3flb 
 
 
 TTTm n 
 
 'm SIMMS 
 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF TIIK 
 
 University of California. 
 
 ^Accession 
 
 GIFT OF 
 PACIFIC THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
 ^84546 
 
 Class 
 
EDUCATION 
 
 ON 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMICAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 OR 
 
 HOW TO DEVELOP 
 THE MIND AND BODY OF YOUTH 
 
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH VARIOUS 
 TYPES OF ORGANISATION. 
 
 A LECTURE, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. SIMMS, M.D., OF NEW YORK. 
 
 (( UNIVERSITY jj 
 
 PBINTED FOE THE AUTHOB. 
 1873. 
 
^{-vEHsrrY 
 
 55- 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUC. 
 
 EDUCATION ra 
 
 ON SCIENTIFIC PEINCIPLE8; 
 
 OK, 
 
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE VARIOUS TYPES OF 
 HUMAN ORGANISATION. 
 
 A. LECTURE, 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., of New-York. 
 
 Most of us, by a slight effort of memory, can recall to mind 
 instances of fond parents, with hearts brimful of solicitude for 
 their offspring, and of yearning anticipations for their future 
 welfare, striving with every fibre on the stretch to endow them 
 with educational advantages for the future battle of life, far in 
 excess, perhaps, of the moderate allowance which formerly fell 
 to their own share. We have known them in their tender earn- 
 estness pinching themselves at home, and denying themselves 
 almost the necessaries of life, to the end that their moderate 
 income might be adequate to the furtherance of the cherished 
 dreams of their lives. How melancholy it is to think that much 
 of this wistful expenditure of energy is worse than wasted and 
 thrown away, by reason of the anomalies which, for hundreds 
 of years, fostered by traditional inertia, have clustered about 
 and choked the whole subject of the education of the young. 
 Parental pinching and striving, no doubt, occasionally results in 
 brilliant success; but this is no more the result of logical sequence, 
 or an adaptation of the means to the end, than is the drawing of 
 a prize in the lottery the well-reasoned consequence of the origi- 
 nal trifling investment. The whole system of education is so 
 essentially a groping in the dark, that for one lucky hit there 
 are a thousand misses — nay, worse than misses, for, according 
 to the prevailing educational system, it is hardly possible simply 
 to fail in producing good results; and the failure is too often 
 accompanied by deterioration, physical and mental, to an extent 
 which it is really harrowing to contemplate. In the great 
 majority of cases the superhuman exertions made by loving- 
 parents have the effect only of turning out upon the world de- 
 crepid, deformed, one-sided, and twisted bodies, encasing minds 
 which may be described almost in the same words. The hard- 
 
% 
 
 earned savings of the parents have been worse — far worse — than 
 thrown away. They have been expended unwittingly, unknow- 
 ingly, and with totally different intentions, it is true, to the 
 undoing of the loved ones whom it was their dearest wish to 
 shield and cherish. Such parents as we have spoken of, how- 
 ever, are conscientiously guided by the lights which they have 
 received; and far be it from us to seek to attach blame to them 
 for the disastrous results which follow their well-meant exer- 
 tions. No ! At the door of the rottenness of the present fashion- 
 able system of education must the blame be laid. At the door 
 of the indiscriminate stuffing, and cramming, and parrot repetition, 
 and such like abominations handed down to us, encrusted with 
 the hallowed dust of time, must be laid the incalculable mis- 
 chief which has been and is now perpetrated. We do not for a 
 moment claim to have been the first to point out the crying evils 
 which surround the popular and time-honoured system of the 
 education of the young ; but we do contend that no adequate or 
 even approximate solution of the difficulty has yet been offered, 
 although many efforts in this direction have been made from 
 time to time. Under the above heading we would humbly, and 
 with a full sense of the gravity of the subject, offer some sugges- 
 tions from a scientific point of view regarding a system of educa- 
 tion which would be in harmony with nature herself, and with 
 the natural form which she has given as a birthright to the child. 
 In the first place, we shall endeavour to show that, according 
 to the prevalent method of going to work, children are sent far 
 too early in life to the cramped confinement of a school-room, 
 where the initial processes of dwarfing the body and mind are 
 inaugurated in constrained and unnatural positions, before the 
 structure of the child is solidified to a sufficient extent to enable 
 it, on its release from school, to throw off completely the influ- 
 ence which use and wont invariably seeks to perpetuate. Chil- 
 dren at the tender years of four and five are not unfrequently 
 remorselessly condemned to the restraint of the class-room. 
 Now, we mean to say that this is a practice barbarous in the 
 extreme, and born of the most lamentable ignorance. At so early 
 an age the child does not possess anything that can be called 
 bone in the strict sense of the word. That part of the body 
 which is afterwards destined to become bone is now only soft 
 gristle, tender and susceptible of the slightest impressions, which, 
 as a natural consequence, it has a tendency to retain. It is, 
 therefore, not difficult to understand how the germs of deformity 
 may be engendered by constraint of position in a school-room ; 
 and if it be remembered that deformity of body is very rarely 
 unaccompanied with deformity of mind, especially when such 
 abnormal conditions have been superinduced at an early age, 
 
 ..84546 
 
it will be seen how grave is the responsibility which rests upon 
 parents in deciding upon the time at which their child shall be 
 deprived for the best part of the day of the pure air of heaven 
 and wanton freedom of limb. Anatomical researches have de- 
 monstrated that complete ossification of the bones — that is to 
 say, a permanent hardening of the substance which originally 
 was only the soft gristle referred to — does not take place until 
 the child is nine years of age. At these early years the muscles, 
 too, are only in a transition state, and being susceptible- to 
 pressure or any sustained force, the greatest care is necessary 
 in avoiding conditions which may impede their full develop- 
 ment, or even bring their growth to a standstill altogether ; and 
 here again is another weighty argument against imprisoning 
 children of tender years in school-rooms or elsewhere where the 
 most perfect freedom of action within certain limits is denied 
 them. But the most condemnatory argument is found in the 
 condition of the heart and lungs. These portions of the budding 
 frame- work, the most delicate and most easily injured of the 
 whole, are expanding and growing, and an adequate quantity of 
 fresh air and exercise is absolutely indispensable to their healthy 
 development. The tendency to engender the seeds of disease in 
 these organs is peculiarly active in children of an early age, and 
 anything that tends to impede the development of their healthy 
 action ought to be shunned as the breath of the pestilence. No 
 condition can possibly be more fatal to this development than 
 the crowded school-room with its vitiated atmosphere, laden with 
 particles of dust, and destitute of all the properties which we 
 have just pointed out as essential for the well-being of the child. 
 The position of the body, too, is quite antagonistic to the health- 
 ful action of the heart and lungs. These require the body to move 
 about for their due expansion. This school-room life does pro- 
 duce the effect, however, of expanding and developing one part 
 of the youthful system, while it is depressing and crushing the 
 life out of all the others ; but, alas ! this unequal development is 
 only another element of ultimate physical and mental ruin. The 
 sensations of the poor child are the only portion of the organisa- 
 tion which here receive any impetus in the shape of exercise. 
 They are, in fact, appealed to in an inordinate degree, and in the 
 inverse ratio in which the other faculties are snubbed and de- 
 pressed; and what is the consequence? The brain and nerves 
 of sensation are developed to a painful degree. They become 
 most acutely sensitive, and the poor child becomes ultimately a 
 large-headed, nervous, conceited morbidity — miserable himself, 
 and with all the requisites duly prepared for inflicting the most 
 excruciating misery upon all those who are unfortunate enough 
 to be much in contact with him. 
 
Having thus demonstrated clearly, we hope, the woful results 
 arising from a too early consignment to the close and heated 
 atmosphere of the ordinary school-room, we shall now offer our 
 suggestions regarding the treatment of young children up to 
 nine years of age, as a remedy, or rather a substitute, for the 
 time-honoured abuses which we have endeavoured to expose. 
 Up to the ninth year, we are of opinion — an opinion which we 
 would find it difficult to express too strongly — the education 
 of the child should be carried on at home — in the house or 
 during his walks — at his sports, or during the short intervals of 
 quiet in which even children sometimes indulge. The gentle 
 expansion of the budding intellect, and the healthful develop- 
 ment — equal development — of all the physical functions of the 
 body should b£ superintended by the mother, by the father, or 
 by a tutor, — but best by far of all, by the mother, if she is a 
 woman of good common sense and of fair education. This edu- 
 cation — in the earlier stages at all events — should be confined to 
 the conversational method, and ought to be carried on by the 
 party in charge during the child's walks abroad, its sports, and 
 short intervals of quietude at home, these intervals not being 
 enforced for longer periods than ten minutes at a time of conse- 
 cutive sitting. As we have already hinted, the mother, if 
 possessed of the requisite qualities, is the very best tutor for the 
 child, and thrice fortunate is that child who is so blessed with 
 such a mother. Her tender solicitude and yearning love teach 
 her instinctively how to draw out the affections and stimulate 
 the intellect of her darling child so that both may act harmoni- 
 ously and in unison. There is nothing on earth to match the 
 tact and discrimination of a mother of this description in her 
 dealings with her child. The male sex are left immeasurably 
 behind in the race of love, and it is for this reason that we pre- 
 fer above all for a child's tutor its own affectionate and judicious 
 mother. We have watched many a man possessed of a cool and 
 great intellect whose affections did not act in harmony with his 
 intellect, and whose efforts were in consequence denuded of one- 
 half their value to the world. There was no geniality or sportive 
 and attractive plums thrown out during the steady flow of his 
 essays or speeches; no warm and generous impulses sprung 
 unbidden to add a lustre to the massiveness of his intellect; no 
 reserve force of kindly humour to relieve the monotony of talent, 
 like fresh, light-hearted troops joining the grave and battered 
 veterans in battle and victory. The bright example of rectitude 
 and worth which the child sees in such a mother, and the 
 moral lessons which she instils into his mind in her own 
 loving way, will prove in the end the surest safeguard and shield 
 against those snares and temptations to which he must, in the 
 
ordinary course of life, sooner or later be exposed ; and lessons 
 acquired in this way have not the evanescent character which 
 school precepts too often possess. It would be difficult to find 
 a man of forty years of age whose retrospects will not assure 
 him, beyond a doubt, of the deterring effects from vice and sin 
 which the lessons and warnings of a fond mother have exerted 
 over his intercourse with the bustling and self-seeking world. 
 We cannot lay too much stress on this conviction of ours, that, 
 if possible, the loving and judicious mother should have the 
 superintendence of the development of the dawning intellect of 
 her child up to nine or ten years of age. On a sober and dis- 
 passionate consideration of this proposition we think few will 
 gainsay the result at which we have arrived. By a training of 
 this kind the child will be in the very best position for receiving 
 a healthful and vigorous physical development, while his moral 
 character will have conferred on it a stamina which will enable 
 him successfully and easily to withstand the temptations which 
 cannot fail to be presented before him when he afterwards takes 
 his place in the ranks of a public school. We cannot reiterate too 
 forcibly the paramount importance to the child, physically and 
 mentally, of the tutorship of his maternal parent. The benefits 
 accruing from the teacher to the taught it would be extremely 
 difficult to over-estimate, and we would only repeat that the 
 child can never have, as the world can never produce, a safer 
 and more effective 
 teacher than its own 
 dear mother. Such 
 a mother as we have 
 been endeavouring to 
 shadow forth will be 
 able to dispense en- 
 tirely with any ap- 
 proach to corporeal 
 punishment. Her 
 judgment will teach 
 her how to appeal 
 effectually to the 
 spirit of her child, 
 and thereby enable 
 her to avoid the 
 necessity of inflicting 
 an appeal through 
 the flesh, a method 
 which carries with it 
 
 the most baneful ef- Moral and Intellectual Suasion. 
 
 fects. In the subjoined cut we see such an one placidly and 
 
with kindly love imparting lessons of untold value to her child, 
 and building up within him the faculty of self-government, 
 without which no one is able successfully to encounter the higher 
 trials and temptations of life. The magnetism of the mother, 
 being of that quiet and self-governing character, exerts a sooth- 
 ing and reciprocating influence upon her boy ; and even the very 
 cat at her foot is evidently feeling the effects of the tranquil 
 halo which she sheds around her. 
 
 " Look upon this picture and on that." 
 
 Behold the infuriated and ignorant mother blindly sowing the 
 seeds of vice and malignity in the bosom of her son. Why ? her 
 style of correction has long since called forth in him the ugly 
 
 temper and sullen ruf- 
 fianism which instigated 
 the very deed for which 
 he is now being pun- 
 ished. Her aura, or 
 magnetism, extends its 
 baneful influence even 
 to the cats, and sets 
 them tearing each other 
 to pieces for very sym- 
 pathy. It is a matter 
 for the most legitimate 
 congratulation that this 
 abomination of a bygone 
 age — this old-fashioned 
 mode of hate -raising 
 and vice-forcing through 
 bodily chastisement in- 
 flicted on the child is 
 rapidly becoming disused, 
 and we trust the time is 
 not far distant when it 
 will be known and spoken of only as a thing of the past. 
 
 We have now arrived at that epoch in the existence of the 
 child when the mother's sole guardianship may be substituted 
 for the curriculum of the public school, and our business has 
 henceforth to do with the system of study which ought to be 
 prosecuted there. At the age of nine or ten years the bones of 
 the child have become solidified, and his whole organism has 
 been fostered and matured by the judicious home-training which 
 we have endeavoured to trace out. His moral character, too, 
 has received the stamp of his mother's pure and cultivated mind, 
 and her loving heart has girt him around physically and men- 
 
 Physical Suasion- 
 
 Going to the bottom of the 
 
 Matter. 
 
8 
 
 tally with armour calculated to withstand the assaults to which 
 he will too surely be subjected. 
 
 The uniform and indiscriminate mode of treatment which has 
 been the rule in our common schools has been the curse of the 
 educational system, which we trust will soon be replaced by 
 another more in accordance with the principles of common sense, 
 not to talk of science at all. Each child ought to be made to 
 receive the instruction which it is wanted to convey through the 
 avenue of his best developed faculties. Appealed to in this way, 
 the pupil will respond cheerfully, and with ease to himself and 
 pleasure to his teacher. If you wished to bring some influence 
 to bear upon the executive of a self-governed people and de- 
 sired any measure of success in the attempt, you would certainly 
 try to bring your influence to bear through the channel of the 
 dominant party in the country ; and so it is also, or ought to be, 
 with the teacher in swaying the child in the direction he wishes 
 him to progress. He must be appealed to through his strongest 
 faculties. Where the abdominal form is in the ascendant, the 
 child can be largely influenced through that channel. In the 
 case of a young child under nine years of age, his government 
 can be adjusted to a nicety if due attention is paid to his procli- 
 vities in the matter of food. When he has committed a fault, let 
 the punishment be a withdrawal of the kinds of food which he 
 more particularly affects, and a substitution of that which he 
 detests. When his conduct has been particularly meritorious, 
 let him be regaled with some delicacy for which he cherishes an 
 especial fondness. It is also well established that those of the 
 abdominal form can receive and assimilate ideas best when the 
 stomach is full. David Hume, the celebrated historian and 
 philosophical writer, who was largely developed in the abdomi- 
 nal form, could eat a hearty meal and apply himself immediately 
 thereafter to severe mental exertions without the slightest incon- 
 venience. Many of his finest ideas were conceived and produced 
 while he was partaking of food ; and, in fact, the abdominal form 
 being his strongest point, he was most speculative and clear- 
 headed when this department was actively at work. 
 
 The pupil in whom the thoracic form is the dominant faculty 
 will most readily receive instruction while snuffing the free air of 
 heaven. Climbing hills or mountains, or in default of exercise on 
 so large a scale, running up and down stairs with a tutor or 
 parent, are occupations congenial to his particular organisation, 
 and therefore occupations during the exercise of which the young 
 mind can be best influenced and stored with ideas. Those of 
 the thoracic form — that is to say, children with large noses, 
 open nostrils, wide cheek bones, and good thoracic development 
 generally — should be encouraged in debate, as they are well cir- 
 
9 
 
 cumstanced for receiving instruction when they find themselves 
 opposed. To confine such boys too closely to the benches of the 
 class-room, is tantamount to closing the avenues of instruction. 
 Their bodily conformation renders it physically impossible for 
 them to learn much, or anything, in a position which is utterly 
 antagonistic and unnatural to their ever-active forms. They at- 
 tain the reputation of dunces ; and yet how often do we find the 
 dunces of the school, when finally released from the thraldom 
 and bondage of the class-room, shooting out into shrewd and 
 successful members of the community. In every case, whatever 
 is most natural is easiest to perform, and whatever is most un- 
 natural is most laborious. The thoracic form is one of continu- 
 ous and unremitting action, and, allowed free scope, the pupil 
 will learn well and quickly ; while long continued imprisonment 
 in a school-room is tantamount to martyrdom and intellectual 
 death. Such children should receive their mental pabulum on 
 the hill sides and in the open air, in the way that the far-seeing 
 Agassiz often teaches young children on the slopes of Cambridge, 
 or Harvard College, near Boston. We have a notable specimen 
 of thoracic predominance in the great Napoleon. This wonder- 
 ful genius delighted and revelled in the free air of heaven, and 
 his most brilliant conceptions were evolved during his out-of- 
 door excursions. The thoracic form is closely dependant upon 
 the principle of air and exercise, and in the education of chil- 
 dren in whom this form predominates, this principle should 
 never be lost sight of, as it is a powerful lever in the hands of 
 the tutor or teacher, for bringing the requisite influence to bear 
 upon the pupil. The latter will be stimulated to fresh exertions 
 to please his governors, by an extra allowance of out-door sport : 
 while, on the other hand, the punishment of restraint and tem- 
 porary debarment from his cherished play, will effectually deter 
 him from readily repeating any delinquency which may have 
 drawn upon him the displeasure of his teachers. As we have 
 said before, to children of large thoracic development, restraint 
 is the severest punishment that can be inflicted on them ; while 
 freedom is their highest gratification, and, to old and young, the 
 nurse of their highest thoughts, and noblest aspirations. Those 
 subjects, in which the muscular form is largely developed, will 
 best receive congenial instruction at first, if allowed the free exer- 
 cise of gymnastics, and of muscular exertion generally, whether 
 in doors or out of doors. Children of this conformation are well 
 circumstanced for storing ideas and amassing knowledge, when 
 their muscles have something upon which to exert their super- 
 abundant strength; and this is the case even although the exertion 
 is of such a nature as to preclude much stirring of the entire body, 
 or any extra play of the lungs. The secret springs of their life 
 
10 
 
 and thought force are to be found in the muscles; and, accord- 
 ingly, when the latter are allowed the freest scope, conceptions 
 and ideas well up freely and spontaneously. The education of 
 such children, to be in strict accordance with Nature's high be- 
 hests, ought to be conducted with a watchful eye, directed on 
 muscular action. The muscular is at the root of all their 
 motives of action, and, being the strongest element in their con- 
 formation, it sways the balance of strength in their organisation. 
 To such, the gymnasium is a heaven of bliss ; while enforced 
 inaction of muscles is the severest punishment that can possibly 
 be inflicted on them. As an instance of muscular notabilia, 
 we may cite the case of Nicholas Klumber, a German, who 
 flourished early in the sixteenth century. This fine example of 
 the muscular and fibrous form is related to have been able to 
 lift, unaided, a pipe of wine in the cellar, to carry it up into the 
 street, and deposit it on the cart, as gently as if it had not been 
 a twentieth part of the weight. This remarkable man was 
 continually gathering knowledge while exerting his immense 
 strength ; and most of his finest ideas first vibrated along the 
 fibres of his frame, while he was working and labouring. The 
 intrinsic tendency of bones being to inertia or a disinclination to 
 shift position, those children in whom the long form predomin- 
 ates — that is to say, those who are tall, and present a gaunt and 
 lean appearance — can best be taught when they are allowed to 
 remain in a state of inaction, such as lying or reposing on 
 a couch. It would be in the highest degree absurd, and un- 
 reasonable, to require such subjects to jump and move about, 
 and at the same time expect them to prove apt and promising 
 scholars. As well might you expect ducks to alight on tree tops, 
 or turkeys to take kindly to water. In the celebrated and deeply 
 regretted Abraham Lincoln, we have an extraordinary specimen 
 of the predominance of the bony form. He was eminently pre- 
 disposed to bodily inertia ; and it was while in retirement and 
 bodily repose, that his active mind planned and elaborated the 
 great emancipation proclamation. 
 
 Children with a predominance of the brain form — that is to 
 say, those possessing heads of a size in excess of the other por 7 
 tions of their structure, can best receive instruction when the 
 teacher can manage to bring into play their faculties of sight, 
 hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It would be in a high degree 
 beneficial for such subjects to have placed before them anything 
 to attract these senses — such as highly coloured maps, to 
 fascinate the eye, and pave the way for Geography, which might 
 at the same time be imparted by means of viva voce explanations. 
 Another highly favourable means of imparting knowledge — 
 although one not quite so easily come at as the last — would be by 
 
11 
 
 travelling through beautiful scenery, and the grand sublimity of 
 Nature, by means of railroads, coaches, steamboats, &c, in the 
 guardianship of a tutor who would, as time and opportunity 
 offered, instil into the minds of his pupils, appropriate lessons in 
 Geology, Geography, History, Botany, Zoology, Ornithology, &c, 
 &c. Being the seat of the centres of sensation, whence messages 
 with the rapidity of thought, are continually being forwarded 
 and received to and from all parts of the corporeal republic, the 
 brain, when in a condition of extra development, indicates that 
 ideas can most readily be received and digested when the im- 
 mediate surroundings of the individual are such as to call up 
 emotions of pleasure and delight. Sweetly smelling flowers, and 
 delightful aromas, appeal powerfully to the sense of smell in the 
 large framed individual ; and, when a child of this conformation 
 is brought within the influence of such enchantments, his natural 
 abilities are charmed and stimulated, and he can be more readily 
 and easily governed, because of the stimulus he is receiving to 
 mental thought and action. You would not expect to render a 
 horse more tractable, or look for a returning neigh of pleasure 
 and gratitude, if you were to present to him a nice warm mash 
 of gravel stones as a treat, in lieu of the customary feed of oats ? 
 No ; and you would ultimately discover it to be to your profit to 
 stick to the oats : for, however admirable gravel stones may be 
 in their way, there can be little doubt that horses, as a rule, are 
 not partial to them. If then, we govern the horse by his likes 
 and dislikes, how much more must the higher organisation of 
 children be amenable to the same rule ; and by displaying before 
 the large-brained child, such things as, through one or all of his 
 senses, he delights in, we are bringing so many aids to his edu- 
 cation — so many stimulants in his onward progress to excellence. 
 Joseph Justus Scaliger, the eminent and distinguished French 
 scholar, was remarkable in his youth for an excessive predomin- 
 ance of the brain and nerve form. He is said to have been so 
 acute of vision, that he could distinguish objects with compara- 
 tive ease in the dark, immediately after waking from sleep, and 
 this wonderful power he retained until he reached his twenty- 
 third year. In his youth, his teachers found that he could 
 readily be taught by deftly appealing to his peculiarities of sen- 
 sation ; and yet, singular to say, Scaliger, in his matured man- 
 hood, was chiefly noted for his petulance and illiberality. 
 
 The foregoing hints on the great avenues or forms, by which 
 to awaken in the hearts of young people, a love of knowledge, 
 must not be taken as a complete compendium of instructions on 
 the subject. In fact, an uncompromising continuance in the 
 formulae which we have laid down, could result only in disaster, 
 and probably in intellectual ruin, to the children operated upon. 
 
12 
 
 They are intended, therefore, only as the initial process, by which 
 the virgin soil is opened ; and when this is accomplished, and 
 the educational seed fairly set a springing, other departments of 
 husbandry of a totally different character must then be assidu- 
 ously cultivated. When once, by acting on his predominant 
 characteristics, the thirst for knowledge has been fully awakened 
 in the boy, then it is time to desist from appealing to that por- 
 tion of his organisation which is in the ascendant; for, as exer- 
 cise begets growth, a continuance of such a course would amount 
 simply to stimulating the development of that element which is 
 already too strong; the entire structure would deviate further 
 and further from the healthy balance which it is essentially de- 
 sirable to maintain, and the whole object of an elaborate system 
 of education would be defeated. 
 
 When, therefore, the young pupil is seen to be fairly started 
 on the educational track, and fully interested in the work in 
 which he is daily engaged, the duty of the teacher requires 
 that he should carefully begin to stimulate gently the weaker 
 faculties of his pupil, so as ultimately to make as near an ap- 
 proach as possible to a healthy balance of structural development. 
 The following rules for the attainment of this most desirable 
 object, are submitted. They do not pretend to be very particular 
 or full; and much would naturally be left to the discretion and 
 good judgment of the teacher : — 
 
 1st. — If the abdomen is weak, and relatively small, his eating 
 and sleeping faculties should be stimulated ; his studies should 
 be curtailed and judiciously carried on, and all exercises ap- 
 proaching a violent character should be carefully avoided. An 
 observance of these rules for a sufficient length of time, will cer- 
 tainly result in equalisation of faculties, and the whilom 
 abdomenless subject may even become ventricose and fat. 
 
 2nd. — If the thorax, or upper chest, be poorly developed, and 
 the action of the lungs and heart languid and weak, he must be 
 encouraged under proper surveillance to scamper up and down 
 hill, and to inhale bounteous draughts of the mountain air. For 
 such a subject, it would be of the very greatest advantage were 
 he permitted, during the period of his cure at all events, to reside 
 in some mountainous tract of country. 
 
 3rd. — When the muscular development of the child is stunted 
 and imperfect, he must be carefully taught to exercise the muscles 
 frequently and well. It is an unfailing dictum of Nature, that, 
 whatever is exercised grows; and this applies alike to the physical 
 and the mental part of man. Each and every of the different 
 forms are capable of growth and cultivation, and the degree is 
 regulated by the amount of exercise which is accorded. 
 
13 
 
 4th. — The small boned child can have this defect ameliorated 
 by being made to take much horse-back exercise in the sunlight. 
 Arduous bodily exertion or labour, too, if entered into in the 
 open air, and carried on without haste or excitement, has a strong 
 tendency to superinduce the desired attenuation of form, and the 
 wished-for growth of bones. 
 
 5th. — In the case of small brained children, whose actions and 
 sensations are sluggish and languid, we would prescribe a shifting 
 panorama of beautiful scenic" effects of various kinds. Let them 
 see beautiful and varied sights, and take them where they can 
 listen to enchanting music, smell the sweetest flowers, and taste 
 the comfits and dishes which most commend themselves to their 
 feeble palates. For them, a healthful and beneficial existence 
 would be a constant round of visits to theatres, shows, and 
 fairs; and, in fact, it would conduce very much to the strengthen- 
 ing of their weak points, were they to live very much in the busy 
 and exciting scenes of some lively and pleasure-loving city. 
 
 The preceding five directional rules — given under the num- 
 bers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th, respectively— we venture to 
 hope,' will be sufficient to enable the teacher or tutor to form a 
 data, on which to conduct the cultivation and amendment of the 
 entire physical and mental structural conformation of his pupils 
 with safety, and with a prospective shielding of the body and 
 mind against disease and death. This second stage of our system 
 of scientific education, may be entered upon when the pupil has 
 attained his tenth year \ but the rule cannot be laid down in an 
 arbitrary manner, as particular cases will often demand an earlier 
 or later commencement, as the case may be, and in this connec- 
 tion, we see that much must necessarily be confided to the 
 sagacity and common sense of the teacher or governor in charge. 
 The same trust must also be reposed in him in reference to the 
 duration of this second stage of the curriculum. Some elastic 
 subjects will speedily take on the benefits of the system, to an 
 extent beyond which it is evident it will be impossible to go ; 
 and, in other cases, the treatment may be beneficially continued 
 up to the 20th year, or perhaps even longer. The teacher should 
 first make the discovery as to the particular branch, or branches, 
 for which, by nature, his new pupil is best suited ; and, having 
 satisfied himself on this point, a commencement should be made 
 on the particular study which is most affected. Afterwards, 
 when the pupil's experience of the school becomes slightly ma- 
 tured, his favourite study may gradually be merged into, and 
 become amalgamated with those other branches of education, 
 which it is desirable he should master, but for which he has 
 hitherto displayed less aptitude or relish. The importance of 
 
14 
 
 attention to this initial procedure is obvious enough. To start a 
 child on the uncongenial sea of Grammar, when Grammar is his 
 abhorrence, instead of entering him with mathematics, for which 
 he has evinced a passionate fondness, is what, under the present 
 system, is done every day ; but the procedure is mischievous in 
 the extreme, and commonly ends in engendering in the mind of 
 the tortured pupil a life-long prejudice against books or culture 
 of every kind. By all means, let such a child have his darling 
 mathematics first, and you will soon find it comparatively easy 
 to lead him gradually to partake of a little diluted Grammar, 
 and ultimately induce him to assimulate as much of it as will be 
 of essential use to him in after life. Each child should, at the 
 commencement, be put into the hands of a competent Physiog- 
 nomist, who would pronounce upon the relative development of 
 the faculties, and point out the most fitting initial study, as well 
 as where, in the bodily conformation, stimulus would be required, 
 and where repression. For children, it would be well that this 
 physiognomical examination should be repeated every five years 
 — an arrangement which would act as a regulator of studies and 
 of physical treatment. We may hint also in passing, our convic- 
 tion that such examinations would be found eminently profitable 
 for all classes, and all ages, as a guide to their rule of conduct ; 
 but of this we may treat more fully in another lecture. 
 
 The grand secret of success in the education of children, lies 
 in early awakening in them a keen personal interest in the 
 studies and occupations which are placed before them. This, 
 we have already shown, may, with certainty, be accomplished by 
 a judicious appeal, in the first instance, to their predominant 
 faculties. The next most important point is the equalising and 
 moulding of the faculties, so as to produce that beautiful harmony 
 of action which is the " summum bonum " of physical perfection. 
 To a shrewd and judicious teacher, the simultaneous prosecution 
 of these two departments will not present any insurmountable 
 difficulties. When the pupil is fairly started in the way in 
 which we have pointed out, he should be gradually drawn to 
 that particular study which is destined to be his "pilce de resist- 
 ance," in after years, and the sooner he is induced to regard it 
 kindly, the better. If the pupil is destined to become a teacher 
 of Greek, by all means use sufficient diligence to have the study 
 of Greek entered upon ; but do not think of doing so to the ex- 
 clusion of English, which, so to speak, is the language the pupil 
 is to live in, whatever he may ultimately teach. Unless looking 
 forward to it as a means of livelihood, or future usefulness, the 
 acquirement of Greek and Latin at school is simply a waste of 
 time, and a witless disburse of money. In such cases, it is very 
 rarely prosecuted to any degree of proficiency, and the little that 
 
15 
 
 has been caught up is in after life soon dropped by the way, 
 and entirely forgotten. On the other hand, time and money ex- 
 pended on living subjects of interest, such as authentic Geo- 
 graphy, Physiognomy, Physiology, Geology, Zoology, and other 
 branches which are perpetually cropping up, is time and money 
 put out at interest, and secured by a bond and mortgage on 
 society itself. 
 
 When those practical branches are mastered — those branches 
 which are to enable the pupil to hold his own, and live in this 
 pushing and jostling world — then it will be quite time enough 
 to think of cultivating the ornamental departments, or accomplish- 
 ments, as they are called. The ordinary run of accomplishments 
 are rarely sufficiently valuable to enable its possessor, if need be, 
 to procure a penny loaf to stay the cravings of hunger, and there- 
 fore we are inclined by all means to give them in matters of 
 education, a secondary and inferior place. We have no ill-will 
 to them ; but we desire them to be kept in their proper sphere. 
 
 No study should be persisted in to the detriment of the health 
 of the student. This is a maxim which we cannot inculcate too 
 strongly. When sickness and disease usurp the domain of 
 health and vigour, the richest stores of knowledge will not buy 
 back the regretted days of joyous health. It should be the never 
 ceasing and watchful care of the teacher to prevent any pupil 
 from over-taxing his mind while undergoing the educational cur- 
 riculum. Cases are not unfrequent of the willing horse working 
 himself to death ; and some children glue themselves to their 
 studies with so much avidity that restraint cannot be withheld 
 without risking the health. Aristotle justly wrote, " That nothing- 
 can be more reprehensible than to exact too much from children 
 at any age : for great fatigue of body must injure the mind, and 
 too great exertions of the mind are prejudicial to the body." 
 
 In conclusion, we would observe : The first element in the 
 education of the child, should be that which will best fit him for 
 taking his place worthily in the ranks of society : and those 
 faculties should be aroused and quickened, which will enable him 
 justly and mercifully to conduct himself when brought into con- 
 tact with our common humanity. The second consideration 
 should embrace an intellectual course of discipline ; while 
 the third and last aim should be directed to the consolidation of 
 pure principles of morality, and the inculcation of those superior 
 virtues which are the crown of all great minds. This precious 
 seed can be best sown by the child's mother; and when the har- 
 vest is reaped, there will doubtless be found a sacred regard for 
 truth — an inviolable respect for the rights and property of others, 
 which is the foundation of the structure of civilised society — 
 affection and esteem for relations immediately connected by ties 
 
16 
 
 of blood (Dr. Johnson once remarked that relations were ready- 
 made friends), feelings of genuine patriotism, and last, but not 
 least, an abiding conviction of the existence of God, and of the 
 impossibility of the wonderful plan of Nature, in all its beauty, 
 having been created without a Creator. 
 
 A lady in Glasgow complained to us bitterly of having to pay 
 taxes for the compulsory attendance of children at school. 
 " Madam," we said, " Educate the children of Glasgow, and stifle 
 the ruffianism which renders your property and person unsafe. 
 You will reduce police taxation, and, in the long run, you will 
 find it better, pleasanter, and cheaper, to pay for the schooling of 
 the youngsters, than for their imprisonment and punishment." 
 
 By the same Author, 
 
 NATURE'S REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER, 
 
 Large Royal 8uo, 600 pp., with 250 Engravings, 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE OF A NEW SYSTEM OF PHYSIOGNOMICAL 
 
 PRINCIPLES AND SIGNS, BY WHICH 
 
 CHARACTER IS DISCLOSED. 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART, 
 
 Crown 8vo, 240 pp., 220 Illustrations. 
 
 SIX SCIENTIFIC LECTUEES 
 
 ON 
 
 "EDUCATION," 
 
 " THE PROPER CARE OF THE HUMAN BODY." 
 
 "AMIMALIMITATIONALITY AND MENTIMITATIVENESS," 
 
 "THE SECRETS OF SUCCESS IN LIFE," 
 
 "THE PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY," and 
 
 "PHYSIOGNOMY AND ITS FACTS." 
 
 SOLD BY 
 
 W. TWEEDIE, - 837 Strand, London. 
 
 J. TWEED, 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. 
 
 J. MITCHELSON, - - 40 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
THE 
 
 SECRETS OF SUCCESS IN LIFE 
 
 JL LECTURE, 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., of New-Yokk. 
 
 The desire of material wealth is sufficiently laudable, and an 
 honest strife in this direction has a tendency to bring into 
 action the manliest parts of human nature. But it should be 
 borne in mind that higher prizes than even worldly wealth are 
 to be found in the lottery of life. The inestimable privilege of 
 being able, in the quiet of declining years, to look back upon 
 a life untarnished by meanness, deceit, or dishonourable dealing; 
 and, above all, the inward approval of a conscience void of self- 
 accusation, are rewards of far higher value than those which 
 accrue from material wealth. The intrinsic worth of the for- 
 mer is not their only recommendation; for a faithful allegiance 
 to the path of honour rarely fails to draw into its train a fair 
 share of the good things of this life. The pathway of youth is 
 beset with numerous snares; and it is desirable to place here 
 and there beacon-lights of guidance for the inexperienced tra- 
 vellers about to commence their perilous journey. The advanc- 
 ing army of youth requires pioneers to remove obstacles, and 
 point out hidden dangers and probable ambuscades. The first 
 maxim which should be earnestly inculcated upon youth is — 
 
 Be Honest and Truthful in Dealing with Others and 
 with Yourselves. Society is so saturated with hypocrisy and 
 deceit that we are constantly hearing blatant falsehoods perpe- 
 trated, or witnessing unblushing lies enacted, while no little 
 acuteness is required to escape being cheated and swindled. 
 Libraries are inundated with fiction, while truth is huddled into 
 corners or thrust ignominiously into the streets. The world is 
 crowded with Gnathos displaying counterfeit badges of honesty; 
 and were Diogenes to revisit the earth with his lantern, he 
 would speedily return whence he had come, more sick at heart 
 than ever. We sometimes fancy we can discern the dawn of 
 virtue on the social, trading, and political horizons of the world; 
 but the fond delusion vanishes, and, as of old, knavery and 
 deceit remain staring from the faces of mankind. When I was 
 
delivering a course of lectures in Boston, U.S., one of the audience 
 presented the photograph of a man for my inspection. " A born 
 thief," I pronounced ; " when he has the chance that man will 
 always steal." I afterwards found he was in jail, where he had 
 often- been before, and always for theft. To a physiognomist the 
 human face is a book; and to be credited with honesty it is 
 absolutely necessary to have the thing itself. It is to be 
 deplored that there are so many who make mere pretensions to 
 honesty and virtue; but to the credit of human nature be it said, 
 there are high-souled people who would be reduced to beggary, 
 and forfeit life itself, rather than stoop to dishonesty or mean- 
 ness. M. Portius Cato, the famous Eoman statesman, was 
 remarkable in his administration of justice for the unbending 
 steadfastness with which he pursued the path of duty. When 
 his fair fame was aspersed, he chose his bitterest enemy, Tiberius 
 Sempronius Gracchus, to sit in judgment upon him; and his 
 magnanimity had its reward, when, for very shame's sake, he was 
 declared innocent of the foul charges which aimed at his destruc- 
 tion. Grecian history affords a fine instance of moral worth in 
 Aristides. Julius Drusus offered a large sum of money to any 
 one who would contrive to make every room in his house so 
 transparent that his actions would be patent to all the world. 
 Such men must have been burning and shining lights amidst the 
 general darkness, however ; for we find that Asclepidorus could 
 discover in Syria only three men of unblemished honour and 
 truth. These were — Domninus the philosopher, Ilapius of 
 Antioch, and Mares of Laodicea. Among those brilliant names 
 of more modern times, whose fame will grow brighter with the 
 lapse of time, we may cite Thomas Merks, Bishop of Carlisle, 
 whose allegiance to truth cost him his life; Tyndal, John Knox, 
 Lafayette, Washington, Jefferson, Wellington, Jackson, and 
 Lincoln. Nothing will more rapidly loosen a man's hold upon 
 prosperity than such behaviour on his part as leads to his being 
 accounted unreliable in his dealings. Let, therefore, the founda- 
 tion of your life-structure be a fearless love of truth, honesty, 
 and justice, with an implacable hatred of deceit, chicanery, and 
 meanness. 
 
 How to Select a Vocation. If you would avoid the risk of 
 inaugurating your business career by an irreparable blunder, 
 seek the counsel of *a professional physiognomist. He alone, 
 with absolute scientific accuracy, can indicate the particular 
 walk in which you can be certain of the greatest amount of 
 success and prosperity. The structure of your frame is probably 
 made up of inequalities in point of development; and a profes- 
 sion should be chosen in which the strongest points of your 
 mental and bodily organisation would be most brought into 
 play. All men have some of their faculties but feebly devel- 
 
oped ; and the fatal mistake is often fallen into of adopting a pro- 
 fession demanding great exertion from those very parts which are 
 deficient in strength. The deplorable consequences are, failures in 
 business, and often shattered constitutions and premature graves. 
 Be Industkious ever. Industry will do much to supply the 
 place of the great talent which perhaps you do not possess. 
 The most abjectly miserable are those who are doomed to wilful 
 or enforced inactivity. Idleness is a canker worm, eating and 
 gnawing its way into the vitals; and, if not expelled, it will 
 shatter to atoms the most dearly cherished dreams of your exis- 
 tence. Galen has said that idleness is " maximum animi nocu- 
 mentum." The body that is luxuriously fed and kept in idleness 
 is but a forcing house of disease. The lounging clog becomes 
 mangy; and undoubtedly man deteriorates in obedience to the 
 same physical laws. To the Sybarites it was torture to look 
 upon any exhibition of industry, and they even banished from 
 their dominions all artificers who could not carry on their call- 
 ings under cover and without noise. Probably the most invete- 
 rate votary of idleness of whom we have any authentic record 
 was Eomanus, the grandson of Eomanus Laucapenus. He could 
 hardly be prevailed upon to allow himself to be dressed in the 
 morning; and he endured tortures during the day lest he should 
 not be suffered to sleep in his clothes at night, and thereby avoid 
 the distasteful exercise of getting himself undressed. He passed 
 his waking time in swinish pleasures, which could be indulged 
 in consistently with his predelictions for sloth. Another notable 
 specimen of this besotted class was Altadas, or, as Julian called 
 him, the African Sethos, eleventh king of the Assyrians. This 
 individual voted business foolishness, and abandoned himself to 
 sloth and the society of courtezans. We have every reason to 
 congratulate ourselves on the vast improvement that has taken 
 place in regal and imperial morality in more modern times. 
 Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, and Peter the Great, were not 
 precisely saints in every respect; but, as active and industrious 
 workers, they were immeasurably elevated above those besotted 
 magnates of ancient times. King William of Prussia, also, is an 
 instance in our own day of the better developed aptitude for 
 work which prevails amongst crowned heads. Industry is the 
 only safeguard against poverty and vice. It endows men with 
 usefulness and prosperity, while to women it is a crown of hap- 
 piness and virtue. Do not fancy you can succeed in any worthy 
 enterprise without the most untiring industry; and remember 
 that the more the time of vigorous exertion is extended, and the 
 more the hours of idleness are curtailed, the nearer is the desired 
 consummation. The broad gulf between industry and sloth is 
 the chasm which separates the banker from the beggar — genial 
 prosperity from unmitigated wretchedness and ruin. 
 
How best to Utilise your Spare Hours. There is no infa- 
 tuation so perilous as that of a young man habitually, on being 
 released from his work, betaking himself to the public house — 
 there to lounge away, worse than unprofitably, the time which 
 has been allotted to him for rest and improvement. The unfortu- 
 nate youth who acquires habits of this kind has need to wrench 
 the hankering from his bosom without delay, for that way leads 
 to destruction. Procure and read such books as "Ledyard's- 
 Travels in Africa," "Humboldt's Cosmos," "Lyell's Geology," 
 Owen's works on Zoology; the works of Herbert Spencer, Ruskin, 
 Stuart Mill, and other standard writers. Time devoted to the 
 reading of books of this class is an investment at compound 
 interest, secured by a bond and mortgage on the soul of the 
 investor. 
 
 Let the Company you Keep be Good. It is an old proverb, 
 and a true one — "Like draws to like." Ducks congregate and 
 sport in the water together, and crows lift their unmusical voices 
 in concert. Take heed, therefore, of the companionship you seek 
 to cultivate; for to an absolute certainty, whether innocent or 
 guilty, the equality of your companions will rule the opinion 
 which is formed of you by the world. Police officers are well 
 aware of the tendency of like drawing to like; and a favourite 
 mode of finding a criminal is by discovering the kind of retreat he 
 is likely to seek. Man gradually acquires much of the charac- 
 teristics of the associations, be they good or bad, with which he 
 is brought immediately in contact. It is especially incumbent 
 on young men who may change the sphere of their labours to act 
 with caution in forming new companionships. A false step 
 may prove fatal to the growth of the good seed which has 
 taken root; and it is better to wait patiently until time and 
 experience have lent their aids for a decision. 
 
 Take Counsel with Men whose Success in Life indicates 
 the Worth of their Characters. It is reasonable to conclude 
 that the man who has travelled over a road rendered dangerous 
 in the extreme by pitfalls, broken bridges, treacherous fords, and 
 still more treacherous robbers, and has reached his journey's end 
 with unbroken bones and in good health and spirits, is well 
 qualified to give advice to any subsequent traveller about to 
 traverse the same perilous country. Just in the same proportion 
 is the man qualified to give advice who has so far accomplished the 
 most perilous part of the journey of life, and who now rests from 
 his fatigues in the secure region which his tact and sagacity have 
 enabled him to reach. He can tell his youthful brother how he 
 evaded that pitfall which seemed yawning to receive him; and 
 he can relate by what stratagems he foiled the intentions of a 
 band of robbers that plotted his capture and destruction. It was 
 the rule of the sagacious Stephen Girard to counsel only with 
 
those who had succeeded in life. The traveller who has reached 
 his journey's end, with broken limbs and empty purse, can give a 
 dolorous account of how all this came about; but such informa- 
 tion is worse than useless, as it only unhinges the courage which 
 is so necessary for a successful prosecution of the journey. By 
 all means, then, seek advice from the successful man. Some 
 failures are attributable to rashness, and others to want of judg- 
 ment; while the largest class have their origin in the over- 
 weening pride which scorns to ask advice where intelligence and 
 experience are available. When you have fortified yourself with 
 the' counsel of men of large experience who have succeeded in 
 business, summon all the prudence at your command to avoid 
 the rocks on which so many goodly barques are lost before they 
 are well out of the harbour. If you make a false step, recover 
 yourself with all the speed you can, and proceed with increased 
 vigilance and caution. Be modestly firm in your intercourse 
 with the world; and remember that true modesty is 'a crown to 
 its possessor. Lord Karnes said of modesty — " It is the truest 
 glass in the world to dress by, the choicest director of our dis- 
 courses, and a sure guide in all our actions." There is no surer 
 way of winning the esteem of your seniors than by preserving a 
 modest yet firm deportment. A modest bearing argues the 
 absence of conceit; and the predominant tendency of Autohege- 
 mony, which signifies an inordinate estimate of one's own capa- 
 cities, is to revolt from accepting counsel from those who are 
 eminently capable of affording it. Men who have enjoyed a 
 long- continued run of prosperity, are apt to drift into the fatal 
 idea that they are all-sufficient in themselves; and this is a 
 •quicksand on which many a man has been wrecked and ruined. 
 It should not be forgotten that, when the clouds of adversity 
 begin to settle down upon a man, the clearness of his mental 
 vision is obscured, his mind is liable to indecision, and for 
 the time being he is incapable of exercising that calm consider- 
 ation which is necessary for an extrication from his difficulties. 
 Then is the time to know the full value of a clear-headed wife 
 or a disinterested friend. We should well weigh everything 
 that is addressed to us, and carefully separate the wheat from 
 the chaff, before pronouncing the whole to be worthless. A fool 
 in motley once gave advice of the most valuable description. 
 Francis the First, of France, was maturing the design of a 
 descent upon Italy, and consulting with his officers as to the 
 best plan for surmounting the difficulty of the Alps. Amaril, 
 the court fool, listened attentively, and at length remarked, that 
 it would be much wiser if they would endeavour to hit on a plan 
 for bringing the army safely out of Italy. As the event proved, 
 the advice was not unwarranted, though unheeded ; for Francis 
 I. of France was defeated and taken prisoner, and scarcely a man 
 
of his fine army ever reached France again. Do not be deterred 
 from soliciting advice in suitable quarters, from the fear that it 
 will bring ridicule or contempt upon you ; as a judicious appli- 
 cation for counsel will bear with it quite an opposite impression. 
 Despise not Honest Labour, and be not too Proud to 
 Work. As the p} r ramids were slowly reared stone by stone, so 
 fortunes are seldom realised except by adding pound to pound and 
 dollar to dollar. Let those who would leave their mark in the world 
 pull off their coats, roll up their shirt sleeves, and set manfully 
 to work. Do not waste idle thoughts of regret because your lot 
 has, mayhap, been cast in the lowly walks of industry. The 
 same sun which blisters the pavements of London, the vast 
 metropolis of Great Britain, also darts its life-giving rays on the 
 humbler roofs of New London in Connecticut. For a fair pro- 
 spect of success it matters less what particular kind of occupa- 
 tion is adopted than the degree of spirit with which you fling 
 yourself into the opening, and the perseverance which you infuse 
 into the execution of your daily toil. The great Eothschilds 
 have not attained to so high a pitch of eminence as to be able 
 almost to avert wars and sway empires without a vast expendi- 
 ture of thoroughly exhaustive toil. John Jacob Astor began life 
 as a vendor of apples on the streets of New York. Stephen 
 Girard, from insignificant beginnings, succeeded in amassing 
 wealth. Commodore Vanderbilt started in life as a poor boatman. 
 A. T. Stewart began business as a pedlar. Multitudes of men, 
 sprung from the ranks, have attained eminence in the higher 
 walks of science and literature. The great James Watt was at 
 one time a working mathematical instrument maker. From the- 
 lowest round of the ladder Charles Dickens rose to the highest 
 eminence in literature. Franklin was once a printer. Dr. John 
 Hunter, in early life, was a cabinetmaker. Hugh Miller, during 
 his early manhood, was but a working mason. Eichard Cobden 
 was a poor farmer's boy. Sir John Eoss was once a volunteer 
 in the English navy. Livingstone, in early youth, was em- 
 ployed in a factory. Professor Faraday was a bookbinder. In 
 fact, hosts of successful men have risen from the humbler walks 
 of life, brushing away, by industry and force of character, the 
 social impediments to their upward flight, with which the pecu- 
 liarity of their birth had essayed in vain to fetter their feet. 
 Labour widens out the frame, welds together the bones, enlarges 
 the organs of digestion and respiration, gives steadiness to the 
 nerves, consolidates the fibres of the muscles, and bit by bit de- 
 velops the boy into vigorous manhood, or shoots up the maiden 
 into a blooming and healthful woman. Idleness utterly unfits- 
 its victims for the higher duties of life. Labour, directed with 
 common sense, combined with judicious economy of living, and 
 guided by untarnished honesty of purpose, rarely disappoints. 
 
the investor of the prizes of substance, distinction, honour, and 
 happiness. 
 
 Avoid Intemperate Habits. To ensure success in the struggle 
 of life, it is absolutely necessary that you should retain the con- 
 fidence and esteem of all with whom you come in contact. To 
 do this it is peremptorily incumbent on you to cultivate strict 
 habits of temperance. At starting you may be possessed of 
 every other virtue under the sun, and yet, if you lack that of 
 sobriety, you are undone. How suicidal is the folly of putting 
 an enemy into your mouth to rob you of your senses. A drunk 
 man will betray secrets which, in his sober moments, he would 
 suffer martyrdom rather than divulge. Ere now, murder — 
 murder of those nearest and 'dearest to the insane murderer — 
 has been the result of indulgence in the accursed propensity for 
 drink. Clitus was the bosom-friend of Alexander the Great, 
 and once saved his life; yet the latter slew his preserver in a 
 drunken debauch. Temperance averts disease, promotes happi- 
 ness, and prolongs life. Louis Cornaro, the great hygienist of 
 Venice, gives interesting details from his own experience. By 
 temperance he banished from his frame the crudities of the 
 stomach, fevers, and pleurisy, with which' he was afflicted in 
 early life; completely rehabilitated an originally feeble constitu- 
 tion, and lived to the age of 99 years. His wife, who subsisted 
 in accordance with his system of plain diet and temperate regi- 
 men, survived him and lived to about the same age. Agesilaus, 
 King of Sparta, lived on the very plainest fare. Philip of 
 Macedon curtly refused the services of an otherwise brave and 
 valiant officer, because of the latter's fondness for wine. Thomas 
 H. Benton, a Senator of the United States, used to tell that he 
 never drank a glass of liquor in his life. He had not~ the 
 slightest idea of how a game was progressing when others were 
 playing in his presence. This happy ignorance was no doubt 
 due to his abstemious habits, as it rarely happens that intemper- 
 ance does not lead to gambling. Crime can nearly always be 
 traced to immoderate indulgence in intoxicating liquors. There 
 must be no compromise with the demon of intemperance that 
 stalks throughout the land. The tide of misery and crime can 
 never be stemmed until the legislators of the civilised world pass 
 stringent enactments prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating 
 liquors. As a medical man, I solemnly assert that there is abso- 
 lutely no possible condition of the constitution of the human 
 frame which renders imperative or even advisable the applica- 
 tion of intoxicating liquors as a remedial alternative. As one 
 having some acquaintance with chemistry, I insist, further, that 
 there is no chemical or mechanical operation in which the liquor 
 of which we are now speaking is used which could not be as 
 efficiently carried on by the substitution of less treacherous 
 
8 
 
 agencies. If these assertions are correct, the only plea for the 
 continuance of the manufacture of intoxicating liquors is shat- 
 tered to atoms. The American, Prussian, and other enlightened 
 Governments would speedily follow the example that England 
 might present to the world, by completely prohibiting the manu- 
 facture or importation of intoxicating liquors; and in time the 
 world would be rid of an agency of evil which has wrought a 
 thousand times more havoc than all the other sources of human 
 woe combined. If you would tread the world in safety, in the 
 meantime, you must shun the public house or tippling shop as 
 you would shun the pest house ; and remember it is the grossest 
 self-deception — a deception which has dragged millions to their 
 ruin — to fancy that you can handle pitch without being defiled. 
 Dress becomingly, and in accordance with your .Business 
 and Station. As you value the approval and esteem of the 
 only kind of men whose good opinion is worth the winning, be 
 careful to dress modestly and in keeping with your profession. 
 The farmer who attires himself in warm homespun will be 
 credited with sense and judgment by his friends; while his 
 neighbour, who tricks himself out in all the fripperies of the city 
 dandy, is rightly stigmatised as a fool. A blacksmith should 
 wear clothes that dirt and rust will not injure; but it would 
 be absurd and ridiculous for a music-master to adopt the garb 
 of a stone-mason. Be dressed in material befitting your occu- 
 pation, and you may have them as well made as possible, and 
 of as good material of the kind as you can afford. It is dis- 
 tasteful to the master shop-keeper to have either fops or scare- 
 crows behind his counters. When the dress of a clerk becomes 
 elaborate and costly, he has himself to thank if he is suspected 
 of surreptitiously sharing in the profits of the business. Charles, 
 Duke of Burgundy, commonly wore a habit which cost two 
 hundred thousand ducats in silver — an amount equivalent to 
 two hundred thousand dollars, or forty thousand pounds of 
 modern currency. As a contrast, the old Earl of Derby, 
 who fought for Charles I., was commonly attired so modestly 
 that by this mark he could be discerned at once in a crowd. 
 The Emperor Bassianus Varius Avitus Elagabalus dressed in 
 garments of gold and diamonds, clusters of jewels and precious 
 stones adorned his shoes, and he made a point of never wearing 
 a suit more than once. Sir John Arundel must have been a 
 small fortune to his tailors; for when drowned in crossing the 
 English channel, fifty-two new suits of purple and gold went 
 with him to the bottom. A mind of another and far superior 
 cast was encased in Marcus Portius Cato, who never had a toga 
 on his back which cost more than one hundred pence. Lollia 
 Paulina, a Eoman lady, when attending a feast, was decorated 
 with gold chains, pearls, carcanets, and diamonds to the value of 
 
9 
 
 a million sterling; yet, with all her pride and wealth, she was as 
 deserving of contempt as becomingly-clad Baroness Coutts is of 
 merited commendation. Illustrations could be multiplied inde- 
 finitely, showing the beauty of modesty in dress, but the thing is 
 so evident that it is needless to enlarge. 
 
 Have one Aim in Life. It is a truism that he who aims at 
 nothing will generally hit his mark. The objectless saunterer, 
 uncaring whither he is going, is more apt to tumble into mischief 
 than his friend who is decided as to his intentions before he leaves 
 his dwelling. If the captain of a ship forgets that he is to reach 
 a stated port, and pays no heed to the course, he is likely to 
 have a sorrowful awakening from his lethargy when his ship 
 runs upon the rocks. A sportsman who fires off his fowling 
 piece at random is less likely to kill birds than to bag a brother 
 sportsman or a dog. And so it is with the young man who 
 lounges through life displaying fitful efforts of energy without 
 a definite aim. To avoid a useless existence, you must carefully 
 select the chief object for which you are to strive. Follow this 
 up with all your energy, and you will surely reach your goal 
 crowned with honour and success. 
 
 Don't expect a Fortune to fall at your Feet. What is 
 vulgarly called luck, has little connection, in its origin, with 
 blind chance. Tact and industry have more to do in superin- 
 ducing what is commonly termed a run of luck than any other 
 agencies. Happy consummations are not brought about by 
 fortuitous and blindly-acting forces, but are the results, in some 
 way or other, of intelligent working and striving. It does, no 
 doubt, sometimes appear as if particular individuals were singled 
 out by fortune for the purpose of having showered upon their 
 lucky heads an unstinted share of happiness and felicity; but 
 the accident of the thing is only apparent and not real. Cases 
 in point are those of Quintus Metellus, Lucius Metellus, and the 
 Eoman Emperor, Pius Antoninus, of the latter of whom it is 
 written that he never left any mean or imperfect act behind him 
 for the exercise of retrospective repentance. On the other hand, 
 there have been people whom misfortune seemed to dog, and 
 who, from the cradle to the grave, met with little but sorrow 
 and disappointment. Henry VI. of England was unsuccessful 
 in every enterprise in which he engaged. Franciscus Bufalus, 
 an estimable citizen of Home, was visited by a series of the 
 most appalling misfortunes. Two of his sons quarrelled, fought, 
 and killed each other. Other two perished as the penalty of 
 conspiracy, while the fifth and last, murdered his mother-in- 
 law, and his only daughter committed suicide. Of course 
 circumstances arise over which we cannot, by any possibility, 
 exercise any influence; but these are almost always of minor 
 importance, and everything on which the general success of life 
 
10 
 
 depends is more or less under our own control. The acquisition 
 of fortune hinges largely upon the amount of energy and indus- 
 try which we can bring to bear on the machinery of existence. 
 
 Let Everything you do be Done with Perseverance and 
 Thoroughness. The two qualities of perseverance and thorough- 
 ness are the master keys to unlock the treasures of riches, 
 reputation, and fame. To be on the threshold of success, and 
 then to give up the enterprise, is infinitely worse than if no 
 attempt whatever had been made; while to hurry through the 
 work to the end in a slipshod and slovenly manner, is dishonesty. 
 Moreover, a failure from either cause is sure to exercise a baneful 
 effect upon future endeavours of the kind. The first fight of a 
 young dog is a critical time, for if it be beaten, the chances are 
 against its ever fighting successfully throughout the lapse of its 
 cowering existence. If a young horse be overloaded and fail, he 
 rarely forgets his want of success. The elephant that has once 
 fallen through a treacherous bridge, will hardly ever cross 
 another. Men, also, who have met with failure in their first 
 attempts, are ever after incapable of doing as much as they 
 might have done had they taken the necessary precaution to 
 ensure, in their maiden efforts, a victory instead of a defeat. 
 There is a young man of my acquaintance who is void of the 
 qualities of thoroughness and perseverance to a saddening de- 
 gree. He has never been known to carry out any undertak- 
 ing in its entirety, although he enters on many with energy 
 of such heat and intensity that it speedily burns itself down. 
 He has never been known, in passing through a doorway, to 
 close the door behind him. If he cuts a slice of bread his knife 
 stops short before the incision is completed, and the slice is torn 
 away to the disfigurement of the loaf. His mind is crammed 
 with ill digested sprinklings of acquaintanceship with a vast 
 range of subjects, about not one of which has he any ideas that 
 are not crude and unfinished. For examples of a remarkable 
 conjunction of perseverance with thoroughness, we "may cite 
 Alexander the Great, who never sat down before a city, and laid 
 his plans for its capture, without realising his designs. Oliver 
 Cromwell knew not what failure meant; and Gen. Grant, in the 
 late sanguinary intestine strife in America, carried everything 
 before him by thoroughness and perseverance. It is to these 
 qualities that we owe the choice works of art which have been 
 preserved to us from the time of the ancient Greeks, and also 
 those which have been called into mimic being in more modern 
 times. It is the steady lasting pace that wins the race of 
 success. A fitful display of talent may shine like a meteor for 
 a while; but unsustained by the qualities of perseverance and 
 thoroughness, it waxes dim, and becomes extinguished before 
 the race is well begun. It is not the erratic comet, brilliantly 
 
11 
 
 flitting across the sky, that bids the earth rejoice, but the 
 glorious sun itself — fitting emblem of steadfastness and perse- 
 verance — never tiring of shedding joy and gladness upon the 
 world. 
 
 Keep a Brave Front in Adversity, and be not Inflated 
 by Prosperity. A man's material success is accepted as the 
 criterion of the power and ability with which he is endowed; 
 and on the other hand, the frequency and extent of his failures 
 are taken as evidence of a greater or less deficiency of working 
 mental or bodily capacity. It is a fatal mistake to become too 
 sensitive to the opinion of society. The cowering victims of an 
 evil speaking world are no more masters of their own actions 
 than is the weathercock on the steeple. Endeavour, therefore, 
 calmly and steadily, to hold your onward course, esteeming the 
 approbation of your own consciences at a vastly higher figure 
 than the opinion of the world; showing no unseemly exultation 
 when prosperity smiles, and betraying no weak chagrin when 
 adversity frowns. Zeno, the celebrated philosopher of Cyprus, 
 took to merchandise, but lost, one by one, the whole of his ships. 
 When the last had succumbed to the waves, he thus apostro- 
 phised the fickle goddess: — "0, fortune, thou hast acted wisely 
 in forcing me to throw off the rich attire of a merchant to put 
 on the mean and despised habit of a scholar, and turning me back 
 to the school of philosophy, where there is nothing to lose, and 
 the most satisfactory and desirable things to be gained." Thus 
 nobly bearing himself under the blasting of his cherished visions 
 of wealth, he finally attained the highest pinnacle of eminence 
 as a man of profound learning; and at his death his loss was 
 mourned by king Antigonus II., and by all on whom he had 
 bestowed the happiness of his friendship. There is nothing 
 more surely indicative of nobility of mind than the preservation 
 of calmness of exterior under crushing disappointments and 
 calamities, unless it is the bearing of great prosperity without 
 the inflation of pride, and with seemly modesty of soul. As 
 the latter is perhaps the noblest spectacle of soaring manhood 
 which we may gaze upon, so is there nothing more hateful and 
 despicable than purse proud arrogance — the sure index of 
 meanness and pusillanimity. Of the latter class we have a good 
 illustrative example in Lepidus, who, when returning victorious 
 from the African campaign, at the head of twenty legions of 
 Roman soldiers elated with victory, encountered Octavianus 
 Caesar, who had just sustained a disastrous defeat at the hands 
 of Sextus Pompeius. A surfeit of glory had proved too much 
 for the weak mind of Lepidus ; and he not only showed the cold 
 shoulder to Octavianus Caesar, but with a stretch of meanness 
 hardly conceivable, he even incited his soldiers to hurl cowardly 
 insults at a brave man under a temporary cloud. His despicable 
 
12 
 
 pride had an early fall, however, and the blow was deservedly 
 embittered the more by coming from the man he had so 
 grossly insulted. After sustaining a crushing defeat, he was 
 banished the Empire for his* insolence and ostentation. Guard 
 well against any display of vain glory in times of prosperity, and 
 be not dejected by misfortunes or adversity; but let honest and 
 manly fearlessness characterise every action of your life. How- 
 ever highly you may be constitutionally 'fitted for the calling 
 you have chosen, failure is not beyond the reach of possibility; 
 but if you can only bear these preliminary disappointments 
 courageously, good, rather than evil, will be the outcome. These 
 early failures are fatal only to the weak-spirited and cowardly. 
 Demosthenes made a most signal failure in his first attempt at 
 public speaking, and yet he became the foremost orator of ancient 
 times. George Washington made a similar debut, and Henry 
 Clay's maiden speech was a ridiculous break-down. When 
 Benjamin Disraeli first rose to speak in the British House of 
 Commons, he made such a melancholy exhibition of himself 
 that he was speedily laughed and hooted into silence. Before 
 resuming his seat he said firmly: — " Gentlemen, the time will 
 come when you shall hear me." He has for many years been 
 regarded as among the first of British orators. "Recently my 
 attention was attracted to a fly which had lost its way and made 
 a wrong turning down the neck of the water decanter, which 
 stood on the table at which I was writing. I watched the pro- 
 ceedings of the little prisoner in its efforts to bring its accidental 
 incarceration to an end. It rose from the water in the direction 
 of the neck one hundred times, as I counted, each time falling 
 back baffled and defeated. Perseverance, however, met with its 
 reward at last, in the one-hundred-and-first trial, as it shot sheer 
 up through the neck once more into open air and liberty. It is 
 fatal to succumb at the first approach of difficulties, while to 
 meet such with a manly front is to turn a seeming misfortune 
 into a source of profit. 
 
