''mm: ■" ^'?.v^■ J /^ Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive • in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.archive.Qrg/detai|s/eclectiGshc)rtfianp0crosiala THE ADVANTAGES OF ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. We claim that the demonstration of the following four propo- sitions is an unanswerable argument why the short-hand student should adopt Eclectic Short-hand : 1. It is the briefest. 3. It is the easiest to write. 2. It is the simplest. 4. It is the most legible. DEMOXSTBATION OF THE PROPOSITIONS. Prop. 1. — In December, 1880, Browne's Phonographic Monthly, then the leading stenographic journal, published comparisons of twenty-five of the best systems in existence, giving the writing, in all the systems, of a stanza of five lines. The Eclectic writing of the stanza contained, by actual computation, 14 per cent less than the briefest of the otliers (Graham's), and 49 per cent less than the longest (Ijindsley's), and was 30 per cent briefer than the average of all of them ; hence the briefest system. Prop. 3. — It is the only system of the twenty-five which is based on the English alphabet. It contains less than fifty word signs, and has no exceptions to rules; hence the simplest system. Prop. 3. — It is tlie only system of the twenty-five which dis- penses with vertical characters, writing with characters in three directions instead of four, and the only system of connective vowels similar in form to the consonants, and with a single exception the only light-line system; hence the easiest system to write. Prop. 4. — It is the only system of the twenty-five that makes as free use of vowels as of consonants, and while writing words with less strokes, still by its principles writes words more fully and with less memorizing of word signs than any other of the twenty-five. It also has no vertical strokes to become confounded in rapid writ- ing with similar oblique characters; heiice the most legible system. That tlie force of our demonstration may be more apparent, we give the writing of the Lord's Prayer by Pitman, Graham, Munson, Lindsley, and Eclectic Short-hand, and we only ask attention to the more uniform direction of the lines in the Eclectic, their easier combinations, and the fewer number of strokes, and remark that, at the same time, the Eclectic writing is more full than that of either of the others. Pitman has 111 strokes, Graham 85, Munson 88, ADVANTAGES OF ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND— ConVd. Lindsley 95, Eclectic 66. Adding the strokes of the first four we have 379; divide this sum by four, and we have 94, the average number of characters by Pitman, Graham, Munson, and Lindsley ; from this average subtract the characters required in the Eclectic writing, and we have 28, which is 42 per cent, of the Eclectic writing. Pi tnt a 72 . -^■-v. ^v-' .--^-(r^'^ •(^-'^)/ •^"--^(^ ^^wv^vv^^^ .^^^ X Cro?7Qf7t . r/?2n7so?i. 'y- 2i'i.^r- ■^"^Xr w s ..--3^ •~^^~^^\,L- o,_ ^ Er?ec//c J/> '/j?^^a?id. ^/ -^^^-.^ A SUCCESS IN AMANUENSIS WORK. "With less than t'wo months' instruction, I could report any ordinarily rapid [Speaker."— C. Q. Thorpe, Chariton. loiva. "With a comparatively small amount of study, in three montlis I acquired a speed of 135 words per minute." — J. E. Challenger, Stenographer tilth Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Philadelphia. "After one month's lessons in Eclectic Short-hand, and some daily practice for two montlis, I could easily write 150 words a minute."— E. Eloisk Baker, Stenographer with The Current, Chicago. "At the end of four vreeks' study I found myself able to write faster, and to transcribe more readily, than I could after studying Mun- son's system four months. I studied Munsou under a very able etenographer. This system 1 have studied alone.''— R. G. Stripe, Stenographer with Union Pacific Railway, Omaha. "After less than tvro vreeks' instruction in Eclectic Short- hand, without any previous knowledge except a partial knowledge of the prin- ciples, I was able to use it with the greatest satisfaction in general correspond- ence work, and have never experienced the least trouble in transcribing my notes."— W. A. Smollinger, Covenant Mutual Benefit Ass'n, Galesburg, III. "The comparative ease vrith which the Eclectic Short- hand is written is truly wonderful. I am now writing 160 to 170 words per minute." — \V. W. White, Stenographer to N. & G. Taylor Co.. Philadelphia. "I have frequently vrritten at the rate of 180 •words a min- ute, afterward reading my notes with the same facility as though taken at a moderate speed."— Johk F. Stetler, 1921 Walnut St., Philadelphia. "I commenced the study of Eclectic Short-hand the 12th of June, and on the 15th of August following 1 accepted a position as amanuensis with one of the largest firms in Chicago, which ix)sition I still hold. The sys- tem is easily acquired, and is just the thing for practical worA."