, on |iam cadgan da^ge, eallum geworden, ))onne niSa beam ncmnaS and cigaS l\>ntecostenes du>g, 973 A. and fordiden ealhj ja niynstre )ni hi to comen, 870 E. So : 789 E. 796 E. 885. 890. 897 A, p. 91 b. 898 A. 909 A. 910 A. 963 E, p. 116 t ; p. 117 b. 792 E. 894 A, p. 88 1. .s27. 870 E. S86. 894 A ad init.; p. 86 1 ; j). 88 h. 895 A. 901 A. 905 A. 917 A. 921 A. p. 102 h. 959 E. 963 E, p. 115 m and b; p. 116 m audi; p. 117 m. 997 E. 871 E. 937 A, p. 109 h ; 975 A (2); 963 E, p. ll.-.l. THE MOODS OF THE VERB. 21 se Se ; and be wses se eahtoSa cluing se ])e Brytenwealda waes. 827. So: 984 A. ^CBv : and hi hindan ofridan ne mihte ser hi on J»ani feastene waeron ))ciei' him man to [ne] mihte, 877. So : 789 E. 894 A. ad init. 918 A. 921 A, p. 103 1 and m. 943 A. 963 E, p. 115 1. p. 116 t. ^onon, hivcer : and frie Scottas comon to .^Ifrede cyninge, on anum bate butan selcum gerej)rum of Hibernia, fonon hi hi bestrelon, forpon pe hi woldon for Godes lufan on elpiodignesse beon, hi ne rohtou hwaer (verb omitted), 891 A. § 76. The relative is sometimes omitted. and hi namon mid him |)get hi hgefdun to seofon nihtum mete, 891 A. ]>a fetsaetou Sa Centiscan \>ser beseftan ofer his bebod, and seofon cereudracan he him htefde to asend, 905 K. § 77. The Subjunctive is found in indirect discourse, de- noting an uncertainty, a possibility. Ipa. wende se here . . . faet hie mehten faran uubefohtene faer paer hie wolden, 911 A. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. § 78. The ruling mood in Temporal Clauses is the Indica- tive. § 79. The time-clause denotes an action contemporaneous with that of the principal clause. The conjunctions are : ^onne, iSd, (sonci) swd ; S« Ivwile Se. § 80. The conjunction ^onne is equivalent to the Latin cum, when, and is found with the Indicative only. and swa on mistlice beamas wses gehiwod, |Jonne hit dagian wolde, ])onne to glad hit, 979 C: and pone hi to scipon streddon, })onne sceolde fyrd ut eft ongean Jjaet hi up ■woldon, 1010 E. § 81. J>a (= cum) is frequently used, always with the In- dicative. and he feng to Karles dohter Francna cining J)a he hamweard wees, 855 E. 22 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. and J?a men ofblogen, j)a hi j)a Lannveard wteron mid I>iere herehufte, 885. So : 894 A, p. 84 b. p. 85. p. HG t. p. 8(5 h. p. 87 t (3), p._87 1. p. 88 t. 895 A (2). 890 A. 897 A. 9U5 A. 911 A. 9L'l A, p. 103 1. 973 A. 993 E. 999 E. § 82. Swit (^sona sw'(2), when, as, is followed by the In- dicative. and J)a swiSe rape a?fter pttiu, swa pa opie ham comon, pa fundon hie opre tiocrade, 917 A. py ilcan geare saende ^Elfred cyng sciphere of Csent on East Engle, sona swa lii comon on Sture nuiSan pa geraaetton hi • xvi • scipa wicinga, 885. So : 999 E. 894 A, p. 80 b. 998 E. 1001 E. § 83. '6a h wile iSe, wliile, takes the Indicative. pa paes on heerfaeste pa wicode se cyng on neaweste pare byrig, pa hwile pe hie hira corn gerypon, paet pa Deniscan him, ne mehton pii-s ripes forwiernan, 890 A. So : 913 A. 921 A, p. 102 b. 923 A. 903 E, p. 117 b. 975 E. § 84. a burg on sup healfe paere eas ser he ponan fore, 919 A. So : 894 A, p. 84 b. 897 A. 918 A. 920 A. § 89. The dependent clause denotes an action, up to which the action of the principal clause extends. The con j mictions are : oS, o33c, o'Q^cet, 'Sect. § 90. The Indicative is the mood when the action of the dependent clause is represented as certain. No examples with the Subjunctive are found in the Chronicle. and hi peah pa ceastre aweredau oSSet .Alfred cyng com uton mid fyrde, 885. . . . hie hergodon ofer Mercnaland oS hie comon to Crecca- gelade, 905 A. pa foron forS oppe hie comon to Lundenbyrg, 894 A, p. 86 m. and pa sseton hie ute on pam iglande apt Bradan Relice, op pone first pe hie wurdon swipe metclease, 918 A. and foron anstreces dfpges and nihtes, p»t hie gedydon on anre westre ceastre on Wirhealum, seo is Lega ceaster gehatcn, 894 A, p. 88 t. So : 894 A, p. 87 ni. 997 E. 1001 A (with oti^a-t). 24 VERBS IX TIIK ANGLO-SAXON. 921 A (4). 937 A. 942 A. 1001 A (2) (with o»). 