 Do not Despise Little Things. To do so is to commit an 
 egregious blunder. The vast universe is made up of mole- 
 cules, conjoined so as to make up a grand whole. The little 
 daily kindnesses we give and receive are more lasting in effect 
 than magnificent benefits rarely bestowed. The ignited tobacco 
 dropped from the Indian's pipe to the scorched prairie may 
 cause the burning up of hundreds of square miles of grass and 
 forest trees. Trifles often increase in scope and importance until 
 on them hang the destinies of kingdoms and nations. A hare 
 once caused the capture of a Boman city. While this city was 
 invested by the Emperor Arnulphus, a hare was started close by 
 the camp, and heading in the direction of the principal gate, it 
 was pursued by a great number of soldiers, shouting and running 
 
at the top of their speed. Seized with a sudden panic, the 
 besieged abandoned their defences, and the hare hunters entered 
 quietly into possession of them and the city. A trifling accident 
 to L. iEmilius Paulus, the leader of the Eoman army, was 
 pregnant of results. Having been thrown from his horse, some 
 officers and soldiers dismounted to render the necessary assist- 
 ance. The rest of the mounted troops took this as the signal for 
 a general dismount, and acting on this fatal misconception, the 
 Carthaginian General was enabled to deliver the most crushing 
 defeat the Eoman forces probably ever received. For a trifle of 
 Latin King Edward II. lost his life. Adam de Torleton, Bishop 
 of Hereford, wishing to save the life of the young king, sent a 
 message in Latin to his keepers: — " Evardum occidere nolitc 
 timzre homnum est" which bears the translation " do not kill 
 Edward, it is good to fear him." But by the receivers of the 
 message it was rendered " do not fear to kill Edward, as it is a 
 good act;" and this little mistake cost the king his life. The 
 fall of an apple revealed to Newton the law of gravitation. The 
 steam of the tea kettle led to the discovery of a' motive power 
 which has revolutionised the world. A little stick of wood 
 washed up from time to time on the Portuguese shore, proved to 
 Columbus that there was land to be discovered to the west, and 
 was the introduction to a new world. The idea of the suspension 
 bridge was first caught from the spider stretching her flimsy 
 threads across a ravine. A common kite, in the hands of 
 Eranklin, disclosed the possibility of utilising the lightning 
 itself. The heat of camp fires in the desert melted and ran 
 together the particles of sand in a semi-transparent mass, 
 and this trifling incident was the inauguration of the gigan- 
 tic industry of glass- making. The operations of a diminu- 
 tive musk rat of the Mississippi caused that mighty river to 
 burst its embankments, inflicting damage on the surrounding 
 country to the tune of thousands upon thousands of dollars. 
 Recently a magnificent ship of war, which had cost the Govern- 
 ment of the United States six hundred thousand dollars, was, by 
 the boring propensities of a paltry worm, sent suddenly to the 
 bottom, to be seen no more. There is more than appears on the 
 surface in the saying — " Take care of the pence and the pounds 
 will take care of themselves." The trifling incidents which go 
 to make up the pence of life muster strong collectively, if they 
 should be individually weak; and it is to their influence as 
 used by ourselves that we owe happiness or misery in life. 
 
 Acquire a Taste for Sound Beading. In every age books 
 have been the bosom friends and companions of the most 
 highly cultivated and gifted of every clime. The world is now 
 inundated with an enormous mass of literature. This literature 
 may be divided into the Intellectual, embracing science, history, 
 
14 
 
 travels, and writings of an educational or instructive character 
 generally; the Moral, which, strictly speaking, is but a phase of 
 the intellectual ; and the Passionate or Emotional, under which 
 heading come all the love tales of fiction. Of the two first 
 named classes it would be extremely difficult to say too much 
 that is good, while an equal difficulty would be experienced in 
 finding expressions too strong for an adequate condemnation of 
 the third class. The immoderate devouring of the ordinary 
 novel produces intoxication of a certain kind as certainly as 
 would its material prototype alcohol, administered through the 
 channel of the gullet. It may probably be pleaded in extenuation 
 that novel reading is almost universally indulged in among all 
 civilised communities. The prevalence of the habit cannot, 
 however, change the hue of its character. The Eomans were 
 passionately fond of gladiatorial butchery in the bloody amphi- 
 theatre. The Hindoos of India joyfully threw themselves 
 under the wheels of the car of Juggernaut. Spain once rejoiced 
 in the Inquisition, and she still goes crazy over an aimless 
 combat between a padded matador and a spiritless bull. It 
 would be but a sorry argument to suggest the prevalence of customs 
 such as these in proof of their excellence. Why, by such a 
 train of reasoning, murder has only to be pretty generally 
 practised to be transformed into a praiseworthy and highly 
 meritorious performance. The universal reading of novels is a 
 propensity to be deplored and discountenanced. The bane of this 
 custom consists in the intoxication with which it overbalances 
 the system, and the distaste of truth which it engenders. Just 
 at the season when youths are the most liable to be stricken 
 down by the novel reading fever, their passions are already too 
 strong, and stand much more in need of repression than cultiva- 
 tion. The taste for fiction is not lasting, but dies out after it 
 has performed all the mischief it can ; while, on the other hand, 
 the appetite for intellectual and moral reading grows on what it 
 feeds upon, and endures while the lamp of intelligence remains 
 unextinguished. 
 
 Maintain an appropriate Bearing to Eich and Poor, and 
 cherish virtuous FRIENDSHIPS. There is no individual so con- 
 temptible as the despicable sycophant who habitually cringes and 
 truckles to wealth, and turns his back upon honest indigence and 
 poverty. Carefully avoid conduct of this nauseating kind; let 
 your intercourse with rich men be untainted with servility, and 
 your dealings with the poor free alike from arrogance and the 
 assumption of offensive patronage. In your friendships be dis- 
 criminating, so as to avoid discreditable entanglements. There 
 are people who delight in announcing in trumpet tones the great 
 love and friendship they entertain for their neighbours; but truly 
 the exhibition of their friendly feelings adopts a singular chan- 
 
15 
 
 nel for its display. If persons of this class have any little bit of 
 scandal, the discussion of which is calculated to afford you the 
 deepest pain, they will be sure, under the cloak of consolation, to 
 •drive the iron into your soul. Real friendship is a very different 
 thing. It abounds in true sympathy and delicacy of touch, and 
 would suffer infinitely more than you would, were a tender part 
 to be accidentally probed. Damon and Pythias are typical 
 friends, the one having offered his life for the other. Epami- 
 nondas fought over the prostrate body of his friend Pelopidas 
 until he was covered with wounds; and history gives numerous 
 examples of friendships, touching in their complete abnegation 
 of self. Yet, however admirable a thing is real and sincere 
 friendship, young men ought to guard against cultivating in- 
 discriminate intimacies which are generally very differently con- 
 stituted; and those who are the most cautious in acquiring 
 friendships realise more happiness when they are once formed, 
 and are least likely to experience a waning of the feeling. 
 Friends ought to be selected as the judicious reader chooses his 
 books — not on account of handsome or respectable exteriors, but 
 of the sterling qualities within. When you have once formed a 
 friendship, be slow to bring it to a close, and do not be ready to 
 to take umbrage or offence at every little peddling rumour that 
 reaches your ears. Above all, adhere to your friends in the time 
 of their adversity, as nothing cuts so deep as heartless desertion 
 on the first approach of misfortune. 
 
 On Marriage, and how best to select a suitable Partner 
 for Life. The subject of marriage presents an interesting field 
 for philosophical research. It is a well established fact that the 
 majority of the great thinkers and intellectual workers of the 
 world have either remained unmarried, or found no happiness in 
 the marriage state. I opine that the philosophy of these pheno- 
 mena is, that when a man finds himself wedded to a loving and 
 affectionate wife, his higher and manlier powers are lulled to 
 sleep, and he spends his days in reciprocating those nameless 
 endearments which undoubtedly are powerfully attractive and 
 highly valued by the worshippers at the shrine of Hymen. On 
 the other hand, those men who have had the tide of their affec- 
 tions dammed up, seem to have the whole of their life-force 
 urged into the higher channels of the intellectual. The fol- 
 lowing examples illustrate the position here taken : — Thales, the 
 eminent Greek philosopher, adhered to a condition of single 
 blessedness. St. Paul remained unmarried. Socrates was 
 united to a shrew. Lord Bacon remained single. Scaliger 
 lived and died a bachelor. Shakespeare is said to have been 
 unlucky in his choice of a wife. Milton's first wife ran away 
 from him. Gibbon, a distinguished historian, loved, yet never 
 married. Washington Irving remained a bachelor. Charles 
 
' -ii 
 
 16 
 
 Dickens, at an early stage of his career, was separated from his 
 wife. John Buskin has been divorced. Stuart Mill lived a 
 widower for fifteen years before he died. Sumner and Horace 
 Greeley, it is said, drew blanks in the marriage lottery. Eosa 
 
 -C ^Bonheur, Harriet llosmer, Florence Nightingale. B aroness Burde tt 
 
 ^~~ Tteutts," ana Anna E. DicKms^ eminence — 
 
 y* are single ladies. Do not, however, run away with the idea that 
 fl^p^it is my wish to depict the institution of marriage as a mael- 
 " strom to be avoided. Doubtless a fond and affectionate wife 
 brings a world of joy and devotion to lay at the feet of the 
 husband she adores. Perhaps some of you will remember the 
 conjugal devotion of the Djuchess of Bavaria, who carried 
 Guelpho, her husband, out of the captured town of Wurzburg 
 on her shoulders, and thus saved his life. Alcestus cheerfully 
 died for Admetus, her husband. Julia fell dead on seeing 
 the bloody garments of her husband Pompey. To those 
 resolved to make the venture I would say, do not be caught by 
 a pretty face. Pay some heed to the aspect of the mind as well 
 as the beauties of the person, and let the foundation of your 
 decision be rather a reciprocity of love and esteem than skin- 
 deep beauty or the glitter of a well filled purse. June should 
 not wed with January. Such unions are fraught with the most 
 disastrous consequences. I have reserved the most valuable 
 advice to the last. Consult an efficient examiner of character. 
 Put yourself into his hands, and he will readily describe to you 
 the form and intellectual endowments of the woman who is best 
 fitted to crown your life and her own with usefulness and 
 happiness. Thus guided by experience, philosophy, and science, 
 you reduce to a minimum the risk of a misalliance. 
 
 In conclusion, bear constantly a manly part in the battle of 
 life. Shun meanness and deceit. Practice sobriety and patience. 
 Be true to yourselves and to your friends. Be ever ready, 
 according to the abundance of your stores, to alleviate suffering 
 and distress, and be certain that when you arrive at the close of 
 an honourable, honoured, and useful existence, for you there 
 will be a rich and glorious reward. 
 
 Dr. Simms' Books and Lectures may be had from William 
 Tweedie, 337 Strand, London; J. Tweed, 11 St. Enoch Square, 
 Glasgow; G. Mitchelson, 40 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
THE 
 
 PROPER CARE OF THE HUMAN BODY; 
 
 OR, 
 
 THAT WHICH IS PROMOTIVE OF 
 
 HEALTH, HAPPINESS, AND LONGEVITY. 
 
 .A. LBOTUI^B, 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., of New-York. 
 
 What are people most careless about keeping while it is in 
 possession, and most anxious to regain when it is lost? This is 
 no riddle; every one of ordinary observation will answer, "It is 
 health." 
 
 Some through the formation of vicious habits, and others 
 through sheer ignorance, allow the priceless treasure to slip 
 away; and then they desire, and often desire in vain, that at any 
 cost it may be recovered. As Shakspeare has happily expressed 
 it, "How use doth breed a habit in a man!" So here is one who 
 uses strong drink to such an unreasonable extent that intoxica- 
 tion ensues. This being often repeated, impairs the general 
 health, and finally death supervenes as the retribution which 
 God has kindly appointed to deter from vicious indulgence in 
 the first place, and failing this, to terminate the woes of a life 
 which has become intolerable. There again is a man who runs 
 riot in his passional nature, his temper, for instance, being per- 
 mitted to rise and exert such fearful sway that the elemental or 
 bodily materials of his frame are burnt up, and life is destroyed. 
 Another individual brings himself to an untimely end by that 
 undue indulgence of his appetite that leads to the contraction of 
 mortal disease. All these things are done every day through no 
 deliberate preference for sickness and death, but through a thought- 
 less disregard of the certain consequences of the vicious indulgence. 
 For when the constitution is shattered, the organisation hasten- 
 ing to dissolution, and pale death comes tapping at the house 
 wherein resides one of these spendthrifts of health, how eagerly 
 does the fond mortal clutch at the slenderest hope of recovery, 
 
and with childlike docility submit to anything that medical skill 
 can suggest as a possible alleviation of his sufferings and pro- 
 longation of his existence. It is too late to tell him then that 
 had proper care been bestowed on that dissolving frame, health 
 and vigour would have been the concomitants to an old age 
 replete with comfort and enjoyment.. 
 
 Besides the natural propensity of men to the excessive grati- 
 fication of appetite and passion, despite their better judgment, 
 there is a great deal of ignorance as to what will and what will 
 not improve and strengthen the powers of life on the one hand, 
 or lead to their destruction on the other. In our universities 
 and schools of learning many sciences are studied and much 
 valuable knowledge is acquired, but when the graduate leaves 
 his alma mater he perhaps knows no more about taking care of 
 his body and preserving its health than a child entering his teens. 
 When one considers that health — vigour of body inducing energy 
 of mind — is indispensable to success in every vocation of life, 
 one sees that the care of it should be paramount to all other 
 knowledge; and it becomes a wonder to the thoughtful mind that 
 there are no schools in which the ordinary means conducive to 
 bodily health are taught, and no provision made for imparting 
 this knowledge in our great public seminaries. It is my pur- 
 pose in the present lecture briefly to point out the manner in 
 which the various parts of the human body ought to be cared 
 for, and thus I shall endeavour to supply, in a condensed form, 
 some of the valuable information which the public so greatly 
 require, in the hope that some misery may thus be prevented, 
 some distress relieved, and some life prolonged. 
 
 Let me first call your attention to the humblest and often 
 most neglected parts of the human frame — the feet. No coun- 
 try that has any literature at all is without large volumes on the 
 shoeing of horses, the size and form of shoe most suitable for 
 them, and the general management of • the feet of these useful 
 quadrupeds. Yet, to the best of my knowledge, no single work 
 has been published on the shoeing of human feet and the best 
 methods of keeping them in walking order except one, and that 
 not an exhaustive treatise, by Cowper, in 1781. It seems that 
 our literary and scientific men, aspiring to nobler themes, have 
 ignored or wholly overlooked these useful articles, required alike 
 by the peasant and the prince. 
 
 In warm countries the feet are usually left bare, and thus pre- 
 served in all their primitive elasticity. In " Eoutledge's Illus- 
 trated Natural History of Man," the Eev. J. G. Wood has 
 described the skin of the foot of a Kaffir postman as possessing 
 toughness equal to the sole of a boot, with elasticity in superior 
 perfection. It is added that " he will walk with unconcern over 
 
sharp stones and thorns which would lame a European in the* 
 first step, and has the great advantage of possessing a s pair of 
 soles which never wear out, but actually become stronger by- 
 use." 
 
 In colder climates, as in the northern regions of America and 
 the European continent, the feet require some sort of covering. 
 Yet I have seen hundreds of men and women in Glasgow go 
 barefooted all the winter, and when T asked them if their feet 
 were cold, they replied negatively. The necessity for keeping 
 the feet warm arises from the fact, that these important members 
 of the human body are the most remote from the heart, and as 
 the circulation decreases in force in proportion to this distance, 
 a certain degree of warmth must be maintained to assist the cir- 
 culation of the blood through the capillaries of these extremities. 
 Moreover, it is important to secure a due amount of perspiration 
 from these important emunctories. Sandals were formerly much 
 worn as protectors of the soles of the feet, as was the fashion of 
 the ancient Greeks, while some of the Celts (Kelts) tied pieces 
 of horse or ox skin about their feet for the like purpose. The 
 Indians of North America wear soft deerskin mocassins, which 
 form a very safe protection against the rigours of their climate. 
 These mocassins have the advantage of being quite loose, thereby 
 permitting the free circulation of the blood. I have in my pos- 
 session a pair of deerskin boots from Siberia greatly resembling 
 the buckskin mocassins of the North American Indians, espe- 
 cially in being loose and soft to the foot. It might seem useless 
 in this brief lecture to introduce lengthy arguments in favour of 
 loose shoes, or to demonstrate that the feet are often injured by 
 tight ones, also that high heels, by inclining the foot forwards, 
 thrust the toes into the narrowest part and occasion corns, which, 
 to say the least, are very unpleasant. Moreover, where tight 
 boots are employed, the necessary ventilation by which the air 
 should pass freely in and out is rendered impossible. Dr. Fuller, 
 in his History of Berwick (page 306), mentions a case in which 
 death was occasioned by tight boots, and the writings of Strutt 
 record similar instanees. Tight shoes and boots dispose the toes 
 to over-ride each other, and thus grow into deformity, as is often 
 seen among tight- booted gentry. The French apprehend such 
 evil consequences from this over-riding of the toes that they have 
 instituted a process of webbing for the feet of the soldiers. Strips 
 of linen are woven among the toes, above one and below the 
 other alternately to keep them perfectly apart. The sole of a 
 shoe should be made of the exact form of the foot, which may 
 be effected by placing the foot on a piece of paper and drawing 
 a mark round it for an outline. Though the most serious conse- 
 quences result from small shoes, yet, on the other hand, they 
 
will chafe the foot if too large. The material ought to be com- 
 pact so as to exclude damp, yet soft and elastic to admit of easy- 
 motion. Clogs — that is shoes with wooden soles — are much 
 worn among the operatives of the northern counties of England, 
 but they necessarily militate against the elastic spring of the 
 foot, and must therefore be injurious. 
 
 If your feet are liable to profuse perspiration, wear socks or 
 stockings of cotton, because this material being a conductor of 
 caloric, will carry away the surplus heat which produces perspi- 
 ration. Wool is a non-conductor, and hence, when the feet are 
 cold and dry, hosiery of this material is most beneficial. The 
 feet ought to be washed often, and the nails neatly pared. With- 
 out frequent ablution they will become offensive from the efflu- 
 via they emit and the effete matter which is sure to accumulate 
 about them. Daily washing with cold water, if you are in a 
 healthy condition, will not prove too trying, and it is the best 
 rule for general adoption. If you do not wash them every day, 
 endeavour to do it once a-week. If you lack the time or incli- 
 nation to perform this duty every week, then manage to over- 
 take it once a-month. If that even seems too often, pray give 
 them an ablution once a-year ; and if not even that, by all means, 
 and for the sake of suffering humanity — your own and others — 
 contrive to wash them at least once in a lifetime. Many a hus- 
 band is loved and even adored until the unlucky moment when 
 he pulls off his boots in the presence of his keener smelling half 
 and the obnoxious perfumes reach her indignant olfactories. 
 "Oh, dear me, you disgusting creature!" is now the ejaculation 
 of her who never before used a less tender epithet than " My 
 dearest," " I never will sleep with you till you wash those feet!" 
 Take warning, men, and attend to your pedal extremities. 
 
 When corns are formed on the feet, wiiich may happen through 
 the boots being either too large or too small, the best cure is to 
 pare them down neatly, but not so as to draw blood; then lubri- 
 cate them with olive oil, and wear very soft, comfortable, and 
 low-heeled boots for the remainder of your natural life. Eemem- 
 ber, tight ones ever are hostis generis humyni. Soft, easy shoeing 
 is likewise the best remedy for bunions. 
 
 The lower limbs should be clothed in warm apparel. It is 
 too common to dress the limbs much more thinly than the trunk 
 of the body. This draws the blood around the vital organs 
 within the chest, and often gives rise to congestion of the lungs, 
 inflammatory complaints, palpitation of the heart, aching of the 
 head, and coldness of the feet, all of which might be prevented 
 by clothing the limbs warmly and the trunk more sparingly. 
 
 We now come to consider the abdomen, stomach, and bowels, 
 with the rational treatment of these important viscera. Some- 
 
times these parts get into a cold and weak condition, in which 
 case relief may be obtained by wearing several folds of new flan- 
 nel neatly swathed. Friction is likewise highly beneficial ; it 
 accelerates digestion in the stomach, and assists the peristaltic 
 motion of the bowels. But that which is of the greatest import- 
 ance with reference to these organs, is not so much what may 
 be done externally to promote the exercise of their functions, 
 but that which we put within in the shape of food to be digested 
 and assimilated. 
 
 Food is of two kinds, liquid and solid. After air, the first 
 requisite for the support of life is liquid food, without which no 
 one can long survive. A man weighing 1801bs. carries in his 
 body about 701bs. of solid matter and llOlbs. of fluid, from which 
 it is easily inferred that he should use much more nourishment 
 in the liquid than in the solid form, in order to feed the body 
 according to its natural proportions. Yet Mr. Wood, the miller 
 of Billericay, in Essex, England, lived a long time in good health 
 without imbibing any liquid whatever. The reason was, that 
 his body, ventricose and aqueous, contained such a large quan- 
 tity of fluid as formed a reservoir to sustain him. He used no 
 salt while abstaining from liquid , and this abstinence proved an 
 important auxiliary to his corpulence, in enabling him to live on 
 solids alone. 
 
 Water is the most wholesome for persons of mature years ; 
 and if the stomach is weak, it had better be used warm to give 
 tone and vigour. Barrow, in his travels in China, states that 
 water used in diet among the Chinese was always boiled and 
 generally used warm. Alexander the Great allowed only boiled 
 water to his soldiers, with the view that it was purified by the 
 process, which is true, no doubt, to a certain extent, in case the 
 water is very impure. Milk should not be used by persons who 
 are scrofulous, because it feeds those humours in the blood and 
 increases the evil tendency. Drink, of whatever kind, should be 
 used only to allay thirst ; it is a pernicious, though common 
 practice to imbibe quantities of liquid at every meal. And as 
 for the large potions of tea usually swallowed every morning 
 and evening, we cannot do better than quote a passage from the 
 Glasgow Citizen of March 15, 1873 : — " If the good folks of Dun- 
 dee can eat or drink without a qualm after the pleasant disclos- 
 ures made in their journals this morning relative to the articles 
 sold by shop-keepers who supply their households, they must 
 possess nervous systems of unusual strength. The superintend- 
 ent of police has had a number of samples of meat and drink in 
 daily use analysed, with the following cheerfully re-assuring 
 results : — Out of eighteen samples of tea, some of them purchased 
 from the largest warehouses in Dundee, there was not one sam- 
 
pie of pure tea amongst them which was not more or less adul- 
 terated with Prussian blue, black lead, starch, turmeric, carbonate 
 of lime, china-clay, and terra alba, or one or more of these arti- 
 cles. . . . Families may thus have their stomachs completely 
 blackleaded, tinted a beautiful blue, delicately titillated with 
 lime, or lined with china-clay, while innocently partaking of the 
 ' cup that cheers but not inebriates/ " 
 
 Alcoholic and intoxicating liquors should be avoided by all 
 persons in health, not only because they debilitate the nervous 
 system and impair the moral character, but by reason of their 
 being mingled with various poisons which tend to shorten life. 
 Dr. John C. Draper, a chemist in the city of New York, was 
 employed to analyse several samples of various kinds of liquor 
 obtained at the best saloons and drinking-bars in the city, and 
 he pronounced all, or nearly all, of them to contain fusel-oil in 
 the proportion of at least two per cent., besides other poisonous 
 ingredients. This fusel-oil is produced by continuing to still the 
 grain after the alcohol has all run out, and it is a deadly poison. 
 The deleterious stuff is not confined to America, but has been 
 detected in those large cities of Britain in which the usual strong 
 drinks have been subjected to analysation. The North British 
 Daily Mail of April 11, 1873, informs us that Dr. Macadam's 
 report concerning six samples of whisky was, " that two were 
 highly watered and two others less so, while in all there was 
 more or less fusel-oil." This is probably the reason why those 
 who habitually drink these liquors prove unable to cope with 
 the attacks of disease which are surmounted by abstainers. Their 
 systems are so full of poison that they succumb immediately, 
 the constitution seeming to make no effort to gain the victory. 
 The four royal Georges of England afford a striking illustration 
 of this assertion. Three of them at least were addicted to the 
 use of ardent spirits. The first was notoriously a drunkard, and 
 he died suddenly of apoplexy. The second was little better, and 
 he expired with similar suddenness through the bursting of the 
 right ventricle of the heart. The third was reputed a temperate 
 man, at least after he attained to middle life ; but the insanity 
 which clouded his declining years was probably due to the in- 
 temperance of his forefathers. The fourth George suffered 
 severely from gout besides other diseases, and for several years 
 before his death his once handsome person was so bloated and 
 disfigured that he secluded himself from public gaze, and could 
 not bear to be seen, except by his necessary attendants and a 
 few choice companions of his debaucheries. Princes, nobles, 
 statesmen, and scholars, have alike perished beneath the baneful 
 influences of the poisons imbibed in alcoholic liquors. In the 
 New York Commercial Advertiser of July 9, 1872, there is the 
 
following brief record of one who might have shone in the circles 
 of the learned: — " James Duffy, a graduate of Trinity College, 
 Dublin, who was popularly known as ' Old Jemmy,' and who had 
 been for eighteen years a constant inmate of the Tombs on ac- 
 count of habitual intoxication, died there yesterday from general 
 debility, at the age of fifty years." Thomas Francis Meagher, 
 an eloquent young Irish lawyer, who was obliged to leave his 
 country on account of the prominent part he took in the Young 
 Ireland movement about the year 1847, came to an untimely end 
 in America by falling from a steamer in a state of intoxication. 
 Edgar A. Poe, the brilliant American poet, died in a drunken 
 frolic in the streets of Baltimore. Daniel Webster doubtless 
 abbreviated his life by the too free use of intoxicating liquor; 
 and Stephen A. Douglas sank rapidly when attacked by disease, 
 probably from the same cause. Thousands on both sides of the 
 Atlantic have sacrificed their noble lives to an inordinate appe- 
 tite for stimulating beverages. On the European side, however, 
 these things are not allowed to transpire in the case of eminent 
 individuals — at least they are not permitted to be so clearly 
 understood that one might quote them as examples. As an 
 instance in point, an eminent architect, in a large town of Ire- 
 land, hired an outside jaunting car one Sunday, and drove with 
 some friends to a watering village a few miles distant. On their 
 return in the evening he fell backwards off the car, and died 
 almost immediately from a broken skull. The report of the 
 coroner's inquest given in the public journals represented that the 
 deceased gentleman was quite sober, whereas it was a well- 
 known fact that he was quite drunk, and that no sober man 
 could well have fallen or been thrown off in the same direction. 
 But no newspaper would have dared to publish anything so 
 discreditable to one holding a high position in the town. It is 
 through this natural enough tenderness for the memory of the 
 respectable dead that the public do not receive so many whole- 
 some lessons as might be afforded by the catastrophes which 
 happen in high life. Now, if we set aside the use of all liquors 
 of an intoxicating nature, we only do what reason and conscience 
 sanction, and what the suffrages of the world will eventually 
 accomplish. 
 
 There are many evils arising from the use of improper food in 
 the solid form, and a few words upon this subject may not be 
 amiss. Nearly all the ancient physicians as well as the modern 
 have recommended strict attention to the regulation of diet. 
 Hippocrates, Celsus, Galen, Aretseus, and others, depended 
 largely upon this for a cure of every disease. 
 
 Of all things eaten, there is no article more injurious than that 
 which is most common, namely, bread of fine wheaten flour. 
 
Wheat, if ground and baked without bolting or sifting, makes 
 wholesome bread, because the system receives the glutinous or 
 animal portion, which is the outside, as well as the starchy or 
 vegetable substance which forms the central body of the grain. 
 Nature has united these two in the wheat for a wise and health- 
 ful purpose, and he who separates them by bolting, and eats the 
 one while he discards the other, will surely suffer from some of 
 the various maladies which are chastisements appointed by the 
 universal Parent for the correction of his erring children. The 
 bread of unsifted wheaten meal will keep the bowels in proper 
 condition, and conduce to that healthful action of the brain 
 which we call clear-headedness. The keeper of the North Prison 
 in Glasgow, where several hundred men and women are con- 
 fined, informed me that he fed all the prisoners on bread of 
 unbolted flour without flesh meat ; and that they were all in good 
 health, free from the boils and neck-sores with which they were 
 formerly afflicted when fed on fine bread. Oatmeal, so largely 
 used in Scotland in porridge and cakes, is an unbolted article, 
 and has advantages similar to the wheaten. So has ripe fruit. 
 Rye bread has been reckoned unwholesome, and Chambers's 
 Journal gives an account of large districts of country having 
 become depopulated and their domestic animals destroyed through 
 its use as a predominant article of food. This arose from the 
 smut of the excrescence called the ergot of rye, which is not very 
 easily separated, and which produced a kind of gangrene on the 
 fingers and toes often proving fatal to life. A powerful motive, 
 however, appeared to induce a careful purification of the rye, 
 when, in 1845, it was discovered that ergo tine, which is made 
 from this fungus, was a powerful agent in arresting hemorrhage, 
 and that the poisonous matter was, as the basis of a medicine, 
 much more valuable than the rye-flour itself. The Germans use 
 rye-bread very extensively, and consider it both wholesome and 
 palatable. 
 
 There can be no definite rule laid down to regulate the quan- 
 tity that should be eaten by each individual. A man with a 
 large mouth and stomach may devour with impunity what would 
 be sufficient to sicken a small mouthed man with a diminutive 
 stomach. When to eat depends largely upon climate, age, occu- 
 pation, and other circumstances. When the Romans were most 
 distinguished for physical prowess, they ate five times a-day. 
 So do many Londoners now ; and so do the passengers on board 
 the steamers which cross the Atlantic, provided they are not sick. 
 If the stomach is weak, the heartiest meal should be taken in 
 the morning, and lighter ones towards night. Cardon states that 
 he has inquired of several persons who had attained a hundred 
 years of age, and they all ate lightly towards bedtime. 
 
It is desirable to refrain from taking too many kinds of food 
 at any one meal, because the greater the mixture of diet the more 
 difficult it is of digestion. Dyspeptics ought to eat frequently, 
 because thus the stomach is less oppressed and can perform its 
 digestive functions more thoroughly. Complete rest from labour 
 both of body and mind for an hour after each meal is very desir- 
 able. Two processes requiring concentrated power cannot be 
 efficiently carried on in the body simultaneously, therefore none 
 should attempt close study any more than active exertion while 
 the stomach is fully occupied with a plentiful repast. Sleeping 
 immediately after eating allows the full force of the vital powers 
 to act upon the food received and secures thorough digestion. 
 When the digested material is absorbed from the intestines 
 through the chyliferous lymphatic vessels, and passes through 
 the thoracic duct to be poured into the blood in the left sub- 
 clavian vein, near the lower part of the neck, thence to be 
 carried to the heart, from which it performs the rounds of circu- 
 lation, while the crimson flood imparts material and strength and 
 health to the entire system. If food is properly assimilated, 
 which sleep largely assists in effecting, there is nothing in the 
 animal economy more conducive to health ; for there is far more 
 depending on the amount of life-force exerted in the thorough 
 comminution or solution of the food than in its transmutation 
 or elaboration throughout the various portions of the organisa- 
 tion. My maternal grandfather, who lived to the age of 93, 
 generally took a sleep after dinner every day, and his widow, 
 who still survives (1873) at the advanced age of 98, retires early 
 to rest, and is very regular in her habits. Her sister lived a 
 hundred and one years. All these three were accustomed to 
 very plain living in their early years as well as in the extreme 
 old age which has been their portion. 
 
 The care of the lungs and air-passages affords a wide field for 
 thought and reason. In large cities a very heavy.per centage of 
 the deaths are due to some of the many diseases to which these 
 organs are liable ; while in the rural districts numbers annually 
 pay their last tribute to nature by resigning to the fell disease 
 consumption. Assuming the importance of the part which the 
 lungs play in the great drama of physical life, I shall at once 
 proceed to consider what is salutary and what deleterious to 
 them without entering into any details respecting their anatomi- 
 cal structure and functions. 
 
 While the lungs are yet tender, and the epithelium which lines 
 them is soft, as in young people, great care should be exercised 
 with respect to the air they are permitted to inhale. The atmos- 
 phere of large cities is rendered more or less impure by the car- 
 bonic acid gas emitted from fires and exhaled from the lungs of 
 
10 
 
 men and animals. For this reason it is not so salubrious as the 
 air of rural districts; besides, that defective sewerage, impure 
 gases arising from sewers and sinks, decaying animal and vege- 
 table matter, conspire still further to vitiate the atmosphere of 
 large towns. Infants, being more tender and fibrous, are far 
 more susceptible of the influences of air upon their lungs than 
 adults, and should have greater care in proportion. The large 
 mortality of children under two years of age in London, and more 
 conspicuously in Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, and Dundee, 
 may be ascribed to the impurities of the atmosphere rather than 
 to parental neglect, because, in the new streets of these towns, 
 there is much less disease and mortality than in the older parts. 
 The quality of air should be chosen and due attention paid to 
 ventilation, not for children only, but for those passing along the 
 maturer stages of human life. To insure a full supply of fresh 
 air for breathing, it is desirable that every person should exer- 
 cise, either by riding or walking in the open air out of town, at 
 least once a-day when the weather is favourable. Every house 
 should be furnished with ample means of ventilation in each 
 apartment. Pipes could be introduced beneath the stove or fire 
 grate, connecting the air of the room with that out of doors, so 
 that through this tube the air might enter and become warmed 
 by the fire in suchwise that the inmates need not take cold. A 
 rolling slide ventilator in the top of the room would serve as an 
 escape for the impure and exhausted air and the exhaled poison- 
 ous gases which must more or less impregnate close apartments 
 in which human beings are breathing. Sick-rooms obviously 
 need ventilation ; but ignorant nurses, in their anxiety to exclude 
 cold drafts, often aggravate the disease, and prolong the sickness 
 even to death by keeping the apartment too close. None should 
 rashly throw open the doors and windows of rooms occupied by 
 invalids ; yet nothing is of more importance to them than a due 
 supply of fresh air. Eome once had a school of physicians called 
 methodists, who considered the air we breathe to be of as much 
 importance as the food we eat, if not more ; and in order to 
 afford their patients the benefit of an uncontaminated atmos- 
 phere, they ordered them to be carried into grottos and other 
 shady places where cool air could be found in its pristine 
 purity. 
 
 In healthy persons the air of night, especially the early part 
 of the night, agrees well with the lungs, because the gases and 
 various effluvia which rise during the latter part of the night 
 have then been swept up by the heat and have got out of reach ; 
 but they are brought down near the earth by the cold air of 
 early morning, and if then inhaled, they transfuse their poison 
 into the blood and debilitate the whole system. Much may be 
 
11 
 
 done towards escaping fever ague by avoiding the malaria which 
 gathers near the ground in the night season. Therefore those 
 who reside in districts where this disease abounds should be 
 careful to keep out of the open morning air. 
 
 To those whose lungs are weak the atmosphere of high lands 
 will be found of great service. Chest-protectors of thick flannel 
 will be found advantageous ; and the whiskers and mustachios 
 should be worn entire as nature has caused them to grow for a 
 wise purpose. They serve to protect the lungs from dust as well 
 as from cold, as is experienced . in many occupations. Nail- 
 makers, for instance, find these natural appendages a valuable 
 protection against the minute particles of iron that float around, 
 and would occasion mischief in the lungs if inhaled with the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 The nose and nasal air-passages are specially liable to that 
 inflammation of the mucous membrane which is usually occa- 
 sioned by cold, and is called catarrh. Nasal pharyngeal catarrh 
 is a very common complaint in America; and somewhat preva- 
 lent also in the British isles. Washing the head and neck with 
 cold water is beneficial as a preventive, and wearing crape over 
 the face is a good protection from those cold draughts which occa- 
 sion it; but to overcome this malady when it has once become 
 firmly established in the system is no easy matter, and generally 
 presents formidable difficulties to medical skill, resisting all the 
 usual remedies. In such cases a removal to a warmer climate is 
 most likely to be serviceable. There have been instances of cure 
 by drinking freely of water; but other cases have been only aggra- 
 vated by this method. A man at Green Bay, America, cured 
 himself of nasal catarrh by snuffing cold water freely through 
 the nostrils, and washing his head and neck with the same cool- 
 ing liquid several times every day. 
 
 The mouth, which is the great entrance to the stomach, and 
 where digestion commences, should be carefully kept in a 'cleanly 
 condition. One aid to this is to wash the teeth with a tooth- 
 brush after every meal. Old and decayed teeth should be 
 extracted, as they poison the food which passes under their 
 masticating power. The wrenching of a tooth from the jaw 
 certainly gives momentary pain ; yet how much better is it to 
 endure this than to sow the seeds of disease in the constitution 
 by retaining decayed molars. The mouth should generally be 
 kept closed, except when speaking, eating, or drinking; for if 
 habitually open, the contact of the air and the impure gases, 
 especially of a city, will occasion an early decay of the teeth. 
 Acids and saccharine matters are particularly injurious to these 
 useful instruments. As in printing a book, it is necessary that 
 the manuscript be well written, so in digestion is it essential 
 
12 
 
 that the teeth be sound, because through them the first process 
 has to be accomplished, and this failing, we may look in vain for 
 such good blood as will impart health to the entire system. 
 
 We now come to consider the care which should be bestowed 
 upon the eyes — the most important of all the special sensational 
 organs. The loss of sight in very many instances may be traced 
 to the abuse of these delicate organs, or injury sustained by them, 
 as in the case of Homer, Milton, William H. Prescott, Fenimore 
 Cooper, and others. Overstraining or excessive use of the optics 
 by reading small print, or pursuing an occupation demanding 
 close and severe use of the sight, will often prove fatal, especi- 
 ally if such employment is pursued by gas, lamp, or candle light. 
 Those who read or write much should maintain as upright a posi- 
 tion as possible, because in. a stooping posture the eyes become 
 charged with blood, and its unhealthy humours become deposited 
 in the region about them, thereby producing inflammation and 
 leaving weakness behind. A hot fire directly in front of the 
 eyes has the same tendency, and so has reading in a horizontal 
 posture. Too strong light of any kind is injurious; and a flicker- 
 ing one has often proved ruinous to the sight. Much straining 
 to discern distant objects should likewise be avoided. But the 
 too common custom of confining children within doors is inju- 
 dicious, because the eye is not early enough accustomed to form 
 a proper focus for distant objects. Violent rubbing of the eyes 
 is apt to produce severe inflammation. On the other hand, to 
 wear a shade while reading or writing, is a good protection ; and 
 if inflammation has taken place, it may be allayed if not entirely 
 removed by the application of cold brine to the closed eyelids. 
 The brine, or salt, stimulates the nerves and opens the pores, 
 while the cold contracts the blood vessels, both of which pro- 
 cesses tend to subdue inflammatory action. 
 
 The ears, as the organs of hearing, are more or less liable to 
 derangement, and demand from us a few remarks upon their care 
 and treatment. A common practice among mothers is to remove 
 wax from the ears of their children with a pin, which is highly 
 dangerous, for, unless done with great care, the membrana tympani 
 may be impaired, and the hearing entirely destroyed. Washing 
 out the wax with soap and warm water is a more eligible method; 
 and if the wax appears to be impacted, a few drops of olive oil 
 should be dropped into the ears every night on retiring to rest. 
 Pulling a child's ears, or striking them, is a practice to be severely 
 reprobated, because the drum or membrana tympani may thus be 
 ruptured, and the ear rendered useless for life. Ear-ache may be 
 relieved, if not cured, by bathing the feet in warm water; and, 
 be it. observed, that sudden changes from heat to cold are injurious 
 to the ears, as indeed to all parts of the human organisation. The 
 
13 
 
 eustachian tube, which conveys air through the mouth to the 
 internal ear, sometimes becomes obstructed, and causes partial 
 deafness; to remedy which, the person so affected should hold the 
 nostrils while he closes the mouth, and then endeavour to blow 
 all the air in the lungs in the direction of the nose. This effort 
 will often cause the eustachian tube to open with a snap, and 
 the hearing instantly returns with its natural vigour. 
 
 The head should be washed every day in cold water so as to 
 saturate the scalp completely; it should then be rubbed with a 
 coarse towel, and brushed until nearly or quite dry. This daily 
 ablution ought to extend round the neck and ears, and it had 
 better include the whole body. The silly practice of washing the 
 face several times a-day may be fashionable cleanliness, but it 
 brings the blood to that part, and, of course, the humours with it, 
 to break out in pimples, boils, and other eruptions. Whereas, if 
 the face is washed no oftener than the rest of the body, it will not 
 be subject to pimples. Once a- week to wash the head with soap 
 and water, then thoroughly rinse out the soapy water, is bene- 
 ficial to the hair, and is besides a cleanly and salutary practice. 
 Washing or bathing the entire body is one of the best preventives 
 of taking cold. It removes the excreted matter thrown out by 
 the pores, strengthens the skin, and assists digestion. The com- 
 plaint commonly termed a cold is occasioned by the closing of 
 the pores so as to prevent the insensible perspiration from exud- 
 ing from the body through its natural channels. This condition 
 produces more or less fever, and this fever is termed a cold, 
 because a severe or sudden chill is that which usually closes the 
 pores. 
 
 Cold bathing is especially serviceable for strengthening the 
 pores and muscles, and assisting the former to keep freely open. 
 John Howard, the celebrated philanthropist, found that the per- 
 formance of such daily ablutions enabled him safely to visit those 
 hospital wards in which the patients were labouring under con- 
 tagious diseases. The morning bath strengthened the system, 
 and fortified the skin against the absorption of aerial impurities. 
 Indeed it may be doubted whether any practice is more con- 
 ducive to physical strength than regular bathing. Fabricius 
 informs us that when Rome was in her palmy days of glory, there 
 were 856 public baths in the city, and some of them large enough 
 to accommodate 1800 persons; but when her baths became 
 neglected, Rome began to decline, and at the present day the 
 traveller gazes with wonder and admiration on the ruins only of 
 those vast establishments that once were in full working order. 
 Every large city should be provided with public baths, accessible 
 at a cheap rate; and for London it would not be difficult to bring 
 sea water, quite pure, from the coast sufficient to supply any 
 
14 
 
 number of baths for its teeming population. Personal cleanliness 
 may be regarded as a virtue, characteristic of a high degree of 
 civilisation. It is remarkably promotive of morality, and exerts 
 a chastening influence over every thought and act of the life. 
 When a man becomes dirty, his moral sensibility is blunted; and 
 his moral status lowered. He feels as if he could do a low and 
 mean action, and often in thought indulges in the contemplation 
 of something low and debasing. Hence, cleanliness lends an 
 improving hand to society, shames crime always from her lurking 
 places, and banishes sin into dirty localities, to be driven forth 
 again by the hand of the purifier. 
 
 The question is often asked whether warm bathing is advisable, 
 and to answer it might occupy an entire lecture. But suffice it 
 here to say, that persons of delicate constitution, who have little 
 natural heat, had better use warm water, and not bathe too 
 frequently. The cold fluid lowers their blood-temperature too 
 much and hence follows languid circulation, weak digestion, and 
 impaired activity both of body and mind. Likewise, when old 
 age advances, and the secretions become less active, producing 
 harshness about the skin, a warm bath for half an hour in water 
 at from 95° to 98° Fahrenheit, daily, or two or three times a- week, 
 will lend a supporting and renovating influence to the failing 
 constitution. Dr. Darwin recommended warm baths to Franklin, 
 who adopted and continued their use with happy effects as long 
 as he lived. The ancient inhabitants of Mexico were accustomed 
 to the general use of the warm bath; and the Egyptians at Grand 
 Cairo have the finest vapour baths in the world. In that warm 
 climate, as in Kome*, where the people are comparatively idle, 
 the warm bath does for them what they fail to accomplish by 
 active exertion — it supplies caloric to the system, accelerates the 
 circulation of the blood, and gives a measure of youthful vigour 
 to declining years. 
 
 Warm bathing has been used for the insane with great advan- 
 tage in Prussia and France, and is now coming into common use 
 in America for the same unfortunate class. The whole body of 
 the patient, except the head, is immersed in warm water, in which 
 he is allowed to remain until he falls asleep. This is found to 
 quiet and balance the nervous system, and thus contributes 
 essentially to the cure of lunacy. 
 
 It is often asked what time of day is the best for bathing. The 
 answer is, whatever hour is found on trial to be most pleasant 
 and beneficial; for it seems to be a matter wholly dependent on 
 peculiarities of constitution. One man finds most benefit from 
 a bath at two o'clock in the afternoon; another can bathe with 
 advantage only in the morning before breakfast ; a third receives 
 the greatest assistance from a warm bath one hour after his best 
 
15 
 
 meal. Yet there are those who find it difficult to bathe with a 
 full stomach. Titus, the Emperor of Eome, for instance, could 
 not use the bath after eating. 
 
 Exercise in the open air is another great requisite for the pre- 
 servation of health; but the kind and amount which is proper 
 for each individual must be determined by his own experience. 
 Generally speaking, it is improper to use violent or prolonged 
 exercise soon after a meal, because, as we said with reference to 
 study, the entire vital force is needed thoroughly to carry on the 
 processes of digestion and assimilation of the ingested material. 
 I shall, however, treat more exhaustively of exercise and its 
 advantages in another lecture. 
 
 The natural and healthful means of recuperating the exhausted 
 energies of the human frame is rest and sleep. It has often been 
 observed that persons who live to an advanced age have been 
 sound sleepers. On the other hand, it is impossible to preserve 
 the body in health without a fair amount of this restorative, 
 and the want of it has often been known to produce insanity. 
 Perseus, King of Macedon, being defeated and taken prisoner by 
 iEmilius, was guarded in Eome by soldiers, who had strict orders 
 not to allow him to close his eyes, and the consequence was that 
 he pined away and died. 
 
 Every person should sleep in a pure atmosphere, which can be 
 obtained through a ventilator or a lowered window; but any 
 draft should be studiously avoided. When restlessness is caused 
 by excessive perspiration, it may be obviated by lifting the bed- 
 clothes and allowing the air to have free access to the person for 
 a few minutes. During sleep, the head should neither be bolstered 
 too high nor should it be laid too low. If a thin pillow conduces 
 to the comfort of the sleeper, let him use it by all means. Those 
 who find it difficult to go to sleep should rub the body well with 
 the hand before retiring to rest. The friction serves to equalise 
 the nervous currents and so promote the general circulation, 
 drawing away the blood from the head. A certain amount of 
 coolness is requisite in the brain to close the ganglions together 
 and produce sleep. A drink of milk or a light supper before 
 retiring will often serve to induce the much needed repose. 
 Dryden has thus beautifully apostrophised sleep: — 
 
 "O, sacred rest! 
 Sweet pleasing sleep ! Of all the powers the best ; 
 O, peace of mind! repairer of decay! 
 Whose balms renew the limbs to labours of the day ; 
 Care shuns thy soft approach, and sullen flies away." 
 
 Such are a few of the ordinary means of health. Let us care 
 for it as the great bond and mortgage of life, and cherish it in 
 such a manner that its preservation shall cheer us in life's course ; 
 
16 
 
 showering joys on the way, and renewing annually the lease of 
 our existence until we attain a ripe, old age. And let us so live, 
 eat, exercise, dress, act, and rest, that above all an honest and 
 healthy conscience, as well as vigorous bodily health, may ac- 
 company us on the allotted journey of life; that we may shed 
 blessings upon others as well as be happy ourselves ; and finally, 
 when the time arrives for the spirit to "shuffle off this mortal 
 coil," may no regrets cleave to our retrospect, but may our 
 memories then recall a life of usefulness, spent in well-doing 
 wherever our days have been passed. 
 
 ]STE W BOOKS. 
 
 NATURE'S REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER, 
 
 Which is a large octavo volume of over six hundred pages, Illustrated 
 with upwards of two hundred and fifty Engravings, and pre- 
 sents a new system of Physiognomy. 
 
 BY J. SIMMS, M.D.; 
 
 Also, by the same Author, 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART 
 
 Of two hundred and forty crown octavo pages, Illustrated by 
 more than two hundred and twenty Engravings, and 
 
 SEVERAL SCIENTIFIC LECTURES ON MAN AND MIND 
 
 ARE FOR SALE BT 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337 Strand, London. 
 
 Mr. JOHN TWEED, 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. 
 
 Mr. GEORGE MITCHELSON, 40 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
ANIMALIMITATIONALITY 
 
 MENTIMITATIVENESS; 
 
 OR 
 
 ANIMAL AND MENTAL IMITATION, 
 
 AND THEIR 
 
 TENDENCIES AND INFLUENCES ON SOCIETY. 
 
 A LECTTJEE, 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., of New-York, 
 
 THE AUTHOR OP 
 
 "A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART OF CHARACTER,' 
 
 Also, a Large Octavo Volume on Physiognomy, entitled "Nature's 
 
 Revelations of Character"; and several Hundred 
 
 Scientific Lectures on various subjects. 
 
 1873. 
 
••■ • ' ■■• •■ ••. • - '. - - ' ■ . 
 
 [The subjoined line9 were voluntarily written by tbe Rev. S. H. Hodges, and 
 presented to Dr. J. Siranis, while the latter was delivering a course of lec- 
 tures at Greensburg, Kentucky in May, 1860, his life having been threatened 
 by those who cared not to tolerate an order maintaining man amongst them. 
 Dr. Simms politely requested several drunken men (who were making dis- 
 turbance during his lecture) to leave the lecture-room ; they left, yet boast- 
 
 j fully threatened the Doctor's life when out of his hearing] :— 
 
 Stand, as the anvil to the stroke, 
 
 And boldly advocate the truth ; 
 Though friends should praise, or foes provoke, 
 
 Instruct the aged and the youth. 
 
 Go, if your way be strewed with flowers, 
 
 Or if you meet with flint and steel, — 
 He cannot rest in shady bowers, 
 
 Who has a heart for man to feel. 
 
 May science decorate thy brow, 
 
 And wisdom guide thy thoughts aright ; 
 
 In rev'rence to thy Maker bow, 
 And make his precepts thy delight. 
 
 The man of science does not live 
 
 To gratify a sordid self, 
 But ever seeks to man to give 
 
 A treasure better, far, than pelf. 
 
 Instruct your fellows how to shape 
 
 A character for happiness, — 
 What is the proper course to take, 
 
 To save themselves, and others bless. 
 
 Like Newton, Humboldt, Franklin, stand — 
 
 The friend of science and of man ; 
 Impress your footprints on the sand, 
 
 Whate'er may be the public ban. 
 
 The man of science is not dead, 
 
 E'en when his mortal body sleeps, — 
 The friend of virtue need not dread, 
 
 That no fond heart his mem'ry keeps. 
 
 His words will speak when he is gone, 
 
 His works a monument shall be, 
 Even when his soul has reached the bourne, 
 
 And rests 'neath life's ambrosial tree. 
 
ANIMALIMITATIONALITY 
 
 AND 
 
 MENTIMITATIVENESS; 
 
 Or Animal and Mental Imitation, and their Tendencies and 
 Influences on Society : 
 
 J± LECTURE 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., of New York. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no human being who does not, to some 
 extent, and in some direction, imitate his fellows. This mimic 
 propensity is of incalculable value, since, without it, the right 
 living of noble souls would be no longer exemplary but merely 
 phenomenal, and any improvement in the conduct of business, 
 politics, and the arts of life, would be valueless, save to the 
 improver himself. Every individual would thus be thrown 
 exclusively upon his own narrow resources, and the civilisation 
 of the race would be impossible. And yet, imitation, like 
 every other faculty, has its dark as well as its favourable aspect; ■ 
 for it may be exaggerated into servility, or perverted by an im- 
 perfect or vicious model into folly or crime. In the succeeding 
 portion of this lecture some of thesje perversions will be consi- 
 dered at length, under the title — Fashionable Follies and Crimes. 
 It appears, then, that to profit by the imitative propensity we 
 must seek for worthy exemplars. In politics, we must look for 
 them among statesmen and patriots; in society, we shall find 
 them in the good, the polite, and the wise; and in art, they will 
 present themselves in the multiform aspects of nature. The 
 Greeks, above all others, studied art in the creations of God 
 rather than in the canons of critics; and it, is to this fact that 
 they owe their artistic pre-eminence. The perfection of Myron's 
 celebrated bronze statue of the cow and sucking calf was due 
 to the life-like imitation of nature, as we find in the brilliant 
 epigram in which it was applauded by an ancient poet — 
 
 " This heifer was not cast, but rolling years 
 Hardened its life to what it now appears ; 
 Myron unjustly would the honour claim, 
 But nature has preceded him in fame." 
 
Nothing is easier than to determine a person's social position by 
 the voice, articulation, and gesture ; for in all these every grade 
 of society has its distinctive manner, which is always more or 
 less copied by those who belong to it. 
 
 Imitation is based upon observation, and to that extent, at 
 least, demands the exercise of mind; yet the degree of intel- 
 lect which it requires differs so widely, according to the objects 
 to which it is directed, that I shall, with reference to those 
 objects, consider it as animal or unintelligent, and intelligent 
 imitation. The former, which is chiefly instinctive and auto- 
 matic, is indicated by width across the mouth, and is possessed 
 not only by man, but by some of the lower animals — as the 
 sheep, monkey, and dog. If the bell-wether leaps a wall, or 
 chooses a particular path, all the sheep of the flock follow his 
 example — not as an intelligent act of choice, but in virtue of an 
 imitative impulse, which is almost entirely automatic. This 
 blind following of a leader which we see in sheep, cattle, and 
 other animals, is not unlike the gregarious tendencies of those 
 vulgarians who are never satisfied except as they join the crowd 
 which is led by some popular chief. The imitative powers of 
 the monkey are well known and often very amusing. It is 
 related that one of these animals, seeing the guests at a hotel go 
 to the rack for their hats as they emerged from the dining-hall, 
 followed the prevailing fashion, and placing a gentleman's hat 
 on his head, walked off with it, to the great amusement of the 
 spectators and the disgust of the owner. Many species of dogs 
 manifest the lower kind of imitation in a considerable degree, 
 by the ease with which they acquire a great number of useful 
 or amusing tricks. The mocking-bird (Mimus Polyglottus) 
 is another instance of imitative capacity among the inferior 
 animals. 
 
 Human beings display what I have called animal imita- 
 tionality or unintelligent imitation in the powers of mimicry, 
 and the instinctive disposition to copy anything whatever which 
 strikes their attention. When I visited the Yosemite Valley, 
 I saw some Digger Indians fishing for trout in Mirror Lake, and 
 was highly interested in listening to their imitations of the buzz 
 of a bug, by which they called the fish to their bait. They 
 closed the teeth firmly, opened the lips, and blowing through 
 them with interrupted emissions of breath, produced a sound 
 something like z — z — z. These men, who were all wide across 
 the mouth, imitated a bug so perfectly that I was at first 
 deceived into thinking that the place was. alive with insects. 
 The Indians on the plains of Colorado are well developed in the 
 region of animal imitation, and they have been known to mimic 
 the howlings of wolves with such unhappy accuracy that travel- 
 
lers have shot into the bushes from which the sounds issued, and 
 killed, not wolves, as they expected, but the luckless Indian 
 mimics. The Chinese have a great deal of animal imitation; and 
 hence, like all persons who are possessed of it, they can readily 
 master any occupation which only demands the close copying of 
 a model, or the undeviating observance of express directions. 
 Those representations of the African character — gesture, voice, 
 and expressions — which we see at negro minstrel exhibitions, 
 are scarcely elevated above animal imitation. The immense 
 popularity which this species of low comedy has obtained in 
 America has been the occasion of much surprise to foreigners; 
 but it is explained by the fact that the negroes, by living in our 
 midst, have so familiarised our people with their peculiarities 
 that every one can appreciate the acting in which those peculi- 
 arities are caricatured. The lower classes of the human family 
 are largely characterised by that width of mouth which is the 
 sign of animal imitation. Those persons who have this mark 
 largest are the most devoted to aping the customs of high life 
 and the fashions of the day. 
 
 Intelligent imitation involves the higher mental exercises as 
 well as the mere capacity for copying. The man possessed of it 
 will be indeed, to some extent, a copyist, but he will exercise an 
 understanding choice in the selection of his model; and the 
 model, moreover, will be one which cannot be successfully imi- 
 tated without a much higher degree of intelligence than is ever 
 involved in animal imitation. The physiognomical sign of 
 intelligent imitation 5 3 relative width of development in the top 
 of the front head. The parrot certainly possesses some small 
 degree of this higher imitation, for he not only mimics, like the 
 mocking-bird, but is also able to make his mimicry express his 
 wants — as when, by imitation of the human voice, he gives it to 
 be understood that " Polly wants a cracker." 
 
 It is by means of intelligent imitation that intellectual and 
 virtuous society develops, in those who are subjected to its 
 influence, a taste for intelligence and virtue. The exercises of 
 this kind of imitation also explain the fact that certain accom- 
 plishments, studies, or professions, all requiring intelligence, 
 become at different times the intellectual rage. Thus, it was 
 once the fashion for every educated man to study the classics; 
 whereas the sciences are in our own day the prevailing style. In 
 the seventeenth century French was the language which no one 
 could dispense with; but now the popular taste is directed 
 toward the German tongue and literature. It sometimes 
 happens that a single man of commanding and original genius 
 starts an intellectual fashion, which is copied by all the writers 
 of his country who treat of subjects similar to his own. Thus, 
 
Goethe's poems, which were the first in his language to obtain a 
 wide celebrity, have been so extensively imitated that nine- 
 tenths of the German poetry which has appeared in the last 
 seventy or eighty years has been but the feeble echo of his song. 
 In like manner, the criticisms upon art which he introduced into 
 his romance of Wilhelm Meister, gave the impulse to those " art 
 novels" which have ever since distinguished the literature of 
 Germany. The countless imitations of Byron's poetry is another 
 instance of these intellectual fashions ; and so also, though in an 
 inferior degree, is the school of style and moral sentiment which 
 has been lately introduced by our talented countryman, Mr. 
 Bret Harte. 
 
 Persons are often possessed of one kind of imitation and 
 devoid the other. Horace Greeley, for instance, was pre- 
 eminent for the almost instinctive ease with which he seized 
 and appropriated the prevailing tone of political or sodal life. 
 His books, speeches, and editorials are standing monuments of 
 the intellectual drift which the public mind had taken at the 
 period of their production. And yet he was so deficient in 
 animal imitation as to be a notorious non-conformist in dress 
 and manners. His penmanship, also, is said to be so bad as to 
 be illegible, after an interval, even to himself. 
 
 Since the public thought is never fully directed in any par- 
 ticular channel, except that channel is germain to the public 
 necessities, it is desirable as well as inevitable that writers and 
 speakers should, to a certain extent, follow as well as guide the 
 popular inclination. They should often take the hint for their 
 studies from those subjects which engage the prevailing interest, 
 and they may, without discredit, and possibly even with advan- 
 tage, couch their reflections in the prevailing style; but they 
 should never carry their imitation so far as to borrow their ideas, 
 and much less their language, from any master, however admir- 
 able. Literary plagiarism scarcely deserves to be ranked with 
 intelligent imitation, for it involves but little more exercise of 
 mind than a monkey would display, who, with a solemn editorial 
 air, would cut, snip, and paste together a collection of articles 
 which he was utterly unable to compose. This species of 
 thievery is, besides, extremely dangerous; for whenever its 
 inevitable discovery takes place, the ambitious plagiarist will 
 find himself in the situation of the luckless ape which aspiringly 
 attempted to shave himself after the manner of his master, but 
 only succeeded in cutting his throat. 
 
 No class of people are more entertaining than those who 
 possess both intelligent and. animal imitation, for the combina- 
 tion enables them, on occasion, to illustrate and enforce their 
 thought by the powerful and amusing aid of mimicry. 
 
Animal imitationality in mankind often leads to — 
 Fashionable Follies and Crimes. 
 
 " Thou art, O Fashion ! power supreme below ! 
 You make us virtue, nature, sense forego ; 
 You sanctify knave, atheist, whore, and fool, 
 And shield from justice, shame, and ridicule. 
 The peer, prince, peasant, soldier, squire, divine, 
 Goddess of Change, bend low before your shrine, 
 Swearing to follow wheresoe'er you lead, 
 Though you eat toads, or walk upon your head." 
 
 Anonymous. 
 
 The student who, thoughtfully pursuing the chronicles of 
 fashion, has familiarised himself with the follies and crimes 
 which have at all times distinguished its empire, can scarcely 
 avoid a certain feeling of contempt for his species; and yet it is 
 not impossible — nay, it is almost certain — that even while he 
 indulges this sentiment, he is illustrating in his own conduct 
 some form of the excesses which he deprecates. 
 
 By way of exemplifying the evils of exaggerated and servile 
 animal imitation, I shall, in this chapter, briefly review a few of 
 the fashionable errors of this and of former times. And first, in 
 the matter of costume, we find that innumerable follies have 
 been perpetrated, from the enormous ruffs and high-shouldered 
 epaulettes of the Elizabethan era to the "tilters" and "paniers" 
 of the last few years. In the time of Charles I. it was custo- 
 mary to add at least a fraction of "a cubit to the stature" by 
 wearing shoes with very thick cork soles. These thick soles, 
 which must have been excessively awkward and uncomfortable, 
 have been superseded in our own day by heels which are some- 
 times almost two inches high, and which have the effect not 
 only of marring the carriage but of injuring the spine, by throw 
 ing the body out of its natural poise. In Elizabeth's reign it 
 was the fashion to wear wigs of various dyes, the shade being 
 dictated by a vagrant fancy rather than by any regard to suiting 
 the complexion. The virgin queen herself is said to have had 
 not less than eighty different coloured wigs. In our own day 
 this most unbecoming fashion is extinct; but we have scarcely 
 yet recovered from the disfiguring waterfalls and chignons 
 which, by their enormous proportions, made " the human face 
 divine" appear but a thing of nought. The custom, so inimical 
 to all good taste, of imitating, in the adornments of dress, those 
 natural objects which excite horror or disgust, seems to have 
 prevailed to some extent in all ages. Some of Queen Elizabeth's 
 dresses, which were, of course, imitated by her court, had lions, 
 tigers, lizards, serpents, and all sorts of creeping things, depicted 
 on them. Even now it is not unusual to see ladies, who would 
 
8 
 
 scream at the near presence of a live caterpillar or beetle, adorn 
 their bonnets with the artificial semblance of these unlovely 
 creatures. 
 
 The power of fashion has seldom been more unhappily dis- 
 played than when it has induced women to violate the modesty 
 which is one of the greatest charms of their sex. In illustration 
 of this point, we do not need to go back to those naked busts 
 which are preserved upon the canvas of Lely, and which sadly 
 testify to the demoralising fashion of his time; nor yet to those 
 indelicate dresses which prevailed after the French Eevolution, 
 and which, from their transparent texture, were termed " aerial;" 
 for the "tilters" of a few years since, and the flesh-coloured 
 tights which accompanied them, were almost, if not quite, as 
 objectionable as either of the above modes. 
 
 Fashion has been as much at variance with common sense and 
 morality in manners as in dress. The Puritans, with their long- 
 drawn nasal twang, and their preposterous and hypocritical cant, 
 are among the most striking illustrations of objectionable man- 
 ners. Yet their errors, grave as they were, are light in compari- 
 sion with the deep and universal licentiousness which obtained 
 in the reign of Charles II. The passion among the English 
 ladies of the eighteenth century for monkeys and parrots, and 
 the rage for expensive collections of fantastic china, have been 
 familiarised to us through the satires which Addison and Steele 
 introduced into the Spectator. We learn from the same source 
 that when the Spectator was written it was considered bad taste 
 for a husband and wife to be seen in public together — a demora- 
 lising pseudo-refinement which is not yet entirely extinct in 
 our fashionable circles. Another custom of that day has been 
 thus caricatured by General Burgoyne in his comedy of " The 
 Heiress": — 
 
 Lady Emily. — And another (Duchess) has been detected. I almost 
 blush to name it. 
 
 Mrs. Blandish. — Bless us! Where? and how — and how? 
 
 Lady Emily. — In nursing her own child ! 
 
 Miss Ahcrip. — Oh! barbarism! For Heaven's sake let us change the 
 subject." 
 
 Church going, like everything else, may become a fashion, but 
 when this is the case religion is apt to reach its lowest ebb. 
 We read in " The Tattler" a letter, in which the correspondent 
 satirises the levity of church-goers in the following description: 
 — " Lady Autumn made me a very low curtsey the other day 
 from the next pew, and, with the most courtly air imaginable, 
 called herself a ' miserable sinner.' Her niece, soon after, in 
 saying ' forgive us our trespasses,' curtseyed with a gloating look 
 at my brother. He returned it, opening his snuff box, and 
 
9 
 
 repeating a yet more solemn expression." It cannot be suffi- 
 ciently regretted that the church, which claims to be the moral 
 instructor of mankind, should have so far yielded to the baleful 
 influence of fashion as to have lost much of its utility. The 
 introduction of operatic music, church festivals, or fashionable 
 and sanctimonious gambling, together with the pernicious pew- 
 rental system, are gradually transforming the temples of God 
 into Sunday theatres, where those who have duly paid for their 
 seats, and tricked themselves out like a show-figure in a dry- 
 goods store, can repair, and seesawing into a pew spring up and 
 down, in taking a seat, like a rubber ball, or a fish pole, when 
 bobbing for eels. Truly we see every day the illustration of 
 De Foe's celebrated quatrain — 
 
 " Wherever God erects a house of prayer, 
 
 The devil always builds a chapel there ; 
 
 And 'twill be found, upon examination, 
 
 The latter has the larger congregation." 
 
 The prayers and sermons which are heard in the fashionable 
 Sunday resorts of fashionable and listless people are often so 
 vague and general, and so inappropriate to the special needs of 
 the congregation, • that they are entirely without convicting 
 power. Of course man is fundamentally the same in all ages, 
 yet different social conditions develop in him somewhat different 
 tendencies, and address to him different temptations. Of this 
 important fact the church takes too little account, as we see in 
 the multitude of sermons in which men and women are exhorted 
 to avoid those errors of belief and of action, to which in this age 
 there are but few temptations. Addresses like these, which do 
 not come warm from the heart of the preacher, are ineffectual to 
 reach the hearts of the people. The crying sins of our time 
 are dishonesty in public and private life, foeticide, drunkenness, 
 licentiousness, vanity, and extravagance; and it were well for 
 the church and the world if we heard more about these offences 
 against the Divine law and the law of nature, even though less 
 time were devoted to the wicked Jews and Canaanites, and the 
 heathen of China and Africa. The churches of America are 
 tottering over their rottenness, and unless they speedily reform 
 they must fall. 
 