— Jennie A. Wells, Stenographer to McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., Chicago. " I have had an Eclectic employed in my office for over a year, and I have never yet had to have a transcript rewritten or corrected on account of misinterpretation of the notes. From the experience I have had with the system, I consider it one that can be rapidly written, and read like print.'"- J. E, Stuart, Postofflce Inspector, Chicago. The lady referred to, in two months' study, reported and transcribed a speech delivered in court at the rate of 1,017 words the first five minutes, or an average of over 200 words per minute. "I have devoted one-half of my time during: a period of three months to the study of Eclectic Short- hand, and have had occasion to apply it daily in taking from rapid dictation letters pertaining to five distinct branches of business, frequently where the mistake of one word would have been vital to the transaction under consideration, and have found the system rapid, legible, and perfectly reliable. I believe it simply impossible to overestimate its utility to anyone contemplating a thorough business education. — C. R, Smith, North Dakota Loan and Trust Co., Jamestown,- Dak. A SUCCESS IN COURT REPORTING WHERE THE GREATEST ACCURACY AND SPEED ARE REQUIRED. From the Hon. J. J. Phillips, Judg'e of Fifth Circuit Court, 111. : "I have had reporters on the Chicago Times, Missouri Republican, and St. Louis Globe- Democrat report speeches made by myself, whose work was nothing like as correct as that done by Eclectic students in court under my observation." From the Hon. Ovren T. Beeves, Judge of Eleventh Circuit Court, 111. : " Mrs. C. P. Remine, an Eclectic writer, has been engaged as a short- hand reporter in this Circuit Court several years. I have examined the tran- scripts of her notes taken in cases tried by me, and I regard her a competent short-hand reporter in taking evidence." From the Hon. N. F. Pillsbury, Judgre of Eleventh Circuit Court, 111. : "After a term of about three months, one lesson daily, in Eclectic Short-hand, my daughter is able to correctly report as fast as an average speaker will talk, and appears to have no difficulty in reading the notes afterwards." From Oen. John McNulta, Master in Chancery, Bloomingrton, 111. : "In October, 1883, Miss Shinn was called upon to report a case before me. Her services were called for with much reluctance on my part, as I was informed that she had devoted but about three months to the study of Eclectic Short- hand. Since that time she has done substantially all the reporting of the con- tested chancery cases before me. Her speed is adequate, and her reports are absolutely accurate verbatim reports. She rends her notes when called upon with as much ease and facility as she would a printed article from a newspaper, and reads old notes with as much ease as fresh ones. I have never known a stenographer who wrote more accurately, or who read with as much facility." From Miss Mary S. Minor, Court Stenogrrapher, Dallas, Texas: "After a series of six lessons, and a few hours' daily study for three months, I was able to report court testitnonij, and to read my notes as readily as long-hand. Such is the simplicity of its construction, the flexibility of its lines, and its perfect legibility, that the work necessary to attain verbatim speed is only pustime.'' [Miss Minor writes 180 words a minute.] From Sims Ely, Oflacial Reporter Eighth Judicial District, Kas.: "Having used the Eclectic system in court reporting, I speak advisedly when I say that it is fully capable of meeting evenj j)ossible requirement. As to the time required to learn the system, I regard it as settled beyond contro- versy—not alone by my experience, but that of others known to me— that all the proficiency nciuisite for general reporting of every description, can be acquired in three months of constant study." From R. L. Davidson, Oflacial Reporter Nineteenth Judicial Distiict, Kas. : "In my examination for this position I averaged 1G9 words per minute for five consecutive minutes." [He had studied but ten weeks.] From E. B. Sherman, Master in Chancery, Circuit Court of the U. S.Chicago: "Miss Kate S. Ilohnes has been doing stenographic work in my office for several m a^ O .