918 A (with obUe). 896 A (2). 901 A. 918 A. 921 A, p. 101 1. 975 A, p. 120 b. 1001 A (with IScef). CAUSAL CLAUSES. § 91. These are introduced by {1Sij,for^an ^(rt,fortia{e)7n(tSe), fort5o}i{tie), fo7't5i tSet,foriii/ 8e, mid tScem ^cct. The Judicative is always used when a real reason is to be given. and hi cwaGSou ))aBt hi hira )»et to haiida heahlan scoldan, forSaii |)et heora nau nres of faedren halfe geboren butan him anum, 887. and hie wohle drifan to )'{es cyninges tune |>y he nyste hwaet hie waeroii, 787. ac wala fast hi to hraSe bugon and flugon, for))am })e hi nsef Jon fultum )>e hi habban sceoldan, 999 E. same men cwe])a)) on Englisc ]>xt liit sie feaxede steorra, for- |)gem )>aer stent lang leoma of, 892 A. bed him \>Qt he scolde him giuen ealle ))a miustre )»a hteSene men hrefden aer tobrocon, forSi ))et he hit wolde geeadnewion, 9G3 E, p. 115 L fset wses forSy )je hie waeron benumene aegSer ge ))8es ceapes, ge paes corues, Se hie gehergod haefdon, 895 A. Ac hie wffiron micle swij)or gebrocede on ]\nem ))rim gearura mid ceapes cwikle and monua, ealles swi))ost mid paem |)»t manige )>ara selestena cynges )>ena ))e paer on londe waerou forS- ferdon on ))aem |)rim gearum, 897 A, p. 90 t. So : Sy .• 823. 830 A. Jor1i„n iSat : 9G3 E, ji. 115 m. for^am »e.- 959 E. 1001 A. 1001 E. for^onlSe: 891 A. 901 A. forlion: 918 A. for^cem : 894 A, p. 80 t. 895 A. for^em Se .• 894 A, p. 86 b. for^ij «e .• 897 A. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. § 02. The Indicative is the mood, if the condition is repre- sented as certain and real, or if the relation of cause and result is to be expressed without reference to the certainty of it. THE ]\IOODS OF THE VERB. 25 We witan ofer egland her be easton, ))er ge magon eardian gif ge vvillaS, and gif hwa eow wiS stent, we eow fultumiaS, fset ge hit magon gegangan, p. 3 E. Gif hwa hit doS, fes papa curs of Rome and eahe biscope curs he habbe, and here ealre \>e her be gewitnesse, 675 E, p. 37 1. § 93. The Subjunctive is used when the condition is rei)re- sented as merely conceived, supposed, or possilile — Ideal. ]ia gegaderade ^Elfred cyning his fierd, and for pset he gewicode betwuh ))?em twam hergum, J)a?r ))a?r he niehst rymet hoefde for wudu faesteune, ond for wseterfaestenne, swa faet he mehte segjierne geraecan gif hie senigne feld seca'n wolden, 894 A, p. 84 1. and sceoldan ('they were to') cunnian gif hi muhton ])one here ahweer utene betrseppen, 992 E. Her on j)is tima leot Ceolred abb of Medeshamstede and j)a munecas Wulfrede to hande ))et land of Sempigaham, to ))3et forewearde ]>set sefter his dcei scolde j'set land into J'e minstre, 852 E. Her Eadmund cyning oferhergode eal Cumbra land, and hit let to eal Malculme scotta cyninge, on jiaet gerad pvet he wtere his midwyrlita 8egJ>er ge on sae ge on lande, 945 A. J)a geraedde se cyng and his witan pcet him man to sende and him gafol behete and metsunge wi3 pon pe hi peeve hergunge geswicon, 994 E. § 94. The Subjunctive is the mood also when the condi- tional clause contains a limitation of the statement through an exception. J)a gife ic him Godes curs and ealra halgan and eallre hadede heafde and min, buton he cume to dajdbote, 963 E, p. 117 h. So : p. 117 m. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. § 95. The Indicative is used in Concessive clauses, when the concession is real, not supposed. and pa3r wearS Sigulf ealdormon ofslregen, and . . ., and monige eac him, peh ic (Sa geSangnestan nemde, 905 A. So : 897 A, p. 90 1. 26 VERBS IX THE ANGLO-SAXON. aiul J>ara Denisceiia J)a'r wearS ma ofslaegen, peh hie waelstowe gewald ahtou, 905 A. So : 1001 A. § 9(). The Subjunctive is used similarly. and peah fe ic hit la'iig yhle, eall \>et J)e Gode waes la5 and rihttuUan mannan, eall |)cet wa;s gewuuelic on pisan laude on his tynian, 1100, p. 235 b. § 97. The Subjunctive is the rule when a merely supposed concession is to be expressed. We find no examples of this use. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. § 98. Dependent clauses of Result stand in the Indicative, if they state an actual result. and hi late on geave to pani gecyrdon Jja^t hi wicS J)one here winnende w£pron, 867. Her for se myccla here pe we gefyrn aer ymbspraecon eft of ]>am east rice weastward to Bunan, and J)ier wurdon gescipode swa JJ3et hi asa-ttou hi on a^nne si3 ofer mid horsum mid ealle, 892 E (893 A). waes pier swa lange pa^t man sette him to biscop on Wintan ceastre, 9G3 E, p. 117 1. So : 894 A, ad init. (2). 894 A, p. 86 t. 897 A, p. 91 1. and m. 905 A. 918 A. 037 A. 950 E. 963 E, p. 117 1. 1001 A (2). § 99. In some cases tlie consecutive meaning of the jironoun developed into a purely temporal meaning (= until). For ex- amples, see § 90. § 100. If the result is merely conceived and uncertain, the Subjunctive is used. Tliis is the case after so-called " rhetorical questions," after negative sentences, and after imperatives. Our investigation shows no examples in the Chronicle. FINAL CLAUSES. § 101. Dependent clauses of Purpose .stand in tlu' Subjunc- tive. Till' conjunctions arc fiaf and sira f{(/7. THE MOODS OF THE VERB. 27 Her baed Burgred Miercna cyning aud his wiotan JEpelwuU cyning 'pxt he him gefultumade psct him nor]? Walas gehier- sumade, 853 A. So : 896 A (2). 897 A. and for paet he gewicode betwuh psem twani hergum, Jjser pmv he niehst rymet hsefde for wudufsestenne, ond for wseter ftes- tenne, swa pxt he mehte aegperne gersecan gif hie senigne feld secan wolden, 894 A, ad init. So : 963 E, p. 1 16 m (2). MODAL CLAUSES. § 102. The prevailing mood in these clauses is the Indica- tive. § 103. The dependent clause expresses the relation of re- semblance, similarity, to the principal clause. It is introduced by sivd, sometimes with, sometimes without a correlative (swd . . . swd) in the principal clause. and eft wses papa swa he ser wees, 797. pa se cyning hine pa west wende mid paere fierde wit5 Exan- cestres, swa ic ser ssede, and se here pa burg beseten hsefde, 894 A, p. 87 1. naeron nawSer ne on Fresisc gescaepene ne on Denisc, bute swa him selfum Suhte paet hie nytwyrSoste beon meahten, 897 A, p. 90 m. and on prem ilcan gere raon fsestnode pond friS set Yttinga forda, swa swa Eadweard cyng gersedde, segSer wi5 East Engle ge wiS norShymbre, 906 A. and swa swa paet wseter reonneS to Crulande, and fra Crulande to Must, 963 E, p. 117 1. and paer hira ferdon onbuton swa swa hi sylf woldon, 1001 E. So : 905 A. 921 A, p. 103 1. 937 A. 942 A. 959 E. 973 A. 975 E. 994 E. and hi him par foregislas sealdon swa feala swa he habban wolde, 877. and East Engle hsefdon .^Ifrede cyninge apas geseald, . . . and pell ofer pa treowa, swa oft swa pa opre hergas mid ealle herige utforon. 894 A, ad init. So: 994 E. 997 E. 999 E. 1001 E. 28 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. § 104. The dependent clauses with Sees tie, although referring to the same principle, more frequently serve to limit a statement or to add an explanatory' remark (see Matzuer, III. j». 517). K — THE INFINITIVE. § 105. The Simple Infinitive is found after the auxiliary verbs cunnan, durran, latan, magan, motan, sculan, tSurfan, willan and witan. Examples will be found under the treatment of the Auxiliary Verbs. § 106. The Infinitive is sometimes omitted after an auxiliary verb. and J>a sealde se here him gislas, and mycele aSas, pet hi of his rice woldon, and him eac geheton ]?et heora cyng fulwihte onfon wolde, 878. to JJaet forewearde paet sefter his daei scolde paet land into pe minstre, 852 E. § 107. After a numl)er of Transitive verbs the Infinitive is used, sometimes alone, but more frequently witli an (•])ject of its own. aginnan : Marcus se godspellere in Egipta agin]? writau poet godspell, 47 F. onginnan: Her ongan Ceolwulf rixiau on \yeast Seaxum, 597 E. hdtun : Iler offa Myrcena cining het /ESelbrihte pa-t heafod ofslean, 792. So : 807 A (3). 901 A. 905 A. 913 A. 919 A. 921 A (2). 