 Flirtation is almost universally regarded as an indispensable 
 amusement for young ladies. Comparatively devoid as they are 
 of other resources, it has for them that charm of artificial excite- 
 ment which young men find in the intoxicating cup, or in the 
 heated pursuit of wealth and honour. Rather than resign this 
 feverish pleasure, many a girl has checked the first fresh im- 
 pulses of her heart, and, refusing eligible offers of marriage, 
 ended her life a disappointed and aimless old maid. This 
 
10 
 
 fashion, which is considered so innocent, of playing fast and 
 loose with the God-given instincts, which should result in a life- 
 long union, is corrupting to the heart, fatal to the noblest charm 
 of the manners, and undermining to the moral character. The 
 professional flirt consumes the flower of her life in the exercises 
 of vanity, jealousy, and belittling ambition; her modesty is 
 necessarily corrupted by the personal familiarities which she 
 courts and receives from the opposite sex, and even her virtue is 
 often sacrificed. Many a girl who has been stimulated to flirta- 
 tion by fashion rather than inclination, has taken the first step 
 on the sliding scale of animal passion, only to end her unhappy 
 course by seeking the professional services of an abortionist. 
 The procurement of abortions has, indeed, become so common, 
 that certain houses in our large cities are devoted to this form of 
 murder; and physicians who make it their exclusive business are 
 loudly heralded as the benefactors of the female sex. And yet 
 this unnatural practice often ends in the death of two, instead of 
 one, as intended; it is, moreover, in the direct interest of immor- 
 ality, by flattering women into the belief that they may yield to 
 temptation, and yet escape its social consequences. 
 
 Foeticide is unhappily not confined to unmarried women, for 
 criminal, revolting, and dangerous though it be, it is constantly 
 practised by those who have voluntarily assumed all the conse- 
 quences of married life. For the sake of lucre many physicians 
 will run the risk of going to the penitentiary for violating the 
 law against abortion; and for the sake of avoiding the healthful 
 duties of maternity, many married women will injure their 
 health, and even endanger their lives. It is as natural for wives 
 to bear children as for apple trees to produce apples; and those 
 women who thwart the designs of God in this respect, are 
 punished in the flesh and the spirit. Lucorrhea, prolapsus uteri, 
 ennui, menstrual derangements, and abbreviation of life, are 
 among the results of artificial abortion, and prevention of con- 
 ception. The coarctation of nature has transformed many a 
 home into a gloomy and silent hospital, which would otherwise 
 have resounded with the happy voices of children, and been 
 brightened by the active care of a cheerful and healthy mother. 
 
 When I was in California, I heard of the wife of a minister 
 who boasted that she had committed foeticide thirteen times. 
 Our churches are filled with women who are guilty of this sin, 
 and yet the fear of indelicacy or the want of positive information 
 restrains our ministers from administering to their female par- 
 ishoners that private warning or rebuke which they are unable 
 or dare not to give in public to a promiscuous audience of males 
 and females, old and young. It seems as if men like Beecher, 
 Chapin, Young, Hall, Spurgeon, Binney, and Gilfillan, might 
 
11 
 
 devise some means by which this crying enormity could be 
 reached If those bell-wethers of the church would but rattle 
 their bells against this evil, and not a few others that demand 
 their attention, the ecclesiastical commoners would follow their 
 example, and we might hope for a radical reform. 
 
 Every custom which is opposed to nature is opposed to 
 morals, and is a legitimate subject of reprobation from the pro- 
 fessed teacher of morality. Fashionable suppers of almost indi- 
 gestible food, late hours, secret sins among the unmarried, and 
 sensual excesses among the married, deforming the body by 
 tight lacing and tight boots, and injuring the health by painting 
 and powdering the face and dyeing the hair — all these are 
 strictly immoral practices, which should be often the theme of 
 the preacher's public or private exhortations and prayers. In 
 point of fact, however, they are rarely, if at all, on his tongue; 
 and it is for this reason that the church has lost so much of her 
 old reputation and influence as a moral guide. When the 
 neglect of these subjects is complained of, the clergy are accus- 
 tomed to reply — that if the religious principles which they incul- 
 cate are adopted in all their integrity, they will bring forth 
 every form of practical morality which is compatible with the 
 ineradicable peculiarities of the individual character. This is 
 doubtless true if the principles are really adopted, but the popu- 
 lar mind is found incapable of fully conceiving and applying 
 abstract principles. Hence, unless they are explicated and im- 
 pressed by concrete practical illustrations, they have no more 
 influence upon the character than the sound of a tinkling 
 cymbal, which pierces the ear but fails to reach the heart. 
 
 In matters of fashion, Pope lays down the rule — 
 
 " Be not the first by whom the new is tried, 
 Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." 
 
 In most of its applications this advice is excellent; yet some 
 fashions are so excessively disfiguring and unhealthful, that the 
 time for trying them should never come. Pre-eminent among 
 these is the present mode of girding in the female figure 
 until health as well as beauty is irreparably destroyed. In 
 allusion to this abuse of nature, Professor Huxley said in a 
 recent lecture — " The present fashions outrage all common sense 
 by displaying a woman's figure in the form of a candle- 
 extinguisher upside down; such an absurd style of dress is 
 physically injurious and anatomically monstrous." The public 
 eye has been so long accustomed to the wasp waist of our fine 
 ladies that a natural figure is now considered quite ungenteel ; yet 
 every physician at least knows well that this fashionable shape 
 means a lean and yellow body, an unnatural protrusion of the 
 
12 
 
 hips and lower abdomen, a weak back, an inactive liver, a dys- 
 peptic stomach, and a total derangement of all the organs of 
 maternity. By weakening the generative organs it prevents or 
 enfeebles offspring, and greatly increases the liability to death in 
 childbirth. Another effect of tight lacing is an abnormal vene- 
 real appetite, produced by the restraint which the corsets impose 
 on the return of the venous blood to the heart and lungs. 
 Many a girl has lost her virtue in consequence of the undue 
 excitement of sexual desire by the congestion of the impure 
 venous blood around the organs of generation. We are told that 
 we should worship God with all our strength, but the woman 
 who has all her strength turned to lascivious thoughts, by being 
 jammed down and tied up with corset strings, has none of that 
 lofty spiritual passion with which alone the Creator can be 
 adored. 
 
 Tight shoes, in common with tight lacing, produce irritability 
 of temper, by painfully exciting the sympathetic nervous sys- 
 tem. Florence Nightingale, it is said, plants her foot on a piece 
 of leather that the cobbler may mark around it, and make the* 
 sole of her boot according to the figure thus delineated. This is 
 the only proper way for a foot to be measured. The force of 
 fashion is in nothing more apparent than in the eagerness with 
 which the women of civilised countries distort their feet and 
 waists, and puncture their ears, even though they are perfectly 
 alive to the barbarism of similar deformities when practised by 
 other races. While they are ready to stigmatise the compressed 
 figures of the Chinese, the flat heads of certain American 
 Indians, and the nose-rings of many African tribes as hideous 
 and barbaric, they do not seem to reflect for a moment that 
 " wherein they judge another they condemn themselves." Those 
 wishing further illustrations of the power of fashion to deform 
 and disfigure the human organisation, are referred to a chapter 
 on "Fashion" in my work entitled "Nature's Eevelations of 
 Character." 
 
 It has doubtless been observed that most of the fashionable 
 follies and crimes to which I have alluded have been the errors 
 of the gentler sex. The inferior education of women, and their 
 lack of worthy objects of ambition, have always made them 
 peculiarly liable to the excesses of animal imitation. But 
 although men have had the advantage of women in being 
 developed by superior stimulations, and although this advantage 
 has resulted in their comparative freedom from fashionable 
 excesses, they are yet far from displaying that independence of 
 thought and action which should be the special crown of their 
 manhood. The use of tobacco, for instance, in its various forms, 
 is far more a fashion with men than a natural craving. The 
 
13 ■, 
 
 quid, the cigar, or the pipe, are so generally used by adult males 
 that boys are prompted by ambition rather than appetite to 
 acquire what they consider the manly accomplishments of chew- 
 ing and smoking. For the sake of following the fashion they 
 brave the nausea and headache, which are the earlier attendants 
 of tobacco using, and hazard the dyspepsia, heart disease, ner- 
 vousness, and paralysis, which are its ultimate effects. The use 
 of tobacco among men debilitates the nervous system, and, like 
 the deforming of the female waist, prevents healthy offspring. 
 It is alleged, in defence of this disgusting and pernicious prac- 
 tice, that tne nicotine contained in tobacco (though well known 
 in medicine to be eminently injurious) is required by the human 
 system. This argument strikingly illustrates the apothegm that 
 " none want reasons to confirm their will? If nicotine is really 
 so advantageous to the system, how does it happen that the 
 lovers of tobacco do not recommend it to women, who, by reason 
 of their physical delicacy, have almost a peculiar claim upon 
 every source of health and comfort? The mere fact that a 
 woman who chewed or smoked would be ostracised by the very 
 parties who make this sanitary plea, is a proof of their insin- 
 cerity. If I were the slave of tobacco, I think I would acknow- 
 lenge the fact with all the manliness which remained to me, 
 instead of scouring the wide range of sophistry to find a false 
 justification. 
 
 The extravagance that young men display in their expenses 
 is, to a great extent, the result of animal imitation; and so, also, 
 is their social preference for worthless but showy young ladies. 
 Many a young man, who is attracted to a quiet and indus- 
 trious girl, is actually afraid to pay her attention or to marry 
 her because she is not the fashion with his " set." Alluding to 
 this subject, Elizabeth Waking says, in her articles on "The 
 Woman Question" — " It is really very funny, though somewhat 
 discouraging to a clever and modest girl, who stays at home and 
 stitches, and bakes, and studies her book, to go to an occasional 
 party and find herself fatally gravitating toward the wall or the 
 photograph album, while other young ladies, who never did a 
 hand's turn to so much as make their own clothes — though their 
 clothes do so much to make them — are fairly smothered with 
 attentions." Nothing but the overwhelming influence of fashion 
 could so blind young men to their own best interests as to 
 induce them to marry a bundle of false hair and expensive 
 clothing, rather than a sympathetic and sensible helpmate. 
 Truly, as a French author has said, fashion is the tyrant of taste, 
 and the destroying power of private happiness and of public 
 manners. 
 
 The licentious habits to which the native passions furnish so 
 
14 
 
 strong a temptation are often further stimulated by the power of 
 fashion. In illustration of this point, I might cite the corrupt 
 courts of many of the Koman Emperors, and the demoralising 
 influence which Louis XIV. and Charles II. exerted upon the 
 manners of their times; but unhappily our own large cities, and 
 many even of our smaller ones, furnish us an example nearer 
 home. In many circles of society a young man who refuses to 
 visit houses of ill-fame is considered by his male associates a 
 mere Miss Nancy, fit only for the society of old maids and 
 clergymen. When fashion thus encourages the impulses of 
 animal passion, instead of restraining them, when the fear of 
 contempt is added to the love of pleasure, it is as much to be 
 expected as it is to be deplored that young men should form 
 those vicious habits which destroy the manhood and debase 
 the soul. The power of fashion is equally displayed in the 
 indulgence with which the licentiousness of married and un- 
 married men is regarded, and in the severity, nay, the positive 
 inhumanity which is visited upon their female victims. The 
 libertine presents himself a courted favourite in the most 
 polished company, while the prostitute is coldly consigned to 
 everlasting infamy. 
 
 The form of intemperance of which I have just spoken leads 
 me to the consideration of another, which is desolating many a 
 happy home and filling many a grave. The customary and 
 excessive use of intoxicating drinks is one of the most ruinous 
 and demoralising habits which any man can form; and yet, 
 although religion is the appointed guardian of morals, I have 
 never heard a sermon upon drunkenness — not one even — in 
 which it was incidentally treated for five consecutive minutes. 
 But it is not only true that our churches have neglected to cen- 
 sure this evil, our social influence has actually been cast in its 
 favour. In many cases young men who have acquired such 
 a taste for liquor that they notoriously scandalise every principle 
 of hospitality by carrying their whisky-flasks to private parties, 
 concealing them in the dressing-room or beneath the porches of 
 their host; who give select dances to young ladies, and retire at 
 certain intervals from their company to enjoy a quiet "smile" at 
 the bar of the hotel; who cannot spend an evening in female 
 society without preparing themselves by " a whisky" which is 
 hypocritically smothered with a whisky-killer — in many places, 
 young men, known to be guilty of this abominable conduct, con- 
 tinue in the undisturbed enjoyment of every social advantage, 
 from the courtesies of the parents to the flattering smiles of 
 the girls. 
 
 Now I am not going to take any unconscionably fine moral 
 standpoint. I will admit that a great many men drink whisky 
 
15 
 
 for health, and wine for pleasure, and are not appreciably de- 
 praved; but I will stand on this principle forever — that the 
 manliest courage lies in the fear of evil, and that that is unmis- 
 takeable evil which has led to the results I have described. It 
 is an evil which undermines self-respect and honour, politeness 
 and truth; which benumbs the conscience, dulls the mind, and 
 vulgarises the taste. 
 
 I need hardly say that temperance, in its worthiest sense, is 
 more than mere abstinence from intoxicating drinks, from extra- 
 vagance, or licentiousness; it is that habitual moderation in the 
 use of all things which leads to good health, indicates good sense, 
 and insures a good reputation. It is an unequalled conservator of 
 power. They who possess it, and they only, are enabled to fulfil 
 their high duty by making the most of themselves. With these 
 rare and self-commanded souls every energy tells, and every 
 grace wears its noblest adornment. When they have fixed their 
 eyes on their object, they pursue it without jerks, recessions, or 
 swervings ; and when, at last, they have grasped it, they do not 
 crush it by too tight a clench, nor loose it by careless holding. 
 They are men who, in all their aimings, strike the white ; and 
 who, in the warm splendour of their sunset-life, behold them- 
 selves venerated by their generation, and blessed by their 
 children's children. 
 
 " So peaceful shall they end their blissful days, 
 And steal themselves from life by slow decays." 
 
NATURE'S REVELATIONS 
 
 OF CHARA.CTEE; 
 
 OR THH 
 
 MENTAL, MORAL, AND VOLITIVE DISPOSITIONS 
 
 of :Mi^:N":K:i:isro, 
 
 As Manifested in the Human Form and Countenance; 
 
 And Illustrated by upwards of Two Hundred and Fifty Engravings. 
 
 THIS WOEK, 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., 
 
 Is the fruit of nearly Twenty Years diligent observation of nature, and 
 presents a New and Complete Analysis and Classification of the powers of 
 the Human Mind and Body. 
 
 Together with the Physiognomical Signs by which every 
 Faculty is disclosed. 
 
 The above-mentioned Work, in one large Octavo Volume, 
 and the 
 
 "Physiognomical Chart of Character," 
 
 SCIENTIFIC LECTUBES, 
 
 BY THE SAME AUTHOR, ARE FOR SALE BY 
 
 MR WILLIAM TWEEDIE, - 337 Strand, London. 
 
 MR JOHN TWEED, - - - 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. 
 
 MR GEORGE MITCHELSON, 40 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
LINGUISTIVENESS 
 
 AND 
 
 LITERATIVENESS,OR,SPOKEN&WRITTENLANGUAGE, 
 
 MONOEROTICITY, OR MATING LOVE, 
 
 AND ELEVATIVENESS, OR ASPIRATION. 
 
 &' %ettnxt 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D. OP NEW YORK. 
 
 " He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one ; 
 Exceeding wise, fair-spoken and persuading." — Shakespeare. 
 
 Language, in its most general sense, is the expression of thought. 
 Thus we have the language of the deaf and dumb, the language 
 of the eye and the gesture, and the language of the inferior 
 animals. The poet Donne attributed language to the blush in 
 the striking description — 
 
 " Her pure and eloquent blood 
 Spoke in her cheeks, and so distinctly wrought 
 That one might almost say her body thought." 
 
 Even silence, under exceptional circumstances, may become 
 expressive, and, to that extent, fulfil the functions of language. 
 
 It is admitted that the inferior animals possess certain modes 
 of communicating with individuals of their own species, though 
 we have no certain evidence that they can make themselves 
 understood by creatures of a different zoological group. The 
 cock gallantly calls the hens of the barn-yard to share the 
 morsels of food he has found, and they respond to the invitation. 
 Cattle have a language which they so well understand, that if 
 one of them has smelt of blood, he can throw a whole herd into 
 frenzy by bis angry bellowings. The barking and howling of 
 
wolves and dogs are answered by their distant mates as intelli- 
 gently as one human being responds to the hallooing of another. 
 The sparrow chatters to its young, or to the companion of its nest 
 with the gossipy tongue of a housewife. The wild goose sets an 
 entire flock in motion by a signal note ; and the parrot has not 
 only its vernacular language by which it communicates with its 
 own species, but also the capacity to learn the language of 
 human beings, and thus to express its needs, its loves, and its 
 animosities in one or more foreign tongues. The language of 
 animals has suggested many of our onomatopoetic words — as 
 hiss, which resembles the voice of the goose ; and buzz, which is 
 like the song of the bee. 
 
 Human language is divided into that which is spoken and 
 written — the former being the expression of ideas by means of 
 significant articulate sounds. The articulation of sounds is the 
 utterance of syllables and words by closing or jointing certain of 
 the organs of speech while vocal sounds are being emitted. It 
 is this articulation which peculiarly distinguishes the voice of 
 human beings from that of the brutes. The lower animals open 
 the mouth and utter vocal sounds, but, with a very few excep- 
 tions, are destitute of the articulating power. 
 
 The organs necessary to the vocalisation and articulation of 
 sounds, i.e., to human speech, are the lips [labii superioris and 
 labii inferioris], the tongue, the ligaments and muscles of the 
 glottis, the palate, teeth, mouth, lungs, and chest. To these 
 organs we must look for the physiognomical signs of spoken 
 language, since it is through them only that speech is possible. 
 The phrenologists, in looking to the eye, which is never used in 
 speaking, for the sign of language, are as preposterous as though 
 they were to gaze at the upper windows of a house, which are 
 never used for egress, with the expectation of seeing an indi- 
 vidual emerge from them. A pseudo-scientist, who claims to be 
 the head and front of phrenology in America, and who judges of 
 language by the eye, marked Daniel Webster four, and Henry 
 Clay five in this faculty, on the seven digit scale. This person, 
 who has also marked school boys, that never afterwards showed 
 any peculiar disposition to speak, six and seven on the same 
 scale, is a striking instance of the absurdities into which an 
 examiner will be betrayed by an erroneous sign. 
 
 The marks of language which I have given above, indicate 
 only the physical ease with which words can be articulated; 
 but it is an established principle that action follows the line of 
 least resistance, and hence, those persons who are so organised 
 as to speak with facility will be those, other things being equal, 
 who have contracted the habit of speaking. It must however 
 be borne in mind that the habit of speaking has nothing what- 
 
ever to do with the quality of the thing spoken — the latter 
 depends of course on the character, the intellect, and the 
 education. 
 
 The lungs are one of the most important instruments of 
 speech, for the breath is necessary to produce tone; and to 
 inhale much air, or breath, requires large and vigorous lungs. 
 Public speaking demands a constant and protracted effort, which 
 would soon exhaust any man who was unable to take deep 
 inspirations. The size of the nose, and particularly the dilation 
 of the nostrils, is a certain evidence of the size and vigour of the 
 lungs. Cicero, Hon. William Pitt, Sir Robert Peel, Lord 
 Brougham, Henry Clay, and, indeed, all great orators have 
 possessed large noses. The shape and size of the nose indicates 
 the concavity of the roof of the mouth as well as lung capacity. 
 When the nose and the bones which support it, rise high 
 above the plane of the face they produce an elevated arch in the 
 roof of the mouth, by means of which the tongue is enabled to 
 move with that perfect freedom which is essential to distinct 
 articulation. The ourang-outang's inability to speak does not 
 arise altogether from the defect of his lungs or larynx, nor yet 
 from his want of sense — for in this respect he is certainly not 
 inferior to the parrot — but is partly due to the comparative flat- 
 ness of the roof of his mouth. 
 
 The important aid which the tongue renders to articulation is 
 evidenced by the fact that without it not a word could be 
 uttered. The teeth are essential to the distinct pronunciation 
 of the dental, and the palate to the palatal letters; but the lips 
 are the great, controllers of spoken language. By governing the 
 passage of the air through the mouth, they act upon the expira- 
 tion somewhat as a brake does upon the movement of a wheel. 
 Among the lower animals they exercise very little independent 
 action, seeming to serve merely as a covering for the jaws, whose 
 movements they follow without change of expression. In human 
 physiognomy their length, prominence, and flexibility, together 
 with the straightness of the horizontal cleft between them, is the 
 most satisfactory sign of the capacity for speaking. Although I 
 have examined many deaf and dumb persons, I have never yet 
 seen one of this class with large and pouting lips. John B. 
 Gough is universally acknowledged to be one of the most correct 
 and rapid speakers of our time; and his mouth, in every particu- 
 lar, confirms the sign I have given. So also do the mouths of 
 Henry Clay and Henry Ward Beecher, whose wide and promi- 
 nent lips come together in a straight horizontal line. Daniel 
 Webster's eyes were sunken where the phrenologists place the 
 sign of language, but his lips were large and protruding, as 
 though some mighty thought were pushing its way out eager to 
 
be heard. Negroes are alike distinguished by their loquacity 
 and the thickness of their lips; and, to descend still lower in the 
 scale of life, the frog, with its wide and prominent mouth, is a 
 natural and incessant talker. It may be said that the parrot, 
 notwithstanding that it is destitute of lips, is peculiarly gifted in 
 the power of speaking — but this bird has a protruding bill, 
 which answers the purpose of pouting lips; and also an elevated 
 arch in the roof of its mouth, which resembles the upper conca- 
 vity in the mouth of man. If the bill of the parrot were as 
 mobile as are human lips, its power of speaking would doubtless 
 be greatly increased. The giraffe, eland, and kangaroo, which 
 have small and closely-shutting lips, are perfectly silent even 
 when being killed. People with thin lips are apt to fall into the 
 habit of using langage des halles, but those whose lips are full 
 are fond of literce humaniores. 
 
 I have stated that the lips are the principal sign of spoken 
 language; yet no physiognomist should venture a decision upon 
 the evidence which they alone afford. The other organs of 
 speech are all important; and as the condition of many of them 
 cannot be judged by the eye, the person examined should 
 always be caused to speak before the physiognomist pronounces 
 judgment. 
 
 The power, roundness, flexibility, and sweetness of the voice 
 may be greatly improved by judicious elocutionary training. 
 One of the most effectual means of expanding the chest is to 
 take a long and deep inspiration, and then, while the lungs are 
 filled with air, to beat the chest quickly until it is necessary to 
 breathe again. This exercise, by keeping the lungs for some 
 time at an exaggerated expansion, has precisely the same effect 
 upon their elastic substance that a continued strain has on a 
 rubber band. The band, after being stretched for an instant, 
 and the lungs, after an ordinary inspiration, return to their 
 original size; but if, in either case, the tension is maintained for 
 any length of time, both will be in some slight degree perma- 
 nently extended. The tone and inflexion with which a senti- 
 ment is uttered has as much to do with the effect which it 
 makes on the auditor as the colour and expression of the counte- 
 nance have to do with the effect of the features. And yet the 
 importance of vocal culture is so little appreciated among our 
 people that a pure tone and distinct articulation are very excep- 
 tional either at the bar, in the pulpit, or on the rostrum. 
 
 There are no better rules in elocution than those which 
 Hamlet gave to the players — " Speak the speech, I pray you, as 
 I pronounced it to you, trippingly on the tongue; but if you 
 mouth it, as many of our players do, I had as lief the town-crier 
 spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the air too much with your 
 
hand thus, but use all gently. ... Be not too tame neither, 
 but let your own discretion be your tutor." 
 
 Nothing can more strikingly illustrate the effect of constantly 
 practising certain classes of sounds or articulation than the 
 difficulty which is experienced by adults in the pronunciation of 
 a foreign tongue. Every language has sounds more or less 
 peculiar to itself; and the habit of contracting or expanding the 
 muscles, in order to utter them, produces a permanent modifica- 
 tion of the vocal organs. 
 
 The representation of articulate sounds by letters or characters 
 in such a manner as to convey thought, constitutes a written 
 language. The spoken and written languages of the Chinese 
 are said to be entirely different. It sometimes happens that 
 a language which has ceased to be either spoken or written to 
 any extent finds a living tomb in books of transcendant value, 
 and thus enjoys a sort of posthumous life. This is the case with 
 the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Sanscrit tongues. The latter 
 excels all others in the number and complication of its metres. 
 
 Philology was understood by the ancients to include the 
 sciences, literature, and philosophy; but in the modern accepta- 
 tion of the term it means a methodical comparison of the words, 
 the internal structure and grammatical forms of the various 
 languages of the earth, with a view to the explication of national 
 character, origin, and history. In this sense it is of compara- 
 tively recent date, for it was not until the middle of the 
 eighteenth century that the learned began to take a really astute 
 and comprehensive view of the dilierent languages spoken by 
 our race. 
 
 Philologists have never agreed as to the number of the 
 languages, owing to the fact that they have had no common 
 criterion by which to distinguish them from dialects and idioms. 
 According to the estimate of Adelung and Vater, there are 3064 
 languages and dialects. Balbi, an equally learned authority, 
 reckons, by another standard, that there are 2000 languages, 
 860 of which have about 500 dialects. 
 
 Many conjectures have been hazarded upon the still open 
 question as to what was the primitive mother tongue. Most of 
 the savans have supposed it to be the Hebrew, but Van Gorp, 
 a philologist of Flanders, was so far betrayed by his patriotism as 
 to decide the controversy in favour of the low Dutch ! 
 
 To the revival of classical literature in the fifteenth century, 
 we are greatly indebted for the intellectual re-awakening of 
 Europe. At that time a zeal for those immortal works which 
 have been handed down by the genius of antiquity, animated 
 every institution of learning; imitations of the ancients became 
 popular, and the barbarous Latin of the monks was corrected by 
 
a return to the pure fountains of classic lore. The minds of the 
 people being thus aroused, soon found new channels of activity. 
 The modern sciences were originated and developed, and the 
 question of the comparative value of the ancient and the more 
 recent learning began to agitate the schools. In our own day 
 the leaning to the sciences, or, as it is called, practical education, 
 has been very marked. In Prussia and in the United States 
 this practical education is now the chief end of the public school 
 system, and even in the highest universities of these countries 
 and of England, the decline of interest in classic literature is 
 plainly manifested. 
 
 All languages, while they admit of great modifications and 
 additions to their vocabularies, exhibit a wonderful conservatism 
 in their organisation or internal structure. Thus, the Chinese 
 and its cognate dialects, is monosyllabic; that is, every syllable 
 of which it is composed has an independent significance. On 
 the other hand, the Sanscrit of the East Indies is polysyllabic ; 
 or characterised by words of extraordinary length, whose com- 
 ponent parts have, by themselves, no meaning whatever. Yet 
 these two languages, though spoken by contiguous nations, have 
 maintained their distinctive characteristics intact for thousands 
 of years. 
 
 Written language is a much slower mode of conveying thought 
 than oral communication, but like most things of slow attain- 
 ment, it endures the longer. Liter a scripta manet. But while 
 it takes a comparatively long time ibr an author to reduce his 
 thoughts to writing, the reader's eye can scan a printed page and 
 comprehend the ideas expressed on it in a much shorter period 
 than the words it contains could be articulated. Hence, while 
 written language is the slowest mode of expressing, it may be the 
 quickest way of receiving information. 
 
 Such is the limitation of human powers that the same person 
 is rarely distinguished in both spoken and written language. 
 The forms of speech into which ideas are cast in oral and written 
 communications are so different, that the study which is required 
 to master the one mode of expression usually occupies the time 
 and attention to the exclusion of the other. Horace Greeley 
 was notoriously a poor speaker, although the point, simplicity, 
 and vigour of style which he has displayed in his laborious 
 editorial career, have made him the first journalist in America. 
 Dr. Kedfield is an able and elegant writer, but a common-place 
 speaker. Milton, Sternes, Samuel Butler, and Locke, were all 
 remarkable for their writings, but undistinguished as orators or 
 conversationalists. Nevertheless, it sometimes happens that the 
 capacities for writing and speaking are united in the same 
 individual, as in the cases of S. T 5 Coleridge, " the old man 
 
eloquent," and Samuel Parr, who was equally eminent in con- 
 versation and letters. 
 
 A person possessed of the literary gift will have a face which 
 is large at the upper part and tapering toward the neck. John 
 Kuskin, whose eloquent and fertile pen has secured him a 
 prominent place among living writers, has this shape of face ; 
 so also had Edgar A. Poe, a man who was, in some respects, the 
 most original poetic genius that America has produced. 
 
 Fine writing, as well as fine talking, requires fine thinking. 
 "The style," said Buffon, "is the man;" that is, the manner in 
 which one talks or writes is the reflex of the whole nature. A 
 man of clear and vigorous mind will write with clearness and 
 vigour; while those who are mentally superficial, confused or 
 fanciful, will be shallow, obscure, and hyper-imaginative in their 
 literary work. I once knew a lady remarkable for the point, 
 eloquence, and fluency of her conversation, who, when asked 
 how she acquired her complete mastery of the language of 
 passion, replied, "in the long nights when I have lain awake the 
 prey of contending emotions." 
 
 Thought is not the only requisite of fine talking and writing, 
 since no one can master either without assiduous practice. Dr. 
 Johnson ascribed his remarkable conversational powers to his 
 life-long habit of expressing any thing which he had to say in 
 the very best language he could command. We all know how 
 soon a careless indulgence in vulgarisms of speech impairs our 
 power to use chaste, correct, and expressive language. Some 
 very distinguished authors have been unknown to fame until 
 late in life, and after they have practised writing for a long 
 time. This was the case with Samuel Eichardson, who, although 
 a voluminous letter-writer, did not publish the first of his 
 celebrated novels until he was fifty years old. In general 
 it may be said that practice in writing is less needed to enable 
 an author to write well, than to enable him to write well with 
 rapidity. 
 
 Talleyrand and Baron Von Humboldt were of the demoralis- 
 ing opinion that language was the medium employed by men in 
 deceiving their fellows. It is certainly too often used for that 
 purpose, yet the trust which is generally reposed in human 
 testimony is a proof of its general trustworthiness. Except for this 
 trust, indeed, it would be impossible to carry on the affairs of life. 
 
 If our race were deprived of the power of speech, it would 
 speedily degenerate into barbarism ; for without this means of 
 communicating thought, the accumulation of knowledge would 
 be almost exclusively confined to the narrow range of personal 
 experience, and civilisation would be impossible. 
 
 We shall here enter upon the consideration of 
 
8 
 
 MONOEROTICITY OR MATING LOVE, 
 
 which faculty, as well as language, rests on the Muscular Form. 
 
 a All thoughts, all passions, all delights, 
 Whatever stirs this mortal frame, 
 All are but ministers of love, 
 
 And feed his sacred flame." — Coleridge. 
 
 Love may be defined as that attractive power which leads not 
 only to the most intimate associations of which sentient and in- 
 tellectual beings are capable, but also underlies the phenomena 
 of chemical affinity, gravitation, and cohesion. In this lecture I 
 shall merely consider that species of love which results in the 
 mating of men and women, and which, when properly regulated, 
 is the foundation of the family, the safeguard of the state, and 
 the bulwark of civilisation. 
 
 But while this passion is capable of producing such beneficent 
 effects, it is also the parent of jealousy and violence, of calumny 
 and revenge, so that one may, parodying the words of Shakes- 
 peare, say of it what Cassio said of wine; "0 thou invisible 
 Spirit of Love ! if thou hast no other name to be known by, let 
 us call thee devil;" for there is nothing that is like love, so sweet, 
 and so bitter. To-day, he draws down the heavens, so that even 
 while the feet of his children tread the earth, they walk among 
 the stars ; and to-morrow, descending to Phlegethon, he brings up 
 of its molten hell to pour into their hearts. 
 
 "Oh! sovereign power of love ! oh grief ! oh balm! 
 All records, saving thine, come cool and calm, 
 And shadowy through the mist of passed years ; 
 For others, good or bad, hatred and tears 
 Have become indolent ; but touching thine, 
 One sigh doth echo, one poor sob doth pine." 
 
 Who, then, is so bold that he would kindle a fire, which may 
 warm only to consume him; or plant in his heart a flower whose 
 rain is tears, and whose perfume is distilled in an atmosphere of 
 sighs. Ah ! it is in vain that cold philosophy, or bitter experi- 
 ence, oppose the deep promptings of nature ; still we would hear 
 love's enticing song, deliciously sweet, and breathing languidly 
 his perfumed atmosphere, and softly rocked in his embracing 
 arms, intoxicated, we would fall asleep and care not for the 
 waking. 
 
 The voice of love is low and gentle, and his speech is the ex- 
 travagant language of passion ; yet they who can use this lan- 
 guage with the greatest facility and ardour, are often those worldly 
 and sophisticated men and women, who have learned in a long 
 career of dissipated affection everything which the heart can feel, 
 and also its limit and the incipience of insensibility. Otway, 
 in his pathetic tragedy of " The Orphan," has embodied this truth 
 
9 
 
 in the advice of Chamont to his sister — "If," advises the brother, 
 " a man says he loves thee, with caution trust him; but if he 
 swears, he's certain to deceive thee." 
 
 The drama has ever been the depository of love's archives, so 
 that, though we should read nothing but plays, we might yet 
 leave unturned no page of his history. With what varied de- 
 scription, yet with what unchanging fidelity, do we see him there 
 depicted in the romantic sentimentality of Lydia Languish ; the 
 weak and ungoverned fondness of Calista ; the frenzied passion 
 of Queen Zara; the mournful consistency of the widow of Hector; 
 and in the sweet and wifely affection of such heroines as the 
 Mourning Bride and Belvedera. Shakespeare, who has painted 
 every other passion with such inimitable skill, has not been less 
 happy, when love sat for his portraiture, as those contrasted pic- 
 tures, in which appear the frank and simple affection of the ten- 
 der-hearted Juliet, and the crafty reserve of the fickle Cressia 
 convincingly attest. 
 
 It is estimated that, of the human species, twenty-one males 
 are born for every twenty females; and it has been very reason- 
 ably supposed that this slight inequality among children is 
 designed to secure an ultimate parity among adults, by making 
 provision against the greater loss by accidents, &c, to which 
 men are exposed from the nature of their occupations. How- 
 ever this may be, it is certain that in every normal condition of 
 society men and women are found distributed in equal numbers 
 — a fact which has usually been considered the strongest argu- 
 ment in favour of the monogamic institution. A like equality 
 of the sexes exists, however, anions the lower animals, most of 
 which are, by the law of their nature, promiscuous in their inter- 
 course with each other. We must, therefore, look elsewhere for 
 a satisfactory authorisation of monogamy. In a state of nature 
 men and women rarely choose and remain faithful to a single 
 mate, but in the higher stages of civilisation monogamy becomes 
 a legal requisition, an established practice, and a recognised 
 duty. So long as human beings are under the absolute control 
 of those animal passions which are so far from forbidding, that 
 they actually prompt them to indiscriminate associations, poly- 
 gamy, or what is still worse, free-love, will obtain; but the 
 reverse will be the case when their higher nature, and especially 
 their moral sentiments, have been adequately developed by the 
 refined influences of civilisation and education. It is found to 
 1 be an invariable fact, that promiscuous love impairs the finer 
 feelings, while mating love develops them. It is also true that 
 the family is the potential unit of civilised society, and that the 
 highest type of family life is strictly dependent upon mating 
 love; finally, it is observed that social demoralisation always 
 
10 
 
 occurs if, from a disturbance of the numerical parity of 
 the sexes, any considerable number of men or women are de- 
 prived of the natural opportunity to secure life-companions. 
 These, and cognate considerations, founded, not on the equality 
 of the sexes, nor yet on man's physical condition, but on the 
 requirements of his moral and intellectual nature, furnish a con- 
 vincing proof of the beauty and Ihe duty of mating love, and by 
 consequence of monogamic institutions. 
 
 A striking illustration of the excesses into which new ideas 
 are apt to run, is afforded by our women's rights women, who 
 had no sooner obtained a repeal of nearly every marriage law 
 which could be supposed to be oppressive to their sex, than 
 they savagely attacked the marital institution itself, sacredly 
 linked though it be with everything that is purest and fondest 
 in human life. History is replete with illustrations of these 
 reformatory excesses following the excesses of wrong-doing, and 
 it is an explanation, though certainly not a justification of the 
 former, that they are always violent just in proportion to the 
 enormity of the evils which they assail. Thus, in political 
 history, the period of the tattle, the corvie, the lettre-de-cdchet, 
 the administrative tribunal, and the gctrantie des functionaires, 
 was succeeded, not by liberty, but by the horrors of the French 
 revolution. In the annals of the Church, the revival of the 
 neglected doctrine that salvation is by faith, speedily culminated, 
 not in penitence, but in the immoralities of Antinomianism; 
 and in Science, the final triumph, after twenty years gainsaying, 
 of Harvey's theory of the blood, was followed by a school of 
 medicine which attributed to disorders of the circulation every 
 disease that flesh is heir to. In their re-actionary movements 
 against the legalised abuses of marriage, the women's rights 
 women have guiltily advanced free-love doctrines, which are an 
 anachronism in a christianised civilisation, and which, as an 
 anachronism, must speedily perish. But when their errors have 
 been swept away by the moral sentiment of steadier and more 
 penetrating minds, the needed reforms which they assisted, and 
 the just ideas which they instilled into the nations will bless 
 and ennoble coming generations. In the ornate language of 
 Elizabeth Waking, "Nothing is at once more pitiable and more 
 ridiculous, than to see these misguided reformers, intent on 
 blowing ineffectual bubbles to catch the rainbow on their narrow 
 and dissolving span ; but all the while their bubbles are breaking, 
 the eternal sky is growing radiant with the bow of promise and 
 of hope." 
 
 The physiogmonical sign of mating love is a roundness, not of 
 the eyeball, but of the commissure, or opening of the eyelids. 
 When this propensity is largely developed, the upper and lower 
 
11 
 
 lids, if fully opened, will very nearly describe a perfect circle. 
 This formation of the visual commissure is particularly noticeable 
 in birds, most of which gratify their love-nature by mated 
 association. In the turtle-dove (turtur auritus), the eyelid- 
 opening is peculiarly round, and in correspondence therewith, 
 its mating faculty is so strong, that when one of a pair dies, 
 the lone bird seeks no other mate upon which to bestow its 
 exclusive affection. The love-bird (genus psyttacus), has an eye- 
 commissure as round as a bullet, and it always singles out its 
 mate, and remains as faithful to it in its native state as though 
 it were limited to a single partner in the narrow confines of a 
 cage. The goose (genus anser), chooses its mate in February, 
 and clings to it during the following season. 
 
 Mrs. S. Margaret Fuller Ossoli was an excellent example of 
 mating love. Notice the roundness of her eyes. 
 
 Marchioness S. M. F. Ossoli. 
 
 Brigham Young. 
 
 Her love came from a high-toned, pure, and faithful nature, and 
 assumed, in consequence, a connubial form. Mrs. Lucretia 
 Mott's eyes are nearly as round as a full moon, and none can 
 look npon her face without feeling that the purity of an angel 
 gleams forth from the portals of her soul. The round eye indi- 
 cates an inclination for kissing in men, cooing in doves, and 
 playful fondling in cats. 
 
 The eye commissure of those who are deficient in mating love 
 is long from side to side, and narrow vertically. This appear- 
 ance characterises the lower types of individuals and races ; but 
 as a people advance in spiritual and intellectual life, round 
 eyes become more abundant. They are doubtless more numer- 
 
12 
 
 ous now than in the time of King Solomon. The eyes of this 
 licentious monarch must have been like those of the hog (genus 
 sus), as he distributed his love promiscuously among his seven 
 hundred wives and three hundred concubines. We know that 
 Brigham Young has a long, narrow, and porcine eye, and his 
 polygamic theory and practice have given him a world-wide 
 notoriety. Goats, horses, cattle, and wolves have not round 
 eyes, and in accordance with this sign, we find that they do not 
 mate but herd indiscriminately. 
 
 Those who possess mating love are tender, devoted, and faith- 
 ful ; their highest desire being the succour and happiness of their 
 nuptial partners. Their love has its birth in the mind, and like 
 all the fruits of the judgment, is quiet and enduring; but the 
 love which is born of the body, like most of the intenser passions, 
 burns far too fiercely to burn long. It is like a candle with too 
 large a wick, or like a snowy wreath in May, which descend- 
 ing in a night, vanishes with the sun's appearing. It is coarse 
 and selfish — a butterfly, it roams from flower to flower, sipping 
 the sweetness of each, but deserting the most lovely when its 
 fickle appetite is sated. As horses, to endure well, must not be 
 driven furiously, so love, to be long preserved, must be exercised 
 with moderation. And yet while animal passion is but poor 
 soil in which to plant the nuptial tree, it often abounds in 
 courage as well as ardour — running fearful risks in order to 
 secure the object of its desire. Many a lover would climb a 
 maiden's window to woo her, though he well knew that her irate 
 parent would shoot him on discovery. Yet the youths who dash 
 into this kind of adventure are almost certain to wreck the 
 happiness of any woman who would dare to wed them. Three 
 weeks after the bridal day their wives have usually reason to 
 regret either that they had not been shot, or that they had never 
 been born. 
 
 The happiest marriages are those which take place between 
 persons who both possess large mating love, and who are, in 
 addition, peculiarly adapted to each other by character, physique, 
 and education. No sadder mistake can be made, than for one 
 with large mating love, to marry another unhappily distinguished 
 by salacious tendencies ; for as water flows to its level, so love 
 seeks its own quality. It is an invariable rule, that animal 
 passion cannot find full satisfaction in spiritual affection, while 
 mental love, on the other hand, is disgusted by excessive ani- 
 mality, and shrinks away from it to a mother's or a sister's 
 tenderness. 
 
 A thoughtful application of the truths of physiognomy enables 
 us to discriminate the signs of love with unerring sagacity. The 
 round eye, as already said, is evidential of a high type of mating 
 
13 
 
 love, while long and imperfectly opened commissures are warn- 
 ing lights of fickleness and animality. Erasmus., .with all his 
 brilliant scholarship, and Henry VIII., though monarch of Great 
 Britain, never carried their love higher than their lusts, and 
 their piggish eyes clearly foretold their love-life. The time is 
 coming when lovers, instead of gazing unintelligently into each 
 others eyes as they would stare into vacancy, will decide by a 
 glance whether spiritual or animal love predominates in the 
 characters which interest their hearts. 
 
 In conclusion, let me urge, that the only happiness which 
 never disappoints or satiates is the happiness of the heart, and 
 that to enjoy this bliss in its completeness, the bud of mating 
 love must unfold into the perfect flower of a fond and lasting 
 union. The Catholic and Greek Churches have scarcely exag- 
 gerated the uses of sanctified marriage as a means of grace when 
 they placed it among the seven sacraments of their religion. 
 
 " To make a happy fireside clime for weans, and wife, 
 Is the true pathos, and sublime of human life." 
 
 During the remaining portion of this lecture, allow me to direct 
 your attention to the faculty of 
 
 Elevativeness or Aspiration. 
 
 " Past the high clouds floating round, where the eagle is not found; 
 Past the million starry choir I aspire. "—Barry Cornwall. 
 
 Rev. J. G. Lavater, a poet and 
 physiognomist. Lavater wrote of 
 himself, that he possessed an inordi- 
 nate desiie to climb every mountain, 
 ascend church steeples, monuments, 
 &c. 
 
 Thomas Molineaux, a brutal En- 
 glish pugilist. Molineaux cared not 
 to rise above the base desires of animal 
 passion, and it is said, "he would 
 wallow like a hog in mud and 
 mire." 
 
 Aspiration differs from hope in these respects, that it is a desire 
 which does not necessarily involve the element of expectation, and 
 
14 
 
 that it is always directed to what is spiritual and elevated, whereas 
 hope may be fixed upon the most unworthy objects. 
 
 The sign of this quality is a prominence of the nose at the lower 
 part. When the nose lies fiat to the face, and especially when it is 
 wide as well as flat at the bottom, the inclinations are low and sensual. 
 The preceding cut of Lavater, when compared with that of Molineaux, 
 shows a marked contrast in the elevation of the nose. Cicero and 
 Lincoln had both well defined noses, and in accordance with this 
 sign, hung, a3 it were, like "a banner on the outer wall," we find 
 them men of high aspirations, of great nobility of sentiment, and 
 benevolence of action. In comparative physiognomy, the antelope 
 may be cited as having a prominent and strongly marked nose, 
 and as showing its noble aspirations by climbing the mountain 
 side, in order that from some lofty height it may look down upon 
 the expansive plains, and on the gentle slopes of the inferior 
 eminences. 
 
 In contrast with these illustrations, we observe the Chinaman, 
 whose nose is plastered or "spatted" down on his face, and whose 
 highest desires scarcely rise to the dignity of aspirations. For 
 him the grand new world of America is only a mart or a workshop, 
 where he may hope to make a petty fortune, with which, on return- 
 ing to the Celestial Empire, he can enjoy a life of indolence and 
 sensuality. The negro has a low nose, and as might be expected 
 from that fact, rarely engages in high enterprises which demand 
 persistent and heroic effort to secure success. The flat noses of 
 children are true indications of the inferiority and infrequency of 
 their aspirations, as compared with those of adults. Those races 
 which have made the most satisfactory progress in civilisation have 
 possessed, as a national type, that configuration of the nose which 
 I have shown to be the sign of aspiration. Noses of this shape are 
 usually indicative of a kindly nature, while the flat noses, on the 
 contrary, are the common mark of cruelty, sensuality, and 
 destructiveness. 
 
 As a rule, the noses of women are less marked in the region of 
 aspiration than those of men, a fact which is owing to their want 
 of stimulus to develop the ardent desire for elevating activities. 
 From time immemorial wedlock has been the only prize which has 
 been offered to the ambition of the gentler sex. The following 
 lines, which have never before been in print, or uttered in a lecture, 
 are selected from the letter of a young lady to her friend, in which 
 she complains of the agitating disappointments of her life. After 
 bewailing the frustration of one of her matrimonial projects, she 
 
 says : — 
 
 " Imagine the struggle through which I contrived 
 To abandon once more those delusions, short-lived, 
 Which had painted the clouds with hope's glowing bow, 
 So soon to dissolve in a fresh shower of woe ! 
 I intend to compose, on old virgins and nuns, 
 Monks, muses, and all those unfortunate ones 
 Who never have wed, a poetical jingle, 
 To prove, beyond doubt, that they'd rather stay single. 
 
15 
 
 With St. Paul for my captain, I could not be wrong, 
 
 Though I'd not learned in grief, what I'll soon teach in song; 
 
 "Which last thought is drawn from a poet of fame, 
 
 "Whose works I've forgotten, as well as his name. 
 
 I am weary of life, while I write you this rhyme, 
 
 The wreck of disease, and the victim of time ; 
 
 "With my desolate heart but a scorious field, 
 
 Which never again to my senses shall yield 
 
 Those marital buds, those tender young shoots, 
 
 And, I almost had added, those half-ripened fruits, 
 
 "Which at one time beguiled me to hope that the day 
 
 "Would arrive, when kind Hymen would lead me away. 
 
 Yet hope is long-lived, and when I again 
 
 Consider the millions of possible men, 
 
 Some half- blighted flowers will spring in my heart, 
 
 And the perfumes of Paradise faintly impart 
 
 To the odourless air of the desert around, 
 
 Till, withered untimely, they scatter the ground. " 
 
 I am as far as possible from disparaging marriage, but I think the 
 natural inclination of women to domestic life is not so feeble that 
 it requires the artificial stimulations of a false and narrow system 
 of education. 
 
 We owe not a little to the suffrage party for what it has already 
 done in urging women to the highest possible development of every- 
 thing that is distinctive, strong-minded, and pure-hearted in their 
 nature. It has propagated, even among its bitterest opponents, an 
 improved manner of thinking and speaking of women, just as the 
 Unitarian philosophy has contributed to liberalise the interpretation 
 of the most orthodox creeds. Through the slow infiltration of its 
 ideas it is the author of the dawning improvement in female educa- 
 tion; its influence may be traced in the late ameliorations of sex 
 legislation; it has already done much to remove the social barriers 
 which have hitherto excluded women from many legitimate employ- 
 ments; and it was, in 1870, the silent though potential influence 
 which induced the American Congress to place the female em- 
 ployees of the Government on the same footing as males. 
 
 Women have too long been considered as mere adjuncts of their 
 fathers and husbands — as a means consecrated to parentage, and not 
 as "an end in themselves." While every possible inducement 
 has been offered to the stronger sex to pursue nature, art, and 
 business, through all their endless labyrinths, woman has been 
 bound hand and foot in an oriental harem, or tethered to a western 
 hearthstone. If, under such circumstances, she ever obtained her 
 desires, it was only by " more ways and turns than hunted nature 
 knows." In Kotzebue's celebrated play of Pizarro, Elvira is made 
 to utter a sentiment which reflects the indignation of many a 
 woman even of the present day, in view of her contemptuous 
 exclusion from all knowledge of her husband's business. When 
 commanded by the conqueror to leave his presence because " men 
 were to meet him, and on manly business," Elvira exclaims, " 
 men ! men ! ungrateful and perverse. women ! still affectionate, 
 though wronged — the beings to whose eyes you turn for animation, 
 
16 
 
 hope, and rapture, through the days of mirth and revelry, and on 
 •whose bosoms, in the hour of sore calamity, you seek for rest and 
 consolation; them, when the pompous follies of your mean ambi- 
 tion are the question, you treat as playthings or as slaves." 
 
 Montaigne tells us that Francis of Brittany replied to a courtier 
 who informed him that his contemplated spouse was home-bred 
 and unlearned, that he liked her the better for that, since it was 
 sufficient for a woman to distinguish between her husband's shirt 
 and his doublet. This story illustrates the low estimation in 
 which women were formerly held, but from which they are now 
 more than beginning to be elevated. Let women have but some- 
 thing to do and to think about which is worthy of their energies, 
 and they will have been inspired with that true dignity which is 
 the only foundation of noble and aspirant living. 
 
 The aspirations of women, like those of men, may be multiplied 
 and elevated by the companionship of the good and wise, by 
 acquaintance with the historic records of the world's heroes, and 
 by a life of self-restraint and beneficent activities. 
 
 By the same Author, 
 
 NATURE'S REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER, 
 
 Large Royal Svo, 624 pp., with 260 Engravings, 
 
 Illustrative of a new system of Physiognomical Principles and 
 Signs, by which Character is Disclosed. 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART, 
 
 Crown 8vo, 240 pp., 220 Illustrations. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 Education. — The Proper Care of the Human Body. 
 — Amimalimitationality and Mentimitativeness. — 
 The Secrets of Success in Life.— The Principles 
 of Physiognomy. — Physiognomy and its Facts. — 
 Language and Love. — Salitiveness, or Ready Wit. 
 
 SOLD BY 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337 Strand, London. 
 
 Mr. JOHN TWEED, 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. 
 
 Mr. GEORGE MITCHELSON, 40 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
Rev, JOHN SUMMEEFIELD, 
 
 A Distinguished Preacher, possessed of large Reverence, 
 
 Intuition, and Faith. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMICAL ASPECTS 
 
 OF 
 
 REVERENCE, INTUITION, AND FAITH. 
 A Lecture 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr. J. SIMMS. 
 
 [Author of " A System of Physiognomy," " Nature's Revelations 
 of Character," &c] 
 
 Printed for the Author. 
 
 4 
 
Reverence. 
 
 " Those that I reverence, those I fear — the wise." — Shakesx>ere. 
 
 There is so little in this jangled world which is really worthy 
 of reverence, that we would seldom experience this sentiment, 
 if we had not the faith to believe things much better than they 
 are. Accordingly we find that persons with large reverence 
 have usually large faith. But although these faculties are so 
 often concomitant, and so intimately related, they are by no 
 means identical. An individual may experience profound 
 reverence for the God of nature without the exercise of any 
 faith ; for all those qualities which he reveres in his Creator 
 may be clearly established by the light of reason. On the other 
 hand, a person may show great faith by crediting monstrous 
 stories, which excite wonder, amusement, or disgust, but which 
 are not of a nature to appeal to reverence. For reverence is a 
 sentiment of profound respect, softened, indeed, by affection, yet 
 always enforced by fear. This sentiment may be exercised to- 
 wards God, or towards man. Many persons who have the 
 highest reverence for their Creator, have but little respect for the 
 actions, opinions, or social dignity of their fellow-beings. This 
 is sometimes the effect of a native peculiarity of their mental 
 vision, which causes them to see little this side the heavens 
 that is worthy of respect; and sometimes it is the result of 
 an early education, by which they have been diligently trained 
 in religious veneration, while they have been permitted to treat 
 their associates, and even their parents, with selfish indifference, 
 or open contempt. 
 
 A predisposition to veneration is indicated by a subdued tone 
 of voice, a respectful manner, and a careful avoidance of harsh 
 and contemptuous language. Reverence for the invisible God 
 is usually found in conjunction with large faith, and hence is 
 generally indicated by that elevation of the brows, which is the 
 physiognomical sign of the latter quality ; but respect for men, 
 their institutions and dignities, requires comparatively little 
 effort to realise the unseen, and is therefore sometimes found in 
 conjunction with low eyebrows and small faith. A physiogno- 
 mist will, nevertheless, readily discover the signs of this lower 
 kind of veneration, as it always leads to social diffidence, and is 
 expressed by an habitual lifting of the gaze above the eyes of 
 the person addressed. A lack of this quality in any two persons 
 will cause the four eyes to meet with a direct and penetrating 
 expression, in which case neither party will be likely to show 
 much flexibility, or submission of temper and facial expression. 
 An excess of respect for men leads to timidity and servile 
 
3 
 
 imitation ; but for the Great Creator of all, it is impossible to 
 experience too high a degree of reverence. Yet, while the senti- 
 ment of veneration is rarely too largely developed, it is often so 
 unenlightened and misdirected as to lead to the superstitious 
 worship of the heavenly bodies, of images, beasts, and stones. 
 What is needed in this case is not the diminution of reverence, 
 but the improving effect of a wise education, and direction v of 
 this faculty. 
 
 Eeverence is largely congenital. Yet all the children of one 
 family will not inherit the same degree of this faculty, owing 
 to the different conditions of the parental minds antecedent to 
 their birth. But although the natural disposition to veneration 
 differs greatly in different persons, a judicious education will do 
 much to give it proper development even in those with whom it 
 is natively the most defective. This education should begin 
 with the earliest acts of a child's intelligence ; for if it is old 
 enough to love its parents it is not too young to respect them. 
 As it grows older and its character develops, it should not only 
 be so trained as to regard its parents with respect, but it should 
 in turn receive respect from its parents. Every character, so 
 far as it is formed is, in one aspect of the case, individual, solitary, 
 and independent. There is something in the simplest human 
 consciousness that escapes the scrutiny and defies the dicta- 
 tion of the most penetrating and authoritative mind. 
 
 The child soon comes to a subtle, yet realising sense of this 
 individuality; and if its nascent dignity is not respected, it will 
 soon learn to despise the dignity of others. Hence I have 
 always found that in those families where the children are 
 strongly characterised by filial respect, the parents always 
 practise respect for their children. Early training in respectful 
 obedience gives to the manners of adults a graceful deference, 
 a winning attention to the wishes of others, which is eminently 
 useful, not only in securing friends, but in achieving business 
 success. A want of this culture results in arrogance, rudeness, 
 selfishness, and a constant habit of speaking with disparagement 
 and contempt. There are few minds that will develop that 
 veneration for the constitution and the laws of their country, 
 which is essential to good citizenship, that have not been early 
 trained in filial veneration. Eespect for parents and respect for 
 law are but different applications of the same sentiment, and to 
 be trained in one is to be prepared for the other. 
 
 Lord Bacon indicates the bearings of this faculty on politics, 
 in the oft quoted remark — "When quarrels and factions are 
 carried on openly, it is a sign that the reverence of government 
 is lost." No person can permanently enjoy the respect of others 
 who has not adorned his character with those qualities which 
 
4 
 
 are intrinsically worthy of respect. As for beauty, " it is as 
 summer fruits, easy to corrupt, and which cannot last;" while 
 wealth is even more precarious, for if it should chance to escape 
 the moth and the rust, it is liable to be eaten up by taxes, 
 insurance, and repairs. These things pass away like the leaves, 
 and those who rest their hopes thereon, will some day wake to 
 find their honours vanished, "and none so poor to do them 
 reverence." 
 
 To the development of a proper amount of reverence it is not 
 only necessary that children should be taught ivhat they should 
 respect, but loliy they should respect it. If they are told, with- 
 out any reason for the prohibition, that they must not eat of a 
 certain berry, they will be likely to despise, or at least to forget 
 or neglect the admonition; but if they are further instructed that 
 the forbidden fruit is a fatal poison, they will be watchful to 
 avoid the certain death. It is on the same principle that they 
 will fail to learn the true worship of God unless they are 
 affectingly informed respecting those Divine attributes which are 
 worthy of their reverence, and fully understand what effect the 
 practice of noble veneration will have on their own lives and 
 spirits. The worship of the Creator not only elevates the soul 
 but impresses the social virtues of our race. It makes men 
 happier and better; it exalts the expression of the human 
 countenance, and actually elevates some of its more moveable 
 parts. 
 
 The contemplation and study of nature is singularly adapted 
 to the cultivation of veneration for God. Said Newton — *■ An 
 un devout astronomer is mad;" and even the classic mythologists 
 described the highest link of Nature's chain as fastened to 
 Jupiter's throne. The august planets circling in their majestic 
 orbits, and the tiny infusoria which hide behind their immea- 
 surable littleness, all speak to the soul of God. 
 
 He is the life-giving essence, the infinite soul of all that exists. 
 He is the God of all nations, though scientific and spiritual 
 truth will yet have to make great progress before this simple 
 fact will be" so apprehended as to result in the universal concep- 
 tion of a truly Catholic Deity. As it is, most individuals and 
 most nations worship a divinity more or less characterised by 
 their own peculiarities. The Chinese conceive of God as a great 
 Chinaman, who shaves as they do, has oblique eyes, and 
 wears a queue. The Africans, when they rise to the conception 
 of a personal God, picture Him as a negro with woolly locks, a 
 flat nose, and ebony skin ; and the Indian conceives of the Great 
 Spirit as a mighty Indian chief. 
 
 I have never yet seen a white man who believed that God 
 was an Indian or a negro, but there are few, even of this favoured 
 
race, who do not, however unconsciously, conceive of Him as 
 possessed of the physical characteristics, and as governed by the 
 opinions and modes of thought which distinguish the Caucasian 
 family. Yet it is clear that we cannot bear a material resem- 
 blance to an immaterial Deity. The poetic and beautiful idea 
 that we are made in the image of God can therefore mean no 
 more than that we are a feeble reflection of His intellectual and 
 moral being. The man who forms his ideas of the Creator from 
 a wide and profound study of His works rises above all local 
 conceptions respecting his nature. 
 
 " Slave to no sect, he takes no private road, 
 But looks through Nature up to Nature's God. 1 ' 
 
 He perceives that that Infinite Being who is Creator of all 
 must be the God of universal nature. In every living thing 
 he sees an infusion of His life, and in every material form an 
 expression of His intelligence. 
 
 Allow me now to ask your attention to the consideration of 
 that power of mind which instantly perceives truth, and which 
 may be denominated 
 
 The Intuitive Faculty. 
 
 Intuition has been vividly described as a " fine instinct of the 
 reason;" in other words, it is a high mental exercise which is 
 often none the less logical because it is so rapid as to defy 
 analytical scrutiny. Since the publication of Lord Bacon's 
 Novum Organum, the inductive philosophy, founded as it is 
 upon observation and reason, has enjoyed an almost undisputed 
 supremacy ; yet even in recent times some of the most profound 
 and valuable additions to scientific truth have been due to the 
 intuitive deductive system. Thus, for instance, Black's great 
 discovery of latent caloric (which, it has been supposed, led to 
 the still greater revelation, that force, like matter, is indestruc- 
 tible), was evidently independent of empiricism; for the heat 
 which disappears when bodies assume a less solid form under 
 thermal influence, evades the most delicate practical tests. 
 
 While I am as far as possible from disparaging that noble, 
 scientific method which ascends from particulars to generalities, 
 from facts to principles, and which, in the language of Harvey, 
 makes " Nature herself the most faithful interpreter of her own 
 secrets," I would yet give due honour to the opposite system, 
 which, assuming principles that have been intuitively perceived, 
 make them the basis of subsequent conclusions. Indeed, when 
 we come to consider it, the much-vaunted observation and reason 
 of the inductive philosophy are founded on certain ultimate 
 ideas intuitively apprehended. Experience, for example, can 
 
6 
 
 only show that a thing exists; it can never prove that it exists 
 universally, or in consequence of some other thing. Universality 
 and causality are, therefore, intuitive ideas, or, according to the 
 Kantian philosophy, categories of the understanding — subjective 
 conditions or laws under which alone it is enabled to operate. 
 Even the most sceptical of German metaphysicians, such as 
 Fichte and Hegel, were obliged to base their several schemes 
 upon an a priori postulate. Fichte deduced everything from 
 the mind's own activity, declaring that there was nothing except 
 the me of which we could be truly conscious ; and Hegel went 
 still further, for, according to him, there is absolutely nothing- 
 real but thought ; and the only way, therefore, in which we can 
 know ourselves is by tJiinlcing ourselves. Yet the philosophies 
 of both these men are necessarily based upon personal conscious- 
 ness, which is an intuitive perception. The ultimate ideas of 
 science are intuitive. In a remarkable work which Herbert 
 Spencer has called " First Principles of a New System of Philo- 
 sophy," the author shows, on the most irrefragable evidence, that 
 space, time, motion, force, and matter, are all rigorously incon- 
 ceivable, and that they are accepted, not on logical proof, but in 
 virtue of indestructible intuitions. 
 
 The power of discerning truth immediately, or without the aid 
 of the ordinary means of knowledge, is as important in social life 
 as in philosophy or science. It is the mysterious secret of many 
 of the phenomena which society presents, and furnishes an ex- 
 planation of some of the most peculiar relations and distinctions 
 of the sexes. Those persons who possess the intuitive faculty 
 in a high degree will exhibit great impressibility of tempera- 
 ment, and although they cannot, for want of positivity of charac- 
 ter, inspire those around them with their own emotions, and 
 dictate to their own will, they will be enabled, by their superior 
 sensibility, to enter into the closest sympathy with their com- 
 panions, and thus intuitively to understand their states of mind. 
 Possessed, therefore, of a knowledge to which the impressive, 
 unsympathetic class cannot attain, they can adapt themselves to 
 every taste, and anticipate every wish; and should they, through 
 inadvertence or mistake, offend where they wish to please, they 
 can instinctively detect the error, and change their mode of 
 operation. In society, impressive men (if their manners do 
 justice to their temperament) are found to exert a mysterious 
 fascination, while impressible persons, (if their sense is equal to 
 their sensibility), will enjoy the possession of an excellent tact. 
 These two classes, therefore, while they derive their power from 
 very different sources, may both exert an equal influence. As a 
 rule, man is more impressive, and woman more impressible 
 or sympathetic. A man who loves with ardour will, consciously 
 
or unconsciously, exert such an active influence upon the object 
 of his affections that she will scarcely fail to experience some- 
 thing of that warmth which fills his own heart. Thus, women 
 form attachments for men with whom they might have associated 
 for years without one thought of love, had they not been im- 
 pressed by the evidences of that passion which they had them- 
 selves inspired. No such impressive power is possessed by the 
 gentler sex. On the contrary, the advance of love on their part 
 has always been esteemed detrimental to their cause ; for, since 
 they cannot by pure energy of feeling awake in those whom they 
 love an answering sentiment, self-exposure inclines men to play 
 the critic and the tyrant. In the power, however, of securing 
 affection, woman is more than compensated for her deficiency in 
 impressiveness by her superiority in impressibility. When pos- 
 sessed of a highly intuitive organization, she can discern with 
 almost absolute certainty the effect of all that occurs upon those 
 who interest her' heart, and is thus enabled to choose the means 
 to effect her purposes with more address than men who are 
 far better versed in scheming; just as a reckless child can walk 
 more securely in the light than the most careful adult in im- 
 penetrable darkness. To the intuitive mind, hypocrisy and 
 affectation stand unveiled. The merely impulsive character is 
 but an indifferent judge of dissimulation, but for the impres- 
 sible temperament the avenue of information is mysteriously 
 broadened. 
 
 In saying thus much to prove that the intuitive faculty is not 
 only useful, but indispensable, I have not been blind to the fact 
 that it is peculiarly liable to error. As an instance, I need only 
 to mention the ludicrous part which it has been made to play in 
 the woman's rights agitation. Every crude idea which has been 
 advanced by the female suffragists upon finance and natural 
 rights, upon law, equity, and social science, has been justified as 
 an intuitive perception. The result of all this nonsense has 
 been that the movement has fallen into unmerited contempt 
 with many who were disposed to give it favourable con- 
 sideration. The attempt has been frequently made to draw 
 an essential distinction between reason and intuition; but it ap- 
 pears to me that the difference between them is one of quality 
 and application, not of kind. Human beings unquestionably 
 possess some of the instincts of the lower animals, such as the 
 generative propensity, the disposition to suck immediately after 
 birth, and that tendency to repeat an accustomed act, which we 
 term the law of habit. On the other hand, it is equally certain 
 that the lower animals share some of our intuitions, as, for ex- 
 ample, the intuition that black is not white. Our apprehension 
 that two and two are four, is an admitted intuition, yet it is not 
 
8 
 
 less instantaneous and independent of deliberation than our 
 acknowledged instincts. It differs from the latter only in the 
 fact that it is based upon previous appprehensions, and in the 
 high and varied uses to which it can be applied by the reflective 
 mind of man. Instincts, therefore, whether in human or animal 
 psychology, may be defined as belonging to that class of intui- 
 tions which relate strictly to the preservation of the species, 
 and which do not demand previous knowledge as the basis 
 of the intuitional act. For the sake of convenience, they may 
 be distinguished as instinctive intuitions. 
 
 Dr. W. L. Lindsay, an eminent Scottish physician and animal 
 psychologist, maintains, as I think successfully, that the minds 
 of animals are of the same piece with our own ; that upon close 
 observation and analysis, they display the incipience of all our 
 faculties, and are liable to all our mental derangements. This 
 view casts an interesting though imperfect light upon much in 
 the animal kingdom which we have been accustomed to regard 
 as purely instinctive. If animals really possess minds which 
 differ from our own only in the degree of their development, it 
 can scarcely be doubted that something of genuine forecast, 
 judgment, and even intellectual intuition mingles with those 
 automatic actions which are generally termed instincts, but 
 which we have above designated as instinctive intuitions. This 
 thought, which has been only the recent result of laborious 
 scientific research, was long ago conceived by the lively imagi- 
 nation of Matthew Prior. 
 