^^ —^ VOWELS ■ a e i u y J H t CAPITALS . A B C Cn D E F G H T J K L M N P Q^ It 8 ^ y^ ^ . — ^^ /— ^ SH T TJI U V W WH X Y Z 22 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Let the pupil now thoroughly learn the alphabet, be- ginning with the vowels, and taking up each class in its order. An effective method of learning it is that of re- peatedly writing and pronouncing each letter. Direction of movement. — The vowels e and u are always written downward, while a, i and o are written either downward or upward, and are hence called reversible letters. The consonants fc, q, x and z are downward strokes, while c, v, to and j are reversible letters. The j, when reversed, has the circle at the bottom. The horizontal letters are drawn to the right. The straight t is drawn downward, and the straight s upward. The letters A, I, g and p, when final, are generally turned back on the letter to which they are united, the two letters fonning a continuous line. The letters c and k are made alike; the purpose being to dispense with the use of l\ (See p. 33.) Slope of reversible strokes. — If the pupil writes a repeatedly upward and then downwai'd, giving the hand a free motion, he will discover that he naturally slopes the upward strokes more than the downward; also making them longer than the downward strokes. This is the law of movement in long-hand writing, by which the hand of the writer, being carried farther in the' upward movement than it returns to the left in the down- ward movement, advances to the right across the page. The pupil will see in <,'yz a clear illustration of this law of movement in long-hand, which in this system applies to all the oblique strokes. Let the pupil practice the reversible letters in opposite directions. REVERSIBLE LETTERS. 23 DOWNWARD. UPWARD. / y / ^ / y COMBINATIONS. This law of movement, adopted from long-hand, is peculiar to this system of short-hand, and is of great im- portance, employing motions similar to those which the hand has acquired by practice in long-hand, thus making its execution much easier and more certain than the move- ment of those systems containing vertical lines and curves, which in combination with oblique and horizontal strokes require an irregular movement, very unlike that of long- hand. In long-hand we have upward, downward and hori- zontal lines, recurring in regular order, the upward strokes always followed by a downward stroke, as in Z, m, etc., or by a horizontal stroke, as in o, v, 6, etc., while the down- ward lines are always followed by an upward stroke. In the short-hand we have upward, downward and horizontal strokes. The downward strokes are of two classes; the left obliques corresponding in form and slope with the strokes of back-hand, while the right obliques slope like downward strokes of the common slope. As in long-hand, an upward stroke is generally followed by a downward or a horizontal sti-oke, while a downward stroke is followed by an upward or horizontal sti'oke. Relative Lengths, as in long-hand, letters are divided into extended and contracted letters. So in this short- hand we have long and short letters, a natural and simple distinction. 24 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Care must be taken to preserve the relative lengths of the letters. The exact length of either class is of little importance, so long as the relative length is preserved. One will naturally write a fine, another a coarse hand, with equal propriety, while each preserves the relative proportions of the letters. It is possible to write so fine as to lose the individu- ality of the letters, hence it will be well for the pupil to adopt the sizes given in the exercises until by experi- ence he determines the sizes natural to his hand. SHORT LETTERS. LONG LETTERS. DirecLion. — The distinction of direction is important, and great care must be exercised by the pupil, in all prac- tice, to preserve this feature of the alphabet. Every stroke must be either right oblique, left oblique, or horizontal. Lines must always be made straight, to make an ob- vious distinction between them and the curves. Curves. — Tlie degree of curvature should be slight, flattened curves being much more facile than intense curves. Bapidittj. — Having thoroughly learned the alphabet, let the pupil begin at once to form the habit of quick movement, by making each letter as quickly as possible ; seeking to combine quickness of movement and exactness of form. COMBINING LETTERS. 25 Classification, — The following arrangement of the let- ters clearly presents their several features, viz, direction, length, and forna. HORIZONTALS. RIGHT OBLIQUES. LEFT OBLIQUES. Vowels. — The use of strokes instead of minute dashes, semi-circles, angles or dots, as in former systems, gives to the vowels a writing power equal in all respects to conso- nants ; adding both to the legible and cursive character of the writing. Their representation by strokes of uniform length not only preserves their symmetry as a class, but gives them a uniform writing value. Semi-vowels, — The to and y, of equal values, are ex- pressed by similar strokes, while r, /* and I, which form, with the consonants, coalescents and digraphs, are repre- sented