UC-NBLF 
 
 IIHIIIUIlluii 
 
 :*;(!(». ifn"t:«.n<»-u> 
 
 ^liii 
 
 
 E ' 
 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2008 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/amuletsaOOpetrrich 
 
AMULETS 
 
AMULETS 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN 
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON 
 
 BY ^0** ,y 
 
 W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE 
 
 fi'^ ^Y 
 
 HON D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., PH.D., F.R.S., F.B.A., HON. F.S.A. (SCOT.), A.R.I.B.A., MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, 
 MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCH«OLOGICAL INSTITUTE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY 
 OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER 
 OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF 
 NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILO- 
 SOPHICAL society; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF 
 EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 
 
 LONDON 
 
 CONSTABLE & COMPANY LTD 
 
 lo ORANGE STREET LEICESTER SQUARE WC 
 
 1914 
 
Gv 
 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 The Principles of Amulets. 
 
 HOT. PAO» 
 
 1. The belief in amulets 1 
 
 2. Meaning of the name 1 
 
 3. Purpose of amulets 1 
 
 4. Five theories of amulets 2 
 
 6. Examples of each theory 2 
 
 6. The doctrine of similars 3 
 
 7. Lower individual beliefs 3 
 
 8. Primitive modes of thought 4 
 
 ^^ 9. Organic amulets 4 
 
 10. The flux of beliefs 4 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 Egyptian Amulets. 
 
 11. Scope of amulets . 
 
 12. Limitations of the class . 
 
 13. Growth of funereal amulets . 
 
 14. Material for study . 
 
 15. Arrangement of the catalogue 
 
 16. Materials named . 
 
 17. Classification .... 
 System of the catalogue 
 
 CHAPTEE in. 
 
 Amulets of Similaks. (295) 
 
 ■o. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 >/3. 
 •4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 --7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 •^13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 /i.6. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 31. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 Head bearded. (3) 
 
 Face. (23) . 
 
 Uzateye. (2) 
 
 Eye. (4) 
 
 Ear. (4). 
 
 Tongue. (2) . 
 
 Heart. (41) . 
 
 Breast. (3) . 
 
 Arm. (1) 
 
 Two arms, Tea. {I) 
 
 Hand open. (12) 
 
 Fist clenched. (17) 
 
 Fist, thumb between fingers. 
 
 Two hands side by side. (1) 
 
 Leg. (16) . . 
 
 Phallus. (9) . 
 
 Sma. (5) 
 
 Frog and toad. (20) 
 
 Fly. (52) 
 
 Papyrus sceptre. (26) 
 
 Papyrus on plaque. (4) 
 
 Jackal head. (27) . 
 
 Leopard head. (1) . 
 
 Claw. (10) . 
 
 Tooth. (8) . 
 
 LoQust. (2) . 
 
 (2) 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 
 NO. 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31. 
 •32. 
 33. 
 34. 
 35. 
 36. 
 37. 
 38. 
 39. 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 43. 
 44. 
 45. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 Amulets of Powers. (237) 
 
 6 -46. 
 6 47. 
 8 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 61. 
 
 62. 
 
 63. 
 
 64. 
 
 66. 
 
 66. 
 
 57. 
 
 58. 
 
 59. 
 
 60. 
 
 61. 
 
 Wagtail, ur. (3) . 
 Human-headed bird, la. (5) 
 Duckling, za. (2) . 
 Man's girdle tie, onkh. (7) 
 Nefer. (8) . '. ^' . 
 Sistrum. (3) . 
 Counterpoise, menat. (6) 
 Head-rest. (12) . 
 Zad. (34) 
 Square. (12) . 
 Plummet. (10) 
 Forked lance. (10). 
 Ostrich plumes. (11) 
 Two plumes, disc and horns. 
 Pair of feathers. (1) 
 Rising sun. (3) 
 Disc of sun. (2) . 
 Crowned sun. (1) . 
 Bark of the moon. (4) . 
 Stairs. (1) . . . 
 Hornet. (4) . 
 White crown. (9) . 
 Red crown. (17) . 
 Double crown on neb. 
 Vulture and uraeus. O . 
 Royal crook. O 
 Royal scourge. (1) . 
 Shepherd's stick, tuts. (10) 
 Disc mace. (5) 
 Pear mace. (20) 
 Feathers and scourge. 
 Uraeus serpent. (19) 
 Man with palms. (6) 
 Bound captive. (8) 
 Figure with necklaces. (1) 
 
 (-1) 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Amulets of Property. (31) 
 
 62. 
 63. 
 64. 
 65. 
 66. 
 67. 
 68. 
 69. 
 70. 
 71. 
 72. 
 73. 
 
 Ox head. (18) 
 Cow, legs tied. (7) . 
 Gazelle. (1) . 
 Joint of meat. (1) . 
 Goose or duck. . 
 Dish on mat, hotep. O 
 Altar with cakes. (6) 
 Date. (1) 
 Vase. (16) . 
 Collar. (2) . 
 Clothing. (5). 
 Royal head-dress. O 
 
 PAOI 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 19^ 
 
 20*' 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 to 
 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 ICO. 
 
 74. Comb. (6) . 
 
 76. Spear head. 
 
 76. Writing tablet. (2) 
 
 77. Name badge. (5) . 
 
 78. Cartouche. (3) 
 
 79. Seal. (6) 
 
 80. Seal ring. (1) 
 
 81. Circle of cord, (2) . 
 
 82. Slave figure. (1) . 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PKOtECTIVE AmXTLETS. (350) 
 
 83. 
 
 84. 
 /85. 
 
 86. 
 
 87. 
 -88. 
 
 .89. 
 
 90. 
 
 91. 
 
 92. 
 
 93. 
 
 94. 
 
 95. 
 
 96. 
 
 97. 
 
 98. 
 
 99. 
 100. 
 101. 
 102. 
 103. 
 104. 
 105. 
 106. 
 107. 
 108. 
 109. 
 110. 
 111. 
 112. 
 113. 
 114. 
 115. 
 116. 
 117. 
 118. 
 119. 
 120. 
 121. 
 122. 
 123. 
 124. 
 125. 
 126. 
 127. 
 128. 
 129. 
 130. 
 131. 
 132. 
 133. 
 134. 
 135. 
 136. 
 -137. 
 
 Sun and wings. (2) 
 Sun and uraei. (2) 
 Crescent. (8) . 
 Mummy. (2) . 
 Mummy on bier. (4) 
 Girdle of Isis, thet. (23) 
 Scarab, flat base. (32) 
 Scarab, inscribed. (26) 
 Pectoral. (7) . 
 Scarab with legs. (50) 
 Scarab winged. (8) 
 Vulture standing. (7) 
 Vulture spread. (4) 
 Serpent. (7) . 
 Serpent head. (12) . 
 Cobra on case. (8) . 
 Amphisbaena on case. (2) 
 Phagrus eel on case. (3) 
 Lizard on case. (7) 
 Taurt on case. ( 1 ) . 
 Shrew mouse on case. (1 
 Horn. (1) . 
 Bone. (3) 
 Coral. (1) 
 
 Cypraea shell. (7) . 
 Nerita shell. (3) 
 MitrasheU. (2) . 
 Contis shell. (4) 
 Cardium shell. (9) . 
 Meleagrina shell. (12) 
 Cleopatra shell. (4) 
 Pectunculus shell. (2) 
 Polinket shell. (1) . 
 Cassis shell. (I) 
 Murex shell. (1) . 
 Helix Bh%\\. (8) . 
 Clanculus shell. (1) 
 TMrJo shell. (1) . 
 OKm shell. (2) . 
 Terebra shell. (2) . 
 Stone implement. (12) 
 Bell. (5) 
 Door bolt. (1) 
 Seated prince. (2) . 
 Princess. (2) . 
 Medusa head. (3) . 
 Bulla. (12) . 
 Forehead pendant. (21) 
 Knotted cord. (7) . 
 "Woven charm. (1) . 
 Charm case. (18) . 
 Hypocephalus. (4). 
 Inscribed stone, Greek. (26) 
 Inscribed stone, non-Greek. 
 Cross. (44) . 
 
 (11) 
 
 PAOE 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 NO. 
 
 21 
 
 138. 
 
 21 
 
 139. 
 
 21 
 
 140. 
 
 22 
 
 141. 
 
 22 
 
 142. 
 
 22 
 
 143. 
 
 22 
 
 144. 
 
 
 145. 
 
 
 146. 
 
 
 147. 
 
 
 148. 
 
 22 
 
 149. 
 
 22 
 
 150. 
 
 23 
 
 151. 
 
 23 
 
 152. 
 
 23 
 
 153. 
 
 23 
 
 154. 
 
 23 
 
 155. 
 
 24 
 
 156. 
 
 24 
 
 157. 
 
 24 
 
 158. 
 
 25 
 
 159. 
 
 25 
 
 160. 
 
 25 
 
 161. 
 
 25 
 
 162. 
 
 25 
 
 163. 
 
 26 
 
 164. 
 
 26 
 
 165. 
 
 26 
 
 166. 
 
 26 
 
 167. 
 
 26 
 
 168. 
 
 26 
 
 169. 
 
 26 
 
 170. 
 
 26 
 
 171. 
 
 27 
 
 172. 
 
 27 
 
 173. 
 
 27 
 
 174. 
 
 27 
 
 175. 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 176. 
 
 177. 
 
 27 
 
 178. 
 
 27 
 
 179. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Human-headed Gods. (448) 
 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 32 
 32 
 
 Uzai eye, usual. (86) 
 , , unusual. (46) . 
 ,, multiple. (14). 
 ,, with gods. (12) 
 ,, inscribed. (10) 
 
 Horus the hunter. (1) . 
 
 Horus on crocodiles. (9) 
 
 Horus the child. (26) 
 
 Horus on the lotus. (1) 
 
 Head of Horus. (2) 
 
 Isis and Horus. (21) 
 
 Isis. (17) 
 
 Isis mourning. (8). 
 
 Isis Pharia. (3) 
 
 Isis, Nebhat, and Horus. (6) 
 
 Groups of goddesses. (2) 
 
 Nebhat. (10) . 
 
 Nebhat mourning. (2) 
 
 Osiris, Isis, and Horus. (4) 
 
 Osiris. (13) . 
 
 Heart of Osiris. (18) 
 
 Oracular bust. (9) . 
 
 Horus and Min. (1) 
 
 Min. (11) 
 
 Amen. (5) 
 
 Amen, Mut, and Khonsu. (1) 
 
 Mut. (10) 
 
 Khonsu. (2) . 
 
 Anhur. (1) 
 
 Shu. (11) 
 
 Neit. (3) 
 
 Unknown deities. (6) 
 
 Hathor. (16). 
 
 Head of Hathor. (7) 
 
 Maot. (1) 
 
 Hat-mehyt. (2) . 
 
 Selket. (2) . 
 
 Nefertum. (11) 
 
 Ptah Seker. (25) . 
 
 Ptah. (6) 
 
 Dwarf. (2) . 
 
 Saints. (6) 
 
 CHAPTER Vni. 
 Animal-headed Gods. (260) 
 
 180. Horus. (15) . 
 
 181. Ea. (16) 
 
 182. Four sons of Ea. (19) 
 
 183. Set. (1) . 
 
 184. Sphinx, male. (4) . 
 
 185. Sphinx, female. (15) 
 
 186. Hathor, cow-headed. (4) 
 
 187. Khnumu. (9). 
 
 188. Bes. (36) 
 
 189. Bes, unusual. (10) . 
 
 190. Bes head. (26) 
 
 191. Tahuti of Panebes. (1) 
 
 192. Mahes. (8) . 
 
 193. Anhur and Tefnut. (2) 
 
 194. Sekhmet or Bastet. (24), 
 
 195. Aegis of Bastet. (15) 
 
 196. Shu and Tefnut. (3) 
 
 197. Anpu. (23) . 
 
 198. Upuatu. (1) . 
 
 VI 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 199. Jackal-headed archer. (1) 
 
 200. Shrewmouse figure. (1) . 
 
 201. Sebek. (1) . 
 
 202. TehutL (21) . 
 
 203. Serpent-hoaded god. (4) 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Animal Gods. (442) 
 
 204. 
 205. 
 206. 
 207. 
 208. 
 209. 
 210. 
 211. 
 212. 
 213. 
 214. 
 215. 
 216. 
 217. 
 218. 
 219. 
 220. 
 221. 
 222. 
 223. 
 ■224. 
 225. 
 226. 
 227. 
 228. 
 229. 
 230. 
 231. 
 232. 
 233. 
 234. 
 235. 
 236. 
 237. 
 238. 
 
 Ape standiDg. (7) . 
 
 Ape seated. (4) 
 
 Baboon. (12) . 
 
 Apis bull. (10) 
 
 Hathor cow. (6) 
 
 Hathor cow on square. (5) 
 
 Hathor head. (6) . 
 
 Ram. (11) . 
 
 Ram's head. (21) . 
 
 Hare. (4) 
 
 Ibex. (2) 
 
 Barbary sheep. (1) 
 
 Klipspringer. (1) . 
 
 Camel. (1) . 
 
 Hawk-headed sphinx. (1) 
 
 Lion. (16) . 
 
 Two lion fore-parts. (7) 
 
 Lion's head. (4) 
 
 Lion and bull fore-parts. O 
 
 Two bull fore-parts. (3), 
 
 Cat. (16) 
 
 Cat in shrine. (2) . 
 
 Two cats on column. (2) 
 
 Cat and kittens (3) 
 
 Set animal. (2) 
 
 Jackal standing. (5) 
 
 Two jackal heads. (1) 
 
 Jackal couchant. (8) 
 
 Shrew mouse. (5) . 
 
 Dog. (6) . . 
 
 Pig. (5) . . . 
 
 Hippopotamus. (6) 
 
 Taurt. (51) . 
 
 Hippopotamus head. (16) 
 
 Hedgehog. (1) 
 
 PAOK 
 
 , 42 
 42 
 42 
 42 
 
 43 
 43 
 43 
 44 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 
 NO. 
 
 239. 
 240. 
 241. 
 242. 
 
 43 243. 
 
 244. 
 245. 
 246. 
 247. 
 43 248. 
 
 249. 
 250. 
 251. 
 252. 
 253. 
 254. 
 
 44 255. 
 44 256. 
 
 257. 
 258. 
 259. 
 260. 
 261. 
 262. 
 263. 
 264. 
 265. 
 266. 
 267. 
 268. 
 269. 
 270. 
 271. 
 272. 
 
 46 ':,273. 
 46 274. 
 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 
 275. 
 
 Turtle. (4) . 
 
 Crocodile. (18) 
 
 Waran. (1) . 
 
 Lizard. (1) 
 
 Mentu standard. (7) 
 
 Hawk-headed sphinx. (1) 
 
 Hawk, falcon. (59) 
 
 Ostrich. (1) . 
 
 Ibis. (12) 
 
 Vulture. (2) . 
 
 Vulture flying. (2) 
 
 Goat-sucker. (2) . 
 
 Bird heads. (6) 
 
 Coptic birds. (5) . 
 
 Bird's foot. (1) 
 
 Serpent with arms, Nehebka. (5) 
 
 Qarmiit, nar. (3) . 
 
 Oxyrhynkhos. (1) . 
 
 Bulti. (11) . 
 
 Electric fish. (7) . 
 
 Lepidotos. O . 
 
 Scorpion. (4) . 
 
 Green beetle. (6) . 
 
 Shuttle. (2) . 
 
 Woman with offerings. (1) 
 
 Figure in tall head-dress. (1) 
 
 Figure in long robe. (2) 
 
 Figure in pointed cap. (2) 
 
 Flower. (3) . 
 
 Palm column. (1) . 
 
 Bunch of grapes. (1) 
 
 Flowering reed. (1) 
 
 Seed vessel. (3) 
 
 Unknown. (2) 
 
 Two fingers. (11) . 
 
 Uncertain pendants. (2) 
 
 Star. (2) ... 
 
 pAoe 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 SO 
 50 
 60 
 SO 
 50 
 50 
 SO 
 SO 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 51 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 51 
 51 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 . Positions of amulets 61 
 
 Properties of stones 52 
 
 List of groups of amulets 53 
 
 Ikdes 55 
 
 Vll 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 SiMILAES : 
 
 1. 
 
 ^ABTS OF Human Bodt 
 
 1—17 
 
 XXVIII 
 
 11. 
 
 Animai, and Vegetable 
 
 18—26 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 
 POWEKS : 
 
 
 XXX. 
 
 III. 
 
 Symbolic Hieeogltphs 
 
 27—35 
 
 XXXI 
 
 IV. 
 
 Symbols of Ability and Authority 36 — 59 
 
 
 
 Pkoperty : 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 Funereal Offerings . . (60 
 
 , 61) 62—72 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 VI. 
 
 / Possessions .... 
 ( Protection, Celestial . 
 
 74—82 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 83—86 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 
 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 ] 
 
 Protection : 
 
 
 
 VII. 
 
 Mummy, Girdle, Flat Scarab 
 
 86—89 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Inscribed Scarab, Backs 
 
 90 
 
 IX. 
 
 Inscribed Scarab, Fronts . 
 
 90 
 
 
 X. 
 
 Pectorals .... 
 
 91 
 
 
 XI. 
 
 Scarab with Legs and Wings 
 
 92, 93 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Vulture, Serpent 
 
 94—98 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Cases for Eeptiles 
 
 99—103 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Horn and Shells. 
 
 104—114 
 
 XL. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Shells, Implements, Figures 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 BUTXAF, . 
 
 116—129 
 
 XLI. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Forehead Pendants . 
 
 130 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Knotted Coeds . 
 
 131 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Knotted Cords . 
 
 131 
 
 XLIV. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Cords, Weaving, Charm Cases 
 
 131—133 
 
 XLV. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Hypocephali 
 
 134 
 
 XT,VI. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Inscribed Stones, Greek 
 
 135 
 
 XLVII. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Inscribed Stones, Non-Greek 
 
 135, 136 
 
 XL VIII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Inscribed Stones, Semitic, Cboss 
 
 136, 137 
 
 XLIX. 
 
 Human Gods : 
 
 
 T. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Eye of Horus 
 
 138—141 
 
 LI. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Eye of Horus 
 
 138—142 
 
 LII. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Horus, Isis .... 
 
 143—149 
 
 LIIL 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Horus, Isis, Osiris, Nebhat 
 
 149—156 
 
 LIV. 
 
 Human Gods — continued. 
 
 Osiris, Heart of Osiris 
 
 Oeacular Busts . 
 
 MiN to Nefertum 
 / Human Gods : Dwarfs, Saints 
 ■ ( Animal-Headed Gods : Hoeus-Ea 
 
 Animal-Headed Gods : 
 Four Sons of Ea 
 Set, Sphinx, Hathor, Khnumu, Bes 
 Bes, Tahuti, Mahes 
 Anhur with Tefnut, Sekhmet, 
 Bastet ..... 
 Shu with Tefnut, Jackal, Sebek, 
 Tehuti 
 
 Animal Gods: 
 
 Ape, Bull, Cow .... 
 
 Cow, Sheep, Hare, Lion 
 
 Lion, Cat, Jackal 
 
 Shrew Mouse, Dog, Pig, Hippo- 
 potamus .... 
 
 Eeptiles, Birds .... 
 
 Birds ...... 
 
 Animal Gods, and Various Objects 
 Addenda. 
 Addenda. 
 Addenda. 
 Addenda. 
 
 Lists of Amulets, Macgeegor Papy- 
 rus AND Dendeeeh. 
 Bronze Gnostic Amulet . 
 Plans of Amulets on Mummies 
 Plans of Amulets on Mummies 
 Plans of Amulets on Mummies 
 Plans of Amulets on Mummies 
 Index to Amulets in Position. 
 
 167, 158 
 159 
 160—175 
 176—179 
 180, 181 
 
 182 
 183—188 
 189—192 
 
 193—195 
 
 196—203 
 
 204—209 
 210—219 
 220—231 
 
 232—237 
 238—245 
 246—262 
 263—274 
 
 135aa 
 1—5 
 
 ft— 12 
 13—18 
 19—24 
 
 UC 
 
It is intended that this volume shall be the first of a series 
 dealing with various branches of Egyptian Archaeology, based upon 
 the collection at University College. 
 
 In the succeeding volumes, the Scarabs, Cylinders, Button Seals, 
 Tools, Glass, Beads and other subjects will be discussed and illus- 
 trated, with reference also to other collections. 
 
AMULETS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS 
 
 1. The present study of Egyptian amulets is based upon 
 the University College collection, which I have tried to 
 naake as varied as possible ; some two hundred and seventy 
 different kinds of amulets are here described, together with 
 a summary of those in some other collections, in order to 
 show the numbers and the materials of which amulets 
 were usually made. To understand the purpose of these 
 amulets, it is needful to gain some general ideas from the 
 use of amulets in other lands. The belief in the magic 
 effect of inanimate objects on the course of events is one of 
 the lower stages of the human mind in seeking for principles 
 of natural action ; it belongs to a condition of the intellect 
 so low as to be incapable of clear reason about cause and 
 effect. Yet it has become so ingrained a habit of thought 
 during the vast ages before observation and induction were 
 developed, that it survives the rise of knowledge and reason- 
 ing among most people. The use of amulets is by no 
 means equally general in all races ; the lowest of mankind 
 — the Tasmanians — had great confidence in the power of 
 amulets, the Shilluks of the Sudan wear them in a bunch, 
 the Arabs have great faith in charms which are worn, and 
 Southern Italy — in our own, as in Pliny's time — abounds in 
 amulets. Strange to say, a large part of the children of the 
 lower classes in England wear them ; and the extent to 
 which persons of supposed education will wear charms and 
 mascots is an extraordinary revelation of the real fatuity 
 and savagery of the mind of modern man. Yet other races 
 seem early to have abandoned such thoughtless beliefs. 
 The Veddahs and the Algerians— apart from Arab influence 
 — avoid amulets, and there is no allusion to amulets in the 
 minute personal details of the Icelandic and Norse Sagas. 
 What is now required is an ethnological study of diffusion 
 of amulets, which might throw light on the connections of 
 various peoples. 
 
 2. What is an amulet, and why is it used ? The name still 
 defines it very well after two thousand years, and shows one 
 line of diffusion of the idea. The Arabic hamulet, a freight, 
 burden, or thing carried, has passed in ancient times into 
 the west, as it had originated the Latin amuletus as early as 
 
 the time of Pliny. It seems most likely that the name 
 had travelled with the Phoenicians, as they were the only 
 source of Semitic words in the western seas before the 
 Roman age ; perhaps Carthage was the intermediary. The 
 amulet therefore means something carried about by the 
 wearer, in order to get some magical benefits from it, apart 
 from any material use. In Egypt such amulets were also 
 put upon the dead for benefiting them in a future 
 existence ; and we can hardly deny the name to some kinds 
 of objects copied from personal amulets, and set up 
 stationary in the house. In the records of amulets there is 
 a great confusion with actual medicines, which we should 
 nowadays recognise as acting by natural causes. The 
 line between Nature and magic has been but very slowly 
 defined ; and what we look on as mere superstitions were 
 regarded as soundly logical remedies two thousand, or 
 even two hundred, years ago. In extracting ideas from 
 ancient writers it is therefore needful to set aside all internal 
 remedies, and some external ones which might be actually 
 medicinal. 
 
 3. The meaning of each of the amulets, and the purpose 
 for which it was carried, is here considered, as that is the 
 real spirit and essence of the subject. Merely to catalogue 
 amulets without any regard to their meaning, is much like 
 collecting pretty shells without knowing anything of the 
 creatures which produce them. The recent works of 
 Prof. Bellucci, of Perugia, on the Italian amulets — ancient 
 and modern — have set an excellent example of the intelli- 
 gent study of the subject. A paper by Comm. Boni should 
 be noted for its wide view {Nuova Antologia, October 1st, 
 1912). Various general principles of the purpose of amulets 
 have been proposed, or might be considered. But, so far, 
 the different theories have not been weeded by means of the 
 test of actual instances. There may have been several 
 different principles or starting points for the adoption of 
 amulets, or possibly only one broad idea has developed in 
 various ways. To get some insight upon this, it is 
 necessary to try how far different instances can be explained 
 by each view. 
 
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS 
 
 '•; : 4.: Tiaeiplanations that are the more obvious are five: — 
 
 (A) The psychic effect of giving confidence and self- 
 reliance, and the intent to live; with the result that the 
 wearer would be thus fortified to steer through dangers 
 without faltering, or would be saved from that terrible 
 weakening due to fear, which often kills men as surely as 
 knife or poison kills. To possess a charm which would 
 defy tabu would be a vast advantage in lower forms of 
 culture. 
 
 (B) The direction of thought to any physical weakness 
 or disease, may have a very beneficial effect on illness ; and 
 the possession of an amulet supposed to benefit the patient, 
 may easily act as a faith-healer and promote real recovery. 
 
 (C) The idea of a double or alter ego of different organs, 
 connected with them in a mystic way, may be a purpose of 
 amulets. In the tale of Anpu and Bata, the heart of Bata 
 is set in a tree, and anything that happens to it happens 
 also to him. So it might be imagined that a kidney-stone, 
 a blood-stone, an eye-stone, or various other objects 
 supposed to be connected with different organs, would by 
 the care and attention paid to them have a reflex action in 
 strengthening the organ involved. 
 
 (D) The provision of a vicarious double, to which evils 
 and diseases may be transferred from the body. An object 
 resembling the disease, or a model of the organ, might be 
 supposed to receive the attacks of the malignant spirits to 
 whom diseases are usually credited, and so save the real 
 person. 
 
 (E) The influence often called "sympathetic magic" 
 which might perhaps best be named " the doctrine of 
 similars." Objects which have a similarity one to another, 
 are supposed to be necessarily connected ; they are in touch 
 with the abstract quality or influence which has to be 
 evoked : they generally act by producing a similarity in 
 the person, but otherwise by averting a similarity, on the 
 plea that the event has already taken place, and cannot 
 therefore happen again. 
 
 No doubt the great majority of charms and amulets 
 recorded by writers, have merely been selected by reason of 
 casual connection. When any unusual event happened — 
 good or bad — the person looked for some cause in his own 
 surroundings ; and if he carried, or did, anything unusual, 
 it was naturally connected with the event. Then, no doubt, 
 there was much theorizing from very mixed assumptions, 
 in order to construct a charm for a given purpose. How 
 far human folly can go in such a way anyone may see in 
 the tangible field of medicine by referring to ancient 
 prescriptions. 
 
 When we look at the various possible motives for the use 
 of amulets stated above, we may doubt whether any one 
 motive can account for the whole system, or whether 
 several different motives have not been followed. Can all 
 examples come under one explanation? or how many 
 explanations are needful ? 
 
 5. The only way to study this is to select test instances, 
 
 and see whether there be cases which can be explained by 
 only one motive, or only by another. To this we proceed. 
 
 (A) The Confidence theory will explain such cases as the 
 wearing of part of a bear in order to give strength (Eskimo), 
 a leopard's claw to protect from wild beasts (Central Africa), 
 dog's teeth to protect from a mad dog (Italy), a figure of a 
 siren for security (It.), a lizard with a forked tail to get 
 luck (It.), and the wearing of written charms. But each 
 of these examples can equally be explained by (E), the effect 
 of similars. 
 
 Other examples, such as a serpent's skin worn to guard 
 against the bite of reptiles, might be explained by (C), (D) 
 or (E). Further examples are the figure of a heart worn 
 for heart disease (It.), a lump of red coral for menstrua- 
 tion (It.), concretions and inclusions in stone for pregnancy 
 (It.), which might be equally well explained on any of the 
 five theories. 
 
 (B) The Faith theory, or the effect of thought-directing, 
 will explain cases such as the fish worn for fecundity (It.), 
 or the bat's head worn to prevent sleep (Pliny, xxx, 48) ; 
 but these may equally be explained by (E), as cases of the 
 effect of similars. The use of galactitis, a soft white stone 
 worked up into a milky diffusion in water, and taken 
 internally for lactation (Pliny, xxxvii, 59), might be 
 explained by (D) or (E). Other cases which might equally 
 be explained by (C), (D) or (E) are the wearing of a red 
 stone of any kind against bleeding ; a milk-white stone for 
 lactation ; the Dentalium shell for teething ; the nephrite 
 stone for the kidneys ; the operculum of a shell (" eye of 
 S. Lucia") for the eyes; an ivory ball like a breast, for 
 lactation ; a white and cold ivory tablet for fever (all in 
 Italy) ; the bones of animals' heads for headache (Pliny, 
 xxix, 36) ; the wearing of the yellow Lyncurion stone for 
 jaundice (Pliny, xxxvii, 13), or a tooth for toothache (Pliny, 
 xxviii, 27). 
 
 p There is another kind of thought-directing, which must 
 inot be confounded with the above. Not only may the 
 patient's thoughts be usefully directed, but also the 
 dangerous thoughts of another person may be diverted away 
 from the person who dreads them, by his wearing some 
 object to distract the attention. In prehistoi'ic times this 
 was done in Egypt by a bright white piece of shell hung on 
 the forehead ; in one case a bright piece of sheet copper 
 was used. In modern times women wear in Egypt a bright 
 gilt tubular ornament down the middle of the forehead ; and 
 in Damaraland a chief's daughter wore a disc of shell, hung 
 so that she could swing it over either eye (Galton, Travels 
 in South Africa, ed. 1890, p. 63). For the same purpose 
 are the principal amulets against the evil eye in Italy. A 
 facetted rock crystal, or even a bottle stopper, serves to catch 
 the eye and thought of an observer and divert them from 
 the wearer. Similarly the attention is easily diverted to 
 sexual models, both kinds of which are reputed to be 
 powerful protectors. The unquestionable truth of this 
 thought-directing away from the patient has no bearing 
 
 2 
 
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS 
 
 upon the reality of the beneficial direction of the patient's 
 own thoughts, or the Faith theory. 
 
 (C) The Doable theory, or alter ego, according to which 
 an external double of an organ is so bound up witli it that 
 benefits to one are conferred on both, will account for most 
 of the eases named. But where the wearer is unconscious 
 of the amulet, as a tooth worn for teething (Italy, Pliny, 
 xxviii, 78), the foregoing theories, (A), (Bj, could not hold 
 good, but only the following, (D), (E). 
 
 (D) The Vicarious theory supposes that a model worn 
 will receive the attacks of spirits and ward them off the 
 actual person. This — as we have noticed— will account for 
 most of the preceding cases. There are, however, some 
 amulets which are specially to be thus explained, such as 
 the placing of lead amulets on swine to avert suppuration 
 and vermin, the dull, sluggish metal hindering the sluggish 
 evils (It.) ; the use of amber which has motes in it, or a 
 white opacity, for the benefit of the eyes (It.) ; the wearing 
 of a tongue of a hyaena or a dog in the shoe to prevent dogs 
 barking (Pliny, xxvii, 42 ; xxix, 32) ; the use of a chilly 
 frog against the chill of fever (Puny, xxxii, 88) ; the well- 
 known heart or image pricked with pins or stabbed : all of 
 these may be looked on as vicarious, or else as (E), 
 similars. 
 
 Somewhat like this is the scape-goat idea of a victim to 
 carry away the evil, as in the transfer of scorpion poison by 
 speaking in au ass's ear (Pliny, xxviii, 42), or the spitting 
 on a frog which is liberated to remove a cough (Pliny, xxxii, 
 29). 
 
 6. All of the examples of the above theories of amulets 
 we have seen to be equally compatible with 
 
 (E) The doctrine of Similars, according to which objects 
 which are closely alike have such a connection that power 
 over one, or possession of one, enables the wearer to 
 influence the other or to command like qualities. Here we 
 at once find many cases which are explained by this belief, 
 but which are not touched by any of the four preceding 
 explanations or theories. One of the most instructive 
 accounts of amulets is that by Easmdssen, describing the 
 Eskimo in The People of the Polar North. The extreme 
 simplicity and directness of the ideas, and the absence of 
 any magical or theistic comphcation renders this a classical 
 example of the doctrine of Similars. The amulet confers 
 qualities or protects from danger ; and — excepting the first 
 case which might be explained on the Confidence theory (A) 
 — these examples can only be reasonably accounted for as 
 Similars. The amulets are : the skin from the roof of 
 the mouth of a beae, worn in a child's cap in order to be 
 strong in clanger ; the head or feet of a hawk, sewn in a 
 boy's clothes in order that he may become a great hunter ,- 
 a black guillemot's foot, worn to become great ichalers ,- a 
 raven's foot, worn to be satisfied u-ith little ; a head of a fox, 
 worn to be cunning and guarded ; the head of a kittiwake 
 (which lays small ejjgs) put in a girl's clothes that she may 
 give birth to ^lall children; a piece of a hearthstone, 
 
 which is durable and stronger than fire, worn to give long 
 life and strength ; a pebble, which drops swiftly from a high 
 rock, put on the necks of puppies that they may he fleet and 
 strong ,- the skin of a little auk caught fighting put on a 
 dog that he may be a fighter. 
 
 In the Heimskringla (Magnusson and Morris, i, 55 — 6)> 
 there is one of the nearest instances to an amulet in Norse 
 writing : " Swipdag let take the heart out of a wolf, and 
 roast it on a spit, and gave it thereafter to Ingiald, the 
 king's son, to eat ; and thenceforth became he the grimmest 
 of all men, and the evillest hearted." This is essentially an 
 instance of Similars. 
 
 In Italy the very common use of flint arrowheads or fossil 
 teeth called " thunderstones " to protect from lightning, or 
 serpentine to protect from serpents (also Pliny, xxxvi, 11), 
 can only be explained by Similars. The same idea is shown 
 by putting a dragon's head under the door-sill for good 
 fortune (Pliny, xxix, 20), i.e., trampling on evil influences; 
 also by the frog, transfixed so that it cannot move away, to 
 ensure faithfulness (Pliny, xxxii, 18) ; while the effect of 
 opposites is shown by the hairs of a she-mule worn for 
 fertility (Pliny, xxx, 49). A complex amulet of watchful 
 animals is that of the eyes of river crabs, wrapped with the 
 flesh of a nightingale in a deer's skin, to give watchfulness 
 (Pliny, xxxii, 38). 
 
 From these various examples of charms and amulets, 
 which are compatible with the different theories that we 
 have considered, it appears that though some are consistent 
 with each of the theories, yet no theory will explain all of 
 them excepting the theory of Similars, otherwise called 
 Sympathetic Magic. Other theories may give the explana- 
 tion of some cases ; they cannot be disproved as modes of 
 thought. But every case which we have recounted as 
 critical evidence can be the result of beliefs in Similars ; 
 and until some different class of beliefs can be proved to 
 have existed, it is only legitimate to accept that belief as 
 the underlying cause of all the uses of amulets which are 
 generally recognised. 
 
 7. There is also another class of amulets, which the 
 wearer regards as entirely individual, and which result from 
 a casual observation of what happens to the person when 
 certain objects are present. This is a lower form of belief 
 than that in the general applicability of an amulet ; it pre- 
 supposes no law, but a chance connection which is wholly 
 unaccountable. Yet — strange to say — this least intel- 
 lectual form of belief is that which appears commonest 
 at present in " mascots," carried by various classes of 
 illogical persons. When we try to see some underlying 
 cause for such a savage survival we may observe that the 
 occupations of the wearers are those which seem most to 
 depend on chance, and least on continuous will. Actors, 
 gamesters and aviators, as well as motor racers, cling to 
 amulets, and all are dependent upon conditions which are 
 not obviously in their own control. We may smile at the 
 use of basilisk blood to gain success in petitions (Pliny, 
 
 8 
 
 b2 
 
THE PRINCIPLES OF AMULETS 
 
 xxix, 19,) ; but it waa more reasonable to believe in some 
 general law on the matter than to believe in the effect of a 
 man smoking a cigar opposite a theatre door to gain a 
 profitable audience for the play. We may not believe in 
 & star-fish smeared with foxes' blood, and nailed with copper 
 nails over a door to repel evil (Pliny, xxxii, 16) ; but we see 
 an ex-prime minister wearing a swastika for luck, and 
 talking heartily about it to uneducated boys. While no one 
 now wears the right shoulder of a chamaeleon to ensure 
 victory (Pliny, xxviii, 29), we yet read of aviators wearing 
 particular trinkets for their safety. On the whole the 
 power of irrational belief seems to have gained, rather than 
 lost its hold in modern times. 
 
 8. The primitive mode of thought seems unchanged by 
 all that has past. The untamed mind of man appears to 
 be continually feeling vaguely for different avenues to 
 success ; reason is so little developed that benefit seems 
 only to be reached by trying blindly in all directions. I 
 have often been surprised at the helpless way in which 
 Egyptians will do things on the chance of success. They 
 will follow some vague rumour — perhaps at third-hand — of 
 a benefit or a gain, merely to see if any good result comes. 
 It seems like the white ants making tunnels in all 
 directions, on the chance of hitting something to eat, 
 without any guide from the senses. This incessant 
 vague searching, whenever it succeeds, produces a belief 
 that any casual connection with other incidents is a real 
 cause of success ; the least intelligent think that their 
 success is only individual to them, and cling to any 
 tangible link as a "mascot" ; the more intelligent seek 
 for some law, and frame one of the innumerable gene- 
 ralities about wolves' tongues, dragons' tails, or serpents' 
 eggs, which choke the pages of Pliny and many other old 
 writers. 
 
 This subject of individual amulets, or "mascots," does 
 not belong to our present work; the distinction should 
 however be observed between this and the general amulet, 
 and we should regard the difference of the much lower grade 
 of superstition from which it originates. The individual 
 amulet regards only chance connection without any law or 
 reason ; the general amulet is in the first groping stage of 
 the acquisition of general laws, which eventually lead to the 
 orderly view of organic nature. Both are absurd to anyone 
 with the least real knowledge; yet the one is hopelessly 
 
 animistic, while the other shows the sense of law, even 
 if entirely misapplied. 
 
 9. When we read the pages of Pliny regarding ancient 
 Italy, or Bellucci about modern Italy, we perceive how 
 largely organic objects are adopted as amulets. These, in 
 the nature of things, have been but rarely preserved for 
 long; and even when found their meaning is not easily 
 recognised. A mere twig of a tree, or a scrap of fur might 
 be casually left in a grave without a meaning; while a 
 carefully wrought stone or pottery object is clearly 
 intentional. Hence we find what is in any case but a small 
 part of the whole mass of amulets that have been in use. 
 The nature of the beliefs in such things is doubtless 
 in continual flux like all matters which have not been fixed 
 by reduction to a written form. We can hardly realise 
 how the thoughts of early man must have been incessantly 
 shifting and changing their form, like an amoeba. We are 
 so accustomed to reduce ideas to a written definition, which 
 perpetuates them unaltered until they are entirely out of 
 date, and passed by in further growth, that we cannot feel 
 the sense of all ideas fluctuating with the individual. A 
 popular belief, such as that in amulets and charms is one 
 of the last things to be fixed by writing, and hence it has 
 been exposed longer to the waves of changing thoughts. 
 Even Roman law was not crystallized into writing till well 
 into the historic age ; and at the other end of the scale of 
 certainties such vague beliefs as those in amulets must 
 have been continually shifting. 
 
 10. In Italy at present we see the result of a long course of 
 decay of beliefs. Of all the purposes of amulets, very nearly 
 half are against the evil eye, and these are most incongruous 
 in their nature — shells, claws, horn, teeth, toads, crescents, 
 crystal, agate, madrepore — everything seems equally 
 applicable. This great variety must have originated in very 
 different ideas of connection ; the purposes must have been 
 very diverse originally. But all have been blended into 
 one general idea of averting the ill will of another person ; 
 and this has passed further into the stage of averting mere 
 ill-luck brought by another person without any intention. 
 Such a jumble of different beliefs into one generality shows 
 that there has been a long time for the details to be 
 forgotten, and for one vague idea to be substituted for the 
 specific observations of chances, out of which a multitude 
 of beliefs had arisen. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 EGYPTIAN AMULETS 
 
 11. The subject of Egyptian amulets is one that appeals 
 both to the reader of folk lore, as well as to the Egyptologist, 
 and hence it is needful here to deal with some elementary 
 details which may not be familiar to one side or to the other. 
 
 The whole subject of amulets is an immense one, and 
 there is no general work of reference giving the ideas of 
 various lands. Nor is this intended to deal with other 
 than Egyptian amulets, though many collateral examples 
 
EGYPTIAN AMULETS 
 
 are here introduced in order to explain tbem, and to 
 illustrate their use. Studying thus with a past civilisation 
 we are almost cut off from the largest class of amulets, those 
 of animal and vegetable nature, so that this point of view 
 here is but a partial one. On the other hand the Egyptian 
 was so industrious in imitation, and believed so completely 
 in the virtue of models, that he carried out his ideas in 
 imperishable material more widely than any other people. 
 The great variety of over two hundred and seventy different 
 amulets used in Egypt, and the amount of light thrown on 
 them by statements of their properties, or descriptive names, 
 renders Egypt one of the most favourable lands for a 
 general study of the subject. 
 
 12. In handling a subject which ramifies so widely, we 
 must begin by some definitions and limitations. The 
 principle of amuletic virtue extends to most of the 
 sepulchral remains of the Egyptians. The model offer- 
 ings, pictorial scenes of life, and ushabti figures of slave 
 workers, provided in the tomb, are all based on the 
 principle of Similars ; such necessarily differ from amulets 
 worn by the living in their being more extensive, and not 
 suspended from the person. As for the dead, so also for 
 the living, there are some classes of amulets numerous 
 enough to form whole subjects in themselves, apart from their 
 amuletic aspect ; such are the scarabs with royal names, 
 with other personal names, with charms, and with devices 
 of unknown purport ; also the plaques with similar devices, 
 and the foreign class of button seals. Each of these classes 
 is so important and numerous that we cannot include them in 
 a detailed account with other amulets. Nor is it possible to 
 divide between amulets for the living and for the dead, though 
 many kinds belong exclusively to one or other category. 
 
 In general any object with a means of suspension on the 
 person, and not of immediate use or ornament, must be 
 classed as an amulet. The figures of the gods with loops for 
 suspension we include as amulets, while those which were 
 stood on a base must be treated along with all other images 
 of divinities. Unfortunately the detail of the suspending ring 
 or hole is not noted in catalogues ; where following descrip- 
 tions, I have therefore accepted all figures under two inches 
 high ('05 m.) as amulets, and left larger figures apart. The 
 great development of amulets for the dead is peculiar to 
 Egypt ; elsewhere they are found, but not with such variety 
 and detail. In China the substitutes of paper or pottery figures 
 of slaves, and paper dollars, is of the same purpose ; but the 
 great extent of symbolic amulets in Egypt is unparalleled. 
 
 13. The stages of the growth of the amulet system in 
 Egyptian burials can be historically traced more completely 
 than elsewhere. (1) In the earliest graves, such as the pre- 
 historic, whole objects were buried. (2) In the later pre- 
 historic and early historic time, the objects were deliberately 
 broken or " killed." (3) In the early dynasties models of 
 objects app3ar ; besides the jars of grain there are small 
 model granaries ; besides the jars of beer and joints of meat 
 
 here are modf>ls of food ; and, in the Xth— Xlth dynasties, 
 
 besides the tomb there is the model of a dwelling house and 
 furniture. (4) Beginning in the early pyramid age there 
 are the sculptured objects in relief, where the master is 
 portrayed as " beholding " all his farm and servants in full 
 activity, and hunting in the desert or on the river. (5) As 
 the model was succeeded by the relief, so that was succeeded 
 in turn by the painting, beginning in the Vlth dynasty, 
 and fully developed in the Xllth. 1^6) Symbols were then 
 substituted for the objects such as the model altar, or vase, 
 or food, placed as an amulet with the body. (7) Besides 
 amuletic substitutions for real objects, amulets were 
 adapted to confer powers, such as the crowns, or sceptres, or 
 verbal charms stating that the deceased was a god and must 
 be obeyed as such. The wish to have actual objects buried 
 still lasts in Egypt where food and even a bed may be 
 placed with the dead. In England the same feeling is by 
 no means extinct, as in 1912 a boot maker ordered that 
 there should be buried with him a last, hammer, nails, 
 unfinished boots and a piece of leather. 
 / It appears that we must define amulets broadly as objects 
 (worn by the living, without any physiciil use but for magical 
 benefits, or placed with the dead, or set up in the house for 
 its magical protection, apart from deities for household 
 worship. 
 