 " Tell me why the ant 
 'Mid summer's plenty thinks of winter's want ? 
 By constant journeys careful to prepare 
 Her full stores, and bring home the corny ear? 
 By what instruction does she bite the grain, 
 Lest, hid in earth, and taking root again, 
 It might elude the foresight of her care ? 
 Instinct in every insect's deeds appear 
 The marks of thought, contrivance, hope, and fear." 
 
 The swallow that builds her nest in some safe retreat, lining 
 its interior with downy feathers ; the wild goose, that, from afar, 
 foretells the coming winter and precedes it southward ; the bee, 
 the ant, and the squirrel, that, with skilful industry, lay by 
 abundant stores for future use; the caterpillar, that so as- 
 siduously weaves its winter house ; the tarantula, that builds her 
 domicile with door complete, that she may rear her young in 
 safety, — all these, perhaps, display some finer sense than mere 
 automatic instinct. It may well be that the Universal Father 
 has compensated the " mute creation " for their defective reason 
 by some rare intellectual gift unknown to us, some mysterious 
 power which prompts the cattle of the fields to avoid each 
 
9 
 
 poisonous plant, whose baleful properties are only known to us 
 by slow experiment, and with intuitive prevision repair to 
 wholesome food. 
 
 " In the nice bee what sense, so subtly true, 
 From poisonous herbs extracts the healing dew 
 
 Let us, then, 
 Learn from the birds what food the thicket yields ; 
 Learn from the beasts the physic of the fields ; 
 Thy arts of building from the bee receive : 
 Learn of the mole to plow, the worm to weave." 
 
 Instinct, like reason and intuition, is liable to deception. The 
 fly, for instance, misled by the odour of the stapedia hirsuta, which 
 resembles that of putrifying meat, will deposit her eggs in its 
 flower — an error by which she causes her young to perish from 
 want of food. 
 
 The intuitive faculty is indicated by a number of physiognomi- 
 cal signs, one of the most prominent of which is the height of 
 the forehead. The inferior intuitional power of the lower 
 animals is expressed in the fact that their heads do not rise high 
 above their eyes. Another sign of this faculty is a large, bright, 
 and widely opening eye. Women have larger eyes in proportion 
 to their size than men, and their intuitive power is correspond- 
 ingly developed. 
 
 It sometimes happens that fasting or disease, by exaggerating 
 the nervous susceptibilities, temporarily increases the less noble 
 expressions of intuitional power; but to develop this or any other 
 faculty by the sacrifice of health is to pay too dear for gold. 
 The only way in which the clearness of our intuitions can be 
 safely, usefully, and permanently enhanced, is by the harmonious 
 development of every physical and mental power. An excessive 
 elevation of the nervous system may result in a marked increase 
 of intuitional perceptions, but persons thus abnormally endowed 
 will lack the character, the health, the intellect, and the practi- 
 cality to apply their gift to any truly useful purpose. On the 
 other hand, the great practical value of faithful intuitions has 
 been more or less consciously realized by almost every person 
 who has attained eminence in any sphere of life. 
 
 I shall now consider some of the principles and facts of 
 
 Faith. 
 
 Whenever we take anything for granted, we exercise the faculty 
 of faith ^ it may therefore be defined as the power by which the 
 mind gives assent to anything that is not or cannot be proved 
 either by observation or reason. In other words, it is the 
 capacity for positive belief, without positive proof. 
 
 It is distinguished, in different individuals, not only by the 
 
10 
 
 degree of its development, but also by the subjects upon which 
 it is exercised. Thus, an uninformed and grovelling mind may 
 express great faith by a full and ready acceptance of idle reports 
 and abject superstitions, and yet be altogether indifferent, if not 
 positively hostile, to the mysteries of spirituality. In such a 
 case, ignorance, or a general combination of qualities resulting 
 in low and vulgar tastes, disinclines the mind to spiritual con- 
 templations, and hence to spiritual faith ; for it is clear that a 
 man can exercise this faculty only within the sphere of his 
 thought and feeling. On the other hand, when a studious and 
 critical intellect accompanies a great development of this power, 
 the man will be investigating and incredulous on social and 
 scientific subjects, and trustful in matters of religion. This 
 anomaly was strongly exhibited in the characters of Hugh 
 Miller, Pascal, and Newton. In all those considerations, which 
 fall within the legitimate sphere of reason, they were as critical 
 as they were profound, but the whole tenor of their minds 
 strongly inclined them to spiritual contemplation. They were 
 apt to linger with elevated passion upon those vague yet lofty 
 ideas which reason fails to contradict, because they are entirely 
 without its sphere, and in that dim land of thought, where " the 
 sense of mortals snaps with overstraining," they gladly accepted 
 the guidance of inspiration, and enjoyed the unrivalled blessed- 
 ness of spiritual faith. "The heart," said Pascal, "has reasons 
 which the reason knows nothing about;" and in so saying, he 
 used his reason to justify his neglect of it. One of the most 
 curious instances of scepticism upon some subjects, united with 
 a facile credence upon others, is found in the character of Dr. 
 Samuel Johnson, who refused to believe in the earthquake of 
 Lisbon, though he credited the story of the Cock Lane Ghost. 
 
 Faith is the connecting link between the judgment and the 
 impulses, and is physiognomically indicated by the elevation of 
 the eyebrow immediately above the eye. When the faculty is 
 large, the brows are so much raised as to cause a wide space 
 between them and the organ of vision. This conformation is 
 observable among the Chinese, who are more grossly super- 
 stitious than any other nation that has attained the same degree 
 of enlightenment. They seek the guidance and protection of 
 their wooden Joss in all matters pertaining to social and busi- 
 ness life, kneeling before it with a burning stick in each hand, 
 and sincerely imploring its benign compassion. The proposition, 
 by chickens are ye saved, would seem to be one of their articles 
 of faith, since they place the fowls upon the graves of their 
 dead the first night after burial, in the full hope and expectation 
 that they will assist the spirits of the departed. 
 
 When the eyebrow is close down to the eye, the person will 
 
11 
 
 exhibit little taste for the wonderful, and decided scepticism 
 concerning the mysterious or unknown. 
 
 All nations, and indeed all individuals possess a certain 
 amount of faith, but it usually reaches its greatest development 
 among the stupid and ignorant. Thus, the North American 
 Indian and the Negro exhibit a high degree of this faculty. 
 Before the invention of the printing press had resulted in the 
 improvement and general diffusion of letters, the masses were 
 so besotted with the passion for the miraculous that they often 
 accepted the extravagant creations of an untrained fancy in 
 preference to the clear demonstrations of observation and reason. 
 The excitement which attended the birth of a Silesian child, 
 said to be born with a golden tooth, is a curious instance of this 
 fact. All Europe was thrown into consternation by the sup- 
 posed portent, and the agitation was not allayed until, in 1595, 
 a learned doctor declared that the event was prognostic of the 
 golden age, in which the Turks should be driven from Christen- 
 dom. In confirmation of this cheering news, the savant declared 
 that the occurrence was clearly intimated in the second chapter 
 of Daniel, where we find the description of a statue with a 
 golden head. Even in our own age and country this vulgar 
 taste for the wonderful continues to obtain with the lower 
 classes. The immense number of our patent medicines, and 
 the success which their vendors enjoy, is in itself an appalling 
 proof of the gullibility of our people. Yet we may hopefully 
 look forward to the time when free schools and cheap books 
 and papers will have so advanced the education of the people 
 that nothing will be generally believed which is contradicted by 
 intelligent investigation. 
 
 As I have said, the ignorant and stupid are commonly the 
 most endowed with faith, but a high degree of this power some- 
 times accompanies the finest intellectual gifts. This was the 
 case with Swedenborg, who possessed great confidence in his own 
 inspirations. Christians and Mahommedans often indicate a 
 considerable development of this faculty, and it also belongs to 
 that class of inventors who spring intuitively at conclusions in 
 which they obstinately believe, notwithstanding the repeated 
 failure of their experimental proofs. Charles Goodyear belonged 
 to this class. Through long years of indigence, of disappoint- 
 ment, and public contempt, he maintained that he could produce 
 the induration of caoutchouc, and form from the hardened sub- 
 stance a thousand useful appliances. All the world knows that 
 his efforts were finally crowned with success, but not before he 
 had won his title to be calendared with the saints of science, and 
 enriched the history of his life with pathos and heroism. Those 
 persons are always gifted in faith who enjoy the mysterious, and 
 
12 
 
 who are easily astonished. Accordingly we find that women 
 have more faith than men, and children more than women. The 
 excess of this faculty in children is often still further exaggerated 
 by the pernicious custom of exciting their imagination by fairy 
 and ghost stories, which early mis-educate their taste and con- 
 found their judgment. 
 
 The exaggeration or misapplication of this power has led to 
 so many and disastrous opinions, that a regiment of books would 
 scarcely suffice to record them. Prominent among the supersti- 
 tions of the past we may number the general belief in the talis- 
 manic influences of stones, animals, medicines, ceremonies and 
 imaginary beings. " 'Twas a history handed from ages down — 
 a nurse's tale, which children open eyed and mouthed devoured : 
 and thus, as garrulous ignorance related, they learned it and be- 
 lieved." 
 
 Among the Greeks, Theophrastus early promulgated the 
 opinion that crystals produced after their kind, and throughout 
 all the east it was generally believed that stones were possessed 
 of mystic virtues. St. Jerome earnestly declared that " the 
 sapphire conciliated to its wearer the condescension of princes, 
 quells his enemies, disperses sorceries, sets free the captive, and 
 even assuages the wrath of God." The Eomans were accus- 
 tomed to powder amber with attar of roses to cure deafness, and 
 the Arabs have recourse to a cold slab of blood-stone to coun- 
 teract the bite of a scorpion. We learn that Archbishop Parker 
 presented Queen Elizabeth with an agate, as a prophylactic 
 charm, and as late as the early part of the 17th century, Bcethius 
 de Boote wrote elaborate dissertations on the talismanic influ- 
 ences of stones, asserting, among other things, that precious 
 stones are formed to be the abode of angels. 
 
 Dr. Livingstone illustrates the superstition of the Africans by 
 an account of the Makolo, of whom he says, that " they have 
 great faith in the power of medicine for every ill that flesh is 
 heir to. Mamire is anxious to have children: he has six wives 
 and only one boy, and he begs earnestly for child medicine. 
 The mother of Skeletu came from the Barotse valley to see her 
 son, thinks that she has lost flesh since Dr. Livingstone was 
 here before, and asks for the medicine of fatness." — " Narrative 
 of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries" by David 
 and Charles Livingstone, p. 295*. 
 
 The East Indian believes that if the shadow of one of a lower 
 caste falls on his person, it reduces his chances of heaven, unless 
 he hasten to atone for the misfortune, by daubing himself with 
 mud, and pounding his whole body into a caricature of 
 humanity. 
 
 When I visited Vancouver's Island, I found a tribe of Indians 
 
13 
 
 who believe in a Sochille Tyhe, or great chief, that will com- 
 mand them after death in a celestial hunting ground. They 
 place beads, kettles, blankets, wampum, and instruments of war 
 in the graves of their dead, that their wants may be duly 
 supplied in a future world; and I am told that in former times 
 they did not scruple to honour a person of distinction by bury- 
 ing with him a living slave. Old settlers in British Columbia 
 have assured me that it was once the custom with the natives 
 of that country, to secure a man's future happiness by burying 
 his wife with him. Ten thousand instances could be mentioned 
 where faith, unregulated by reason, has led men to slaughter, 
 and women to sacrifice their dearest friends. At the present 
 day there are many ignorant persons who believe in the most 
 ridiculous omens, as, for example, that seeing the new moon 
 over the right shoulder will bring good luck for the month, or 
 that if a cat turn its tail to the fire it will rain on the morrow. 
 
 The evils which result from the excesses of faith have been 
 most prominently illustrated in the history of religion. It is 
 estimated that the number of victims of the Spanish Inquisition, 
 from 1481 to 1808, amounted to 341,021. In Protestant 
 countries the same spirit of persecution has been manifested. 
 After the Scottish covenant had been drawn up in 1557, the 
 nobles took the name of " lords of the congregation," and enacted 
 that the third attendance upon mass should be punished with 
 death. In Holland, the Arminians were persecuted by the 
 Calvinists, and in Scotland the Presbyterians suffered from the 
 Episcopalians. It was not until 1781 that the Eoman Catholic 
 worship was permitted in Sweden, and even in the United 
 States of America the Puritans once drowned their brethren for 
 witch-craft. 
 
 These are the abuses of faith ; its uses are many and important. 
 Its extraordinary development in children is of the highest 
 value, since it prompts thern to give their guardians that respect 
 and confidence without which it is impossible to govern them 
 aright. 
 
 It is the principle which enables the husband and wife to 
 repose in each other's fidelity. It is the key-stone of all credit busi- 
 ness, and, indeed, of every species of confidence in our fellow-men. 
 
 It is by faith that we accept on the authority of others, 
 a host of scientific, social, and historic facts, which no single 
 man could personally investigate, but which are essential to a 
 liberal education and practical success. Without this faculty 
 we should have no assurance of the continued operation of the 
 laws of nature, and, except for its lofty promptings, we should 
 never enjoy the unique — the ineffable happiness of communion 
 with God and angels. 
 
14 
 
 THE SUBJOINED REQUEST WAS PRESENTED TO DR. J. SIMMS, AND PRINTED 
 IN THE "DAILY TELEGRAPH" OF LONDON, JANUARY 2, 1875:- 
 
 London, England, November, 1S73. 
 To Dr. J. Simms, of New York. 
 
 The course of fifteen unique lectures that you have so ably 
 delivered to deeply-interested audiences in London, have created an unusual interest in the 
 study of Physiognomy, as manifested in Man, Animal, and Vegetable Life. 
 
 The principles of Physiognomy that you have given during the lectures we believe -to be 
 new, philosophical, and correct, and if generally adopted and lived in accordance with, by the 
 people, would promote the most worthy interests of humanity and improve the species. 
 
 As a testimonial of our esteem and respect, we cordially invite you to visit London again, 
 at your earliest convenience, and favour us with another course of your instructive and 
 valuable lectures. 
 
 David Stevenson. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 Smith, Artist 
 
 for 
 
 W. G. 
 
 Press. 
 
 W.W. Newbould, Clergyman. 
 
 James Kitchen, Esq. 
 
 G. A. Beavis, Architect. 
 
 Mr. S. Mortimer. 
 
 J. Ashman, Principal of the 
 Psychopathic Institution, 
 254 Marylebone Road. 
 
 H. D. Croney, 24Colville Rd. 
 
 Thomas Edwards, 98 Glou- 
 cester Crescent. 
 
 Walter H . James, Esq. 
 
 John Pierce, Lawyer. 
 
 Putman Dolly, Editor. 
 
 Rev. C. Thorn, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 Samuel Ray, M.D. 
 
 A. G. Harewood, Teacher. 
 
 L. E. Gladstone, M.A. 
 
 Thomas Court, Author. 
 
 Freeman Hoist, Banker. 
 
 John Banks Nicklin, Esq., 
 Civil Engineer. 
 
 William Shuff . 
 
 Richard Robinson, Esq., 
 Civil Service. 
 
 C. 0. Groom Napier, F.G.S., 
 Author of the "Book of 
 Nature" and the "Book of 
 Man. " 
 
 Wm. Radford, Builder, Bays- 
 water, W., London. 
 
 W. Davey, Stationer. 
 
 Charles James, Esq. 
 
 Henry Thomas, Esq. 
 
 Frederick James, Esq. 
 
 Gray Holmes, Editor. 
 
 Putrac Douglas, Author. 
 
 Thomas Wallace, M.D. 
 
 Rev. H. Luskin, M.D., LL.D. 
 
 Rev. J. C. Gloucester. 
 
 Edward Ward, Civil Service 
 Clerk, General Post-Office. 
 
 Edward J. Grant, Sculptor. 
 
 H . Seeker, Professor of Music. 
 
 Stephen Longman, M.D. 
 
 John Clark. 
 
 Henry Ashman, M.D. 
 
 Peter Horace, M.D. 
 
 H. Newington. M.D. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Page. 
 
 Charles Leamington, M.D. 
 
 John Cooper, Lawyer. 
 
 Preston Jones, B.A. 
 
 Edward Russell, M.D. 
 
 P. S. Runnels, Clergyman. 
 
 C. Mill, Author. 
 
 H. Spencer, Author. 
 
 R. E. Cooper, M.D. 
 
 A. W. Norman, Esq., Her 
 Majesty's Civil Service. 
 
 G. E. Norman, Esq., Her 
 Majesty's Civil Service. 
 
 Alexander Hays. 
 
 Rev. P. P. Edwards. 
 
 J. E. Johnson, M.D. 
 
 C. Hawthorne, M.D. 
 
 Thomas Hays, Merchant. 
 
 Gr. M. Lovely, Esq. 
 
 W. Friell, Esq. 
 
 J. T. Ellacott, Esq., Her 
 
 Majesty's Civil Service. 
 Rev. Charles Morgan. 
 J. W. Goff. 
 C. Bentley. 
 J. P. Claridge, Esq. 
 
 F. Pelham, Esq. 
 Rev. A. M . Tulley. 
 Leonard Grimes, Esq. 
 
 E. T. Price, M.D. 
 Robert Dixon, Esq. 
 J. Clarke, Esq. 
 Charles Arthur, Esq. 
 A. Gillroy, Editor. 
 William Sibbs, Esq. 
 
 G. Rabbeth, Esq. 
 Carter S. Turnboldt, M.D. 
 William Leaver, Esq. 
 Rev. B. Parker. 
 
 H. Tanner, Esq. 
 W. S. Wallace, Author. 
 W. Robinson, Esq. 
 Henry C. Porter, M D. 
 Henry Rhewen, Esq. 
 J. Hatton, Esq. 
 
 F. Jonas, Esq. 
 
 Rev. Edw. Y. Grover, LL.D. 
 L. Conway, Esq. 
 P. T. Carloth, Esq. 
 R. C. Yates, Esq. 
 A. S. Harvey, M.D. 
 Rev. C. J. Becker, D.D. 
 Rev. H. E. Roland, LL.D. 
 W. Alloway. 
 
 Ladies. 
 Miss E . M'Ewen, Principal of 
 St. John's Training School. 
 Caroline Bishop, Teacher. 
 Annie Randall, Teacher. 
 Emma Pettit, Teacher. 
 Caroline Randall, Teacher. 
 Sarah Page, Teacher. 
 Margaret Scott, Teacher. 
 S. Le Cherolin, Teacher, 
 
 G. Cherolin, Teacher. 
 Helen Grosvenor. 
 Fanny Jones, Teacher. 
 Susan Delaney, Vocalist. 
 Harriet Crosby. 
 Emma Foster. 
 Catherine Thomas. 
 
 V. Gray, Authoress. 
 Mrs. Lewen. 
 Miss Haitt. 
 Miss Julia Smyth. 
 Ellen James. 
 
 Lilly James. 
 Elizabeth Edwards. 
 Alice de Lay. 
 Elizabeth Sheaf. 
 Rosina Simpson. 
 Emma M arson. 
 
 C. Bentley. 
 Mrs. Goff. 
 Susannah Whiting. 
 Jane Mansefield. 
 
 Mary Noel, Musical Teacher. 
 Mary Dunn. 
 
 D. Thomas. 
 L. Robinson. 
 Amy Win grove. 
 
 Annie E.T. Skeet, Governess. 
 Catherine T. Carroll, Wife of 
 Rev. T. de la Cour Carroll. 
 Miss Jane de la Cour Carroll. 
 Miss Elizabeth C. Carroll. 
 Miss Nellie Hawthorne. 
 Adettie Pratcy, Authoress. 
 Kate Byper, Vocalist. 
 Caroline Toogood. 
 Fannie Samson. 
 Hannah Samson. 
 
 E. Perker. 
 Catherine Johnson. 
 S. A. Butler. 
 
 Mary Wallace, Teacher. 
 
 Amarantha Collins. 
 
 Delane Denton. 
 
 Janette Bright. 
 
 Pink Cobden. 
 
 Julia Gibson. 
 
 Emma Doyle. 
 
 Grace Trueman. 
 
 A. Alford. 
 
 L. Thome. 
 
 Mrs. S. U. Barrett. 
 
 Eveline Rose Barrett. 
 
 Lucy Abrams. 
 
 J. Gardner. 
 
 H. Gardner. 
 
 S. Skeet. 
 
 T. Adams, Authoress. 
 
 G. Trueman, Music Teacher. 
 
 Patrie Oates. 
 
 Susan Rae. 
 
 Caroline Mackie. 
 
 D. Abbey. 
 H. Moth. 
 R. H. Bell. 
 Pauline Durat. 
 
 E. Craig. 
 
 E. Marchant. 
 Ellen Foley. 
 Annie Hays. 
 M. A. Norman. 
 R. G. Dryden. 
 M. A. Sorrell. 
 L. Rucklaw. 
 M. Drydan. 
 A. L. Sorrell. 
 Mrs. Bentley. 
 
 Eleven hundred and seventy-three name* of ladies and gentlemen, in various professions 
 and occupations, have been omitted for the want of room. 
 
15 
 
 The following was taken from the "North British Daily Mail," of Glasgow, of Aug. 14, 1873 :— 
 
 City Hall, Glasgow, June, 1873. 
 DR. SIMMS. — DEAR Sir, — Before you leave our City, allow us to offer our warm congra- 
 tulation for the success which has attended your Course of Lectures here. It is not every one 
 who can draw together such appreciative audiences at this season of the year. Your readings 
 of character of persons, whose antecedents you could know nought of, are wonderful, and 
 have been much talked about ; while the tact and versatility of every one of your Lectures are 
 praiseworthy, and do you great credit. You are justly entitled to a vote of thanks for your 
 instructive, amusing, and intellectual treat, and we ask you to cross the Atlantic again and 
 favour us with one more series of your Lectures. We wish you all success. 
 
 John Walker, Merchant. 
 
 John S. Stout, Merchant. 
 
 James Wallace, Merchant. 
 
 John Tweed, Publisher. 
 
 David Hamilton, Manufac- 
 turer. 
 
 Rev. J. S. Gordon, D.D., In- 
 cumbent of St. Andrew's. 
 
 W. H. Stephens, Manager. 
 
 David B. Fleming, Electro- 
 typist, &c. 
 
 George Wm. Wheeler, ac- 
 countant. 
 
 Angus H. Mackay, Accoun- 
 tant. 
 
 Wm. T. Borland, Esq. 
 
 John Bower, Engraver. 
 
 William Brown, Clerk and 
 Cashier. 
 
 J. A. Ferguson, Esq. 
 
 Rev. Robert Thomson, Mini- 
 ster of Wellpark Established 
 (Ladywell Street) Church 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Seabourne H. Hanton, Artist. 
 
 John Waldie, Contractor. 
 
 James Miller, Stationer. 
 
 Horatio Thomson, Artist, 
 
 Wm. Basset, Editor Masonic 
 News. 
 
 Mary Torrance, Lady. 
 
 Mary Stout, do. 
 
 James Bain. Manager. 
 
 J. B. Macnair, Photo. Artist. 
 
 Humphreys, 
 author and 
 
 Thos. Darwin 
 Ph.D., M.A., 
 editor. 
 
 Jas. Balfour, Scribe C, 73. 
 
 William Dempster, Esq. 
 
 J. Johnstone, Ship Agent. 
 
 Robert Thorn, Stationer. 
 
 Robert M'Williams.Merchant. 
 
 Hay Nisbet, Letterpress Prin- 
 ter. 
 
 J. H. Roger, Merchant. 
 
 William Orr, Merchant. 
 
 James Bowman, Photo. Artist. 
 
 Charles M'Ewan, Merchant. 
 
 John Ramsay, Esq. 
 
 Wm. Paton, Royal Albert 
 Hotel. 
 
 The annexed petition appeared in the " Scotsman," Edinburgh, July 14, 1873 : — 
 
 EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, G.B., July Wh, 1873. 
 To Dr. T- SIMMS, of New York, who has been delivering a Course of Lectures on Physiognomy 
 and Physiology in the Masonic Hall, Edinburgh, during the past two weeks. 
 Dear Sir, — We, the undersigned, take pleasure in recommending your lectures to the people 
 of Britain, as well as to the entire world. We also believe you to be a gentleman having the 
 noblest wishes for humanity at heart, while endeavouring to promulgate a new system of 
 Physiognomy that is true to nature, and cannot fail of being productive of good among 
 individuals, communities, and nations, wherever it becomes understood and practised. We 
 earnestly invite you to return to Edinburgh, and deliver another course of your instructive 
 and entertaining Lectures, at your earliest convenience. 
 
 Jas. M'Laren, Gen. Superin- 
 tendent, N. B. Railway Co. 
 
 Peter Wood, Writer. 
 
 James Bell, Engineer. 
 
 G. Gilbert. Telegraph En- 
 gineer, North British Rail- 
 way Co. 
 
 Norman Macbeth, A.R.S.A., 
 Artist. 
 
 J. Laurie, Esq. 
 
 Rev. Robert Brewin, Minister 
 Park Place Church. 
 
 Lilly Lodge, Lady. 
 
 H. Strachan, Private Tutor. 
 
 E. Mackennie, Music Teacher. 
 
 R. Pringle, Lithographer. 
 
 A. Fraser, Druggist. 
 
 Ed. Silway, Accountant Clerk, 
 General Post Office. 
 
 Jessie Maughan, Lady. 
 
 Bessie Stevenson, do. 
 
 Margaret Smith, do. 
 
 Mary M. Smith, do. 
 
 Hume Fred. Chancellor, In- 
 surance Clerk. 
 
 Cecilia Henrietta Balfour, 
 Lady. 
 
 Jemima Hetherington, do. 
 
 Richard F. Armstrong, Assis- 
 tant Superintendent Pru- 
 dential Insurance Co. 
 
 Ada Wight, Lady. 
 
 Pauline G. Gladstone, do. 
 
 James R. S. Wallace, Law 
 Clerk. 
 
 Donald J. M'Allum, M.D., 
 Surgeon Madras Army. 
 
 Hugh Armstrong, Lawyer. 
 
 Geo. Mitchelson, Bookseller. 
 
 J. G. Kellow, Clerk, North 
 British Railway. 
 
 JohnM'Ilvenna,N.B. Railway 
 
 J. Park, do. [Co. 
 
 Thomas Fisher, do. 
 
 John S. Pitcairn, do. 
 
 John Black, do. 
 
 Walter Wilson, do. 
 
 John Whitelaw, do. 
 
 James Baird, do. 
 
 David James Glen, do. 
 
 William Marwick, do. 
 
 W. M. Starling, do. 
 
 Colin Macdonal, do. 
 
 John Greig, Office-keeper, do. 
 
 William Sutherland, do. 
 
 Duncan Storrar, do. 
 
 Wm. Burnett, Inspector, do 
 
 Robert Leslie, do. 
 
 Robert Thomson, Clerk, do. 
 
 Robert Gibb, do. 
 
 D. Philp, do. 
 John M'Call, do. 
 Stewart Adam, do. 
 
 Frank Richards, Gentleman. 
 Eliza Maughan, Artist. 
 Edith M. Lodge, Lady. 
 Louisa Fulton, do. 
 Alice Fulton, do. 
 Mary Jeanie Bryce do. 
 Isabel King, do'. 
 M. Brunker, do. 
 
 E. E. West, do. 
 M. Jackson, do. 
 A. Green, do. 
 
 F. L. Green, do. 
 P. James, do. 
 
 A. E. Gilbert, Inspector. 
 W. Raffin, do. 
 
 Thomas Hobson , Lineman, do . 
 R. Hare, Clerk, do. 
 C. Foreman, Telegraph In- 
 spector, do. 
 
 H. Fairbairn, Telegraphist 
 N. B. Railway Co. 
 
 Kate P. Ridley, do. 
 
 A. Gardner, do. 
 
 H. Stewart, do. 
 
 A. Mitchell, do. 
 
 Aggie Walton, do. 
 
 Jennie Smith, Lady. 
 
 Jessie C. Wilson, do. 
 
 Mary D. Campbell, do. \ 
 
 Maria Gelletley, Merchant. 
 
 Sarah Scott Gregory , Teacher, 
 Music. 
 
 Jane Baillie Cairns, do. 
 
 Mary Macbeth, Lady. 
 
 Mary Walker Macbeth, do. 
 
 Lelia Elliot, do. 
 
 Edward King, 2 Nicolson Sq. 
 
 Thomas C. Martin, Clerk. 
 
 Albert John Reid, do. 
 
 Walter Reid, Seal Engraver. 
 
 Andw.Main, 13 West May tie Id. 
 
 John Somerville, Esq. 
 
 Andrew Aikman, Merchant. 
 
 W. M. Bryce, Esq. 
 
 John Neil, Esq. 
 
 G. J. Laurie, Esq. 
 
 George Scott, Esq. 
 
 John Peebles, Esq. 
 
 John Meldrum, Tradesman. 
 
 Thomas Cranmer, do. 
 
 Percival Snow, Gentleman. 
 
 John Grant, M.D. 
 
 Celia Howard, Lady. 
 
 Partis S. Crane, do. 
 
 Bella Stewart, do. 
 
 Janet Stewart, do. 
 
 Caroline Maughan, Teacher. 
 
 James Muir, Clerk, 10 Wind- 
 mill Street. 
 
 And many others. » 
 
16 
 
 A FEW OF THE MANY NOTICES, GIVEN BY THE LONDON PRESS, OF DR. J. 
 SIMMS' LECTURES IN THE METROPOLIS :— 
 
 Anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London, England, Nov. 
 ii, 1873. — Professor Busk, F.R.S., President, in the chair. — Dr. Simms, of New York, gave a 
 most interesting and instructive communication on a flattened skull from Mameluke Island, 
 Columbia River, and described minutely the practice of flattening the head in infancy. In 
 reply to questions put to him, he said that the flattening does not seem to cause pain ; that 
 males and females are treated alike, although it had been supposed only males were so treated; 
 that flattening is not apparently transmitted from parents to children; and that, judging from 
 the general intelligence of the native Indians, the practice does not seem in any way to affect 
 the brain, or injure the health of the people. — Nature, a Journal of Science. 
 
 Anthropological INSTITUTE. — The Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 
 opened its session for 1873-4 on Nov. 11, at the Rooms, No. 4 St. Martin's Lane. The President, 
 Professor Busk, F.R.S., occupied the chair. A most interesting oral communication was made 
 by Dr. Simms, of New York, on a flattened skull which he had brought from the Island of 
 Mameluke, in the river Columbia. Bodies are not buried in the ground in that district, but, 
 after being bound up in buckskin, are piled one above another on the island, which is used as 
 a burial-ground. A framework of planks is used to keep the bodies in position. He examined 
 many hundreds of skulls, all flattened, and he also examined heads of living people, and 
 inquired how the flattening was accomplished. A board is placed across the frontal and 
 another across the occipital bone when the child is a few hours old, and the flattening has 
 generally become permanent in nine months, when the boards are removed. The following 
 important facts were mentioned: — The flattening does not seem to cause pain; males and 
 females are treated alike, though it has been supposed only males of a certain class received 
 the "honour of flattening." The flattening is not apparently transmitted from parents to 
 children; and, judging by the general acuteness of the Indians, the practice does not seem to 
 affect the brain.— The Hour, a daily, of London. 
 
 Dr. Simms' lectures at Westbourne Hall are a decided success. We have never seen this Hall 
 so crowded as on Tuesday last, when this popular lecturer delivered his truly popular lecture 
 on physiognomy and physiology. To all desirous of passing a really intellectual and interesting 
 evening we would advise a visit to Westbourne Hall. — West London Times. 
 
 Popular Scientific Lectures. — Every evening of last and each evening of this week Dr. 
 Simms has delivered lectures in London to large and highly-appreciative audiences of the elite 
 and delighted. The audience who were able to gain admittance— as some evenings hundreds 
 could not gain entrance, owing to the vast crowds— have received instruction in the Doctor's 
 system of physiognomy which he has discovered, and will soon print for the public. Some 
 evenings several reporters were busy taking the lecture in shorthand as it was delivered. The 
 Doctor's system of physiognomy is strictly in harmony with nature and common sense, 
 sustained with sound logic. The practical tests given by delineating character from the faces 
 of subjects chosen or volunteers from the audience, at the close of each lecture, were given with 
 remarkable facility, and were the very best proofs of the correctness of the new system of 
 physiognomy. The Doctor has been hired to lecture for several associations and societies in 
 London, before leaving to make a journey to Rome, Africa, Asia, &c.—Tlie Medium and Day- 
 break, of London, November 13, 1873. 
 
 Testimonials of the Press of Britain, where Dr. Simms has lectured : — 
 
 Lecture. — Last night, Dr. J. Simms, New York, delivered the first of a series of lectures on 
 "Physiology and Physiognomy," in the Masonic Hall, which was crowded to excess, the 
 audience including many ladies. For fully an hour the lecturer discoursed on " Physiognomy," 
 adding interest to that subject by practical illustrations on persons from amongst the audience, 
 the u reading" of whose characters was at once striking, instructive, and amusing. The re- 
 marks of the lecturer were further illustrated by numerous diagrams and paintings which were 
 hung on the walls. — The Edinburgh Courant. 
 
 Lecture.— Last night Dr. J. Simms concluded a very successful series of lectures in the 
 Masonic Hall. At the close, the lecturer was awarded a hearty vote of thanks. — The Edinburgh. 
 Courant, July 12, 1873. 
 
 Physiognomy.— Last night, Dr. Simms. the American physiognomist, delivered the last of 
 a course of nine lectures on the above subject, in the Freemasons' Hall, George Street. During 
 his visit to Edinburgh he has been attended by considerable numbers of people, who desire to 
 have the opinion of an expert as to their capabilities, character, and disposition. The lecture 
 last evening was delivered to a crowded audience. — The Daily Review, of Edinburgh. 
 
 Lecture on Physiognomy. — Last night, Dr. J. Simms, the well-known, eloquent, and 
 amusing lecturer of New York, delivered an address in the Masonic Hall, George Street, on 
 Physiognomy, or nature, mind, and beauty. The hall was crowded to excess. The main 
 object of the lecture was to show that a close connection might be traced between physiognomy 
 and character. The address was in several particulars sufficiently amusing, and was well 
 received by the audience. — The Scotsman, of Edinburgh. 
 
 Popular Lectures. — Dr. J. Simms, of New York, delivered the closing lecture of a series 
 of nine lectures in the City Hall, on Physiognomy, Physiology, Geology, &c, on Saturday night 
 last. The lectures have been very successful. The closing remark that the Doctor intended to 
 visit Glasgow at some future time elicited repeated applause. — The Evening Star, of Glasgow. 
 
 Scientific Lectures. — Last Saturday night, Dr. J. Simms, of New York, delivered the last 
 of a series of nine lectures on Physiology, Physiognomy, Geology, &c, in the City Hall. Large 
 and intelligent audiences have attended the lectures, which have been highly successful. The 
 closing remark of the Doctor, that he hoped to revisit Glasgow at some future day and deliver 
 another course of lectures, was greeted with applause.— The North British Daily Mail, of 
 Glasgow. 
 

 otuvEBsm 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMICAL PRINCIPLES 
 
 A. LECTURE, 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D., op New-Yobk. 
 
 In approaching the science of Physiognomy, the intelligent 
 observer cannot fail to perceive the great comprehensiveness of 
 its range. The mysterious operations of nature, from the lowliest 
 forms of organic or inorganic existence upwards, have enlisted 
 in their service every atom of the universe to aid in the produc- 
 tion of the crowning effort — Man. This wondrous outcome of 
 the action of inscrutable agencies operating throughout the 
 lapse of nameless and inconceivable periods of time, is the 
 masterpiece of the great Artist — a work founded and reared 
 upon the experiences of less complex and less exquisite perfor- 
 mances, and one in which all the excellencies of the grand 
 scheme of the universe are focused and reproduced. 
 
 To trace the processes by which matter has been elabo- 
 rated and transformed into so exquisite a piece of mechan- 
 ism as is exhibited in the structure of Man, is a power 
 which does not come entirely within the range of the human 
 intellect; but we are able at all events to note the effects of 
 these mysterious operations, to discern the intimate connection 
 which subsists between mind and matter, and note the number- 
 less ways in which the one acts and reacts upon the other. We 
 can see that the human machine is but an agglomeration of mat- 
 ter of different kinds variously distributed, and so arranged as to 
 produce the ever-varying phenomena of character and thought 
 which the human family exhibits. We are enabled to discover 
 that what is called "character" is simply the natural result of 
 the workings of well-defined physical laws, set in motion by the 
 various blending of some ingredients with others in the compo- 
 sition of the human frame. A slight apparent inequality in the 
 distribution of the various kinds of matter may show seemingly 
 disproportionate results in conformation of character; but this 
 seeming inconsistency embodies a fundamental principle of 
 natural action, which it is of vital importance to keep in view. 
 To illustrate this, an analogy not very remote may be found in 
 the laboratory of the chemist. We find there that in mixing 
 
various ingredients the results are largely dependent upon the 
 proportions of the materials. A trifle more of one constituent, 
 or a little less of another, entirely alters the character of the 
 compound; not only apparently in degree, but in colour, taste, 
 smell, and consistency. The hyposulphurous, sulphurous, and 
 sulphuric are three acids widely differing from each other in the 
 properties they possess, and the uses to which they are put; and 
 yet all three are composed of the same basis of sulphur and oxy- 
 gen, with no very strongly marked difference in blend. The first 
 is the result of the junction of one-half of sulphur and one-half 
 of oxygen; the second is composed of one-third of sulphur and 
 two-thirds of oxygen ; while the third and last is made up of 
 one-fourth of sulphur and three-fourths of oxygen. The brilliant 
 and much-prized diamond would seem in appearance to have 
 little in common with a block of coal; and yet the only claim to 
 difference or superiority possessed by the former lies in the fact 
 of its having a few more grains of carbon entering into its com- 
 position. The burning of a piece of wood, and the rusting of a 
 bar of iron, seem to have little connection ; and yet the processes 
 are identical so far — the one being the oxidation of wood, and 
 the other the oxidation of iron. Precisely the same phenomena 
 are observable in the operations carried on in the great labora- 
 tory of nature, of which the production of the immensely varied 
 types of humanity is by far the most elaborate and important. 
 A slight preponderance of the rocky ingredients of which bone 
 is mainly composed gives to the character of the individual a 
 great preponderance of the characteristics of perseverance, stead- 
 fastness, and plodding industry. Discourage the development of 
 bone, and let the muscular element obtain the ascendancy by 
 ever so little, and the instincts will be found strongly tending to 
 the mobile, the amorous, and the passional. The varieties of 
 colour and complexion are all ruled by the varied distribution of 
 matter entering into the structure of the frame; and every con- 
 ceivable condition is in some way or other the result of the 
 action of matter, or of exposure to sun-light or rarified air, 
 which are only more subtle and less tangible material essences. 
 Hair is black or red, simply because the elements of iron or 
 sulphur respectively predominate. The venous or blue blood 
 differs from the arterial or red, only in virtue of its possession of 
 a few more grains of carbon — of which the loss of a very little, 
 with the substitution of a small quantity of oxygen effects the 
 transformation into arterial blood, capable of sustaining the 
 vital principle of life. The slightest augmentation or diminu- 
 tion of any of the elements which make up the human structure 
 wields a vast power over the individual, and influences every 
 act, look, gesture, and aspiration of his life. The key to the 
 phenomena of the mind is therefore the study of matter, and 
 
its relative distribution in the fabric of man — a branch of edu 
 cation which is now making rapid progress in the well-estab- 
 lished formulae of Physiognomy. 
 
 Having thus based the deductions which are about to be 
 drawn upon the broad and intelligible principles of chemistry 
 and nature, we shall proceed to consider seriatim the five great 
 distinctive departments of faculties which appear in the great 
 human family. In doing so, let it be borne in mind that these 
 distinctions are necessarily arbitrary to some extent, inasmuch 
 as though well defined in most subjects, they are but feeble and 
 shadowy in others; the one form being blended and dovetailed 
 into the other with every conceivable variety of proportion. 
 
 The first form into the details of which we shall enter is the 
 Abdominal. The man in whom the abdominal form has the 
 ascendancy is of the rotund, barrel-shaped, and ventricose habit 
 of body. He bears about with him a sleepy, lazy aspect, in 
 virtue of the inherent inertia of the mass of matter which is his 
 prevailing bodily characteristic. In obedience to the law of 
 supply and demand, he is furnished with a large mouth to suit 
 the dimensions of the alimentary canal by which the food is con- 
 veyed to the interior; and fully to carry out the idea of 
 rotundity, he has large plethoric cheeks and a capacious swell- 
 ing chin. He abounds in the adipose, which is essentially 
 inactive; and it is much owing to this that his inclinations are 
 towards indolence and inaction. The abdomen has assigned to 
 it the function of collecting and assimilating the food necessary 
 for the preservation of the life of the bodily republic; it is inces- 
 santly calling out for more, and absorbing all that comes within 
 its reach. It performs precisely the same functions as do the 
 leaves and roots of plants in drawing from the soil and the air 
 the various ingredients which are necessary to their growth. As 
 ■chief of the commissariat department, the abdomen is essen- 
 tially active; but in other respects its functions tend quite in an 
 opposite direction. Abounding in moisture, it has a strong affi- 
 nity for everything moist, and confers a humid aspect upon the 
 individual in which it is strongly developed. The gastric juice, 
 which largely abounds in this form, consists of 98 per cent, of 
 water, J per cent, of chloride of sodium (common salt), and 1J 
 per cent, of hydrochloric acid. The operation of digestion pro- 
 duces a mass of disorderly inorganic material; and this state of 
 things is faithfully reproduced in the mind of the largely-developed 
 of this form, presenting a chaos of confused images with only 
 one well-defined aim in the front ground — that of greed and 
 self-appropriation. If the digestive organs are healthy, and the 
 muscular form in a condition to absorb the fresh tissue offered 
 to it, the abdominal has a tendency to spread the central ideas 
 of rotundity and fulness round the whole of the corporation. 
 
The mental characteristics which this form promotes are — strong 
 predeliotions for ease of body and mind, with the single excep- 
 tion of activity where the needs of the stomach are concerned; 
 great love of sleep; and, as before observed, much confusion of 
 ideas, in consequence of the heterogeneous character of the 
 materials which are being assimilated and digested by the 
 stomach. Good representative examples of this form were 
 found in Crassus, a co-triumvir of Pompey and Julius Csesar, 
 also in Dionysius, the tyrant of the Heracleots. At the present 
 moment we have a fine illustrative example in the Tichborne 
 " Claimant," whose whole occupation lor some years has been to 
 cry out for more. 
 
 We now come to a consideration of the Thoracic form, 
 which is essentially that of activity. The outward manifes- 
 tations of the largely-developed in this form are capacious 
 lung and heart cavities, ruddy complexion, evincing the pres- 
 ence of a full tide of crimson life; also expansive and Hashing 
 nostrils. Earthy ingredients do not enter so largely into this 
 form as into the abdominal — the leading constituents being 
 blood and air, of which there are full supplies, and the presence 
 of which accounts readily for the restless activity of those who 
 are largely developed in this form. The constituents of blood 
 are — 
 
 Water, 78-02 
 
 Blood Globules, ------ 13-50 
 
 Fibrin, - - - - - - - 0-30 
 
 Albumen, ------- 670 
 
 Salts, 0-90 
 
 Fatty Matter, ------ 0-58 
 
 100 
 
 These main ingredients of blood and air are present in so over- 
 powering a volume, and preserve so unceasing a race throughout 
 the frame, that it is impossible to conceive how a man highly 
 developed in the thoracic region can be otherwise than restless 
 and volatile in the extreme. Though this form is by far the 
 most active of the five, its action is generally vacillating, ill- 
 directed, and unsteady; consequently to a very great extent 
 barren of commendable results, unless one or two of the correc- 
 tive forms can be fostered and developed sufficiently to restore a 
 healthy balance. The man of great thoracic development, 
 unqualified by corresponding strength in the other forms, is 
 unstable and changeable, yet ambitious and aspiring. He 
 abounds in the will of courage, and he is at times eager in the 
 pursuit of fame. He enters upon new enterprises with praise- 
 worthy zeal and energy ; yet it needs but slight inducement 
 to turn his wayward inclinations into another channel. He 
 is of a dashing and enthusiastic type, and lias an ever-recur- 
 
Ting thirst for worldly elevation and eternal fame, although 
 lacking sadly the perseverance necessary for obtaining either. 
 He is in his element when in the midst of warfare and strife; 
 this form being essentially that of war, antagonism, and fiery 
 debate. When harmoniously combined with the muscular, it 
 finds a more profitable outlet for its surplus energy in the field 
 of commercial enterprise and adventure. Unqualified with any 
 corrective, it unfits its possessor for study, by reason of the im- 
 possibility of assuming the quietude which is essential to a 
 successful student. The hours of sleep bring such persons 
 nearest to a condition of inactivity; but even then visions of 
 struggle and adventure pass before them in dreams. From 
 ancient history, as examples of men of fully-developed thoracic 
 form, we may take Cyrus the elder, who was the founder of the 
 Persian Empire, and also Cyrus the younger. These men found 
 little satisfaction except in struggle and strife, and both fell 
 victims to their vigorous but ill-directed ambition. 
 
 The next form that demands consideration is the Muscular or 
 Propagative. Those excessively endowed in this respect will 
 not uncommonly be found possessed of bow legs, even although 
 the person may appear to be of slight build. Short-legged 
 dwarfs have very often strong muscular upper frames, with 
 arms disproportionately long and fibrous. The distinctive 
 characteristic of this form is excess of fibrous material, exhibit- 
 ing itself in sinews of iron-like strength, stretching in bands 
 throughout the entire structure. As the thoracic is the form of 
 the electrical, so is that presently under consideration the form 
 of the magnetic and attractive. In woman it finds relatively a 
 much stronger development than in man, and it is in virtue of 
 this peculiarity that she is in possession of the magnetism or 
 attraction which is exercised on the other sex. Still, muscular 
 action being essentially contradictory, and the tendency of the 
 muscles being to work at cross purposes with each other, this 
 attraction which woman possesses, and which the muscular of 
 the opposite sex also exhibits in a modified degree, is not 
 inherently lasting. It attracts in order, as it were, to repel 
 again. By reason of the excessive muscular development of 
 woman, it is almost a necessity of life to them to have some 
 excuse for flexing the muscles. It is to this cause we must 
 assign their propensity for bearing their arms akimbo — a man- 
 nerism utterly foreign to the majority of the other sex — and the 
 necessity they seem to be under, when they walk abroad, of 
 taking with them a basket, a purse, a handkerchief, or some 
 other article whereon to exercise the fingers. The muscular is 
 also the form of the fickle and changeable — characteristics which 
 have been applied to the gentler sex from time immemorial. 
 The muscles are the only parts of the human machinery that 
 
are immediately under the control of the will, and in consequence 
 are its representatives in physiognomical expression ; and they 
 may thus be compared to the national army obeying the behests 
 of the head of the state. This form is essentially that of the 
 amorous; the whole range of the seductive charms of love being 
 intimately connected with muscular vigour. The proclivities 
 which a development of this form fosters in the mind of the 
 individual are those in which the muscles are brought into play, 
 or by the exercise of which the fibrous system experiences 
 pleasing thrills of emotion or passion. A man so formed loves 
 to dance and wanton about, to jump, run, strike, or lift. He is 
 especially devoted to music, which thrills him to the very core. 
 He is, however, always contradictory, never satisfied long, and 
 ever on the search for new scenes and enjoyments. 
 
 Fresh muscle is made up of seventy-seven per cent, of fresh 
 water, and the chemical composition of dry muscle is fifty-four 
 per cent, of carbon, seven per cent, of hydrogen, twenty-one per 
 cent, of oxygen, and fifteen per cent, of nitrogen ; there being also 
 traces of sulphur, phosphorus, and some alkalies. Most of the 
 labourers and artisans of the British Islands are strongly inclined 
 to the muscular form of development, because of the great 
 manufacturing industries which have prevailed for several 
 generations; also, because of the humidity of the climate and 
 the consequent obstruction of the sun's rays — conditions which 
 stimulate the muscular, and at the same time fetter the osseous 
 or bone form, which would otherwise act as an antidote or 
 corrective. For examples of excessive development of the 
 muscular, we have Caius Marius, a Roman general, who was 
 possessed of such astounding muscular strength that he could 
 tow a pair of horses backwards when exerting their full strength 
 in the opposite direction ; and this by means solely of the little 
 finger of his right hand. If we may credit Flavius Vopiscus, 
 the Emperor Aurelian must have had muscles of the texture of 
 steel, since he clove forty-eight of the Sarmatians in one day, 
 and afterwards, during desultory skirmishing, multiplied the 
 trophies of his personal prowess to the number of nine hundred 
 and fifty. We are also told by the same writer that this second 
 Hercules slew, with his own hand, seven hundred of the Franci, 
 besides being the unaided captor of three hundred prisoners. 
 Richard Carew, in his book on the Survey of Cornwall, tells us 
 of a wonderful fellow, one of his tenants, John Ray by name, 
 who would make light of carrying a six bushel sack of wheat 
 flour — fifteen gallons to the bushel — with a miller of full weight 
 and dimensions hanging on to the load. The same writer relates 
 of another wondrous Cornishumn, that he could fling the carcase 
 of an ox over his shoulder and carry it off with as much ease as 
 an ordinary man would have taken up that of a lamb. 
 
The Osseous or Bony Form, which comes next in turn, repre- 
 sents in the human structure the rocky or mineral element of 
 nature, which, in this its more elaborated condition, retains all the 
 characteristics which it possesses before it leaves its inorganic 
 abode. Bone is composed of fifty-eight per cent, of phosphate of 
 lime, nine per cent, of carbonate of lime, and thirty-three per cent, 
 of animal tissue. Being therefore largely made up of those con- 
 stituents which form the component parts of the hardest of rock 
 strata, it follows as a natural consequence that men in whom 
 the bony form is in the ascendant, exhibit the same qualities of 
 stability which the rock itself displays in the recesses of the 
 everlasting hills. This predominance of rocky material, whether 
 manifested in the crust of the earth, or in the more complex 
 structure of the human frame work, ever retains precisely the 
 same qualities, and we have no more beautiful illustration in 
 nature of the influence exercised by matter over mind, than in 
 the characters of men possessing a full development of the form 
 now under consideration. Such individuals will be found 
 to possess strongly marked features, with salient facial protuber- 
 ances. They have hollow temples, prominent cheek bones, and 
 ponderous jaws, which are however more long than thick. They 
 are frequently knock-kneed and broad shouldered, while they 
 generally possess attenuated hands, with large knuckles, and 
 usually lean, lank, and gaunt visages and figures. The bony 
 form is essentially that of mechanical, constructive, and matter- 
 of-fact people. It is eminently practical, antagonistic to senti- 
 ment, claptrap, or humbug; and in its contempt for musical, 
 amorous, or passional concerns, it is the very antipodes of the 
 muscular. It confers firmness, decision, perseverance, modesty, 
 steadiness, endurance, plodding industry, and impregnable 
 obstinacy where principle is involved. It is careful and assured 
 in its steps and movements. It is dangerous to attempt to 
 hustle or push it about, in which cases it is apt to prove an ugly 
 customer to the intruder. The will of decision and obstinacy 
 has here its fullest development, and you may search in vain 
 for any symptoms of vacillation or irresolution. A bitter enemy 
 to the tyranny of strength over weakness, and an unswerving 
 conservator of the rights to which it deems itself entitled, it 
 becomes not only an efficient protector of its own property, but 
 a redresser of the wrongs of others less able to fight their own 
 battles. As the form of the mechanical and constructive, it 
 loves to go straight at the object at which it aims; and it is in 
 all things honest and straightforward. Unbending, unyielding, 
 indomitable, and impervious to the discouragements of pros- 
 pective difficulty and danger, it becomes the pioneer of civilisa- 
 tion in its encroachments upon barbarism and savagery. It is 
 plain and blunt in appearance, yet observant of passing events, 
 
8 
 
 and acute in utilising conjectures for the furtherance of its ends. 
 Cool, collected, thoughtful, and unobtrusive, it holds the passions 
 thoroughly under control; and being the least visionary of all 
 the forms, it is the one under whose banner we must seek to 
 find the vast majority of men who, from the beginning of time, 
 have ruled and left their mark upon the world. From ancient 
 records, we may take as representatives of the osseous or bony 
 form, such as Marcus Porcius Cato, surnamed the Censor, re- 
 markable for the high qualities which this form superinduces, 
 and also his grandson and namesake, surnamed Uticensis, who 
 became proverbial for straightforwardness and integrity. Aris- 
 tides, Julius Drusus, Asclepidorus, llapius, Mares, Domninas, 
 and Heraclitus, were all of this form, and all were eminent for 
 the characteristics with which it is associated. 
 
 The fifth and last of the five great structures is the Brain 
 form, which includes the nervous system, and the machinery of 
 sensation. Brain matter is made up of sixty-six per cent, of 
 carbon, ten per cent, of hydrogen, nineteen per cent, of oxygen, 
 two per cent, of nitrogen, and nine-tenths of one per cent, of 
 phosphorus. A preponderating development of this form exhioits 
 itself in sharp features, lean visage, and a relatively large head. 
 This is the form to which belong sensations and susceptibilities. 
 Those inordinately endowed with brain form, uncounteracted by 
 a sufficient development of the others, have an excessive 
 capacit} 7 for enjoyment, w T hile on the other hand, they are at the 
 mercy of all causes of suffering to a painful degree. Such people 
 are morbidly sensitive in their feelings, and become alike 
 burdensome to themselves, and an intolerable nuisance to their 
 friends. Nervous action is entirely subservient to exciting 
 influences of whatever kind; and wherever brain is very much 
 in the ascendant, with activity of the nervous system, the indi- 
 vidual is the sport of mere circumstances. Accompanied, how- 
 ever, with proportionate growth in the other forms, large brain 
 is the most elevative element in the human structure, and is 
 capable of producing the noblest of fruits. The other forms are 
 shared in common with the lower animals; but in the possession 
 of brain, man stands pre-eminent, towering far above everything 
 in creation. Persons of this make are quick to acquire knowledge; 
 facile in mimicry, and apt at taking on the polish of the higher 
 society in which they may mix. They are, however, irritable, 
 opinionated, and oversensitive; changeable as the weathercock, 
 vain, and, by means of these failings and frailties, easily moulded 
 to the will of others, becoming as clay in the hands of the potter. 
 The possession of large brain relatively is not by any means an 
 unqualified blessing; and it is only when it is accompanied by 
 an adequate development of the other forms that the summum 
 bonum is attained. As illustrative examples of higher and more 
 
9 
 
 equalised development of brain form may be mentioned Demos- 
 thenes; Fernae Lopez, the Portuguese chronicler ; Caesare Uuilio 
 Scaliger, the elder, and his son; also Joseph Juste Scaliger, the 
 French philologist; Jean Jacques Rousseau; Schiller; and Iin- 
 manuel Kant. 
 
 The value of Physiognomy as a branch of the ordinary educa- 
 tional curriculum is very much enhanced by the fact that there 
 is no insuperable difficulty to be encountered in toning down 
 inordinately developed forms, or in cultivating and maturing 
 others which have been stunted in their gro-.vth, so as to produce 
 that equality or totality of progress in all, which is most con- 
 ducive to the happiness and well-being of the individual. All 
 this is easy of attainment where the principles of the science are 
 well understood, and thorough adherence given to the necessary 
 prescriptions. Should the abdominal form be deficient in power, 
 as was the case with Cicero in his youth, it may be strengthened 
 and set a-growing by gymnastics, much exercise in the open air, 
 and strict adherence to a plain and wholesome regimen. Cicero 
 was an eminent example of the successful renovation of a weak 
 and faulty construction. P>y judicious training, the crudities 
 of his stomach were overcome, and an originally harsh and 
 croaking enunciation was transformed into a voice sweet and 
 sonorous as that of an angel. Julius Caesar was originally 
 afflicted with many bodily infirmities ; but by persevering in a 
 course and plain diet, and by marching and roughing it in the 
 camp, he acquired that symmetry of constitution to which his 
 many achievements were mainly due. But for the cultivation 
 which we maintain is within the reach of all, the unrivalled 
 eloquence of Cicero would have been unheard, and the prowess 
 of Julius Caesar would have been unsung. A sufficiency of 
 plain diet, moderate sleep, and judiciously regulated exercise 
 cannot fail in rehabilitating and strengthening; the tissues of the 
 stomach. 
 
 The Thoracic or Breathing form may be enlarged by habitual 
 and judiciously arranged exercises which will bring into greater 
 action the muscles of the heart and lungs, walking, jumping, 
 using the spirometer and other similar expedients. 
 
 The muscular and fibrous form may be cultivated by gymnas- 
 tics, or any occupation requiring the exercise of strength, such 
 as lilting weights, dancing, and taking long walks, combined 
 with proper quantities of food and rest. 
 
 The Bony or Osseous form will receive additional development 
 by slow and laborious exercise in sunlight, riding on horseback, 
 and drinking calcareous water. 
 
 To stimulate the Brain or nerve form it is necessary to partake 
 largely of pleasures and amusements which interest and delight 
 the senses. Spectacles, brilliant society, the contemplation of 
 
10 
 
 the beauties of nature and art ; inhaling delightful odours, and 
 drinking in the enchantments of melody ; theatres, schools, 
 pleasure excursions, soul-stirring oratory, and the bustle, excite- 
 ment, and gaiety of city life are all conducive to the development 
 of the nervous system, the enlargement of the frontal brain, and 
 the increase of the sensational part of the entire frame. 
 
 The gigantic results which scientific progress has achieved 
 within the last half century, leave little room for any other 
 hypothesis than that the present perfection of man has been 
 slowly evolved through the lapse of an inconceivable number of 
 ages. Everything tends to show that the development of the 
 earlier and later progenitors of mankind must have been through 
 a succession of ages, each in turn characterised by the predomi- 
 nant conditions of the five forms which have been described. 
 The first age must have been that of the abdominal or watery, 
 when our progenitors were denizens of the sea, and breathed no 
 air direct from the atmosphere ; but by means of gills, separated 
 the air which finds lodgment between the particles of water. 
 This was the age of the stomach, when the whole force of a 
 feeble instinct was directed to gluttony and greed, being pre- 
 cisely the characteristics which we find at the present day in 
 the creatures of that element which was our ancient abode. In 
 that first stage of existence the abdominal was all in all ; and as 
 yet there was but small promise of the other forms, in a feeble 
 circulation of cold blood, and the most rudimentary of osseous 
 frame-works. As the obstructive vapours of the upper air 
 gradually dissolved, these organisms were more and more 
 attracted to the surface of the water. The influence of 
 the sun enlarged the bone structure, and pointed the way to 
 further progress. The lungs became enlarged, and slowly 
 acquired the power of breathing the atmospheric air direct, while 
 the gills became first disused, and ultimately inoperative. The 
 temperature of the blood changed with these changing conditions, 
 and there gradually emerged the living representative of the 
 Thoracic age, full of warm blood and life, breathing the upper 
 air — though like the porpoise and whale, still an inhabitant of 
 the deep — bringing forth the young alive, and careering through 
 ocean's depths with restless energy and activity. During these 
 processes the bones became slowly enlarged ; but becoming less 
 and less confined to the aquatic, and approaching nearer and 
 nearer to the amphibious, fresh demands were made upon the 
 muscular development of the animal in his excursions upon dry 
 land. Probably timorous and unassured in these first encroach- 
 ments on his future domain, he chose night rather than day for 
 leaving his ancient element, and thus gave an impetus to the 
 muscular which the absence of the sunlight prevented the 
 osseous from sharing. Finally abandoning the water, but still 
 
11 
 
 regarded and regarding himself as an intruder, he adopts the 
 land as his permanent abode ; and avoiding the glare of the sun 
 during the day, and hunting for prey during the night, he enters 
 upon the muscular or propagative age with muscles fully de- 
 veloped in the struggle for existence, but with the bones as yet 
 diminutive and scanty. Long ages rolled on in a fugitive and 
 predatory existence of this kind, until gradually acquiring more 
 confidence as he finds himself qualified to hold his own amongst 
 his fellow inhabitants of the earth, he begins, almost imper- 
 ceptibly, to be transformed from a prowler by night, and a 
 skulker by day, into a more orderly citizen of the world, earning 
 his living in daylight and resting at night. Habitual exposure 
 to the sun encourages the growth of the bones, and at the same 
 time counteracts the undue development of the muscles which 
 have been reigning supreme. At this epoch, too, it is not im- 
 probable that some conjuncture, such as scarcity of carnivorous 
 food, may have evolved the capacity for living on the produce 
 of the soil, instead of that of the chase. The change from 
 constant darkness to a daily participation in the joyousness of 
 nature, last of all enlarges the powers of sensation, and slowly 
 but surely begins to infuse glimmerings of reason into the man. 
 The bone element is meantime developing rapidly, and with it 
 the qualifications for orderly living and steady improvement ; 
 until the muscular having succumbed or become secondary, our 
 now well advanced progenitor steps into the osseous or bony 
 stage of existence, attended with fair promises of further ad- 
 vancement. 
 
 Surveying the world as it at present exists, we find in 
 the different races of mankind every gradation of progress 
 from the less intellectual to the higher forms. Of those furthest 
 advanced, it may be said, that having lived through the osseous 
 age, so favourable to progress and advancement, they are now 
 merging into the brain or sensational epoch, while other less- 
 favoured races still lag far behind. The ratio of progress has 
 undoubtedly varied at various times and in various climates 
 according to the influences of accident, or those of isolation or 
 intermixture. A totality of progress — that is to say, a progress 
 which embraces, simultaneously, the whole of the forms, and 
 carries them on abreast, as it were, in their march to perfection, 
 has taken place very early in the world's history, and then only 
 to a very limited degree, these happy instances being the results, 
 not of premeditation and education, but of the temporary com- 
 bination of favourable circumstances as liable to be suddenly 
 broken up as they had been suddenly called into united action. 
 Influences favourable to the development of one only of the 
 forms, have hitherto conferred their benefits on this one form at 
 the expense of all the others. This effect of partiality is not an 
 
12 
 
 incurable disease, although, during unscientific times, nothing 
 was known of an antidote, and, little indeed, even of the nature 
 of the evil itself. To modern times has been left the triumph of 
 showing, by the clear light of physiognomical research that total- 
 ity of progress is not only possible, but easy of accomplishment, 
 and within the reach of all who will take the trouble of follow- 
 ing the simple rules laid down. 
 
 "When the face reaches forward very much, and it would seem 
 as if most of the head occupied a position in advance of the ears, 
 it will be found that the possessor of these peculiarities, — more 
 especially if accompanied by jaws which are long anteriorly, — is 
 the devotee of advancement in culture and science. When the 
 visage towers heavenward, he is still aspiring and ] rogressive, 
 but somewhat tainted witli an inordinate appraisement of himself 
 and his belongings; he is largely opinionated, conceited, and am- 
 bitious. If the whole of the features have an inclination towards 
 the centre of gravity, and droop to the earth after the fashion of 
 the weeping willow, it may safely be surmised that he is of the 
 earth, earthly ; mean, grovelling, and destitute of worthy aspira-. 
 tions. Nature faithfully preserves throughout her domain 
 uniformity of indication, and it is safe to pronounce as noble, 
 anything stretching upwards ; mean and contemptible, whatever 
 tends to return to the embrace of earth. As examples, we would 
 cite the alligator, which rises farther away from the earth than 
 a snake, and is a higher type of life ; the hog is borne higher 
 from earth and is superior to either, yet inferior to the sheep 
 that leaves earth farther below, and yet rising less nobly in the 
 scale of mind than the horse, exactly in ratio to the distance 
 they depart from earth ; while man, taller and more erect than 
 either in proportion to his weight, is vastly superior to any other 
 animal. 
 
 The effect of any excess on the different faculties of man, is 
 invariably the creation of confusion for the time being. No 
 exception to this general rule has yet been discovered, and the 
 logical probability seems to be that there is none to discover. 
 Great conflagrations, sudden floods, financial crashes and 
 epidemics, are all creative of confusion and panic, simply 
 because these different manifestations are so gigantic, that the 
 various faculties to which they appeal, unable to accommodate 
 so much material on so short a notice, become stunned, stupified, 
 and inoperative. It does not follow that the larger the organ, 
 the more the capacity for the reception, and the less the degree 
 of confusion. On the contrary, diminutive faculties are incapable 
 of suddenly receiving a sufficiently large amount of impression 
 to produce coufusion ; and consequently large bodily organs, and 
 large receivers for the special senses are much more provocative 
 of chaos in the mind, by reason of the facility with whicli they 
 
13 
 
 take in inordinate quantities of feeling and sensation. The 
 man of excessive abdominal development is constantly supplying 
 his stomach with ill-arranged masses of assimilative material. 
 The over-worked organ distributes throughout the frame im- 
 perfectly elaborated blood, and tissue -forming substances, in 
 large and badly regulated quantities. This heterogeneous mixture 
 acting upon the brain, reproduces there a picture of itself, in 
 confused, muddled, and totally impracticable efforts of thought. 
 The necessary concomitants of an avaricious stomach of this 
 description, are, a large mouth wherewith to receive the loads of 
 food that are offered to it; powerful masseter and temporal 
 muscles for efficient mastication, and a capacious alimentary 
 canal by which to convey this heavy load to its destination in 
 the interior. Reasoning thus from cause to effect, we find that 
 as a large stomach requires large quantities of food, which are 
 directly productive of confusion of mind, so the presence of a 
 large alimentary canal and an expansive mouth, being excessive 
 in size only because of the stomachic requirements, are indicative 
 of confusion of ideas. A large mouth may be therefore accepted 
 as fair evidence of mental disorder. A familiar example is to 
 be found in the great majority of the emancipated negroes of 
 America, the extent of whose inanity and stupidity is only to be 
 matched by their expanse of mouth, and the alarming array of 
 gums and teeth which they can display. It is but just, however, 
 to remark that a man may possess a large mouth, indicating 
 originally large abdomen and confusion of thought, while these 
 delects no longer exist, in virtue of the judicious training and 
 self-restraint to which he has subjected himself. The corrective 
 forms have been cultivated, while the excess of the abdominal 
 has been restrained ; and what was difficult of performance at 
 first, has now, by physiognomical education become easy and 
 natural. The original outward sig'n remains, in a modified degree 
 however, but its function is now governed and reasonably 
 restrained. There is no confusion of thought in a man of healthy 
 constitution, suddenly and accidentally brought to the brink of 
 starvation. He is a man of one idea for the time — that being 
 how to satisfy the cravings of hunger. The starving tiger is not 
 distracted by the momentary question of whether he will have 
 antelope or elephant for supper. His wishes are simply concen- 
 trated upon having something to eat, he cares not what. The 
 story of the donkey between two hayricks, dying of starvation, 
 because, unable to make up his mind which to begin upon, is 
 apocryphal, a clear head and empty stomach being nearly 
 synonymous terms. 
 
