University of California. < r I FT OK LATIN LESSONS ADAPTED TO ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR. PREPARED BY R. F. LEIGHTON, ii MASTER OF THE MELROSE HIGH SCHOOL. UBIVB'RSITY BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN BROTHERS, 1872. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, BY R. F. LEIGHTON, .> . (j i in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & Co., CAMBRIDGE. PKEFACE. THIS book has been prepared to Greenough's Latin Grammar. In addition elementary drill, going systematically over the entire ground of the Etymology and Syntax, it aims to furnish a sufficient quantity of interesting reading matter, on subjects suited to the capacity of the pupil, to prepare him to read the usual Latin authors with ease and profit ; while the Notes are de- signed to supply all necessary information on the subjects of synonymes, ancient geography, Roman history, and antiqui- ties. Questions for examination and review, with vocabularies, complete the volume. Much care and study have been spent on the order and arrangement of the Lessons, especially in the earlier part, aiming mainly at these two things, first, to introduce, very early in the course, a comparison of the simpler verb-forms, which are easier than nouns, and open the way to a much larger range of expression; and secondly, to give not bare words and their inflections, but sentences from the start, both questions and answers, in natural and easy succession. The first associations with any language, especially when learned by the young, ought to be such as make it as nearly as possible like a living tongue; the scientific study of it should follow, not go before, some familiar elementary knowl- edge of what it is in actual speech. Teachers who use this iv PREFACE. book may find it desirable, further, to save the learner from those mistakes which often cling in the memory long after the correction of them has been forgotten, by reading the les- sons with their classes in advance : the value and importance of frequent reviews are too plain to need recommendation here. The Lessons, including considerably more than a hun- dred exercises, Latin and English, are so arranged that each gives practice on what has gone before ; those to be written in Latin being based on the exercises in translation immedi- ately preceding. Taken in course, they will be found an am- ple preparation for any of the more advanced manuals of Latin Composition.* The Reading Lessons which follow are largely made up from modern Latin, a few Fables of ^Esop, and extracts from " Viri Romae," owing to the almost absolute lack in classic authors of matter at once simple in style and suitable for elementary practice. These are followed by AVoodford's Epitome of the First Book of the Gallic War, which gives the main thread of the narrative in Caesar's own words, omit- ting the more difficult constructions and parenthetical clauses. The Notes to this portion of the book have been prepared on the theory that it is better to give too much than too little at this stage of the course. Hence, besides very numerous references to the grammar, the full explanation of construc- tions, and frequent exhibition of synonymes, many details have been given of history, antiquities, etc., which will prove, if not essential at first, yet useful in the pupil's later studies. Some may prefer that he should get this information by his own research ; but my own experience as a teacher convinces * They have been expressly arranged as an introduction to the brief but very complete "Latin Composition" by Professor W. F. Allen. PREFACE. V me how little likely this is to be done, and how little danger there is of putting these matters within too easy reach. Without entering into the discussion as to the best method of pronouncing Latin, I may be permitted to urge the great advantage and importance of knowing thoroughly the phonetic value of the letters of the Roman alphabet, and their simpler changes and combinations (as given in the first two sections of the Grammar), as a key to many of the difficulties of in- flection and derivation. This is quite aside from the question of pronunciation, which must after all be governed by the prevailing usage. For the convenience of those who adopt the so-called English method, a few simple rules are given. It will be understood, of course, that they have no claim of authority or scientific value, and are a mere enumeration of accidental errors and corruptions which the Roman tongue has encountered in its blending with modern speech. To the authors of the Latin Grammar, and to Professor Allen of the University of Wisconsin, I desire to express my obligations for the very serviceable aid which they have afforded me in the preparation of this book. MELKOSE, MASS., August, 1872. CONTENTS. PAOE RULES OF PRONUNCIATION xi DEFINITIONS xiv INFLECTION OF NOUNS. First Declension 1 Subject and Predicate ....... 2 Subject and Object ........ 4 Questions ..." 5 Prepositions 6 Second Declension ........ 7 First and Second Declension of Adjectives .... 9 Conjunctions and Adverbs 10 The Verb SUM 11 First Conjugation : Active Voice 13 Third Declension of Nouns . 15 Third Declension of Adjectives . . . . . . 18 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . .19 Irregular Comparison 20 Genitives in -lus. Present Indicative 21 Fourth Declension. Imperfect Indicative .... 22 Fifth Declension. Future Indicative 24 Numerals. Perfect Indicative 25 PRONOUNS. Personal Pronouns 26 Demonstrative Pronouns 27 Relative Pronouns. Pluperfect Indicative . . . . 29 Interrogative Pronouns. Future Perfect Indicative . . SO Vlll CONTENTS. PRONOUNS (continued). Indefinite Pronouns 31 Correlatives. Imperative Mood 32 Infinitives and Participles 33 The Active Voice of the Four Conjugations . . . .34 The Passive Voice of the Four Conjugations ... 36 Deponent Verbs 39 Irregular Verbs 46 Impersonal Verbs : Periphrastic Forms . ; . .49 SYNTAX. Apposition 50 Agreement of Adjectives . . . . . . . 51 Relative Pronouns 52 CASES. The Genitive 53 The Dative 55 Accusative and Vocative ....... 58 The Ablative 59 Tune and Place 02 Use of the Tenses 64 MOODS. Conditional Sentences 65 Comparative and Concessive Clauses 67 Temporal Clauses 69 Causal Clauses . 71 Final Clauses 72 Consecutive Clauses 74 Intermediate Clauses 76 Indirect Discourse 77 Infinitive in Indirect Discourse 80 Wishes and Commands 82 Substantive Clauses 84 Questions 85 Participles 86 Gerund and Gerundive 88 Supine 90 Roman Calendar . ... ... 91 CONTEXTS. IX FABLES . . . . 95 EXTRACTS FROM VIRI R01VLE 99 WOODFORD'S EPITOME OF CJ1SAR. BOOK I. ... 124 NOTES 143 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW . 185 EXAMINATION PAPERS 197 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 203 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 243 INDEX OF SYNONYMES , 251 EULES OF PKONUNCIATION. I. ACCORDING TO THE " ENGLISH METHOD." N. B. The long or short vowel-sound indicated in these rules is wholly independent of the quantity of the vowels by the rules of Latin Prosody. 1. In Monosyllables, the vowel has a. The long sound, if it ends the syllable : as, si, me, spe. b. The short sound, if followed by a consonant : as, ab, cum, hoc, 7ids ; except post, monosyllables in es, and (in plural cases) os, where it has the long sound : as, res, hos, Vs. 2. An accented Penult has a. The long vowel-sound before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r), or, before a vowel or diphthong : as, pd'ter, lib-er-a'lis, de'us, sa'cra, pa'tris. b. The short vowel-sound before two consonants (except a mute followed by I or r), or x : as, reg'num, rex'i. 3. An accented Antepenult has a. The long vowel-sound before a vowel : as, tfadem, Jii'e-mis, fW- e-rat. b. The short vowel-sound before a consonant : as, in'su-la, i-tin'e-ris. ^EXCEPTIONS. (a.) u before a single consonant (or a mute with Z or ?) has the long sound : j&'ve-nis, lu'ri-dus, pu'tri-dus ; but before bl, the short sound : as in res-pub' li-ca. (b.) a, e, o, before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) followed Jby two vowels, the first of which is e, i, or y, have the long sound : as impe'ri-um, do'ce-o, a'cri-a. 4. In all unaccented syllables the vowel-sound is a. Long, if followed by a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) : as, do-lo'ris ; but final syllables ending in a consonant are short : as, con-sul (except es, and in plural cases os at the end of the word). b. Short, before x, or any two consonants : as, bel-lo'rum, rex-is'sct. Xll RULES OF PRONUNCIATION, EXCEPTION. Final a is sounded as in the last syllable of America : __as, rnen'sa ; and the vowel sounds in tibi and sibi are as in the English my. NOTE. Compounds generally follow the same rules ; but if the first part ends in a consonant, the vowel-sound is short : as, ob'it, rcd'it, ab- e~rat, prce-tcr'e-a, trans'i-tur (except post, and final syllables in as and 05 of plural cases : as, post-quam, post'e-ri, Iws'ce). , 5. Diphthongs follow the same rules as the vowels which repre- sent them in English : thus (a.) ce and ce have the sound of e : that is, long in cce'lum, a-mttfnus; short in liens' i-to, a-mazn'i-tas. (b.) In poetry ei may be regarded as a diphthong, as in dein'de, hav- ing the sound of i in mind : eu, au, oi, have, when diphthongs, the same sound as in feud, autlwr, coin: as Orplieus, Oileus, aurum ; ui is a diph- thong, having the long sound of i in huic, cui, hui ; u in connection with other vowels or diphthongs sometimes has the sound of w after g or s : as, qui, lirigua, sua'deo, quce'ro. 6. Consonants have generally the same power as in English : (a.) Thus, before c, i, y, and the diphthongs a, eu, ce,, c has the sound of s, and g of j ; ch has always the sound of k as in chemist ; c, s, t often have the sound of sh before i followed by a vowel, and before eu when preceded by an accented syllable, and x of Tcsh : as, socius, censui, ratio, caduccus, anxius. NOTE. It is to be understood that in these examples the rule is only iwrmissivc, and that usage varies considerably among the best authori- ties. In general, when the word, or the combination of letters is dis- tinctly foreign to us, it may be better to retain the pure consonant sound : as in men-ti-e'tur, Min'cius, ca-du'ce-us, Ly'si-as, MoJsi-a, ax-i-o'ma, noc'ti-um. It is very common, in English pronunciation, to slur or suppress the more difficult consonant sounds, particularly in such cases as en, gn, ps, pt, tm, or x, at the beginning of a word ; as in Cnidus, gnotus, pscudo-, 2)teris, Tmolus, xylon. But, in an accurate pronunciation of these, as Latin or Greek words, the full consonant sound will be retained. Finally, there can be no correct rale to authorize the slipshod and slovenly habit of enunciation which is frequently allowed. To cultivate a clear and vigorous utterance of unfamiliar words is one of the inci- dental benefits of careful instruction in a foreign tongue. RULES OF PRONUNCIATION. X1H II. ACCORDING TO THE " ROMAN METHOD." The following are the rules adopted in the Boston Latin School, as given in " Old and New," November, 1871. The English equivalents for the long and short sounds of the Vowels are here given a as in ah : ddbam. a as in ah : nabam. e " " fated: vfaio. e " " fane: veni. i " " fleet: video. I " " flee: mdi. o " " intonate : foveo. 5 " " tone fovi. u " " boot : fugio. \i " " moon : fugi. The Diphthongs ae and ai are sounded like ay, the English adverb of affirmation ; au like ow in owl ; oi and oe nearly like oi in oil ; eu like eh'oo ; ua, when a diphthong, like wdh. Ui is sounded like the French oui or English we. Y is sounded like the German u or French u. Of the Consonants, C has always the hard sound : thus Cicero is to be pronounced Kee'kcro. fi < J when used as a consonant corresponds in sound to our Y : thus jam is pronounced yam. Qu has the sound of K:* V has a sound approximating to the English W. T has always the simple sound : thus the second and third syllables of justitia are sounded alike. S has always the pure sound, and not the sound of Z or Sh. Gli has the power of K. Tli has the power of 9 (Greek), or of tli in thin. Z is sounded nearly like S. The other consonants are supposed to have had sounds nearly identical with the present English sounds. NOTE. According to some of the best authorities, if the vowel of the Penult is short, i or u coming immediately before it is to be regarded as a semi-vowel, and pronounced like y or w, the accent going back to the syllable before : as, mti'lieres, mo'nu%rat, fl'liolus. But in compounds, the accent will not be thrown back of the radical syllable : thus, im- pl'etas, ab-fu'%rat. * Or more correctly as in English, according to Professor Lane: compare ' (Strabo) for Aquitanos. DEFINITIONS. ARTICLES, Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepo- sitions, Conjunctions, and Interjections are called PARTS OF SPEECH. There is no Article in Latin. A NOUN is the name of any thing: as, homo, man ; navis, ship. If a noun is the name of a person, or of a thing spoken of by its own name, as if it were a person, it is a Proper Noun ; if not, it is a Com- mon Noun. Thus in the sentence Roma magna est urbs, Rome is a great city, Roma is a proper, and urbs a common noun. An ADJECTIVE is a word used to define a quality : as, carus, dear; bonus, good. COMPARISON shows the degree of the quality : as, POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. carus, dear. carior, dearer. carissimus, dearest. bonus, good. melior, better. optimus, best. A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun: as, he for the man. The First Person, ego, I, nos, ice, is the person speaking ; the Second Person, tu, vos, you, is the one spoken to ; the Third Person, he, she, it, they, is that spoken of, and has no personal pronoun in Latin, Demon- stratives being often used instead. A Demonstrative denotes a particular person or thing : as, Me, /7m, ille, that. A Relative refers to a person or thing before spoken of : as, qui, who, quod, which. The person or thing referred to is called the Antecedent : as, homo qui venit, tlie man who came. An Interrogative asks a question : as, quis adest ? who is Jteref ubi- nam gentium sumus ? wliere in tlie world are we ? A VERB is a word which tells an action or condition : as, veni, / came; cecldit, he fell. Mood denotes the manner of an action : as, venit, he cairn (Indicative) ; venisset, he migld liave come (Subjunctive). DEFINITIONS. XV Tense denotes the time of an action : as, currit, he runs (Present) ; cucurrit, lie ran (Past). Of Voices, the Active speaks of a person doing the action : as, ferit, he strikes ; the Passive, as suffering it : as, feritur, lie is struck. A PARTICIPLE expresses the action, etc., of a verb in the form of an adjective : as, feriens, striking ; ictus, struck. An ADVERB is a word which qualifies the meaning of adjectives, verbs, or adverbs: as, acerrime ferit, he strikes very hard, A PREPOSITION is a word which expresses the relations between other words : as, in oppidum venit, he came to town pro patria mori, to die for one's country. A CONJUNCTION is a word which connects other words or sen- tences : as, procerus et validus, tall and strong. INTERJECTIONS are exclamations: as, heus! halloo! G-ENDER is distinction as to sex, and is Masculine of male crea- tures: as, rex, king ; Feminine of female creatures: as, regina, queen; Neuter of things: as, solium, throne. Things without sex are Neuter in English : as, stone, tree. But in Latin they are frequently masculine or feminine : as, lapis, stone (masc.); arbor, tree (fern.). This is called Grammatical Gender. NUMBER signifies how many, and is Singular when one is spoken of: as, vir, man ; Plural when more than one : as, viri, men. CASE is the form a noun takes to show its relation to other words : as, pueri currunt, the boys run (Nominative); pueri soror, the boy's sister (Genitive). This relation is generally shown in English by prepositions ; as, gesta Romanorum, the deeds of the Romans; invidia mini, envy against me. QUANTITY is the time taken in pronouncing a vowel or a syllable, in comparison with other syllables. Thus in the word strengthen, the first syllable is long and the second short in quantity or time, though they are both called short in quality or sound ; in submit, the first is long and the second short, in quantity, though the latter has the accent. Quantity is reckoned much more important in Latin than in English, and often shows the difference in the meaning of words. Thus levis (long e) means smooth ; levis (short e), means light ; cecidit is he fell ; cecldit, he cut or felled. 2 LATIN LESSONS. 2 The genitive in Latin often corresponds to the possessive in English ; the words rosa puellee may mean the girl's rose or the rose of the girl. XOTE. The quantity of all the long syllables will be marked in the vocabularies except where the rules of 3 apply ; those not marked, nor long by position, are short. The pupil should be required to account for the quantity of those vowels to which the rules apply. The vocabularies should be committed to memory by the pupil before beginning to translate the exercise. RULE I. Final a is short iu declinable words, except in the ablative of the first declension. LESSON II. SUBJECT AXD PREDICATE. 49, 2. silva, insula, via, ffiia, in cola, casa, et, non, Vocabulary. wood, forest. magna, large. a, island. parva, small. way, road. alta, hi flh or deep. daughter. dens a, thick, close. a, inhabitant. clara, clear, bright. cottage. longa, long. and. sed, but. not. plena, full. sum, I am. sumus, ice are. es, thon art (you arc). estis, you are. est, he (she, it) is. sunt, - they are. Translate into English. 1. Stellre suiit cLme. 2. Puella est parva. 3. Lima et stella dune suiit. 1 4. Puella est miut;r tilia. 2 5. Sil\ ; i- LESSON II. 6 densse sunt et altse. 6. Insula longa est sed non lata. T Incolae insularum nautae 3 sunt. 8. Insula non est magna. 9. Est 4 (it is) casa agricolse. 10. Est 5 (there is) parva insula, plena silvarum (silvis). 11. Est (he is) incola insulae. 1 When there are two subjects, the verb is plural; see 49, 1. 2 See 9, 2 (e). 8 Notice that the predicate after the verb to be is in the same case as the subject. * Notice that the personal pronouns /, thou, &c., are contained in the endings of the verb ; thus est is not merely is, but he (slie or it) is ; the nominative of the personal pronouns is rarely expressed in Latin. 5 In English, when the subject is indefinite we use the word there with the^erb to be ; as, insula est parva may mean the island is small, an island is small, (there) is a small island, (it) is a small island, or the island is a small (one). Generally the same order in Latin can be followed as in English, unless we wish to give empha- sis to some particular word ; then that word should be placed either first or last in the sentence. Thus we can say est insula parva, the island is small, if we wish to contradict some one who has said it is not so. (See 76.) Translate into Latin. \ 1. The way is long/ 2. 'The moon is bright. 3. The forest is large and thick. 4. The inhabitants of the island are sailors. '5. The islands are not small. 6. The inhabitants of the island aie not sailors, but farmers. 7. She 1 is the daughter of the sailor. 8. The moon and stars are bright. 9. There 2 is a large island full of woods. 10" He is an inhabitant of the island. 11. We f are farmers, not sailors. 1 See Lesson II. Note 4. 2 See Lesson II. Note 5. LATIN LESSONS. LESSON III. SUBJECT AND OBJECT. 52, 1. Vocabulary. ora, shore. aula, hall. pecunia, money. rapida, swift. terra, land. paro, prepare. do, 1 give. seco, cut. arc, plough. voco, call. amo, I love. amanms, ice love. amas, tkou lovest. amatis, you love. am at, lie loves. amant, they love. Translate into English. 1. Nautas vocat. 2. Incolas insularum vocamus. 3. Vocat puellam. 4. Yocant nautam. 5. Damns rosas puellis. 6. Orae insularum plense sunt rosarum. 7. Agri- colse silvas secant magnas densasque. 2 8. Aula est magna. 9. Matronae dant rosas filiabus. 10. Puellas sunt agrico- larum filial 11. Sumus nautse. 1 These verbs are inflected in the present tense like amo. 2 The syllable -que added to a word means and. RULE II. Final is common ; but it is long in datives and ablatives ; also, usually in verbs. Translate into Latin. 1. He calls the sailors. 2. The fanners cut the hiiji woods. 3. He calls the inhabitants of the islands. 4. The sailor ploughs the water, and the farmer ploughs the land. 5. The sailor calls (his) 1 daughter. 6. She is the daughter of the sailor. 7. They are the sailor's daugh- LESSONS III., IV. 5 ters. 8. It is a beautiful island, long but narrow, and the water is deep and swift. 9. (There) is a report of_ victory. l Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. LESSON IV. QUESTIONS. 71. Vocabulary. littera, letter. litterae (plur.), letter, epistle. delecto, delight. monstro, show. Galba, Galba. ancilla, maid-servant. eram, I ivas. eras, thou wast. erat, he was. poeta, perfuga, poet, deserter. insidiee (plur.), snares. umbra, shade. medicina, medicine. eegra, sick. eramus, we were. erates, you were. erant, they were. Translate into English. 1. Vocatne 1 puellam? Vocat. 2. Nonne Galba in- sidias parat ? 3. Agricola puellis viam moiistrat. 4. Num. poeta reginse rosam dat ? 5. Suntne puellse agricolarum filiae ? Non sunt, sed nautarum. 6. Erantne copise Galba3 ? 7. Eegina erat segra. 8. Nonne regina vocat ancillas ? Non vocat. 9. Umbra silvarum agricolas delectat. 1 A question may be asked in Latin by the particles num, nonne, and the syllable -ne added to a word. The enclitic -ne is used in questions asked for information merely ; nonne, when the answer yes, and num when the answer no is expected. There is no word in Latin for yes or no. To answer a question, the verb may be repeated ; thus, vocatne, does he call f vocat, ?/e.s (he calls) ; non vocat, no (he does not call). O LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Latin* 1. Does the sailor call (his) daughter ? Yes. 2. Does the deserter give a letter to the queen ? No. 3. Were they 1 the daughters of the farmer? 4. The farmer shows the way to (his) daughter. 5. Was the island long ? 6. (There) is 2 the letter of the queen. 7. The moon de- lights the farmer. 8. Does the shade of the wood delight the poet ? 9. Was he an inhabitant of the island ? 1 Use num erant. 2 The verb must be plural ; littera, sing., means a letter (as of the alphabet) ; litterae, plur., a letter, i. e. an epistle. fera, sto, 1 nato, ambulo, provincia, porta, 2 aquila, LESSON V. PREPOSITIONS. 8 42. Vocabulary. wild beast. alba, stand. rubra, swim. copia, walk. copiae (plur.), province. pulchra, gate. nigra, eagle. volo, red. abundance, forces, beautiful, dark. fly- Translate into English. 1. Stant in 3 densa silva. 2. Ad silvani ambulamus, et stanius in nigra umbra. 3. ISTonue nautre natant'in alta aqua, ad oram insulre ? 4. SilvoB in insula nigrce sunt et densae. 5. Ambulantne ad silvain ? 6. Agricola latam viam secat per silvam. Y. Nanta stat in (on) iusulse ora. 8. Suntne puellas in silva ? 9. In ripa sunt pulchr:e puella?, cum rosis rubris et albis. 1 Inflect these verbs like aino. LESSONS V., VI. 7 2 SYN. Porta is used of a city; janua, of a house. 3 All the prepositions govern either the accusative or the abla- tive. See 56. NOTE. The preposition in, with the accusative, means into; with the ablative, it means in: ad and per are followed by the accusative; ad means to; per, through: cum is followed by the ablative, and means zuith, in company with. Notice that et connects words which are considered indepen- dently and of equal importance, while que joins a word closely to another as belonging to it ; thus, in pueri puellaeque ludunt, the boys and girls are playing, -que connects the words under one proposition ; while in pueri student et puellae ludunt, the boys study and the girls play^ et connects two distinct propositions. Translate into Latin. 1. We swim in deep water. 2. The farmers stand in the thick woods. 3. The water is deep and dark. 4. Do the sailors stand on the shore of the island ? 5. The sailor is in the water. 6. We walked, through the woods towards the cottage. 7. The sailors (do) not stand on the shore, but swim to the river-bank in the deep and swift water. 8. The sailors are in the water. 9. We swim to the shore of the island. LESSON VI. SECOND DECLENSION. 10. ' Vocalbulary. ager, agri, field. magister, master, teacher. faber, fabri, smith. gener, son-in-law. equus, horse. venit, he (she, if) comes. domiiius, pabulum, master, fodder. ludus, campus, school, .field. LATIX LESSOXS. hortus, garden. vesper, evening. regnum, kingdom. janua, door. servus, slave. legatus, ambassador. arvum, ploughed field. vir, man. Translate into English. 1. Magister curn pueris erat in agro. 2. Puer venit in januam. 3. Suntne servi in horto ? 4. Pueri (tec boys) in aqua natamus. 5. Puellas vocamus ex 1 via in hortum. 6. Est in agro 2 copia pabuli 7. Domiims in arvo cum servis arnbulat. 8. Gener venit ex casa. 9. Pueri parvi sunt in horto cum magistro. 10. Puer venit e deusa silva, et natat in alta aqua ad parvani insulam. 11. Boni viri bonos pueros amant. 12. Vir veuit cum servo in arvum. 13. Vir ambulat ab insulae ora. 1 The preposition ex (e before consonants) is followed by the ablative, and means out of: a (a before consonants, ab before vow- els and consonants) means from, away from ; it means by, when used with a passive verb to express the person by whom anything is done. 2 STX. Ager is the^eZc? in general ; arvum, the ploughed f eld ; and campus, the enclosed Jield^or plain. RULE III. Final i and u are long, also final as, es, and os; final a, e, and y are short ; also is and us, but is is long in plural cases. Translate into Latin. 1. He calls the boys out of the garden into 1 the road. 2. Does the master call the boys ? No. 3. The slave comes into the field with (his) master. 4. The boy conies into the garden. 5. The girl comes out of the garden and walks towards (ad) the field. 6. He walks in the field with (his) son and daughter. 7. The boy walks away from the water. 8. The sailor conies out of the water. LESSONS VI., VII. 9 9. (It) is the farmer's horse. 10. The man walks in the garden at (ad) evening with (his) boys. 1 Observe the distinction between the prepositions in and ex, and ad and ab. In (with the accusative) and ex denotes motion to and from the inside of a place ; ad and ab (or a) denote motion to and from the outside of a place. Thus, venit in Italiam, when one comes into Italy ; ex Italia, when one comes out of Italy j but ad Italiam, to Italy when there is no notion of entering into Italy conveyed ; just so ab Italia, away from Italy, when it is simply expressed that he came away from Italy (which he had not en- tered). LESSON VII. ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. 16. Vocabulary. amplus, large. castra (plur.), camp. noster (nostra), our. oppidum, town. meus (voc. mi), my. fluvius, river. bonus, good. latus, broad. liberi (plur.), children. bellum, war. saxum, rock. proslium, battle. cselum, sky. donum, gift. mums, wall. locus, place. Translate into English* 1. Nonne dat puero donum ? 2. Campus longus est et latus. 3. Dominus servusque sunt in lato campo. 4. Statue puer in ripa? 5. Equus salit (leaps) in aquam, natatque ad insulam parvam. 6. Multa saxa sunt inter 1 silvas. Y. Puer stat in magno fluvio. 8. Periculuin est magnum. 9. Aquila volat trans magnum fluvium in sil- vam densam. 10. Venit (he comes) in castra 2 . 11. Aula est ampla. 12. Servus ambulat ex insula in campum. 10 LATIN LESSONS. 1 The preposition inter is followed by the accusative, and means between or among ; trans, across, and propter, on account of. 2 Castra (declined like the plural of donum) has a different meaning in the singular and plural. See 14, 2 (c). SYX. Murus is any kind of a watt; paries, etis, a partition- wall inside a house; mceuia (plur.), city-walls, a defence against the enemy. Translate into Latin. 1. The farmer walks with (his) son towards 1 the dense forest and cuts a road. 2. The farmer's sous are in the large garden. 3. The boy comes across the large river into the town. 4. The servant comes out of the large hall with (his) master into the garden. 5. A great and high wall stands in the water. 6. The boy walks in the garden with his master's son. 7. A great and high rock stands in the water ; and in the rock is a large cave. 8. My children love (their) master. 1 Observe that when there is motion to a person or place (except names of towns) the preposition is expressed. LESSON VIII. CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS. 41 and 43. INDICATIVE MOOD OF Sum. 29. Vocabulary. JQunc, now. semper, ahcays. tune (turn), then. ssepe, often. mox, soon. niinquam, ibi, there. neque, nor, and so. ubi, where. eras, to-morrow. hodie, to-day. heri, yesterday. aut (or vel), cither, or. ubique, everywhere. male, M. bene, well LESSONS VIII., IX. 11 Translate into English. 1. Num. puer natat in magno rapidoque fluvio ? 2. In multis proeliis magno fuit in periculo. 3. Parvus puer saspe trans latum fluvium natat. 4. Bonos pueros semper amamus. 5. Domini non semper boni erunt in (towards) servos. 6. Mox erimus in silva. t. Multse pulchrseque puellse, magnse parvseque, in horto fuerunt ad vespemm. 8. Viri cum equis in proelio fuerant magno cum peri- culo. 9. Magistri mei semper bene facileque docent (teacJi). 10. In oppido, in loco 1 alto, erat magnus murus. i SYN. Locus (masc. in the sing., and masc. and neut. in the plur.) means place; the plur. loci means passages in looks ; also used of the points or grounds of an argument ; loca, places. Translate into Latin. 1. Were the farmer's sons in the large garden ? 2. The boy swims easily to the small island. 3. We were often on the banks of the deep river. 4. We shall soon be in the field. 5. The children of good (men) are not always good. 6. Our master teaches 1 well and easily. T. The farmer walks with (his) sons, and not (his) daughters, into the garden. 1 Use docet. LESSON IX. THE VERB Sum. 29. Vocabulary. Justus, just. absum, be absent, distant. adsum, be present, near. arma (plnr.), arms. columna, column. Romanus, Roman. probus, upright. attentus, attentive. LATIN LESSONS. miser, mis era, miserable. creber, frequent. aedificium, building. frumentum, corn. negotium, business. beatus, liappy. mult us, many. discipulus, pupil. Translate into English. 1. Xova sedificia sunt alba. 2. Xautae liberi parvi eraiit, sed boni pulchrique. 3. Mox erunt in silva. 4. Fuimus heri in oppido, nbi mine sunt iilii filireque. 5. Semper a proelio abero. 6. Puella aegra erat. 7. Fuis- tisne heri in oppido ? Non fuimus, sed eras erimus. 8. Erant inulti pueri heri in horto ; et inter pueros fili- us 1 magistri. 9. Abfneritis a proelio. 10. Magii^ copia3 Eomanorum in proelio aderant. 11. Probi este, pueri et beati eritis. 12. Discipuli sint (sunto) attenti. 13. Estne copia 2 frumenti in agris? Non est. 1 See 10, 4 (c). 8 Copia, plenty; copiae, forces. Translate into Latin. 1. The town was small, but beautiful. 2. The columns of the hall are white. 3. We were 1 yesterday in the gar- den, where were many boys and girls. 4. The boy comes across the wide field into the farmer's garden. 5. We have been on the bank of the deep river. 6. There had been many battles near the city. 7. The forces of the Eomans were often in wars and battles. 8. Be just. 9. Be attentive, pupils. 2 1 The English past tense is to be translated by the imperfect when it describes; by the perfect (aorist) when it simply states a fact. 8 Use the vocative. See 53. LESSON X. 13 LESSON X. FIRST CONJUGATION : ACTIVE VOICE. 31. INDICATIVE AND IMPERATIVE MOODS. Vocabulary. regno, Horatius, inceptum, convoco, secundo, provoco, conjure, tuus, tua, tutim, thy. gaudium, joy, reign. Horatius. undertaking. call together. prosper, appeal, plot, conspire. Amulius, Amulius., libero, liberate. dimico, fight. occupo, seize, take possession of. conclamo, cry out together. simulo, pretend. ferrum, iron, sword. suus, -a,-um, his, her, their (own). avum, grandfather. Translate into English. 1. Eomani ssepe bello dimicaverunt. 2. Ferro dimi- cant pro sua patria. 3. Gaudium simulavistis ; non beati eratis. 4. Contra populum Romanum conjurant. 5. Ad populum provocavit. 6. Agricola arvum suum arabat. T. Conclamavit gaudio. 8. Dii nostra incepta secundant. 9. Amulius 1 Albas regnabat, cum Romulus avum suum liberavit, Amuliumque necavit. 10. In populum Roma- num conjures. . 11. Oppidum novum occupaverat in in- sula parva. 12. Puerum suum liberavit. 1 See 10, 4 (c). SYN. Provoco is to appeal to the people ; appello, to appeal to one magistrate from the decisions of another. Translate into Latin. 1. The boys pretend flight. 2. We shall fight with 1 the sword. 3. Romulus seized the kingdom of his grand- father Amulius. 4. They were fighting 2 with the sword. 5. They fought with the sword. 6. He has fought well 14 LATIX LESSONS. with the sword ; and with the sword he will liberate his country. T. Horatius appealed to the people and they 3 liberated him from danger. 