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A First Greek Book* and Introductory Reader, By A. HARKNESS, Ph.D., author of "Arnold's First Latin Book." t; Second Latin Book," etc. (Recently published.) 12mo. Acts of the Apostles, according to the text of AUGUSTUS HAHN. With Notes and a Lexicon by JOHN J. OWEN, D. D., LL. D. With Map. 12mo. Arnold's First Greek Book,* on the Plan of the First Latin Book. 12mo. 297 pages. Arnold's Practical Introduction to Greek Prose Composi- tion.* 12rno. 297 pages. 1 Second Part to the above.* I2mo. 248 pages. |3^~ SEE END OP THIS VOLUME. AN INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK, INTENDED AS AN ELEMENTARY DRILL -BOOK, INFLECTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE LANGUAGE, AND AS AN I N T H D U C T 1 AUTHOR'S GRAMMAR, READER AND LATIN COMPOSITION. BY ALBERT HARKNESS, _ Professor in Broivn University. AUTHOR OP "A LAT1X GRAMMAR," U A LATIN READER," "A FIRST GREEK BOOK," KTO. 3IT7 YORK : D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 & 551 BROADWAY. 1876, Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year I860, by ALBERT HARKNESS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Rhode Island. PR E P A C E. THE volume now offered to the public is intended to furnish the pupil his first lessons in Latin. As an Ele- mentary Drill-book, it aims to supply a want long felt in our schools. In no stage of a course of classical study is judicious instruction of more vital importance than in that which deals with the forms and elements of the Latin lan- guage. To the beginner, every thing is new, and requires minute and careful illustration. lie must at the very out- set become so familiar with all the grammatical inflections, with their exact form and force, that he will recognize them with promptness and certainty wherever they occur, lie must not lose time in uncertain conjecture, where posi- tive knowledge alone will be of any real value. Improve- ment on this point is one of the pressing needs of our schools. This volume is intended as a contribution to classical education in aid of this particular work. It aims to lighten the burden of the teacher in elementary drill, and to aid him in grounding his pupils in the first ele- ments of the Latin language. It is the unmistakable verdict of the class-room, that theory and practice must not be separated in the study of language. The true method of instruction will make am- ple provision for both. On the one hand, the pupil must, by a vigorous use of the memory, become master of all the grammatical forms and rules ; while, on the other hand, he must not be denied the luxury of using the knowledge which he is so laboriously acquiring. To this just and urgent demand of the class-room, the iii IV PREFACE. author's First Latin Book, published fifteen years since, on the basis of Dr. Arnold's works, owed its origin. For the favor with which it was .received, and for the generous interest with which it has so long been regarded, the author desires here to express his sincere thanks to the numerous classical instructors whose fidelity in its use has contrib- uted so largely to its success. In the conviction, however, that it has now done its appointed work, he begs leave to offer them the present volume as its successor. The great objection to most First Latin Books, that, however excellent they may be in themselves, they are not especially adapted to any particular Grammar, and that they accordingly fill the memory of the pupil with rules and statements which must, as far as possible, be unlearned as soon as he passes to his Grammar, is entirely obviated in this volume. All the grammatical portions of it, even to the numbering of the articles, arc introduced in the exact form and language of the author's Grammar. In- deed, the paradigms are not only the same as in the Gram- mar, but also occupy the same place on the page ; so that even the local associations which the beginner so readily forms with the pages of his first book may be transferred directly to the Grammar. This work is intended to be complete in itself. It com- prises a distinct outline of Latin Grammar, Exercises for Double Translation, Suggestions to the Learner, Notes and Vocabularies. As an Introduction to the author's Gram- mar, Reader and Latin Composition, it discusses and illus- trates precisely those points which are deemed most essen- tial as a preparation for the course of study presented in those works. PROVIDENCE, R.I., June, 1866. TJIIVBRSITY CONTENTS. PART FIRST. OKTHOGKAPHY. Page. Alphabet 1 Sounds of Letters 2 Exercise I 3 "II 4 III 5 Syllables G Quantity 6 Accentuation 7 Exercise IV. ., 7 PART SECOND. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. NOUNS. Gender .......... 8 Person and Number 9 Cases 9 Declensions 10 First Declension . 11 Exercise Y 11 Second Declension . . . . 13 Exercise VI. . . . 14 VII. 16 Third Declension .17 Exercise VIII 23 "IX 25 Fourth Declension ' . .26 Exercise X . . *. . 27 v VI CONTENTS. Page. Fifth Declension 28 Exercise XI. . . .29 CHAPTER H. ADJECTIVES. First and Second Declensions 30 Exercise XII 33 Third Declension 35 Exercise XIII 37 Comparison of Adjectives . . . . . . .38 Exercise XI Y 39 Numeral Adjectives 40 Exercise XV 42 CHAPTER HI. PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns .43 Possessive .44 Demonstrative 44 Relative 45 Interrogative . . . 46 Indefinite 46 Exercise XYI 47 CHAPTER IY. VERBS. Yoiccs . . . 48 Moods 49 Tenses 50 Numbers ' 50 Persons 51 Conjugation 51 The Yerb Sum 52 Exercise XYII 56 XVIII. 57 XIX 60 First Conjugation . . . 62 Exercise XX 6' CONTENTS. Vii Tage. Exercise XXI G7 " XXII. . . . 69 XXIII. . . 71 XXIV 73 XXV. . .74 XXVI 75 XXVII 76 Second Conjugation . 78 Exercise XXVIII. . 82 XXIX. 83 XXX 84 XXXI 85 " XXXII. 86 XXXIII .87 XXXIV 88 Third Conjugation .90 Exercise XXXV 94 XXXVI 95 XXXVII 96 XXXVIII .97 XXXIX . .97 " XL 98 XLI 99 Fourth Conjugation . . .100 Exercise XLII 104 XLIII 104 XLIV .105 XLV 106 XLVI. . . . . . . . . .107 XLVII 107 XLVIII 108 Verbs in 10 110 Exercise XLIX. *. .112 PART THIRD. SYKTTAX. CHAPTER*!. SYNTAX OF SENTENCES. Section. I. Classification of Sentences 114 II. Simple Sentences 115 CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OP NOUNS. Section. Page. I. Agreement of Nouns 117 Exercise L. 117 LI 119 II. Nominative. 120 Exercise LII. 120 III. Vocative 121 Exercise LIII .121 IV. Accusative 122 Exercise LI V 123 " LV . 124 " LVI 125 V. Dative 126 Exercise LVII 127 " LVIII 129 VI. Genitive ' . . . . 130 Exercise LIX 131 " LX 132 VII. Ablative 133 Exercise LXI 135 " LXII 137 LXIII. . 138 LXIV. 140 VIII. Cases with Prepositions 141 Exercise LXV 142 Suggestions to the Learner 143 Latin-English Vocabulary . . 147 English-Latin Vocabulary . .157 EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS. THE numerals refer to articles in this work, The following abbreviations occur: abl ablative. ace accusative. act active. julv adverb. conj conjunction. dat dative. f. . feminine. gen genitive. indef. indefinite. interrog interrogative. m , masculine. n neuter. nom nominatire. P page. part particle. pass passive. pers person. plur., or pi. . . . plural. prep preposition. rel relative. sing singular. voc. ...... vocative. ix . (TJII7HBSITY INTEODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 1. LATIN GRAMMAR treats of the principles of the Latin language. PART FIRST. ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 ALPHABET. 2. THE Latin alphabet is the same as the English, with the omission of iv. 3. Classes of Letters. Letters are divided into two classes : I. Vowels a, e, i,-o, u, y. II. Consonants: 1. Liquids 1, m, n, r. 2. Spirants h, s. 3. Mutes : 1) Labials p, b, f, v. 2) Palatals . . . . c, g, k, q, j. 3) Linguals . . . . t, d. 4. Double Consonants . . . . x, z. 4. Combinations of Letters. We notice here, 1. Diphthongs, combinations of two vowels in one syllable. The most common are ae, oe, au. 2. Double Consonants, x = cs or gs ; z = ds or ts. 3. C%, phj th, are best treated, not as combinations of letters, but only as aspirated forms of c, />, and /, as li is only a breathing. 1 Orthography treats of the letters and sounds of the language. 2 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. SOUNDS OF LETTERS. 5. Scholars in different countries generally pronounce Latin substantially as they do their own languages. In this country, however, two distinct systems are recog- nized, generally known as the English and the Continent- al Method^ For the convenience of the instructor, w* add a brief outline of each. I. ENGLISH METHOD. 1. /Sounds of Vowels. 6. Vowels generally have their long or short English sounds. 7. Long Sound. Vowels have their long English sounds a as in fate, e in mete, i in pine, o in note, it in tube, y in type in the following situations: 1. In final syllables ending in a vowel: 2 se, si, ser f -vi, ser f -vo, cor f -nu, mV-sy. 2. In all syllables before a vowel or diphthong : dd-us, de~o*-rum, de f -ae, di-e f -i, ni f -hi-hcm? 3. In. penultimate 4 and unaccented syllables, not final, before a single consonant, or a mute with I or r: pa'-ter, pa f -tres, A f -thos, J -thrys, do-lo f -ris. But 1) A unaccented has the sound of a final in America : men'-sa. 8. Short Sound. Vowels have the short English sound a as in fat, e in met, i in pin, o in not, u in tub, y in myth in the following situations: 1 Strictly speaking, there is no Continental Method, as every nation on the continent of Europe has its own method. 2 Some give to i in both syllables of tibi and sibi the short sound. 3 In these rules, no account is taken of h, as that is only a breathing : hence the first i in nihilum is treated as a vowel before another vowel : for the same reason, ch, ph } and th are treated as single mutes ; thus th in Athos and Otkrys. 4 Penultimate, the last syllabic but one. ORTHOGRAPHY. - SOUNDS OF LETTERS. 3 1. Iii final syllables ending in a consonant : a' -mat, a'- met, rex' -it, sol, cori-sid, Te'-thys / except post, cs final, and os final in plural cases : res, di'-es, hos, a'-gros. 2. In all syllables before x, or any two consonants except a mute with I or r (7, 3) : rex'-it, bel'-lum, rex-ef-runt, bel- lo'-rum. 3. In all accented syllables before one or more consonants, except the penultimate : dom'-i-nus, pat'-ri-bus. But 1) A, e, or o, before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) followed by e, 2, or ?/, before another vowel, has the long sound: a'-ci-es, a'-cri-a, me-re-o, do'-ce-o. 2) 7, in any syllable not final, before a single consonant, or a mute with I or r, except iW, has the long sound : Pu'-ni-cus, Iri-tas. 2. Sounds of Diphthongs. 9. Ae and oe are pronounced like e : 1) long: Cae f -sar (Ce'-sar), Oe r -ta (E'-ta). 2) short: Daed f -a~lus (Ded'-a-lus), Oed f -i-pus. Au as in author : au r -rum. Eu . . neuter: neu'-ter* EXERCISE I. Give the sounds of the Vowels and Diphthongs in thA following icords. 1. Men^-sam, 2 men^-sas, men ! -sis, men'-sae, 3 men-sa'-rum. 4 2. Ho'-ram, 5 ho'-ras, ho'-ris, ho f -rae, 6 ho-ra f -rum. 7 p. Scho f - la, 8 scho ; -lam, scho^-las, scho ( -lis, scho^-lae, scho-la'-rum. 4. Co-ro'-na, 8 co-ro^-nam, co-ro f -nas, co-ro'-nis, co-ro'-nae. 9 1 Ei and oi are seldom diphthongs; but, when so used, they have the long sound of i: hei, cut. 2 8, 2; 8, 1. *7, 3; 8, 1. 8 7, 3 ; 7,3, 1). 3 8, 2; 9; 7, 1. 6 7, 3; 9; 7, 1. 9 7, 3 ; 9 ; 7, L 4 8, 2; 7, 3; 8, 1. 7 7, 3; 8, 1. * INTEODTJCTOKY LATIN BOOK. 3. Sounds of Consonants. 10. The consonants are pronounced in general as in English; but a few directions may aid the learner. 11. C, G, S, T, and X are generally pronounced with their ordinary English sounds. Thus, 1. C and g are soft (like s and j) before . servo puro agro templo A. servtiiii pueriiisi agriiiaa templitm V. serve puer %er templiiin. A. servo puero agro templo PLURAL. N. servl puerl agri templti G. servoriim puerorikm agroi-iiiii temploru.nl D. sen-Is puerls %rls templls A. servos puSros agros templa, V. servl puerl agrl templa A. scrvls. pu6rls. agris. templls. 1. Case-Endings From an inspection of the paradigms, it will be seen that they are declined with the following Case-endinys. 1. us. 3. um. SINGULAR. JV. us 1 iim G. I 1 I D. o 5 6 A. iim iim iim V. e i iim A. o 6 o 1 The endings for the Nom. and Voc. Sing, are wanting in nouns in er: thus puer is the stem without any case-ending; the full form would DC vuerus. 14 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. PLURAL. N.I I a G. Drum orum orum D. Is is is A. os os a V.I I a A. is. is. is. 2. Examples for Practice. Like SERVUS : annus, year ; dontinus. master. Like PUER: gener, son-in-law; socer, father-in-law. Like AGER: faber, artisan; magister, master. Like TEMPLUM: bellum, war ; regnum, kingdom. 3. Paradigms. Observe 1) That p uer differs in declension from servus only in dropping the endings us and e in the Nom. and Voc. : Nom. puer for puerus, Voc. puer for puere. 2) That ager Offers from puer only in dropping e before r. 3) That templum, as a neuter noun, has the Nom., Accus., and Voc. alike, ending in the plural in a. See 38, 3. EXERCISE VI. I. Vocabulary. Doniim, i, n. gift. Gener, generi, m. son-in-law. Liber, libri, m. look. Oculus, I, m. eye. Praeceptiim, I, n. rule, precept. Socer, soceri, m. father-in-law. Tyrannus, I, m. tyrant. Verbum, I, n. word. II. Translate into English. 1. Oculus, oculi, oculo, oculum, ocule, oculorum, oculis, oculos. 2. Socer, soceri, socero, socerum, socerorum, soce- ris, soceros. 3. Servi, tyranni. 4. Pueri, generi. 5. Agri, libri. 6. Templi, doni. 7. Servo, tyranno. 8. Puerum, generum. 9. Agrorum, librornm. 10. Templa, dona, 11. Servum, servos. 12. Generi, generorum. 13. Agri, agro- ETYMOLOGY. SECOND DECLENSION. 15 rum, 14. Dono, donis. 15. Verbum, praeccptum. 16. Verbi > praecepti. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The slave, the slaves. 2. For the slave, for the slaves. 3. Of the slave, of the slaves. 4. Of the father-in-law, of the son-in-law. 5. Of the fathers-in-law, of the sons-in- law. 6. For the fathers-in-law, for the sons-in-law. 7. The boy, the field. 8. The boys, the fields. 9. The gift, the gifts. 10. With the gift, with the gifts. 11. The tyrant, the boy, the book, the precept. 12. Of the tyrant, of the boy, of the book, of the precept. SECOND DECLENSION CONTINUED. RULE II Appositives. 363. An Appositive agrees with its Subject in CASE : 1 Cluilius rex moritur, Cluilius the king dies. Liv. Urbes Car- thago atque Niimantia, the cities Carthage and Numantia. Cic. I. DIRECTIONS FOR PARSING. In parsing a Noun, Adjective, or Pronoun, 1. Name the Part of Speech to which it belongs. 2. Decline 2 it. 3. Give its Gender, Number, Case, &c. 4. Give its Syntax, 3 and the Rule for it. 1 A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pro- noun, denoting the same person or thing, is called an appositive; as, Cluilius rex, Cluilius the king. Here rex, the king, is the appositive, showing the rank or office of Cluilius, Cluilius the king. The noun or pronoun to which the appositive is added Cluilius in the example is called the subject of the appositive. 2 Adjectives in the Comparative or in the Superlative degree (160) should also be compared (162). 3 By the Syntax of a word is meant the Grammatical construction of it. Thus we give the Syntax of regina, under the Model, by stating that it is in apposition with its subject, Artemisia. 2 16 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. MODEL. Artemisia, regina, Artemisia the queen. Regina is a noun (31) of the First Declension (42), as it Las ae in the Genitive Singular (40); STEM, regln (41). Singular: re- gina, reglnae, reglnae, reglnam, regina, regina. Plural: reglnae, reginarum, rcglnis, reglnas, reglnae, reglnis. It is of the Feminine gender, as the names of females are feminine by 35, II. 1. It is in the Nominative Singular, in apposition with its subject Artemisia, with which it agrees in case, according to Rule LI. : " An Apposi- tive agrees with its Subject in CASE." EXERCISE VII. I. Vocabulary. Cams, ii, m. Caius, a proper name. Filia, ae, f. daughter. Hasta, ae ?> /! spear. Pisistratus, I, m. Pisistratus, Tyrant Qf Athens. Ramus, I, m. branch. Regina, ae, /. queen. Tullia, ae, f. Tullia, a proper name. Victoria, ae, /. Victoria, Queen of England. II. Translate into English. 1. Ramus, hasta. 2. Kami, hastae. 3. Ramo, hastac. 4. Ramum, hastam. 5. Ramo, hasta. 6. Ramorum, has- tarum. 7. Ramis, hastis. 8. Ramos, hastas. 9. Tyranni, tyrannorum. 10. Verbum, verba. 11. Verbo, verbis. 12. Templum, templa. 13. Templi, templorum. 14. Pi- sistrutus tyrannus. 1 15. Pisistrati tyranni. 16. Pisistruto tyranno. 17. Tullia filia. 18. Tulliae filiae. 19. Tul- liam filiam. II. Translate into Latin. 1. The tyrant, the crown. 2. The tyrants, the crowns. 1 Tyrannus is an appositivc, in the Nominative, in agreement with its subject, Pisistratus, according to Rule II. 363. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD DECLENSION. 17 3. Of the tyrant, of the crown. , 4. Of the tyrants, of the crowns. 5, To the tyrant, to the crown. 6. To the tyrants, to the crowns. 7. The book, the books. 8. With the book, with the books. 9. Of Pisistratus, for Pisistratus. 10. Of the queen, for the queen. 11. Cains the slave. 1 12. Of Caius the slave. 13. For Caius the slave. 14. Victoria the queen. 15. For Victoria the queen. 16, Of Victoria the queen. THIRD DECLENSION. 48. Nouns of the third declension end in a, e, i, o, y, c, 1, n, r, s, t, x. I. MASCULINE ENDINGS : 2 o, or, os, er, es increasing in the genitive. II. FEMININE ENDINGS: as, is, ys, x, cs not increasing in the genitwe ; s preceded l>y a consonant. III. NEUTER ENDINGS: a > e ? i> 7? c > \ n ? *, ar, ur, us. 49. Nouns of this declension may be divided into two classes : I. Nouns which have a case-ending in the Nominative Singular. These all end in e, s, or x. II. Nouns whicli have no case-ending in the Nomina- tive Singular. o In Class II., the Nom. Sing, is either the same as the stem, or is formed from it by dropping or changing one or more letters of the stem: consul, Gen. consiilis; stem, consul, a consul: leo, leonis; stem, leon (Nom. drops n), lion : carmen, carmmis ; stem, carmin (Nom. changes in to en), song. 1 See Rule II. 363. 2 That is, nouns with these endings are masculine. 18 1NTKODUCTOKY LATIN BOOK. 50. CLASS I. WITH NOMINATIVE ENDING. I. Nouns in es, is, s impure^ and x: with stem un- changed in Nominative. Nubes,/. Avis,/. Urbs,/. Hex, m. cloud. bird. city. Jting. SINGULAR. A 7 , nubes avis urbs rex 2 G. nubis avis urbis rcgis D. nubl avl urbl regl A. nubem. avem urbein. regain. V. nubes avis urbs rex -1. nube av urbe rcge" PLURAL. N. nubes aves urbes rcges G. nubiiim. aviitm urbiitin regfim D. nubilnts avibiis urbil>iis rcgil>its A. nubes aves urbes reges V. nubes aves urbes rcges A. nubl bits. avil>its. urbil>iis. rcgibits. II. Nouns in es, is, s impure, and x: with stem cJ tanged in Nominative. Miles, m. Lapis, m. Ars,/". Judex, m. and /' soldier. stone. art. SINGULAR. judge. X. miles lapis ars j udex 2 G. niilitis lapidis artis judicis D. militl lapidl artl judicl A. militeni lapidem art^m judic^in F. mile's lapis ars judex A. milite lapide arte" judice" PLURAL. A", milites lapides artes judices G. militftm lapidiiisa. artiitm judicitm. 1 Impure; i.e., preceded by a consonant. 2 X in rex = rs; g belonging to the stem, and s being the Nom. ending : but in judex, x = cs ; c belonging to the stem, and s being the Norn, ending. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD DECLENSION. 19 D. milittbiis lapidifoits artlbiks judicll>u.s A. milites lapides rirtes judices F. milites lapides artes judices A. militlbtis. lapidlbiis. artibiis. judiclfotis. III. Nouns in as, OS, us, and e: those in as, os, and us with stein changed, those in e with stem unchanged. Civitas, f. Nepos, m. Yirtus, f. Mare, n. state. grandson. virtue. sea. SINGULAR. N. civitas nepos virtus milre G. civitatis ncputis virtutis maris D. civitatl neixJtl virtutl marl A. civitat^m nepotem virtuteisi mar^ F. civitas ncpos virtus mare* A. civitate nepot^ virtute marl 2 PLURAL, N. civitates ncputes virtutes maria G. civitatiiiKi 1 nepotttiii virtutwmi maritkni. D. civitatil>u.s ncpotil>ii.s virtutil>iis maribils A. civitates nepotes virtutes marisi F. civitates nepotes virtutes maria. A. civitatibiis. nepotil>ia.s. virtutil>tis. marll>iks. 51. CLASS II. WITHOUT NOMINATIVE ENDING. I. Nouns in 1 and r : with stem uncJianged in Nomi- native. Sol, m. Consul, in. Passer, m. Yultur, m. sun. consul. sparrow. vidture. SINGULAR. N. sol consul passer vultur G. sGlis consulis passeris vulturis D. sGll , consull passSrl vulturl A. solem. consCil^ni passereni vultur^iii F. sol consul passer vultiir A. sole consule" passere vulture PLURAL. N. sOles consules passeres vultures G. consuliiiii. passSriiin. vulturttm. Z). solibiis consulil>its passeril>ti.s vulturibits 1 Sometimes civitatium. 2 Sometimes mare in poetry- 20 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. A. soles consults passeres vultures V. soles constiles passSres vultures A. sollbiks. constili"biis. passerll>tis. vulturltofts. II. Nouns in o and r : with stem changed in Nbmi- native. Leo, m. Virgo, f. Pater, m. Pastor, m. lion. maiden. father. shepherd. SINGULAR. N. leo virgo pater pastor G. leonis virginls patris pastoris D. leonl virginl patrl pastorl A. leonem virginem patr^m pastorem F. leo virgo pater pastor A. leone virgine patre pastor^ PLURAL. Tf. Icones virgines patres pastor^s G. leoniim virginitm patrum pastoriim. D. leonlfciis yirglnl'biis patrll>iis pastorlbiis A. leons virgm^s patres pas tores F. leones virgines patres pas tores A. leonlfoiis. virginil>iis. patril>ii.s. pastoril>iis. III. Nouns in en, us, and ut : with stem changed in Nominative. Carmen, n. Opus, 71. Corpus, n. Caput, n. song. work. body. head. SINGULAR. N. carmen opus corpus cupiit G. carminis opgris corporis capitis D. carrainl opSrl corporl capitl A. carman optis coipus caput V. carman opus corptis caput A. carmine" opdre corporl capite PLURAL. N. carmina oper^/ corpora. capita G. carminikni operii-iii. corporiim capitiini D. carminlbiis operi1>iis corporil>fts capitil>ii A. carmina op6ra corpora capita V. carmina opSra corpora capita A. carminlbiis. operitotts, corporlljus. capitil>M.s. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD DECLENSION. 21 52. Case-Endings. From an inspection of the para- digms, it will be seen, 1. That the nouns belonging to Class II. differ from those of Class I. only in taking no case-ending in the Nominative and Vocative Singular. 2. That all nouns of both classes arc declined with the following Case-Endings. \- SINGULAR. Masc. and Fern. Norn, s l (es, is) 2 Gen. is I em (im) 3 Dat. Ace. Voc. like Nom. AH. e, I PLURAL. Masc. and Fern. Norn, es Gen. urn, ium Dat. ibus Ace. es Voc. es Abl ibus. Neuter. 2 is I like Nora. it U e, I Neuter. ii, ia iim, iiim ibiis a, ia a, ia ibus. 53. Declension. To apply these endings in declension, we must know, besides the Nominative Singular, 1. The Gender, as that shows which set of endings must be used. 2.* The Genitive Singular (or some oblique case), as that contains the stem (41) to which these endings must be added. 1 In nouns in x (= cs or gs), s is the case-ending, and the c or g be- longs to the stem. 2 The dash here implies that the case-ending is sometimes wanting, as in all nouns of Class II. 3 The enclosed endings are less common than the others. 22 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 54. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE: Class I. Eupcs, Gen. rupis, f. rock; hospes, Gen. liospitis, m. guest. vestis, vestis, f. garment; cuspis, cuspidis, f. spear. trabs, trabis, f. beam ; mons, mentis, m. mountain. lex, legis, f.' law; apex, apicis, m. summit. libertas, . libertatis, f. liberty; salus, salutis, f. safety. sedile, sedllis, n. seat ; Class II. Kxsul, Gen. exsiilis, m, , and f. exile ; dolor, Gen. dolor is, m. pain. actio, actionis, f. action ; imago, imaginis, f. image. anser, anser is, m goose ; frater, fratris, m. brother. nOmen, nomlnis, n name; tempus, temporis, n. time. RULE XVI Genitive. 395. Any Noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the meaning of another noun, is put in the Genitive i 1 Catonis orationes, Gate's orations. Cic. Castra hostium, the camp of the enemy. Liv. Mors Hamilcaris, the death of Hamil- car. Liv. MODEL FOR PARSING. Catonis oration es, Cato*s orations. Catonis is "a proper noun, as it is the name of a person (31, 1). It is of the Third Declension, as it has is in the Genitive Singular (40) ; of Class II., as it has no Nominative Ending (49, II. and 51, II.) : STEM, Caton (41) ; Nom. Cato (;i dropped, 49, II.). Singu- 1 The Appositivc (363, p. 15) and this qualifying Genitive resemble each other in the fact that they both, qualify the meaning of another noun : Cluilius rex, Cluilius the king; Catonis orationes, Cato's orations, or the orations of Cato. Here the Appositive rex qualifies, or limits, the mean- ing of Cluilius by showing what Cluilius is meant, Cluilius the king. In a similar manner, the Genitive Catonis qualifies, or limits, the mean- ing of orationes by showing what orations arc meant, the orations of Cato. Yet the Appositive and the Genitive are readily distinguished by the fact that the former qualifies a noun denoting the same person or ETYMOLOGY. THIRD DECLENSION. 23 lar : l Ca'o, Catonis, Catoni, Catonem, Cato, Catone. It is of the Masculine gender, as the names of males are masculine by 35, 1. 1. It is in the Genitive Singular, depending upon ordtidnes, according to Rule XVI. : " Any noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the mean- ing of another noun, is put in the Genitive." THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. CLASS I. 2 EXERCISE VIII. I. Vocabulary. Clvis, clvis, m. and/. citizen. Lex, legis, /. law. Mors, mortis, /. death. Pax, pficis, /. peace. II. Translate into English. 1. Nubis, nubium. 2. Nubem, nubes. 3. Avis, aves. 4. Avi, avibus. 5. Urbs, urbes. G. Urbi, urbibus. 7. Rex, reges. 8. Regis, regum. 9. Nubes, miles. 10. Nu- bis, militis. 11. Nubem, militem. 12. Rex, judex. 13. Regis, judicis. 14. Reges, judices. 15. Civitas, civitates. 16. Virtus, virtutes. 17. Mors regis. 3 18. Morte regis. 19. Mortes regum. 20. Virtus judicis. 21. Pacis gloria. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The citizen, to the citizen, of the citizen, of citizens, for citizens. 2. A cloud, clouds, of a cloud, of clouds, with a cloud, with clouds. 3. A king, a law. 4. Kings, laws. thing as itself, while the Genitive qualifies a noun denoting a different person or thing. Thus, in the examples above, Cluilius and the Apposi- tive rex denote the same person ; while orationes and the Genitive Cato- nis denote entirely different objects. 1 As Cato is the name of a person, the Plural is seldom used. 2 This exercise furnishes practice in the declension of nouns belonging to Class I. of the Third Declension. See 50. 3 Regis is in the Genitive, and qualifies the meaning of 7nors, according to Rule XVI. 395. 24 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 5. Of the king, of the law. 6. Of the kings, of the laws. 7. To the king, to the law. 8. To the kings, to the laws. 9. The law of the state. 1 10. The laws of the state. \ THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. CLASS H. PREPOSITIONS. RULE XXXII Cases with Prepositions. 432. The Accusative and Ablative may be used with Prepositions. 2 Ad amicum scrips!, / have written to a friend. Cic. In curiam, into the senate-house. Liv. In Italia, 3 in Italy. Nep. Pro castris, before the camp. MODEL FOR PARSING. Ad amicum, To a friend. Amicum is a noun (31) of the Second Declension (45), as it has tin the Genitive Singular (40); STEM, amlc (41). Singular: aml- cus, amlci, amlco, amicum, amice, amlco. Plural : amid, amicorum, amlcis, amlcos, amlci, amlcis. It is of the Masculine gender by 45, is in the Accusative Singular, and is used with the preposition ad, according to Rule XXXII. : " The Accusative and Ablative may be used with Prepositions." The Accusative is used with ad. 1 The Latin word for of the state will be in the Genitive, according to Kule XVI. 395. 2 The Preposition is the part of speech which shows the relations of objects to each other : in Italia esse, to be in Italy ; ante me, before me. Here in and ante are prepositions. In the Vocabularies, each preposition, as it occurs, will be marked as such ; and the case which may be used with it will be specified. It has not been thought advisable at this early stage of the course to burden the memory of the learner with a list of preposi- tions and their cases. 3 Here the Ablative Italia is used with in ; though, in the second ex- ample, the Accusative curiam is used with the same preposition. The rule is, that the Latin preposition in is used with the Accusative wheu it means into, and with the Ablative when it means in. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD DECLENSION. 