 Excess of thoracic development, as evidenced by a very 
 large nose and expansive nostrils, causes the admission into 
 the lungs of an undue quantity of air, and produces what 
 
14 
 
 may be called the confusion of activity, affecting both body and 
 mind. This may be remedied by the same judicious restraint 
 and cultivation recommended in the other cases. Kelatively 
 large eyes take in more expanse of surface, but convey to the 
 mind less clear conceptions of the objects seen than small or 
 moderately sized ones. The former admit the rays of light so 
 rapidly and in such quantities to the retina, that the brain fails 
 to analyse or comprehend the superabundance proffered to it, 
 and temporary stupefaction rather than enlightened is the result. 
 People possessing cumbrously large eyes, will be found, when 
 desirous of examining anything minutely, puckering their eye- 
 brows, and partially closing the eyelids, which is simply nature's 
 way of circumscribing the area of vision, and thus concentrating 
 their powers upon a limited surface of inspection. Action of 
 this kind is a necessity to mechanics and artificers almost every 
 minute of their working time ; and it is conceivable that several 
 generations of unmixed industrials of this class would eventuate 
 in the production of a race possessing powers of vision, limited 
 in area, but piercing in strength. The eye of the ox is well 
 suited for his requirements. It is large and expansive for the 
 purpose of viewing an extensive surface of grass, a slight inspec- 
 tion of which enables him to decide on that most congenial to 
 his tastes. The deer and antelope possess excessively large eyes, 
 as they require to take in a still more extensive area of grass- 
 producing surface; but that this largeness is obtained at the 
 expense of clearness of vision is apparent from the ease with 
 which they are startled by any strange object they are unable to 
 comprehend. The eagle is furnished with a far-reaching but 
 narrow range of vision from the necessity it is under of espying 
 its prey at great distances. Very large ears are apt to receive 
 too many of the vibratory waves of sound at once, and distinctness 
 of hearing is thus rendered impossible. Small ears receive no 
 more than they have capacity for, but the quantity is so 
 moderate and easily handled that the feeblest modulation is 
 received on the tympanum. Great noise in the immediate 
 vicinity of ears, even of suitable size and construction, conveys 
 nothing definite, because of the concentrated rush of sound over- 
 powering the acoustic machinery for the time. Donkeys are 
 possessed of very large ears, and are easily startled by any noise 
 of sufficient volume to produce confusion. At the battle of 
 Shiloh in the late civil war in the States, some sumpter donkeys 
 took to their heels at the first opening of the cannonade. Excess 
 has the same tendency everywhere throughout the range of the 
 faculties. Great pressure on any part of the body seems to 
 paralyse the sense of contact, and render its presence vague and 
 indistinct : while the gentlest pressure of the hand conveys the 
 most unequivocal impressions of touch. Steal upon a man 
 
15 
 
 from behind and deal him a heavy blow, and you will produce 
 unconsciousness or great, confusion : but attempt gently to in- 
 sinuate your hand into his pocket, and with clearness of mind 
 he detects you. 
 
 Notwithstanding the countless millions that have lived and 
 died, probably no two features ever existed which were exactly 
 similar in every way; but the wonder should not be that this 
 never has happened, for when we consider how much men are 
 the victims of circumstances of a million different hues, it will 
 be admitted that hardly anything short of a first class miracle 
 would suffice for the accomplishment of one instance of exact 
 similarity. Some of the races which have remained isolated for 
 many centuries still possess considerable uniformity of com- 
 plexion, but the great mass of the population of the world 
 exhibits specimens of every gradation, from swarthy black to 
 snowy white. The purest, or more properly unmixed races, are 
 probably the Jewish, the Indian, and the Negro, which individually 
 retain a similarity of feature and colour that will be sought for 
 in vain in races of less conservative habits. The intermixture 
 of race has certainly been designed as a means for the perfection 
 of mankind at large. In small outlying islets, boasting perhaps 
 at most two or three hundred inhabitants, the frequent conse- 
 quences of similarity of blood are idiocy and insanity, while the 
 general intellectual standard sinks to the lowest possible level. 
 The end of all this, if unremedied by the infusion of fresh blood, 
 is depopulation and extinction. There are many small unin- 
 habited islets in the British seas that were once teeming with 
 life and energy. Happily there is naturally implanted in the 
 human breast, a predeliction for the opposites of a man's own 
 characteristics, and if breadth of choice be allowed him, he will 
 choose a wife in obedience to this divinely ordained law. The 
 union of opposites is attended with the most beneficial results. 
 A dark man naturally prefers a fair-haired maiden, and vice 
 versa. The prejudice against the African negroes which is 
 evinced by the Caucasian races would be found, if thoroughly 
 examined, to have its root, not so much in colour as in form. 
 There are black people with good features and well made bodies, 
 and they must be pronounced handsome. The union of widely 
 separated races seems highly favourable to intellectual growth. 
 Henry Kowe Schoolcroft, the eminent American philologist, was 
 blessed with a highly gifted lady who was the offspring of the 
 union of an Irish gentleman with the daughter of an Indian chief. 
 The blood of Pocahontas coursed in the veins of John Eandolph, 
 one of the most talented of American senators. At the present 
 time there are several members of Congress who have sprung 
 from a mixed ancestry of black and white ; and Frederick Douglas, 
 who is justly considered as one of America's greatest orators, is a 
 
16 
 
 mulatto. The issue of a union of black and white is various, and 
 the intermarriage of different races in temperate climates produces 
 endless variety of hue in eyes, hair, and complexion. There can 
 be little doubt that the representative Caucasian type had its 
 origin in the temperate region of Circassia, from the union of 
 Asiatics and Africans. It is a very great mistake for the more 
 highly polished races to look down with contempt upon those 
 less favoured. All have points of exceptional excellence. All 
 have their appointed duties to perform, and the lowest in the 
 scale of progress may possibly possess some little peculiar 
 advantage, which the highest might borrow with advantage. In 
 their own way all are contributing their quota to the advancement of 
 the world at large; but for the attainment of the highest perfec- 
 tion there can be little doubt that the most powerful lever is the 
 steady encouragement of intermixture — race with race, and a deter- 
 mined hostility to the foolish prejudice which has so long barred 
 the way to a combination so favourable to progress and improve- 
 ment. The greater the intermixture of one type of humanity with 
 another the more rapidly will man come to know the broad universe 
 and its contents as a whole, and the less proue will he be to indulge 
 in contempt for everything different from himself and his belongings. 
 We should endeavour to bear in mind that everything in nature — 
 absolutely everything — is from the hands of God himself, and must 
 have been sent for some purpose of wisdom. Even evil has its uses. 
 How should we have been able to estimate virtue if its antitheses had 
 been unknown? But for extremes comparison would have been 
 impossible. We could have had no ideas concerning white if no 
 other colour had existed. The fool, the madman — aye, even the 
 criminal, should all be shielded from this feeling of absolute con- 
 tempt. They are all fulfilling their allotted task in obedience to 
 the sway of matter over mind; and nothing more eulogistic can 
 scientifically be said of the brightest ornament of the senate or the 
 bar. There is no avenue by which we can escape from the influ- 
 ence of matter except by annihilation, which is equivalent to say- 
 ing the thing is impossible. Matter is the living spring of action 
 itself, and no hostile or antagonistic attitude towards it can be 
 productive of aught but disaster. It may be coaxed, however, and 
 in skilful hands its obedience will know no bounds and experience 
 no weariness. The grand science of Physiognomy has solved the 
 difficulty, and transformed a mischievous and tyrannical master 
 into a docile and obedient servant. The means of self-cultivation 
 are within the reach of every one. There are no technicalities in 
 Physiognomy to act as so many stumbling-blocks in the path. He 
 who knows how to read may take his degree in the science at hit 
 own convenience ; and ordinary diligence in the study and practice of 
 Physiognomy will infallibly make him aware of his own defects, 
 and point as unerringly to a certain cure. 
 
PHYSIOGNOMY, 
 
 OR, 
 
 SIGNS OF CHARACTER AS MANIFESTED 
 
 IN THE 
 
 HUMAN PHYSIQUE, 
 
 A LECTURE, 
 
 BY J. SIMMS, M.I)., NEW YOEK. 
 
 As we look up to the heavens on a cloudless night, before the 
 moon has appeared above the horizon, we perceive a vast number 
 of twinkling orbs, which at first sight appear very little different 
 from each other. A more careful scrutiny, however, with the 
 aid of a good telescope, leads us to the conclusion that no two of 
 them are exactly alike; and so it is found throughout all the 
 works of nature. Take from the sea- shore a handful of pebbles, 
 and you cannot find two of them without a perceptible difference. 
 Select, from among thousands, two grains of wheat, two blades of 
 grass, two leaves from the forest trees, bearing the very nearest 
 resemblance to each other, yet a careful inspection will reveal 
 some unlikeness, and the closer your scrutiny, the greater will 
 the dissimilarity appear. It is the same with the human family. 
 There are many who, to a casual observer, especially of different 
 race, seem to have faces cast in the same mould, but, to those 
 who are familiar with these individuals, they appear not only 
 distinct, but quite unlike each other. Not only so. A negro, 
 for instance, may recognise, as different faces, a hundred that 
 present no perceptible variety to the casual glance of a European, 
 yet he may be ready to admit that some feature in one face is 
 exactly like the corresponding one in another. The painter and 
 sculptor, however, being accustomed to more minute observation, 
 know that no two noses, or mouths, or eyes are precisely similar 
 in all respects; and it is the business of the physiognomist to 
 trace the relation between these varieties of feature, and the 
 varieties of mind which are connected with them. 
 
When we consider the numberless causes that act on the 
 body, and especially on the features of the face, as apparently 
 the most susceptible parts of the human frame, we cease to 
 wonder that, among so many millions of people, there is no con- 
 fusion of identity, but each has a countenance different from every 
 other. Every object that affects the senses, every motion of the 
 mind, every change of feeling, climate, altitude, face of the 
 country, soil, associations, occupation, exposure, hardships, food, 
 education, manners, sickness, remorse, solitude, morals, passions, 
 and ideas of all kinds, tend each to mould the human countenance; 
 while the combination of several or all of them produce that 
 variety of feature from which we infer that no two are, or ever 
 have been, or ever will be exactly alike. 
 
 Some individuals are thin and small from birth ; and it ought 
 to be more generally known, that this may be occasioned by the 
 mother using purgative medicines during gestation, a practice 
 which ought to be avoided by every mother who desires her 
 children to be well grown and strong. 
 
 It would be endless to enumerate all the causes that conduce 
 to form the human subject, and unfold animal life into character 
 and thought. Man is the epitome of all life; even inorganic 
 matter gives him her stamp, and holds sway over his inmost 
 cogitations. To trace the working of all these influences, is the 
 business of Physiognomy in its widest sense, which therefore 
 lays under contribution, not only every power and principle of 
 the created universe, but even the Great Creator himself. This 
 gives sublimity as well as importance to the science; and we 
 shall be raised to higher conceptions of its beauty and utility as 
 our knowledge of the underlying principles becomes enlarged, 
 and we are enabled to perceive how one capacity or faculty 
 affects another; how they all act upon matter, and matter 
 upon them again, reflecting its conditions on the human mind, 
 until we perceive one grand chain of causes and effects, extending 
 through the whole world of life, and linking all together. This 
 chain has never lost a link, never suffered a break; it has always 
 existed, and all eternity shall not know its termination. We 
 can here point out only a few of the more obvious facts. 
 
 Cold modifies the countenance by contracting the commissure 
 of the eyes, drawing down the brows, raising the shoulders and 
 cheeks, and diminishing the length of the face, while it adds to 
 its breadth. The warm blood that rushes to the head, produces 
 an expansion which accounts for the large heads of the Laplanders, 
 while cold may justly be held responsible for their small eyes. 
 The chest also, in frigid zones, receives the blood which, through 
 the extreme cold, cannot circulate freely in the limbs, and thus 
 the thorax attains an unusual size. In milder climates, the 
 
3 
 
 generous warmth relaxes the features, opens the eyes, and in- 
 creases the size of the eye-balls ; hence we find large eyes among 
 the inhabitants of the torrid and warm temperate zones, as the 
 Negroes, Spaniards, Italians, and Greeks. Nature here, as every- 
 where, displays her wisdom by relaxing the system, that perspir- 
 ation may more readily take place, to relieve the body of 
 superfluous material, while, under the pressure of cold, she closes 
 the avenues. That narrowing of the commissures of the eyes 
 we have mentioned, confines the visual organs to a more limited 
 range, so that their entire force is expended within a comparatively 
 small area ; and the wisdom of the arrangement is seen in this, 
 that it adapts the eyes to those mechanical and industrial trades 
 which are peculiarly needful for the support of life in the colder 
 climates, and which demand great strength of sight rather than 
 a wide range of vision. 
 
 Surrounding objects are apt to impress the mind, and mould 
 the features, as those who have few ideas will carry a vacant and 
 unmeaning aspect. The dreary prairie and the wild forest give 
 a corresponding expression to the countenances of those who 
 inhabit them, as may be witnessed among the Indian tribes of 
 America. Food is, however, one of the most powerful of those 
 agents that distinguish different grades of civilisation, leaving 
 traces of its action on the corporeal frame. Excessive feeding, 
 especially on animal food, causes the person to become thick and 
 broad, whereas eating with moderation, and on a diet chiefly 
 vegetable and farinaceous, raises the spirits, and causes the 
 individual to assume a tall and graceful figure. Starvation, con- 
 tinued through several generations, will make the teeth grow 
 small and scattered, the reason being that nature destroys 
 whatever is not used, and therefore gradually diminishes the 
 masticating power, which scarcity of food has compelled to 
 comparative idleness. Again, luxurious eating and drinking 
 stimulates all the bodily secretions, and opens the pores. This, 
 in a few generations, will cause the hair to become thin and 
 scanty, as witnessed among royal families, and the descendants 
 of luxurious livers, and for the reason, that the matter which 
 otherwise would be concreted into hair is expelled through the 
 pores. Moderate feeding conduces to a luxuriant growth of 
 hair, and no better examples may be found than among the Irish 
 peasantry, where the females generally exhibit a profusion of 
 fine hair, that might well raise the envy of the votaries of 
 fashion. There is, however, another agent in this business. 
 Sunlight appears to be very favourable to hair growth, and the 
 scalp which is constantly exposed to it is less liable to become 
 bald in the decline of life. It is probably for this reason that 
 an American Indian, who always goes bareheaded, never becomes 
 
bald like the English gentleman, whose chimney-pot hat not 
 only excludes the sunlight, but imposes such restraint on the 
 venous circulation as produces feverishness in the scalp, and 
 deciduous hair as the consequence. 
 
 Consecutive thinking, and high mental culture conduce to' 
 carry the centre of the face outwards and forwards from the 
 hair to the point of the chin, because the sensations being chiefly 
 seated here as a centre, it becomes enlarged by their continued 
 exercise. Paucity of ideas will permit a general relaxation of 
 all the muscles of the face, and render the sides of it broad. 
 The lips of the savage become swollen through the grief, the 
 passion, and the solitude which are incident to his life, and when 
 the lips are considerably protruded, there is apt to be a corres- 
 ponding depression of the nose, whereas a prominent nose is 
 usually accompanied with a narrow face and thin lips. Lively 
 company, and the intense emotions of civilised life tend to 
 chisel out the features into this sharpness, and although such 
 causes are slow in their operation, they nevertheless act with 
 certainty through the generations of mankind. The delicate 
 living of leisure life gives a softness of feature and refinement 
 of expression in remarkable contrast with what is exhibited in 
 those who fare hardly, and are much exposed to the inclemencies 
 of the weather. Moreover, heavy labour expands the chest, 
 raises the shoulders, and shortens the neck. Hence the common 
 maxim that a long neck is the sign of high blood, which just 
 means that labouring people, or those recently sprung from 
 the labouring class, have generally shorter necks than persons 
 descended from aristocratic idlers. Among mechanical occupa- 
 tions, agricultural industries, and professional avocations, each 
 lends a peculiar aspect to the features ; for every thought that 
 passes through the mind affects the countenance more or less, 
 and leaves traces of its subtile working in every lineament. 
 
 We have alluded but to a few of the most obvious and easily 
 discerned workings of the numberless agencies which modify 
 the character of humaa beings, and leave unmistakeable marks 
 on the corporeal frame. These alone might produce endless 
 variety of form and feature ; but when we remember that these 
 agencies are numberless, and capable of a vast variety of com- 
 bination, can it any longer appear wonderful that no two human 
 beings are exactly alike in any single feature ? 
 
 Principles precede signs of character, as the rays of light 
 darting across the eastern horizon go before the full appearance 
 of the sun. We know by such signs to expect his rising ; and 
 he gives not one signal but thousands of them. The myriads of 
 rays come sparkling and flitting over the sky, and continue in- 
 creasing in number and in strength till the golden glory rests on 
 
the mountain tops, and crimson fringes are flung along the 
 clouds, and the welcome of morning awakens glens and valleys 
 into white light, spreading over all the earth the tokens of great 
 Sol's appearing. As nature is universal and impartial, so she 
 distributes the signs of human faculties not in one part of the 
 body alone, but everywhere, in every member of it, as we should 
 know if we fully understood how to trace her working. Then 
 to what a vast field of thought and to what inexhaustible 
 opportunity for observation does this science introduce the 
 student ! And as is its magnitude so is its utility, as we hope 
 to demonstrate. 
 
 There are six principal conditions of the human body in 
 general, and its features in particular, which claim the attention 
 of the physignomist in endeavouring to read character. One is 
 form ; another is colour ; then density or quality ; size ; relative 
 proportion ; and action or motion. These are all recognised by 
 the eye. If we close our eyes and depend upon the sense of 
 feeling, we lose the shades and tints which are so important in 
 character-reading. If again the physiognomist has an opportu- 
 tunity of hearing the voice of his subject, he gains another 
 avenue by which to pry into his character. The tone of the 
 voice is highly indicative of the inward man; as the deep 
 thunder of the lion's roar proclaims his strength and courage, 
 while the squeal of the rabbit betrays a feeble body and timid 
 disposition. The words employed and the manner of expression, 
 the form of the sentences, and their connection one with another, 
 are pretty sure indications of the amount of education the 
 individual has received, and the kind of society in which he 
 has chiefly mingled. 
 
 Glance we at some of the conditions we have named, and 
 what we infer from observing them. And first of Form. The 
 form of the entire man is the most certain of all outward 
 manifestations of character; because it is the outgrowth of every 
 influence that ever affected that form. In this we can trace his 
 ancestry, the soil on which, and the climate where he has lived, 
 the kind of food he has eaten, and the exercise he has used. 
 Each feature of the man has its peculiar shape as well as the 
 whole person, and in each feature there are more or less distinct 
 traces of resemblance to the whole, rendering it an index to the 
 entire man. If but one finger is bony, the hand will be bony, 
 and so will be the whole structure. When the nose is large in 
 its upper part and fatty, the person will be found large and obese 
 in the upper portion of his body. The ear being large in the 
 lower part 'denotes an individual with large feet and lower 
 extremities. A relatively large top to the ear bespeaks a large 
 head and relatively smaller extremities below. 
 
6 
 
 Colour is another important guide to character. The colour 
 of the skin indicates its thickness, fair people having thin skins, 
 while dark-complexioned persons possess a thick integument. 
 When the skin is thick it effectually covers the nerves of sensa- 
 tion, and persons so constituted do not feel so acutely as the 
 white-skinned, because of this occlusion of the nerves. I have 
 performed surgical operations on many negroes, and they seemed 
 not to feel nearly so acutely as people of the white race. When 
 cutting a tumour from a black man's arm, at Urbana, in Ohio, 
 several years ago, I asked him if it hurt him much. " No, golly, 
 massa doctor," ne replied, "I wish I had anudder one to cut; 
 him feels just like cutting cold pork rind, dar." 
 
 Most dark coloured animals have thick skins, as the rhinoceros, 
 the elephant, the alligator, crocodile, hippopotamus. On the 
 other hand, we usually find thin skins on quadrupeds of light or 
 various colour, as the sheep, deer, horse, ox, goat, giraffe, tiger, 
 lion, leopard. Colour is the most trustworthy indication of the 
 climate in which a man's ancestors, if not the man himself, had 
 origin. It is a well known fact that warm regions produce dark 
 races of men, while cooler countries give birth to fairer people, 
 where those of different nationalities intermarry. When, there- 
 fore, you meet a man with black hair and eyes, rest assured that 
 some, if not all of his forefathers came from a warm climate. 
 On the other hand, when you see an individual with light hair 
 and blue eyes, it is certain that his ancestors were of mixed 
 nationality, and lived under moderate sunbeams. Take it for a 
 rule that people of unmixed blood and from beneath a burning 
 sun exhibit the dark colour in hair, skin, and eyes; and vice versa, 
 mixed blood, cool locality, fair complexion, and blue eyes go 
 together. 
 
 The people of North Wales are fairer generally than those in 
 the southern counties; and the same holds good throughout 
 Great Britain, Ireland, and the United States, in all of which 
 the present population has sprung from mingled nationalities. 
 
 Size is an unfailing guide to character-reading, especially when 
 we take it relatively, comparing one member of a species with 
 others of the same kind. As certainly as a large bar of iron is 
 stronger than a small one, so surely is a large man more powerful 
 than a diminutive one, if he is equally fine and dense in his 
 material. We could not expect to find as much strength in a 
 poplar stick as in one of elm of the same dimensions, because 
 the poplar is soft and coarse in its fibre, while the elm is fine 
 and compact. It is often the case that a man of a hundred and 
 twenty or forty pounds weight can accomplish as much in any 
 sphere of labour as one who weighs two hundred pounds ; because 
 the former is like oak, while the latter is as basswood in his fibre. 
 
Activity is an unerring indicator of the quality of every living 
 and moving thing. Kapidity of motion denotes intensity of life, 
 and a firm knitting together of the whole structure. The pump- 
 kin vine lies still upon the ground, and its tenderness and 
 weakness appear in remarkable contrast when compared with 
 the swaying twigs of the elm or willow. The very fact of motion 
 tends to crowd together the particles on the side towards which 
 the twig is bent, while the absence of movement leaves the fibres 
 loose and uncompacted. Motion or activity is thus seen to be 
 both the cause and the cod sequence of intensity in vegetable life, 
 and it is the same in the higher kinds. The man who is always 
 in motion is likely to become firmly knit together, and is thus 
 not only capable of performing much useful labour without 
 serious fatigue, but is fitted to resist the encroachments of 
 disease; while he that seldom moves is liable to become soft 
 and weak like an oyster, prepared neither for labour nor endur- 
 ance. 
 
 Glance we now at some particular features of the human body, 
 and how they indicate character. Wherever we perceive thick- 
 ness in the lips, it bespeaks good muscular development, and 
 abundance of juices throughout the entire system. This make 
 accompanies all who are great lovers of children, and the principle 
 may be thus explained. The juices of nature, whether animal 
 or vegetable, are the grand requisites for propagation and 
 growth. The showers of heaven must descend and water the earth 
 before it can become prolific in herb, and flower, and fruit. If 
 the ground is dry, parched, and shrunken, its productive powers 
 are diminished, if not completely destroyed, and there appears at 
 best a poor and scanty vegetation. So is it in the human con- 
 stitution. When the period of abundant juices comes on, then 
 is the time of productive and generative power. Then, as nature 
 never brings anything into life without suitable provision for it, 
 that it may be nourished and cared for, so she rarely bestows on 
 an animal the power of generation without implanting such love 
 of the offspring as shall prove sufficient to secure its maintenance. 
 The two are thus inseparable in the wise economy of nature, and 
 therefore we must look for their signs together, and we shall find 
 accompanying signs everywhere corresponding with accompany- 
 ing powers and dispositions. As the juices are the main requisites 
 for the production of animal and vegetable life, the swelling of 
 those parts in which the juices most appear will stand as evidence 
 of what we technically call Philonepionality, or love of children. 
 Full veins in the back of the hands, thick lips, moist and full 
 eyes, indicate abundance of life-juice. Wherever the lips are 
 full, the walls or coatings of the stomach are found to be thick, 
 giving that strength of digestion which is necessary to produce 
 
8 
 
 the life-juices. The eyes are assistants in this business by look- 
 ing after the necessary food, as the mouth becomes an auxiliary 
 by taking it in. The same signs that indicate love of children 
 may be taken to evince a love of kissing and being kissed: nature 
 has provided this disposition as the forerunner of the other, 
 preparing for the fondling which doubtless is essential to the 
 nurture of every infant. 
 
 Great compression of the lips denotes much decision of charac- 
 ter. One lip protruding much beyond the other, betrays a want 
 of balance in the physical powers. If the upper lip is the 
 projecting one, we may expect to find much severity of temper; 
 perhaps slow to rouse, but dreadful in anger when it is excited. 
 There is, indeed, more character evinced in the lips than is 
 generally awarded to them, and less sensuality. It is a generally 
 received, but erroneous idea, that full lips are sure manifestations 
 of sensual character. No; they are nature's testimony to a 
 social, communicative temper, full, especially, of parental 
 affection. The ancient Eonians were, as a nation, thin-lipped, 
 and they were remarkably deficient in domestic affection. The 
 sacrifice of the sons of Brutus doubtless was due to this defect in 
 Koman character. The more general sternness and cruelty of the 
 national temper were shown in such amusements as the gladiatorial 
 exhibitions. Caesar brought out three hundred and twenty pair 
 of combatants, at one time, to fight in presence of thousands of 
 brutal human beings, who, of course, highly relished the barbar- 
 ous scene. Yitellius likewise promoted such combats in the 
 streets of Eome. Claudius exhibited nineteen thousand male- 
 factors and gladiators, on one occasion, before a Koman crowd, 
 testifying their approbation by shrieking and shouting with joy. 
 Such scenes could never have been tolerated except in communi- 
 ties where all the warmer affections of human nature were stifled, 
 if not wholly stamped out. The prisoners taken at the conquest 
 of Carthage were torn by wild beasts, according to the orders of 
 Scipio; and thousands of similar instances could be adduced to 
 show the absence of everything one calls humanity. The fre- 
 quent occurrence, among the ancient Eomans, of father rising 
 against son, or brother conspiring to murder brother, is sufficient 
 evidence that they were destitute of family affection; yet their 
 amours and debaucheries go to prove that they were not wanting 
 in animal passion. Many of the laws and customs of modern 
 Eome betray the utter absence of domestic affection. The 
 Inquisition had its origin in this great national defect; for no 
 people, with that ordinary good-feeling which has its origin in 
 the family circle, would ever have invented such tortures. As 
 an instance, among modern Eomans, of this defective Philo- 
 nepionality, or love of children, it is recorded that a mother 
 
9 
 
 stabbed her infant to the heart to prevent its cries from betray- 
 ing the concealment of its father. 
 
 We find the same peculiarity attending thin lips among the 
 lower animals. The hog kind are thin-lipped, and show little 
 fondness for their young; which, indeed, they have been often 
 known to devour. The goat is an animal characterised by thin 
 lips, protruding eyes, strong sexual propensities, and little 
 parental regard. Let it be borne in mind, therefore, that animal 
 passion is not denoted by either the thickness or thinness of the 
 lips; but the latter quality betrays the absence of family 
 affection and love of the young in general. 
 
 Another remark in connection with the mouth as the begin- 
 ning of the alimentary canal, and indicating by its thick walls 
 and energetic movements the size, strength, and activity of the 
 stomach. No very small-mouthed person was ever very great 
 in anything. For a man to attain pre-eminence, he requires 
 unusual energy, which demands a large nose to admit a suf- 
 ficient quantity of air; capacious lungs to receive it and fan the 
 flames of life; but no less a capacious mouth to take in food 
 rapidly, and in ample quantities, to sustain the whole, and con- 
 tinually supply the waste occasioned by this energetic working 
 of the system. Hence he who nibbles at his food like a rabbit, 
 may be expected to display little more than a rabbit's force of 
 character. Col burn's New Monthly says of Dr. Samuel Johnson 
 that, " he did not eat, he gorged. He could devour at a sitting 
 as much as would nourish two whales." The whole circle of 
 biographical literature scarcely exhibits an individual of stronger 
 character than this gormandiser. He left his mark everywhere 
 during life, and his influence is felt to this day throughout the 
 civilised world. Whoever eats with avidity like a tiger, will 
 never want force in some direction, either for good or evil. His 
 morality will depend largely on his education, for morals are 
 altogether a matter of custom; that is, one thing is held to be 
 right, and another wrong in society, not according to any well- 
 founded principles, but according to the conventional usages of 
 each age and country. Moral education acts upon the animal 
 part of a man's nature much as a break upon a train of cars, 
 restraining that which society has agreed to pronounce vicious 
 and reprehensible. 
 
 Intellectual culture serves to diminish the size of the lower 
 part of the face, where some of the baser desires manifest their 
 presence. Great width at the angles of the lower jaw indicates 
 contrativeness, and is conspicuous in the hog. The heft and 
 length of the under jaw is indicative of a man's persistenacity, 
 or disposition to hold on or to persevere in one line of action or 
 design; as the jaw is that by which one seizes an object and 
 
10 
 
 holds fast to it through every difficulty; and long jaws are more 
 capable of thus working than short ones. The under jaw is the 
 active and seizing one; the upper is comparatively passive and 
 stationary. The jaws of the tiger are wide; those of the sheep 
 are narrow; and their animal instincts correspond to this pro- 
 portion. 
 
 A wide mouth marks the natural predominance of abdominal 
 structure throughout, with a tendency to over-eating. But if 
 the cheeks are somewhat sunken opposite the double teeth of a 
 large mouth, it is an unmistakable sign that the naturally great 
 abdominal tendency has been repressed by study, business, 
 sickness, or some other cause. Such persons are living evidences 
 of the possibility of overcoming the ascendancy of one kind of 
 structure or form of body, and successfully cultivating another, 
 so as to produce an entire change of character. 
 
 Dimples in the chin and cheeks are significant of large 
 associativeness, and the desire to love and be loved. Great 
 natural ruddiness is by some, but falsely, regarded as vulgar; but 
 a certain degree of colour is deemed so beautifying that many 
 pale-faced females resort to artificial colouring. Many years ago, 
 a chemist in a large manufacturing town of Scotland, used to 
 serve rouge on the Saturday evenings to numbers of girls who 
 had lost the natural roses of their cheeks through close confine- 
 ment in heated rooms. They always asked for it as " a penny- 
 worth of yon" never naming the article. Eosy cheeks on a 
 female are very attractive to the male sex ; like ripe, red apples 
 in harvest, they tempt one to taste how sweet they are. 
 
 The eyes are more susceptible of almost every kind of influ- 
 ence than any other portion of the face. Especially they are 
 affected by everything that either heats or chills the system. 
 Grief, particularly that which arises from the loss of friends, 
 depresses the spirits, and this tends to chill the whole organisa- 
 tion, causing tears to rush from the eyes, in the same way as 
 would happen from exposure to frost or cold wind, but more 
 suddenly. Much indulgence in heating and intoxicating liquors 
 has a tendency to redden the eyes, gorging them with blood, and 
 producing chronic inflammation, which gives a swollen appear- 
 ance to the under eyelids. Ardent love, and a preponderance of 
 animal passion will heat the system, draw the fluids of the body 
 towards the eyes, enlarging the balls, muscles, and all the neigh- 
 bouring parts. This enlargement thrusts the eyes forward, 
 causing them to assume a more prominent position, and stand 
 out saliently with relation to the other features. Full eyes, 
 therefore, are evidence of an inordinate passion for the opposite 
 sex. When the animal propensities decline, as they do in old 
 age, the eyes settle back in their sockets; the juices become less 
 
11 
 
 abundant; the whole system cools down, and the eyes are the 
 first features that evince the fact to common observation. 
 
 A vacant stare in the eye denotes stupidity, as in the Indian 
 savage. Sparkling eyes bespeak ready intellect and constitu- 
 tional vigour. Sunken eyes, being opposite in form to protrusive 
 ones, indicate an opposite disposition — free from the dominion 
 of animal passion. Great width between the eyeballs bears 
 witness that the faculty of curvativeness is large, and the person 
 has considerable faculty in judging and remembering curved 
 lines, the turnings of roads, drawings, faces, landscape scenery, 
 courses of rivers, &c, because individuals constructed on the 
 round or curved plan are naturally the best judges of that which 
 is most like their own constitution. A steady fixedness of eye 
 always accompanies large consecutiveness, and the disposition 
 to be thorough in every attainment; whereas the unsteady eye 
 that turns rapidly from one object to another, bespeaks the love 
 of variety, great changeableness — the characteristics of one who 
 scatters his forces, traverses wide fields of thought, but attains 
 perfection in nothing — never works out one of his many half- 
 formed plans and purposes. 
 
 Intense thought and superior power of application are never 
 found accompanied by great elevation of the eyebrows, and vice 
 versa. Long arching eyebrows are evidence of good mental 
 capacity, if the mind has been wisely directed to the proper 
 exercise of its powers. 
 
 The wrinkles which appear more or less on every forehead 
 would of themselves be sufficient matter for an entire lecture. 
 Long wrinkles accompany a predominance of the brain and nerve 
 form, or that structure in which brain and nerve are much 
 developed in comparison with bone, muscle, thorax, or abdomen. 
 Persons of this make are fully described in the work entitled 
 "Nature's Eevelations of Character;" yet let me here briefly 
 remark that they are fastidious, attentive to every detail, crossing 
 every t and dotting every i, so that they are liable to wear out 
 rather than to rust away. 
 
 Short, broken wrinkles accompany the form in which the 
 abdominal predominates; and individuals so constructed are apt 
 to love eating, and drinking, and sleeping. They are impatient 
 of personal restraint, and incline to selfishness and indolence. 
 The wrinkles of every man's forehead are true records of the 
 experiences of his life. A child exhibits a smooth, unwrinkled 
 brow, because he has not yet entered on the battle of life. His 
 childish griefs are but for a moment; his duties are light and 
 demand little forethought; his obligations are few, and scarcely 
 cost him a moment's anxiety. But as years advance, and cares 
 multiply, and duties increase, and temptations assail, and 
 
12 
 
 sorrows multiply, each and every one of these leaves its mark 
 on the once unfurrowed brow. Steady and regular lives leave 
 well-defined and well- arranged wrinkles, whether straight or 
 curved. Those experiences that do not sorely try the spirit 
 engrave lines of corresponding shallowness; whereas those trials 
 that harrow up the soul leave their deep furrows on every facial 
 lineament. The long deep lines that lay across Seneca's fore- 
 head were the result of his great mental application, his close 
 and continuous thinking, with the sore troubles that spread over 
 the long years of his earnest life. 
 
 Faces in which some parts stand out considerably, and others 
 settle deeply into a back ground, accompany well-marked char- 
 acters — persons who step out of the ordinary lines of thought, and 
 dare to be independent; whereas smooth, even faces manifestly 
 denote those who run in the ruts and grooves of society; who 
 shun earnest truth and duty, seeking smooth paths for them- 
 selves often at the expense of uprightness. The man of well- 
 marked feature — he whom once seen you recognise again among 
 hundreds — is a man of original and probably well-disciplined 
 mind. But the round, flat, smooth face, with snub nose and full 
 cheeks, little different from all other faces of the similar mould, 
 belongs to one whose mind runs smoothly over the surface of 
 things, whose mental way-markings are not enduring, whose 
 conversation leaves no more lasting impression on your mind 
 than his features have done. Think of the men whose charac- 
 ters have influenced you; to whom, as oracles, you recur in 
 thought, and wonder what would be their opinion or their con- 
 duct in this case or that; and say, were they not men of well- 
 marked, if not even rough features, such as you could never 
 forget, such as would elicit your attention in the densest crowd. 
 Wide, round faces are generally attendants of selfish disposi- 
 tions. Look for a long, narrow phiz if you are in search of a 
 heart that is pitiful, philanthropic, kind, and humane. When- 
 ever the face is much thinner than the body, it denotes that the 
 mental powers have of late been more exercised than the physi- 
 cal, and vice versa. 
 
 The facial features, as has been remarked, being the most 
 flexible parts of the body, and most easily affected by mental 
 emotions, are the most obvious indexes to character, and the 
 least difficult to read. But all the habitual movements of the 
 person — the walk, the laugh — give evidence of the individual's 
 character, and are fully treated in my new work, entitled 
 H Nature's Eevelations of Character." 
 
 Some peculiar mental or moral characteristics attach to whole 
 nations in a general way, and as distinctly there are certain pre- 
 vailing characteristics in their outward mien distinguishing 
 
them as of such or such a nation — not perhaps marking every 
 individual unerringly, but producing such a stamp that an 
 assemblage of individuals of one nation will readily be pro- 
 nounced different from a similar assemblage of another. The 
 English are enterprising and self-reliant; the Scotch frugal, 
 saving, firm, and religious, or at least strongly Sabbatarian; the 
 Irish social, witty, excitable; the Welsh industrious, patriotic, 
 and economical; the French affable, showy, and fickle; the 
 Prussians scientific and metaphysical; the Italians, again, have 
 been famous for music, painting, and sculpture; the Russians 
 have strong local habits and attachments, so have the Green- 
 landers; the Mahommedan of India is superstitious, cowardly, and 
 a vegetarian; the African negro indolent and musical, with 
 strong parental affection; the Chinaman is imitative and me- 
 chanical; the American Indian dirty, treacherous, and revenge- 
 ful; the Yankee enterprising, industrious, blunt, and inquisitive. 
 
 To study the English character well, you must see it in Lon- 
 don ; to study the Scotch to the best advantage, go to Edinburgh ; 
 Dublin furnishes the genuine Irishman; and Paris is the place 
 to understand the French character. So the Prussians are most 
 thoroughly national at Berlin; the Russians at Moscow; the 
 Austrians at Vienna; the Italians at Florence, Rome, or Naples; 
 but a Yankee is the same all over Yankeedom: his face distinct 
 from the national type of his European ancestors, his person re- 
 cognised wherever he goes, and perhaps better known than any 
 other — because he travels the most. 
 
 There has been something in the history of every people that 
 tended to stamp them while yet they were new to the soil on 
 which they settled. The Scotch might be rendered cautious and 
 distrustful, by the necessity they were under of guarding against 
 the encroachments of their southern neighbours; the English 
 naturally became mercantile through their insular position, and 
 their early relations with sunnier regions, and a more polished 
 people, stimulating them to seek the necessaries of a higher 
 civilisation. Negroes, and other inhabitants of sultry climes, 
 are indolent, because the heat relaxes the system, and the abun- 
 dant productions of the earth render industry comparatively 
 unnecessary; yet the Chinaman is a hard worker; it is because 
 the population of his country has become so great in proportion 
 to the area of land for food, that he must work or starve. The 
 Yankee people became enterprising, because they found them- 
 selves on the face of a vast region, where no series of genera- 
 tions had subjugated the soil, or built up institutions, or estab- 
 lished law, government, religion, education. They had everything 
 to do for themselves, and quickly, or else sink into a life of 
 savagery. It was "nothing venture nothing have," in every 
 
14 
 
 attempt to form communities blest with the institutions of civi- 
 lisation. But these ventures succeeded marvellously, and the 
 Yankee continues to be venturous. 
 
 How wide is the field thus open to the student of Physiog- 
 nomy ! But let the beginner take the easiest studies first. He 
 will find them among the lower animals, which have no decep- 
 tive power to conceal their inbred tendencies, and no foolish 
 fashions to veil or deform their physical structure. Let the 
 student, therefore, look according to physiognomical rules, for 
 the outward signs of those dispositions which are held to be 
 characteristic of each species. For instance — Patience in the 
 ox, obstinacy in the jack-ass, destructiveness in the tiger, cun- 
 ning in the fox, mimicry in the ape, selfishness in the hog, 
 courage in the lion, excitability in the deer, vengefulness in the 
 elephant, mechanical skill in the beaver, pride in the horse, per- 
 severance in the bull-dog, fidelity in the dog, treachery in the 
 cat, craftiness in the oppossum, servility in the camel, timidity 
 in the hare and rabbit, untamable wildness in the zebra, indo- 
 lence in the sloth, gregariousness in the sheep, activity in the 
 gazelle, the faculty of signalling in the wolf. 
 
 Among birds look for the outward signs of inquisitiveness in 
 the crow kind, self-confidence in the owl, conjugal affection in the 
 dove, local attachment in the swallow, which always returns to 
 its nest; and on the contrary an easy transitional temper in the 
 canary, which will breed in a cage, the generative capacity 
 evinced in the common hen, the lofty aspirations of the tower- 
 ing eagle. Here are plenty of easy studies, and no less interest- 
 ing than easy. 
 
 If it is asked, * To what purpose shall we study these varieties 
 of face and form?" We answer the question by another, To 
 what purpose did the Creator form such endless variety? 
 Doubtless one end was to secure the identification of indi- 
 viduals. We can scarcely conceive what confusion, what frus- 
 tration, both of justice and mercy, what complete disorganisation 
 of society would result if it were not for that variety which 
 makes it easy, at least to all familiars, to distinguish one face or 
 one voice from every other. But another important end is, that 
 the inward nature may in some measure appear by outward 
 signs. Pain would the wicked conceal their wickedness; but to 
 a certain extent it manifests itself even to the most casual 
 observer, who instinctively shrinks, he knows not why, from one 
 man as bad, and draws to another as good; mistrusts one as 
 false, and confides in another as true and faithful. It is our own 
 fault, the fault of our ignorance and neglect of study, that we 
 recognise only the more strongly marked faces, and cannot tell 
 why this man seems intellectual and the other a dunce; this man 
 
15 
 
 worthy of confidence, and the other not to be trusted. The 
 physiognomist detects all the workings of the inward nature, 
 knowing the chisellings which each prevailing thought, or feeling, 
 or practice, has left on the physical structure. The Scriptures, 
 in many passages, recognise this correspondence. u Cain was 
 very wroth, and his countenance fell." (Gen. iv. 5.) " Why is 
 thy countenance sad, seeing thou art not sick?" (Neh. ii. 2.) 
 " Hannah, her countenance was no more sad." (1 Sam. i. 18.) 
 "Wherefore are your faces evil to-day?" (Gen. xi. 7.) In 
 these we have depression of mind recognised in the face. Other 
 passages denote pride and boldness. " A high look and a proud 
 heart." (Prov. xxi. 4.) "They have made their faces harder 
 than a rock." (Isa. v. 8.) "The show of their countenance 
 doth witness against them." (Isa. iii. 3.) " Naaman was a man 
 lifted up in countenance." (2 Kings v. 1.) "I made thy face 
 strong against their faces." (Ezek. iii. 8.) " They are hard of 
 face and stiff-hearted." (Ezek. ii. 4.) " A wicked man hardeneth 
 his face." (Prov. xxi. 19.) On the other hand, there is the 
 assurance arising from innocence. " Then shalt thou lift up thy 
 face without spot." (Job xi. 15.) Anger is easily recognised. 
 " My fury shall come up in my face." (Ezek. xxxviii. 18.) 
 "So doth the angry countenance the biting tongue." (Prov. 
 xxv. 23.) On the other hand approbation. " Lord, lift thou up 
 the light of thy countenance upon us." (Ps. iv. 6.) " Show us 
 the light of thy countenance, and we shall be whole." (Ps. 
 lxxx. 3.) Then cheerfulness. " A merry heart maketh a cheer- 
 ful countenance." (Prov. xv. 13.) On the contrary, shame and 
 conscious guilt. " Shame shall be on their faces." (Ezek. vii. 
 18.) "To us belong shame and confusion of face." (Ezek. ix. 
 7.) " Provoke to the confusion of their own faces." (Isa. vii. 
 19.) Glory is often said to appear in the countenance, as in 
 Eev. i. 16., 2 Cor. iii. 7., 1 Cor. iv. 6., Matt, xxviii. 3. And we 
 are told that * iron sharpeneth iron, so a man sharpeneth the 
 countenance of a friend." (Prov. xx. 17.) And "as in water 
 face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man." (Prov. 
 xxvii. 19.) 
 
 Let it not be said that the science of Physiognomy tends to 
 materialism or fatalism. We hold that it is the mind which 
 makes the body thus and thus, rather than the body the mind. 
 And if there is a re-action, as doubtless there is, it is no more 
 than what we all admit when we say, a man has practised such 
 a vice or virtue that now it has become habit; he does it with- 
 out an express act of his will; nay, can scarcely help doing it. 
 Whoever admits that one man is born with a propensity to this 
 vice, and another to that, allows as much materialism and 
 fatalism into his creed as the physiognomist who holds that the 
 
16 
 
 tendencies of his nature appear in his bodily structure. But, 
 says every wise observer of human nature, these propensities 
 need not necessarily produce vicious actions. A man may con- 
 trol and modify all that is naturally evil in his inbred propen- 
 sities. In early life, especially, the good may be cultivated, the 
 bad repressed; and herein our science may afford valuable 
 assistance to the man himself who would improve his own 
 nature, but especially to the educator of youth, who thus dis- 
 cerns without loss of time in making the acquaintance of his 
 pupil, what are his moral and intellectual endowments or defi- 
 ciencies, and can adapt his training accordingly. 
 
 By the same Author, 
 
 NATURE'S REVELATION'S OF CHARACTER. 
 
 Large Royal 8vo, G24 #£>.-, w ^ 260 Engravings, 
 
 Illustrative of a New System of Physiognomical Principles and 
 Signs, by which Character is Disclosed. 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART 
 
 Crown Svo, 240^., 220 Illustrations. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC LECTUBES 
 
 ON 
 
 Education. — The Proper Care of the Human Body. — Animal- 
 imitationality and mentimitativeness. — the secrets of 
 Success in Life. — The Principles of Physiognomy. — 
 Physiognomy and its Facts.— Language and Love. — 
 Salitiveness, or Eeady Wit. 
 
 SOLD BY 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337 Strand London. 
 
 Mr. JOHN TWEED, 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. 
 
 Mr. GEOKGE MITCHELSON, 40 Nicholson Street, Edinburgh. 
 
BEAUTY. 
 
 A LECTURE 
 
 Author of " A System of Physiognomy" " Nature's Revelations of 
 Character" &c. 
 
 In its narrowest definition, beauty is that property in an object 
 which causes it, when presented to the eye, to affect the mind with 
 emotions of pleasure. It is in this sense that we speak of a beau- 
 tiful horse, a beautiful landscape, or of that most beautiful of all 
 beautiful objects, a beautiful woman. It is in this sense also that 
 we speak of beautiful movements, which, like exquisite forms and 
 colours, appeal to the mind through the sense of vision. Thus 
 the movement of birds, circling in a sunset sky, is beautiful, and 
 so also is the step' of the waves as they run to kiss the shore, and 
 the curtsying of tall grasses as they bow to the passing wind. 
 
 But it is not only to these visible properties in objects which 
 excite pleasurable emotions that the term beautiful is applied. 
 Every sense has its own aesthetic domain. Thus the odour of the 
 
rose is beautiful to the olfactory nerve ; the softness of thick piled 
 velvet is beautiful to the touch ; the flavour of sweet viands is 
 beautiful to the taste ; and the harmonies of delicious music are 
 beautiful to the ear. Nay, more ; the empire of beauty extends 
 not only over all the senses, but beyond them all. We are 
 touched by the poetic beauty of a tender or fanciful sentiment ; 
 by the moral beauty of a generous action ; by the logical beauty 
 of a finished argument, perfect in all its parts and sure in its con- 
 clusion ; by the spiritual beauty of an exalted human soul ; and 
 above all, by the eternal beauty that resides in God. 
 
 The province of beauty being thus extensive and diversified, it 
 has become the difficult aim of philosophers to find some general 
 property inherent in everything which excites emotions of aesthetic 
 pleasure, and which constitutes the essence of the beautiful. 
 Various indeed have been the conclusions reached by those who 
 have sought to discover this universal aesthetic principle — 
 this unvarying soul in all the variety of beautiful things.. 
 The school ,of Alexandria maintained that that alone is beau- 
 tiful which satisfies the moral nature ; while another school, 
 with Boethius as one of its exponents, held that the satis- 
 faction of the intellect constitutes the essence of the beaut- 
 iful. Sir Joshua Reynolds maintained that beauty con- 
 sists in mediocrity — in the avoidance of extremes ; and the great 
 Edmund Burke advanced the theory, in his celebrated Essay upon 
 the Sublime and Beautiful, that that is beautiful only which pro- 
 duces a relaxation of the nervous system. According to this 
 author, anything which contracts the tissues of the body produces 
 emotions analogous to fright or anger, while anything which 
 agreeably relaxes the same, gratifies the aesthetic sense. Alison 
 and Diderot both denied that there is such a thing as inherent 
 beauty, the former maintaining that the beauty of things is a 
 matter of the emotions which they chance to awaken in the 
 individual heart ; and the latter, that it is a matter of the relations 
 which they chance to suggest to the individual mind. According 
 to Diderot the more numerous and profound the relations which 
 anything is perceived to possess, the more beautiful it will appear. 
 
 But of all the different ideas that have been advanced upon 
 this vexed theme, I am best satisfied with the theory which was 
 held in common by Aristotle and St. Augustine, and which 
 made the essence of beauty to consist in unity, that is, in the perfect 
 and symmetrical adaptation of all the parts to the whole. In other 
 words, — these great philosophers hold that that thing is beautiful 
 whose central principle and organic relations can be embraced in a 
 single view. The justness of this theory, as applied to those 
 descriptions of beauty which appeal to the eye, is for the most 
 part sufficiently apparent. Evidently the beauty of any form con- 
 sists in the harmonious relation or proportion of all its parts, 
 which is but another way of expressing its essential unity. The 
 beauty of motion in like manner depends upon the accuracy with 
 
which the moving object preserves its centre of gravity or balance — 
 said balance being at any given moment fixed at a single point. 
 The more frequently the object changes its centre of gravity or 
 point of balance, without, in any of its transitions, losing its poise, 
 the greater will be the impression of its gracefulness. 
 
 In the domain of art, it is always the aim of the artist to bring 
 out in his creation some central idea, or at least to give promi- 
 nence to some central figure to which all the details of the work 
 will be harmoniously accessory. So deeply do artists feel the 
 necessity of this central thought, that they often omit from their 
 works certain incidents required by strict fidelity to nature, because 
 they might divert the beholder from the main design. Thus in 
 the famous antique group of Niobe and her children, the wretched 
 mother is represented as young, and freshly beautiful, although in 
 real life she could not, as the parent of twelve children, be either. 
 But the lines of age in that noble face would have obscured the 
 suggestion of the main idea, which was simply the representation 
 of ideal motherhood — its love and its anguish. Again, in the 
 Laocoon the countenance of the priest preserves a certain stern 
 and noble dignity notwithstanding the swollen and writhing 
 muscles of his majestic frame indicate the fiercest physical anguish. 
 The sculptor has, in this instance, preserved the face from violent 
 distortion, because such disfigurement — though true to nature — 
 would obscure the leading artistic thought, which is the represen- 
 tation of the power of the human mind to rise superior to the pain 
 which agonizes the body. 
 
 This theory that unity is the true aesthetic principle, is still 
 further supported by its applicability to many, at least, of the 
 different departments of supersensuous beauty. Take, for instance, 
 the department of logic The student of Plato, as he laboriously 
 follows the strong yet supremely subtle dialectic of the " divine " 
 philosopher, is impressed, as he reaches the conclusion, by the 
 exquisite beauty of the argument. And why does the argument 
 strike him as beautiful ? Because he sees , at the last, in a single 
 view, the perfect adaptation of all the different parts of the reason- 
 ing to the central idea — the thing to be proved. And as he 
 observes how the various lines of thought converge to a single 
 logical point ; as he recognizes the magnificent unity of the argu- 
 ment, he is overwhelmed with a sense of its beauty. In other 
 words, the perception of logical beauty has its source in the recog- 
 nition of logical unity. The fact that the beauty of an object 
 grows upon us with the knowledge of its utility furnishes another 
 illustration of the hypothesis that beauty consists in unity. For 
 instance : to the uninstructed eye, a steam engine has little or no 
 beauty, but to the skilled machinist who understands the special 
 function of the several parts — the pipes, the cylinder, the valves, 
 the piston, the boiler, and the condenser, and who knows how all 
 these parts with their several functions subserve one great 
 mechanic purpose — to such a man the steam engine is highly 
 
beautiful, because the design of the structure gives both ideal and 
 practical unity to all its complexities. In like manner the physio- 
 logist finds a delightful study in the digestive system of the human 
 subject, which is, to him, (understanding as he does the one final 
 purpose of all its parts,) an exquisitely beautiful vital machine. 
 
 Without further multiplying illustrations, I have said enough 
 to show that this theory, that unity is the true aesthetic principle, 
 is very strongly supported. There are, however, some objections 
 to it which — though I have not time to specify them here, 
 have prevented me from giving it my unqualified assent. Indeed, 
 it may well be questioned whether the efforts of philosophers to 
 find some universal aesthetic principle are not necessarily abortive. 
 After long and close study of this subject, I am inclined to think 
 that there is a beauty which is inherent in objects, and which may 
 be called universal objective beauty, and a beauty which depends 
 upon the peculiar taste of the individual mind, and which may 
 therefore be called individual subjective beauty, and that the 
 efficient cause of neither objective nor subjective beauty can be 
 reduced to any single principle. 
 
 Philosophers have differed not more in their views respecting 
 the true aesthetic principle, than in their modes of distinguishing 
 the beautiful and the sublime. Most of them have agreed in 
 esteeming the sublime a thing altogether apart from the beautiful, 
 although they have differed as to the particular qualities by which 
 the two are properly to be discriminated. My own idea is that 
 the sublime is strictly a department of the beautiful, that those 
 beautiful things are sublime whose beauty is marked by power or 
 immensity, and that nothing is sublime which is not beautiful. 
 Burke maintains that " ugliness is consistent with an idea of the 
 sublime," if the ugliness be "united with such qualities as excite a 
 strong terror. " But it can be made conspicuously apparent that 
 terror is so far from being an essential element of the sublime that 
 it is, when experienced in any marked degree, absolutely incom- 
 patible with sublimity. Take for instance a thunderstorm, which 
 is a spectacle admitted to be both sublime and terrible. But it is 
 not those who are sensible to its terror who appreciate its sub- 
 limity. On the contrary the terror-stricken person flies to cellar 
 or some such place for security, while " from peak to peak, the 
 rattling clouds among, leaps the live thunder." All the magnifi- 
 cient pageant of the warring elements — the beauty of the forked 
 lightning, the superbly billowing clouds, the pathetic writhings 
 of the trees as they quiver and crouch and toss beneath the buffets 
 of the storm ; the peals, the rolls, the reverberating signals from 
 every peak in heaven, — ^all these are lost upon the observer who is 
 victimized by fear. His terror is so far from adding to his sense 
 of the sublimity of the scene, that it completely blinds him to that 
 magnificence of beauty with which it is so replete, and in which 
 the true sublime consists. If further illustration were needed to 
 prove that terror is not (as has been so often averred) an element 
 
of sublimity, I could point to the fact that no objects of vision are 
 more sublime than a starry sky, or a lofty mountain, and yet 
 these spectacles are observed without the slightest sense of fear, 
 for no one, while enjoying the sublime emotions which they arouse, 
 is expecting the sky to fall, or the mountain to erupt. If the 
 observer were anticipating such a consummation — if, for instance, 
 while he stood with upturned face, he were expecting a terrible 
 meteor to fall on his head, or if the mountain were a volcano from 
 which he momently expected a terrible emission of molten lava, 
 the extreme probabilities are that he would instantly fly from 
 these sublime scenes with blanched cheeks and with erect hair that 
 whitened as he fled. My idea, in brief, is this — that while the 
 grandly beautiful, or in other words the sublime, is in some cases 
 associated with danger, which is in its nature productive of fear, 
 yet it is never when this danger is realized, and this fear conse- 
 quently experienced, that the sublimity of a,ny spectacle is appre- 
 ciated. 
 
 It is the aim of art not simply to imitate the beauty of nature, 
 but to rival it. But here the question may be asked, How can 
 art in any true sense rival natural beauty, when it is necessarily 
 confined to the reproduction of the beauty already revealed by 
 nature herself? It is true, as alleged in this query, that all the 
 beauty to be found in works of art is revealed in nature, but it is 
 often revealed there only to the artistic eye. As a rule, the finest, 
 the most distinctive beauty of this or that natural object is more 
 or less obscured to the common mind by its accidental surround- 
 ings. For instance, we see a beautiful landscape beneath a leaden 
 sky which robs it of half its peculiar loveliness, or we see a person 
 with a beautiful expression of countenance which yet we cannot 
 fully appreciate, because it is accompanied with some striking dis- 
 figurement of feature or complexion. Now the artist's eye detects 
 the half-obscured beauty in nature, and reproduces it, severed 
 from everything that can interfere with, or is unessential to its 
 noblest and most effective manifestation. This is what is called 
 idealization in art — an idealization which, by putting the natural 
 beauty in its strongest light, helps to reveal it to the unartistic 
 masses. This idealization of nature is the highest aim of art ; no 
 art can successfully pass beyond it into the regions of pure ideality. 
 The modern or romantic school of painting, under the influence of 
 Christianity, aims to express the infinite, but it fails in this effort, 
 or succeeds only so far as the infinite is dimly shadowed forth in 
 the human consciousness. For instance, the celebrated head of 
 Christ, by Leonardo di Vinci, does not represent divinity — as in- 
 tended — but only the divine in man. Art, even in the romantic 
 school, never reaches beyond the idealization of human nature. 
 This idealization is the soul of the religious art of the Greeks. 
 They took any attribute or idea inwoven with the character 
 or life of our race ; they conceived of it severed from all 
 the accidental degradations of its natural surroundings, and 
 
they embodied it in marble statuary instinct with truth and 
 life. Here the art was complete, nor could its success 
 be degraded by the errors of a false religion which miscalled its 
 creation by the name of a god. A figure so potent and awful that 
 it might seem to wield the thunderbolts, does not the less present 
 the majestic aspect of our nature because it comes down to us as a 
 Teus. Tender and spiritual womanhood is expressed in the fig- 
 ures of Psyche ; and in the rugged image of Hephastos the artist 
 has caused the false god to convey an eternal truth — giving him 
 arms mighty and skilful, with feet lame and deformed, that so he 
 might bear down to the ages the great lesson of natural compens- 
 ations. Even the drunkenness of the Satyrs is in strict accordance 
 with the poetic conception of those wanton beings designed to 
 link the brute with the psychic world. Self-command is the 
 attribute of reason ; but in goat-footed creatures with pointed ears, 
 we look for nothing but gamboling, restlessness, and license. You 
 have some of you, perhaps, heard the story of the little beggar girl 
 who, wandering one day into an art gallery, had her attention 
 riveted by an exquisitely beautiful statue of Psyche. Suddenly 
 leaving the gallery, she hastened to the city fountain where she 
 washed her dirty face and hands, and then returned to her former 
 post to renew her rapt contemplation of the statue. In this 
 instance, the art revealed the beauty of feminine purity to the 
 tattered and forlorn little critic, who was inspired by the divine 
 revelation to make an effort toward better living. Doubtless 
 she had seen, many times in life, women spotlessly pure in their 
 raiment and persons, and in their thoughts steadfastly loyal to 
 modesty and honour. Bat some imperfection in these women, 
 some defect of beauty or intelligence ; some harshness of voice, 
 or coldness of manner — had obscured in them the manifestation of 
 that exquisite, tender, womanly goodness which the statue fully 
 revealed. 
 
 It is the province of art, as I have said, to i e veal beauty; but 
 this beauty is revealed the most successfully to those who have 
 made a speciality of art study. The necessity of studying art in 
 order fully to appreciate its lessons is made fully apparent, when 
 we consider that the value of our judgment with respect to any 
 particular thing, largely depends upon the correctness with which 
 we compare it with other things of its class. Since then com- 
 parison is the chief factor in all our judgments, we must, by the 
 necessity of the case, know something of art in general, before we 
 can understand the full significance of any particular art work. 
 It is no disparagement to art, that we must give it this special, 
 and attentive study, in order to appreciate its revelations of beauty. 
 There is very little worth knowing that can be acquired without 
 some exercise of application. Even the love of nature, and the 
 critical appreciation of the fine points in a landscape, like the love 
 and the critical knowledge of art, are to no small extent a 
 matter of education. For this education the mountaineer enjoys 
 
the best opportunities. In the solitary valleys, and on the august 
 heights he learns the finest sympathy with all the changeful 
 moods of nature. In every canon he finds a school of sentiment, 
 and in every assemblage of mountains an university of the fine 
 emotions. So thorough is the training of these silent powers, that 
 even the rudest trappers and miners sometimes find in the scenery 
 around them a passionate enjoyment which an artist might envy, 
 and which gradually becomes an indispensable element in their life. 
 Everywhere nature inspires them with her majestic presence, or 
 soothes them with her tender voice. If they are happy hearted, 
 the gay waterfall that lightly vaults the rocky steep, sings for 
 their solitary hearing her merriest song ; and if they are saddened, 
 the sorrowing wind sets in the pine trees, and answers them sigh 
 for sigh. Listening with rapt attention to the voice of nature, 
 they hear her speaking in the tones of God, — the unutterable 
 Presence transfuses soul and sense, and, lost in a happy dream, the 
 slow procession of the hours seems to them but a point of time. 
 This dream, this ecstasy, this divine dilation of soul is more or less 
 the result of the education of the eye to perceive, and of the emo- 
 tions to realize the manifold beauties of nature. 
 
 In following me thus far in this lecture you have been reminded 
 how the wide extended domain of beauty stretches over all the 
 five senses, and beyond them all into supersensuous realms ; you 
 have also speculated with me a little upon the nature of true 
 aesthetic principle, and you have seen something of the relation of 
 beauty in art to beauty in nature. I would now direct your 
 attention to the subject of beauty as illustrated in human beings. 
 In this connection, beauty may be divided into that which is 
 physical, intellectual, and spiritual. We are so constituted that as 
 sensuous beings we are delighted with physical beauty ; as intel- 
 lectual beings we are seekers for the beauty of truth; and as 
 spiritual beings we are transported by the beauty of goodness. 
 In the minds of the young and ardent, these latter descriptions of 
 beauty are intimately associated with the first. Hence when such 
 persons are impressed with the physical comeliness of an individ- 
 ual — especially if the individual be of the opposite sex, — they are 
 prompt to suppose that the charms which have pleased their eye, 
 are duly supplemented by all the advantages of intellect, and the 
 graces of character. This disposition to link spiritual and mental 
 with physical beauty, is so nearly universal with the young, and 
 so wide-spread among persons of maturer years and experience, 
 that it may be truly said that no letter of introduction — however 
 high its source, or favourable its language — is of more social 
 advantage to the bearer than is a comely physical appearance. 
 
 The power of mere personal beauty in exciting the passion of love 
 has been made the subject of frequent and severe animadversion. 
 And yet it might be assumed, upon general principles, that an 
 instinct as profound and wide-spread as that which leads men and 
 women to select as connubial mates those who impress them as 
 
8 
 
 phyically beautiful — it miglit be assumed, I repeat, that an instinct 
 like this would not be implanted in the human constitution with- 
 out some wise reason. This reason is found in the fact that beauty 
 of external form is an indication of healthfulness of internal struc- 
 ture, from which it follows that those persons who are physically 
 beautiful are best adapted to that purpose of perpetuating the 
 species, which is the ultimate aim of all love between the sexes. 
 I have not infrequently conversed with individuals who claimed 
 that their affections towards persons of the opposite sex were in 
 no degree affected by considerations of personal beauty. This 
 statement of theirs might seem to be confirmed by facts, since they 
 do undoubtedly become enamoured with persons who would be 
 generally considered ugly. It does not follow, however, that 
 because people are ugly according to the accepted standard of any 
 given community, that they are ugly to every individual in that 
 community. On the contrary, so great are the idiosyncracies of 
 taste, that what the community at large might condemn as ugly, 
 some individual miglit approve as handsome, and when people say 
 that they love an ugly person, they mean that they love one whom 
 they know would be generally considered ugly, and not that they 
 love one who is considered ugly by themselves. I question very 
 much whether any man or woman ever fell in love with a person 
 who did not possess, for the lover at least, genuine physical charms. 
 It is natural, however, that people should be reluctant to admit 
 that they consider the object of their affections personally attrac- 
 tive, when they know that the opposite opinion would be held by 
 almost everyone else. They know that if they were to tell the 
 truth in the matter, they would expose themselves to ridicule for 
 being so infatuated by love as to be unable to discriminate between 
 beauty and deformity ; and hence they adopt the expedient of pro- 
 testing that what they love is exclusively mental or moral endow- 
 ments, and that to mere personal loveliness they are wholly indiffe- 
 rent. 
 