8. The fields are not 4 large. 9. AVe call the inhabitants of the islands sailors. 10. Call the men from the fields. 11. They may not favor our undertaking. 1 Xotice that when cum expresses the means or instrument of the action, it must be translated by the ablative alone ; when it denotes accompaniment, the preposition cum must be used. 2 The teacher should carefully explain the meaning of the im- perfect, the perfect, and aorist (perfect indefinite) tenses: were fighting is to be translated into Latin by the imperfect ; fought, by the aorist; and has fought, by the perfect. 3 Observe that populus is singular, and the pronoun that relates to it must be singular in Latin, and take a verb in the singular number. 4 When not belongs to the verb, the non in Latin must precede the verb; as, aula non est ampla, the hall is not large. LESSON XI. THIRD DECLENSION : TOWEL STEMS. 11, 1. Vocabulary. turris, hostis, piscis, civis, nubes, canis, clades, unions, Translate into English. 1. Canis latrat. 2. Xubes est nigra. 3. Xonne hostes agros, vastant 1 ? 4. Amicus noster filiam suam dat in tower. latro, bark. enemy. volo, fly- fish. liber (libri), book. citizen. vallis, valley. cloud. rupes, rock. dog. avis, bird. slaughter. juvenis, young man. friend. notus, known. LESSONS XL, XII. 15 matrimonium pulchro juveni. 5. Multse turres altae stant in ripa. 6. Magna erat hostium clades. T Hostium oppida occupat. 8. Eomani trans fluvium multos agios vastaverunt. 9. Magister librum puero dat. 10. Valles hostibus notae erant. NOTE. The nouns given above have -em in the accusative sin- gular, and -e in the ablative. The genitive plural ends in -ium, except canis and juvenis, which have -um. SYN. Hostis is a foreign enemy in war ; inimicus, a private, personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent. Translate into Latin. 1. The dogs barked. 2. The dogs barked (were bark- ing). 3. The dogs barked (have barked). 4. The enemy (plur.) took-possession-of l the town. 5. The master gave his book to the boy. 6. Birds fly from the thick wood to (in) the farmer's garden. 7. There are many black clouds in the sky. 8. Did you call the dog ? No. 9. The slaughter of the enemy in battle was great. 1 Took possession of is really a compound verb, and is to be ren- dered by occupo, governing the accusative. LESSON XII. THIRD DECLENSION : LIQUID STEMS. 11, 2. Vocabulary. consul, iilis, consul. genus, eris, race, class, kind. mare, is, sea. pater, tris, father. soror, oris, sister. homo, mis, man, person. Caesar, aris, Ccesar. victor, oris, victor. 16 LATIN LESSONS. aer, aeris, air. scelus, eris, crime. litus, oris, shore. creo, choose, make. animal, alls, animal. varius, a, um, various. sententia, opinion. Ira, anger. Translate into English. 1. Populus Romanus Caesarem consulem creat. 2. Srepe sententiam mutat. 3. Varia sunt animalium genera. 4. In litore mans staiit fratres cum sororibus. 5. Romu- lus fratrem liberavit. 6. Ira causa est multorum scele- rum. T. Bonos homines laudamus. 8. Consul Caesareni sententiam 1 rogabat. 9. Magister veiiit (comes) cum puero parvo in hortiun. 10. Dat consiliuni de animi sententia. 11. Copiae ad oppidum festinabant. 1 SYN. Seutentia, opinion; consilium, counsel, advice, project. Festino, hasten impatiently, hurry; propero, hasten with energy, but without hurry or impatience. RULE V. In the increment of nouns and adjectives, a and are generally long ; e, i, U, and y are generally short ; but is short in the increment of neuter nouns. (For the meaning of increment, and exceptions, see Gr. p. 218.) Translate into Latin. 1. Romulus will liberate (his) brother. 2. They make Caesar consul. 3. Fishes swim in the water and birds fly in the air. 4. The boys stand upon the bank this-side-of (citra) the river. 5. Does the father call his children ? No. 6. Many animals are in the great and broad river. 7. Did the boy swim in the water from the small island to the shore ? 8. Were you absent from school yester- day ? No. LESSON XIII. 17 LESSON XIII. THIRD DECLENSION : MUTE STEMS. 11, 3. Vocabulary. urbs, urbis, lex, legis, miles, itis, lapis, idis, trabs, trabis, nomen, mis, obses, idis, city, law. soldier, stone, beam, name, hostages. pons, pontis, flumen, inis, (ops), opis, comes, itis, regno, hiems, emis, solitudo, Inis, bridge, river, aid ; (pi. wealth.} companion, rule (as kinff). winter, wilderness. Translate into English. 1. Trabes sunfc longc^e in pontibus. 1 2. Fratri frater fert (bears) opem. 2 3. Miles lapide comitem occidit (kills). 4. Hostes dant obsides Eomanis. 5. Vastse turn in iis (those) locis solitudines erant. 6. Eomulus nomen Eomam novse urbi dat. 7. Movit (stirred) animum juvenis com- ploratio sororis 8. Multse aves sub 3 liiemem in insulam volant, vel in litore stant. 9. Eomulus Romanorum rex erat. 10. Trabes novi pontis longse sunt et validse. 1 For the gender, see 11, iv., 3 (d). 2 The word is not found in the nominative. 3 Towards. SYN. Flumeii (fluo, to flow) t properly the stream, is used as a general term for river; fluvius, river ; amnis, a broad, deep river; rivus, a brook. RULE VI. Most final syllables ending in a consonant, except C, are short ; but monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant are long. 2 18 LATIN LESSOXS. Translate into Latin. 1. He gave hostages to Caesar. 2. The beams of the long "bridge are new and strong. 3. The name of the city was Borne. 4. Fishes swim in the deep river. 5. The enemies' camp was near the walls of Rome. 6. The enemy are in-the-power-of the consul. 7. Towards win- ter, birds migrate into distant (longinquas) lands. 8. We dwell now in the city, but we will soon dwell in (our) gardens. LESSON XIV. ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION. 16, 2 and 3. Translate into English. 1. Puer est tristis. 2. Eeges sunt potentes. 3. Dabit civitateni omnibus Italicis. 4. Consilium ducis audax est. 5. Bex ingentem numerum militum habet. 1 6. Leges Piornanorum erant egregise. 7. Kaves hostiiim sunt cele- res. 8. Tempus huuianae vitie breve est. 9. Miles vulnus grave patienter tolerat. 10. Memoria in pueris est tenax. 11. Equites veloces ad silvam festinant. 12. Yita est breve iter. 13. Milites sunt audaces. 14. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate confecit. 2 1 Has. ~ He accomplished. SYX. Consilium, advice, counsel; concilium, an a&semUy, a meeting (of part of the people). Lex is a law passed in a comitia. (an assembly of the whole people) ; scitum, one passed in a con- cilium. Populus (orijrinally the patricians) came to include the whole people ; plebs (pleo, to Jill), a part of the people, an inferior class until equality was established by the Licinian Laws, B. C. 3G7 ; the Roman people in their civil capacity were called Quiritcs. LESSONS XIV., XV. 19 Translate into Latin. 1. The boys were sad. 2. The king gives large re- wards to the soldiers. 3. Lions are rapacious animals. 4. We live outside-of the city. 5. The ships of the enemy are in the river. 6. The king comes to the city with a large number of soldiers. 7. The ships of the king were swift. 8. The gods are immortal. 9. We are on-this-side-of the river. 10. We were in the power of the king. . 11. The soldiers swim across the river and assault the town. 12. They are walking alongside a large river. 13. The farmer cuts a road in the thick forest. 14 We swim in deep water. 15. The sailors do not stand on the shore, but swim in the deep water from the island to the bank. LESSON XV. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 17. Translate into English. 1. Sumus potentes. 2. Estis potentiores. 3. Eeges sunt potentissimi. 4. Noctes brevissimse sunt sestate. 1 5. Cicero erat doctissimus Eomanorum. 6. Aqua est gravior ae're. 2 7. Eoma clarissima urbs Italian erat. 8. Remus oris lineamentis erat matri simillimus. 9. Erat geminata victoria 3 ferox animus. 10. Longissime ab- sunt. 11. In bello miserrimi sunt agricolce. 12. Ger- mani cum Ilomanis fortiter pugnaverunt. 13. Milites fortius pugnant. 14. Itinera erant dimcillima. 15. Galli Italiam longe lateque vastaverunt. 16. Miles vulnus grave patienter tolerat. 1 In summer. 2 See Kule 32. 8 See Rule 26. 20 LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Latin. 1. We are not all happy. 2. Xot all soldiers are brave. 3. They are the most powerful of all. 4. Air is lighter than 1 water. 5. The Belgians are the bravest of all the Gauls. 6. Light is swifter than the wind. 7. The enemy were farthest distant from the city. 8. The enemy fight most bravely. 9. The journey is very difficult. 10. The swiftest animals are not always the strongest. 11. Remus was very like his brother. 2 12. The Gauls laid waste the fields of the Romans far and wide. 13. The soldiers fight bravely. 14. The sailors often swam from the island in the deep water. 1 See Rule 32. 8 Use the dative. LESSON XVI. IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 17, 2. Translate into English. 1. Horatius 1 erat bonus poeta, Vergilius melior, Hoine- rus optimus. 2. Nihil 2 est melius quam sapientia. 3 3. Sol major est quarn terra. 4. Luna minor est quam terra. 5. Plurima et maxima aninialia sunt in rnari. 6. Horne- rus est veterrimus 4 omnium Graecorum poetarum. 7. Cum proximis civitatibus paceni et amicitiam confirmant. 8. Acriter pugnant. 9. Lupa ssepius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos revertitur. 5 10. Finitimi Belgis erant. 11. Urbs proxinie aberat. 12. Tullus Hostilius proximo regi dissimilis fuit. 13. Armorum 6 peritissimus erat. 14. Yenit ex loco superiore. 15. Est in citeriore Gallia. 1 See 10, 4 (c). * See 17,1 (a). 8 See 14, 1 (c). 6 Returns. 8 See Rule 32. 6 Render, in anns ; peritus governs the gen. LESSONS XVI., XVII. 21 Translate into !Latin. 1. Caesar establishes peace with the nearest states. 2. The soldiers fight fiercely. 3. He was unlike the last king. 4. He hastened from the city into Hither Gaul. 5. The enemy fight more fiercely. 6. He hastened to the nearest city. f. We are in the last town of Gaul. 8. They fight often with the enemy. 9. The earth is larger than the moon. 1 10. We call the children from the garden at (ad) evening. 11. The brave chiefs will fortify many towns. 1 Ablative. See Kule 3' LESSON GENITIVES IN -ins. 16, 1 (&). PRESENT INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 30 - 34. Translate into [English. 1. liter nomen novae urbi dat ? 2. Statim Eomani alius super alium exspirantes cadunt. 3. Gives Csesari uni honorem dant. 4. Veniunt in unum locum. 5. Miles venit ex altera parte urbis. 6. Tota Csesaris vita memorabilis erat. 7. Eomanos spes tota deserit. 8. Alius 1 alium amat. 9. Alius aliud dictitat. 10. Uter erat in horto ? 11. Fratres amant, alter alterum. 12. Alii puerum laudant, alii culpant. 13. Miles lapicle comitem occidit. 14. Milites omnes periculum timent. 15. Videt (she sees) super fratris humeros paludamentum amici. 16. Mea unius causa venit. 2 1 Translate, one likes one ; another, another. 2 He comes for my sake alone. LATIN LESSONS. XGTE. The pupil need learn only the few lines of the large type at the beginning of 30 ; the present tense of the different conju- gations will be found under 31, 32, 33, 34, respectively. RULE VII. In increments of conjugation, a, e, and are long ; i and U are short ; but a is short in the first increment of do, and e is short in the present and imperfect of the third conjugation. (For illustrations and exceptions see Gr. p. 219.) Exc. Final is in the second person singular, present indicative, of the fourth conjugation is long. Translate into Latin. 1. We see many and strange animals in the sea, 2. Romulus gave another name to the new city. 3. Some praise Caesar, others blame him. 4. The father with (his) daughter conies to the sea-shore. 5. To which (of the two) does he give the praise ? 6. The one was pleasing to the citizens, the other was troublesome. T The boy sits easily on (his) horse. 8. The horses leap into the water and swim to the bank. 9. A wolf runs out of the forest into the field ; the boys fear the wolf, and flee. 10. Do you see the slave with his master in the garden ? No. 12. The farmer alone ploughs the field. 13. The brothers love each other. 14. Some insist (flagitat) on one thing, some on another. 15. Some praise one thing, some another. LESSON XVIII. FOURTH DECLENSIOX. 12. .IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Ad casum Eomanormn conclamavit gandio exercitus 2. AlUT Fessum vulnere, fessum cursu tralH>!' LESSON XVIII. 23 corpus. 3. Arma magnifica habebant. 4. Sapientes luc- tum et mcerorem deponunt. 5. Helvetii Caesaris ad- ventuin exspectabant. 6. Caesar magnum Germanorum exercitum trans Ehenum transducebat. T. Agricola tau- rum cornibus tenebat. 8. Pater domus quattuor sedificat. 9. Parvi sunt pueri, sed non timent magistrum. 10. Mox erimus in portu, ubi multas naves videmus. 11. Dominus veniebat sub soils occasum ad oppidum 1 cum servis. 1 SYN. Oppidum is a fortified town, a fortress ; urbs, a city (with reference to its buildings) ; civitas, a state, a community liv- ing under the same laws. Exo. Final us is long in the genitive sing., and in the plural of the fourth declension. Translate into Latin. 1. Csesar was coming to (his) army. 2. The soldiers were fighting with great fury. 3. The boys were playing in the broad field. 4. We see many new buildings in the small town. 5. The boy was coming across the field into the farmer's garden. 6. A farmer cultivates (his) field outside the walls of the city, and carries (his) produce (frages) in a boat across the river into the town. T. The farmer was leading (his) daughter home (domum) from the city. 8. The wind was rolling great waves to the shore. 9. There were many large ships in the harbor. 10. We swim from the small island in the deep water to the shore. 1 1 SYN. Ripa, a bank, as of a river ; litus, oris, the shore of the sea (the line which separates the land from the sea), the strand; ora, the coast (of the land).- - LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XIX. FIFTH DECLENSION. 13. FUTURE INDICATIVE. 31 - 34. Translate into English. 1. Spes victor-ire milites delectat. 2. Exercitus 1 in magnam planitiem veniet. 3. Sub terra est magna rerum utilium multitudo. 4. In prinia acie 2 volitabat. 5. Im- perator fortis exercitum educet et aciem instruet. 6. Circiter meridiem pugnabunt. 7. Eomanos spes tota deserebat. 8. Laboris ultra fidem patiens 3 fuit. 9. Intra quintum ab adventu diem, uno prcelio hostes profligat. 10. Septimo die 4 Belgae copias oinnes ex castris educe- bant. 1 SYN. Exercitus (exerceo, to exercise}, is the (billed army; acies, the army drawn up in battle array ; and agmen (ago, to go), the army on the line of march. 2 In the Jirst rank or line, i. e. the van. 3 Capable of enduring, followed by the genitive. 4 The time of an action is denoted by the ablative. Exc. Final e in the fifth declension is long ; also e in the gen. and dat. sing, is long before i, except in res, spes, and fides : e is short in the future ending in beris and bere. Translate into Latin. 1. The cavalry will come into the plain. 2. On the fifth day 1 Caesar will come with a large army and imme- diately assault the town. 3. The lieutenant was hasten- ing from the town and came with 2 all (his) forces to Caesar's camp. 4. The next day Csesar will move his camp. 5. About midday the messengers will come. 6. Will Caesar renew the battle ? No. t. The consul about midday will lead out the army and renew the fierce LESSONS XIX., XX. 25 battle. 8. The soldiers* will kill all the prisoners with 2 the sword. 1 Use the ablative. 2 Does with denote accompaniment or instrument ? LESSON XX. NUMERALS. 18. PERFECT INDICATIVE. 31 - 34. Translate Into English. 1. Proca, rex Albanorum, duos filios, Numitorem et Amulium, habuit. 2. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii cir- cumsteterunt. 3. In legione Eomana erant cohortes decem, manipuli triginta, centurise sexaginta. 4. Ab castris oppidum Eemorum Bibrax aberat milia 1 passuum octo. 5. Eomulus septem et triginta annos regnavit. 6. Viginti talenta piratee postulaverant. T. Septem erant reges Eomani ; primus erat Eomulus, secundus Numa Pompilius, tertius Tullus Hostilius, quartus Ancus Mar- tius, quintus Tarquinius Priscus, sextus Servius Tullius, septimus Tarquinius Superbus. 8. Pater pueris binos libros 2 dabit. 9. Quota hora est ? Tertia. 10. Puella reginse litteras dedit. 1 See 18, 1 (d). * Two looks apiece. SYN. Littera, a letter of Hie alphabet; epistola or litteras (plur.), a letter, an epistle; litteree also signifies letters, i. e. litera- ture ; humanitas, refinement, culture. Exc. E is short before r in the tenses in ram, rim, and ro. 20 LATIX LESSONS. Translate into Latin. 1. Caesar will come with ten vessels. 2. The consul had sixty vessels. 3. Caesar led out five legions from Italy. 4. A Eoman legion had five thousand foot-sol- diers, 1 three hundred horsemen. 5. The commander assaulted the town with an army of ten thousand men. 6. The town is six miles distant. 7. Csesar enrolled two legions in Italy. 8. They demanded six hundred talents. 9. The master gave the boys three books apiece. 10. What (quota) o'clock (hour) is it? The fifth. 11. In a Roman legion there were ten cohorts, thirty maniples, sixty centuries. 1 The number of soldiers in a legion varied at different periods. LESSON XXI. PERSONAL FEOXOUNS. 19. Translate into English. 1. Nos sumns potentes, sed vos estis potentiores. 2. Tu es tristis. 3. Romulus vi 1 se defendit. 4. Yenit secum. 2 5. Omnes homines se amant. 6. Populi favorem sibi conciliavit. 7. In me et in te et in nobis omnibus est animus immortalis. 8. Fratres 3 inter se amant. 9. Fratres inter se loquuntur. 4 10. Tu laudas me, sed ego te culpo. 11 . Trabes inter se distant binos pedes. 5 12. Pueri in horto nobiscum ambulabunt. 13. Ego et frater ambularnus. 6 14. Dum ego scribebam, tu legebas, et frater pingebat. 15. Tu multos exercitus duxisti, multns- que urbes expugnavisti. 16. Nulla unquam respublica nee major, nee sanctior, nee bonis exemplis ditior fiiit. LESSONS XXL, XXII. 27 1 See 11, 3,1. 2 See 19, 3 (e). 8 The brothers love each other. 4 Translate, talk together. 5 The beams are two feet distant (apart) from each other. 6 If there are two subjects connected by and, the verb is gen- erally plural ; if the subjects are of different persons, the verb takes the first person rather than the second, the second rather than the third. Translate into Latin. 1. You are powerful, but we are more powerful. 2. He came in company with you. 3. He comes in company with us. 4. I gave (to) you this book. 5. I will praise you. f 6. You have praised me. 7. The boys have loved each other. 8. We all love you. 9. The boy was walk- ing with me in the garden yesterday. 10. I and (my) brother were walking in the king's garden in the even- ing. 11. Caesar has led a large army into Italy. 12. You are reading, but I am writing. LESSON XXII. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 20. Translate into English. - 1. Vastae turn in iis locis solitudines erant. 2. Eos aqua in sicco reliquit. 3. UK acriter pugnaverunt. 4. Hie septern et triginta annos regnavit. 5. Is orabat pop- ulum. 6. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. 7. Ad earn sententiarn cum reliquis causis hsec quoque ratio eos deduxit. 8. Hie unus me laudabat. 9. Eratres inter se amabant, alter alterum. 1 10. Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis condi- 28 LATIN LESSONS. derimt. 11. Ipse tu laudabas me. 12. Ego ipse te lau- dabarn. 13. Ipse magister me laudavit. 14. Ille puer nimium se amat. 15. Laudabo illius 2 filium. 16. Est idem, qui semper fuit. 17. Eadem dictitat. 18. Pater filiam suain et filiam ejus ad se vocavit. 19. Hrec sen- tentia milii placet, ilia displicet. 1 The brothers loved one another. 2 For his or her (not referring to the subject), ejus should be used when not emphatic ; illius, if the word is emphatic ; istius, if very emphatic or at all sarcastic. Translate into Latin. 1. I 1 gave you this book, and you gave me that. 2. The boy is in that place. 3. The soldiers are in that 2 town, and the enemy in this. 4. There was a bridge over (in) that river. 5. He hastened across this river into that cottage. 6. These mountains are lofty. 7. You yourself, gave me this book. 8. In the same places (there) are many new buildings. 9. Those mountains are lofty ; these are rugged. 10. Cresar hastened with all his forces into the same place. 11. Eomulus himself pretended flight. 12. On this side of these mountains (there) are many large rivers. 13. I myself will praise you. 14. AVe 3 are the same that we have always been. 15. We say the same things. 16. The Helvetians have contended with the Germans, and have kept them off from their boundaries. 4 1 Ego must be expressed, because contrast is denoted. 2 Hie refers to what is remote ; hie, to what is near. See 20, 2 (a and &). 3 Translate, iidem sumus, qui, etc. 4 Suis finibus, ablative : suis is used because it refers to the subject. LESSON XXIIL 29 LESSON XXIII. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 21. PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE. 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui fini- timi Belgis 1 erant. 2. Hoc ex itinere magno impetu 2 Belgse oppugnaverant. 3. Puer/qui studet, discit. 4. Caesar tres legiones, quae in provincia hiemabant, ex hibernis educit. 5. Nostri 3 parati in armis erant. 6. Felix est rex, quern omnes cives amant. 7. Gallise sunt partes tres, quarum unam Belgse incolunt. 8. Numitori, qui natu 2 major erat, regnum reliquit. 9. Multi homines aedificant domos, in quibus non habitabunt. 10. Is erit fortissimus, qui ipse suarum cupiditatum victor fuerit. 11. Nonne tu me laudas ? 1 See Rule 15. 3 Our men. 8 See Rule 26. SYN. Oppugno is to assault ; obsideo, to besiege. Translate into Latin. 1. That (is) king is fortunate whom all the citizens praise. 2. The soldiers who assaulted the town were bravely repulsed.^ 3. The boy whom you blamed was my brother. 4. The deserter hastened across the mountains whicli are in Farther Gaul, and came at evening to Cse- sar's camp. 5. Many men have built houses in which they have not lived. 6. I have had boys in my school who have studied diligently and learned rapidly^ 30 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXIV. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 21. FUTURE PERFECT. 31 - 34. Translate into English. 1. Quis tibi hunc librum dedit ? 2. Quis eos discipulos puniet qui nou panierunt ? 3. Iccius Remus qui oppido 1 praeerat, nuntios ad eum mittet. 4. Tune Faustulus indicavit Eomulo quis esset 2 ejus avus. 5. Quis naves longas sedificavit, et nautas gubernatoresque comparavit ? 6. Cum hostes 3 agios 3 qui sunt citra flunien urbem op- pugnabunt. 3 7. Mare planum est, ex quo etiam aequor illud poetee vocant. 8. Cum epistolam scripsero, ad te veniam. 1 For the dative, see Rule 18. 8 Give the synonymes. 1 Was, see Rule 45. STX. Mare is the sea (from root mar. to wear away) as a des- olate waste, in opposition to the land ; pelagus (pelazo, to glisten}, sequor (aequus, ZereZ), the expanse of the sea when calm; pontus (root po, to go), the deep sea as the highway of nations. Translate into Latin. 1. Who gave the business to you ? Caesar. 2. Who is the leader of the army which the enemy have sent to Italy ? 3. Who gave you that book ? \ 4. Who built that house in which you are living ? 5. Whose book is this which I have found in my garden ? 6. Whose boys are those whom you are teaching in your school ? T. Who of you have studied diligently ? 8. Who is walking towards the city? 9. For 1 all the arts which belong to 2 culture have a certain common bond. 1 Use etenim. Use ad. LESSON XXV. 31 LESSON XXV. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 21. Translate into English. 1. Sibi quisque primum itineris locum petit. 2. Nar- ravit quidam coram me istam fabulam. 3. Narrabit ali- quis coram me illam fabulam. 4. Quamlibet (or quamvis) fabulam mihi narrate. 5. Pro sua quisque patria dimicat. 6. Quidam ex militibus decimas legionis veniebat. Y. Faber est quisque fortunse suae. 8. Unusquisque nostrum habet animum immortalem. 9. Justitia nunquam nocet cuiquam, qui earn habet. 10. Sibi quisque 1 maxime con- sulit. 11. Unicuique nostrum est animus immortalis. 12. Ecquis 2 in horto est ? 13. Numquis in horto est ? 14. Quisnam domi est ? 15. Quid fecit ? Quod f acinus commisit ? 16. Uterque tenuit aliquod telum (or, aliquid telorum). 1 Each one (everybody) ; sibi consulit, consults his own interest. 2 Ecquis simply asks a question ; numquis asks a question, but expects the answer no. SYN. Quisque, each ; uterque, each (of two) ; unusquisque, each one; quivis and quilibet, any one you choose; aliquis and quispiam, some one (it matters not who), neut. something, adj. any ; quidam (plur. some), a certain, i. e. some definite person ; quis- quam, any, when it is denied that there are any; quis (after si, ne, num, ec-), any. NOTE. Observe that when the neuter is used as a noun, it takes the form quid ; but when used as an adjective, quod. Translate into Latin. 1. Some 1 soldiers are brave. 2. Caesar sent a certain soldier to the town which he was going to assault on the morrow. 2 3. Each one shall fight for his country with the sword, y 4. Some one will tell this story. 5. Is any 32 LATIN LESSONS. one at home 8 to-day? 6. A 4 man was walking in my garden. 7. The boys are present whom you praised yesterday. 8. I will give the book to any of the scholars (you wish). 9. Is not a 4 man the maker of his own fortune ? 10. A man was walking in my garden. 1 Use aliquis. 8 Postero die, or postridie. * At home, domi. * When a means a certain or some, it is to be translated by aliquis or quispiam. , NOTE. Any is to be translated by aliquis or quispiam when it means some ; in negative sentences, by quisquam or ullus ; and when it means any you please, any you wish, by quilibet or quivis. LESSON XXVI. CORRELATIVES. 22. IMPERATIVE MOOD. 31 - 34 ; 57, 7. Translate into English* 1. Quales duces, tales erant milites. 2. Quot homines, tot sententiaB. 3. Vires semper exercete, pueri/ in optiniis rebus^ 4. Vos, viri fortissinii, urbem templacjue Deoruin defendite. 5. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum mul- titudinem nostri 2 interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei. 3 spa- tiurn. 6. Judex prsemia ne dato neve capito. 7. Pii- mum omnium, de his rebus bonum habetote aniinuni, cives. 8. Ab his rebus animum tuum avoca. 9. Desi- lite, commilitones, nisi vultis 4 aquilam hostibus prodere. 10. Conservate fortunas vestras. 11. Clipeos hastis per- cutite. 12. Xe quid feceris, quod maluni esse videatur. 1 See 10. * Our men. * See 13, 2, N. * You ivish to betray, etc. LESSONS XXVI., XXVII. 33 Translate into Latin. 1. As (are) the masters, so are the slaves. 2. As (is) the teacher, so are the scholars. 3. Do not admire all things which have the show of glory. 4. Do not destroy 1 the city, soldiers ! 5. Carefully train your children ; praise the good ; punish the bad. 6. Let the master teach the boys the Latin language. 1 Nolite perdere. LESSON XXVII. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 23,25,31-34. Translate into English. \i 1. Csesar in Gallia hiemare constituit. 2. Milites ur- bem custodire debent. 3. Me id dicentem 1 audivistine? 4. Magister puerum vidit in horto sedentem. 5. Caesar cupientibus 2 signum dat. 6. Scipio in Africam trajecit, Carthaginem oppugnaturus. 3 7. Dic^tur eos circum se habuisse. 8. Imperator dixit se cum sola decima legione venturum esse. 9. Difficile est urbem munire. 10. Se celeriter venturum nuntiat. 11. Quos laborantes con- spexerat, his subsidia submittebat. 12. Helvetii cum proximis civitatibus pacem et arnicitiam confirmare con- stituerunt. 13. Salutem insperantibus reddit. 1 When I said that, lit. saying that. 2 To (men) desiring it. 8 To attack, for the purpose of attacking. 3 34 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXVIII. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. 24, 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Fidem servemus. 1 2. In hortum eamus. 3. Sint tibi omnia bona. 4. Quid faciamus ? Quibus pareamus ? 5. Sit pauper, sit miser ; at est frater rneus. 6. Quis eum diligat quern metuit? 7. Dux imperat ut milites stationes suas servent. 2 8. Veniet ut me videat. 3 9. Oro ut Dii secundent incepta nostra. 10. Divitiacus Caesarem obsecrat, ne quid 4 gravius in fratrem statuat. 11. Im- perator tanta vi oppiduni oppugnat, ut desperatio animos oppidanorum occupet. 12. Auxilium rogant ut hostium impetum sustineant. 1 See Examples on p. 51 of the Grammar. 8 Translate, that the soldiers keep their stations. Notice that pri- mary tenses are followed in the subordinate clause by primary tenses; secondary by secondary. 8 Translate, in order that he may see me, i. e. to see me. * Indefinite pronoun : lest he should (i. e. that he should not) determine anything too severe against his brother. LESSON XXIX. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 26, 27, 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Hannibal magnum exercituin in Italiam duxit, ut cum Romanis pugnaret. 1 2. Ariovistus, ut prseter se bi- nes 2 ad colloquium adducerent, postidavit. 3. Deos con- testatus est ut ea res feliciter eveniret. 4. Imperator ex LESSONS XXIX., XXX. 35 castris exercitum duxit ut urbem expugnaret. 5. Tantus timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut omnium animos perturbaret. 6. Cum hostibus erat pugnandum, 3 cum illi audacter tela conjicerent, et equos insuefactos incitarent. T. Placuit Csesari 4 ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret, 5 qui 6 ab eo postularent, ut aliquem locum colloquio 7 diceret. 8 8. Csesar in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit, ut duas ibi legiones conscriberet. 1 Translate, in order that he might fight, etc., i. e. to fight; duxit is a secondary tense, and is followed by the imperfect subjunctive. Two on each side. They must fight with the enemy. See 51, 2 (a). Should, send, i. e. to send. Lit., ivho should demand, etc., i. e. to demand. See Rule 44. For a conference. Should appoint. LESSON XXX. PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Non dubito quin 1 Csesar hostes superaverit. 2. dubitabam quin 2 Caesar hostes superavisset. 3. Nemo dubitabat quin milites fortissime pugnavissent. 4. Ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copice consedissent. 5. Eo cum venisset, majores in eum locum copies hostium convenerant. 6. Hostes acriter conflixerunt, ita tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint, atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint. Y. Cum aliquamdiu Caesar naves frustra exspectasset, 3 ne anni tempore a navigatione 36 LATIN LESSONS. excluderetur, 4 secunda cum solvisset 5 vigilia, prirna luce terrain attigit. 1 Translate, (but) that Ccesar will, etc. 8 Translate, (but) that C&sar would, etc. 8 For exspectavisset, see 30, 6 (a). * Should be prevented. 5 Had cast loose, i. e. the cables which fastened the vessels to the shore : we should say, had weighed anchor. LESSON XXXI. PRESENT AND IMPERFECT INDICATIVE : PASSIVE VOICE. 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Unus miles lapide vulneratur. 2. Helvetii conti- nentur una ex parte flumine 1 Eheno ; alt era ex parte monte Jura; tertia ex parte lacu 2 Lernanno et flumine PJiodano. 3. Beat! sunt ii, quorum vita virtute regitur. 4. Quinto die tragula a quoclam milite conjicitur. 5. Yulnera gravia a 3 militibus accipiuntur. 6. Pueri a magistro docentur. 7. Epistola a regina scribitur. 8. Castellum a Labieno munitur. 9. Copire ad urbem revo- cantur. 10. Yir 4 fortis etiam ab inimicis honoratur. 11. Multi milites in proelio vulnerabantur. 12. Dum urbs ab hostibus oppugnatur, a civibus defendebatur. 13. Bellum a Cresare finiebatur. 1 By the river, etc. 8 See Lesson YI. Note 1. 8 See 12, 3 ( K Use cum. READING LESSONS I. FABLES. NOTE. The figures In the following sections refer to the rules in 75 of the Grammar. 1. The Kid and the Wolf. Capella, 7 stans 2 in tecto domus, 8 lupum 21 vidit 5 pnetereun- tem, et ludificavit. Sed lupus, " Non tu," inquit "sed locus tuus, me ludificat." 2. The Boy bathing. Puer, balneum petens in fluvio, aqua psene exstinctus est. Et videns viatorem quendam, clamavit " Subveni mihi!" 16 Sed hie exprobravit puero 14 temeritatem. Puel- lulus autem dixit, "Primum subveni, deinde reprehendere 88 licet." 3. The Fox and the Lion. Vulpes vidit leonem retibus 26 captam, et stans prope, ludi- ficavit eum insolenter. Leo autem, "Non tu," inquit, "me ludificas, 5 sed malum quod in me incidit." 4. The Ass in the Lion's Skin. Asinus, pellem leonis 8 indutus, circum currebat, cetera animalia 21 terrens. Et cum vulpem videret, earn quoque ter- 03 LATIN LESSONS. rere 88 conatus est. Sed hsec, asini vagitu 35 audito, "Scito," inquit, "me^quoque territum futurum fuisse iiisi te vagien- tem audissem." 46 5. The Hound and the Lion. \ Can?s venaticus 2 leonem vidit, et insecutus est. Cum autcm leo se verteret, ac rugiret, canis metuens retrorsum fugit. Turn vulpes, conspicata, " malum caput ! " inquit ; "Tene 22 leonem sectari 1 ? cujus 4 ne vocem quidem tolerare potuisti." 