25 EXERCISE IX. I. Vocabulary. Ad, prep, with ace. to, towards. Cicero, Ciceronis, m. Cicero, the Roman orator. Consul, consulis, m. consul. 1 Contra, prep, with ace. against, contrary to. Exsul, exsulis, m. and /. exile. Frater, fratris, m. brother. Nomen, nominis, n. name. Oratio, orationis, f. oration, speech. Orator, oratoris, in. orator. Victor, victoris, m. victor,, conqueror. II. Translate into English. 1. Leo, leonis, leones. 2. Virgo, virginis, virgines. 3. Solis, soleni, soles. 4. Consulis, consulem, consules. 5. Solibus, consulibus. 6. Passeris, vulturis. 7. Passerum, vulturum. 8. Patri, pastori. 9. Patres, pastores. 10. Carmen, carmina. 11. Caput, capita. 12. Opens, corporis. 13. Ciceronis 2 oratio. 14. Ciceronis orationes. 15. Ora- tione consulis. 16. Ad gloriam. 3 17. Contra regein. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The exile, the exiles. 2. For the exile, for the exiles. 3. Of an exile, of the exiles. 4. The shepherd, the orator. 5. Of shepherds, of orators. 6. Shepherds, orators. 7. Of a shepherd, of an orator. 8. A song, a name. 9. Songs, 1 The consuls were joint presidents of the Roman commonwealth. They were elected annually, and were two in number. 2 See Rule XVI. 395, and Model. 3 The Accusative gloriam is here used with the preposition ad, according to Rule XXXII. 432. 26 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. names. 10. Of songs, of names. 11. Father, brother. 12. To 1 the father, to the brother. 13. Contrary to the law. 2 14. Contrary to the laws of the state. FOURTH DECLENSION. 116. Nouns of the fourth declension end in us, masculine y u, neuter. They are declined as follows : Fructus, fruit. Cornu, horn. Case-Endings. SINGULAR. X. fruct&j* cornu. us u j-'. fractals corniis us us V. fructul cornik ul ii -t. fructiim cornii um u r. fructiis cornft. us u *1. ffiicta cornii u u PLUKAL. -Y. fructflLM cornusi us ul G. fnictttum corniiikm uiim uum D. fructibiis cornil>ils ibus (ubas) ibiis (ubus) A. fructas corniiii us iul V. fructfts cornii^ us iut A. fructil>ii. cornil>iis. ibus (dbas). ibris (ubus). 1. Case-Endings, Nouns of this declension are declined with the case-endings placed on the right. 2. Examples for Practice Cantus song ; cumix, chariot ; cursus, course ; versus, verse ; genu, knee. 1 To should still be regarded as a sign of the Dative, though it may sometimes be rendered by the preposition ad. 2 See Rule XXXII. 432. The words contrary to arc to be rendered by a single Latin preposition. ETYMOLOGY. FOURTH DECLENSION. 27 EXERCISE X. I. Vocabulary. Adventus, us, m. arrival, approach. Ante, prep, with ace. before. Caesar, Caesaris, m. Caesar, a Roman surname. Cantus, us, m. singing, song. Conspectus, us, m. . sight, presence. Exercitiis, us, m. army. Hostis, hostis, m. and f. enemy. Impetus, us, m. attack. In, prep. into with ace., in with abl. Luscmia, ae, f. nightingale. Occasus, us, ?n. the setting, as of the sun. Post, prep, with ace. after. Ver, veris, n. spring. II. Translate into English. 1. Fructus, cantus. 2. Fructibus, cantibus. 3. Cantus luscimae. 1 4. Cantu lusciniae. 5. Cantibus lusciniarum. 6. Adventus veris. 7. Post adventum 2 veris. 1 8. Solis occfisus. 9. Post solis occasum. 10. Caesaris adventu. 11. Ante adventum Caesaris. 12. Impetus nostrum. 13. Impetu hostium. 14. In conspectu exercitus. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The army, the armies. 2. For the army, for the armies. 3. Of the army, of the armies. 4. The arrival of the army. 5. Before the arrival of the army. 6. After 5 1 Genitive, according to Rule XVI. See p. 22. 2 Used with post, according to Rule XXXII. Sec p. 24. 3 Sec Rule XXXII. 432, p. 24. The pupil will remember that the English prepositions, to, for, with, from, by, are generally rendered into I>atin by merely putting the noun in the proper case, i.e. in the Dative for to or for, and in the Ablative for with, from, by. Other English ] (repositions, before, after, behind, between, etc., are rendered into Latin by corresponding Latin prepositions. 28 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. the arrival of the consul. 7. The singing of the night- ingale. 8. After the setting of the sun. 9. Before the attack of the enemy. 10. After the attack of the enemy. * FIFTH DECLENSION. 119. Nouns of the fifth declension end in es, feminine, and are declined as follows : Dies, day. 1 Res, thing. Case-Endings. SINGULAR. A T . dies res e S G. die! rel el D. die! rel ci -I. digm rm Cm I", dies res es -1. die re e PLURAL. N. dies res es <7. dittriim -rerikm eriim Z). diefriis rebus ebiis A. dies res es K dies res es -4. diefrii*. rebiis. ebiis. 1. Case-Endings. Nouns of this declension are declined with the case-endings placed on the right. E in el is generally short when preceded by a consonant, other- wise long. "Jr 2. Examples for Practice- 2 Acies, battle-array; effigies, effigy; fades, face ; series, series ; species, form ; spes, hope. 1 Dies, day, is an exception in Gender, as it is generally masculine, though sometimes feminine in the singular. 2 Nouns of this declension, except dies and res, want, in the Plural, the Genitive, Dative, and Ablative. These cases must, therefore, be omitted in declining these examples. ETYMOLOGY. FIFTH DECLENSION. 29 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE TIVE DECLENSIONS. 121. Case-Endings of Latin nouns. 1 SINGULAR. Dec. I. Dec II. Dec. III. Dec. IV. D.V.^ Fern. Masc., Neut. M. & F. Neat. Masc. Neut. Fern.' N. a us 2 um s(es,is) 3 e us u es G. ae i 5 Is 13 us us 1 D. ae I i til u el A. am um um em (im) like nom. iim u em V. a e um like nom. like nom. us u es A. a ;o o e(I) (i) jii u e PLURAL. N. ae 1 * 5s a (ia) us ua es 0'. ariim oriim oriim um (ium] um (ium) uum uum erum D. 13 is 13 ibus ibus ibus (ubus) Ibus (ubus) ebus ^1. as OS a es a(ia) us ua es V. ae 1 a es us ua es vl. is. Is is. Ibus ibus. Ibus (ubus) ibus (ubus). ebiis EXERCISE XI. I. Vocabulary. Acies, aciel, /. battle-array, army. Amlcus, I, m. friend. Cibus, I, m. food. T)Q,prep. icilli all. concerning. Dies, diel, m. and /. 'day. Facies, faciei, f. face, appearance. Numerus, I, m. number, quantity. Res, rei, f. thing, affair. Species, specie!, f. appearance. Spes, spel, /. hope. . v , Victoria, ae, /. } victory. 1 This table presents the endings of all nouns in the Latin language, except a few derived from the Greek. 2 The dash denotes that the case-ending is sometimes wanting : cr and V in Dec. II., it will be remembered, are not case-endings, but parts of the stem (45, 1). 3 The enclosed endings are less common than the others. 30 IXTKODTJCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. Translate into English. 1. Diei, dierum, diebus. 2. Aciei, aciem, acie. 3. Diem, speciem. 4. Die, specie. 5. Res, spes. 6. Rei, spei. 7. Victoriae spes. 8. Victoriae spe. 9. Diei horae. 10. Numerus dierum. 11. Gloria, cibus, nubes, cantus, facies. t !2. Gloriae, cibi, nubis, cantus, faciei. 13. Gloriam, cibum, nubem, cantum, faciem. III. Translate into Latin. 1. A day, days. 2. Of the day, of the days. 3. For the day, for the days. 4. The thing, the things. 5. With the thing, with the things. 6. Concerning the thing, concern- ing the things. 7.. Of the thing, of the things. &. Con- cerning the battle-array. 9. Wisdom, friend, citizen, fruit, hope. 10. For wisdom, for a citizen, for hope. C H A P T E K II. ADJECTIVES. 146. The adjective is that part of speech which is used to qualify nouns : bonus, good ; magnus, great. The form of the adjective in Latin depends in part upon the gender of the noun which it qualifies ; bonus puer, a good boy ; bona puella, a good girl ; bonum tectum, a good house. Thus bonus is the form of the adjective when used with masculine nouns, bona with feminine, and bonum with neuter. 147. Some adjectives are partly of the first declension and partly of the second, while all the rest are entirely of the third declension. I. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 148. Adjectives of this class have in the nominative singular the endings : ETYMOLOGY. ADJECTIVES. 31 Masc., Dec. II. Fern., Dec. I. Neut., Dec. II. US 1 , a, uin. ey are declined as follows : Bonus, good. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn, boniis bona boniini Gen. bonl bonae boni Dat. bono bonae bono Ace. boniiiii bonam boniini Foe. bon bona bonii.ni Abl. . bono bona bono ; PLURAL. Nom. boni bonae bona Gen. bonOrttm bonariiHi bonoriiiu Dat. bonls bonls bonl* ^4cc. bonos bonas bona Foe. bonl bonae bona Abl bonls bonls bonls. Liber, free. SINGULAR. Nom. liber libera llberiim Gen. libSrl liberae libgri Dat. libero liberae lib^ro Ace. liberuiii libCraii! liberiini Voc. liber libtfra libSriim Abl. libero libera lib^ro ; PLURAL Nom. liberl liberae libSrii Gen. liberoriiBai L liberariim. libero riini Dat. libSrls libdrls Iib6rls ^4cc. liberos liberas libSra Voc. liberl liberae libera All. liberls liberls liberls. 1 The dash indicates that the ending is sometimes wanting. See 45, 1. 32 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Aeger, sick. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. aeger aegr& aegriim Gen. aegrl aegrae aegrl Dai. aegro aegrae aegro Ace. aegrii.m aegr&m aegriim Foe. aeger aegra, aegriim Abl. aegro aegra aegro 5 PLURAL. Nom. aegrl aegrae aegr& Gen. aegrorum aegrariim aegrOr&m Dat. aegrls aegrls aegris Ace. aegros aegras aegra Foe. aegrl aegrae aegra Abl. aegrls aegrls aegrls. 1. Bonus is declined in the Masc. like servus of Dec. II. (45), in the Fern, like mensa of Dec. I. (42), and in the Neut. like templum of Dec. II. (45), 2. Liber differs in declension from bonus only in dropping us and c in the Nom. and Voc. (45, 3, 1). Aeger differs from liber only in dropping e before r (45, 3, 2). 3. Most adjectives in er are declineJl like aeger. RULE XXXIII Agreement of Adjectives. 438. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE : Fortuna caeca est, Fortune is blind. 1 Cic. Verae amicitiae, true friendships. Cic. Magister optimus, the best teacher. Cic. 1 Here the adjective caeca is in the feminine gender, in the singular number, and in the nominative case, to agree withfortuna. It is declined like BONUS : caecus, caeca, caecum. ETYMOLOGY. ADJECTIVES. 33 MODEL FOR PAUSING. Verae amlcitiae, True friendships. Verae is an adjective (146) of the First and Second Declensions (147) : STEM, ver (41, 148, 1). Singular: N. verus, vera, verum; G. veri, verae, veri ; D. vero, verae, vero ; A. verum, veram, verum ; V. vere, vera, verum ; A. vero, vera, vero. Plural : N. veri, verae, vera ; G. verorum, ver arum, verorum; D. ver is, veris, veris ; A. veros, veras, vera ; V'. veri, verae, vera ; A. veris, veris, veris. It is in the Nomi- native Plural Feminine, and agrees with its noun amicitiae, accord- ing to Rule XXXLTI : " An Adjective agrees with its Noun in GEN- DER, NUMBER, and CASE." EXERCISE XII. I. Vocabulary. Anniilus, I, m. Aureus, a, iim, 1 Beatus, a, um, Bonus, a, iim, Egregiiis, a, iim, Fldus, a, tim, Gratus, a, um, Magnus, a, iim, Multus, a, iim, Puella, ae, /. Pulcher, pulchra, pulchriim, Regina, ae, f. Regniim, I, n. Veriis, a, iim, Vita, ae, /. ring. golden. happy, blessed. good. distinguished. faithful. acceptable, pleasing. great. much, many. girl. beautiful. queen. kingdom. true. life. 1 The endings a and um belong respectively to the feminine and to the neuter. Thus aureus, aurea, aureum, like bonus, 148. 34 INTRODUCTORY LATIN" BOOK. II. Translate, into English. 1. Armcus fidus. 1 2. Amicifidi. 3. Amlcofido. 4. Ami- cum fidum. 5. Amice fide. 6. Amicorum fidorum. 7. Ami- cis fidis. 8. Amlcos fidos. 9. Corona aurea. 10. Coronae aureae. 11. Coronam auream. 12. Corona, aurea. 13. Coronarum aurearum. 14. Coronis aureis. 15. Coronas aureas. 16. Donum gratum. 17. Doni grati. 18. Dono grato. 39. Dona grata. 20. Donorum gratorum. 21. Donis gratis. 22. Ager pulcher. 23. Puella pulchra, 24. Donum pulchrum. 25. Agri pulchri. 26. Puellae pul- chrae. 27. Dona pulchra. 28. Beata vita, 29. Aureus annulus. 30. Aurei annuli. 31. Magna gloria. 32. Egre- gia victoria. III. Translate into Latin. 1. A true 2 friend. 2. The true 2 friends. 3. Fora true friend. 4. For true friends. 5. Of the true friend. 6. Of true friends. 7. True glory. 8. With true glory. 9. Of true glory. 10. An acceptable word. 11. Acceptable words. 12. With acceptable words. 13. Of acceptable words. 14. A beautiful book. 15. The beautiful books. 16. With a beautiful book. 17. Of beautiful books. 18. The beautiful queen. 19. The crown of the beautiful queen. 20. The beautiful crown of the queen. 21. A good king, a good queen, a good kingdom. 22. The broth- ers of the good king. 1 In Latin the adjective generally follows its noun, as in this example; though sometimes it precedes it, as in English. When emphatic, the adjective is placed before its noun ; as, Verae amicitiae, true friendships. Fidas agrees with amicus, according to Eule XXXIII. 2 Be sure and put the adjective in the right form to agree with its noun, according to Rule XXXIII. ETYMOLOGY. ADJECTIVES. 35 H. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 150. Adjectives of the third declension may be divided into three classes : I. Those which have in the nominative singular three different forms, one for each gender. II. Those which have two forms, the masculine and feminine being the same. III. Those which have but one form, the same for all genders. 151. I. ADJECTIVES OF THREE ENDLSTGS of this declen- sion have in the nominative singular : Masc. er, Fern. is, They are declined as follows : Neut. e. Acer, sharp. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neat. JV. acer acris acre G. acris acris acris D. acrl acrl acrl A. acrem acrem. acr V. acer acris acre A. acrl acrl acrl ; N. acres G. acrlikm D. acritoiis A. acres V. acres A. acrlbits PLURAL. acres acrliim acri"biis acres acres acrlbiks acriiim acritoiis acriti acria, acril>iis. INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 152. II. ADJECTIVES OF Two ENDINGS have in nominative singular: M. and F. Neut. 1. is e, for positives. 2. ior (or) ius (us), for comparatives. They are declined as follows : Tristis, sad. Tristior, more sad. 1 the SINGULAR. M. and F. Neut. M. and F. Neut. N. tristis tristl N. tristior tristiiis G. tristis tristis G. tristioris tristioris D. tristl tristl D. tristiorl tristiorl A. tristem tristl A. tristior ein. tristiiis V. tristis tristl V. tristior tristius A. tristl tristl ; A. tristior e" (I) tristiorl (l) ; PLURAL. N. tristes tristiai N. tristior es tristior si, G, tristiitm tristiii.111 G. tristiorikin. tristiorii-in D. tristlbiis tristlbiis D. tristioril>iis tristiorilJU-S A. tristes tristifc A. tristiores tristiorS, V. trist^s tristia. V. tristiores tristiorii A. tristitoiks tristitoiis. A. tristioril>tjLS tristiorit>iis. 153. III. ADJECTIVES OF ONE ENDING. All other ad- jectives have but one form in the nominative singular for all genders. They generally end in s or a, sometimes in I or r, and are declined in the main like nouns of the same endings. The following are examples : Felix, happy. Prudens, pnulent. SINGULAR. M. and F. Neut. M. and F. Neut, N. iclix felix N. prudens prudens G. fcllcis felicis G. prudentis prudentis D. felicl felicl D. prudent! prudentl A. felicem felix A. prudentem. prudens V. felix felix V. prudens prudens A. felled (I) felice* (I) ; A. prudent^ (1) prudente (I) ; l Comparative. See 1GO. ETYMOLOGY. ADJECTIVES. 37 PLURAL. A T . fellces felicisi N. prudentes prudenti^ G. feliciiim feliciiim G. prudentiikm prudentiiim D. felicil>iis felicil>iis D. prudentil>iis prudentil>iis A. fellces feliciii A. prudentes prudenti^ F fellces feliciii V prudentes prudent!^ A. felicifriks fellcil>iis. A. prudentlbits prudentlbiis. EXERCISE XIII. I. Vocabulary. Acer, acris, acre, sharp, severe. Animal, animalis, 11. animal. Brevis, e, short, brief. Crudelis, e, cruel. Dolor, doloris, in. pain, grief. Dux, duels, m. leader. Fertilis, e, fertile. Fortis, e, brave. Navalis, e, naval. Omnis, e, every, all, whole. Pugna, ae, f. battle. Sapiens, sapientis, wise. Singularis, e, singular, remarkable. Utilis, e, useful. II. Translate into English. 1. Dolor acer. 2. Dolores acres. 3. Lex acris. 4. Leg- ibus acribus. 5. Hostis crudelis. 6. Hostem crudelem. 7. Miles fortis. 8. Virtus militis 1 fortis. 9. Virtute mili- tum 1 fortium. 10. Ager fertilis. 11. In agro fertili. 12. Agros fertiles. 13. In agris fertilibus. 14. Post vitam brevem. 15. Pugnae navales. 16. Post pugnas navales. 17. Singularis virtus. 18. Singular! virtute. 19. Omne animal. 20. Omnia animalia. i Genitive, according to Rule XYT. 38 INTIIODUCTOKY LATIN BOOK. III. Translate into Latin. I. A useful citizen. 2. Of useful citizens. 3. For a useful citizen. 4. For useful citizens. 5. Of a useful citi- zen. 6. The wise judge. 7. Wise judges. 8. For the wise judge. 9. For wise judges. 10. Brave soldiers. 11. For brave soldiers. 12. A brave soldier. 13. Of the brave soldier. 14. The brave leader. 15. Brave leaders. 16. The word of the brave leader. 17. By the words of the brave leader. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 160. Adjectives have three forms to denote different degrees of quality. They are usually called the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative degree : altus, altior, altisslmus? high, higher, highest. Comparatives and superlatives are sometimes best rendered into English by too and very, instead of more and most: doctus, learned; doctior, more learned, or too learned ; doctissimus, most learned, or very learned. 161. The Latin, like the English, has two modes of comparison : I. Terminational Comparison by endings. II. Adverbial Comparison by adverbs. I. TEEMINATIONAL COMPARISON. 162. Adjectives are regularly compared by adding to the stem of the positive the endings : Comparative. Superlative. M. F. N. M. F. N. ior, ior, ius. issimus, issima, issimum. x Each of these forms of the adjective is declined. Thus altus and altissimus are declined like bonus, 148: ahus, a, um; altl, ae, i, etc. ; altis- simus, a, urn ; altissimi, ae, i, etc. Alt ior is declined like tristior, 1 52 : altior, uhitis : nlf.foris, etc. ETYMOLOGY. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 39 EXAMPLES. Altus, altior, altissimus: high, higher, higJiest. levis, levior, levissimus : light, lighter, lightest. II. ADVERBIAL COMPARISON. 170. Adjectives which want the terminational compari- son form the comparative and superlative, when their sig- nification requires it, by prefixing the adverbs magis, more, and maxime, most, to the positive : Arduus, magis arduus, maxime arduus. Arduous, more arduous, most arduous. MODEL FOR PARSING. ^Urator clarior, A more renowned orator. Clarior is an adjective (146) in the Comparative degree (160, 162), from the positive clarus, which is of the First and Second Declensions (148). Positive, clarus; STEM, clar ; Comparative, cla- rior; Superlative, clarissimus. Clarior is an adjective of the Third Declension, declined like tristior (152). Singular : N. clarior, clarius; G. claridris, clarions, etc. 1 It is in the Nominative Singular Mascu- line, and agrees with its noun orator, according to Rule XXXIII. 2 EXERCISE XIV. I. Vocabulary. Altus, a, iim, high, lofty. Clarus, a, iim, distinguished, renowned. Inter, prep, with ace. among, in the midst of. Mons, montls, m. mountain. \^ II. Translate into English. x^x. 1. OrutOT clarus. 2. Orator clarior. 3 3. Orator claris- simus. 4. Oratures clari. 5. Oratores clariores. 3 6. Ora- 1 Decline through all the cases of both numbers, 2 Give the Rule. 3 Declined like tristior, 152. Comparatives and superlatives, as well as positives, must agree with their nouns, according to Rule XXXIII. p. 32. 3 40 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. tores clarissimi. 7. Beata vita. 8. Beatior vita. 9. Bea- tissima vita. 10. Donum gratum. 11. Donum gratius. 12. Donum gratissimum. 13. Dona grata. 14. Dona gratiora. 15. Dona gratissima. 16. Milites fortissimi. 17. Liber utilis. 18. Libri utiliores. 19. Libris utilissi- rais. 20. Mons altns. 21. Montes altiores. III. Translate into Latin. 1. A fertile field. 2. A more fertile field. 3. The most fertile field. 4. Fertile fields. 5. More fertile fields. 6. A useful life. 7. A more useful life. 8. The most useful life. 9. Useful lives. 10. More useful lives. 11. The most useful lives. 12. A pleasing song. 13. A more pleasing song. 14. The most pleasing song. NUMERALS. 171. Numerals comprise numeral adjectives and nu- meral adverbs. I. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 172. Numeral adjectives comprise three principal classes : 1. CARDINAL NUMBERS : * unus, one ; duo^ two. 2. ORDINAL NUMBERS : x primus^ first ; secundus, second. 3. DISTRIBUTIVES : * singuli, one by one ; blni, two by two, two each, two apiece. ,-\__- ~TS 174. TABLE OF NUMERAL Aojia ^ "^ V^ ^***^ CARDINALS. - ^x'*"^ ^ ORDINALS. "N DISTRIBUTIVES. ; 1. finite, unit, uniim, / 2. duo, duae, duo, primtis, first, sScundus, second, singtili, one by one. bmi, two by two. ;5. tres, triii, tertius, third, term (trim). 4. quattuor, quartus, fourth, quaterm. 5- quinque, quintiis, fifth, quini. G. sex, sextiis, seni. i Cardinals denote simply the number of objects : unus, one ; duo, two. Ordinals denote the place of an object in a series: primus, first; secundus. ETYMOLOGY. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 41 7. sept&n, Septimus, septeni. 8. octo, octavus, octuni. 9. novCm, nonus, noveni. 10. dgcSm, dScimus, deni. 11. undecim, undecimus, undeni. 12. duodecim, duodecimos, duodeni. 13. tredgcim, or de'cem Ct tres, tertius decimus, terni dem. 20. viginti, vicesimtis, viceni. 2 , ( viginti uniis, vicesimus primus, vicem singuli. " I uniis t viginti, uniis ^t vicesimus, singuli et viceni 30. triginta, tricesimtts, triceni. 40. quadraginta, quadragesimus, quadrageni. 50. quinquaginta, quinquagesimus, quinquageni. 100. centum, centesimus, centeni. 200. ducenti, ae, a, i dticentesimus, duceni. 1000. milie, V millesimus, singiila milliS^ - ^ \r* N-.OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 1. Cardinals. 1 75- On the declension of cardinals, observe, 1. That the units, unus, duo, and tres, are declined. 2. That the other units, all the tens, and centum^ are in declinable. 3. That the hundreds are declined. 3 4. That miUe is sometimes declined. 2 176. The first three cardinals are declined as follows: 1. Untis, oiw. Singular. Plural N. uniis, una, uniim, uni, unae, una, 6r. unius, unms, unms, unoriim, unarum, unoriim, D. uni, uni, uni, unis, unis, unis, A. unum, unam, unum, unos, unas, una, V. une, una, uniim, A. uno, una, uno; unis, unis, unis. second. Distributives denote the number of objects taken at a time: sin- (juli, one by one ; llni, two by two. 1 These are declined like the plural of bonus (148) ; ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. 2 Though only in the plural, and only when used substantively. It is tiien declined like the plural of mare (50) ; millia, millium, milllbus. 4*2 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 2. Duo, two. 3. Tres, three. N- duo, duae, duo, tres, m. and/. tria, n. G. duorum, duartim, duorum, trium, trium, D. duobus, duabtis, duobus, tribiis, tribiis, A. duos, duo, duas, duo, - tres, tria,, A. duobus, duabiis, duobus. tribiis, tribGs. EXERCISE XV. I. Vocabulary. Annus, i, m. year. Classis, classis, /. fleet. Fortitude, fortitudinis, /. fortitude, bravery. Imperium, ii, n. reign, power. Navis, navis, f. sliip. Proeliiim, ii, n. battle. Vir, vm, m. man, hero. II. Translate into English. 1. Unus 1 liber. 2. Duo x libri. 3. Liber primus. 1 4, Liber secundus. 5. Tres libri. 6. Tertius liber. 7. Tria bella. 8. Post tria bella. 9. Post tertium bellum. 10. Ante quartum bellum. 11. Quattuor 2 anni. 12. Post bel- lum quinque annorum. 13. Decem 2 dies. 14. Decimus dies. 3 15. Decem horae. 16. Decima hora. 17. Decem proeJia. 18. Decimum proelium. 19. Hora, diei decima. III. Translate into Latin. \. Five friends. 2. Of five friends. 3. The fifth year. 4. The fifth day. 5. The fifth present. 6. With five pres- ents. 7. Eight books. 8. With eight books. 9. The eighth book. 10. Before the eighth book. 11. The bra- very of two soldiers. 12. By the bravefy of two soldiers. 1 Numeral adjectives agree with their nouns, like other adjectives. 2 The indeclinable numeral adjectives (175, 2) maybe used without change of form with nouns of any gender, and in any case, 2 Dies, it will be remembered, is generally masculine. ETYMOLOGY. PKOXOUNS. 43 CHAPTER III. PRONOUNS. ' 182. The Pronoun is that part of speech which prop- erly supplies the place of nouns : ego, I ; tu, thou. 1 83. Pronouns are divided into six classes : 1. Personal Pronouns : tu, thou. 2. Possessive Pronouns : meus, my. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns : liic, this. 4. Relative Pronouns : qui, who. 5. Interrogative Pronouns : quis, who ? 6. Indefinite Pronouns : aUquis^ some one. I. PERSONAL PKONOUNS. 184. Personal Pronouns, so called because they desig- nate the person of the noun which they represent, are ego, I ; tu, thou; sui (Nom. not used), of himself, herself, itself. They are declined as follows : SINGULAR. N. ego tu G. mei tul sui D. mihi tibi sib! A. me te se V. tu A. me ; te; se; PLURAL. N. nds VOS G. nostrum 7 nostri j vestrum ) yestri ) sui D. nobis vobis sib! A. nos VOS se V. VOS A. nobis. vobls se. 1. Substantive Pronouns. Personal pronouns are also called Sub- stantive pronouns, because they are always used as substantives. 2. Reflexive Pronoun. Sui r from its reflexive signification, of 1dm- selfj etc., is often called the Reflexive pronoun. 44 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 185. From Personal pronouns are formed the Possess- ives : meus, ray, tuns, thy, your, suns, his, her, its, noster, our. vester, your. suus, their. They are declined as adjectives of the first and second declensions ; 1 meus, mea, meum ; noster, nostra, nostrum : but meus has in the vocative singular masculine generally mi, sometimes meus. III. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 186. Demonstrative Pronouns, so called because they specify the objects to which they refer, are Hie, itte, iste, ipse, is, idem. They are declined as follows : Hie, this. SINGULAR. PLURAL. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. liic haec hoc hi liae liaec G. hujiis hujiis hujiis lioriim liariim lioriim D. hulc hulc hulc his Ins lllS A. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec V. A. hoc hac hoc; his his Ins. Ille, he or that. SINGULAR. PLURAL. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. illc ilia illiid illl illae ilia G. illlus illlus illlus illdrum i liariim illdriim D. illl illl illl illis illis illis A. ilium ilium illiid illos illas ilia V. A. illo ilia illo; illis illis illis. 1 See bonus and aeger, 148. ETYMOLOGY. PRONOUNS. 45 Iste, that. Iste, that, is declined like itte. It usually refers to ob- jects which are present to the person addressed, and some- times expresses contempt. Ipse, self, lie. SINGULAR. PLURAL. J/; F. N. M. F. N. A", ipse ipsa ipsum ipsl . ipsae ipsa G. ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsoriim ipsarum ipsoriim D. ipsl ipsl ipsl ipsls ipsls ipsls A. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa V. > A. ipso ipsa ipso; - ipsls ipsls ipsls. SINGULAR. Is, he, that. PLURAL. 4- M. F. N. M. F. N. ^V. is ea id ii eae ea G. ejus ejus ejus eoriim ear urn eoriim D. el el el iis (els) iis (els) iis (els) A. eum earn id eos eas ea F. ^4. eo ea eo; iis (els) iis (els) iis (els). Idem, the same. Idem, compounded of is and dem, is declined like is, but shortens isdem to idem, and iddem to idem, and changes m to n before the ending dem ; thus : SINGULAR. M. F. N. N. Idem eadem idem G. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem D. eidem eidem eidem A. eundem eandem idSm V. A . eodem eadem eodem ; PLURAL. M. F. N. ildem eaedem eadem eorundem earundem eorundent iisde'ra iisdem iisdem eosdem easdem eadem ii*dem iisdem iisdem. IV. RELATIVE PKONOUNS. 187. The Relative qui, who, so called because it relates to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, called its antecedent, is declined as follows : 1NTRODUCTOKY LATIN BOOK. SINGULAR. PLURAL. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. qui quae quod qui quae quae G. cujiis cujus cujus quorum quaruni quorum D. cul CUl CUl quibus quibus quibus A . quern V. quam quod quos quas quae A . quo qua qu5; quibus quibus quibus. SINGULAR. PLURAL F. N. M. F. N. quae cujus cul quam quid cujus CUl quid qui quorum quibus quos quae quariim quibus quas quae quorum quibus quae qua quo; quibus quibus quibus. Y. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 188. Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking ques- tions. The most important are Quis and qui, with their compounds. Quis (who, which, what?) is generally used substan- tive! y, and is declined as follows: M, N. quis G. cujus D. cul A. quern V. A. quo Qui (which, what?) is generally used adjectively, and is declined like the relative qui. VI. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 189. Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to any definite persons or things. The most important are Quis and qui, with their compounds. . 190. Quis, any one, qui, any one, any, are the same in form and declension as the interrogatives quis and qui. 1 191. From quis and qui are formed I. The Indefinites : aliquis, aliqua, aliquld or aliquod, some, some one. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam or quodpiam, some, some one. quidam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, certain, certain one. quisquam, quidquam, any one. 1 But after si, nisi, ne, and num, the Feminine Singular and the Neuter Plural have quae or qua; si quae, si qua. In like manner, allquu has aliqua in the Feminine Singular and in the Neuter Plural. ETYMOLOGY. PHOXOUNS. 47 II. jT/i? General Indefinites : quiscpe, quaeque, " quidque or quodquc. tvery, every one. quivis, quacvis, quidvis or quodvis, any one you please. quilibet, quaellbet, quidlibct or quodlib'ef, any one you please. EXERCISE XVI. I. Vocabulary. Consilium, il, n. design, plan. Epistola, ae, /. letter. Ex, j9rep. with all. from. Insula, ae, /. island. Parens, parentis, r,i. and /. parent. Pars, partis, /. part, portion. Patria, ae, /. country, native country. Praeclariis, a, iim, distinguished. Pratutn, i, n. meadow. Pro, prep, with dbl. for, in behalf of. Qirivis, quaevls, quodvis, whoever, whatever. II. Translate into English. 1. Mihi, tibi, sibi. 2. Ad me, 1 ad te. 3. Contra nos, contra se. 4. Ante vos, ante nos. 5. Pro vobis. 1 G. Mea 2 vita. 7. Patria tua. 8. Pro patria tua. 2 9. Con- tra patriam tuam. 10. Nostra consilia. 11. Nostris 2 con- siliis. 12. Vestri patres. 13. In nostra patria. 14. Hie 2 puer, hi pueri. ~^>. Haec corona, hae coronae. 16. Hoc donum, liaec dona. 17. Haec nrbs praeclara. 18. Ex liac vita. 19. Illius libri. 20. In ea pugna. 21. In eodem. prato. 22. Quac 2 urbs? 1 Sec 184, 1. Substantive pronouns are used in the several cases like nouns, and are parsed by the same rules. Sec Eule XXXII. 432. Other pronouns are sometimes used as nouns, and parsed in the same way. 2 The Possessive, the Demonstrative, and the Interrogative pronouns, in this exercise, are all used as adjectives, and agree with their nouns, like any other adjectives, according to Rule XXXIII. 438, p. 32. Hence mea is in the Nominative Singular Feminine, to agree with vita; nostris, in the Dative or Ablative Plural Neuter, to agree with consiliis ; hie, in the Nominative Singular Masculine, to agree with pucr, \ 48 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. III. Translate into Latin. 1. We, you. 2. You, me, himself. 3. For you, for me, .for himself. 4. Of .himself, of you. 5. Against ~ you, against me. 6. My book, your book, his book. 7. My books, your books, his books. 8. Our parents, your par- ents, their parents. 9. This letter, that letter* 10. These letters, those letters. 11* This city, a that city* > 12. These cities, those cities. 13. After that victory. 14. The same words. 15. With the same words. CHAPTER IV. VERBS. 192. Verbs in Latin, as in English, express existence, condition, or action : est, he is ; dormit, he is sleeping ; legit, he reads. 1 93. Verbs comprise two principal classes : I. TRANSITIVE VERBS, which admit a direct object of their action : servum l verberat, he beats the slave. II. INTRANSITIVE VERBS, which do not admit such an object : puer currit, the boy runs. 194. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person. I. VOICES. 1 95. There are two Voices : 2 I. THE ACTIVE VOICE, which represents the subject as acting or existing : pater filium amat, the father loves his son ; est, he is. 1 Here servum, the slave, is the direct object of the action denoted by the verb beats: beats (what?) the slave. 2 Voice shows whether the subject acts (Active Voice), or is acted upon (Passive Voice). BTYMOLOGY. VERBS. 49 II. THE PASSIVE VOICE, which represents the sub- ject as acted upon by some other person or thing: filius a patre amdtur, the son is loved by his father. II. MOODS. 196. Moods 1 are either Definite or Indefinite: I. The Definite or Finite Moods make up the Finite Verb ; they are : 1. The INDICATIVE MOOD, which either asserts some- thing as SL fact, or inquires after the fact : legit, he is read- ing ; leyitne, is he reading ? 2. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, which expresses, not an actual fact, but a possibility or conception, often rendered by may, can, etc. : Ugat, he may read, let him read. 3. The IMPERATIVE MOOD, which expresses a com- mand or an entreaty : lege, read thou. II. The Indefinite Moods express the meaning of the verb in the form of nouns or adjectives ; they are: 1. The INFINITIVE, which, like the English Infinitive, gives the simple meaning of the verb, without any neces- sary reference to person or number : legere, to read. 2. The GERUND, which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the second declension, used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singu- lar. It corresponds to the English participial noun in ING : amandi, of loving ; amandi causa, for the sake of loving. 3. The SUPINE, which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the fourth declension, used only in the accusative and ablative singular : amdtum, to love, for loving ; amatu, to be loved, in loving. 4. The PARTICIPLE, which, like the English Participle, gives the meaning of the verb in the form of an adjective. 1 Mood, or Mode, means manner, and relates to the manner in which the meaning of the verb is expressed, as will be seen by observing the force of the several Moods. 60 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BQOIv. A Latin verb may have four participles : two in the Active, the Present and Future, amans, loving ; amaturus, about to love : and two in the Passive, the Perfect and Future, amdtus, loved ; amandus, deserving to be loved. III. TENSES. 1 97. There are six tenses : l I. THREE TENSES FOR INCOMPLETE ACTION: 1. Present : amo^ I love. 2. Imperfect : amabam, I was loving. 3. Future : amabo, I shall love. II. THREE TENSES FOR COMPLETED ACTION: 1. Perfect : amavi^ I have loved, I loved. 2. Pluperfect : amaveram, I had loved. 3. Future Perfect : amavero, I shall have loved. 198. REMARKS ON TENSES. 1. Present Perfect and Historical Perfect. The Latin Perfect sometimes corresponds to our Perfect with have (have loved), and is called the Present Perfect, or Perfect Definite ; and sometimes to our Imperfect or Past (loved), and is called the Historical Perfect, or Perfect Indefinite. 2. Principal and Historical. Tenses are also distinguished as 1) Principal: Present, Present Perfect, Future, and Future Perfect. 2) Historical : Imperfect, Historical Perfect, and Pluperfect. 3. Tenses Wanting. The Subjunctive wants the Future and Future Perfect ; the Imperative has only the Present and Future ; the Infinitive, only the Present, Perfect, and Future. IV. NUMBERS. 1 99. There are two Numbers : 2 SINGULAR and PLURAL. 1 Tense means time, and is employed to designate the time of an action or event. 2 Number in verbs corresponds, it will be observed, to number in nouns, Sen 37. ETYMOLOGY. VERBS. 51 Y. PERSONS. 200. There arc three Persons: 1 FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD. CONJUGATION. 201. Regular verbs are inflected, or conjugated, in four different ways, and are accordingly divided into Four Con- jugations, distinguished from each other by the INFINITIVE ENDINGS. Conj. I. Conj. II. Conj. III. Conj. IV. are, ere, ere, ire. 202. Principal Parts. Four forms of the verb the Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Supine 2 are called, from their importance, the Prin- cipal Parts of the verb. 203. Entire Conjugation. In any regular verb, 1. The VERB-STEM may be found by dropping the In- finitive Ending: amare / stem, am. 2. The PRINCIPAL PARTS may be formed from this stem by means of proper endings. 3. The ENTIRE CONJUGATION of the verb through all its parts may be readily formed from these Principal Parts by means of the proper endings. 3 1 Person in verbs corresponds, it will be observed, to person in nouns. Sec 37. 2 In the Active Voice, all these four forms are usually given as Princi- pal Parts ; but, in the Passive, .only the first three. 3 In the Paradigms of regular verbs, the endings, both those which distinguish the Principal Parts and those which distinguish the forms derived from those parts, are separately indicated, and should be carefully noticed. INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 204. Sum, lam. Sum is used as an auxiliary in the passive voice of regular verbs. Accordingly, its conjugation, though quite irregular, must be given at the outset. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Incl. sum, esse, fui, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. / am. Supine. 1 turn, es, cst, tram, eras, erat, t-rd, eris, crir, SINGULAR. I am, thou art? Tie is; IMPE 7t I was, thou wast, he was ; FUT / shall o I shall be, thou icilt be, lie will be; PERI sumus, estis, sunt, RFECT. cos. eramus, eratis, erant, [JRE. r will be. erimus, eritis, erant, ^ECT. PLURAL. we are, you are, they are. ice were, you were, they 10 ere. we shall be, you will be, they will be. / have been, was. fui, faistl, Cult., I have been, thou hast been, he has been; fulmus, fuistis, fuSrunt, ) fuere, ) ive have been, you have been, they have been. PLUPERFECT. / had been. fueram, fueras, fuer at, J had been, thou hadst been, he had been; FUTURE fu eramus, fueratis,' fuerant, PERFECT. . we had been, you had been, . they had been. J shall or will have been. fuerf), fneris, fuerlt, I shall have been, thou wilt have been, he will have been ; fu erimus, fueritis, fuerint, we shall have been, you will have been, they will have been. 1 The Supine is wanting in this verb. 2 Or, you, are : thou is confined mostly to solemn discourse : in ordinary English, you are is used both in the singular and in the plural. ETYMOLOGY. VEKB SUM. 53 cssSm, esses, esset, fuerim, fueris, fuerlt, fuissem, fuisses, fuisset, SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. / may or can be. 1 SINGULAR. PLURAL. slm, ElS, lit, / may be, thou mayst be, he may be ; 1 simus, 1 SltlS, 1 sint, we may be, you may be, they may be. IMPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should be. I miyht be, thou mightst be, he might be ; essemus, essetis, essent, PERFECT. / may or can have been. I may have been, thou mayst have been, he may have been ; fuerlmus, fueritis, fuerint, we might be, you might be, they might be. we may have been, you may have been, they may have been. PLUPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should have been. I might have been, thou mightst have been, he might have been; fuissemus, we might have been, fuissetis, you might have been, fuissent, they might have been. I M P E 11 A T I Y E. PRES. 6s, FUT. esto, est5, be thou, thou shalt be,- he shall be; INFINITIVE. PRES. essc, PERF. fuisse, to be. to have been. FUT. futuriis 3 essc, to be about tobe. este, be ye. estote, ye shall be, suiitS, they shall be. PARTICIPLE. FUT. futuriis, 5 about to be. 1 The Subjunctive is sometimes best rendered by let: sit, he maybe, may he be, let him be. 2 The Future is sometimes best rendered like the Present, or with let: csto, thou shah be, or be thou ; sunto, they shall be, or let them be. 3 Futurus is declined like bonus; N. faturus, a, urn, G. futuri, ae, i; so in the Infinitive : faturus, a, um esse. 54 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. BULE XXXV. Verb with Subject. 460. A Finite 1 Verb agrees with its Subject 2 in NUMBER and PERSON: Deus nmndum aedificavit, 3 God made the world. Cic. Ego reges ejeci, vos tjrannos introducitis, I have banished kings, you introduce tyrants. Cic. 1. PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND TENSES. These agree with the subject, according to Rule XXXIII. page 32: Thebani accusati sunt, 4 The Thebans were accused. Cic. 2. SUBJECT OMITTED. The subject is generally omitted 1) When it is a Personal Pronoun, or can be readily supplied from the context : Discipulos moneo, 5 ut stiidia ament, 5 / instruct pupils to love 6 their studies. Quint. 1 Sec 196, I. 2 With 4ho Active Voice of a Transitive Verb, the Subject represents iho person (or thing, one or more) who performs the action ; as, Dens in the first example, God made: but, with the Passive Voice, it represents the person (or thing, one or more) who receives the action, i.e. is acted upon, as, Tkebdnif 460, 1 : the Thebans were accused. 3 Aedificavit is in the Third Person and in the Singular Number, be- cause its subject deus is in that person and number. Ejeci is in the First Person Singular, to agree with its subject ego; and introducitis in the Second Person Plural, to agree with its subject vos. 4 The verb accusati sunt is in the Third Person Plural, to agree with its subject Thebani, according to Rule XXXV. ; but the participle accusati, which is one element of the verb, is in the Nominative Plural Masculine, to agree with its noun Thebani, according to Rule XXXIII. 6 The subject of moneo is ego. It is omitted, because it is a Personal Pronoun, and is, accordingly, fully implied in the verb, as the ending eo shows, as we shall soon see, that the subject cannot be you, he, or they, but must be 7. Ul ament means literally that they may love. The subject of ament is tho pronoun ii, they, referring to discipulos. It is omitted, partly because it is implied in the ending ent, but more especially because it can be so readily supplied from discipulos, which shows who are here meant by they G To love, or, more literally, that they may love. ETYMOLOGY. VERB SUM. 55 The Pronoun may be expressed for emphasis or contrast, as in the second example under the rule. I. DIRECTIONS FOR PARSING VERBS. In parsing a verb, 1. Tell whether it is transitive or intransitive (193), name the Conjugation to which it belongs, give the Pres- ent Indicative Active and the Stem (203). 2. Give the Principal Parts (202), and inflect the tense in which the given form is found. 1 3. Give the voice, mood, tense, number, and person. 4. Name the subject, and give the Rule for agreement. MODELS FOR PARSING THE VERB SUM. 1. Sum with Subject. ISTos 2 eramus, We were. Eramus is an intransitive irregular 3 verb, from sum. Principal Parts : sum, esse,fui, 4 . Inflection of tense (Imperfect Indica- tive) : eram, eras, eral, eramus, erdtis, erant. The form eramus is found in the Indicative mood, Imperfect tense, First person, Plural number, and agrees with its subject nos, according to Rule XXXV. : " A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in NUMBER and PERSON." 2. Sum loithout Subject. 5 Fui, I have been. Fui is an intransitive irregular verb, from sum. Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui. Inflection of tense (Perfect Indicative) : fui, faisti, 1 That is, if the form occurs in a given tense of the Indicative, give the several forms for the different persons and numbers in that tense and mood. The teacher may also find it convenient to require the synopsis of the mood till the required tense is found. 2 Nos is the Subject. With an intransitive verb, the Subject represents the person (or thing) who is in the condition, or state, denoted by the verb. 3 Hence it does not belong to cither of the regular conjugations. 4 The Supine is wanting. 6 That is, without any subject expressed. 56 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. fuit ; fuimus, fuistis, fuerunt, or fuere. The form ful is found in the Indicative mood, Perfect tense, First person, Singular number, and agrees with its subject ego omitted (though fully implied 1 in the ending { of fui), according to Rule XXXY. EXERCISE XVII. I. Translate into English. 1. Sum, sumus, sunt. 2 2. Es, est, estis. 3. Eram, era- mus. 2 4. Erat, erant. 5. Eris, eritis. 2 6. Erit, erunt. 7. Fui, fueram, fuero. 8. Fuimus, fueramus, fuermius. 9. Fuisti, fuistis. 10. Fuit, fuerunt. 11. Fuerat, fuerant. 12. Fuerit, fuerint. 13. Sim, simus. 14. Sit, sint. 15. Essem, esseimis. 16. Esset, essent. IT. Fuerim, fuissem. 18. Fuerimus, fuissemus. 19. Fuerit, fuerint. 20. Fuisset, fuisscnt. 21. Es, estc. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He 3 is, they 3 are. 2. He has been, they have been. 3. He will be, they will be. 4. He was, they were. 5. He will have been, they will have been. 6. He had been, they had been. 7. I s was, you were. 8. We have been, you have been. 9. You may be, they may be. 10. He would be, they would be. 11. I might have been, we might have been. 1 Sec Rule XXXY., 2, together with the note. 2 In parsing the forms contained in this Exercise, observe the second Model just given. If the verb is of the first person, supply, as subject, the personal pronoun (184) of the first person; i.e., ego for the singular, and nos for the plural. If the verb is of the second person, supply the personal pronoun of the second person ; i.e., ta for the singular, and vos for the plural. If the verb is of the third person, supply the demonstra- tive pronoun is (186) for the singular, and ii for the plural, as the per- sonal pronoun sui is not used in the Nominative : hence, ego sum, nos sumus, ii sunt. . 3 The English pronouns in this Exercise arc not to be rendered by the corresponding Latin pronouns, as the latter may be implied in the ending of the verb, as in the Latin forms above : hence, he is = est. ETYMOLOGY. VERB SUM. 57 SUM WITH SUBJECT AND ADJECTIVE. RULE III Subject Nominative. 367. The Subject of a Finite 1 Yerb is put in the Nominative : Servius 2 regnavit, Servius reigned. Liv. Patent portae, The rjates are open. Cic. Rex vlcit, The king conquered. Liv. 1. The Subject is always a substantive,, a pronoun, or some word or clause used substantively : Ego reges cjeci, / have banished kings. Cic. 2. SUBJECT OMITTED. See 460, 2 ; page 54. MODEL FOE PARSING SUBJECTS. Rex vicit, The king conquered. Hex is a noun (31) of tlie Third Declension, as it has is in the Genitive Singular (40) ; of Class I., as it ha a nominative ending s (x = g-s, of which s is the ending, as g belongs to the stem. See 50, 1. note) ; STEM, reg. Singular : rex, regis, regi, regem, rex, rege. Plural : reges, regum, regibus, reges, reges, regibus. It is of the Mas- culine gender, by 35, 1. 1. ; is in the Nominative Singular; and is the subject of vicit, according to Rule III. : " The Subject of a Finite Yerb is put in the Nominative." EXERCISE XVIII. I. Vocabulary. Cato, Catonis, m. Cato, a distinguished Roman. Crudus, a, iim, unripe. Diligens, Dlligentis, diligent. Discipulus, I, m. pupil. 1 Sec 196, 1. 2 In these examples, the subjects arc Servius, portae, and rex. 58 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Germania, ae, /. Germany. Jucundiis, a, uin. pleasant, delightful. Laudabilis, e. praiseworthy, laudable Maturiis, a, iim. ripe. Pomiim, i, n. fruit. II. Translate into English. 1. Pax 1 jucunda 2 est. 3 2. Pax jucunda erit. 3. Vita brevis est. 4. Cato bonus fuit. 5. Gives boni fuerunt. 6. Virtus laudabilis es-t. 7. Libri utiles sunt. 8. Illi libri utiles erunt. 9. Ille liber utilis fuerat. 10. Utilis 4 fuisti. 11. Utiles fuistis. 12. Germania fertllis est. 13. Agrifer- tiles fuerant. 14. Pomum crudum est. 15. Poma cruda sunt. 16. Poma matura erunt. 17. Miles fortis est. 18. Milites fortes sunt. III. Translate into T^atin. 1. Tlie pupil is diligent. 5 2. The pupils were diligent. 3. The boy is good. 4. He will be happy. 5. Good boys are happy. C. You may be happy. 7. We might have been happy. 8. This soldier will be useful. 9. These sol- diers have been useful. 10. Brave soldiers arc useful. 11. You will be useful. 12. Let us be useful. 1 Pax is the subject of est, and is therefore in the Nominative, accord- ing to Rule III. 2 Jucunda is an adjective in the Nominative Singular Feminine, to iigroe with its noun pax, according to Rule XXXIII., page 32. 3 Est is a verb in the Indicative mood, Present tense, Third person, Singular number, and agrees with its subject pax, according to Rule ZXXV., page 54. ' Utilis agrees with the omitted subject tu t implied in the ending of tltf verb, 5 In translating English into Latin, the pupil is expected, in the ar^ rangcment of words, to imitate the order followed in the Latin Exercises, lie will observe that the subject stands first, and the verb last. But some- times the verb precedes one or more words in the sentence. Thus the sentence, Pax jucunda est, might be Pax est jucunda. ETYMOLOGY. VERB SUM. 5& SUM WITH PREDICATE NOUN. RULE I. Predicate Nouns. 362. A Predicate Noun 1 denoting the same person or thing as its subject agrees with it in CASE : Ego sum nuntius, 1 1 am a messenger. Liv. Servius rex cst declu- ratus, Servius teas declared king. Liv. MODEL FOR PARSING PREDICATE NOUNS. Ego sum nuntius, I am a messenger. Nuntius is A noun (31) of the Second Declension, as it has i in the Genitive Singular (40) ; STEM, nunti. Singular ; nuntius, nuntii, nuntio, nuntium, nuntie, nuntio. Plural ; nuntii, nuntiorum nuntiis, nuntios, nuntii, nuntiis. It is of the Masculine Gender by 45; is in the Nominative Singular, and, as a Predicate Noun, agrees in case with its subject ego, according to Rule I. : " A Predi- cate Noun denoting the same person or thing as its Subject agrees with it in CASE." 346. I. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE has the form of an assertion : Miltiades accusatus cst, Miltiades was accused. Nep. II. An INTERROGATVE SENTENCE has the form of u question : Quis non paupertateni extimescit, Who does not fear poverty 1 ? Cic. 1. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. Interrogative sentences generally contain some interrogative word, either an interrogative pronoun, 1 Every sentence consists of two distinct parts, expressed or implied : 1. The SUBJECT, or that of which it speaks. 2. The PREDICATE, or that which is said of the subject. Thus, in the first example under the Rule, ego, I, is the subject, and sum nuntius is the predicate. When the predicate thus consists of a noun with the verb sum, or of a noun with a passive verb, the noun thus used Is called a predicate noun. Accordingly, nuntius in the first example, and rex in the second, arc predicate nouns. 60 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. ^v. adjective, or adverb, or one of the interrogative particles, ne, nonne^ num : t 1) Questions with ne ask for information : Scrlbitne, Is he writing ? Ne is always thus appended to some other word. 2) Questions with nonne expect the answer yes : Nonne scrlbit, Tg he not writing ? 8) Questions with num expect the answer no : Num scrlbit, Is he writing ? EXERCISE XIX. t , I. Vocabulary. t Anciis, I, m. Ancus, Roman king. Conditor, conditoris, m. founder. Demosthenes, is, m. Demosthenes, Athenian orator. Ebrietas, ebrietatis, f. drunkenness. Graecus, a, iim, Greek, Grecian. Graecus, I, m. Greek, a Greek. Insania, ae,/. insanity, madness. Inventor, inventoris, m. inventor. Mater, matris, /. mother. Mundus, I, m. world, universe. Nonne, interrog. part. expects answer yes. Num, interrog. part. expects answer no. Philosophia, ae,/. philosophy. Roma, ae,/. Rome. Romaniis, a, um, Roman. Romanus, I, m. Roman, a Roman. Romulus, I, m. Romulus, the founder of Ronjau Scipio, Scipionis, m. Scipio, Roman general. II. Translate into English}* 1. Ancus 2 fuit 3 rex 4 . 2. Nonne 5 Romulus rex fuerat? 3. Romulus rex fuerat. 4. Quis conditor Romae 6 fuit? 5. Romulus conditor Romae fuit. 6. Ebrietas est insania. TJ^Patria 7 est parens omnium nostrum. 6 f8. Graeci 7 multa rum artium 8 inventores erant. 9. Demostnenes orator fuit. * For Notes to the references on this page, see page 61. ETYMOLOGY. VEIIB SUM. 61 10. Num. hie puer orator crit? 11. Ille puer orator sit. 1 12. Philosophia est mater artium. ^13. Cicero clarissimus 9 oriitor fuit. 9 14. Cantus lusciniae jucundissimus 9 est. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who 10 was the king? 11 2. Was not 12 Romulus king? 11 3. Romulus was king. 4. Who was the leader of the Romans ?% 5. Was not 12 Scipio the leader of the Romans? 6. Scipio was the leader of the Romans. * 7. Your brother is an orator.^t 8. This boy is my brother, f 9. These boys will be diligent pupils. 10. These pupils will be diligent, i . **~\ 1 In preparing the longer and more difficult sentences in this and in the subsequent exercises, it is recommended that the pupil should follow the Suggestions which are inserted in this volume, page 143, and which are intended to aid him in discerning the process by which he may most readily and surely reach the meaning of a Latin sentence. 2 See Rule III. page 57. 3 See Rule XXXV. page 54. The verb sometimes precedes the Predi- cate Noun, as in this sentence ; and sometimes follows it, as in several of the following sentences. 4 Rex is a Predicate Noun, denoting the same person as its subject Ancus, and is therefore in the Nominative, to agree with that subject in case, according to Rule I. page 59. 5 See 346, II. 1 above. 6 Genitive, according to Rule XVI. page 22. 7 In this sentence, before turning to the Vocabulary for the meaning of the words, notice carefully the endings of the several words in accord- ance with Suggestion IV. What parts of speech do you find ? What cases ? What mood, tense, number, and person ? In accordance with Suggestion V., what order will you follow in look- ing out the words in the Vocabulary ? 8 Artium depends upon inventores. 9 In accordance with Suggestion VII., for what forms will you look in the Vocabulary to find the meaning of clarissimus and jucundissi- mus (162) ? > See 188. See Rule I. >> QTf TSS 12 Nonm - See 346 IL ' 62 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 205. Amo, Hove. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. am 5, umare, timavi, umatum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. / love, am loving, do love. SINGULAR. PLURAL. amd, I love, amainiks, we love, amas, thou lovest, amatis, you love, amat, he loves ; am ant, they love. IMPERFECT. I loved, icas loving, did love. umaba-m. I was loving, amfiljainii.*, we were loving, &m&tM&s. thou wast loving, amal^atis, you were loving, uniabkt. he was loving ; amabant, they were loving. 1 FUTURE. ' v / shall or will love. ama"b6, I shall love, umfibimiis, we shall love, uma"bis, thou wilt love, ama"bitis, you will love, ama1>it, he will love ; amalmnt, they will love. PERFECT. I loved, have loved. amavl, I have loved, amavimiis, we have loved, amavistl, thou hast loved, amavistis, you have loved, iimavit, he has loved; amavenmt, er, they have loved. PLUPERFECT. / had loved. umav^ram, I had loved, amavi\amii.s, we had loved, amave^-as, thou hadst loved, amavr!atis, you had loved, amavei-at, he had loved ; amav^rimt, they had loved. i FUTURE PERFECT! I shall or will have loved. amavr6, I shall have loved, amav^rlmiks, we shall have loved, amavris, thou wilt have loved, amiivi*itis, you will have loved t amav^rit, he will have loved ; amav^rint, they will have loved. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. femes, fimet, SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. I may or can love. SINGULAR. / may love, thou mayst love, he may love ; ameuiiis, ametis, ament, IMPERFECT. / might, could, ivould, or should love. PLURAL. we may love, you may love, they may love. amarem, amares, amaret, I might love, thou mightst love, he might love amaremiis, we might love, ainaretis, you might love, amareiit, they might love. PERFECT. / may or can have loved. amaverim, / may have loved, amaverlmiks, we may have loved, amaveris, thou mayst have loved, amaverlt, he may have loved ; amaveritis, you may have loved, amavrint, they may have loved. PLUPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should have loved. amavissem, / might have loved, amavisses, thou mightst have loved, amavisset, he might have loved ; amavisseimiis, we might have loved, amavissetis, you might have loved, amavissent, they might have loved. IMPERATIVE. PRES. ama, FUT. amato, amatO, love thou ; thou shah love, he shall love ; INFINITIVE. PRES. amare, to love. PERF. amavisse, to have loved. FUT. amatfiriks J ess, to be about to love. G E E U N D. Gen. amanill, of loving, Dat. ftinfifiid.6, for loving, Ace. arnancliim, loving, All. umsiiiilo, by loving. am ate, love yc.~ amatot, ye shall love, amantO, they shall love. PARTICIPLE. PRES. amans, 2 loving. FUT. aniaturii s, 1 about to love. SUPINE. Ace, Abl fimatiim, amatfi, to love t to love, be loved. 1 Decline like bonus, 1,48. 4 2 Decline like prudens, 153. 64. INTRODUCTORY LATIX BOOK. FIRST CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 206. Amor, I am loved. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Timor, amari, umfitiis sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. I am loved. SINGULAR. amor umatiir ; amabar amamliiX umantiii*. IMPERFECT. / was loved. &mfigtftp|liil umalmntiir. FUTURE. / shall or will be loved. itmatiks siim 1 amattis s S.matfis est ; timatiis amatiis ^ras amatiis ^rat ; amatiis ero 1 amatiis rl* amatiis PERFECT. / have been or was loved. amatl rimiitl cstis umiitl sunt. PLUPERFECT. I had been loved. timatl eramiisi umatl Gratis iimjitl erant. FUTURE PERFECT. 7 shall or will have been loved. amatl erimiks timatl iritis fimatl 1 Fui, faisti, etc., arc sometimes used for sum, es, etc. ; thus amdtus f'4 for amdtus sum. So faHram, futras, etc., for fram, ?ras, etc. ; also fu&ro^ fulris, etc., for fro, tris, etc. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 65 SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. / may or can be loved. SINGULAR. amer ameris, or re ametiir ; PtURAL. amemiir ameminl amentiir. IMPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should be loved. amarer amaremiii- amareris, or re amaretiir ; amaremlnl rimarciitiir. PERFECT. I may have been loved. amatiis sim l amatl slmiis amatiis sis amatl sitis amatiis sit ; amatl slut. PLUPERFECT. / might, could, icould, or should have been loved. amatiis cssem 1 amatl essemiis amatiis esses amatiis ess^t ; amatl essetis amatl essent. ( I M P E K A T I V Ej PRES. amare, be thou loved; | amaminl, be ye loved. FUT. amator, thou shalt be loved, amator, he shall be loved; INFINITIVE. PRES amarl, to be loved. PERF. amatiis csse, to have been loved. PUT. amatiiiaa Irl, to be about to be loved. amaiitor, they shall be loved. PARTICIPLE. PERF. amatiis, having been loved. FUT. amancliis, t^o be loved. 1 Fugrim, fu&ris, etc., are sometimes used for sim, sis, etc. So also ftiissem, fuisscs, etc., for cssem, esses, etc. 66 INTRODUCTORY LATIN 13OOK. MODELS FOR PARSING REGULAR VERBS. 1. With Subject. Yos laudavistis, You have praised. Laudavistis is a transitive verb (192, 193) of the First Conjuga- tion (201), from laudo ; STEM, laud. Principal Parts: laudo, lau- ddre, lauddvi, laudatum. Inflection of Tense : lattdfivi, laudavisli, laudavit, laudavimus, laudavistis, laudaverunt, or laudavere. The form laudavistis is found in the Active voice, Indicative mood, Per- fect tense, Second person, Plural number, and agrees with its sub- ject vos, according to Rule XXXV. : " A Finite Yerb agrees with its Subject in NUMBER and PERSON." 2. Without Subject. Laudavistis, You have praised. This is parsed like laudavistis, above, except that it agrees with vos, implied in the ending istisj while laudavistis, above, agrees with vos expressed. FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XX. I. Vocabulary. Yituper^ are, avi, atum, to llame. Laudo, are, avi, atum, to 2^>raise. II. Translate into English. 1. Amo, amabam, amabo. 1 2. Amas, amabas, amabis. 3. Amat, amant. 1 4. Amabat, amabarit. 5. Amabit, ama- 1 The pupil should carefully compare the forms grouped together under the several numerals, and observe in what they are alike, and iu what they arc unlike. Thus amo, amabain, amalx>, have the letters am ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 67 bunt. 1 G. Amamus, amabamus, amabimus. 7. Amavi, amaveram, amavero. 8. Amavit, amaverat, amaverit. 9. Amavi, amavimus. 10. Amaveram, amaveramus. 11. Amav- ero, amaverimus. 12. Amem, amarem, amaverim, amavis- sem. 13. Amemus, amaremus, amaverimus, amavissemus. 14. Amet, ainent. 15. Amaret, amarent. 16. Amaverit, amaverint. 17. Amavisset, amavissent. 18. Ama, amato, jimatote. 19. Amato, amanto. III. Translate into Latin. 1. I praise, I was praising, I will praise. 2. He praises, they praise. 3. He will praise, they will praise. 4. He was praising, they were praising. 5. You were praising, you will praise, you praise. 6. He has loved, he had lovec\ he will have loved. 7. I have praised, I had praised, I shall have praised. 8. He may love, they may love. 9. Let him praise, let them praise. 10. He would blame, they would blame. 11. I should have praised, we should have praised. 12. Praise thou, praise ye. FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXI. I. Translate into English. 1. Amor, amabar, amabor. 2. Amaris, amabaris, amab- eris. 3. Amatur, amantur. 4. Amabatur, amabantur. (the stem, 203) in common; but they differ from each other in the end- ings, o, dbam, dbo. In the forms amat, amant, there is a still closer re- semblance : not only is the stem am common to both, but the endings have the letters at in common; or, in other words, the plural ending ant differs from the singular ending at only in inserting n : AT, ANT. 1 Here the pupil will observe that the plural ending dbunt differs from the singular ending obit, not only in inserting n before t } but also in changing i into u : ABIT, ABUNT, 68 IXTEODUCTOKY LATIK BOOK. 5. Amabitur, amabuntur. 6. Amamur, amabamur, amabi- intir. 7. Amatus 1 sum, amatus eram, amatus ero. 8. Ama- tus es, amatus eras, amatus eris. 9. Amatus est, amati 1 sunt. 10. Amatus erat, amati crant. 11. Amatus erit, amati erunt. 12. Amer, amarer, amatus sim, amatus essem. 13. Amemur, amaremur, amati simus, amati essOmus. 14. Ametur, amentur. 15. Amaretur, amarentur. 16. Ama- tus sit, amati sint. 17. Amatus esset, amati essent. 18. Amator, amantor. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He is praised, they are praised. 2. He was praised, they were praised. 3. He will be praised, they will be praised. 4. I am blamed, I was blamed, I shall be blamed. 5. You are loved, you are praised. 6. You were loved, you were praised. 7. You will be loved, you will be praised. 8. I have been blamed, you have been praised. 9. I had been blamed, you had been praised. 10. I shall have been blamed, you will have been praised. 11. You may be blamed, you might be blamed. 12. He would have been blamed, they would have been praised. 13. Let him be praised, let them be "praised. 14. Be thou praised, be ye praised. 1 The learner will observe, that, when the verb and the subject (ex- pressed or implied) are in the Singular, the participle (amatus), which forms one element of the verb, is also in the Singular ; and that, when the verb and the subject are in the Plural, the participle (amati) is also in the Plural. The form of the participle also varies with the gender of the subject, as well as with its number. Thus, if the subject is Masculine, the parti- ciple will be amatus in the Singular, and amatl in the Plural ; if Femi- nine, amdta in the Singular, and amdtac in the Plural ; and, if Neuter, amdtum in the Singular, and amdta in the Plural. Thus the participle in the compound tenses (i.e., in those which are made up of the participle and the auxiliary sum) agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case, like an adjective, according to Rule XXXV. 1, note. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 69 FIRST CONJUGATION BOTH VOICES. EXERCISE XXII. I. Translate into English. 1. Lauclo, laudor. 1 2. Laudabo, laudabor. 2 3. Lauda- bam, laudabar. 2 4. Laudem, lander. 5. Laudarem, lauda- rer. 2 6. Laudat, laudatur. 1 7. Amfibat, amabatur. 8. Amabit, amabitur. 9. Amet, ametur. 10. Amaret, ama- retur. 11. Laudarent, laudarentur. 12. Ament, amentur. 13. Laudant, laudantur. 14. Amabant, amabantur. 15. Laudabunt, laudabuntur. 16. Amavit, amatus est. 17. Laudaverat, laudatus erat. 18. Amaverit, amatus erit. 19. Lauda, laudare. 20. Amato, amator. 21. Laudanto, laud an tor. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He blames, he is blamed. 2. I was praising, I was praised. 3. You will praise, you will be praised. 4. He 1 In this Exercise, the pupil should carefully compare the correspond- ing forms in the two Voices, the Active and the Passive, and ob- serve the difference between them. The Passive laudor differs from the Active laudo only in adding r ; the Passive laudabar differs from the Ac- tive lauddbam only in taking r in place of m. Thus we find, that, in the Indicative and in the Subjunctive, the first person of the Passive is formed from the first person of the Active by simply adding r ; or, if the Active ends in m, by substituting r for m. Again - the Passive laudatur differs from the Active laudat only in adding ur. Thus we find, that, in the Indicative and in the Subjunctive, the third person of the Passive is formed from the third person of the Active by simply adding ur, 2 Where must we look to find the meaning of these endings, in the Vocabulary, or in the Grammar ? and where to find the general meaning of the verb ? See Suggestion II. To find the meaning of the verb to which laudabor belongs, for what form must we look in the Vocabulary ? Sec Suggestion VII. 70 INTRODUCTORY LATIX EOOK. will blame, lie will be blamed. 5. They will praise, they will be praised. C. We blame, we are blamed. 7. He has praised, he has been praised. 8. They have blamed, they have been blamed. 9. Pie had praised, he had been praised. 10. They had blamed, they had been blamed. 11. He may praise, he may be praised. 12. He would blame, he would be blamed. 13. They may praise, they may be praised. NS.l . FIRST CONJUGATION FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS, DIRECT OBJECT. RULE V. Direct Object. 379. The Direct Object 2 of an action is put in the Accusative. Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the ivorld. 3 Cic. Libera rein publicam, Free the republic. Cic. Populi Romani salutem de- fendite, Defend the safety of the Roman people. Cic. 1 It is thought advisable that the pupil should now commence a review of the grammatical forms which he has already learned. Accordingly, this Exercise will involve nouns of the First and of the Second Declen- sion. The pupil should therefore carefully review those Declensions (42, 45). In connection with the subsequent Exercises, it is expected that the other Declensions and the other Grammatical forms will be reviewed in order, as will be indicated in the respective headings which precede the several Exercises. 2 The Direct Object of an action is generally the object, person, or thing, on which the action is directly exerted ; as, salutem, safety, in the third example ; defend (what?) the safety. But the Direct Object is sometimes the effect of the action, i.e. the object produced by it; as, mundum, world, in the first example, made the world. 3 In English, the object follows the verb ; thus, in this example, world follows made ; but in Latin the object usually precedes the verb : thus mundum precedes aedijlcduit. So also, in the third example, salutem precedes defendtte; but sometimes the object follows the verb : thus in the second exairple, rem puUicam follows libera. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. /I MODEL FOR PARSING DIRECT OBJECTS. Deus mundum aedificavit, G-od made the world. Mundum is a noun (31) of the Second Declension, as it has i in the Genitive Singular % (40) ; STEM, mund. Singular: mundus, mundi, mundo, mundum, munde, mundo. Plural : mundi, mundurwn, mund is, mundos, mundi, mundis. It is of the Masculine gender, by 45 ; is in the Accusative Singular ; and is the Direct Object of the transitive verb aedificavit, according to Rule V. : " The Direct Ob- ject of an action is put in the Accusative." EXERCISE XXIII. I. Vocabulary. Aedifico, are, avi, at urn, to build. Aro, are, avi, atiim, to plough. Canto, are, avi, atum, to sing. Italia, ae, /. Italy. Llbero, are, avi,' atum, to liberate. Renovo, are, avi, atum, to renew. . Spero, are, avi, atum, to hope. Tarquinius, ii, m. Tarquinius, Roman king. Themistocles, is, m. Themistocles, Athenian commander. II. Translate into English. 1. Lusciniam laudo. 1 2. Lusciniam laudamus. 3. Lus- cinias laudat. 4. Luscinias laudant. 5. Luscinia lauda- tur. 6. Lusciniae laudantur. * 7. Patriam amamus. 8. Pro patria, 3 pugnabimus. 9. Nonne 3 Themistocles patriam lib- cravit? 10. Patriam liberavit. ll.'J^taliam liberaverunt. 12. Italia liberiita 4 est. 13. Tarquinius templum aedifica- 1 Lusciniam is the Direct Object of laudo, according to Rule V. 2 See Rule XXXII. page 24. 3 See 346, II. 1, page 59. 4 For agreement 'of participle with subject, see Rule XXXV. 460, 1, page 54. 72 rtfTRODTTCTOKY LATIX BOOK. vit. 14. Templum aedificubat. 15. Templa aedificave- rant. 16. Templa aedificuta erant. 17. Templum aedifi- critum erit. 18. Pueram laudabamus. 19. Pueri laudati stint. -0. jSTonnc 1 bellum renovatum cst? III. Translate into Latin. 1. The nightingale is singing. 2. The nightingales are singing. 1 3. The nightingales will sing. 4. The boys have been praised. 5. Did you not 1 praise the boys ? 2 G. We praised the boys. 7. The boys will be praised. \jl8. Have we not 1 liberated Italy? 9. You have liberated Italy. 10. We will liberate the country.* 11. We were ploughing the field. f!2. Will you plough the field ?t 13. The field will be ploughed. CONJUGATION THIRD DECLENSION.* ADVERBS. EULE LL Use of Adverbs. 582. Adverbs 4 qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS : Sapientcs ieliciter 4 vivunt, The wise live happily. Cic. Facile 4 doctissimus, unquestionably the most learned. Cic. Haud 4 aliter, not otherwise. Virg. 1 See 346, II. 1, page 59. 2 The Latin word for boys in this sentence will be in the Accusative, according to Rule V., and will precede the verb. 3 The pupil should now review the Third Declension (48-54). 4 The Adverb is, therefore, the part of speech which is used to qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Feliclter, happily, is an adverb qualifying the verb vivunt, live (live liappily). Facile, easily, unquestion- ably, is an adverb qualifying the adjective doctissimus, the most learned (cosily, i.e. unquestionably the most learned) . Hand, not, is an adverb quali- fying the adverb aliter, otherwise (not otherwise). The adverb in Latin usually stands directly before the word which it qualifies, as in these examples. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 73 MODEL FOIl PAESIXG ADVERBS. Sapicntes fellciter vlvunt, The wise live happily. Feliclter is an adverb, and qualifies vlvuni, according to Rule LI. : 4 < Adverbs qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS." EXERCISE XXIV. i I. Vocabulary. Elo'quentiii, ae, /. eloquence. Expugno, are, livl, atum, to takeffake by storm. Fortiter, adv. bravely. JuventuSjfjuvcntutis, y. youth. * Orno, are, avi, atilm, to adorn, le an ornament tot Pietas, pietatis, /. filial affection, piety, duty. Pugno, are, avi, atum, to fight. Serv5, are, avi, atum, to preserve, keep, save. Void, are, avi, atum, to fly II. Translate into English. 1. Avis volat. 2. Aves volant. 3. Nonne 1 avis cantfu bat? 4. Aves cantabant. 5. Rex urbem 2 aedificuvit. 6. Urbs aedificata 3 est. 7. Urbes aedificatae 3 erunt. 8. Milites fortiter 4 pugnaverunt. 9. Scipio 5 milites laudavit. 10. Scipio 5 militum virtutem laudabat. 11. Scipionem laudamus. 12. Scipio patrem servavit. 13. Scipio urbem cxpugnavit. 14. Urbs expugnata est. 15. Milites patriam ainant. 16. Milites 5 pro patria pugnabant. IT. Pietas pueros ornat. 18. Yirtutes civitatem ornant. 1 Sec 346, II. 1, page 59. 3 Urbem, direct object of aedificdvit, according to Rule Y. 3 "Why aedifica'a in one case, and aedijicdtae in the other ? "Why not acdificdtus in both ? Sec Rule XXXV. 460, 1, page 54. 4 Fortiter, an Adverb qualifying pugndveruntt according to Rule LI. * In what order will you look out the words in this sentence ? Sea Suggestion V. 74 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The birds are singing. 2. Do you not 1 love birds? 2 3. We love birds. 2 4. This bird will tly. 5. Did you not 1 save the city? 6. The soldiers saved the city. 7. Shep- herds love the mountains. 8. We love virtue. 9. Is not virtue loved? 10. It is loved. 11. Do not the citizens praise the king? 12. They praise the king. 13. The king will be praised. 14. The virtue of the king is praised. FIRST CONJUGATION FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS.' EXERCISE XXY. I. Vocabulary. Convoco, are, avl, atum, to assemble, call together. Duplico, are, avl, atiim, to double, increase. Dux, dticis, m. general, leader. Fides, fidei, /. faith, fidelity, word, 4 promise. Fugo, are, avl, atiim, to rout. Homo, hommis, m. man. Senatus, us, m. senate. Stimiilo, are, livi, atiim, to stimulate. II. Translate into English. 1. Homines 5 cantum lusciniae 6 laudant. 2. Cantus lus- ciriiae laudatur. 3. Romulus exercitum fusrat. 4. Nonne 1 See 346, II. 1, page 59. 2 Remember that the object in Latin usually precedes the verb. 3 The pupil should now review these Declensions (116, 119). 4 To keep one's word, fidem servdre : I keep my word, fidem meam servo, or Jidem servo, as the Latin possessives, ?news, my, tuus, your, etc., when not emphatic, are often omitted ; when expressed, they usually follow their nouns. 5 In this sentence, what order will you follow, in accordance with Suggestion Y., in looking out the words in the Vocabulary ? In accord- ance with Suggestion VII., for what forms will you look in the Vocabu- lary to find the meaning of homines (51, II.), milltcs (50, II.), stimulavit (205)? 6 See Rule XVI. page 22. ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 75 exercitum. fugavimus? 5. Exercitus fugatus est. 6. Ex- crcitus fugatus erit. 7. Consul senatum. convocavit. 8. Senatus convocatus est. 9. Senatus consulem laudavit. 10. Spes victoriae milites stimulavit. 11. Numerum dieruni duplicavi. 12. Xumerus dieruni duplicatus est. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The boy has kept his word. 1 2. Will you not keep your word? 3. We will keep our word. 4. The consul praised the fidelity of the citizens. 5. Will not the fidelity of the citizens be praised ? 6. Will not the citizens praise the fidelity of the army ? 7. They have praised the fidelity of the army. 8. Did not the general praise the army? 9. He praised the army, 10. The army will be praised. FIRST CONJUGATION ADJECTIVES. 2 EXERCISE XXYI. I. Vocabulary. Amplio, are, avi, atum, to enlarge. Condemno, are, avi, atiim, to condemn. Hannibal, Hannibalis, m. Hannibal, Carthaginian general. Innocens, mnocentis, _ innocent. Nobilis, e, noble. Novus, a, iim, new. Occupo, are, avi, atum, to occupy. Pumciis, a, urn, Carthaginian, Punic. 1 Sec note 4, preceding page. 2 The pupil should now review Adjectives (146-162). 76 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. Translate into English. 1. Rex urbem novam 1 ampliabat. 2. Urbem novam am- pliabunt. 3. Hex urbem pulchram l ampliaverat. 4. Urbs pulchra servata 2 cst. 5. Hannibal multas civitates occu- pavit. G. Juclices hominem innocentissimum 3 condemna- vGrunt. 7. Num. Punicum bellum renovatum est? 8. Nonnc Punicum bellum renovatum est ? 9. Punicum bel- lum renovatum cst. 10. Roman! nobilissimas 3 urbes ex- pugnaverunt. *r- III. Translate into Latin. 1. Will not the brave soldiers save the city? 2. The brave soldiers will save the beautiful city. 3. The noble city will be saved. 4. We praise good boys. 5. Good boys will be praised. 6. Do you not praise diligent pupils ? 7. Diligent pupils are praised. 8. The citizens praise the brave soldiers. FIRST CONJUGATION PKONOUNS.* EXERCISE XXVII. I. Vocabulary. Aliquis, uliqua, illiquid or aliquod, some one, somebody. Delecto, are, avl, atiim, to delight. Dlligentia, ac, /. diligence. Non, adv. not. Saluto, are, avl, atiim, to salute. Suus, a, iim, 7iis, her, its, their. 1 See Rule XXXIII. p. 32. 2 Why servata rather than servdtus ? See Rule XXXV. 460, 1, p. 54. 3 In accordance with Suggestion VII., for what form will you look lit- the Vocabulary ? See 162. 4 The pupil should now review Pronouns (182J91). ETYMOLOGY. FIRST CONJUGATION. 77 II. Translate into English. 1. Quis bane 1 urbem servabit? 2. Hanc urbem pul- chram servabimus. 3. Quis te 2 salutav.it ? 4. Pater meus 1 te salutat. 5. Haec 1 vita te delectat. 6. Philosophia nos 2 clelectat. 7. Omnia animalia se 2 amant. 8. Fratres tui 1 laudantur. 9. Fratres mei laudati sunt. 10. Puer paren- tes suos 3 amat. 11. Pueri boni parentes suos 3 amant. 12. Parentes nostros amafrxus. v \; **. ^ III. Transt&te into Latin. 1. Do you blame me? ^. We do not 4 blame you. 3. Whom do you blame ? 4. We blame your brother. 5. This book delights me. G. These books delighted us. 7. Did not 5 your father praise you? 8. He praised us. 9. Did not 5 some one praise your diligence ? 10. Our par- ' cnte praised our diligence. 11. Did your brother blame you? 12. He did not 4 blame me. 13. He blamed himself. 14. He will be blamed. 1 These Pronouns arc all used as adjectives, and agree with their nouns like any other adjectives, according to Rule XXXIII. p. 32. Pro- nouns thus used as adjectives generally precede their nouns; but the Possessive Pronouns, meus, tuns, etc. (185), generally follow their nouns, as in this Exercise. 2 Personal Pronouns, it will be remembered, are used as substantives (184). They are accordingly governed like any other substantives. See Rule V. p. 70. Observe that the object precedes the verb. 3 .The pupil will observe that suos in the tenth sentence must be ren- dered his, while in the eleventh it must be rendered their. Thus the meaning of the Possessive suns depends in part upon the number of the word to which it refers. It must be rendered his (her, its) when that word, as puer in the tenth sentence, is in the Singular ; but it must be rendered their when that word, as pueri in the eleventh sentence, is in the Plural. 4 When a verb with a direct object has also an adverb qualifying it, the usual order is Object, Adverb, Verb ; but the adverb non, not, may stand either before or after the object. 5 Xonnc. INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Pres. Ind. moned, SINGULAR. moneG mones SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 207. Moneo, I advise. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. monebani monebas monel>at ; monel>6 monebis mon"bit ; inoniil monuistl monuit ; monuerani munu^i-as monuerat ; munuero monu^rls monuerit; monere, monui, monltiim. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. / advise. PLURAL. monemiks munetis moncnt. IMPERFECT. / was advising. monetoamiis monebatis monebant. FUTURE. / shall or will advise. monel>imii.s monel>itls monebitnt. PERFECT. I advised or have advised. munuiniuLS munulstis monuenint, PLUPERFECT. / had advised. munueramiis monueratls monu^rant. FUTURE PERFECT. / shall or will have advised. monu^rimiis monu^rftis monu&rint. ETYMOLOGY. SECOND CONJUGATION. 79 SINGULAR. monccliu moneas moneat ; SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. / may or can advise. PLURAL. moiicaiii.iks moneatls raoneant. IMPERFECT. / miglit, could, would, or should advise. monerem moneres monuerim. moneretls monerent. PERFECT. / may have advised. mo nue rlin ii s munurint. PLUPERFECT. / migld, could, would, or should have advised. mtmuissemus monuisses momiissetis monuisst ; montiissent. IMPERATIVE. PRES. mone, advise thou ; PUT. mon3tO 9 thou shall advise, monetO, he shall advise; INFINITIVE. PRES. mon^re, to advise. PERF. monuiss, to have advised. FCT. monttwriis ess^, to be about to advise. GERUND. Gen. inonendl, of advising, Dat. monenclO, for advising, Ace. monencliiiia, advising, Abl. munend6 5 by advising. advise ye. , ye shall advise, monentO, they shall advise PARTICIPLE. PRES. monens, advising. PUT. munitfiriis, about to advise. SUPINE. Ace. monitti.an, to advise, Abl. monitft, to advise, be advised. 80 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 208. Moneor, I am advised. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. m5ne8r, moneri, monitus sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. / am advised. PLURAL. inonemiir monemiiil SINGULAR. monedr moneris, or re monetiir ; monentiiir. mouebar monel>aris, or rS monebatu.!' ; IMPERFECT. / was advised. monebamiir monebaminl munel>an.tti.r. FUTURE. / shall or will be advised. monebdr | monebimiir inoneberis, or re monebimini monebitilr ; monebiintiir. PERFECT. I have been or was advised. monltils siim 1 monitl siimiks monitiis ^s monitl estis monitiis est ; monitl sunt. PLUPERFECT. 7 had been advised. monitits eram 1 monitl monitiis eras monitl momtiis erat ; monitl FUTURE PERFECT. 7 shall or will have been advised. monitiis ero 1 monitiis erls monittts monitl erimiis monitl erltls monitl 1 Sec 206, foot-notes. ETYMOLOGY. SECOND CONJUGATION. 81 SINGULAR. monear monearls, or i-e moneatiii- ; SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. / may or can be advised. PLURJLL. moneamiir moneaminl moneantiir. IMPERFECT. ight, could, would, or should be advised. moneremiir monei-eminl monerentiii'. monerer monereris, or re monere'tiir ; PERFECT. / may have been advised. mom tils slm 1 monitl monitiis sis monitl sltis monitiis sit ; monitl sint. PLUPERFECT. / might, could, would, or should have been advised. monitiis essent 1 monitl essemiig monitiis esses monitl essetis monitiis esset ; monitl essent. IMPERATIVE. PRES. monere, be thou advised ; \ moneinin.1, be ye advised. FUT. monetor, thoii shalt be ad- vised. monetor, he shall be ad- vised; INFINITIVE. PRES. monerl, to be advised, PERF. monitiis esse, to have been advised, FUT. monitiiiu. Irl, to be altout to be advised. monentor, they shall I* advised. P A II T I C I P L K. PERF. monittis, advised, FUT. inunencltis, to be advisc/l. 1 See 206, foot-notes. 82 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXVIII. I. Vocabulary. Moneo, moncrc, monui, mom turn, to advise. PareO, pfirere, parui, pEritum, to obey. II. Translate into English. 1. Moneo, monCbam, monebo. 1 2. Mones, inonetis. 3. Monet, monent. 4. Monemus, monebamus, monebimus. 5. Monebant, monebunt. 6. Monui, monueram, monuero. 7. Monuimns, monueramus, monuerimus. 8. Monuit, mon- uerunt. 9. Monuerat, monuerant. 10. Monuerit, monue- rint. 11. Moneam, monorem, monuerim, monuissem. 12. Moneat, moneant. 13. Moneret, monerent. 14. Monuerit, monuerint. 15. Monuisset, monuissent. III. Translate into Latin. 1. You advise, you were advising, you will advise. 2. He obeys, they obey. 3. He was obeying, they were obeying. 4. He will advise, they will advise. 5. He has obeyed, he had obeyed, he will have obeyed. 6. They have advised, they had advised, they will have advised. 7. I have advised, we have advised. 8. I had advised, I had obeyed. 9. He may advise, he may obey. 1 The pupil should carefully compare the forms grouped together un- der the several numerals, and observe wherein they differ from eaeh other ETYMOLOGY. SECOND CONJUGATION. 83 FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXIX. I. Vocabulary. Canto, are, avi, atum, to sing. Spcro, are, avi. atiim, to hope. II. Translate into English. 1. Sperat, paret. 1 2. Sperant, parent. 3. Speramus, pa- rtjmus. 4. Sperabat, parebat. 5. Sperabant, parebant. G. Sperabam, parebam. 7. Sperabarnus, parebamus. 8. Sperabimus, parebimus. 9. Sperabo, parebo. 10. Speravi, parui. 11. Speraveram, parueram. 12. Speravero, paruero. 13. Speravimus, parmmus. 14. Sperav6rat, paruerat. 15. Speraverint, paruerint. 16. Sperate, parete. III. Translate into Latin. 1. I sing, I advise. 2. I was singing, I was advising. 3. I will sing, I will advise. 4. He will hope, he will obey. 5. They will hope, they will o"bey. G. They w^ere singing, they were advising. 7. They sing, they advise. 8. He has hoped, he has obeyed. 9. They have hoped, they have obeyed. 10. He had sung, he had obeyed. 11. They had sung, they had obeyed. 12. We had hoped, we had ad- vised. 13. We would sing, we would obey. 1 In this Exercise, the pupil should carefully compare the correspond- ing forms in the two Conjugations, the First and the Second, and should carefully observe the difference between them. 84 INTJIODUCTOKY LAT1X BOOK. SECOND CONJUGATION-- ACTIVE VOICE. OTHER PAIITS OF SPEECH. ExKitcisis XXX. I. Yoccibulary. Aurum, I, n. yold. Flos, floris, m. flower. Habeo, habere, liubul, habit iim, to have, hold. Mereo, merere, menu, meritiim, to deserve, merit. Philosophus, I, m. philosopher. Pondus, ponderis, n. weight, 7nass. Praebeo, praebere, praebui, pracbitum, to furnish, give. Praemium, il, n. reward. Taceo, taccre, tacul, taciturn, to le silent. Terreo, terrere, tcrrui, territum, to friohten, terrify. II. Translate into English. 1. Pucr libruni liabet. 2. Pucri libros liabent. C. Libros utiles 1 habemus. 4. Librum utileni habuisti. 5. Nonnc bonum 1 amlcum habebis? G. Bonum amicuni habijbo. 7. Bonos amicos habuimus. 8. Rex amlcos habebat. 9. Ilex auruni habebat. 10. Hex 2 magnum ami pondus 3 habuerat. 11. Gloriam veram habcbitis. 12. Vcr praebet flores. 13. Yer praebebit flores. 14. Philosophus tacebat. 15. Dis- cipulus praemium meret. 1 Observe that the Latin adjective may either precede or follow iU noun ; though it seems more frequently to follow, unless it is emphatic. 2 In this sentence, endeavor, in accordance with Suggestion IV., to discover the subject, verb, and object, hefore looking out the words in the Vocabulary. In what order will you look out the words in accordance with Suggestion V. '? 3 When *a noun is qualified by both an adjective and a genitive, as pondus by magnum and auri, the adjective usually precedes both nouns, and is followed by the genitive, ass in this example: magnum auri pondus. ETYMOLOGY SECOND CONJUGATION. 