 14. The material used for the present study is mainly 
 the collection which I have made during the last thirty 
 years in Egypt, now taken over by University College. At 
 first a collection purchased by a visitor or worker in 
 Egypt is naturally miscellaneous and casual ; gradually 
 certain lines claim more interest, and besides the main 
 pursuit of scarabs, tools, technical work, weights, and 
 pottery, the curious variety of out-of-the-way amulets has 
 proved attractive. Further information was also obtained 
 from the regular excavations as to the positions in which 
 amulets are found upon the body, and the detailed accounts of 
 such here recorded are almost the only observations yet pub- 
 lished on this matter. The dates of various amulets were 
 also obtained from excavations, and in this — as in other 
 subjects — the miscellaneous material purchased is immensely 
 enhanced in its meaning and interest by the precise infor- 
 mation gathered in scientific work. While the commoner 
 amulets are illustrated by splendid examples in the national 
 collections, there is no series nearly as complete as the 
 present one for the rarer and more obscure amulets, only 
 ten being absent. 
 
 Besides this collection many early discoveries and pur- 
 chases of mine went to Miss Edwards for her collection, 
 bequeathed to University College ; these, along with other 
 objects from my excavations that have been presented to 
 the college, are all included in the present catalogue. In 
 order to preserve a record, the number of examples in the 
 original Edwards collection is marked E, and those added 
 by the Petrie collection and discoveries are marked P. Of 
 course, nothing resembling finality is possible in this, or any 
 other, branch of archaeology; but the time has come for 
 
EGYPTIAN AMULETS 
 
 taking stock of the subject, classifying the various details, 
 and making a platform for planning further investigations 
 and seeing clearly the value of any fresh information. 
 
 Other collections have been referred to, partly from 
 catalogues published, such as the excellent ones of Turin, 
 St. Petersburg, and Cairo. The difficulty in using such is 
 the defect of some information ; in the Turin and 
 St. Petersburg catalogues the details of form are often 
 vague ; in the Cairo catalogue the drawings are ample, but 
 the nature of the material is very imperfectly stated. Of 
 the British Museum there is no detailed catalogue, and the 
 excessive reflection from double glass often makes the 
 material indistinguishable. It is hoped that the photo- 
 graphs here given of nearly all examples, and the definition 
 of the material, will leave but few uncertainties. It should 
 be noted that in many types this collection has been 
 severely weeded, so as to omit duplicates where of no 
 additional importance ; whereas the national collections, by 
 their conditions, are swelled by numerous duplicates, kept 
 for their beauty and attractiveness, or obtained as part 
 of large acquisitions. The scientific value of a collection 
 depends upon the scope and variety of it, rather than on the 
 brilhance of particular specimens. 
 
 15. In the treatment of this catalogue, the figures which 
 may have diverse meanings — such as the vulture — are 
 nevertheless classed togetlier, as it would be difficult, or 
 impossible, to determine in all cases which was the intended 
 meaning. Such figures are therefore placed under the first 
 important heading to which any of them may refer, with 
 cross-references from other headings. It is needless to give 
 minute vei'bal descriptions or dimensions, when the photo- 
 graphs are before the reader, and are of the actual size, 
 except in a very few instances which are specially noted. 
 The first principle of a modern catalogue is to have full and 
 clear pictures of every object, and then to build upon that 
 such description as is needful to supplement the picture. 
 Unhappily all existing catalogues — including that of Cairo 
 — have begun at the wrong end, with a verbal description 
 supplemented by a picture. The modern conditions of 
 illustrations developed in the last few years have com- 
 pletely reversed the old idea, and there is no excuse now for 
 burdening a reader with a description of what can be 
 grasped with a tenth of the time and thought in a picture. 
 
 The principle of the arrangement of this catalogue is 
 that it should follow the real life of the subject — the mean- 
 ing attached to each amulet — rather than any external 
 feature of form or material. These meanings of the amulets 
 are given by various sources ; principally by (A) the chapters 
 of the Book of the Dead which refer to the amulets ; (B) 
 the very full list of seventy-five amulets, with their explana- 
 tory names, in a papyrus of that Book, belonging to the 
 Rev. William MacGregor, which is here transcribed from 
 the photograph published by Dr. Capart (Z. A. S. xlv, 14) ; 
 (C) the analysis of the objects represented uiwn coffins in 
 Cairo, published by M. Lacau (Sarcophages anterieurs au 
 
 nouvel Empire, 1904, Caire) ; (D) various scattered allusions 
 and mythological references and figures ; and (E) references 
 from other countries, which may help us to understand 
 the ideas when no explanation remains in Egypt. 
 
 16. The amulets named in the MacGregor papyrus are 
 each stated to be of gold, which is omitted in the copy here 
 given. There is also a list of amulets of Osiris given on the 
 upper part of the temple of Dendereh, and copied here 
 (pi. xlviii) from the pubheation by Mariettb, Dendereh, 
 iv, 87. They are there classed according to their material, 
 and after each name of material a dividing line is here 
 inserted. The materials named are Uher or Hei-u, which, 
 by the nature of the amulets and coming first, is probably 
 gold, perhaps a form of the Greek Khrusos. An. en. deb, 
 probably " stone of Edfu " ; the house sign inMariette's copy 
 is probably the square block of stone. Mefkat, Mefkat A men , 
 Me/Icat of Kliaru (Syria,) : this was a green mineral in general, 
 including turquoise, malachite, and probably chrysocolla: that 
 from Amen was probably western, from Kharu, Syrian. 
 Nesheii is green felspar. Kartef? of Rutennu (Syria), 
 unknown. Sef. s. taken ? Sef is the name of white quartz 
 (Kennard tablet), and taken is amethyst ; this is therefore 
 amethystine quartz. Shesteb, a late form of Khesdeb, lazuli. 
 Kes. ankk, alabaster. Qo or Qedu is unknown, another form 
 is Qi/ ; being used for the plummet and square which are 
 usually of haematite, this was probably the material. Seller, 
 the " charming " stone, is unknown. So also is Beket. 
 Kkenein is usually jasper, as it is the material of the girdle 
 tie amulet, but it is sard on the Kennard tablet. The 
 reference numbers of the amulets in this volume are put 
 below each column. 
 
 17. On examining the two hundred and seventy different 
 kinds of amulets found in Egypt, there are only about a 
 dozen which remain unclassed, and without any known 
 meaning ; these are dealt with last of all. The various 
 ascertained meanings may be completely put in order under 
 five great classes, in which the amulets are here arranged. 
 These are (I) the amulets of Similars, which are for influenc- 
 ing similar parts, or functions, or occurrences, for the wearer : 
 (II) the amulets of Powers, for conferring powers and 
 capacities, especially upon the dead : (III) the amulets of 
 Property, which are entirely derived from the funeral 
 offerings, and are thus peculiar to Egypt : (IV) the amulets 
 for Protection, such as charms and curative amulets : (V) the 
 figures of Gods, connected with the worship of the gods 
 and their functions. 
 
 As international names are desirable in dealing with any 
 scientific classification, and one word is preferable to a 
 description when handling a subject, it is best to have a 
 proper name for each class, independent of English. The 
 Similars may be termed Homopoeic (from o/xos, like, or same, 
 and TTouo), I do, or make) ; the amulets of Powers we call 
 Dynatic (from Swoitos, able, powerful, adequate) ; the Property 
 amulets Ktematic (from (cr^/xa, goods, possessiuns) ; the Pro- 
 tective amulets, Phylactic (from (^vXaxTiKos, fitted to guard, 
 
 6 
 
EGYPTIAN AMULETS 
 
 familiar in the term " phylacteries ") ; and the amulets of 
 Gods, Theo2>horic (from Otos, god, and <^opE(i>, I bear, or wear). 
 Our classes then are called here amulets of 
 
 Similars, or Homopoeic. 
 
 Powers, or Dynatic. 
 
 Property, or Ktematie. 
 
 Protection, or Phylactic. 
 
 Gods, or Theophoric. 
 Of these classes the Similars are undoubtedly the most 
 primitive, being found among races like the Esliimo who 
 have no other amulets, and being the basis of the Italian 
 ideas of amulet. The Powers and Property amulets are 
 entirely Egyptian, and originate with the models of the 
 funeral furniture, arising, therefore, after the development 
 of the funeral system. The Protective amulets are a later 
 class, depending on quasi-medical ideas, or verbal incanta- 
 tions or prayers written down. Lastly, the figures of Gods 
 belong to the age of a developed theology. The list of all 
 
 these amulets of each class is here given, in the Contents of 
 this volume. For purpose of reference each kind of amulet 
 has a number assigned to it, the same in the text and in 
 the plates; each separate specimen shown has a letter 
 added to the number as 6k, 184c, and duplicates which are 
 here stated without illustration have a second number as 
 6k2, or 184c 3. 
 
 The transliteration of Egyptian is that followed in the 
 Student's History, except that the arm, din is rendered by 
 its historical equivalent o. For the reed, a is continued, as 
 its written equivalent is aleph whenever rendered in Semitic 
 names, and the value i or ?/ is a theoretical early stage, 
 of which not a single transliteration is known. The golden- 
 headed vulture is short a. For very familar names the 
 usual forms are retained, as Isis, Horus, Ea, etc. 
 
 In the record of specimens, groups are numbered which 
 have been found together ; a list of such groups is placed 
 at the end of the volume. 
 
SYSTEM OF THE CATALOGUE 
 
 Name, is the ancient Egyptian name, with reference 
 when not in dictionaries. 
 
 Meaning, is the Egyptian meaning if known ; also that in 
 other lands for comparison. 
 
 Period, is stated in dynasties, I to XXX. 
 
 Figures, describes the figures in the plates from amulets 
 in University College. The number of the class of amulet 
 is stated : the following letter refers to the specific example ; 
 where a number follows the letter it refers to duplicates of 
 the lettered examples, not usually figured in the plates. 
 
 Mateiial, includes the total number of examples of each 
 material in this collection and in others which have been 
 published or noted. One new term is used for indurated 
 mud or ash, which is of the composition of slate, but with- 
 out a slatey fracture. As no usual word was available, it is 
 here called Durite ; it has been usually confounded with the 
 fused rock, basalt. 
 
 Collection, states the number of examples in each collec- 
 tion, to show how far common the amulet is. Univ. Coll. 
 refers to the collection at University College, London, 
 catalogued here; after it with P. is stated the number 
 collected by Petrie, with E. the number by Miss Edwards, 
 mainly also collected by Petrie. 
 
 The principal books referred to are : — 
 
 Bell. Bellucci, Dr. Giuseppe, Catalogo . . . deUa 
 
 Collezione inviata aW esposizione . . . di Torino. 1898. 
 104 pp. 
 
 Am. Bellucci. Gli Amuleti. Perugia, 1908. 64 pp., 
 36 fig. 
 
 Fet. Bellucci. II Feticismo primitivo in Italia. Peru- 
 gia, 1907. 158 pp., 74 fig. 
 
 Lanz. Lanzone, E. V. Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia. 
 1312 pp., 408 pi. 
 
 Lacau. Lacau, Sarcopliages anterieurs au nouvel Empire. 
 1904. 
 
 Alnwick. Bibch, S., Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities at 
 Alnwick. 1880. 
 
 Cairo. Rkisner, G., Catalogue of Amuleti. Cairo 
 Museum. 1908. 
 
 Edinburgh. Murray, M. A., Catalogue of Egyptian 
 Antiquities in National Museum. 1900. 
 
 Price. Price, Hilton, Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities. 
 1897. 
 
 St. Petersburg. Golenischeff, W. Ermitage Impeiial. 
 Inventaire de la Collection Egyptienne. 1891. 386 pp. 
 
 Turin. Lanzone, R. V. Regio Museo di Torino. Anti- 
 chita Egizie. 1882. 484 pp. 
 
 The Athens collection is from my notes. The Murch 
 collection (now in New York) is from the notes of Mr. A. C. 
 Mace. 
 
 8 
 
CHAPTEE III 
 
 AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 HoMOPOEic Amdletb, 1 — 26. 
 
 This class of amulets is the most primitive in its nature, 
 but in Egypt it was mainly adapted to the service of the 
 dead. In order that the various functions of life should be 
 continued, models of the different parts of the body were 
 placed with the mummy. Thus the amulets would ensure 
 the seeing, hearing, taste, force to act, use of the hands 
 and the feet, and other functions. Other similars would 
 ensure growth and flourishing, watchfulness, and protection 
 from wild beasts. In this way the safety, well-being, and 
 activity of the dead in a future life were secured by the 
 appropriate similar placed with the body. These amulets 
 are classed here as parts of the body, from the head down- 
 ward (1 — 17), and then the animal figures which would 
 ensure the welfare of the body (18 — 26). 
 
 1. HEAD BEARDED. 
 
 Name. Tep is the name of the bearded head from the 
 earliest times. In the hieroglyph the beard is turned up 
 at the end, like the beard of the men of Punt, and the hair 
 is worn long ; this seems to be an earlier type than that of 
 the historic Egyptian. 
 
 Meaning. The chief or head-man, but possibly referring, 
 as an amulet, to the power of the senses. 
 
 Varieties. A, single face. B, face front and back. C, 
 head and shoulders. 
 
 Period. XXV— Ptolemaic (?). 
 
 Figures, la, blue-green glaze, bluer in hollows, flat 
 back, loop broken from top ; lb, yellow green glaze, face 
 front and back, notch between two beards ; Ic, amber head 
 (of child?) and shoulders. See as lb from Baft, in 
 Hyksos and Israelite Cities, xxxvii a. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 2, Ic Amber. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 8. 
 
 2. FACE. 
 
 Name. Her means the face, always figured front view, 
 with a short, wide beard, different from that of Tep. See 
 the foreign figure in Hierakonpolis, pi. i. 
 
 Meaning. While as a hieroglyph it means " facing " or 
 " over-against," it is probably used as an amulet of the 
 power of the senses. 
 
 Varieties and Period. In the Old Kingdom it is usually 
 roughly cut in carnelian or sard. In Eoman times it is 
 made in black steatite without a neck. 
 
 Figures. 2a, carnelian, group 1 ; 2b, carnelian, group 2 ; 
 2b 2, green felspar, group 9 ; 2c, carnelian, group 3 ; 2d, e, 
 bone, group 5; 2f, blue glaze, group 12; 2f 2, carnelian, 
 group 7 (2a to f about Vlth dynasty); 2g, blue glaze, 
 black lines, XVIIIth dynasty ; 2h, onyx rudely cut as a face, 
 Roman (?); 2j, black steatite, Roman ; 2k, 1, pi. xliv, black 
 steatite, Roman. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 10, Black steatite 3, Blue glaze 2, 
 Bone 2, Green felspar 1, Onyx 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 23, Murch 6, British 
 Museum 3. 
 
 3. UZAT EYE. 
 
 Name. The uzat eye is that of Horus, the markings 
 below it being derived from the feather pattern on a hawk's 
 cheeks. 
 
 Meaning. As the eye of Horus it will be dealt with 
 under 138 to 142. Here it is to be included as being 
 placed upon the left side of the coflBn, opposite to the head, 
 in order that the deceased might have the power of seeing 
 out. The deceased being identified with Horus, he is able 
 to see by means of the eye of the god. 
 
 Varieties. Sometimes inlaid with obsidian, white lime- 
 stone, lazuli, blue glass, or copper, in the wood of the cofiin. 
 Otherwise painted on the cofiin. 
 
 Period. Inlaid in Xllth dynasty, from Assyut 28,118 
 (Cairo), from Dahshur 28,100 (Cairo) ; painted in IVth, 
 Tarkhan ; and Xllth, Rifeh (Manchester) (Gizeh and 
 Rifeh, pi. X a) ; and many in Cairo. 
 
 4. EYE. 
 
 Nam£. Ari. 
 
 Meaning. The power of sight. 
 
 Varieties. Single, or three together. 
 
 Period. XXIII (?), Roman. 
 
 Figtires. 4ia, green glaze ; 4a 2, gold foil found at Hawara, 
 Roman ; 4b, blue-green glaze ; 4b 2, same ; 4b 3, same, in a 
 square. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 4, Gold 1. 
 
 Collection, IJmv, Coll. P. 3, E. 1. 
 
 § 
 
AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 5. EAR. 
 
 Name. Mes-zer, " Producing the distant," a functional 
 
 name. 
 
 Meaning. The power of hearing; when a mummy 
 amulet, for conferring hearing ; when on a prayer tablet, 
 for gaining the ear of the god. 
 
 Varieties. A, simple ear. B, ear incised on a tablet. 
 
 Period. XVIII. 
 
 Figures. 5a, b, blue glaze, flat back, pierced with hole 
 for suspension ; 8a 2, full blue glaze ; 8c, green glaze on 
 schist. For tablets see Memphis I. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze, 4. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 1. 
 
 6. TONGUE. 
 
 Name. Nes. 
 
 Meaning. Power of speech. 
 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figures. See Labyrinth, xxxvi, p. 36. 
 
 Material. Gold. 
 
 Position. In mouth. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Manchester 2, Oxford 
 Anthrop., 2, 1 each in Brussels, Munich, Boston, Chicago, 
 Glasgow, Leicester, Aberdeen, Bolton. 
 
 7. HEART. 
 
 Names. The physical heart is named ab, and also hati — 
 the chief part — as referring to the will ; but the amulet of 
 the heart is named opert on the coffins, and in the title of 
 the chapter (Lacau, p. 125). The chapters relating to the 
 heart in the Book of the Dead are the 26th, to be engraved 
 on lazuli, " Whereby the heart is given to a person in the 
 underworld " ; the 27th, to be engraved on green felspar, 
 " Whereby the heart of a person is not taken from him in 
 the underworld " ; the 28th and 29th with the same title ; 
 the 29th B, " Another chapter of the heart upon carnelian. 
 I am the Heron, the soul of Ra, who conducts the glorious 
 ones to the Duat. It is granted to their hae to come forth 
 upon the earth, to do whatsoever their ka willeth. It is 
 granted to the ha of the Osiris N to come forth upon the 
 earth to do whatsoever his ka willeth." This chapter is 
 referred to by the figure of the heron or akhet bird upon the 
 backs of some hearts and heart scarabs. The 30th chapter 
 is that inscribed on the heart scarabs, and will be given 
 under 90, the heart scarab. 
 
 Meaning. The power of living and will. In Italy a heart 
 of bone is worn against the evil eye and heart disease 
 (Bell., xii, 10 ; xiii, 11, 18). 
 
 Varieties. A, plain without side projections. B, with 
 side projections of arteries. C, with marks on the front, 
 as figs. 7m, o. D, with the akhet bird, representing the 
 spirit or illumination which resides in the heart, as fig. 7n. 
 E, with the sun's disc over it, as 7g. 
 
 Period. In Vlth, carnelian, but rare ; in XVIIIth, of 
 carnelian, gold or glass ; very common in various materials 
 in XXVIth. Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 7a, 7b, 7bb (pi. xlv), carnelian ; 7a 2, 
 calcite ; 7a 3, green felspar ; 7c, clear green glass with 
 yellow and white stripes, XVIII ; 7cc, gold (pi. xliii) ; 7d, 
 violet glaze, with wreath and lotus pendant upon it, possibly 
 a vase model, XVIII ; 7e, red and white jasper ; 7f, red and 
 white breccia ; 7f 2, red and white breccia burnt brown ; 7g, 
 see type E ; 7g 2, blue paste ; 7h, light blue glass ; 7h 2, 
 blue glass, Zuweleyn ; 7h 3, grey serpentine ; 7h 4, red glass ; 
 7j, lazuli ; 7j 2, green volcanic ash ; 7j 3, serpentine ; 7j 4, 
 basalt Zuweleyn ; 7j 5, brown steatite ; 7j 6, black steatite ; 
 7j 7, green glaze ; 7j 8, bronze ; 7j 9, 10, white limestone 
 (8, 9, 10, Nebeaheh) ; 7k, dark brown jasper ; 7k 2, black 
 and green serpentine, 7k 3, sard ; 7k 4, blue-green glaze ; 
 71, blue glaze, trace of wreath round shoulder, XVIII ; 711 
 (pi. xliv), green glaze, Illahun, XXII ; 7m, violet glaze, with 
 bright blue inlay of crescent and heart sign ; 7p, rough blue 
 glaze, Ptolemaic, Dendereh, group 21. Type C, 7o, light 
 green glaze, same marks on both side ; 7o 2, dark blue 
 glaze, same marks. Type D, 7n, blue glaze, Ptolemaic, 
 Dendereh, group 26 ; 7n 2, blue glass, burnt. This type 
 appears also in the heart scarabs, where the akhet bird is 
 figured on the back. Type E, 7g, calcite. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian and sard 26, Basalt 19, Blue glaze 
 16, Green glaze 15, Haematite 15, Variegated glass 9, Lazuli 
 8, Porphyry 8, Limestone 8, Green jasper 8, Steatite 6, 
 Serpentine 6, Gold 5, Quartz 4, Beryl 4, Red limestone 4, 
 Red jasper 4, Obsidian 3, Prase 3, Agate 3, Blue glass 3, 
 Amethyst 2, Red glass 2, Red and white breccia 2, 1 each of 
 Brown jasper. Green felspar. Green volcanic ash. Pink 
 granite, Granite, Calcite, Alabaster, Black glass. Bronze, 
 Gilt wood. 
 
 Positions. 6 on neck ; 2 on left breast ; 15 from top 
 down to low on chest. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 51, Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 14, St. 
 Petersburg 33, Turin 21, Athens 17, Alnwick 13, Price 9, 
 Edinburgh 7, Murch 7. 
 
 8. BREAST. 
 
 Names. Menz. 
 
 Meaning. Power of lactation. An ivory ball is worn in 
 Italy for the increase of milk (Bell., xii, 11). 
 
 Varieties. Flat to rounded. 
 
 Period. All Ptolemaic and Roman. 
 
 Figures. 8a, wax gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20; 
 8b, blue glaze with black nipple, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21. 
 
 Materials. Blue-green glaze 1, Gold foil 1, W«kx gilt li 
 Wood gilt 1. 
 
 Position. On breast. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 3. 
 
 IQ 
 
AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 9. ARM. 
 
 Names. Bent Qeb ; forearm Remen. 
 Meaning. Power of action. 
 Varieties. A, bent. B, straight. 
 Period. A VI. 
 
 Figures. Greenish-blue glaze. Type B, green glaze, 
 Turin. 
 Materials. Green glaze 2. 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1. 
 
 10. TWO ARMS. 
 
 Name. Ka, from Ist dynasty onwards ; implying the 
 activities of the will. 
 
 Meaning. The power of will and intention. 
 
 Period. XVIII. 
 
 Figure. 10a, blue glaze, flat back; 10a 2, green glaze, 
 Kiqqeh, 257. 
 
 Material. Blue or green glaze. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 2, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Brit. Mus. 1. 
 
 11. HAND OPEN. 
 
 Name. Det. 
 
 Meaning. Power of action. 
 
 Varieties. Right and Left. 
 
 Peiiod. VI. 
 
 Figures. 11a, bone, group 6 ; lib, c, d, carnelian ; He, 
 f, green glaze ; llg, green glaze, Zaraby. See Deshasheh, 
 xxvi, 4, 10, 13 ; 2 of carnelian ; 1 grey agate. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 29, Green glaze 3, Bone 2, Grey 
 agate 1. 
 
 Position. Wrist. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 12, Brit. Mus. 5, Turin 4, 
 Cairo 4, Murch 3, Price 8. Of those where the side is 
 noted there are 12 right hands, 16 left hands. 
 
 12. FIST CLENCHED, 
 
 Name. Khefo. 
 
 Meaning. Vigorous action, as in the determinative hiero- 
 glyph of action. 
 
 Vaneties. Right and Left. 
 
 Peiiod. VI ; 12d, e, Roman. 
 
 Figures. 12a, sard, group 3; 12a 1 — 3, sard, group 1 ; 
 12a 4 — 6, sard, groups 6, 7, 8 ; 12b, sard, group 3; 12b 
 2, 8, group 1 ; 12b 4, green felspar, group 3 ; 12c, bone, 
 group 13 ; 12c 2 — 4, sard, group 1 ; 12c 5, group 8 ; 12d, 
 steatite, crescent and other signs on base ; 12d 2, steatite 
 bird on base; 12e (pi. xlvi), steatite, crescent. This type, 
 12d, e, seems to be Roman, under Syrian or Asianic 
 influence. See Deshasheh, xxvi, 17, 19, 20, 24 ; 3 of 
 carnelian : 1 brown limestone. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 23, Steatite 2, Blue glaze 2, Green 
 felspar 1, Brown limestone 1, Bone 1. 
 
 Position. Wrist. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 17, Price 3, Brit. Mus. 2. Of 
 those noted there are 15 right flsts, 5 left flsts. 
 
 13. FIST, THUMB BETWEEN FIRST AND 
 SECOND FINGERS. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. Sexual power (?). Against evil eye in Italy, 
 Bell., xv, 11. 
 
 Varieties. Right and Left. 
 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figures. 13a, dark blue glaze ; 13b, dark blue glaze 
 with yellow points, group 22. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze. 
 
 Collections. Cairo R. 4, L. 1, Turin 3, Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 14. TWO HANDS SIDE BY SIDE. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. United action (?) 
 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figure, ii, blue glaze, Mahasna, tomb 13. 
 
 Material. Blue glaze. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 15. LEG. 
 
 Name. Uort. 
 
 Meaning. Power of walking. In Italy a leg carved in 
 bone is an evil eye charm (Bell., xiii, 19). 
 
 Period. Vth and Vlth dynasties. 
 
 Figures 15a, carnelian whitened, showing ankle bone, 
 left leg; 15a 2, smaller, group 2; 15b, carnelian ; 15b 2, light 
 brown agate; 15c, light red agate, showing heel; 15c 2, 
 similar, smaller; 15c 3, sard, group 7; 16d, milky and 
 brown agate; 15e, sard; also 15e 2, 3 ; 15e4, group 1; 
 16e 5, 6, group 2 ; 15f, sard, group 14. 
 
 Materials. Sard or Carnelian 21, Glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15 (groups 1, 2, 7, 14), Murch 
 4, Brit, Mus. 3. 
 
 16. PHALLUS. 
 
 Name. Moza, Moza-kherti entire (MacG. 40). 
 
 Period. Only Roman. 
 
 Figures. 16a, blue glaze with yellow ; 13b, red glass, and 
 16b 2, group 23 ; 16c, d, gold, Memphis, group 27. 
 
 Materials. Gold 2, Green glaze 4, Green glaze with 
 yellow points 1, Red glass 2, Haematite 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5 (groups 23, 27), E. 2, St. 
 Petersburg 2. The whole figures (16e, green glaze) are 
 entirely of Graeco-Roman age, and there is no trace of any 
 such amulet in use by Egyptians. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1, 
 green glaze. 
 
 17. SMA. 
 
 Name. iSma, " union " (Lacau, 80); also By, "joy" or 
 " ecstasy " (Lacau, 88) ; comp. French " fille de joie." 
 
 Meaning. Union, see earliest form Ist dynasty. Royal 
 Tombs, ii, II. 
 
 Peiiod. Form figured on VI — XIII coffins as an emblem ; 
 amulets all of XXVI. 
 
 11 
 
AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 Figures. 17a, b, c, e, obsidian; 17d, black porphyry. 
 
 Materials. Obsidian 25 (?), Haematite 2, Black porphyry 
 1, Yellow limestone 1. 
 
 Position. Base of stomach, umbilicus. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 5, Turin 2, St. 
 Petersburg 2, Alnwick 2, Price 2. 
 
 18. FROG AND TOAD. 
 
 Names. Heqt=Rana, Frog. Ahnekh for Ab-nekhekh, 
 " spotty old man "=Bufo (?) Toad. 
 
 Meaning. The tadpole is the hieroglyph for 100,000. 
 The frog is the emblem of Heqt, the goddess of birth, and 
 it would appear to symbolise fecundity. A bowl with frogs 
 modelled all over the interior and round the edge, found at 
 Tell Rotab (Hf/ksos and Israelite Cities, pis. xxxii, xxxivB), 
 might well be for giving potions against sterility. There 
 is, however, another meaning suggested by a frog-pattern 
 lamp, with the quotation " I am the Resurrection " (Lanzone, 
 Diz. Mit. 853), which has been accepted as indicating the 
 meaning of the frog. As however the frog is one of the 
 commonest types of lamps {Roman Ehnasya, pi. Ixiii, Ixiv), 
 there may be no connection between it and a text quoted on 
 the lamp. 
 
 Varieties. There appear to be two more species repre- 
 sented, a wide form, the toad, with the legs bidden by the 
 body, Bufo viridis ; and a slender form, the frog, with the legs 
 outstanding, and often ribbed down the back, Rana masca- 
 reniensis. These are not however generally distinguished in 
 collections. We may note separately 
 
 A. Single frog. B. Group of three frogs. C. Group of 
 four frogs. 
 
 Period. Many examples are known from the prehistoric 
 times, as 18a, b; others in the Old Kingdom, as 181; 
 many in the XVIIIth and XXIInd dynasties, as 18j, k ; and 
 some in the XXVIth. 
 
 Figures. 18a, Bufo, hard grey steatite; 18b, Rana(?), 
 greenish-grey serpentine ; 18c, Bufo, ivory, prehistoric ; 
 18d, cut on a Nerita shell ; 18e, limestone, Hawara, XII ; 18f, 
 limestone, rude scrolls, and uaz pattern on base, Hawara, 
 XII; 18g, Rana, bronze; 18h, Rana, bronze; 18], Rana, 
 bright red glazed pottery, yellow eyes, late XVIII; 18k, 
 Rana, green glaze, XVIII ; 18k 2, Rana, violet glaze, sa sign 
 on base, XVIII ; 181, Bufo, calcite, group 13, Vlth dynasty ; 
 18m, Bufo, black and yellow serpentine ; 18n, green felspar ; 
 18o, green glass, two latter for inlaying; 18p, four frogs on 
 base, blue glaze, black marks, two crocodiles, head to tail, 
 incised on base. 
 
 Materials. Green — Glazed pottery 38, Glazed stone 3, 
 Prase 8, Green felspar 4, Green jasper 2, Glass 2. Other 
 colours are much less common ; Lazuli 5, Carnelian 7, 
 Bronze 4, Quartz crystal 2, Serpentine 3, Steatite 2, Lime- 
 stone 3, Diorite 2, 1 each of Haematite, Chalcedony, Agate, 
 Amethyst, Porphyry, Calcite, Violet glaze, Red glaze. 
 Ivory, Shell. See Desliaaheh, xxvi, 25. 
 
 Position. On neck (1) ; on chest (7) ; right arm (1) ; 
 lower part of stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo A 33, B 1, C 1, Univ. Coll. P. 20, 
 St. Petersburg 14, Murch 11, Turin 10, Alnwick 10, Price 
 9, Athens 4, Edinburgh 1. 
 
 19. FLY. 
 
 Name. Ofef (Z. A. S., 1883, 78). 
 
 Meaning. The collar of gold flies, given to a very active 
 fighter in XVIIIth dynasty (Beeasted Records, ii, 28, 585, 
 587) suggests that the fly was an emblem of activity or 
 swiftness ; the manner in which the decoration is named 
 almost indicates that there was a corps of aides de camp 
 thus decorated. The great collar of gold flies found with 
 the jewels of Aah-hotep and Kames is in Cairo. 
 
 Varieties. The fly with rounded wings appears distinct 
 from a sharper-bodied form with pointed wings. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric, XII and XVIIL 
 
 Figures. 19a, green serj)entine ; 19b, c, pink limestone, 
 prehistoric ; 19d, d 2, red jasper ; 19e, gold, XVIIIth dynasty ; 
 19f, black glaze; 19f, 2—12, blue paste, Kahun, XII ; 19g, 
 green glaze, Kahun, XII (pi. xliv); 19h, green glaze (pi. 
 xlvi); 19j, string of yellow glaze, late XVIII. See also 
 131e ; 19k, dragon fly, XII, Kahun (xlv). 
 
 Materials. Yellow glaze 30, Blue paste 18, Gold 4, Green 
 glaze 3, Lazuli 3, Jasper 2, Pink limestone 2, Green 
 porpyhry 1, Serpentine 1, Glazed steatite 1. 
 
 Position. Necklaces. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 52, Murch 6, Brit. Mus. 2. Bee 
 Naqada, pi. Iviii. 
 
 20. PAPYRUS SCEPTRE. 
 
 Name. Uaz (MacG. 50). 
 
 Meaning. Flourishing, as of green plants; youth. 
 Chapter 159 of the Book of the Dead reads : — " The chapter 
 of the column of green felspar put on the neck of the 
 deceased. thou who comest out every day, in the divine 
 house, she who has a big voice, who goeth round . . . she 
 takes hold of the potent formulae of her father, the mummy 
 which is on the bull. She is Renent." 
 
 Period. XXVI — XXX, the age when the goddess Uazet 
 was most worshipped. 
 
 Figures. 20a, black and white glass, Tahutmes III ; 20b, 
 black, white and yellow glass, XVIII ; 20c, c 2, green glaze ; 
 20d, d 2, d 3, green glaze faded ; 20e — e 10, green glaze ; 20f, 
 green-gone-brown glaze ; 20f 2, haematite ; 20f 3 — 5, green 
 felspar; 20f 6, 7, green glaze ; 20g, brown limestone; 20g2, 
 dull green calcite ; 20h, blue glaze, XVIII (?). A stem of the 
 sceptre, like 20c, green glaze, yellow leaves, is inscribed 
 Klwnsu nefer hotep upt renpet nefer, " Khonsu-nefer-hotep 
 open a good year." See green felspar amulet of Khaemuas 
 (Maeietxb, Serapeum, iii, xx). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 38, Blue glaze 35, Green felspar 
 16, Beryl 4, Prase 2, Green diorite 2, Green calcite 1 ; thus 
 more than two-thirds are green or blue. Of other colours 
 
 12 
 
AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 there are Haematite 14, Lazuli 8, Carnelian 2, Basalt 2, 
 Blue glass 2, Black and white glass 2, Gold ], Serpentine 1, 
 Schist 1, Steatite 1, Brown limestone 1. 
 
 Position. Forehead (1) ; throat (1); top and middle 
 rows on chest (11) ; stomach (1, Dendereh), or low on 
 stomach (2, Nebesheh, Abydos). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 45, Turin 34, Univ. Coll. P. 17, E. 9, 
 St. Petersburg 18, Price 10, Alnwick 8, Athens 4, Murch 3, 
 Edinburgh 2. 
 
 21. PAPYRUS ON A PLAQUE. 
 
 Name. Uaz. 
 
 Meaning. To be as durable as neshem stone — green fels- 
 par. Chapter 160 of the Book of the Dead is as follows : 
 " Giving the column of green felspar. I am the column of 
 green felspar, which cannot be crushed, and which is raised 
 by the hand of Tahuti. Injury is an abomination to it. If 
 it is safe, I am safe ; if it is not injured, I am not injured ; 
 if it receives no cut, I receive no cut. Said by Tahuti, arise, 
 come in peace, lord of Heliopolis, lord who resides in Pu. 
 When Shu has arrived, he found the stone at Shenemu, as 
 its name is neshem. He (deceased) makes his abode in the 
 enclosure of the great god; whilst Tum resides in his 
 dwelling, his limbs will never be crushed." 
 
 Period. As these are always of hard stone they probably 
 belong entirely to the XXVIth dynasty, before glass became 
 common for amulets. 
 
 Figures. 21a, green felspar, fine colour, incised ; 21b, 
 dull green felspar, in relief; 21c, dull green felspar ; 21c 2, 
 half as large again, dull green felspar. 
 
 Matetials. Green felspar 21, Beryl 3, Serpentine 1, 
 Sard 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; Middle of chest, and shoulders (5). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 10, Alnwick 5, Turin 4, Univ. Coll. P. 4, 
 Price 3, St. Petersburg 3. 
 
 22. JACKAL HEAD. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. To find the way in the future world, as the 
 jackal was " the opener of ways " {np-uatu) in the desert : 
 or perhaps for watchfulness. 
 
 Period, v.— VI. 
 
 Figures. 22a, bone, group 8 ; 22b, yellow sard, group 3 ; 
 22c, calcite, group 13 ; 22c 2, carnelian, group 7 ; 22d, pink 
 steatite. 22d 2, minute carnelian, group 10 ; 22e, bone ; 
 22e 2, carnelian, group 7 ; 22f, carnelian ; 22f 2, same, 
 ruder, group 1 ; 22g, green felspar ; 22g 2, green felspar, 
 group 30 ; 22h, j, green limestone ; 22 k, carnelian ; 
 22 1, m, n, o, blue glaze, Zaraby, Vlth dynasty ; 22p, ebony, 
 pi. xlv. 
 
 Matenals. Sard and carnelian 16, Blue glaze 8, Green 
 felspar 2, Green limestone 2, Lazuli 1, Bone 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Position. Wrist. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 27. 
 
 28. LEOPARD HEAD. 
 
 Name. Peh. 
 
 Meaning. Valour, as in the title ao pehti, "great and 
 valorous." Possibly used for protection from wild 
 beasts. 
 
 Period, v.— VI. 
 
 Figures. 23, blue paste, Mahasna, tomb 461. Deshasheh, 
 xxvi, 1 lazuli. 
 
 Materials. Lazuli 1, Blue paste 1, Greenglaze 1. 
 
 Position. Wrist. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1. 
 
 24. CLAW. 
 
 Name. Og&t. 
 
 Meaning. Leopard's claw used for protection from wild 
 beasts. Central Africa (Leicester Museum). Cray fish claw 
 against evil eye (Bell., xi, 3). Elk's claw (Bell., xiv, 8). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric, Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 24a, red porphyry; 24b, c, green serpentine; 
 24d, e, f, green serpentine, probably claws ; all the previous, 
 prehistoric ; 24g, sard, Mahasna, tomb 386 ; 24h, j, 
 bronze, Ulahun, Eoman. Natural claw, Shurafa, Eoman, 
 pi. xiv, 24k. 
 
 Materials. Eed porphyry 1, Green serpentine 5, Sard 1, 
 Bronze 2, Actual claw of large bird, vulture (?) 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 10. 
 
 25. TOOTH. 
 
 Name. Nazhi. 
 
 Meanings. Human tooth, for toothache (Pliny, xxviii, 11). 
 Child's, first shed, for pains (P. xxviii, 9). Lion's, for gaining 
 favour (P. xxviii, 25). Leopard's, to gain aid of friend's 
 spirit. Central Africa (Leicester Museum). Hyaena, tooth- 
 ache (P. xxviii, 27) ; of left side, pain in stomach, nightmare 
 (P. xxviii, 27) ; of right upper, to strike animals in hunting 
 (P. xxviii, 27). Wolf's, for dentition (P. xxviii, 28). Dog's, 
 quartan fever (P. xxx, 30), evil eye, hydrophobia (Bell., xii, 9, 
 15 ; xiii, 1). Horse's, evil eye (Bell., xii, 8). Deer's, repels 
 serpents (P. xxviii, 42). Wild boar's, evil eye (Bell., xii, 5). 
 Pig's, dentition (Bell., xii, 3). Boar's tusk, evil eye (Bell., 
 Am. 58, Fet. 35). Dolphin's, infant's fright (P. xxxii, 48). 
 Fossil shark's, dentition and lightning, (Bell., xi, 29). 
 Crocodile's right tooth, aphrodisiac ; eye teeth, for periodic 
 fevers and aphrodisiac (Pliny, xxviii, 28 ; xxxii, 50). 
 
 Varieties. Crocodile teeth. Fossil shark teeth. Glazed 
 pottery figure. 
 
 Period. XXII to Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 28a, tooth of shark, fossil, one of the Lamnidae, 
 set in copper ; 28b, tooth of crocodile set in silver ; 2Sc, 
 tooth of crocodile set in gold ; 28d, figure of a tooth carved 
 in bone; 28e, blue-green glaze, Eoman; 2Sf, blue-green 
 glaze ; 25g, tusk carved from shell, prehistoric ; 28h, tooth 
 of hyaena — tied to knotted cord, pi. xviii, 131f. 
 
 Materials. Actual teeth 4, Green glazed pottery 2, Bone 
 1, Shell 1, Carnelian 1. 
 
 18 
 
AMULETS OF SIMILARS 
 
 Potition. On neck cord knotted. 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, Murch 1. 
 
 26. LOCUST. 
 
 Name, Si-nehem, possibly " son of Nehemat," a goddess. 
 
 Meaning. Protection from locusts (?). 
 
 Peiiod. Prehistoric, XVIII, Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 26a, b, grass-green and yellow glazes. XVIII. 
 
 Matenals. Limestone 1, Yellow glaze 2, Green glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Turin 1, Murch 1. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV 
 
 AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 Dynatio Amulbtb, 27 — 61. 
 
 The idea of conferring powers upon the dead by means 
 of amulets, is a logical development of the previous idea of 
 continuance of the faculties. If the hand amulet could 
 give the power of action, so the amulet of the sceptre which 
 the hand held, could confer the power connected with the 
 sceptre in real life. When once this idea was grasped, the 
 various kinds of powers could be conferred. This was 
 carried out by means of hieroglyphs of the ideas, as the 
 wagtail or duckling ; by emblems, as the head-rest or 
 plummet ; or by models of objects, as the stairs or the 
 crown. Each of these kinds of amulets gave the powers of 
 qualities, or of conditions, or of authority. In this class of 
 amulets they act by symbolism of some kind, and not as 
 direct similars like the previous class. 
 
 27. WAGTAIL. 
 
 Name. Sign for " great," ur. 
 Meaning. Conferring greatness (?). 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figures. 27a, b, bone, group 5 ; 27b 2, smaller, car- 
 nelian, group 10. 
 
 Materials. Bone 2, Carnelian 1. 
 Position. Necklace. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, 
 
 28. HUMAN-HEADED BIRD. 
 
 Name. Ba. Ha-ran-herot (MacG. 49, for Haru-neher, 
 full of face?). 
 
 Meaning. Human soul, probably derived from large-faced 
 owl living in tombs. 
 
 Va/rieties. A, plain. B, double. C, crowned. D, spread 
 wings. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 28a, violet glass, white head ; 28a 2, violet glass ; 
 28b, double, side by side, green and black glaze ; 28c, green 
 and black glaze; 28d, blue and black glaze, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 8, Grey glaze 1, 
 Eed glass 2, Lazuli 2, White glass 1, Blue and white glass 3, 
 Blue glass 7, Green glass 1, Black glass 1 : D, Gold inlaid 
 (Hor-uza, Hawara). 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; breast (5). 
 
 Collections. Athens 13, Alnwick 8, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 1, 
 St. Petersburg 2, Murch 2. 
 
 29. DUCKLING. 
 
 Name. Za. 
 
 Meaning. Virility. 
 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figures. 29a, sard, group 7; 29b, bone, group 6. 
 
 Materials. Sard 1, Bone 1. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 30. MAN'S GIRDLE TIE. 
 
 Name. Onkh, Onkh-er-ta kher-redui-f (LkCkV, 113). 
 
 Meaning. Life. "Many lives (pi.) upon the earth that 
 is beneath his feet " (L. 113): the plural of life may imply 
 a belief in reincarnation. 
 