922 A. 923 A. 924 A. 909 E. 975 E. 992 E. 993 E. liyran : and J'ar p;et inu'ste wal geslogon on hajSene here J>e we aefre gesecgan herdon, 851. § 108. Besides the Infinitive the jn-edicaio verb may have another ()])ject, which is the subject (tf the action cxjHesscd by the Infinitive. The Infinitive may also have another object of its own. The Accusative and the Inliiiitivc depend u]>on tlie verb, the former as pcrstuuil, the Iiidi-i- as impersonal object. THE INFINITIVE. 29 hdtan : and het opve fierd eac of Miercna ]>eode J?a hwile pe he JJser sset gefaran Mame ceaster on norp hymbrum, and hie gebetan and gemannian, 923 A. § 109. The pure Infinitive is found after Intransitive verbs, especially after verbs of motion. § 110. This Infinitive may denote the manner or method of motion, or an accompanying action. In the latter case it ap- proaches the use of a participle. . . . smicere on gearvvum, wudum and wyrtum cymeS vvlitig scriSan, prymlice on tun J»earfe briugeS. M. 77, p. 276 t, § 111. Or it may give the aim of the motion. Gewitan him pa norpmen- naegled cnearrum, dreorig daraSa laf- on dinges mere- ofer deop wseter. Difelin secan- and eft hira land- sewisc mode, 937 A, p. 109 m. § 112. The Infinitive with to is used depending upon Adjectives which denote readiness, ease, difficulty, and the like. nis eaSe to asecgenne pises landes earmSa pe hit to pysan timau dreogende wses, 1104 E. § 113. It is also found with Substantives and Verbs in various relations. and py ilcan geare hi sealdon Ceolwulfe anum unwisum cyuges pegne Myrcena rice to healdenne, 874. So : 886. and se cyng pa bettehte pa fyrde to hiedene Ealfrice ealdor- man, 992 E. . . , and gif he leng moste linen, alse he mint to don of pe bor- der wy can, 1137 E, p. 265 1. and saette peer munecas Gode to pewian (purpose), 963 E, p. 115 b. Sop. 117 m. pa forsoc he, and ssede poet he hit nahte to donne, 107U A, p. 206 t. 30 VERBS IX THE ANGLO-SAXON. F. — THE PAETICIPLES. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. § 114. The Present Participle is used as an adjective both attributively and predicatively, as a Substantive, and as a Par- ticiple proper. § 115. It stands attributively with a Substantive, and has the strong inflection without the article. Jjaet w£eron ormete ligraescas, aud woeron geseowene fyrene dracau on )>ani lyfte fleogende, 793 E. and utla?ndisce hider in tihte, and deoriende leoda bespeon to jjysan earde, 959 E. ]?8et waes gnornung micel J^am pe on breostum waeg byrnende lufan Metodes on mode, 975 A. § 116. It is also sometimes found with the article aud con- sequently the weak inflection. Her forSferde se wellwillenda bisceop AtJelwold, and seo halgung ))fes gefterfilgendan biseeopes iElfheages, 984 A. § 117. The Present Participle is used predicativel}- in con- nection with the verbs icesaii and iceortSan. For examples, see §§2, .3, aud 4. § 118. It is also used predicatively with Intransitive verbs. Gif twa men oper • iii • coman ridend to an tun, al )>e tunseipe flugaen for heom, wenden y ilcan gears Ceolwulf Myrcena cining oferhergode Cant- ware and Merscware, and gefengon Prsen heora cining, and gebundenne liine Iseddon on Myrce, 796. fa se cyng fset hierde, pa wende he Line west wi3 Exan- ceastres mid ealre paere fierde, buton swife gewaldenum daele easte weardes })8es folces, 894 A, p. 86 h. fand ])a hidde in pa ealde wealle writes pet Headda al515 heafde ser gewriton, 963 E, p. 115 b. So: 937 A (5). 975 A. 992 E. § 122. This participle is also found attributively with the article, and in this case with weak inflection. and hie pa under pam hie mihtes bestselon paere fierde se gehor- soda here into Escan ceaster, 876. and se cing Alfred aefter pam gehorsedum here mid fyrde rad ot5 Exanceastre, 877. Her todselde se forsprecena here on twa, 885. So : 896 A. § 123. The Perfect Participle is used predicatively with the verbs wesan (heoTi), iveor^an, and hahban, in the formation of the passive and of the compound tenses. With the verbs of ' being,' 'becoming,' it agrees with the noun or pronoun belonging to it. For examples, see §§ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31. § 124. The Perfect Participle is used predicatively with some Intransitive verbs. pa wende se here paet bis fultumes se maesta dael waere on paem scipum, and paet hie mehten faran unbefohtene paer peer hie wolden, 911 A. § 125. The Participle is often attracted into the genitive after numerals and adverbs of quantity. and pa hergas begen geflyrade [waeron], and feala pusenda ofslagenra, 871. 