6. The Wolf and the Lamb. Lupus insecutus est agnum. At hie in templum confugit. Lupo autem agnum invocante, et minitante pontificem eum sacrificaturum, respondit agnus, "Mallem quidem deo sacer esse quam a te trucidari." 7. The Ant. Formica qusD 4 mine est, olim homo erat. Et maxime agri- cultune 16 studens, laborious 80 suis contentus non erat; sed semper, bonis 16 alienis 3 invidens, fruges proximorum carpebat. Jupiter autem, iratus ejus avaritise, 16 mutavit earn in animal quoo mine formica 1 vocatur. Sed, forma 35 immutata, indolem non mutavit; nam etiam mine, circumiens ad acervos fru- menti, fruges alienas colligit, sibique 15 reponit. 8. The Ant and the Dove. Formica qusedam sitiens descendit ad fontem ; sed, flumine 25 coiTepta, pa3ne est submersa. Columba autem, hoc videns, virgulam decerpsit, et in aquam injecit; super quam 4 formica ascendens, sese servavit. Turn forte auceps, 7 arundinibus FABLES. 97 collectis, proficiscitur ad columbam capiendam. 41 Quod 21 vi- dcns, formica pedera aucupis momordit. Et ille, punctu 26 dolens, arundinibus abjectis, columbam liberavit. Jx 9. Tlie Cat and the Mice. In quadam domo multi erant mures. Quo cognito, fclis intravit, et singulos 21 correptos 2 comedebat. Et mures, dum perpetuo capiuntur, in foraminibus latuerunt, nee felis eos consequi 88 potuit. Cum igitur dolo 28 opus esset, ut e latibulis allicerentur, 44 do trabe suspensa, simulavit se 22 esse mortuam. Scd quidam e muribus, videns earn, "At," inquit, "etiam si saccus esses, 46 non aggrederemur." 10. The Farmer and the Snake. Agricola senex, hiemis tempore, serpentem invenit gelu rigentem, et miserescens sub veste condidit. Mox serpens, in- calescens, et indolem suam recuperans, benefactorem momordit interfecitque ; qui moriens dixit, "Justa patior, qui 4 animali 15 improbo vitam servaverim." 44 11. The Widow's Hen. Vidua qusedam gallinam habiiit, quse singula ova quotidie peperit. At rata, si plus hordei 10 gallinse 14 dedisset, 47 hanc, bina quotidie ova parituram, ita fecit. Sed gallina, pinguis facta, ne singula quidem postea parere valebat. , 12. Stratagem of the Mice. Bell urn quondam inter feles et mures exortum est. Et mum;, romper victi, cum una convenissent, censuerunt se 7 98 LATIN LESSONS. talia pati, 89 quod duces non haberent. 47 Duces igitur elege- runt ; qui, quo 83 facilius cognosci possent, 44 comua iuduti sunt. Proelio 35 delude facto, et muribus devictis, ceteri quideni facile efiugerunt ; duces autem, propter cornua, foramina 21 intrare nequiverunt, et ad uniim capti sunt ac devorati. 13. The Stag and the Lion. Cervus quondam sitiens venit ad fontem. Ubi inter biben- dum, 41 videt irnaginem suam in aqua ; et miratur quidem cornua, quippe qua3 longa essent 44 et pulchra;'sed crura magnopere contempsit, ut macilenta atque debilia. Ita dum secum cogitat, leo subito apparet, et sectatur cervum ; hie autem, fugiens, longe antecurrit. Et currens per campos latos, usque servatur; cum autem in silvestrem locum intrasset, cornibus inter virgulta hserentibus, longius currere non potuit. Et a leone captus, nioriturus dixit, U me misernm ! servatus enim per id quod contempsi, proditus sum ab eis quibus 16 maxime confidebarn." 14. Union is Strength. Agricola senex, 1 cum mortem sibi 18 appropinquare sentiret, filios convocavit qui, ut fieri solet, interdum inter se dis- cordes erant et fascem 22 virgularum afferri jussit. Quibus allatis, 85 filios hortatur ut fascem frangerent. Quod cum facere non possent, distribuit singulas virgas ; iisque celeriter fractis, docuit juvenes quam fii*ma res esset 45 concordia, dis- cordia quam imbecilla. 15. The Lion's Share. Societatem junxerant 6 leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Prseda 85 autem, quam ceperant, in quattuor partes divisa, leo " Prima " TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY. 99 inquit (i mea est ; debetur enim haec praestantise meae. Tollam quoque secundam, quam merettir robur meum. Tertiam vin- dicat mihi 14 egregius labor meus. Quartam qui sibi arrogare voluerit, is sciat 43 se habiturum me sibi inimicum." Quid facerent imbelles bestiee 1 aut quse sibi leonem infestum habere vellet ] 16. King Log and King Stork. Range, dolentes propter turbatam civitatem, legates mise- runt, qui a Jove regem postularent. 44 At ille, videns earum simplicitatem, demisit trabem in paludem ubi habitabant. Primo igitur range, sonitu territse, in ima palude sese abdide- runt. Mox autem, cum viderent trabem imrnotam innoxiam- que, paullatim ad tan turn audacise 10 pervenere, ut insilientes in earn ibi subsiderent. Turn, dedignautes se 22 talem habere regem, iterum ad Jovem convenere, orantes ut sibi 19 regem alterum daret ; primum enim inertem esse, 80 atque nequam. Sed Jupiter, iratus, immisit ciconiam, a qua 27 captse sunt ac devoratse. II. TALES FEOM EOJMAIST HISTOEY. 1. Romulus and Remus. 1. Proca, 7 rex 1 Albanorum, 8 duos 2 filios, 21 Numitorem et Amulium, habuit. 6 Numitori, 19 qui 4 natu 26 major erat, reg- num reliquit : sed Amulius, pulso 35 fratre, regnavit, et, ut eum subole privaret, Rbeam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestse 8 sacerdo- tem 1 fecit; qu?e 4 tamen Romulum 21 et Remum imo partu 26 edidit, natos deo Marte 29 creditos. 2 Quo cognito, 34 Amulius ipsarn in vincula conjecit, parvulos alveo 18 impositos abjecit in 100 LATIN LESSONS. Tiberiin, qui tune forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed, relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae turn in iis locis solitudiues erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori 18 admovit, matremque 1 se gessit. 2. Curn lupa saepius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos, rever- teretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, reni animadvertit : eos tu- 4it in casarn, et Accae 19 Larentiae conjugi 27 dedit educandos. Qui, 4 adulti inter pastores, primo ludicris certaminibus vires 21 auxere, deinde venando 26 saltus peragrare 38 co3perunt, turn latrones a rapina pecorum arcere. Quare iis 17 insidiati sunt latrones, a quibus Remus captus est; Romulus autem vi so defendit. Tune Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Roniulo quis esset 45 ejus avus, quse mater. Romulus statirn, arniatis pastoribus, Albam 86 properavit. 3. Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe- ruut, eurn accusantes, quasi Numitoris greges infestare 38 soli- tus esset; 44 Remus itaque a rege 27 Numitori ad supplicium traclitus est : at Nuniitor, considerate adolescentis Yultu, 85 hand procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret. 44 Nam Remus oris 8 lineamentis 26 erat matri 15 simillimus, 83tasque tempori 17 expositionis congruebat. Dum ea res animum Numitoris anxium teuebat, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem libe- ravit, et, Amulio interfecto, avum Numitorem in regnum restituit. 4. Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdeni locis, ubi ex- positi educatique fuerant, condiderunt : 6 sed orta est inter eos contentio, liter nonieu novae urbi daret, 45 eamque regeret : jidhibuere auspicia. Remus prior sex vultures, 21 Romulus postea, 41 sed duodecim, vidit. Sic Romulus, augurio victor, Romam vocavit ; et, ut earn prius legibus quam mcenibus muniret, edixit ne quis vallum transiliret. 44 Quod 21 Remus irridens transilivit ; eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis : " Sic posthac malo afficietur, quicumque transiliet moeuia mea." Ita solus potitus est imperio 81 Romulus. TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY. 101 2. Horatii and Curiatii. Erant apud Romanes trigemini Horatii, trigemini quoque apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro sua quis- que patria dimicent 44 ferro. Fcedus ictum est ea lege, 26 ut unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas 2 acies procedunt. Con- sederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque armis 26 terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum 9 animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut primo concursu 34 increpuere arma, horror ingens spec- tantes 21 perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt : tres Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exer- citus Albanus. Romanes jam spes tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterunt : is quamvis integer, quia tribus 15 impar erat, fugam simulavit, ut siugulos 21 per intervalla secuturos 2 separatim aggrederetur. 45 Jam aliquan- turn 23 spatii 10 ex eo loco ubi pugnatum est aufugerat, cum respiciens videt unum Curiatium baud procul ab se abesse. 38 In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exercitus in- clamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, 19 jam Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset conse- qui, 38 interfecit. W Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. Al- terius 9 erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria ferox animus. Alter fessum vulnere fessum cursu trahebat corpus. Nee illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans Albanum male sustinentem arma 21 conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, et domum 36 dedu- cunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum 9 spolia prse se gerens. Cui 18 obvia fuit soror, qua) desponsa fuerat uni 19 ex Curiatiis, visoque super humeros fratris paludamento 85 sponsi, quod ipsa confeccrat, flere 38 et crines solvere ccopit. Movit fcroci juvciii 14 animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico : stricto itaque gladio 35 transfigit puellam, simul earn 102 LATIN LESSONS. verbis increpans : " Abi hinc cum immature amore ad spon- sum, oblita fratrum, 12 oblita patriae. Sic eat 48 qusecunique Romana lugebit hostem." Atrox id 2 visum est facinus patribus 14 plebique, quare rap- tus est in jus Horatius, et apud judices condernnatus. Jam accesserat lictor, iuj iciebatque laqueum. Turn Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex 1 proclania- bat filiam 22 suani jure caesam fuisse ; et juvenem amplexus, spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne se orbuni liberis 28 faceret. Non tulit populus patris lacrimas, juvenem- que absolvit, magis admiratione virtutis quani jure causse. Ut tamen csedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, quibusdam sacri- ficiis peractis, 35 transmisit per viam tigillum, et filium, capite adoperto, velut sub jugum misit : quod 4 tigillum sororium appellatuin est. III. LIFE OF POMPEY. 1. Gu. Pornpeius, stirpis senatorie, bello 84 civili se 21 et patrem consilio servavit. Pompeii pater suo exercitui 16 ob avaritiam erat iuvisus. Itaque facta 2 est in eum conspiratio. Tereutius quidarn, Gn. Pompeii filii contuberualis, kimc occi- dendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quos res juveui Pompeio 14 coenanti" 2 nuntiata est. Ipse, nihil' 24 periculo motus, solito 82 hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate 81 usus est. Deinde cubiculum iugressus clam subduxit se tentorio, 28 et firmam patri 18 circumposuit custodiam. Terentius turn destricto ense 35 ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus 26 stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione, 35 Pompeius se in media conjecit agmina, rnilites- que tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac duci 14 reconciliavit. LIFE OP POMPEY. 103 2. Pouipeius eodem bello 84 civili, partes Sulla; secutus, ita egit ut ab eo 27 maxime diligeretur. Annos 23 tres et viginti natus, ut Sullee 20 auxilio 20 veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud militem amor, niagna apud omnes admiratio fuit, nullus ei' 20 labor tsedio, 20 nulla defatigatio molestise 20 erat. Cibi 12 vini- que 12 temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu, 26 cum velocibus cursu, 26 cum validis lucta 26 certabat. Turn ad Sullam iter intendit, et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi adjunxit. Quern 22 ubi Sulla ad se accedere 89 audivit, egregiamque sub signis juventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem ; l deinceps ei 18 venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire, quern honorem uemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. 3. Postea Pompeius in Sicilian! profectus est, ut earn 22 a Carbone, Sullse inimico, 1 occupatam 2 reciperet. 44 Carbo com- prehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quern 22 Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci 39 jussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Sicu- Ise cujusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in earn civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quse sibi 15 adversata fuerat, excla- mavit Sthenius, eum 22 inique facturum, 89 si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio, 14 quisnam ille unus esset 1 ? 45 "Ego," inquit Sthenius, "qui meos cives ad id in- duxi." Tarn libera voce 26 delectatus Pompeius omnibus 16 et Sthenio 16 ipsi pepercit. 4. Transgressus inde in Africam Pompeius Jubam, Numi- dke regem, 1 qui Marii partibus 16 favebat, bello persecute est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Turn ei littera? a Sulla 27 redditse sunt, quibus jubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id segre tulit Pompeius ; paruit tamen, et Ilomam 86 reversus est. Re- vertenti incredibilis multitude obviam ivit. Sulla quoque Isetus eum excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit; nihilo 38 104 LATIX LESSONS. minus Pompeio 16 triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius, aususque est dicere, M plures solem orientem adorare quam occidentem : quo dicto iniiuebat Sullce 9 potentiam miuui, 39 suam vcro crcsccre. Ea voce 35 audita, Sulla juvenis constantiam admiratus exclamavit : " jFriumpket, triumpliet /" 5. Metello 14 Jain seui 1 et helium in Hispania segnius gerenti collega 1 datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertoriuni vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit peri- culum; cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudiue 26 impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed mul- tis 85 in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At prseter spem evasit ; barbari enim equum ejus auro phalerisque exi- miis instructum ceperant. Dum vero praedam inter se alter- cantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altero proelio 84 cum Metellus Pompeio ^ laboranti auxilio 20 venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, hie dixisse fertur : " Nisi ista anus supervenisset, 46 ego hunc puerum verberibus casti- gatum Romam 36 dimisissem." Metelluna anum appellabat, quia is jam seuex 2 ad mollem et effeminatam vitam de- flexerat. Tandem, Sertorio iuterfecto, Pompeius Hispauiam recepit. 6. Cum piratie maria omnia infestarent, et quasdarn etiam Italic urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos 41 cum imperio extraordiuario missus est Pompeius. Nimise viri 8 potentise 18 obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catu- lus, qui cum in contione dixisset, esse 89 quidem praiclanim virum 1 Gnseum Pompeium, 22 sed non esse imi 14 omnia tribu- enda, 39 adjecissetque : " Si quid ei accident, quern in ejus locum substituetis 1 " Acclamavit universa contio : *' Te i}> sum, Quinte Catule." Tarn honorifico civiuni testimonio victus, Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium preesidio, brevi terrarum orbem ilia peste 28 liberavit, prsedones multis locis victos fudit ; eos- dem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari LIFE OF POMPEY. 105 collocavit. Nihil hac victoria 32 celerius; 2 nam intra quadra- gesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. 7. Confecto bello piratico, Gn. Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proe- lium cuni rege conserere 38 cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se con- tinebat, noctu vero baud tutum 2 erat congredi 88 cuni boste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen. nocte 34 Mitbridatem Pompeius . aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romania 20 adjumento. 20 Quam cum Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius projectse ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant ; unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquani in propinquum hos- tem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontuni profugit. Ad versus eum films Pharnaces rebellavit, quia occisis a patre 27 fratribus 35 vitse 14 suse ipse tirnebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena rnultis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 8. Pompeius deinde Tigranem, Armeniee regem, 1 qui Mith- ridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit ; quern tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recrea- vit, et in regnum restituit; seque pulchrum 2 esse judicans et vincere 38 reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, 35 et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis no vis inusitatisque ornamentis 24 hie triumphus : sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes 7 devictse causam preebuerunt ; Pom- peius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterurn ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit : felix opinione 26 hominum futurus, si, quern glorise, euridem vitas finem habu- isset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus jam senex. 1 9. Inita erat inter Pompeium, Csesarem, et Crassum so- cietas; postea vero, cum Crassus, contra Parthos profectus, proelio fusus occisusque fuisset, orta est inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravis dissensio, quod hie superiorem, ille vero pa- 106 LATIN LESSONS. rem ferre non poterat : inde bellum civile exarsit. Caesar cum infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Poinpeius, relicta urbe ae deiude Italia 35 ipsa, Thessaliam petiit, et cum eo consules senatusque omnis ; quern insecutus Csesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum Alexandriae re- gem, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, profugit ; sed ille Pom- peium 22 interfici 89 jussit. Latus Pompeii sub oculis uxoris mu crone confossiun est, caput abscissum, truncus in Nilum conjectus. Deiu caput velamine involutum ad Caesarein dela- tum est, qui eo 85 viso lacrimas fudit, et pretiosissimis odoribus cremandum curavit. 10. Is fuit viri praestantissimi post tres consulates et toti- dem triumphos vitas exitus. Erant in Pompeio multse ac magnae virtutes, ac praecipue adiniranda frugalitas. Cum ei segrotanti praecepisset medicus, ut turdum ederet, negarent autem servi, earn avem usquam a3Stivo tempore posse reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret ; vetuit Pom- peius turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit : " Ergo nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis esset, 46 non viveret Pompeius ] " Aliam avem, quse parabilis esset, sibi jussit apponi. 11. Yiros doctos magno in honore habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum veuis- set, nobilissimum philosophum Posidonium cupiit audire ; sed cum is diceretur tune graviter segrotare, quod maximis poda- grae doloribus cruciaretur, voluit saltern Pompeius eum visere. Mos erat ut, cum consul aedes alicujus ingressurus esset, lictor fores virga percuteret, admonens consulem adesse; at Pom- peius vetuit fores Posidonii percuti, honoris causa. Queni ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se ferre dixit, quod eum nou posset audire. At ille : "Tu vero," inquit, "potes; nee cornrnittam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra tautus vir ad me venerit." Itaque Cubans gi-aviter et copiose disseruit de hoc ipso : nihil esse bonum, nisi quod honestum esset, et nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum vero dolor interdum acri- ter eum pungeret, soepe dixit : " Xihil agis, dolor, quanivis sis rnolestus; uunquam tc esse malum confitebor." LIFE OF C^SAR. 107 IV. LIFE OF C^ESAB. 1. C. Julius Csesar, nobilissima genitus familia, 29 annum agens sextum et decimum, patrem amisit. Paullo 33 post Cor- neliam duxit uxorem, cujus cum pater Sullse 15 esset inimicus, voluit Sulla Csesarem compellere 88 ut earn dimitteret ; neque id potuit efficere. Ob earn causam Caesar bonis 28 spoliatus, cum etiam ad mortem qusereretur, mutata veste, noctu elapsus est ex urbe, et, quamquam tune quartanee morbo laborabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur ; et comprehensus a Sullse liberto, vix data pecunia 85 evasit. Pos- tremo per propinquos et affines suos veniam impetravit, diu repugnante Sulla, qui 4 cum deprecantibus ornatissimis viris denegasset, atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, victus tan- dem dixit, eum, quern salvum tantopere cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, 20 quas simul defendissent, exitio 20 futu- rum, multosque in eo puero inesse 39 Marios. 2. Csesar, mortuo Sulla et composita seditione civili, Rho- dum secedere 88 statuit, ut per otium Apollonio, tune claris- simo dicendi magistro, operam daret ; sed in itinere a piratis captus est, mansitque apud eos quadraginta dies. 23 Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis 20 terrori 20 pariter ac venerationi 20 esset. Interim comites servosque dimiserat ad expedienclas pecunias, quibus redimeretur. Viginti talenta piratsB postulaverant ; ille vero quinquaginta daturum 39 se spopondit. Quibus numeratis, expositus est in litore. Csesar liberatus confestim Miletum, 36 quse urbs proxime aberat, pro- peravit ; ibique contracta classe, starites adhuc in eodem loco prsedones noctu adortus, aliquot naves, mersis aliis, 35 cepit, piratasque ad deditionem redactos eo affecit supplicio, quod 4 illis saepe per jocum minatus erat, cum ab iis detineretur ; crucibus 18 illos suffigi jussit. 3. Csesar quaestor 1 factus in Hispaniarn profectus est ; cum- que Alpes transiret, ct ad conspectum pauperis cujusdam vici 108 LATIN LESSONS. comites ejus per jocum inter se disputarent, an illic etiam esset ambitiom 17 locus ; serio dixit Cresar, malle se ibi primum esse quain Ronue 86 secundum. Ita animus domiuationis 12 avidus a prima setate regnuni concupiscebat, semperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetse, versus : Nam si violan- dum est jus, regnandi gratia violandum est ; aliis rebus pietatem colas.* 3 Cum vero Gades, 36 quod est Hispanise oppidum, ve- nisset, visa Alexandri 8 magni imagine ingemuit, et lacrimas fudit. Causam queerentibus amicis : " Nonne," inquit, " ido- nea dolendi causa est, quod nihildum memorabile gesserim, earn SDtatem adeptus, qua 34 Alexander jam terrarum orbena subegerat 1 " 4. Caesar in captanda 41 plebis gratia et ambiendis 41 honori- bus patrimonium effudit; sere alieno oppressus ipse dicebat, sibi 17 opus esse millies sestertium, 10 ut haberet nihil. His artibus consulatum adeptus est, collegaque ei datus Marcus Bibulus, cui 16 Csesaris consilia baud placebant. Inito magis- tratu 85 Ca3sar legem agrariam tiilit, hoc est, de dividendo egenis civibus 19 agro publico ; cui Jegi 16 cum senatus repug- naret, Casar rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus collega in forum venit, ut legi 18 ferendae 41 obsisteret ; sed tanta commota est seditio, ut in caput consulis cophinus stercore 28 plenus effunderetur, fascesque frangerentur. Tandem Bibulus, a satellitibus Cacsaris foro 28 expulsus, domi 36 se continere per reliquum anni tempus coactus est, curiaque abstinere. In- terea urius Caesar oninia ad arbitrium in republica adminis- travit ; unde quidam homines faceti, quse eo anno gesta sunt, non, ut mos erat, consulibus 35 Csesare et Bibulo acta esse dicebant, sed Julio et Csesare, unum consulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. 5. Csesar functus consnlatu 81 Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem annis, 34 quibus in imperio fuit, hasc fere. Gulliam in provincial Romance formam redegit ; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Ronmnorum 10 poute fabri- cate aggressus maximis affecit cladibus. 20 Britannos antca ignotos vicit, iisque 16 pecunias et obsides imperavit ; quo in LIFE OF CJESAR. 109 bello raulta Csesaris facta egregia narrantur. Inclinante in fugam exercitu, rapuit e manu militis fagientis scutum, et in primam aciem volitans pugnam restituit. In alio proolio aqui- liferum terga vertentem faucibus 26 comprehendit, in contra- riam partem retraxit, dexteramque ad hostem protendens : " Quorsum tu," inquit, "abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimi- camus." Quo facto militibus animos addidit. 19 6. Csesar cum adhuc in Gallia detineretur, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postulavit ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, iterum consulatum petere ; 38 quod ei a senatu est negatum. Ea re commotus in Italiam rediit, armis injuriam acceptam vindicaturus ; plurimisque urbibus 35 occupatis Brundisiuni con- tendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confugerant. Tune summce audacise facinus Caesar edidit : a Brundisio Dyrrachium in- ter oppositas classes gravissima hieme 34 transiit ; cessantibus- que copiis, quas subsequi jusserat, cum ad eas arcessendas 41 frustra rnisisset, morse 12 impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam solus naviculam conscendit obvoluto capite, ne agnosce- retur. Mare, adverse vento vehementer flante, intumescebat ; in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium jubet; cumque gubernator psene obrutus fluctibus 26 adversse tempestati ce- deret : " Quid times 1 " ait ; " Caesarem vehis." 7. Deincle Csesar in Thessaliam profectus est, ubi Pompe- ium Pharsalico prrelio fudit, fugientem persecutus est, eumque 22 in itinere cognovit occisum fuisse. Turn bellum Ptolemceo, 18 Pompeii interfectori, 1 intulit, a quo sibi quoque insidias parari videbat ; quo victo, Csesar in Pontum transiit, Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, rebellantem aggressus intra quintum ab adventu diem, quattuor vero, quibus in conspectum venerat, horis, uno proelio profligavit. Quam victorias celeritatem in- ter triumphandurn notavit, inscripto inter pompee ornamenta trium verborum titulo, Veni, vidi, vici. Sua deinceps Cassa- rem ubique comitata est fortuna. Scipionem et Jubam, Numidise regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit. Pompeii liberos in Hispania superavit. Clemeuter usus es.t victoria, 81 et omnibus, 16 qui contra se 110 LATIN LESSONS. arma tulerant, pepercit. Regressus in urbem, quinqnics triumphavit. 8. Bellis civilibus confectis, Csesar, dictator l in perpetuum. creatus, agere insolentius coepit. Senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit, et quemdam, ut assurgeret monentcni, irato vultu 26 respexit. Cnni Antonius, Cresaris in omnibus expe- ditionibus conies, et tune in consulatu collega, ei 18 in sella aurea sedenti pro rostris diadema, insigne regium, imponeret, non visus est eo facto ofFendi. 88 Quare conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta amplius viris, 27 Cassio et Bruto ducibus conspira- tionis. Cum igitur Caesar Idibus 34 Martiis in senatum venis- set, assidentem specie officii circumsteterunt, illicoque unus e conjuratis, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit, renuen- tique togam ab utroque humero apprehendit. Deinde cla- mantem, " Ista quidem vis est," Cassius vuluerat paullo infra jugulum. Csesar Cascse brachium arreptum graphic trajecit, conatusque prosilire aliud vulnus accepit. Cum Marcum Bru- tuin, quern loco filii habebat, in se irruentem vidisset, dixit : " Tu quoque, fili mi ! " Dein ubi animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit, atque ita tribus et vigiuti plagis 26 confossus est. 9. Erat Caesar excelsa statura, 26 nigris vegetisque oculis, 26 capite 26 calvo, quam calvitii deformitateni segre ferebat, quod srepe obtrectantiiim jocis esset obnoxia. Itaque ex omnibus houoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non aliud recepit ant usurpavit libentius, quani jus laureoc perpetuo gestanda3. Eum vini u parcissimum fuisse ne inimici quidem negarunt ; unde Cato dicere solebat, unum ex omnibus Csesarem ad ever- tendam rempublicam sobrium accessisse. Armorum 9 et equi- tandi 9 peritissimus erat ; laboris ultra ndem patiens ; in agmine nonnunquam equo, ssepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, sive sol, sive imber esset. Longissimas vias incredi- bili celeritate coufecit, ita ut persa?pe nuntios de se prsevenerit, neque euni morabantur flumina, qua? vel narido 26 vel innixus iunatis utribus 18 trajiciebat. LIFE OF CATO. Ill V. LIFE OF CATO. 1. Marcus Cato, adhuc puer, 1 invictum animi robur ostendit. Cum in domo Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, Latini de civitate impetranda 41 Romam 36 venerunt. Popedius, Latinorum prin- ceps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catonem puerum rogavit, ut Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu constanti negavit id se facturum. Iterum deinde ac ssepius interpellatus in proposito perstitit. Tune Popedius puerum, in excelsam sedium partem levatum, tenuit et abjecturum inde se minatus est, nisi precibus 16 obtemperaret ; neque hoc metu 26 a senten- tia eum potuit dimovere. Tune Popedius exclamasse 38 fertur : " Gratulemur 43 nobis, Latini, hunc esse tarn parvum ; si enim senator esset, ne sperare quidem jus civitatis nobis liceret." 2. Cato, cum salutandi gratia ad Sullam a psedagogo duce- retur, et in atrio cruenta proscriptorum capita vidisset, Sullse crudelitatem exsecratus est ; seque 2 ' 2 eodem esse animo signi- ficavit, quo puer alius nomine Cassius, qui tune publicam scholam cum Fausto, Sullse filio, frequentabat. Cum enim Faustus proscriptionem paternam in schola laudaret, diceret- que " se, cum per setatem posset, eandem rem esse facturum," ei 19 sodalis gravem colaphum impegit. 3. Insignia fuit, et ad imitandum prseponenda, Catonis erga fratrem benevolentia. Cum enim interrogaretur, " quern om- nium maxime diligeret," 45 respondit, "fratrem." Iterum inter- rogatus, "quern secundum maxime diligeret," iterum, "fra- trem," respondit. Quserenti 19 tertio idem responsum dedit, donee ille a percunctando desisteret. 44 Crevit cum setate ille Catonis in fratrem amor : ab ejus latere non discedebat ; ei in omnibus rebus morem gerebat. Anrios 23 natus viginti nun- quam sine fratre coenaverat, nunquam in forum prodierat, nun- quam iter susceperat. Diversum tamen erat utriusque ingeni- um : in utroque probi mores erant, sed Catonis indoles severior. 4. Cato, cum frater, qui erat tribunus militum, ad bellum 112 LATIN LESSONS. profectus esset, ne eurn desereret, voluutaria stipendia fecit. Accidit postea, ut Catonis frater in Asiam 37 proficisci coge- retur, et iter faciens in morbum incideret : quod 21 ubi audivit Cato, licet tune gravis tempestas saeviret, neque parata esset magna navis, solvit e portu Thessalonicse exigua navicula 26 cum duobus tantum amicis tribusque servis, et, psene haustus fluctibus, tandem praeter spem incolumis evasit. At fratrern, modo defunctum vita, 31 reperit. Tune questibus 19 et lacrimis totum se tradidit : mortui corpus quam magnificent issimo potuit funere extulit, et marmoreum tumulum exstrui curavit suis impensis. 26 Vela deinde facturus, cum suaderent amici ut fratris reliquias in alio navigio poneret, 6 animam 21 se 22 prius quam illas relicturum respondit, atque ita solvit. 5. Cato quaestor 1 in insulam Cyprum missus est ad colligen- dam 41 Ptoleniaei regis pecuniam, a quo populus Romanus heres 1 insti tutus fuerat. Integerrima fide 26 earn rem administravit. Summa longe major quam quisquam sperare potuisset redacta est. Fere septem milia talentorum 10 navibus 18 imposuit Cato : atque, ut naufragii pericula vitaret, singulis vasis, 18 quibus 26 inclusa erat pecunia, corticem suberis longo funiculo 26 alli- gavit, ut, si forte mersum navigium esset, 46 locum amiss pecuuiae cortex supernatans indicaret. Catoui advenienti senatus et tota ferme civitas obviam efFusa est, nee erat res triumpho 16 absimilis. Actae sunt Catoni a seuatu gratue, praeturaque illi et jus spectandi 41 ludos praetextato extra ordinem data. Quern honorem Cato noluit accipere, iniquum esse affirmans, "sibi decerni, quod nulli alii tribueretur." 6. Cum Caesar consul legem reipublicae 16 perniciosam tulis- set, Cato solus, ceteris exterritis, 35 huic legi 18 obstitit. Iratus Caesar Catonem 22 extrahi curia, 28 et in vincula rapi, jussit : at ille nihil de libertate linguae remisit, sed in ipsa ad car- cerem via de lege disputabat, civesque commonebat, ut talia molientibus adversarentur. Catonem 21 sequebantur mcesti patres, quorum unus, objurgatus a Csesare quod nondum misso senatu 86 discederet, " Malo," inquit, "esse cum Catone in carcere, quam tecuni in curia." Exspectabat Caesar, dum ad LIFE OF CICERO. 113 humiles preces Cato sese demitteret : 44 quod ubi frustra a se sperari intellexit, pudore victus, unum e tribunis misit qui Catonem dimitteret. 