by charactei's which combine with consonants with the utmost facility. Consonants. — In the selection of particular strokes to represent particular consonants, as well indeed as vowels and semi-vowels, the more facile strokes are employed to express the letters of most frequent occurrence, and most liable to difficult combinations. Capitals. — Although not of great importance to the reportorial art in general, there are cases in which capitals are valuable, as in abbreviations and proper names. The distinguishing feature of capital letters is so simple and uniform as to render their use quite possible, even in the swiftest writing. Suggestion. — Let the pupil not pass to the following lesson until he can make the alphabet with some degree 26 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. of perfection at the rate of two to three times a minute, which he should daily strive to accelerate. LESSON III. COMBINING LETTERS. In combination, one letter follows after another in the most natural and easy manner. The following rules should be well considered. Mule I. — Horizontals are always drawn from left to right. The letters I, h, p and g form an exception to this rule when they follow and are connected with horizontal lettei's, being drawn in a direction opposite from the hori- zontal. Rule II. — Right obliques are drawn to the right or left ; the writer seeking in any case to secure the simplest, clearest, and most horizontal word outline. a. — The right oblique beginning a word should gener- ally be made upward, unless the preceding word finished with an upward stroke, making a downward stroke at the beginning of the following word more natural. b. — When a right oblique follows another, they should generally be made in opposite directions; that is, the first being upward, the second should be downward; or if the first is downward, the second should be upward. e. — If the first right oblique happen to be below the line of writing, then one following it may be carried up- ward. Rule III. — Left obliques are generally drawn to the right. But in case of one following another, if the word is likely to encvoach on the line below, the second letter may be drawn uitwavd to the left. ILLUSTRATIVE COMBINATIONS. 27 READING AND WRITING EXERCISE. Key, p. 35. -7 -T -P -7^ /- Zl ^ z^ ^ 9^. / ^_^ ^ — - ^^ ^^ ^^ v^ / ^ 0/ ~~a ---6 /. 9 7 // 28 y ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAND. LESSON IV. HOOKS, LOOP, AND CIRCLE. These are valuable forms for letters, because of their individuality, and because they may generally unite with other letters in a continuous stroke. Hooks, — The hook is a slight turn, such as is seen in uniting the lines of -^^^ in long-hand ; the upper turns being used for p and the lower last turn for g. Beginning a word, they are generally united with the following letter by an angle; but in the midst of a word, or when final, the j) is generally turned on the upper side and g on the lower side of any letter. ILLUSTRATIONS. , . K6y, pl85. ^. ^ The circle for h is angularly joined, except for hp, ch, dh, th, sh, wli, and zh. When used for r it is turned on the character to which it is attached as a continuation of it. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key, p. 35. APPLICATION OF SHADING. 29 The loop is used to express /, which connects with other letters in a manner similar to /*, in a continuous stroke. Careful study of the following illustrations will enable the pupil to comprehend all the different cases of combination. ^ss -^^ ^ ^y" "^"^ , view, tongue, believe, beckon, become, righteous, redeem, indicate, random, indulge, laugh, ABBREVIATED SPELLING. 41 again, voyage, endless, common, woman, niurmui", perform, prefer, complain, continue, season, great, fondness, non- sense, seasons, phthisic, phial, phlegm (flem), ocean, evasion, mention, elysian. Pronunciation. — The following list consists of conso- nant outlines of short and common words, intended for the pupil to pronounce, for the purpose of still further develop- ing the idea of brevity. They are not presented as the briefest writing of the words, but merely as an exercise in approximate brevity. If the pupil finds difficulty in determining a word let him pronounce the consonants with a vowel between them until he has developed a word. PRONOUNCING EXERCISE. b bd bt bn br bfr brf bl bbl bcm bcs bnt bnd bnth bsd bsds bsts btwn bhf bhv, cd en cm ct cr cmns cmng cs chs chrmn chrm chf cht clip chid eld elm clr clrk, dd da dn dr dl dly drd ds dm drp drk drm drs drv, fd fgr fcl fm fn frm fr frst frs frthr fl ffl, gd gt gn grt grtr gld gltr grl glm grm grn gs, hd hf hm hnd hp hr hs ht hv, jg jgs jm jn jr jst jgrant, Id Ik If 1ft Im Ind Imnt Is 1st Iv Ix, md mc mb ml mn mr ms mv mx mny mrmr, nd nt nl nm nn nr ns nv nxt, pd prf prt pg pkg pi pn