 Varieties. A, pendant. B, on open-work ball bead. C, 
 between two uas. 
 
 Period. XIX to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 30a, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 
 21 ; 30b, light blue glaze, Memphis ; 30b 2, green glaze ; 30c, 
 green glaze, Sams collection; 30d,blue glaze, XIX dynasty (?) 
 (pl.xliv); 30e, wax, gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20 ; 30f, 
 dark blue glass, type C ; 30g, dull blue glazed ball, alternate 
 with rams' heads bearing disc, XXV ; 30h, red jasper 
 (pi. xlvi). See Mahasna, xxxiv, tomb 435, gold. 
 
 Materials. Gold 1, Green glaze 12, Blue glaze 8, B 1, 
 Purple glaze 1, Black glaze 1, Dark blue glass, C 1, Eed 
 jasper 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (Hawara) ; on feet (Dendereh). 
 
 Collections. Turin 8, Cairo 8, Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1, 
 Price 1, St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 81. NEFER. 
 
 Name. Nefer, supposed to be derived from the heart and 
 windpipe, as the markings are similar to those upon the 
 ab sign. 
 
 Meaning. Beauty or excellence. 
 
 Period. XVIII. 
 
 14 
 
AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 Figures. 31a, blue glaze; 31a 2, obsidian; 31b (pi. xliv), 
 gold, XVIIIth dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Gold 6, Haematite 2, Obsidian 1, Blue glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 7, E. 1, St. Petersburg 2. 
 
 32. SISTRUM. 
 
 Name. Sesh-shet (MacG. 16). 
 
 Meaning. Joy, especially in the dance. Emblem of 
 Hathor. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 32a, green felspar, Meroe ; 32a 2, small, blue 
 glaze ; 32b, green glaze, Hathor head with wig. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 1, green glaze, 3, blue glaze, 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, E. 1, Price 1, Athens 1. 
 
 33. COUNTERPOISE OF COLLAR. 
 
 Name. Menat. With a fringe, Menkhet (Lacau, 441 — 3 ; 
 MacG. 37). ' ^" 
 
 Meaning. Joy, health. 
 
 Varieties. A, plain. B. inscribed. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 33a, light green glaze, " says Bastet, give life 
 to Pedu-heb-bast eternally " ; the name shows the person 
 was begotten at the great festival of Bubastis. Head and 
 arms of Hathor ; 33a 2, light green glaze, " Hapi born of 
 Pedu-ast, son of Zed-nebt-amu-auf-red " ; 33b, light green 
 glaze, plain ; 33c, c 2, blue glaze, plain ; 33d, dark green 
 glaze, three cats on the top. Bast on the stem, Nehebka (?) 
 on the disc, reverse " says Bast of (pa) Bast " ; 33e, pi. xliv, 
 light green glaze, group 16. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 13, Green glaze 11, Green felspar 2, 
 Bronze 1, Gilt wood 1. 
 
 Position. Back of neck (4 at Nebesbeh), lower chest 
 (Abydos). 
 
 Collections. Price 11, Turin 7, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 2, St. 
 Petersburg 2. 
 
 84. HEAD-REST. 
 
 Name. Urs, of various woods, cedar (Lacau, 110), shen 
 (L. 105), and mer (L. 105). 
 
 Meaning. Restoration of the head, after primitive pre- 
 paration of the corpse. The 166th chap. B.D. reads 
 " Chapter of the Headrest. Awake ! thy sufiferings are 
 allayed, N. Thou art awaked when thy head is above the 
 horizon. Stand up, thou art triumphant by means of what 
 has been done to thee. Ptah has struck down thine 
 enemies. It has been ordered what should be done to thee. 
 Thou art Horus, the son of Hathor, the flame born of a 
 flame, to whom his head has been restored after it had 
 been cut off. Thy head will never be taken from thee 
 henceforth. Thy head will never be carried away." 
 
 Varieties. On coffins are named the shen head-rest 
 (Lacau, 105), the mer head-rest (L. 105) and the head-rest 
 of ash, cedar wood (L. 110). Solid block head-rests were 
 copied in Ptolemaic time. 
 
 Period. First in tombs of Ilnd dynasty, full size ; con- 
 tinued to the Xllth, and then also painted on coffins ; as 
 small amulets, XXVI — Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 34a, b, b 2, c, c 2, c 3, d, haematite ; d 2, large and 
 rough ; Me (pi. iv), blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 
 21 ; 34e 2, green glaze, Ptolemaic ; 34f, blue glaze (xlvi) ; 
 34ig, apple-green glaze (xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Haematite 70, Blue glaze 6, Green glaze 3, 
 Basalt 2, 1 each of Red glaze. Dark glaze, Diorite, Wood, 
 " Brown stone." 
 
 Position. Left breast, left foot, low on stomach (Den- 
 dereh), neck (Abydos). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 34, Alnwick 15, Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 4, 
 St. Petersburg 11, Edinburgh 5, Turin 4, Price 4, Murch 1. 
 
 &^^' 
 
 85. ZAD. 
 
 Name. Zad (MacG. 43). Probably the four columns 
 which supported the heaven {Meddim, 31, xiii) ; later mis- 
 taken by the Egyptians for the backbone of Osiris. The 
 name of Nilometer is only a modern guess. 
 
 Meaning. Stability or duration. The 155th chapter of 
 the Book of the Dead reads : " Here is thy backbone thou 
 still-heart ! here is thy spine thou still-heart. Put it close 
 to thee. I have given thee the water thou needest. Here 
 it is. I have brought to thee the zad, in which thy heart 
 rejoiceth. Said on a zad of gold inlaid into the substance of 
 sycomore wood, and dipped into the juice of ankhamu. It 
 is put on the neck of this Khu, he arrives at the doors of the 
 Duat, and he comes forth by day, even though he be silent. 
 This zad is put in its place on the first day of the year, as 
 is done to the followers of Osiris." 
 
 Varieties. A, plain. B, crowned with feathers and horns. 
 C, double. D, with two apes (MacG. 74). E, with Hathor. 
 
 Period. VI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 35a, sard, Vlth dynasty (?) ; 35b, blue glaze, 
 XVIII ; 35c, c 2— c 12, pale green, Hawara, XXVI; 35c 13, 14, 
 red glass ; 35c 15, yellow steatite ; 3Sc 16, white limestone ; 
 35c 17 — 22, green glaze ; 35d, pale green ; 35e, pale green, 
 Hawara ; 35f, green, the top peg of the column much 
 developed ; 35g, green and brown glaze, crowned, and with 
 two arms holding ums sceptres ; 35h, blue-green glaze, with 
 onkh and uas on neb sign ; 35j, micaceous steatite ; 35k, 
 blue glass ; 351, blue glass, three double capitals ; 35m, 
 yellow glass, Anpu holding the zad ; 35n, green glass, zad 
 crowned with sma feathers ; 35o (xliv), blue glaze faded, 
 XIX, with 30d. See 39, b. c, d, on pi. iv. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 191, Blue glaze 56, Lazuli 87, 
 Carnelian 37, Grey glaze 6, Red glass 2, Gold 2, Obsidian 
 1, Blue glass 4, Yellow steatite 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (2) ; top of chest and base of chest 
 (17) ; across stomach (8). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 64, St. Petersburg 53, Turin 40, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 23, E. 11, Alnwick 8, Price 10, Edinburgh 9, 
 Athens 8, Murch 2. 
 
 16 
 
AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 86. SQUARE. 
 
 Name. Kheses, square, connected with Seqcq, the plum- 
 met (see next) ; a play of words similar to the variation of 
 two Arah words for glass, Qizaz and Zigag. 
 
 Meaning. Eectitude (?). It is not the hap sign, carried 
 by kings in festival, as that is acute-angled and equal-sided, 
 whereas this is i-ight-angled and unequal, and is always 
 associated with the plummet. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 36a, b, b 2, c, d, e, e 2, f, haematite ; 36g, blue 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 36g 2, green glaze ; 
 86h, pale green glaze, fine work. 
 
 Alaterials. Haematite 46, Yellow limestone 4, Basalt 3, 
 Green glaze 4, Blue glaze 2, Lazuli 1. 
 
 Position. Top row on chest, or left breast (6), with 
 plummet; stomach. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 10, E. 2, St. Petersburg 9, 
 Alnwick 6, Turin 4, Edinburgh 3, Athens 3, Price 1, Murch 1. 
 
 37. PLUMMET. 
 
 Name. Seqeq (see previous). 
 
 Meaning. Making equilibrium. Qeqt, determined by a 
 plummet, is the name of Aswan, where the sun is in 
 equilibrium between north and south at midsummer. 
 Probably worn to impart an evenly-balanced mind, which 
 is held up as a great virtue of character in the Proverbs. 
 
 Penod. XXVI to Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 37a, b, b 2, c, c 2, d, e, e 2, haematite ; 37f, blue 
 and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 37g, green 
 glaze, Ptolemaic, showing the plummet cord. 
 
 Matenals. Haematite 3, Slate 4, Blue glaze 4, Basalt 2, 
 " Brown marble " 1, " Dark marble " 1, Green glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Top and middle of chest or left breast (7), low 
 on stomach (2). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 2, Alnwick 10, Cairo 9, 
 St. Petersburg 9, Turin 6, Price 2, Athens 2, Edinburgh 1, 
 Murch 1. 
 
 38. FORKED LANCE. 
 
 Name. Peseshkef, from pesesh to divide, the forked flint 
 lance being used to divide the mouth of the mummy in the 
 ceremony of "opening the mouth." 
 
 Meaning. To confer the power of speaking and feeding, 
 as described in Chapter 23 of the Book of the Dead, on the 
 opening of the mouth. 
 
 Varieties. The different forms descend as follows : — 
 
 Figures. 38a, b, black jasper; 38c, black steatite; 38d, 
 e, f, obsidian ; 38g, bronze ; 38h, green glass. These last 
 two may, perhaps, be intended for a clothing amulet sur- 
 mounted by feathers; or if the flint forked lance was 
 wrapped with cloth for a handle, it might then start this 
 form. A similar form in carnelian is of prince Khaemuas 
 (Mariette, Serapeum, iii, xi). 
 
 Materials. Obsidian 4, Black jasper 2, Black steatite 1, 
 Bronze 1, Green glass 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; chest (6) ; stomach (1). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 1. 
 
 Owing to the resemblance to the Plumes (39) and Feathers 
 (41) following, these three amulets are confused in cata- 
 logues, and were probably not truly distinguished by the 
 Egyptians. The Materials and Collections stated here are 
 therefore restricted to tliose which can be verified. 
 
 39. OSTRICH PLUMES. 
 
 Names. Shuti, the two plumes ; or Shed-shed. 
 
 Meaning. The two ostrich plumes were supposed to fly 
 away in the wind, bearing the king's soul (Sethe in Mahasna, 
 19), and the pair of plumes therefore were provided as a 
 vehicle for the soul of the deceased. The single plume is 
 probably the emblem of Maat. 
 
 Varieties. Double plume. Single plume. 
 
 Period. XIX to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 39a, b, obsidian ; 39a 2, obsidian ; 39a 3, 4, 
 white limestone ; 39b 2, slate ; 39b 3, b 4, serpentine ; 
 39c, gilt wax ; 39d (pi. xliv) green glass ; 39e (pi. xlvi) 
 basalt ; inscribed " Osiris lord of Eestau. The high priest. 
 King's son, Khaemuas," son of Eamessu II ; 39f, green 
 glaze (xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Obsidian 3, Serpentine B, Basalt 2, 1 each of 
 Alabaster, White limestone, Blackened limestone, Green 
 glaze. Gilt wax. 
 
 Positions. Throat (1) ; chest (6) ; stomach (2). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, E. 6, Athens 4, Edinburgh 3, 
 Murch 2. 
 
 40. TWO PLUMES, DISC, AND TWO HORNS. 
 
 Name. Sma. 
 
 Meaning. The union of different powers. 
 Varieties. A, complete. B, disc and horns only. 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 
 1 :6 
 6500 B.C. 
 
 1 : 10 
 6000 B.C. 
 
 1 :2 
 6500 B.C. 
 
 1:2 
 
 4000 B.C, 
 
 1 : 1 
 3000 B.C. 
 
 16 
 
AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 Figures. 40a, white glass plumes, red glass disc, purple- 
 black glass horns. Upon the zad, 40b, green and black 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 40c, d, dark blue and 
 black glaze, Dendereh, group 26. See also 35n, green glass ; 
 C. Abydos, group 10 (pi. 1). 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 3, Coloured glass 1. 
 
 Position. Chest. 
 
 Collection, Univ. Coll. P. 4. 
 
 41. PAIR OF FEATHERS. 
 
 Name. Qa. 
 
 Meaning. Elevation. 
 
 Vaneties. A, plain. B, with horns. 
 
 Period. XXVI (?). 
 
 Figure. 41, hard brown limestone, Univ. Coll. E. 
 
 Materials. Serpentine 17, Basalt 4, Obsidian 4, Green 
 felspar 4, "Yellow stone "4, Brown limestone 4, Haematite 3, 
 Lazuli 1, Black limestone 1, Beryl 1, Green slate 1, Green 
 diorite 1. 
 
 Position. Top of chest (3) ; middle row (1) ; low on 
 stomach (2). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 24, Athens 6, St. Petersburg 4, 
 Alnwick 3, Price 2, Univ. Coll. E. 1, Edinburgh 1. Perhaps 
 some of these really refer to the previous classes 38 — 39. 
 
 42. RISING SUN. 
 
 Name. Adkhet. 
 
 Meaning. Power " to behold Ra at his coming forth in 
 the horizon " (Labyrinth, 36). 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 42a, red jasper ; 42a 2, light green serpentine. 
 
 Materials. " Red sandstone " ( ? Jasper) 9, Red jasper 7, 
 Blue glaze 4, Red glass 2, Red granite 1, Green glaze 1, 
 " Green stone " (Murch), Light green serpentine 1. Thus 
 nearly all are red. 
 
 Position. Low on chest. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 11, Turin 4, Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 2, 
 Alnwick 3, St. Petersburg 3, Price 2, Murch 1. 
 
 43. DISC OF SUN. 
 
 Name. Ro ; pronounced Ria XVIII dynasty, Ra or Re 
 Greek. 
 
 Meaning. To see the sun. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 43a, glaze faded white ; 43b, steatite. 
 
 Materials. Lazuli 8, " Black stone " 3, Yellow lime- 
 stone 2, Green felspar 1, Beryl 1, Agate 1, Granite 1, White 
 glaze 2, Steatite 1. 
 
 Position. Top of chest (1) ; middle of stomach (4) ; left 
 hand (2). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 12, Turin 3, Edinburgh 2, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 2, St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 44. CROWNED SUN. 
 
 Name. ? 
 
 Meaning. To see the sun ruling. 
 
 Period. XXX(?). 
 
 Figure. 44, Steatite. 
 
 Materials. Steatite 1, Obsidian 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Alnwick 1. 
 
 45. BARK OF THE MOON. 
 
 Name. Aoh (Lanzonb, Diz. Mit., xxxvii). 
 Meaning. To voyage in the sky after the sun. 
 Period. XVIII — 
 
 Figures. 45 (and 45 2) carnelian, Hawara, XVIII. 
 Mateiials. Carnelian 4, Green glaze 1. 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Kennard 1, Cairo 1, Brit. 
 Mus. 1. 
 
 46. STAIRS. 
 
 Name. Khet. 
 
 Meaning. Ascent to sky. In the Book of the Dead, 
 Chapter 22, the dead says : " I am Osiris the lord of Restau, 
 the same who is at the head of the staircase," up which the 
 dead are shown mounting to the judgment. In Chapter 149, 
 in the eleventh domain the dead says : " I raise my ladder 
 up to the sky to see the gods," with a vignette showing a 
 flight of stairs. This form may have become confused with 
 that of a throne (suggested by Schafek in Z.A. S. xliii, 66) 
 as the stairs are shown in a boat in the vignette of 
 Chapter 110. 
 
 Varieties. 6 to 9 steps. 
 
 Period. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figure. 46, green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 4, Green glaze 2. 
 
 Collections. Turin 3 of 7 steps, 1 of 9 steps, Univ. 
 Coll. E. 1 of 6 steps. Price 2. 
 
 47. HORNET. 
 
 Name. Bat. 
 
 Meaning. Royal power of Lower Egypt. 
 
 Period. VI to XII. 
 
 Figures. 47a, yellow sard, group 3 ; 47b, orange sard ; 
 47c, blue paste, Mahasna, tomb 386; 47d, blue glaze, 
 XII dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Sard and carnelian 9, Blue glaze 1, Black 
 limestone 1, Brown agate 1. 
 
 Position. Wrist, 2 {Deshasheh, xxvi, 8, 21). 
 
 Collections. British Museum 6, Univ. Coll. P. 4 (groups 
 3 9). 
 
 48. WHITE CROWN. 
 
 Name. Hezt (LilGAV,4:S6). 
 
 Meaning. Royal power of Upper Egypt. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 48a, green glass (?) burnt ; 48b, 48b 2, light 
 green glaze ; 48c, 48c 2, 48c 3, light green glaze ; 48 d, d 2, 
 green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 26, Blue glaze 12, Green glass 1, 
 Black glaze 1, White glaze (faded ?) 1. 
 
 17 
 
AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 CoUectkms. Cairo 14, Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 3, Turin 6, St. 
 Petersburg 5, Price 8, Alnwick 8, Murch 1. 
 
 49. RED CROWN. 
 
 Name. Deshert ; or Sekhemti (Lacau, 481), probably 
 confused with the double crown of that name (L. 488). 
 
 Meaning. Royal power in Lower Egypt. 
 
 Vaiieties. Crown alone. Crown on neb. 
 
 Feriod. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 49a, a 2, green glaze ; 49b, c, c 2, d 2, green 
 glaze, Memphis ; 49b 2, green glaze ; 49d, blue glazed stone- 
 ware, group 28 ; 49e to e 8, pi. xliv, green glaze, crown on 
 neh. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 80, Blue glaze 9. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 8, Cairo 12, St. Peters- 
 burg 6, Turin 5, Price 4, Murch 1. 
 
 50. DOUBLE CROWN ON NEB. 
 
 Name. Sekhemti. 
 
 Meanimg. Royal power in Upper and Lower Egypt. 
 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figures. Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tomb 87. 
 
 Material. Gold. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 51. VULTURE AND URAEUS. 
 
 Name. Smauti. 
 
 Meaning. Royal power in Upper and Lower Egypt. 
 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figures. Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tomb 87. 
 
 Material. Gold. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 52. ROYAL CROOK. 
 
 Name. Heqt (MacG. 54) ; Heqt Out, " Crook of the 
 flocks," used by shepherds (Lacau, 317). 
 Meaning. Rule in Heliopolis. 
 Penod. XXVI (?). 
 Figure. Not here. 
 Material. Grey glaze 1. 
 Collection. Turin 1. 
 
 63. ROYAL SCOURGE. 
 
 Name. Nekhekh (MacG. 54). 
 Meaning. Rule in Heliopolis. 
 
 Figure. MacG. papyrus 54. Found broken up in tombs 
 of the Xllth dynasty, full-sized, in limestone (Riqqeh). 
 Collection. Portions in Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 54. SHEPHERD'S STICK. 
 
 Name. Uas (MacG. 28; Lacau, 315). Zom (Lacau, 814), 
 with wavy stem. 
 
 Meaning. Guidance of the flock. Such a form is 
 regularly used by the eastern Bedawy at present. 
 Secondary sense. Rule at Thebes. 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, with Zad and Onkh. 
 
 Periods. XXVI to XXX (?). 
 
 Figures. 84a, gold ; 54b, blue glass, burnt ; 54c to c 8, 
 pi. xliv, blue glaze, faded, with 30d, 35o. See 35h with 
 Zad and Onkh. 
 
 Materials. Gold 1, Blue glass 1, Blue-green glaze B 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, and 8 of type B. 
 
 65. DISC MACE. 
 
 Name. Men (MacG. 27). 
 Meaiiing. Fighting power. 
 Penod. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 55a, pi. xliv, white limestone with black spots, 
 prehistoric ; 55a 2, plain limestone {Tarkhan 11). 
 Material. Painted limestone. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5. 
 
 56. PEAR MACE. 
 
 Name. Hez (MacG. 27). 
 
 Meaning. Fighting power. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric, IV, XII. 
 
 Figure. No models, only actual maces buried. 
 
 Material. White limestone. Red granite in XII {Riqqeh). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. many. 
 
 67. FEATHERS AND SCOURGE. 
 
 Name. Ames (MacG. 27). 
 Meaning. Ruling power. 
 No amulets known. 
 
 58. URAEUS SERPENT. 
 
 Names. Aorot, any goddess (MacG. 6, 30). Merseger, 
 goddess (Lanz., Diz. Mit., cxxviii). Onkh-neter (MacG. 8). 
 Rannut, goddess (Lanz., D. M., clxxxix). Sat (Lacau, 94). 
 Seqer (MacG. 7 ; Lacau, 34, 91). Shem-remtu (MacG. 9 ; 
 Lacau, 94). U')-t hekat, goddess (MacG. 10). Zet (Lacau, 94). 
 Also conferring qualities, " giving youth " (Lacau, 90) ; 
 and with coiled body, " giving being " (?) (Lacau, 91). 
 Mehen, uraeus on the crown. 
 
 Meanings. Goddesses above named ; Knowledge ; Divine 
 life ; Going among men ; Royal power of judgment ; Giving 
 youth, and being. 
 
 Vaiieties. A, royal form. B, wavy. C, coiled. D, winged. 
 E, double. F, lion head. G, cat head. H, human head. 
 J, crowned. 
 
 Penod. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 58a, green glass, crowned uraeus on column ; 
 58b, carnelian, with silver suspension loop ; 68c, branch of 
 red coral, with silver uraeus twisted upon it ; 58d, bronze, tail 
 coiled behind ; 58e, bronze, double crowned with sun discs 
 inlaid ; 58f, bronze, crowned with discs ; 58g, pewter plate, 
 incised ; 58 h, green glaze, Memphis ; 58j, light blue glaze, 
 Memphis ; 58k, green glaze, Memphis j 58k, 2, 3, 4, 5, 
 
 18 
 
AMULETS OF POWERS 
 
 green glaze, Nebesheh ; 881, faded green glaze, Memphis ; 
 S8m, green glaze ; SSn, grey glaze ; 58o, green glaze, XVIII ; 
 58p, blue glass. PI. xliv, 88q, gold ; 58r, electrum ; 68s, 
 silver ; 88t, u, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic. See gold 
 from Serapeum (Mariettb, Sfr., iii, xi). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 35, Blue glaze 26, Lazuli 4, 
 Bronze 3, Gold 2, Yellow glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Green glass 
 1, White agate 1, Pink limestone 1, Carnelian 2, Silver on 
 red coral 1, Eed glass 1. 
 
 Position. Forehead (2; ; necklace (1) ; chest (10) ; 
 stomach (8) ; feet (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 4, Cairo 15, St. Peters- 
 burg 8, F 1, G 1, Turin 8, Alnwick 7,Murch 6, Athens F 2, 
 Edinburgh 1. 
 
 59. MAN KNEELING WITH PALM BRANCHES. 
 
 Name. Heh. 
 
 Meaning. Millions of Years. Duration. 
 
 Period. XII, Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 59a, gold ; 59b, gold, group 4 ; 59c, lead ; 69d, 
 apple-green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; S9e, 
 silver (pi. xlvi). And see Mahasna, xxxiv, xliii, tombs 87, 435. 
 
 Materials. Gold 2, Silver 1, Lead 1, Green glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5. 
 
 60. BOUND CAPTIVE. 
 
 Name. Kheft. 
 
 Meaning. Power over a slave. 
 
 Varieties. A, figure standing. B, kneeling. C, painted 
 on soles of sandals. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 60a, red limestone, quartz crystal eyes inlaid, 
 male, prehistoric ; 60b, light blue glaze, female, XXVI ; 60e, 
 white limestone, male, XXVI ; 60c 2, similar figure found 
 at Defenneh (Tanis, ii, xl); 60d, lead, male, wrapped in 
 sheet lead ; 60e (pi. xlv), wax, two figures standing, hands 
 joined ; 60f, wax, perhaps a figure ; see also figures on soles 
 of sandals (Univ. Coll. E) of Eoman mummies, Hawara, 
 {Roman Portraits, x, 5), and mud figure of Hyksos age 
 {Hyksos and Israelite Cities, vi, 8). 
 
 Materials. Lead 1, Eed limestone 1, White limestone 2, 
 Blue glaze 1, Wax 2, Cartonnage 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 2, Price 1. 
 
 61. FIGURE WITH NECKLACES. 
 
 Name. Shap (?). See shap, to accept ; shapep, rich ; 
 shapt, to adorn. 
 
 Meaning. From the stoutness, adornment, and easy 
 posture, this seems intended to represent wealth. Compare 
 the Chinese embodiment of wealth. 
 
 Period. Eoman. 
 
 Figure. 61, black steatite, Quft. 
 
 Mateiial. Black steatite. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 CHAPTEE V 
 AMULETS OF PROPERTY 
 
 Ktematic Amulets, 62 — 82. 
 
 These amulets, representing the funeral offerings of food 
 and drink, and the furniture of objects for the use of the 
 dead, are peculiarly Egyptian. From very early times 
 provision for the continued life of the deceased was placed 
 in the grave, sometimes on an immense scale. As the 
 belief in substitutes grew, so gradually models came to 
 replace the real objects, and then small amulets were sub- 
 stituted for the models. It might seem doubtful where to 
 divide between this class and the last. The mace heads 
 are classed as amulets of power, as the mace is used 
 symbolically by the king in all periods ; but the spear head 
 included as property, is never used symbolically. Again, 
 the plummet and square are probably emblems of qualities, 
 as the dead is never represented as building ; but the 
 writing tablet and seal are classed as property, as in the 
 future life the deceased would require to write and seal 
 orders. These are the means of writing rather than symbols 
 
 of the power of writing. The border line of the two classes 
 is seldom really in question. 
 
 The order followed here is, food, drink, clothing and 
 objects used. 
 
 62. OX HEAD. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. Food offering. An actual head is often 
 found in graves, from the prehistoric down to the Xllth 
 dynasty. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to XVIII. 
 
 Figures. 62a, calcite; 62b, quartz, green-glazed; 62c, 
 carneHan ; 62c, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, carnelian ; 62d, clear green 
 serpentine, prehistoric; 62e, blue glaze, VI (?); 62f, red 
 glass, XVIII (?) ; 62g (pi xliv), quartz, green-blue glaze ; 62h, 
 carnelian. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 9, Quartz, green-glazed 2, Noble 
 
 19 
 
 D a 
 
AMULETS OF PROPERTY 
 
 serpentine 2, 1 each of Blackened limestone, Agate, Calcite, 
 Blue glaze. Bed glass. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 18, Murch 4. 
 
 68. COW, LEGS TIED. 
 
 Name. liehen (?). 
 
 Meaning. Food offering. ' ' The image of a cow," for which 
 the 162nd chapter of the Book of the Dead is recited, 
 seems rather to refer to a free cow, and not to a sacrifice. 
 
 Vaneties. A, round. B, flat. 
 
 Penod. V, XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 63a, red jasper ; 63b, red steatite, both round; 
 63c, flat, red glass ; 63d, red glass ; 63e, red glass. 
 
 Materials. " Bed sandstone " (? jasper) 9, Bed jasper 9, 
 Bed glass 11, Blue glaze 8, Green glaze 1, "Yellow stone" 
 1, Brown limestone 1, Alabaster 1. 
 
 Position. Base of chest and lower. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 11, Univ. Coll. P. 5, E. 2, Price 6, 
 Alnwick 4, Turin 8, Edinburgh 1, Athens 1, Murch 1. 
 
 Meaning 
 Nos. 214—16, 
 
 64. GAZELLE. 
 
 Food offering (?), but see under sacred animals. 
 
 65. JOINT OF MEAT. 
 
 Name. Ao, Auo. 
 Meaning. Food offering. 
 Period. VI or XII (?). 
 
 Figure. 68, quartz crystal, part of the ribs and side of 
 an ox, exquisitely finished. 
 Material. Quartz crystal. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 66. GOOSE OR DUCK. 
 
 Name, Sa. 
 
 Meaning. Food offering. 
 Vaneties. A, whole figure. B, head. 
 Figures. Not here. 
 
 Materials. Blue glass 2, Bed jasper 1, Bed glaze 1, 
 Green glaze 3, Black and white glass 1, Bronze 1. 
 Position. Mid line, Hawara. 
 Collections. Turin 2, B 1, Alnwick 1, Price 1, Murch 1. 
 
 67. DISH OF FLOUR ON MAT. 
 
 Name. Hoteji. 
 
 Meaning. Flour offering ; a dish of flour on a reed mat 
 (Medum, xi). 
 Penod. XXVI. 
 Figure. Not here. 
 Material. Green glaze. 
 Position. Lower row, Hawara. 
 
 68. ALTAR WITH CAKES. 
 
 Name. Theti?). 
 
 Meaning. Food offering. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 68a, blue glaze, square cake; 68b, bronze, 
 four cakes ; 68c, bronze, one cako ; 68d, gilt wax, three 
 vases and three cakes, Dendereh, group 20 (pi. xliv); 68e, 
 green glaze (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Bronze 2, Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1, Gilt 
 wax 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 5. 
 
 69. DATE. 
 
 Name. Benr. 
 
 Meaning. Food offering. 
 
 Period. XIX(?). 
 
 Figure. 69, green glaze, black calyx. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 70. VASE. 
 
 Names. 45 different names are known, but the forms are 
 not yet distinguished. 
 
 Meaning. Drink offerings of various kinds. 
 
 Varieties. A, heart form, two-handled. B, situla. C, one- 
 handled measure. D, pilgrim bottle. E, heart shape. F, 
 amphora. G, handled jug. H, dipper. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 70a, diorite ; 70b, c, d, blue glaze, situla ; 70e, 
 green glaze, measure ; 70f, green glaze, pilgrim bottle ; 
 70f 2, red glaze, XVIII Riqqeh ; 70g, red jasper ; 70h, bronze, 
 amphora, Roman ; 70j, green glaze, yellow spots, amphora, 
 Eoman ; 70k, black and white glass ; 701, brown pottery ; 
 70m, green glaze, Bes head on it ; 70n, bronze ; 70o, pottery, 
 (pi. xlvi) ; 70p, green glaze (xlvii) ; 70q, black and green 
 glass (xlvii) ; 70r, green glaze, Illahun, XXIII (xlv). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 7, Gold 2, Bronze 
 2, Glass 1, Brown pottery 2, Diorite 1, Bed jasper 1, 
 Wood 1. 
 
 Position. Throat. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 2, Price 7, Cairo 1. 
 
 71. COLLAR. 
 
 Name. Usekh, with hawk heads (MacG. 2); Usekh of 
 lord of Eternity, with deep rows of beads (MacG. 32) ; 
 Usekh of the hawk, with spread hawk on middle (MacG. 33) ; 
 Usekh of the vulture and uraeus, with the emblems (MacG. 
 86) ; Usekh of Mut, with the vulture with curved wings 
 (Lacau, 436). 
 
 Meaning. Dress of the living, in conti-ast to the dead. 
 The Chapter 158 of the Book of the Dead is as follows : 
 " The chapter of the collar of gold, put on the neck of 
 the deceased. my father ! my brother ! my mother 
 Isis ! I am unveiled and I am seen. I am one of the 
 unveiled ones, who see Geb." 
 
 20 
 
AMULETS OF PROPERTY 
 
 Varieties. A, plain rows of beads "of the lord of Eternity," 
 Osiris (MacG. 32). B, with hawk heads (MacG. 2). 
 C, deep and short rows (Fig. 70b). D, with hawk 
 (MacG. 33). E, with vulture of Mut (Lacau, 436). 
 F, with vulture and uraeus (MacG. 36). 
 
 Penod. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 71a, type B, green and black glaze, Dendereh, 
 Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 71b, type C, blue and black glaze, 
 group 21 ; 71c, wax gilt, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 20. 
 
 Material. Gold inlaid 2, Gold foil 2, Blue glaze 3, Red 
 jasper 2. 
 
 Position. Neck and upper chest. 
 
 Collections. Cairo, Horuza 2, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Murch 2, 
 Alnwick 1. 
 
 72. CLOTHING. 
 
 Name. Monkhet (Lacau, 442) ; oper. 
 
 Meaning. Clothing. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 72a, b, black and white porphyry ; 72c, c 2, 
 diorite ; 72d, white glass. 
 
 Materials. Diorite 14, Serpentine 2, Granite 2, Porphyry 
 3, Red glass 1, White glass 1, " Grey stone " 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (3). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 1, St. Peters- 
 burg 1, Turin 1, Alnwick 1. 
 
 73. ROYAL HEAD-DRESS. 
 
 Name. Seden (XXV stele), or Nema (Lacau, 487 ; MacG. 
 4), or Khat (Lacau, 489). 
 
 Meaning. Royal clothing. 
 
 Figure. Not here. 
 
 Material. Carnelian. 
 
 Collection. Cairo. 
 
 Another head-dress was Ondet (MacG. 8). 
 
 The beard was Khebsat (MacG. 20). Neither of these are 
 found as amulets. 
 
 74. COMB. 
 
 Name. (?). 
 
 Meaning. Hair dressing. Actual combs are common in 
 prehistoric and XVIII. 
 
 Peiiod. Roman. 
 
 Figures. 74a, b, bone, Tell el Amarna, Roman ; 74c, d, 
 e, bone. 
 
 Material. All of bone. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5 (group 24). 
 
 75. SPEAR HEAD. 
 
 Name. (?). 
 Meaning. Defence. 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. Naqada, Iviii. 
 Material. Green serpentine. 
 
 76. WRITING TABLET. 
 
 Name. Themes, or Kher-o, " under the arm." Medum, 
 xiii ; Saqq. Mast., ii. 
 
 Meaning. Provision for writing. Tlie writing materials 
 were prayed for in the 94th chapter of the Book of the 
 Dead. 
 
 Period. XXVI and later. 
 
 Figures. 76a, green diorite ; 76b, blue glass, with incised 
 figure of Tahuti. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 8, Beryl 8, " Black-grey stone " 
 4, Lazuli 3, Obsidian 1, Green glaze 1, Green jasper 1, Green 
 glass 1, Haematite 1, Diorite 1, Blue glass 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; chest (6) ; stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 23, Price 3, Univ. Coll. P. 2, Alnwick 
 
 1, Edinburgh 1. Some of these may have been No. 20, 
 with the papyrus drawn but not engraved. 
 
 77. NAME BADGE. 
 
 Name. Serekh, " that which makes known " (MacG. 51). 
 Se-at or Seurat (Lacau, 444 — 5). 
 
 Meaning. To preserve the name. The 25th chapter 
 of the Book of the Dead is, " Whereby a person remembereth 
 his name in the underworld." Even the gods might lose 
 their names, for of the fiery region of the 12th domain we 
 read : " No god goes down into it . . . for the four snakes 
 would destroy their names " (B. of D., 149). 
 
 Varieties. A, long bead. B, flatted prism. 
 
 Penod. A, XIL B, XIX. 
 
 Figures. 77a, carnelian, as worn on neck, see Khnumu- 
 hotep (Gizeh and Rifeh, xi) ; 77b, amethyst with name of 
 King Senusert ; 77c, carnelian with name of Bakmut ; 77d, 
 silver, Vlth dynasty, group 13 ; 77e, gold, Qurneh. See 
 3 of carnelian of Hapi, Pasar and Khaemuas (Maeirtte, 
 Serapeum, iii, xi). 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 5, Amethyst 1, Gold 1 (and Lacau, 
 449), Green felspar (Lacau, 453 — 5), Silver 1. 
 
 Position. On neck {Gizeh and Rifeh, xi). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo type A 2, type B 8. 
 
 78. CARTOUCHE. 
 
 Name. Ran. 
 
 Meaning. To preserve the name; later substitute for 
 previous name badge, No 77. 
 
 Varieties. A, plain. B, with feathers on top. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 78a, diorite ; 78a 2, lazuli ; 78b, basalt. 
 
 Mateiials. Lazuli 10, Green glaze 1, " White stone " 1, 
 "Black stone," Cairo, 1, Yellow limestone 1, Diorite 1, 
 Basalt 1. 
 
 Position. Neck ; top of chest ; top of stomach. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 10, Brit. Mus. 5, B 4, Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 2, E. 1, Alnwick 1, Edinburgh 1. 
 
 21 
 
AMULETS OF PROPERTY 
 
 79. SEAL. 
 
 Meaning. Power over property. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 79a, white limestone ; 79b, brown limestone ; 
 79b 2, green felspar ; 79b 3, 4, lazuli ; 79b 5, basalt ; 
 79c (pi. xliv), blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21. 
 
 Materials. Lazuli 17, Green felspar 9, Green glaze 7, 
 Basalt 7, Blue glaze 4, Limestone 4, Slate 2, Quartz 2, Prase 
 1, Agate 1. 
 
 Position. Eight hand 5 ; left hand 5 (on 2nd finger, 
 between 2nd and 3rd finger) ; low on stomach. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 18, St. Petersburg 12, Univ. Coll., P. 
 3, E. 3, Alnwick 5. 
 
 80. SEAL RING. 
 
 Name. Zehot. 
 
 Meaning. Power over property. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 80, Lazuli. 
 
 Materials. Gold 1, Lazuli 2, Green glaze 1 (Hor-uza, 
 Hawara). 
 
 Position. Between 2nd and 3rd, between 3rd and 4th 
 fingers right hand ; on 3rd finger of left hand ; in left 
 hand; chest. 
 
 Collections. Cairo, Horuza 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 81. CIRCLE OF CORD. 
 
 Name. Shen, explained as Onkh-shau (Lacau, 112). 
 Meaning. "Benefits of life," as shen means "fulness, 
 
 completion," this implies the fulness of the gains and 
 rewards of life. 
 
 Peiiod. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 81, broken away at sides of base, same both 
 sides, light green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Basalt 5, Steatite 2, Lazuli 2, Green felspar 
 2, Quartz 1, Limestone 1, Green glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Top row, by cartouche. 
 
 Collections. St Petersburg 7, Alnwick 3, Univ. Coll. P. 
 1, E. 1, Price 1. 
 
 82. SLAVE FIGURE. 
 
 Name. Ushabti. 
 
 Meaning. To work for the deceased in the future life. 
 V' Varieties. Too extensive to state here. A breast-piece 
 of pendant ushabtis occurs in the XlXth dynasty. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XXX. (The stone figures of the Xllth 
 dynasty are really figures of the dead.) 
 
 Figures. 82, One example of the XXIInd dynasty marks 
 the place of this subject as an amulet; this ushabti is of 
 Zed-tehuti-as-onkh. 
 
 Materials. Bronze, all available stones, all colours of 
 Glaze, Pottery, Wood. 
 
 Position. A boxful of 200 was placed on each side of the 
 mummy. 
 
 Collections. All. This subject is as extensive as all other 
 amulets together. 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 Phylactic Amulets, 83 — 137. 
 
 In this class the amulets or charms for protection are 
 what are more popularly regarded as amulets. The pur- 
 pose of these is to call into account some external agency 
 which is not as definite as a divinity. The most primitive 
 means are preferred, such as wearing shells, bones, animals, 
 cords, stones, etc. Doubtless a great number of vegetable 
 and animal objects were also included in this class, though 
 the great majority of such have naturally disappeared in 
 the course of ages. The great popularity and literary 
 importance of the inscribed charms, especially inscribed 
 gem stones, has fixed more attention on this kind of amulet, 
 almost to the exclusion of the various other classes. 
 
 88. SUN AND WINGS. 
 
 Meaning. Ra as protector. 
 
 Varieties. Seldom on the mummy, but usual over figures 
 and entrances to temples. 
 
 Period. 
 Figures. 
 group 20. 
 Matetials. 
 Collection 
 
 Ptolemaic, as an amulet. 
 83a, black steatite; 83b, gilt wax, Dendereh, 
 
 Black steatite 1, Gilt wax 1. 
 Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 84. SUN AND URAEI. 
 
 Meaning. Ra as ruler. 
 
 Varieties. Seldom on the mummy, but used as previous. 
 Period. Ptolemaic, as an amulet. 
 
 Figures. 84a, wood with traces of stucco and gilding ; 
 84b, green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 . 
 Materials. Green glaze 1, Wood 1. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 85. CRESCENT. 
 
 Name. Aoh. 
 
 Meaning. The protection of the moon god. Against evil 
 eye and witchery (Bell., xv, 26 ; xvi, 25). The emblem of 
 patricians at Rome (Boni, Nuov. AntoL, 1 Oct., 1912). 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, with disc. C, with cross. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Roman. Specially worn in early part 
 of 2nd cent. a.d. (Roman Portraits, 12, 11). 
 
 Figures. 86a, b, pale blue glass, XVIII ; 88c, black 
 glaze, XII or XVIII ; 85d, e, silver, Memphis, Eoman, 
 group 27; 85f, gold, Memphis, group 27; 8Sg, silver; 85h, 
 base silver; 85j,j2, white glass on blue, with red spots 
 around, Gurob, Eoman. Type B, 85k, electrum, XII 
 dynasty (?) ; 851, blue glaze, XVIII ; 85m, black and yellow 
 serpentine, Roman ; 85n, bronze, Shurafeh, Coptic period. 
 See also plain bronze crescent, Roman age, Saft, in 
 Hyksos and Israelite Cities, xxxvii a. 
 
 Materials. Gold 1, Electrum 1, Silver 4, Bronze 2, 
 Glass 5, Blue glaze 1, Black glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 8. 
 
 86. MUMMY. 
 
 Name. Sak (MacG. 64). Sokar khent oper, " Sokar in 
 clothing" (Lanz., Diz., Mit., xvii). 
 Meaning. Preservation of the body in mummy form (?). 
 Period. Graeco-Roman. 
 Figures. 86a, b, dark blue glass. 
 Materials. Green glaze 2, Blue glass 2. 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2, Turin 2. 
 
 87. MUMMY ON BIER. 
 
 Name. ? 
 
 Meaning. Preservation of the body (?). 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, with Anpu. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 87a, green glaze ; 87b, glass, burnt. Type B, 
 87c, blue glaze with black paint, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 4, B 1, Green glaze 1, Red glass 
 B 1, Glass (burnt) 1, Painted pottery 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (2) ; stomach (2) ; knees (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Athens 2, Edinburgh 2. 
 
 88. GIRDLE OF ISIS. 
 
 Name. Thet. 
 
 Meaning. Protection by the blood of Isis. Also the 
 girdle of Nut (Lanz., Diz. Mit., cli). This is the primitive 
 women's girdle, fuller than the onkh, the men's girdle. 
 The 156th chapter of the Book of the Dead reads : " Chapter 
 of the tie of red jasper which is put on the neck of the 
 deceased. The blood of Isis, the virtue of Isis ; the magic 
 power of Isis, the magic power of the Eye, are protecting 
 
 this great one ; they prevent any wrong being done to him 
 This chapter is said on a tie of red jasper, dipped in the 
 juice of ankhamti, inlaid into the substance of the sycomore 
 wood, and put on the neck of the deceased. Whoever has 
 this chapter read to him, the virtue of Isis protects him ; 
 Horus the son of Isis rejoices in seeing him, and no way 
 is barred to him, unfailingly." 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, double. C, double with zad sign. 
 
 Period. XIX to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 88a, red glass ; 88b, green glass ; 88c, green 
 glaze ; 88c 2, blue glaze ; 88d, e, e2, 3, green glaze, group 28, 
 XXV dynasty (?); 88f, faded green glaze ; 88g, dark blue glaze, 
 XVIII or XIX; 88h, h2, j, j2, j 3, red glass; 88j 4, redlime- 
 stone ; 88j 5, slate ; 88k, pewter, possibly a clothing sign 72 ; 
 881, wax, gilt, Dendereh, group 20. See pi. xlvii, 88m, 
 carnelian of the royal scribe Paari ; 88n, jasper, of the chief 
 archer Nekht-a-min; 88o, jasper of Roi; 88p, blue and 
 black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 26. Type B, 
 double, red glaze, XVIII (Ed). Also see 2 carnelian of 
 Khaemuas and 1 of Hapi (Mariettb, Serapeum, iii, xi, xx). 
 