44 7. Cato Pompeii partcs bello civili secutus est, eoque victo, exercitus 10 reliquias in Africam cum ingenti itinerum difficul- tate perduxit, Cum vero ei summum a militibus deferretur imperium, Scipioni, 18 quod vir esset consularis, parere 38 maluit. Scipione etiain devicto, Uticam, Africa) urbem, petivit, ubi filium hortatus est, ut clementiam Cresaris experiretur; ipse vero coenatus deambulavit, et cubitum 42 iturus arctius diutius- que in complexu filii hsesit ; deinde, ingressus cubiculum, ferro sibi ipse mortem conscivit. Csosar, audita Catonis morte, dixit ilium glorice 16 suse invidisse, quod sibi 19 laudem servati Catonis eripuisset. Catonis liberos, eisque patrimonium incolume, servavit. VI. LIFE OF CICEEO. 1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, 29 Arpini, 86 quod est Yolscorum oppiduni, natus est. Ex ejus avis unus verru- cam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano 15 similem : inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditurn. Cum id Marco Tul- lio a nonnullis probro 20 verteretur; "Dabo operam," inquit, " ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat." Cum eas artes disceret, quibus eetas puerilis 2 ad humanitatem solet informari, ingenium ejus ita eluxit, ut eum eequales e schola redeuntes medium, tanquam regem, circum- stantes deducerent domum : 36 " immo eorum parentes, pucri faina commoti, in ludum litterarium ventitabant, ut eum viserent. Ea res tamen quibusdam 14 rustici et inculti ingenii 9 stomachum movebat, qui ceteros pueros graviter objurgabant, quod talem condiscipulo suo honorem tribuerent. 44 2. Tullius Cicero adolescens eloquentiam et libertatem suam ad versus Sullanos 8 ostendit. Chrysogonimi queudam, Sullse 8 114 LATIN LESSONS. libertum, acriter insectatus est, quod r dictatoris potentia 80 fretus, in bona civium invadebat. Ex quo, veritu's invidiam, Cicero Athenas petivit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentia? gratia Rhodum 36 " se contulit, ubi Molone, 31 rhetore turn disertissimo, magistro 1 usus est. Qui, cum Ciceronein dicentem audivisset, flevisse 39 dicitur, quod praevideret 44 per huuc Grsecos a Romauis iugenii et eloquentia? laude superatum 42 iri. Romam 36 reversus, qua?stor in Sicilia fuit. Nullius vero qusestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit : cum in magna aunonse difficultate iugentem frumenti vim inde Romam mitteret, Siculos initio offendit ; postea vero ubi diligentiam, justitiam et comitatem ejus experti fuerunt, majores qiuestori suo honores, quam ulli unquam pra3tori, detulerunt. 3. Cicero, consul factus, Sergii Catilinee conjurationem 21 sin- gulari virtute, constautia, curaque compressit. Is nempe, in- dignatus quod in petitione consulatus 8 repulsam passus esset, et furore amens, cum pluribus viris nobilibus Ciceronein inter- ficere, senatum trucidare, urbem incendere, serarium diripere constituerat. Qua? tarn atrox conjuratio a Cicerone detecta est. Catilina metu cousulis Roma 36 ad exercitum, quern pa- raverat, profugit ; socii ejus comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. Senator quidam filium supplicio mortis ipse affecit. Juvenis scilicet, ingenio, litteris et forma inter sequales con- spicuus, pravo consilio amicitiam Catilina? secutus erat, et in castra ejus properabat : quern pater ex niedio itinere re- tract um 2 occidit, his eum verbis increpans : "Non ego te Catilina? 15 ad versus patriam, sed patria? ad versus Catilinam, genui." 4. Non ideo Catilina ab incepto destitit, sed infestis signis Romam petens, cum exercitu ca?sus est. Adeo acriter dirni- catum est, ut nemo hostium prcelio 18 superfuerit : queni quis- que in pugnando ceperat, eum, amissa anima, tegebat locum. Ipse Catilina longe a suis 3 inter eorum, quos occiderat, cadave- ra cecidit, morte pulcherrima, si pro patria sua sic occubuis- set. Senatus populusque Rornanus Ciceronem patria? patrem 1 LIFE OF CICERO. 115 appellavit : ea res tamen Ciceroni 15 postea invidiam creavit, adeo ut abeuntem magistratu 28 verba facere ad populum vetuerit quidam tribunus plebis, quod cives, indicta causa, 85 damnavisset, 44 sed solitum duntaxat juramentum prsestare ei 16 permiserit. Turn Cicero magna voce : "Juro," inquit, "rem- publicam atque urbem Roniam mea 8 unius 2 opera 26 salvam esse " : qua voce delectatus populus Romanus, et ipse juravit verum esse Ciceronis juramentum. 5. Faucis post annis 33 Cicero reus factus est a Clodio, 27 tribuno plebis, eadem de causa, quod nempe cives Romanes necavisset. Tune moestus senatus, tanquam in publico luctu, vestem mutavit. Cicero, cum posset armis 26 salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe 28 cedere, quam sua causa cocdem fieri. 39 Proficiscentem omnes boni ilentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clo- dius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio 18 igni et aqua 28 inter- diceretur, et ejus domum villasque incendit. Sed vis ilia diuturna non fait ; mox enim, maximo omnium ordinum stu- dio, Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est. Domus ejus publica pecunia restituta est. Postea Cicero, Pompeii partes secutus, a Csesare victore veniam accepit. Quo interfecto, Octavium heredem Csesaris fovit atque ornavit, ut eum Antonio 18 rempublicam vexanti 2 oppo- neret ; sed ab illo deinde desertus est et proditus. 6. Antonius, inita cum Octavio societate, Ciceronem jamdiu sibi 15 inimicum, proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis . itineribus fugit in villam, quse a mari proxime aberat, indeque navem conscendit, in Macedonian! transiturus. Cum vero jam aliquoties in altum provectum venti adversi retulissent, et ipse jactationem navis pati non posset, regressus ad villam : "Moriar," inquit, "in patria ssepe servata." Mox adventanti- bus percussoribus, cum servi parati essent ad dimicandum fortiter, ipse lecticam, 22 qua 26 vehebatur, deponi jussit, eosque quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret. Prominenti 14 ex lec- tica, et immotam cervicem prsebenti, caput prsecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae : caput relatum est ad Antonium, ejusque jussu inter duas manus in rostris positum. Fulvia, 116 LATIN LESSONS. Antonii uxor, qua) se a Cicerone 27 laesam arbitrabatur, caput manibus 26 surnpsit, in genua imposuit, extractamque linguam acu confixit. 7. Cicero dicax erat, et facetiarum 12 amans, adeo ut ab inirnicis solitus sit appellari Scurra consul aris. Cum Len- tulum, generum suum, exiguae staturae 9 hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum : " Quis," inquit, " generum meum ad gladium alligavit V Matrona quscdam, juniorem se quam erat simulans, dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere. Cui Cicero : " Verum est," inquit, " nam hoc viginti annos 23 audio." Caesar, altero consule mortuo 85 die Decembris ultima, Cani- nium consulem hora 34 septima in reliquam diei 10 partem re- nuntiaverat : quern cum plerique irent salutatum 42 de more : " Festinemus," tf inquit Cicero, "priusquam abeat magistratu." De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero : "Fuit mirifica vigilantia 26 Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu 84 somnum non viderit. 1 ' 44 VII. LIFE OF BRUTUS. 1. Marcus Brutus, ex ilia gente quse Roma 86 Tarquinios ejecerat oriundus, Athenis 36 philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam, didicit. Sua eum virtus valde commendavit : ejus pater, qui Sullee partibus 16 adversabatur, jussu Pompeii interfectus erat; unde Brutus cum eo graves gesserat simultates : bello tamen civili Pompeii causam, quod justior videretur, secutus est, et dolorem suum reipublica3 utilitati 18 posthabuit. Victo Pom- peio, Brutus a Csesare servatus est, et praetor etiam factus. Postea cum Caesar, superbia 26 elatus, seuatum contemnere, et regnum afFectare coapisset, populus, jam prsesenti statu 30 baud iretus, vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam primi Bmti statuse, 18 Utinam viveres ! Item ipsius Caesaris statu ee : " Brutus, quia reges ejecit, primus consul factus est ; hie, quia consules ejecit, postrerno rex factus est." Inscrip- LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 117 turn quoque est Marci Bruti prsetoris tribunal! 18 : Dormis, Brute ! 2. Marcus Brutus, cognita populi liomani voluntate, ad- versus Cassarem conspiravit. Pridie quam Csesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, consilii 12 conscia, cultellum tonsorium, quasi unguium resecandorum 41 causa, poposcit, eoque, velut forte e manibus elapso, se ipsa vulneravit. Clamore ancil- larum vocatus in cubiculum uxoris, Brutus objurgare earn coepit, quod tonsoris officium prseripere voluisset ; at Porcia ei secreto dixit : " Non casu, sed de industria, mi Brute, hoc mihi 14 vulnus feci : experiri enim volui, satisne mihi animi esset 45 ad mortem oppetendam, si tibi 14 propositum ex sen- tentia parum cessisset." Quibus verbis auditis, Brutus ad cselum manus 21 et oculos sustulisse dicitur, et exclamavisse : " Utinam dignus tali conjuge 30 maritus videri possim ! " 3. Interfecto Csesare, Antonius vestem ejus sanguinolentam ostentans, popuium veluti furore quodam adversus conjuratos inflammavit. Brutus itaque in Macedonian! concessit, ibique apud urbem Philippos 1 adversus Antonium et Octavium dimi- cavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte 34 recepisset, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni 19 comitum 10 latus transfodien- dum preebuit. Antonius, viso Bruti cadavere, ei suum injecit purpureum paludamentum, ut in eo sepeliretur. Quod cum postea surreptum audivisset, requiri furem et ad supplicium duci jussit. Cremati corporis reliquias ad Serviliam, Bruti matrem, deportandas curavit. Non eadem fuit Octavii erga Brutum moderatio : is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam ferri jussit, ut Caii Csesaris static 18 subjiceretur. VIII. LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 1. Octavius Julia), Caii Csesaris sororis, nepos, patrem quad- rimus amisit. A majore avunculo adoptatus, eum in Hispa- 118 LATIN LESSONS. mam profectum secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam 36 missus est, ut liberalibus studiis 16 vacaret. Audita avunculi morte, Romam rediit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit, collectoque veteranorum exercitu, opem Decimo Bruto 19 tulit, qui ab An- tonio Mutinae 36 obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu 28 prohi- beretur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras laminis 18 plumbeis inscriptas misit, quae per urina- torem sub aqua fluminis deferebantur. Ad id postea colum- bis 81 usus est : iis 18 enim diu inclusis et fame affectis litteras ad collum alligabat, easque a proximo moenibus 15 loco emitte- bat. Columbae lucis 12 cibique avidae, summa sedificia petentes, a Bruto excipiebantur, maxime cum ille, deposito quibusdam in locis cibo, colurabas illuc devolare instituisset. 2. Octavius bellum Mutinense duobus proeliis confecit, in quorum altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functtis est munere : 31 nam aquilifero graviter vulnerato, aquilam humeris subiit, et in castra reportavit. Postea reconciliata cum An- tonio gratia, juuctisque cum ipso copiis, ut Caii Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter accessit, inde quadringentos milites ad senatum misit, qui sibi consulatum, nomine exer- citus, deposcerent. 44 Cunctante senatu, centurio legationis princeps, rejecto sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum, non dubi- tavit in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos non feceritis." Cui rcspoudisse 89 Ciceronem ferunt : "Si hoc modo petieritis Cacsari consulatum, auferetis." Quod dictum ei deinde ex- itio 20 fuit : invisus enim esse coepit Csesari, quod libertatis 12 esset amantior. 3. Octavius Caesar, nondum viginti annos natus, consulatum invasit, novamque proscriptionis tabulam proposuit : qn3 proscriptio Sullana 32 longe crudelior fuit : ne tenerre quidem oetati 16 pepercit. Puerum quendam, nomine Atilium, Octavius coe'git togam virilem sumere, ut tanquam vir proscriberetur. Atilius, protinus ut e Capitolio descendit, deducentibus ex more amicis, in tabulam relatus est. Desertum deinde a comitibus ne mater quidem pne metu recepit. Puer itaque fugit, et in silvis aliquamdiu delituit. Cum vero inopiam LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 119 ferre non posset, e latebris exiit, seque prsetereuntibus 19 indi- cavit, a quibus interfectus est. Alms puer etiam impubes, cum . in ludum litterarium iret, cum psedagogo, qui pro eo corpus objecerat, necatus est. 4. Octavius, inita cum Antonio societate, Marcum Brutum Csesaris interfectorem bello persecutus est. Quod bellum, quanquam seger atque invalidus, duplici prcelio transegit, quo- rum 10 priore, castris 28 exutus, vix fuga 26 evasit; altero victor se gcssit acerbius. In nobilissimum quemque captivum sseviit, adjecta 2 etiam supplicio 18 verborum contumelia. 35 Uni suppli- citer precanti sepultnram respoiidit, "jam illam in volucrum atque ferarum potestate futuram." Ambo erant captivi pater et films ; cum autem Octavius nollet, nisi uni, vitam con- cedere, eos sortiri jussit, utri 16 parceretur. Pater, qui se pro filio ad mortem subeundam obtulerat, occisus est; nee servatus films, qui prse dolore voluntaria occubuit nece : neque ab hoc tristi spectaculo oculos avertit Octavius, sed utrumque spec- tavit morientem. 5. Octavius ab Antonio iterum abalienatus est, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore, Cleopatram ^Egypti reginam duxis- set uxorem : quse mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis certa- bat. Gloriata est aliquando se centies sestertium 10 una coena absumpturam. Antonio, 18 id fieri posse neganti, magnificam apposuit coenam, sed non tanti sumptus 9 quanti promiserat. Irrisa igitur ab Antonio, jussit sibi afFerri vas aceto 28 plenum : exspectabat Antonius quidnam esset 45 actura. Ilia gemmas pretiosissimas auribus 18 appensas habebat ; protinus unam detraxit, et aceto dilutam absorbuit. Alteram quoque simili modo 26 parabat absumere, nisi prohibita fuisset. 6. Octavius cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro est, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem Antonium persecutus, ^Egyptum petiit ; obsessaque Alexandria, 31 quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, brevi potitus est. An- tonius, desperatis rebus, cum in solio regali sedisset regio dia- demate cinctus, necem sibi conscivit. Cleopatra vero, quam 22 Octavius magnopere cupiebat vivam comprehend!, triumpho- 120 LATIN LESSONS. que 15 servari, aspidem sibi in cophino inter ficus afferendam curavit, eanique ipsa brachio 18 applicuit : quod ubi cognovit Octavius, medicos vulneri remedia adhibere jussit. Admovit etiam Psyllos, qui venenum exsugercnt, 44 sed fmstra. Cleopa- trsB 19 mortuse communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 7. Tandem Octavius, hostibus victis, solusque imperio 31 potitus, clementem se exhibuit. Oninia deinceps in eo plena niausuetudinis 12 et humanitatis. Multis 16 ignovit, a quibus srepe graviter Isesus fuerat, quo in numero fuit Metellus, unus ex Antonii prsefectis. Cum is inter captivos senex squalidus sordidatusque processisset, aguovit eum filius ejus, qui Octavii partes secutus erat, statimque exsiliens, patrem complexus, sic Octavium allocutus est : " Pater meus hostis tibi fuit, ego miles : non magis ille pcenam, quam ego prsemium, meriti sumus. Aut igitur me propter ilium occidi jube, aut ilium propter me vivere. Delibera, queeso, utrum sit 45 moribus 15 tuis convenientius." Octavius postquam paulum addubitavis- set, misericordia motus, honiinem sibi infensissimum propter filii merita servavit. 8. Octavius in Italiam rediit, Romamque triumphans in- gressus est. Turn bellis toto orbe compositis, Jani gemini portas sua nianu clausit, quce tanturnmodo bis autea clausse fuerant, primo sub Nurna rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tune omnes 21 praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit, populusque Romanus pra3sentis otii leetitia 31 perlruitus est. Octavio 19 maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse Augus- tus cognominatus est, et in ejus honorem mensis Sextilis eodem nomine est appellatus, quod illo mense 84 bellis 18 civili- bus finis esset inipositus. Equites Romani natalem ejus biduo semper celebrarunt : senatus populusque Romauus uiii versus cognomen Patris Patrise maximo consensu ei tribuerunt. Au- gustus, prse gaudio lacrinians, respondit his verbis : " Compos factus sum votorum 12 meoiiim ; neque aliud mihi optandum est, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitee finem videre possim." 9. Dictatiiram, quam populus magna vi ofi^erebat, Augus- LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 121 tus, germ nixus, dejectaque ab humeris toga, deprecatus est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit, eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit, immo de restituenda 41 republica non semel cogi- tavit \ sed reputans et se privatum non sine periculo fore, 39 et rempublicam plurivnn arbitrio commissum iri, summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, nequem novi status 12 poeniteret. Bene de iis etiam quos adversarios expertus erat ct senticbat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit; cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum cepit, eoque statim reddito : " Hie vir," inquit, " fill mi, doctus fuit et patrise amans." 10. Pedibus ssepe per urbem incedebat, summaque comitate adeuntes 21 excipiebat : unde cum quidam, libellum supplicem porrigens, prse metu et reverentia nunc manum proferret, nunc retraheret ; " Putasne," inquit jocans Augustus, " assem te elephanto dare " 1 Eum aliquando convenit veteran us miles, qui vocatus in jus periclitabatur, rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Turn veteranus exclamavit : " At non ego, te 85 periclitante bello Actiaco, 8 vicarium qusesivi, scd ipse pro te pugnavi " ; simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus, atque ipse venit in advocationem. 11. Cum post Actiacam victoriam Augustus Roinam ingre- dcretur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quern instituerat hsec dicere : Ave, Caesar victor, im- perator. Augustus, avem officiosam miratus, earn viginti milibus nummorum 10 emit. Socius opificis, ad quern nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, affirmavit Augusto ilium habere ct alium corvum, quern afferri postulavit. Allatus corvus verba, quse didicerat, expressit : Ave, Antoni victor, imperator. Nihil ea re exasperatus, Augustus jussit tantummodo corvorurn doctorem dividere acceptam mercedem cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco, emi eum jussit. 12. Exemplo incitatus, sutor quidam corvum instituit ad parem salutationem ; sed, cum parum proficeret, ssepe ad 122 LATIN LESSONS. avem non respondentem dicebat : Opera et impensa periit. Tandem corvus coepit proferre dictatam salutationem : qua audita dum trausiret, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi ta- lium salutatorum 10 habeo." Turn corvus ilia etiam verba abjecit, quibus dominuni querentem audire solebat : Opera et impensa periit : ad quod Augustus risit, atque avein emi jussit, quanti 11 uullam adhuc emerat. 1 3. Solebat quidani Graeculus descendenti e palatio Augusto honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset, et tamen rursum eundem facturum Augustus videret, sua mauu in charta breve exaravit Grsecum. epi- granima, et Graeculo venienti ad se obviam misit. Ille legendo laudare coepit, niirarique tarn voce quam vultu gestuque. Dein cum accessit ad sellam, qua 26 Augustus vehebatur, de- missa in pauperem crurnenarn in ami, paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret ; dixitque " se plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset." Secuto omnium risu, Graeculum Augustus vocavit, eique satis grandem pecunise summain numerari jussit. 14. Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam ccena satis parca et ptene quotidiana, hoc tautum insusurravit : " Non putabam me tibi 15 esse tarn famil- iarem." Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam coenaret, fregit unus ex servis vas crystallinum : rapi ilium protinus Pollio jussit, et, ne vulgar! morte periret, abjici munenis, 19 quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer, et ad pedes Csesaris confugit, non recusans mori, sed rogans ne piscium esca fieret. Motus novitate crudelitatis, Augustus servi infelicis patrocinium suscepit : cum autem veniam a viro crudeli non impetraret, crystalliiia vasa ad se afferri jussit ; omnia manu sua fregit ; servum manumisit, piscinamque coni- pleri prsecepit. 15. Augustus in quadam villa segrotans noctes inquietas age bat, mmpente somiium ejtis crebro noctuae cantu; qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii 12 peritus, noctuam prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe iugentis praemii ; cui Augustus LIFE OP AUGUSTUS. ! 123 mille nummos dari jussit : at ille, minus dignum prscmium existimans, dicere ausus est : "Malo ut vivat," et avem di- misit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat, nee ad ulciscendum. potestas. Hanc tamem injuriam sequo animo tulit Augustus, hominemque impunitum abire passus est. 16. Augustus amicitias non faeile admisit, et admissas con- stanter retinuit : imprimis familiarem habuit Msecenatem, equitem Romanum, qui ea, 2 qua apud principem valebat gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus 16 quibus posset, noceret nemini. Mira erat ejus ars et libertas in flectendo 41 Augusti animo, cum eum ira incitatum videret. Jus ali- quando dicebat Augustus, et multos morte damnaturus vide- batur. Aderat tune Maecenas, qui circumstantium turbam perrumpere, et ad tribunal propius accedere, conatus est : cum id frustra tentasset, in tabella scripsit hsec verba, Surge tandem, carnifex : eamque tabellam ad Augustum projecit ; qua lecta, Augustus statim surrexit, et nemo est morte multatus. 17. Habitavit Augustus in eedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et sestate mansit. Supellex quoque ejus vix privatse elegantise 9 erat. Idem tamen Romam, quam pro maj estate imperil non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo ex- coin it, ut jure sit gloriatus, " marmoream se relinquere, quam lateritiam accepisset." Raro veste alia usus est, quam con- fecta ab uxore, 27 sorore, filia, neptibusque. Altiuscula erant ejus calceamenta, ut procerior quam erat videretur. Cibi 9 minimi erat atque vulgaris. Secundarium panem et pisciculos miimtos et ficus virides maxime appetebat. 18. Augustus non amplius quam septem horas 23 dormiebat, ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ita ut in illo temporis spatio ter aut quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum re- cuperare non posset, lectores arcessebat, donee resumeret. Cum audisset senatorem quendam, licet cere alieno oppressum, arete et graviter dormire solitum, culcitam ejus magno pretio 25 emit : mirantibus dixit : " Habenda est ad somnum culcita, in qua homo qui tantum debebat dormire potuit." LATIN LESSONS. 19. Excrcitationes campcstres equorum et armorum statiin post bella civilia omisit, et ad pilain primo folliculumque trausiit ; mox, auimi laxandi causa, modo piscabatur hamo, inodo tails nucibusque ludebat cum puerculis, quos facie et gaiTiilitate amabiles uudique conquirebat. Alea mult urn de- lectabatur; idque ei vitio 20 datum est. Tandem, afflicta vale- tudine, in Campaniam concessit, ubi remisso ad otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere 28 abstiuuit. Supremo vita? die, petito speculo, capillum sibi comi jussit, et amicos circumstautes percontatus est, num vitse minium satis commode egisset; 45 adjecit et solitam clausulam : " Editc strepitum, vosque onines cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nola? 36 sextum et septuagesi- nium annum agens. IX. THE HELVETIAN WAR. FROM CESAR'S GALLIC WAR. BOOK I. 1. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Unam incolunt Belga3, aliam Aquitani, tertiam Celtee, qui 4 lingua 26 nostra Galli appellant ur. Hi omnes lingua, 26 institutis, legibus, inter se difFerunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flunien dividit, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana. Fortissimi 2 sunt Belgre, prop- terea quod proximi sunt Germanis, 15 qui trans Rhenum inco- lunt, quibuscuin continenter belluni gcrunt. Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute 26 preecedunt, quod fere quotidianis prceliis cum Germanis contendunt. Una pars initium capit a fliunine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, oceano, fiui- bus Belgarum. Attingit etiam flumen 1 Rhenum. Vergit ad septemtriones. Belga3 ab extremis Gallic finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in si':;temtriones et orieuteni solciu. Aquitania a Garumna fln- niine ad Pyreuseos montes et earn partem oceani, qua? est THE HELVETIAN WAR. 125 ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum soils et sep- temtriones. 2. Apud Helvetios nobilissimus 2 et ditissimus fuit Orge- torix. Is conjurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati 16 per- suasit, ut de fiuibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. Facilius eis persuasit, quod undique, loci natura, 26 Helvetii continentur ; una ex parte, flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte, niojiie tlura altissimo, qui est inter Seqiianos et Helvetios ; tertia^ lacu Lemanno, et flumine Rhodano, qui Provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus adducti, constituerunt ea qu&o 4 ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare ; 38 jumento- rum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemerc ; semen- tes quam maximas facere ; cum proximis civitatibus amicitiam confirmare. In tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant, Ad eas res conficiendas 41 Orgetorix deligitur. Is legationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Sequano, ut regnum in civitato sua occuparet, quod 4 pater ante habu- erat. Itemque Dumnorigi ^Eduo, qui maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet. Inter se jusjurandum dant, et totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. Ea res est Helvetiis 14 enuntiata : Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt. Damnatum poonam sequi oportebat, ut igni 26 cre- maretur. Die constituta 34 Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, et omncs clientes obairatosque conduxit. Per eos se eripuit. 3. Cum civitas, ob earn rein incitata, arm is jus suum ex- sequi conaretur, Orgetorix mortuus est. Post ejus mortem nihilominus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere 88 coiiantur. Ubi se paratos esse 39 arbitrati sunt, oppicla sua omnia, vicos, privata scdificia incendunt. Trium mensium molita cibaria quemque domo efferre jubent. Erant ornnino itinera duo, quibus 4 itineribus domo exire possent ; unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Juram et flumcn lihoda- nnm; alterum per provinciam nostram multo facilius atque cxpcditius, propterea quod Rhodanus nonnullis locis vado 26 126 LATIN LESSONS. transitur, Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est Geneva. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Omnibus rebus 85 ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rho- dani omnes conveniant. Caesari cum id nuutiatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et in Galliam ulteriorem contendit. Pontem jubet rescindi. 39 4. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores 2 facti sunt, lega- tes ad cum mittunt, qui 44 dicerent sibi 17 esse in auimo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere. Caesar a lacu Le- manno ad montcm Jura in murum fossamque perducit. Negat se posse 39 iter ulli per provinciam dare. 38 Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua, Sequanis invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. His 16 cum persuadere non possent, legates ad Dumnorigem mittunt, ut, eo deprecatore, 35 impetrarent. Dum- norix apud Sequanos plurimum poterat, et Helvetiis 15 erat amicus, quod Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. Ita- que rem suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. 5. Csesar in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit, duasque ibi legiones couscribit, et tres ex hibernis educit, et in ulteri- orem Galliam, per Alpes, ire contendit. In fines Vocontiorum die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobro- gibus in Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provin- ciam trans Rhodanum primi. Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias transduxerat, et ^Eduorum agros populabantur. yEdui, cum se 21 defendere non possent, legates ad Caesarem mittunt, rogatum 42 auxilium. Eodem tempore Ambarri, consanguinei 1 ^Eduoruni, Cacsarem certiorein faciunt, sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium pro- hibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos posses- sionesque habebant, fuga 26 se ad Caesarem recipiunt. Caesar non exspectanduni sibi statuit, dum in Santonos Helvetii^per- venirent. G. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines yEduorum et Sequano- mm in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, 26 ita ut oculis in utrani partcm fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii, rati- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 127 bus et lintribus junctis, transibant. Ubi Caesar certior factus est tres copiarum partes Helvetios 22 transduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen esse, de tertia vigilia e castris pro- fectus ad earn partem pervenit, quse nondum transierat. Eos impeditos aggressus, magnam eorum partem concidit. Reliqui sese in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus: 1 nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus Lucium Cassium consulem interfece- rat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum miserat. Ita, quse pars calamitatem populo 18 Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit. 7. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut conse- qui posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat, atque ita exer- citum transducit. Helvetii, repentino ejus adventu commoti, legatos ad eum mittunt, cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello 24 Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare agit : Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetii s face- ret, in earn partem ituros, ubi Csesar eos 22 esse voluisset ; sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur ct veteris incom- modi 12 populi Romani, et pristinse virtutis Helvetiorum ; se ita a patribus majoribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent. Quare, ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi constitissent, ex calamitate populi Romani nomen caperet. 8. His Csesar ita respondit : Sibi 14 minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, quas commemorassent, memoria 26 teneret. Si veteris contumelise 12 oblivisci vellet, num recentium injuri- arum memoriam deponere posse 1 Tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti ea quse polliceantur facturos intelligat, et si JjMuis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem facturum. Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a majoribus suis institutes esse, uti obsides accipere, non dare consueverint ; ejus rei populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc response dato, discessit. Postcro die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Csesar. Equitatum omnem prsemittit, qui 44 videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui alieiio loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum 128 LATIN LESSONS. premium committunt, ct pauci de nostris cadunt. Hclvctii audacius subsistere, nonnunquain nostros lacessere ccepenmt. Csesar suos a proelio continebat ; ac satis habebat in prsesentia hostem rapinis 28 prohibere. Ita dies 23 circiter quindccim itcr fecerunt, uti, inter novissimuni hostium agraen et nostrum prinium, non amplius quinis aut senis milibus 32 passuum interesset. 9. Interim quotidic Csesar ^Eduos 85 frumentum, quod 4 essent publice polliciti, flagitare. Nam, propter frigora, non modo frumenta in agris mat ura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat. Eo autem frumento, 31 quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, minus uti 38 poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere 40 J^dui; conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit, et diem instare, qno die frumen- tum 21 militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis corum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui 18 prseerat, graviter eos ac- cusat, quod ab iis non sublevetur ; prsesertim cum, magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus, bellum susceperit. Turn demum Liscus proponit : esse nonmillos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat ; hos 22 seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, 39 ne frumentum conferant. Ab iisdem nostra consilia hostibus emmtiari ; hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod rem Ceesari enuntiarit, intel- legere sese quanto id cum periculo fecerit ; et, ob earn causam, quamdiu potuerit, tacuisse. 