85 III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who lias my book? 2. I have your book. 3. Which book have you? 4. I have three 1 book's. 5. My brother lias ten books. G. The king had a golden crown. 7. Did he not have many friends? 8. He had many friends. 9. You will have true friends. 10. The pupils arc silent. 2 11. Will you not be silent? 12. We will be silent. SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXXI. I. Translate into English. 1. Moneor, monGbar, monebor. 2. Monemur, moncbri- mur, monebimur. 3. Moneatur, moneantur. 4. Monerc- tur, monerentur. 5. Monitus cst, moniti sunt. 6. Monitus erat, moniti erant. 7. Monitus erit, moniti erunt. 8. Monc- tor, monentor. 9. Monet, monctur. 10. Monent, monen- tur. 11. Monebat, Monebatur. 12. Monebant, moneban- tur. 13. Monebit, monebitur. 14. Monebunt, monebuntur. 15. Monemus, monemur. 16. Monebfimus, Monebamur. 17. Monebimus, monebimur. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He is advised, they are advised. 2. I was terrified, we were terrified. 3. He will be advised, they will be ad- vised. 4. You have been terrified, I have been terrified. 5. He had been advised, he had been terrified. 6. I shall have been advised, I shall have been terrified. 7. I advise, I am advised. 8. I was advising, I was advised. 9. I shall advise, I shall be advised. 10. They terrify, they are ter- rified. 11. They were terrifying, they were terrified. 12. They will terrify, they will be terrified. 1 Place the Numeral before the noun. 2 Are silent is to be rendered by the Latin verb taceo. 1 l V *2 * v fe* * * j 86 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXXII. N I. Vocabulary. Admonco, admonere, admonm, admomtum, to admonish. Amo, arc, avi, atiim, to love. Invlto, are, avi, atiim, to invite. Laudo, are, avi, atum, to praise. Terreo, terrere, terrul, territum, to terrify. Vitupero, are, avi, atum, to Name. II. Translate into English. 1. Invitatur, terretur. 2. Invitantur, terrentur. 3. In- vitamur, terremur. 4. Invitabamur, terrebamur. 5. In- vitabatur, terrebatur. 6. Invitabantur, terrebantur. 7. Invitabuntur, terrebuntur. 8. Invitabitur, terrebitur. 9. In- vitabor, terrebor. 10. Invitatus sum, territus sum. 11. Invitati sumus, territi sumus. 12. Invitatus est, territus est. 13. Invitati sunt, territi sunt. 14. Invitati erant, ter- riti erant. 15. Invitatus erat, territus erat. III. Translate into Latin. 1. I am invited, I am admonished. 2. You are invited, you are admonished. 3. He was praised, he was advised. 4. They were praised, they were advised. 5. You will be invited, you will be admonished. 6. He has been blamed, he has been terrified. 7. They had been loved, they had been admonished. 8. They will have* been invited, they ETYMOLOGY. SECOND CONJUGATION. 87 will have been admonished. 9. I may be invited, I may be admonished. 10. I should be invited, I should be ad- monished. SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH. EXERCISE XXXIII. I. Vocabulary. Apud, prep, with ace. Exerceo, exereere, exercul, exercitum, Prater, fratris, m. Miigister, miigistri, m, M&noria, ae,/. Puer, pueri, m. Quis, quae, quid, 1 Recte,. adv. Tuus, a, iim, near, before, among. to exercise, train. brother. master, teacher. memory. boy. who, which, what? rightly. your, yours. II. Translate into English. 1. Quis monetur? 2. Xonne puer monetur? 3. Puer recte monetur. 4. Pugri recte monentur. 5. Discipuli recte moniti sunt. 6. DiscipQlus recte monitus est. 7. Frater tuus recte admomtus erit. 8. Fratres tui recte ad- moniti ei*unt. 9. Nonne admomti sumus? 10. Recte admoniti sumus. 11. Memoria exercetur. 12. Memoria 1 For the declension of the Interrogative Pronoun quis, see 1 88. o 88 IXTKODUCTOKY LATIN BOOK. exerceatur. 1 13. Memoria exercebitur. 14. Discipuli apud niagistros exercentur. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Were not the boys terrified ? 2. They were terrified. 3. Let 2 the pupils be admonished. 4. They have been ad- monished. 5. Who will be advised ? 6. These boys will be advised. 7. Has your memory been exercised ? 8. My memory has been exercised. 9. Was not the general terri- fied? 10. The general himself 3 was not terrified. 11. The soldiers were terrified. FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. EXERCISE XXXIY. I. Vocabulary. Camillas, I, m. Camillus, Roman general. Exspeeto, are, avl, atum, to await, expect. Hostis, is, m. and /. enemy. Ingens, ingentis, huge, large, great. Legio, legionis, /. legion, body of soldiers. Non, adv. not. Numerus, 1, m. number. Opto, are, avl, atum, to wish for, desire. Pecunia, ae,/. money. 1 Exerceatur; the Subjunctive is sometimes best rendered by let. See 196. I 2. 2 J^et be admonished is to be rendered into Latin by a single verb in the Subjunctive. See 196, 1. 2. 3 Himself = ipsc. See 186, ETYMOLOGY. SECOND CONJUGATION. 89 Philosophus, I, m. philosopher. Praeceptor, pracccptoris, m. teacher. Proelium, il, n. battle. , Romanus, I, m. Roman, a Roman. Supero, are, avl, atum, to conquer. Verecundia, ae, f. modesty. II. Translate into English. 1. Camillas hostes superavit. 2. Hostes superati sunt. 3. Omnes discipiili paruerant. 1 4. Roman! hostem exspecta- bant. 5. Roman! 2 ingentem hostium numerum 3 exspecta- verant. 1 G. Hostes proelium exspectabant. 7. Praeceptor tacebat. 8. Discipuli tacebant. 9. Verecundia juventutem ornat. 10. Philosophus pecuniam non habet; 11. Philos- ophi pecuniam non optant. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Are you expecting me ? 2. We are expecting you. 3. Did you not await the enemy? 4 4. We awaited the enemy. 5. Have you not a good memory ? 6. I have a good memory. 7. Will the soldiers obey ? 8. The brave soldiers will obey. 9. Camillus had an army. 10. He praised the army. 11. Did you advise the boy? 12. We advised the boys. 13. Were not the enemy put to flight ? 5 14. They were put to flight. 1 In accordance with Suggestion VII. 3, for what form will you look in the Vocabulary ? See 205, 207. 2 Apply to this sentence Suggestions IV. and V. 3 Ingentem hostium numgrum, for arrangement see note on pondus, Exer- cise XXX. 4 Put the Latin word in the plural. 5 Put to flight is to be rendered by a single Latin verb. INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. THIRD CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 209, Kego, I rule. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. rego, regere, rexi, INDICATIVE MOOD. Supine. rectthu. SINGULAR. rgel>am rggebas rgam reges rexl rexisti rexlt rex^ras rexrat ; PRESENT TENSE. I rule. rex^rfs rex^rit ; PLURAL. regimiis regltis FUTURE. / shall or will rule. IMPERFECT / was ruling. regebamtts regUJlmnt. regemiis regent. PERFECT. / rw/ec/ or Aat'e ?*u/ec/. ruxintuN rcxistis rexemnt, or PLUPERFECT. / had ruled. rexramiis rex^rant. FUTURE PERFECT. 7 shall or will have ruled. rcx^rint. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD CONJUGATION. 91 SUBJUNCTIVE. SINGULAR. rggam regas PRESENT. / may or can rule. PLURAL. regain iis regatis IMPERFECT. / might, could, would, or should rule. regretis regerct ; regerent. PERFECT. / may have ruled. rex^rim. rexerfmiis rexrfs rexerltis rexrit ; rexrint PLUPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should have ruled. rcxissm rexissemiis rexisses rexissetXs rexissent* IMPERATIVE. PRES. reg^ 9 rulethou; FUT. regitOj thou shall rule, regitO, he shall rule ; INFINITIVE. PRES. regr, to rule. PERF. rexiss 9 to have ruled. FUT. rectftrws ess^, to be about to rule. GERUND. Gen. regendl,. of ruling, Dat. rcgendd, for ruling, Ace. regentliim, ruling, All. regend.6, by ruliny. rule ye. ye shall rule, rgmit6, they shall rule. PARTICIPLE. PRES. rdgens, ruling. FUT. rcctftriis, about to rule. SUPINE. Ace. rectiim, to rule, Abl. rccttt, to rule, be ruled. 92 INTRODUCTORY LATIN COOK. THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 210. Regor, I am ruled. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. perf. Ind. regor, regi, rectus sum, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. I am ruled. SINGULAR. PLURAL. rggdr regimiir regeVas, cr r regimlnl regatitr ; regitntitr. regfcbar regBl>aris, or r6gel>atikr ; IMPERFECT. / ivas ruled. regetoamlnl r6getoantti.r. FUTURE. I shall or will be ruled. rggar regemitr rggeris, or rtS regmXnI rSgetiir ; regentiir. PERFECT. / have been or was ruled. rectiis siim x rectl rectiis es rectl rectiis cst ; rcctl PLUPERFECT. / had been ruled. rectiis eram 1 recti eranriis rectiis eras rectl eralis rectiis erat ; rectl FUTURE PERFECT. / shall or will have been ruled. rectiis er6 l rectiis eris rectiis rectl erimiis rectl erltas rectl 1 See 206, foot-notes. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD CONJUGATION. SUBJUNCTIVE.* PRESENT. / may or can be ruled. SINGULAR. PLURAL. rggamiir regaris, or re rSgatiir ; IMPERFECT. / might, could, would, or should be ruled. rggerer regereris, or re" rgge"retiir ; regereiititr. PERFECT. / may have been ruled. rectits sim L rectl rcctiis sis rcctl sltis rectiis sit ; rectl sin* . PLUPERFECT. / might, could, would, or should have been ruled. rectits essem 1 rcctiis esses rcctiis esset ; rcctl cssemiks rcctl ess^tlsf rectl cssent. IMPERATIVE. PRES. rogere", be thou ruled; \ regimiiil, be ye ruled. FUT. regitdr, thou shalt be ruled, rcgitor, he shall be ruled ; INFINITIVE. PRES. rgl, to be ruled. PERF. rcctiis esse, to have been ruled. FUT. rectiini Irl, to be about to be ruled. ' 9 ye shall be ruled. PARTICIPLE. PERF. rectiis, ruled. FUT. regend.iis, to be ruled. 1 See 206, foot-notes. 04 rNTEODUCTOHY LATIN BOOK. -THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVK VOICE. EXERCISE XXXV, I. Vocabulary. Diico, ere, duxi, ductum, to lead. Rego, ere, rcxi, rectum, to rule, govern. II. Translate into English. 1. Rego, regebam, regain. 2. Regmius, regcbfimus, re- genius. 3. Regitis, regis. 4. Regebas, regebatis. 5. Rege- bant, regebat. 6. Reget, regent. 7. Rexerunt, rexit. 8. Rexi, rexeram, rexero. 9. Reximus, rexeriimus, rexerimus. 10. Regas, regeres, rexeris, rexisses. 11. Regatis, regeretis, rexeritis, rexissetis. 12. Regam, regrimus. 13. Regere- mus, regerem. 14. Rexerit, rexerint. 15. Rexissent, rex- isset. 16. Rege, regite. III. Translate into Latin. 1. He leads, he was leading, he will lead. 2. He rules, he was ruling, he will rule. 3. They lead, they rule. 4. They were leading, they were ruling. 5. They will lead, they will rule. 6. You have led, you have ruled. 7. He had led, he had ruled. 8. They had led, they had ruled. 9. He will have led, he will have ruled. 10. They may lead, they may rule. 11. He would lead, he would rule. 12. They would lead, they would rule. 13. AYe should have led, we should have ruled. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD CONJUGATION. 95 FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXXVI. I. Vocabulary. Dico, dicer e, dixi, dictum, to say, tell, ^eak. Voco, are, uvi, atum, to call. II. Translate into English. 1. Vocat, tacet, elicit. 1 2. Vocant, tacent, dicunt. 3. Vocabant, tacebant, dicebant. 4. Vocabo, tacebo, dicain. 5. Vocavimus, tacuimus, dixinius. G. Vocavi, tacui, dixi. 7. Vocaverunt, tacuerunt, dixerunt. 8. Vocaverat, tacue- rat, dixerat. 9. Vocaverint, tacuerint, dixerint. 10. Vo- ccm, taceam, dicam. 11. Vocarent, tacercnt, diccrent. 12. VocFitc, tacete, dicitc. III. Translate into Latin. 1. I invite, I admonish, I lead. 2. We call, we are silent, we speak. 3. We were inviting, we were admonishing, we were leading. 4. I shall call, I shall be silent, I shall speak. 5. He has invited, he has been silent, he has led. 6. He had praised, he had obeyed, he had ruled. 7. They had blamed, they had advise'd, they had spoken. 8. He may call, he may admonish, he may rule. 1 In this Exercise, the pupil should carefully compare the correspond- ing forms in the three Conjugations here represented, the First, the Second, and the Third, and should carefully observe the difference be- tween them. The advantages of such a course are twofold: first, it teaches the pupil to distinguish the several Conjugations from each other, which is one of the most important lessons to be learned in the study of the language; and, secondly, it tends to form in him, thus early, the habit of close and accurate observation, the habit of marking differences and of tracing resemblances in kindred forms, which is of vital importance in the whole course of classical study. 96 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. OTHER PARTS or SPEECH. EXERCISE XXXVII. I. Vocabulary. Animus^ 1, m. mind, passion. Benc, adv. well. Defectio, defectionis, /. eclipse. Disertc, adv. clearly, eloquently. Educo, educere, eduxi, eductum, to lead forth. Indlco, indicere, indixl, indicium, to declare. Latme, adv. in Latin. Praedlco, praedicere, praedixl, praedictum, to predict, foretell. Sapienter, adv. wisely. Thales, is, m. Tholes, a philosopher. Tullus, I, m. Tullus, a Roman name. Verum, I, n. truth. II. Translate into English. 1. Bene dixisti. 2. Nonne Cicero in senatu dixerat? 3. Cicero cliserte dicebat. 4. Oratores diserte dicent. 5. Philosophus sapienter dixit. 6. Philosopbi sapienter dixe- rant. 7. Oratores Latin e dixerunt. 8. Caesar legiones eduxit. 9. Hannibal exercitum in Italiam duxit. 10. Quis bellum indixit? 11. Tullus bellum indixit. 12. Thales defectionem solis praedixit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Wbo will speak the truth? 2. Have we not spoken the truth? 3. You have spoken the truth. 4. Will not the general lead fortb the army ? 5. He has led forth the army. 6. Do you not govern your mind ? 7. We govern our minds. 8. Did you predict this war ? 9. We did not predict the war. 10. Who has declared war? 11. The Romans have declared war. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD CONJUGATION. 97 THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XXXVIII. I. Translate into English. 1. Regor, regebar, regar. 2. Regimur, regebamur, rege- mur. 3. Regar, regamur. 4. Regeretur, regerentur. 5. Rectus est, rectus erat, rectus erit. 6. Recti sunt, recti erant, recti erunt. 7. Regit, regitur. 8. Regunt, reguntur. 9. Regebat, regebatur. 10. Regebant, regebantur. 11. Re- get, regetur. 12. Regent, regentur. 13. Regimus, regi- mur. 14. Regebamus, regebamur. 15. Regemus, regemur. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He is ruled, they are ruled. 2. I am ruled, I am led. 3. We are ruled, we are led. 4. He was ruled, they were ruled. 5. He will be ruled, they will be ruled. 6. We have been ruled, we have been led. 7. I lead, I am led. 8. We lead, we are led. 9. We were ruling, we were ruled. 10. He was leading, he was led. 11. They may rule, they may be ruled. FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS - PASSIVE YOICE. EXERCISE XXXIX. I. Translate into English. 1. Yocor, moneor, ducor. 2. Yocamur, monemur, du- cimur. 3. Yocatur, monetur, ducitur. 4. Yocabatur, monebatur, ducebatur. 5. Yocabantur, monebantur, duce- bantur. 6. Vocabuntur, monebuntur, ducentur. 7. Voca- 98 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. tus es, m on it us es, ductus es. 8. Vocati estis, moniti estis. ducti estis. 9. Vocatus eram, monitus eram, ductus cram. 10. Vocatus erit, monitus Grit, ductus erit. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He is invited, lie is admonished, he is led. 2. We were called, we were advised, we were ruled. 3. He will be called, he will be advised, he will be ruled. 4. He may be invited, he may be admonished, he may be led. 5. He has been called, he has been advised, he has been led. 6. They have been called, they have been advised, they have been led. THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH. EXERCISE XL. I. Vocabulary. Mundiis, I, m. world. Semper, adv. always, ever. Verum, I, n. truth. II. Translate into English. 1. Mundus regitur. 2. Omnis hie mundus semper rectus est. 3. Hie mundus semper regetur. 4. Haec civitas bene regitur. 5. Hae civitiites bene reguntur. 6. Civitates rec- tae sunt. 7. Animus regatur. 8. Exercitus in Italiam ductus est. 9. Multi exercitus in Italiam ducti erant. 10. Bellum indictum 1 erat. 11. Multa bella indicta 1 sunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Was not the army led forth ? 2. The army was led forth. 3. Has not this state been well governed? 4. This 1 Why indictum in one example, and indicta injhe other ? Why not rather indictus in both ? See Rule XXXV. 1, page 54. ETYMOLOGY. THIRD CONJUGATION. 99 state has been well governed. 5. Will not the truth be spoken? 6. The truth has been spoken. 7. Let 1 the truth always be spoken. 8. Would not war have been declared ? 9. War would have been declared. FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. EXERCISE XLI. I. Vocabulary. Gallus, I, ??i. Gallus i a proper name. Hirundo, hirundinis, f. swallow. Luna, ae, /. moon. Nuntio, arc, fw, atum, to proclaim , announce' Sensus, us, m. feeling, perception. Supplicium, ii, ??. punisJiment. II. Translate into English. 1. Hirundines adventum veris nuntiant. 2. Hirundines adventum veris nuntiaverant. 3. Discipuli laudabuntur. 4. Gallus defectiones soils praedixit. 5. Defectiones lunae praedixit. 6. Defectiones lunae praedicuntur. 7. Omne animal sensus habet. 8. -Pueri tacebant. III. Translate into Latin. 1. This boy has not observed the law. 2. Good citizens will observe the laws. 3. Let the laws be observed. 4. Who has your book ? 5. That boy has my book. 6. You shall, have my book. 7. What did you say ? 8. I spoko the truth. 9. The truth would have been spoken. 1 Let be spoken, render by the Latin Subjunctive. See 196, I. 2. 100 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Pres. Ind. audio, FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. 211. Audio, I hear. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. audire, audivi, INDICATIVE MOOD. Supine. auditum. SINGULAR. audio audls audit ; audiebam. audiebas audiebat ; audiam. audies audivi audivisti audivlt ; audiverat ; audivr6 audivrfs audiv^rit ; PRESENT TENSE. 7 hear. IMPERFECT. / was hearing. PLURAL. a udi 111 ins audltis audiunt. audiebamiis audiebatis audieba/nt. FUTURE. / shall or will hear. audiemiis audietis audient. PERFECT. I heard or have heard. audivistis audivemnt, or PLUPERFECT. / had heard. audiverfniiu.* audiv^ratis audiverant. FUTURE PERFECT. / shall or will have "heard. audiveriniiis audiv^rint. ETYMOLOGY. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 101 SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. I may or can hear. SINGULAR. PLURAL. audiam audias audiat ; audiamiis audiatis a ud ia lit. IMPERFECT. / might, could, ivould, or should hear. audlrem. audlres audiret ; audiretis audlrent. PERFECT. I may have heard. audiverim audiverlmiis audive'rls audiverftis audive'rit ; audive'rint. PLUPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should have heard. audivissem audivisse'miis audivisses audivissetis audivisset ; audivissent. IMPERATIVE. PRES. aiidi, hear thou ; PUT. audit 6, thou shall hear, audit 6, he shall hear ; INFINITIVE. PRES. audir, to hear. PERF. audivisse, to have heard. PUT. auditttriis ess^, to be about to hear. GERUND. Gen. audientll, of hearing. Dat. audiendLo, for hearing. Ace. audiendti.m, hearing. AIL audientlO, by hearing. hear ye. audltote, ye shall hear, audiunt6 9 they shall hear. PARTICIPLE. PRES. audieiis, hearing. PUT. auditfiriis, about to hear. SUPINE. Ace. auditiiin, to hear. Abl. auditft, to hear, be heard. 102 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. 21 2. Audior, I am heard. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Pres. Ind. audior, audiii, auditiis sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. / am heard. SINGULAR. audior audlris, or re audltiir ; PLURAL. audlmiir audlm.in.1 audinntiir. IMPERFECT. / was heard. audiel>ar audiefoamiir audiefoaris, or re audiebaminX audiel>atiir ; audiebantiir. FUTURE. / shall or will be heard. audiar audierls, or re audietitr ; audieiniir audieminX audientiir. PERFECT. / have been heard. audittis siim l atiditiis &s auditiis est ; auditl auditl estis auditl PLUPERFECT. I had bem heard. auditiis eram l audittts eras auditiis erat ; auditl e'ramiis auditl Gratis auditl ersint. FUTURE PERFECT. / shall or will have been heard. auditiis ero l auditiis ^ris auditiis rit 5 auditl auditl e"rltls auditl See 206, foot-notes, ETYMOLOGY. FOURTH COXJUG ATIOX. 103 SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. 7 may or can be heard. SINGULAR. PLURAL. audiar audiamiir audiarls, or re audiamliil audiatiir ; audiantiir. IMPERFECT. I might, could, would, or should be heard. audlrr audlremiir audlrerls, or re" audlremln.1 audlretiir ; audlrentiir. PERFECT. / may have been heard. auditii-S sim. 1 audlttts sis a uditiis sit ; auditl auditl sitis auditl sint. PLUPERFECT. / might, could, would, or should have been heard. auditiis cssem 1 auditiis esses auditiks ess^t ; auditl essemiks auditl essetls auditl essent. IMPERATIVE. PJEES. audlr^, be thou heard ; \ audimlni, be ye heard. TUT. auditor, thou shalt be heard, audltdr, he shall be heard ; audiuntor, they shall be heard. INFINITIVE. PRES. audirl, to be heard. PERF. auditiis ess^S, to have been heard. FUT. auditiim. Irl, to be about to be heard. PARTICIPLE. PERF. auditiis, heard. FUT. audlend-iks, to be heard. 1 See 206, foot-no te$. 104 INTRODUCTORY LATIX BOOK. FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XLIL I. Vocabulary. Custodio, Ire, ivi, Itiim, to guard. Dormio, ire, Ivi, Itum, to sleep. Eriidio, ire, ivi, iturn, to instruct, refine, educate. II. Translate into English. 1. Audis, audiebas, audies. 2. Auditis, audiebatis, audi- Gtis. 3. Audio, audlraus. 4. Audiebam, audiebamus. 5. Audiam, audiemus. 6. Audivimus, audiveramus, audiveri- mus. 7. Audivi, audiveram, audiverq. 8. Audlvit, audi- verunt. 9. Audiam, audlrem, audiverim, audivissem. 10. Audiamus, audiremus, audiverimus, audivissemus. 11. Au- dlto, auditote. III. Translate into Latin. 1. I hear, I guard. 2. We hear, we guard. 3. He was hearing, they were sleeping. 4. He was sleeping, they were hearing. 5. He will hear, they will hear. 6. We have slept, you have heard. 7. I had heard, I had guarded. 8. He may hear, they may sleep. 9. They may hear, he may sleep. 10. He might hear, they might sleep. 11. He might sleep, they might hear. FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH CONJUGA- TIONS. ACTIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XLIIL I. Translate into English. 1. Invitat, admonet, ducit, custodit. 2. Invitant, admo- nent, ducunt, custodiunt. 3. Invitabant, admonebant, du- ETYMOLOGY. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 105 cebant, custodiebant. 4. Invitabat, admonebat, ducebat, custodiebat. 5. Invitaveram, admonueram, duxeram, au- diveram. 6. Invitaveramus, admonueramus, duxeramus, audiveramus. 7. Invitaverim, admonuerim, duxerim, cus- todiverim. 8. Invitaverunt, admonuerunt, duxerunt, audi- verunt. II. Translate into Latin. 1. We invite, we admonish, we lead, we instruct. 2. I was inviting, I was admonishing, I was leading, I was in- structing. 3. We were praising, we were obeying, we were speaking, we were instructing. 4. He will blame, he will advise, he will speak, he will instruct. 5. I have invited, you have obeyed, he has led, they have guarded. FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH. EXEKCISE XLIV. I. Vocabulary. Arete, adv. closely, soundly. Munio, ire, Ivi, Itum, to fortify. Sermo, sermonis, m. discourse, conversation. Thrasybulus, I, m. ' Thrasybulus, Athenian general. II. Translate into English. 1. Gives urbem custodiebant. 2. Urbem custodiemus. 3. Milites templum custodiunt. 4. Verum audltis. 5. Ye- rum audlte. 6. Verum audiveramus. 7. Yerba tua audl- mus. 8. Yerba mea audivlsti. 9. Orationem tuam audivi. 10. Sermonem audiebam. 11. Pueri arete dormiunt. 12. Pueri cantum lusciniae au^liebant. 13. Thrasybulus urbem munlvit. 106 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Do you not hear us ? 2. We hear. you. 3. Who heard the oration? 4. We heard the oration. 5. The pupils heard the conversation. 6. They did not hear your oration. 7. The citizens are fortifying the city. 8. Who Avill guard this beautiful city ? 9. The brave soldiers will guard the city. 10. Will you guard the temple ? 11. We will guard the temple. FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. EXERCISE XLV. I. Translate into English. 1. Audimur, audiebfimur, audiemur. 2. Audiutur, audi- antur. 3. Audlrer, audiremur. 4. Audltus sum, audlti sumus. 5. Audlti eramus, audltus eram. 6. Audltus erit, audlti erunt. 7. Audit, auditur. 8. Audiunt, audiuntur. 9. Audiet, audietur. 10. Audlrem, au direr. 11. Audio- bam, audiebar. 12. Audiebat, audiebatur. 13. Audlvit, audltus est. 14. Audiverat, audltus erat. II. Translate into Latin. 1. I am instructed, we are instructed. 2. He will be in- structed, they will be instructed. 3. They have been heard, they have been instructed. 4. They had been heard, he had been instructed. 5. He was instructing, he was instructed. 6. They are instructing, they are in- structed. 7. We have heard, you have been heard. 8. You have instructed, we have been instructed. 9. I have heard, you have been heard. ETYMOLOGY. FOUKTil CONJUGATION. 107 FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH CONJUGA- TIONS. PASSIVE VOICE. ' EXERCISE XLVI. I. Translate into English. 1. Invitaris, admoneris, educeris, custodiris. 2. Invitan- tur, admonentur, educuntur, custodiuntur. 3. Invitatur, admonetur, educitur, custodltur. 4. Invitabitur, admoneb- itur, educetur, custodietur. 5. Invitabatur, admonebatur, cducebatur, custodiebatur. 6. Invitatus sum, admonitus sum, eductus sum, custoditus sum. 7. Invitati erant, ad- moniti erant, educti erant, custoditi erant. 8. Invitati essemus, educti essemus. 9. Admonitus esses, custoditus esses. II. Translate into Latin. 1. He is called, he is terrified, he is led forth, he is guarded. 2. They are called, they are terrified, they are led forth, they are guarded. 3. They will be loved, they will be advised, they will be led, they will be heard. 4. I have been blamed, I have been admonished, you had been ruled, you had been guarded. 5. You had been blamed, I had been admonished. 6. You have been ruled, I have been guarded. FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. OTHER PAKTS or SPEECH. EXERCISE XLVIL I. Vocabulary. Bellum, I, n. war. Benigne, adv. kindly. Civilis, e. civil. 108 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Egregie, adv. excellently. Filius, ii, m. son. Finio, ire, ivi, itum, to finish, bring to a close. Legatio, legationis, f. embassy. Vox, vocis, /. voice. II. Translate into English. 1. Yox audlta 1 est. 2. Voces audiuntur. 3. Cantuslus- ciniae audltur. 4. Cantus lusciniarum audietur. 5. Urbs mumta erat. 6. Urbes munientur. 7. Templum custodie- tur. 8. Templa custodiuntur. 9. Legatio benigne audlta est. 10. Haec legatio benigne audietur. 11. Yerba tua benigne audientur. 12. Filii regis egregie crudiuntur. 13. Bellum civile finitum 1 est. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Was not the orator heard? 2. The renowned orator was kindly heard. 3. Let the city be fortified. 2 4. Let the temples be guarded. 5. The city has been fortified. 6. The temples will be guarded. 7. Let the war be brought to a close. 8. Let the boys be instructed. 9. Let the words of the instructor be heard. FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH CONJUGA- TIONS. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. EXERCISE XLVIII. I. Vocabulary. Atheniensis, is, m. and /. an Athenian. Cams, canis, m. and f. dog. C515, colere, colul, cultiim, to practise, cultivate. Cum, prep, with abl. with. 1 Why audlta and finitum t instead of auditus and finltus ? See Hulc XXXV. 1, p. 54. 2 Let be fortified is to be rendered into Latin by a single verb in the Subjunctive. Sec 196, I. 2. ETYMOLOGY. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 109 Firmo, are, avi, atiim, to strengthen. Grex, gregis, m. herd, flock. Illustro, are, avi, atiim, to illumine. Jungo, jungere, junxi, junctum, to join. Labor, laboris, m. labor. Modestia, ae, /. modesty. Ovis, ovis, f. sheep. Portus, us, m. port, harbor. Prudentia, ae, /. prudence. Terra, ae, /. earth. Valetudo, valetudinis, /. health. Varietas, varietatis, f. variety. Violo, are, avi, atiim, violate. II. Translate into English. 1. Sol terrain illustrat. 2. Modestia pueros ornat. 3. Discipuli memoriam exercent. 4. Discipuli tui memoriani exercebant. 5. Canes gregem custodiebant. 6. Greges ovium custodiuntur. 7. Praecep tores juvehtutem erudient. 8. Labor valetudinem tuam firmabit. 9. Varietas nos de- lectat. 10. Athenienses portum nmniverunt. 11. Philo- sophia nos erudlvit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Good men love virtue. 2. Virtue will always 1 be loved. 3. Let virtue be always practised. 4. We will always practise virtue. 5. The soldiers are violating the laws of the state. 6. They will be punished. 7. Will you instruct these boys ? 