32 VERBS IX THE ANGLO-SAXON. I and ]>xv wearS }>ara Denescra luicle ma ofslegeura, 1001 A. and \>xr wearS fela ofslegenra, 1001 A. i § 126. In the cuinpouud tenses of transitive veil»s it is sometimes attracted into the case of the object. and liie alle on j'oue Cyuiug waerun feohtende o|> |)aet hie bine j ofslcTegenne haefdon, 755 A. E has otS tiet hiij li'ine ofslceyen hcefdon. j Her Ecgbriht cining forSferde, and hine tor haefde Ofla Myr- ceua cining, and Byrhtric Wtest Saexna cining aiiymde • iii • gear of Angel cynnes lande on Franc land aer he cining waere, 836 E. A has afllemed. ' § 127. The Perfect Participle is used substantively to denote persons. ; and manige eac him peh ic Sa geSungnestan nemde, 896 A, ! p. 90 h. So : 905 A. ; § 128. The Perfect Participle is used as a pure participle, ; taking the place of a dependent clause, and denotes various relations. and ))a sona eft Gode gefultumiendum (Dat. Abs.) he niihte geseon and sprecan, 797. ; and Osrod pe wses Norj'anhyrabra cining refter wrsecsifte ham cumenum geheht waes, 792 E. THE VERBAL SUBSTANTIVE. ', § 129. In the Chronicle we find several verbal substan- ! tives, — formed from verb stems with suffix -ung. Examples are : ' hergung, 793 E, dagung, 795 E, passim. j G. — THE AUXILIARY YETIBS. WESAN (nftoN), weohSax (okweorSan), iiahban. § 130. Examjtk^s showing the auxiliary use of ?rfsrtn, 5?on, hnhhan, and ivcorMn {gewcortidn), can be foiuul under the treat- ment of the Passive ami of the Tenses, THE AUXILIARY VERBS. 33 § 131. As a uotioual verb ivcor^an is found with several meauings : to become, happen, enter. and hi sume inue wurdou (entered), 867. rtiacedou hit pa pget aer vvses ful rice, pa hit wearS to nan bin? 870 E. Her Eadmuud cing S. Duustane Glaestingeberig betsehte Sser he sySSan serest abbud wearS, 943 A. Ac God him geumie, ])a3t his gode dseda swySran wearSan, |)onne misdseda, 959 E. paer wses blis micel, on pam eadgan daege ealhnn geworden. j)onne uiSa beam nemnaS and cigaS Pentecostenes daeg, 973 A. ])is geworden wees and pa on Sam xxx wses Seoden gehalgod, 973 A. Ne wearS wsel mare on pis eiglande aefer gieta folces gefylled, beforan pissum sweordes ecgum, 937 A, p. 109 b. § 132. Hcibhan as a notional verb means, to have, possess, tahe possession of, to cause to he, and merest waes ^lle SuSseaxna cining se pus mycel haefde, 827. So: 867. and pone cining Burgred ofer sae adrefdou ymb • xxii • win- tra pses J>e he rice hsefde. and ^Selwald saet binnan psem ham mid poem monnum pe him togebugon, and hsefde ealle pa geatu forworht into him, and ssede Jjset he wolde oSer oSSe pter libban oSSe ])ter licgau, 901 A. Don, § 133. The use of don as an auxiliary verb is seldom found in the Chronicle, and only to avoid the repetition of the verb. He pa swa dyde, and mid fierde for ofer Mierce on Korp Walas, and hie him alle gehiersume dydon, 853 A. CUNNAN. § 134. As an auxiliary verb cunnan generally denotes an intellectual ability. 3 34 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. and forbcerndon Tegntun, and eac fela o8ra godra hama "pe we genemnan ne cunnan, 1001 A (2). DUKRAN, § 135. The only meaning of this verb iu the Chrouicle is, to dare. and se cyng hsefde funden J)aet him mon ScTt wip on su)> healfe 8{vfei'nmuJ)an, westan from Weahim, east oj) Afeneniupan, pii't hie ne dorston J)«t land nawer gesecan on pa healte, 918 A. MAGAN. § 136. As an auxiliary, magan expresses both physical and intellectual possibility, meaning to he able, to he in condition. and pa sona eft Gode gefultumiendum he mihte geseon and sprecan, 797. Nu we magon ongytau pset manna wisdom, and sraeagunga, and heore raedas syndon nahtlice ongean Godes gepeaht, 979 E. So : 877. 894 A, p. 86 t, p. 88 h. 896 A. 897 A, p. 91 m. 905 A. (2). 