 Materials. Red jasper 21, Carnelian 8, Red glass 18, 
 Brown jasper 18, Blue glaze 27, Green glaze 18, Red 
 glaze 1, Lazuli 2, Obsidian 1, Gold 1, Silver 1, Pewter plate 
 1, Brown paste 1, Green glass 1, Wax gilt 1. 
 
 Position. Neck (2); chest usual (11); stomach (2); 
 toes (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 47, Univ. Coll. P. 16, E. 7, Turin 12, 
 Price 12, Alnwick 11, St. Petersburg 7, Edinburgh 1, 
 Murch 1. 
 
 89. SCARAB, FLAT BASE. 
 
 Name. Kheper. 
 
 Meaning. Heart of Isis given to the deceased. See Nos. 
 7 and 90 for the Book of the Dead. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 89a, grey steatite, Ramesseum ; 89b, lazuli, 
 formerly set on a pectoral ; 89c, lazuli veneer on slate base, 
 Ramesseum ; 89d, basalt, Ramesseum ; 89d 2, volcanic ash ; 
 89e, limestone, Ramesseum; 89f, malachite; 89g, slate; 
 89g 2, slate; 89g 3, steatite; 89h, peridot; 89j, k, indigo 
 glaze, XXII dynasty ; 891, blue-green glaze ; 891 2, red glass ; 
 89m, blue paste, Saqqareh, pierced for stitching on mummy 
 wrapping or network, as also the next; 89n, deep blue 
 paste ; 89o, red glass ; 89p, violet glass ; 89q, violet glass ; 
 89r, s, deep blue clear glass ; 89t, same, burnt ; 89u, deep 
 blue clear glass ; 89uu (pi. xliv), same ; 89v, yellow glass ; 
 89w, X, amber ; 89x, 2, 3, durite ; 89y, green glaze with 
 yellow points, Roman. 
 
 Materials (apart from Cairo catalogue which is uncer- 
 tain). Basalt 17, Serpentine 15, Steatite 8, Green jasper 6, 
 Porphyry 4, Green quartz 4, Schist 1, Blue glaze 5, Blue 
 glass 4, Green glaze 4, Lazuli 3, Violet glass 2, Blue paste 2, 
 Amber 2, Durite 1, Green felspar 1, Limestone 1, Malachite 
 1, Peridot 1, Red glass 1, Yellow glass 1. 
 
 Position. Inside the body. 
 
 23 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 5, Alnwick 28, St. 
 Petersburg 66, Price 10. 
 
 90. SCARAB, INSCRIBED BASE. 
 
 Name. Kheper. 
 
 Meaning. Heart of Isis given to the deceased. The 80th 
 chapter of the Book of the Dead appears in a slightly 
 different form (version B) upon the heart scarab, reading : 
 "My heart of my Mother, my heart of my Mother, my 
 heart of my becoming (in future life). May nothing rise 
 up against me in evidence ; may no hindrance be made 
 against me by the divine chiefs ; may there be no enemy 
 of thee against me in the presence of the Guardian of the 
 Balance. Thou art my ka in my body, the creator making 
 sound my limbs. Come forth to the bliss towards which 
 we are bound. May our name not be in bad odour with the 
 Ministrants, those who deal to men their course in life ; and 
 be there good for us, be there good to the hearer, be there 
 joy of heart, by the "Weighing of words. May not lies be 
 uttered in the presence of the God, before the great God lord 
 of Amenti. Behold thy uplifting is in the acquittal." 
 
 Varieties. A, various forms of this chapter are used, 
 sometimes only omitting half a dozen words, as on 901, 
 sometimes leaving only the opening invocation to the heart, 
 as on 90c. B, a suten da liotep formula is rarely used, as in 
 90u, V, aa. 
 
 Penod. XVIIIth to XXIIIrd dynasties. 
 
 Figures. The backs on pi. viii, the inscriptions on pi. ix ; 
 90a, black steatite, name Huy ; 90b, brown limestone, of 
 Huria ; 90c, glazed steatite, of Set-mesu ; 90d, black steatite, 
 of Tuaa ; 90e, black steatite, of Ma-nehes, " the alert lion " ; 
 90f, hard light brown limestone in silver mount, of Min-em- 
 hat ; 90g, a metamorphic mud, similar in material to slate, 
 usually mis-called " green basalt," here called durite, of 
 Tet-bet, "nursing shepherd "(?) ; 90h, durite, of Dudut; 
 90j, durite, of Repen(?); 90k, jade, called by the Egyptians 
 nenmchen, as stated on the Keniiard tablet (now in Berlin), 
 of the singer, Thentamen ; 901, durite (volcanic ash) of 
 Pamoy (secondary use) ; 90m, durite of Anefer ; 90n, durite, 
 of Tetames ; 90o, green glaze in copper mount, of the scribe 
 Nashuy ; 90p, durite, of Amen-mes ; 90q, limestone stained 
 brown-black (XVIIIth dynasty, as kohl pots) of the over- 
 seer of the serfs of Min, Kanure, from Ekhmim ; 90r, durite, 
 of the singer of Amen, Shab-mer-ast ; 90s, durite of Zed- 
 ptah-a-onkh; 90t, jade, name lost; 90u, black steatite of 
 Hor-se-ast ; 90v, blue paste, very illegibly cut, apparently 
 of Peh-ne-kha-user ; 90w (pi. xlvi) lazuli, of the keeper 
 of the cattle Tahutimes, XVIIIth dynasty. The following 
 not in plates : — 90x, violet glass plate, with hollow 
 crystal back in which is painted the heron, backed with 
 gold foil, for Auf-neren-neheh, Gurob, XVIIIth dynasty ; 
 90y, limestone, coloured brown, of the singer of Isis, 
 Hatsheps, XVIIIth dynasty ; 90z, limestone, of Huy ; 
 90aa, lazuli, nesut du hotep formula without a name, 
 group 81. 
 
 Materials (omitting Cairo as uncertain ; the other collec- 
 tions as stated, but probably in error on basalt). Basalt (?) 
 18, Durite 9, Porphyry (?) 6, Limestone 5, Steatite 5, 
 Serpentine 6, Green jasper (?) 4, Schist 4, Jade 2, Lazuli 2, 
 Green felspar 1, Glazed steatite 1, Green glaze 1, Blue 
 glaze 1, Blue paste 1, Violet glass 1. 
 
 Position. On the chest (?). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 26, Alnwick 17, Price 5. 
 
 91. PECTORAL. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. Heart of Isis. 
 
 Varieties. A, in one piece. B, with separate scarab 
 (see MacG. 68, 69, 70). 
 
 Period. XVIII to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 91a, durite, filled in with yellow paste; upper side, 
 scarab with akhet bird on back, Isis and Nebhat standing on a 
 boat adoring it; under side, the scarab outline with the 
 invocations of the beginning of the chapter, and figure of 
 Unnefer adoring Osiris; 91b, black steatite, Isis and 
 Nebhat, winged, adoring, but the middle blank, probably a 
 scarab has been attached ; back, Osiris " lord of eternity, 
 lord of Ta-zeser," adored by the deceased and Isis ; on the 
 top edge the name " Set-ha-em-tepy " ; 91c, gold, a woman 
 Nefert-her adoring " Isis the great mother " ; 91d, electrum, 
 figure of Tahuti, with altar of offerings. " The speech of 
 Tahuti, lord of Khemenu, give life, health, and strength to 
 the son of the high priest of Amen, Uasakauasa, 
 acquitted, son of the high priest of Amen, Fu-ua-merth, 
 acquitted " ; 91e, green glaze, zad between two thet girdles, 
 back, jackal couchant on shrine, with right uzat eye above ; 
 91f, blue-green glaze, jackal couchant on shrine " Anpu in 
 his bandages lord of the desert " ; 91g, shrine of black and 
 yellow serpentine, apparently an inserted figure has been 
 lost. See green-glazed pectoral of Pasar (Mariettb, 
 Serapeum, iii, xii). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 13, Blue glaze 3, Glazed stone 8, 
 Slate 6, Durite 1, Wood 8, Schist 2, Blue frit 2, Steatite 1, 
 Serpentine 1, Red-brown glaze 1, Gold 1, Electrum 1. 
 
 Position. On breast (2); on stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 85, Univ. Coll. P. 7, St. Petersburg 6, 
 Price 2, Edinburgh 1, Alnwick 1. 
 
 92. SCARAB WITH LEGS. 
 
 Name. Kheper (MacG. 61). 
 
 Meaning. Protection against quartan fever (Pliny, xxx, 
 30). Snake bite (Africa). Agate scarab against evil eye 
 (Bell., xiii, 27). Horns of scarab for children (Pliny, 
 xxx, 47). 
 
 Vaneties. Actual beetles were buried in jars in pre- 
 historic graves. An alabaster case in the form of a scarab, 
 to hang round the neck, hollow as a reliquary, of 1st dynasty, 
 Cairo (Tarkhan, xiv). A, with legs, natural head. B, hawk- 
 headed. C, with four rams' heads (Lanz., Diz. Mit., 490). D, 
 human headed (L., Diz. Mit., ccl). 
 
 24 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 Period. 1st to XXXth dynasties. 
 
 Figures. 92a, obsidian, of exquisitely detailed work 
 (the wing cases being also delicately ribbed), and prob- 
 ably of the Xllth dynasty, when obsidian was a favourite 
 material for the best inscribed scarabs ; 92b, diorite ; b 2, 8, 
 4, Hawara, porphyry, hard steatite, brown limestone, 
 XXVI; 92c, green glaze; 92d, greenish-blue glaze; 
 92d 2, 3, white limestone ; d 4, steatite ; d 5, haematite ; 
 d 6, 7, green glaze ; 92e, f , f 2 f 3, green glaze faded, Hawara, 
 XXVI ; 92e 2, brown basalt ; 92g (pi. xliv), green glaze, 
 Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 92h (pi. xlvi), green glaze ; 92j, blue 
 and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 26 (pi. xxxii). 
 
 Materials. Basalt (durite ?) 22, Porphyry 14, Lazuli 18, 
 Green glaze 34, Blue glaze 8, Serpentine 8, Haematite 6, 
 Carnelian 6, Brown steatite 7, Limestone 4, Prase 8, Black 
 syenite 4, Green syenite 2, Green glass 3, Green felspar 2, 
 Beryl 2, Obsidian 2, White glass 1, Bronze 1, Diorite 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (4) ; chest (23) ; stomach (5) ; left 
 hand (2). 
 
 Collections. St. Petersburg 65, Univ. Coll. P. 35, E. 15, 
 Price 22. 
 
 93. SCARAB WINGED. 
 
 Meaning. Protective power of the Creator (?). 
 
 Varieties. A, winged. B, winged, on legs walking 
 Dendereh 15, pi. li). C, winged in boat. 
 
 Period. XXII to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 93a, flame-coloured sard, XVIII (?); 93b, pewter, 
 group 18 ; 93c, bronze with human head, crowned with 
 disc, horns, and uraeus ; 93d, blue paste, with holes for 
 stitching on to a mummy network ; 93e, f, blue glaze, with 
 four genii, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 93g, green glaze 
 with violet inlay in the hawk heads, and four genii. For 
 other figures of the genii see 182. Type C, 93h, blue glaze 
 (xlvii). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 3, Sard 1, Blue paste 1, Pewter 1, 
 Gold 1, Blue glass 2, Black glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Collar-bone (3) ; breast (3) ; stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, Athens 3, St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 94. VULTURE STANDING. 
 
 Names. Nert, Demzedet, Anient, Themt, Urtheka, Sebkhet 
 Kherert (MacG. 12, 13, 14, 15, 29, 45, 47, 66). 
 
 Meaning. Five different vultures confer Being, Divinity, 
 Living with gods. Going among men, and Youth (Lacau, 
 99). 
 
 Period. VI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 94a, bone, VI, group 5 ; 94a 2, carnelian, 
 group 7 ; 94a 3, 4, blue glaze, rude, VI, Zaraby ; 94b, 
 bone, group 6 ; 94c, bone, group 8 ; 94d, gold. (See 
 Mariette, Serapeum, iii, xi ; Naqadu, Iviii, Xllth dynasty.) 
 
 Materials. Lazuli 4, Gold 2, Blue glaze 3, Bone 3, 
 Carnelian 1, Syenite 1, Yellow glaze 1, Red glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Neck (2) ; base of chest (8). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll- P. 7, Turin 8, Murch 2, Cairo 2 
 (Horuza), St. Petersburg 1, Alnwick 1. 
 
 95. VULTURE WITH WINGS SPREAD. 
 
 Name. Nert-hent-pet-er-remtu (?), " The Vulture mistress 
 of heaven over mankind." Nert-her-ne-pot, " The Vulture 
 who is over men " (MacG. 34, 48). 
 
 Meaning. Protection. The 157th chapter of the Book 
 of the Dead is as follows : " Chapter of the vulture of gold, 
 put on the neck of the deceased. Isis has arrived; she 
 hovers over the dwellings, and she searches all the hidden 
 abodes of Horus when he comes out of the northern marshes 
 knocking down him whose face is evil. She causes him 
 (the deceased) to join the bark (of the sun), and grants him 
 the sovreinty over the worlds. When he has fought a great 
 fight. He (Horus) decrees what must be done in his honour ; 
 He causes fear of him to arise, and He creates terror. His 
 mother, the Great One, uses her protective power, which she 
 has handed over to Horus. Said on the vulture of gold. 
 If this chapter is written on it, it protects the deceased, the 
 powerful one, on the day of the funeral, and undeviatingly for 
 times infinite." 
 
 Varieties. A, vulture head. B, ram head. C, curved 
 wings. 
 
 Period. VI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 95a, gold ; 98b, gold ; 98c, pewter, group 18 ; 
 9Sd, bronze. See type B, gold inlaid, in Mariette, Sera- 
 peum, iii, xii ; also C, gold inlaid, in Mar., Ser., iii, xx. 
 
 Materials. Gold 4, Pewter 1, Bronze 1. 
 
 Position. Neck 1 ; chest 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Cairo, Horuza 1, St. Peters- 
 burg 1. 
 
 96. SERPENT (Not Uraeus, 57). 
 
 Name. Zet (MacG. 5). 
 
 Meaning. Preservation from serpents (?). Teeth for 
 dentition (Pliny, xxx, 47). 
 
 Varieties. A, long. B, in tube. C, wavy. D, coiled, 
 (screw). E, spiral (volute). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to XXVI (?). 
 
 Figures. A, 96a, dark wood, serpent of Mertseger (Lanz., 
 Diz. Mit, cxxvii) ; 96 b, flint, from Koptos, 1st dynasty (?). 
 B, 96c, red glass. C, two early dynastic house amulets in 
 pottery. D, 96d, yellow-brown limestone, prehistoric, 
 apparently to be placed round a finger or staff, two and a 
 half turns. E, 96e, lazuli, prehistoric ; 96f (pi. xlvii), 
 limestone, prehistoric, large amulet to hang in house, 
 scale 2 : 5. 
 
 Materials. Pottery 2, Lazuli 1, Flint 1, Yellow lime- 
 stone 1, Limestone 1, Red glass 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7. 
 
 97. SERPENT HEAD, OR FOREPART. 
 
 Name. Menqaryt, Menqahet (Lacau, 82 ; MacG. 1). 
 Meaning. To avoid snake bite. Chapter 33 of the Book 
 
 A. 
 
 25 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 of the Dead reads : " Chapter whereby all serpents are kept 
 back " ; Chapter 84 : " Chapter whereby a person is not 
 devoured by the dweller in the shrine"; Chapter 35: 
 " Chapter whereby the person is not devoured by a serpent 
 in the underworld." There is nothing in these chapters to 
 explain the amulets further. 
 
 Varieties. A, half length. B, head only. 
 
 Peiiod. Prehistoric to XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 97a, red glass, of " the lady of the house Nefer- 
 renpit" ; 97b, carnelian,of " the royal scribe Ptah-mes, keeper 
 of the horses " ; 97c, d, carnelian ; 97e, sard; 97e 2, yellow 
 jasper ; 97f , f 2, green glaze ; 97g, carnelian ; 97h, haematite ; 
 97j, red limestone, prehistoric. Also see 2 carnelian of 
 Hapi (Maeibtte, Serapeum, iii, xi). 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 50, Haematite 1, Bed limestone 1, 
 Ivory 3, Blue glass 2, Bed jasper 1, Green glaze 5, Green 
 glass 1, Brown glass 1, Gold 1, Agate 1, Yellow jasper 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (2); base of neck (1); base of chest (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo A 28, B 14, Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 3, 
 St, Petersburg B 3, Murch 3, Alnwick 2, Turin 1. 
 
 98. COBRA ON CASE. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. Snake's skin eases delivery (Pliny, xxx, 44). 
 For malaria (Bell., xiii, 20). 
 
 Varieties. A, reared up. B, lying twisted on case. 
 
 Period. This class of reptiles on cases is shown by the 
 inscribed names to be as early as the XXVth dynasty ; and 
 being mentioned by Pliny it probably extended to Ptolemaic 
 times. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 98a, bronze ; 98b, bronze, cornice to 
 box ; 98c, bronze, upper part of hood broken away, 
 inscribed " Atmu give life to Un-nefer, son of Khonsu- 
 ardus, . . . life to Hapy, son of Shab-pa-hor " ; right 
 nzat eye on front. (This is classed by Daressy as a figure 
 of Atmu, by the inscription (Cairo Cat. 38,704), but as 
 Atmu never appears elsewhere as a serpent, the god is 
 probably only invoked for the fever.) Type B, 98d, d 2, d 3, 
 bronze ; 98e, bronze. For shape of head see Descrip. 
 Eg. Eeptilia, Supplem. 3. 
 
 Matenal. Bronze. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 2, St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 99. AMPHISBAENA ON CASE. 
 
 Meaning. Worn alive for pregnancy (Pliny, xxx, 43). 
 Worn dead for rheumatism (P. xxx, 36). 
 Period. XXV to Ptolemaic. 
 Figures. 99a, b, bronze. 
 Matenal. Bronze. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2, St. Petersburg 2. 
 
 100. PHAGRUS EEL ON CASE. 
 
 Meaning. Tooth of phagrus worn for malaria (Pliny, 
 xxxii, 38). 
 
 Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?). 
 Figure. 100a, b, c, bronze. 
 Material. Bronze. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 2. See Wilkinson, 
 M. and C, iii, 842. 
 
 101. LIZARD ON CASE. 
 
 Meaning. Spotted lizard worn in case for quartan fever. 
 (Pliny, xxx, 30). Green lizard in case for tertian fever 
 (Pliny, xxx, 30). 
 
 Varieties. A, lizard. B, two lizards. C, lizard and 
 cobra. 
 
 Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?). 
 
 Figures. These vary somewhat, but different types of 
 Gecko are not distinguishable. Type A, 101a, b, c, bronze ; 
 101a 2, b 2, bronze. B, 101, bronze. C, 1 Old, bronze. 
 
 Matenal. Bronze. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, E. 4. 
 
 102. TAURT ON CASE. 
 
 Meaning. For pregnancy, as amphisbaena in Pliny, 
 xxx, 43. 
 
 Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?). 
 Figure. 102. 
 Material. Bronze. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 103. SHREW MOUSE ON CASE. 
 
 Meaning. Dead shrew mouse passed round boils (Pliny, 
 xxx, 34). 
 
 Period. XXV to Ptolemaic (?). 
 
 Figure. 103. 
 
 Material. Bronze. 
 
 Collections. St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 104. HORN. 
 
 Name. Ob. 
 
 Meaning. For evil eye (Bell., xii, 12). 
 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figure. 104, gazelle horn tip, Shurafeh, 1912. 
 
 Material. Horn. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 105. BONE. 
 
 Meaning. Human, for ulcer (Pliny, xxviii, 11) ; human 
 skull, epilepsy (Bell., xiv, 12) ; hare's pastern, bowel pains 
 (P. xxviii, 56) ; pig's pastern promotes discord (P. xxxviii, 
 81); frog, fevers and aphrodisiac (P., xxxii, 18); perch 
 vertebra, tertian fever (P., xxxii, 88). 
 
 Varieties. A, mammalian bone. B, crocodile plate. 
 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figures. A, 105a, Shurafeh, 1912. B, 106b, crocodile 
 
 26 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 plate: 150c, crocodile plate v?ith iron rings, and silvered 
 mirror stuck on by resin. 
 Collection, Univ. Coll. P. 3. 
 
 lOG. CORAL. 
 
 Meaning. Worn in India for dangers (Pliny, xxxii, 11). 
 AVorn by infants (Pliny, xxviii, 7). In Italy worn against 
 evil eye (Bell., ix^r." 
 
 Period. Graeco-Roman. 
 
 Fif/ure. 106, branch of coral with silver uraeus twisted 
 upon it. (See figure 58c, and Coral dog, 233c.) 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 107. CYPRAEA SHELL. 
 
 Name. Unknown. 
 
 Meaning. Protection from evil eye and witchery, from 
 resemblance to vulva ; (Bell., Am., 61 ; Fet., 38). In tombs 
 at Ascolano {Botii,N iiov. Antol., 1 Oct., 1912). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 107a, Cyp. pantherina, prehistoric, south town, 
 Naqadeh ; 107b, Cyp. annulus, prehistoric, 1625 Naqadeh ; 
 107c, d, same, Roman, Gheyta ; 107e, Cyp. caiuica, Ballas ; 
 107f, silver gilt, same both sides ; 107g, silver sheet; 107h, 
 carnelian ; 107h, 2, dark blue glaze ; 107j, green glaze, 
 Mahasna 418, Vlth dynasty; 107k, green glaze; 1071, pi. 
 xliv, black and white porphyry, XVlIIth dynasty ; 107m, 
 green glaze (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Shell, Silver gilt 1, Silver 1, Carnelian 1, 
 Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Necklace, and bracelets. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1, and many shells. 
 
 108. NERITA CRASSILABRUM SHELL. 
 
 Period. Xllth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 108a, b, Sinai, Serabit temple ; 108c, carnelian, 
 threaded with blue-glazed ball beads, Xllth dynasty. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P., carnelian string, and many 
 shells. 
 
 109. MITRA MACULOSA SHELL. 
 
 Period. Late prehistoric to Xllth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 109a, prehistoric, Ballas ; 109b, blue paste, 
 Ballas 355, Xllth dynasty. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P., string of beads, and many 
 shells. 
 
 110. CONUS SHELL. 
 
 Period. Late prehistoric, XXIlIth dynasty. 
 Figures. 110a, Zowaydeh ; 110b, c ; llOd (pi. xv), slice 
 of top, Hawara, XXIIIrd dynasty. 
 Position. Necklaces. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 111. CARDIUM EDULE SHELL. 
 
 Meaning. Against evil eye and witchery (Bell., xi, 4 ; 
 Fet. 47). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Vlth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. Ilia, prehistoric, Ballas 225 ; 111b, same (?) ; 
 111c, carnelian, group 14; Hid, carnelian, group 1 ; Hie, 
 carnelian, Mahasna, tomb 461 ; lllf, g, h, carnelian, group 
 2 ; 111], carnelian, group 3. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 8, many shells. 
 
 Position. Pectoral pendants. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 112. MELEAGRINA MARGARITIFERA SHELL 
 
 (Red Sea Pearl). 
 
 Periad. XIItoXVIIL 
 
 Figures. 112a — a 5 (pi. xliv), engraved with name of 
 Senusert I; 112c, electrum, with name of Amenemhat III ; 
 112c, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, plain, of Xllth dynasty; 112d, gold, 
 pectoral of King Rasekenen ; 112e, carnelian ; with glass 
 beads, XVIIIth dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Shell 5, Gold 1, Electrum 4. 
 
 Position. Pectoral pendants. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12. 
 
 113. CLEOPATRA BULIMOIDES SHELL. 
 
 Period. Late prehistoric to Vlth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. llSi, string oE shells, Ballas ; 113b, bone, 
 group 5 ; 113c, green felspar, group 30 ; 113c, c 2, sard, 
 group 3 ; 113d, sard, group 2. 
 
 Materials. Shells, Sard 2, Green felspar 1, Bone 1. 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 4, and shells. 
 
 (The following shells are found pierced for wearing, but 
 no imitations are known.) 
 
 114. PECTUNCULUS VIOLACESCENS SHELL. 
 
 Meaning. Worn by Troglodyte women against witchery 
 (Stkabo, XVI, iv, 17); pierced, for evil eye and witchery 
 (Bell., Fet., 41). Worn in Rome, tombs in Forum (Boni, 
 Nuov. Antol., 1 Oct., 1912). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 114, Ballas 519, Naqadeh 1684. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 115. POLINICES MAMILLA SHELL. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 Figure. 115, Ballas 572, Koptos. 
 Position. Necklace. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 lie. CASSIS NODULOSA SHELL. 
 
 Period. Late prehistoric. 
 Figure. 116, Ballas 207. 
 
 27 
 
 E 2 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 Position. Necklace. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 117. MUREX TERNISPINA SHELL. 
 
 Figure. 117. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 118. HELIX DESERTORUM SHELL. 
 
 Figures. 118a, b, c, prehistoric, Naqadeh 698 ; 118d, 
 e, f, Xllth dynasty, Hawara ; llSg, h, prehistoric, 
 Naqadeh 1615. 
 
 Position. Necklaces. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 119. CLANCULUS PHARAONIS SHELL. 
 
 Period. XXVth dynasty. 
 
 Figure. 119. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 120. TURBO, OPERCULUM 
 
 Period. Early. 
 Figure. 120, Koptos. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 121. OLIVA SHELL. 
 
 Period. Early. 
 
 Figures. 121a, b, Koptos, Naqadeh 1567. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 122. TEREBRA CONSOBRINA SHELL. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 122, Naqadeh 1567, Koptos. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 128. STONE IMPLEMENT. 
 
 Names. Peseshkef, and others. 
 
 Meaning. To open the mouth of the mummy (see 37). 
 Black round stones like axes are called baetuli, and longer 
 ones kerauniac ; they are sacred, and potent in taking cities 
 and fleets (Pliny, xxxvii, 51). Called " thunderstones " in 
 Italy and Northern Europe; worn as charms against 
 lightning and evil actions (Bell., I — III ; Fet., 43 ; Am., 14). 
 Also regarded as thunderstones in China. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to XXVIth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 123a, yellow steatite, Vlth dynasty, group 13 ; 
 123b, c, black jasper, the baetuli described by Pliny ; 123d, 
 honey sard, Hawara ; 123e (pi. xliii), basalt ; 123f (xliii), 
 slate ; 123g (xliii), green glaze, e, f, g, all from 1st dynasty 
 town Abydos; 123h (xliv), green glaze, Vlth dynasty, 
 Zaraby ; 123j (xv), green serpentine, prehistoric, Naqadeh 
 1567; 123k, silver; 1231, iron; 123m (pi. xlv), alabaster, 
 Illahun, XXIInd dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Black jasper 2, Green glaze 2, Alabaster 1, 
 Green serpentine 1, Yellow steatite 1, Honey sard 1, Silver 1, 
 Iron 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12. 
 
 124. BELL. 
 
 Meaning. Worn by children against the evil eye (Bell., 
 XV, 10). In Egypt probably worn by children, as it has a 
 head of Bes on the earlier examples. 
 
 Period. XXVI (?) to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 124a, iron, Illahun ; 124b, bronze, Gurob; 
 124c, bronze, with head of Bes on each side (pi. xliv) ; 
 124d, bronze (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Material. All Bronze and Iron. 
 
 Position. Bracelet. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5. 
 
 125. DOOR BOLT. 
 
 Name. Sest. 
 
 Meaning. Security (?). 
 
 Period. Vlth dynasty. 
 
 Figure. 125a, b, green glaze, Mahasna, tomb 13. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 126. 
 
 Name. Repoti-liat, 
 
 SEATED PRINCE. 
 
 Meaning. Protector (?). 
 Period. XVIIIth to XlXth dynasty. 
 Figures. 126a, blue glaze faded white ; 126a 2, red glaze, j 
 Rifeh. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 127. PRINCESS. 
 
 Name. Hent. 
 Meaning. Protector (?). 
 Period. XVIIIth dynasty. 
 Figures. 127a, bronze Tell el Amarna, perhaps a badgaj 
 worn by the household of a princess ; 127b, blue glaze. 
 Material. Bronze 1, Blue glaze 1. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 128. MEDUSA HEAD. 
 
 Meaning. To protect by repeUing onlookers. 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figures. 128a, b, green glaze; 128c, green, yellow, andj 
 black glaze (xliii). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3. 
 
 129. BULLA. 
 
 Meaning. Protection. 
 
 Period. I to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 129a, b, b 2 (pi. xliii), carnelian, group 14 ; 129ol 
 
 (xliii), green opaque serpentine, 1st dynasty town, Abydos J 
 
 28 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 129d, alabaster ; 129e, agate, XXHIrd (?) dynasty, Rames- 
 seum ; 129f, ivory; 129g, jade, gilt resin attached to end 
 for the suspension hole ; 129h, black steatite ; 129j, green 
 glass in silver frame : 129k, gold over a white paste body ; 
 1291, flint nodule set in bronze frame (pi. xlvi). See 
 Naqada, iviii, Ixiv, 97. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 2, 1 each of Emery, Jade, Flint, 
 Agate, Black steatite. Alabaster, Gold, Ivory, Green glass. 
 
 Collcctim. Univ. Coll. P. 12. 
 
 130. FOREHEAD PENDANT. 
 
 Meaning. To distract and avert the evil eye. 
 Vaneties. A, plain. B, matwork. G, figures. D, gilt 
 tube, modern. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric, Modern. 
 
 Figures. 130a, shell, hook inside at lower end to hold 
 
 up veil; 130b, shell, Naqadeh, T. 16; 130c, shell, Naqadeh 
 
 899 ; 130d, shell, Naqadeh 1848; 130e, shell, Naqadeh 1007 ; 
 
 130f, shell ; 130g, shell, Naqadeh 1848 ; 130h, shell, Naqadeh 
 
 [1884 ; 130h 2, shell, Naqadeh 144 ; ISOj, shell, Naqadeh, B. 
 
 K23 ; 130k, 1, shell ; 130m, shell, Naqadeh 399 ; 130n, black 
 
 iBteatite ; 130o, p, black and white hmestone ; 130q, clear 
 
 Igreen serpentine ; 130r, black and white porphyry. TypeB, 
 
 llSOs, shell carved in basket pattern, with hook at lower end 
 
 [to hold up a veil. Type C, 130t, u, shell, carved as female 
 
 Sgures. 
 
 Materials. Shell 16, Black and white limestone 2, Black 
 
 fsteatite, 1, Black and white porphyry 1, Clear green serpen- 
 
 jtine 1, Copper 1. 
 
 Position. On forehead, as found in burials, and curved 
 Jto fit the position. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 21. 
 
 131. KNOTTED CORD. 
 
 [■ Meaning. No statement of the meaning remains in 
 rEgypt, but in Europe we find according to Pliny (xxviii, 27) 
 r seven knots in the girdle effective for catching hyaenas; in 
 Ixxviii, 12, a thread knotted with the names of widows is 
 used for inguinal hernia; and knotted hairs of a she-mule 
 for conception (xxx, 49). In modern times we read of un- 
 I tying knots in cord to liberate a sailing wind, in the Isle of 
 Man, Finland and Germany ; and three times three knots 
 [cast, three on each of three coloured threads in order to 
 1 check a man's movements. " Among the Hadendoa, knots 
 j which have been tied by a holy man, or even hy a, Jiqi 
 1 (teacher), while a text of the Koran is recited, are pro- 
 jtective, just as the ordinary hegab," or written charm in a 
 , leather case (Seligmann). The essential idea seems to be 
 f making anything certain, or controlling others. 
 
 Period. Xllth to XXVth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 131a, knot of cord, of hollow gold, Dahshur 
 !XIIth dynasty; 131b, cords with sard pendant, blue-glazed 
 •fXizat open work, papyrus charm pendants, cowry shells and 
 \uzat eye; 131c, cords with bronze Nefertum, uzat eyes and 
 
 cowries; 131d, knotted card with papyrus charm pendants, 
 uzat eyes, and Isis seated of blue glaze ; 131e, with cowry 
 shells, uzat eyes of blue glaze and bronze open-work, 
 papyrus charm pendant ; 131f, knotted cords with baboon 
 of Tahuti seated, uzat eyes open-work, Taurt, tooth of 
 hyaena, cowry shell, papyrus charm pendant ; 131g, cord 
 with cowry shells, uzat eyes. Bast, and papyrus charm. All 
 from Kafr Ammar, xxiii — xxv. 
 
 Position. On the neck and chest. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7. 
 
 182. WOVEN CHARM. 
 
 Meaning. Protection. 
 
 Period. Coptic. 
 
 Figure. 132, COHC0E AWPE, " May thou be saved, ! 
 Doros," in white on a purple band. lUahun. (An Arab 
 philosopher of this name is mentioned by Suidas.) 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 133. CHARM CASE. 
 
 Meaning. To hold a written charm. 
 
 Varieties. A, vertical. B, horizontal. C, square. D, 
 heart-shaped. E, crescent-shaped. 
 
 Period. Xllth dynasty to Modern. 
 
 Figures. A, 133a, limestone model inscribed " Bast 
 lady of the city," early ; 133b, gold foil over resin body, 
 Xllth dynasty (?) ; 133c, bronze case, in form of obelisk, 
 with doors engraved on one side, inscribed, Asar men f 
 Seka du as f neb ta : " For Seka ; may Osiris establish 
 him, and may the lord of the land give his tomb," XXVth 
 dynasty; 133d, iron case, Balyzeh, Coptic; 133e, durite, 
 with cross lines, imitating binding (see next) ; 133f, roll of 
 leather, elaborately bound with thread. For imitation 
 charm cases in the Xllth dynasty see Dahchour, xvii, xviii, 
 xix, xxiv ; and later rough rolls of papyrus on the cords, 
 131 above. Imitated also by small cylinders of wood worn 
 against witchcraft in Central Africa (Leicester Museum). 
 See also imitation charm rolls in 131b, d, f, g. 
 
 B. The horizontal charm case is later. 133g, pottery 
 model, Memphis, Roman ; 133h, black glass rod, gold ends ; 
 133j (pi. xliii), wood. Tell el Amarna, Roman, group 24 ; 
 133k, dark violet opaque glass; 1331, green glaze ; 133m, 
 bronze, Wushim, all probably of Roman age ; 133 n, bronze, 
 Arab. 
 
 C. The square package is of Arab origin. 133o, cast lead, 
 inscribed, La illaha ilia Allah wa kkadumii la sawyd . . 
 " There is no god but Allah, and his servant shall not be 
 put to shame" : probably intended for a Copt to wear, with 
 a colourable imitation of the Muslim formula ; 133p, 
 leather case, containing Arabic charms written on a sheet 
 of paper, 12 X 17 inches, folded in 8 folds each way ; 
 it bears 57 lines with one magic square of 6 X 8, and 
 another of 5 X 6, and a pentacle; modern, brought by 
 Martyn Kennard from Nubia, 1854. 
 
 29 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 D. 133q (pi. x'.iv), silver, pea.cock-blue enamel, loose 
 plug at the top with slip inside to hold a written charm or 
 relic ; 183r, bronze imitation of previous, not opening. 
 
 E. 133s, gold hollow, with imitation Runic inscription ; 
 133s 2, small copy in lead, Coptic; 133t, gold, probably a 
 copy of an amulet case. The charm of writing 2468, the 
 number value of the name of Baduh the spirit of carrying, 
 is still written on letters in Egypt. 
 
 13 1. HYPOCEPHALUS. 
 
 Meaning. Derived from the papyrus with the figure of a 
 cow, which was placed under the head of the dead according 
 to the 162nd chapter of the Book of the Dead. For an 
 account of some fine examples see Abi/dus, I., p. 50, pi. Ixxix. 
 
 Penod. XXXth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 134a, the deceased mummy on the back of the 
 cow, with the winged disc and uraeus over it, fragments of 
 formula around ; cartonuage coloured red and black ; 131b, 
 reverse of a, the four-ramheaded form of Amen, adored by two 
 baboons, two men and two women ; above, the bark of the 
 Sun ; below, reversed, the cow, with the winged disc and uraeus 
 over it ; fragments of inscription : black on yellow ground. 
 135b 2, a larger disc with more figures (like Abyd. Ixxix), 
 and on reverse the baboons adoring the shining disc, and 
 Isis and Nebhat mourning with the crowned zed sign 
 between : being black with fine yellow lines it will not photo- 
 graph ; 134c, eight crocodile heads around a disc, with eight 
 baboons above, and below Paunhatef offering Maat to the 
 hawk of Ea; yellow and rod with black drawing on cartonnage. 
 
 135. INSCRIBED STONE CHARMS, GREEK. 
 
 Those on the left side of pi. xxi are the inscribed 
 reverses of those on the right side in the same order, each 
 to each. 
 
 Figures and Materials. 138a, black glass, Serapis with 
 Isis and Nephthys ; " Isis conquers " ; 138b, hard black 
 limestone. Aphrodite drying her locks, S. Ps. ; 13Sc, brown 
 limestone, Isis nursing Ilorus, Athltkaththah, blundered 
 for Athlathamilba : Bes standing, Tas Berberetc for 
 Beberetc (see 135t); 13Sd, black steatite, Mormoron to 
 Kobbli, possibly " A scaring for rascals," or perhaps 
 connected with mormorion — a transparent black stone from 
 India (Pliny, xxxvii, 63) ; reverse in an unknown alphabet ; 
 138e, brown jasper, Anubis standing by a mummy laid 
 on a lion's back, Al)rasax; 13Sf, green chalcedony, lion- 
 headed serpent radiated, three serpents across a staff 
 behind; Thinouer Khnoumis, Z, M, KH=M7 ; 135g, 
 black limestone, Set standing holding serpents and onkh ; lo 
 SstlaiO; laeo ba phren cmoun (see 133aa); 13Sh, haematite, 
 hawk . . . alha, five letters in an unknown alphabet ; . . . 
 or; 138j, haematite, the sun's disc in an enclosure (see 135v, 
 pi. xxii) with ears of corn and serpents, Isis and Anubis (?) 
 above it, lao ord riouth ; Aphreni, Sumhel, Mekhla, PskJir 
 (? Sokar) eind, Ikhankhala, EoulkhcOakli, apparently the 
 names of genii ; 13Sk, haematite, body of Harpekroti u^wn a 
 
 galloping lion; wreath and leaf, FAikairian, " good fortune " ; 
 1351, black limestone, figure standing with uraeus on head, 
 Atherne Mino Pisidaos Thibrim, Ps'insilOi : ioni- blundered 
 cartouches, among them the two cartouches of Ramessu II, 
 and that of Merneptah. Tell el Yehudiyeh ; 138m, blue 
 glass, Horus radiated in a bark, between Isis and Nephthys 
 winged ; SabaOth Adonai, " Lord of Hosts " ; 133n, blue glass, 
 Horus on the lotus in a bark, above him three khepers 
 (triune Creator), behind him three goats (evil jiersons), before 
 him probably were three hawks (justified persons), as on 135y ; 
 around, a ram, a lion. Set, Anubis and four signs lost ; 
 Phre (the sun) tJibain . . . doi . . . and three lines of 
 unknown letters; 135o, Prussian blue glass, heart of Osiris 
 and heart of Isis facing ; lie Kharia, " favour." This may 
 belong to the followers of Marcus, who taught the partaking 
 of the Kharis in the wine (Iken., adv. TIaer., I, xiii, 1 — 3) ; 
 135p, black steatite, lion-headed uraeus of Khnumu, over 
 the sun's disc in an enclosure, traces of inscription around ; 
 Bennu bird (soul of Osiris) with triple plant on a stand, 
 (compare the triple plant on stand behind Min), /a(7 ,• 135q. 
 black steatite, the bennu as before, crescent above, two 
 serpents across a staff below ; Eupepti, " good digestion " ; 
 13Sr, black steatite, lion-headed uraeus, in circle, two 
 serpents across staff; bennu bird as on 13Sp (seelSSv, w, 
 next plate). PI. xxii ; 13Ss, black haematite, sun's disc in an 
 enclosure, lion-headed serpent over it, figure in front, bar 
 behind; 138t, black steatite, Tas bcbertc ; 13Su, black 
 jasper, head of Serapis, diliulhse (division uncertain) ; 
 135v, w, as 133r. On pi. xlvi, 135x, jasper, dark green blood 
 stone, Harpokrates on the lotus in a papyrus bark, with a 
 crowned hawk on either end, star in front; 135y, haematite, 
 figures holding a spear, star before, crescent behind ; on the 
 back Mikhael; 133z, lazuli, crowned seated figure holding 
 phiale ; on the back Piimoii. 
 
 133aa, bronze ; for the details of this elaborate amulet it 
 will be best to examine the facsimile on an enlarged scale 
 (pi. xlix),with transcription and translation of the intelhgible 
 parts. On the first face is a large central figure of Bes, 
 with two additional human faces, one on either side. The 
 elaborate head-dress of animal heads, the four wings, and 
 the sei'pent at the feet enclosing various noxious animals, 
 are all seen on a bronze figure of Bes from the Serapeum, 
 and on the Metternich stele (Lanzonb, Diz. Mit., Ixxx, Ixxxi). 
 At the proper right is Bakhakhukh ; this phrase repeated 
 adding a syllable each time, occurs in the Greek and 
 Demotic magical papyri. The four-headed ram comes 
 next, with the name Kliab, a god of the north with four 
 rams' heads (Lanz., Diz. Mit., 1190). Next is the namel^ait 
 for Ea, the four-headed ram(L., D.il/,. clxxxii). Following 
 is the title P/j nesklierphi, probably connected with krij}kiin 
 the laeo formula. This is followed by Plidkhus, a word found 
 in theLeyden magical papyrus, and as Phox in the Demotic 
 magic papyrus. Phylax, " the guardian," is the title of the 
 sphinx on the opposite side of the axis. Beyond this is a 
 gryphon, with the words lie, gom ph. ... In the next 
 
 80 
 
I 
 
 AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 register is a bandaged mummy, holding scourges on each 
 
 of which are two uraei ; by the side is Ahlanathanalba, a 
 
 word often found in magic papyri (Greek in British Museum, 
 
 Paris, and Leyden, also Demotic), and on gems. It is a 
 
 reversible phrase, the latter half made by reversing the 
 
 former part ; ablanath is the group to be explained. Opposite 
 
 is Anubis standing, with Alcximandrc-ula, " bark, guardian 
 
 of man." Behind him is Im-la-ila-ma ; it is tempting to 
 
 see in this an early type of the formula of Islam, " la illaha 
 
 ilia Allah " ; 7na might be an Egyptian form of Aramaic 
 
 jimi, " with me," Egyptain iny, " witii me," Arabic vidi. 
 
 ?hus the formula might be rendered, " I AM, there is 
 
 [none else with me," testifying the Unity. The phrase is 
 
 'common in the Paris and British ^luseuni Greek papyri. 
 