8. We will instruct good boys. 9. Who 2 led this army into Italy? 10. Hannibal led the army into Italy. 1 For the syntax of adverbs, and for their place in the Latin sentence, sec Rule LI. and note 4, p. 72. 2 Which form of the Interrogative should be ..used, quts or qui? See 183. 110 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. VERBS IN IO OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 213. Verbs in io are generally of the fourth conjuga- tion ; and even the few which are of the third are inflected with the endings of the fourth wherever those endings have two successive vowels, as follows : ACTIVE VOICE. 214. Capio, I take. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. capio, capere, cepi, captum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. capiS, capis, capit ; | capimfis, capitis, capiunt. IMPERFECT. capiebam, -iebas, -iebat ; | capiebamus, -iebatis, -iebant. FUTURE. capiam, -ies, -i^t ; | capiemus, -ietis, -lent. PERFECT. cepi, -isti, -it ; | cepimiis, -istis, -erunt, or erS. PLUPERFECT. cepSram, -eras, -erat ; | ceperamus, -eratis, -erant. FUTURE PERFECT. cep6r5, -r!s, -rit ; | cepgrimus, -iritis, -erint. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. capiam, -ias, -iat ; | capiamiis, -iatis, -iant. IMPERFECT. cap^rem, -res, -Sret ; | capgremtts, -Cretis, -erent. PERFECT. cepSrim, -eris, -Srft ; | cepSrimiis, -Critis, -rint. PLUPERFECT. cepiss^m, -isses, -iss^t ; | cepissemtis7-issctls, -issent. ETYMOLOGY. VER*BS IN IO. Ill IMPERATIVE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. PRES. cape; | capitg. PUT. capit5, capitO; capitote, capiunt5. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. PRES. capgrg. PRES. capiens. PERF. cepissS. PUT. captures ess. PUT. captures. GERUND. SUPINE. Gen. capiendi. Dot. capiendo. Ace. capiendiim. Abl. capiendo. Ace. captttm. Abl. captu. PASSIVE VOICE. 215. Capior, I am taken. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. capitfr, capi, captus sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. capior, capgris, capittir ; | capimtir, capimlni, capiuntttr. IMPERFECT. capiebar, -iebaris, -iebatttr ; | capiebamur, -iebamlni, -iebanttir. FUTURE. capiar, -ieris, -ietiir ; | capiemttr, -iemim, -ientur. PERFECT. capttts siim, es, est ; | capti stimus, estis, sunt. PLUPERFECT. - capttis eram, ras, Srat ; | capti Sramiis, Gratis, rant, FUTURE PERFECT. capttis gr5, grfs, Srtt ; | capti grimtts, Srltls, grunt. 6 112 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. S UBJUNCTI VE. PRESENT. SINGULAR. PLURAL. capiar, -iaris, -iatur ; | capiamtir, -iamini, -iantttr. IMPERFECT. caprer, -ereris, -Srettir ; [ capereraur, -firemim, -grenttir, PERFECT. capttis sim, sis, sit ; | capti simiis, sitls, sint. PLUPERFECT. captus esstfm, esses, essSt ; | capti essemus, essetis, essent IMPERATIVE. PRES. capCrC; capimim. FUT. capitor, capitor ; capiuntor. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. PRES. capi. PERF. capttts essd. FUT. capttim iri. PERF. capttis. FUT. capiendtts. 1 EXERCISE XLIX. I. Vocabulary. A, ub, prep, with abl. from, by. Accipio, accipere, accept, acceptiim, to receive. Bellum, i, n. war. Capio, capere, cepl, captum, to take, capture. Carthago, Carthagmis, /. Cartilage, city in Africa. Cornelius, ii, m. Cornelius, a proper name. Gallus, I, m. Gaul, a Gaul* 1 The pupil will observe that the conjugation of Capio is somewhat peculiar, combining certain characteristics of the fourth Conjugation with others of the Third. He should now carefully compare it with the con- jugation of Rego and with that of Audio, and note with accuracy both the differences and the resemblances. 2 The Gauls were a people inhabiting the country of ancient Gaul, embracing modern France. ETYMOLOGY. VERBS IN IO. 113 Jacio, jiicere, jeci, jactiim, to cast, throiv, liurl. Lapis, lapidis, m. stone. Lux, lucis, /. light. Murus, 1, 7w. wall. Publius, ii, m. Publius, a proper name. Regulus, I, m. Regulus, Roman general Teliim, I , n. javelin. Troja, ae, /. Troy, city in Asia Minor, II. Translate into JZnglish. 1. Graeci Trojara capiebant. 2. Trojam ceperunt. 3. Troja capta 1 est. 4. Troja cap t a erat. 5. Regulus ipse captus est. 6. Belli duces capientnr. 7. Haec urbs capie- tur. 8. Illam urbem capiemus. 9. Roma a Gallis 2 capta erat. 10. Galli Romam ceperant. 11. Scipio multas civita- tes cepit. 12. Luna lucem a sole accipit. 13. Lucem a sole accipimus. 14. Tuam 3 epistolam accepi. 15. Milites tela jaciebant. III. Translate into Latin. 1. We were taking the city. 2. The city will be taken. 3. The city has been taken. 4. The cities will be taken. 5. The cities have been taken. ' 6. Who * took Carthage ? 7. Publius Cornelius Scipio took Carthage. 8. Have you not 5 received my letter ? 9. I have received your letter. 10. Have you not received five letters? 11. We have received ten letters. 1 For the agreement of the participle in the compound tenses with the subject, see Rule XXXV. 1, page 54. 2 See Rule XXXII., page 24. 3 What is the usual place of the Possessive Pronoun ? See page 77, note 1. In this sentence, tuam precedes its noun because it is emphatic. 4 Which form of the Interrogative Pronoun should be used, qitis or qui? See 188. 5 Which Interrogative Particle should be used ? See 346, II. 1, page 59. 114 1NTKODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. PART THIRD. SYNTAX. CHAPTER I. SYNTAX OF SENTENCES, SECTION I. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 343. SYNTAX treats of the construction of sentences. 344. A sentence is thought expressed in language. 345. In their STKUCTUKE, sentences are either Simple, Complex, or Compound: I. A SIMPLE SENTENCE expresses but a single thought : Deus mundum aedif icavit, God made the world. Cic. II. A COMPLEX SENTENCE expresses two (or more) thoughts, so related that one is dependent upon the other : Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos; So long as you are prosperous, you will number many friends. Ovid. 1. CLAUSES. In this example, two simple sentences, (1) " You will be prosperous," and (2) " You will number many friends/' are so united that the first only specifies the time of the second : You will number many fiiendsy (when ?) so long as you are prosperous. The parts thus united are called Clauses or Members. III. A COMPOUND SENTENCE expresses two or more in- dependent thoughts : Sol ruit, et montcs umbrantur, The sun descends, and the mountains are shaded. Virg. 346. In their USE, sentences are either Declarative, In- terrogative, Imperative, or Exclamatory. SYNTAX. SENTENCES. 115 I. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE lias the form of an asser- tion : Miltiades accusatus est, Miltiades was accused. Nep. II. An INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE has the form of a question : Quis non paupertatem extimescit, Who does not fear poverty ? Cic. 1. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. Interrogative sentences generally con- tain some interrogative word, either an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, or one of the interrogative particles, ne, nonne, num : 1 ) Questions with ne ask for information : Scribitne, Is he writing ? Ne is always thus appended to some other word. 2) Questions with nonne expect the answer yes: Nonne scrlbit, Is he not writing ? 3) Questions with num expect the answer no : Num scrlbit , Is he writing ? III. An IMPERATIVE SENTENCE has the form of a com- mand, exhortation, or entreaty : Justitiam cole, Cultivate justice. Cic. IV. An EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE has the form of an ex- clamation : Reliquit quos viros, What Jieroes lie lias left ! Cic. SECTION II. SIMPLE SENTENCES. ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES. 347. The simple sentence in its most simple form con- sists of two distinct parts, expressed or implied : 1. The SUBJECT, or that of which it speaks. 2. The PREDICATE, or that which is said of the subject: Cluilius moritur, Cluilius dies. Liv. Here Cluilius is the subject, and moritur the predicate. 348. The simple sentence in its most expanded form consists only of these same parts with their various modi- fiers: 116 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. In his castris Cluilius, Albanus rex, muritur ; Cluilius, the Albait king, dies in this camp. Liv. Here Cluilius, Albanus rex, is the subject in its enlarged or modified form, and in Jus castris moritur is the predicate in its enlarged or modified form. 349. PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE. The subject and predicate, being essential to the structure of every sen- tence, are called the Principal or Essential elements ; bnt their modifiers, being subordinate to these, are called the Subordinate elements. 350. SIMPLE AND COMPLEX. The elements, whether principal or subordinate, may be either simple or complex : 1. Simple, when not modified by other words. 2. Complex, when thus modified. 1 SIMPLE SUBJECT. 351. The subject of a sentence must be a noun, or some word or words used as a noun : Rex 2 decrevit, The Icing decreed. Nep. Ego 2 ad te scrlbo, / write to you. Cic. SIMPLE PREDICATE. 353. The simple predicate must be either a verb or the copula sum with a noun or adjective : Miltiades est accusatus, 3 Miltiades was accused. Nep. Tu es tes- tis, You are a witness. Cic. Fortuna caeca est, Fortune is "blind. Cic. 1. Like Sum, several other verbs sometimes unite with a noun or adjective to form the predicate. A noun or adjective thus used is called a Predicate Noun or Predicate Adjective.* 1 Thus, in the example given above, the simple subject is Cluilius ; the complex, Cluilius, Albanus rex; the simple predicate, morftur ; tho complex, in his castris moritur. 2 In these examples, the noun rex and the pronoun ego, used as a noun, arc the subjects. 3 In the first of these examples, the predicate is the verb, est accusatus; in the second, the noun and copula, est testis ; and in the third, the adjec- tive and copula, caeca est. 4 Thus testis, in the second example, is a Predicate Noun, and caeca, in the third, is a Predicate Adjective. SYNTAX. NOUNS. 117 CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. SECTION I. AGREEMENT OF NOUNS. UTTLE I. Predicate Nouns. 1 8680 A Predicate Noun 2 denoting the same person or thing as its Subject agrees with it in CASE : Ego sum nuntius, 2 / am a messenger. Liv. Servius rex cst dec- laratus, Servius teas declared king. Liv. EXERCISE L. I. Vocabulary. Amnis, amnis, m. river. Creo, are, avl, atum, to create, make, elect. Graecia, ae, /. Greece. Imperator, imperatoris, m. commander. Latinus, I, m. Latinus, Italian king. Lavlnia, ae, /. Lavinia, a proper name-. Maliim, I, n. evil. Nomino, are, avl, atum, to call, name. Numa, ae, m. Numa, Roman king. Rhenus, I, m. the Rhine, river in Europe. Servius, ii, m. Servius, Koman king. Stultitia, ae, /. folly. Turn, adv. then, at that time. 1 In illustrating in the subsequent pages the leading principles of the Latin Syntax, we shall take up the most common Rules in the order in which they stand in the Grammar. In doing so, we shall repeat in their proper places those Rules which we have had occasion to anticipate in the previous Exercises. 2 See 35?, 1 ; also Rule I. note, p. 59. 118 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. Translate into English. 1. Cicero consul l fu.it. 2 2. Cicero orator fuit. 3. Cic- ero turn 3 erat 2 orator clarissimus. 4 4. Puer orator erit. 5. !N"uma erat rex. 6. Numa rex l creatus est. 7. Cato imperator fuit. 8. Cato magnns imperator fuit. 9. Scipio consul creatus est. 10. Scipio consul fuerat. 11. Stultitia est malum. 12. Gloria est fructus virtutis. 13. Graecia artium 5 mater nominatur. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The Rhine is a large river. 2. Rome was a beautiful city. 3. Cato was a wise man. 4. Your father is a wise man. 5. Lavinia was the daughter of the king. 6. Lati- nus was king. 7. Lavinia was the daughter of Latinus. 8. Tullia was the daughter of Servius. APPOSITIVES. RULE H Appositives. 363. An Appositive 6 agrees with its Subject in CASE : Cluilius rex 6 moritur, Cluilius the king dies. Liv. Urbes Carthago 6 atque Numantia, the cities Carthage and Numantia. Cic. 1 Predicate Noun. See Rule I. For Model for parsing Predicate Nouns, see p. 59. 2 For the place of the verb with Predicate Nouns, see note on fuit under Exercise XIX. 3 Adverb qualifying erat. See Rule LI. p. 72. * See 162 ; also Rule XXXIII. p. 32. 5 Artium depends upon mater. See Rule XVI. p. 22. 6 See 363, note, p. 15; also Model, p. 16. Rex, Carthdyo, and Nu- mantia are all Predicate Nouns. SYNTAX. APPOSITIVES. 119 EXERCISE LI. I. Vocabulary. Alexander, Alexandri, m. Alexander, the Great. Conjux, conjiigis, m. and f. wife, husband. Epirus, I, f. EpiruSj country in Greece. Eruditus, a, urn, learned, instructed in. Hanno, Hannonis, m. Ilanno, Carthaginian general. Justus, a, urn, just, upright. Macedonia, ae, /. Macedonia, Macedon. Nepos, nepotis, m. grandson. Paulus, 1, m. Paulus, Roman consul. Philippus, I, m. Philip, king of Macedon. Pyrrhus, I, m. , Phyrrhus, king of Epirus. Vulnero, are, avi, atuni, to wound. II. Translate into English. 1. Cicero, eruditissimus homo, 1 consul 2 fuit. 2. Nuxna, justissimus vir, erat rex. 3. Ancus, N"umae nepos, 1 rex fait. 4. Hanno dux captus est. 3 5. Pyrrhus, Epiri rex, vulnera- ttis est. G. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, Athenienses supera- vit. 7. Paulus consul 1 regem superavit. 8. Philosophia, mater bonarum artium, nos eriidit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Tullia, the daughter 1 of Servius, was the wife 3 of Tarquin. 2. Servius, the father of Tullia, was a king. 3. Scipio, the leader of the Romans, took Carthage. 4. Sci- pio the general was praised. 5. Philip, king of Macedonia, was the father of Alexander. 6. Alexander, the son of Philip, was king of Macedonia. 1 Appositive. Sec Rule II. For Model for parsing Appositives, see p. 16. 2 Predicate Noun. Sec Rule I. 3 Sec 214. 1IVBESITY 120 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. SECTION II. NOMINATIVE. 364. CASES. Nouns have different forms or eases to mark the various relations in which they are used. These cases, in accordance with their general force, may be ar- ranged and characterized as follows : I. Nominative, Case of the Subject. II. Vocative, Case of Address. III. Accusative, Case of Direct Object. IV. Dative, Case of Indirect Object. V. Genitive, Case of Adjective Relations. VI. Ablative, Case of Adverbial Relations. 1 EULE III Subject Nominative. 367. The Subject of a Finite verb is put in the Nominative : Servius regnavit, Servius reigned. Liv. Patent portae, The gates are open. Cic. Hex vicit, The king conquered. Liv. 1. The Subject is always a substantive, a pronoun, or some word or clause used substantively : Ego reges ejeci, / have banished kings. Cic. 2. SUBJECT OMITTED. See 460, 2, p. 54. EXERCISE LII. I. Vocabulary. Libertas, llbertatis, /. liberty. Opulentus, a, urn, rich, opulent. Quotldie, adv. daily. Vitiimi, ii, n. fault, vice. Oppidum, i, n. town y city. 1 This arrangement is adopted in the discussion of the cases, because vt is thought it will best present the force of the several cases, and their relation to each other. SYNTAX. VOCATIVE. 121 II. Translate into English. 1. Italia^ liberata 2 est. 2. Urbs Roma liberata erat. 8. Haec urbs clarissima liberabitur. 4. Haec urbs opulentissi- ma est eapta. 5. Virtus quotidie laudatur. 6. Virtutes semper laudabuntur. 7. Sapientia semper est laudata. 8. Libertas semper laudabitur. 9. Omnia hostiuru oppida expugnata sunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Was not Philip wounded ? 2. Philip, king of Mace- donia, was wounded. 3. Many soldiers were wounded. 4. Did not the soldiers fight bravely? 5. The soldiers fought bravely. 6. Will not the laws be observed ? 7. The laws have been observed. 8. They will be observed. SECTION III. VOCA TIVE. RULE IV. Case of Address. 369. The Name of the person or thing addressed is put in the Vocative : Perge, Laeli, 3 Proceed, Laelius. Cic. Quid est, Catilina, 5 Why is it, Catiline ? Cic. Tuum est, Servi, 3 regnum. The kingdom is yours, Servius. Liv. EXERCISE LIU. I. Vocabulary. Auditor, audltoris, m. hearer, auditor. Carus, a, um, dear. Juvenis, is, m. and /. a youth, young man. Legatus, I, m, ambassador. Saliito, are, avi, atwn, to salute. 1 Subject of liberata est. See Kule III. For Model for parsing Sub* jects, see p. 57. 2 Why liberata rather than Uberdtus ? See Rule XXXV. 1, p. 54. 3 Laeli y Catilina, and Servi are all in the Vocative by thjs Rule. Ladi is for Laelie ; and Servi, for Servie. 122 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. Translate into English. 1. Te, fScipio]- salutamus. 2. Vos, amid * carissimi, 2 saluto. 3. Vos, audit ores omnes, salutamus. 4. Verba mea, judices, audite. 5. Haec verba, legati, audite. 6. Vos, milites, lianc urbem clarissimam custodlte. 7. Mili- tes I fortissimi, patriam vestram liberate. 8. Vestram. vir- tut em, j uven es, laudamus. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Boys^ hear the words of your father. 2. Judges, you shall hear the truth. 3. Father, have we not spoken the truth ? 4. You, boys, have spoken the truth. 5. Sol- diers, you have fought bravely. 6. You, brave soldiers, have saved your country. 7. Pupils, I praise your dili- gence. SECTION IV. A CCUSATIVE. RULE V. Direct Object. 371. The Direct Object 3 of an action is put in the Accusative : Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the icorld.* Cic. Libera rm publicam, Free the republic. Cic. Populi Komani salutem dcfendite, Defend the safety of the Roman people. Cic. 1 In the Vocative, according to Rule IV. No special Model for parsing is deemed necessary, as all nouns are parsed substantially in the same way ; though different Rules arc, of course, assigned for different cases. See Directions for Parsing, p. 15 ; also Model, p. 16. The Vocative is not often the first word in the sentence, though it is sometimes thus placed, as in the seventh sentence in this Exercise. 2 See 162. 8 See note on Direct Object, p. 70. 4 See note on the position of the Object in the Latin sentence, p. 70. SYNTAX. ACCUSATIVE. 123 EXERCISE LIY. I. Vocabulary. Flaminius, il, m. Flaminius, Roman general. Marcelliis, I, m. Marcellus, Roman general. Poeniis, Ji, urn, Carthaginian. Poenus, I, m. a Carthaginian. Sanctiis, a, iim, lioly, sacred. Sicilia, ae, f. Sicily, the island of. Spolio, are, avl, Htum, to rob, spoil, despoil. SyrHcusae, arum, f. plur. Syracuse, city in Sicily. II. Translate into English. 1. Alexander multas icrbes 1 expugnavit. 2. Italia pul- chras urbes habuit. 3. Hostes templa spoliabant. 4. Tem- pla sanctissima spoliaverunt. 5. Hannibal Flaminium 1 consulem 2 superavit. 6. Poeni Sicilian! occupaverant. 7. Marcellus 3 magnam liujus insulae 4 partem cepit. 8. Mar- cellus Syracusas, 1 nobilissimam urbem, 2 expugnavit. III. Translate into I^atin. 1. Do you not 5 love your parents f l 2. We love our parents. 3. You practise virtue. 4. Our pupils will prac- tise virtue. 5. Did not Rome have beautiful temples ? 6. Rome had beautiful temples. 7. Have not the enemy 6 taken the city? 8. They have taken the beautiful city: 9. They will plunder all the temples. 1 Direct Object, in the Accusative, according to Rule Y. Tor Model for parsing, see p. 71. 2 Appositive. See Rule II. 363. 3 Apply to this sentence Suggestions IV. and V. 4 Hujus insulae, of this island ; i.e., of Sicily. Observe the position of the Genitive between the adjective magnam and its noun partem. See note onpondus, Exercise XXX. II. 10. 5 See 346, II. 1. 6 The Latin word must be in the plural. 124 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE. RULE VIII. Accusative of Time and Space. 378. DURATION OF TIME, and EXTENT OF SPACE, are expressed by the Accusative : Romulus septem et trlginta regnavit annos, 1 Romulus reigned thirty-seven years. Liv. Quinque millia passuum ambulare, To walk five miles. Cic. Pedes octoginta distare, To be eighty feet distant. Cacs. Nix quattuor pedes 1 alta, Snow four feet deep. Liv. EXERCISE LY. I. Vocabulary. Agger, aggeris, in. mound, rampart. Ambulo, are, avi, Fttum, to walk. Centum, hundred. Gladiiis, ii, m. sword. Lacedaemonius, ii, m. a Lacedaemonian, Spartctti. Latiis, a, urn,' broad, wide. Longiis, a, iim, long. Mensis, mensis, m. month. Nox, noctis, /. night. Octoginta, eighty. Pes, pedis, m. foot. Quinquaginta, fifty Regno, are, avi, atiim, to reign. Vigilo, are, avi, atum, to watch, be awake. II. Translate into English. 1. Lacedaemonii pacem sex annos 2 servaverunt. 2. Magnam noctis partem 2 vigilaveram. 3. Puer octo horas 1 Annos denotes Duration of Time, while millia and pedes denote Ex- tent of Space. They are all in the Accusative by this Rule. 2 In the Accusative denoting Duration of Time. See Rule VIII. No special Model for parsing is necessary. The pupil will be guided by previous directions and Models. SYNTAX. ACCUSATIVE. 125 dormivit. 4. Latinus multos annos regnavit. 5. In Italia sex menses fuimus. 6. In ilia urbe decem dies fuimus. 7. Agger octoginta pedes l latus fuit. 8. Hie gladius sex pedes longus est. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Did you not walk two hours? 2. We walked three hours. 3. Did you not sleep six hours? 4. We slept eight hours. 5. The soldiers guarded the city ten months. 6. Were you not in the city four months ? 7. We were in the city five months. 8. The mound was fifty feet high. ACCUSATIVE OF LIMIT. RULE IX. Accusative of Limit. 379. The Name of a Town used as the Limit of motion is put in the Accusative : Nuntius Romam redit, The messenger returns to Rome. Liv. Plato Tarentum 2 venit, Plato came to Tarentum. Cic. Fugit Tar- qmmos, 2 He fled to Tarquinii. Cic. EXERCISE LVL I. ' Vocabulary. Athenae, arum, f. plur. Athens, capital of Attica. Fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, to flee, fly, run away. Lysander, Lys&ndrl, m. Lysander, Spartan general. Miltiades, is, m. Miltiades, Athenian general. Navigo, are, avi, atum, to sail, sail to. 1 In the Accusative, denoting Extent of Space. 2 Romam, Tarentum, and Tarquinios are all names of towns used as the Limit of Motion ; i.e., the motion is represented as ending in those towns. They are in the Accusative, according to Rule IX. 126 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum, to lead back. Kevoco, are, avi, atum, to recall. Sparta, ae, f. Sparta, capital of Laconia. Tarentum, I, n. Tarentum, Italian town. Thebanus, a, urn, Theban. Thebaniis, I, m. a Theban. II. Translate into English. 1. Cicero Romam l revocatus est. 2. Consules Romam revocati sunt. 3. Hannibal Carthaginem l revocatus erat. 4. Lysander Athenas 1 navigavit. 5. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugatus est. 6. Consul regem Tarentum fugavit. 7. The- bani exercitum Spartam ducunt. 8. Miltiades exercitum Atlienas reduxit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who fled to Carthage? 2 2. Did not the enemy flee to Carthage f 3. They fled to Carthage. 4. "Will not the army be led back to Rome ? 2 5. The army has been led back to Rome. 6. The commander led the army to Athens. SECTION V. DATIVE. 382. The Dative is the Case of the Indirect Object, and is used, I. With Verbs. II. With Adjectives. III. With their Derivatives, Adverbs and Substantives. DATIVE WITH VERBS. 383. INDIRECT OBJECT. A verb is often attended by t noun designating the object indirectly affected by the 1 In the Accusative, according to Rule IX. 2 The Latin word will be in the Accusative, in accordance with Rule IX. SYNTAX. DATIVE. 127 action, that TO or FOR which something is or is done. A noun thus used is called an Indirect Object., EULE XII. Dative with Verbs. 384. The INDIRECT OBJECT is put in the Dative : I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE Verbs : Tempori l cedit, He yields to the time. Cic. Sibi timuerant, They had feared for themselves. Caes. Labori student, They devote them- selves to labor. Caes. Nobis l vita data est, Life has been granted to us. Cic. Numitori deditur, He is delivered to Numitor. Liv. II. With TRANSITIVE Verbs, in connection with the ACCUSATIVE : Pons iter hostibus 2 dedit, The bridge gave a passage to the enemy. Liv. Leges civitatibus suis seripserunt, They prepared laws for their states. Cic. EXERCISE LVII. I. Vocabulary. Carthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian. Carthaginiensis, is, m. and f. a Carthaginian. Conon, Conoms, m. Conon, Athenian gen'l. Debeo, debere, debui, debitum, to owe. Displiceo, displicere, displicui, displicitum, to displease. Dono, are, avi, atum, to give. Gens, gentis, f. race. Gratia, ae, /. favor, gratitude, thanks. Laboro, are, avi, atiim, to strive for. 1 TempSri y sibi, and labori are in the Dative with the Intransitive verbs cedit, timuerant (intransitive here), and student; while nobis and Numitor I are in the Dative with the Passive verbs data est and deditur. 2 Hostibus is in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative iter, with the Transitive verb dedit. In the same way, civitatibus is in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative leges, with the Transitive verb scripse- runt. 128 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Monstro, arc, avi, utum, to show, point out. Placet), placere, placui, pliicituin, to please. Senectus, senectutis, /. old age. Sententia, ae, /. opinion. Servio, servire, servlvl, servltum, to serve. Via, ae, /. way, road. II. Translate into English. 1. Gives legibus * parent. 2. Multae Italiae civitates Romania parebant. 3. Haec sententia Caesdri 1 placuit. 4. Ilia sententia Caesari clisplicuit. 5. Milites gloriae laborant. G. Hoc consilium Caesari nuntiatum est. 7. Nostra consilia hostibus nuntiata sunt. 8. Tibi 2 magnam gratiam habemus. 9. Habeo senectuti magnam gratiam. 10. Conon pecuniam civibus donavit. 11. Pastor puero viam monstravit. 12. Tibi viam monstrabo. 13. Roman! Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Did I not obey my 3 father ? l 2. You obeyed your father. 3. We will obey the laws of the state. 4. Do not the citizens serve the king? 5. They have served the king. 6. Will you not serve the state ? 7. We will servo the state. 8. Will you not tell me (to me 4 ) the truth ? 5 9. I have told you (to you) the truth. 10. Will you show 1 Indirect Object, in the Dative, according to Rule XII. I. 2 Indirect Object, in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative gratiam with the Transitive verb habemus, according to Eule XII. II. .In the arrangement of Objects, the Indirect generally precedes tho Direct, as in this sentence ; though the order is sometimes reversed, as in the tenth sentence in this Exercise. s In examples like this, the Possessive pronoun may either be ex- pressed or omitted, as it is often omitted in Latin when not emphatic. 4 Dative. Sec Rule XII. II. 5 Accusative. Sec Rule XII. II. SYNTAX. DATIVE. 129 me (to me) the way? 11. We will show you the way. 12. Did they declare war against the Romans? 13. They had declared war against the Romans. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. EULE XIV. Dative. 391. With Adjectives, the OBJECT TO WHICH the qual- ity is directed is put in the Dative : Patriae solum omnibus 1 carum est, The soil of their country is dear to all. Cic. Id aptum est tempori, This is adapted to the time. Cic. Omni aetati mors est communis, Death is common to every age. Cic. Canis similis lupo est, A dog is similar to a wolf. Cic. Naturae accommodatum, Adapted to nature. Cic. Graeciae utile, Useful to Greece. !Nep. 1. ADJECTIVES WITH DATIVE. The most common are those signifying : Agreeable, easy, friendly, like, near, necessary, suitable, subject, useful, together with, others of a similar or opposite meaning, and verbals in I ills. EXEKCISE LVIII. I. Vocabulary. Amlcus, a, urn, friendly. Hispania, ae, /. Spain. Multitude, multitudinis, f. multitude. Saguntum, I, n. Saguntum, city in Spain. Similis, e, like. Soliim, I, n. soil. Veritas, veritatis, /. verity, truth. 1 Dative, showing to whom the soil is dear, dear TO ALL. In the same way in these examples, tcmptiri is used with aptum, aetdti with communis, lupo with similis, naturae with accommodatum, and Graeciae with little. 130 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. II. Translate into English. 1. Parentes nobis l cari sunt. 2. Patria nobis cara est. 3. Patria tibi l erit carissima. 4. Patriae solum nobis caruni est. 5. Hannibal exercitui carus fuit. 6. Yictoria Roma- nis grata fuit. 7. Libertas multitudmi grata est. 8. Veri- tas nobis gratissima est. 9. Jucunda mihi oratio fuit. 10. Saguntum Romanis amicum fuit. 11. Hannibal Sagun- tum, 2 Hispaniae civitatem 3 Romanis 4 amicam, 5 expugnavit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Will not these books be useful to you? 2. They are useful to us. 3. They will be useful to you. 4. This law has been useful to the state. 5. Will not this book be ac- ceptable to you ? 