prsn prs ppl pt prv prns prmm prnspl prch, gr grtr gt, I'd rb rf rg rj rl rm rn rmn rs rt rv sd sk sf shl si sm sn sps spr spt sqr sv sx. CHAPTER III. SYLLABIFICATION. THE UNIFICATION OF SYLLABIC OdTLINES." All words comprise one or more syllables. The syl- labification of words is not uniform. " In the United States it is intended to indicate their pronunciation, while in English practice, words are usually divided so as to show their constituent parts, independently of the pronunciation." In Webster's Dictionary words are divided so as to repre- sent their pronunciation in the most accurate manner. In writing and printing, a syllable is a part of a word sepa- rated from the rest and capable of being pi'onounced by a single impulse of the voice, and may consist of a single sound, or of several letters capable of unification; that is, of being uttered in a single impulse of the voice. The essential part of a syllable is its vowel, whether represented by a single letter, a diphthong, or a triphthong. There are four kinds of syllables, viz.: I. Those which consist of a single vowel; as a-rea, /-dea. II. A vowel with one or more consonants aflixed; as, o», (ipf. (talcs. III. A vowel with one or more consonants prefixed; as, so. fi'ii, plea. IV. A vowel with one or more consonants both pre- fixed and affixed; as. not, said, trusts, claims. 42 SYLLABIFICATION. 43 Much modern short-hand consists of mere consonant outlines without the attendant vowels. If the reader will pronounce the consonants only in the foregoing illustrative syllables, he will discover the reason why the phonog- raphies of the day are so uniformly illegible when written at a speed requiring the omission of vowels. Take the word area ; let us write the r, and we shall look at it in vain for any suggestion of area. Take the word on; write n, and as we look at it, it as readily suggests in, or an, or no, or now, as it does on. Take apt; omit a, and the I'e- maining ^J^ looks as like pat, or pit, or pet, or j^ot, or put, as it does like apt. Take asks, and omitting a, sks more readily suggests skies, or scows, or skews, than it does asks. Take so; omit o, and s as clearl}-^ suggests saij, or see, or sigh, or sue, as it does so. Take plea; omit ea, and we have plaj/, or jj/y, or j^^ow, or apple. Take said ; its consonants alone express to the eye sad, sod, sowed, seed, side, sued, as readily as they do said. Take claims; its elms looks as like clams, or climes, as like claims. From these cases it is evi- dent that any system of short-hand so constructed that the vowels must be suppressed in order to secure sufficient speed in writing, must be more or less illegible; and that the greater the use made of the vowels, the more legible will be the writing. Eclectic Short-hand provides for the full writing, or expression, of the first suU '■■y^ O^ ■ p PRINCIPLE II. The writing of initial vowel characters in such a manner as to express a following consonant,— The learner will note that this principle concerns the second class of syllables, viz.: those beginning with a vowel fol- lowed by a consonant. Referring again to the horizontal line, we now assign it another value, viz.: /i, not iiitending to set aside or supersede the positions fixed under Principle I, but to add to the positions a new set of values. Now that we have an n position, we will write the words an and in, by drawing a and / throush the line. cot lit on on onr inr and unci f J / V ^ ~7^ 1) ^ ^- v ^ It is evident that this writing does not in any sense con- flict with that of the former principle. Under that we wrote an initial consonant to express a following vowel, thus 8TLLABTFICATI0N. 49 writing syllables of the third class; now we write an initial vowel to express a following consonant, thus writing sylla- bles of the second class. We will now name the position above the line s, and write as is OS es us asc ism asrt est usfl / J / K \ ^— / /C, V \-^ Now let us name the point just below the line /, and write a/ if of ef uf afr ofr efr afrm ofs ofl ofn // / V ^ r / K L //^ We now proceed to name the point about one-third above the line 'p^ and write a-p ip op ep up apraprlaprtaprsopn upr uphv Having left the fifth position, we name it c, which means the sound expressed by k, or c hard. ac ic oc ec ue acr ocr icr ucr aes ocn acn aers Having in this manner provided for the expression of these five consonants, there still remains a number of con- sonants unprovided for, and in order to make the principle universal in its application, so that we may write in a similar way any initial syllable beginning with a vowel, it is necessary to find a position for each of the consonants, 50 . ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. and we now proceed to give a double value to each posi- tion, as follows: pb S3 mn eg The additional letters which we have now assigned to positions, it will be observed, are each similar in sound to the letter which had been already assigned to the position; thus, s and z are so similar in sound, that they may be used interchangeably without seriously affecting the legibility of words in which they are so treated. One meets an acquaintance, and mutual recognitions are extended even before details of countenance, or color of hair, or eyes, can be determined. A portrait bearing a striking general resemblance is often a better likeness than one of very carefully wrought detail. The general effect is quite as convincing as a closer inspection. In the following sen- tence the reader will have no difficulty in immediately determining the meaning of each word: It iz time, my poy, vor you to ged ub, and drez yourzelv, and go oud to your worg. The two letters on each position are called cognates. Let us now place two more cognates on the fifth posi- tion, viz.: qu, and ,r. The sound of qu is civ, and of x, cs. To write the word equal (ecwl), we write e on c posi- tion, and add icl, making eaci; to write acquaint (acwnt), place a on c position, adding to it wnt; to write axe, place a on e position, and add .?, making acs; for oxen, place o on c position, and add s)i. making oesn. But there are other consonants to which we have not yet given positions, which we now proceed to do: SYLLABIFICATION. 51 t d th chj h We have now two sets of positioned consonants, which we will name i-espectively left consonant positions, and right consonant positions. rr^^^'f) -J^"^' left, p b t z sh -mn- fv eg qux right. t d th chj h ' f The learner has not forgotten that the vowels a, i, o, have each two forms, dependent on being written down- wards or upwards. In making the downward strokes we describe a move- ment to the left, and in the upward strokes a movement to the right; hence, the downward are called left vowels, and the upward, right vowels. In writing we always use the left vowel — downward — to express a left consonant, and the right vowel — upward — to express a right conso- nant. The arrows below show the directions of the vowels. ILLUSTRATIONS. 52 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. -K^ey. — Ask, als, ism, iln, os, old, asrt, aldr, ana, aro, Ira, Ina, oran, orgn, and, argu, end, ers, undr, Ural, evr, et, us, ul, usfl, ult, est, elm, Esop, elk, estr, els. The characters e and «, being sloped backward, are always written forward, that is, downwards, but are dis- tinguished as left, and right, by the degree of slope, the left being written nearly vertical, and the right very slant; corresponding, in their appearance, with the other vowel characters. ILLUSTRATIONS. It is necessary now that the learner shall become per- fectly familiar with the entire positional alphabet. Per- haps the best way to accomplish this is to repeatedly write each of the five vowels, and the diphthongs, with reference to each positional letter. To illustrate: let us take a, and write it through the various positions. If we write down- ward a on first position we have ap, ah; writing it upward we have uw; writing it on second position we have as, az, and al; writing it on third position we have an, am, and ar; writing it on fourth position we have af, av, and at, ad; writing it on fifth position we have ac, ag, acJi, aj, ah. Let us now write e vertical on second position, and we have es, ez; writing it slant we have el; writing it vertical on third position we have em, en, and writing it slant we have er. This course, repeatedly practiced with each vowel, will not only fix in the learner's mind the correct idea of writ- ing, but the positional alphabet; and the learner should SYLLABIFICATION. 53 not relinquish the effort until all is thoroughly mastered, and he is able to write promptly either vowel on position for any following consonant. We have developed in these two principles, first and second, not only the method of writing the second and third xAass ^f syllables, but as all words begin with either a vowel followed by a consonant, or a consonant fol- lowed by a vowel, we have illustrated how to begin^ to write any word in the language except those comprising only a single letter, viz.: a, I, and 0. To write I, we place a dot on i position; to write 0, place a dot on o position. We use a dot on e position to express the, thee. We might write a by a dot on a position, but, being such frequent words, a and the, in rapid writing, would be likely, fre- quently, to become involved; therefore we use the dot on a position for ah, and write a in the same way that we do an, viz.: a across the line, as we can always determine, either from the preceding or the following word, whether a across the line is for o, or an. A boy, not an boy, an apple, not a apple, an