 By the Greeks, physical beauty was so highly esteemed, that 
 they placed it in the order of their affections next to virtue, and, 
 in the person of Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty, elevated it to 
 an object of worship. The French proverb which runs, "The 
 smiles of a pretty woman are the tears of the purse," is one of th 
 many popular tributes to the all-conquering power of beauty 
 Even the miser becomes liberal when beauty arrays before him 
 her bewitching charms and exacts her tribute. Power abandons 
 the sceptre when beauty demands the sacrifice; and ambition, at 
 her call, forgets to struggle and to conquer. 
 
 Since personal charms have so great an influence in awakening 
 the passion of love, it is natural that they should be generally 
 coveted, and especially that they should be coveted by women, in 
 whose life love is the principal element. It may be said without 
 fear of gainsaying, that most, if not all men, and certaintly all 
 women, desire to be beautiful, and would be willing to make no 
 
9 
 
 small exertion to attain their wishes in this respect. This state 
 of case is not only natural, but right — what is wrong in the mat- 
 ter, is the mistaken if not criminal methods by which many in- 
 dividuals attempt to increase their charms. Yes, I will say with- 
 out hesitation, criminal methods ; for surely that is criminal which 
 disfigures the body, undermines the health, and, by irritating the 
 whole nervous system, acts disastrously upon the serenity of 
 the temper and the vigour of the will. The woman who wears 
 tight corsets, ' grappling them to her soul with hooks of 
 steel,' and who pinches her feet into Chinese boots, does not 
 thereby increase her beauty, but simply creates bodily disfigure- 
 ments fatal to her health and happpiness ; and she who makes 
 use of the hair dyes and cosmetics which are now so generally in 
 vogue, will, (unless she is very fortunate in her selection), ulti- 
 mately sacrifice her health, her beauty, and perhaps her life, to 
 the slow poisons which most of these preparations contain. The 
 only innocent, and in the end the only efficient modes of increas- 
 ing the charms of the person, are to live healthfully not only as 
 regards the body but the mind ; to preserve the purity of the 
 moral character, and finally, to dress with taste. This dressing 
 with taste, if we may judge from the rarity with which it is done, 
 is almost as difficult as to live the life of a sage or a saint. Women 
 are usually so much the slaves of fashion, that they follow the pre- 
 vailing mode with little or no regard to intrinsic beauty, or to the 
 special requirements of their own peculiar style. Napoleon III. 
 said of the Princess Metternich that she was a living example to 
 prove that " beauty is unnecessary !" This independence, on the 
 part of the Princess, of what is generally ranked as beauty was 
 due, in great measure, to the exquisite taste with which she attired 
 herself. Women who are above the average height should wear 
 low hats and heels, while short women should dress their hair as 
 high as is consistent with grace; though they should not, even to 
 increase their stature, wear very high heels, since the latter are 
 incompatible with the natural, and therefore healthful poise of the 
 body. Women who are too tall, should eschew very long trains ; 
 and short women should, under no circumstances, surround their 
 skirts with rows of flounces, which will have the effect, apparently, 
 to diminish still further their diminutive stature. Whatever may 
 be the fashionable colour, the woman of taste will always wear 
 fcuch tints as are suited to her complexion ; and in the ornamenta- 
 tion and arrangement of her dress she will adopt those winding 
 and irregular forms which express ease and grace, while they 
 stimulate the imagination. 
 
 But though all the people in the world understood and practised 
 the art of making the most of their personal advantages, and of more 
 or less concealing their personal defects, there would yet be large 
 numbers who would present an irredeemably plain, if not repul- 
 sive appearance. There are those who are born hopelessly ugly, 
 but this native ugliness is not without a cause which it is in the 
 
10 
 
 power of parents to remedy or at least to moderate. The practice 
 of throwing upon God the sole responsibility of all the ugly child- 
 ren who are born, is happily disappearing before the light of 
 physiological science. It is the parents of the child, and not the 
 Supreme Being who are to be held chiefly accountable for its inca- 
 pacities or disfigurement. Among the many circumstances which 
 affect the child are the pleasant surroundings of the expectant 
 mother; the food she eats, the manner in which she wears her 
 clothing, the harmony and love which reign between the parents 
 before, and at the time of conception, and the quality and quantity 
 of life force operative at that time and for months previous. Fits 
 of anger, which are always to be avoided, should be especially 
 shunned by the enceiente wife. She should also forbear the use of 
 exciting drinks, such as wine, tea, coffee ; and of food of a 
 similar nature, as pepper, pickles, preserves, hot meats, pastries, 
 and, in brief, rich food of every description. She should take 
 plenty of sleep, and at regular hours, and she should exercise 
 moderately in the open air, as well as in-doors. Few things are 
 more injurious to women and their children than the habit of 
 housing themselves during their pregnancy, as though the giving 
 birth to a child according to the divine laws of nature, and in the 
 sanctity of human wedlock, were a thing of which to be ashamed. 
 The expectant mother should avoid tight shoes, tight laces, and 
 rough clothing next the skin, and both parents should at all times 
 maintain cleanliness of person, and purity of conscience. When 
 all these conditions antecedent to the birth of a child receive the 
 attention they merit, then, and only then will the beauty of off- 
 spring be lifted out of the sphere of apparent accident into that 
 certainty which always results from the due application of scientific 
 principles. When the child has been vigorously generated, and 
 healthily brought to the birth, it should receive its mother's milk 
 and constant personal attention ; but if this should be prevented 
 by the invalidism of the mother or other causes, it should, at least, 
 enjoy h r devoted love and solicitous forethought. The most 
 beautiiui and healthy children sometimes become ugly and feeble 
 in less than a year after birth, for want gf maternal love and 
 attention. 
 
 As beauty is one of the principal causes of love, so love is one 
 of the principal causes of beauty. Beautiful children are the off- 
 spring of loving parents. Hence those should marry who are 
 deeply and purely in love, and whose mental and physical tem- 
 peraments are so adapted to each other that their love will be per- 
 petual. No woman ought to be the mother of a child by a man 
 whom she has ceased to love. 
 
 Beauty and love have both the round form. The turtle dove 
 has this form in all its parts, and the constancy and devotion of 
 its love have become proverbial. Thus Solomon says, " Behold 
 thou art fair, my love; thou hast dove's eyes." To attain or pre- 
 serve the round form, people should take abundant sleep, with 
 
11 
 
 moderate exercise when awake.* They should use large quanti- 
 ties of soap and water, and avoid excessive labour, irritation of 
 temper, anxiety and grief. " Grief, " says the poet, " is beauty's 
 canker," — dissipating all the charms of the person as sunrise does 
 the morning dews. In general everything that tends to promote 
 health, tends to promote beauty. Cold water baths, being extremely 
 healthy, are accordingly extremely conducive to beauty. Warm 
 baths, on the contrary, though they give to the skin a temporary 
 glow and transparency, have a relaxing after effect, which pro- 
 duces obesity and languor. A plain diet is equally conducive to 
 health and her twin sister beauty. It was no miracle, but was in 
 strict accordance with the laws of nature, that the four Hebrew 
 youths at the court of Nebuchadnezzar should grow fatter and 
 fairer on their plain diet of pulse and rice, than did those who were 
 sumptuously fed at the king's table. 
 
 Beauty is to be found among all classes, and in all countries. 
 It is often seen in a marked degree among the poor, and in the 
 middle ranks of life, but less frequently, perhaps, among the rich. 
 I have seen beautiful persons in every State in the United States, 
 as well as in many c f the territories of America ; also in England, 
 Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, 
 Sweden, Norway, Lapland, Finland, Denmark, Egypt, Algiers, 
 Morocco, Turkey, Syria, Greece, Austro-Hungary, Germany, 
 Prussia, Belgium, Netherlands or Holland, Spain, Portugal, and 
 other countries to which my travels have extended. But while 
 beauty is to be found in all countries, the standard of beauty 
 varies greatly, according to the tastes of different nations. As a 
 rule men do not admire physical types widely differing from their 
 own. Thus, people of the Circassian stock are not prone to dis- 
 cover beauty among the darker races, such as Indians, Mongolians, 
 and Negroes, and vice versa. This rule obtains also among the 
 
 *Kules foe Preseving Beauty. — All physical beauty depends first and 
 chiefly on the perfect conformation of the body ; but perfect health is no less 
 necessary for maintaining it, and for making regular features and a well 
 formed bodily structure appear to advantage. Therefore any lady who desires 
 to preserve a delicately transparent skin with a fine natural bloom, a sparkling 
 eye, and an easy and graceful carriage must rise early, breath pure air ; use 
 moderate exercise ; bathe frequently ; dress in warm garments, carefully avoid- 
 ing tightness in any part ; and especially keeping the feet warm and dry. 
 
 The following are the most deadly enemies of physical beauty, and to be 
 carefully guarded against. : — 
 
 1. Cathartic medicines, and whatever else occasions profuse perspiration. 
 On the other hand, face powders, and all other quackeries which fill up the 
 pores and obstruct the natural perspiration. 
 
 2. Indulgence of the appetite in large eating, especially of rich food. 
 
 3. Immoderate exercise or over-work either of body or mind — because the 
 fibres are thus hardened, and an aged look is produced. 
 
 4. Cold piercing winds. 
 
 5. Loss of sleep. 
 
 6. All indulgence of the baleful passions ; as envy, hatred, malice, and 
 discontent ; likewise grief, fear, and anxiety. To these disfiguring agenst 
 may be added, the practice of making foolish gestures and wry faces. 
 
12 
 
 lower animals ; to the frog, for instance — the female frog is far 
 more beautiful than the most beautiful woman. Physical beauty 
 is more common among women than men. Among the great 
 female beauties of the past, history records the names of Athor, 
 the Egyptian Venus ; Pasht, the lovely and famous lady of the 
 Speos ; Antinia the younger, Jane Shore, Lais, Phryne, Fair Rosa- 
 mond Clifford, Helen of Troy, Lucretia Borgia, and Irene 
 of Constantinople. But although, as I have said, beauty is most 
 frequently illustrated by the female sex, there have yet been nume. 
 rous instances of superior beauty among men. One of the seven 
 princes of the Argives was so strikingly beautiful that in the 
 bloodiest engagements his enemies would be so impressed with 
 the splendour of his person as to leave him unharmed. Maxi- 
 millian I. of Germany could be distinguished among the members 
 of his Court by his dazzling beauty. Alcibiades is said to have 
 been exquisitely beautiful ; and Demetrius Poliorcetes was followed 
 about by the populace, eager to feast their eyes on his incomparable 
 loveliness. 
 
 But though physical beauty is a great power, and may be a 
 great good, it is infinitely inferior to beauty of mind and soul. 
 Lord Bacon has compared it to "summer fruits, easy to corrupt, 
 and which cannot last ; " and certainly it has been oftener the 
 cause of demoralization and misfortune to its possessors than of 
 goodness and peace. Mary Queen of Scots was not more celebrated 
 for her beauty than her misfortunes; for having lost her crown, 
 she lived for nineteen years in prison, and was finally beheaded. 
 Helen and Cleopatra both set the world in arms. Paulina, wife 
 of Saturninus, was hurried by her beauty into the commission of 
 great crimes. Lucia, a maid of transcendant loveliness, put out 
 her eyes in order to preserve her chastity ; and the wife of Prince 
 Orgiagon, as well as Timoclea of Thebes — both women of extra- 
 ordinary beauty — committed murder, in revenge for their ravish- 
 ment. Physical loveliness is so far from implying corresponding 
 perfections of mind and soul, that the presumption is always 
 against the moral and intellectual character of a strikingly beau- 
 tiful person. This is j^articularly true of the female sex ; for when 
 women are beautiful they have usually little to do but to contem- 
 plate and exert their personal charms ; whereas men may be 
 diverted from this petty line of thought and action by ambition, 
 study, business, and the many occupations and excitements of their 
 more public and unfettered life. One reason for the moral and 
 intellectual inferiority of beautiful women is found in the fact that 
 when Dame Nature has furnished an abundant supply of physical 
 advantages, she usually gives but a meagre outfit in other and 
 more important particulars. Above the door of the great Minster 
 in Basle is a representation of the wise and foolish virgins, in which 
 the former are all plain, and the latter strikingly handsome. The 
 artist who designed this pediment had evidently studied society to 
 some effect — hi3 leading idea that sense is made a compensation 
 
13 
 
 for ugliness, and that frivolity and beauty go hand in hand, having 
 not a little foundation in fact. 
 
 But it is not only true that when nature moulds a beautiful 
 woman she is chiefly concerned with her beauty, and not with her 
 endowment in other respects ; it is even more to the purpose that 
 though her native gifts be never so fine, they are peculiarly liable 
 to neglect or vitiation. The woman whose personal loveliness 
 arfects the sense like fragrance, and whose 
 
 " Every tone 
 
 Is music's own. 
 
 Like song of morning birds, " 
 
 is not likely to care that her words should be wise ones ; and they 
 who can win love with a smile, are rarely those who labour to 
 earn love by acts of thoughtful and self-devoted kindness. 
 
 To the practised physiognomist, mental and spiritual beauty are 
 clearly expresed in the face, where their presence gives attraction 
 even to the homeliest features ; but those unversed in the physiog- 
 nomic art, depend chiefly upon conversation and actions for their 
 insight into the higher types of beauty. Beauty of mind appeals 
 to the noble sentiments of charity, honesty, respect, hope, reason, 
 faith, and friendship ; while beauty of person too often engenders 
 jealousy, envy, hatred and animal desires. The man or woman 
 who condescends to the petty gossip and slander which unfor- 
 tunately form so large a part of conversation, is spiritually ugly ; 
 while they who give a word of kindly commendation, or speak a 
 forceful but unpleasant truth to serve a noble purpose, are beauti- 
 ful in the highest sense of the word. It is not only trifling and 
 disennobling, but it is positively criminal for any one to say aught 
 to the disadvantage of another, until he positively knows the 
 charge to be deserved ; and then he should speak not from motives 
 of malice or from a disposition to entertain his hearers, but with a 
 view to rouse tha,t public indignation or disgust which is often- 
 times the most effectual scourge of wrong-doing. It is natural for 
 any fairly generous man to think well of those of whom he has 
 learned no evil, but these instinctively kind opinions are constantly 
 blighted by injudicious or malignant remarks ; for there are to be 
 found multitudes of men and women who will ruin the reputation 
 of others with no other motive than the mere pleasure of ruining 
 them. How much more to be admired than such malignant crea- 
 tures, are those who cultivate the beauty of the mind, by contem- 
 plating the manifold charms of nature, — the blue vault studded 
 with starry worlds, which imagination peoples with spiritual 
 beings; the carpet of green adorned with myriad flowers with 
 which the wide fields are covered ; the wreaths of suow twining 
 the lofty brow of the mountain; the glistening of the morning 
 dew, the soft loveliness of twilight, the splendour of the rainbow, 
 and the glory of the clouds. 
 
 Mental beauty may be cultivated, not only by the study of 
 nature, but of literature and art; and spiritual beauty dawns 
 
H 
 
 upon every soul that is capable of apprehending though n v r so 
 incompletely, the efficient cause and final end of this great scheme 
 of things ; who is capable of seeing, as an English bard has finely 
 expressed it that — 
 
 "All are but parts of one stupendous whole, 
 Whose body, nature is, and God the soul." 
 
 There are those who entertain the belief, or at least the fear, that 
 the cultivation of the mind is inimical to the growth of the spirit- 
 ual nature. Such persons confound religion, which is nothing 
 more or less than love to God and man — with the petty, com- 
 plicated and superstitious dogmas of their own particular sect, and 
 as they have good reason to fear that these latter will suffer by 
 the growth of general intelligence, they decry the cultivation of. 
 the intellect as destructive to religion. All religious superstitions 
 must disappear as the enlightenment of the people becomes more 
 profound and general ; but on the other hand, there is abundant 
 cause for confident faith, that the growth of popular intelligence 
 will only increase that reverence for the human soul and for Him 
 who made the soul which constitutes the very essence of true 
 religion. The study of all branches of physics has a natural 
 tendency to lift the mind from the comtemplation of nature's laws, 
 to the great Law Giver ; and they who become acquainted, through 
 literature, with the mighty and virtuous deeds of the heroes of 
 past ages, are roused thereby to that noble emulation which is the 
 only true form of repentance, and which is the highest expression 
 of spiritual vitality. 
 
 Spiritual, or soul beauty, being superior to all others, is the 
 most worthy of cultivation. But as it is, in its nature, extremely 
 subtle, and peculiarly independent of all physical surroundings, it 
 is more difficult of description than either mental or physical 
 beauty. It is adumbrated more or less distinctly in the noble, 
 clear, and tranquil eye of the individual who possesses it ; while 
 mental beauty is manifested in the form of the nose, and the lines 
 of expression which lead from that feature. Physical beauty 
 resides chiefly in the permanent form of the boJy ; mental beauty 
 in the more noble parts — in the walk and other movements ; and 
 spiritual beauty in the exquisite, but evanescent, expressions of the 
 countenance, and particularly of the eye. This soul beauty, physi- 
 cally manifested in the eye, is the crowning grace of those who use 
 a strong and steadfast will, to effectuate pure and lofty moral pur- 
 poses. Of all the illustrious dead whom history holds up to fame, 
 none appear so truly — so immortally beautiful as those who have 
 bent all the energies of mind and body, and sacrifice 1 fortune, 
 friends, and life itself, to some great moral reform. There are 
 many circumstances which tend to unfold and make beautiful the 
 human soul, among which none are more richly productive than 
 severe trials, nobly endured. As various tools and different kinds 
 of processes are required to prepare wood, iron, and other raw 
 materials for the manufacture of a fine musical instrument, so 
 
15 
 
 various circumstances, such as troubles which cut into the soul, 
 and pleasures which, as it were, plane or smooth it down — all are 
 required to fit us, like fine instruments, to give forth spiritual 
 harmonies. But though sorrows and temptations are the spiritual 
 tools by which the highest virtues are, as it were, laboriously 
 worked out ; yet these tools, like the tools of a mechanic, must be 
 properly controlled, if they are to effectuate any desirable result. 
 
 From the many examples of mental beauty, I would select, for 
 citation, the great names of Bacon, Locke, Hume, Berkley, Des< 
 cartes, Leibnitz, Kant, Cousin, and Compte. Acceptable illustra- 
 trations of soul beauty are not so easily produced, since those types 
 of spiritual character which are admired as angelic by one class of 
 men, are regarded as Satanic, or at least as ridiculous, by another 
 class. I will, however, venture to suggest, as illustrations of 
 spiritual beauty, the names of Socrates, Plato, Howard, Wilber- 
 force, Fenelon, Channing, Mrs. Mary Washington, Mrs. Mary 
 Somerville, and Mrs. Mary Howitt. 
 
 Beauty of person without corresponding mental and spiritual 
 beauty, is like a flowering tree which bears no fruit — it pleases 
 the eye, only to disappoint the hope. And when the hope is dis- 
 appointed — when the " charms which strike the sight " are 
 unaccompanied by the " merit which wins the soul," then the 
 pleasurable emotions with which a beautiful person is at first 
 regarded are folloAved by contempt or disgust. On the other hand, 
 the most homely face grows beautiful, when it is the look-out of a 
 beautiful soul. For soul beauty, like a lighthouse on a desolate 
 shore, illuminates all within, while it sheds blessings on all with- 
 out. Many have been those who, though personally unattractive, 
 have been most beautiful in mind and soul. Such an one was 
 Dr. Jeremy Taylor — a man with salient and even homely features, 
 but with a soul rendered beautiful by charity, by liberal culture, 
 and by wide sympathy with his fellowmen. Hippocrates informs 
 us that Democritus was so indifferent to his personal appearance, 
 that the people of Abdera, among whom he lived, regarded him as 
 an uncouth madman; yet he was a humanitarian and a philosopher, 
 a devoted student of nature, and of the most noble learning of his 
 age. Those smooth, round facial outlines which are so essential 
 to beauty, usually indicate shallow minds, and inexperienced, 
 undisciplined souls. It is almost impossible for any one to pre- 
 serve such outlines who has lived a laborious life; and idleness is, of 
 itself, sufficient to fill the mind with foolish imaginations which lead 
 to dangerous desires, and too often end in gross and criminal actions. 
 
 In concluding this lecture, let me impress upon you this one con- 
 sideration, that while physical beauty is, as yet, the heritage of 
 few, and while even mental beauty is to a great extent a matter 
 of natural gift, yet spiritual beauty may be attained by all. Yes, 
 all of you who sit before me to-night, may, if you will perseveringly 
 do that which is right (whether you feel like it or not), develop a soul 
 as transparently pure as a dew drop, and as staunch as the rocks. 
 
THE SUBJOINED MEMORIAL WAS PRESENTED TO DR. J. SIMMS, AND 
 PRINTED IN THE "DAILY TELEGRAPH" OF LONDON. 
 
 London, England, November, 1873. 
 
 To Dr. J. Simms, of New York. 
 
 The course of fifteen unique lectures that you have so 
 ably delivered to deeply-interested audiences in London, have created an unusual interest 
 in the study of Physiognomy, as manifested in Man, Animal, and Vegetable Life. 
 
 The principles of Physiognomy that you have given during the lectures we believe to be 
 new, philosophical, and correct, and if generally adopted and lived in accordance with, by 
 the people, would promote the most worthy interests of humanity and improve the species. 
 
 As a testimonial of our esteem and respect, we cordially invite you to visit London again, 
 at your earliest convenience, and favour us with another course of your instructive and 
 valuable lectures. 
 
 W. 
 
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Philosophia Amoris et Matrimonii ; 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 PHILOSOPHY AM) FACTS OF 
 
 LOVE AND MARRIAGE, 
 
 A LECTURE 
 
 Author of " Nature's Revelations of Character" " A System of 
 Physiognomy" Several Scientific Lectures, &c. 
 
 Love, in its most general sense, may be described as a certain 
 attraction between mind and mind, or matter and matter. The 
 manifestations of this power may be thus classified : — 
 
 1. Attraction of Material Substances. 
 
 2. Sexual Desire. 
 
 3. Parental Affection. 
 
 4. Filial Affection. 
 
 5. Mental Congeniality. 
 
 6. Electric and Magnetic Harmony. 
 
 7. Spiritual Affinity. 
 
 1. The first — which it may seem strange to dignify with the 
 name of love — is common to all matter, even that which, so far as 
 
we know, is incapable of feeling. Two drops of water will move 
 towards each other and unite, if not hindered. If quicksilver is 
 poured on a perfectly level piece of glass, and then divided into 
 small globules, these will presently be seen running together again. 
 All material substances manifest this tendency to compact, which, 
 while it economizes space, increases the power of self-protection. 
 
 2. Sexual desire is common to all male aud female life, whether 
 animal or vegetable, and has for its object the perpetuation of the 
 species. 
 
 3. Parental affection is that instinctive love which secures to 
 the offspring the care and protection needful for the young of all 
 animal organizations. A remarkable example of this affection was 
 Virginius, who slew his daughter to save her from the lust of 
 Appius Claudius. 
 
 4. Filial affection is that clinging fondness which in childhood 
 wins and retains the parents' love so much needed. In maturer 
 years it is that grateful regard that goes to repay the parents' care 
 and solicitude. 
 
 5. Mental congeniality is found where the intellectual tastes of 
 two or more persons are alike ; as where there is a mutual love for 
 literature or science. A striking example of this was in the lady 
 who married M. Roland, not for what we usually call love, but 
 from respect for his intellectual character. The result was an 
 attachment so strong, that when Madame Roland was beheaded, 
 he stabbed himself to death, unable to survive the separation. 
 But if, in a married couple, one has a love for the fine arts, while 
 the other has no tastes above the gains of trade, the tendency of 
 such different predilections will be to draw their affections apart 
 in a manner ruinous to conjugal felicity. 
 
 6. Electrical and Magnetic Harmony is of great importance for 
 maintaining a perpetual attraction between husband and wife. Its 
 absence is apt to freeze the finer feelings that belong to the conju- 
 gal relation. As long as one of the parties in wedlock is highly 
 magnetic, and the other quite electrical, they are well adapted to 
 each other, so far as these conditions can fit them for married life. 
 The contrary, however, is the case when both are either largely 
 magnetic or highly electric. It is a mistake to suppose, as some 
 half-instructed people do, that electricity and magnetism in the 
 human subject are the same ; and the limits of this lecture do not 
 admit of a full explanation of the matter. Suffice it to say that 
 the signs of abundant magnetism in the human constitution are 
 warmth and attractiveness ; while the indications of electrical pre- 
 dominance are strength, energy, and courage. Electricity prepon- 
 derating renders a human being positive ; where magnetism 
 dominates, he is negative. A well-known law of these agents is 
 that the positive and negative attract each other ; whereas two 
 positives or two negatives are mutually repellant. This law holds 
 good in the human body as in all other forms of matter. How 
 unwise, then, to bind by law in the most intimate relationship a 
 man and woman who, being both either positive or negative, have 
 in their very nature a tendency to become repulsive to each other ! 
 
He who thus marries with the hope of a golden sun rising on his 
 nuptial morn and increasing to the perfect day, will find that he 
 has rushed upon a dark night of sorrow and despair. Such mar- 
 riages are generally contracted either from purely mercenary 
 motives, or for the gratification of sensual appetite ; and we know 
 that the wedlock which has no other parentage than animal desire, 
 is likely soon to become an unsheltered orphan. 
 
 Men with large bones and a well-developed thorax are usually 
 electrical. Muscular women with large abdominal development 
 generally abound in magnetism. These conditions may be 
 reversed. A woman, having relatively large bones and thorax, 
 may be electrical; and a man, having the muscular and abdominal 
 developments predominating, may generate an abundance of mag- 
 netism. Electricity serves to regulate magnetism, and vice versa; 
 so that a husband and wife properly adapted in these respects will 
 be healthy and happy if other circumstances are suitable. Elect- 
 ricity is an ever active force pervading all matter, and occasionally 
 becoming highly excited, as it does when equalizing itself by the 
 aid of magnetism in those discharges which we call lightning. 
 Electricity passes round the earth simultaneously in two opposite 
 directions parallel with the equator. This can be very simply 
 demonstrated by bringing the positive and negative poles of a 
 battery near to each other, with a common card between them. 
 When the spark has passed from one pole to the other, it will be 
 found on close examination that the hole made in the card has its 
 edges turned outwards on both sides, proving that the electric dis- 
 charge passed both ways simultaneously. What is true in the 
 general is also true in the particular ; and reason teaches us to 
 look for the same results in the small battery of marriage as in the 
 great battery of the globe on which we live. To produce healthy 
 and happy results from marriage, the battery must be in accord- 
 ance with the great natural law of positive and negative ; then 
 may we look for a harmonious life and fine children. The top end 
 of everything in nature is positive, and the lower is negative. To 
 demonstrate this, hold a bar of iron, two feet long, and about an 
 inch in diameter, in a vertical position, and bring a small compass 
 to the top end of it. The north point of the needle will be 
 attracted ; and if the iron bar be then drawn upwards until the 
 lower end is opposite the compass, the needle will be seen to turn, 
 and the south end will stand next to the bar. When this mag- 
 netic test is applied to a human being, it is found that his upper 
 portion is positive, and the lower negative. Hence, as we have 
 said, a man with a relatively large calvarium and thorax will find 
 his opposite and remunerative partner in a woman with the lower 
 face and abdomen large in proportion. The day is rapidly 
 approaching when mankind will study and respect the physical 
 laws of the Creator no less than the moral, having learned that 
 both were equally designed for the happiness of all who obey them. 
 
 7. Spiritual Affinity. Before a man and woman enter into the 
 marriage relation, they should be assured that their spiritual 
 natures are developed in nearly the same measure ; and that their 
 
religious beliefs will harmonize. Husband and wife should worship 
 at the same altar, be it in a building called a church or in the 
 great temple of nature. A Roman Catholic and a Protestant 
 united in wedlock are in danger of frequent discord, unless blessed 
 with an unusual share of liberality and good sense ; because the 
 beliefs round which their higher nature centres are so dissimilar. 
 Protestantism and Roman Catholicism have been at war ever since 
 both have had an existence, and now they are struggling for supre- 
 macy in every Christian country. The war is everywhere in 
 thought ; in most places has got the length of words ; in some is 
 developed in deeds of coercion ; but it is to be feared that within 
 a few years it will break out in a sanguinary and dreadful conflict 
 between state and church, or between free and conservative 
 thought. All such agitations have in bygone times terminated in 
 bloodshed. I remember the years when the question of negro 
 slavery in North America created only great mental excitement, 
 and a war of words. But I lived to see the dreadful struggle that 
 settled the question. It seems to me that Lord Derby and 
 Earl Russell have sufficiently apprized the public that they appre- 
 hend a war at no distant period, from some unnamed cause. But 
 everyone foresees that religious opinions will be the main element 
 in the strife. Still hoping against my better judgment, I pray 
 that such a war may yet be distant. However, let young lovers 
 be wise, and not marry under circumstances likely to engender 
 more misery in the future than they have ever done in the past. 
 
 While on the subject of love, let me say that the eyes are the 
 banners of Cupid. The way in which their form denotes the 
 quality of love one possesses is described in my lecture on Language 
 and Love. The love of a virtuous, modest, intelligent woman is 
 enchanting ; and when the charms of beauty are added, she sur- 
 passes the brightness of the glittering stars of heaven. Open 
 thine eyes to the tender purity of love ; it will shed light on thy 
 pathway, and fit thee to receive the most blessed impressions. 
 Love is the great bond of society ; and he who would shed pleasure 
 and honour on the world around him should yield himself to its 
 tenderest ties. Few there be in our days who love so devotedly 
 as did Jacob when he laboured fourteen years for his Rachel ; and 
 we do not recommend the passion of Romeo for Juliet, or of Alma- 
 viva for Rosina ; but rather that constant and devoted affection 
 that Tiberius Gracchus manifested for his wife Cornelia. History 
 records some extraordinary examples of conjugal love, as C. Plau- 
 tius Numida, a senator of Rome, who, on hearing of the death of 
 his wife, slew himself with his sword ; and Portia, who desired to 
 follow her husband whether in war or peace, and refusing to sur- 
 vive him, thrust burning coals into her mouth till suffocation ended 
 her life. To come nearer home, let us rather commend such love 
 as Her Majesty Queen Victoria has manifested for the late Prince 
 Consort, in no sudden or shocking outburst, but a life-long love 
 and sorrow. In contrast with the above examples may be men- 
 tioned that of Nero, who, for some trivial offence, kicked his wife 
 
5 
 
 Poppaea Sabina in such wise that she died ; and Periander of 
 Corinth, who threw his wife on the ground and trod her to death. 
 
 Love is so persuasive and attractive that there are few of the fair 
 sex thut will not return the affection of a good man. Then the 
 manners polish, the tones of voice become mellow and subdued ; 
 the intellect acquires clearness, and every noble spark in the soul 
 is fanned into a flame. Such love often results in marriage ; but 
 marriage not seldom takes place where there is no love, as when a 
 man marries for money or social position. He who does so is at 
 once imprudent for himself and cruel towards his partner. He is 
 like one who cuts down a tree to obtain the fruit ; his future happi- 
 ness is destroyed for a present advantage ; and the woman he has 
 wedded has got but a soulless carcase as her companion for life. 
 To the honour of woman be it said that unless influenced by her 
 relatives she is less open to the seductions of wealth, and clispbse 
 to be more true to the loving instincts of her nature. But too 
 many parents in our day set their hearts chiefly on rich husbands 
 for their daughters, regardless of the state of their affections. 
 This is virtually selling the girls to the highest bidder, and reduces 
 the most solemn contracts of civilized life to a level with the usages 
 of barbarism. In Egypt, Syria, and Turkey women are commonly 
 bought for wives. So in Circassia, Tibet, and all over China. 
 Sir Samuel Baker says that in some parts of Africa a wife may be 
 bought for thirteen needles. This is honest trading in women as 
 chattels or live stock, differing only in the price and the manner 
 of sale from the chicanery of mama and papa in countries called 
 civilized. Those who thus marry persons they do not love are 
 likely soon to love those to whom they are not married. A hell 
 on earth is the consequence, however the fact may be disguised. 
 To girls whose affections have not yet been blighted, I am tempted 
 to say, do not allow yourselves to be bartered for a palatial man- 
 sion, the position of a lady, or the wealth of gold and silver. 
 Marry for love and nothing else, if you marry at all. Yes — by all 
 means marry ; it will develop your character as nothing else can. 
 To live with another, learning to bear and forbear, takes us out of 
 self, and gives the most powerful motives to virtuous life, and 
 noble aspirings. Nothing develops the human soul like the love 
 of a wedded pair for each other and for their offspring. To pro- 
 pagate human beings aright, and prepare their souls and our own 
 for the life immortal, is far nobler work than to lend one's thoughts 
 for tinkering up the imperfect souls and bodies that are brought 
 into the world by improper marriages contracted through ignorance 
 of physiological laws. 
 
 Yet whoever would rise to the highest eminence in literature, 
 science, or art, should not marry, but devote his whole strength to 
 the task before him. One mistress at a time is enough for any 
 man ; and he who makes a devoted husband or lover is not likely 
 to rise above mediocrity in any purely mental occupation. It is a 
 fact that most of the men and women who have attained great 
 intellectual eminence, and especially those who have excelled in 
 the plastic arts, have either been unmarried or married unhappily. 
 
6 
 
 In the latter case they have been, as it were, driven from the social 
 into the intellectual life with such force that they have for that 
 very reason excelled. There have been many who have married 
 after rising to eminence by giving their undivided attention to one 
 pursuit ; and if they have married happily we hear little about 
 them ; unless, indeed, such a man finds a wife able and willing to 
 join heartily in his pursuits, and so organised electrically and mag- 
 netically as to be his opposite in these hidden forces — a counter- 
 part and source of attraction. Need it be said that such cases are 
 very rare ; and that it would be difficult to exemplify the doctrine 
 we are propounding by reference to facts, because the miseries of 
 married life are generally hidden from the world, and most couples 
 endeavour with more or less success to gain the reputation of being 
 happy in each other. Nevertheless it may be taken as certain 
 that many whose conjugal infelicity is unsuspected, have been by 
 their mental sufferings on this score driven to a more entire 
 devotedness to intellectual pursuits. If any short-sighted critic 
 endeavours to controvert this argument by citing examples of 
 happily married persons eminent in literature, science, or art, the 
 answer is that if his evidence is but negative, founded on assump- 
 tion without intimate and positive knowledge, it goes for nothing. 
 As examples of spinsters who have attained to eminence and gained 
 high renown may be mentioned Joan of Arc, Queen Elizabeth of 
 England, Elizabeth Carter, Hannah More, Caroline Lucretia 
 Herschel, Joanna Baillie, Jane Porter, Catherine Brown, Agnes 
 Strickland, Charlotte Cashman, Elizabeth Blackwell, Rosa Bon- 
 heur, Laura Bridgman, Harriet Hosmer, and many others. 
 
 Among eminent bachelors — Thales, Diogenes, Praxiteles, Saint 
 Paul, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Francis Petrarch, John 
 Wycliffe, Leonardo Da Vinci, Erasmus, Baccio Delia Porta, 
 Cardinal Wolsey, Nicholas Copernicus, Lodovico Ariosto, Raphaele, 
 Francois Rabelais, Cardinal Pole, George Buchanan, Joseph Justus 
 Scaliger, Galileo (had a son), Richelieu, Thomas Hobbes, Peter 
 Gassendi, Rene Descartes, Gelee (Claude Loraine), Peter Cor- 
 neille, Robert Boyle, Jaques B. Bossuet, John Locke, Sir Isaac 
 Newton, Leibnitz, Fenelon, L. A. Muratori", Alexander Pope, 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, Bishop Butler, Voltaire, Abbe Rollet, 
 David Hume, Jean Jacques Rousseau, D'Alembert, Dr. Adam 
 Smith, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Immanuel Kant, Oliver Goldsmith, 
 William Cowper, Gibbon, Antonio Canova, Hon. William Pitt, 
 John Dalton, Baron Alexander Von Humboldt, Ludwig Von 
 Beethoven, Thorwaldsen, J. M. Turner, James Montgomery, 
 Charles Lamb, Hugues F. R. de Lamennais, Washington Irving, 
 Nicholas Paganini, Lord Macaulay, Vincenzo Bellini, J. H. New- 
 man, D.D., Jean B. Henri Lacordaire, Sir Edwin Landseer, 
 Edgar Allan Poe, Henry Herbert Spencer. To this list could be 
 added the names of all the Popes, Cardinals, and Romish priests. 
 
 Among unhappily married women who have arrived at emi- 
 nence may be mentioned Elizabeth Rowe, Madame de Stael, 
 Mrs. Hemans, Letitia E. Landon (L.E.L.), Madame Dudevant 
 (George band), Anna Jameson, Mrs. Sigourney, &c. 
 
So can we strengthen our position by pointing to numbers of 
 eminent men who were unhappily married. For example — King 
 Solomon, Socrates, Flavius Josephus (twice divorced), Dante, 
 Niccolo Machiavelli, Albert Drurer, Michel de Montaigne, Sir 
 Edward Coke, Lord Francis Bacon (divorced), William Shakes- 
 peare, John Kepler, John Milton, Jean B. P. Moliere, Sir Samuel 
 Morland, John Dryden, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Dean Swift, Addison, 
 John Wesley, Laurence Sterne, Denys Diderot, Sir Richard Ark- 
 wright, Franz Joseph Haydn, Linnaeus, Hon. Thomas Erskine, 
 Mirabeau, Lord Nelson, Francois A. Chateaubriand, Napoleon I., 
 Duke of Wellington, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Auguste 
 Comte, Count D'Orsay, Lord Edward Bulwer Lytton, Abraham 
 Lincoln, Horace Greely, Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, Edwin 
 Forest, Joaquin Miller, John Buskin (divorced). 
 
 A fifth class would include nearly all the eminent persons not 
 embraced in the foregoing. They are such as Michael Angelo, 
 Murillo, Velasquez, Schiller, Ole Bull, and Jenny Lind, who 
 gained celebrity in the single state and afterwards married. 
 
 Still another class would include those who, being reduced to 
 widowhood, devoted themselves to intellectual pursuits, did good 
 work, and rose to eminence. 
 
 Marriage, in its broadest sense, is the legal act by which a man 
 and woman become husband and wife. Marry literally means to 
 provide with a male ; and this could of course be done in the way 
 of promiscuous intercourse, which was doubtless the earliest mode 
 of multiplying the species. History tells us that Menes, the first 
 king of Egypt, and the founder of Memphis, instituted marriage 
 about 4500 years ago. He may have done so from a selfish desire 
 to keep a large number of women for himself; or for the more 
 benevolent purpose of promoting peace and good order among his 
 people, and of preventing the diseases that are propagated by indis- 
 criminate sexual intercourse. Whatever was the motive of its 
 originator, marriage of some sort must be admitted to be a prime 
 necessity of society ; that without which the nations would relapse 
 into vice and anarchy ; or at best into that low state of civilization 
 which preceded the institution of marriage. People then lived in 
 small tribes, neither able nor willing to establish great and power- 
 ful governmental compacts, such as now secure both individual and 
 national rights, and bring the collective wisdom and power of 
 communities into harmonious working and intellectual progress. 
 Some system of marriage is necessary j but that which has long 
 obtained in those countries that take the lead in civilization 
 appears to be losing its hold on the people who have submitted to 
 it. We infer this from the increasing number of divorces, and 
 also of voluntary separations, as where the husband is in business 
 in London or New York while the wife is in France or Italy, if 
 not in some rural seclusion in her own country ; both parties 
 apparently as well satisfied as when they lived together, yet not 
 seeming to have any serious quarrel. 
 
 The Divorce Court was established in Britain in 1858. The 
 number of divorces actually granted in England was 24 in the 
 
8 
 
 year 1850; it amounted to 103 in 1860; to 154 in 1870; and 
 215 in 1873. But these figures represent only a small proportion 
 of the petitions presented for such divorce. The judicial separa- 
 tions were 22, 25, 22, and 23 in the above years respectively ; show- 
 ing that while the desire of complete freedom with power to marry 
 again is on the increase, the demand for separation without this 
 privilege continues much the same. On the other side of the 
 Atlantic the marriage tie seems to be still oftener severed. It is 
 said that in Rhode Island and in Connecticut one out of every 
 eleven married couples have been divorced. This increase of 
 divorce is evidence either that our marriage system is faulty, or 
 that the people are growing more immoral. The latter I deny. 
 True, our public papers abound with reports of drunkenness, 
 assault, and murder, but this is not because these things are on 
 the increase ; it is that there is more opportunity both for ascer- 
 taining and publishing the facts than there used to be. Statistics 
 show a steady increase of the population of England, and a decrease 
 of crime. In 1868 there were 15,033 criminal convictions in Eng- 
 land and Wales ; the next year, 14,340; the next, 12,953; the 
 next, 11,946 ; the next, 10,862 ; and in 1873 there were 11,089. 
 In Scotland, the criminal convictions hi 1860 were 2414 ; in 1870 
 they were 2400 ; and in 1873 they were 2230. In Ireland there 
 were 3350 in 1858 ; but 2542 in 1873. These figures would go 
 to prove a diminution of crime ; and we conclude that the increase 
 of divorce arises from the fact that the present system is found 
 more and more to be unsuitable. The remedy may be difficult, 
 but I shall offer a few suggestions on the subject. Marriage might 
 be made a purely civil contract, properly witnessed, and rendered 
 law-abiding by being recorded in the nearest town or city clerk's 
 office; such marriage to be annulled by the said clerk whenever 
 both parties desire release. The disposal of the property and the 
 custody of the children would require to be provided for. My 
 suggestion would be that the amount of property held by each 
 should be registered with the fact of the marriage ; and if the man 
 had property and the woman none, then at the separation the 
 woman should receive a hundredth part of her husband's property 
 for every year she had lived with him ; and vice versa if the 
 woman had property and the man none. If one had more than 
 the other, then the sum possessed by the poorer partner to be 
 deducted, and the hundredths as aforesaid to come out of the 
 remainder. "With respect to the children : — An only child to go 
 to the mother ; the second to the father ; the third to the mother, 
 and so on. In case only one of the parties desires release, that 
 party to file an application, and at the end of three months bring 
 evidence to support it. If the officer deem the cause insufficient, 
 the case to stand over for a year, when, if the party still demand 
 divorce, he should be obliged to grant it. 
 
 As the marriage law stands at present in English-speaking 
 countries, parties can choose when to enter the marriage state, but 
 getting free from it is a great difficulty. But freedom of thought 
 is as sweet at one time as another ; and, forasmuch as the body is 
 
9 
 
 our own as much as our mind, a man or woman should have free- 
 dom to use the one as well as the other, if this can be done without 
 infringing on the rights of another. Wedlock is made slavery by 
 the present system of indissoluble marriages ; the increase of 
 divorces testify to its irksomeness ; and unless it be remedied it 
 will in time do away with marriage altogether. 
 
 Some who have never viewed the matter in this light may sup- 
 pose that if the tie of wedlock could be so easily undone, it would 
 ruin the fabric of domestic life, destroying confidential faith, 
 mutual obligations, and family discipline. To these timid people 
 I reply that proof to the contrary is found among the beautiful 
 blue-eyed, pearly-teethed, raven-tressed Druesses, inhabiting a 
 portion of the Lebanon mountains in Syria. The religious opinions 
 of this intelligent and powerful tribe are neither Christian nor 
 Mahommedan, but a selection from both creeds. They marry 
 early ; say the male at 16 and the female at 14. Each man takes 
 only one wife, and has the absolute power of divorcing her when 
 he pleases, paying her the dowry stipulated before marriage. Yet 
 divorces are rare among them ; much more so in proportion to the 
 population than in English-speaking countries. The bride is 
 warranted virtuous by her mother at the time of espousal ; and if 
 «he prove unfaithful, she is condemned by her father, and 
 beheaded, generally by her eldest brother. 
 
 Contrast this with the state of Great Britain, where numbers 
 of men remain unmarried, and the spinsters would form a large 
 army. In 1871, there were 879,944 more females than males in 
 Great Britain and Ireland. The ladies of the British Isles are 
 very attractive ; but numbers of young men regard marriage as a 
 legal trap — once in, no release. If it were made less difficult to 
 get out of, people would not be so much afraid to enter, and this 
 very freedom would conduce much to make them endeavour to 
 retain the affections they have won. As for the evil of breaking 
 up families, if they desire separation no misery can be greater 
 than enforced cohabitation ; and the effect of continual quarrelling 
 upon the domestic circle must be at once painful and injurious. 
 The sooner it is broken up the better. 
 
 Marriage is of various kinds : — 
 
 1. Polygamous — that is where a man marries more than one 
 wife. There is a tribe in New Zealand who compel the man who 
 marries one daughter to take all her sisters. Solomon, David, and 
 several other Biblical characters seem to have been polygamists. 
 In our own day the Mahommedan inhabitants of Turkey, Egypt, 
 and the neighbouring countries may take several wives ; in China 
 a man can have only one, but as many concubines as he pleases. 
 The Kafir of South Africa is obliged to accept as many as his 
 neighbours choose to send him from among their daughters ; but 
 he makes them work while he idles and smokes. The Mormons 
 of North America, though mostly Europeans, maintain polygamy 
 with religious zeal. But it does not seem adapted to the condition 
 of white races in cool climates ; and a strong argument against it 
 is that the number of males and females born is nearly equal, 
 
10 
 
 indicating that Nature intended one woman for each man. It 
 appears, however, that in Turkey and some parts of Asia the 
 female births preponderate, which would be a fact in favour of poly- 
 gamy in those regions. It cannot be shown that immorality is 
 necessarily the result of this state of society ; neither can it be 
 averred that it has always been under Divine prohibition. It was 
 practiced by some of the best characters delineated in the Bible; Jk 
 and was tolerated, and in some cases enjoined, by the law of Moses^ wM^ 
 However, according to the usages of modern civilization, N one wife ii.. A 
 is generally as much as a man can care for as he ought. More- 
 over, polygamy does not treat women as men desire to be treated " ^ \ l $ y 
 themselves ; for what man would like to share the bed of his wife 
 with eighteen or twenty others, to say nothing of the Kedive of 
 Egypt's 350 ] When we men fancy ourselves in a position similar 
 to the woman who has the twentieth part of a husband we seri- 
 ously object ! Besides, polygamy lowers the position of woman ; 
 and when we consider how elevating and improving is her influ- 
 ence on the community when she enjoys the position of equality 
 with the other sex, we close the argument against polygamy for 
 ever. 
 
 2. Polyandral marriage is where one woman can have many 
 husbands ; and strange as this appears to us, it actually obtains in 
 certain parts of Asia. In Thibet it prevails to such an extent 
 that almost every matron has several husbands, these being gene- 
 rally brothers. In Ceylon if a rich woman marries several poor 
 brothers, she takes them all to her house ; but if a poor woman 
 marries a wealthier family she goes home to them. Humboldt 
 states that polyandry prevails among the tribes of the Orinoco in 
 South America ; also among the Avaroes and the Maypures. We 
 hear of it in New Zealand, in Paraguay, in the Aleutian Islands, 
 in Upper India, in Lasser, and various other places. Moreover, 
 we have records of its practice among the Germans, the Picts, and 
 the Irish of early times. This only shows into what absurdities a 
 people may be plunged by fashion and custom ; and how the most 
 unnatural and repulsive usages may become familiar, and appear 
 even laudable. 
 
 3. Communal marriages are where a whole community agree to 
 cohabit as they desire, have husbands and wives as well as all 
 other possessions and rights in common. Several ancient writers 
 mention examples of this social condition ; and there is now such 
 a community about four miles from Oneida, in the State of New 
 York. Having visited the place myself, I am satisfied they are 
 as industrious, orderly, temperate, intelligent, and healthy, as any 
 other people. They number several hundred members, have a nice 
 clean village, schools, a lecture hall, silk and iron factories, and 
 several hundred acres of fertile land. A very prosperous Swedish 
 community of the same kind is established in the north-western 
 part of Illinois. They have a large tract of exceedingly rich land, 
 raise everything necessary to eat, and manufacture all they require 
 to wear. In both the above settlements there is freedom for any 
 member to withdraw, but very few leave. The above-mentioned 
 
11 
 
 people live together in communities, having sexual intercourse as 
 well as everything else in common. Even in England this has 
 been tried. Mrs. Girling, a Suffolk woman of the labouring class, 
 gathered, it is said, above 100 near New Forest. Not being pro- 
 prietors of the land, however, they were ejected, and may have 
 difficulty in obtaining a settlement elsewhere. Besides the com- 
 munity of property, they have kissing, jumping, &c, as part of 
 their religious exercises. 
 
 The French Communists (more correctly destructionists), who 
 lately destroyed so much valuable property in Paris, were in hopes 
 of establishing general and equal rights, if not social intercourse. 
 
 The great objection to this system is that such societies must be 
 small and secluded, which tends to narrowness and ultimate dete- 
 rioration. Hence it is not the best system of marriage, though 
 far superior to polygamy and polyandry. 
 
 4. Monogamous marriage is that common to almost all Christian 
 nations — one man marrying one woman. Though not wholly free 
 from objection, there is much in its favour, and it is certainly the 
 best.. It tends to prevent the spread of venereal disease ; it places 
 man and woman on an equality, or nearly so ; and gives every one 
 a fair chance of obtaining a companion. As it is needless to dwell 
 on matters so generally understood, I proceed to give some hints 
 on consanguineous marriages. 
 
 In all animal life, the great secret of improving the species is 
 crossing the blood. Men have long understood this in reference 
 to the domestic animals, and have learned to select such combina- 
 tions as to improve the stock. Why has not this been more care- 
 fully studied in relation to mankind 1 By the same law the breed- 
 ing in, as it is called, deteriorates the race, whether it be man, dog, 
 or monkey ; and the greater the crossing the more perceptible the 
 effect on the offspring. Wherever the blood of different races of 
 men commingles in a temperate climate, the tendency is to relax 
 the whole system ; and this produces blue eyes, light hair, fair 
 complexion, larger stature, and that desire for change which leads 
 to progress. The difference between a blue eye and a black is 
 that in the black the sclerotic and other coats are more tensely 
 drawn. This can be demonstrated in the eye of an ox by taking 
 it out of the head, and pulling the sclerotic coat at the back ; the 
 colour instantly becomes black ; but on relaxing the tension, it 
 recovers its natural light colour. The relaxation from crossing 
 the blood extends to the whole system, and produces a larger 
 growth ; this increase of stature gives improved strength ; and 
 the addition of cultivation renders the hair fine. The inferior and 
 uncultivated races have always black eyes and coarse hair. On 
 the other hand, consider the people of Great Britain. Every 
 schoolboy ought to know that the earliest known inhabitants were 
 Celts or Arabs ; and that among these came Picts, Romans, 
 Saxons, Scandinavians, and Normans before the middle ages. 
 This already mixed race is now intermarrying with the nations of 
 continental Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. And what is the 
 result ] Why, that Great Britain has tha linest, largest, healthiest, 
 
12 
 
 and best-muscled men in the world. I have travelled in each of the 
 States, and almost all the Territories of America j also in Canada, 
 and in every country of Europe ; have visited Asia and Africa 
 each three times, and have spent some time in Great Britain. In 
 no direction have I seen such large, cleanly, well-deporting 
 soldiers as in Britain. Some others may be better fighters ; but 
 they are not so high a type of humanity, even as the tiger is a 
 better fighter than the ox, but not so advanced a specimen of 
 animal life. 
 
 If we take commerce as one indication of the strength, civiliza- 
 tion, and general advancement of a people, we have the fact that 
 the tonnage of sea-going steamships in the whole world is 
 5,244,888, and more than half of this belongs to Britain. The 
 sailing vessels of the world have a tonnage of 14,521,630, of 
 which more than a-third is B itish. The American shipping 
 ranks next; then the Norwegian, Italian, French, German, 
 Spanish, Greek, and down to that of the Asiatic or unmixed races, 
 who have the least commerce of all. So much for enterprise. 
 Then as to intellect, Britain has produced more men whose works 
 have attracted the attention of the world at large than any other 
 country. Witness Newton, Bacon, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron, 
 Macaulay, Scott, Dickens, Owen, Darwin, and others. If, again, 
 we take the rareness of murder as evincing a high type of human- 
 ity, the murders in England are in the proportion of one to 178,000; 
 in Holland, one to 163,000 ; after these Prussia, Austria, Spain, 
 and Naples, in order ; till we find murders in Rome as one for 
 every 750 of the population. At the present day the people of 
 the United States are mingling their blood rapidly with Negroes 
 and Indians, besides European and other settlers. Already they 
 are tall, strong, enterprising, intelligent, inventive, and progressive. 
 They are marching right up the hill of improvement ; but their 
 full development will appear only when time shall have given due 
 effect to the blood mixture of the race. Some people claim for 
 religion that it has done all this work. But why then does not 
 religion elevate the devout Arab, and the superstitious Spaniard, 
 and make them progressive 1 Try the effect of religion, the very 
 purest, sincerely embraced by a Negro couple united in wedlock, 
 and see whether the children have straighter hair, or fairer com- 
 plexion than other Negroes. But let the Negro marry a white 
 woman, the children will be fair, and generally more clever than 
 either parent. Let the mulattoes marry, and their offspring will 
 generally be lighter complexioned, and more susceptable of educa- 
 tional influences than the parents. When the North American 
 Indians intermarry with white people, they soon rise in the scale 
 of civilization. Witness the Cherokees, who are half-breevls ; they 
 live in houses, and have schools, churches, printing-presses ; they 
 have invented an alphabet, and print a newspaper in their own 
 language. Why did the ancient Romans prosper and rise to such 
 eminence in literature and art? Because they took to themselves 
 women in every country they conquered. The Greeks did the 
 same thing; and their works in poetry and sculpture are not 
 excelled at this day. 
 
13 
 
 Change of blood produces change of thought. A quiet, sensible 
 man becomes a maniac and a demon, as soon as a few glasses of 
 strong whisky have passed from the stomach into the blood ; and 
 if such a change can be produced in a few minutes by certain 
 elements thrown into the blood, what revolutions may not be 
 expected from the mixtures introduced by matrimonial crossings 
 continued through several generations'? It is said that the fine 
 large Durham cattle which are annually exhibited as choice speci- 
 mens of English skill in breeding, are the product of small gnarly 
 beasts that through several generations have been properly crossed 
 and carefully nurtured. On the other hand the diminutive sheep, 
 cows, and ponies of the Shetland Isles, are so chiefly owing to 
 their isolated position, in consequence of which they are always 
 inbred. Even the fruits of the earth acknowledge the same law; 
 the finest apples came originally from the sour crab ; and the most 
 luscious plums from the wild red one. 
 
 All civilized nations hold that marriage among blood relations 
 tends to deterioration, and should not be permitted. Some even 
 of the inferior races recognize the principle. There are four great 
 classes among the natives of Australia ; these are subdivided each 
 into six or eight clans; and no one may marry a woman of his own 
 clan. On the other hand, there are tribes living secluded on 
 islands; and these, like the Aztecs of Central America, have 
 intermarried with their kinsfolk, till they have become dwarfs in 
 stature and imbeciles in intellect. 
 
 I repeat here what I stated last year in a lecture before the 
 Anthropological Society of London, that undoubtedly all the 
 inhabitants of the United States, whose ancestors have lived there 
 for five generations, or eight at furthest, have more or less of 
 Indian blood in their veins. And in reply to those who regard 
 this mixture as adverse to intellectual improvement, we may cite 
 the case of Mrs. Henry Rowe Schoolcroft, who was a half- blooded 
 Indian, and a superior scholar. She wrote nearly all of that large 
 work published as her husband's on the Indians of North America. 
 Also Catherine Brown, a half-blooded Cherokee, whose parents 
 could neither speak English nor write, learned to read and write in 
 three months, which exceeds everything on record in America or 
 any other country concerning rapid progress. She became a 
 successful teacher and author; pure as sunlight in her personal 
 character, and an eminent Christian philanthropist. 
 
 With respect to forms of marriage it may suffice to remark that 
 the reports of the Registrar-General of England indicate a steady 
 decrease in the number of marriages celebrated in churches, and an 
 increase of rites purely civil. The latter were 2 3 per cent, 
 in 1841-1845; 8-9 per cent, in 186G-1870; and 9*7 per cent, in 
 1871. 
 
 In Scotland marriage may be contracted without religious rites, 
 by the parties going to a justice of the peace, and accepting each 
 other as husband and wife. His certificate is binding, even if the 
 couple do not live together. Cohabitation alone is held to be 
 marriage in Scotland, if there has been either a promise of marriage 
 
li 
 
 beforehand, or an acknowledgment of it afterwards. It is the 
 same in the State of New York. A couple can marry themselves 
 by simply declaring that they are husband and wife. The Indians 
 of America, like most other savage tribes, have a vast amount of 
 ceremony about marriage. But why should not civilized nations 
 adopt the mode which is at once the simplest, the easiest, and the 
 best, abandoning all those ceremonies which are the relics of 
 barbarism? How often is a worshipping congregation wearied 
 with listening to the banns of all the washerwomen, cooks, and 
 chambermaids in the parish who intend to contract marriage with 
 the hostlers, grooms, footmen, and others. The English Marriage 
 Law Commisioners have expressed their opinion that publications 
 of banns are valueless as safeguards, while they form an unseemly 
 interruption of Divine service. It would seem far better that a 
 couple desiring marriage should simply go to a justice of the peace 
 or other appointed civil authority, declaring their wish to marry, 
 and their consent to live together as long as they can agree, and 
 let him thereupon pronounce them married persons. Where no 
 marriage recognized by law has taken place, the children resulting 
 from cohabitation are held to be illegitimate. The Registrar- 
 General for England in 1871 reports that a woman, being ques- 
 tioned respecting her children, said, " Let's see — first wor a chance 
 un ; second wor a chance un ; third wor all right; this is the fourth. " 
 Another known to be illegitimate herself, applied for parish relief 
 when her sixth bastard was born. Her mother being present, was 
 asked if she ever had illegitimate children. "Yes, your honour; 
 six." "Are you not ashamed of yourself!" "Ashamed? No; 
 I've work'd for 'em, and 'ave kep' 'em; why should I be ashamed?" 
 There are in England about 800,000 children born every year, 
 and 119,594 die within the first twelve months of life. There were 
 44,775 illegitimate births recorded in England in 1874; but these 
 are on the decrease. There are few either in Britain or America 
 free from illegitimate blood ; and if they would trace it out, they 
 might learn to be more charitable to erring ones. 
 
 When to marry is a somewhat difficult point to settle, because 
 one is fit at 18, another at 25, and a few, never. Early marriages 
 seem to me to be desirable; at least those intending marriage 
 should complete it before their opinions and habits have become so 
 fixed that they cannot bend or conform to the differing but 
 reasonable ways of another. Too great disparity of age militates 
 greatly against comfort, and sooner or later brings in jealousy, that 
 bane of conjugal felicity. Yet how often do we see January 
 wedded to June, crabbed and withered age united to blooming 
 youth. In England in the year 1871, 238 men and 32 women 
 married at 70 years of age and upwards ; several of them were 80 
 or more ; and one widower above 90 was united to a woman of 50. 
 The average age for men marrying or re-marrying was 27*9; and 
 for women 25'7 years. The same report informs us that 35 
 spinsters were only 15. An elderly person is apt to be philosophic, 
 while the youthful mind delights in facts and superficial knowledge, 
 impatient of the examination of principles. It is well if this 
 
15 
 
 difference is the only occasion of estrangement in an unequally- 
 matched pair. The young woman naturally loves the company of 
 the young j and if she indulges her feelings, the old man becomes 
 jealous, and of course testy, pettish, distrustful, and so unsettled 
 in mind as to be little fit for business. On the other hand, when 
 wives become a prey to jealousy, they become suspicious, watchful, 
 irritable, and disposed to whine and weep. So perishes from sight 
 every noble and beautiful characteristic. Jealousy has often led to 
 murder ; as in the case of Justine, esteemed one of the finest 
 women in Rome. She married a man who, in a fit of jealous 
 madness, cut off her head with his sword. A trivial matter, 
 especially if there is any mystery or concealment about it, may 
 give rise to fatal jealousy. History records that Eudoxia, the 
 beautiful wife of the emperor Theodosius, gave an apple to one 
 Paulinus, and denied it when questioned by her husband; but he, 
 obtaining proof of the fact, put Paulinus to death, and banished 
 her from the imperial bed. Wives, by all means speak the truth to 
 your husbands, or remain silent. 
 
 When a Frenchman suspects his wife of unfaithfulness, he takes 
 the matter coolly, and makes love to another woman ; but when 
 an English husband becomes jealous, he smashes his rival's brains 
 out, or procures a divorce. 
 
 It is amusing to visit different countries, and learn their various 
 ideas respecting marriage. In Russia and Greece, the priests of 
 the Greek church are not allowed to officiate in any service unless 
 they are married ; so that if a priest's wife dies, he is virtually 
 suspended till he marries again. On the other hand, marriage is 
 forbidden to the priests of the Romish church. In England it is 
 illegal for a man to marry the sister of his deceased wife. The 
 Rev. W. M. Punshon, desiring to wed his sister-in-law, had to 
 expatriate himself, and take an appointment in Canada, where the 
 laws allowed him to fulfil his wishes. The established church of 
 England does not permit marriage to be celebrated after twelve 
 o'clock at noon. So in one country a thing is right, which elsewhere 
 is held to be quite wrong ; and the traveller begins to think that 
 right and wrong are matters of education and circumstance, having 
 little foundation in reasonable principles. 
 
 When a couple are properly married, it becomes an important 
 matter to endeavour to live happily together; and a few hints may 
 not be amiss in this place. 
 
 Mutual concession is the great secret of conjugal happiness. 
 Moreover, a married couple must be true to each other, or domestic 
 infelicities will appear in their household, innumerable as stars in 
 a clear sky at nightfall. Virtue should not be expected from one 
 sex only. When men are required by the laws of society to be as 
 pure as women, the social fabric will stand on a surer and better 
 basis than at present. Husband and wife should place implicit 
 confidence in each other. 
 
 To retain the affection of your wife, praise her, and pet her, and 
 in every way treat her after marriage as you did before it. At 
 least be respectful to her, and she will honour if not love you. A 
 
16 
 
 married couple should engage if possible in the same occupation ; 
 unity of interests, and similarity of pursuits will promote harmony; 
 whereas dissimilarity of tastes and employments is apt to produce 
 estrangement. 
 
 A. wife who tells that she and her husband do not live happily, is 
 politely advertising for a lover. And if a husband mentions among 
 his friends that he and his wife do not agree well, he is publishing 
 to the world that he loves another woman. It is natural for 
 everybody to love constantly ; and he or she who does not love at 
 home, will soon find an object of affection elsewhere. 
 
 Of all matters connected with this subject, none is so worthy of 
 careful attention as that of parentage, which is, or ought to be, the 
 end of marriage. In our earliest perceptible stage of existence, we 
 live in an egg, which is the one hundred and twentieth part of an 
 inch in diameter. Vast mystery surrounds this epoch of life. 
 During this egg period, and even before it, the mother is forming 
 the future character of her child. Every thought and desire, love 
 or hate, upward aspiration, or angry emotion is then telling on the 
 future offspring. Parental responsibility, therefore, commences 
 months before the child draws its first breath. A kind, loving 
 spirit in the mother, strengthened by noble desires, may give to the 
 world a philanthropist ; a sudden gust of passion may produce a 
 murderer; avarice is likely to generate a miser; a conjugal quarrel 
 may issue in a pugnacious disputant. Almost every mother may 
 trace the fretfulness of her child to her own unpleasant surroundings 
 before its birth, or to the irritation produced by ill health or other 
 cause. Over- work, over-eating, drunkenness, sexual excess, want of 
 harmony between the parents, each or all are evils tending to 
 produce weak and unbalanced minds in the children ; whereas 
 organizations naturally great, good, and harmonious are the flowers 
 of happy homes. Genius may spring up in irregular, unbalanced 
 families ; but it will be found one-sided, bent, and warped. 
 Ignorance of the laws of parentage fills our prisons, pauper-houses, 
 and criminal lists to an extent little appreciated. 
 
 The man who expends all his energy in mental labour, loses 
 physical stamina in proportion, and has less power to generate 
 offspring. Hence our great men are apt to be childless, or at best 
 to transmit very moderate abilities to their offspring. 
 
 Thus do we see that monstrous births, imbecility, crime, insanity, 
 on the one hand ; and on the other, genius, philanthropy, all that 
 lights humanity like the brilliant sun of noonday, may be ascribed 
 to natural causes ; and that love, marriage, and parentage, with all 
 their results, are guided and governed by the great and beneficent 
 laws of nature, established for the highest good of the universe now 
 and hereafter by the All- Wise Creator. 
 
THE 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH. 
 
 §, iMhtrt 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. J. SIMMS, OF NEW YORK, 
 
 DELIVERED NOVEMBER 16(7,, 1873, 
 
 IN FKEEMASONS' HALL, LONDON, ENGLAND, 
 
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 from the great Oratorios. 
 
 " The Sunday, as a day of rest and leisure, when the thoughts of men are released 
 from the engrossing cares of mere existence, is the time most fitted for the exercise of the 
 reflective faculties ; and the Winter Sunday Evenings would be so employed, if opportu- 
 nities were afforded, by large numbers of those who, at present, do not attend places of 
 worship, who would listen to Discourses on Science and the wonders of the Universe ; thus 
 producing in their minds a reverence and love of the Deity, and raising up an opposing 
 principle to intemperance and immorality." 
 
THE 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH, 
 % gtrtiti 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. J. SIMMS, OF NEW YORK, 
 
 author of 
 
 " nature's revelations of character ; " 
 
 " a system of physiognomy," etc. 
 
 DELIVERED NOVEMBER 16fA, 1873. 
 
 IN 
 
 FREEMASONS' HALL, LONDON, ENGLAND. 
 