6. That book will be acceptable to me. 7. This book will be most acceptable 6 to my brother. SECTION VI. GENITIVE. 393. The Genitive in its primary meaning denotes source or cause ; but, in its general use, it corresponds to the English Objective with o/ 1 , and expresses various ad- jective relations. GENITIVE WITH NOUNS. EULE XVI Genitive. 395. Any Noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the meaning of another noun, is put in the Genitive : 1 Dative, according to Rule XIV. 2 Accusative. See Rule V. 3 Appositive, in. agreement with Saguntum. See Rule II. 4 Dative with amlcam. See Rule XIV. 5 Amlcam agrees with civitdtem. See Rule XXXIII. p. 32. 6 See 162. SYNTAX. GENITIVE. 131 CatCnis 1 orationes, Cato*s orations. Cic. Castra hostium, The camp of the enemy. Liv. Mors Hamilcaris, The death of Hamilcar. Liv. Sec 363. EXERCISE LIX. I. Vocabulary. Communis, e, common. Conscientia, ae, /. consciousness. Dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant. Honor, honoris, m. honor. Orbis, orbis, m. circle, world. Orbis terrarum, 2 the world. Parviis, a, urn, small. Principium, ii, n. beginning. Rectum, I, n. rectitude, right. Socrates, is, m. Socrates, Athenian philosopher. II. Translate into English. 1. Justitia virtutum 3 reglna est. 2. Sapientia est mater omnium bonarum artium. 3. Soci&tes'p&reiisphilosophiae fuit. 4. Virtus veil honoris 4 mater est. 5. Patria com- munis 5 est omnium nostrum 6 parens. 6. Homa orbis 7 terrarum caput fuit. 7. Omnium rerum principia parva sunt. 8. Conscientia recti est praemium virtutis duleissi- mum. 1 Catonis qualifies orationes, and is in the Genitive, in accordance with the Rule. 2 Literally the circle of lands. 3 Genitive, depending upon reglna. Rule XVI. 4 Genitive, depending upon mater. 5 Communis agrees with parens. See Rule XXXIII. p. 32. 6 Genitive, depending upon parens. 1 Orbis depends upon eaput, and terrarum upon orbis. 132 INTRODUCTORY LATIN" BOOK. III. Translate into T^atin. 1. Tho orations of Cicero arc praised. 2. The courage of the soldiers saved the city. 3. The crown of the 'king was golden. 4. The sword, of the general was beautiful. 5. The son of the consul violated the laws of the state. G. The citizens will observe the laws of the state. GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. RULE XVII Genitive. 399. Many Adjectives take a Genitive to complete their meaning : Avidus laudls, 1 Desirous of praise. Cic. Otil ciipidus, Desirous of leisure. Liv. Amans sui virtus, Virtue fond of itself. Cic. Eff iciens voluptlitls, Productive of pleasure. Cic. Gloriae memor, Mindful of glory. Liv. 1. FOKCE OF THIS GENITIVE. The genitive here retains its usual force, of, in respect of, and may be used after adjectives which admit this relation. 2. ADJECTIVES WITH THE GENITIVE. The most com- mon are 1) Verbals in ax, and participles in aiis and ens used adjectively. 2) Adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, skill, recollec- tion, participation, mastery, fulness, and their contraries. EXERCISE LX. I. Vocabulary. Amans, amantis, loving, fond of. Avidus, a, um, desirous of, eager for. 1 Laudis completes the meaning of avidus; desirous (of what?) of praise. It is in the Genitive, by this Rule. In the same way, otii com- pletes the meaning of cupidus sui, of amans ; vohiptdtif, of efficient ; and gloriae, of memor. SYNTAX. A 1IL ATI VE . 1 33 Certumen, certiimmis, n. contest, strife, battle. Ciipidus, a, urn, desirous of. Fons, fontis, m. fountain. Laus, laudis, f. praise. Novitiis, no vi tat is, f. novelty. Perltus, a, um, skilled in. Piscis, piscis, m. fisli. Plenus, a, um, full. Voluptas, voluptatts, /. pleasure. II. Translate into English. 1. Roman! avidi gloriae l fuerunt. 2. Homines novitatis nvidi sunt. 3. ISTuma pads l erat amantissimus. 2 4. Pa- triae amantissimi sumus. 5. Consul gloriae cupidus erat. G. Cicero gloriae cupidissimus 2 fuit. 7. Milites crant avidissimi certaminis. 8. Fons piscium plenissimus est. 9. Atlienicnses belli navalis peritissimi fuerunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Boys are fond of praise. 2. Arc you not fond of praise f 3. "We are fond of praise. 4. Were not the Athenians fond of pleasure? 5. They were always fond of pleasure. G. They are desirous of glory. 7. Are you not desirous of a victory? 8. We arc desirous of a vic- tory. SECTION VII. ABLATIVE. 412. The Ablative in its primary meaning is closely re- lated to the Genitive ; but, in its general use, it corresponds to the English Objective with from,, by, in^ with, and ex- presses various adverbial relations. It is accordingly used with Verbs and Adjectives ; while the Genitive, as the case of adjective relations, is most common with ISTouns. See 393. 1 Genitive, completing the meaning of the adjective. See llule XVIL 2 See 162. 134 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, MANNER, MEANS. RULE XXL Cause, Manner, Means. 414. Cause, Manner, and Means 1 are denoted by the Ablative : Ars utilitate laudatur, An art is praised because of its usefulness. Cic. Gloria ducitur, He is led by glory. Cic. Duobus modis fit, It is done in two ways. Cic. Sol omnia luce collustrat, The sun illu- mines all things with its light. Cic. Apri dentibus se tutantur, Boars defend themselves with their tusks. Cic. Aeger erat vulneribus, He was ill in consequence of his wounds. Nep. Laetus sorte tua, Pleased with your lot. Hor. 1. APPLICATION OF RULE. This Ablative is of very frequent occurrence, and is used both with verbs and ad- jectives. 2. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE. This designates that by which, by reason of which, because of which, in accord- ance with lohich, any thing is or is done. 3. ABLATIVE OF MANNER. This Ablative is regularly accompanied by some modifier, or by the preposition cum ; but a few ablatives, chiefly those signifying manner, more, ordine, ration*, etc., occur without such accompaniment : Vi summa, With the greatest violence. Nep. More Persarum, In the manner of the Persians. ~N"ep. Cum silentio audire, To hear in silence. Liv. Id ordine f acere, To do it in order, or properly. Cic. i It is not always possible to distinguish between Cause, Manner, and Means. Sometimes the same Ablative may involve both Cause and Means, or both Means and Manner. Still the pupil should be taught to determine in each instance, as far as possible, what is the real force of the Ablative. Thus in the examples, utilitate denotes cause, because of its usefulness ; gloria, means, with perhaps the accessory notion of cause ; modis, manner ; luce, means ; dentibus, means ; vulneribus, cause, with perhaps the accessory notion of means ; aricl sorte, cause and means. SYNTAX. ABLATIVE. 135 4. ABLATIVE OF MEANS. This includes the Instru- ment and all other Means employed. 5. ABLATIVE OF AGENT. This designates the Person by whom anything is done as a voluntary agent, and takes the preposition a or ab: Occisus est a Thebanis, He was slain by the Thelans. 1 Nep. EXERCISE LXI. I. Vocabulary. Muniis, muneris, n.* reward, gift. Natura, ae, /. nature. Pellis, pellis, / skin, hide. Quotidianus, a, lim, daily. Scythae, arum, m. plur. Scythians. Triumpho, are, avi, atum, to triumph. TJsus, us, m. use. Yestio, ire, ivi, itiim, to clothe. II. Translate into English. 1. Consul virtute 2 laudtitus est. 2. Urbs natura 3 mu- nita erat. 3. Haec urbs arte munietur. 4. Muneribus* delectamur. 5. Roma Camilli virtute est servata. 6. Ca- millus hostes magno proelio superavit. 7. Scipio patrem singular! virtute servavit. 8. Scipio ingenti gloria 4 tri- umphavit. 5 9. Scythae corpora pellibus vestiebant, 1 By comparing this example with those under the Rule, the second for instance, it will be seen that the Latin construction distinguishes the person by whom any thing is done from the means by which it is done, designating the former by the Ablative with a or ab (a Thebdms, by the Thebans), and the latter by the Ablative without a preposition ; gloria,, by glory. 2 Ablative of Cause, according to Ru.le XXI. 3 Ablative of Means. 4 Ablative of Manner, 5 The privilege of entering Rome in grand triumphal procession was sometimes awarded to eminent Roman generals as they returned from victory. Triumphavit here refers to such a triumph. 136 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Are not the fields adorned with flowers ? * - 2. The fields are adorned with beautiful flowers. 3. Have you not strengthened your memory l>y use ? 4. I have strengthened my memory by daily use. 5. You will be praised for (be- cause of) your diligence. 2 6. Our pupils have been praised for their diligence. 7. The general saved the city by his valor. 8. Rome was saved by the valor of the Roman soldiers. i ABLATIVES WITH COMPARATIVES. RULE XXIII. Ablative with Comparatives. 417. Comparatives without QUAM are followed by the Ablative : Nihil est amabilius virtute, 3 Nothing is more lovely than virtue. Cic. Quid est melius bonitate, 3 What is letter than goodness ? Cic. 1. COMPARATIVES WITH QUAM* are followed by the Nom- inative, or by the case of the corresponding noun before them: Hibernia minor quam Britannia existimatur, Hibernia is consid- ered smaller than Britannia. Caes. Agris quam urbi 5 terribilior, More terrible to the country than to the city. Liv. 1 Ablative of Means. Rule XXI. 2 Ablative of Cause. . 3 Virtute and bonitate are both in tlie Ablative, by this Rule ; the former after the comparative amabilius, and the latter after the comparative me- lius. 4 Quam is a conjunction, meaning than. Conjunctions are mere con- nectives, used to connect words or clauses. 5 Agris and urbi, the one before and the other after quam, are both in the same construction, in the Dative, depending upon terribilior according to Rule XIV. 391 . SYNTAX. ABLATIVE. 137 EXEKCISE LXII. I. Vocabulary. Argentiim, I. n. silver. Avaritia ae./. avarice. Bomtas, bomtatis, /. goodness, excellence. Eloquens, eloquentis, eloquent. Ferrum, I, n. iron. Foedus, a, um, detestable. Pretiosiis, a, iim, valuable. Quam, conj. than. Scientia, ae,/. knowledge. Turris, turris,/. tower. II. Translate into English. 1. Virtus mihi 1 gloria 2 est carior. 2. Patria mihi vita- mea est carior. 8. Quid est jucundius amicitia? 4. Quid foedius est avaritia ? 5. Aurum argento pretiosius est. 6. Animus corpore est nobilior. 7. Turris altior erat quam murus. 3 8. Quid multitudini x gratius quam libertas est ? 9. Pater tuns est sapientior quam tu. 4 10. Quis eloquen- tior fuit quam Demosthenes ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. Silver is more valuable than iron? 2. Virtue is more valuable than gold. 3. Wisdom is more valuable than money. 4. Will not wisdom be more useful to you than gold ? 5. Wisdom will be more useful to me than gokL 6. Goodness is more valuable than 5 knowledge. 7. Good- 1 See Rule XIV. 391. 2 Ablative, depending upon the comparative without quam, according to Rule XXIII. 3 In the same case as turris, the corresponding noun before quam. It is the subject of erat understood. 4 Subject of es understood. 5 In this and the following examples use quam, according to 417, 1. 138 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. ness is dearer to us than glory. 8. The Romans were braver than the Gauls. 9. The soldiers were braver than the general. ABLATIVE OF PLACE. 420. This Ablative designates I. The PLACE IN WHICH any thing is or is done : II. The PLACE FROM WHICH any thing proceeds, in- cluding Source and Separation, RULE XXVI. Ablative of Place. 421. I. The PLACE IN WHICH and the PLACE FROM WHICH are generally denoted by the Ablative with a Preposition. But II. NAMES OF TOWNS drop the Preposition, and in the Singular of the First and Second declensions desig- nate the PLACE IN WHICH by the Genitive : I. Hannibal in Italia 1 fuit, Hannibal was in Italy. Nep. In nos- tris castris, In our camps. Caes. In Appia via, On the Appian Way. Cic. Ab urbe proficiscitur, He departs from the city. Caes. Ex Africa, From Africa. Liv. II. Athenis 2 fuit, He was at Athens. Cic. Baby lone mortuus est, He died at Babylon. Cic. Fiigit Corintho, He fled from Corinth. Cic. Romac 2 fuit, He was at Rome. Cic. EXERCISE LXIII. I. Vocabulary. A, ab, prep, with all. from, ly. Babylon, Babyloms,/. Babylon, the city of. 1 In Italia, in castris, and in via designate the PLACE IN WHICH ; while ab urbe and ex Africa designate the PLACE FROM WHICH. They are in the Ablative with a preposition. 2 Athenis, Babylone, and Corintho, being names of towns, omit the preposition ; while Eomae, also the name of a town, is in the Genitive, as it is in the Singular of the First deelensionT SYNTAX. ABLATIVE. 139 Corlnthus, I,/. Corinth^ city in Greece. Dionysij^, ii, m. Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. Habito, are, avi, atum, to dwell, reside. Hortus, I, m. garden. Laetitia, ae,/. joy. Luciis, I, 7?2. grove. Regio, rugionis,/*. region, territory. Senator, senatoris, in. senator. Trlginta, thirty. II. Translate into English. '1. Hannibal in Hispania 1 fuit. 2. Latlnus in Italia regnavit. 3. Latlnus in illis regionibus regnabat. 4. Gives ab urbe 2 fugiebant. 5. Themistocles e Graecia fugit. 6. Sex menses 3 Athenis 4 fui. 7. Alexander Babylbne erat. 8. Dionysius tyrannus Syracusis fugit. 9. Themistocles Athenis fugit. 10. Athenis habitabat. 11. Romulus JRomae 5 regnavit. 12. JRomae ingens laetitia fuit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Is not your father in Italy % 2. My father is in Greece. 3. Were you not in Greece ? 4. We resided in Greece three years. 5. Who is in the garden ? 6. My brother is in the garden. 7. The pupils were walking in the fields. 8. The nightingales are singing in the groves. 9. Your father resided many years at Athens. 10. Did he not reside at Carthage ? 11. He resided four years at Carthage. 12. Did you not receive my letter at Home ? 13. I received your letter at Corinth. 1 Ablative of PLACE IN WHICH, with the preposition in. See Rula XXXII. 2 Ablative of PLACE FROM WHICH, with the preposition ab. 3 See Rule VIII. 4 In the Ablative, without a preposition, because it is the name of a town. 5 In the Genitive, because it is the name of a toicn, and is in the Singu* lar of the First declension. 140 INTRODUCTORY LATIN" BOOK. ABLATIVE OF TIME. ^ ETJLE XXVin, Time. 426. The TIME of an Action is denoted by th& Ab* lative : Oetogesimo anno 1 est mortuus, He died in his eightieth year. Cic. Vere convenere, They assembled in the spring. Liv. Natali die suo, On his birth-day. Nep. Hicme et aestate, In winter and summer. Cic. 1. DESIGNATIONS OF TIME. Any word so used as to involve the time of an action or event may be put in the ablative : hello, in the time of war ; pugna, in the time of battle ; ludis, at the time of the games ; memoria, in memory, i.e., in the time of one's recuF- lection. EXERCISE LXIV. I. Vocabulary. Brutus, I, m. Deflagro, are, avi, atiim, Diana, ae,/. Ephesius, a, iim, Hiems, hiemis,/. Natalis, e ; Natalis dies, Pompeiiis, ii, m. Persae, arum, m. plur. Scribo, scrlbere, scrips!, scrlptum, Tempus, temporis, n. Brutus , a Roman patriot. to burn, be consumed. Diana, a goddess. Ephesian, of Ephesus. winter. belonging to one's birth, natal. birth-day. Pompey, Roman general. Persians. to write. time. II. Translate into English. 1. Natiili die 2 tuo scripsisti epistolam. 2. Eodem die epistolam tuam accepi. 3 3. Pompeius urbem tertio mense 1 Anno, vere, die, hieme, and aestate are all in the Ablative, hy this Rule. 2 Ablative of Time, according to Rule XXVIII. 3 From accipio. SYNTAX. ABLATIVE. 141 cepit. 4. Eodem die Persae superati sunt. 5. Pompeius illo tempore miles fuit. 6. Illo anno Dianae Ephesiae tern- plum deilagravit. 7. Occasu soils hostes fugati sunt. 8. Illo die Brutus patriam servavit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Were you not in Athens 1 at that time? 2. We were at Corinth 2 at that time. 3. Do you not reside in the city 1 in winter ? 4. We reside in this beautiful city in the win- ter. 5. The city was taken at sunset. 6. Were you not in the city at that hour ? 7. I was in the city at that time. 8. Were you not in Rome 2 on your birth-day ? 9. I was in that city on my birth-day. SECTION VIII. CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS. RULE XXXII Cases with Prepositions. 432. The Accusative and Ablative may be used with Prepositions : Ad amlcum 3 scrips!, / have written to a friend. Cic. In curiam, Into the senate-house. Liv. In Italia, In Italy. Nep. Pro castris, Before the camp. 433. The ACCUSATIVE is used with Ad, adversus (adversum), ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, penes, per, pone, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, ultra, Versus : Adurbem, To the city. Cic. Adversus deos, Toward the gods. Cic. 434. The ABLATIVE is used with A or ab (abs), absque, coram, cum, de, e or ex, prae, pro, sine, tenus : 1 Ablative of Place. See Kulc XXVI. 2 Genitive of Place. See Kule XXVI. II. 3 The Accusative amlcum is here used with the preposition ad; curiam, with in; the Ablative Italia, with in. See 435, 1. 142 rNTKODUCTOKY LATLtf BOOK. Ab urbe, From the city. Caes. Coram conventu, In tJte presence of the assembly. Nep. 435. The ACCUSATIVE or ABLATIVE is used with In, sub, subter, super: In Asiam profugit, He Jled into Asia. Cic. Hannibal in Italia fuit, Hannibal was in Italy. Nep. 1. In and Sub take the Accusative in answer to the question whither, the Ablative in answer to where: In Asiam, (whither?) into Asia ; In Italia, (where ?) in Italy. EXERCISE LXV. I. Vocabulary. Adversus, prep, with ace. against. DlnucS, are, avl, atum, to fight. Per, prep, with ace. of, through. Prosperc, adv. successfully. Provoco, are, Fivl, atum, to challenge. II. Translate into English. 1. Lacedaemonii hostes ad proeliwn provocabant. 2. Scipio contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginiensium, pros- pere pugnat. 3. Caesar adversus Pompeium dimicavit. 4. Yeritas per se l mihi grata est. 5. Virtus per se laudab- ilis est. 6. Persae a Graecis 2 superati sunt. 7. Cicero de amicitid scripsit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Will not the army be led back to the city? 2. It has been led back to the city. 3. Will you not write to me ? 4. I will write to you. 5. Friendship is valuable of itself. 6. Have you not received five letters from me f 7. I have received four letters from you. 8. I have received two letters from your brother. 1 Per se, literally through itself: render in itself or of itself. 2 A Graecis, by the Greeks. See 414, 5.~ SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEARNER, I. THE preparation of a Heading Lesson in Latin in- volves, 1. A knowledge of the Meaning of tlio Latin. 2. A knowledge of the Structure of the Latin Sentences. 3. A translation into English. MEAXIXG OF THE LATIN. II. Remember that almost every inflected word in a Latin sentence requires the use of both the Dictionary and the Grammar to ascertain its meaning. The Dictionary gives the meaning of the word, without reference to its Grammatical properties of case, number, mood, tense, etc. ; and the Gram- mar, the meaning of the endings which mark these properties. Tho Dictionary will give the meaning of mensa, a table, but not of mensarum, of tables : the Grammar alone will give the force of the ending arum. III. Make yourself so familiar with all the endings of inflection, with their exact form and force, whether in declension or conjugation, that you will not only readily distinguish the different parts of speech from each other, but also the different forms of the same word, with their exact and distinctive force. TV. In taking up a Latin sentence, 1. Notice carefully the endings of the several words, and thus determine which words are nouns, which verbs, etc. 2. Observe the force of each ending, and thus determine case, number, voice, mood, tense, etc. This will be found to be a very important step toward the mastery of the sentence. By this means, you will discover not only the relation of the words to each other, but also an important part of their meaning, that which they derive from their endings. 143 >A OF THIS ^ 144 INTEODUCTOKY LATl^T BOOK. V. The key to the meaning of any simple sentence (345, I.) will be found in the simple subject and predicate ; i.e., in the Nominative and its Verb. Hence, in looking out the sentence, observe the following order. Take 1. The Subject, or Nominative. The ending will, in most instances, enable you to distinguish this from all other words, except the adjectives winch agree with it. These may be looked out at the same time with the subject. Sometimes the subject is not expressed, but only implied, in the ending of the verb. It may then be readily supplied, as it is always a pronoun of such person and number as the verb indicates : as, audio, I hear, the ending io showing that the subject is ego ; auditis, you hear, the ending itis showing that the subject is vos. 2. The Verb, with Predicate Noun or Adjective, if any. This will be readily known by the ending. Now, combining this with the Subject, you will have an outline of the sentence. All the other words must now be associated with these two parts. - 3. The Modifiers of the Subject; i.e., adjectives agreeing with it, nominatives in apposition with it, genitives de- pendent upon it, etc. But perhaps some of these have already been looked out in the attempt to ascertain the subject. In looking out these words, bear in mind the meaning of the subject to which they belong. This Avill greatly aid you in selecting from the dictionary the true meaning in the passage before you, 4. The Modifiers of the Verb, i.e. (1) Oblique cases, accusatives, datives, etc., dependent upon it, and (2) Ad- verbs qualifying it. Bear in mind all the while the force of the case and the meaning of the verb, that you may be able to select for each word the true meaning in the passage before you. VI. In complex and compound sentences (345, II., III.), discover first the connectives which unite the several mem- bers, and then proceed with each member as with a simple sentence. SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEARNER. 145 VII. In the use of Dictionary and Vocabulary, remem- ber that you are not to look for the particular form which occurs in the sentence, but for the Nona. Sing, of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and for the First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indie. Act. of verbs. Therefore, 1. In Pronouns, make yourself so familiar with their declension, that any oblique case will at once suggest the Nom. Sing. If vobis occurs, yon must remember that the Nom. Sing, is tu. 2. In Nouns and Adjectives, make yourself so familiar with the case-endings, that you will be able to drop that of the given case, and substitute for it that of the Nom. Sing. Thus menstZws; stem mens, Nom. Sing, mensis, which you will find in the Vocabulary. So urbm/wr&, urbs. 3. In Verbs, change the ending of the given form into that of the First Pers. Sing, of the Pres. Indie. Act. Thus arndbat; stem am, First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indie. Act. amo, which you will find in the Vocabulary. So amswerunt ; First Pers. Pcrf. amdvi, Perf. stem amav, Verb stem am ; amo. To illustrate the steps recommended in the preceding suggestions, we add the following Model. VIII. Themistocles imperator servitute totam Graeciam liberavit. 1. Without knowing the meaning of the words, you will discover from their forms, 1) That Themistocles and imperator are probably nouns in the Nom. Sing. 2) That servitute is a noun in the Abl. Sing. 3) That totam and Graeciam are either nouns or adjectives in the Accus. Sing. 4) That liberavit is a verb in the Act. voice, Indie, mood, Perf. tense, Third Person, Singular number. 2. Now, turning to the Vocabulary for the meaning of the words, you will learn, 146 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. 1) That Themistocles is the name of an eminent Athenian gen- eral : THEMISTOCLES. 2) That liberOj for which you must look, not for Ubcravit, meani to liberate : LIBERATED. Themistocles liberated. 3) That imperator means commander : THE COMMANDER. Themistocles the commander liberated. 4) That Graeciam is the name of a country : GREECE. Themistocles the commander liberated Greece. 5) That totus means tlie whole, all : ALL. Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece. G) That servitus means servitude : FROM SERVITUDE. Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece from servitude. STRUCTURE OP THE LATIN SENTENCE. IX. The structure of a sentence is best shown by ana- lyzing* it, and ty parsing the words which compose it. Parsing. XVII. 2 In parsing a word, 1. Name the Part of Speech to which it belongs. 2. Inflect " it, if capable of inflection. 3. Give its gender, number, case, voice, mood, tense, person, etc. 4 4. Give its Syntax, and the Rule for it. 5 TRANSLATION. XIX. In translating, render as literally as possible with- out doing violence to the English. 1 It has not been thought advisable to enter upon the subject of analysts at this early stage of the course. That will be presented in the Reader, which follows this work. 2 These suggestions arc taken, without change, from the Reader. Accordingly, the numerals are made to correspond to those in that work. 3 Inflect; i.e., decline, compare, or conjugate. 4 That is, such of these properties as it possesses. 5 For Models for Parsing, see pp. 16, 22, 237 S3 > 55 > 57 ; 59 > C6 > 71 > and 73. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. For Explanation of Abbreviations and References, see p. ix. A. A, &b, prep, with abl. From, by. AccipiO, accipCre, accepi, acceptum. To receive. Acer, acris, acre. Sharp, severe, valiant. Acies, aciei, f. Order of battle, bat- tle-array, army. Ad, prep, with ace. To, towards, near. Administro, are, avi, iitum. Toad- minister, manage. Admoneo, admonere, admonui, ad- mo ni turn. To admonish. Adventus, us, m. Arrival, approach. Adversus, prep, with ace. Against. Aedifico, iire, avi, attim. To build. Aestas, aestatis,^/. Summer. AgSr, agri, m. Field, land. Agggr, aggeris, m. Mound, ram- part. Agis, Agidis, m. Agis, a king of Sparta. Albanus, a, um. Allan. Alexander, Alexandri, m. Alexan- der, the Great. Aliquis, aliqua, allquid or aliquod. Some, some one. See 191. Altus, a, urn. High, lofty. Amans, umantis. Loving, fond of. Ambulo, are, avi, atiim. To walk. Amicitia, ae, f. Friendship. Amiciis, a, um. Friendly. Amicus, i, m. Friend. Amnis, amnis, in. River. Amo, are, avi, atum. To love. Amor, amoris, m. Love. Amplio, are, avi, attim. To enlarge. Ancus, i, m. Ancus, a Roman king. Animal, animalis, n. Animal. Animus, i, m. Soul, mind, passion, disposition. Annulus, i, m. Ring. Annils, I, m. Year. Ante, prep, with ace. Before. Antiques, a, um. Ancient. Apis, apis, /. Bee. AppellO, arS, avi, atum. To call. Appgtens, app^tentis. Desiring, striving for. Apud, prep, with ace. In the pres- ence of, near, before, a^iong. Apulia, ae, f. Apulia, a country in Italy. Arabs, Arabis, in and f. Arab, an Arab. Arete, adv. Closely, soundly. Argentum, i, n. Silver. Aro, Srare, aravl. Sratum. T* plough. 147 148 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Arrogantia, ae,/. Arrogance. AYS, artis, / Art, skill. Artaxerxes, is, m. Artaxerxes, a Persian king. Arx, arcis, /. Citadel, fortress. Athenae, arum,/, plur. Athens, the capital of Attica. Atheniensis, e. Athenian. Atheniensis, is, in. and /. Athenian, an Athenian. Atticus, I, m. Atticus, a Roman name. Audio, Ir8, m, itum. To hear. Auditor, audltoris, m. Hearer, auditor. Aureus, a, iim. Golden. Auriim, i, n. Gold. Avaritia, ae, /. Avarice. Avidiis, a, iim. Desirous of, eager for. Avis, avis, f. Bird. B. Babylon, Babylonls, /. Babylon, the celebrated capital of the As- syrian Empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. Beatiis, a, iim. Happy, blessed. Bellum, i, n. War, warfare. B6ng, adv. Well BSnigne, adv. Kindly. Bonltas, bonitatis, /. Goodness, excellence. Bonus, a, iim. Good. BrSvis, 8. Short, brief. Brutus, i, m. Brutus, a celebrated Roman patriot. C. Caesar, Caesaris, m. Ccesar, a cele- brated Roman commander. Caiiis, il, in. Caius, a proper name. Camillas, i, m. Camillus, a Roman general. Campus, i, m. Plain. Canis, cams, m. andy*. Dog. Canto, are, avi, atttm. To sing. Cantiis, us, m. Singing, song. Capio, capgr6, ccpi, captum. To take, capture. Capiit, capitis, n. Head, capital. Carmen, carminis, n. Song, poem, verse. Carthaginiensis, e. Carthaginian. Carthaginiensis, is, in. and f. A Carthaginian. Carthago, Carthaginis, f. Carthage, a city of Northern Africa. Carthago Nova. New Carthage, Carthagena, a city of Spain. Carus, a, iim. Dear. Cato, Catonis, m. Cato, a distin- guished Roman. Centum. One hundred. See 175, 2. Certamen, certaminis, . Contest, strife, battle. Clbus, i, ?w. Food. Cicero, Ciceronis, m. Cicero, the celebrated Roman orator. Civllis, d. Civil. Civis, cms, m. and/. Citizen. CMtas, civitatis,/. State, city. Clarus, a, um. Renowned, distin- guished, illustrious. Classis, classis,/. Fleet, navy. Coerceo, coercerd, coercui, coerci- tiim. To check. Colo, colere, colui, cultum. To practise, cultivate. Communis e. Common. Condemno, are, avi, atiim. To con- demn. Conditor, conditoris, m. Founder. Conjux, conjtigis, m . and/. Wife, husband, spouse. LATIN-EXGLISII VOCABULARY. 