end, not a end, not a, but an hour. The following lesson must be written until each word can be readily outlined, and recognized at sight, when the learner will be fully prepared to proceed with the follow- ing principles. WRITING LESSON. Ap, as, an, af, ac, op, os, on, of, oc, ip, is, in, if, ic, ep, es, en, em, ef, ec, ab, az, am, av, ag, ib, iz, im, iv, ig, ob, oz, om, ov, og, eb, ez, em, ev, eg, ub, uz, um, ug, aw, al, ar, at, ad, ach, aj, ah, ow, ol, or, ot, od, oth, och, oj, oh, iw, il, ir, it, id, ith, ich, ij, ih, apr, apl, aprl, apt, away, aware, awake, 54 •• ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ash, arson, all, also, allay, and, ant, amen (amn), are, arrow (aro), art, ark, after, aver, avert, averse, at, add, atlas (atls), ado, acre, ague, agree, age, again, ah, ahead, open, obtain (obtn), opera (opra), owl, owls, owed, os, old, older, olden, on, omen, or, oral, order, of, offer, over, overt, often (ofn), oat, odd, odds, oats, other, others, oak, ocre, og, oh, ep, eb, ew, es, ease, easy, ell, ells, elk, em, end, empty (emt), era, eror, ere, Eva, ever, even, effort, eat, eddy, eats, ether, either, egg, eggs, each, edge (ej), eh, up, upper (upr), us, uz., ul, un, uncle, umpire, um, ural, uvula, utter (utr), udder, euchre (ucr), uh. Now let the learner again take the primer, or first reader, and write the short words which begin with vowels. Diphthongs. — These characters, being heavy, are not easily written upward, hence no attempt is made to write them thus, but in writing them on the positions they are uniformly written downward, relying on the context to de- termine whether written for the left or right consonant. This is comparatively easy, because the consonants which follow them are so limited. Ou is generally followed by t; oi by n or // oo by z; and an by c, g, d, t, th, r and s. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key. — Auspicious, awl, autumn, oyster, oil, oily, oils, oiliness, ooze, oozes, oozing, oint. ointment, owl, our, out, ours, ourselves, outset, outside, outlet, outlay, outline, ousts, ouch, oiitgo, outwork. For picious and ness, see pp. 82 and Tl. r SYLLABIFICATION. 55 V Ea^reme Positions, — To avoid the movement from one extreme position to another, as, in the words, in a few days, any word may be written immediately under another to express the ooru position, and immediately over another to express the a or e position. It may seem to the student that the suggestion of a or e, o or w, by position, is too in- definite, but he will soon find that the context is a most im- portant aid in determining all such trifling points. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key. — In a few days. Say you so. But make you. EEADIXG AND WRITIXG EXERCISE. -7^ -^ T^y _o ^ — ^/ ^ ^^^ , ^ T 56 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. PKIKCIPLE III. Lengthening the long and enlarging the surface characters,— KW the long characters, viz. : c, /, w, q, r, s, V, w, X, y, and z, may be lengthened without changing their characteristic appearance, which is, therefore, done to ex- press a following in or n. The long letters all being con- sonants, when lengthened, we have two consonants in one stroke, which we write on position to express an interme- diate vowel, or for a following vowel, in case the consonant and n or m coalesce, as s)i. s)n. By this means we are able to express several hundred syllables of the fourth class each by one stroke. CL is carried across to add m, or «.| ~~z^ Let the learner thoroughly study and practice many times over all illustrative exercises in this and the succeed- ing principles. ILLrSTKATIOXS. SYLLABIFICATION. 57 Can cane came, come cone, cim cin, same sane, seine seem seen scene, sim sin, some son snow smo, sum sun soon, mam man maim main, mem men mean mien, mine, moan, mum raun moon, fame fan fain fane, fin fine, foam fon, fume fun, wim win wine, warn wan wane, won, vain vane van, vine vim, frame farm, from form, firm, snare, sneer, sinner, snore, summer, canner, cimmer, comer, sinner, summer, wenner, winner, income, inform infirm, consent, concerny insane, accent, descent, ascent, invent, roman, remain, ireason, raisin, rosin, recon, raven, fallen, solemn.] Thete is a class of words in which m or n are prominent in both the first and last syllables, such as summon, common, famine. In writing these, and all similar words, if the first letter may be lengthened to add the first m or w, make a 58 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. much longer sweep to express in the same line also the final syllable, giving us two or more syllables in the same stroke. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key, — Seaman, salmon, simon, famine, loeman mammon, cannon, common, women, woman, Aenom, freeman freemen, foreman foremen, cannoner, commoner, summoner, uncommon, envenom. Enlarging the surface characters to express a following t or (2.