918 A. 994 E. 1000 E. 1001 A (2). § 137. The meanmg is often that of a simple subjunctive, especially in final dependent clauses. pa gegaderade Alfred cyning his fierd, and for pKt he gewi- code betwuh pjcm twam hergum, pser paer he niehst rymet hrefde for wudii faestenne, ond for wreterfjestenne, swa piet he mehte jegperne geraecan gif hie aMiigne feld secan wolden, 894 A, p. 84 1. So : 896 A. 897 A. pUKFAX. § 138. This verb means : to want, hare need of. hreman ne porfte maecan gemanan, 937 A, p. 108 b. hlehhan ne porftuu, 937 A, p. 109 h. THE AUXILIARY VERBS. 35 WILLAN. § 139. This verb expresses the will or desire in various ways. aud pa se gerefa fan-to rad, and he wolde drifan to pxs cininges tune J)y he nyste hw£et hi wieron, 787. Here ivolde = ' attempted.' and he him aSas swor and gislas seakle J>et . . . he geare wsere mid him sylfum, and mid eallum pam pe him gela?stan wolden to 'pses heres pterfe, 874. Wolden = ' were willing.' So : 877. 891 A. 894 A, p. 85. 920 A. 921 A, p. 102. 94G A. 948 E. 959 E. 963 E, p. 115 m. and 1. 979 E (2). 994 E. pa sefter pam for se here eall up, and wolde faran pa giet on hergap wiS Ircinga feldes, 918 A. Wolde here has the mean- ing of ' planned,' ' purposed.' § 140. It sometimes expresses almost pure futurity, and is used with infinitives like the modern conditional as a substitute for the preterit subjunctive. See § 144. and ealle wiS trywsodon paet hi woldon efenwyrhton beon on S£E and on lande, 972 E. and eal se here on East Englum him swor annesse, p?et hie eal pcet woldon pset he wolde, and eall past fripian woldon paet se cyng fripian wolde, 921 A, p. 103 m. and him pa Anlaf behet swa he hit eac gelseste, "P he ntefre eft to Angel cynne mid unfriSe cumon nolde, 994 E. § 141. For willan expressing futurity with a suggestion of determination, see §§19 and 30. § 142. As a notional verb willan means : to wish, be willing, desire. pa he 8a eft ponan ut faran wolde, pa het he beodan ofer ealle pa fird paet hie foron ealle ut set somne, 905 A. So : 874. 911 A. 921 A, p. 103 m. {wolde). 963 E, p. 116 b (2) ; p. 117 t. SCULAX. § 143. As auxiliary verb sculan serves to express necessity, obligation, command. 36 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. Her on |>is tiina leot Ceolred attt> of Medeshamstede and J'a munecas Wulfrede to liande pot land of Seinpigaham, to paet foiewearde J>aet aefter'liis daei scolde paet land into pe niinstre, and Wulfred scolde gifen ]>aet land of Sliowa forda into Medeshamstede, 852 E. haefde se cyning his fierd on tu tonnmen, swa pxt hie wa?ron siiule liealfe aet ham, healfe ute, butan J)aMn monuum pe pa burga healdan scoldeu (= had to), 894 A, p. 84 b. Sy53an pa com he to se cyng Eadgar, bed him pet he scolde him giuen ealle pa minstre pa hseSeue men hiefden jer tobrocon, 963 E, p. 115 m. and se cyng pa betsehte pa fyrde to la?dene Ealfrice ealdor- man, and porode eorl, and uiElfstane bisoop, and ^scwige biscop, and sceoldan cunnian gif hi nuihton pone here ah\va?r utene betraeppen, 992 E. (Here the idea of command may be understood, or we may translate ' were to.') ac wala pjrt hi to hvaSe bugon, and flugon, for pam pe hi nsefdon fultum pe hi liabban sceoldan (= ought to have had), 999 E. pa rsedde se cyng wiS his witan pa?t man sceolde mid scip- fyrde and eac mid landfyrde him on'gean faran, 999 E. and swencte paet earme folc pe on Sam scipon lagon, and a swa hit forSwearde beon scolde, swa hit Lnetre waes fram anre tyde to oSre, 999 E. § 144. The combination of the preterit of scninn with in- finitives is frequently used like the modern conditional as a substitute for the preterit subjunctive, sometimes expressing almost pure futurity. See Sweet, N. E. G., § 2198. Wolde is generally used when the future action is dej)endent upon tlie will of another, sceolde when dependent u])()n the will of the s]»eaker or actor. Our examples sliow exceptions to this general luU', however, from which we concdude tliat these auxiliaries were confused at this period of O. E. as in Modern English. See § 140. and hi cwaetJon pajt hi him pet to handa healdan scoldan, for- ?J:in pet heora nan naes of faidren halfc geboren butan him anum, 887. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 37 and fuhton on jja burg ealne dseg, and J>ohton pa-t hie hie sceolden abrecan, 921 A, p. 101 h. and Jjohton Jjget hie sceoldon jjanon of mid gewinue, 921 A p. 101 1. So : p. 102 1. 994 E, p. 129 1. ' § 145. The use of sculan in the following examples is to be noted and pa on Jjere nihte tSe hi on Soiie daei togaedere cumon sceol- don, f»a sceoc he on niht fram psere fyrde him sylfum to myc- clum bismore, 992 E. sceoldon = ' were to.' and pa hi togsedere gan sceoldan, pa onsteaklon pa heretogan aerest pone fleam, 993 E. sceoldan = were to, were about to, were on the point of. So : 998 E. ac sona swa hie to Bleamfleote comon . . . swa hergode he (on) his rice pone ilcan ende pe ^pered his cump?eder healdan sceolde. sceolde healdan = was said to have held (?). H. — GOVERNMENT OF ATERBS. § 146. In the following lists I have collected the verbs according to the case ot cases governed by them, placing them in strict alphabetical order. 147. Verbs with the Accusative. a-began acsian a-cuman Srcwellan a-cwencan d-cwjdman a-dil(i)gian a-don ^-dr^fan a-drenean a-drifan aefter-cweSan set-ywian §,-f§dan §,-findan §,-flyman a-fyllan ^gan a-hebban a-hon a-hreddan a-hedan a-lecgean a-lysan a-m§,nsumian a-myrran an-ginnan S-rsecan d-rsedan ^-rseran S,-reccan §,r-weor5iau a-scunian §.-secgan a-smeagan ^-spanan a-stellan a-stingan a-swebban a-tendan a-tellan a-teon a-tirabr(i)an a-werian a-westan S-wrecan a-writan bsernan 38 VERBS IX THE ANGLO-SAXON. baunan erian ge-fetian be-byr(i)gian faestnian ge-Hndan be-ceoriau feccan ge-ttyman be-(lieian fedan ge-fon be-(li1fan f erian ge-freoii be-farau fetian ge-fultuinian be-gau fiudan ge-gad(e)rian be-gitan fleon ge-gangan be-hidau Hynian ge-liadian be-landian f6n ge-halgian be-lendaa for-bternan ge-hawian be-lisnian for-ceoifau ge-healdan be-lucan for-don ge-hentan be-niman for-drifan ge-hergian beodan for-faran ge-horsi;iu be-paecan for-gifan ge-hwyrfan be-rsedan for-helan ge-hyran berau for-liergian ge-lseccan be-reafian for-ltetan ge-la-dan be-ridan for-seon ge-l»stan be-iowan for-slean ge-mannian be-sittan forSian ge-metan be-swicau for-wundian ge-munan be-syrwan for-wyrcan ge-nemnan betan fretan ge-nerian be-teon fripian ge-niman brecan fultuniian ge-notian bregan ge-uscian ge-rtucan brengan ge-betan ge-vidan bugean ge-bindan ge-iipan bycgan ge-bociau ge-sainniau bytlian ge-brengan ge-srugiau ceosaii ge-bygan ge-scipian cleofan ge-eeosan ge-scyppan cwcSaii ge-cyrvan ge-secan djelau ge-cySan ge-secgan derian ge-d&lan ge-sendan don ge-don ge-seon dree fan ge-dygan ge-settan dreccan ge-ed-n6o\vian ge-sittau drifan ge-faistnian ge-slOan drohtnian ge-faran ge-spanan calgian go- ft"' ran go-st:i?Ji'lian 6cau gi'-ft'iiun go-swican GOVERNINIENT OF VERBS. 39 ge-tellan ge-timbrau ge-utian ge-wsedian ge-w^gan ge-wiepnian ge-wendan ge-weorSian ge-winnan ge-wrecan ge-writan ge-wundian ge-wyldan ge-wyrcan gifian godian griSian habban hadiaii halgian h§,tan healdan hergian horsiau hyrau Iffidan Isestan l^etan lecgan lufian niacian mtersian metan nemnan of-a-slean ofer-ciiman ofer-gan ofer-hergiau of-faran of-feallan of-inyrSrian of-ridan of-sl§an of-stingan on-findan on-fon on-ginnan on-gitan on-ridan on-stellan on-teudan rep dan rseran " ricsian samnian scadan scotian scufan secau secgan sendan settan swencan teon tilian timbr(i)an to-brecaii t6-da;lan to-drsefan to-drifan to-niraan t6-\veorpan under-t'oii under-peodan warnian wealdan wegan weorpan weorSian werian witan wrecan writan wyrcan ymb-sittan 148. Verbs with the Dative. aet-berstan a-swican a-teorian be-beodan folsrian fyligiau fylstan ge-gifian ge-miltsian ge-swican gislian on-fon peowian § 149. Verbs with the Genitive. be-stelan brucan ceapian earnian ge-fyllan ge-swican ge-tiSian on-fon 40 VERBS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON. § 150. The following ver Person, the other of the thing, printed with a capital letter. acsian (Ace. — dat.) a-gifan (ace. — Dat.) a-sendan (aec. — Dat.) be-e\veSan (aec. — Dat.) be-fsestan (aec. — Dat.) be-hatan (ace. — Dat.) be-nteman (gen. — Aec.) be-niman (gen. — Aec.) beodan (ace. — Dat.) be-sc(i)erian (gen. — Ace.) be-taecan (ace. — Dat.) cleopianQ^J^;rAcc.) for-wyrnan (gen. — Dat.) geatan (aec. — Dat.) ge-beodan (ace. — Dat.) bs govern two cases, one of the The case denoting the Person is , . ( ace. \ ge-cigan (Aec .