 In the third register is a partly defaced figure with two 
 
 [large animal legs, and a crown of seven uraei. Compare 
 
 rith parts of Horus in Lanz., D. M., ccxvii. By this begins 
 
 [the Akrammakhamarix, which occurs with the termination 
 
 marei in the British Museum and Paris papyri. It is almost 
 
 [a reversible word, and akhramahh is the group to be 
 
 explained. Possibly the Semitic kerim, gracious or noble, 
 
 fjnay be the source, and the phrase be " thy most gracious 
 
 me." This would agree with the subject of Horus, tramp- 
 
 |ling on crocodiles, and subduing the noxious animals. The 
 
 [lion in the group has Saba by it, the Arabic sabd, " a lion," 
 
 justifying our looking to an Arabic form for the phrase 
 
 \akhramakh. Above this is a lion trampling on a skeleton, 
 
 a group seen in other Gnostic objects — a magical papyrus 
 
 fin Paris, and a gem. Below is Abrasax, the mysterious 
 
 [word commonest on Gnostic amulets, which has not been 
 
 [explained. The numerical values of the letters total to 365. 
 
 Irenaeus {adi: Haeres, i, xxiv, 7) says that the Basilidians 
 
 declare that their chief is Abrasax (Greek) or Abraxas 
 
 (Latin version). It is therefore a divine name. 
 
 On the reverse of the amulet are, at the top, the Divine 
 [names, lao lesous. Below these are three scarabs, the self- 
 becoming animal, emblems of the Creative Trinity. Below 
 is Horus in the bark, which shows the direction to be 
 [facing the three hawks. These birds are the souls of the 
 Just, standing before the Trinity ; behind are the evil 
 ■ animals going away, three goats, three serpents, and three 
 crocodiles. Under the hawks is the reversible inscription 
 laeo ba phren emmm othilari on aeu (reversing) ea ipliirk 
 ira litho nuome nerph ab oeai. This sentence is found 
 elsewhere in completely reversible form, with kriphi in 
 place of on in the first half, in magical papyri of British 
 Museum, Paris, and Berlin. The substitution of on for 
 kriphi here is of value, as showing how the sentence is 
 to be divided, and that some equivalence may be looked for 
 in these two words. Also the sentence breaks after emoun, 
 as shown by 138g. In the centre is Horus seated in the 
 lotus flower in a boat, with a figure before him. Behind 
 is Brinteti en, which must be compared with the phrase 
 below, Brintat enophri, clearly enophri is un-nefer, " the 
 good Being," and en may be un, " the being." Behind this 
 
 is a radiated lion-headed god, holding a radiated lion-headed 
 serpent, and the onkh. This is a form of Khuumu, as he 
 is called Khnoubis Kharnous, which is a late form of Khnumu 
 kahran, "the horned." 
 
 In the second register is a figure wrapped in wings, 
 holding a standard. In the middle is a four-armed 
 crowned Horus ; the inscription is only legible at the end, 
 rh noeououti, a 'prolonged iovm ot pa nuter, " the god." In 
 front is another Horus with the royal attributes of the 
 scourge and tail (Lanz., D. M., ccxxvii, 1). 
 
 In the third register is Thoth seated, with a female 
 figure before him, carrying a standard and other objects. 
 Before these is a hawk with serpent tail, carrying a branch. 
 This is named A r 2)0 kJinoupliis, "Horus the creator," and 
 behind is Brintat endplni. This combination is found in 
 Demotic and in the Paris Greak papyrus. Below khnouphi 
 may possibly be Rosthi Tlmth neorlou. Below can ha 
 distinguished a lion, with perhaps Saba behind it, and a 
 baboon of Thoth with the head of the ibis of Thoth on the 
 back ; the other signs and letters can hardly be settled 
 without some better example of such figures. 
 
 At first sight the mixture of Egyptian, Semitic and 
 Greek would seem incredible to a scholar of any one of the 
 languages ; yet there can be no doubt of each of these 
 elements. The names and figures of the gods sliow how 
 largely the Egyptian enters into the mixture ; the Semitic 
 is shown by Saba, the lion, which makes more probable the 
 readings of Akhrammakh and lao la ila ma ; and the Greek 
 is evident in Aleximandreula and Phylax. The looseness, 
 of the equivalents is seen in the variants Ee, Eau, laeo, 
 lao, Khnoubis, Khnouphis, Brintat, Brinteti, so that we 
 cannot take literal accuracy as a criterion. The main value of 
 this amulet is in the figures which help to attach a 
 meaning to the phrases in the magical papyri. 
 
 The following references to papyri containing these 
 names I owe to the kindness of Sir Herbert Thompson : — 
 
 Bakhakhukh, etc., W. S. V. p. 19, No. 16, 1. 50 and 70. 
 B. M. G. P. xlvi, 1. 11, 362. G. P. M. D., v 8, vi 25, viii. 10. 
 xxvii, 13 (see note to v 8). 
 
 Phokhos. L. P. G. in D. A. 1891, pp. 180, 184. 
 G. P. M. D. iv 18. 
 
 Ablanath,etc. B.M. xlvi,l. 63,478(B. M. G.P., L, 67, 80). 
 P. P. 1. 3030, L. P. G., V, 4a 3, 5a 15. G. P. M. D., I., 16, 
 verso xxii 13, xxvii 8. Also often on gems. 
 
 Lailama. P. P. 1625, 1804, 1983. D. A., p 5. B. M. 
 xlvi, 1. 349. See index of B. M. G. P., I., p. 261 . 
 
 Abrasax. P. Z. G. P., I, 1. 303, II, 1. 154. D. A., p 182. 
 
 Akhrammakh, etc. B. M. xlvi, I. 63 ; B. M. G. P., I., index, 
 p. 256. P. P. 982, 3030. Mimaut pap., 1. 79 (see Wessely). 
 
 Lion treading on skeleton. D. A. p. 53. P. P., 1. 2132. 
 
 lesous. P. P. 1233, 3020. 
 
 laeo ba phren emoun, etc. P. P., 1. 398. B. M. xlvi, col. 5 
 verso. P. Z. G. P., I. Mimaut pap. 1. 59. 
 
 Arpokhnoupi, etc. P. Z. G. P., I, 237. P.P., 2199. 
 G. P. M. D. xvi 6—7. 
 
 81 
 
AMULETS FOR PROTECTION 
 
 The above initials are : B. M. G. P., British Museum 
 Greek Papyri. D. A., Dietrich, Abraxas. G. P. M. D., 
 GriflSth, Pap. vmg. demotic. L. P. G., Leyden, Pap. Grk. 
 P. P., Paris papyrus in Wessely, GriecJiisrhe Zaitherpaptjnis 
 von Paris u. London, Wiener Denkschr. 1888. P. Z. G. P., 
 Parthey, Zwei griechische Papyn d. Berliner Mus. 1866. 
 W. S. v., Wiinsch, Sethianische Verfluchnngstafeln. 
 
 figure standing with four characters behind ; i36j, grey 
 steatite, unknown'signs. PI. xxiii, 136k, 1, slate tablets with 
 degraded Kufic inscriptions ; 136m, black jasper, the moon 
 and Cancer, the house of the moon ; the sun and Leo, the 
 house of the sun ; barbaric imitation of inscription ; this 
 stone has been broken, and mounted in a silver band, with 
 the suspension ring at the bottom. 
 
 136. INSCRIBED STONE CHARMS, NON-GREEK. 
 
 Figures and Materials. PI. xxi, 136a, black steatite, 
 Horus hand in hand with another figure; two lines of 
 inscription. PI. xxii, 136b, five views, basalt ; a divinity 
 holding a branch standing on the back of a couchant bull; 
 a tree, with two lines of inscription below ; four lines of 
 inscription on the base ; a palm tree with two young ones ; 
 a mountain, like Mt. Argaeus on the coins of Caesarea, two 
 lines of inscription. Prom the types and characters it 
 appears to belong to the Cilician region ; 136c, black 
 steatite, Horus on crocodiles of usual tyjie, but with hiero- 
 glyphs reduced to a barbaric imitation, as also on the back; 
 136d, black steatite, a figure standing with a staff in the 
 hands, lines of characters on the back resembling Mandaite ; 
 136e, limestone blackened, two bird-headed figures over a 
 worshipper ; four lines of degraded Semitic ; 136f, two figures 
 with a serpent coiled on a staff ; three lines of degraded 
 Semitic; 136g, slate, an ass-headed figure with legs ending 
 in serpents ; four lines of degraded characters ; 136h, onyx. 
 
 137. CROSS. 
 
 Name. Stauros. 
 
 Meaning. Salvation and protection. 
 
 Varieties. A, plain cross. B, Chi-rho cross. 
 
 Period. Coptic. 
 
 Figures. A, 137a, b, c, c2 to 6d, bronze; 137d2, lead; 
 137e, f, g, g 2 smaller, h, bronze ,> 137j, mother of pearl; 
 137k, bronze; 1371, lead; 137m, black steatite, Koptos; 
 137n, n 2, with two balls on ends, o, o 2, bronze ; 137o3, 
 lead ; 137p, bronze ; 137q, wood, and q 2, rougher ; 137r, s, 
 bone; 137t, 1 2, iron ; 137u, wood; 137v, y, bronze Mem- 
 phis; 137w, bronze; 137x, lead; 137z, bronze, hollow 
 reliquary case M'ith aquamarine on the centre. B, 137aa 
 (xliv), dark blue glass, cross white, red spots around, 
 aa 2, similar in light blue glass. On pi. xlvi. A, 137ab, 
 bone; 137ac, lead; 137ad, lead; 137ae, af, lead, cross in 
 circle. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 22, Lead 8, Wood 3, Iron 2, Bone 2, 
 Black steatite 1, Mother of pearl 1. 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 Theophoric Amulets, 138 — 179. 
 
 When the dim ideas of similars and of charms— such as 
 the Eskimo now use — had given place to a belief in gods 
 with intelligence and feelings akin to those of men, it was 
 quite natural that the images of such deities should take the 
 place of the stocks and stones which had been venerated. 
 The system of amulets was at once adapted to the theistic 
 beliefs, and figures of the gods became the most popular of 
 all amulets. The very different numbers of amulets of the 
 various gods show clearly which were the most generally 
 worshipped. Horus, Isis and Osiris account for much more 
 than half of the human-headed figures. As the eye of Horus 
 was one of the earliest amulets, we begin with it here, as 
 introducing the Horus group. 
 
 138. UZAT EYE OF HORUS. 
 
 Name. Uzat (MacG. 52). 
 
 Meaning. The eye of Horus, The uzat eyes are 
 properly a pair, right and left, representing the two eyes of 
 
 Horus, which are also compared to the sun and moon. 
 The 140th chapter of the Book of the Dead refers to the 
 sun as the eye, and was to be " Said on an eye of pure 
 Lazuli or mak stone ornamented with gold ; an offering is 
 made before it of all things good and holy ; . . . another 
 is made of jasper, which a man will put on any of his limbs 
 that he chooses." The 167th chapter refers to an uzat eye 
 brought by Tahuti. 
 
 Varieties. The main classes are put under different 
 numbei's here, from 138 to 142. In this class, 138, we may 
 discriminate A, the earliest form (Old Kingdom) with very 
 short appendages, imitating the pattern of feathers below the 
 hawk's eye ; B, larger appendages, with a flat surface ; C, 
 coloured surface ; D, incised surface. The order in the plates 
 is that of the age as nearly as can be estimated. The order 
 of numbering and description is that of the classification. 
 
 Period. VI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 138a, brown limestone group 8 ; 
 138b, c, d, sard, groups 1, 2, 7 ; 138e, green felspar, group 
 
 88 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 30; 138f, bone, group 13 ; 138g, sard, group 14; 138g2, 
 
 sard, group 7 ; 138h, bone, group 5 ; 138h '2, sard, group 2 ; 
 [138j, j 2, j 3, k, k2, sard, group 3 ; 138j 4, sard, group 7. 
 ' Type B, 1381, hard white calcite, back similar ; 1381 2, same, 
 
 back plain ; 138m, volcanic ash; 138m 2, 3, diorite; m 4, 
 [pyenite ; m 5, grey porphyry ; m6, pink limestone; m 7, 
 [chlorite; m 8, haematite ; m 9, grey marble; m 10, dark 
 (blue glass; 138n, porphyry ; 138o, diorite; 138o 2, jade; 
 ll38p, steatite, XVIII, Tell Amarna ; 138p 2, grey por- 
 Iphyry; 138q, porphyry. Type C, 138r, blue glaze, black 
 ^relief; 138s, same, Memphis, XXIII; 138t, same, faded; 
 Il38u, blue, black lines, Karnak, XXV; 138u2, similar; 
 'l38u 3, green glaze, Naukratis. Type D, 138v, jade ; 138v 2, 
 
 jreen glaze ; 138w, olive green glaze ; 138x, carnelian ; 
 |138x2, dark blue, three joined; 138x3, blue paste, Nau- 
 ratis ; 138y, apple-green glaze, Gizeh ; 138y 2 — 5, blue 
 
 jlaze, Naukratis ; 138z, diorite; 138aa, yellow green glaze ; 
 |138ab, blue and black glaze; 138ab2, green glaze ; 138ac, 
 l^reen glaze, Memphis ; 138ad, light blue-green glaze ; 
 
 I38ad2— 9, green glaze; 138ae, faded blue and blg,ck 
 Eglaze ; 138ae 2 — 19, blue and black glaze, Zuweleyn and 
 rlanis ; 138af (pi. xliv), green and black glaze, Dendereh, 
 [Ptolemaic ; 138ag (xliv), gold, XVIII. (See 131b, c, d, e, f, 
 talso four early examples in Deshasheh and many of XXII 
 |to XXV in Hyksos and Israelite Cities). 
 
 Materials. Sard 29, Green and blue glaze 46, Porphyry 
 
 15, Amethyst 5, Green felspar 5, Gold 5, Carnelian 3, 
 [Diorite 3, Calcite 2, Grey agate 2, Haematite 3, Lazuli 2, 
 iBone 2, Jade 2, and 1 each of Syenite, Volcanic ash, Ser- 
 jpentine, Chlorite, Steatite, Brown limestone, Grey marble, 
 [Pink limestone, Blue glass, Blue paste. 
 
 Position. Forehead (3) ; throat (5) ; chest (14) ; stomach 
 |(8) ; arms and hands (3). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 39, E. 47. The lack of detail 
 lin most catalogues prevents the statement of these different 
 Iclasses. 
 
 139. UZAT EYE (Unusual Types). 
 
 Varieties. A, open work. B, inlaid. C, metal plate. 
 ^J), engraved on ring. E, in square form. F, in cartouche. 
 
 Period. XII to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, open work, 139a, b, silver; 139c, 
 electrum ring; 139d, green glaze; 139e, amethyst, Koptos, 
 XII (?) ; 139f, g, deep blue glaze, curved to fit the wrist, Uzat 
 with nefer, XVIII; 139h, olive and black glaze, XXIII; 
 139h 2 — 5, blue glaze ; 139h 6, blue and black glaze, large ; 
 139j, k, deep blue glaze, modern amulet beads, copied from 
 uzat. Type B, inlaid, 1391, blue and black glaze, inlaid 
 with white glaze eye, and red glaze cheek ; 139m, green 
 and black glaze, traces of red paste, inlay ; 139m 2, blue 
 glaze, Nebesheh ; 139m 3 — 12, green glaze, Naukratis. 
 Type C, metal plate, 139n, silver plate, incised; 139n 2 
 (xlvii), lead plate, similar but larger, scale 2:5; 139n 3 
 (xlvii), larger pewter plate cut to outline of eye, scale 2:5; 
 
 139n 4 (xlvii), copper plate, eye embossed, scale 2:5; 139o, 
 bronze, eye inlaid with coloured limestone, and coloured 
 glass above and below. Type D, on ring, 139p, jasper 
 ring, engraved with uzat. Type E, square, 139q, green 
 and black glaze ; 139q 2 — 7, green, Nebesheh ; 139r, dull 
 green glaze; 139r 2, green glaze (xlvii); 139s, green glaze 
 burnt brown ; 139t, green glaze; 139u, bronze. Type F, 
 139v (pi. xliv), yellow glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green and blue glaze 34, Silver 3, Bronze 8, 
 Lead 2, Electrum 1, Amethyst 1, Jasper 1, Yellow glaze 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 24, E. 22. 
 
 140. UZAT EYE, MULTIPLE. 
 
 Varieties. A, bead cylinder. B, double eye. C, quad- 
 ruple eye. D, multiple eye. 
 
 Period. XXIIIth to XXVth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 140a, green glaze gone brown, two 
 eyes alternate with two 07ikhs ; 140b, green and black glaze, 
 three eyes; 140c, deep blue and black glaze, two eyes. 
 Type B, 140d, light green, inscribed Sekhmet on back, 
 Zuweleyn. Type C, 140e, yellow paste, with traces of blue 
 paste inlay, reverse below; 140f, blue glaze, black lines and 
 yellow rosette ; 140g, green and black glaze, two uaz plants 
 between the eyes ; 140g 2, 3, similar, Memphis ; 140g 4, 5, 
 fiat plate, green, yellow. Type D, 140h, green glaze and 
 black, rosette on back, 20 eyes ; 140h 2, green gone brown ; 
 140j, green faded and black, uzat on back, 28 eyes. Another 
 in Price Collection had 21 eyes. 
 
 Materials. Green and blue glaze 13, Yellow glaze 1. 
 
 Collectims. Univ. Coll. P. 10, E. 4. 
 
 141. UZAT EYE, WITH GODS. 
 
 Meaning. The 163rd chapter of the Book of the Dead 
 concerns the mystic eyes, and is to be " Said on a serpent 
 having two legs, and bearing a two-horned disc. Two eyes 
 are before him, having two legs and two wings." This may 
 refer to some such figure as the type A. 
 
 Varieties. A, vulture and uraeus. B, wing and arm. 
 C, with cats. D, with bull. E, with apes. F, with lion. 
 G, on hills. H, with Ra. J, with Sekhmet or Bastet. 
 
 Period. XXIIIrd dynasty. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 141a, the vulture's legs and wings 
 below the eye, and a uraeus before it. Type B, 141b, blue 
 glaze, with white glaze eye and obsidian pupil, and red 
 glaze inlay above and below the vulture's wings, and an 
 arm grasping an onkh, Ramesseum, XlXth dynasty (?). 
 Type C, 141c, green-blue glaze, flat back, with 19 cats, and 
 secondary uzat above the pupil; 141d, blue and black 
 glaze, with 13 cats ; 141e, blue and black glaze, with 9 cats. 
 Type D, 141f, green glaze faded, with bull ; 141g, green 
 glaze, bull on platform, lotus in front, 7 uraei above. Type 
 E, 141h, green glaze, two baboons adoring the uzat eye, 
 with 7ivb below, plain back (compare MacG. 74). Type F, 
 I'llj, light blue glaze, couchant lion above, resting on three 
 
 33 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 uzat eyes, behind VFhich are 12 uraei; 141k, apple-green 
 glaze, couchant lion, resting on 9 uraei, behind which are 
 three uzat eyes. Type G, 1*11, jade, partly decomposed, 
 the uzat engraved on both sides, resting upon the triple 
 hill sign, representing Horus in the horizon. Type H, 
 141m (pi. xliv), Ka on back, green glaze. Type J, 141n, o, 
 p, 9, green glaze, with Sekhmet. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 12. 
 
 142. UZAT EYE, INSCRIBED. 
 
 Meaning and Varieties, The uzat is associated with a 
 group of seven goddesses, whose names are found singly on 
 the square eyes, or altogether on one eye. 
 
 Period. XXIInd dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 142a, green-glazed square with uzat in relief, 
 on back is impressed the name of the goddess Uazet; 142b, 
 same with Bastet; 142c, with Aset; 142d, with Nebhat ; 
 142e, with Sekhmet; 142f, with Selket; 142g, with Neit, all 
 from Zuweleyn ; 142h, blue paste, with names of Uazet, 
 Bastet, Aset, Nebhat, Sekhmet, Selket, and Neit; 142j, light 
 blue glaze, gone white, uzat in relief with name of Aset (?) ; 
 142k, green glaze, reverse of 141n, name of Uazet. 
 
 Mateyials. In general, the various types of uzat not 
 being sufficiently distinguished in catalogues, the materials 
 in other collections of Nos. 138 to 142 are here stated 
 together ; the materials in University College, collection are 
 stated above in detail. Green glaze 178, Blue glaze 116, 
 Carnelian 34, Lazuli 25, Ked jasper 23, Haematite 22, 
 Obsidian 13, Porphyry 8, Serpentine 7, Prase 7, Limestone 
 6, Steatite 6, Syenite 6, Diorite 4, Granite 4, Green felspar 4, 
 Blue glass 4, Basalt 3, Silver 3, Red glass 3, Gold 2, Calcite 
 2, Grey agate 1, Brown and green limestone 1, Crystal 1, 
 Slate 1, Brown limestone 1, Beryl 1, Silver gilt 1, Black 
 glass 1, Green glass 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 100, E. 84, Price 124, St. 
 Petersburg 85, Turin 84, Alnwick 75, Cairo 71, Athens 16, 
 Edinburgh 10. 
 
 143. HORUS THE HUNTER. 
 
 Name. Har. 
 
 Meaning. The overcoming of evil beasts. 
 
 Period. XXXth dynasty. 
 
 Figure. 143. 
 
 Material. Bronze. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 144. HORUS ON THE CROCODILES. 
 
 The great example of this usual household amulet is the 
 Metternich stele, published by Golenischeff, 1877. Perhaps 
 the earliest are two in limestone, which by the work may 
 be of the XXVth dynasty, one in Cairo, 9,403, and one 
 14 inches wide, 15 high to broken top, with fifteen 
 lines of inscription on the back, in University College, P., 
 
 as also a smaller one in limestone 8 inches wide, perhaps 
 XXXth dynasty. 
 
 Meaning. Protection from noxious animals. 
 
 Period. XXV (?) to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 144a, white marble, ton lines of inscription on 
 back ; 144b, black steatite, reverse six lines, " Beloved of 
 Set, Anhur and Tahuti (?). H dl to thee god son of a 
 god ; hail to thee heir son of an heir ; hail to thee bull 
 son of a bull, born of the great cow," see Metternich stele, 
 11. 101 — 5; 144b 2, blue glaze, small, very rough; 144c, 
 black steatite, reverse four lines, " Become Horus, Osiris, 
 Amru and Ptah," etc. ; 144d, cast lead, for reverse, see 
 below it, hawk on standard as net, Isis standing behind, 
 Gurob ; 144e (see pi. xliii), black steatite, reverse (see 
 pi. xli), described under No. 241 ; 144f, light green glaze, 
 Isis and Nebhat standing at the sides, winged Isis on the 
 back (similar at St. Petersburg). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 27, Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 1, Turin 6, 
 Price 4, St. Petersburg 5, Alnwick 3. 
 
 145. HORUS THE CHILD. 
 
 Name. Har-pe-kroti. 
 
 Meaning. Horus as an infant. 
 
 Varieties. A, seated. B, on goose. C, standing. 
 
 Peiiod. VI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 145a, bone, group 8, Vlth dynasty (see 
 Deshasheh, xxvi, 32) ; 145b, blue-glazed quartz crystal, 
 Xllth dynasty; 145c, d, bronze; 145d2, black steatite; 
 145e, black steatite, Horus seated on the ground, Xllth 
 dynasty (?) ; 145f, g, silver, group 16 ; 145g 2, bronze ; 
 145h, black steatite ; 145j, silver, group 17 ; 145k, silver on 
 ring ; 1451 (pi. xlv), quartz crystal ; 145m — m 5 (pi. xlv), 
 carnelian ; 145u,blue glaze, Roman; 145nn (xlvi), blue glaze, 
 Illahun, XXII ; 145o, bronze ; 145p, p 2, q, r, r 2, bronze ; 
 1453, on lion throne, blue glaze, Memphis ; 145t, blue 
 glaze. Type B, 145u, v, blue glaze with yellow points, 
 gi'oup 22, Roman ; 145v 2, coarse blue glaze. Type C, 
 145w, X, blue glaze with yellow points, group 22, Roman. 
 Similar figures of B and C types, of large size, in rough terra 
 cotta, are very common as household amulets of Roman 
 age ; 145y (xlvii), dark blue glaze, holding club ; 145z, 
 green glaze, phallic, holding baboon and vase (xxvii). 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 13, Bronze 9, Green glaze 7, 
 Silver 4, Carnelian 4, Quartz crystal 1, Black steatite 2, 
 Glazed quartz 2, Lazuli 2, Grey glaze 1, bone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 20, E. 5, St. Petersburg 10, 
 Turin 4, Murch 6. 
 
 14C. HORUS ON LOTUS. 
 
 This is not known before Greek times, and so may easily 
 be an Indian idea imported ; but Horus in the marshes of 
 Buto is so ancient an idea that the type might well arise in 
 Egypt. 
 
 34 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 Figure. 146, gold, with traces of blue glass inlay in the 
 lotus, group 15. From north of Abydos. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze with yellow points 2, Green glaze 
 1, Gold 1. 
 
 Collections. Turin 3, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 147. HEAD OF HORUS. 
 
 Period. Koman. 
 
 Figures. 14i7a, b, blue-green glaze. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 148. ISIS AND HORUS. 
 
 Name. " The heir and Isis " (see MacG. 60). 
 
 Meaning. The protection of Isis. 
 
 Varieties and Period. A, seated on ground, Vlth dynasty. 
 B, seated on throne. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 148a, b, steatite, glazed, with geo- 
 metrical patterns below, Vlth dynasty. B, 148c, d, e, f, g, 
 g 2, g 3, g 4, blue glaze ; 148h, j, silver, group 16; 148k, 
 bronze ; 1481, blue and black glaze ; 148m (pi. xlvi), bronze ; 
 148m 2, bronze ; 148m 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 19, Blue glaze 14, Bronze 5, 
 Silver 2, Steatite 2, Lazuli 1, Agate 1, Blue glass 2, Grey 
 glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. St. Petersburg 18, Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 6, 
 Turin 5, Athens 2, Murch 2. 
 
 149. ISIS. 
 
 Peiiod. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara 
 4, pi. 1). C, bust. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 149a, bronze, fringed garment; 149b, 
 dark blue glass, orange glass crown ; 149c, d, dark blue 
 glass; feet of d, green glass, another figure; 149e, bright 
 blue glaze, Ramesseum, XXth dynasty (?); 149f, gold, group 
 15, Isis or Mut, not Neit by the uraeus, see 164 Mut ; 149g, 
 silver, group 15 ; 149h, pewter plate, group 18 ; 149j, glaze 
 faded white, Hawara, group 32 ; 149k, gold, Memphis, 
 group 27 ; 1491, blue glaze with yellow points, Roman, 
 group 22 ; 149m, green-black glaze, possibly Neit ; 149m 2, 
 3, 4, 5, green glaze. Type C, 149n (pi. xlvi), bronze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 13, Grey glaze 7, 
 Lazuli 7, Blue glass 4, Gold 3, Silver 1, Bronze 2, Pewter 1, 
 Brown glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; on chest in row of gods (13) ; 
 stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Turin 22, St. Petersburg 17, Univ. Coll. P. 
 18, E. 4, Murch 2, Athens 1. 
 
 150. ISIS MOURNING. 
 
 Meaning. Protection by Isis. 
 
 Varieties. A, kneeling with hand raised. B, standing 
 winged. Both as a pair to Nephthys. 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 Figures. Type A, 180a, b, b 2, gilt wax, Derdereh, 
 
 group 20; 180c, (d, not in plate), e, green and black 
 glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 180f, blue and black glaze, 
 Dendereh, 21, with two feathers on head, as 149g. Type B, 
 150g, blue and black glaze, standing, Dendereh, 21 ; 150h, 
 green and black glaze, Dendereh, 21, 
 
 Materials. Blue or green glaze 5, gilt wax 8. 
 
 Position. Shoulders and chest (4). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 8. 
 
 151. ISIS PHARIA. 
 
 Name. Isis Pharia, of the Pharos at Alexandria, entirely 
 of Greek origin. 
 
 Meaning. Protection of sailors ; the goddess is reclining 
 in a barge and holding a steering oar. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic and Roman. 
 
 Figures. 151a, green glaze faded brown ; ISlb, violet- 
 blue glass; 151c (xlvi), pale blue glass, on back, Uel ,- 181d, 
 coin of Gallienus, showing the type clearly. 
 
 Material. Green glaze 1, Violet glass 1, Pale blue 
 glass 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3, 
 
 152. ISIS, NEBHAT, AND HORUS. 
 
 Meaning. The goddesses as protectresses. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 162a, b, green glaze, no inscription, loop on 
 back; 152b, 2, 3, 4, green glaze; 182c, bronze, the right- 
 hand figure has the hair dressed in two horns as Isis, 
 between the busts is a minute bust of Horus crowned. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 49, Blue glaze 13, Grey glaze 4, 
 Yellow glaze 1, Bronze 1. 
 
 Position. On breast (2) ; along with large zad, or line of 
 zad amulets, on chest or stomach (4) ; on thighs. 
 
 Collections. Alnwick 21, St. Petersburg 8, Price 4, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 3, E. 3. 
 
 153. GROUPS OF GODDESSES. 
 
 Period. XXVth to XXVIth dynasties. 
 
 Figures. 153a, green glaze, Isis, Hathor, Mut, Nebhat, 
 Sekhmet ; these can be better identified on a blue-glazed 
 pentad found at B.awa,v& (Labyrinth, xxxi); 153a 2, green 
 glaze Isis, Bast and Hathor (Edw.). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1, Manchester. 
 
 154. NEBHAT. 
 
 Meaning. Protection, as Nebhat protected Horus. 
 
 Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara, 
 4, pi. xlix). 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 184a, green glaze; 154b, brown glaze (burnt) ; 
 154c, olive glaze; 154d, e, blue glaze; 154f, olive glaze; 
 154g, g 2, green glaze faded, Hawara ; 154g, 3, 4, green 
 glaze ; 154h (pi. xliii), light green glaze, inscribed on back, 
 " Nebhat give life to Nes . . ." ; 184j (pi. xlv), light green 
 glaze. 
 
 85 
 
 F U 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 2, Grey glaze 7, Blue glaze 6, 
 Lazuli, 4, Yellow glaze 2, Brown glaze 1, Blue glass 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (11); stomach 1. 
 
 Collections. Turin 18, St, Petersburg 10, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 8, E. 2, Murch 2, Athens 1. 
 
 155. NEBHAT MOURNING. 
 
 Meaning. Protection, as Nebhat protected Osiris. 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 185a, gilt wax, Dendereh, group 20; 188b, 
 blue glaze, Dendereh, group 21. 
 
 Position. With No. ISO, Isis mourning. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 156. OSIRIS, ISIS, AND HORUS. 
 
 Meaning. Protection by the Triad. Horus always in 
 front, and Isis behind. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic and Roman. 
 
 Figures. 186a, a 2, gilt wax, Dendereh, group 20; 186b, 
 blue and black glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 186c, dark blue 
 and black glaze, group 26; 186d, black steatite, the heart 
 of Osiris, between Isis wearing the two feathers, and Horus 
 crowned, with the club in his hand ; the back divided into 
 8 by 6 squares ; traces of Greek cursive writing scratched 
 on the ground between the figures. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 2, Steatite 1, Gilt wax 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 4. 
 
 157. OSIRIS. 
 
 Varieties. A. Standing alone. B. Double figures. C. 
 Osiris-Min. D. Osiris and mummy. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 187a, a 2, 3, 4, b, b 2, c, c 2, c 3, bronze, b from 
 Memphis ; 187d, gilt wax, Dendereh ; lS7e, e 2, blue glass ; 
 187f, green glaze, Dendereh, group 21 ; 187g, h (pi. xlv), 
 wax. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 20, Blue glaze 5, Green glaze 1, 
 Wax 8. 
 
 Position. Stomach (1) ; feet (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 5, Turin 8 (B and C), 
 Athens 4, St. Petersburg 3. 
 
 158. HEART OF OSIRIS. 
 
 Meaning. The heart of the god supplied to the deceased ; 
 this branched into the idea of the heart scarab. 
 
 Varieties. A, plain. B, with shrine and scarab on front. 
 C, with figures of gods. 
 
 Peiiod. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type B, 188a, black -green chlorite, XVIIIth 
 dynasty ; shrine on front, Osiris and Ra seated at the 
 sides ; around the figure six lines of inscription, beginning, 
 
 " Speech of the Osirian (an official) of Amen, Pa Shedet, 
 and continuing with a random portion of the usual chapter 
 of the heart, xxx B. The person may be that named on 
 a Cairo stele, quoted in Lieblein, Diet., 657. Type A, 188b, 
 black steatite, with female head, XlXth dynasty; 188c, 
 alabaster; 188d, black steatite; bennu bird on front; on 
 back Asar neb zad, " Osiris lord of Mendes " ; 188e, brown 
 steatite, traces of shrine on front ; 18Sf, white quartz ; 158g, 
 blue and black glaze, XlXth dynasty; 188h, bronze, disc 
 on head, Memphis. Type B, 158j, black steatite, blue paste 
 inlay, scarab on front. Type C, 188k, bronze, on front, 
 shrine, disc, scarab with wings, two gods at sides ; 1881, 
 bronze, two uraei head dress ; shrine with a hawk on each 
 corner and disc above it, disc and uraei below, scarab 
 winged ; six figures of gods at sides; lS8m, bronze, shrine, 
 winged scarab, on back lotus; 188n, green glaze, shrine; 
 188o, bronze, on front heart amulet, shrine with two seated 
 figures, scarab, at sides four figures with raised hands 
 adoring, two seated figures below; 188p, bronze, shrine, disc 
 and uraei, scarab, at sides two figures with raised hands ; 
 188q, mottled black and white steatite, shrine, winged scarab 
 with disc ; on back a hawk displayed with two feather fans ; 
 188r, brown pottery, scarab (?) on front, Roman ; 188s, 
 brown pottery, winged scarab and disc, shrine below. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 7, Steatite 5, Pottery 2, Alabaster 1, 
 White quartz 1, Chalcedony 1, Agate 1, Blue glaze 1, Green 
 glaze 3, Chlorite 1, Limestone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 18, Cairo 4, Athens 2, 
 Beck, i. 
 
 159. ORACULAR BUST. 
 
 Name. Hez medu Asar (repeated with other gods, 
 Kheper, Atum, and Ra) Lepsius, Denk., iii, 224 i. 
 
 Meaning. " Illumination by speech of Osiris," or of 
 Kheper, Atum, or Ra. This appears to show that the bust 
 was an oracle of the god, and beingcalled the "illumination " 
 or " clearing," it may be connected with the Semitic oracular 
 Urim. It appears on a stele, adored by a woman making 
 offerings (Mariette, Ahydos, ii, 60) ; as a bust between two 
 jackals on a stele (Rosellini, Mon. Civ., cxxxiv, 2) ; and as a 
 glazed pottery bust at Tell Amarna (Amarna, xvii, 277 — 8). 
 The form of it, a head and chest only, would accord with 
 the idea of the power of speaking. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XIX dynasties. 
 
 Figures. 189a, wood, XVII; 169b, limestone, XVIII 
 (reduced about a tenth); 189c, d, blue glaze with black 
 paint, XVIIIth dynasty; 189e, violet glaze. Tell Amarna, 
 XVIII ; 189f, green glaze, faded, XVIII ; 159f 2, blue glaze ; 
 159g, bronze, with arms on the breast ; 189h, bronze, flat 
 behind head, as if fitted against a surface, with bust full 
 thickness below; 189j, ivory with electrum loop, pre- 
 historic ; may be an early form of the oracular bust. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 3, Green glaze 2, Bronze 2, Violet 
 glaze 1, Limestone 1, Ivory 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 9, E. 1, Turin 1 (1231). 
 
 36 
 
AMULETS OF HUM AN -HEADED GODS 
 
 160. HORUS AND MIN. 
 
 Name. Min is named " Horus, son of Isis of Koptos " 
 (Lanz., Diz. Mit, xvii). 
 Peiiod. XXVI (?). 
 Figure. 160, bronze. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 
 
 161. MIN. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Eoman (?). 
 
 Fig7ires. 161a, bronze, Memphis ; 161b, c, c 2, d, bronze ; 
 161e, f, f 2, g, green glaze ; 161h, green glaze, Dendereh, 
 group 21 ; 161j, green glaze, with yellow points, group 23, 
 Eoman ; 161k, grey steatite, part of a tablet, Min and heads 
 of Hathor; on back, winged disc and uraei, " Ea," two uzat 
 eyes, etc. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 32, Bronze 5, Steatite 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 21, Univ. Coll. P. 9, E, 2, St, Peters- 
 burg 4, Turin 2. 
 
 162. AMEN. 
 
 Pe7iod. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 162a, a 2, bronze ; 162b, light blue glaze ; 162c, 
 blue plaque ; 162d, light green head. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 5, Blue glaze 2, Bronze 4, Gold 
 1, Silver 1, Granite 1. 
 
 Collections. Turin 5, Cairo 4, Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 1. 
 
 163. AMEN, MUT AND KHONSU. 
 
 Period. XVIII. 
 Figure. 163, dark blue glaze. 
 Materials. Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1. 
 Collections. Turin 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 164. MUT. 
 
 Period. XXVIC?). 
 
 Figures. 164a, blue glaze; 164b, bronze; 164b 2, 
 pewter, b 3, 4, 5, blue glaze; 164c, silver, group 16: 164d 
 (pi. xlv), violet glaze, Eifeh, XlXth dynasty ; 164e, apple- 
 green glaze (xlvii); 164f, head on cylinder, blue glaze 
 (xlvii). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 4, Silver 2, Bronze 2, Blue 
 glaze 5, Pewter 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, E. 5, Turin 8, Cairo 2. 
 
 165. KHONSU. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 163a, bronze; 165b, green glaze (pi. xxxi). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 166. ANHUR. 
 
 Period. XXVI (?). 
 
 Figure. 166, bronze. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 1, Green glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 167. SHU. 
 
 Period. XII, XXX. 
 
 Figures. 167a, silver, hollow; 167b, camelian, both 
 Xllth dynasty (?); 16c, d, e, f, light blue glaze; 167e 2, 
 3, 4, 5, 6, green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 65, Blue glaze 7, Grey glaze 6, 
 Bronze 2, Silver 1, Camelian 1, Yellow glaze 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (2) ; stomach (1). 
 
 Collectims. Cairo 33, Turin 22, St. Petersburg 14, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 6, E. 5, Murch 1. 
 
 168. NEIT. 
 
 Varieties. A, standing. B, suckling two crocodiles. 
 
 Period. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. A, 168a, pewter plate. B, 168b, light blue 
 glaze, Neit suckling two crocodiles (sea Lanz., Diz. Mit., 
 clxxv). Seated figure (see MacG. 75) ; 168c, lazuli (xlvii). 
 
 Materials. Lazuli 7, Green glaze 3, Blue glaze 3, 
 pewter 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (5). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 3 (2 B), St. Petersburg 3, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 2, E. 1, Turin 1, Murch 1. 
 
 169. UNKNOWN DIVINITIES. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 169a, bronze, female in Greek chiton with hands 
 advanced, on the back of the head the face of a bear ; 
 possibly Artemis Brauronia ; 169b, blue glaze with yellow 
 points, Eoman, squatting female ; 169c, blue glass, female 
 holding breasts, Syrian influence (?) ; 169d (pi. xxxi), male 
 figure green glaze with yellow points, Eoman ; 169e, squat- 
 ting female, dark blue glaze (pi. xlvi); 169f, squatting 
 female, blue glaze with yellow points (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze with yellow points 2, Green glaze 
 with yellow points 1, Dark blue glaze 1, Blue glass 1, 
 Bronze 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6. 
 
 170. HATHOR. 
 
 Name. " The habitation of Horus," apparently the 
 mother of one of the forms of Horus, distinct from the Isis 
 tradition. Especially venerated as the Mother Goddess. 
 
 Varieties. A, standing. B, seated. 
 
 Period. 1st to XXXth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 170a, gold, group 15; 170b, silver, 
 group 16 ; 170c, c 2 (pi. xliii), bone, group 5, Vlth dynasty ; 
 170d, gold, Hathor and zad, group 4, Vlth dynasty. Type 
 B (pi. xxvii), 170e, e2, f, f2, camelian, e3, porphyry; 
 170g, g2, camelian; h, h2, h 3, camelian, porphyry, 
 XVIIIth dynasty ; rudely cut open work. Hawara. These 
 figures all have long hair, and appear to be female ; 
 they have a crescent and disc on the head, probably Hathor ; 
 they appear to be engaged in forming the body of the 
 deceased person for future life, in the attitude of the 
 
 37 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 Khnumu creative figures, as Lanz., Diz. Mit, cccxxxvi, 3. 
 Perhaps, therefore, they are the seven Hathors who create a 
 person. 170j, bronze (xlvi). 
 
 Matfrials. Carnelian 4, Blue glass 4, Porphyry 2, Gold 
 2, Silver 1, Bone 2, Bronze 1, Limestone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 15, E. 1, Murch 2. 
 
 171. HEAD OF HATHOR. 
 
 Name. Her ne pot, " human faced " (Lacau, 84). 
 
 Varieties. The head of Hathor appears worn by King 
 Narmer upon his waist cloth ; also later with a straight 
 wig, and with curling ends to the wig. As an amulet, it 
 appears on the neck of the sacred Aht cow (Lanz, Diz. 
 Mit., 1). 
 
 Period. I to XXX. Apparently also prehistoric (Naqada, 
 Ixiv, 94). 
 
 Figures. 171a, b, gold, XVIIIth dynasty; 171c, grey- 
 green glaze, XXXth dynasty (?); 171d, blue glaze, XVIIIth 
 dynasty; 171e, apple-green glaze, piece of large disc, 
 XXVIth dynasty; 171f, blue glaze; f2, blue paste, 
 XVIIIth dynasty ; 171g (pi. xlv), blue glaze, lUahun, 
 XXIInd dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 8, Yellow glaze 2, 
 Gold 2, Blue paste 1, Black glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Blue 
 glass 1 (Naqada), Lazuli plaque 1. 
 
 Collections. Turin 10, Univ. Coll. P. 7, Murch 2, St. 
 Petersburg 1. 
 
 172. MAOT. 
 
 Meaning. Impersonation of Truth, not worshipped as a 
 divinity. 
 
 Vaneties. A, seated. B, winged. 
 
 Figure. 172, Lazuli. 
 
 Mateiials. Lazuli 10, Green glaze 1, Red glass 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; chest (6). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 6, St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. P. 1, 
 Athens 1. 
 
 178. HATMEHYT. 
 
 Name. Hatmekyt the goddess of Mendes, wearing the 
 sacred fish of Mendes. (See No. 285.) 
 
 Penod. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 173a, apple green glaze; 178b, dull green 
 glaze, blundered inscriptions on the back of each. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 5 (glazed), Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 174. SELKET. 
 
 Period. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Material. Lazuli 14, Schist 1. 
 
 Position. Throat (1) ; chest (3). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 11, St. Petersburg 2, Univ. Coll. E. 2. 
 
 175. NEFERTUM. 
 
 Varieties. A, standing alone. B, standing on a lion. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 175a, violet glaze, no back pillar; 
 175a 2, blue glaze; 175b, green glaze, on back pillar, 
 " Speech of Nefertum, son of Sekhmet, giving life, lady 
 of . . . " ; 175b 2, bronze, b 8, green glaze (xlvi); 175c, 
 bronze; 175d, light blue glaze; 175e, silver, group 17, 
 Memphis. Type B, 175f, light green glaze. A, 175g 2, 
 light green glaze, gS laauli, very rude. (See also 131c.) 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 1 B, Blue glaze 8, Bronze 5, 
 Silver 4, Violet glaze 1, Yellow glaze 1, Lazuli 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 16 and 8 B, Univ. Coll. P. 6 and 1 B, 
 E. 5, Turin 4, St. Petersburg 3 and 1 B. 
 