10. Csesar hac oratione Dumnorigem, 28 Divitiaci fratrem, designari 39 sentiebat ; sed quod, pluribus prscsentibus, eas res 28 jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit; Liscum re- tinet ; dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quferit ; reperit esse vera : ipsum esse Dumuorigem sumnia audacia, 26 juagna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cu- pidum novarum rerum 12 ; complures annos 23 omnia ^Eduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere ; propterea quod, illo liceute, contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus suam reni fami- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 129 liarem auxisse, magnum numerum equitatus semper circum se habere. Favere Helvetiis 16 propter affinitatem; odisse Csesa- rem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus deminuta, et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratise atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem regni per Helvetios obtinendi venire ; irnperio populi Romani, non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia, desperare. 11. Cum ad has suspiciones certissimse res accederent, satis esse causse arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animadver- teret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet. His omnibus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat : nam ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque, priusquam quidquam conaretur, 44 Divitiacum 22 ad se vocari jubet ; simul commonefacit quse, ipso 35 prsesente, in concilio Galloruni sint dicta ; et ostendit quse separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : scire 39 se, 22 ilia esse vera ; sese tamen et amore fraterno et existirnatione vulgt commoveri. Quod si quid ei 14 a Csesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitise aqud eum teneret, neminem existi- maturum non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliuo 8 animi a se averterentur. Csesar ejus dextram prendit ; Dumnorigem ad se vocat ; fratrem adhibet ; quse in eo reprehendat ostendit ; monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet. 12. Eodem die, ab exploratoribus certior 2 factus hostes sub monte consedisse millia 23 passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset 45 natura montis, et qualis in circuitu adscensus, qui cog- noscerent 44 misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum, cum duobus legionibus summum jugum montis adscendere jubet. Ipse de quart a vigilia eodem itinere, quo .hostes ierant, ad eos contenditj equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Prima luce, cum sum- 9 130 LATIN LESSONS. nius raous a Tito Labieno teneretur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingeutis passibus abesset, neque aut ipsius adventus, aut Labieni, coguitus esset, Considius, equo admisso, ad eum accurrit; dicit montem, quern a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus 27 teneri; id se ex Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei pra3- ceptum (ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret), monte occupato, nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstiuebat. Multo deuique die, per exploratores Csesar cognovit montem a suis teneri, et Considium, perterritum, quod 4 non vidisset pro viso renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat iutervallo, hos- tes sequitur j et millia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra pouit. 13. Postridie ejus diei, quod omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumenturn metiri oporteret, et quod a Bi- bracte, oppido JEduorurn longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius millibus passuum duodeviginti aberat, rei frumen- tariae 18 prospiciendum existimavit, ac Bibracte 86 ire coutendit. Helvetii, sen quod perterritos Romanes discedere existimarent, sive quod re frumentaria 28 intercludi posse confiderent, itinere converse, nostros a novissimo agmiue insequi ac lacessere cceperunt. Postquam id animum ad vert it, copias suas Csesar in proximum collem subducit; equi tat unique, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tri- plicem aciem instruxit. Sarcinas in ununi locum conferri, et eum ab iis, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. Helvetii, cum omnibus suis cams secuti, impedimenta in ununi locum contulerunt. Ipsi confertissima acie, 26 rejecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostrani aciem successerunt. Caesar, primum suo 85 deinde omnium remotis 85 equis, ut spem fugse tolleret, cohortatus suos, prcelium com- misit. Milites, e loco superiore pilis missis, facile hostium phalangem perfregenmt. Ea desjecta, gladiis destrictis in eos impeturn feceruut. 14. Gallis 20 magno erat impedimeuto, 20 quod, pluribus eo- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 131 rum scutis 35 uno ictu 26 pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum ferrum se inflexisset, neque evellere, neque, sinistra impedita, satis commode pugnare poterant. Tandem vulneribus defessi, et pedem referre, et, quod mons suberat circiter mille pas- suum, eo se recipere cosperunt. Capto monte, et succedenti- bus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui agmen hostium claudebant, ex itinere nostros aggressi, circumvenere ; et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem se receperant, rursus instare et proe- lium redintegrare coaperunt. Romani conversa signa bipartite intulerunt; prima et secimda acies, ut victis 16 ac submotis re- sisteret; tertia, ut venientes exciperet. Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum nostrorum impetus sustinere non possent, alteri se, ut co3perant, in mon- tem receperunt ; alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se con- tulerunt. Nam hoc toto prcelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostern videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est ; propterea quod pro vallo carros objecerant. Impediment is castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo prcelio circiter millia hominum cen- tum et triginta superfuerunt, eaque tota nocte ierunt ; in fines Lingonum die 34 quarto pervenerunt ; cum, et propter vulnera militum et sepulturam occisorum, nostri eos sequi non potuis- sent. Csesar ad Lingones literas nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re juvarent. Ipse, triduo intermisso, cum omnibus copiis eos sequi cospit. 15. Helvetii, omnium rerum inopia adducti, legates de dedi- tione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum se ad pedes projecissent, suppliciterque locuti pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo turn essent, adventum suum exspectare jussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos per- fugissent, poposcit. Helvetios in fines suos reverti jussit ; et quod, omnibus frugibus amissis, domi 36 nihil erat, Allobrogi- bus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit, quod noluit eum locum 22 vacare, 39 ne, propter bonitatem agrorum Germani in 132 LATIN LESSONS. Helvetiorum fines transirent. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertse sunt, literis Graecis confectse, quibus in tabulis iiomi- uatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo 86 exisset 45 eorum, qui arma ferre possent ; et item separatim pueri, senes, mulie- resque. Summa omnium fuerat ad millia treceuta scxaginta et octo. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, repertus est numcrus millium centum et decem. X. THE WAK WITH AEIOVISTUS. 1. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Gallire legal i, principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatuni convenerunt : intelligere sese, tametsi, pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Romani, ab iis poenas repetisset, tarnen earn rem nou minus ex usu terree Gallise quam populi Romani accidisse ; propterea quod, florentissimis rebus, domos suas Helvetii reli- quissent, ut toti Gallise 18 bellum inferrent, iniperioque potiren- tur ; locumque domicilio deligerent, quem opportimissimum. ac fructuosissimum judicassent ; reliquasque civitates stipen- diarias haberent. Petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Gallic in diem certam indicere liceret; sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent. Ea re per- missa, jurejurando ne quis enuntiaret inter se sanxerunt. Eo coucilio dimisso, iidem principes, qui ante fueraiit ad Cajsarem, reverterunt petieruntque uti sibi 14 secreto de omnium salute cum eo agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Orcsari ad pedes projecerunt : Non minus se contendere, ne ea, quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea quse velleut impctrarent; propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, sumnium in cruciatum se ventures viderent. 2. Locutus est pro his Divitiacus : Gallise totius factiones esse duas ; harum alterius principatum tenere ^Eduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum de potentatu inter se multos annos con- THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 133 tenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis 27 Sequanisque Ger- man! mercede 26 arcesserentur. Hortim primo circiter millia quindecim Rhenum transisse ; posteaquam agros, cultum, et copias Gallorum homines barbari adamassent, transductos esse plures. Nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et viginti millium numerum ; cum his ^Eduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum contendisse ; pulsos, omnem nobilitatem, 21 omnem se- natum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus calamitatibus, qui phirimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare, nobilissimos civitatis, et jurejurando civitatem obstringere, sese 22 neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos, neque recusaturos quominus perpetxio sub illorum imperio essent. Unum se esse ex omni civitate ^Eduorum, qui adduci non potuerit, ut juraret, aut liberos suos obsides daret. Ob earn rem se 22 ex civitate pro- fugisse, et Romam 36 venisse, auxilium postulatum. 42 Sed pejus victoribus Sequanis, quam ^Eduis victis accidisse ; prop- terea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset, tertiamque partem agri Sequani occupavisset. Futurum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Gallise finibus pel- lereutur, atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent. Ario vis- turn autem, ut semel Gallorum copias prcelio vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuj usque liberos poscere, et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere. Homi- nem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium; non posse ejus imperia 22 diutius sustineri. Nisi si quid in populo Romano sit auxilii, 10 omnibus Gallis idem 22 esse faciendum, 39 quod 4 Ilelvetii fecerint, ut alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant ; fortunamque, qusecuuque accidat, experiantur. Csesarem deterrere 88 posse, 39 ne major multitude Germanorum Rhenum transducatur. 3. Hac oratione habita, omnes, qui 4 aderant, magno fletu auxilium a Csesare petere cceperuut. Animadvertit Caesar, unos Sequanos 22 nihil earum rerum 10 facere, 89 quas 21 ceteri facerent ; sed tristes terram intueri. Ejus rei causa qute esset, 45 cum ab iis ssepius queereret, neque ullam omnino 134 LATIX LESSONS. vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus respondit : Hoc esse graviorem fortimam Sequanomm quod soli ne in occulto qui- dera queri, 88 neque auxilium implorare/ 8 audereut, absentis- que Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si adesset, hoiTerent. His rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum animos confirmavit : mag- nam 22 se habere 89 spena, 21 beneficio suo adductum, Ariovistum finem injuriis factururn. Multse res eum hortabantur, quare earn rein 22 cogitandam et suscipiendani putaret ; imprimis, quod ^Eduos, fratres saepenumero a senatu appellatos, in ser- vitute videbat Gennanorum teneri; quod, in tauto imperio populi Romani, turpissimum sibi et reipublicse esse arbitra- batur. Germanos 22 Rhenum transire 39 periculosum videbat; neque sibi temperatures existimabat, quin, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam, atque inde in Italiam, contenderent ; quibus rebus 18 quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. 4. Quamobrem placuit ei, 14 ut ad Ariovistum legates mitte- ret, qui ab eo postularent, 44 uti aliquem locum medium collo- quio diceret : Velle 89 sese 22 de republica et summis utri usque rebus cum eo agere. 38 Ei legation! Ariovistus respondit : Si quid ipsi 17 a Csesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse; si quid ille se velit, ilium ad se venire oportere ; sibi autem minim videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Csesari 17 aut omnino populo 17 Romano negotii 10 esset. His responsis ad Csesarern relatis, iterum legatos cum his mandatis mittit : Quoniam, beneficio affectus, hanc sibi populoque Ro- mano gratiam referret, haec esse, quae ab eo postularet; pri- mum, ne quam hominum multitudinem amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam transduceret ; deinde obsides, qnos haberet ab yEduis, redderet; neve his 14 sociisve 14 eorurn bellum iufer- ret. Si id non impetraret, sese, 22 quoniam senatus censu- isset, uti, quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret, amicos populi Romani defenderet, JEduorum injurias non neglec- turum. 39 5. Ad hsec Ariovistus respondit : Jus esse belli, ut, qui vicisseut, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent; populum Ro- THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 135 manum victis, 16 non ad alterius prsescriptum, sed ad suum ar- bitrium, imperare consuesse. ^Eduos 22 sibi, quoniam belli fortunam tentassent, ac superati essent, stipendiaries 1 esse factos. 39 Se 22 obsides redditurum non esse; neque bellum 21 illaturum, si stipendium quotannis penderent. Csesar, cum vellet, congrederetur ; intellect urum, quid invicti Germani, qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subissent, virtute possent. Eodem tempore legati ab ^Eduis et Treviris venie- bant ; ^Edui questum, 42 quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur ; Treviri, pagos centum Suevorum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui transire co- narentur. Quibus rebus Csesar vebementer commotus inatu- randum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese 21 conjunxisset, minus facile resisti posset. Itaque, re frmnentaria cornparata, magnis itineribus 26 ad Ario- vistum contendit. 6. Cum tridui viam 21 processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ario- vistum 22 cum omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod 4 est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere, 39 tri- duique viam a suis finibus processisse. 39 Id ne accideret, prsecavendum Caesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum, 8 quse ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo facultas ; idque natura 26 loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum 41 bel- lum daret facultatem ; propterea quod flumen Dubis pa3ne totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium mons continet, ita ut radices ex utraque parte ripje fluminis contingant. Hunc murus arcem efficit, et cum oppido conjungit. Ceesar, occu- pato oppido, ibi presidium collocat. Dum paucos dies rei frumentarise causa 26 moratur, ex percunctatione 26 nostrorum vocibusque 26 Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitu- dine 26 corporum Germanos, 22 incredibili virtute 26 atque exer- citatione in armis, esse prsedicabant ; ssepenumero sese, cum iis congresses, ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum ferre potuisse ; tantus subito timor exercitum occupavit, ut omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hie ortus est a tribunis militum reliquisque, qui, amicitiee causa Csesarem secuti, non 136 LATIN LESSONS. magnum in re militari usum habebant. Alias alia causa 85 illata petebant, ut discedere liceret; iioniiulli, ut timoris suspi- cionem vitarent, remauebaut. Hi, abditi in tabernaculis, aut suum fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Totis castris testamenta obsigna- bautur. Horum vocibus 26 etiam ii, qui 4 magnum in castris usum habebant, perturbabantur. Qui se 22 minus timidos 24 existimari volebant, non se liostem vereri, sed angustias itine- ris, et magnitudinem silvarum, quae intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, dicebant. Nonnulli etiam Csesari renimti- abant, cum castra 22 mover! ac signa ferri jussisset, nou fore dicto audientes inilites. 7. Heec 21 cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omnium- que ordinum adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incu- savit ; quod, aut quam in partem, aut quo consilio ducerentur, sibi queereudum aut cogitandum putareut : Ariovistum cu- pidissime populi Romani amicitiam appetisse : cur huuo temere quisquam ab omcio discessurum judicaret 1 Sibi 16 quidem persuaderi, cognitis postulatis, etim 22 neque suam neque populi Roniani gratiam repudiatururn. Quod si, fu- rore inipulsus, bellum iutulisset, cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent ] Factum ejus hostis periculum, cum, Cimbris et Teutonis a Caio Mario pulsis, non miuorem laudem exercitus, quam imperator, meritus 88 videbatur. Fac- tum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu. 34 Ex quo judicari posset, quantum haberet in se boni 10 constautia; propterea quod, quos aliquarndiu iuermes timuissent, hos armatos supe- rassent. Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscurn sa?penumero Helvetii congressi, non solum in suis sed etiam in illorum finibus, plerumque superarint, qui tanien pares esse nostro exercitu non potueriut. Si quos adversum proelium Gallorum moveret, hos reperire posse, Ariovistum, 22 cum multos menses castris se tenuisset, desperantes 21 de pugna et disperses subito adortum 89 magis consilio quam virtute vicisse. Qui suuin timorem in augustias conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de omcio imperatoris desperare, aut ei prsescribere, viderentur. THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 137 Quod non fore dicto audientes milites dicantur, nihil 24 se 22 ea re commoveri, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra mo- turum, ut quam primum intelligere posset, utrum apud eos officium an timor valeret. Si prseterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubituret, sibique 17 earn praetoriam cohortem futuram. 8. Hae oratione habita, mirum in modum conversse sunt omnium mentes, summaque cupiditas belli gerendi innata est ; princepsque decima legio per tribtmos ei gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset. Deinde reliquse legiones ege- runt, uti Csesari satisfacerent ; et, itinere exquisito per Divi- tiiicum, quod ei max imam fidem habebat, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die ab exploratoribus 27 certior fact us est, Ariovisti copias a nostris millibus passuum quattuor et viginti abesse. Cognito Csesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit : Quod antea de colloquio postulasset, id 22 fieri liccre, 89 quoniam propius accessisset. Non respuit conditio- ncm Csesar; magnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis populi- que Romani in eum beneficiis, fore uti pertinacia 28 desisteret. Dies colloquio dictus est, ex eo die quintus. Interim Ariovis- tus postulavit, ne quern peditem Csesar adduceret; uterque cum equitatu veniret ; alia ratione se non esse venturum. Csesar, quod neque colloquium 22 tolli volebat, neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissi- mum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo milites legionis decimse imponere, ut presidium quam amicis- simum haberet. Planities erat magna, et in ea tumulus ter- reuus. Hie locus sequo fere spatio ab castris utrisque aberat. Eo ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Csesar passibus ducen- tis ab eo tumulo constituit ; equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. 9. Ariovistus, ex equis ut colloquerentur, et prseter se denos ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Csesar initio ora- tionis beneficia commemoravit \ quod rex appellatus esset a senatu ; quod munera amplissima missa ; quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnis officiis docebat. Docebat etiam, quam 138 LATIN LESSONS. veteres quamque justse causse necessitudinis ipsis cum ^Eduis intercederent ; quae senatus consulta, quamque honorifica, in eos facta essent ; ut omni tempore tot i us Gallise principatum tenuissent. Postulavit deinde eadem, quse 4 legatis in mandatis dederat. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris respondit : Trans- isse Rhenum sese 22 non sua sponte, sed arcessitum 89 a Gallis; 27 sedes habere ab ipsis concessas; obsides ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium 21 capere jure belli ; non se Gallis 18 belluin intulisse ; omnes Gallise civitates ad se oppugnandum 41 ve- nisse ; et uno proelio superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, iteruin paratum sese decertare ; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi 20 prsesidio 20 non detrimento esse oportere. Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam transducat, id 21 se 22 sui munieudi non Gallise im- pugnandse causa facere. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanuin. Nunquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani provincise fines egressum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessiones veniret ] Proviuciam suam hanc esse sicut illani nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, qui in suo jure se interpellaremus. 10. Multa ab Csesare 29 dicta sunt, quare negotio 28 desistere non posset : Neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati, uti optime meritos socios desereret ; neque se judicare, Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Si judi- cium senatus 9 observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Gal- liam, quam bello victam suis legibus 31 uti 38 voluisset. Dum haac in colloquio geruntur, Cassari nuntiatum est equites Ario- visti propius tumulum accedere, et lapides 21 telaque in nostros conjicere. Csesar loquendi finem fecit; se ad suos recipit; irnperavit ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent. Nam, etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectae prcelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat, ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset, ab se in colloquio circumventos. Posteaquam in vul- gus militurn datum est, qua arrogautia Ariovistus usus Gallia THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 139 Romanis 18 interdixisset, impetumque in nostros ejus equites fecissent, multo major alacritas studiumque pugnandi exer- citui 8 injectum est. 11. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legates mittit, velle 89 se 22 agere 88 cum eo; uti aut iterum colloquio diem consti- tueret, aut ex legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Csesari causa visa non est. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus 18 feris objecturum, existimabat. Commodissimum visum est, Gaium Valerium Procillum propter fidem et propter linguse Gallicse scientiam, qua 31 multa jam Ariovistus utebatur, ad eum mittere, et Mar- cum Mettium, qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat. Quos cum in castris conspexisset, conclamavit : Quid ad se venirent 1 an speculandi causa? et in catenas conjecit. Eodem die castra promovit, et milibus passuum sex a Csesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie praetor castra Ciesaris suas copias trans- duxit, et milibus passuum duobus 33 ultra eum castra fecit; eo consilio, 26 uti commeatu, 28 qui ex Sequanis et JEduis supporta- retur, Csesarem intercluderet. Dies continues quinque Csesar pro castris suas copias produxit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus exercitum castris continuit ; equestri proelio quotidie contendit. 12. Ubi eum 22 castris se 21 tenere 39 Csesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu 28 prohiberetur, ultra eum locum circiter passus sexcentos castris idoneum locum delegit ; acieque tri- plici instructa, primam et secundam in armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. Eo circiter hominum numero sexdecim milia expedita Ariovistus misit ; quse copise nostros muni- tione prohiberent. Csesar, ut ante const it uerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis cas- tris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, quo,ttuor reliquas in castra ma- jora reduxit. Proximo die Csesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit ; paulumque a majoribus progressus, aciem in- struxit, hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Turn demum Ariovistus partem suarum copi- 140 LATIN LESSONS. arum, qua3 castra minora oppugnaret, 44 misit. Acriter utrin- que puguatum est. Soils occasu 34 copias Ariovistus, niultis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit. 13. Cum ex captivis qusereret Csesar, quam ob rem Ario- vistus proelio 26 non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam; quod apud Germanos consuetude esset, ut matres faniilise sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utruni proelium committi ex usu esset, necne; eas dicere: Nou esse fas Germanos superare, si ante novam luiiaui prcelio contendissent. Postridie Ceesar omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris rninoribus con- stituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium Dumero valebat. Ipse, triplici instructa acie, usque ad castra hostium accessit. Turn demum necessario Gennani suas copias eduxerunt ; omnemque aciem rhedis et carris cir- cumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quse in proelium proficiscentes rnilites, passis ma- nibus, flentes implorabant, ne se Romanis traderent. 14. Csesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et qusestorem prsefecit, uti testes 21 quisque virtutis haberet. Ipse a dextro comu, quod earn parteni 22 mininie firniam hostium esse ani- muni adverterat, proalium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hos- tes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt ; itaque hostes celeriter pro- currerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non daretur. Rejectis pilis, gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani, celeriter phalange facta, impetus 21 gladionim exceperunt. Reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hos- tium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id 21 cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adolescens, qui equitatui 18 praserat, tertiam aciem subsidio 20 misit. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt, neque prius fugere 38 destiterunt, quam ad flumen Pihenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta, pcrvcuerint. Ibi perpauci, aut viribus confisi transnatai-e coutenderunt, aut lintribus inventis sibi saluteni repereruut. THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. l4l In his fuit Ai'iovistus, qui, naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus, ea profugit; reliquos omnes cousecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. 15. Duse Ariovisti uxores in ea fuga perierunt; dii83 filiae harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Caius Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga, trinis catenis 26 vinctus, traheretur, in ipsum Csesarem hostes persequentem incidit. Quge quidem res Csesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem at- tulit. Is, se prsesente, de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur ; sortium beneficio se esse incolurnem. Item Marcus Mettius ad eum reductus est. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suevi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti creperunt. Ubii magnum ex his numerum occiderunt. Csesar, una sestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit ; hibernis Labienum prseposuit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est. NOTES. I. FABLES. " 1. domus : genitive, 4th declension, 12, 3 (e) ; how does it differ in meaning from domi ? prsetereuntem agrees with lupum, object of vidit. 2. subveni (imperative), help. puero, etc., reproached to the boy his rashness ; we should say, reproached him for his rashness. 3. malum (nominative), understand me ludificat. 4. pellem indutus, having put on the skin, 52, 3, Kemark. au- dissem for audivissem, 30, 6 (a). 5. tene .... sectari, you hunt a lion? see 57, 8 (g). ne . . . . quidem, not even : whose voice even you could not endure. 6. pontificem sacrificaturum sc. esse, that the priest would, etc. : see 67, 1. mallem, would rather, 57, 4 (c). 7. quae : for the gender, see 48, 2. 8. aucupis : for the form, see 11, iii, 1 (b). 9. singulos correptos comedebat, caught and ate them, one by one : see 72, 3. dum capiuntur, see 58, 2 (e) : we should use a past tense in English. simulavit se esse mortuam, pretended to be dead, 70, 2(d). 10. justa, justly ; lit. just things: see 41, 1 (i) ; 47, 4 (b). 11. rata hanc parituram [esse], supposing that she would lay, 67, 1 ; 72, 1 (b). 12. quo : generally used instead of ut with comparatives, 64, 1 (a). 13. usque, for a while. 14. ut fieri solet, as often happens. frangerent : for the tense, see 58, 10 (e). quam firma res esset, how strong a thing is, etc. : see 58, 10 (d). 16. in palude, see 56, 1 (c), Remark. Ill: LATIN LESSONS. II. TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY. These extracts have been taken from Viri Romce, a compilation made in the last century from Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other historical writers. The earlier tales, though very famous, are en- titled to little credit as history, but contain such traditions as were current at the time of the empire. 1. rex ATbanorum, The Albans were citizens of Alba Longa (the long white city}, the chief city of Latium. It was situated on the Alban Lake about twenty miles southeast from Rome. It was at the head of the league of the thirty Latin cities, until supplanted by Rome. natu major, lit. greater by birth, i. e. older; for the ablative of natu see Rule 26 ; how is major compared ? what kind of a clause is qui natu major erat ? regnum (same root with rego, to rule) is the royal power. pulso fratre, lit. his brother having been expelled, or, when he had expelled his brotJier ; for the case of fratre, see Rule 35. Xotice that the noun hi the ablative absolute denotes a different person or thing from the subject of the sentence. ut eum subole privaret, this is a final clause depending on fecit, and denotes the puqaose of the action. "Why is privaret in the imperfect tense? ej us refers to Numitor; if Amulius had been referred to, suam would have been used. Vestae. The priestesses of Vesta, called the Vestal Virgins, kept alive the sacred fire of Vesta, the divinity of the Hearth. They were six in number, and were never to be married so long as they remained in this service. quae, i. e. Rhea Silvia: translate, but sJie : see 48, 4. quo cognito, lit. this being known; this ablative absolute denotes time : render, wJicn this was known. Tiberim. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and after a course of about two hundred and fifty miles, empties into the Tuscan Sea by two mouths near the town of Ostia, which derives its name from being near the mouth (ostium) of the Tiber. Rome was situated about eighteen miles from the mouth of the Tiber. For the termination of the accusative in -im, see 11, i. 3, 1. impositos, etc. : render, placed the little ones in a skiff (and) threw them, into the Tiber. relabente flumine, when tlte river fell again. in sicco, on dry land. What is the plural of locus? solitudines (from solus, alone): for the gender, see 11, iv. 1 (b). ubera eorum ori admovit, suckled them. matremque se gessit, acted as t/icir motJier. 2. saepius, quite often. pastor regius, the king's shcpJierd, 50, 1 (a). reverteretur : for the mood, see 62, 2 (b). The clause in- troduces a reason for Faustulus noticing the fact. (eos) conjugi NOTES. 145 dedit educandos, gave them to his ivife to be brought up (to bring up). The gerundive agrees with eos, and expresses a purpose passively : see 72, 5 (c). vires, see 11, III. 4 (d) . venando, in hunting: see 73, 3 (d). primo .... deinde .... turn, mark a threefold division of a subject. coeperunt, see 38, 1 (a). Why is a expressed before quibus? What kind of a pronoun is quis? The clause quis esset ejus avus, who was his grandfather, contains an indirect question, Rule 45 ; the direct question would be, quis est ejus avus, who is his grandfather? Is this clause subject or object? armatis pastoribus, having armed the shepherds. Albam, see Rule 36. Is properavit in the historical perfect (aorist) or the perfect definite ? 