149 Cunon, Cononis, m. Conon, an Athenian general. Conscientia, ae,/! Consciousness. Consilium, ii, n. Design, plan. Conspectus, us, m. Sight, view, presence. Consul, consults, m. Consul. Contra, prep, with ace. Against, opposite to, contrary to. Convoco, are, avi, atum. To assem- ble, call together. Curinthtts, I, f. Corinth, city in Greece. Cornelius, ii, in. Cornelius, a Roman name. Corona, ae,/I Crown. Corpus, corporis, n. Body, person. Crc6, arS, avi, atum. To create, make, appoint, elect. Crudelis, c. Cruel. Crudus, a, urn. Unripe. CulpO, are, avi, atiim. To blame. Cum, prep, ivith all. With. Cupidiis, &, urn. Desirous of. Cures, Curium, m. p/ur. Cares, a Sabine town. Custodio, ire, ivi, itum. To guard. Gustos, custodis, m. and/1 Keeper, guard. D. De, prep, with abl. Concerning. Debeo, debere, debui, debitum. To owe. Deoem. Ten. See 175. Decimus, a, tim. Tenth. DefectiO, defectionis, /. Eclipse. DeflagrO, are, avi, atum. To burn, be consumed. Delecto, are, avl, atum. To delight, please. Demaratus, I, m. Demaratus, a Co- rinthian. Demosthenes, is, m. Demosthencs t the celebrated Athenian orator. Diana, ae, f. Diana, the goddess of the chase. Dic5, dicere, dixi, dictum. To say, speak, tell. Dies, diei, m. Day. See 119, note. Diligens, diligentis. Diligent. Diligentia, ae, f. Diligence. Dimico, are, avi, atiim. To fight. Diony sitis, ii, m. Dionysius t tyrant of Syracuse. Discipuliis, I, m. Pupil. Diserte, adv. Clearly, eloquently. Displice5, displicerS, displicui, dis- plicitum. To displease. Divmus, a, um. Divine. Dolor, doloris, HI. Pain, grief, suf- fering. Dono, are, avi, atum. To give, pre- sent. Donum, I, n. Gift. Dormi5, ire, ivi, itum. To sleep* Draco, Draconis, m. Draco, an Athenian lawgiver. Ducenti, ae, a. Two hundred. Duco, ducere, duxl, due turn. To lead. Dulcis, e. Sweet, pleasant. Duo, ae, o. Two. See 176. DiiplicO, are, avi, atum. To double, increase. Dux, ducis, m. and f. Leader, gen- eral. E, ex, prep, with abl. From. Ebrietas, ebrietatis,y. Drunkenness. Educo, educere, eduxi, eductum. To lead forth, lead out. ftVigio, efFttgere, cffugi, effugitum. To escape. Ego, mel. /. See 184. 150 INTRODUCTORY LATIN UOOK. Egrdgiiis, a, lim. Distinguished. Egregie, adv. Excellently. Elephanttts, i, m. Elephant. Eloquens, eloqucntis. Eloquent. Eloquentia, ae, f. Eloquence. Ephesius, a, um. Ephesian, of Ephesus. Epiriis, i, f. Epirus, a country in Greece. Epistola, ae, f. Letter. Eriidio, ire, ivi, ittim. To instruct, refine, educate. Eriiditus, a, um. Learned, instructed in. "- Ex, prep, ivith abl. From. Exerceo, exercere, exercui, cxcrci- tum. To exercise, train. Exercitiis, us, m. Army. Expugno, are, avi, atum. To take, take by storm. ExspectO, are, avi, atiim. To await, expect. Exstil, exsttlis, m. and f. Exile. F. Eacies, faciei, f. Face, appearance. Ferrum, i, . Iron. Fcrtilis, e. Fertile. Fidelitas, fidelitatis, /. Fidelity, faithfulness. Fides, fidei, /. Faith, fidelity. Fidus, a, tim. Faithful. Filia, ae, /. Daughter. Filius, ii, m. Son. Fmio, ire, ivi, itiim. To finish, bring to a close. Finis, finis, m. Limit, territory. FirmO, are, avi, atum. To strengthen, confirm. Flaminitis, ii, m.~ Flaminius, a Ro- man general. Flos, floris, m. Flower. Foedus, a, um. Detestable. Fons, fontis, m. Fountain. Fortis, e. Brave. Fortiter, adv. Bravely. Fortitude, fortitudmis, /. Bravery, fortitude. Fossa, ac, /. Ditch, moat. Frater, fratris, m. Brother. Fructus, us, m. Fruit, produce, in- come. Frumentum, i, n. Corn, grain. Fuga, ae, /. Flight. Fugio, ftigere, fugi, fugitfun. To flee, fly, run away. Ftigo, are, avi, atiim. To rout, drive away. Funestiis, a, um. Destructive. Ftiror, furoris, m. Madness, insanity. G. Gallils, i, m. Gallus, a proper name. Galliis, i, m. Gaul, a Gaul, an in- habitant of ancient Gaul, embra- cing modern France. Gemma, ae, f. Gem, Gener, generi, m. Son-in-law. Gens, gentis, f. Race. Germania, ae, f. Germany. Gladius, ii, m. Sword. Globostts, a, um. Spherical. Gloria, ae, f. Glory. Graecia, ae, f. Greece. Graecus, a, um. Grecian, Greek. Graeciis, i, m. Greek, a Greek. Gratia, ae, f. Favor, gratitude, thanks. Gratus, ii, tim. Acceptable, pleasing. Grex, gregis, m. Herd, flock. II. Habco, liabere, hiibui, habitum. To have, hold. Habito, are, avi, atum. To dwell, reside. LATKv-EXG LTSII VOCAI5UL AIIY . 151 ILmnlbiXl, Ilanniballs, in. Ilanni- lal, a celebrated Carthaginian general. Ilanno, Hannoms, r,i. Ilanno, a Carthaginian general. llasta, SLQ,f. Spear. Hie, hacc, hoc. This. Ilicms, himis,y. Winter. Ilirtmdo, hirundinis, f. Swallow. Hispania, ae,/I Spain. Hispamls, I, in. A. Spaniard. Homerus, I, m. Homer, the cele- brated Grecian poet. Homo, hominis, m. Man. Honor, honoris, m. Honor. Hora, ac, f. Sour. Jlostis, hostis, m. and/*. Enemy. I. Idem, cadem, idem. Same, the same. Sco 18G. ,. Ignoro, are, avi, atum. To be ignorant of, not to know. Hie, ilia, illud. That, he, she, it. Sec 18G. Illustro, are, avi, atum. To illus- trate, illumine. Imago, imagmis, f. Imayc, picture. Impatiens, impatientis. Impatient. Imperator, imperatoris, m. Com- mander. Imperiiim, il, n. Reign, poiccr, r/ov- crnment. Impetus, iis, m. Attack. Improbitas, improbitatiSjy. Vfick- cdness. In, prep, with ace. and all. Into, in, within. Inccrttts, a, urn. Uncertain. IndicO, indicere, indixi, indictum. To declare. Infesto, are, avi, atiim. To infest. Ingens, ingentis. Huge, large, great. Innoccns, innoccntls. Innocent. Insania, ac, f. Insanity. Insiila, ae, f. Island. Inter, prep, with ace. Between, among, in the midst of. Intro, are, avi, atiim. To enter. Inventor, inventoris, m. Inventor. Invito, are, avi, atum. To invite. Ipse, ipsa, ipsiim. Self, he, himself. See ISO. Is, ca, id. That, he, she, it. Iste, ista, istud. That, such. Sec 10G. Italia, ac, /. Italy. J. JaciO, jacere, jeci, jactiini. To cast, throw, hurl. Jam, adv. Noio, already. Jucundus, a, tim. Delightful, pleas- ant. Judex, judicis, m. and f. Judge. Jungo, jungere, junxi, junctiim. To join. Justitia, ac, f. Justice. Justus, it, um. Upright, just. JuvSnis, juvenis, m. and f. A youth, young man. Juventus, juventutis, /. Youth, a youth, a young person. L. Labor, laboris, m. Labor. LaborS, arS, avi, atttm. To strive for, labor, worlc. LacSdaemonitts, ii, m. Spartan, a " Spartan, inhabitant of Sparta in Greece. Laetltia, ae, f. Joy. Lapis, lapidis, m. Stone. Latme, adv. In Latin. Latimls, I, m. Latinus, a Latin king. Latus, a, tim. Broad. 152 IXTEODUCTOEY LATIN BOOK. Lauda,biiio, c. Pfcusstcorthy, lauda- ble, LaudO, tire, avi, iltiim. To praise. Laus, laudls,^ Praise. Lavmiti, ac, f. Lavinia, a proper name. Legatio, Icgati6nls,y*. Embassy. Legatus, I, m. Ambassador. LCgio, legionis, y*. Legion, a body of soldiers. L'jgo, legere, iGgl, Icctur.i. jfo choose, appoint. Leo, leonis, m. Lion. Letalis, c. Mortal, deadly. Lex, legls,yi au?. Liber, libri, m. Boole. <& LiberS, are, avi, atiim. To liberate. Libertas, Hbertatis, f. Libert j. Longiis, a, um. Long. Luciis, i, m. Grove. Luna, ae, f. Moon. Luscmia, ac, f. Nightingale. Lux, lucis, f. Light. Luxiiria, ae, f. Luxury. Lycurgtts, I, m. Lycurrjus, a Spartan lawgiver. Ly sander, Lysandii, m.' Ly sunder, a Spartan general. Macedonia, ae,jf. Macedonia, Mace- don, a country of Northern Greece. Magister, magistri, m. Master, teacher. Magnop2re, adv. Greatly. Magnus, a, um. Great, large. Maltim, I, n. Evil. MarceMs, I, m. Marcettus, a cele- brated Roman general. MarS, maris, n. Sea. Mater, matris, f. Mother. Maturtis, a, um. Ripe. MSmoria, ac, f. Memory. Mensa, ac, /. Table. Mensis, mensis, m. Month. Merces, mercedis, /. Reward. Mereo, mSrere, mcrui, meritum. To deserve, merit. Metis, a, inn. My. Sec 185. Miles, militis, m. Soldier. Miltiades, is, m. Miltiades, an Athe- nian general. Modestia, ac, f. Modesty. MoncO, monere, monui, momtum. To advise. Mons, mentis, m. Mountain. Monstro, are, uvl, atiim. To shoic, point out. Mora, ac, /. Delay. Mors, mortis, f. Death. Multitiido, multitudinis, /. Multi- tude. Multus, li, urn. Much, many. Mundus, I, m. World, universe. Munio, ire, ivi, ittim. To fortify, defend. Muniis, muneris, n. Gift, present. Murus, i, m. Wall. Mutatio, miitationis, f. Change, phase. N. Natfilis, c. Belonging to one's birth, natal. Natalis dies. Birth-day. Natura, ae, f. Nature. Navalis, C . Naval. Navigo, are, avi, atttm. To sail to. Navis, navis, / Ship. Necessarius, a, um. Necessary. Necessitas, neccssitatis,y. Necessity. NCpos, nepotis, m. Grandson. Nobilis, e. Nobk. NomSn, no minis, n. Name. NominB, are, avi, atiim. To call, name. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Nun, ado. Not. NonnS, interrog. part. Expects the answer, Yes. See 346, II., 2. Noster, nqstra, nostrum. Our, our own, ours. Novitas, novitatis, f. Novelty. Novus, a, um. New. Nox, noctis, f. Night. Niibes, nubis, /. Cloud. Num, interrog. part. Expects the answer, No. See 346, II., 1. Niima, ae, m. Numa, a Roman king. Numeriis, I, m. Number, quantity. Nummiis, I, m. Money, a piece of money, a coin. Nuntio, arg, avi, atiim. To proclaim, announce. 0. ObsSs, obsidis, m. and f. Hostage. Occasus, us, m. Setting, going down. Occtipd, ar, avi, atiim. To occupy, take possession of. Octavus, a, um. Eighth . Octo. Eight. See 175, 2. Octoginta. Eighty. See 175, 2. Oculus, I, m. Eye. Odiosus, a, um. Odious, hateful. Omnis, e. All, every, whole. Oppidum, i, n. Town, city. Oppugno, ar, avi, atum. To be- siege, take by storm. Opt5, are, avi, atum. To wish for, desire. Optilentus, a, um. Rich, opulent. Opus, opSris, n. Work. Orati5, orationis,^ Oration, speech. Orator, oratoris, m. Orator. Orbis, orbis, m. Circle. Orbis terrariim. The world. Orno, ard, avi, atum. To adorn, be an ornament to. Ovls, ovis,^. Sheep. P. Parens, parcntis, m. and/. Parent. Parco, parere, purul, paritum. To obey. Pars, partis, f. Part, portion. Parvus, a, um. Small. Passer, passeiis, m. Sparrow. Pastor, pastoris, m. Shepherd. PatSr, patiis, m. Father. Patria, ac, f. Native country, coun- try. Pauliis, I, m. Paulus, a Roman consul. Pax, pacis,/ Peace. Pecunia, ae,/ Money. Peltfs, pellis,/. Skin, hide. Per, prep, with ace. Of, through. Peragrd, arC, avi, atum. To wan- der through. Pgritus, a, um. Skilled in. Persa, ae, m. A Persian. Pes, pdis, m. Foot. Philippus, i, m. Philip, king of Macedon. Philosophia, ae,/. Philosophy. Philosophus, i, m. Philosopher. Pietas, pietatis,/ Filial affection, piety, duty. Pirata, ae, m. Pirate. Piscis, piscis, m. Fish. Pisistratus, i, m. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. PlaceO, placere, placui, placitum. To please. Pleniis, a, lim. Full. Poenus, fi, um. Carthaginian. Poenus, i, m. A Carthaginian. Pomum, i, n. Fruit. Pompilitis, ii, m. Pompilius, a Roman name. Pompeiiis, ii, m. Pompey, a cole- brated Roman general. Pondus, ponderis, n. Weight, mass. 154 INTRODUCTORY LATIN" BOOK. Portus, us, 77i. Port, harbor. Post, prep, with ace. After. Potens, potentis. Powerful, able. Praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebi- tum. To show, furnish, give. Praeceptor, praeceptoris, m. Teacher, instructor. Praeceptum, i, n. Rule, precept. Praeclarus, a, urn. Renowned, dis- tinguished. Praedico pracdicere, praedixi, prae- dictiim. To predict, foretell. Praemium, ii, n. Reward. Pratum, i, n. Meadow. Pretiosus, a, urn. Valuable. Primus, a, um. First. Principium, ii, n. Beginning. Pro, prep, with all. In behaJf of, for. Proelium, ii, n. Battle. ProspCre, adv. Successfully. ProvocO, arS, avi, atiim. To chal- lenge. Prudential, ae, f. Prudence. Publius, ii, JR. Publius, a Roman name. Puella, ae, /. Girl. Puer, pueii, m. Boy. PugnJt, ae, f. Battle. PugnO, are, avi, atiim. To fight. Pulchgr, pulchra, pulchrum. Beauti- ful. Puniciis, a, tim. Carthaginian, Punic. Pyrrhus, i, m. Pi/rrhus, a king of Epirus. Q. Quanij conj. Than. Quartiis, a, um. Fourth. Quattuor. Four. See 175, 2. Qui, quae, quod, rel. pronoun. Who, which, what. See 187. Quinquaginta. Fifty. See 175, 2 Quinque. Five. See 175, 2. Quintus, a, tim. Fifth. Quis, quac, quid ? interrog. pronoun. Who, which, what? See 188. Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvis, indef. pronoun. Whoever, whatever. See 191. Quotidianus, a, um. Daily. Quotidie, adv. Daily. R. Ramus, i, m. Branch. Riitio, ratio nls,f. Reason. Recte, adv. Rightly. Rectum, i, n. Right, rectitude. Rgduco, rSducgrS, reduxi, rSductum. To lead back. Regin, ae, f. Queen. RSgio, regionis, f. Region, terri- tory. Regulus, I, m. Regulus, a Roman general. Regno, are, avi, atiim. To reign. Regniim, I, n. Kingdom, royal author- ity. Rego, regere, rexi, rectum. To rule. Renovo, arS, avi, atum. To renew. Res, rei,y Thing, affair. Res publica. Republic. Revocd, ar5, avi, atiim. To recall. Rex, regls, m. King. Rheniis, i, m. Rhine. RomS,, ae,/; Rome. Romantts, a, iim. Roman. Romanus, I, m. Roman, a Roman. Romulus, i, m. Romulus, the found- er of Rome. Saguntum, 1^71. Saguntum, a town in Spain. L ATIX-KXG LISH VOCABULARY. 155 Salus, salutis,/ Safety. Salutaris, e. Benejicial, salutary, advantageous. Saluto, are, avi, atum. To salute. Sanctus, a, urn. Holy, sacred* Sapiens, sapientis. Wise. Sapienter, adv. Wisely. Sapientia, ac, f. Wisdom. Schola, ae, f. School. Scientia, ae, f. Knowledge. Scipio, Scipionis, m. Scipio, a dis- tinguished Roman. Sciibo, scrlbere, scrips!, scriptthn. To write. Scythae, arum, m. plur. The Scythi- ans. Secundus, a, um. Second, favor- able. SempCr, adv. Always, ever. Senator, senatoris, m. Senator. SSnatiis, us, m. Senate. Senectus, sSnectutis, f. Old age. Sensiis, us, m* Feeling, perception, sense. Sententia, ae, f. Opinion. SermO, sermonis, m. Discourse, con- versation. ServiS, ire, ivi, itum. To serve. Serviiis, ii, m. Servius, a Roman proper name. Servo, are, avl, utum. To preserve, keep, save. Servus, I, m. Slave. Sex. Six. See 175, 2. Sicilia, ae,/. Sicily. Silentium, ii, n. Silence. Similis, S. Like. Singularis, e. Remarkable, singular. Socer, socfiii, m. Father-in-law. Socius, ii, m. Ally, associate. Socrates, is, m. Socrates, the cele- brated Athenian philosopher. Sol, solis, m. Sun. Solon, Solonis, m. Solon, an Athe- nian legislator. Soltim, i, n. Soil. Sparta, ae, /. Sparta, capital of Laconia. SpScies, specie!, f. Appearance. Spero, are, avi, atum. To hope. Spes, spei,/. Hope. Spolio, are, avi, atiim. To rob, spoil, despoil. Stimulo, are, avi, atum. To stimu- late. Stultitia, ae,/. Folly. Sul, sibi. Himself, herself, itself. See 184. Sum, essg, fin. To be. See 204. Siipero, are, avi, atiim. To conquer. Supplicium, ii, n. Punishment. Sutts, a, um. His, her, its, their, his own, her own, its own, their own. Syracusae, arum,/ ptur. Syracuse, a city of Sicily. T. TaceO, tacere, tacui, tacitiim. To be silent. Tarentum, I, n. Tarentitm, an Ital- ian town. Tarquinius, ii, m. Tarquin, a Ro- man king. Teltim, i, n. Javelin, weapon. TemSritas, temeritatis, / Rashness, Templiim, I, n. Temple. Tempus, temporis, n. Time. Terra, ae, /. Land, earth. TerreO, terrerS, terrui, teiTitum. To frighten, terrify. Tertiiis, a, um. Third. Thales, is, m. Tholes, a Grecian philosopher. Thebantis, a, um. Theban, belonging to Thebes (a city in Greece). 156 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Thebantis, I, m. A Theban. ThemistOcles, is, m. T/iemistodes, a celebrated Athenian. Thrasybultis, i, m. Thrasybulus, the liberator of Athens. Ticintis, I, m. Ticinus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Tres, tria. Three. Sec 176. Triginta. Thirty. See 175, 2. Triumpho, are, avi, atiim. To tri- umph. Troja, ae, f. Troy, ancient city in Asia Minor. Tu, tin. Thou, you. See 184. Tullia, ae, f. Tullia, a Roman proper name. Tullus, I, m. Tullus, a Roman king. Turn, adv. Then, at that time. Turris, turris, /. Tower. Tutis, a, tim. Your, yours, thy, thine. Tyrannus, i, in. Tyrant. Tyritis, a, tim. Tyrian. U. Ulysses, is, in. Ulysses, a Grecian king. Universes, a, tim. All, the whole, entire. Untis, a, tim. One. See 176. Urbs, urbis, /. City. Ustis, us, m. Use. Utilis, e. Useful. V. Valetudo, valetudinis, /. Health. Varic'tas, variStatis, f. Variety. Varitis, a, tim. Various. VarrO, varronis, m. Varro, a Roman consul. Yer, veris, n. Spring. Verbum, I, w. Word. Verecundia, ae, f. Modesty. Yeritas, veritatis, /. Truth t verity. Yertis, a, tim. True, real. Yerum, i, n. Truth. Yester, vestra, vestrum. Your. YestiO, ire, M, ittim. To clothe. Yia, ae,/. Way, road. Yictor, victoris, m. Victor, con- queror. Victoria, ae,/. Victory. Victoria, ae,/. Victoria, Queen of England. VigilS, are, avi, atum. To watcn, be awake. Vills, C. Cheap. Vindex, vindicis, in. and/. Vindi- cator, avenger. Viol5, arS, avi, atiim. To violate. Vir, viri, ?7i. Man, hero, soldier. VirgO, virginis,/. Maiden, girl. Virtus, virtutis,/ Valor, virtue. Vita, ae,/. Life. Vititim, ii, n. Fault, vice. Vittiper5, are, avi, attim. To find fault ivith, censure, blame. Vivo, vivere, vixi, victtim. To lii-e, Beside. Y6c5, are, avi, atum. To call. Vol5, are, avi, atum. Toflij. Voluntarius, a, um. Voluntary. Yoluptas, voluptatis,/. Pleasure. Vox, vocis,/. Voice. VulnSrO, arg, avi, attim. To wound. Yulntis, vulneris, n. Wound. Vulttir, vulturis, m. Vulture. Yulttis, us, ??i. Countenance. X. Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes, a Persian king;. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. A. A, an. Not to be translated, as the Latin has no article. See p. 12, note 1. Acceptable. Grdtus, a, urn. Admonish. Admdneo, admonere, ad- mSnul,jadmonltum. Adorned. Orndtus, a, urn. Advise. Moneo, mtfnere', mffnui, monl- tum. After. Post, prep, with ace. Against. Contra, prep, with ace. Sometimes denoted by the Dative. Alexander. Alexander, Alexandn, m. All. Omnls, t*, m 157 158 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Citizen. Clcis, clvls, m. and f. City. Urbs, urbis, f. Cloud. Nubes, nulls, f. Commander. Impgrdtor, imperd- tons, m. Concerning. De, prep, with abl. Consul. Consul, consults, m. Contrary to. Contra, prep, with ace. Conversation. Sermo, sermoitis, m. Corinth. Cdrinthus, I, f. Corinthian. Ctfrinthius, a, urn. Corinthian, a Corinthian. Corintld- us, it, m. Cornelius. Cornelius, il, m. Could, could have. See might, might have. Country. Patria, ae, f. Courage. Virtus, virtutts, f. Crown. Corona, ae, f. D. Daily. Quotldidnus, a, um. Daughter. Filia, ae, f. Day. Dies, diel, m. See 11 9, note. Dear. Cdrus, a, um. Declare. Indlcd, indlcere, indixl, indicium. Delight. Delecto, dre~, am., alum. Desirous of. Cupidus, a, um ; uui- dus, a, um. Did. Often the sign of the Imperfect, or of the Perfect tense, especially in questions. Diligence. Diltgentia, ae, f. Diligent. DlUgens, diligentis. Do. Often the sign of the Present tense, especially in questions. E. Eight. Octo. See 175, 2. Eighth. Octavus, a, um. Enemy Hostts, fiostts, m. and f. Exercise. Exerceo, exerccre', excrcul t exercUum. Exile. Exsul, exsulis, m. and f. Expect. Exspecio, are, del, alum- F. Father. Pater, patns, m. Father-in-law. Stic&r, soceri, m. Fertile. Fertilis, e. Fidelity. Fides, fidtl, f. Field. Ag&r, dgri, m. Fifth. Quintus, a, um. Fifty. Quinqudgintd. See 175, 2. Fight. Pitgno, are, dvl, dtum. Finish. Flnio, Ire, wi, Hum. Five. Qainquc. See 175, 2. Flee. Fugio, fugSre, fucjl, fufitum. Flower. Flos, floris, m. Fly. Volo, are, dvl, dtum. Foot. Pes, pcdis, m. Fond of. Amans, amantls. For. Pro, prep, with abl. In tha sense of because of, it is denoted by the Ablative alone (414) ; and in the sense of for the benefit of, by the Dative (384). Fortify. Munio, ire, lul, Itwn, Four. Quattuor. See 175, 2. Fourth. Quartus, a, iim. Friend. Amlcus, I, m. Friendship. Amicitia, ae, f. From. A, ab, prep, with abl. Fruit. Fractus, us, m. Garden. Ilortus, I, m. Gaul. Callus, I, m. Gem. Gemma, ae, f. General. Dux, duels, m. and f. Gift. Donum, I, n. Glory. Gloria, ae, f. Gold. Aurum, I, n. Golden. "Jiureus, a, um. KXC, LTSII-LATIN VOCABULABT. 159 Good. Bonus, a, um. Goodness. Bonitds, lonitdiis, f. Govern. R&jo, regere, rcxl, rectum. Great. Magnus, a, um. Greece. Graecid, ae, f. Grove. Lucus, I, m. Guard. Cusiodio, Ire, id, Hum. II. Had. Often the sign of the Pluper- fect tense. Hannibal. Hannibal, Hanntlalis, in. Happy. Bedtus, a, um. Have. Ildbeo, habere, habul, hdlltum. Sometimes simply the sign of the Perfect tense ; as, we have loved. He, she, it. 7s, cd, id; ille, ilia, illud. The pronoun is often im- plied in the ending of the verb. He himself. Ips?, ipsd, ipsum. Hear. Audio, Ire, ui, Itum. High. Altus, alia, ahum. Himself. Sul (184); ipse, ipsd, ipsum. His. Suus, a, um. Hope (verb). Spero,drc, ad, alum. Hope (noun). Spes, spel, f. Hour. Ilord, ae, f. Hundred. Centum. Sec 175, 2. I. . Efjo, mei. Sec 184. In. In, prep, with abl. In behalf of. Pro, prep, with abl. Instruct. Erudio, Ire, wl, Itum. Instructor. PraecepWr, praeceptorls, m. Into. In, prep, with ace. Invite. Invlto, are, del, dtuin. Iron. Ferrum, I, n. Island. Insuld, ae, f. It. Sec he, she, it. Italy. Iialitt, ae, f. J. Judge. Judcx, judicislm. and f. Justice. Justitid, ae, f. Keep one's word. Fldem se.rvdre. Sec p. 74, note 4. Kindly. B&nignc, adv. King. Rex, regis, m. Knowledge. Scientia, ae, f. L. Large. Magnus, a, um. Latinus. Ldtlnus, I, m. Lavinia. Ldvlnia, ae, f. Law. Lex, leyis, f. Lead. Duco, ducerc, duxi, ductum. Lead back. Reducu, reduce re, r?- duxl, redact um. Lead forth. Educo, cducere, edaxl, eductum. Let. Render by the Subjunctive. See 196, L, 2. Leader. Diix,_ducis, m. and f. Letter. Epistola, ae, f. Liberate. Llbero, are, dti, dium. Life. Vita, ae, f. Like. SimiltSj e. Love. Amo, are, del, dtum. M. Macedonia. Macedonia, ae, f. Man. Homo, hSmims, m. Vir, viri, in. The latter is used as a term of respect ; a true or ivorthy man, a hero. Many. Multl, ae, a, plur. May, can. Signs of the Present Sub- junctive. May have, can have. Signs of the Perfect Subjunctive. Me. Sec 7. Memory. Jlfemfiria, ae, f. 160 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Might, could, would, should. Signs of the Imperfect Subjunctive. Might have, could have, would have, should have. Signs of the Pluperfect Subjunctive. Mind. Animus, I, m. Moat. Fossa, ae, f. Money. ~Pecunia, ae, f. Month. Mcnsis, mensis, m. More. Sign of the Comparative degree. See 160. Most. Sign of the Superlative degree. See 160. Mound. Agger, aggcrts, m. Mountain. Mons, montis, m. Much. Multtim, adv. My. Metis, a, um. See 185. N. Name. Nomen, nummis, n. Nightingale. Luscinia, ae, f. Noble. Ndbllis, e. Not. Non, adv. Interrogative, nonne. 0. Obey. Pdreo, pdrere, pdrul, pdri- tum. Observe. Servo, are, dvl, dtum. Occupy. Occupo, dr&, dvl, dtum. Of. Denoted by the Genitive. See 393. Of itself. Per se. On. Often denoted by the Ablative of Time. See 426. One. Unus, a, um. See 176. Oration. Or at id, ordtionis, f. Orator. Ordttfr, ordtons, m. Our. Noster, tra, trum. P. Parent. P&rcns, parentts, m. and f. Philip. P/ulippus, I, m. Pisistratus. Pisistratus, I, m. Please. Placeo, placerc, placul, placitum. Pleasing. Grdtus, a, um. Pleasure. Vtiluptds, vtiluptdXs, f. Plough. Aro, ardre, ardvl, ardtani. Plunder (verb). Spdlio, arc, dri, dtum. Practise. ExcrccO, excrcere, excrctri, exercitum. Praise (verb). Laudo, are, art, dtum. Praise (noun). Laus, laudts, f. Precept. Praeceptum, I, n. Predict. Praedlco, pracdlcere, prae- dixl, praedictum. Present (noun). Donum, I. n. Publius. Publius, it, m. Punish. Punio, ire, Ivl, Itum. Pupil. Discipulus, I, m. Put to flight. Fugo, are, dvl, dtum. Q. Queen. Reglna, ae, f. R. Receive. Accipid, accip&re, accept, acceptum. Reign, royal authority. Regnum, I, n. Renowned. Cldms, a, um. Reside. IJabito, dr&, dvl, dtum. Rhine. Rhenus, I, m. River. Amnis, amnis, m. Roman. Rdmdnus,*a, um. Roman, a Roman. Rdmdnus, I, in. Rome. Roma, ae, f. Romulus. Romulus, I, m. Rule. Regd, regcrtf, rcxl, rectum. Safety. Salus, salults, f. ' Same.. Idem, cade"m, idem. Sec 186. 1 S;iv. DTcoTdlcc'rc, dixl, dictum. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 161 Save. Servo, are, del, dtum. Scipio. Sdpio, Sclpionis, ni. Senator. Sendtffr, senators, in. Serve. Servio, Ire, ii'l, Itum. Scrvius. Servius, il, m. Setting. Occdsiis, us, m. 8 hall, will. Signs of the Future tense. Shall have, will have. Signs of the Future Perfect tense. Shepherd. Pasttfr, pastorls, in. Should, should have. Sec might, might have. Show. Monstro, are, del, dtum. Sicily. Sicilid, ae, f. Silent. See be silent. Silver. Argentum, I, n. Sing. Canto, are, del, alum. Singing, a song. Cantus, m, m. Six. Sex. See 175, 2. Slave. Seruus, I, m. Sleep. Dor mid, ire, wl, Hum. Soldier. Miles, mllitis, m. Somebody, somo one. Aliqnis, ahqua, aiqnid, or ahqudd. Sec 191. Son. Fllius, it, m. Son-in-law. Geuer, generl, in. Song. Carmen, carminls, n. Speak. Dlco, dlcere, dixl, dictum. State. Clultds, clcltdtis, f. Strengthen. Firmo, arc, del, dfiim. Sun. Sol, soils, m. Sunset. Occdsus softs. Sword. Gladius, il, m. Take. Capio, capere, ccpl, captain. Take by storm. Expuyno, are, del, dtum. Tarquin. Tarqiuniiis, it, m. Tell. Died, dice re', dixl, dictum. Temple. Templum, I, n. Ten. Decem. Sec 1/5, 2. Terrify. TerreO, terrere, terrul, fcrri- turn. Than. Qi.iam. Often omitted, in which case the Ablative follows. See 417. That. Ille, ilia, HIM. See 18G The. Not to be translated y <(i t.'.-". Latin has no article. See p. 1 2, note 1. Their. Situs, a, um. Then. Turn, adv. Thing. Res, rel, f. This. Etc, haec, hoc. Sec 186. Three. Tres, trid. Sec 176. Time. Tempus, temporis, n. To.' Ad, in, preps, with ace. To is sometimes denoted by the Accusative, and sometimes by th? Dative. Sec 370 and 384 True. Verus, a, um. Truth. Vcrum, I, n. Tullia. Tallin, ae, f. Two. Duo, duae, duo. See 176. Tyrant. Tyrannus^ 7, in. Use. Us us, us, m. Useful. Uttlis, e. V. Valor. Virtus, virtutis, f. Valuable. Pretiosus, a, um. Very. Sometimes the sign of Superlative. Sec 160. Victoria. Victoria, ac, f. Victory. Victoria, ae, f. Violate. Violo, are, dvl, dtum. Virtue. Virtus, virtutis, f. IK. Walk. Atnbulo, arc", dvl, dtum. War. Bell&n, I, n. 162 INTRODUCTORY LATIN BOOK. Way. Via, ac, f. Well. Bcne, adv. Who, which (relative). Qul, quae, quod. Sec 187. Who, which, what (interrogative) 1 Qius, quae, quid? qul, quae, quSd? Sec 188. Wide. Lotus, a, urn. Wife. Conjux, conjugis, f. Will, will have. Sec shall, shall have. Winter. , Iliems, hie mis, f. Wisdom. Sapient ia, ac, f. Wise. Sapiens, sapicntts. With. Cum, prep, with abl. Often denoted by the Ablative alone. Sec 414. Word. Verbum, I, n. To keep one's word, fidem servdrc. Sec p. 74, note 4. Would, would have. Sec 'might, might have. Wound. Vulnero, are, dvi, alum. Write. Scribo, scrlbere, scripsl, scrip- turn. Y. Year. Annus, i, m. You. Tii, till. Sec 184. Your. THUS, a, u:n ; vcster, vcstra, vcslrum. Yourself. Tu, tu ips. . UITI7BI15ITT D. APPLETON & CO:S PUBLICATIONS. Harkness's Elements of Latin Grammar. This work is intended especially for those who do not contemplate a collegiate course, but it may be successfully used in any school where, for special reasons, a small grammar is deemed desirable. The beginner needs to store his mind at the outset with the laws of the language in such forms of statement as he can carry with him throughout his whole course of study. The convenience and interest of the student in this regard have been carefully consulted in the preparation of this manual. All the paradigms, rules, and discussions, have been introduced in the exact language of the author's Grammar, by which it may at any time be supplemented. While, therefore, in many schools this work will be found a sufficient Latin Grammar, it may be used in others, either as preparatory to the larger Grammar, or in connection with it. No separate references to this volume will ever be needed in editions of Latin authors, as the numbering of the articles is the same as in the larger Grammar. 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This edition of Caesar's Commentaries, intended to follow the Latin Reader, aims to introduce the student to an appreciative study of Latin authors. The text is the result of a careful collation of the several edi- tions most approved by European scholars. The notes are intended to guide the faithful efforts of the learner, and to furnish him such collateral information as will enable him to understand the stirring events recorded in the Commentaries, and such special aid as will enable him to surmount real difficulties of construction and idiom. They will thus, it is hoped, render an acceptable service both to the instructor and the learner, by lightening the burden of the one, and by promoting the progress of the other. The dictionary has been prepared with special reference to the wants of the student. The Life of Caesar, the Map of Gaul, and the diagrams and illustra- tions which accompany the notes, will greatly add to the value of the work. From Pres. AIKIN, Union College, N. Y. 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