 176. PTAH SEKER. 
 
 Name and Meaning. Ptah, god of the dynastic race at 
 Memphis, united with Seker of Saqqareh, the primitive 
 god of the dead, or of " silence " ; like Mertseker, " lover of 
 silence," the goddess of the Theban necropolis. 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, backed by gods on a plaque. 
 C, double. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 176a, b, black and white porphyry, XVIIIth 
 dynasty ; 1 76c, blue glaze, XVIII ; 1 76d, green glaze, XVIII ; 
 176e, green glaze, side view, XIX ; 176f, blue glaze, with 
 scarab on head, XXII ; 176g, blue glaze, crowned, Illahun, 
 XXII ; 176h, h 2, green glaze, XXVI ; 176j, j 2, burnt green 
 glaze; 176k, green glaze; 1761, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 
 burnt green glaze ; 176m, bronze, solid casting with raised 
 figure; 176n, blue glaze, eating serpents (xlvi); l76o, 
 (xlvii), green glaze ; 176p (xlvi), green glaze, Bast with 
 spread wings behind, Illahun, XXIII. 
 
 Materials. A, Green glaze 55, Blue glaze 15, Y'ellow 
 glaze 2, Porphyry 2, Quartz crystal 1, Syenite 1, Carnelian 1, 
 Bronze 1, Ivory 1. B, Green glaze 8. C, Blue glaze 2. 
 
 Collections, A, Cairo 21, St. Petersburg 12, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 12, E. 12, Turin 10, Murch 4. B, Turin 5, St. Peters- 
 burg 2 ; backed by Bast, Illahun, Univ. Coll. E. C, St. 
 Petersburg; triple, Cairo. 
 
 177. PTAH. 
 
 Peiiod. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 177a, bronze; 177b, b2, green glaze; 177c, 
 bright green glaze, Memphis; 177d, schist, Illahun 
 (xlvii). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 15, Blue glaze 5, White glaze 1, 
 Gold 1, Bronze 2. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 14, Turin, 4, St. Petersburg 4, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 3, E. 2. 
 
 178. DWARF. 
 
 Meaning. Compare the gobho in Italy. 
 Period. Roman, 
 
 88 
 
AMULETS OF HUMAN-HEADED GODS 
 
 Figures. 178a, lazuli, fine work; 179b, yellow glass. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 179. SAINTS. 
 
 Meaning. Protection by saints. 
 Period. Third century A.D. to Coptic. 
 Figures. 179a, bronze; 179b, bronze; 179c, lead, figure 
 with nimbus in middle, on each side a figure adoring ; 179d 
 
 (pi. xlv), lead, horseman with nimbus, and spear in hand 
 striking a kneeling figure below, crescent above ; reverse, 
 traces of six lines of inscription ; 179e, lead, figure holding 
 long cross, another with arms raised ; reverse Eis theos ho 
 boethon, "In God is help"; 179f (pi. xlvi), amber-yellow 
 glass, Jonah asleep under the gourd, ship in the back- 
 ground ; this class of yellow glass pendant is dated to about 
 250 A.D. by heads of Philip and Otacilia. Univ. Coll. P. 6. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS 
 
 Theophoeic Amulets, 180 — 203. 
 
 The primitive animal worships of the Egyptian nomes 
 may well have had a totemistic basis — though that is 
 questioned. There is no doubt that they largely modified 
 the ideal of anthropomorphic gods which probably came 
 in with the Libyan race at the beginning of the prehistoric 
 civilisation. The two different ideals were reconciled, 
 like the different races, by fusion. The human figures 
 acquired the animal heads ; and in no point is the artistic 
 skill of the Egyptian shown better than in the facile 
 union of such incongruous svxbjects as the ibis or snake 
 with the man. Each stock of the mixed race clung to its 
 own beliefs, and down to Roman times the animal-headed 
 gods were as much venerated as any others. 
 
 180. HORUS. 
 
 It is difficult to separate between the figures of the gods 
 HoruB and Ra, who were so intimately blended. The only 
 practical course, where no inscription exists, is to class 
 plain hawk-headed figures as Horus, and those with the 
 disc of the sun upon the head as Ra. 
 
 Varieties. A, striking with a spear, Hor-merti (see 
 inscrip. Cairo, 38618), B, hawk-headed, wearing double 
 crown. C, seated, no head-dress. D, lion-headed, Hor- 
 akhti (Lanz., Diz. Mit., 625). E, on crocodiles. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 180a, bronze. B, 180b, ebony ; 
 180c, bronze; 180d, e, green glaze, and f, Hawara 
 (pi. xlv); 180d, 2, 8, light blue glaze; 180g, pewter 
 plate, group 18; 180h, green glaze; 180j, blue glaze, 
 Dendereh, group 21 ; 180k, green glaze, classed as Hor- 
 behudti in Cairo catalogue ; 1801, blue glass ; 180m, blue 
 glaze, mummiform, perhaps Kebhsenuf, son of Horus 
 (see 182); 180n, lazuli, perhaps Kebhsenuf (pi. xlv), 
 group 28 ; 180o, o 2, blue glaze, probably Kebhsenuf (182); 
 and 180o 3, steatite, but no fellow figures are known of the 
 other genii. Type D, 180p (pi. xxiii), blue glaze, yellow 
 points, Roman ; Horus of the eastern and of the western 
 horizons hand in hand. Type E, 180q, green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Gi'een glaze 54, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze 6, 
 Grey glaze 4, Red glaze 1, Lazuli 5, Blue glass 2, Bronze 2, 
 Pewter 1, Ebony 1. Type C, Green felspar or prase 10. 
 Type D, blue glaze with yellow points 7 (4 at St. Petersburg). 
 
 Position. In main row of gods on chest (10); stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 40, Turin 24, St. Petersburg 18, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 13, E. 2. 
 
 181. RA. 
 
 Varieties. A, standing, or B, seated ; always hawk- 
 headed with disc. 
 
 Peiiod. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 181a, bronze ; 181a 2, green glaze, small, a 3, 
 alabaster, small ; 181b, bronze, having a crescent below the 
 disc it appears to be Ra-Khonsu ; with the crescent the god 
 is named as Khonsu, never as Ra ; but this is Ra-Khonsu, 
 as Khonsu strictly is human-headed with the youthful lock 
 of hair; 181c, c 2, olive-green glaze ; 181c 3 — 7, blue glaze; 
 181d (pi. xlv), green glaze faded, Hawara; 181e (pi. xlv), 
 shell, Ulahun, XXIInd dynasty; 181f, apple-gresn glaze 
 plaque, holding the nas sceptre, and called Hor-mer-tef 
 (Lanz., Di>. 3/if., xvii) ; 181g, white glass; 181h, blue glaze, 
 Ra in his boat adored by the baboons, XVIIIth dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 28, Blue glaze 12, Yellow glaze 2, 
 Grey glaze 6, Lazuli 1, Bronze 2, White glass 1. 
 
 Position. In the row of gods on the chest (6) ; throat (1). 
 
 Collections. Turin 16, Cairo 14, Univ. Coll. P. 7, E. 9, 
 St. Petersburg 7, Athens 1, Murch 1. 
 
 182. FOUR SONS OF llA. 
 
 Names. A mset, human head ; Hapy, baboon head ; Duat 
 mutef, jackal head ; Kebhsenuf, hawk head. 
 
 Meanings. Amset or Mestha, probably the " statue " or 
 image. Hapy, perhaps Hapy the bull god of Memphis, who 
 presided over the great cemetery of Memphis. Duat mutef, 
 " the underworld is his mother." Kebhsenuf, " Coolness is 
 his brother." Each son protected one part of the body ; 
 Amset the stomach and large intestines, Hapy the small 
 
 89 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL -HEADED GODS 
 
 intestines, Duat mutef the lungs and heart, Kebhsenuf the 
 liver and gall. The four are often shown standing together 
 on a lotus flower before Osiris. 
 
 Varieties. Executed in all kinds of material, metals, 
 wax, pottery, vegetable paste, bead-work, etc. 
 
 Period. XXIII to Koman. (On tops of jars from Xllth 
 dynasty, but all human-headed.) 
 
 Figures. 182a, gold; 182b, pewter, group 18; 182c, gilt 
 wax; 182d, red pottery; 182e, e 2, blue glaze with red 
 paint, with winged scarab; 182f, green glaze, with applied 
 blue; 182g, wax; 182h, white and red glass; 182j, red 
 glass ; 182k, blue glaze ; 1821, dark blue glaze, with black 
 heads, also with scarab and girdle tie; 182 12, Duat mutef, 
 blue glazed schist; 182m, blue glaze; 182n, black wax; 
 182o, black clay, with blue paint on heads ; 182p, green 
 glaze ; 182q, blue glaze, with black paint, Dendereh, 
 Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 182r (pi. xxxiii), blue glaze on one 
 plaque, Dendereh, group 21 and see 93f, g (pi. xi.) 
 
 Mateiials. Blue glaze 40, Green glaze 11, Wax 9, Clay 8, 
 Pewter 6, Green glass 6, Red glass 5, Blue glass 4, Pottery 
 4, Gold 2, White glass 1, Wood 1. 
 
 Position. Usually in two pairs facing, on the chest (9) or 
 stomach (2), below the winged scarab. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 49 (others in funerary 
 section), Turin 27, St. Petersburg 7, Murch 4. 
 
 183. SET. 
 
 Period. XXVI (?). Extremely rare as an amulet, as well 
 as in larger figures. 
 
 Figure. 183, bronze, wearing double crown, the upright 
 ears shown on either side. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 1, Blue glaze 1, Red wood 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1. 
 
 184. SPHINX, MALE. 
 
 Period. VI, XVIII, XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 184a, brown limestone, fine work, XVIIIth 
 dynasty; 184b, green glaze, of Graeco-Assyrian style ; also 
 184a 2, lazuli, of Ramessu II ; 184a 3, blue paste, of 
 Sety II. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 4, Amethyst 2, Lazuli 2, 
 Carnelian 1, Limestone 1, Green glaze 1, Blue paste 1. 
 
 Collections. Murch 8, Univ. Coll. P. 4, Athens 1. 
 
 185. SPHINX, FEMALE. 
 
 Varieties. A, bird body, B, cat body. 
 
 Period. VI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. A, 185a — d, bone, possibly intended for a 
 human-headed vulture of the goddess Mut, group 13. Type 
 B, 185e, f, f 2, green felspar, apparently a cat body, group 
 30; 188g, h, carnelian, group 14 ; 185j, green glaze faded, 
 Memphis, XXIIIth dynasty by the form of hair ; 188k, k 2, 
 1, green glaze, black hair, XXVI ; 185m, green and black 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 185m 2, yellow glass, small. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 23, Amethyst 4, Carnelian 2, 
 Bone 4, Green glaze 5, Lazuli 1, Yellow glass 1. 
 
 Collections. Murch 25, Univ. Coll. P. 13, E. 2, St. 
 Petersburg 1. 
 
 186. HATHOR COW-HEADED. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 186a, dark blue glaze, XVIII; 186b, light 
 green glaze, XXVI; 186c, d (pi. xlv), green glass, burnt. 
 Materials. Green glaze 2, Blue glaze 2, Green glass 2. 
 Position. Throat (1) ; chest (1). 
 Collections. Cairo 2, Univ. Coll. P. 4. (See also 210.) 
 
 187. KHNUMU. 
 
 Meaning. The Creator, popular in late times as 
 Khnouphis. 
 
 Varieties. A, statuette. B, outline on plaque (Hawara 
 4, pi. 1). 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 187a, bronze; 187b, dark green glaze; 
 187c, coarse green glaze ; 187d, red glaze (? burnt green); 
 187e, f, f 2, Hawara, group 32, f 3, g, all green glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 46, Blue glaze 8, Yellow glaze 3, 
 Grey glaze 3, Red-grey glaze 7, Red glaze 1, Carnelian 1, 
 Bronze 1, Blue paste 1. 
 
 Position. In row of gods on chest (4) ; stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 30, Turin 20, St. Petersburg 11, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 8, E. 1, Murch 1. 
 
 188. BES OR BESA. 
 
 Name. Besa, the native name of Cynaelurus guttatus. 
 
 Meaning. The god of children, of dance and games. 
 
 Varieties. Dealt with under 189, 190. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. PI. xxxiv, 188a, b, gold, XVIII ; 188c, red paste, 
 Tell Amarna, XVIII. PI. xxxiii, 188d, schist, dark green 
 glaze, XVIII; 188e, dark blue glaze, XVIII; 188e2, blue 
 glaze; 188f, steatite, XIX (?); 188g, silver, XIX(?), head-dress 
 very high ; 188h, white schist ; 188h 2, blue glaze, larger ; 
 188j, j 2, green glaze; 188k, dark blue glaze with yellow 
 points, Roman ; 1881, light blue, similar ; 188m, green, n, 
 0, p, blue, with yellow points, Roman ; 188q, bronze ; 188r, 
 bright blue, XX(?); 188s, dark green, thin, XVIII; 188t, light 
 blue glaze, Memphis ; 188u, light green glaze; 1 88 v, grey 
 glaze ; 188w, w 2, green gone brown, blue and yellow 
 applied, Roman ; 188x, dark violet glass, seated ; 188y, 
 light green, seated; 188z, green gone grey, with yellow 
 points, Roman, Bes under archway with two columns ; 
 188aa, ab, blue glass impressed ; 188ac, violet glaze, XVIII. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 52, Blue glaze 46, Blue or green 
 with yellow points 7, Red glaze 2, Grey glaze 4, Blue glass 
 3, Green glass 1, Gold 4, Silver 1, Bronze 4, Carnelian 2, 
 Steatite 2, Schist 1, Violet glaze 1. 
 
 40 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS 
 
 Collections. Cairo 59, Univ. Coll. P. 27, E. 9, Turin 18, Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 20, E. 6, Turin 4 Murch 2 
 Alnwick 18, Murch 3. St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 189. BES. UNUSUAL FORMS. 
 
 Varieties. A, profile holding sa, for protection. B, 
 dancing in profile with tambourine. C, front face between 
 two in profile dancing. D, with lyre. E, armed. P, with 
 cylinder on head. G, winged, holding uzats. H, with two 
 uraei. J, masculine and feminine. K, feminine. Beset. L, 
 quadruple. M, as sphinx. N, between two Taurts. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 189a, blue glaze, holding sa before 
 him, the other hand holding the tail of the skin, XVIII. 
 Type B, 189b, blue glaze. Type C, 189c, violet glaze, 
 XVIII. Type D (see Cairo). Type E, 189d, faded blue 
 glaze, yellow points, Roman ; 189e, blue glaze, Roman (type 
 common in household pottery amulets). Type F (see 
 Turin). Type G, 189f, violet glaze, XVIII. Type H, 189g, 
 blue glaze, Roman. Type J, 189h, blue glaze, yellow 
 points, Roman. Type K (only in household pottery 
 amulets). Type L, 189j, light blue glaze, a double figure 
 with four heads. Type M, 189k, glaze faded white, figure 
 on top, and central figure missing, XXVI. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 14, Blue glaze 15, Blue with 
 yellow points 2, Yellow glaze 3. 
 
 Position. Necklaces, especially of children. 
 
 Collections. A, Univ. Coll. P. 1. B, Univ. Coll. P. 1, St. 
 Petersburg 1. C, Univ. Coll. P. 1. D, Cairo 3. E, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 2, Cairo 1. F, Turin 1. G, Univ. Coll. P. 1. H, 
 Univ. Coll. P. 1. J, Turin 1, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. K, 
 Turin 4. L, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1, Turin 1. M, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 1. N, Turin 6, St. Petersburg 1. 
 
 190. BES HEAD. 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, on plaque. C, on uzat. D, on 
 disc. 
 
 Peiiod. XXIII (?) to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 190a, light green, probably part of a 
 figure; 190b, Hght green glaze; 190b 2, violet glaze, large ; 
 190c, d, d2, blue glaze, XXIII; 190e, yellow and brown 
 glaze; 190f, green glaze, part of a figure; 190g, blue glaze, 
 faded ; 190h, violet glass, Roman ; 190j, clear white glass, 
 Roman ; 190k, green glaze ; 190k, 2, 3, green glaze, small, 
 Naukratis ; 1901, blue glaze, Memphis ; 190m, blue glaze, 
 Roman. Type B, 190n, plaque of schist, both sides shown. 
 Type C, 190o, blue glaze, lotus on back ; 190p, green 
 glaze. Type D, 190q, glaze burnt black, reverse shown 
 below; 190q 2, blue glaze; 190q 8, green glaze, pierced; 
 190r, light green glaze, reverse uzat eye; 190s, pottery 
 mould, Memphis. A, 190t (pi. xlvi) green glaze; 190u, 
 blue paste with four-winged Bes straddling on the base. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 11, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze 3, 
 Limestone 1, Violet glass 1, Clear glass 1, Blue paste 1, 
 Violet glaze 1. 
 
 191. TAHUTI OF PANEBES. 
 
 Name. " Tahuti of Panebes in Nubia" (LiNz., Diz. Mit., 
 cccciv), probably known as the deity of the malachite 
 mines there (B. D. G. 335). 
 
 Period. XXVII (?). 
 
 Figure. 191 , light blue glaze, good sharp work. 
 
 CoUectim. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 192. MAKES. 
 
 Name. Mda-hes, " the striking lion." 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 192a, bronze, with dtef crown on head; 192b, 
 b 2, 3, 4, c, light green glaze; 192d, violet glass ; 192e(pl. 
 xxxix), light blue glaze, Mahes (?) holding two lions (?). 
 
 Mateiials. Green glaze 23, Blue glaze 3, Bronze 3, Blue 
 glass 2. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 15, St. Petersburg 6, Univ. Coll. P. 5, 
 E. 3, Turin 2, Athens 2. 
 
 198. ANHUR AND TEFNUT. 
 
 These deities are associated on a group in the Louvre, 
 (Lanz., Diz. Mit., 11). 
 Period. XVni. 
 Figures. 193a, b, blue glaze. 
 CoUectim. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 194. SEKHMET OR BASTET. 
 
 Many figures cannot be separated between these two hon- 
 or cat-headed goddesses, so they are here classed together. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 194a, blue glaze, faded, the dress suggests a 
 male god, but the head is exactly like those of the goddesses 
 (see Cairo 38,587); 194b, bronze, holding sistrum, basket, 
 and aegis, certainly Bastet ; 194c, blue paste, on back 
 "Speech of Bast . . ."; 194d, green glaze; 194e, silver, 
 group 16(seepl.xxxvi); 194f, g, blue glaze, XIX (?), Sekhmet, 
 by disc on head ; 194h, blue glaze, Ulahun, XXII ; 194h 2, 
 green glaze ; 194j, k, 1, light green glaze ; 19411 (pi. xlvi); 
 11 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, blue glaze; 194m, light blue glaze ; 194n, 
 schist, figure of Sekhmet, probably part of a menat ; reverse, 
 Nehebka and other figures, see below ; 194o, alabaster, 
 tapering body and legs, Saft ; 194p, dark blue glaze, female 
 kneeling, offering to Bastet, name twice on back, see below ; 
 194q, blue glaze, Ramesseum. On pi. xlv, 194r, blue faded, 
 Sekhmet, Memphis; 194s, bronze, with double crown; 
 194t, wood, XXII, Illahun. On xlvi, 194u, green glazed, 
 seated ; 194v, head on a pillar, blue glaze (xlvii). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 48, Blue glaze 36, Grey glaze 8, 
 Silver 1, Bronze 2, Electrum 1, Schist 1, Blue paste 1, 
 Gypgum 1, Alabaster 2, Wood 1. 
 
 A. 
 
 41 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS 
 
 Collections. Cairo 36, Univ. Coll. P. 16, E. 8, Turin 20, 
 St. Petersburg 17, Murch 1. 
 
 195. AEGIS OF BASTET (and mux?). 
 
 This is in form of a deep collar of beadwork, usually 
 surmounted by a lion's head ; it has a menat attached to it 
 at right angles behind (see the socket of 193a), and it is 
 carried by the menat in the left hand of Bastet. The name 
 and meaning of it are unknown. 
 
 Period. XXII to XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 198a, bronze, front and back of both aegis and 
 menat ; 198b, b 2, blue glaze, faded white ; 198c, blue 
 glaze, side view of head, with Nehebka, uraeus and uzat ; 
 reverse, collar; 198d, green glaze with yellow lines, 
 Roman; 198e (pi. xlv), silver gilt; 193f, silver; 19Sg, g2, 
 blue glaze, head of Mut (?), Illahun, XXII ; 198h, bronze, 
 female head; 193j, blue glaze, head of Mut (?) ; 198k, 1, 
 bronze, female head with disc and horns, Isis (?); 19Sm, n, 
 bronze, lion head. 
 
 Materials, as above, Univ. Coll. P. 13, E. 2, St. Petersburg 
 1, green glaze. 
 
 196. SHU AND TEFNUT. 
 
 The heads of these twin deities are often figured at the 
 top of a menat of bronze. 
 
 Peiiod. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 196a, bronze, inscribed " To Shu and Tefnut. 
 Thapa, son of Duaha, born of Kare-za " ; the name Thapa, 
 after the hippopotamus goddess Apit, belongs to the XlXth 
 dynasty (Lieb., Diet, 760) ; Duaha, called after the moon 
 god, suggests the XXVIth dynasty ; and Kareza, " son of 
 the Karian," points also to the Early Greek age (L., Diet,, 
 2396); 196b, bronze; 196b 2, bronze. At St. Petersburg, 
 1 of bronze with lion head. 
 
 197. ANPU. 
 
 Meaning. Anpu, Anubis, was the protector of the dead, 
 the god of the cemetery frequented by the jackals. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 197a, b, c, d, bronee; 197a 2, 3, 4, green 
 glaze, smaller : 197e, f, violet glass ; 197f 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
 green glaze; 197g, blue glaze; 197h, steatite; 197j, blue 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 197k, blue glaze 
 with yellow points, Roman ; 1971, bronze, kneeling, pouring 
 water (see Cairo, 38,569 ; see 38m) ; 197m (pi. xlv), bone, 
 Illahun, seated ; 197n (pi. xlv), ebony, seated. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 60, Blue glaze 19, Grey glaze 5, 
 Black and yellow glaze 2, Red glaze 1, Blue glass 3, Grey 
 glass 2, Yellow glass 2, Bronze 8, Wood 7, Bone 1, 
 Porphyry 1, Quartz crystal 1, Carnelian 1, Agate 1. 
 
 Position, Chest (2). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 44, Turin 17, St. Petersburg 14, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 18, E. 10, Murch 7, Athens 3. 
 
 198. UPUATU. 
 
 Names. " The opener of the ways." 
 
 Meaning. Guidance to the soul, as the jackal's tracks 
 show the best way in the desert. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic (?). \ 
 
 Figure, 198, black steatite, kneeling figure with a 
 hawk's body behind, and with two jackal heads, the god 
 being double, of the north and of the south. 
 
 Collection, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 199. JACKAL-HEADED ARCHER. 
 
 This god is not identified. 
 
 Period, XXII (?). 
 
 Figure, 199, wood. (See Cairo Catalogue, 38,857.) 
 
 Collections, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 200. SHREWMOUSE-HEADED FIGURE. 
 
 This appears to be a male figure ; as the shrew mouse 
 was sacred to Horus, it may be a form of that god. 
 Figures, 200, bronze. (See Cairo Catalogue, 88,869.) 
 Collections, Cairo 1, Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 201. SEBEK. 
 
 Period, XVIII. 
 
 Figure, 201, light blue opaque glass (see Lanz., Diz. 
 Mit, cocliv). 
 Material, Above ; and gold, Cairo. 
 Position, Chest (1). 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, Cairo 1. 
 
 
 202. TEHUTI. 
 
 Principally honoured as the god of writing and know- 
 ledge. 
 
 Period. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 202a, green glaze, Tehuti holding an uzat eye 
 in each hand ; on back " Speech of Tehuti, lord of Shmun 
 great god, lady (sic) of heaven . . ." ; 202b, green glaze 
 faded, Hawara ; 202b, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, green glaze ; 202c, blue 
 glaze, with violet beak ; 202c 2, 3, lazuli ; 202d, green 
 glaze ; 202e, e 2, pewter plate, group 18 ; 202f , bronze ; 
 202g, green-blue glaze ; 202h, steatite charm tablet, with 
 figure of Tehuti ; rosette and line of Demotic on reverse ; 
 202j, j 2, 3, blue glaze; 202k, bronze; 2021, green glaze 
 (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 83, Blue glaze 23, Grey glaze 6, 
 White glaze 1, Red glaze 1, Lazuli 7, Blue glass 2, Bronze 
 3, Pewter 1. 
 
 Position. In the main row of gods on the chest (9) ; 
 stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 51, Turin 36, St. Petersburg 15, 
 Univ. Coll. P, 13, E. 8, Athens 2, 
 
 42 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL-HEADED GODS 
 
 203. SERPENT-HEADED GOD. 
 
 Name. Khet-ba-mutef is represented crowned with a 
 disc, perhaps the same as 203b, which has disc and 
 crescent (Lanz., Diz. Mit, 993). 
 
 Figivres. 203a, blue-green glaze, two serpent heads, on 
 back a blundered inscription, beginning Ra nofer ar . . . ; 
 203b, bronze, Khet-ba-mutef (?) ; 208c, bronze ; 203d, lead, 
 possibly a serpent head. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX 
 AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 Theophoric Amulets, 204—261. 
 
 MiacELLANEOTJS, 262 — 276. 
 
 The worship of sacred animals survived in Egypt for 
 thousands of years alongside of higher beliefs. Beginning 
 probably before the earliest civilisation of which we have 
 remains, it is found to be prominent in all the great centres, 
 and most of the nomes. The bulls of Memphis and Helio- 
 polis, the ram of Thebes, the hawk of Edfu, are the remains 
 of older faiths, long before Ptah and Amen and Horus had 
 eclipsed them in those cities. The popularity of the animal 
 worship did not wane till Eoman times ; the abundance 
 of amulets of sacred animals shows how much was thought 
 of them. Though some animal figures here are not known 
 to be connected with a god, that is to be expected, as it 
 was not always that a junction with later theology could 
 be performed. The old independent animal worships would 
 not have any priesthoods or inscriptions by which we can 
 recognise them ; and it is only the making and wearing of 
 these figures which shows what animals were venerated. 
 
 204. APE STANDING (Cercopithecus). 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic (?). 
 
 Figures. 204a, a 2, faded green glaze ; 204b, b 2, violet 
 glass ; 204c, faded green glaze, Memphis ; 204d, green 
 glaze, burnt brown, ape standing over kneeling woman; 
 204e (xlvii), green glaze. 
 
 Materials, Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 11, Lazuli 1, 
 Blue glass 2, Basalt 1, Bronze 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 17, St. Petersburg 5, Turin 4, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 4, E. 3, Murch 85 (amethyst 27, carnelian 4, 
 lazuli 3, green felspar, attitude not stated). 
 
 205. APE SEATED. 
 
 Period. VI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 205a, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 4 ; 205b, green 
 glaze, burnt red ; 205c, blue glaze faded white, Memphis ; 
 208d, green glaze, faded. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 4, Yellow frit 2, Blue glaze 1, 
 Bone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Cairo 8, St. Petersburg 1, 
 Murch. 
 
 206. BABOON (Papio). 
 
 Period. VI to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 206a, bone, group 6 ; 206b, bone, group 8 ; 
 206c, green-blue glaze, group 9 ; 206d, blue glaze, group 
 12 ; 206e, green glaze, XIX (?) ; 206f, two baboons, crowned 
 with disc and crescent, electrum, XVIII ; 206g, blue glaze, 
 XVIII; 206h, white schist, on back " Tehuti lord of 
 Shmun"; 206j, bronze; 206k, green glaze, holding mat; 
 2061, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21; 206m, 
 (pi. xlv), green glaze, Illahun, XXIInd dynasty. (See also 
 131f.) 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 15, Blue glaze 9, Yellow glaze 
 
 8, Bed jasper 1, Carnelian 1, Agate 1, Bed glaze 1, Blue 
 glass 2, Lazuli 1, Bronze 2, Bone 2, Onyx 1, Schist 1, 
 Electrum 1. 
 
 Collections. Turin 19, Univ. Coll. P. 12, St. Petersburg 
 
 9, Cairo 5, Murch 4, Athens 1. 
 
 207. APIS. 
 
 Name. Hap. There is no connection yet known between 
 this and Hap, the Nile, or Hapy, one of the four sons of 
 Horus. 
 
 Meaning. The sacred bull Hap was the primitive wor- 
 ship of Memphis, like the sacred bulls with other names in 
 other cities. 
 
 Varieties. A, bronze figures. B, square tablets or 
 pectorals. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Eoman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 207a, bronze, on a sled, disc and 
 uraeus between the horns ; 207b, c, bronze, with disc and 
 uraeus; 207b 2, blue glaze. Type B, 207d, green glaze; 
 207e, silver embossed plate, bull regardant, with garland 
 hung over it ; 207f, cast lead plate, bull fed by a kneeling 
 priest, garland above; 207g, blue glaze, with black and 
 yellow applied, bull regardant; 207h (pi. xlv), blue glass 
 impressed. 
 
 Materials. Bronze, 14, Yellow glaze 9, Blue glaze 10, 
 Green glaze 3, Yellow glass 2, Blue glass 3, Silver 1, Lead 1, 
 Schist 2. 
 
 48 
 
 a 2 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 Collectiom. Cairo 12, St. PeterBburg 10, Univ. Coll. P. 9, 
 E. 1, Turin 9, Athens 8, Alnwick 2, March 1 B. 
 
 208. HATHOR COW. 
 
 Name. Erpet dht (MacG. 53) ; the Aht cow belonged to 
 Hathor, by the amulet or badge worn on the neck (Lanz., 
 Dix. Mit, I). 
 
 Varieties. A, couchant. B, standing. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 208a, fine blue glaze, mid XVIII ; 208b, light 
 green glaze, XXVI; 208c, blue glaze, moulded, flat back, XIX; 
 208d, bronze, cut out of a sheet ; 208e, moulded wax, gilt, 
 group 20; 208f, apple green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21 ; 208g, blue glaze, couchant (xlvi). 
 
 Matenah. Blue glaze 8, Green glaze 3, Carnelian 2, 
 " Black and white stone," Cairo 2, Bronze 8, Red glass 2, 
 Red and yellow glass 1, Yellow glass 1, Red glaze 1, Jasper 1, 
 Waxl. 
 
 Position. Chest (1) ; stomach (2). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, Cairo 5, Athens 4, St. Peters- 
 burg 2, Turin 2, Alnwick 1. 
 
 209. HATHOR COW ON SQUARE. 
 
 Varieties. A regular naos, on a plain square plaque. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Ptolemaic (?). 
 
 Figures. 209a, light blue glaze, with dark green-blue 
 inlay ; 209b, blue-green glaze, impressed cow, with relief of 
 uzat above ; 209c, green glaze, faded brown, disc between 
 the horns ; 209d, light blue glaze, disc between the horns ; 
 209e, cast lead plate, disc between the horns, feeding stand 
 in front, star and crescent above. The last is distinctly a 
 cow, the previous four might be intended for a bull, but the 
 similarity of c, d, and e points to the same meaning. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 11, Blue glaze 6, Green glaze 6, 
 Steatite 8, Green frit 2, Lead 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 28, Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 1, 
 Athens 1. 
 
 210. HATHOR COW HEAD, 
 
 Period. XVIII (?). 
 
 Figures. 210a, white opaque quartz, covered with 
 green glaze, inscribed on back " Hathor lady of N . . .," 
 broken from a figure ; note the two plumes above the disc ; 
 210b, bronze, human face on back, short stem below ; 210c, 
 bronze, cow head (back up) ; 210d, apple green glaze ; 
 210e, violet glaze, human wig at sides. 
 
 Materials. Bronze 2, Quartz glazed 1, Apple green 
 glaze 1, Violet glaze 1. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5. 
 
 211. RAM. 
 Name. Sera. 
 
 Meaning. Creator, as Khnumu, Amon and Ra. 
 Varieties. A, couchant. B, standing. C, four-headed 
 
 emblem of Ra, at Mendes, the souls of Ra, Osiris, Shu, and 
 Khepera. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. 211a, noble serpentine ; 211b, dark green 
 steatite, both prehistoric ; 211c, lazuli, with the character- 
 istic long fleece ; 211d, d 2, light green glaze ; 211e, silver ; 
 211f, green glaze burnt brown, Memphis ; 211 g, dark blue 
 glaze ; 211h, light green glaze ; 211j, deep blue glaze with 
 yellow points, group 22, Roman ; 211k, apple-green glaze, 
 Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 2111, schist, ram couchant 
 under tree, uraeus in front ; reverse, title and name of 
 Shabaka, XXV th dynasty ; 211m (pi. xl), bronze, with two 
 heads. C, 21 In (pi. xlvi), lazuli. 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 26, Green glaze 15, Lazuli 5 
 (4of C), Steatite 2, Silver 1, Bronze 2, Schist 2, Carnelian 1, 
 Serpentine 1, Red glaze 1. 
 
 . Collections. Cairo 16 (2 of C), Turin 10, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 10, E. 1, St. Petersburg 6, Alnwick 5, Athens 2, Murch 4. 
 
 212. RAM'S HEAD. 
 
 Varieties. A, flat prehistoric, with round neck. B, late 
 relief, without neck. C, on column. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 212a, black steatite; 212b, noble 
 serpentine; 212c, carnelian ; 212d, noble serpentine, pale 
 oil-green; 21 2d 2, green serpentine, Tarkhan; 212e, e2, 
 ivory, stained green; 21 2f, durite ; 21 2g, g 2, alabaster; 
 212h, brown serpentine, veined; 212j, carnelian; 212k, 
 dark green serpentine; 2121, alabaster; 212m, black 
 serpentine, ostrich eggshell eye. Type B, 21 2n, silver; 
 212o, bronze ; 212p, green glaze faded brown ; 212q, blue 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 212r, hollow bronze case, with 
 blue glass eyes, ring for hanging beneath mouth; 212s, 
 schist scarab with ram's head, name of Shabaka on reverse, 
 XXVth dynasty. Type C, 21 2t (two views), green glaze, 
 serpent on one side, winged serpent on other, on front disc 
 with uraei, si ra Amen mery, and blundered signs. 
 
 Materials. Prehistoric, Alabaster 3, Carnelian 8, Noble 
 serpentine 2, Ivory 2, Green serpentine 1, Black serpentine 1, 
 Black steatite 1, Brown serpentine 1, Durite 1. Historic, 
 Grey glaze 3, Green glaze 2, Green felspar 1, Blue glaze 1, 
 Blue paste 1, Gold 1, Silver 1, Bronze 2, Schist 1, Brown 
 limestone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 21, Turin 4, Murch 4, Athens 1. 
 
 218. HARE. 
 
 Name and Meaning. Sekhat. Used probably as the 
 hieroglyph for un, being, and hence probably used for 
 Un-nefer, the good being, or Osiris. 
 
 Period. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 213a, light green glaze; 213b, glaze faded 
 white ; 213b 2, green glaze ; 213c, light blue glaze. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 22, Blue glaze 17, Yellow glaze 1, 
 Carnelian 1. 
 
 44 
 
AMULETS OF A:NIMAL GODS 
 
 Collections. Cairo 22, St. Petersburg 8, Turin 5, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 3, E. 1, Athens 1, Murch 1. 
 
 214. IBEX (Capra nubiana). 
 
 Meaning. " Ba the divine, above the gods " (Lanz, Diz. 
 Mit., 190). 
 
 Figure. 214, green glaze, onkh on base. 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1, Murch 1. 
 
 215. BARBARY SHEEP {Ovis lenna). 
 
 Figure. 218, serpentine, green partly gone brown, 
 no horns, but a heavy long head. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 216. KLIPSPRINGER {Oreotragus) {^). 
 
 Period. XVIIIth dynasty. 
 
 Figure. 216, green glaze on schist, two scrolls on base. 
 The small head, long neck, and marking of coarse hair 
 seem to define this identification. Short curved horns have 
 lain over to the shoulder, but are broken away. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 217. CAMEL. 
 
 Meaning. Hairs from tail used for quartan fever (Pliny, 
 xxviii, 25). 
 Period. Roman (?). 
 Figure. 217, bronze, flat plate. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 218. HAWK-HEADED SPHINX. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 218, hard white limestone with gold bands, no 
 tail. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. (See 244, as Mentu.) 
 
 219. LION. 
 
 Name. Seno (couchant). 
 
 Meaning. To guard or defend. 
 
 Varieties. A, couchant. B, walking. C, seated. D, with 
 crouching man. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 219a, hard white limestone ; 219b, 
 black and white porphyry, both prehistoric ; 219c, amethyst, 
 XII ; 219d, d 2, d 3, bone, VI, group 5 ; 219e, gold, VI ; 219f, 
 light blue glaze; 219g, light blue glaze, faded; 219h2, 
 light green glaze, XXVIIth dynasty ; 21 9j, blue and black 
 glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic ; 219k, k 2, blue glaze, VI, group, 
 11, XII, Kafr Ammar; 2191 (pi. xlvi), carnelian, early (see 
 Nagada, Iviii; Deshasheh, xxvi, 15); 219m (xlvi), green 
 glaze, with flower of Nefertum on head ; 219n, with squat- 
 ting man before, head turned back, blue glaze with yellow 
 points, Roman (xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze, 16 (2 of B, 2 of C), Blue glaze 
 16, Grey glaze 1, Gold 1, Bronze 1, Amethyst 1, Carnelian 1, 
 
 Milky agate 1, Porphyry 1, Lazuli 1, Hard white limestone 1, 
 Bone 3. 
 
 Position. Chest (6) ; Stomach (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 16, Univ. Coll. P. 14, E. 2, Turin 9, 
 St. Petersburg 7, Murch 2. 
 
 220. TWO LIONS. 
 
 Name. Khens (MacG. 56) ; two fore-parts joined. 
 
 Meaning. The Mahes (see 192) of north and south 
 (Lanz., Diz. Mit., 269). See vignette of Chapter 17, Book of 
 the Dead. 
 
 Varieties. A, two fore-parts joined. B, two lions 
 rampant. 
 
 Period. A, Vlth to XXVIIth dynasty. B, Prehistoric, 
 Coptic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 220a, a 2, sard, Vlth dynasty, group 7 ; 
 220b, bone, Vlth dynasty (?) ; 220c, Hght green glaze, 
 XXVII ; 220c 2, blue glaze ; 220d, ivory. Old Kingdom (?) 
 (see Deshasheh, xxvi, 26). Type B, 220e, iron disc incised, 
 Coptic, Illahun, indistinct signs between and above (see 
 two rampant lions on ivory ring, prehistoric, in Naqada, 
 Ixiv, 78). 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 2, Brown glaze 1, 
 Grey glaze 1, Sard 1, Cloudy agate 1, Ivory 2, Iron B, 1. 
 
 Position. Chest (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, E. 1, Turin 8, St. Peters- 
 burg 2, Cairo 2, Price 1. 
 
 221. LION'S HEAD. 
 
 Period. XXXth dynasty. 
 
 Figure. 221a, light green glaze, flat back (similar Aln- 
 wick, 604) ; 221b, c (pi. xlv), green glaze, Illahun, XXIInd 
 dynasty ; 221d, coarse blue glaze Roman (see 269). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Alnwick 1. 
 
 222. LION AND BULL, FORE-PARTS. 
 
 Period. XXVII. 
 
 Figure. See Cairo catalogue. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 8. 
 
 Collections. Alnwick 5, St. Petersburg (695), 2, Cairo 1. 
 
 223. TWO BULLS, FORE-PARTS. 
 
 Period. This is a very ancient combination, appearing 
 on one of the predynastic slate palettes (Capaet, Primitive 
 Art, fig. 170). The amulets are of the XXVIth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 223a, pale green glaze, Hawara ; 223b, green 
 glaze gone brown, Hawara, group 32; 223c, olive green 
 glaze. 
 
 Position. Chest (1). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 3, St. Petersburg 1, Price 1. 
 
 46 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 224. CAT, 
 
 Name. Man. 
 
 Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Bastet. 
 
 Varietiea. A, seated. B, couchant. C, walking. 
 
 Period. XVIII to Eoman. Very common on necklaces 
 of XXIInd and XXIIIrd dynasty. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 224a, silver, group 16 ; 224b, c, light 
 green glaze ; 224d, green glaze burnt brown ; 224d 2, blue 
 and black glaze ; 224d 8, olive glaze ; 224e, light blue glaze ; 
 224e 2, bronze; 224f, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, 
 Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 224g, blue glaze, with yellow points, 
 Roman. Type B, 224h, lion or cat ; 224j, cat, green glaze, 
 Xlth dynasty, Kafr Ammar ; 224k, blue glazed schist, Ymenf 
 on base, XVIII ; 224k 2, blue-glazed pottery ; 2241, dark 
 blue paste, Amen-ra in cartouche on base, dubious. Type C, 
 224m, blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 22, Blue glaze 13, Bronze 9, 
 Grey glaze 3, Carnelian 1, Yellow glaze 1, Black glaze 1, 
 Purple glaze 1, Black limestone 1, Silver 1, Blue paste 1. 
 
 Position. Feet (1). 
 
 Collections. Turin 13, Univ. Coll. P. 12, E. 4, Cairo 11, 
 St. Petersburg 10, Edinburgh 3, Murch 3. 
 
 225. CAT IN SHRINE. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figure. 225, green glaze, papyrus stem and head on 
 each of the three sides, Memphis. Also a rough solid 
 imitation, green glaze (Edw.) 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, E. 1. 
 
 226. TWO CATS ON COLUMN. 
 
 Varieties. Three in Cairo have only one cat on the 
 column. 
 
 Period. XXIII. 
 
 Figures. 226a, b, green glaze, octagonal column, blun- 
 dered inscription on front, " Speech of Bastet lady of Pa 
 Bastet " ; 226c (pi. xliii), column with feet of cat, inscribed 
 " Speech of Bastet . . ." 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 6. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 4, Univ. Coll. P. 2, 
 
 227. CAT AND KITTENS. 
 
 Varieties. A, seated. B, couchant. 
 
 Penod. XXII to XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 227a, bronze, two kittens ; 227b, light green 
 glaze, five kittens, three in front, one each side; 227c, 
 green glaze, one kitten. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 7, Green-glazed stone 2, Purple 
 glaze 1, Carnelian 1, Bronze 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo A, 8 (3, 6 and 9 kittens), B, 6, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 3. 
 
 228. SET ANIMAL. 
 
 Period. XIX(?). 
 
 Figwres. 228a, light blue glaze, impressed plaque ; 228b, 
 
 dark blue glaze, perhaps Mentu as a hawk-headed lion 
 (see also 183 for set, and engraved stone 135 g). 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 229. JAQKAL STANDING. 
 
 Name. Upuatu. 
 
 Meaning. " Opener of ways " for the soul (see 198). 
 
 Figures. 229a, light blue glaze ; 229b, c, bronze ; 229d, 
 bronze, and d 2, green glaze, with the two serpents in front 
 (compare the two serpents that led the way for Alexander 
 to the Oasis) ; 229e, bronze, the four Upuats (of the four 
 quarters) who open the way for the sun in the under- 
 world (Lanz., Diz. Mit., cclvi). 
 
 Materials. Bronze 5, Green glaze 1, Blue glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 2, Cairo 1. 
 
 230. TWO JACKAL HEADS. 
 
 Name. Upuatu of the south and north. 
 Figure. 280, hard brown limestone, pierced under the 
 tip of the ears, flat base. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 281. JACKAL COUCHANT. 
 
 Name. Anpw, Anubis. 
 
 Meaning, The guardian of the cemetery, and of the 
 dead in the judgment. 
 
 Varieties. A, on ground. B, on shrine. 
 
 Period. XXVI to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 231a, blue glaze, XIX; 231b, blue glass 
 Ptolemaic ; 231c, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21. Type B, 231d, e, pewter plates with za serpent 
 above, group 18; 231 f, g, h, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, 
 Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 231j, green glazed schist (pi. xxxviii). 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 8, Black glass 3, Blue glass 1, 
 Pewter 2, Haematite 1, Blue paste 1, Green glaze 1, Grey 
 glaze 1, Bronze 1, Wood 3. 
 