3. accusantes, accusing him as if he was accustomed to molest, etc., i. e. of being in the habit of molesting, etc. a rege, i. e. by Amulius, who was now king. haud .... agnosceret, was not far from recog- nizing, etc. : see 65, 1 (b). lineamentis, 54, 7 (a). simillimus, very like : see 17, 1 (b). animum Numitoris, etc., kept the mind of Numitor anxious ; anxium agrees with animum. condiderunt, why plural ? see 49, 1. contentio, what gender? uter, which of the two; this is an indirect question depending on the verb implied in conten- tio. adhibuere auspicia : auspicia (avis and specie) means divina- tion by means of birds ; augurium (avis, and an old verb gurio from which comes our word garrulous) had nearly the same meaning. prior, 17, 3, an adjective agreeing with Remus, where we should use an adverb ; in place of the ordinal adverbs, prius, primo, posterius, the corresponding adjectives are often used, 47, 6. Romam, etc., he called (the city) Rome. ut . . . . muniret, that he might fortify it by laws sooner than by walls ; antequam and priusquam are often sep- arated. Why is muniret in the imperfect subjunctive ? what is the ob- ject of edixit? ne quis, that no one: when a purpose is expressed, ne quis is used instead of ut nemo, that no one ; ne ullus for ut nul- lus, that none ; ne unquam for ut nunquam, that never ; ne usquam for ut nusquam, that nowhere. vallum, eartlien rampart. quod, this ; it relates to the clause edixit, etc. sic .... mea, whoever shall leap over my walls shall be thus affected with evil ; the subject of afficie- tur is understood, the antecedent of quicumque ; afficietur, transiliet, see 59, 1 (a), solus: for the inflection, see 16, 1 (b). On the death of Romulus, Numa Pompilius was elected king. He is said to have been the author of the religious institutions of Rome ; he instituted the pontiffs who had the general superintendence of religion, and the augurs who consulted the will of the gods. Numa was suc- ceeded by Tullus Hostilius during whose reign a war broke out between Rome and Alba Longa. 1. rex, see 46, 2. Romulo, why ablative? What would be the 10 146 LATIN LESSONS. construction if quam was expressed? eo regnante, during his reign. Fuffetius was dictator at Alba. ducibus, see 46. fata, see 52, 4 (b). populus, see syns. The Romanus populus were the warriors, and alone had any share in the government of the state. erant, there iccre ; trigemini is the subject. cum iis agunt reges, the kings treat with these. ut .... ferro, that they should fight with tlie sword each for his own country ; quisque is in apposition with fratres ; sometimes the verb agrees with quisque instead of the proper subject-word ; why subjunctive? why present tense ? ea lege, on these terms. ut unde .... lit. tJiat whence victory (should be), there it also should empire be ; unde is a relative adverb, and has ibi for its antecedent. Why is esset sub- junctive? itaque, therefore; ita-que, and so. infestis armis, -with presented arms. terni : this distributive numeral implies, three on each side. animos, the courage. 2. nt, when. concursu, 54, 10. consertis manibus, with their hands woven together, i. e. in hand-to-hand conflict. alius super alium, one upon the other. ad casum, at the disaster. gaudio, why ablative ? exercitus (exerceo, to exercise] is the drilled army ; agmen (to lead), an army on the line of march ; acies, an army drawn up in line of battle. deserebat, was on the point of deserting. iota: for inflec- tion, see 16, 1 (b) : give the English derivative. Horatium : for vo- cative of names in ius, see 10, 4 (c). circumstetenmt, see 52, 1 (d). integer (in, not, tango, to touch), unJiurt. tribus, why dative ? secuturos, when they sliould follow : see 72, 4 (a). aggrederetur, why imperfect subjunctive ? ali quantum spatii, some (of) distance, Eule 10. pugnatum est, they fouglit (lit. it was fought, or, the fight- ing took place). non, not, is the usual negative; ne is used in wishes, prohibitions, and purposes ; haud is used with adjectives and adverbs, and in the phrase haud nescio an. loco has in the plural loci and loca: see 14, 2 (c). ut, what kind of a conjunction ? why is it fol- lowed by the present subjunctive ? opem, the nom. of this word is not used. posset, see 62, 2, 3 (c). 3. singuli, one on each, side. snpererant, see supersum. alterius limits corpus and animus. fessum agrees with corpus. bellum (from duellum, duo), war; prcelium, an engagement, action; pugna (root pug, whence pugno), any kind of a contest or battle ; acies, a pitclwd bat- tle. sustinentem, a participle agreeing with eum understood : trans- late, kills him while lie can scarcely Iwld up his arms. jacentem, 05 he lies prostrate. domum, Eule 36. princeps : in the place of the ordinal adverbs, prius, primum, posterius, the corresponding adjectives are often used when they belong to a noun in the sentence. cui, dative after obvia, see 51, 2, his sister met him. quse, see 48. uni, why dative? ex Curiatiis for Curiationun, see 52, 2, Rem. viso, what NOTES. 147 does this participle denote ? paludamento, why ablative ? This was the t military cloak worn by officers ; the sagum was worn by the common soldiers. juveni, see 51, 7 (a). comploratio, rule for the gender? abi, from abeo. oblita agrees with tu, the subject of abi. eat, let her perish. hostis, a foreign enemy in war ; inimicus, a private personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent. 4. atrox agrees with facinus. in jus, for trial. lictor. The lictors were the attendants who walked before the king (afterwards the higher magistrates). Their duties were to arrest the guilty, and punish them by beheading or scourging ; they carried the fasces, axes bound in a bundle of rods ; the axes, as symbols of beheading and scourging. provocavit : provoco was to appeal to the people for life ; appello, to appeal to a magistrate. interea and interim both mean in the mean time; interea refers to an event continuing during the whole of the time, interim to one occurring at some time in the interval. jure, rightfully. Distinguish between the meaning of ne, non, haud. To whom does se refer ? peractis, see perago ; wlien certain sacrifices had been performed ; transmisit per viam, placed over the road. III. LIFE OF POMPEY. 1. suo exercitui, to his army. bello civili, i. e. the war between Marius and Sulla, B. C. 83 - 82. distinguish between itaque and ita- que, see 4, 2 (c). facta est : fio, in the sense of to be made is used as the passive of faeio. conspiratio : for the gender, see 11, IV. (b). quidam, see Lesson XXV. contubernalis, a tent-mate. It was the custom for young men of rank, who wished to learn the art of war, to accompany a general on his campaign ; these were called contubernales. eum occidendum, to kill him j the participle in -dus may be trans- lated in three ways : (1), like the present infinitive active or passive, see 72, 5 (c) ; (2), see 40, (b) (3), see 73, 2. incenderent, see 62, (b) & (c). quae, see 48, 4. ccenanti, (while) supping. nihil, in no respect, 52, 3. solito hilarius, with more tJian his usual hilarity. eadem .... usus est, he used tlie same affability as before ; qui after idem is translated as. districto ense, with drawn sword. stragula, the covering of his bed. suo duci, to tlieir leader : suo here refers not to the subject of the sentence, but to the milites the object of placavit and reconciliavit. 2. paries, the party. secutiis, see sequor. ita egit, so acted : see 148 LATIN LESSONS. ago. diligeretur, see 65, 1. annos .... natus, wJicn Tic was twen- ty-three years old. statimque .... exstitit, and immediately became a skilful leader. nullus .... tsedio, no labor was irksome to him. saltu, in leaping. aut .... adjunxit, lie either routed or joined them to himself : see fundo. quern .... audivit, when Sulla heard that he was approaching him. egregiamque .... aspexit, and saw his dis- tinguished youth (i. e. Pornpey) under his standard. imperator, as im- perator. ei vienienti, when he approached (him). quern, this. tribuebat, he was accustomed to bestow : see 58, 3. 3. profectus est, see proficiseor. ut . . . . reciperet, tJiat he might retake it (as it) liad been taken possession of, etc. quern .... jussit, Pompey commanded tliat he should be led to punishment, after that lie had sharply rebuked him : for the construction after jubeo, see 57, 8 (d), end ; 70, 2. Siculae .... principem, the chief of a certain Sicilian city. in, against. animadvertere, to take mc-asures. si .... plecteret, if hepunisJicd all on account of the fault of one ; in direct discourse, Tu inique facies, si ob culpam unius omnes plectes, see 59, 4. interro- ganti Pompeio, when Pompey asked. ego .... qui, it was I . . . . wlio. libera voce, with his bold speech. pepercit, see parco, see 30, 3 (d), 1. 4. qui .... favebat, who favored the party of Marius. adoles- cens, (though being) a youth. a Sulla, by Sulla. quibus, by whom. dimittere, to disband. cum .... legione, with only one legion. id .... Pompeius, Pompey was displeased at this. revertenti, when he returned. obviam ivit, came out to meet him. Isetus, with joy, lit. joyful : see 47, 6. nihilominus .... restitit, nevertheless he opposed Pompey seeking a' triumph: see Hand-book under the word tri- umph. cognomen, see 15, 1 and 2. a proposito, from his pur- pose. ausus est, see 35, 2. quo .... minui, by this saying he in- sinuated that the power of Pompey was decreasing ; for the infinitive see 58, 11. triumphet, let him triumph: see 68, 1. 5. Metello .... Pompeius, Pompey was appointed as a colleague to Metellus, etc. subiit, he incurred. vasta .... magnitudine, of great size of body. fecisset, see 62, 2 (b). multis .... concur- rentibus, when many rushed upon him. fugientibus, who fled. prseter spem, contrary to his expectation. illi .... caperent, they captured, etc. illorum .... efiugit, escaped from their Iwnds. labo- ranti, hard pressed. fertur, (Sertorius) is said. fusus est, see fundo. supervenisset, had come up: see 59, 3 (b). puerum, i. e. Pompey; he was only thirty years old when he was sent into Spain to conduct the war against Sertorius. 6. infestarent, see 62, 2 (b). ad eos opprimendos, see 64, 2 (4). Pompey was appointed to this command in the year B. C. 67. In NOTES. 149 consequence of the Social and Civil Wars, and the absence of a fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, the number of pirates had so increased that they often plundered the cities on the coast, an,d cut off all communication between Rome and the provinces. nimise viri potentise, the too great power of the man. imprimis, especially. qui cum, when he. esse .... tribuenda, that Cneius Pompey is indeed, etc. si quid, if any- thing. ecquem, whom. Is this the direct or indirect discourse ? brevi, in a short time. prsedones .... fudit, he conquered and routed the pirates in many places. acceptos, when lie had received. fudit, see fundo. 7. Give the synonymes of proficiscor. Pompey Was appointed in B. C. 66 to the command of the war against Mithridates in place of Lucullus. opportuna, suitable. castris, in his camp: see 55, 3 (/). noctu .... ignotis, but by night it was not safe, etc. luna .... adjumento, the moon was a great assistance, etc. nam .... pertinebant, for since tlie Romans had this behind them, the shadows of their bodies being cast forward quite a distance, extended even to the front ranks of the enemy. regii milites, the soldiers of the king. Pontus, for the boundaries : see Hand-book. why is a expressed before patre ? timebat, etc., he feared for his own life : see 51, 2 (3). quod .... subiret, and when it (the poison) operated too slowly. 8. partes, the party : what does this relative clause denote ? see 63, 1 and 2. quern .... erexit, yet he raised him up kneeling before him. Give the synonymes of regnum. seque pulchrum judicans, judging it to be equally noble. rebus Asise compositis, when tlw affairs of Asia, had been settled: see compono. ut, as. tertium .... duxit, he cele- brated a third triumph within two days, i. e. three triumphs in the space of two days. hie triumphus, this triumph, i. e. this series of triumphs considered as a whole. quam quod, than because. tribus triumphis, for three triumphs. tres .... devictse, three parts of the world being conquered. quod : what is the antecedent of quod ? what is contingo compounded of ? Syn. Accidit is used of any unexpected event ; con- tingit, of what occurs by the gift of fortune, generally something favor- able ; evenit, it turns out, is used of what is either lucky or unlucky. ex, on account of. felix opinione, in the estimation. si .... habu- isset, if he lutd had the same end of life as of glory. 9. orta est, see orior. hie, the former ; ille, the latter. exarsit, see 36 (c). quern .... fudit, Ccesar followed and routed him with his army at Pharsalia : the battle of Pharsalia was fought in B. C. 48. victus .... profugit, after Pompey had been conquered he fled .... to whom he had been appointed tutor by the senate. sub oculis, before the eyes. delatum est, see defero. qui .... fudit, who when he saw this, shed tears. illud .... curavit, he took care to have it burned, etc. 150 LATIN LESSONS. 10. is .... exitus, such teas tlic end of the, life of a most renowned man, etc. cum .... medicus, when his physician ordered him when $j^. negarent .... reper^ri, but his servant said that that bird could not be found anyicherc in the summer time. nisi apud Lucullum, un- less at the house of Lucullm. aliam .... apponi, he commanded thai anotlier bird which was easy to be procured should be set before him. 11. Posidonium, Posidouius was a Stoic philosopher. Why is au- dire in the infinitive ? voluit .... visere, Pornpey wished at least to call upon him ; what kind of a verb is viso ? (See Gr. loot of p. 99.) quern .... salutavit, when lie saw and saluted him. moleste se ferre, that he grieved. nee .... efficiat, neither will I allow that the pain of my body shall cause that, etc. cum .... pungeret, but when sometimes the pain afflicted him severely. nihil agis, lit. you accomplish nothing, i. e. it is of no use. quamvis, although. IV. LIFE OF C^SAR. 1. annum .... decimum, being in his sixteenth year. paulo post duxit uxorem, a little while after he married Cornelia ; ducere uxo- rem, to marry, is said of the husband only. cujus .... inimicus, since her father was unfriendly to Sulla : how does inimicus differ from hostis ? ut earn dimitteret, to divorce her, lit. that he sltould divorce her. bonis, property : see 47, 4 (6). cum .... qusereretur, when he was even sought for in order to be put to death : what kind of a clause is this ? why imperfect subj. ? on what verb does it depend ? mutata veste : what does this participle denote ? how is the ablative absolute rendered ? quartanae, supply febris, lit. sick with the disease of quar- tan ague ; laboret, why subj. ? per proximos suos, by means of his relations : for the use of per, see 54, 4 (b). qui .... denegasset, when he would have refused it to the distinguisJied men who begged for it : denegasset, see 62, 2 (b). aliquando futurum, will ruin (lit. be for a ruin) the party of the, aristocracy, etc. : give the syiionymes of cupio ; of puer. 2. Sulla died B. C. 78 mortuo, see 35, 1 (a). secedere, to re- tire. per otium, at (his) leisure. dicendi, of oratory. operam daret, might give (his) attention. SYX. maneo, remain whether for a long or short time ; commoror, remain for some time in a place, so- journ ; habito, dwell permanently. se gessit, he conducted himself. ut . . . . esset : does this clause denote purpose or result ? excalceatus NOTES. 151 est : if he had taken off his shoes, the pirates might have suspected that he meant to escape by swimming. ad .... pecunias, to get money : for the gerundive denoting purpose, see 64, 2. servus, mancipium, famulus, all mean a slave ; servus, as one politically inferior ; manci- pium, a salable commodity ; famulus, a family possession. SYN. comes (con, eo), companion, a felloio-traveller ; socius, a companion, member of the same society ; sodalis, a companion in amusement or pleas- ure. quibus redimeret : does this relative clause denote purpose or result ? Miletus, a flourishing city of Ionia. proximo aberat, was at the nearest distance off. SYN. pcena, general word for punishment ; supplicium (supplico, kneel), a severe punishment (the criminal kneel- ing for the blow) ; cruciatus (crux, cross), torture, as of one on the cross ; tormentum (torqueo), a racking torture, to extort confession. 3. Quaestor .... factus : fio, in the sense of, to be made, appointed, is used as the passive of facio. inter se, together. concupiscebat, de- sired earnestly, coveted ; see 59, 3. in ore habebat, lit. had in his mouth, i. e. kept repeating. colas, see 68, 1. quod, see 48, 2. memorabilis : a partitive genitive could not be used after nihil, only neuter adjectives of the second declension are so used : see 50, 2, Hern. orbis terrarum must be used in preference to terra, when there is a decided reference to other lauds. 4. in .... honoribus in soliciting the favor of tlie plebciaiis, and in canvassing for the magistracies (honors). dicebat .... sestertium, lit. he used to say that there was need to himself of 1,000 times 100,000 sestertii, 100,000,000 sesterces, or nearly $4,000,000; sestertium, gen. plur. used for sestertiorum : see 85, 3. ut haberet nihil : after he had freed himself from debt, there would be nothing left of his own. consulatum : every Koman citizen who aspired to the consulship had to pass through a regular gradation of public offices, and the age in which he was eligible to each was fixed by the Lex Annalis, B. C. 179, as follows : for the Qusestorship, which was the first of the magistracies, one must be twenty-seven years of age ; for the JMileship, thirty-seven ; for the Praetorship, forty ; and for the Consulship, forty-three. See Hand-book, p. 84-87. inito tulit (see ineo), when he had en- tered upon the office Ccesar proposed, etc. egenis civibus, among needy citizens. ut . . . . obsisteret, that he might oppose the law's being en- acted. foro, from the forum. The Forum was situated between the Capitoline and Palatine hills ; it was the chief place of public business. There were other fora, but this was distinguished as Forum Romanum, or as Forum, being the most important. domi se continere, to re- main at home. curia, from tlie senate-house : senatus, tJie senate, either the senators or the place where they met ; curia, tlie building where the senators assembled. quidam, some. non ut mos erat, not as was tlie 152 LATIN LESSONS. custom ; mos, an establisJied custom, especially of a nation ; consuetude, Jiabit, which results in a settled usage (mos) ; cseremonia, a rcl<. A Consul after his term of office expired was often sent as pro- consul to govern a province ; by Sulla's laws a consul must remain in Italy during his term of office, and then might be sent to govern a pro- vince. Caesar departed to his province in B. C. 58. gessit .... fere, during the nine years in which lie was in power he accomplished in sub- stance the following. primus Romanorum, first of the Roinans. ponte fabricate, ~by construct inonus, miser, and honorijicus. Give the rule for the gender of formido, caput, pax, fas, and Tiberis. 2. Inflect the future indicative and present subjunctive of teneo, gero, sto, and fio, marking the quantity of all the syllables. Give the infinitives of tollo and scribo. Give all the participles of hauno and orior. Give the principal parts of uro, vendo, paro, pario, pareo, memini, and nanciscor. 3. What case or cases follow Jido, jubeo, memini, existimo, poemtet, con- tra, clam, and the interjection ? By what two cases may price or value be expressed, and when is one used, and when the other ? What case fol- lows the comparative when auam is omitted ? When is it necessary that cjuam be expressed ? Give five important rules for the ablative without a preposition after verbs. 4. When is ut omitted before the subjunctive? Give the rules for the subjunctive in relative clauses. Translate into Latin the plan of setting the city on Jire, using first the gerund and then the gerundive. (Plan, concil- ium, to set on Jire, injlammare.) y. 1. Decline mare, pignus, cor, fructus. Give the gender of these nouns, with the rules. Mark the quantity of any increments that occur in their declension. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 199 2. Compare humilis, niyer, malus. Give the synopsis of morior and gau- deo. Give the second person of the future indicative, and of the present imperfect and perfect subjunctive of spero, fero, volo, in the active voice. The same of facio and audio in the passive. Give the principal parts of fateor, tono, peto, vincio, colo, tango. 3. Compare diu. Form and compare an adverb from brevis. What are the meanings of the terminations of copiosus, civilis, audacia, victrix ? What cases follow infero, poenitet, parco, careo, fruor, tenax,fretus, in, ante, super? 4. How is the place to which, the price, the agent of a passive verb, ex- pressed in Latin ? 5. How is a condition contrary to the fact expressed in Latin ? State one case in which a relative clause requires the subjunctive. One case where the subjunctive is used in principal clauses. What is a gerundive 1 Give an example. VI. 1. Decline Penelope, mons, cubile, and give the gender, with the rule. Mark the quantity of penults and final syllables of the above words. Decline uterque. Decline acer, and compare it. Form an adverb from it, and compare it. 2. Compare senex and munificus. Give the derivation of filiolus, docu- mentum, quercetum, audax, capesso, and the meaning of the terminations. Give all the participles and infinitives of vereor and caedo, and mark the quantity of the penults. Inflect the imperatives of fero, ordior, nolo, fateor. Give the present and imperfect subjunctive, first person singular, of ad- juvo, eo, soleo, andfugio, marking the quantity of the penults. Give the principal parts of pario, pareo, paro, reddo, redeo, surgo, and the compounds of ab and fero. 3. What case or cases follow refert, 'irascor, circumdo ? How do the constructions of names of towns differ from those of other words ? How is the degree of difference expressed in Latin ? How the agent of the par- ticiple in -dus ? What construction is used after verbs of saying ? verbs of fearing ? How may a purpose be expressed ? How does a gerund re- semble a noun ? How does it resemble a verb ? How does the gerundive differ from it 1 VII. 1 . Decline the following words, and give their genders respectively : onus, collis, salits, qradits. Decline felix, quidam, senex. Compare parvus, benejicus. Form and compare an adverb from acer. 2. Give the synopsis of mordeo, scio, in the active voice, and of hortor, orior, polliceor, nolo. Give the principal parts of paro, pario, pareo, ulciscor, panijo, tollo. 200 LATIN LESSONS. 3. What arc the meanings of the derivative terminations in acritudo, damito, w'nculum, parvulits ? 4- What case or cases follow moneo, prosum, rogo, in, praeter ? What is the force of num in a question ? Of -ne ? Explain the mood and tense of mansisset in mansissetque utinam fortuna. Explain the mood of esset, and the case of fronde, in nos delubra miseri, quibus ultimus esset ille dies, velamus fronde. Explain the mood of polliceantur in ad eum legati veniunt, qui polli- ceantur obsides dare. 5. What is the use of the supine in -urn ? In -u ? Explain construc- tion of usui and fore in magno si6i usui fore arbitrubatur. Describe the feet of two syllables. Mark the quantity of the penults and last syllables in the above extracts. vni. 1. Decline jilius, pectus, manus, animal. Give the genders, and mark the quantity of all the penultimate and final syllables. Give the gender and the ablative singular and the genitive plural of imago, mons, ins, turns, sedile. Decline capax, aeger, and the comparative of miser. Compare facilis, acer, and an adverb formed from piger. Decline uterque. 2. Give the first person of the future indicative, and all tenses of the subjunctive of possum, pario, sono, vereor, eo, soleo. Mark quantities of penults. Give the infinitives and participles, active and passive, of spon- deo, morior, paro, quaero, queror, adipiscor. 3. Explain the force of the derivative terminations in longitudo, tenax, vehiculum, Priamides, damito, vinolentus,Jiliolus. 4. What is the construction in Latin of the place in which (including names of towns) ? the price or value? the degree or measure of difference between objects compared ? the agent of the passive voice ? 5. What case or cases follow credo, pudet, fungor, refert, aptus, avidus, dignus, in, pro, propter, doceo, condemno, circumdo ? 6. How is a future condition with its conclusion expressed ? How a condition contrary to fact ? How an object clause after a verb of fearing ? of commanding "? of saying ? 7. Translate cave eas, and explain the peculiarity. When can you use the gerundive for the gerund ? Give an example of each. Give an ex- ample of the use of the supine. IX. 1. Decline together in the singular Marcus Tullius Cicero senex. In the same way decline (both in the singular and plural), with the adjective an- nexed in the proper gender, dies (fastus),flnmen (aureus) ; in the plural, anna (victrix), dea (immortal**). Mark the quantity of all the vowels in the above nouns and adjectives. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 201 2. State the signification of the terminations -men (in jftumen), -eus (in aureus), -trix (in victrix). What classes of words of the third declension form their ablative in i only ? 3. Give the principal parts of adjuvo, noh, vcnio, paciscor, sperno, foveo, mordeo, scindo, marking the quantity of the penultimate vowel. 4. Give synopsis of mordeo and paciscor ; give all the infinitives and participles, and inflect the imperatives. 5. Give all the rules you remember for verbs that govern the dative. State the case or cases by which the price, the source, time when, and place where (including names of towns), are expressed, and give the rules. 6. Give the rule for the subjunctive in the following sentences : Quid enim, Catilina, est quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit ? Nunc ego mea video quid inter sit. Suppiicatio decreta est his verbis quod urbem incendiis liberassem. C. Sulpicium misi qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, eff&ret. fortunate adolescens qui Homerum prceconem inveneris. VOCABULARY, I. LATIN AND ENGLISH. ABBREVIATIONS. NOUNS. M. masculine, F. feminine; N. neuter; c. common. VERBS. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, signify the Conjugations. In those of the 1st and 4th, where only one form is given, the conjugation is regular, like amo or audio. In the others, the Perfect and the Supine stem-endings are given as rego, rexi, rect-. When compound verbs are divided .by a hyphen, the conjugation may be found under the simple form. A. active; N. neuter; p. passive. Vowels not marked are to be reckoned short. The References are to the Sections of Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. a, ab, /Vora, by, on the side of. abalieno, 1, estrange, alienate. abdo, didi, dit-, 3, hide. abeo, ire,ii, it-, ( 37, 6), depart, go away. abesse, sec absum. abjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] throw away, abandon. abscindo, soldi, sciss-, 3, tear away. absens, tis, (absum,) absent. absimilis, e, very unlike. absolve, solvi, solut-, 3, acquit, discharge. absorbeo, ui, 2, suck in, swallow. absque, without, but for. abstineo, tinui, tent-, 2, [teneo,] abstain, refrain. [tant. \ absum, esse, fui, be absent, dis- \ absumo, sumpsi, sumpt-, 3, ; waste, destroy. ac=atque, and, as. accedo, cessi, cess-, 3, approach, be added. acceptus, a, um, acceptable. accido, cidi, 3, [cadoJ/aZZ upon, befall, happen. accingo, cinxi, cinct-, 3, gird. accipio, cepi, cept-, 3, [capio,] get, receive, undertake. acclamo, 1, shout, applaud. accurro, cucurri, curs-, 3, run towards. accuse, 1, accuse, inform against. Acarnania, as, F., Acarnania, in western Greece. acer, acris, acre, keen, eager, vigorous. acerbe, bitterly, sharply. acerbus, a, um, bitter, harsh. acervus, i, M., heap, pile. acetum, i, N., vinegar. acidus, a, um, sour. acies, ei, F., edge, line-of-battle. acriter, keenly , fiercely . Actium, i, N., promont. of Epi- rus, scene of Antony's defeat, B. c. 31. Adj. Actiacus. acuo, acui, acutum, 3, sharpen, 204 LATIN LESSONS. acus, us, ubus, F., needle, pin. acutus, a, uni, skarp. ad, to, towards, near, at, besides. adamo, 1, begin to loce. addo, didi, dit-, 3, add, join. addubito, 1, incline to doubt. adduce, duxi, duct-, 3, lead along, briny toward*. adeo, to that degree, so, so far, truly. adeo, ire, ii, itum, approach. undergo. adficio, see afficio. adhibeo, hibui, hibit-, 2, [ha- beo,] summon, have near. adhuc, hitherto, besides, as yet. adipiscor, adeptus, o, win, get, obtain. aditus, us, M., approach. adjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, add, put upon. adjumentum, i, x., help. adjungo, junxi, junct-, 3, join, brimj nt'i.r. adjuvo, juvi, jut-, 1, aid, help. administro, 1 , manage, attend. adniiratio, ouis, F., wonder. admiror, 1, iconder at, admire. admitto, misi, miss-, 3, admit, commit, spur on. admodum, vert/, quite. adinoueo, monui, monit-,. 2, admonish, warn. admoveo, rnovi, mot-, 2, bring near, apply. adolescens, tis, c., a youth. adolesco, evi, ult-, 3, grow. adoperio, operui, opert-, 4, to cover. adopto, 1, adopt. adorior, ortus, 4, attack, begin. adsceusus, see ascensus. adsum, adesse, adfui, be near. adultus, [adolesco,] grown up. advenio, veni, vent-," 4, arrive, approach. adveuto, 1, advance. adventus, us, M., coming, arrival. adversarius, a, um, fronting, opposed; (as noun), enemy. adversor, 1, oppose, thwart. adversus, against, towards. adversus, a, um, contrary, oppo- site. adverto, verti, versum, 3, turn tniftrds, direct ; animuin adv., observe, attend to ; auim. adv. in, proceed against, pun- ish. advocatio, onis, F., advocacy. advocatus, i, M., counsel,. advo- cate* aedes, is, F., temple; pi. house. aedificium, i, x., a building. aedifico, 1, build, construct. aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, weary, sad. aegre, aegrius, aegerrime, with difficulty. aegroto, 1, to be sick. JEgyptus, i, F., Egypt. aequalis, e, equal in age, like. aeque, equally, just so. aequor, oris, x., an even surface, the sea. aequus, a, um, equal, just, right. aer, is, a, M., the air, mist. aerarium, i, x., treasury. aes, aeris, x., copper, money, wage* ; aes alienum, debt. aestas, atis, F., summer. sestimo, 1, estimate, value. eestivus, a, um, belonging to sum- mer ; N., pi. summer-quarters. aetas, atis, F., age (time of life) . aeternitas, atis, F., eternity. aeternus, a, um, eternal. aevum, i, x., age (period). affecto, 1, strive for, reach. afiero, afferre, attuli, allat-, bring, announce, procure, be- take, allege. | afficio, feci/fect-, 3, affect, dis- turb, visit (with punishment, 6c.)< affigo, fixi, fix-, o, fasten, join. affiuis, e, adjacent, kindred. afflnitas, atis, F., alliance, near- ness. affirmo; 1, confirm, maintain. affllgo, flixi, fiict-, 3, strike, dis- tress, cast down. VOCABULARY. I. 205 afore, (absum,) be away. Africa, ae, F., Africa, especially the country near Carthage, ager, agri, M., field, territory. agger; aggeris, M., heap, mound, embankment. aggredior, gressus, 3, approach, attack. agmen, inis, N., flock, troop, body of troops (on march), agnosco, novi, nit-, 3, own, recognize. agnus, i, M., lamb. ago, egi, act-, 3, act, do, lead? drive, deal, treat. - agrarius, a, um, of fields or pub- lic lands. agricola, ae, M., farmer. agricultura, ae, F., husbandry. aio (defect. 38, 2, a), say. ala, alae, F., wing. alacer, cris, ere, eager, active. alacritas, atis, F., eagerness. alarms, a, urn, of a wing. Alba, se, an ancient town of La- tium, 20 miles S. E. of Rome. Albanus, Alban. albus, a, um, white, fair. alea, ae, F., a die, game, risk. ales, alitis, winged ; a bird. Alexander, dri, k. of Macedon and conq. of Asia ; B. c. 356-323. Alexandria, ae, a city of Egypt, founded by Alexander, B. c. 332. alienus, a, um, another's, foreign, hostile ; aes alienum, debt. aliquamdiu,/br some time. aliquando, some time, at length. aliquaiitus, a, um, somewhat, considerable; -to, in some degree. aliqui (quis), qua, quod (quid), some ( 21, 2, d ) ; N., some- thing^ somewhat. aliquot, some, several. aliquoties, several times. alius, a, ud, other, ( 16, 1, 6) ; alius . . . alius, one . . . an- other. allicio, lexi, lect-, 3, allure, entice. aliigo, I, fasten to, bind, detain. alloquor, Idcutus, 3, address, speak to. almus, a, um, [alo,] nourishing, benign, propitious. alo, alui, alt- (alit-), 3, feed, nourish. Alpes, ium, F., the Alps. alte, on high, deeply. alter, era, um, ( 16, 1, 6), other (of two) , second ; alter . . . al- ter, one . . . the other. altercor, 1, contend, wrangle. altiusculus, rather high or deep. altus, a, um, high, deep. alveus, i, M., channel, trough. ambio, 4, go about, solicit. ambitio, oiiis, F., ambition, can- vassing. ambo, ae, o, ( 18, 1, 6), both. ambulo, 1, to ivalk. amens, tis, insane, distracted. amicitia, ae, v., friendship. amicus, a, um,friendly ; a friend. amitto, amisi, amiss-, 3, lose, let go. amiiis, is, M., river (a large deep stream). amo, 1, love, be fond of. amor, 61 is, M., love, desire. amplector, plexus, 3, embrace. amplius, more, farther, [ample.] arnplus, a, um, large, grand. amputo, 1, prune, cut off. Amulius, i, myth. k. of Alba, gr.