 Endowed with, but finite and imperfect intelligence we find our- 
 selves clearly overtasked, when we attempt to grasp the mysteries 
 of the Infinite. The ideas of time and space are, beyond aU ques- 
 tion, those upon which we most frequently exercise our faculties. 
 Yet, of time without beginning or end, and of space without limit 
 or boundary, we find we have no satisfactory comprehension 
 whatever. For proof of the reality of Infinity of time and space, 
 therefore, we are indebted to negative rather than positive evidence ; 
 and it is only when we attempt to surround those ideas of time and 
 space with barriers of limitation, that we discover, that while the 
 hypothesis of Infinity bafiles the understanding without shocking 
 the reason; that of limitation is quickly rejected as wholly unten- 
 able and ridiculous. In Hke manner, as we cannot conceive of time 
 not preceded and succeeded by time ; or of space, which is not 
 simply the pathway to more space beyond, so can we have no 
 conception of any possible form of matter which has been produced 
 otherwise than from matter previously existent. Rejecting the 
 notion that in some way or other entity may be constructed out of 
 nonentity, a little reflection will demonstrate to us the fruitlessness 
 of carrying retrospective speculation respecting the antecedents of 
 the universe too far into the remote recesses of the past. Let the 
 mind reach, a stand point ever so remote, and the bewildering 
 reflection is forced upon it, that by not even a simple second of time 
 has it approached a beginning. Change and motion, indeed, we 
 find everywhere, and ever active ; but of " beginning or commence- 
 ment," even in their widest significations there appears to be none. 
 We shaU not therefore, waste time over unprofitable surmises in a 
 region of time very distant relatively from our present era. Our 
 present business is confined to our own earth only, and to the time 
 that has elapsed, and the changes that have been wrought, since, 
 purely a gaseous body, it took its place in the solar system. This 
 period of time, though long enough to render figures comparatively 
 
useless in presenting an idea of its duration, is, in point of fact, as 
 insignificant in relation to infinity of time, as the cubic measure- 
 ment of our planet is to infinity of space. 
 
 If we examine closely into tlie nature of the changes that are 
 taking place on the surface, in the atmosphere, and in the interior 
 of our globe at the present day, we may, with very little difficulty, 
 be thoroughly convinced, that the tendency of those changes is 
 invariably in the direction of solidification. The less tangible forms 
 of matter, such as water, and the various gases which surround and 
 percolate the Earth, are perceptibly though slowly progressing to 
 the denser forms of soil and rock strata. The modus operandi of 
 these transformations does not fall to be discussed at this early stage 
 of our treatment of the subject ; but it is necessary to establish the 
 fact, so as to form a basis on which to ground the gaseous hypo- 
 thesis which we propose to enunciate respecting the earliest 
 conditions of the Earth as an independent planet. In the present 
 condition of our own satellite, we find the process of solidification at 
 a much more advanced stage of progress, than that to which we 
 have attained ; but we must not therefore infer from this, that the 
 Moon is of older date than the planet round which she revolves. 
 Her size is insignificant compared with that of the Earth; and 
 naturally the amount of gaseous matter, with which she began her 
 career as a planet, was so much less than ours, that it has been 
 worked up and transformed into rock in a proportionately less 
 extended period of time. Whatever may have been the stages 
 through which she has passed, she is now entirely destitute of the 
 lighter forms of matter : there does not seem to be a vestige of an 
 atmosphere surrounding her, and no water rests upon her barren 
 surface. As general principles must be held as general in their 
 application, we conclude that she has ages ago passed through 
 and finished the solidifying process which we are experiencing at 
 the present moment ; and that in her present condition we un- 
 doubtedly see that to which we ourselves are travelling. 
 
 In view then, of this transformation of fluid and transparent 
 matters into solid and opaque, which we see going on in our Earth, 
 and of the stage of solidification to which our satellite has already 
 attained, we find on a posteriori reasoning, that at the point at 
 which we have proposed to ourselves to take up the " Natural 
 History of the Earth," no so-called solid matter existed within its 
 bounds. The present firm material on which we tread, and of 
 which we ourselves are composed, existed certainly — every atom of 
 it — but in another form — in that of gas, the component parts of 
 which, however, must in all likelihood for ever remain unknown. 
 In the nebuke which the advancement of science has enabled us 
 to discover and examine, it is not unreasonable to predicate that we 
 have gaseous worlds in, so to speak, an early stage of existence ; 
 and arguing a priori, we may assume that these nebulee have before 
 them careers similar to that through which we are now passing, 
 and through which the moon seems already to have passed. It is 
 doubtless to the agency of electricity that we must look for 
 the operations carried on in the laboratory of Nature at this 
 
oarly period. This subtle force is even now but imperfectly 
 understood ; but enough we do know to warrant us in crediting it 
 with many wonderful properties, while we confidently anticipate 
 that the progress of scientific discovery will in the future disclose 
 others still more wonderful. Evolved from the oxygen, which 
 formed a considerable proportion of the combined gases, its restless 
 energy was employed in setting in motion and dispersing in frag- 
 ments the vast mass of gaseous vapour which formed the storehouse 
 from which future worlds were to be made, and which must have- 
 occupied a portion of space of inconceivable extent. The disin- 
 tegrated gaseous fragments had conferred upon them, in virtue of 
 one of the properties of electricity, the globular form which, so far 
 as we know for certain or are able to conjecture, characterizes all 
 heavenly bodies revolving in regular orbits. This inscrutable ten- 
 dency of electricity to circular motion is universal, and examples 
 may be found alike in the chemical laboratory, in the now familiar 
 telegraph, and in planetary forms. It influences all creation in 
 this circular direction ; and if a drop of water or of 
 quicksilver be cut in two with a knife, the separated portions 
 instantly assume the round form and become individual globules. 
 The same force is expended on solid matter ; and if this force is 
 not sufficient to effect its purpose, it is simply because other 
 localized forces (such as attraction of cohesion) counteract that of 
 electricity by their superior strength. 
 
 We must imagine, then, our world in its primitive state, com- 
 posed entirely of the gaseous matter rent from the central mass by 
 the action of electricity, of which oxygen is the universal basis of all 
 electricity, taking up its position in the system, occupying, of course, 
 an immeasurably greater extent of space than it does at present, and 
 receiving by the action of the same agency that form of a perfect 
 sphere which, with some slight explainable modifications, it still 
 retains. These modifications consist of a flattening at each of the 
 poles, and some unimportant inequalities of surface; the former 
 due to centrifugal proclivities arising from the diurnal motion of the 
 earth round its own axis, and the latter to the various forces acting 
 from the interior on its crust. These disturbing forces will be con- 
 sidered in a more advanced portion of the lecture ; but it must be 
 borne in mind that the form which our earth at first received was 
 that of a perfect sphere, with smooth surface, unbroken by eleva- 
 tion or depression. If at this period the sun was sufficiently con- 
 densed to emit the rays of electricity which we term light, those 
 rays must then have passed through the transparent medium of the 
 earth without distributing either light or heat. It is a popular 
 fallacy to suppose that when we see the sun blazing in the 
 heavens, it is lighting up and warming every inch of space 
 to which its rays can pierce. The fact is, that these rays pase 
 through those regions absolutely without any effect whatever, 
 and it is only when they strike on some substance sufficiently 
 condensed to refract, instead of absorbing them, that the effects 
 of light and heat come into operation. A familiar illustra- 
 t ration of our meaning may be had on any starlight night. The 
 
spaces between the stars have the appearance of intense blackness, 
 although all the while the burning rays of the sun are shooting 
 through them, and it is only when here and there the body of a 
 planet is struck that their action becomes apparent. Likewise, in 
 broad daylight, when we seem to fancy that the entire space 
 between us and the sun is gorgeously illumined, the real fact is 
 that it is only a spot here and there which is not plunged in utter 
 darkness. So long, therefore, as our planet retained its purely 
 gaseous condition, its relation to the sun was of the very slightest 
 description. Water, however, is a substance sufficiently condensed 
 to produce refraction of an imperfect kind ; and when at this time 
 the action of electricity had so far progressed as to have condensed 
 .a portion of the gaseous body of the earth and transformed 
 it into water, the influence of the sun became felt, and the infant 
 x planet may be said to have entered its second condition. The 
 almost every-day phenomenon of a rain-shower is a familiar 
 example of the condensation of gas into water by electricity.- 
 
 At this early stage the water as it was formed took up its 
 X^osition in the very centre of the sphere, in virtue of its superior 
 density ; and this process continued for ages, until the earth was 
 composed of this central body of water, surrounded by an enor- 
 mously thick bed of surcharged atmosphere, constantly undergoing 
 .the process of condensation into water. This process was gradually 
 -diminishing the aggregate bulk of the whole, and more and more 
 approaching to the lessened magnitude and other conditions which 
 we have at present. A further grade was by this time probably 
 reached in the commencement of the formation from water by con- 
 densation, through the agency of electricity, of mud and soil — the 
 forerunners of the more compact matter, which we now know under 
 the guise of the various rock strata. When sufficient electricity 
 had been produced from the oxygen of the atmosphere to act upon 
 the particles of water, this gradual process of rock forming was 
 begun, and it was afterwards aided and supplemented by a variety 
 of other agencies, which we shall presently mention. This new 
 material being of a higher degree of density than either the 
 gaseous matter or the water, naturally sought, as its final resting 
 place, the nearest possible approach to the centre of the globe, 
 where it remains — forming, in fact, the first bottom to the vast 
 ocean of water which on all sides surrounded it. 
 
 We shall treat more fully elsewhere of the advent of living 
 organisms ; but, as one of the several agencies continually adding 
 to this solidifying material, we may say here that, in all probability, 
 by this time the waters were swarming with certain low orders of 
 animal life. These, extracting silica and lime from the waters for 
 the construction of their shells; or, as in the case of the coral, for 
 their fixed abodes in the rock — were continually adding their 
 quota, in shells, &c, to the gradually increasing deposits of hard 
 material ever finding its way to the bottom of the sea. Atmospheric 
 dust, seaweed, and the drawing in of aerolites from without, — 
 regarding all of which we shall have more to say before we have 
 done, — all lent their assistance in increasing the bulk of these 
 
deposits. The inconceivable pressure to which, owing to the 
 immense superstructure of water, they were subjected, must 
 rapidly have transformed these loose particles into hard rock 
 strata, while to this same immense pressure is probably also due 
 the absence, in the earliest rock formations with which we are 
 acquainted, of fossil remains. It must not be overlooked that 
 these remote operations which we are so rapidly sketching occupied 
 periods of time of almost inconceivable length. Figures are nearly 
 useless for representing in numerical language those nameless ages 
 of time ; but it is necessary to bear this in mind, as otherwise we 
 are apt to carry away erroneous ideas of the progress of 
 construction. 
 
 We now approach the era which witnessed the first formation 
 of dry land. life in the waters must have become very abundant, 
 and probably the principal organisms were characterised by won- 
 drous fecundity, rapid growth, and short duration of life. These 
 organisms, dying in countless myriads, and forming at the bottom 
 vast deposits of carbonaceous material in a moist condition and 
 subjected to enormous pressures, the first rude shock to the placid 
 progress of the planet would have its origin in the generation of 
 spontaneous combustion. We have in this the undoubted first 
 kindling of those internal fires which have burned for long ages, 
 and which have wrought changes so wonderful in the crust of the 
 earth, and on its surface. The first outbreaks of internal conflag- 
 ration were very likely of most destructive violence, spreading over 
 immense areas in the interior, splitting and upheaving rock strata, 
 and threatening total destruction to the orb itself. 
 
 The liberation of these imprisoned spirits of violence formed one 
 of the most important of the epochs which have marked the slow 
 course of events above and underneath the crust of our planet. 
 The hitherto unbroken surface of the ocean was now pierced in 
 every quarter of the globe by immense wedges of solid material, 
 upheaved from the strata, -deep down in the ocean's bed ; the first 
 series of continents, islands, and archipelagos, now sprang into 
 existence ; and the first step was taken for the reception of a new 
 set of organisms, or, we should rather say, for the development 
 from existing organisms of a newer and higher order, capable of 
 sustaining life in direct and continuous contact with the atmosphere. 
 This first dry land would, for ages, present a rude and uninviting 
 aspect ; but, by slow degrees, vegetation would gain a footing and 
 spread, with an ever-increasing ratio of speed, until it reached that 
 perfection of rank luxuriance known in geological tables as the 
 carboniferous era. The origin of this terrestrial vegetable life is 
 probably to be ascribed to evolution from pre-existing marine 
 specimens, vast quantities of which undoubtedly shared in the 
 gigantic upheaval which we have just noticed. Here we have 
 another powerful lever added for the furtherance of the great work 
 of condensing fluid and aqueous matter into solid ; but this 
 solidifying tendency of vegetation we shall consider more at length 
 presently, when we come to examine these operations more 
 minutely, and from a closer stand-point than hitherto. Thi& 
 
original distribution of land and water was not permanent, and 
 bore no resemblance whatever to our present geographical condition. 
 The activity of the internal fires continued to bring about cycles of 
 changes from this distribution, until, through the tedious course of 
 ages, and at a comparatively recent date, the coast lines of the 
 present were established. 
 
 Let us now, before proceeding to other features, examine at 
 some length, those grand processes of solidification which may be 
 regarded as the ruling passion of Nature. 
 
 The term "solid" matter is somewhat of a misnomer. There 
 are different degrees of density in different substances composing 
 our earth — that is, the individual particles of which these substances 
 are made up are more or less closely compacted ; but the term 
 '•'solid," as applied to matter, must be taken only as a relative 
 term. Taken absolutely, we have no knowledge of solid matter. 
 Bocks are all more or less porous ; and even the diamond, the most 
 highly condensed of solid material with which we are acquainted, 
 is full of minute holes or interstices not perceptible to the naked eye. 
 This being the case, our Earth occupies or encloses a much larger 
 amount of space than would be the case if the particles conrposing 
 it were more compacted. It is said that when Faraday was once 
 asked how large the earth would be were it compressed into 
 a perfectly solid mass, he replied, in effect, that it would 
 probably not exceed a cubic foot. It will be understood, 
 then, that, in speaking of " solid " matter, we use the term 
 in its relative and not in its absolute sense. There is round the 
 earth in our present atmosphere a quantity of material, such as 
 carbonic acid, oxygen, and other gases, sufficient to form another 
 globe of equal size, if compressed to the same degree of solidity as 
 the Earth. 
 
 We have already treated of the process by which solid matter is 
 evolved from gas by the action of electricity, and the presence of 
 oxygen in the generation of electricity. The atmosphere surround- 
 ing our globe consists of 21 parts oxygen, 78 parts nitrogen, and 
 about 1 part carbonic acid gas in every hundred parts. There is 
 here an ample store of oxygen for the generation of electricity, 
 this electricity, by its action, is gradually converting the invisible 
 gases round about us into visible and tangible matter ; and one- 
 half of the entire solid matter of which the earth is composed, con- 
 sists of oxygen. Electricity acting upon water condenses it, thus 
 forming solid earth or soil, which may be proved by a very simple 
 experiment. Take a bottle of the purest unboiled water, and after 
 having it securely corked and sealed, set it aside where it will not 
 be disturbed. In one month a little murky sediment will be seen 
 in the water. After one year a considerable quantity of material 
 will be seen ; and in five or ten yeaaB a large amount of solid matter 
 will be found to have been deposited. It will thus be seen that 
 the process of earth forming is still going on ; and instead of our 
 globe having been created in some remote past, once for all, and 
 then remaining stationary, the fact is that the growth of the 
 earth has never for a moment ceased, and is still progressing from 
 
8 
 
 day to day. And it is not "by electricity alone acting directly on the 
 surrounding atmosphere that these changes are being effected, but 
 by a variety of means. The deep sea dredgings lately undertaken 
 under the auspices of the British Government have shewn very 
 clearly the enormous extent to which solid matter is continually 
 being deposited on the bed of the ocean. Myriads of small shell- 
 fish are constantly dying, and their shells falling to the bottom, 
 gradually become transmuted into chalk. When we look at the 
 enormous chalk cliffs of England, Ireland, and France, which have 
 all been formed ages ago in this way, we see what stupendous 
 results flow from the ceaseless action of apparently insignificant 
 causes. In this way, too, ironstone and limestone are produced by 
 the accumulations of vast numbers of shells, of which iron and lime 
 were constituent parts. The coral reefs of Southern latitudes fur- 
 nish another familiar example, where whole islands or groups of 
 islands have grown, and are still growing, by a similar process. 
 
 The water on our globe has undoubtedly been turned into solid 
 land to a great extent, and is still being slowly, but surely trans- 
 formed into mud, soil and rock. The bottom of the ocean is filling, 
 the mouths of rivers are gradually silting up and forming large 
 deltas ; everywhere the land is gaining on the water, and the 
 water receding from the shore. The only apparent exception to 
 this is the change being gradually effected on the East Coast of 
 England ; but this is clearly due to the altering conditions of the 
 volume and current of the Gulf Stream, and it does not therefore 
 militate against the general proposition. We often hear it thought- 
 lessly asserted that there is now neither more or less water in and 
 around the globe than there ever has been ; but such assertions are 
 unworthy of serious consideration, and can only be ascribed to ig- 
 norance or superficiality of observation. The earth is becoming drier 
 by degrees as the water is condensed by animal and vegetable life, 
 and by electricity direct, into so-called solid matter. The proofs 
 of this position are so numerous that we can only mention a very 
 few. From ancient records we find that several thousand years 
 since, there came a rain that lasted forty days and forty nights, and 
 so much water fell that it covered every mountain. Geologists gene- 
 rally believe there have been twelve floods, and that the Noachian 
 flood was one of these. There is not now water enough on our globe 
 to flood or cover the entire earth. Let us assume that the ocean is, 
 on an average, five miles deep, and that it covers four-fifths of the 
 earth's surface, while there are mountains whose tops are five miles 
 above the sea level. There could not now be found water sufficient 
 to make every ocean five miles deeper, and, by doing so, submerge 
 the summits of the loftiest mountains. History records the fact 
 that in the time of Menes, first King of Egypt, who flourished 4570 
 years ago, all Lower Egypt was a morass. At the present day 
 that tract of country is dry and in a high state of cultivation. 
 Father Louis Hennepin visited the Falls of Niagara in 1678 ; and, 
 in his work, printed in Utrecht in 1697, and re-issued in London in 
 1698, he gives an account of this wonderful natural curiosity. 
 Seventy-two years after his visit, Niagara was visited by Kallam, a 
 
Danish Naturalist, who foiuid that the third or side fall described 
 by Hennepin had entirely disappeared, the sources of its supply 
 having been cut off in this brief interval. Mr. Klark, who resides 
 at the mouth of the Patsjoki river, on the Arctic Ocean, informed 
 me, when I visited him, that the site of a village in Lapland is 
 recorded, in the archives of Norway, as having been a water-course 
 only two hundred years ago. Besides this gradual condensation or 
 solidification of the water, the solid matter of the earth is steadily 
 increasing by the gradual withdrawal from the atmosphere of the 
 oxygen and carbonic acid gas necessary to the maintenance of life 
 in plants and. animals. Plants derive most of their sustenance from 
 the air ; that is, they absorb from the air the gases, which are then 
 combined and condensed into sap, and finally into fibre. An 
 example of this principle of growth may here be given : — A 
 willow tree, having been planted in a box containing 600 lbs. 
 of earth, was allowed to remain growing for some time. When 
 the tree was removed, it was found to weigh 1,063 lbs., and 
 the box and earth having then been weighed were found to have 
 lost only 6 lbs. of their original weight. Thus the tree must have 
 absorbed and condensed during its growth over 1,000 lbs. of 
 material from the air and water with which it was supplied. 
 Millions of trees in every clime are daily and hourly absorbing and 
 condensing the invisible particles of the atmosphere and trans- 
 forming them into woody fibre which, by-and-by decaying, forms 
 soil, and this in turn is eventually consolidated into rock. Doubtless 
 a part of these absorbed gases is after a time, by the decay and 
 material disintegration of the plants, set free, to mix again with 
 the atmosphere ; but the amount released is altogether incommen- 
 surate with the amount originally imprisoned; and this, without 
 interfering with the general principle enunciated, simply neces- 
 sitates the lapse of a longer time before the elements of our atmo- 
 sphere can be wrought up or absorbed. A familiar example of the 
 action of this law in former ages is supplied by the coal formations 
 now found in almost all parts of the earth. These vast beds of 
 coal, some of which are found at a depth of 2,000 feet, have been 
 formed from the rank vegetation that clothed the globe in the 
 remote ages of the past. I recently visited a coal mine in Sun- 
 derland, England, in company with Mr. Swan, a highly-respected 
 and estimable friend of mine, who resides in that neighbourhood. 
 The mine is about 1,800 feet deep, and we there found the seam of 
 .coal nearly seven feet in thickness, and another seam about the 
 same thickness was being worked nearly 100 feet deeper. The 
 vegetation of which these coal beds are composed was once on the 
 surface of the earth, as nowhere else could it have grown ; and the 
 present depth at which it is found shows the extent to which solidifi- 
 cation has taken place. Coal is composed of ferns, palm trees, and 
 other vegetation, which in former ages must have flourished with 
 rank luxuriance, owing to the warmth and the presence of large 
 (quantities of carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere. 
 
 These primeval forms of vegetation attained an immense height ; 
 and, as a grand volcanic eruption raised the bed of the ocean, and 
 
10 
 
 it cast an unmeasured avalanche of mud over thorn, swept down and 
 buried them, where they slowly decayed, and became transformed 
 into coal. The proofs that the solid matter is increasing on all 
 parts of the earth's surface are so numerous that the difficulty is 
 to select from such a mass of evidence ; and I shall therefore only 
 enumerate a few other instances which have come under my own 
 observation. 
 
 When I was in Suez the British Consul there informed me that 
 when the Egyptians were engaged in building the fine iron bridge 
 which spans the Nile at Cairo, one of the large iron tubes, on 
 which part of the bridge now rests, was being sunk in the bed of 
 the river, when its descent was suddenly checked, apparently by the 
 presence of some solid and hard substance embedded in the mud. 
 A diver having been sent down to ascertain the cause of this 
 obstruction, it was found that the edge of the tube rested on a well 
 cemented brick wall. A machine had to be constructed to break 
 this wall, pieces three or four feet in length were raised to the 
 surface, and the obstacle being removed, the tube settled to the 
 depth of seventy feet, where it rested on the solid rock. This brick 
 wall occurred forty feet below the surface of the river bed ; and as 
 such walls are originally erected on the surface of the earth, there 
 is here strong presumptive evidence that there has not only been a 
 change in the course of the river, but that an accumulation of soil 
 had from various causes, taken place, and from the time of the 
 building of the brick wall to that of the construction of the bridge, 
 had reached the very considerable thickness of forty feet.* 
 
 Biding through Cairo, I saw a ditch, which was being dug by 
 some Arabs, and at a depth of fifteen feet from the surface, there 
 was found the stump of an olive tree. On close examination, I 
 found that this stump was standing upright, evidently in pre- 
 cisely the same position as it had grown ; the soil was the same as 
 that in which the olive flourishes, and had no appearance of having 
 been previously disturbed. - The wood was quite sound, and I 
 obtained, a piece of it, which I still retain. In this case the accu- 
 mulation of soil was not so great as in the last case cited, but it was 
 still considerable, 15 feet of solid or semi-solid matter having been 
 deposited since the tree grew in that spot. In visiting the 
 ruined temples of Egypt, I found numberless proofs of this gradual 
 accumulation of solid matter. The temple of Denderah is partially 
 buried, and a view of the outside confirmed my opinion that the dry 
 portions of Africa are not exempted from the operation of this 
 general law. 
 
 In riding round the great temple of Karnack, I noticed that in 
 many parts a considerable accumulation of soil had taken place. 
 On the island of Phila), near the line between Egypt and Nubia, is 
 the temple of Isis, and there also I observed the same appearances, 
 though that temple is of comparatively recent date, having been 
 commenced by Ptolemy Philadelphus about 2,200 years since. 
 In none of these temples could be discovered any traces of volcanic 
 
 * This fact, nnd a few others, have heen added to this lecture since its delivery. 
 
11 
 
 action to account for this invariable accumulation of soil. But net 
 to one district or one country are such evidences of the increase of 
 solid matter confined. When I visited Ephesus, and examined 
 the ruins which Mr. Wood, under the auspices of the British 
 Museum, lias lately been exploring, I found in many places an 
 accumulation of from 10 to 20 feet of earth. At Jerusalem, I 
 found the walls in some places covered to a depth of from 50 to 60 
 feet. The foundations of ancient Tyre and Sidon are nearly buried. 
 
 Since my visit to Rome in 1873, twenty-six feet of accumulated 
 earth have been removed from the Coliseum, and nearly the same 
 from the Roman Forum. At the ruins of Nimes, in Southern 
 France ; at Italica, in Southern Spain, and numerous other places 
 in the New World, as well as in the Old, I have observed the same 
 accumulations. But, to come nearer home, we have similar evi- 
 dences presented to us in every county of England. Stonehenge is 
 a well-known example, where the Druidical stones are all deeply 
 embedded in the soil, and coins are often found deep in the earth. 
 Just before the delivery of this lecture I received a piece of petrir 
 fied oak which has been found in excavating for the Metropolitan 
 Railway. It was found at no less a depth than thirty-six feet under 
 the surface. But the shortness of time, and the necessity of over- 
 taking the remaining parts of our subject within the limits of the pre- 
 sent lecture, forbid our lingering-longer on this interesting feature. 
 
 It is not my province in the present lecture to enter minutely 
 into a consideration of the rocks, stratified and unstratified, fossil- 
 iferous and non-fossiliferous, which compose that part of tho earth's 
 crust with which we are acquainted. The classifications of different 
 geologists are more or less elaborate, according to their various 
 fancies and predelictions ; and all classifications are, to a large 
 extent, arbitrary in their divisions and nomenclature. In my 
 humble opinion, the geological classification propounded by Sir 
 Charles Lyell, Bart., Fellow of the Royal Society, is the most 
 correct and satisfactory of all the numerous systems and un- 
 systematic theories that have been printed. Nevertheless, this 
 view of the subject undoubtedly opens up a wide question which 
 must be treated of fully elsewhere; but as illustrative of the 
 early conditions of vegetable and animal life on the globe, it de- 
 mands some part of our attention here. The whole of the deposits, 
 subsequent to the Cambrian inclusive, are of sedimentary origin, 
 and stratified ; and all, with perhaps the exception of the Laurentian, 
 are found to contain organic remains. 
 
 In the primary or unstratified formations no organic remains are 
 discernible ; and it has been somewhat rashly inferred from this 
 that we have here data for fixing the advent of living organisms. 
 When, however, we reflect that these granitic deposits have under- 
 gone a variety of violent processes since their first formation, it 
 will be discovered that the assumption that living organisms did 
 not then exist, because no discernible traces of them have been left, 
 is not only unwarranted, but rash and untenable. These primary 
 deposits were, in the first place, subjected to pressures so incon- 
 ceivably vast, that these, of themselves, might be held accountable 
 
12 
 
 for the obliteration of all the evidences of organic remains ; but this 
 is not all — for they subsequently came under the action of intense 
 heat, which reduced them to a fluid state, and left them on cooling, 
 in the condition we have them at the present day. Granting this, 
 it ought not to be wondered at, that all traces of fossiliferous 
 remains have been effaced in these earlier formations ; and we 
 therefore dismiss as idle, the assumption that no life existed prior 
 to the depositing of the earliest fossiliferous strata. The require- 
 ments of nature demanded the aid of every possible solidifying 
 influence ; and the appearance of animal life is doubtless coeval with 
 the appearance of water itself. Pre-terrestrial life was composed, 
 of course, entirely of aquatic specimens — animal and vegetable — 
 the former consisting of fish proper, crustaceous, aquatic reptiles, 
 and some mamalia : and the latter, of different varieties of marine 
 plants. On the appearance of dry land, through the agencies of 
 subterranean forces, the highly surcharged, carbonaceous state 
 of the . atmosphere would be found eminently favourable for the 
 propagation of certain classes of vegetation. The same conditions 
 were, however, inimical to animal life, from the superabundance of 
 carbonic acid gas; and it was only after long ages of what is known as 
 the carboniferous era, in which vegetation of a wonderfully luxu- 
 riant character flourished, that the world became fit for living, 
 breathing animals. The marvellous beauty of this arrangement can 
 hardly be unnoticed by the most superficial observer. Here we have 
 the condensation of gaseous matter going on more vigorously than 
 over ; and in doing so this rank vegetation is gradually withdrawing the 
 carbonic acid gas from the atmosphere, so as to purify it as it were 
 for the reception of animal life, while, on the ether hand this same 
 gas is being carefully conserved, packed and stowed away in the 
 great carboniferous deposits, to be long afterwards drawn upon at 
 will by Man. When the atmosphere had been sufficiently cleansed 
 for the purpose, it gradually attracted, more and more, certain hardy 
 denizens of the deep ; and through the course of long ages, first 
 .amphibious, and afterwards purely land animals appeared and 
 occupied the dry land. The first plants grew to an enormous height, 
 no doubt owing to the abundance of bulk-forming material in the 
 nir ; and for an analogous reason, doubtless, the first land animals 
 also appear to have attained to sizes far exceeding any specimens of 
 the present day. 
 
 Thanks to palceontological research, we are sufficiently familiar 
 with the appearance and structure of many now extinct animals 
 of that remote period. "We do not, however, find specimens of the 
 human type, and we must conclude, therefore, that as such Man 
 did not exist until within a comparatively recent period. That the 
 progenitors of the human race incipiently existed as a distinct species 
 seems undeniable ; and it is equally certain that this species was 
 endowed in a high degree, above all other animals, with germs of 
 perfecting progress and development. To have attained to so high 
 a pitch of perfection argues a vast period of time, over which the 
 perfection has been going on ; and it is, therefore, generally accepted 
 by the scientific mind as ascertained, that long prior to the car- 
 
13 
 
 boniferous era many progenitors were inhabitants of the deep. 
 There is nothing shocking in this, except to narrow, warped, and 
 prejudiced minds. 
 
 Moreover, the hypothesis is almost taken out of the region of 
 conjecture by a close examination of the human body at the present 
 day. A magnifying glass will reveal the fact that the skin is 
 covered with minute scales, and in some young children may be 
 seen, from one-half to three-quarters of an inch behind the lower 
 portion of each ear, two small orifices, which are doubtless aborted 
 visceral clefts, once used for breathing water. These orifices are 
 the same on each side of the neck, thus showing their organic 
 origin ; and in some individuals they are large enough to admit 
 a No. 6 probe from one to two inches in depth. 
 
 Man has always existed as a separate species ; but with him, 
 much more than in any other case, there has been a greater crossing 
 of varieties, which is, beyond question, the most powerful agency 
 for the improvement of species. 
 
 Having now arrived at and considered Nature's great master- 
 piece — Man, we shall draw this lecture to a close with a few brief 
 speculations respecting the future of our earth. Having seen that 
 there exists at present as much gaseous material around the earth 
 as would serve to make another world of the same size, we may 
 conclude that operations will go on very much as hitherto, until 
 this surplus material is condensed into soil and rocks. Doubtless, 
 long ages will elapse after the extinction of land animals and vege- 
 tation, through the atmosphere having become exhausted before 
 the sea, and with it marine organisms, cease to exist. As already 
 observed, we have in our moon a very likely prototype of the state 
 of things to which we are tending ; and as we have come to the 
 conclusion that matter is indestructible, it is not irrational to pre- 
 dicate that the destruction of the earth, to which so many pin their 
 faith, will, if it ever comes to that, simply consist of the resolving 
 of all earthly matter into its original elements. This, in its turn, 
 may be succeeded by a repetition of the slow solidifying process 
 once more, and so on ad infinitum. But as at the commencement 
 of this lecture we deprecated as useless the attempt to carry our 
 minds back too far into the past, so, for exactly the same reason, do 
 we desist from useless speculations regarding too remote a future. 
 We may rest assured that this smiling earth of ours will last as 
 long as there are useful purposes to serve ; and that it will yet 
 produce abundant harvests of spiritual and mental culture in deve- 
 loping the body, intellect, and soul of Man. 
 
 Meanwhile the God of Nature is writing the history of His 
 handiwork, day by day now, as he has been doing for countless 
 ages that have passed away. The majesty and completeness of the 
 work are becoming more and more apparent as the perfection of 
 soul-being is more closely approached. In this great work we may 
 read the character of God himself in all its incomprehensible gran- 
 deur and sublimity ; and we, the tiny offshoots of His mighty spirit 
 may well resign ourselves unreservedly — as a child in the arms of 
 its father — to await the future he has prepared for us. It were 
 blasphemy indeed to doubt the issue. 
 
PKESS NOTICES 
 
 OF 
 
 NATURES'S REVELATIONS OP CHARACTER. 
 
 44 His design has nothing absurd in itself. He has no special craze that we can discover, 
 and he can even talk of his undertaking in a manner not inconsistent with his knowing how 
 to set about it. He states in effect that every feature of a human being has a history and 
 meaning of its own — if we could only find them out — which is quite true ; that certain rough 
 inferences, founded on this belief, are already acted upon to some extent by mankind in their 
 dealings with one another, which is also quite true ; that a special aptitude for making such 
 inferences, in other words the gift of reading character, is of great use to those who possess 
 it, which is also true ; and that knowledge of this kind is capable of being made scientific, 
 which we think is also true. We can see no reason why physiognomy should not some clay 
 become a definite and useful branch of the science of human nature."— The Saturday Review, 
 London. 
 
 " Observant men in all ages have noticed a certain correspondence between the configura- 
 tion of living beings and traits of character or disposition possessed by them ; and that this 
 correspondence should receive its highest expression in humanity is only what might be ex- 
 pected. Yet it cannot be denied that the subject is of importance. ... It contains evidence 
 of shrewd observation on the part of its author, with anecdotes, and copious illustrations of 
 the subject-matter, by the portraiture of individuals more or less well-known." — The Lancet, 
 London , 
 
 "Dr. Simms is known as a most skilled practical physiognomist, and the experience of 
 such a man, unfolded in the book, will be appreciated by many." — Pictorial World ( London. 
 
 " This is one of the most important contributions to the science of physiognomy which has 
 appeared for many years. It records many hundred useful observations, illustrated by a large 
 number of woodcuts. It is popular and simple in style, and well worth its cost." — The City 
 Press, London. 
 
 " The author is a great observer and a great traveller, well versed in science in its various 
 departments, and is known as one of the most interesting lecturers we have. There is nothing 
 in this book which offends against good taste. It is a harmless as well as a valuable contri- 
 bution to literature, and one which should be in the library of every student of human nattu'e, 
 every phrenologist and physiognomist." — Human Natur-e, London. 
 
 " Has devoted twenty years of his life to the study of physiognomy, and for this purpose 
 has travelled over all parts of the United States, and over most of Europe. He has produced 
 a. Dook embodying the result of a vast number of observations in that universally useful 
 science, physiognomy. The result is a pleasant book, which will amuse, instruct, and 
 enlighten the mind, and purify the affections." — The Bock, London. 
 
 " This work embraces a wide range of interesting topics, and contains about 300 engravings 
 illustrative of physiognomical phenomena. The author attaches great importance to the 
 selection of food and drink, which he believes exert an important influence on the formation 
 of character." — The Temperance Record, London. 
 
 " This book is much more than a mere treatise on physiognomy. It recognises the truth 
 too long ignored by the quacks who have dealt with the subject, that the whole of the parts of 
 a compound organism, such as man, are in direct intercommunication, are mutually depen- 
 dent, and are each indicative in measure only of the temperament and character of the indi- 
 vidual. Hence physiognomy is dealt with by Dr. Simms in close connection with animal phy- 
 siology, and there is no attempt made to sever what are naturally bound together. Not only 
 is the basis from which the writer starts the true one, he deals throughout wisely with his 
 subject." — T"he Edinburgh Evening News. 
 
 " "We have now before us a work treating not only of noses and other features of the face, 
 but of the whole human frame. He regards the bodily frame so correlated to the mental and 
 moral constitution of man, that, if properly considered, it may always be found to afford sure 
 indication of what that mental and moral constitution is. It would unquestionably be of 
 great importance for any man to possess this power of thus estimating the characters of all 
 around him, and might be the means of securing safety in business transactions. We have 
 had much pleasure in reading Dr. Simms's book, and in looking at the many engravings with 
 which it is illustrated. There is in the book unquestionably much of original and curious ob- 
 servation." — The Edinburgh Couraut. 
 
 " We all receive impressions, favourable or unfavourable, from the faces we meet, and yet, 
 with this general belief in the indication of chai'acter by the face, there are few who take the 
 trouble to become acquainted with the principles which underlie the science of physiognomy. 
 We are glad, therefore, to see a work on the subject by Dr. Simms, in which, while treating 
 the subject in a scientific spirit, he seeks to make it sufficiently popular to interest the general 
 reader. The style is good, the composition simple, and the meaning clear." — The Hamilton, 
 Advertiser. 
 
 "Will go farther to establish the truth of physiognomy than anything else."— The 
 Scotsman, Edinburgh. 
 
 " This work, whilst a treatise on physiognomy, is something far more : it embodies the 
 result of nearly twenty years of study and observation by the author. This we may say, the 
 student of anatomy would learn much from Dr. Simms. With an industry, which it is to be 
 hoped the sale of this book will amply repay and reward, the doctor has taken his subjects for 
 illustration from every quarter of the globe, and not only from man, but also from members of 
 the brute creation." — The Temperance Star, London. 
 
 " There is so much ability, so much that is estimable and worthy of note, the book is cer- 
 tain to provoke discussion, and arouse an extensive interest." — Brighton Daily News. 
 
 1 4 His book in enriched with fully 270 engravings, which illustrate the text, and the text them , 
 
15 
 
 and teach much which it would be well for all to know. Many of the illustrations are like- 
 nesses of celebrated characters, curious, rare, and valuable in themselves, apart from the les- 
 sons they are made to teach by the author. The work is in many respects peculiar, and in 
 several ways valuable. To all who wish to study and understand the human nature which 
 passes before them daily, we can, with all confidence, recommend Dr. Simula's volume."— 
 North British Daily Mail, Glasgow. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS OF THE PEESS OF BEITAIN WHEEE 
 DE. SIMMS HAS LECTUEED. 
 
 •' Lecture.— Last night Dr. J. Simms, New York, delivered the first of a series of lectures 
 on ' Physiology and Physiognomy.' in the Masonic Hall, which was crowded to excess, the 
 audience including many ladies. For fully an hour the lecturer discoursed on ' Physiognomy,' 
 adding interest to that subject by practical illustrations on persons from amongst the audience, 
 the " reading of whose characters was at once striking, instructive and amusing. The remarks 
 of the lecturer were further illustrated by numerous diagrams, and paintings which were 
 hung on the walls." — The Edinburgh Courant. 
 
 " Lecture. — Last night Dr. J. Simms concluded a very successful series of lectures in the 
 Masonic Hall. At the close, the lecturer was awarded a hearty vote of thanks." — The Edin- 
 burgh Courant, July 12th, 1S73. 
 
 " Physiognomy. — Last night Dr. Simms, the American Physiognomist, delivered the last 
 of a course of nine lectures on the above subject, in the Freemason's Hall, George Street. 
 During his visit to Edinburgh he has been attended by considerable numbers of people, who 
 desired to have the opinion of an expert as to their capabilities, character and disposition. 
 The lecture last evening was delivered to a crowded audience." — The Daily Review, of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 "Lecture ox Physiognomy. — Last night Dr. J. Simms, the well-known, eloquent and 
 amusing lecturer of New York, delivered an address in the Masonic Hall, George Street, on 
 Physiognomy, or Nature, Mind and Beauty. The hall was crowded to excess. The main 
 object of the lecture was to shew that a close connection might be traced between physiognomy 
 and character. This address was in several particulars sufficiently amusing, and was well 
 received by the audience." — The Scotsman, of Edinburgh . 
 
 "Popular Lectures.— Dr. J. Simms. of New York, delivered the closing lecture of a 
 series of nine lectures in the City Hall, on Physiognomy, Physiology, Geology, &c, on Satur- 
 day night last. The lectures have been very successful. The clo&ing remark that the Doctor 
 intended to visit Glasgow at some future time elicited repeated applause. — The Evening Star, 
 of Glasgow. 
 
 " Scientific Lectures. — Last Saturday night Dr. Simms, of New York, delivered the last of 
 a series of nine lectures on Physiology, Physiognomy, Geology, &c. , in the City Hall. Large and 
 intelligent audiences have attended the lectures, which have been highly successful. The 
 closing remark of the Doctor, that he hoped to revisit Glasgow at some future day, and deliver 
 another course of lectures, was greeted with applause." — The North British Daily Mail, of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 " Dr. Simms is the Lecture Boom. — Dr. Simms, the well-known author, and physiogno- 
 mist, who has lectured nightly during the past fortnight, in the Lecture Room, Nelson Street, 
 on ' Physiognomy and Signs of Character,' and other subjects, has met with a large and well- 
 deserved amount of recognition from the public. The Lecturer treats his subjects in an able 
 and interesting manner." — Newcastle Daily Journal. 
 
 " Dr. Simms's Lectures at Westbourne Hall are a decided success. "We have never seen 
 this Hall so crowded as on Tuesday last, when this popular lecturer delivered his truly popular 
 lecture on Physiognomy and Physiology. To all desirous of passing a really intellectual and 
 interesting evening we would advise a visit to "Westbourne Hall." — W. London Times. 
 
 " Dr. Simms at the Victoria Hall. — During the week Dr. Simms has again favoured the 
 inhabitants of this borough with several very instructive lectures. On Wednesday evening 
 the lecturer gave explanatory instructions upon the science of physiognomy, and by dia- 
 grams exhibited comparisons between the intellectual and the debased types of mankind, 
 giving his hearers abundant hints so as to enable them to judge characters from facial develop- 
 ment. — The Sunderland Times. 
 
 " Scientific Lectures.— For several successive evenings Dr. Simms has been lecturing in 
 the Music Hall, Albion Street, upon Physiognomy, Physiology, and kindred sciences, to 
 large and deeplyjinterested audiences. The system of Physiognomy that the Doctor pre- 
 sents is new and true to nature, being based on observation and reason applied to animal and 
 human life. The quiet[humour that pervades each lecture, together with the reason adduced, 
 will well repay attending the lectures. The vast collection of portraits in oil are the finest 
 and most extensive that have ever been exhibited in Leeds by any travelling lecturer."— The 
 Leeds Daily Neivs, Oct. 6th, 1873. 
 
 " Scientific Lecture in Leeds. — During several successive evenings Dr. Simms has been 
 attracting large audiences at the Music Hall, Albion-street, with lectures on Physiognomy, 
 Physiology, &c. The Doctor is a lecturer of twenty years' experience, and this, together with 
 the extensive apparatus with which the lectures are illustrated, makes them at once instruc- 
 tive, entertaining, and elevating.." — Leeds Mercury. 
 
 Scientific Lectures. — For several successive evenings Dr. Simms has been lecturing in the 
 Music Hall, Albion-street, upon Physiognomy, Physiology, and kindred sciences, to large and 
 deeply interested audiences. The system of physiognomy that the doctor presents is new and 
 true to nature, being based on observation and reason applied to animal and human life. The 
 quiet humour that pervades each lecture, together with the reason adduced, will well repay 
 attending the lectures. The vast collection of portraits in oil are the finest and most extensive 
 that have ever been exhibited in Leeds by any travelling lecturer."— The Leeds Express. 
 
16 
 NATURE'S REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER; 
 
 OR PHYSIOGONOMY ILLUSTRATED. 
 By J. Simms, M.D. 
 
 Large, handsomely finished, muslin bound, Octavo Demy, of G21 pages 
 and adorned with 270 Illustrative Engravings by Edinburgh Artists, and 
 printed by the City Press, London. An exhaustive exposition of the Principles and 
 Signs of a system of Physiognomy, strictly in accordance with the anatomical 
 structure of the human body, enabling the reader to interpret character by out- 
 ward physical manifestations. Price 21s. 
 
 Sold by 
 
 Tweedie & Co., 337, Strand, London; Machlachlan & Stewart, G4, South 
 
 Bridge Street, Edinburgh ; Tweed, 9, Howard Street, Glasgow. 
 
 By reading and studying the above-mentioned work, men and women, possessed of fair 
 capacities for observation, may learn what the general aspect, activity, stature, form, density, 
 size, colour, texture, and proportion of each part to the whole organization, accompanies 
 honesty or knavery ; untiring industry with its antipode of enervating indolence, unbounded 
 charity and its antithesis selfishness ; love as contrasted with hate ; hope and faith opposed 
 by despondency and infidelity ; anger and serenity; and every shading of human character as 
 they indelibly stamp the visage and physique of mankind. In this book, the young may find 
 rules, for strengthening eveiy portion "of the human frame ; the observance of which it is 
 hoped will speedily eradicate the mental and physical infirmities so common to youth, and 
 owing to the prevailing ignorance of the principles that govern mind and health, are not rare 
 in maturity. As there is not a school in the world that teaches what the different forms of 
 noses, eyes, mouths, ears, chin, &c, indicate; so relatively a book that contains such infor- 
 mation becomes all the more valuable. 
 
 If the noble objects of life are to render all the aid to others that lies witliin our power, as 
 well as to accomplish what little we can for ourselves, which none will gainsay, and as a cor- 
 rect knowledge of human character will enable us to become more useful, so correspondingly 
 does a practical knowledge of physiognomy enable us to live to high purposes with greater 
 prospects of success. It also teaches the proper manner of utilizing and harmonizing our 
 methods of [thinking, by clearly shewing the necessary cultivation of the great and apparently 
 unlimited powers that have been beneficently bestowed upon mankind. 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOGNOMICAL CHART. 
 
 h BY J. SIMMS, M.D. 
 
 Muslin bound, crown 8vo., 240 pages, 220 Illustrations, over 100 faculties, and 
 several hundred Signs of Character, none of the latter having been before 
 pointed. 
 
 BY THE SAME AUTHOR, 
 
 TWELVE SCIENTIFIC LECTURES; 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH. 
 
 THE PROPER CARE OF THE HITMAN BODY. 
 
 WIT AND HUMOUR. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMICAL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 MATING LOVE, AND ASPIRATION. 
 
 THE SECRETS OF SUCCESS IN LIFE. 
 
 ANIMALIMITATIONALITY AND MENTIMITATIVENESS. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMICAL ASPECTS OF REVERENCE, INTUITION, & FAITH. 
 
 LOVE AND MARRIAGE. 
 
 BEAUTY, WITH RULES FOR ITS PRESERVATION. 
 
 The Printing awd Numerical Registering ComjKny, Ilnuted, 204 frS&J, (M Street. E.C 
 
 [un-g Coju^n-y, hnaifced, 204 Sc 2&J, OW Street, 
 
 London. ■ 
 
 op 
 
Stomach Worker 
 
 Fevers, Gout, Rheu* 
 matism, Apoplexy, 
 Early Death. 
 
 Brain Worker. 
 
 Dyspepsia, Derange- 
 ment of the Nervous 
 System, Consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Healthy Worker 
 
 Progression, Pros- 
 perity, Happiness, 
 Long Life. 
 
 Idler. 
 
 Ignorance, Unhap- 
 piness, Dissipation, 
 Want, Crime. 
 
 HEALTH AND CHARACTER 
 
 WITH 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. SIMMS, M.D., of NEW YOEK, 
 
 Author of "Nature's Revelations of Character" A Large Work on 
 Physiognomy -, "A New Physiognomical Chart" Several Scientific 
 Lectures, &c. 
 
NATURE'S REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER; OR, PHYSIOGNOMY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 By J. SIMMS, M.D. 
 
 Large, handsomely finished, muslin bound, Octavo Demy, of 624 pages, and 
 adorned with 270 Engravings by Edinburgh artists, and printed by the City Press, 
 London. An exhaustive exposition of the Principles and Signs of a complete system 
 of Physiognomy, enabling the reader to interpret character by outward physical mani- 
 festations, and the forms by which character is disclosed. 
 
 Maclachlan & Stewart, 64 South Bridge, Edinburgh; Tweed, 9 Howard 
 Street, Glasgow ; TwEEDIE & Co., 337 Strand, London. 
 
 BRITISH PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 There is so much ability, so much that is estimable and worthy of note, the book is certain to pro- 
 voke discussion, and arouse an extensive interest. — Brighton Daily News. 
 
 To all who wish to study and understand the human nature which passes before them daily, We 
 can, with all confidence, recommend Dr. Simms's volume.— North British Daily Mail, Glasgow. 
 
 Originality characterises this voluminous book, while every page is replete with scientific observa- 
 tions that at once make it one of the most interesting and valuable publications produced in modern 
 times. — The Northern and Eastern Examiner, London. 
 
 This is one of the most important contributions to the science of physiognomy, which has appeared 
 for many years. It records many hundred useful observations, illustrated by a large number of 
 woodcuts, It is popular and simple in style, and well worth its cost.— The City Press, London. 
 
 The author is a great observer and a great traveller, well versed in science in its various depart- 
 ments, and is known as one of the most interesting lecturers we have. There is nothing in this 
 book which offends against good taste. It is a harmless as well as a valuable contribution to litera- 
 ture, and one which should be in the library of every student of human nature, every phrenologist 
 and physiognomist.— Human Nature, London. 
 
 Has devoted twenty years of his life to the study of physiognomy, and for this purpose has 
 travelled over all parts of the United States and Europe. He has produced a book embodying the 
 result of a vast number of observations in that universally useful science, physiognomy. The result 
 is a pleasant book, which will amuse, instruct, and enlighten the mind, and purify the affections. — 
 The Rock, London (a religious paper). 
 
 _ Observant men of all ages have noticed a certain correspondence between the configuration of 
 living beings and traits of character or disposition possessed by them ; and that this correspondence 
 should receive its highest expression in humanity is only what might be expected. Yet it cannot 
 be denied that the subject is of importance. This work contains evidence of shrewd observation on 
 the part of its author, with anecdotes and copious illustrations of the subject-matter, by the por- 
 traiture of individuals more or less well-known.— The Lancet. 
 
 We all receive impressions, favourable or unfavourable, from the faces we meet, and yet, with 
 this general belief in the indication of character by the face, there are few who take the trouble to 
 become acquainted with the principles which underlie the science of physiognomy. We are glad, 
 therefore, to see a work on the subject by Dr. Simms, in which, while treating the subject in a 
 scientific spirit, he seeks to make it sufficiently popular to interest the general reader. The style is 
 good, the composition simple, and the meaning clear.— The Hamilton Advertiser, Scotland. 
 
 This work, whilst a treatise on physiognomy, is something far more : it embodies the result of 
 nearly twenty years of study and observation by the author. This we may say, the student of 
 anatomy would learn much from Dr. Simms. With an industry, which it is to be hoped the sale of 
 this book will amply repay and reward, the doctor has taken his subjects for illustration from every 
 quarter of the globe, and not only from man, but also from members of the brute creation.— The 
 Temperance Star, London. 
 
 We have now before us a work treating not only of noses and other features of the face, but of the 
 whole human frame. He regards the bodily frame so correlated to the mental and moral constitu- 
 tion of man, that, if properly considered, it may always be found to afford sure indications of what 
 that mental and moral constitution is. It would unquestionably be of great importance for any 
 man to possess this power of thus estimating the characters of all around him, and might be the 
 means of securing safety in business transactions. We have had much pleasure in reading Dr. 
 Simms's book, and in looking at the many engravings with which it is illustrated. There is in the 
 book unquestionably much of original and curious observation.— The Edinburgh Courant. 
 
 His design has nothing absurd in itself. He has no special craze that we can discover, and he can 
 even talk of his undertaking in a manner not inconsistent with his knowing how to set about it. 
 He states in effect that every feature of a human being has a history and meaning of its own— if we 
 could only find them out— which is quite true ; that certain rough inferences, founded on this 
 belief, are already acted upon to some extent by mankind in their dealings with one another, which 
 is also quite true ; that a special aptitude for making such inferences, in other words the gift of 
 reading character, is of great use to those who possess it, which is also true ; and that knowledge of 
 this kind is capable of being made scientific, which we think is also true. We can see no reason 
 why physiognomy should not some day become a definite and useful branch of the science of human 
 nature.— The Saturday Review, London. 
 
 This work comprises a system of character-reading, founded on scientific principles, which will be 
 found more free from the traditional folly and warped by-gones than anything of the kind that has 
 hitherto been presented to the public. The book, in fact, is the first that has left the beaten track 
 of arbitrary and misleading deduction, and followed the footsteps of Nature alone in its outward 
 manifestations of inward character. It is unquestionably a work of transcendent ability. No public 
 library or private house should be without a copy ; and we are persuaded a general adoption of its 
 precepts would result in the promotion of virtue, the suppression of vice, and an ultimate heighten- 
 ing of the status of mankind. We are convinced the day is at hand when physiognomy will, like 
 other kindred sciences, be taught in our schools ; and Dr. Simms will pardon us if we hint the de- 
 sirability of a condensed work from his hands, adapted specially for the use of our schools and col- 
 leges.— The Free Went, London. 
 
 [Continued on Srdpage of Cover. 
 
Stomach Worker 
 
 Fevers, Gout, Rheu- 
 matism, Apoplexy, 
 Early Death. 
 
 Brain Worker. 
 
 Dyspepsia, Derange- 
 ment of the Nervous 
 System, Consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Healthy Worker 
 
 Progression, Pros- 
 perity, Happiness, 
 Long Life. 
 
 Idler. 
 
 Ignorance, Unhap- 
 piness, Dissipation, 
 Want, Crime. 
 
 A RECORD OF THE HEALTH & CHARACTER 
 
 Of 
 
 MARKED BY J. SIMMS, M. D. 
 
 N.B. — This book is intended only for whom it is marked; his or 
 her state of health and how to improve it ; or the manner of regaining 
 it if lost. It points out also the weak traits of character and the best 
 means of strengthening them; the excesses and the modes of repress- 
 ing them. The pursuit for which a person is by nature best adapted ; 
 the conjugal or matrimonial partner most suitable to conduce to 
 happy results, &c. 
 
4 HEALTH And character. 
 
 By exercise increase your respiration, and sponge the whole body 
 frequently with cold water, if you have animal heat enough to 
 endure it ; but if you are cold and weak use tepid water. This 
 will cause your skin to assume a healthy colour as well as remove 
 stiffness and erruptions from it. To the same end, if your skin 
 seems out of order 'avoid animal fat of all kinds, sweets, stimulants, 
 and use chiefly fruits and vegetables. 
 
 Ride on horseback an hour daily, if possible, and frequently take 
 pedestrian trips into the country ; clamber up the hills and moun- 
 tains ; dance, run, and roll about with your dog ; avoid too close 
 study, and shun the debauchery of sloth and inaction. Remember 
 the physical laws of God are as sacred as the moral, and must be 
 kept inviolate, in order to make your blood pure, and impart tone 
 and vitality into the solids of your organisation. 
 
 Your dress regulate with reference to health and comfort rather 
 than appearance. Do not make yourself a peripatetic museum of 
 fashionable costumes: Remember that thin shoes help you on most 
 rapidly to an early tomb. Many a man has taken cold by changing 
 his boots for slippers on entering his home, and the cold has be- 
 come a fever and ended his days. Underclothing, whether woollen, 
 cotton, linen, or silk, should be white, because it' does not radiate 
 the heat like colours, nor does it contain poisonous matters, as some 
 colours do, to the great injury of the constitutions that are sus- 
 ceptible in this respect. 
 
 Sleep, take as much of this real balm as possible, and if you are 
 wide awake you must keep your mouth closed, especially when 
 sleeping, both to prevent nightmare, and because the mouth, more 
 rapidly than the nose, inhales poisonous vapours and exhalations. If 
 you are liable to somnambulism, eat something light before retiring, 
 and as far as possible rub yourself all over with your hand, or a 
 flesh brush. Adopt the practice of Dr. John Hunter, the cele- 
 brated Scotch surgeon, whose practice was to indulge in half an 
 hour's sleep daily after dinner. Dr. Willard Parker, a talented sur- 
 geon of New York, allows nothing to prevent his sleeping one hour 
 after dinner. Reader ! do thou the same. If your stomach is weak 
 sleep in a reclining posture in a soft, large arm chair. Those who 
 have strong stomachs experience no inconvenience from a recumbent 
 posture. Dr. Abernethy, the famous physician to the Prince of 
 Wales, always threw himself on the hearthrug for a snooze after din- 
 ner, and refused even to his Royal Highness to elevate himself until 
 he completed his siesta. But remember to allow no new pleasing 
 thoughts to fascinate you before bed hour. 
 
 Overwork and constant thought must, if possible, be avoided, the 
 cowardly rascal disease seizing first and chiefly the weak parts of the 
 body, to preclude which you should endeavour to keep every organ, 
 but specially the blood itself, in a strong and vitalised condition. If 
 your memory begins to fail, your strength to decline, your mind to 
 wander, change your place of residence and mode of living; take a 
 lesson from migratory birds \ seek a cooler climate in summer and 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 5 
 
 a warmer in winter; eat and drink what you find agrees best with 
 you, and you will find your symptoms more tending towards sound- 
 ness and health. 
 
 Cultivate kind and virtuous dispositions. Bear in mind that the 
 possession of fear and anger weakens the heart, deranges the nervous 
 system, impedes perspiration, hinders the proper action of the bowels, 
 and prevents healthful secretions and excretions throughout the en- 
 tire frame. With an adamantine will determine to gain a perfect 
 command over your angry passions ; resolve to conquer every fear, 
 and allow no animal passions to burrow within. As strenuous exertion 
 is required to break an ugly colt, so does it demand unyielding resolu- 
 tion to manage a fractious spirit. Sadness banish, but hope and joy 
 cultivate, for these exert a pre-eminent power in preserving health and 
 longevity as well as on wordly prosperity and advancement. The 
 cause of life-force is, however, cheerfulness, and also its consequence, 
 and will be promoted by all the means already mentioned. To these 
 may be added, although already implied : keep much in the sun- 
 light ; avoid dark, dank and ill-ventilated places, eschewing all use- 
 less demands on the vital forces, and cherishing the hope of a happy 
 immortality. So may health shed its ennobling influence over many 
 years of useful and health-inspiring life. 
 
 B. As no one suffers from an over-abundance of health, except 
 those who abuse it for immoral purposes, it is unnecessary to give 
 directions for its restraint. The abuse of such a blessing is a trans- 
 gression against all law, human and divine. 
 
 FACIAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE FIVE FORMS. 
 
 That part of the following face indicated by No. i, is the facial repre- 
 sentation of Form I., or the Abdominal Form. 
 
 The space enclosed on the face by the line, and marked 2, indicates 
 Form II., or the Thoracic Form. 
 
 That portion of the face marked 3, represents Form III., or the 
 Muscular and Fibroid Form. 
 
 Form IV., or the Osseous or Bony Form, is evinced by the size of 
 that part of the face enclosed by the line, and marked 4. 
 
 The figure 5 indicates that portion of the head and face above the 
 line where the Form V., or Brain and Nerve Form, is most 
 apparent. 
 
 The above explanations apply to the cut on the succeeding page. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 I.-ABDOMINAL FORM. 
 
 Large abdomen, wide mouth, round chin, puffed cheeks and lower face, 
 abundance of soft flesh, sleepy-looking eyes, slow movements. 
 
 i. Nearly devoid of vitality, yours is a thin skeleton. 
 2. Are liable to wear out prematurely. 
 •3. Possess some, though an insufficient stock, of life-power. 
 4. Lack flesh and blood, and are weak iq digestion. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 7 
 
 5. Dinner is not what you worship. 
 
 6. Your nutritive and digestive forces are sufficiently capable of 
 furnishing a fair amount of nourishment. 
 
 7. Have vital juices required for ordinary exertion. 
 
 8. Are well supplied'by the nourishing apparatus. ' 
 
 9. With good assimilative organs and appropriative powers. 
 
 10. An abundance of vitality gives you a plump appearance. 
 
 11. Have a strong excernent system. 
 
 12. So thoroughly ventriquose and fleshy you are that you can only 
 feel gratified when your full nature is at ease. Are likely to die 
 suddenly from apoplexy, as did Don Alfonso VI. of Spain. In size 
 you somewhat resemble Mr. Bright, Daniel Lambert, of England, 
 and Mrs. Rohm, of America ; the first died in his thirtieth year ; the 
 second died early; the last died at Baltimore, aged 29 years. Their 
 weights were 648, 739, 583 pounds, respectively. 
 
 A. Take care to masticate slowly plenty of plain, easily-digested 
 food, and wash it down with plenty of water. After meals, throw 
 yourself into an easy chair, with your feet raised, and induce sleep ; 
 or, better still, lie down to rest, and take it easy. All slim literary 
 men especially require to let the system often fall into a. state of 
 repose. When a child's abdomen is relatively small and weak, 
 restrain and curtail his studies, and all exercise of a violent character ; 
 but stimulate the eating and drinking tendencies. Avoid everything 
 that interferes with the cultivation of good temper. Keep the mind 
 serene and free from disturbing passions. Attending to these hints, 
 Nature will round out your slight figure and abolish the straight lines 
 and angles of your form, giving as much of the abdominal form as is 
 necessary for the equalisation of your faculties. 
 
 B. Keep your mouth closed, your eyes and ears wide open ; re- 
 strain yourself in eating and drinking to the utmost point, short of 
 imitating the Frenchman's horse which just died on attaining to the 
 point of living on one blade of grass per diem. Avoid milk, beer, 
 eggs, sugar, and butter, as well as all oleagenous and carbonaceous 
 substances. But -eat fish, boiled fowl, vegetables, fruit, and bread, 
 with water only for your drink. Work earnestly with both limbs and 
 brains ; cultivate the society of lively, active, sprightly persons, who 
 will, by the power of sympathy, assist in overcoming the torpor of 
 your mind. Like Cobb, the famous pugilist, exercise as he did when 
 he went to Scotland to fight Molyneux ; or, as Captain Barclay, who 
 steamed off 33lbs. of his carcase in a walking match of 1000 miles. 
 A Leith merchant climbed every morning'to the top of Arthur's Seat, 
 a hill 822 feet high, about 3 miles from Leith, and thus succeeded in 
 reducing his corpulent physique. Doctor Cheyne, of London, got 
 rid of 140IDS. of flesh, and lived to. a good old age, by restraining 
 his appetite and taking a good deal of exercise. . Let these be your 
 encouraging examples. By such means you will not only reduce 
 superabundant flesh, but you will improve the beauty of your person, 
 and if to these moderatives you add friction of your body, it will 
 greatly help the desired reduction, and at the same time preserve you 
 
8 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 from gout, rheumatism, and apoplexy. Your secretions will be duly 
 proportioned, fatty redundency removed or prevented, your skin 
 rendered smooth and elastic, and your complexion will become soft, 
 clear, and wholesome. 
 
 II.-THORAC1C FORM. 
 
 Large chest, nostrils capacious, cheekbones prominent, throat full, while 
 the abdomen and brain are comparatively small. 
 
 i. Having such poor respiratory powers you inhale so little air 
 that you could hardly be drowned. Hence the circulation of your 
 blood is so languid that your energy assimilates itself to the snail and 
 sloth type. Hence your timidity and lack-a-daisical passiveness. ■ 
 
 2. A cold, torpid, absorptive nature, you generate little warmth, 
 and constantly take cold, and are thus unprotective and deficient in 
 energy. 
 
 3. Are deficient in circulation and respiration. 
 
 4. You breathe too much with the top of the lungs, and not suffi- 
 ciently to give strength to the entire system. 
 
 5. A sense of exhaustion often steals over you ; the lungs are not 
 very strong. 
 
 6. The warlike tendency is ' not a controlling impulse in your 
 nature. 
 
 7. Are well equipoised between listlessness and intense ardour. 
 
 8. Have fair respiratory and circulatory powers. 
 
 9. The element of air enters largely into your system. 
 
 10. Your respiration is deep, full, and invigorating. 
 
 11. In one with your strength of heart and lungs, all deleterious 
 gases are highly inimical to life. 
 
 12. You breathe much, and have an immense amount of red cor- 
 puscles in your blood, and are consequently full of vigour. 
 
 A. Run, ride, row a boat, climb hills, mountains, and church steeples. 
 Dr. Baynard, of Bath (England), had weak lungs, and, living'on low 
 ground, he became consumptive, if not in confirmed phthisis ; but 
 he cured himself and became, at least in this respect, strong and 
 healthy by almost constant riding. Fly, then, from the sea-level and 
 seek the mountain heights j walk erect ; use both bathing and fric- 
 tion of your chest, and it will as certainly expand as any effect will 
 follow its cause. Read aloud an hour every day ; sing, if you have 
 any ear for music, and breathe deeply all the air you can. Use 
 dumb-bells, play at shuttlecock 'if you can get an antagonist, and 
 fight your own shadow rather than remain passive. 
 
 B. The very intensity of the fires within you may destroy the life 
 they were intended to preserve. ^If, therefore, you are too energetic, 
 burning up too much material through the size and powerful action 
 of your lungs and heart, live much within doors, creeping into the 
 cellar rather than up to the garret ; compel yourself to sit still for 
 some time daily, and prosecute intellectual studies. ' Eat heartily 
 chiefly vegetables, avoiding animal food and fermented liquors. In. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 vite sleep, and shun all occasions of excitement ; but especially keep 
 away from the activities of war, and whatever and every kind Of strife. 
 
 Ill.-MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS. FORM. 
 
 This type broad rather than tall, the neck short, the forehead low, the 
 
 nose flat, the ear short, the. eyes prominent, the wrinkles on the face 
 
 deep and perpendicular. 
 
 i. There is scarcely any muscle in your frame ; harmless as a 
 
 butterfly, useless as last year's rainbow, you would not kill a flea or 
 
 outrun a snail if you could help it, but would yield to every whim of 
 
 everyone rather than make the least exertion — laziness personified. 
 
 2. Your limbs are very weak and feebly braced ; the good Lord 
 only knows for what you were formed ; easily wearied, always sighing 
 and groaning, weak and spasmodic in all your movements. • 
 
 3. It requires effort for you to labour. 
 
 4. Have some strength, though too little for great effort. 
 
 5. Where physical power alone is required, you cannot excel. 
 
 6. Possess sufficient muscular power for ordinary undertakings. 
 
 7. Have a fair amount of muscle. 
 
 8. Can work and accomplish quite well, or strike a severe blow. 
 
 9. There is an excellent share of vigour in your muscles. 
 
 10. Are capable of much physical exertion. 
 
 11. You possess wonderful muscular strength. 
 
 12. A Hercules in bodily power and self-will. You closely re- 
 semble, in this respect, Topham of England, and Giovanni Baptista 
 Belzoni of Italy, who were remarkablp for their physical strength. . 
 