— | ,^^^. J ge-hatan (Aec. — | ^^^^^^ j ge-hyr-sumian (ace. — Dat.) ge-unnan (Dat. — | ^^^'j gifan (ace. — Dat.) gyldan (aec. — Dat.) offrian (aec. — Dat.) swerian (ace. — Dat.) syllan (ace. — Dat. j tiSiau (ace. — Dat.) J?anciau (Dat. — gen), unnan (aec. — Dat.) wyrnan (gen. — Dat.) § 151. Eeflexive Verbs. be-tellan ge-biddan ge-tieowsiau eyrran ge-d^lan ge-wendan etau ge-gad(e)rian ge-witan feran ge-reordian oj>-y\v(i)an i'or-wyrean ge-restan sigau gan ge-samnian winnan § 152. Intransitive Verbs. a-bliniian a-faran a-sweltan abreoSan a- fe all an a-))ystrian a-bysgian a-gan a-wa'cnan a-ewelan a-gangan a-yrnan a-cwincan a-lihtan ba^rnan a-drinean and-swerian be-cuman a-ebbian a-risan bo-feallan a^t-berstan a-seeaean be-ginnan a;t-l)re(lan a-settan be-lifan «t-flGon fi-sigan be-linipan a^t-stamlan a-sittan beornan a't-swiiiunan a-spvingan bugan aet-^vv(i)an iVstigan btigean GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 41 byrnan cringan cumau cyrran clagian deunian dou eardiau elcian faran feallan feohtan feran fleogau foil for-bternan for-beoruan for-faran for-ridan forS-faran forS-feran forS-ge-witan for-weor3an frettan fyrdian gan gangan ge-biddan ge-biigari ge-byrian ge-cyrran ge-faran ge-feallan ge-feohtan ge-feran ge-gad(e)riau ge-leudau ge-limpan ge-ridan ge-wendan ge-weor]jan ge-wician ge-winnan ge-witan glidan godiaii griSiau gylpan hremaii hweorfan hyran irnan Ifestan libban licgan locian on-bugan o]?-fleon o3-ro\van oS-windan o]?-yw(i)an plegian re Stan ridau rynian scotian segelian sigan sittan sprecan sweltan to-dgelan to-faran to-feran to-gaa to-glidan to-hweorfan j)i'owian weaxan wendan winnan wunian 153. Impeksonal Vekbs. a-be-hofian be-healdan be-hofian eglian ge-lician ge-pyncaa ge-yfelian of-p>yncan fyncau \ LIFE. I WAS born at Christiansburg, Va., Dec. 26, 1874, being the fourth son of Rev. Daniel Blain, D.D., and Maiy Louisa Blain (nee Mercer). For three years I attended the Montgomery Male Academy. From my thirteenth to my sixteenth year I was under my father's instruction, in his schools at Williamsburg, Va., Amherst, Va., and Covesville, Va. In September, 1891, I entered Washington and Lee University. In June, 1894, I received the degree of A.B. from that institution, followed by that of M.A. in 1895. While a student at this University I was the recipient of scholarships in Greek and English, and the Robinson Prize Medal in Ancient and Modern Languages. My first year as a teacher (1895-96) was spent in Covesville, Va., as Assistant Principal of the Cove Academy. I then accepted the position of Instructor in English and Romance Languages at the University of Va., assisting my old instructor, Prof. J. A. Harrison. During my two years there (1896-98) I pursued post- graduate studies in English, German, and French, completing all the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. except the Dissertation. The session 1897-98 found me Professor of English and Modern Languages in the Speers-Langford Military Institute, Searcy, Ark., to which place I returned the following session as Assistant Prin- cipal. In the mean time I had succeeded in completing my Ph.D. dissertation, and it had just received the approval of the Univer- sity authorities when, in February, 1899, it was destroyed by fire. Deeming it best to be near the University in order that I might have access to the proper reference books in reproducing the dis- sertation, and for other reasons as well, I accepted a position at the Fishburne Military School. 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