-uncle of Romulus. an, 'whether, or ; (interrog. 71). anas, atis, F., duck. aiiceps, cipitis, doubtful, critical. ancilla, ae, F., maid-servant. ango, auxi, anct-, 3, choke, stran- gle. anguis, is, c., snake. angustiae, arum, F., pi. narrow past, defile. angustus, a, um, narrow, scanty. anima, ae, F., air, breath, life. animadverto, ti, sum, 3, attend to ; in (with ace.), punish, chastise. 206 LATIN LESSONS. animal, alls, x., lie ing creature. animus, i, M., soul, mind, tem- per, thought. annon, or not. annona, ae, F., harvest, price of corn, provision. annus, i, M., year. ante, (ace.), before, in front. ante-curro, 3, i-un before. ante-eo, 2, go before, exceed. ante . . . quam, before (that). antlquus, a, urn, ancient, old. Antonius, M., the triumvir, de- feated at Actium, B. c. 31. autrum, i, x., cave, grotto. anus, us, F., old woman. anxius, a, um, anxious, unquiet. aper, apri, M., wild boar. aperio, aperui, apert-, 4, open. apertus, a, um, open. apis, is, F., bee. Apollo, inis, god of light, music, &c., son of Jupiter and La- tona. appareo, ui, it-, 2, appear. appellatio, onis, F., address, appeal. appello, 1, accost, call, name. appendo, di, sum, 3, weigh out. appeteus, tis, eager, desirous. applaudo, si, sum, 3, applaud. applico, join, fasten, apply. ap-pono, 3, put near. ap-prehendo, 3, seize. appropinquo, 1, approach. Aprliis, is (adj.), April. aptus, a, nrc^fit. apud, near, af, among. aqua, ae, F., water. aquila, se, F., eagle, army-stand- ard. _^+ aquilifer, feri, M^ standard- bearer. Aquitania, ae, F., dist. of S. W. Gaul. Aquitanus, a, um, Aquitanian. Arar, aris, the Saone, a branch of the Rhone in S. E. Gaul. arbitrium, i, N., judgment, domin- ion, power. arbitror, I, judge, think. arbor, oris, F., tree. area, se, F., chest. arceo, arcui, 2, keep off, con- strain, confine. arcesso, ivi, It-, 3, summon, invite. arete, closely. arcus, us, (i), M., arcli. ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2, burn. arena, ae, F., sand. areo, ui, 2, be dry. argentum, i, x., silver, money. aridus, a, um, dry. aries. etis, M., ram. arma, orum, x., arms, defensive weapons. armo, 1, a>*m, equip, call to arms. aro, 1, plough. arripio, ripui, rept-, 3, [rapio,] snatch, seize. arrogans, tis, haughty, arrogant. arroganter, haughtily. arrogo, 1, claim. ars, artis, F., skill, art. arundo, inis, F., reed. arvum, i, X., Jitld, ploughed land. arx. arcis, F., tower, citadel. as, assis, M., unit of weight or coin ( 85), As. ascendo, di, sum, 3, climb, ascend. ascensus, us, M., ascent. Asia, ae, F., Asia; generally, Asia Minor, the large penin- sula south of the Black Sea. asinus, i, M., an ass. asper, era, um, harsh, rough. aspicio, aspexi, aspect-, 3, view, behold. f aspis, idis, F., asp, shield. assideo, sedi, sess-, 2, [sedeo,] sit near, besiege. assurgo, surrexi, surrect-, 3, rise np. at, but, but yet. ater, atra, atrum, black. Athenae, arum, F., Athens, cap- ital of Attica, made a repub- lic, B. c. 510. VOCABULARY. I. 207 atque, (ac), and, as, than. atrium, i, N., [ater,] hall, court. atrox, ocis, Jierce, stern, cruel* attentus, a, urn, attentive. Atticus, a, urn, of Attica, a dist. in eastern Greece. attingo, tigi, tact-, 3, [tango,] touch upon, lie near, reach. auceps, cupis, c., [avis capio,] bird-catcher. . auctoritas, atis, F., authority. auctus, [augeo,] great, rich, ample. aucupium, i, N., bird-catching. audacia, ae, F., boldness, daring. audacter, -citer, boldly. audax, acis, bold, violent. audeo, ausus, dare, ( 35, 2, a). audieins, tis, obedient. audio, 4, hear. aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablat-, ( 37, 4) bear away, remove. aufugio fugi, 3. flee away, augeo, auxi, auct-, increase, en- large. augur, uris, M., augur, diviner. augurium, i, N., augury. augustus, a, urn, majestic, au- gust, an Imperial title. Augustus, i, Octavius Caesar, adopted son of Julius, em- peror from B. C. 31, to A. D. 14. aula, ae, F., hall, court. aura, ae, F., air. aureus, a, um, golden. auris, is, F., ear. aurum, i, N., gold. auspex, icis, c., diviner (by birds). auspicium, i, N., token, omen. auster, tri, M., south wind, south. aut, either, or, else. autem, but, however, besides. auxilium, i, N., aid, assistance pi. auxiliary troops. avaritia, ae, F., avarice. avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous. ave, hail, farewell. avello, velli (vulsi), vuls-, 3, rend away, pull apart. averto, ti, sum, 3, turn aside, avert, withdraw. avidus, a, um, greedy, covetous. avis, is, F., bird. avoco, 1, call off, recall. avuuculus, i, M., uncle. avus, i, M., grandfather. B. Babylon, onis, F., ancient capital of the East, on the Euphrates. Baleares, ium, F., a group of small islands east of Spain. balneum, i, N., pi. ae, arum, F., bath. barba, ae, F., beard. barbarus, a, um, foreign, bar- barous. beatus, a, um, happy, fortu- nate. Belgae, arum, people of Bel- gium. bellum, i, N., war. bene, (melius, optime,) well. benefactor, oris, M., benefactor. beneficium, i, i^., favor, benefit. benevolentia, ae, F., good-will. benignus, a, um, kind. bestia, ae, F., beast. ^/ bibo, bibi, bibit-, 3, drink. biduum, i, N., space of two days. bini, ae, a, two and two, by twos. bipartite, in two divisions. bis, twice. blandus, a, um, gentle. bonitas, atis, F., goodness. bonus, a, um (melior, optimus); good, kind, jit, prosperous, virtuous; N. pi. riches, goods. bos, bovis, ( ll, 4, 6), ox, cow. brachium, i, N., arm. brevi, shortly. brevis, e, short, small, brief. Brundisium, i, N., a seaport in S. E. Italy, nearest Greece. LATIN LESSONS. Brutus, L. Juiiius, a founder of t !K- lioinan Republic, B. c. 509 ; Marcus, friend of Cicero, a conspirator against Caesar, d. at Philippi, B. c. 42. C, the prasnonien Caius (Gaius) ; as numeral, 100. cadaver, eris, N., carcass, corpse. cado, cecidi, cas-, 3, fall. csecus, a, urn, blind, dark. csedes, is, p., slaughter, massacre. caedo, cecidi, cses-, 3, cut, strike, kill. cselum, i, N. ; pi. i, M., sky. Csesar, aris, C. Julius, the Dicta- tor, B. c._ 100-44. calamitas, atis, F., mischief, dis- aster. calamus, i, M., reed, stalk. calceameutum, i, N., shoe. calendse=kaleudse, first of the month. caleo, calui, 2, be hot. calidus, a, urn, hot, warm. callidus, a, um, cunning, skilful. calor, oris, M., heat. calvitiurn, i, N., baldness. calvus, a, urn, bald. canielus, i, M., camel. Campania, se, F., the dist. of S W. Italy, near Naples. campester, tris, tre, of the plain. campus, i, M.. pi < tin, field, level surface ; C. Martius, an open field at- *Rome, outside the north wall, where elections were held. cams, is, (g. pi. um), c. dog. cano, cecini, cant-, sing, blow (as signal). cantus, us, M., singing, playing, song, prophecy, screeching. capelia, se, F., kid. she-goat. capiUus, i, M., [caput,] hair. ^ capio, cepi, capt-, 3, take, receive, contain. Capitolium, i, M., citadel, capital, temple of Jupiter on the cen- tral hill of Rome. capra, se, F., she-goat. captivus, a, um, captured, cap- tive, prisoner. capto, 1, catch at, strive after. capulus, i, M., handle, hilt. caput, itis, N., head. career, eris, M., dungeon, prison. carmen, inis, N., song, oracle. carnifex, ficis, M., executioner. I caro, carnis, F., Jlesh. carpo, psi, pt-, 3, pluck, gather. carrus, i, M., cart, wagon. \ Carthago, aginis, F., (Karthago), Carthage. cams, a, um, dear, precious. casa, ae. F., cottage, tent. cassis, idis, F., helmet (of brass). Cassius, C, chief conspirator against Csesar, d. at Philippi, B.C. 42. castellum, i, x.,fort. castigo, 1, chastise. castra, orum, N., camp. castrum, i, N. , fortress. | casus, us, M., fall, chance, ca- lamity. catena, se, F., chain, fetter. Catilina, se. L. Sergius, head of the conspiracy, B. c. ilo. Cato, M Porcius, the younger, enemy of Ctesar, B. c. 93-45, d. at'Utica. i catulus, i, M., whelp, cub. Catulus, a Roman statesman. died B. C. 60. cauda, se, F., tail. causa, (caussa), se, F., cause, reason ; (abl.),/o>- the sake of. caveo, cavi, caiit-, 2, beware, take heed, guard against. cavus, a, um, hollow. cedo, cessi, cess-, 3, yield, give way, go. celebro, 1, celebrate. [a, D). celer, eris, ere, swift, ( 16, 2, celeritas, atis, F., swiftness, speed. celeriter, swiftly, hastily. VOCABULARY. I. 209 celo, 1, 7ii.de, conceal. Celtae, arum, people of W. Eu- rope ; also, of central and southern Gaul. cena=coena, supper. ceno, 1, sup. censeo, censui, cens-, 2, think, vote. centum, a hundred. centuria, se, F., a century, divi- sion (of a hundred), company. centurio, onis, M., centurion (cap- tain of 100) . cerno, crevi, cret-, 3, sift, dis- cern, perceive, decide, resolve. certamen, inis, N., contest, battle. certiorem facere, inform. certus, a, um, sure, fixed. cervix, Icis, F., neck. cervus, i, M., stag, deer. cesso, 1, cease, linger. ceterus, a, um, other, the rest. ceu, like, as it were. charta, ae, F., paper, ivriting. cibaria, N. pi., food, allowance of corn. cibus, i, M.,food. cicatrix, Icis, F., scar. cicer, eris, N., vetch, chick-pea. Cicero, M. Tullius, the Roman orator, B. c. 106-43. ciconia, se, F., stork. ciugo, cinxi, cinct-, 3, gird, wreathe, surround. cinis, eris, M., F., ashes. circa, about, around. circiter, about. circuitus, us, M., circuit. circum, about, around. circumdo, dedi, dat-, 1, put or set round, encompass. circumeo, Ivi, (ii), it-, 4, encom- pass, go about, canvass. circumpono, posui, positum, 3, place around. circunisto, steti, 1, stand about, beset, surround. cis, on this side. citerior, citimus, [citra,] hither, nearer, this side. cito, citius, citissime, quick. 14 citra, this side, within. civicus, a, um, civic. civilis, e, of citizens, courteous. civis,is, c., citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas, atis, F., city, state, citi- zenship , freedom of the city. clades, is, F., disaster, slaughter. clam, secretly, without the knowl- _ edge of. clamo, 1, cry out, call, proclaim. clamor, oris, M., a shout, ap- plause, clamor. clarus, a, um, bright, clear, fa- mous. classis, is, F., fleet. claudo, si, sum, 3, shut, close. claudus, a, um, lame. clausula, se, F., clause. clavis, is, F., key. Clemens, tis, merciful, gentle. clementer, gently, calmly. dementia, se, p., mercy, mild- ness. Cleopatra, se, the last queen of Egypt, B.. c. 69-30. cliens, tis, M., client (one attached to a patron, and protected by him). clipeus (um), i, M., a brazen shield. Clodius, the enemy of Cicero, killed by Milo, B. c. 52. coelum^rcaelum, sky. coe'mo, emi, empt-, 3, buy up. ccena (cena), se, F., supper (the chief meal of the Romans) . ccenatus, a, um, having dined. cceno, (-ito), dine, sup. ccepi ( 38, 1, a), began; p., cceptus. coerceo, ercui, ercit-, 2, restrain, confine, repress. cogito, 1, think, reflect, intend. cognatio, onis, F., relationship. cognomen, inis, N., surname. cognomino, 1, surname. cognosco, novi, nit-, 3, know, find out, investigate. cogo, coegi, coact-, 3, gather, compel, bring together. Conors, tis, p., cohort (600 men). 210 LATIN LESSONS. cohortor, i, cheer, exhort. coiens, euntis, [eo,] meeting. colaphus, i, M., cuff, blow. collega, se, M., associate, col- league. colligo, 1. fasten, bind. colligo, legi, lect-, 3, [lego,] collect, gather. collis, is, M., hill. colloco, 1, set, establish, give in marriage. colloquium, i, N., conference. colluna, i, N., neck. colo, colui, cult-, 3, cultivate, worship. colonia, ae, F., colony. coluinba, ae, F., dove, pigeon. comedo, edi, es- (est-), 3, eat up. comes, itis, c., companion, com- rade. comis, e, courteous, kind. comitas, atis, F., courtesy. comitatus, us, M., retinue, escort. comitia, N. pi., voting assembly. comitor, 1, accompany, attend. commeatus, us, M., supplies. commemoro, 1, call to mind, tell. commendo, 1, commit, commend. cornmeo, 1, go to and fro, resort. commilito, onis, M.,' fellow-sol- dier. committo, misi, miss-, 3, set to- gether, engage, commit. commode, duly, fitly. comrnodus, a, um, fit, advanta- geous, serviceable. commone-facio, 3, warn, advise. commoueo, monui, monit-, 2, remind, advise. commoveo, movi, mot-, 2, dis- titrb. communis, e, common. coramuto, 1, exchange, alter. corno, compsi, compt-, 3, comb, dress the hair. comparo, 1, get, compare. compello, puli, puls-, 3, con- N ' i -'tin , force, drive. complector, plexus, 3, embrace, comprehend. compleo, plevi, plet-, 2, fill up, complete. comploratio, onis, F., lamenta- tion. complures, ia, several, very many. compouo, posui, posit-, 3, put together, arrange, compare. comporto, 1, bring, collect. compos, otis, partaking, sharing. comprehend, di, sum, 3, seize, perceive, contain. comprimo, pressi, press-, 3, restrain. concede, cessi, cess-, 3, go, withdraw, submit. concido, cidi, cis-, [csedo,] 3, cut to pieces, destroy. concilio, 1, reconcile, procure. concilium, i, N., council, assem- bly. concio (tio), onis, F., meeting, speech, place of speaking. conclamo, 1, cry out, exclaim. concordia, se, F., harmony. concupisco, Hvi (ii), it-, 3, desire, long for, strive after. concurro, curri, curs-, 3, meet, fiock together, contend. concursus, us, M., running to- gether, crowd, onset. condemn o, [damno,] 1, con- demn. condiscipulus, i, M., fellow- learner. conditio, onis, F., condition, rank, term (of agreement), match. condo, didi, dit-, 3, lay up, found, build, hide. conduce, duxi, duct-, 3, lead t hire, gather. confero, ferre, tuli, collat-, bring together, compare, betake. confertus, a, um, close, crammed. confestim, at once, forthwith. couficio, feci, feet-, 3, [facio,] finish, accomplish, make out. coufido, fisus, 3, trust, rely. configo, fixi, fix-, 3, pierce. confirino, 1, establish, strengthen. confiteor, fessus, 2, [fateor,] confess. VOCABULARY. I. confligo, fiixi, flict-, 3, struggle, \ contend. confodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig, stab. confugio, fugi, 3, flee for refuge. congredior, gress-, 3, [gradio'r,] meet, encounter, contend. congruo, grui, 3, agree, Jit, coin- cide. conjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] cast, hurl. conjungo, junxi, junct-, 3, join, couple. conjuratus, i, M., conspirator. cciijuro, 1, swear together, con- spire. conjux (nx), jugis, c., husband or wife, betrothed. conor, 1, endeavor, try. conquiro, quisivi, quisit-, 3, inquire, seek. consanguineus, a, um, kindred. conscendo, di, sum, 3, [scando,] climb, mount, embark. conscisco, scivi, scit-, 3, vote, approve. conscius, a, um, conscious, privy. coiiscribo, scrips!, script-, 3, register, enrol, appoint. consensio, onis, F. ; -sus, us, M., consent, plot. consequor, secutus, 3, follow close, reach, attain. ' consero, semi, sert-, 3, join, bring together (as for battle) . conserve, 1, keep, preserve. considero, 1 , consider, ponder. consido, sedi, sess-, 3, sit down, settle, encamp. consilium, i, N., advice, counsel, prudence, council. ~ consisto, stit, stit-, 3, stand fast, continue. consobrinus, a, um, cousin, kin. conspectus, us, M., sight, view, survey. conspicio, spexi, spect-, 3 ; -spi- cor, 1, view, behold. conspicuus, a, um, easy to see, distinguished; conspiratio, onis, F., conspiracy. coiispiro, 1, conspire. constans, tis,jirm, constant. constantia, ae, F., firmness, har- mony. coiistanter, steadily, firmly. constituo, stitui, stitut-, 3, de- termine, set in order. consuesco, suevi, suet-, 3, be- come accustomed. consuetudo, inis, F., custom, in- tercourse. consul, ulis, M., Consul, the chief executive officer of Rome, of whom two were chosen yearly. consularis, e, of the consul; M., of consular rank, ex-consul. consulatus, us, M., consulship. consulo, sului, suit-, 3, consider, reflect ; (with ace.) consult ; (with dat.) favor, considt, or have regard for. consultum, i, N., a decree, re- solve. contemno, tempsi, tempt-, 3, scorn, despise. contendo, teiidi, tent-, 3, con- tend, hasten. contentio, onis, F., strife. contentus, content, satisfied. coiitestor, 1, call to witness. continenter, uninterruptedly. contineo, tinui, tent-, 2, [teneo,] hold close, restrain, contain, bound. contingo, tigi, tact-, 3, [tango,], touch, reach, take hold. continuus, a, um, constant, con- tinuous. contio, onis, F., assembly. contra, against, opposite, on the other hand. contraho, traxi, tract-, 3, gather, contract. contrarius, a, um, opposite, hos- tile. controversia, ae, F., dispute, de- bate. contubernalis, is, (adj.), of one mess; M., tent-companion, com- rade. contumelia, EC, F., taunt, re- proach, insult. 21-2 LATIN LESSONS. convenio, v.il, vent-, 4, meet, O. .', Vixit. conventus, us, M., meeting, com- pa //. converto, verti, vers-, 3, turn, change: convince, vici, vict-, 3, convict, convince. convoco, 1, assemble, call to- gether. convolo, l t jly together. cophinus, i, M., basket. copia, se, p., abundance ; pi. sup- pi i s, troops, wealth, copiose, abundantly. cop.osus, a, um, plentiful, co- pious. cor, cordis, N., heart, mind. coram, openly ; in presence of. Corinthus, i, p., Corinth, on the Isthmus of Greece, taken by Mummius, B.C. 146. cornu, us (u), N., horn, icing (of an army). corpus, oris, x., body. corripio, ripui, rept-, 3, [rapio,] seiz 1 , snatch, attack. corcex, icis, M. or F., bark. corvus, i, .-\r., raven. eras, to-in Crassus, M. Licinius, the trium- vir, perished in the Parthian war, B. c. ')'.}. crebsr, bra, um, thick, close, frequent credo, didi, dit-, 3, intrust, con- Ji'le, be/iece. cremD, 1, burn, consume. creo, 1, create, beget, ef'-rf. Ores, -etis, M. ; Cressa, se, F., Ci'ttun. cresco, crevi, cret-, 3, grow, !/icre/?, fierce. crudelitas, atis, F., cruelty. crueutus, a, um, bloody, jierce. crunieiia, e, F., pur.^e, ntoney- pouck. crus, cruris, N., leg below the knee), #hin. crux, crucis, F., cross, torment. crystallinus, a, um, of crystal. crystallus, i, M., (-um, x.), crystal. cubiculum, i, x., bed-chamber. cubo, cubui, cubit-, 1, lie down. cujus, whose (gen. of qui). culcita, ae, F., mattress, bed. culpa, se, F., fault, mischief. culpo, 1, blame. cultellus, i, M., little knife. culter, tri, M., knife. cultus, us, M., culture, ornament, dress. cum (abl.) with, among. cumr^quurn, u'hen. since, though ; cum . . . turn, both . . . and. cunctor, 1, delay, linger. cupide, eagerly, passionately. cupiditas, atis, F., eagerness^ longing, avarice. cupido, inis, F., eager desire. cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous, greedy. cupio, cupivi, cupit-, 3, desire, favor. cur, icltij. cura, se, F., care. curia, se, F.. senate-house. euro, 1, f7,v --for, cure. curro, cucnrri, curs-, 3, run.- cursus, us, >,i., running, course. custodia, se, F , rust'tdy, guard. custodio, 4, guard, keep. custos, odis, M., keeper, guard. D. damno, 1, condemn. de, of.fi-<-iin, during, concerning, ,1,11-n i'r<>ui. ,ti;>,>r / deambulo, 1, walk, xtroll. VOCABULARY. I. 213 debeo, ui, it-, 2, owe; ought. ^> debilis, e, weak, frail. decedo, cessi, cess-, 3, depart, yield, die. decem, ten. December, bris, (adj.), December. decerno, crevi, cret-, 3, decree, determine, contend. decerpo, cerpsi, cerpt-, 3, [car- po,] pluck off, gather. decerto, 1, contend, strive. decet, decuit, 2, it is Jit, becom- ing. decies (ens), ten times. decimus a, um, tenth. decipio, cepi, cept-, 3, [capio,] cheat, deceive. declaro, 1, make manifest. decor, oris, M., grace, beauty, charm. decretum, i, N., [cerno,] decree. decus, 6ris, N., ornament, honor. dedignor, 1, disdain. deditio, onis, r., surrender. dedo, dedidi, dedit-, 3, surren- der, yield, devote. deduce, duxi, duct-, 3, with- draw, conduct, spin out. deesse, see desum. defatigatio, onis, F., exhaustion. defendo, fendi, fens-, 3, ward off, defend. defensor, oris, M., defender., defero, tuli, lat-, 3, convey, de- liver, report. deficio, feci, feet-, 3, [facio,] fail, desert, cease. deflecto, flexi, flexum, 3, bend, turn off. deformitas, atis, F., ugliness. defungor, fimct-, 3, fulfil, finish. dein, then, moreover. deinceps, thereupon, next. deinde, then, secondly, after- ward. dejicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] cast down, drive out. delecto, 1, delight. delectus, [deligo,] chosen. deleo, levi, let-, 2, blot out, de- stroy. delibero, 1, weigh, discuss. deliciae, arum, F., delight. deligo, 1, bind fast. deligo, legi, lect-, 3, [lego,] choose out, select. delitesco, litui, 3, [lateo,] lie hid. Delphi, orum, a town of Pliocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo. deminuo, iiiinui, minut-, 3, les- sen. demitto, misi, miss-, 3, let or bring down, dismiss. demonstro, 1, show forth, desig- nate. demum, at length, only. denarius, a, um, of ten ; M., sum of 10 asses ( 16 cents), penny. denego, 1, deny, refuse. deni, se, a, ten each, by tens, ten. dens, dentis, M., tooth. densus, a, um, thick, close. depono, posui, posit-, 3, lay aside, deposit. depopulo (or), I, plunder, devas- tate. deporto, 1, carry away. deposco, poposci, 3, demand. deprecator, oris, M , intercessor* deprecor, 1, beg, deprecate. descendo, scendi, scens-, 3, [scando,] climb or go down, descend. descisco, scivi (ii), scit-, 3, re- volt. desero, serui, sert-, 3, forsake, quit. designo, 1, assign, appoint. desilio, silui, siilt-, 4, leap down. desisto, stiti, stit-, 3, cease, de- sist. desperatio, onis, F., despair. despero, 1, despair, give up hope. despondeo, spondi, spousum, 2, betroth. destringo, strinxi, strict-, 3, unsheathe. desum, deesse, defui, fail, be wanting or absent. detego, texi, tect-, 3, uncover, discover, betray. 214 LATIX LESSONS. deterreo,terrui,territ-, 2, fright- en off, deter. detineb, tinui, tent-, 2, [teneo,] hinder, detain. detraho, traxi, tract-, 3, draw away, take from. detrimentum, i, x., loss, damage. deus, i, M., ( 10, 4, /), god, divinity. devasto, 1, lay waste. devinco, vici, vict-, 3, vanquish. devolo, l,fly down. devoro, 1, devour, swallow. dexter, tra (tera), um, right, fortunate; F., right hand. diadema, atis, diadem. die, iraper. of dico, say. dicax, acis (-culus), keen, sar- castic. dico, dixi, diet-, 3, say. call, tell, mean. dictator, oris, M., Dictator, with absolute power for ^ix months. dictatura, ae, F., dictatorship. dictito, 1, say or plead often. dicto, 1, say often, dictate, pre- scribe. dictum, i, N., word, sailing, jest. dies, ei (e), day, daylight ( 13, 2, x.). differo, differre, distuli, dflat-, delay, differ. difficilis, 0, difficult. difficultas, atis, F., trouble, diffi- culty. digitus i, if., jSogrer, toe. dignus, a, um, worthy. diligens, tis, attentive, diligent. diligenter, carefully. diligentia.ee, F., diligence, thrift. diligo, lexi, lect-, 3, love, esteem. diluo, dilui, dilut-, 3, dissolve. dimico, 1, light, contend. dlmitto, misi, miss-, 3, send forth, let no. dimoveo, movi, mot-, 2, put aside, dismiss. dirigo, rexi, rect-, 3, [rego,] guide, strait/hfen. diripio, ripui, rept-, 3, [rapio,] tear to pieces. dims, a, um, dreadful, ill-boding. dis, ditis, rich, fertile =dives. discedo, cessi, cess-, 3, depart. disco, didici, 3, learn. discordia, ae, F., variance, strife. discors, dis, discordant, harsh. disertus, [dissero,] Jluent, elo- quent. disjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] scatter. dispergo, persi, pers-, 3, [spar- go,] scatter. displiceo, plicui, 2, [placeo,] displease. dispono, posui, posit-, 3, set in array, distribute. disputo, 1, dispute, debate. dissensio, onis, F., disagreement. dissimilis, e, unlike. dissimulo, 1, conceal, disguise. disto, 1, be distant or apart, dif- fer. ditior, [dis,] richer. diu, diutius, diutissime, long (in time), long ago, in the day- time. diuturnus, a, um, long-continued. diuturnitas, atis, F., long dura- tion. diversus, a, um, unlike, apart. dives, itis, rich. divido, visi, vis-, 3, divide, sep- arate. divinus, a, um, divine. do, dare, dedi, datum, 1, give. doceo, docui, doct-, 2, teach, tell. doctor, oris, M., teacher. doctus, a, um, learned, skilled. dclso, dolui, dolit-, 2, grieve, suffer pain. dolor, oris, M., pain, grief. dolus, i, M., deceit, craft, guile. domicilium, i, N., dwelling, abode. dominatio, onis, F., lordship, dominion. dominus, i, N., lord, master, domo, dornui, domit-, 1, iumc, subdue. VOCABULARY. I. 215 domus, us, (i), F., house, home, family ( 12, 8, c") ; domi (uij, at home. donee, until, while. donum, i, N , gift. dormio, 4, sleep. Drusus, i, a Roman statesman, died B. c. 90. dubitatio, onis, F., doubt, hesita- tion. dubito, 1, [duo,] doubt, waver. dubius, a, um, doubtful; N., doubt. ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. duco, duxi, duct-, 3, lead, guide, marry (a wife) . dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant. dum, while, until, provided. dumrnocfo, provided that. Dunmorix, igis, a Gaul, an en- emy of the Romans. dumtaxat, however, at least. duo, ae, o ( 18, 1, 6), two. duodecim, twelve. duode-viginti, eighteen. duplex, icis, double, crafty. durus, a, um, hard, -cruel. dux, duels, M., leader, guide, chief. Dyrrachium (Gr. Epidamnus), Durazzo, on the coast of Epi- E. e (ex), out of, from. ebur, 6ris, N., ivory. ecce, behold! ecquis, qua, quid, whether any. edico, dixi, diet-, 3, declare, publish, ordain. edictum, i, N., ordinance. edo, edidi, edit-, 3, give forth, publish, produce. edo (esse, 37, o) , edi, es-, 3, eat. ecluco, 1, educate, train. educo, duxi, duct-, 3, lead or draw forth. effeminatus, a, um, womanish. effero, efferre, extuli, elat-, bear forth, exalt. effi'cio, feci, feet-, 3, [facio,] bring to pass, make. effugio, fugi, 3, Jlee, escape, shun. effundo, fudi, ius-, 3, pour forth. egenus, a, um, destitute, needy. egeo, ui, 2, need, lack, want. ego, mei, mihi, me, /. egredior, gress-, 3, go forth. egregius, a, um, [grex, j excellent. ejicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] cant out, throw forth. elabor, lapsus, 3, slip aivay, e cape. elatus, [effero,] proud, lofty. elegaiitia, ae, F., elegance, grace. elephantus, i, M., elephant. eligo, legi, lect-, 3, [lego,] select. eloquentia, ae, F., eloquence. eluceo, luxi, 2, shine forth. emitto, misi, miss-, 3, send forth. emo, emi, empt-, 3, buy. en ! behold ! come ! enim, for. ensis, is, M., sword. enuntio, 1, declare, report. eo, ire, ivi, itum ( 37, 6), go. eo (abl.), as, by so much. eo, thither, on it, on them. eodem, tlie same way. epigramma, tis, N., epigram. Epirus (os), i, F. (mainland), the N. W. district of Greece, epistola (ula), ae, F., letter. eques, itis, M., horseman; pi cav- alry, knights (an order in the Roman state), equester, tris, e, of the cavalry or knight*, equestrian. equidem, indeed, no doubt. r equitatus, us, M., cavalry. equito, 1. ride. equus, i, M., horse. erga, towards. ergo, therefore ( 43, 3), then. erigo, rexi, rect-, 3, rouse, cheer. eripio, ripui, rept-, 3, [rapio,] snatch away. erro, 1, wander, roam. LATIN LESSONS. error, oris, M., wandering, error. erubesco, erubui, 3, blush. erudio, 4, train, polish. erualtus, a, um. educated, skilled. esca, se, F.,food, bait. et, and, also, even; et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam, even, also, yes. etsi, ei'en if, although. Eubcea, ee, F., a large island near the coast, north of Athens. evado, vasi, vas-, 3, go forth, turn out, escape. evello, velli, vuls-, 3, pluck away. evenio, veni, vent-, 4, come forth, happen. eventum, i, N. ; eventus, us, M.. event. everto, verti, vers-, 3, over- throw. ex = e, out of, from. exardesco, arsi, ars-, 3, blaze out. exaro, 1, plough up, inscribe. exaspero, 1, roughen, sharpen. excelsus, a, um, lofty. excidio, onis, F., downfall, de- struction. excipio, cepi, cept-, 3, [capio,] take out or up, catch. exclamo, 1, cry aloud. exclude, clusi, clus-, 3, [claudo,] shut out, exclude. excolo, colui, cult-, 3, cultivate. exemplum, i, N., example. exeo, ire, ii (ivi), It-, go forth, expire. exerceo, exercui, exercit-, 2, exercise - exercitatio, onis, F., exercise. exercitus, us, M., host, army. exhibeo, hibui, hibit-, 2, [ha- beo,] hold forth, display. exhorreo, 2 ; exhorresco, hor- rui, 3, dread extremely, shud- der at. exigo, egi, act-, 3, [ago,] drive out, exact. ^finish. exiguus, a, um, scanty, small. exirnius, a, um, select, excellent. existimatio, F., judgment, opin- ion, reputation. existimo (-umo), \, judge, think, reckon. exitium, i, N., destruction, ruin. exitus, us, M., end, death. exorior, ortus, 4, arise, spring up. expedio, 4, bring out, arrange. expeditio, F., excursion. expeditus, a, um, disengaged, light-armed. expello, puli, puls-, 3, thrust out or away, reject. expergiscor,perrectus,3, awake. experior, expertus, 4, to try, test. expio, 1, expiate, atone. explorator, oris, M., scout. explore, 1, search, reconnoitre. expono, posui, posit-, 3, set forth, expose. expositio, F., exposing, expound- ing. exprimo, pressi, press-, 3. [pre- mo,] press or force out. exprobro, 1, reproach, upbraid. expugno, 1, take by assault. exquiro, quisivi, quisit-, 3, [quaero,] search out, inquire. exsecror, 1, curse, swear sol- emnly. exsequor, secutus, 3,folloic out, accomplish. exsilio, silui, suit-, 4, leap forth, spring up. exsisto, stiti, stit-, 3, come or stand forth, exist. exspecto, 1, wait for, antici- pate, expect. exspiro, 1, breathe out, expire. exstinguo, stinxi, stinct-, 3, quench, extinguish. exstruo, struxi, struct-, 3, heap up. build. exsugo, suxi, suet-, 3, suck out. exsul, ulis, c., exile. exsulto, 1, leap up, exult. exterreo, terrui, territ-, 2, strike with terror. extra, outside of, except, beyond. extraho, traxi, tract-, 3, draw forth, protract. VOCABULARY. I. 217 extraordinarius, a, um, beyond the ranks, uncommon. exuo, exui, exut-, 3, put, strip or cast off, despoil. F. faba, ae, F., bean. faber, bri (g. pi. brum), M., smith, maker. faber, bra, brum, skilful, ingeni- 0118. fabricor (-co), 1, fashion, con- struct. fabula, se, F., fable, tale. facetiae, arum, F., wit, fun. facetus, a, um, elegant, fine, funny. facies, ei, F., figure, face, as- pect. facilis, e, [facio,] easy. facile, easily. facinus, oris, N., bold deed, crime. facio, feci, fact-; p., fio, fieri, factus, make, do ; fit, it hap- pens, is usual ; fiat, so be it. factio, onis, F., faction. factus, [facio,] 'done; N., deed. facultas, atis, F., opportunity, power, abundance. falsus, a, um, deceitful, false. fama, ae, F., fame, report (good or evil), reputation. fames, is, F., hunger. familia, ae, F., body of slaves, family. familiaris, e, of servants or fam- ily, intimate; M., friend. familiaritas, atis, F., intimacy. far, f arris, N., spelt (a grain), meal. fas (indecl.), right (by divine law) . fascis, is, M., bundle; fasces, (]>!.), rods-and-axe (symbol of office, with power of life and death). fatum, 1, N., [for,] destiny, doom. fauces, ium, F., throat. Faustulus, i, the shepherd who brought up Romulus. faveo, favi, faut-, 2, favor. ' favor, oris, M., good-will. fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand. Februarius (adj.), February. files, is, and felis, F., cat, thief. feliciter, auspiciously. felix, icis, auspicious, happy. femina, ae, F., woman, female. femur, oris (inis), N., thi'jli. fera, ae, F., wild beast. fere, almost, generally. ferine = fere, nearly. fero, ferre, tuli,latum ( 37, 4), bear, bring, say. ferox, ocis, bold, fierce. ferrum, i, N., iron, steel (sword). ferus, a, um, wild, rude. fessus, a, um, weary. festmo, i, Jiasten. ficus, i (us), i\,j%. fidelis, e, trusty, faithful. fides, ei, F., trust, belief, credit, promise, word. fido, fisus, 3, tntst, confide. figo, fixi, fix-, 3, fix, pierce. filia, ae (d. pi. abus), F., daughter. filius, i (v. fili), M., son. finio, 4, limit, end. finis, is, M., end, border; pi., territory. finitimus, a, um, bordering, neigh- boring ; pi., neighbors. fio, fieri, fact-, p. of facio, make. firmo, 1, strengthen, establish. firmus, a, um, stable, strong. fisus, [fido,] having trusted. fixus, [figo,] fixed. flagito, 1, demand vehemently. flatus, us, M., blowing, blast. flecto, fiexi, flex-, 3, to bend, turn. fleo, flevi, flet-, 2., weep. fletus, us, M., weeping. flo, 1, blow. floreo, ui, 2, bloom, flourish. flos, floris, M.,floiver. fluctuosus, a, um, billowy. fluctus, us, M., wave. flumeii, inis, N., river, stream. fluo, fluxi, flux-, 3, flow. 218 LATIN LESbOXS. fluvius, i, M., river, stream. fodio, f5di, foss-, 3, dig. fcedus, a, um./ow/, ugly. fcsdus, eris, x., league, treaty. folliculus, i, M., hollow ball for tennis. fons, tis, yL., fountain, source. for, fatus, 1 ( 38), speak, say. foramen, inis, N., aperture. fore, fut. infin. of sum, be. foris, is, F. (gen. pi. um), door. forma, se, F., shape, beauty. formica, se, F., ant. fors, tis, F., chance, fortune. forte, jierhaps. fortis, e, strong, brave. fortiter, boldly. fortuna, se, F., fortune. forum, i, x., public square, mar- ket ; a square in Rome, the chief place of public business. fossa, se, F., ditch, trench. foveo, fovi, fot-, '2, cherish. frango, fregi, fract-, 3, break. frater, tris, M., brother. fraternus, a, um, brotherly, of a brother. fraus, dis, F., deceit, crime. frequento, 1, resort, frequent. fretus, a, um, relying. frigus, oris, x., coldness, chill. frons, dis, F., leaf. frons, tis, F., brow, forehead. fructuosus, a, um, fruitful, pro- fitable. fructus, us, M., fruit. frugalitas, atis/F., thrift. fruges, F., [fru.x,'] fruits (of the earth). frumentarius, a, um, of corn ; res frumentaria, grain, sup- ply of corn. frumeiitum, i, x., con?, grain. frustra, in vain, -without reason. fuga, se, Y., flight, exile. fugio, fugi, fugit-, 3, fee, pass, escape. fulgor, orio, M., flash, gleam. fulgur, mis, x., lightning. funditor, oris, M., slincjcr. fundo, fudi, fus-, o, pour, rout. fungor, funct-, 3, perform, fulfil. fiiniculus, i, M., slender cord. funus, eris, x., burial, funeral rites. fur, furis, M., thief. furor, oris, M., raging madness. G. Gallia, se, F., Gaul, including Belgium, France, and Swit- zerland. Gallicus (-canus), a, um, Gal- lic, of the Gauls. gallina, se, F., hen. Gallus, i, M., a Gaul. garrulitas, atis, F., chattering. garrulus, a, urn, talkative. gaudeo, gavlsus, i> ^ 35,2), re- joice, be glad. gaudium, i, x..joy (at heart). gelu, us, x., frost. gemiiiatus, double. geminus, a, ura, ticin, double. gemma, se, F., gem. gemo, ui, it-, o,eigh, moan. gener, eri, M., son-in-law. Geneva, se, F., a city on the Hel- vetian boundary of Gaul. genitus, [gigno,] begotten. gens, tis, F., clan, race, house. genu, us, x., knee. genus, eris, birth, race. Germanus, a, um, German. gero, gessi, gest-, 3, bear, wear, waf/e (war) ; gerere morem, to humor ; se gerere, conduct one's self. gesto (-tito), 1, bear, carry. gestus, [gero,] borne; res gestse, deeds, exploits. gigno, genui, genit-, 3, beget, pro- duce. glacies, ei, F., ice. gladius, i, M., sword. glans, dis, F., acorn, nut, bullet. gloria, ae, F., glory. glorior, 1, boast, pride one's sdf. VOCABULARY. I. 219 Gracchus Ti, tribune, B.C. 133; C. id., 123, authors of popular laws, and slain by the nobility. gradus, us, M., step, degree. Graecus (ulus), a, urn, Greek. grammatica, se, F., grammar. granum, i, N., grain. graphium, i, N., writing-style. gratia, se, F., favor, grace', pi., thanks ; gratias agere, give thanks. gratia (abl.),/or the sake of. gratulor, 1, congratulate. gratus, a, um, grateful, agreeable. gravis, e, heavy, deep, weighty. graviter, weightily, seriously. grex, gregis, F., jlock, herd. gubernator, or Is, M., pilot, steers- man, governor. guberno, 1, steer, govern. H. habeo, habui, habit-, 2, have, hold, regard. habito, 1, dwell. hasdus, i, M., kid. [fast. heereo, heesi, haes-, 2, cling, stick hamus, i, M., hook. Hannibal, alia, a Carthaginian chieftain, B.C., 247-183. Hamio, onis, a general of Carth- age, enemy of Hannibal. hasta, ae, F., spear. liaud (hau, haut), not at all. haurio, hausi, haust-, 4, drain. Helvetii, orum, people of Hel- vetia (Switzerland). herba, se, F., grass, herbage. !ieres,edis,M., heir. herl (here), yesterday. heu! alas! hibernus, a um, of winter, wintry; N., pi., winter-quarters. hie, haec, hoc, this, the latter. hie, here, hereupon. Memo, 1, pass the winter. .hiems (pa), hiemis, F., winter, storm. hilaris, e; -us, a, um, cheerful, merry. hilaritas, atis, F., cheer, mirth. hinc, hence. Hispania, se, F., Spain. hodie, to-day. Homerus, Homer, a Greek poet. homo, inis, c., a man. honestus, a, um, honorable. honor, oris, M., honor, dignity. honorificus, a, um, doing honor. honoro, I, honor. hora, se, F., hour, season. Horatius, a Roman family name. hordeurn, i, N., barley. > horreo, ui, 2, shudder at, be rough. horror, oris, M., bristling, trem- bling, dread. hortor, 1, cheer, exhort, urge. hortus, i, M., garden. hospes, itis, host, guest, stranger. hostis, is, c., stranger, enemy. hue, hither, thus far. humaiiitas, atis, F., refinement. humaiius, a, um, human, humane, refined. humerus. i, M., shoulder. humidus, a, um, moist, wet. humilis, e, low, humble. humus, i, F., ground. ibi, there, thereupon, at that time. ico, Ici, ict-, 3, strike. ictus, us, M., bloio, stroke. idem, eadem, idem, same, very. ideo, so, therefore. idoneus, a, um,^, apt. idus, uum, F. pi. Ides ( 84). igitur, therefore, then ( 43, 3, e). ignis, is, M.,ftre. ignosco, novi, not-, 3, pardon, overlook. ignotus, a, um, unknown. ille, ilia, illud, that, the former, the well-known ( 20, 2, 6). illic, there, yonder. 