 Position. Chest (3) ; stomach (8). 
 
 Collections. Turin 9, Univ. Coll. P. 8, Athens 4, St. 
 Petersburg 2, Murch 2. 
 
 282. SHREW MOUSE. 
 
 Meaning. Sacred to Horus and Uazet. Passed round 
 boils as a charm (Pliny, xxx, 84). 
 
 Varieties. A, standing. B, on box. 
 
 Figwres. Type A, 232a, b, c, d, e, bronze. Type B, 232f, 
 bronze, as also two at St. Petersburg. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, St. Petersburg 2. 
 
 288. DOG. 
 
 Meaning. As these dogs are all short-legged, they 
 probably refer to watching and guarding the person, and 
 not to hunting. 
 
 Period. Eoman and Coptic. 
 
 46 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 t 
 
 Figures. 233a, b, bronze ; 233c, red coral, dog seated ; 
 233d, dark blue glaze with yellow points, Koman, group 22 ; 
 233e, mother of pearl, Coptic ; 233f, f 2, light blue glaze, dog 
 lying down. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 8, Blue glaze 2, Bronze 2, 
 " Black and white stone " (Cairo) 2, Syenite 1, Eed coral 1, 
 Shell 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, Cairo 4 (2 seated, 1 lying 
 paws crossed, 1 curled up), Murch 1. 
 
 284. PIG. 
 
 Names. Apeh, Rera, Sdau. 
 
 Meaning. Sacrificed to Osiris annually. Pig standard 
 of the sixth and seventh months, Mekhir and Phamenoth 
 (Lanz., Diz. Mit., vii). 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 234a, b, light blue glaze ; 234c, c 2, light green 
 glaze. All sows. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 20, Blue glaze 11, Black glaze 2, 
 Yellow glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 18, St. Petersburg 7, Turin 3, Univ. 
 Coll. P. 8, E. 2, Athens 2. 
 
 285. HIPPOPOTAMUS. 
 
 Name. Apt. 
 
 Meaning. Sacred as Taurt (see 236). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. Copper plate, XVIII (?). 
 
 Figures. 236a, noble serpentine, hippopotamus feeding, 
 under the base a wavy line in relief, perhaps a serpent ; 
 236b, c, brown steatite ; 236d, pink limestone, a frequent 
 ornament for attachment to legs of water skins; 236d 2, 
 small, round, dolomite, Tarkhan, 1292 ; 238e, copper plate. 
 
 Materials. Brown steatite 2, Pink limestone 1, Noble 
 serpentine 1, Copper 1, [Green glaze 1, " White stone " 1, 
 Blue glass 1, Cairo.] 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 8. 
 
 236. TAURT. 
 
 Name. Taurt. 
 
 Meaning. " The great one," the goddess of pregnancy. 
 
 Varieties. A, flat. B, round. C, double. 
 
 Period. A, VI to XVIII. B, XVIII to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 236a, blue glaze, Vlth dynasty, Zaraby ; 
 236b, c, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 8. B, 236d, greenish 
 limestone with gold crown, XXVI, group 15. A, 236e, f, 
 indigo blue glaze, XVIIIth dynasty ; 236g, indigo blue 
 glaze. Tell Amarna, XVIIIth dynasty ; 236g 2, schist, blue- 
 glazed, Xllth dynasty, Kahun ; 236h, mottled glass, black, 
 white, blue and red, XVIII; 236j, violet glass, XVIII; 236 j 2, 
 blue glazed schist ; 236k, black steatite, XIX ; 2361, green- 
 glazed schist ; 236m, green glaze ; 236n, violet glass, XVIII ; 
 236n 2 to 17, necklace of blue glaze, XVIII ; 236o, lazuli, 
 group 28 (pi. xlv); 236o 2, o 3 (pi. xlv), blue glaze, Xllth 
 dynasty, Kahun. B, 236p, green glaze, black hair and 
 
 back ; 236q, bronze ; 236q 2, green glaze ; 236r, white 
 glaze with yellow feathers, fine work, XVIII (?) ; 236s, t, green 
 glaze, XXVI ; 236u, red jasper for inlay ; 236v, w, w 2, 8, 
 4, 5, 6, green glaze ; 236x, bronze ; 236y 2, 8, 4, green 
 glaze ; 236z, glass, burnt ; 236aa, blue glaze, Dendereh, 
 Ptolemaic, group 21. C, 286ab, double Taurt, violet glaze 
 XVIIIth dynasty. A, 236ac, black and white serpentine 
 (pi. xlvi). 
 
 Materials. Blue glaze 54, Green glaze 51, Yellow glaze 2, 
 Grey glaze 2, Lazuli 2, Violet glass 2, Bronze 2, Haematite 3, 
 Bone 2, Porphyry 1, Red glaze 1, White glaze 1, Violet 
 glaze 1, Red-grey glaze 1, Blue glass 1, Mottled glass 1, 
 Schist green-glazed 1, Schist blue-glazed 2, Jasper 1, Black 
 steatite 1, Limestone 1, Breccia 1, Serpentine 1. 
 
 Positions. Diaphragm (2) ; stomach (1) ; feet (1). 
 
 Collections. Cairo 46, Univ. Coll. P. 41, E. 10, Turin 84, 
 St. Petersburg 25, Murch 5. 
 
 237. HIPPOPOTAMUS HEAD. 
 
 Period. Vlth to Xllth dynasties. 
 
 Figures. 237a, green glaze on schist, button seal with 
 head of Hathor and serpents ; 237b, sard, head and fore- 
 paws broken from a figure ; 237c, carnelian, group 3 ; 
 287d, e, f, carnelian, group 14; 237g, deep red sard; 
 287h, j, k, 1, amethyst; 237m, carnelian ; 237n, black-green 
 jasper ; 237o, p, black-green serpentine ; 237q, green glaze, 
 Xlth dynasty, Diospolis. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 18, Amethyst 13, Carnelian 9, 
 Black serpentine 3, Sard 2, Black jasper 1, Glazed schist 1, 
 Green glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Murch 32, Univ. Coll. P. 16. 
 
 238. HEDGEHOG. 
 
 Period. XXtoXXVI(?). 
 
 Figure. 288, on base a fish and a crocodile. (All have 
 incised bases.) 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 7, Blue glaze 8, Agate 1, "White 
 stone" 1, Brown agate 1, Black glaze 1, Schist 1 (above), 
 Steatite white glaze 1, Steatite green glaze 1. 
 
 Collections. Athens 7, Cairo 6, Alnwick 2, Univ. Coll. 
 P. 1, Murch 1. 
 
 239. TURTLE {Trionyx Triunguis). 
 
 Name. Opesh. 
 
 Meaning. The animal of death and darkness. The 
 Book of the Dead in Chapter 36 reads : " Chapter whereby 
 the Opshait is kept back. Away from me, thou with parted 
 lips ! I am Khnumu the lord of Shennu, who am bringing 
 the words of the gods to Ra, and I announce the news to 
 Nebes." In late papyri it is turned into a blackbeetle ; but 
 the name shows it to be the turtle. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Xllth dynasty (?). 
 
 Figures. 239a, brown agate ; 239b, carnelian ; 2S9b 2, 
 3, black serpentine. 
 
 47 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 Materials. Amethyst 2, Carnelian 2, Black serpentine 2, 
 Porphyry 1, Brown agate 1, Limestone 1 ; and coiled gold 
 wire (see Dese. Eg., V, 59, 26—7). 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Murch 5. 
 
 240. CROCODILE. 
 
 Name. A, Hor am utu (Lanz., Diz. Mit, ccxvii). B, 
 Emseku. 
 
 Meaning. Emblem of Sebek the crocodile god. 
 
 Vaiieties. A, hawk-headed and winged, as identified 
 with Horus. B, normal. C, capturing a boy. D, double. 
 E, seven together. F, with feathers, disc and horns. 
 
 Peiiod. Xllth to Roman. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 240a, bronze, the Sebek-Ra crocodile, 
 with hawk head, and wings raised, on the head a crown 
 of uraei, two horns and the papyrus crown; upon a 
 corniced stand, without inscription. Type B, 240b, sard ; 
 240c, haematite ; 240d, grey steatite, Roman ; 240e, dark 
 blue glaee, XVIII; 240e, 2, 3, rough blue glaze, Xlth 
 dynasty, Kafr Ammar ; 240f, black steatite, Roman ; 240g, 
 light green glaze, Memphis ; 240h, blue glaze with yellow 
 points, Roman ; 240j, shell, Coptic (pi. xlii). Type C, 240k, 
 bronze, crocodile with boy in his mouth, the lower jaw on 
 the front of the boy, and the suspension ring under the 
 throat, Memphis. Type D, 2401, two crocodiles, grey 
 steatite. Type B, 240m (xlvi), green glaze, and m 2, 3, 4, 
 5, Nebesheh. Type P, 240n (xlvii), bronze. 
 
 Mateiials. Green glaze 29, Blue glaze 15, Steatite 4, 
 Yellow glaze 1, Grey glaze 1, Bronze 3, Sard 1, Haematite 
 1, Porphyry. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 26, Univ. Coll. P. 12, E. 6, St. Peters- 
 burg 4, Turin 4, Murch 1. 
 
 241. WARAN {Varanus niloticus). 
 
 The short puffy body and narrow tail distinguish this 
 from the crocodile figures. 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 241, ivory, suspension hole under chest. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 242. LIZARD. 
 
 Periocl. XXVI. 
 
 Figure. 242, light green glaze, suspension ring at each 
 end, Memphis. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 248. MENTU STANDARD. 
 
 Meaning. Protection of the god of war. No. 243f, and 
 perhaps others, seem to be " the harpoon of Horus of 
 Edfu " (Mar., Dend., iii, 63 c). 
 
 Varieties. A, with the lance or harpoon point. B, with 
 the aegis of Mentu. 
 
 Period. XlXth to XXVth dynasty. 
 
 Figures and Materials. A, 243a, bronze, lance head 
 above the head of Mentu; 243b, bronze, with the lance 
 head and a hawk over the head of Mentu, forked base to 
 the staff ; 243c, ebtoy, the Mentu head at the base of a 
 harpoon ; 243d, grey steatite, the lance head above the 
 Mentu head, forked below ; B, 243e, dark blue glaze, aegis 
 of Mentu on head of staff, XXI (?) ; 243f, bronze, head of 
 Mentu with disc ; 243g, bronze, aegis of Mentu on staff, 
 double feathers on head, uraeus at each side. (See three 
 large examples from Koptos at Berlin. Koptos, xxi. 4, 5, 6.) 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7 ; Berlin 3. 
 
 244. HAWK-HEADED SPHINX. 
 
 Meaning. The king as Mentu. 
 Period. XIX. 
 
 Figure. 244, red jasper, with cartouche of Rameses II. 
 on base. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1 (see 218, as sphinx). 
 
 245. HAWK, FALCON. 
 
 This royal bird is more correctly called a falcon. 
 
 Name. Bak (MacG. 55); Silt (MacG. 24, B. D. G. 
 982) = the bandaged hawk (Lacau, 95). 
 
 Meanings. The bird of Horus of Edfu. The king's soul. 
 Hawk of Sopd or Seker. 
 
 Varieties. A, alone. B, with uraei. C, in shrine. D, 
 of east and west. E, mummified. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figures. Type A, 245a, yellow and black serpentine; 
 245b, c, bone; 245d, greenish limestone; 245e, bone; 
 245e 2, sard, Tarkhan, 1626 ; 245f, noble serpentine ; 
 245g, ivory ; 245h (pi. xlii), grey steatite, all prehistoric ; 
 245j, j 2, j 3, j 4, bone, Vlth dynasty, group 4 ; 248k, bone, 
 group 8, Vlth dynasty ; 2451, green felspar ; 2451 2, blue 
 glaze, Hu, Xlth dynasty ; 245m, n, o, amethyst ; 245p, q, 
 carnelian, group 14 : h — q, Vlth to XII th dynasty ; 245r, dark 
 indigo glaze, XVIII (?) ; 245s, green glaze, Vlth dynasty (?) ; 
 245s 2, sard, Riqqeh, XII ; 245t, green schist ; 245u (xlii), 
 blue glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 245v (xlii), 
 green glaze, on shoulders of Isis ; 245w, black jasper ; 
 245x, jade, fine work ; 245y, y 2, y 3, y 4, green glaze ; 245z, 
 light blue glaze ; 245aa, hard green limestone ; 245ab, 
 green glaze ; 245ab 2, blue paste, Naukratis ; 245ac, green 
 glass burnt ; 245ac 2, steatite, Nebesheh ; 245ad — ad 4, 
 gold, XVIIIth dynasty, ad 2, larger, silver (see pi. xlv); 
 245ae, bronze; 245af, af 2, af 3, green glaze; 245ag, blue 
 and black glaze, head turned sideways, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, 
 group 21: 245ah, blue and black glaze, group 21; 248aj, 
 light blue glaze, group 21 ; 245ak (pi. xlv), red glass, for 
 inlay; 245al (pi. xlv), silver on resin body, Xllth dynasty. 
 Type B, 245am, black steatite, Horus with the serpents of 
 south and north, as described in the battles of Horus and 
 Set at Edfu, reverse Horus in triumph (pi. xliii) ; 248an, 
 lead plate, the crowned hawk with the serpent before him, 
 
 48 
 
I 
 
 AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 and Isis behind him. Type C, 248ao, blue paste shrine, 
 containing bust of hawk ; above it a cornice of seven uraei ; 
 on each side the hawk-headed Horus-Ea seated, crowned 
 with disc and crescent ; on back a scarab ; 245ap, blue paste 
 shrine, head of the hawk from it here put at the side of it ; 
 over the door the disc and serpents, above that the disc and 
 wings ; on the side the Horus-Ea seated, on the lotus, and 
 behind that the winged hawk on the neb ; on the back the 
 disc and scarab ; 245aq, light blue glaze, shrine with hawk 
 and Isis seated before it, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21, as 
 also next two. Type D, 245ar, hawk crowned with disc, aht 
 hieroglyph of the east behind it ; 245as, hawk crowned with 
 feathers, ament, west, behind it, both light blue glaze. 
 Type E, gold, Horuza, Cairo. Type A, 245at (pi. xlvi), 
 quartz crystal. 
 
 Materials. Green felspar 42, Amethyst 81, Green glaze 24, 
 Blue glaze 20, Lazuli 26, BoneS, Gold 6, Bronze 3, Steatite 4, 
 Serpentine 3, Haematite 2, Carnelian 7, Green limestone 3, 
 Blue paste 3, 1 each of Silver, Lead, Quartz crystal. Black 
 jasper. Jade, Green schist. Green glass, Eed glass, Yellow 
 glaze, Violet glaze, Grey glaze. 
 
 Position. Chest (11) ; stomach (3). 
 
 Collections. Murch 89, Univ. Coll. P. 51, E. 8, Cairo 22, 
 Alnwick 16, St. Petersburg 10, Turin 9, Athens 5. 
 
 246. OSTRICH. 
 
 Peiiod. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figure. 246, brown serpentine, ostrich seated. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 247. IBIS. 
 
 Name. Hahii, whence Greek ibis. 
 
 Meaning. The emblem of Tehuti, the god of wisdom. 
 
 Peiiod. XVIII to Eoman. 
 
 Figures. 247a, gold, a 2, without feather; 247b, c, d, 
 bronze ; 247e, blue glaze with black head and tail, inscribed 
 on base " Lord of Khemnu (give life to) Hor-aa-pa-khred " ; 
 247f, green glaze, Kafr Ammar, Xlth dynasty, group 25 ; 
 247g, blue glaze ; 247g 2, green glaze, standing; 247h,h2, 3, 
 light blue-green glaze ; 247j, blue glaze, dark blue tail ; 247k, 
 green glaze, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21 ; 2471, blue 
 glaze with yellow points, Eoman. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 11, Blue glaze 10, Bronze 5, 
 Gold 2, Steatite 1, Lazuli 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 12, St. Petersburg 8, Turin 5, 
 Alnwick 3, Murch 2. 
 
 248. VULTURE. 
 
 Name. Naur. 
 
 Meaning. Devotion to the goddess Mut. 
 Figures. 248a, bronze ; 248b, grey limestone (see No. 94). 
 The latter may perhaps be an eagle. 
 
 249. VULTURE FLYING. 
 
 Period. XXVI (?). 
 
 Figures. 249a, green-glazed pottery ; 249b, blue-glazed. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 250. GOAT SUCKER (Caprimulgus). 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figures. 253a, ivory ; 250b, carnelian. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 251. BIRD HEADS. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric. 
 
 Figures. 251a, b, c, slate ; 251d, slate, 1781 Naqadeh ; 
 251e, slate, 146 Naqadeh ; 251f, slate, 1865 Naqadeh. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 6. 
 
 252. COPTIC BIRD AMULETS. 
 
 Period. Coptic. 
 
 Figures. 282a, b, b 2, c, c 2, d, shell, perhaps intended 
 for the hoopoe. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 5. 
 
 253. BIRD'S FOOT. 
 
 Period. Coptic. 
 
 Figure. 258, wood, natural branching twigs, the left one 
 broken, Illahun. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 254. SERPENT WITH ARMS. 
 
 Name. Nehebka, one of the 42 judges of the dead. 
 
 Meaning. In the Xth domain of the underworld, Neheb- 
 kau points out the way to the dead (Book of the Dead, 
 Chapter 149), and the dead says that he " moves eternally 
 like Nehebkau " (Chapter 17). As an amulet, therefore, it 
 is a guide to the soul. 
 
 Varieties. A, serpent body. B, human body. 
 
 Period. About XXth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 264a, dull green glaze ; 254b, deep blue glaze ; 
 254b 2, 3, green glaze; 254c, green glaze, group 19. B, 
 seated, 254d (xlvi), d 2, blue glaze, and Cairo. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 5, Cairo 1. 
 
 255. QARMUT (Clarias anguillaris). 
 
 Name. Nar (in name of early King Narmer). 
 
 Meaning. Sacred fish of Mendes, worn on head of 
 Hamehyt, goddess of Mendes. 
 
 Figures and Materials. 255a, b, Silver, Xllth dynasty (?) ; 
 255c, Bone, prehistoric (?) (see 173). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3. 
 
 A fish carved in bone is an amulet against the evil eye 
 in Italy (BELL.,xii, 23), and an emblem of fecundity (Bell., 
 Fet, 42). 
 
 x. 
 
 49 
 
AMULETS OF ANIMAL GODS 
 
 256. OXYRHYNKHOS {Mormyrus). 
 
 Name. Mazed ; as shown by the city Oxyrhynkhos being 
 called Pa-mazed, and Mizz or Mizdeh being the modern 
 local name of this fish in that district. 
 
 Penod. XXVI (?). 
 
 Figure. 256, bronze, with horned disc and uraeus on the 
 head. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 257. BULTI {Tilapia nilotica). 
 
 Period. XII to Roman. 
 
 Figures. 257a, bronze; 257a 2, green glaze, Xllth dynasty, 
 Kahun ; 257b, glazed schist, inscribed below in cartouche 
 . . . men-neh ; 257c, grey steatite, Koptos ; 257d, violet glaze, 
 XVIIl ; 257e— e 6, carnelian, XVIII ; 257f , gold with green- 
 grey wax inlay, from Nubia (pl. xlvi). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 11. 
 
 258. ELECTRIC FISH (Malopterurus electricus). 
 
 Period. XVIII. 
 
 Figure. 258a— a 7, (pl. xlv) green (6) and violet (1) 
 glaze. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 7. 
 
 262. SHUTTLE, OR WINDING FRAME. 
 
 Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Neit, one of the four 
 divinities guarding the tomb. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 262a, agate ; 262b, carnelian, probably an 
 early form of this sign. 
 
 Materials. Carnelian 3, Veined quartz 2, Agate 2, 
 Onyx 1, Alabaster 1, Limestone 1. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 7, Univ. Coll. P. 2, St. Petersburg 2, 
 Price 1, Alnwick 1. 
 
 263. WOMAN WITH OFFERINGS. 
 
 Period. XXVI. 
 
 Figure. 263, light green glaze, woman wearing long flap 
 garment down the back, fringed at the sides, the right hand 
 holding the horns of a gazelle, the left carrying a long jar 
 by a top handle. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 264. FIGURE IN TALL HEAD-DRESS. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric (?). 
 
 Figure. 264, ivory, tall pointed head-dress, ears project- 
 ing as in figures of 1st dynasty, arms raised over chest. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 259. LEPIDOTOS {Barbus hynni). 
 
 Name. Penpennu (?), modern Binny, 
 Meaning. Sacred fish at Thebes. 
 Figures. See Cairo Catalogue. 
 
 Materials. Green glazed stone 5, Blue glazed 4, Green 
 glass 1, Amethyst 1 (all Cairo), Sard 1 (Athens). 
 Collections. Cairo 11, Athens 1. 
 
 260. SCORPION. 
 
 Name. Selk. 
 
 Meaning. Emblem of the goddess Selket, one of the four 
 divinities guarding the tomb. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to XXVI. 
 
 Figures. 260a, noble serpentine ; 260b, sard, tail broken 
 off ; 260b 2, sard, Tarkhan ; 260c, bronze, with head of 
 goddess crowned with disc and horns, rising from the 
 scorpion. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 4, Edinburgh 1, blue glaze. 
 
 261. GREEN BEETLE. 
 
 Period. Prehistoric to XII. 
 
 Figures. 261a, noble serpentine (see Naqada, Iviii) ; 
 261a 2, quartz crystal, Tarkhan ; 261b— b 5, green glaze, 
 Kahun, Xllth dynasty. 
 
 Materials. Green glaze 6, Serpentine 1, Carnelian 1, 
 blackened limestone 1. 
 
 Collections. Univ. Coll. P. 6, Murch 8. 
 
 265. FIGURE IN LONG ROBE. 
 
 . Period. Prehistoric (?), XXII (?). 
 
 Figures. 265a, alabaster, with large collar, and round 
 robe to feet ; 265b (pl. xlv), ebony. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 266. FIGURE IN POINTED CAP. 
 
 Period. Vlth dynasty. 
 
 Figures. 266a, b, sard, group 14. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 267. FLOWER. 
 
 Penod. XXVI to XXX. 
 
 Figures. 267a, blue glaze, Memphis ; 267b, glaze faded 
 white, Memphis, a button ; 267c, green glaze, lotus, XXth 
 dynasty (?) (pl. xlv). 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 3. 
 
 268. PALM COLUMN. 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figure. 268, blue glass burnt. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 269. BUNCH OF GRAPES. 
 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figure. 269, blue glaze, frothy and bad. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1, with 221d, similar work. 
 
 60 
 
MISCELLANEOUS AMULETS 
 
 270. FLOWERING REED {Calamus). 
 
 Period. Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figure. 270, blue and black glaze, Dendereh, group 21. 
 
 Position. Chest. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 1. 
 
 271. SEED VESSEL. 
 
 Period. XVIII to XIX. 
 
 Figure. 271, blue glaze. Common on necklaces in 
 carnelian and in glaze. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. many. 
 
 272. Unknown Object. 
 
 Period. VI. 
 
 Figure. 272 a, b, sard. 
 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 278. TWO FINGERS. 
 
 Name. Zebo ne dens rud (MacG. 58). 
 
 Meaning. " Finger of heavy stone, at the girdle." 
 
 Varieties. Two fingers of right or left hand. 
 
 Period. XXVL 
 
 Figures. 273a, brown limestone, gilt ; 273b, opaque 
 obsidian ; 273c, opaque obsidian, right hand ; 273d, dark 
 purple glass, left ; 273d 2, black glass ; 273e, black glass, 
 
 left ; 273f, black basalt, right : 273f 2, brown limestone ; 
 273g, black basalt; 273g 2, brown basalt (?); 273h, light 
 blue glaze, right, Dendereh, Ptolemaic, group 21. 
 
 Materials (omitting those in Cairo as uncertain). Black 
 basalt 8, Obsidian 6, Black glass 3, Brown steatite 2, Blue 
 glaze 2, Haematite 1, Purple glass 2, Brown glass 1, Black 
 glass 1, Slate 1, Brown limestone 2, Blackened limestone 1, 
 Brown basalt 1. 
 
 Position. Usually left side of pelvis, sometimes base of 
 stomach, or middle of stomach, never higher. 
 
 Collections. Cairo 30 R, 2 L, British Museum 10 R, 
 2 L, Univ. Coll. P. 8, E. 3 (6 R, 2 L), St. Petersburg 4, 
 Murch 3, Price 2, Alnwick 2, Turin 1. 
 
 274. UNCERTAIN PENDANTS. 
 Period. Roman. 
 
 Figures. 274a, black steatite ; 274b, brown haematite. 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 275. STAR. 
 
 Period. Xllth dynasty, Ptolemaic. 
 
 Figiires. 273a, blue glaze, Xllth dynasty, Kahun ; 275b, . 
 light blue glaze, Dendereh, group 21. 
 Position. Throat (1) ; Stomach (1). 
 Collection. Univ. Coll. P. 2. 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 THE POSITIONS OF AMULETS 
 
 In the preceding catalogue the positions of amulets have 
 been stated ; and as very few plans of sets of amulets have 
 yet been published, it seems well to set out now the plans 
 which I have long had recorded. These plans were gathered 
 at Hawara, 8 of the XXVIth dynasty ; at Abydos, 2 of the 
 XXXth dynasty ; at Nebesheh, 4 about the same age ; and 
 at Dendereh, 10 of the Ptolemaic age. The last of these 
 groups was recorded by Mr. N. de G. Davies, the Abydos 
 groups by my wife, and the other three groups by myself. 
 
 The twenty-four plans of amulet groups are drawn in 
 position on pis. 1 to liii. Each plan has the site at 
 the top left, and the reference number at the top right 
 hand. Down the side of each plan are letters, T, C, P, etc., 
 indicating the position of the lines of amulets upon the 
 mummies, the meaning of these letters being stated at the 
 beginning of pi. liv. This same plate serves to find all 
 the instances of any amulet, having first the number of 
 the amulet in the catalogue, then the name of the amulet, 
 the numbers of the plans in which it occurs, and the letters 
 of the rows in the plans. These last letters serve also to 
 show at once, without reference to the plans, at what parts 
 of the mummies any amulet is found. The actual draw- 
 ings here are rather spread out for clearness, so that the 
 
 lower lines of amulets come lower than their exact places 
 on the mummies : one of the closest is No. 6, on which 
 all the rows from T to the scarabs and eyes in U, were all 
 within 12 inches of height, or from the clavicle to the 
 umbilicus. The materials are listed below No. 1, and the 
 initial letters of the material are placed by the amulets 
 where the material is recorded. All of the Dendereh 
 amulets, 15 — 24, are of blue glaze with black 
 painting. 
 
 As on such a scale the distinctions of the minute 
 statuettes of gods would not be clear, the names of the 
 gods are stated instead of a figure. Some of the figures — 
 such as the scarabs — are only conventional, in order to 
 make them as clear as might be. There are obviously 
 certain changing fashions in the kinds and positions of 
 amulets. In the XXVIth dynasty we see a row of zad 
 signs across the stomach, above or below them a triad of 
 Isis, Nebhat, and Horus. Rather later were added the 
 counterpoise at the nape of the neck, and the serpent head 
 at the throat. The mummy on the bier, the mourners, 
 and the lion, are Ptolemaic. Many other distinctions 
 between these different ages may be noticed in the 
 arrangements. 
 
 51 
 
 H 2 
 
THE POSITIONS OF AMULETS 
 
 One of the few records of the positions of amulets is 
 from one of the priests of Amen (Ann. Seir., VIII, 35). As 
 this bore dates on the linen of Pisebkhanu son of Pinezem 
 1006 — 952 B.C., and the 8th year of Siamen 1014 b.c, it is 
 probably a few years before 1000 b.c. All the groups here 
 given are much later, so this set is important. On the 
 neck was a string of amulets, an uzat, uraeus, and vulture, 
 of gold, scarab and engraved iizat of lazuli. On clavicle, a 
 hawk of gilt bronze. Pectoral, greenstone scarab. Um- 
 bilical, big blue scarab between hands. Over incision in 
 
 left flank, a plate of copper. Between the legs, a papyrus, 
 the usual position in this age. Under the left hand, a wax 
 figure of Hapi. On left ulna, a long bead of blue paste (the 
 name badge 77), a scarab and an iizat. On a string at the 
 side, probably intended to lay across the chest, a m'aeus, 
 7izat, scarab, heart, zad, and two papyrus sceptres. The 
 mummies of the XVIIIth to XXth dynasties have very 
 few amulets. In the Old Kingdom amulets are com- 
 moner, usually on necklaces and wrists (see Deshaaheh, 
 xxvi). 
 
 PROPERTIES OF STONES. 
 
 Besides the meanings attached to various forms of amulets, 
 the material is also looked on as having important influence. 
 Often the form is disregarded, so long as the special material 
 can be obtained ; a mere lump of the required stone, or a 
 plain bead or pendant of it, is sufficient. These properties 
 attributed to the materials are only recorded in general for 
 Italy, by Pliny anciently, and by Bellucci in modern times. 
 These authors are referred to by P. or B. 
 
 Adamas, diamond. For poison or delirium, P. xxxvii, 
 15. 
 
 Lead. For suppuration in swine, B. viii, 16, 24. 
 
 Pyrites, crystal. To preserve the eyes, B. viii, 23. 
 
 Haematite, blood red. Reveals treachery ; for success in 
 petitions, P. xxxvii, 60 ; stops bleeding, B. viii, 17. 
 
 Siderites, black haematite, or meteorite. Causes discord 
 in law suits, P. xxxvii, 67; for witchery and evil eye, B. 
 viii, 17. 
 
 Apsyctos (haematite ?). Against cold, P. xxxvii, 54. 
 
 Limonite (hydrous iron oxide) concretion. For pregnancy, 
 P. viii. Am. 19, Fet. 94—5. 
 
 Sapphire. For headache : promotes contentment, B. 
 v. 26. 
 
 Paeanitis, like ice, quartz crystal. For parturition, P. 
 xxxvii, 66 ; evil eye, B. x, Am. 64. 
 
 Amethyst. For intoxication, P. xxxvii, 15 ; against spells, 
 hail and locusts, and for access to kings, P. xxxvii, 40. 
 
 Chalcedony, white, " milk stone." For increase of milk, 
 B. vi. 
 
 Chalcedony, red, " blood stone." For bleeding, especially 
 of nose, B, vi. 
 
 Opal. To strengthen the sight. Jackson, "Minerals 
 and their uses." 
 
 Agate, concentric, " eye stone." Evil eye, B. vi, Fet. 52. 
 
 Agate, Egyptian. Against scorpions, P. xxxvii, 54. 
 
 Jaspis, jasper. For public speaking, P. xxxvii, 37. 
 
 Hcliotropium, blood jasper. For invisibility, P. xxxvii, 
 60 ; to stop bleeding, B. v. Am. 18, Fet. 88, 89. 
 
 Black jasper, haetiili and keraiiniae. Potent in taking 
 cities and fleets, P. xxxvii, 51 ; against lightning and 
 evil, B. i — iii. 
 
 Staiirolite. Against witchery, B. v. 27. 
 
 Lyncurion, jacinth or yellow quartz. Against jaundice, 
 P. xxxvii, 13. 
 
 Smaragdus, emerald. As amethyst, P. xxxvii, 40 ; for 
 parturition, Jackson. 
 
 Jadeite, nephrite. For kidney disease, B. iv. 
 
 Amianthus. Against spells, P. xxxvi, 31. 
 
 Garnet. For widows, comfort in misfortune, B. v. 10. 
 
 Serpentine. Against headache and serpent bites, P. 
 xxxvi, 11 ; xxxvii, 54 ; disc, against reptile bites, B. iv, 
 Am. 17 ; cylinder, phallic, against evil eye, B. iv. 
 
 Soapstone, white, mixed in water. For increase of milk, 
 P. xxxvii, 59. 
 
 Malachite, " peacock stone." Preserves infants, P. xxxvii, 
 36 ; for evil eye, B. x. 
 
 Alabaster. For increase of milk, B. vi. 
 
 Limestone disc. To get dirt from eye, B. viii, 18 ; with 
 dendrite, against venom, B. viii, 19. 
 
 Selenite, For increase of milk, B. vi ; against evil eye, 
 B. x. 
 
 Amber. For throat affections, P. xxxvii, 11 ; on neck 
 for fevers, P. xxxvii, 12 ; against witchery, B. v. 
 
 Coral, white, " milk stone." For increase of milk, B. ix. 
 
 Coral, red. Evil eye and menstruation, B. ix. Am. 28, 
 Fet. 46. 
 
 Ammonite. Gives prophetic dreams, sacred in Ethiopia, 
 P. xxxvii, 60. 
 
 Madrepore. Evil eye and witchery, B. vii, Am. 33; 
 worms in children. 
 
 Holed stone. Against witchery, B. viii. 
 
 62 
 
LIST OF GROUPS OF AMULETS 
 
 Vaeious strings of beads and amulets have been bought Group 15. From a few miles north of Abydos. 146 ; 
 
 which obviously belong together, by their uniformity of 149f; 170a; 236d. 
 
 style and material ; and although the localities from which Ghoup 16. XXVIth dynasty (?). 33e;148f, g; 148h; 
 
 they come are not known, it is desirable to keep the record 149g; 164c; 170b ; 194e; 224a. 
 
 of their grouping. Such are noted by the number of the Group 17. Memphis, XXVI, necklace. 145j ; 175e. 
 
 group when described in the Catalogue, and the list of Group 18. Sheet pewter, figures stamped. 98o ; 149h ; 
 
 references to each group is given here. Groups 1 to 13 180g; 182b; 202e, e2; 231d, e. 
 
 belong probably to about the Vlth dynasty. Group 20. Wax impressed, Dendereh, Ptolemaic. 8a ; 
 
 Group 1. Types 2a ; 12a 1—3 ; 12b, 2, 3 ; 12c 2—4 ; soe ; 68d ; 71c ; 881 ; 150a, b, b 2 ; 185a ; 156a, a 2 ; 157d ; 
 
 18e4; 22f2; Hid; 138b. 208e. 
 
 Group 2. 2b; lSa2; 15e5, 6; lllf, g, h ; 113d; 138c; Group 21. From various Ptolemaic tombs, Dendereh. 
 
 138h 2. 7p ; 8b ; 28d ; 30a ; 34e ; 36g ; 37f ; 40b ; 58t, u ; 59d ; 71a, b ; 
 
 Group 3. 2c ; 12a, b, b 4, c 5 ; 22b ; 47a ; lllj ; 113c, 79c ; 84b : 87c ; 93e, f ; 180c— h ; 188b ; 156b ; 157f ; 180j ; 
 
 c 2 ; 138j, j 2, 3, k, k 2 ; 237c. 182q, r ; 197j ; 2061 ; 208f ; 211k ; 219j ; 224f, m ; 231c, f, 
 
 Group 4. 170d ; 205a ; 245j 1—4. g^ h . 236aa ; 245u, ag, ah, aj, aq, ar, as ; 247k ; 270 ; 273h ; 
 
 Group 5. 2d, e; 27a, b; 94a; 113b; 138h ; 170c, c 2; 275b. 
 
 219d, d 2, 3. Group 22. 13b ; 145w, x ; 1491 ; 233d. 
 
 Groups. 12a 4; 29b ; 94b ; 206a. Group 23. 16b,b2;161i. 
 
 ^f 7 I- o^^-! ' ill 5 ; 15c 3 ; 22c 2, e 2 ; 29a ; 94a 2 ; ^^^^ ^4. Tell Amarna, Roman. 74a, b ; 133i. 
 
 138d; 138g2, ]4; 220a. „ „. rr ^ . ^rx., j . l.,,/. 
 
 Group 8. 12a 6 ; 22a ; 94c ; 138a ; 145a ; 206b ; 236b, c ; ^«°^^ ^5. Kafr Ammar, Xlth dynasty. 247f. 
 
 2^gjj Group 26. Dendereh, Ptolemaic. 7n ; 40c, d ; 88p ; 
 
 Group 9. 2b 2 ; 206c. ^^j ; 156c. 
 
 Group 10. 22d2; 27b 2. Group 27. Memphis, jewellery. 16c, d; 85d, e, f; 
 
 Group 11. Ha ; 219k, k 2. IMk. 
 
 Group 12. 2f ; 206d. Group 28. 49d ; 88d, e. 
 
 Group 13. 12c; 22c; 77d ; 123a; 138f; 185a— d. Group 30. Vlth dynasty. 22g2; 113c; 138e; 188e, 
 
 Group 14. Vlth to Xllth dynasty. 18f ; 111c; 129a, f, f2. 
 
 b, b 2 ; 138g ; 188g, h ; 237d, e, f ; 246h— q ; 266a, b. Group 31. lUahun, XXVth dynasty. 34d 2 ; 90aa. 
 
 Note. — On pi. xl an unnumbered figure, which entered the collection after cataloguing, has not been described. 
 It is a bronze figure of a hawk with ram's head and human arms. See Lanz., Diz. Mit., cliii p. 558. 
 
 58 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. 
 
 Aakhet, 17 
 
 Ab, 10 
 
 Ahlanatha-nalha, 31 
 
 Ab-nekh, 12 
 
 Abrasax, 30, 31 
 
 Abraxas, 31 
 
 Adamas, 52 
 
 Aegis of Bastet, 42 
 
 Agate, 52 
 
 Alabaster, 62 
 
 Algerians, 1 
 
 Altar with cakes, 20 
 
 Amber, 52 
 
 Amber used for eyes, 3 
 
 Amen, 37 
 
 Ament, 25 
 
 Ames, 18 
 
 Amethyst, 52 
 
 Amianthus, 52 
 
 Ammonite, 52 
 
 Amphisbaena, 26 
 ^Amset, 39 
 
 Qulet, origin of name, 1 
 
 incient writers on amulets, 1 
 Dhur, 37, 41 
 ^Animal gods, amulets, 43 
 
 headed gods, amulets, 39 
 Anpu, 2, 42, 46 
 Anubis, 30 
 Ao, 20 
 Aoh, 17, 23 
 Aorot, 18 
 Ape, seated, 43 
 
 ,, standing, 43 
 Apeh, 47 
 Aphreni, 30 
 Aphrodite, 30 
 Apis, 43 
 Apsyctos, 52 
 Apt, 47 
 
 Arab use of amulets, 1 
 Ari, 9 
 Arm, 11 
 Arms, two, 11 
 Ascending to sky, 17 
 Atherne Mino, 30 
 Athlathanalba, 30 
 Auk skin used, 3 
 Auo, 20 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba, 14 
 
 Ba the divine, 45 
 
 Baboon, 43 
 
 Bale, 48 
 
 BaMakhuhh, 30 
 
 Barbary sheep, 45 
 
 Bark of the Moon, 17 
 
 Bastet, 46 
 
 Bat, 17 
 
 Bata, 2 
 
 Bat's head worn to prevent sleep, 2 
 
 Bear, wearing of part of, to give strength, 2 
 
 Bearing of King's soul, 16 
 
 Beauty, emblem of, 14 
 
 Beetle, green, 60 
 
 Being, conferred by vulture, 25 
 
 BeU, 28 
 
 Bellucci, Prof., 1, 8 
 
 Benefit of dead, 1 
 
 Benefits of life, 22 
 
 Bennu, 30 
 
 Benr, 20 
 
 Berberete, 30 
 
 Bes, 30, 40, 41 
 
 Binny, 50 
 
 Bird amulets, Coptic, 49 
 
 „ heads, 49 
 Bird's foot, 49 
 
 Blood of Isis, protection by, 23 
 Body, preservation of, 22 
 Boils, 26 
 Bone, 26 
 Boni, Comm. 1 
 Book of the Dead :— 
 Chapter 22.. 17 
 23.. 16 
 25.. 21 
 26-29B..10 
 „ 30.. 10, 24 
 33.. 25 
 36.. 47 
 59.. 12 
 94.. 21 
 „ 140.. 32 
 „ 149.. 49 
 „ 155.. 15 
 „ 156. 23 
 „ 158. 20 
 „ 160.. 13 
 „ 162.. 20, 30 
 „ 163. 33 
 „ 166.. 15 
 „ 167.. 32 
 Bound captive, 19 
 Breast, 10 
 Brinteti en, 31 
 British Museum, collection at, 6 
 
 Bulla, 28 
 Bulti, 50 
 Bunch of grapes, 50 
 
 C. 
 
 Caesarea, coins of, 32 
 
 Cairo, collection at, 6 
 
 Camel, 45 
 
 Cardium Edule shell, 27 
 
 Carthaginian source of amulets, 1 
 
 Cartouche, 21 
 
 Gasaio Nodulosa shell, 27 
 
 Casual connection, 2 
 
 Cat, 46 
 „ and kittens, 46 
 
 Cats on column, 46 
 
 Central Africa, use of amulets in, 2 
 
 Chalcedony, 52 
 
 Charm case, 29 
 
 Charms, 1, 2 
 
 ,, Greek, stone, 30 
 
 Chief, amulet of, 9 
 
 Children and amulets, 1 
 
 Chi-rho cross, 32 
 
 Circle of cord, 22 
 
 Clanculus Pharaonis shell, 28 
 
 Classes of amulets, 6 
 
 Claw, 13 
 
 Cleopatra BuUmoides sheU, 27 
 
 Clothing, 21 
 
 Cobra on case, 26 
 
 Collar, 20 
 
 Combs, 21 
 
 Concretions in stone for pregnancy, 2 
 
 Conferring greatness, 14 
 
 Confidence, 2 
 
 Confusion with medicines, 2 
 
 Construction of charms, 2 
 
 Comit shell, 27 
 
 Coral, 27, 52 
 
 Counterpoise of collar, 15 
 
 Cow, legs tied, 20 
 
 Crescent, 23 
 
 Crocodile, 48 
 
 Cross, 32 
 
 Crowned sun, 17 
 
 Cynaelurua guttatm, 40 
 
 Cypraea shell, 27 
 
 Damaraland, wearing of amulets in, 2 
 Dangers, to steer through, 2, 27 
 
 55 
 
INDEX 
 
 Date, 20 
 
 Dead, amulets for, 15 
 
 Defence, 21 
 
 Definitions and limitations of subject, 5 
 
 Demzedet, 25 
 
 Dentalium shell worn for teething, 2 
 
 JDeshert, 18 
 
 Det, 11 
 
 Diffusion of amulets, 1 
 
 Digestion, amulet for, 30 
 
 Direction of thought to disease, 2 
 
 Disc mace, 18 
 
 ,, of sun, 17 
 Dish of flour on mat, 20 
 Divinity, conferred by vulture, 25 
 Dog, 46 
 Dog's teeth to protect wearer from mad 
 
 dog, 2 
 Door bolt, 28 
 Double crown on Neb, 18 
 
 „ of objects, 2 
 Dragon's head put under door sill, 3 
 Dress of living, 20 
 Drink offering, 20 
 Ditat-mut-ef, 39 
 Duckling, 14, 20 
 Durability, emblem of, 13, 19 
 Dwarf, 38 
 
 E. 
 Ear, 10 
 
 Electric fish, 50 
 Elevation, emblem of, 17 
 Eoulkheoukli, 30 
 Equilibrium, 16 
 Erpet aht, 44 
 Eskimos, 2 
 Eukairian, 30 
 Eupepti, 30 
 
 Evil eye, amulets to avert, 2, 4, 26, 27, 28, 29 
 Eye, 9, 32, 33 
 
 Face, 9 
 
 Faith-healer, 2 
 
 Faith theory of cures due to amulets, 2 
 Fear, weakening due to, 2 
 Feathers and scourge, 18 
 Fighting power, emblem of, 18 
 Figure in long robe, 50 
 ,, in pointed cap, 50 
 ,, in tall head-dress, 60 
 ,, with necklaces, 19 
 Finding of way, 13 
 Fish amulet worn for fecundity, 2 
 Fist clenched, 1 1 
 . „ thumb between first and second 
 
 fingers, 11 
 Flour offering, 20 
 Flower, 50 
 Flowering seed, 61 
 Fly, 12 
 
 Food offering, 19, 20 
 Forked lance, 16 
 
 Foxhead worn to ensure cunning, 3 
 Frog, 12 
 
 ,, against chill of fever, 3 
 
 ,, and toad, 12 
 
 „ meaning of, 12 
 
 Frog transfixed to ensure faithfulness, 3 
 Future existence, 1 
 
 G. 
 