 A. The grand remedy is exercise. Take it early in the morning, 
 say from 6 until 7 in summer, and as early in winter as it is light. 
 Let it be walking, riding, running, jumping, fencing, using dumb-bells, 
 lifting, or playing at any active game. Sponge yourself from head to 
 foot with cold water the first thing every morning, then rub the skin 
 quite dry, and brush it thoroughly until it glows. Take plain food, 
 and avoid all kinds of pastry and confectionery, such as pies, pud- 
 dings, preserves, pickles, and sweetmeats. Let no day pass without 
 spending some time in the open air, but allow yourself rest sufficient. 
 Cyrus understood the secret of muscular strength when he made it a 
 law among the Persians that no one should eat except after labour. 
 If you become too thin under this regimen, exercise less. 
 
 B. Few men or women in this degenerate age have more muscle 
 than brain or body in proportion, and of all the forms this is perhaps 
 the least likely to require restraint. But you may have been a per- 
 son strong to labour physically, and innured to earn your bread by 
 the strength of a pair of brawny arms ; and you may have been left a 
 fortune, or from other circumstances may deem it desirable to become 
 softer, more refined, and intellectual. If so, you have but to reverse 
 the regimen prescribed above under A. Exercise little, devote your- 
 self to reading and thinking, and seek recreation in those lighter pas- 
 times which demand nicety and delicacy rather than strength. 
 
TO HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 IV.-OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM. 
 
 Shoulders and cheek-bones square, hollow or fiat temples, knees, wrists, 
 and knuckles prominent, figure generally, but not always, tall. 
 
 i. An insignificant looking little mortal, as restless and unstable as 
 a leaf driven by the wind, you are given to trifling pursuits and "per- 
 nickety" ways. 
 
 2. The small size of your frame indicates dwarf-like bones. 
 
 3. Very little exertion wearies you. 
 
 4. Finely moulded, and dislike the coarse drudgeries of life. 
 
 5. Are more graceful than enduring. 
 
 6. Have a fair framework. 
 
 7. Your osseous structure is sufficient to sustain you in ordinary 
 efforts. 
 
 8. Excellent bone structure. 
 
 9. Can use your framework to advantage. 
 
 10. Have considerable endurance. 
 
 11. Are determined and inflexible in your general intentions. 
 
 12. Great, solid bones in your frame enable you to endure, while 
 they give you remarkable steadiness of purpose. 
 
 A. Exercise yourself much, but not to excess, in slow, heavy 
 labour, performed in sunlight. That this developes the bones may 
 be witnessed in the hands and bones of every labourer accustomed 
 from his youth to heavy outdoor employment. Men born and reared 
 in London, Glasgow, Manchester, and other large cities, especially 
 manufacturing towns, are usually short, small-boned, and very often 
 bandy or calliper-legged. These defects arise from the sun being so 
 much obscured by the smoke" and fog that the bone growth is 
 retarded. For similar reasons there are more cripples and persons 
 of stunted and crooked growth in London, Glasgow, Manchester, 
 and Copenhagen, than elsewhere in Britain or Europe. These cities, 
 from their insular position, mostly near the sea, have many cloudy 
 and rainy days; besides being so densely built and smoky as 
 materially to intercept the rays of the sun. Hence the bones of the 
 inhabitants born and grown in those cities are generally small and 
 weak, the' spines and legs apt to grow incurvated and crooked. All 
 nocturnal animals have relatively small bones, as the fox, coon, opos- 
 sum, &c, that prowl about chiefly after sunset. So are such speci- 
 mens as the burrowing animals — the rabbit, marmot, mink, musk- 
 rat, beaver, common rat, mole, snake, eel — all of which are more or 
 less hid from sunlight a great part of their time. If you are too rich 
 or too lazy for manual labour, or engaged in a sedentary pursuit, ride 
 on horseback through the open country, leaving all sunshade at home, 
 and receiving the full blessing of the sunlight. And the advice is — 
 use chiefly vegetable and farinaceous food ; this contains lime and 
 the phosphates necessary to the formation of bone, whereas animal 
 food contains little or no bone material. The largest animals are 
 vegetarian; while the carnivorous, as the lion, tiger, lynx, &c, secure 
 bone material by crushing ' and devouring the bones as well as the 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. II 
 
 flesh of their prey. Those races of the human family that subsist 
 almost wholly on fish and meat, as the Esquimaux and Lapps, are 
 short and small-boned in comparison with the Russians, Swedes, and 
 Norwegians. Drink calcareous water. Avoid everything that tends 
 to chill the body or impede the circulation, such as damp, cold, or 
 dark rooms, thin cotton or linen clothing, light shoes, and tight 
 dresses, and maintain a free circulation of the blood with fair natural 
 warmth. 
 
 B. If your bones are becoming large, and your brain and nervous 
 system poor, as is evinced by dulness of apprehension and want of 
 sensitiveness, forego both walking and horse-riding, perform your 
 locomotion in a railway ; sit and study much in shady places. If 
 you ever do exercise, let it be in some light, active work or games, 
 with lively, small-boned, talkative companions ; attend theatres, lectures, 
 and exhibitions where brilliant scenes are witnessed and excitement 
 abounds. Visit museums and art galleries, devote your leisure hours 
 to reading, and if you walk out, let it be after sunset. Thus may you 
 quicken the sensational part of your system, and check an excess of 
 bone growth. 
 
 to* 
 
 V.-BRA1N AND NERVE FORM. 
 
 Relatively large head, spare pyriform face, slender neck and body, quick 
 nervous movement, rapidity of speech, hungry look. 
 
 i. Almost entirely devoid of sensation. 
 
 2. Have an apathetic and callous nature. 
 
 3. Are not acutely sensitive to pain or pleasure. 
 
 4. You possess more physical strength than power to feel. 
 • 5. Not inclined to a purely mental pursuit. 
 
 6. Have a fair degree of feeling. 
 
 7. Your sentient system is quite under the control of your will. 
 
 8. May enjoy mental labour in a tolerable degree. 
 
 9. Have a well developed nervous system. 
 
 10. Are a constant thinker. 
 
 11. Your brain is relatively large and has great power. 
 
 1 2. The very best material enters into your brain and nerve structure, 
 and you have exceedingly rapid and intense activity of the nerve 
 force, which makes you very sensitive. You can ably produce and 
 maintain the heat of the body, and are well adapted to resist the 
 depressing action of cold. 
 
 A. The functions of the brain and nervous system are liable to 
 suffer on the one hand from luxury, especially in eating and drink- 
 ing. The great authors of past centuries, the thinkers whose works 
 have immortalised them, were saved from being gormandisers by the 
 poverty which was generally their lot. From overwork, on the other 
 hand, the brain may suffer ; the fibres, like over-screwed strings of a 
 musical instrument, give way, as in the case of the celebrated geolo- 
 gist, Hugh Miller. Therefore, if you are deficient in thinking power 
 and wanting in sensitiveness and susceptibility to the higher class cf 
 
12 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 emotions and impressions, eat sparingly of plain food, especially 
 avoiding heavy suppers. Secure a proper amount of sleep, and force 
 yourself to study something for some- hours daily. Select whatever 
 you are likely to become most interested in, and persevere in apply- 
 ing your mind to it until application becomes no longer difficult. 
 The fruits and cereals, especially oats hi the form of meal made into 
 porridge or cakes,- are better for sustaining mind power than animal 
 food. 
 
 B. If, on the other hand, you are too susceptible, too imaginative, 
 too thoughtful, or have injured your nervous system by overwork, 
 you must devote yourself to physical labour, and cut off some hours 
 from your intellectual exercises. Keep as much as possible in the 
 open air, and eat sufficiently of whatever you find digestible. If there 
 is any subject to which your thoughts are apt continually to recur 
 and there to dwell until you become restless, agitated, and uneasy, 
 force yourself to apply to some occupation or pastime that will divert 
 you from such thinkings. Sleep, eat, exercise ; but avoid sedentary 
 and studious habits. 
 
 CLASS I 
 
 SUPPLYANT POWERS. 
 
 RELISH FOR LIQUIDS. 
 
 i. You hate water as much as Diogenes did dishonesty. 
 
 2. There is very little liquid in your system, having slight or no 
 fondness for it. 
 
 3. Are not particularly given to bathing or drinking. 
 
 4. Your system requires very moderate quantities of water. 
 
 5. Neither your thirst nor aversion for water is strong. 
 
 6. Are not a great water bird. 
 
 7.. You have a fair desire for liquids. 
 
 8. Find pleasure in viewing the ocean, lakes, and rivers. 
 
 9. Moisture seems to agree well with your system. 
 
 10. The aqueous element is abundant in your organisation. 
 n. You have a natural relish for bathing. 
 
 12. None more highly enjoy water than you, either in scenery, 
 ablution, or in imbibing. 
 
 A. Bathe often, imbibe frequently, visit water scenery, and use 
 salt freely. 
 
 B. When you bathe use as little water as possible, and bathe as 
 quickly as you can ; consume less liquid ; avoid soup, gravy, and salt. 
 
 DESIRE FOR SOLID FOOD. 
 
 1. Are greatly wanting in appetite. 
 
 2. You are an exceedingly small eater. 
 
 3. To eat seems more of a task to you than a pleasure. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 1 3 
 
 4. Are more particular regarding the quality of food than the quantity. 
 
 5. Plain, cleanly food you may relish in fair quantities. 
 
 6. Have an appetite which is occasionally somewhat freakish. 
 
 7. You possess a happy balance in this faculty. 
 
 8. A good meal causes most of your troubles to vanish. 
 
 9. You relish your food, but are neither gluttonous nor fastidious. 
 
 10. Your appetite for food is vigorous, yet you can control it with 
 the will. 
 
 11. Dislike to be stinted at the table. 
 
 12. Ever hungry, you need no dainties to whet your palate. 
 
 A. Think more of what you consume ; eat often, take vigorous 
 exercise in open air, and avoid excessive thinking. 
 
 B. Apply yourself to consecutive mental labour, and take only two 
 moderate meals per day. 
 
 IMITATIVENESS. 
 
 1. Are an extreme oddity; you largely resemble Peter the Hermit 
 of France, who instigated the first crusade. 
 
 2. Could never become a distinguished actor. 
 
 3. You possess very little capacity to work after a model ; are defi- 
 cient in the mimetic gift. 
 
 4. Somewhat, though not greatly, inclined to be conformatory. 
 
 5. Like to see other mimics, yet are not an adept at it yourself. 
 
 6. May not be able to produce a likeness of another ; nevertheless, 
 you are fond of the productions of art. 
 
 7. You are endowed with fair imitativeness. 
 
 8. Can imitate the useful. 
 
 9. Have good capacity in this faculty. 
 
 10. Are able to make the practices and opinions of others natural 
 to yourself. 
 
 11. You enjoy buffoonery and burlesque. 
 
 12. In the use of this faculty you have few, if any, superiors. 
 
 A. Walk and talk like others ; attend fashionable resorts ; dress as 
 nearly as possible like the prevailing custom ; move in good society, 
 and endeavour to be genteel. 
 
 B. Be yourself on all occasions ; wear your clothes until they are 
 worn out, regardless of fashion ; strive to vary, modify, alter, and make 
 something unmatched ; act strangely, peculiarly, and unusually, until 
 you establish an identity of your own; endeavour to become a reality 
 instead of an imitation. 
 
 CLASS II 
 
 PROTECTIVE ABILITIES. 
 
 FACULTY OF RESISTANCE. 
 
 1. In times of danger you flee away like a rabbit. 
 
 2. Others generally think you mild and inefficient 
 
14 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 3. Having little force, you go with rather than against the public 
 will. 
 
 4. Peace loving and averse to severities. 
 
 5. Usually mild and gentle; but, if provoked, may become nervous 
 and excited. 
 
 6. Admirably free from extremes in this faculty. 
 
 7. Intentional injuries you readily resent. . 
 
 8. Enjoy living in peace, yet you manifest staunchness in defence 
 of the right. 
 
 9. Opposition arouses your nature, and then you evince much 
 spirit. 
 
 10. The more dangers thicken around you, the more fortitude you 
 display. 
 
 11. Great is your self-possession in cases of extreme danger. 
 
 1 2. Courage and earnest opposition to what you deem wrong is 
 your innate feeling. 
 
 A. Mingle with the world ; let out your ideas and maintain them 
 when opposed ; grapple with difficulties and never shrink from dan- 
 ger ; look the lion of enterprise in the mouth and maintain a bold 
 front under all circumstances. 
 
 B. Evade all opposition, and never argue with any one; shun war 
 and woo the peaceful ; be more assenting, merciful, forgiving, and 
 sympathetic. 
 
 SELF-ESTIMATION. 
 
 1. Are constantly abased and exceedingly humble. 
 
 2. The retiring modesty of your nature is apt to detract from your 
 chances of success. 
 
 3. Have a moderate estimate of your own abilities. 
 
 4. Are neither arrogant nor presumptuous. 
 
 5. Your self-confidence is not strong. 
 
 6. Not assumptive, egotistical, pretentious, or imperious. 
 
 7. Have a fair share of independence. 
 
 8. An innate desire of yours is to maintain a commendable self- 
 reliance. 
 
 9. You strive to place reasonable trust in your capacities. 
 
 10. Little mean acts you despise. 
 
 11. You foster a pride of ancestry, and delight in honourable 
 thoughts and noble actions. 
 
 12. The true aim of your life should be to endeavour to become 
 as truly great as you think you are. 
 
 A. Throw yourself upon your unaided resources; determine to be 
 a leader in society ; never condemn any of your acts as long as they 
 bear the impress of right. 
 
 B. Let meekness and modesty be your aim ; remember that the 
 violet is far more lowly than the sun-flower, and much more admired; 
 study out your defects, and no longer consider yourself infallible. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 1 5 
 
 CLASS III. 
 
 PROPAGATIVE INCLINATIONS, 
 
 LOQATIVE HABITS. 
 
 1. Are nomadic and migratory in your habits and feelings. 
 
 2. Have an uneasy disposition and an intense passion for rambling. 
 
 3. You possess little or no attachment to place. 
 
 4. Are delighted with travelling. 
 
 5. Have more love for friends than for house. 
 
 6. Are fairly developed in this respect. 
 
 7. To you it seems pleasant to have a home, yet can leave it if 
 necessary. 
 
 8. When having been away for a long time, it seems delightful to 
 return to your birth place. 
 
 9. A strong natural tie exists between you and the land of your 
 nativity. 
 
 10. It is very difficult for you to lead a homeless life; are emi- 
 nently patriotic. 
 
 11. Have a strong aversion to migration. 
 
 12. You find extreme delight in a place of constant residence. 
 
 A. Buy a mansion and strive to have nothing in it except that pro- 
 duced or made in your own country ; centre your thoughts on your 
 home, and omit no effort to make it the most pleasant place on 
 earth. 
 
 B. Travel, cast away prejudice, and endeavour to appreciate the 
 beauties of other lands. 
 
 RECEPTION OF TONE. 
 
 1. There is no more music in you than in a brick. Should make 
 all of your music with a music-box or by turning a hand organ. 
 
 2. Handel's " Jubilate," and " The Creation" by Haydn, seem 
 much alike to you; would fail to appreciate those fine airs once so 
 beautifully played by Rolla, Paer, Giretto, Spohr, Lafont, or 
 Mayseder. 
 
 3. Are somewhat deficient in the soul of harmony. 
 
 4. Have an appreciation of excellent music. 
 • 5. Can sing if you have a good voice. 
 
 6. The incomparable singing of Jenny Lind Goldschmidt would 
 please you, although you may not sing. 
 
 7. Possess fair musical ability. 
 
 8. With practice may perform on a musical instrument ; your 
 capacity to vocalise music depends upon your voice. 
 
 9. Simple melody elevates your mind and calms your ruffled 
 spirit. 
 
 10. Good music has an irresistable force over your heart. 
 
 1 1. The most complicated harmony of the modern musician pleases 
 your finely-susceptible sense. 
 
1 6 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 12. Although you may not equal the reputed musical performances 
 of Timotheus of old, yet you possess an ear of fastidious delicacy. 
 
 A. Do not wait for a master like Giardini, a Fischer with his 
 hautboy, or a Crosdil with his violincello, to produce the genuine 
 effects of music upon your ear; but listen to every tolerable harmony, 
 or simple music, for which the present age seems to have little relish. 
 Strive to practise music, and be patient as well as persevering, and 
 remember that to attain superior excellence of rapid execution re- 
 quires the unremitted labour of a life. 
 
 B. Cease singing, and learn that music, when pursued with intense 
 ardour, has a tendency to totally enervate. 
 
 CONCEALATIVENESS, OR INCLINATION TO 
 CONCEAL. 
 
 i. You keep nothing to yourself. 
 
 2. Are exceedingly outspoken and transparent. 
 
 3. What you know you are willing others should enjoy ; you never 
 seek for secrets. 
 
 . 4. Sincerity and hatred of deceit are your inbred traits. 
 
 5. The winding mazes of duplicity engender, as they deserve, 
 your hearty contempt. 
 
 6. False display of candour and mean artifices to your nature are 
 highly distasteful. 
 
 7. Not being secretive to dishonesty, or divulgent to simplicity, 
 you may be considered well adjusted in this faculty. 
 
 8. You are capable of keeping a secret, and are not likely to 
 betray a friend. 
 
 9. At times you appear a little mysterious and somewhat in- 
 sinuating. 
 
 10. Have an excellent ability to keep a secret. 
 
 it. Your enigmatical and sly disposition is liable to allure you into 
 the false belief that you know the secret motives of others while 
 your own are hidden. 
 
 12. Cunning and low subtlety are so deeply rooted in your mind, 
 that you entertain a.mean opinion of those with whom you converse. 
 
 A. Talk little ;. have no intimate friend ; keep on the alert ; evade 
 direct answers to questions ; often quiz others ; move in polite 
 society, and assent to the opinions of those with whom you associate.' 
 
 B. Abandon all society where ' calumny usurps the place of wit 
 or instruction in the feast of conversation ; never ask what was said 
 of you by others ; act out your true nature and appear only what 
 you are. 
 
 CURVATIVENESS, OR JUDGMENT OF CURVES. 
 
 1. Forgetful of winding roads, turns, and crooked ways, hence you 
 readily lose your way. 
 
 2. Have slight appreciation of rounded forms. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 1 7 
 
 3. For curved outlines and the recollection of faces you possess 
 little inclination. 
 
 4. Having an unreliable memory for faces, you will pass friends 
 and acquaintances sometimes unnoticed. 
 
 5. Are fond of seeing beautiful forms and patterns, and the 
 ever-changing aspects of nature. 
 
 6. Evenly balanced in this faculty. 
 
 7. Rounded and beautiful outlines excite your admiration. 
 
 8. The forms of faces, landscapes, and routes you generally recol- 
 lect. 
 
 9. Have a natural aptitude for judging of curvilinear forms. 
 
 10. All natural curves, and windings of roads, rivers, hills, and 
 mountains become strongly impressed on your memory. 
 
 11. Can recollect faces and curves remarkably well, and rarely, if 
 ever, forget the route you have once travelled. 
 
 1 2. Possessed of a fine taste for art, ornamentation, and decora- 
 tion. 
 
 A. Notice the configuration and outline of everything ; endeavour 
 to trace family resemblances and facial expressions ; practise draw- 
 ing and spelling ; dispense with a guide ; take a compass and strive 
 to find your way wherever and whenever you travel. 
 
 B. Engage in an occupation where straight lines and angles 
 abound ; have a square table to eat or write on ; use furniture in 
 your house, wherein corners and plane surfaces are more numerous 
 than rounding forms ; cease drawing, and evade all art galleries, and 
 at length those imaginary figures may disappear from your fancy. 
 
 ACCUMULATIVE FACULTY. 
 
 1. Are greatly extravagant and thriftless. 
 
 2. Nearly every enterprise of yours proves to be a failure. 
 
 3. Manifest little, if any, economy in financial transactions. 
 
 4. Slow to perceive opportunities for speculation. 
 
 5. Can comprehend the means of increasing wealth, yet are more 
 theoretical than practical regarding gain. 
 
 6. Desire to make more than a living. 
 
 7. Being harmoniously balanced in this faculty, you worship 
 neither indigence nor opulence. 
 
 8. Wish to be highly successful and flourish. 
 
 9. Circumstances must be unfavourable if you do not increase in 
 worldly goods. 
 
 10. To prosper and thrive affords you great satisfaction. 
 
 11. Will strive to amass property, and to increase what you 
 possess. 
 
 1 2. Thoroughly you know the ownership of the property you have 
 gained. 
 
 A. Be industrious and saving; speculate and court healthy 
 competition ; study the natural laws of supply and demand ; unite 
 practical wisdom with your capital • and above all keep your armour 
 bright with honesty and earnestness of purpose. 
 
1 8 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 B. Think less of property, but more of your soul ; cease trading, 
 and devote your time to gathering valuable thoughts, and acquiring 
 a noble way of thinking; cultivate commendable humility, and re- 
 member that without the higher virtues, such as liberality, respect, 
 faith, honour, a cultivated mind, and good conscience, all worldly 
 wealth is but a phantom. 
 
 MONOGAMIC LOVE. 
 
 i. Are unloving and unloved. 
 
 2. The tender passion of love has never been kindled into a flame 
 within your bosom. 
 
 3. Bachelorhood or Spinsterhood would well accord with your 
 tastes. 
 
 4. You often see those you greatly admire. 
 
 5. You may esteem the soldier armed for the battle, but you love 
 him more when he is exhilarated by the scenes of domestic love. 
 
 ' 6. Moderately inclined to manifest affection. 
 J. The tenderness of conjugal attachment you acknowledge and 
 respect. 
 
 8. An innate love for one of the opposite sex is a leading feature 
 of your character. 
 
 9. On such food as love a mind like yours can nourish itself. 
 
 10. Persons with such a strong monogamic taste usually become 
 valuable members Of society. 
 
 11. An exclusive devotion to the object of your affection causes 
 you to enjoy caressing. 
 
 12. Deep and true affection constantly urges you towards higher 
 perfection. 
 
 A. Protect with jealous care every tender tie; if you lose your 
 object of love, lead such a virtuous and attractive life that another 
 will love you ; continue in loving and well doing 5 strive to imitate 
 the devoted love Eleonora manifested for Tasso. 
 
 B. Endeavour to regulate your actions by philosophy ; read tenta- 
 tive works and abjure fiction ; bear in mind that love in excess ruins 
 health and blights all prospects of becoming intellectually distin- 
 guished. 
 
 PERCEPTION OF COLOURS. 
 
 1. Are colour blind. 
 ' 2. The mild shades of colour you fail to notice. 
 
 3. A fine form arrests your attention more readily than the most 
 gaudy colours. 
 
 4. Find some interest in viewing fine flowers and beautifully 
 blended tints. 
 
 5. Delicate hues and shadows please you. 
 
 6. With attention you are capable of judging decided colours. 
 
 7. Admire the soft and subdued tones and half tones in superior 
 photographs. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 1 9 
 
 8. A fair observer of well indicated lights and shades. 
 
 9. Take a great interest in coloured works of art. 
 
 10. Have the capacity to closely scrutinise contrasts or harmonies 
 in complexions and dresses. 
 
 1 1.. Scarcely a tint, however soft, escapes your attention. 
 12. Have decided talent for that part of the plastic arts where 
 shades and hues are indispensable. 
 
 A. Visit galleries of fine paintings such as the Louvre in Paris ; 
 The old gallery in Munich, The Vatican in Rome, and others in 
 Florence, St. Petersburg, Madrid, &c, and study out the beauties of 
 the old masters. Notice colours in the foliage of forests, or in earth's 
 green carpet decked with attractive flowers, and study the gold and 
 silver pencilings of the sun on the sky. 
 
 B. Wear nothing gaudy, and live in a foggy cloudy locality and 
 shun artistic works by famous artists. 
 
 LOVE OF THE YOUNG. 
 
 1. Children you fairly detest. 
 
 2. Calmly indifferent about pets. 
 
 3. Dislike to be troubled with children. 
 
 4. Can tolerate well-behaved children. 
 
 5. Have no great hatred or love for dependants. 
 
 6. You sympathise with the sports and foibles of the young. 
 
 7. Are beautifully balanced in tjfiis faculty. 
 
 8. The loss of a child would, cause you poignant grief. 
 
 9. Take marked delight in the young. 
 
 10. Your heart yearns in behalf of every child in distress. 
 
 11. Children find in you a sympathiser and protector. 
 
 12. Young plants, pets, animals and children you are apt to take 
 great delight in, and especially the latter. 
 
 A. Associate with children, ask them questions and answer theirs, 
 keep pets and feed them, have a warm side of your heart ever open 
 to children. 
 
 B. Govern your affection for the young with your judgment ; be 
 more strict and exacting with the little ones, and never speak of a 
 lost loved pet. 
 
 SPOKEN LANGUAGE. 
 
 1. Are either dumb or speak very few short words. 
 
 2. Barrenness in expression characterises your oral efforts. 
 
 3. Cannot express yourself with freedom. 
 
 4. May be a rapid speaker, yet are not verbose. 
 
 5. Capable of talking tolerably well only when deeply interested. 
 
 6. You manage to make yourself understood. 
 
 7. Love to hear an eloquent orator. 
 
 8. Comprehend readily the meanings of words. 
 
 9. Enjoy the company of a fluent conversationalist. 
 
 10. Enabled to speak well with practice. 
 
20 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 ii. When you speak, the ready flow of words convinces those who 
 hear, that you possess large language. 
 
 12. In speaking or writing, your thoughts are couched in beau- 
 tiful and classical language. 
 
 A. Talk and write much, and use the best language you can com- 
 mand ; study the writings of De Quincey, Macaulay, Washington 
 Irving, Ruskin, and other superior authors. Listen to John B. 
 Gough, and every eloquent speaker; study the most complete dic- 
 tionary you can purchase, and associate with fluent and superior 
 conversationalists. 
 
 B. Say less and think carefully about the manner if not the matter; 
 confine yourself more to study and writing. 
 
 DESIRE FOR COMMENDATION. 
 
 i. Perfectly indifferent regarding the opinions of others concerning 
 yourself. 
 
 2. Home-bred and independent of commendation. 
 
 3. Censure or admiration makes little difference to you. 
 
 4. Slightly sensitive to blame or praise. 
 
 5. Have some love for approval. 
 
 6. Not apt to flatter others, nor to condemn them unjustly. 
 
 7. Fairly developed in this faculty, yet you hate flattery. 
 
 8. You wish to avoid the detractor, or the fawning sycophant. 
 
 9. Are rather fond of well-timed compliments. 
 
 10. Your feelings are often hurt by what others say of you. 
 
 11. Dislike to be laughed at, you enjoy admiration as heartily as 
 you dislike disparagement. 
 
 12. He who would catch your heart should bait his hook with 
 adulation. 
 
 A. Endeavour to please by politeness and urbanity of manners; 
 enter into cultivated society, and learn to practise all the little blan- 
 dishments ; guard against unpleasant words or actions. 
 
 B. Learn to think and care less about what others say of you; first 
 be certain you are right, then pursue a direct course, regardless of 
 satire or adulation ; be yourself in spite of public opinion. 
 
 THOROUGHNESS. 
 
 1. You are disconnected in thoughts, and ever changing. 
 
 2. Variety is the spice of your life. 
 
 3. Have a tendency to scintillation, lack consecutiveness. 
 
 4. Easily interrupted, and sometimes quite desultory. 
 
 5. Often desiring to become more concentrative and less spas- 
 modic. 
 
 6. Have some, though not great, power of consecutive thought. 
 
 7. Are not greatly prolix, or excessively discursive. 
 
 8. Fairly developed in love of succession. 
 
 9. Can confine your attention quite well to the work in hand. 
 
 10. Are well adapted to pursue a connected line of thought. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. • 21 
 
 1 1. You desire to complete every undertaking you begin, are prolix. 
 
 12. Ever tracing out the minute relation one idea bears to another, 
 somewhat tiresome and pointless in conversation. 
 
 A. Never leave a job until completed ; have but one kind of work 
 on hand at any time ; live a settled life, and devote several hours 
 daily to solitary reflection upon metaphysical subjects. 
 
 B. Converse with young people who love variety, travel, and read 
 newspaper paragraphs, relate short stories, and omit all unimportant 
 incidents. 
 
 CLASS IV 
 
 COGNIZANT CAPACITIES. 
 
 DISCRIMINATIVE TALENT. 
 
 i. Incapable of noting the most marked simile. 
 
 2. Are faulty in comprehending appropriateness. 
 
 3. Cannot readily perceive slight distinctions. 
 
 4. Take some interest in pertinent comparisons. 
 
 5. Grand differences you notice. 
 
 6. Are very well balanced in this capacity. 
 
 . 7. You possess good demonstrative and analytical perceptions. 
 
 8. Similarities and diversities you readily comprehend. 
 
 9. Speedily appreciate fine analysis, and have a tendency for 
 metaphor. 
 
 10. Almost instantly you recognise resemblances. 
 
 n. Few there be who excel you in detecting likeness or difference. 
 12. Are a superior genius in analytical research, you readily appre- 
 ciate titanic variations. 
 
 A. Study chemistry, botany, geology, physiognomy, and polite 
 literature : take part in scientific investigations ; place two books or 
 apples side by side, and slowly give an oral description of the points 
 of difference, and then describe wherein they resemble each other j 
 read Kant's " Critique of Pure Reason," also peruse thoughtfully 
 Hegel's " Encyklopadie der Philosophise/ten Wissenschaften" and 
 Comte's " Cours de Philosophie positive." 
 
 B. Never speak of a fault, if you see one in a friend ; take no note 
 of differences : express yourself generally, and never mind sharp pre- 
 cision. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE SKILL. 
 
 1. You can neither mend nor make anything. 
 
 2. Deficient in originality and expertness. 
 
 3. Capable only of the roughest workmanship. 
 
 4. Not likely to excel in mechanical industries, 
 q. Are far better in planning than executing. 
 
2 2 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 6. Have fair constructive talent. 
 
 7. Find some pleasure in viewing machinery while it is in operation. 
 
 8. Manifest some dexterity in the use of tools, though you .are not 
 greatly versatile. 
 
 9. Should you engage in a mechanical trade you would evince 
 considerable ingenuity. 
 
 10. Instinctively you determine the effects produced by forces on 
 a body. 
 
 11. As a practical mechanic you are expert. 
 
 12. None excel, and few equal you, in the department of skilled 
 industry where you labour. 
 
 A. Plan for yourself; mend what you break; visit machine and 
 manufacturing shops ; strive to do what you see others make ; con- 
 struct sentences ; produce theories of your own ; at least, try to make 
 something, however crude the result. 
 
 B. Guide this capacity arightly by working out the useful only, 
 and never lose time, as thousands have done, by trying to invent 
 perpetual motion. 
 
 FACULTY OF JUSTICE. 
 
 1. You are deceptive, contemptible, and honourless. 
 
 2. Fear of the law may deter you from manifesting your dishonest 
 propensities. 
 
 3. Possess some slight regard for duty, but have strong temptations 
 to wander from the right way. 
 
 4. Have a fair capacity to comprehend truth and justice ; liable to 
 err under great enticement to evil. 
 
 5. You desire to be free from iniquity and unrighteousness. 
 
 6. Not self-condemning, and if surrounded by favourable circum- 
 stances you would manifest becoming deportment. 
 
 7. If your upbringing was right, you will probably be free from 
 villany and crime. 
 
 8. Not inclined to deliver long speeches on doctrine or duty. 
 
 9. You strive to be fair and impartial in your judgment. 
 
 10. Detesting deception and chicanery, you are a puissant ally of 
 truth. 
 
 11. Manifestly you thoroughly approve of and adopt probity. 
 
 12. Indisposed to any course of conduct not strictly honest and 
 upright ; incapable of tolerating great wrong. 
 
 A. Shun evil associations ; when you discover falsity speak out 
 against it, and doubly resolve that you will not commit the same 
 wrong 5 take arsenic rather than permit guile to enter your mouth, 
 for the former poisons your body only, whereas the latter poisons and 
 dwarfs the soul. Keep your principles inviolate ; study the most 
 honest man you know, and strive to imitate him. 
 
 B. Cease condemning yourself, as well as others ; eat plenty, and 
 never repent. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. jy CP ' 2 3 
 
 NUMERICAL COMPUTA 
 
 1. Almost wholly wanting in this faculty. 
 
 2. Ever blundering, and exceedingly slow in reckoning. 
 
 3. Have little taste for arithmetic. 
 
 4. Simple problems you are able to solve. 
 
 5. Calculating in figures is not your forte, although long practice 
 may enable you to succeed. 
 
 6. Fairly developed in the simple principles of numbers. 
 
 7. Definite knowledge of the quantity of anything you desire. 
 
 8. Practice will enable you to succeed in calculations necessary 
 for your business. • 
 
 9. Have very good talent for figures. 
 
 10. With application you could become quite an expert in calcula- 
 ting and estimating. 
 
 11. Are a rapid and correct accountant. 
 
 12. In this faculty you bear great resemblance to Mangiamele, the 
 Sicilian shepherd boy, a mathematical prodigy. 
 
 A. Count everything you see ; add, divide, multiply, subtract, and 
 tax your mind with remembering numbers. 
 
 B. Cease to count; do not attempt to get rich by arithmetical 
 calculations alone ; give your attention to other subjects. 
 
 GREGARIOUSNESS. 
 
 1. A complete recluse and ascetic, resembling William Lole, "The 
 Old Hermit" of Leicestershire, England. 
 
 2. Friendlessness would be no misnomer when applied to you. 
 
 3. The gregarious capacity is rather feeble in you; you arouse 
 opposition ; are easily offended by a friend. 
 
 4. You have all the friends you desire. 
 
 5. May not be so quick to form intimacies, yet you become much 
 attached to others. 
 
 6. Enjoy fairly well the society of a few well-chosen friends. 
 
 7. The hearty greetings of friends you highly appreciate. 
 
 8. Are disposed to manifest friendly assistance. 
 
 9. Your friendship strengthens with trials. 
 
 . 10. You love to be on good understanding with others, and in 
 concord and fellowship with the world. 
 
 11. Being highly amicably inclined you readily become attached 
 to those you like \ have few, if any, foes. 
 
 12. Of intimate acquaintances and confiding patrons you have no 
 lack; are a favourer; are charged and surcharged with passionate 
 friendship. 
 
 A. Seek society; open your mind more confidingly to others; strive 
 to like everybody; associate with and shun none who are respectable 
 and honest; make no false pretences of friendship, because deception 
 destroys amicable feelings as fire consumes leaves ; and, lastly, recol- 
 lect that he who is without sincere friendship has no true friend. 
 
 B. Devote more time to books, and less to the amenities of society; 
 
24 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 live more alone, and pass your leisure in meditation ; and recollect 
 that, unless you become more wary and less inclined to befriend 
 others, financial ruin may be your reward. 
 
 FACULTIES THAT PERCEIVE 
 
 Situation, Distance, Magnitude, Proportion, Straightness, Angles, Con- 
 dition, Density, Altitude, Gesture, Gait, Motion, Quality, Light, 
 and give Decision and Perseverance are explained under this head. 
 
 i. You scarcely notice anything. 
 
 2. The use you make of your eyes could wisely be enhanced. 
 
 3. Often take unfeigned pleasure in casually regarding your sur- 
 roundings. 
 
 4. Have considerable desire for knowledge of the size, weight, and 
 measurement of objects. 
 
 5. Ponderous masses of slowly-moving material instantly gain your 
 undivided attention ; you scrutinise quite closely the condition, pro- 
 portion, and stability of things and persons. 
 
 6. Can comprehend the speed, quality, and general physical state 
 of a person or animal; the intensity of light, as well as the straightness 
 of objects you notice ; are quite fond of travelling. 
 
 7. Enjoying a fair talent for observing the walk, gesture, and atti- 
 tude of an individual ; you are enabled to divine the character and 
 motives of a friend \ are also capable of pursuing an undertaking 
 with a good degree of persistence ; find fair delight in knowing the 
 distance, bulk, where a thing is, and its texture and weight. 
 
 8. Have a disposition to notice the rigidity or pliancy of people 
 and material ; intensity of light, activity, perpendiculars, horizontals, 
 and where a thing is, as well as its practical value, are likely to 
 awaken in you a lively interest. 
 
 9. You rarely mistake regarding proportion, quantity, magnitude, 
 solidity, centre of gravity, situation, or quality; utility is a primal 
 consideration, to which you give pre-eminence. 
 
 to. Decision and perseverence are dominant qualities of your 
 mind; an excellent judge of quantity, distance, angles, perpendiculars, 
 motion of machinery or human beings, characters, harmony of pro- 
 portion, perpendiculars, solidity, and weight ; you seek truth by the 
 objective method, and endeavour to mould your conceptions that 
 they synchronise with observed data. 
 
 11. Few, if any, excel you in determining position, measurements, 
 texture, stability of character, and you are possessed of great deci- 
 sion; thoroughly unswerving in purpose; have a superior appreciation 
 of noble and appropriate personal bearing. 
 
 12. Eagerly you examine everything that comes under your notice; 
 you detest that which moves slothfully, but are highly delighted with 
 lively action expressive of sentiment or knowledge; length, breadth, 
 height, dimension, distance, light, shade, and quality you detect at a 
 glance ; have little sympathy with ultimate abstractions ; you take 
 great pleasure in observing and verifying every accumulation of facts ; 
 you are the ultimate of practicality. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 2$ 
 
 A. Interest yourself in all natural sciences ; rely less on spontaneous 
 conjecture and more on verification; travel; practise drawing; study 
 physiognomy, for there is no other science that requires a person to 
 observe more closely, and none is more thoroughly interesting, and 
 that can be applied so often. Many persons have stated to me that 
 since having read my work on Physiognomy, entitled "Nature's 
 Revelations of Character," they have observed peculiarities in forms 
 and faces which they now understand, whereas, before the- perusal, 
 the various forms of ears, noses, eyes, foreheads, chins, &c., were, to 
 them, occult or meaningless blanks. 
 
 B. Lead a solitary life ; read metaphysical and philosophical 
 works ; think more of spiritual and less of physical subjects ; employ 
 more of your time in tracing the relations of ideas, and less in the 
 relations of objects. 
 
 REVERENCE. 
 
 i. You are as rude and impudent as a street arab of London. 
 
 2. Being somewhat trifling and pert you win little esteem. 
 
 3. Impertinently inclined ; but can be quite civil. 
 
 4. Rarely see those you venerate or honour more than you do 
 yourself. 
 
 5. It is your nature to treat others with due decorum, especially 
 the aged. 
 
 6. Are quite favourably balanced in devotional feeling. 
 
 7. Extreme obsequiousness or derision you wisely strive to avoid. 
 
 8. Capable of being quite truly devoted to whatever appears rea- 
 sonable. 
 
 9. Possess esteem for merit and honour for the good. 
 
 10. Have a high degree of veneration ; are deferential. 
 
 n. Manifest marked civility towards mankind, and reverence for 
 the Supreme Being. 
 
 12. None are more highly reverential than you, or more truly 
 regardful of sacred things. 
 
 A. Never crowd yourself in before others who have an equal right ; 
 speak respectfully of everybody or remain silent; be attentive to aged 
 people; willingly and gracefully submit to your circumstances; tole- 
 rate the views of others, however they may be at variance with your 
 own ; contemplate the living world around you, then look away into 
 unknown space, and view the circling spheres that adorn the sky 
 while they silently persuade human intelligence to believe in and 
 adore the Sovereign and Creator of the universe. 
 
 B. Idolize no person; revere everything good; love God; take no 
 trouble about the future. 
 
26 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 CLASS V. 
 
 ELEVATIVE ENDOWMENTS. 
 
 MENTAL SYSTEM. 
 
 i. Thoughts in your mind resemble foam on a whirlpool, or the 
 jumbled colours in a kaleidoscope. 
 
 2. Helter skelter, higledy-pigledy, and confusion reign among 
 your ideas. 
 
 3. Anarchy, chaos, and anomaly give your thoughts a deranged 
 appearance. 
 
 4. Appreciate more than you keep order. 
 
 5. If well trained you evince fair discipline, otherwise are rather 
 unmethodical. 
 
 6. You find delight in seeing discipline and proper gradation. 
 
 7. Not being a master in arrangement yet you admire what is 
 arranged according to some common law or end. 
 
 8. Have more mental than material regularity. 
 
 9. Take considerable pleasure in subordination, routine, course, 
 and method. 
 
 10. Delight in seeing everything en regie, well regulated, and 
 unconfused. 
 
 11. Are highly uniform in ideas and methodical with things. 
 
 12. Are exceedingly clear and untangled in thought, and will work 
 earnestly to keep each thing in its proper place. 
 
 A. Keep an even tenor of mind j when you describe what you 
 have seen commence with what you saw first, and continue with sub- 
 jects in the order they were seen j strive to maintain an unruffled 
 spirit at all seasons ; rise at a certain hour each morning and retire 
 to rest invariably at a specified time ; avoid the hurley-burley of 
 crowded marts, and the hodge-podge, lumber and litter of the world. 
 
 B. You are a slave to order; throw down each article in the most 
 handy place, until you conquer your excessive tendency to regular 
 arrangement 5 be less prim and become more natural. 
 
 ENDOWMENT OF WIT AND HUMOUR. 
 
 1. You are as dull, grave, and solemn as a funeral. 
 
 2. Very sober and serious. A sodden soul. 
 
 3. Generally unfacetious and deficient in wit. 
 
 4. Have moderate power of combining ideas with a ludicrous 
 effect. 
 
 5. Witty ideas and funny thoughts slowly enter your mind. 
 
 6. You perceive and relish fun ; yet are not an original punster. 
 
 7. Are fond of that which coaxes laughter out of you. 
 
 8. Take considerable delight in quaint ideas. ' ffj 
 
 9. Epigrammatic sayings and condensed aphorisms render you 
 cheerful and genial. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 27 
 
 10. Whatever is absurd or witty you highly enjoy. 
 
 11. You appreciate a good joke; the ludicrous or comical you 
 can turn to mirth-making. 
 
 12. Your witticisms are sparkling and provocative of merry peals 
 of laughter. 
 
 A. Let out your funny thoughts ; associate with witty people ; 
 laugh at everything ludicrous ; read the writings of those men whose 
 lances of ridicule and spears of wit have relieved the world of vast 
 burdens of folly and caprice. 
 
 B. Cease at once and forever trying to make wit, for all genuine 
 and keen wit is spontaneous ; be earnest, and apply your mind to 
 philosophy, history, or mechanics ; abandon that everlasting grin, 
 and suppress your ridicule. 
 
 ADMIRATION OF THE SUBLIME. 
 
 1. Without conception of grandeur in nature or art. 
 
 2. Vapoury notions of the vast fearfully creep into your mind 
 as do mice into a granary. 
 
 3. Grand and majestic phenomena presented to view during a 
 storm faintly arouse your appreciation. 
 
 4. You enjoy the lofty or grand in thought or style. 
 
 5. Within you there is often an uplifting emotion produced by 
 sublime objects. 
 
 6. Magnificent sceneries fill you with elevated conceptions. 
 
 7. Majestic and lofty sights awaken in your mind feelings of awe 
 and desires for excellence. 
 
 8. Grand mountains, vast and mazy heights, stir you to greater 
 aspirations. ' 
 
 9. Sublime scenes tend to exalt, ennoble, and improve your 
 tastes. 
 
 10. Mountain scenery, ocean-dashed cliffs, the storm frolicking 
 among mountain solitudes, each finds responsive fibres in your 
 being, 
 
 11. The wierd and terrific, whether in the tempest or the mad 
 cataract, invite you to fancies illimitable. 
 
 12. Vastness and splendour of appearance instantly transport you 
 from meagreness of thought to nobler states of being and deport- 
 ment. 
 
 A. Depart from the busy world ; read the works of poets and 
 authors who express their thoughts in sublime language ; seek soli- 
 tary communion with nature j watch the moon as it skims the sky ; 
 view the grand pictures painted morning and evening by the sun ; 
 after seeing the lightning darting down the clouds listen to the 
 thunder as it mutters praises to the Divine Creator. 
 
 B. Keep constantly employed ; live more on the surface and less 
 in the depth Of your heart ; avoid splendid scenes, picturesque 
 descriptions, and illustrious people. 
 
28 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 APPRECIATION OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 
 
 i. To you the cabbage is more beautiful than the rose. 
 
 2. Proportion and utility please you more than beauty. 
 
 3. Your soul is not ravished with beauty. 
 
 4. A pleasing assemblage of qualities in objects or thoughts affords 
 you moderate pleasure. 
 
 5. Lives of beauty cause you to feel a glow of pure delight. 
 
 6. Particular objects please your aesthetic sense, yet making 
 poetry will hardly compensate you. 
 
 7. Enjoy the beautiful in art or nature. 
 
 8. Imaginative and tasteful in a fair degree. 
 
 9. Possess superior taste and excellent conception. 
 
 10. Oratory, poetry, and symmetry thrill you with delight. 
 
 n. You possess much sprightliness and buoyancy, and aspire to 
 the exquisite. 
 . 1 2. Have the most perfect taste. 
 
 A. If possible, visit Italy, and there view the museums and galleries 
 of art ; study poetical works ; eschew all bad habits ; associate with the 
 cleanly and refined; arrange everything you have in a tasteful 
 manner; dress neatly, and beautify your room with works -of art. 
 
 B. Devote your attention to works of utility ; cast off your orna- 
 ments ; dress plainly ; eat heartily ; sleep much ; and ever guide 
 your taste by your reason. 
 
 CAREFULNESS. 
 
 1. Indiscretion and rashness characterise your life. 
 
 2. Ever unwary, cursory, and remiss in conduct. 
 
 3. Apt to pretermit and gloss over matters when possible. 
 
 4. Slightly inclined to take no account of minor transactions. 
 
 5. May omit or make light of ordinary affairs, and look sharp to 
 those of importance. 
 
 6. Are solicitous and deliberate in a reasonable degree. 
 
 7. Forethought and precaution keep you from being negligent. 
 
 8. Generally you manifest due heed and care in your occupation. 
 
 9. You take rational precautions against accidents. 
 
 10. Having a tendency to look about your possessions renders you 
 comparatively safe. 
 
 11. Full of cautel and wariness, hence you are largely free from 
 perfunctoriness, lache, or omission. 
 
 12. Particularity and deliberation render you extremely prudent 
 and discreet. 
 
 A. Counsel with circumspect friends, and adopt their advice ; 
 never act on the impulse of the moment, but take time to deliberate 
 on every subject ; look more vigilantly for danger, and bear in mind 
 that you trust too much in your feeling of security. 
 
 B. Dash on ; break away from anxiety; live for to-day ; decide at 
 once ; trust more to first impressions ; pass over trifles ; cease to 
 imagine evils. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 29 
 
 MEMORY OF INCIDENTS. 
 
 1. Historical facts and life occurrences are readily obliterated from 
 your mind. 
 
 2. What you know will soon be consigned to the waters of Lethe. 
 
 3. Knowledge escapes from your mind with surprising rapidity. 
 
 4. May recollect important events, but minor details quickly sink 
 into oblivion. 
 
 5. Have a short memory which needs cultivation. 
 
 6. By taxing yourself you may retain necessary knowledge. 
 
 7. Are able to carry your thoughts back with fair freedom. 
 
 8. Your retrospective endowment is not the best, yet with due 
 attention you are able to remember. 
 
 9. Readiness in retracing the past is yours as well as retention. 
 
 10. There is great tenacity in your mind; vivid reminiscences of 
 the past are ever with you. 
 
 1 1. Retrospection is a pleasure to you ; without difficulty can keep 
 in mind the ideas you desire. 
 
 12. In retentiveness, recognition, and recurrence, you have few 
 equals and no superiors. 
 
 A. Give the most concentrated attention to all that is worthy of 
 recalling; often retrace what you have read; refresh the memory by 
 reviewal ; associate with those who know by heart; tax and trust your 
 memory. 
 
 B. Your tendency to carry in the memory and rememorate is so 
 strong that you are liable to write and relate what you have read or 
 heard and deem it original ; obliterate unpleasant recollections by 
 changing the thoughts to other subjects. 
 
 FAITH. 
 
 1. Casuistry, schism, and distrust, appear in your mind as stars in 
 the heavens at nightfall on a clear evening. 
 
 2. You doubt, diffide, and mistrust, nearly everybody. 
 
 3. Are shy of belief, and at sea regarding many subjects. 
 
 4. Being somewhat sceptical, you can place confidence in that 
 only which appears reasonable. 
 
 5. Having little reliance in the wonderful, you desire good proof 
 to be convinced. 
 
 6. Can ordinarily take upon trust if your reason is satisfied. 
 
 7. Possess fair tendency to believe your friends. 
 
 8. Rarely suspect or call in question what conforms to your good 
 sense. 
 
 9. Quickly impressed with the sensible, and wedded to evidence. 
 
 10. Are quite readily imbued with what others say; not difficult to 
 convince. 
 
 n. The noble trust you place in friends wins their confidence. 
 12. Unsuspecting and fond of the wonderful; you have unshaken 
 belief. 
 
 A. However mysterious anything seems, make no doubt about it 
 
30 HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 
 
 until you have honestly investigated the subject, and then rely upon 
 your own knowledge; meditate and converse upon divine things; 
 bear in mind that your materialism is as worthless as any earthly 
 material; allow no suspense, uncertainty, scruple, or qualm, to lead 
 you into miscreance or incredulity. 
 
 B. Doubt what you cannot see; study anatomy, geology, and 
 physics, and read the works of Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Berkley, 
 Hume, Condillac, Lyell, Owen, Darwin, Spencer, Huxley, &c. ; cause 
 your emotions to submit to demonstration. 
 
 SYMPATHY. 
 
 i. Are as devoid of kind-heartedness as was Brutus, Caligula, or 
 Domitian. 
 
 2. Malice, truculence, and spite, have taken deep root in your 
 feeble mind. 
 
 3. Delight in harassing and disobliging friends and acquaintances. 
 
 4. When well treated, you are benign; but if abused, ill-nature, 
 ferrity, and malignity are manifested. 
 
 5. Beneficent feelings occasionally thrill your being. 
 
 6. Have a fond desire to be of use and do good. 
 
 7. Are well-meaning and humane. 
 
 8. Being spleenless and gracious you arouse' kindliness in those 
 you love. 
 
 9. Those that err unintentionally you are ever ready to exculpate. 
 
 10. Are tender-hearted, and disposed to sympathise with those in 
 trouble. 
 
 ir. True fellow-feeling fans within your breast the warm fire of 
 charity. 
 
 1 2. Good-will is ever prompting you to aid whoever may seem to 
 be in need. 
 
 A. Give, however little, whenever you can, to relieve distress ; share 
 with friends every dainty ; be obliging and amiable on all occasions ; 
 tear off the case of malevolence that encrusts your heart ; avoid ferrity 
 and immanity, and never harbour malice. 
 
 B. Keep discriminative watch over your good nature lest you 
 become the subject of imposition ; advise with economical persons 
 who are your friends, and guide all your acts of charity by their 
 counsels. 
 
 FACULTY OF REASON. 
 
 1. Acting irrational, silly, and absurd, causes you to be thought 
 half-witted. 
 
 2. A twaddler, full of trivial and foolish notions. 
 
 3. Obliquity of judgment causes you to fail where careful conclu- 
 sions are required. 
 
 4. Tolerant, and capable of drawing inferences from ordinary facts. 
 
 5. Though not able to take the broadest views of subjects, you are 
 not bigoted or dogmatic. 
 
HEALTH AND CHARACTER. 3 1 
 
 6. Hating fallacious and irrelevant assertions, you appreciate dia- 
 lectic minds. 
 
 7. Fairly gifted in making deductions. 
 
 8. Delighted with unimpulsive and valid reasoning. 
 
 9. To ascertain the sound cause of 'known results is a study highly 
 befitting your endowments. 
 
 10. Conclusiveness and cogency are so deeply rooted in your mind 
 that you require demonstrative proof of every new or strange subject. 
 
 11. The facility with which you form an opinion proves your free- 
 dom from bigotry, dogmatism, and narrow conceptions. 
 
 12. Soundness and force of judgment is apparent in all of your 
 ratiocinations. In generalisation and in logic you have remarkable 
 aptitude. . 
 
 A. Ask the reason why a thing is so j debate and sift carefully 
 every argument you hear \ form your own conclusions and implicitly 
 rely upon them ; study metaphysics and the works of great reasoners; 
 believe nothing that appears unreasonable. 
 
 B. Follow your instincts and presentiments more ; mingle in lively 
 and fashionable society ; and talk and think as superficially as most 
 you meet, and in due time you will not be troubled with too much 
 reason. 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 By nature you are adapted for 
 
 MARRIAGE. 
 
 Your companion for life should be 
 
TABL E FOR MAR KING. 
 
 Explanation. — In Columns I. are the names of the Forms and Faculties; in II. are 
 the numbers of the pages where the faculties are described; in III., the sizes of the forms 
 and faculties are marked; in IV., A indicates that the form or faculty needs strengthening, 
 and B signifies that repression is advisable. 
 
 COLUMN I. 
 
 Name of the Faculty 
 
 or Power. 
 
 Health, 
 
 Abdominal Form,. 
 Thoracic Form,.. ., 
 Muscular Form,.. ., 
 
 Bony Form, 
 
 Brain Form, ....... 
 
 Relish for Liquids 
 
 Solid Food, 
 
 Imitativeness, 
 
 Resistance, 
 
 Self-Estimation, — 
 Locative Habits, — 
 
 Tone, 
 
 Concealativeness, . . 
 
 Curvativeness, 
 
 Accumulativeness,.. 
 Monogamic Love,.. 
 
 Colour, 
 
 Love of Young, 
 
 Column III 
 
 Size of the 
 
 Faculty. 
 
 " 
 
 Column IV 
 Culture, A; 
 Restraint, B 
 
 Column I. 
 
 Name, of the Faculty 
 
 or Power. 
 
 Language, 
 
 Commendation, 
 Thoroughness,.. 
 Discriminative, 
 
 Constructive, 
 
 Column III. 
 Size of the 
 Faculty. 
 
 Justice, 
 
 Computation, 
 
 Gregariousness, 
 
 Situation, etc., 
 
 Reverence, 
 
 Mental System, .... 
 
 Humour, 
 
 Sublime, 
 
 Beautiful, 
 
 Carefulness, j 28 
 
 Memory of, 29 
 
 Faith, 29 
 
 Sympathy, 30 
 
 Reason, 30 
 
 Column IV 
 Culture, A; j 
 Restraint, B. 
 
 Old English spelling has been employed througl 
 'here such spelling is i:i use 
 
 ft ih-is- book, be6au6fN>t was printed in Br 
 OF TMFt 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 0* . . - OF • 
 
BRITISH PRESS NOTICES— Continued. 
 
 The book is much more than a mere treatise on Physiognomy. It recognises the truth I 
 ignored by the quacks who have dealt with the subject, that the whole of the parts ol a compound 
 organism such as man are in direct intercommunication, are mutually dependent, an 
 dicative in measure only of the temperament and character of the individual. Henci 
 is dealt with by Dr. Simms in close connection with animal physiology, and there is no 
 made to sever what was naturally bound together. Not only is the basis from which the writer 
 starts the true one, he deals throughout wisely with his subject. His aim has evidentlyjbee 
 tract what experience has shown to be valuable from the researches of his predecessors in tl 
 of investigation, to base his arguments as far as possible on admitted facts, and to introduce his own 
 views when needful for the formation of ascertained truths into a clear and connected system. The 
 manner in which be has performed his task is worthy of warm approbation. His work is a mass of 
 information, his arguments are subtle and ingenious, and he presents a series of conclusi 
 vast majority of which cannot be called in question. The book is a thoroughly good one, It calls 
 attention to a science as yet in its infancy, but the operation of which is universal as society itself. 
 The ordinary reader will peruse it with sustained interest, and the scientific student can hardly fail 
 to receive from it a stimulus to engage in a research at once practically useful and thoroughly enter- 
 taining. — The Edinburgh Evening Neivs. 
 
 Books are not new in the fullest sense, unless, as is the case with the work in hand, they set forth 
 new discoveries, and give expression to hitherto unwritten thoughts. Dr. Simms, besides effecting 
 consummate arrangement of materials, clothes his new thoughts and remarkable discoveries in 
 clear, manly, and logical language. Successfully avoiding egotism and intolerance, the work is 
 characterised by devotion to charity, honesty, and truth throughout, bespeaking the author's pos- 
 session of a mind of a thoroughly independent cast, and completely emancipated from | 
 authority. Most of the volume is taken up with terse and graphically written sketches of those 
 forms, faces, attitudes, and movements of men and animals by which character is revealed, the 
 whole being systematised in accordance with the human structure. The qualities and assimilation 
 of food occupy one chapter, which demonstrates how the very nature of the animal or vegetable 
 substances consumed is engrafted on the mind and body of the consumer ; and how, by a judicious 
 choice of aliment, vicious tendencies may be suppressed or controlled. An article on the rearing of 
 youth, which is appropriately illustrated with engravings of adults and juveniles, is pregnant with 
 information for the parents of young families ; while that on the localising of faculties in the author's 
 usual logical and incisive style, shows how entirely his ideas are under command. In short, the 
 physiological acumen of this work, its high tone, its display of mental vigour, and its imposing 
 array of facts, arguments, and deductions, forming a substantial system of intellectual science and 
 practical physiognomy, cannot fail to ensure for its author enduring distinction and well-merited 
 renown, while, at the same time, conferring upon all classes of society benefits of inestimable value. 
 — Ixion, London. 
 
 This book is the result of many years' study and observation, in which Dr. Simms has given to the 
 world a well-digested system of physiognomy, replete with interesting facts, and illustrated with 
 nearly three hundred portraits. He affirms and demonstrates that every variation of the human 
 form and countenance is the result of one or more well-defined causes, and that we have only to 
 understand these results with their principles, and we shall be able to decipher the hieroglyphics of 
 nature with unerring certainty. We find no difficult}' in admitting, for instance, that if a man gives 
 himself up to bursts of uncontrolled passion, and the inward storm appears from time to time in a. 
 wrathful countenance, the traces thus marked will, through time, become permanent and indelible. 
 On the other hand, that the countenance of a man habitually kind and gentle will present a calm 
 and unimpassioned aspect. It would not be unreasonable to conclude that the same natural law 
 would be general and applicable to every emotion, passion, or human faculty of mind, and make 
 themselves apparent in the face as well as anger, kindness* &c. Our physiognomist only can 
 in a broader outline and more minute detail what a few, if not all, instinctively perceive in i 
 and superficial manner. He holds that every emotion of the mind, as love, hatred, j< . 
 courage, cowardice, also every intellectual exercise, reproduces and photographs itself in s< 
 of the body ; and in proportion as any set of emotions, or mental exercises, occupies the in;, 
 so will its external sign become more conspicuous and permanent. He, therefore, formulal 
 unerring productions of nature's pencil that every one may read them with unfaltering certainty. 
 To the vicious this must appear a somewhat' unpleasant discovery ; but to society in general it must, 
 seem highly desirable that characters should be more easily read at sight than they gener 
 The whole fabric of our commercial prosperity, for instance, rests on the degree of reliance which 
 each man can place in the integrity of those with whom he has to do, and it must be of incalculable 
 advantage to the merchant to be able unerringly to select those to serve him who are of th< 
 suited for his business, and those to deal with who are worthy of confidence. The traveller who 
 wishes to beguile a tedious journey with conversation would be glad to discover at a glance which is 
 the socially inclined individual, and what kind of topic will be agreeable to him. It must 
 portant to parents in choosing a trade or profession for a son, to know certainly what he is most 
 likely to succeed in ; and invaluable to those who are selecting partners for li 
 respect to the suitability of their choice, though it must be admitted that in these < 
 nomy, however valuable, is not the only guide, as it is when we meet those with v. 
 transact business or interchange social converse without time for lengthened acquaints 
 general knowledge of this science would make the impostor and thief so apparent that wi 
 would be no longer marketable, and there would be little chance of a livelihood except for the 
 honest and upright. Merciless exposure of vice, as Dr. Simms intimates, would take pla< 
 vicious man carried on his face a signboard read by every one, and that would be such a cl 
 these unfortunates would be compelled to seek the paths of virtue. This is certain to be when the 
 principles of physiognomy arc put into daily practice, when they are taught in OUT sch< 
 seated in the professorial chairs of our colleges. This work originality and 
 
 comprehensive observations that the practical mind will not attempt to centre 
 vigour of style, joined with sound judgment, displayed in the book and system th;: 
 world, and they' cannot fail to gain for the author many warm Mends and permanent fame. It is 
 ■one of the best works we know on the subject— popular, thoughtful, and advanced, with. 
 rash and speculative. Were it properly appreciated and read, an improvement in our r 
 physical, mental, and moral, would be the gratifying result. We cannot too strongly recommend it. 
 — The Monetary and Mining Gazette, London. 
 
EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES 
 
 OF 
 
 DR. SIMMS AND HIS LECTURES IN GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Dr. Simms is known as a most skilled practical physiognomist—Pictorial World, London. 
 The room was crowded, and numbers were unable to obtain admission.— The Leeds Express. 
 Will amuse, instruct, and enlighten the mind, and purify the affections.— The Rock, London. 
 Dr. Simms lectured on physiognomy, and highly interested his auditors.— The Sunderland 
 
 Dr. Simms is exactly the gentleman to popularise a very useful science.— The Citu Observer 
 London. 
 
 The lecturer treats his subjects in an able and interesting manner.— The Newcastle Dailv 
 Journal. * 
 
 Dr. Simms' lectures at Westbourne Grove Hall are a decided success.— West London Time?,. 
 London, 1878. ' 
 
 In describing character from the form and face, Dr. Simms stands unequalled in the world.— 
 1 he Free West, London. 
 
 Dr. Simms' lectures are full of curious facts and observations, and are copiously illustrated. 
 — The City Press, London. 
 
 His design has nothing absurd in itself. The*gift of reading character is of great vM—The 
 Saturday Review, Loudon. 
 
 A better acquaintance with physiognomy ought to be the first consideration of this a«-e.— 
 1 he Cosmopolitan, London. 
 
 He presents a new and complete analysis and classification of the powers of the huraai 
 mind.— Public Opinion, London. 
 
 Dr. Simms has pushed to a logical conclusion the doctrine that a man's character is seen in 
 his face. — The Metropolitan, London. 
 
 It cannot be denied that the subject is of importance, evidence of shrewd observation on the 
 part of the author.— The Lancet, London. 
 
 The author is a true physiognomist, and is known as one of the most interesting popular 
 lecturers we have.— Human Nature, London. 
 
 Large and intelligent audiences have attended the lectures, which have been highly success- 
 ful.— The North British Daily Mail of Glasgow. 
 
 Dr. Simms has been delivering a course of interesting lectures in the City on "Human 
 Character." The lectures were highly instructive.— The Baptist, London. 
 
 Dr. J. Simms, the eminent physiognomist, is delivering a course of very instructive lectures 
 on physiognomy and physiology.— The National Food and Fuel Reformer, London. 
 
 Dr. Simms, an exceedingly clever physiognomist, delivered a series of the most instructive 
 and amusing lectures to which it has ever been our pleasure to listen.— Lxion, London. 
 
 Last night Dr. Simms delivered the last of a course of nine lectures in the Freemasons' Hall, 
 George Street. The lecture last evening was delivered to a crowded audience.— The Daily 
 Re vie w of Edinbu rgh . 
 
 Anthropological Institute, Nov. 13, 1873.— "A most interesting oral communication was 
 made by Dr. Simms, of New York, on a flattened skull which he had brought from the Island 
 0* Mameluke in the River Columbia."— The Hour (a daily), London. 
 
 An Intellectual Treat.— Dr. J. Simms, the author and physiognomist, is well known as an 
 expert handler of the matters upon which he touches, and as they concern all classes of the 
 community, this opportunity should not be lost.— The Leicester Evening News. 
 
 Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Feb. 9, 1875.—" Dr. J. Simms also 
 gave his experiences of the physical characteristics of the Basques, as he had lately seen them, 
 and testified to the admixture of fair and dark elements noted by Prince Lucien Bonaparte in 
 his remarks."— The Academy, London. 
 
 On Friday evening, Dr. J. Simms, the most able and profound 'living physiognomist, delivered 
 his fifty-second and closing lecture of a very successful series in London,' on physiognomy and 
 physiology, to an audience that occupied every portion of the large gallery and the body of the 
 spacious room in South Place Chapel.— Daybreak, London, March 26, 1S75. 
 
 Dr. Simms is one of the most successful exponents of this science. He is the author of a 
 very learned and elaborate work on the subject. It is a subject on which society needs much 
 teaching, and none is better able to impart that teaching than Dr. Simms, or to convey it in a 
 manner more agreeable and attractive.— Northern and Eastern Examiner, London. 
 
 Physiognomy.— Dr. J. Simms, the learned author of " Nature's Revelations of Character," a 
 work that has excited great inquiry into this much neglected science, is now delivering a course 
 of lectures on his favourite subject in London. We have attended two of those lectures, and 
 have been much interested. Dr. Simms has studied the indications of character as shown in 
 the lineaments of the face, for a lifetime, and has studied them well. He is the most able and 
 the most popular exponent of physiognomy among living men. His lectures are instructive, 
 and abound with fine sallies of rich American humour. The interest excited in the subject is 
 very great, for notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, the lecturer draws full audiences. 
 If our friends have an hour to spare after seven in the evenings they may spend it pleasantly 
 and profitably with thi3 distinguished physiognomist ; and if they wish to know their real 
 character, and the secret of their personal power, Dr. Simms will aid them.— The Monetary and 
 Mining Gazette, London, Jan. 23, 1875. 
 
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