220 LATIN LESSOXS. illico, there, on the spot. illustris, e, bright, clear, famous. imago, inis, p., image, imbellis, e, unwarlike. imber, bris, M., rain-storm. imbuo, bui, but-, 3, saturate, imbue. imitor, 2, imitate, copy. immaturus, a, urn, untimely, premature. immo, nay, surely, on the con- trary. immortalis, e, deathless, endless. immotus, [moveo,] unmoved. immuto, 1, change, alter. impar, paris, unequal. impatiens, tis, not enduring. impediment urn, i, x., hindrance; pi., baggage, army-train. impedio, 4, hinder. impeditus, a, um, encumbered. impello, puli, puls-, 3, push ayaiiist, urge. impensa, ae, cost. imperator, oris, M., commander, general. imperfectus, a, um, unfinished. imperitus, a, um, inexperienced. imperium, i, x., military author- ity, command, dominion, gov- ernment. impero, 1, command. *> impetro, I, obtain by request, effect. impetus, us, M., attack, assault, vigor. impie, impiously. impingo, pegi, pact-, 3, strike. implore, 1, entreat, implore. impono, posui, posit- (post-), 3, impose, appoint. imprimis, chiefly, in the first piece* impubes, is, youthful, beardless. impudens, tis, shameless. impugno, 1, attack, oppose. impunitus, a, um, unfinished. imus, a, um, [inferus,] I - in (ace.), into; (abl.), in, on ("$ 56, 1). inanis, e, empty. incalesco, calui, 3, grow hot. incedo, cessi, cess-, 3, go, ad- vance, march. incendium, i, x., conflagration. incendo, cendi, cens-, 3, bum, kindle. inceptum, i, x., attempt, under- taking . incido, cidi, cas, 3, [cado,]/M upon, occur, happen. incipio, cepi, cept-, 3, [capio,] begin, commence.- incite, 1, hasten, rouse. inclamo (-ito), 1, cry out upon. inclino, 1, lean, bend, give ic/nf. include, clusi, clus-, 3, [claudo,] shut up, enclose. incola, se, c., inhabitant, resident. incolo, colui, 3, dicdl, inhabit. > incolumis, e, safe, unharmed. incommodus, 'a, um, trouble- some, inconvenient; x., disaster. incredibilis, e, incredible. increpo (ui, it-), 1, chide. incultus, [colo,] untilled, rude. incuso, 1, blame, accuse. inde, thence, thereupon, next. indecorus, a, um, unbecoming. indico, 1, point out. indico, dixi, diet-, 3, appoint, declare. indictus, a, um, unsaid, unsung. indignor, 1, deem unworthy, be angry. indo, didi, dit-, 3, put into, im- part. indoles, is, F., disposition, talent. induce, dnxi, duct-, 3, bring in or upon, exhibit. indue, dui, dut-, 3, put on, as- sume, clothe. industria, ae, F., industry, de industria, on purpose. ineo, ire, ii (ivi), it-, go in, enter upon, begin. inermis, e; -us, a, um, unarmed. iners, tis, [ars,] unskilled, slug- gish. infans, tis, speechlca : infant. infelix, icis, unhappy. infensus, a, um, hostile. VOCABULARY. I. 221 inferior, us ( 17, 3), lower, later. infero, inferre, intuli, illat-, bring in or upon. infesto, 1, attack, molest. infestus, a, urn, hostile. iiiflammo, 1, kindle, inflame. inflecto, flexi, flex-, 3, bend. inflo, 1, blow upon, inflate. influo, fluxi, flux-, 3, flow in or upon. informo, 1, shape. infra, beneath, below, ingemo (-isco),gemui, 3, groan, lament. ingenium, i, N., disposition, talent, temper. ingeiis, tis, huge, vast. ingredior, gress-, 3, enter, ad- vance upon. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly ; (as noun), personal enemy. imquus, a, um, unjust. initium, i, N., beginning. injicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] cast upon or against. injuria, ee, F., injury, wrong. injussu (abl.), without orders. injustus, a, um, unjust. innascor, natus, 3, be born in. imiitor, ms-, 3, lean on. innocens, tis, innocent. imioxius, a, um, harmless. innuo, ui, ut-, 3, nod to, hint. inopia, ee, F., want, need. inquam (def.), say ( 38, 2, &). inquietus, a, um, restless. insanus, a, um, insane, crazy. iuscieiis, tis, without knowledge. inscribe, scripsi, script-, 3, write upon, inscribe. insequor, secutus, 3, follow close, pursue. insidiee, arum, F., ambush, strat- agem, plot. insidior, 1, lie in wait for. insigne, is, N., sign, badge. insigiiis, e, marked, distinguished. insilio, ui, [salio,] 4, leap upon. insolens, tis, insolent. insolenter, haughtily. iiisperans, tis, not hoping or ex- pecting. instituo, ui, ut-, 3, [statuo] ap- point, establish, teach. institutum, i, N., institution. insto, stiti, 1, stand upon, urge. instruo, xi, ct-, 3, build, instruct, draw up. iiisuefactus, a, um, accustomed. insula, ee, F., island. insusurro, 1, whisper to. intactus, a, um, untouched. integer, gra, um, sound, whole. intellego, xi, ct-, 3, understand. intendo, di, turn (sum), 3, stretch, aim at, intend. inter, between, among, during. intercede, cessi, cess-, 3, go be- tween, protest (as tribune) . intercludo, si, sum, [claudo,] 3, shut off, hinder. interdico, dixi, diet-, 3, inter- fere, forbid, interdict. interdiu, by day-time. inter dum, at times, meanwhile. interea, in the mean time. interest, there is difference or ad- vantage ( 50, iv. d). interfector, oris, M., slayer. interficio, feci, feet-, <5, kill. interim, meanwhile. interior, us ( 17, 3), inner. interpello, 1, interrupt. interrogo, 1, ask, inquire. inter-rumpo, 3, interrupt. intersum, esse, fui, be present at or among ; differ. intervallum, i, N., interval. intra, within, inside of. intro, 1, enter, penetrate. intumesco, tumui, 3, swell. inusitatus, a, um, uncommon. inutilis, e, useless. invado, si, sum, 3, attack. invalidus, a, um, weak. inveho, vexi, vect-, 3, bring in or upon ; P., attack, charge. invenio, veni, vent-, ^find, dis- cover, invent. invicem, by turns. invictus, a, um, unconquered. 222 LATIN LESSONS. in video, vidi, vis-, 3, envy. invidia, ae, F., envy, malice. invidus, a, um, envious. invisus, a, um, hated. invito, 1, invite, summon. invitus, a, um, unwilling. invius, a, um, pathless. invoco, 1, call upon, invoke. involve, volvi, volut-, 3, wrap. ipse, a, um ( 20, 2, e), self. Ira, ae, F., rage, anger. iracundus, a, um, passionate. Irascor, 1, be angry. Iratus, a, um, enraged, angry. irrldeo, ridi, ris-, '2, laugh at. irruo, irrui, 3, rush or pour in. is, ea, id ( 20, 2, d), that. iste, a, ud ( 20, 2, c), *&a*. ita, so, thus. Italia, ae, F., /taZy. Italicus, a, um, Italian. itaque, and so, therefore. item, 50, likewise, also. iter, itineris, N., way, march. itero, 1, repeat, relate. iterum, a second time. j. jaceo, ui, jacit-, 2, lie, recline. jacio, jeci, jact-, 3, throw. jactatio, onis, F., tossing, boast- ing. jacto, 1, toss, hurl, boast. jam, now, already, presently. jamdiu, already, for a long time. jampridem, now, long since. janua, ae, F., door. Januarius,a, um, of January. Janus, i, the god of beginning. jejunus, a, urn, hungry, sterile. jocor, 1, tojext. jocus, i, ~H.,joke, jest, fun. Jovis, gen. of Juppiter. Juba, ae, k. of Numidia, partisan of Pompey ; d. B.C. 46. jubeo, jussi, juss-, 2, order, com- mand, bid. jiicundus, a, um, pleasant. judex, icis, M., judge. judicium, i, N., judgment. judico, judge. jugulum, i, N., throat. jugum, i, N., yul-e, ridge. Julius, a, um, of July ; a Gens, including the family of Caesar. jumentum, i, N., beast of burden. jungo, nxi, net-, 3, join, yoke. junior, oris, younger ( 17, 3, I/). Juppiter, Jovis, Jupiter, son of Saturn, king of gods. Jura, ae, M., the mountain range west of Helvetia. juramentum, i, N., oath. jure (abl.), justly. juro (or), 1, swear, take oath. jus, juris, N., law, right, justice. jusjurandum ( 14, 2, d), oath. jussum, i, N. ; -us, us, M., com- mand. jussus, [jubeo,] ordered. justitia, ae, F., justice. Justus, a, urn, just, right. juvenca, ae, F., heifer. juveiiis, is (um), c., a youth. juventus, tutis, F., youth. juvo, juvi, jut-, 1, hdp. Kalendae, arum, F., kalends, 1st of the month. Karthago, inis, F., CartJiage ; a powerful city of North Africa. labes, is, i?.,fall, ruin. labor, oris, M., toil, distress. laboro, 1, labor, strive, suffer. lac, lactis, N., milk. lacer, era, um, mangled, torn. lacesso, ivi, it-, 3, challcn whoever. quivis, wlio or wliat you will. quo, whither, in order that ( 64, 1, a). quoad, how long? as far as. 234 LATIX LESSONS. quod, that, because; quod si, but if. quominus, that not ( 65, 1, a), quomodo, how 1 quondam, once, formerly. quoniam, since, whereas. quoque, also. quorsum, whither, to what end. quot, how many, as many. quotannis, yearly. quotidianus, a, um, daily. quotldie, ccery day. quotus, a, um, one of how many. rabidus, a, um, mad, fierce. radix, icis, P., root, foot (of hill). rado, si, sum, 3, scrape, shave. ramus, i, M., branch, bough. rana, ss, v.,frog. rapax, acis, grasping, greedy. rapidus, a, um, rapid, swift. raplna, se. p.. robbery, plunder. rapio, rapui, rapt-, 3. seize. raro, seldom, rarely. rarus, a, um, rare, sparse. ratio, onis, p., reason, considera- tion. ratis, is, F., raft, vessel. ratus, a, um, [reor,] supposing. rebello, 1, revolt, renew hostilities. recens, tis, fresh, new, recent. recessus, us, M., act or place of retreat, recess, departure. recipio, cepi, cept-, 3, receive, undertake ; se, retreat. reconcilio, 1. reconcile. recreo, 1, restore, refresh. rectus, 3, \rego, ^upright, straight. recupero, 1, recover. recuso, 1, refuse. reddo, didi, dit- f 3, restore, ren- der. red-eo, 4, return, go back. redigo, egi, act-, 3, [ago,] bring bark, reduce, compel. rcdimo, emi, empt-, 3, buy back, buy up, redeem. \ redintegro, 1, restore, renew. reduco, xi-, ct-, 3, bring back, icifhdraw, reduce. re-fero, bring, restore, refer. refert ( 50, 4, d), it concerns. re-foveo, ~2, cherish, restore. regalis, e, kingly. regina, se, F., queen. regius, a, um, kingly. regno, 1, reign. rego, rexi, rect-, 3, rule, direct. regredior, gress-, 3, return. rejicio, jeci, ject-, 3, [jacio,] throw back, reject. relabor, laps-, 3,faU back. religio, onis, F., religion. relinquo, liqui, lict-, 3, leave. reliquiae, arum, p., reTTcs. reliquus, a, um, remaining. re-maneo, 2, stay, remain. remedium, i, N., remedy. Remi, a tribe of north Gaul. reminiscor, 3, recall to mind. re-mitto, 3, send back, remit. remus, i, M., an oar. Remus, i, twin br. of Romulus. renuntio, 1, bring back word. renuo, nui, 3, deny, refuse. reor, ratus, 2, believe, suppose. repello, puli, puls-, 3, push back t reject, repel. repens, tis, sudden, recent. repente, suddenly. repentinus, a, sudden. reperio, peri, pert-, 4, find. re-peto, 3, resume, repeat. repleo, plevi, plet-, 2, Jill up. repo, repsi, rept-, 3, creep. re-poiio, 3, put back, restore. reporto, 1, bring back. repreheudo, di, sum, 3, blame. repudio, 1, divorce, reject. repugno, 1, oppose, resist. repulsa, se, F., refusal, repulse. reputo, 1, think over, reckon. re-quiro, 3, [queero,] seek again, demand, require. j res, rei, F., thing, property. re-scindo, 3, cut away, abolish. re-seco, 1, cut loose. reservo, 1, keep back, save up. VOCABULARY. I. 235 resisto, stiti, 3, stay, resist. respicio, spexi, spect-, 3, look back on, regard, respect. respondeo, di, sum, '2, answer. responsum, i, N., a reply. res-publica ( 14, 2, d), com- monwealth. respuo, ui, 3, spit bade, reject. restituo, ui, ut-, 3, restore. re-sumo, 3, take back, resume. rete, is, N., net, snare. retineo, tinui, tent-, 2, retain, hold back. re-traho, 3, withdraw, keep or drag back. retro, backward, back. retrorsum, backward. reus, rea, arraigned, on trial, de- fendant. re-veho, 3, carry back. revereiitia, se, F., reverence. revertor (-to), versus, 3, return. revoco, 1, recall, revoke. rex, regis, M., king. Rhea Sylvia, daughter of Nu- initor, mother of Romulus. rheda, se, F., carriage, chariot. Rhenus, i, M., the Rhine, eastern boundary of Gaul. rhetor, oris, M., rhetorician. Rhodanus, i, M., the Rhone, a river of S. E. Gaul. Rhodus, i, F., the island Rhodes. rideo, risi, ris-, 2, laugh. rigeo. rigui, 2, be stiff, numb. rigidus, a, um, stiff, rigid. lima, se, F., crack, crevice. ripa, 89, F., river-bank. risus, us, M., laughter. rivus, i, M., stream, brook. rixa, se, F., quarrel. robur, oris, N., strength, vigor. rodo, rosi, ros-, 3, gnaw. rogo, 1, ask, propose (a law). Roma, se, Rome. Romamis, a, um, Roman. Romulus, i, founder and first k. of Rome, B.C. 753-717. ros, roris, M., dew. ros a, se, F., a rose. rostrum, i, N., bill, ship^s beak. ruber, bra, um, red. ruber, oris, M., redness, blush. rudis, e, raw, rude. rugio, 4, roar (as a lion), ruina, se, ruin, downfall. rumor, oris, M., talk, rumor. rumpo, rupi, rupt-, 3, break. ruo, rui, rut- (ruit-), 3, rush, fall. rursus (sum), backward, again. rus, ruris, N., the country ; ruri, in, rure,from the country. rusticus, a, urn, rural. saccus, i, M., sack, bag. sacer, era, crum, sacred, holy. sacerdos, otis, c., priest. sacrificium, i, N., sacrifice. sacrifice, 1, offer in sacrifice. saepe, often. saspenumero, again and again. Scevio, 1, rage, be fierce. sasvus, a, um, fierce, cruel. sagax, acis, sagacious. sagino, I, fatten, pamper. sagitta, se, F., arrow. Sagittarius, i, M., archer. sagum (-ulum), i, N., mantle, cloak. \ sal, salis, M., salt , plur., wit. Salamis, is, F., an island near Athens. salio, salui, salt-, 4, leap, jump. saltern, at least. saltus, us, M., leap, forest, glade. salus, utis, F., healtli, safety. salutatio, onis, F., greeting. salutator, oris, M., greet er. saluto, 1, salute. salve, hail! or farewell! salvus, a, um, safe, sound. sancio, saiixi, sanct-, 4, sanction. sanctus, a, um, sacred, just. sane, Iru/t/, to-be-sure. sanguinoleiitus, a, um, bloody. sanguis, iiiis, M., blood. sano, 1, make sound, heat. sanus, a, um, sound, sane. 236 LATIN LESSONS. sapiens, tis, wise, discreet. sapientia, ae, F., wisdom. sarcina, ae, F., package. satelles, itis, c., attendant, tool. satis, enough. satis-facio, 3, give satisfaction. satius, [satis,] better, rather. satur, ura, um, sated, full. satus, [sero,] sown, planted. saucius, a, um, wounded. sa_xum, i, N., stone, rock. scando, di, sum, 3, climb. scelestus, a, um, wicked. scelus, eris, N., crime. schola, ae, F., school. scientia, ae, F., knowledge. scilicet, plainly, no doubt, surely. scio, 4, know, understand. scipio, onis, M., staff. Scipio, onis, a noble family- name of Rome. scriba, ae, M., clerk, scribe. scribo, scripsi, script-, 3, write. scurra, ae, M., jester, buffoon. scutum, i, N., shield. se (sui), himself, &c. ( 19, 3). se-cedo, 3, withdraw, secede. secerno, crevi, cret-, 3, separate, distinyuish. seco, secui, sect-: 1, cut. secreto, apart, secretly. secrefcus, [secerno,] secret. sector, I, follow eagerly, hunt. secundarius, a, um, stale. secuudo, a second time. secuudus, a,_um, [sequor,] sec- ond, favorable, propitious , secundo flumine, down stream. sed, but. sedeo, sedi, sess-, 2, sit, settle. sides, is, F., seat, foundation. seditio, onis, F. , sedition, discord. seditiosus, a, um, seditious. segnis, e, slow, slothful. sella, se, seat, chair. semel, once, once for all. semen, iiiis, N., [sero,] seed. semeiitis, is, F., sowing. semper, always. senator, oris, M., senator. senatorius, a, um, of the senate. senatus, us (i), M., Senate. senex, senis, old: M., old man. seiii, se, a, six each, six. senior, us, older, elder ( 17, 3, b). sententia, ae, F., opinion; ex sententia, satisfactorily. sentio, sensi, sens-, 3, perceive, feel, think. separating apart, separately. sepelio, ivi (ii), sepult-, 4, bury. sepes, is, F., hedge, fence. septern, seven. septemtrio, onis, M.. north. septimus, a, um, seventh. septuagesimus, seventieth. septuaginta, seventy. sepulcrum, i, N., tomb, grave. sepultura, ae, F., burial. Sequani, a tribe of Gaul. sequor, secutus, 3, follow. serenus, a, um, clear, bright. serio, in earnest. sermo, onis, M., talk, discourse. sero, sevi, sat-, 3, sow, plant. sero, serui, sert-, 3, bind, weave. serpens, tis, r., a serpent. serpo, serpsi, serpt-, 3, crawl. Sertorius, i, an officer of Marius, who held Spam against Sulla till B.C. 73. sertum, i, N., garland, wreath. serva, ae, F., female slave. servilis, e, slavish, servile. servio, 4, be a slave, serve. servitude, inis ; -tus, tutis, F., slavery, servitude. servo, 1, preserve, save. servus, i, M., slave. sestertium, i, N., =1,000 sester- ces (about $40) ; decies ses- tertium, 1,000,000 ($40,000). sestertius, i, M., a sesterce, = 4 cts. (see 84). seur=:sive, or, lohether. severus, a, um, austere, severe. sex, six. sexagiiita, sixty. sexcenti, ae, a, six hundred. sexdecim, sixteen. VOCABULARY. I. 237 Sextilis, e, of August. sextus, a, um, sixth. si, if, whether ; quod si, but if. sic, so, thus. sica, se, P., dagger. siccus, a, um, dry, thirsty; N., dry land. Sicilia, as, Sicily. Siculus, a, um, Sicilian. sic-ut (uti), 50 as, as if. sidus, eris, N., star, constella- tion. signiflco, 1, betoken, mean. signum, i, N., sign, standard, statue, signal. sileiis, tis, still, silent. silva, se, F., wood, forest. Silvester, tris, e, of forest. simia, se, F., ape, monkey. similis, e, like, similar. similiter, in like manner. simplicitas, atis, F., simplicity. simul, at the same time-, simul atque or ac, as soon as. simulo, 1, feign, pretend. simultas, atis, F., strife. siii, but if. sine, without. singularis, e, singular. singuli, se, a, single, one to each,, sinister, tra, um, left, on awkward, unlucky. sinistra, se. F., the left hand. smo, sivi, sit-, 8, permit. > sinus, us, M.,fold, gulf. sis to, stiti, stat-, 3, set, place. sitio, 4, thirst, thirst for. sitis, is, im, i, F., thirst. situs, [sino,] set, situated. sive (seu), or if, lohether, or. sobrius, a, um, sober, prudent. socer, eri, M., father-in-law. societas, atis, F. , society, partner- ship, alliance. socius, i, M., companion, ally. sodalis, is, M., comrade. sol, solis, M., the sun. soleo, solitus, 2, be wont. _ solidus, a, um,Jirm, solid. solitude, inis, i<\, solitude. solium, i, N., throne. sollicitus a, um, anxious. solus, a, um, lus, alone, only. solve, solvi, solut-, 3, loosen, cast off (from shore), pay, release. somnium, i, N., a dream. somiius, i, M., sleep. sonitus, us, M., sound. sono, sonui, sonit-, 1, sound. sons, tis, guilty, hurtful. sordidatus, in shabby clothes. sordidus, a, wa\,foul, sordid. soror, oris, F., sister. sororius, a, um, of sisters. sors, tis, F., lot, chance, destiny. sortior 4, allot, obtain. spargo, si, sum, 3, strew, scatter. spatium, i, N., space, period. species, ei, P., mew, appearance. spectaculum, i, N., public show. specto, 1 , behold, look at. speculator, oris, M., a scout. speculor, 1, spy, watch. speculum, i, N., mirror. specus, us, M., cave, den. sperno, sprevi, spret-, 3, despise. spero, 1, hope, expect. spes, spei, F., hope. spina, 89, F., thorn. spleiididus, a, um, brigJit. spleltdor, oris, M., splendor. spolio, 1, strip, spoil. spolium, i, N., spoil, plunder. spondeo, spopondi, spoils-, 3, pledge, vow, betroth. sponsus, betrothed. sponte, of one^s own accord. spretus, [sperno,] despised. squalidus, a, um, squalid, foul. statim, immediately. static, onis, F., standing, post. statua, se, F., statue, image. statuo, statui, statut-, 3, set, establish, resolve. statura, ae, F., height, stature. status, us, M., position. stella, se, F., .s'/m 1 . stercus, oris, x., dung, filth. steriio, stravi, strat-, 3, spread, strew. stipeiidiarius, a, um, tributary. 238 LATIN LESSONS. stipendium, i, N., pay., military service. stirps, pis, P., stock, race. sto, steti, stat-, 1 , stand, cost (with abl. of j-ricc); stat, it in a fixed purpose. stomachus, i, M., chagrin. strages, is, F., massacre. stragulum, i, N., rug, mattress. stratus, [sterno,] strown. strenue, vigorously. strenuus, a, um, vigorous. strepitus, us, M., noise. strideo, di, 2, hiss, creak, buzz. striugo, strinxi, strict-, 3, draw, press, graze. struo, struxi, struct-, 3, build, arrange. studeo, studui, 2, be eager or zealous for, study. studiose, earnestly. studiosus, a, um, zealous. studium, i, x., zeal, study. stultus, a, um, foolish. stupeo, stupui, 2, be amazed. stupidus, aj um, stupid. suadeo, suasi, suas-, 2, advise, urge. sub (J 42, 2), under. subduco, xi, ct-, 3, withdraw, uplift. sub-eo, 4, fall into, approach, undergo'. siiber, eris, x., cork-tree. subigo, egi, act-, 3, subdue. subito, suddenly. subitus, [subeo,] sudden. subjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, bring un- der, subdue. sublatus, [tollo,] elated. sublevo, 1, uplift, relieve. subllmis, e, lofty. suboles, is, p.', offspring. - subsequor, secutus, 3, follow close. subsidium, i, N., reset-res, help. subside, seal, sess-, 3, settle. subsisto, stiti, :>, take a si sub-stituo, 3, [statuo.] substi- tute. subter, beneath. sub-veho, 3, convey, bring (up stream) . sub-venio, 4, relieve, come to hand. suc-cedo, 3, mount, advance. suc-censeo, 2, be angry. successor, oris, M., follower. suffigo, xi, xum 3, fasten, affix. sui, sibi, se (sese), one's self. sulcus, i, *i., furrow. Sulla, L. Cornelius, the Roman Dictator, B.C. 138-78. Sullanus, a, um, of Sulla. sum, esse, fui ( 29), be (with dat.), belong. summa, ae, P., sum, main body. sum-mergo, 3, plunge, sink. sum-mitto, 3, send forth. summus, a, um, chief, top of. sumo, sumpsi, sumpt-, 3, take, spend, assume; sumere pce- nam, inflict punishment. surnptus, us, N., expense, cost. supellex, lectilis, p. , furniture. super, above, concerning. superbia, se, p., pride. superior, us, higher, former. supernato, 1, swim over. snpero, 1, surpass, subdue. super-sedeo, 2, sit upon, sur- pass. super-sum, remain, survive. superus, a, um ( 17, 3, a), upper. super-vemo, 4, come upon, at- tack. supinus, a, \u&, fatten backward. supplex, icis, suppliant. supplicatio, onis, p., public prayer or thanksgiving. suppliciter, supphanthj, humbly. supplicium, i, N., supplication, punishment. supporto, 1, carry, convey. supra, above, beyond, besides. supremus =rsummus , It if/hest . surdus, a, um, deaf, dull. surgo, surrexi, surrect-, 3, rise. surripio, ripui, rept-, 3, [rapio,] snatch, steal. sus, suis, c., hog, sow. VOCABULARY. I. 239 suscipio, cepi, cept-, 3, [capio,] take up, undertake. suspend o, di, sum, 3, hang, sus- pend, check. suspicio, spexi, spect-, 3, sus- pect, distrust. suspicio, oiiis, F., suspicion. suspicor, 1, suspect. sustineo, tinui, tent-, 2, sustain. sustuli, [tollo,] raised. sutor, oris, cobbler. suus, a, um, one's own. T. T, the prsenomen Titus. taberiiaculum, i, N., tent. tabula, se, F., board, list. taceo, tacui, tacit-, 2, be silent. tacitus, a, um, silent. tactus, [tango,] touched. taedet, uit, it wearies. taedium, i, N., weariness, dis- gust. talentum, i, N., talent ( cwt., or sum of a little over $1000;. talis, e, such, of such sort." talus, i, M., ankle, die. tarn, .s-o ; tarn . . . quam, as . . . as. tamen, yet, nevertheless. tametsi, although. tamquam, as if, as it were. tandem, at length, now then. tango, tetigi, tact-, 3, touch. taiitidem, at just so much. tanto, by so much (with conipar.) . tantopere, .90 much, so greatly. tantum, .50 much, only. taiitummodo, only. taiitiis, a, um, so great. tarde, ius, issime, slowly. tardo, 1, delay, linger. tardus, a, um, slow, dull, late. taurus, i, M,, bull. te (tu), thee. tectuni, i, N., roof, shelter. tecum (tu), with thee. tego, texi, tect-, 3, cover, hide. tellus, uris, F., the earth. telum, i, N., spear, javelin. temerarius, a, um, rash. temere, rashly, hastily. temeritas, atis, F., rashness. temperans, tis, moderate. temperantia, ae, F., moderation. tempero, 1, regulate, refrain. tempestas, atis, F., time, season. tempi urn, i, N., temple. tempus^ oris, N., time. tenax, acis, tenacious. tendo, teteiidi, tent- (tens-), 3, stretch, spread, tend. tenebras, arum, F., darkness. teneo, tenui, tent-, 2, hold. tener, era, um, soft, tender. tento, 1, try, attempt. tentorium, i, N., tent. tenuis, e, thin, slender. tenus, up to, as far as. tepidus, a, um, lukewarm, faint. ter, three, times. tergum, i, N., back; dare terga, terni, se, a, by threes. [ jlce. tero, trivi, tiit-, 3, ivear away. terra, ee, F., earth, ground, region. terrenus, a, um, of earth. terreo, terrui, territ-, 2, frighten. terror, oris, M., dread, terror. tertio (um), thirdly. tertius, a, um, third. testamentum, i, N., a will. testimoniuni, i, N., evidence. testis, is, c., a witness. tester, 1, bear ivitness, attest. testudo, inis, F., tortoise (boards or shields, locked to cover a storming-party) . teter, tra, um, ojj'ensive, foul. Thessalia,ee,F., Northern Greece. Tiberis, is, M., the Tiber. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), em- peror from A.D. 14-31. tigillum, i, N., a little beam. Tigranes, is, k. of Armenia, son- in-law of Mithridates. tigris, is (idis), c., tiger. timeo, timui, 2, fear, dread. timidus, a, um, timid, cowardly. timor, oris, M.,fear, dread. titulus, i, M., title, motto. toga, se, F., [tego,] toga, mantle. 240 LATIN LESSONS. tolero, 1, bear, sustain. tollo (sustuli, sublat-), 3, lift, raise, destroy, remove. tondeo, totondi, tons-, 2, clip, cut, shear, crop. tono, tonui, 1, thunder. tonsor, oris, M., barber. tonsorius, a, um, of a barber. torpeo, torpui, 2, be stiff'. torpor, oris, M., mwibness. torqueo, torsi, tort-, 2, twist. torreo, torrui, tost-, 2, roast. torridus, a, um, parched. tot, so many. totidem.Jusf so many. t5tus, a, um, g., lus, whole. trabs, bis, p., beam. tractus, [traho,] drawn. trado, didi, dit-, 3, deliver, com- mit, betray. tra-duco, 3, lead over, transfer, tragula, ee, p., dart, javelin. traho, traxi, tract-, 3, tVw ( 50, 4, 6). declare (war), indico, 3 (DAT.). deep, altus, a, um. defend, defendo, 3. delight, delecto, 1. deliver, fraes, e, F. horse, equus, i, M. horseman, e^rwes, &s, M. hostage, obscs, idis, c. house, domus, us, F. (12, 3, e). hunger, fames, is, F. immediately, statim, confestim. immortal, immorfalis, e. in, in (ABL.) ; in company with, cum (ABL.) ; in the power ot, penes (ACC.) ; in turn, in- vicem. inform, cerium [ccrtiorem~\facio. inhabitant, incola, a?, M. inquire, quccro, 3. insist on, Jhigiio, 1 (ACC.). into, in (ACC.). island, insula, ce, F. Italy, Italia, ce, F. j. journey, iter, itineris, N. judge, judex, ids, M. just, Justus, a, um; (time), ipxe. E. keep off, prokibeo, 2. kill, interfido, 3 ; occldo, 3. kind, benignus, a, um. king, rex, regis, M. kingdom, regnum, i, N. know, scio, 4. Lacedoemonian, Lacedcemoniut, a, um. lake, lacus, us, M. land, terra, a', F. language, lingua, 03, F. large, ma gnus, ampins, a, um. last, proximus ; (furthest), ex- tremus, a, um. Latin, Latinus, a, um. lay waste, vasto, 1. lead, r/?/co, 3. lead out, educo, 3. leap, salto, 1 ; over, transilio, 4. learn, r/wco, 3. leave, relinquo, 3. legate, legatus, i, M. VOCABULARY. II. 247 legion, legio, bnis, F. letter, litterce, arum, F. (pi.). liberate, libero, 1. lie,jaceo, 2 ; (speak falsehood), mentior, 4. lieutenant, legatus, i. life, vita, ce, F. light, lux, lucis, F. ; be light, luceo, 2. light, lev is, e t like, similis, e (DAT. or GEN.). line (of battle), acies, ei, F. lion, teo, bnis, M. literature, litterce, drum, F. (pi.). live, w'yo, 3 ; (dwell), habito, 1. lofty, excelsus, a, urn. long, longus, a, wwi. look at, specto, 1. love, awo, 1. M. make, facio, 3 ; (a magistrate) , creo, 1 ; (war upon), infer o (DAT.). ; (cloak), conficio. maker, faber, bri, M. man, homo, mis, c. ; vir, viri, M. maniple, manipulum, i, N. many, multi, ce, a. master (of boys), magister, tri; (of slaves), dominus, i, M. meet (death), obeo, 4. memory, memoria, ce, F. messenger, nuntius, i, M. midday, meridiem, ei, M. midnight, media nox (at, ABL.). migrate, migro, 1. mile, mille passuum ( 18, 1, e). Miletus, Miletus, i, F. mind, animus, i, M. mistaken, be, fallor (pass.). money, pecunia, ce, F. moon, luna, ce, F. more, magis ; comp. degree, plus, amplius. morrow, on the, poster o die. most, superl. degree. mountain, mons, tis, M. mourn, lugeo, 2. move, moveo, 2. music, musice, es, F. must, oportet, or gerundive. my, meus, a, um. N. name, nomen, mis, N. narrow, anguslus, a, urn. near, jwope (DAT. or ACC.). nearest, proximus. need, opus ( 54, 1, rf). never, nunquam. new, novus, a, um. night, near, noctis, F. ; by night, nodw. no, not, non. none, nullus, a, um ( 16, 1, 6). now, nunc. nowhere, nusquam. number, numerus, i. Numitor, Numllor, or is, M. 0. obey, pareo, 2 ( 52, 2, a). obtain possession, potior, 4 ( 54, 6, d). of, genitive case. often, scepe. old man, sencx, senis, M. ; 0no, 3, place around, tircumdo, 3 ( 51, 1, c) ; take place, pass, of yero, 3. plain, planities, ei, F. plan, consilium, i, N. play, fof/o, 3. pleasing, acceptus, a, wm. pleasure, voluptas, atis, F. plough, aro, 1. poet, poe/a, as, M. Pompey, Pompeius, i, M. poor, pauper, ens. possession, obtain, potior, 4 ( 54, 0, enes (ACC.). powerful, pot ens, tis. praise, la us, laud is, F. praise, laudo, 1. prefer, ywafo ( 37, 3) ; ante- pbno, 3. prepare, paro, 1. present, be, adsum. preserve, conservo, 1. pretend, simulo, 1. prevent, prohibeo, 2. prisoner, captli-us, i, M. produce, fruges, um, F. (pi. 14, 1, c). promissum, i, x. ; verb, pro- H'O, 3, polliceor, 2. prosper, sec undo, 1. protection, prccsidivm, i, N. provided, (/i/?/?, dummodo (S 6. 1,3). punish, j>nn 'to, -1. punishment, pccna, &, F. pupil, dtfctpiftcff, z, M. put, conjicioj 3. a- quaestor, qucestor, bri*, jr. queen, reglna, ce, F. R. rapacious, rapax, acis. i rapidly, celeriter. \ rather (had), wafo ( 37, 3). reach, rewzo (4), ad. read, %o, 3. | receive', accipio, 3. I recognize, ar/nosco, 3. recover, recipio (3) se. refresh, rejicio, 3. rejoice, gaudeo,2 ( 35, 2J remain, remind,' admoneo, 2. renew, redintegro, 1. repent, pcenitet ( 50, 4, 2). report, /a??za, a, F. republic, respublica, &, F. (14, repulse, repello, 3. restrain, tempero, 1 (DAT.). return, reverlo, 3 ; rec/eo, 4. revolution, nora rex. reward, proemium, i, N. rise, or/or, 4 ; sur^o, 3. river jfuvius, i, M. ; flumen, inis, N. river-bank, rz/^a,