 Gklactitis, use of, 2 
 Garnet, 52 
 Gazelle, 20 
 Girdle of Ms, 23 
 Goat sucker, 49 
 Oolho, 38 
 
 Going among men, 25 
 Goose, 20 
 Green beetle, 50 
 Groups of goddesses, 35 
 Growth of amulet system in burials, 5 
 Guidance of the flock, 18 
 ,, to the soul, 42 
 Guillemot's foot for proficiency in whaling, 3 
 
 Halu, 49 
 Haematite, 62 
 Hand open, 11 
 Hairdressing, 21 
 Hap, 34 
 Hapy, 39 
 Haqt, 18 
 Har, 34 
 Hare, 44 
 
 Harpekroti, 30, 34 
 Hathor, 37, 38, 40 
 
 ,, the cow of, 44 
 Hat-mehyt, 38 
 Hawk falcon, 48 
 
 ,, head, 3 
 
 ,, headed sphinx, 45, 48 
 He Kharis, 30 
 Head bearded, 9 
 
 , , bones of animals for headache, 2 
 
 „ of Horus, 35 
 
 ,, restoration of, 16 
 Head-rest, 15 
 Hearing, power of, 10 
 Hedgehog, 47 
 Heart, 10 
 
 ,, of Isis given to deceased, 23, 24 
 
 „ of Osiris, 36 
 
 ,, pricked with pins, 3 
 
 ,, worn as amulet, 2 
 Heh, 18 
 
 Heimskringla account, 3 
 HeUotropium, 52 
 Helix Desertorum, 27 
 Hent, 28 
 Heqt, 12 
 Her, 9 
 
 Her-ne-pot, 38 
 Hez, 18, 36 
 Hezt, 17 
 
 Hippopotamus, 47 
 Holed stone, 52 
 Hor-am-utu, 48 
 Horn, 26 
 Hornet, 17 
 Horus, 80, 34, 36, 39 
 Hotep, 20 
 Human soul, 14 
 
 Human-headed bird, 14 
 Hunting, skUl in, 3 
 HypocephaluB, 30 
 
 lao, 30 
 
 laS-la-ila-ma, 31 
 Ibis, 49 
 Ibex, 45 
 
 Icelandic sagas, 1 
 Ikhankhala, 30 
 Illumination, 36 
 Intent to live, 2 
 Isis, 30, 35 
 
 ,, Pharia, 35 
 Islam, 31 
 Italy, 1 
 
 ,, use of amulets, 4 
 Ivory ball worn for lactation, 2 
 
 „ tablet for fever, 2 
 
 Jackal head, 13, 46 
 
 „ headed archer, 42 
 
 ,, standing, 46 
 Jadeite, 62 
 Jaspis, 52 
 Joint of meat, 20 
 Joy, emblem of, 15 
 
 K. 
 
 Ka, 11 
 
 Kebhsenuf, 39 
 
 Kesea, 16 
 
 Khab, 30 
 
 Khat, 21 
 
 Khetu, 45 
 
 Khep, 11 
 
 Kheper, 23, 24 
 
 Kheret, 26 
 
 Kher-o, 21 
 
 Khet, 17 
 
 Khft-la-mutef, 43 
 
 Khnumu, 30, 40 
 
 Khonsu, 37 
 
 Kittiwake head amulet, 3 
 
 Klipspringer, 45 
 
 Knotted cord, 29 
 
 Knowledge and power emblem, 18 
 
 Lactation, milk white stone for, 2 
 
 „ power of, 10 
 Lead, 52 
 
 ,, amulet for swine, 3 
 Leg, 11 
 Leopard claw amulet, 2 
 
 „ head, 13 
 Lepidotus, 50 
 Life amulet, 14 
 Limestone, 52 
 Limonite, 62 
 Lion, 45 
 
 Little auk skin amulet, 3 
 Living, power of, 10, 26 
 Lizard, 26, 48 
 
 66 
 
INDEX 
 
 Lizard with forked tail, 2 
 1 Locust, 14 
 
 Lyncurion stone, 2, 62 
 
 M. 
 
 Maa-hes, 41 
 
 MacGregor papyrus, 6 
 
 Madrepore, S2 
 
 Magic effect of objeote, 1 
 
 Mahes, 41 
 
 Malachite, 02 
 
 Malaria, 26 
 
 Malignant spirits, 2 
 
 Man kneeling with palms, 18 
 
 Man's girdle tie, 14 
 
 Mandaite, 32 
 
 Maot, 38 
 
 Marcus, 30 
 
 Mascots, 1, 3 
 
 Mau, 46 
 
 Mazed, 50 
 
 Meaning of amulets, 1 
 
 Medusa head, 28 
 
 Mekhtii, 30 
 
 Meleagrina margariti/era shell, 27 
 
 Mm, 18 
 
 Menat, 15 
 
 Mendes, goddess of, 38, 49 
 
 Mengaryt, 25 
 
 Mentu, 48 
 
 Menz, 10 
 
 Memeptah, 30 
 
 Mes-zer, 10 
 
 Mikhael, 30 
 
 Min, 37 
 
 Mitra maculosa shell, 27 
 
 Monkhet, 21 
 
 Moon god, protection of, 23 
 
 Mormoron, 30 
 
 Moza, 11 
 
 Mximmy, 23 
 
 M on bier, 23 
 
 ,, to open mouth of, 28 
 
 Murex temispina shell, 27 
 
 Mut, 37, 49 
 
 N. 
 
 Name badge, 21 
 
 ,, of amulet, 1 
 Names, to preserve the, 21 
 Nar, 49 
 
 Nature and magic slowly separated, 1 
 
 Naur, 49 
 
 Nazhi, 13 
 
 Nebhat, 35 
 
 Ne/er, 14 
 
 Ne/erttim, 38 
 
 Nehebka, 49 
 
 Neit, 37, 50 
 
 Nekhekh, 18 
 
 Nems, 21 
 
 Nephrite stone for disease of kidneys, 2 
 
 Sephthys, 30 
 
 Nerita crassilabrum shell, 27 
 
 Aeri, 25 
 
 Nert-hent-pet-er-remtu, 25 
 J/e«, 10 
 Norse Sagas, 1 
 
 0. 
 
 Ob, 26 
 
 Objects to distract thought, 2 
 
 Ofef, 12 
 
 OZtVa shell, 2H 
 
 Onkh, 14 
 
 Opal, 52 
 
 Opener of the ways, 42 
 
 Operculum for the eyes, 2 
 
 Opeah, 47 
 
 Oqat, 13 
 
 Oracular bust, 36 -' ' 
 
 Osiris, Isis and Horus, 36 
 
 Ostrich, 49 
 
 ,, plumes, 16 
 Ox head, 19 
 Oxyrhynkhos, 50 
 
 Paeanitis, 52 
 Pair of feathers, 17 
 Palm column, 50 
 Papyrus on a plaque, 13 
 
 ,, sceptre, 12 
 Pear mace, 18 
 
 Pebbles to ensure fleetness of puppies, 3 
 Pectoral, 24 
 
 PectunculuB violacescent shell, 27 
 Peh, 13 
 
 Pendant for forehead, 29 
 Penpennu, 50 
 Peseshkef, 28 
 Phagrus eel on case, 26 
 Phallus, 11 
 Ph-nes-khSrphi, 30 
 
 Phoenician transmission of amulet name, 1 
 Phokhos, 30 
 Phylax, 30 
 Pig, 47 
 
 Pisebkhanu, 52 
 Pliny, 1, 2, 3 
 
 Plumes, disc and two horns, 16 
 Plummet, 16 
 
 PoUnicea mamilla shell, 27 
 Power of the senses, 9 
 ,, over property, 22 
 ,, to behold £a, 17 
 Powers, amulets of, 14 
 Prase, 10 
 Pregnancy, 26, 47 
 Primitive mode of thought regarding 
 
 amulets unchanged, 4 
 Primou, 30 
 Prince seated, 28 
 Princess, 28 
 
 Principle of arrangement of catalogue, 6 
 Properties of stones, 52 
 Property, amulets of, 19, 22 
 Protection, 25, 28, 35, 42 
 
 „ from wild beasts, 13 
 Provision for writing, 21 
 Pakhr, 30 
 Ptah, 38 
 
 „ Seker, 38 
 Purpose of amulets, 1 
 Pyrites, 52 
 
 a 
 
 Qa. 17 
 
 Qannut, 49 
 
 Qeb, 11 
 
 Quartan fever, protection against, 24, 26 
 
 Ba, 39 
 ,, as protector, 22 
 „ as ruler, 22 
 ,, four sons of, 39 
 Bam, 44 
 Eam's head, 44 
 Ban, 21 
 
 Basmussen's account of amulets, 3 
 Eaven's foot for contentment, 3 
 Eecord, confusion with medicine in, 1 
 Eectitude, 16 
 
 Bed coral amulet for menstruation, 2 
 ,, Crown, 18 
 ,, Sea pearl, 27 
 
 ,, stone worn against bleeding, 2 
 Rehen, 20 
 Remen, 11 
 Bepoti-hat, 28 
 Rera, 47 
 Eising sun, 17 
 Ro, 17 
 
 Eoman use of name amulet, 1 
 Eoyal clothing, 21 
 crook, 18 
 head dress, 21 
 
 power of Lower Egypt, 17, 18 
 „ of Upper Egypt, 17, 18 
 scourge, 18 
 Eule in Heliopolis, 18 
 
 8. 
 
 So, 20 
 
 Saau, 47 
 
 Saba, 31 
 
 Sabaoth, 30 
 
 Sabkhet, 25 
 
 Sagas, 1 
 
 Sa!i, 23 
 
 Sailors, protection of, 35 
 
 Saints, 38 
 
 Salvation, 32 
 
 Sapphire, 52 
 
 Sat, 48 
 
 Scarabs, 23, 24 
 
 Scorpion, 50 
 
 Seal, 22 
 
 „ ring, 22 
 Seated prince, 28 
 Sebek, 42, 48 
 Security, 28 
 Seden, 21 
 Seed vessel, 51 
 Seeing the sun, power of, 17 
 Sekhat, 44 
 Sekhemti, 18 
 Sekhmet, 41 
 Self-reliance, to give, 2 
 
 57 
 
INDEX 
 
 Selenite, 52 
 
 Selk, 50 
 
 Selket, 38 
 
 Semitic origin of name amulet, 1 
 
 Seno, 45 
 
 Seqeq, 16 
 
 Sera, 44 
 
 Serapis, 30 
 
 Serapeum, 30 
 
 Serekh, 21 
 
 Serpent, 25 
 
 ,, head, 25 
 
 ,, headed god, 43 
 
 „ with anns, 49 
 Serpent's skin, 2 
 Serpentine, 52 
 Sesh-shet, 15 
 Sest, 28 
 Set, 30, 40 
 ,, animal, 46 
 Shap, 19 
 Shen, 22 
 
 Shepherd's stick, 18 
 Shilluks, 1 
 
 Shrew mouse, 26, 42, 46 
 Shu, 37, 42 
 Shuti, 16 
 Shuttle, 50 
 Siderites, 52 
 Similars, amulets of, 9 
 
 ,, doctrine of, 3 
 Si-nehem, 14 
 Siren for security, 2 
 Sistrum, 15 
 
 Skin of mouth of bear, worn in child's cap, 3 
 Slave figure, 22 
 Sma, 11, 16 
 Smaragdus, 52 
 SrrMuti, 18 
 
 Snake bite, to avoid, 25 
 Soapstone, 52 
 Speaking and feeding, 16 
 Spearhead, 21 
 Sphinx, male, 40 
 
 ,, female, 40 
 Square, 16 
 
 Stability, emblem of, 1 5 
 Stages of human mind, 1 
 Stairs, 17 
 Star, 51 
 Staurolite, 52 
 Stauros, 32 
 Stone implement, 28 
 
 „ inscribed, Greek and non-Gh-eek, 30 
 
 St. Petersburg, collection at, 6 
 Strength, amulet for, 2, 3 
 Sumbd, 30 
 Sun and uraei, 22 
 „ „ wings, 22 
 Superstitions, 1 
 Sympathetic magic, 2 
 
 Tabu, to defy, 2 
 
 Tahuti of Panebes, 41 
 
 Tag heberU, 30 
 
 Tasmanians, 1 
 
 Taurt, 26, 47 
 
 Tefnut, 41 
 
 Tehuti, 42, 49 
 
 Tell el Yehudiyeh, 30 
 
 re/?, 9 
 
 Terebra corudbrina shell, 28 
 
 Tertian fever, 26 
 
 Theme*, 21 
 
 Themt, 25 
 
 Thet, 20, 23 
 
 Thoth, 31 
 
 Thunderstones, use of in Italy, 3 
 
 Toad, 12 
 
 Tongue, 10 
 
 ,, of hyena, to prevent dogs barking, 3 
 Tooth, 13 
 
 ,, worn for toothache, 2, 13 
 Truth, impersonation, 38 
 Turbo, operculum, 27 
 Turin, collection at, 6 
 Turtle, 47 
 Two fingers, 51 
 
 ,, hands side by side, 11 
 
 ,, plumes, disc and horns, 16 
 
 U. 
 
 Uas, 18 
 Uaz, 12 
 „ 13 
 Ulcers, 26 
 Union, 11, 16 
 
 University College, collection at, 1, 6 
 Unknown deities, 37 
 Vort, 11 
 Vpuatu, 42, 46 
 Ur, 14 
 
 Uraeus serpent, 18 
 Vri, 15 
 Urtheka, 25 
 Use of amulets, 1 
 Usekh, 20 
 Ushabti, 22 
 Vzat eye, 9, 32 
 
 V. 
 
 Varieties of amulets used in Egypt, 6 
 Valour, emblem of, 13 
 Vase, 20 
 Veddahs, 1 
 Vicarious double, 2 
 
 ,, theory, supposition of, 2 
 Vigorous action, 1 1 
 Voyaging in sky, 17 
 Vulture, 49 
 
 flying, 49 
 
 ,, standing, 25 
 
 ,, with wings spread, 25 
 Vulture and uraeus, 18 
 
 W. 
 
 Wagtail, 14 
 Walking, power of, 11 
 Waran, 48 
 
 Wealth, emblem of, 19 
 Wearing of written charms, 2 
 Whaling, luck in, 3 
 White crown, 17 
 Will, power of, 11 
 Woman with offerings, 50 
 Work, to, for deceased, 22 
 Woven charm, 29 
 Writing tablet, 21 
 
 T. 
 
 Youth, emblem of, 12 
 
 „ conferred by vulture, 25 
 
 Z. 
 
 .^a, 14 
 
 Zad, 15 
 
 Zebot, 22 
 
 Zeho ne dem rud, 51 
 
 za, 25 
 
 i 
 
 BBADBUBT, ACtKEW, k. CO. LD., FBIKTEBB, LOITDOK AMD TONBBIDOE. 
 
 58 
 
PLATE I 
 
 IttTi 
 
 ft r^ /. (1 e 
 
 SIMILARS: I'AKTS OF HUMAN BODY. 
 
 16e 
 
PLATE II 
 
 f 
 
 \%\ 
 
 ^^m il 
 
 M%, 
 
 21 a 
 
 2\b 21 C 
 
 ^l^-l^^f?? <l 
 
 e 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 «t ««♦ < 
 
 ?»♦♦ 
 
 
 SIMILARS : ANIMAL AND VEGETABLK. 
 
PLATE 111 
 
 ^-^^ 
 
 sT 
 
 ^^Uij^iiUuJ"**'**^ 
 
36 
 
 rrrri^ 
 
 r r F IfV. 
 
 PLATE IV 
 
 AaA 
 
 38 _ 
 
 Till 
 
 i^^ •% 
 
 a 
 
 39 
 
 h 
 
 41 
 
 XJk^^ 
 
 59 d 
 
 690 59 b 
 
 POWERS : SYMBOLS OF ABILITY AND AUTHORITY. 
 
PLATE V 
 
 
 'J^ 
 
 6S 
 
 tf^a 
 
 <^ ll (i (I 7: J 
 
 0ff»»'X 
 
 I'ROl'ERTV : FUNEREAL OFFERINGS. 
 
PLATE VJ 
 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 a 
 
 76 
 
 I 
 
 79 
 
 o 
 
 80 
 
 84 a 
 
 83 a 
 
 PROPERTY 
 
 ■\ 
 
 POSSESSIONS. 
 PROTECTION CELESTIAL. 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
PLATE Vn 
 
 PROTECTION: MUMMY, GIRDLE, FLAT SCARAB. 
 
PLATE VIIl 
 
 PROTECTION: INSCRIBED SCARAB, BACKS. 
 
PLATE IX 
 
 iKtft .'^/iMi^iii^ 
 
 e;«5^S''[^'K;U»*W'E 
 
 4LSa- 
 
 \ ^'.liJ.^ir 
 
 v:»/^i\ 
 
 ■tiff^rtf 
 
 ^-•'- Xil'STK*/ 
 
 PROTECTION : INSCRIBED SCARAB, FRONTS. 
 
PLATE X 
 
 f: 
 
 V-.: 
 
 PROTECTION : PECTORALS. 
 
 i 
 
PLATE Xr 
 
 PROTKCTIOX : SCARAB WITH LEGS AND WINGS. 
 
PLATE XII 
 
 PROPERTY: VULTURE, SERPENT. 
 
i 
 
PLATE XIII 
 
 "Tt^rr 
 
 101. h\ 
 
 
 98. e. 
 
 99 a 
 
 99 3, 
 
 100. & 
 
 101. c. 
 
 100.C. 
 
 PROTECTION: CASES FOR REPTILES. 
 
PLATE XIV 
 
 
 h<- 
 
 105 
 
 -J! 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 109 « 
 
 111 
 
 
 » « 4 4444 
 
 ^V^ 
 
 PROTECTION: HORN AND SHELLS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 108 a 
 
 108i?> 
 
 '^k*-^^-*"- 
 
 f 
 
 llOi 109 
 
 ^A 
 
 I. 
 
 1 1 0.. 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 HOC 
 
 h; 
 
 I12e 
 
 
• • • I 
 
PLATE XV 
 
 123 
 
 PROTECTION: SHELLS, IMPLEMENTS, FIGURES, BULLAE. 
 
PLATE XVl 
 
 PROTECTION: FOREHEAD PENDANTS. 
 
PLATE XVII 
 
 I'KIJTKCTION : KNOTTED CORDS. 
 
PLATE XVI J I 
 
 PROTECTION : KNOTTED CORDS. 
 
 • ••• • . •. 
 
PLATE XIX 
 
 PROTECTION: CORDS, WEAVING, CHARM CASES. 
 
PLATE XX 
 
 rUOTECTION : HVI'OCKPUALI. 
 
PLATE XXI 
 
 I'ROTKCTIOX : IXSCKIBKl) STONKS, GREEK. 
 
PLATE XXI J 
 
 136 
 
 ^mm-^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 n\^^ , t-^}.:' 
 
 '■P^^M-^ 
 
 ff 
 
 ■^C! Yofim: 
 
 PROTECTION: INSCRIBED STONES, NON-GREEK. 
 
PLATE XXin 
 
 136 
 
 ^H^ill&sS 
 
 
 HISS 
 
 mac:;yffA<»:xq 
 
 
 Hvr 
 
 m 
 
 & 
 
 PROTECTION: INSCRIBED, SEMITIC, CROSS. 
 
*4!^4>r#-*^ 
 
 PLATE XXIV 
 
 *;./ 
 
 •^^ 
 
 .HM 
 
 HUMAN GODS : EVE OF HORUS. 
 
• •- • • • 
 
PLATE XXV 
 
 J 138 Oe 
 
 HUMAN (;()DS: EYE OK MORUS. 
 
 139 k 
 
PT.ATE XXVI 
 
 143 
 
 X 
 
 144 1 
 
 144 c 
 
 
 ii 
 
 144rf 
 
 144« 
 
 
 M'i-io 
 
 W X U V 
 
 -A 
 
 145 
 
 \1 
 
 149 
 
 7i 
 
 >• 
 
 a b 
 
 c d e 
 
 flijii 
 
 / ^ A J 
 
 I 
 
 HUMAN GODS: HORUS, ISIS. 
 
/ 
 
 / 
 
\. 
 
 PLATE xxrir 
 
 HUMAN GODS : HORUS, ISIS, OSIRIS, NEBIIAT. 
 
PLATE XXV III 
 
 HUMAN GODS : OSIRIS, HEART OK OSIRIS. 
 
 • Jra, -> '.o 
 
PLATE XXIX 
 
 HUMAN GOT«: ORACULAR BUSTS. 
 
PLATE XXX 
 
 169 C 
 
 173 a 
 
 173 i- 175 « 175 A 
 
 HUMAN GODS: MIN TO NEFERTUM. 
 
PLATE XXX / 
 
 180 
 
 (-HUMAN GODS: DWARFS, SAINTS. 
 
PLATE XX XII 
 
 
 
 ANIMAL-IIEADED GODS: FOUR SONS OF KA. 
 
PLATE XXXIII 
 
 ANLMAL-IIKADED {;ODS : SET, SPHINX, llATHOR, KHNUMU, BES. 
 
ri.ATE XXX IV 
 
 ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: BES, TAHUTI, MAIIKS. 
 
PLATE XXXV 
 
 ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: ANHUR WITH TEFNUT, SEKHMET, BASTET. 
 
PLATE XXX VI 
 
 ANIMAL-HEADED GODS: SHU WITH TEFNUT, JACKAL, SEBEK, TAHUTL 
 
PLATE XX XVII 
 
 ANIMAL GODS: APE, BULL, COW. 
 
PLATE XXXVni 
 
 210 
 
 ■VS9S, 
 
 21 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 212 
 
 <^ 
 
 / 
 
 h 
 
 f f f 
 
 215 
 
 214 216 
 
 ^ ft 
 
 <^ 
 
 ANIMAL GODS : COW, SHEEP, HARE, LION. 
 
 ■'/'■J'jl'i; 
 
 : ' > j ;>• 
 

PLATE XXXIX 
 
 229 e 229 c 229 <; 
 
 231 It 
 
 231 d 231 ^ 
 
 ANIMAL GODS: LION, CAT, JACKAL. 
 
ri.AIE XL 
 
 236a 
 
 235 e 
 
 236 
 
 233 a 
 
 235 a 
 
 233/ 
 
 236 
 
 d 
 
 
 234 a 
 
 236 m n 
 
 236. 
 
 237 i 
 
 a 
 
 t • t 
 
 237rf ^ / J 
 
 • ' t f ! 
 fill* 
 
 t " 
 
 
 237 m. n 
 
 ANIMAL GODS: SHREWMOUSE, DOG, PIG, HIITOI'OTAMUS 
 
PLATE XL! 
 
 243 
 
 245 JB ^^K ^V V S ^^ 
 
 in^ i 
 
 ar 
 
 as *<7 
 
 ANIMAL GODS : REPTILES, BIRDS. 
 
PLATE XL/I 
 
 250 a 
 
 245 h 
 
 xVNIMAL GODS : BIRDS. 
 
• • • • 
 
'^'t.. 
 
 .J t. . _ . 
 
ri.ATE XL/ /I 
 
 ANIMAL GODS, AND VARIOUS OBJECTS. 
 
PLATE Xl.ir 
 
 1347* 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 3 ■> 3 J 
 
t'LA TE XL V 
 
 221 h 
 
 221 C 
 
 194^ 
 
 1956 
 
 245 
 
 261 197»l 19772 ^g^ 22 p ■ 
 
 265 ^» P -^ 
 
 245 a.A. 
 
 267 c. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
PLATE XI.Vl 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 S > 1 'i 
 
 'i>s f'j '; ? > 
 
PLATE XI.VJI 
 
 139 ra 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
LISTS OF AMULETS, MACGREGOR PAPYRUS, AND DENDEREH. 
 
 XLVIII 
 
 ^+^ 
 
 cm 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 J^^f]^ 
 
 ^i£' 
 
 -P., o 
 
 0^ 
 
 31 
 
 r^Offi- 
 
 S 
 
 2.6 
 
 zn 
 
 L 
 
 f" 
 
 CZZ3 -'*- 
 ^3 I /'/ I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ffP 
 
 Q Q_ 
 
 :P 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 O Q_ JJ 
 
 /s:^q^ 
 
 wi 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 r^^ 
 
 TT1 
 
 ® 
 
 / 
 
 42- 
 
 ^ " 
 
 32 
 
 Tff 
 
 '7 
 
 ^'" 
 
 ^' 
 
 \=^ 
 
 L -sT 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^x 
 
 •/^ 
 
 ir 
 
 43 
 
 =^fe7^^ 
 
 as 
 
 2.3 
 
 18 
 
 ^" 
 
 J 
 
 o 
 
 i\ 
 
 cszn 
 Q DD 
 
 
 ^^-^ 
 
 -/tffffll 
 
 OL 
 
 
 '^'g^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 44 
 
 \kL 
 
 ^ 
 
 39 
 
 ^^ 
 
 34 
 
 tL 
 
 i.9 
 
 i4 
 
 I? 
 
 ^" 
 
 za 
 
 ^ 
 
 45- 
 
 40 
 
 I — y t7 ^0 
 
 Kli^ 
 
 LH 
 
 
 U %^^ 
 
 dr 
 
 I3 
 
 35 
 
 J/ 
 
 30 
 
 S 
 
 2? 
 
 20 
 
 /s:" 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 
 rT 
 
 66 
 
 % 
 
 d^ 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 46 
 
 ^ 
 
 etrij 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ^^ 
 
 k^ 
 
 n o 
 
 L^ 
 
 71 
 
 67 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 ^ 
 
 N/ 
 
 57 
 
 !Z 
 
 47 
 
 
 m-i 
 
 T^ 
 
 O ^^/^-v». fX'.\ 
 
 XT\ / ^ 
 
 
 73 
 
 i3 CL_ 69 
 
 Q 
 
 6} 
 
 r t 
 
 58 
 
 /k=7 
 
 53 
 
 O 4-8 
 
 ^«C 
 
 rl 
 
 1 t3. 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 
 n /vw\ O 
 
 ^ -2- .=- 
 
 74 
 
 ri n. 
 
 69 
 
 p 64 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 A F" 
 
 49 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 /^T?\ 
 
 a- 
 
 D 
 
 L 
 
 T 
 
 
 70 
 
 /^" 
 
 4^ 
 
 60 
 
 ^ 
 
 55- 
 
 I 
 
 SB 
 
 AMULETS OF OSlRlS. DENDE.FnEH,iv, 87- 
 
 
 ^-^7 
 
 2L 
 
 SI 
 
 • 0--5' 
 
 c^/ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 w 
 
 « 
 
 /■-;(? 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 1 £- 
 
 1 
 
 •6- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ill 
 
 c5 
 
 t 
 
 ll 
 
 
 ,-.7' 
 
 r£ 
 
 pa 
 
 T 
 
 r; 
 
 
 ri 
 
 X7/vw\ 
 
 1/ 
 
 3| 
 
 ■t) 
 
 PPf 
 
 M 
 
 (?^ 
 
 3f 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 9»- 
 
 '9 
 
 ?iq 
 
 ji 
 
 /»j 
 
 J6 
 
 70 
 
 '?=• 
 
 174. 
 
 7 
 
 »9 
 
 1*0 
 
 rtfo 
 
 '7 
 
 2*5 
 57 
 
 7» 
 
 ,11 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 16* 
 
 2.13X '2.02. J38 Ztf ?i fS 
 
 1 a? 3»" ^ ,38 I?" 'te 
 
 lis 17 J. 
 
BRONZE AMULET, 135aa. 
 
 XLIX 
 
 ' VXA 
 XVX BA 
 XAXVX- 
 BAXAZiXVX 
 
 FOUR- 
 HEADED 
 RAM 
 
 PH 
 
 XAB 'i'V^Az. roM 
 
 ^ Ood. of NoTtK st>Ki-nx 
 
 PAY, Ra 
 4.-Uta.ci-c.A ya-m 
 4. N£C 
 
 XHP*I 
 
 ^-LJXUtC 
 
 lAU 
 
 I A M a^^i 
 AA lAA I^A 
 uont tLsc ultKme. 
 
 vBAANAe B, L o 
 
 ABAANA0 
 ^A N A A & A 
 
 A Ae Z I M 
 A N APeVAA 
 Bark, qu^ivAiirv 
 
 LION 
 
 TF^,E:ADl^aG 
 
 ON SKELETON. 
 
 AKPAM MAX 
 
 Tkywvcsl flv^aCLOUS one. 
 
 AMAPI^ 
 
 H O RuS 
 HOLDING ElVILr> 
 STANDING ON 
 CR.0CODI LES 
 
 AB PACA Z 
 
 C A p. A 
 
 t-iorv 
 
 3 HAWKS 
 S0U.L6 of tkt Ju-st. 
 
 
 I AU 
 YaKveK 
 
 IHCOVC 
 I e s us 
 3SCAPvAB>5 3 CoATS.j&CRPtNTb 
 
 Triple Cf«-alro\* Sou.Ls of tK«. wtt-keii. 3. CROCODILES 
 
 b«..K.L.n^ H0VU.S 
 
 1 A£ LO &A *Pe N 
 YakveJv 
 
 HORU.S ON LOTUS 
 
 IN BOAT 
 
 BPIN 
 T£ 
 
 KHN UMU 
 STANDING 
 
 e MOU Nl 06 1 A API ON 
 ^6 A 1*1 PK IPA 
 
 Aieo MvyoMe 
 
 
 HM 
 
 XNOUBIC 
 XAPNOVC 
 
 ktoryi-tcL. 
 
 fsie p* AB we Ai t— 
 
 
 
 
 HO R.U5-MI N 
 
 4> NOtOUOVTI 
 TM God. 
 
 A P no 
 X.N OW* IC 
 HotOl* tkt Cy4.a.CQT 
 
 puic ei 
 eve 
 
 M £ ; O P TO u 
 
 Lion ^ 
 > 
 
 HOFkUS 
 
 as ki.Ti.9 
 a.»\.«C tai-L . 
 
 B PIN 
 TATH 
 N LJ<t> PI 
 
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES. 
 
 H A W A P. A 
 
 B JtiMT 
 UPPER ARM 
 
 *>2h 
 
 1^ 
 
 LEFT HAND CLIMCWED 
 
 G =£3 i"" TO a*." 
 
 Gour> KlrMti ON 3 t^o 
 I ^4 M A M D 
 
 H u 1. 
 
 4 
 
 K3^^ 
 
 HO R UZA 
 
 / 
 
 ALl_ fJ 
 
 
 T 
 
 l-CFT 
 
 u^•PE^ AK.M 
 BEADS ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 R. ICHT HAMD 
 1- Q 5»-» TO A"" 
 
 
 .,^*o 
 
 .», 
 
 °o<^. 
 
 :t>. 
 
 > 
 
 
 5> *-'',« 
 
 fir R.D 
 
 
 .-O". 
 
 ON VlNGtR!, *rJO I- (ft) 
 
 Toes Colo plates. = <f)) 
 ^»A I Ub CI UT. 
 ON WMbTS GOLD fcANPS 
 PENIS GOLD SHEATH . 
 
 *■ » L o L C ' 
 
 .'^J 
 
 ,_-«5 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 .^' 
 
 
 4>^ 
 
 HAWAKA 
 
 ^^ATERIALS 
 A/ GO LD 
 
 C C A f\NELlAN 
 
 D DIOHITE 
 
 F CiVCEN FELS PAR 
 
 G &^EE P4 CLAXE 
 
 H HAEMATITE 
 
 J J AS P E J< , RET> 
 
 1- LAruul 
 
 N BlaCM LIMEiTONE 
 
 O OaslDIAN 
 
 'V D L K I T E 
 
 5 SVENITE TSTEATIT 
 
 Y YELLOW LI InESTONE 
 
 W WHITE •' 
 
 HAWARA 
 
 HAWAB.A4 
 
 UNDER. 
 Z AD IN 
 A LUMP 
 STR.ONC 
 
 Together 
 
 2-NEBHAT 
 li ZAD 
 I U A2 
 i. H ORUS 
 2. TAHUTI 
 2. ISIS 
 I KHNUMU 
 3 SCAHASS 
 1 OouaLEBULLi 
 I SHU 
 I KA 
 ALL & 
 
 H A WARA 6 /^^T^B^N F 
 
 R C R L I\ H 
 
 /ill^^sa^-D- 'D'AQi^A 
 
 v^^ tt&' 
 
 I ffl ?5 ; M ^■ 
 
 ¥^Q 
 
 p 
 
 8fAD5 
 
PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES. 
 
 Lll 
 
 NEBE&HEH C 
 
 NEBESHEHD. 
 
 N 
 C 
 
 WHist/L 
 
 dende:reh 
 
 DENDEREH 
 DL. II 
 
JENDEREH 
 
 PLANS OF AMULETS ON MUMMIES. 
 
 20 
 
 Llll 
 
 DEIMDEKEH 
 ISO 
 
 5^ h 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 DENDEREH 
 Too 
 
 DENDEREH 
 
INDEX TO AMULETS IN POSITION, PLS. L- Llll 
 
 LIV 
 
 p O 3 I T I O Ki 5 
 
 F 
 
 FOf\E HEAD 
 
 tvl 
 
 NAPE OF NECK 
 
 T 
 
 THPsOAT 
 
 C 
 
 CUAVl CLE 
 
 P 
 
 PECTUS 
 
 D 
 
 D 1 A PH KAGK 
 
 U 
 
 U M B I L 1 C U S 
 
 V 
 
 V EM TE a 
 
 M 
 
 f \ U M E R U S 
 
 W 
 
 W R.I ST 
 
 H H A M D 
 
 A ANKLE 
 E FH E T 
 
 7 HEAPsT. Not C,PD, M. 3C 
 
 4T. 5T,C. 6 T.9P-I0TPU ^6 BUCK. 3P. 
 
 IICJ2.P I3C. 14 P. 16 P. 
 )&C. 2.1D. 2.3 P. 24 U.IS-P 
 
 ■8. BREAST. 17 P, |8D^2.0C?MV; 
 
 17 SMA, 10, U. 
 
 18 FROG I P,M.ZT.3P, 5C. 6 U. 
 
 10 P-ll C . I2.P. i3 P 
 
 aO PAPVRUS SCEPTRE. ^ 
 I FT, C,P. ID. 3> P. 4 p, 
 
 S'P.b p. lO.U. II V. 13V. I4R 
 15E.|SP.2.1U.a5-p. 
 2-1 PAPVauS PLAQ^UE, 
 
 5" P. 6 P. 7T. S P. IOC, l( C. 
 
 2.8 H UMAN-HEADED B\R,D. 
 ITC. 2.D. I2>p. J4.P. igp 
 
 30 MANS GiKDLE-Ti E 
 2.C 15 E 
 
 33 COUNTEB,-polSE ^ 
 
 9P. IIT.IZT. I3N. 14 N 
 
 34 HEAD REST ^ lOT. 
 
 15" E. 18 P . 2.0, U 
 3 5 ZAD ff IT,P-2.C,i.' 3CP,U. 
 4P. 5"P. 6PD, U. 7c. 
 S D. 9 C,U. 10 T. I 1 D. 
 13> P.D, u. 14 D.U. IS- V. 
 18c, 2-1 U. 2.4D.2SR 
 J^B 10 D 
 
 >6 Sau A KE £■ C. lOD. 
 1! C,P. '2. P. Z3> P 
 
 37 PLUM/^ET A 6-c.yP. IOD,U 
 
 II P. 12. p. 18 P 2.3 P Z4 V ? 
 
 38 1-OKKED LANCE ]](/' IP 
 
 3P.4 P. 5"?. 6PU.7T. 10 C 
 
 39 OSTMCH PLUMES ^ IP. 
 
 ZD. 3C5"P 6P.7T. lOC.Iiy. \4V. 
 40c Disc + HOPvNS "^ foP. 
 ^1 PA1F\ OF FEATHEKS ffl 3 P, 
 
 5 0.6 P. 10 D. 11,V. 14 V. 
 4.2L KISIM& SUN tS3 lOP 
 43 DISC OF S U Nt O SC.feU. 
 
 II U, IX U. 13 L. I4L. 16 U 
 
 45" BAKK ^B^ 2. C 
 
 5S UKAEUSl2^ l,P. 2.C.4P. 
 
 5" F . IZ P, D. 13 P, U, V . 
 
 I4F. 15 P,E. 2.0c, P. LZ V. 
 ' 2.5TR 
 
 58D winged UfkAEUS. 4- P. 
 
 63 CoW, LEGS TIED. 10 P. 
 
 70 VASE. I, T. 
 
 71 COLLAR. 1,C. 4 P- 
 
 72. CLdT HING. 5"P. 7P. )OD. 
 
 76 WRITING TAE>LET,!P 
 4 P. 5-C,P. 7T. ll.V. ILPD. 
 
 78 CA R,T OU C H E. 5'C.6U yT 
 
 79 SEAL-. 1 M,L.H .4R.5-C. 
 
 6 R,L. I z. D . ]h P . 
 
 80 SEAL RING IL.B,. IK. 
 
 5"C,L. 
 
 81 CIRCLE OF COKD^ l,H. 
 
 ^1 MUMMY OM Bl EB, . 15-U,V. 
 17 P. Zl P. Z4 LECS. 
 
 88 GlPvDLE OF ISIS Qi IT,P 
 
 2-T. 3 P. rp. 6 P. 7P, SC. 
 
 9CP. 10 P. M D. J2. U. 
 I3P, U. 15- E. 
 91 PECTO RA L. I5"P. 17P. 19V 
 
 92. SCARAB WITH LEGS. \ D. 
 
 LPU. 3C,PD. 4TP. 5' P. 
 
 6TU. 7C,p D. &P, lOCPD. 
 
 II P. I2-P,D. I^P.L. 14T;pL 
 
 Ig V. 2.0 V. 2.1 C .2.5T,r'u. 
 92.E. HAWK-HEADED SCARAB, 
 
 I D. lOB. 
 
 93 SCARAB + WINGS. 9C. 
 
 15-P,V, E . l2 P. 2.0C.2.IC 
 
 2_4 D 
 93b same ,0M LEGS. /S^V, E. 
 
 94 VULTURE STANDING 
 
 IT,D. 2.C. Ar P 15T 
 
 95 V U L T U K E S P R. ELA D I C 4 P. 
 .97 SERPENT HEAD. 17.9P.IIT.14T 
 
 I 2L^ B U L L ^ . I C . 
 
 138 UZAT ^ I F,D,U^A,H. 2-T,C. 
 
 3T,P.4P. 5-F,C,P- 6U.7T. SR 
 lOC.D. ||D,V,lt53. |J-T,PD,V. OL. 
 14 F- 15" C,P, V. 2-5 T,P. 
 
 139 UZAT IN 5Q.UARE.14T. 
 149 IS! S . IP. 2.T,RU. 3 P. 4-P. yp 
 
 6C,P. 8C,P. 9P. top. I3P. 14 P- 
 
 I49B I5IS PLAa,UE . 4. P. 
 
 I5T5 ISIS MOURNIMG. ,I9C.2.I P. 
 
 2.Z P. 2.3 P. 
 IS"! I51&,NEBHAT,AN»H0RUS. 2. U, 
 
 3U.6D. 8D.13P. \4 P. 
 J5"4 NEBH AT. l.P. 2. P,U. 3 P,D. 
 
 4 P. 6 C,P. 8P. gP. lOP. I3RI4P 
 l^4BNEBHAT PLAQ.UE.4P. 
 
 15-7 051R~1S ISV.E. 
 
 I57P OSIP.»S ANI3 NNU MM Y. 15"U. 
 161 ^A I M. ISP. 
 
 167 SHU IP. 4P.6U 
 
 168 NEIT. IP.2.R S'P. 6P. I4P- 
 
 172. MAOT. I p. 2.T,P. 3P. 5"P. 
 
 10 D . 17 p. 
 174 SELK . I P . ZT,P. 3 P 
 )80 HO RUS , HAWR- H EADED. IP 
 
 2.pu.3D.4PS"P, 6C.8P. 9P 
 
 10 p. 13 P 
 1 8 1 P, A . ! P. 2.T. 2- P 4 P- 5"P. 6 C, P. 
 I8IB RA SEATED . iOP 
 18Z 4 S0SI5 OF RA. 9*0. IS-P. /6P,V. 
 
 1 8 P D . 1 9 P. 2.0 P It P. 11 P, Z3 R 24V 
 1S6 HAT HO K COW- H FADED. IT. 9 p 
 18^ KHNU fAU. IPU.4P. (>c.S>P 
 I37B KHNLIMU PLAC^UE:. 4 P. 
 197 AN PU, 51 P. 14 P. 
 10 1 SEBfc'K. 2.0D. 
 2-01 TEHUTL lf^U.3PD,4P.5-R6CR8P.lJR 
 208 HATHOR COW. 18 V. IOP. 2.1 V. 
 2-19 2-1 ON. 3P. |5-P,0.'I7D.I9D.2.0V. 
 ZZjO LIONS FOREPARTS . 5 P. "Iia. R 
 i-Z3 BULLS F0REPART.5. 4 P. 
 224 CAT". 15-E. 
 
 Z3I JACI<-AL COUCH/\NT,90.2.0DU,V. 
 2.31 B JACKAL ON SHRIN e.lgV. 2.3P. 
 2.36 TAURT. )5-E./8D,V. 2.0 D . 
 
 MS H A\A/V\. I P. 3C. 14 P. 15:PV. 
 
 18 Cy. 2.0 P,D. 2 2.C 2-4- U. 
 2.4rE HAWK MUNVASY. 1 C. 1 5" D. 
 147 IBIS. 2-1 D. 
 170 REED. 18 P. 
 173 TWO FINGERS H.5"V. 6 V. 
 
 \0,V. n V. ILV. I4V. IS V. 
 Z7S" STAR. IS- T. 1^ U. 
 
 THE AMULETS ARE SPREAD OUT 
 RATHE RTOoLoVs/ IM THE. 
 DIAGRAMS IN ORDER^ TO 
 E MORE CLEAR. p. p. 
 
 1^ 
 
f 
 
 t 
 
iiu^iiiL^ia 
 
 RETURN 
 
 MAIN CIRCULATION 
 
 ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 
 RENEW BOOKS BY CALLING 642-3405 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 R^^tolVma 
 
 MAY 1 n 199) 
 
 CihCULATION £ EPT. 
 
 SgNTONrtL 
 
 OCT 1 9 TO 
 
 U. C. BERKELEY 
 
 JAN30ld9£ 
 
 JUN 
 
 YT^m 
 
 NOV 18 2Q0r 
 
 FORM NO. DD6 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
 Lp^dMk^- 
 
 ^^•yrrrf^' 
 
GENERAL LIBRARY -U.C. BERKELEY 
 
 ililllllilllililii 
 
 YF 0065 
 
 L^j; 
 
 
 '.Dm^^ 
 
 SiJM^ 
 
 ^^f0^- 
 
 ^uu^- 
 
■ 'i! 
 
 .illilil 
 
 BHBBMHHiKltiHiiiBt^ 
 HBHHWHHb* ^ 
 
 ™'