— Lengthening the lineal characters and enlarging the surface characters, are so similar as to be classed under the same principle. The surface characters, Tij /. p, and (J, may be enlarged without in any degree im- pairing their legibility, which is, therefore, done to add a following t or d, giving us two consonants in one outline, which, when initial, we write on position for the interme- diate vowel, giving us syllables of the fourth class, as pat, pad, gate, gad, light, lied, hat, had, tvrites, rides. Wherever t ov d follows a surface character, whether initial or other- wise, the character is enlarged for the following letter. The enlarged h is also used final for sh or ch. As the long characters are superlengthened to expi-ess a SYLLABIFICATION. 59 final ni or n, or both, so the surface characters p, g, t, h, may be superenlarged to express a second t or d; as, in patted, parted, greeted, incorporated, adopted. See also p. 102. ILLUSTRATION'S. TJ- <^ rr t^ ^ -6- o c^ r) ^ ^ ?7 -^^ -v^S^ (9 .^ ^ J7 ^ ^ ^^ O JO o rS- ^ JBTey.— Paid pat pawed pad, pet peat, pit, pot pod pout, put, part pard prat, peered pret, port poui'ed, purred pert, patter, Peter, pitter, potter, putter, gate gad gaud, guide, get. got goad God, good gut, great grate guard grade, greet, grit girt gird, groat gourd, gaiter, greater, girder, hat had, head heat, hid hit, hod hot, hut, hatter, hard, heater, heard, hoard, hired, hats hates, heats heads, heaters headei'S, hits hides, huts, hods, rates, rides rites writes, rods roads, - — f ruts,/ late laid lad, let lead, light lied, load lot, lute lewd, ladder later latter, lighter, letter, letters leaders, lighters, ladders, called, cold colt, killed, salt sailed, soiled, sullied. 60 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. fault failed, mailed, mild, mold, wild, walled, world, catch, cash, cashed, washed, watched, wished, fished, mashed, matched, botched, touched, lashes, lached, patted, petted, pitted, pouted, repeated, imparted imported, petard, grated graded, greeted, gritted girded, interpreted, incorporated, degraded, imputed, departed, adopted, adapted, preempted. < J PRINCIPLE IV. Diminishing characters,— As long characters may be lengthened, so also may short characters be shortened, and they are, therefore, made half their usual length to express a following t or d, giving us another series' of two letters in one character, which we write on position to express another letter, and thus by one stroke write many syllables of both the second and third class. T is written in the word not. ILLUSTRATIONS. -^^r^;: — ^ \ ^ ^^-^ \, ^/ -^-^ uj-^-^-rr ^ '^^/ '^ '^^ Key.— Bad bat, bed bet, bid bit, bod hot boat, but bud, bard brad brat, bird bright, broad brought, hurt, bruit, batter, better, bitter bidder, boater, butter, nat gnat nad, net ned need knead, nit night, nod not knot, nut nude, natr, neater, niter, notary, neuter, tat tad, tet ted, tit tid, tot tod toad, tut tud toot, trait trade tart tarred, treat treed SYLLABIFICATION". 61 tread, trite tried tired, trot trod toward, trut trad tured, tatter, tetter, titter, totter, tutor tooter, date dad, debt dead, did died, dod dot dowd, dud dut, dared drat dart, dread, dried dirt, dured di-uid, and ant aunt aimed amid, apt abed about, ast, aft, act, aprt aboard abroad, assert, afraid afford, accord accrued, apter, aster, anter, after, acter, ipt, ist, int ind, ift, ict, inter, opt, ost, ont, oft, oct, oprt, osrt, onrd, ofrd, ocrd, ept, est, emt end, eft, ect, enter, effort, upt, ust used, und unt, uprd, undr, that, thought. ■^ Short letters made minute,— By a more delicate ap- plication of the fourth principle, the short letters may be made into minute ticks, which is done to express a follow- ing m or n, or y, with the single exception of the charac- ter for 0, which is made minute downwards for t, d, or st, and upwards, for s,' z^^or ss, representing the final syllables ses, ces, zes, cies, etc. .The upward tick is used initially only for s.S Minute y is used for short /. The combinations st and ts when initial are expressed by combining the two ticks. This application of the prin- ciple gives us many syllables of the second and fourth class, ^s^ach expressed by one stroke. . ILLUSTRATIONS. -^v- l *— r^-^ ■^7 ^" 62 ECLECTIC SHOET-HANl). Key. — Ban bam, ben bean bem beam, bin bim been, bon bom bone bomb, bun bum boon boom, bran barn, brine, burn bruin, born, banner, bonner, nan name, nin nine nim, non nom, nun num numb none, bank, brink, tan tame, ten teem, tin time, tone town, tune, turn, tram train, trin trim, trum, turn, dan dam, down, den dem deem, dim din dine, dom dome don, done dun dunn dumb doom, dinner, than, thank, thin thine, think, then them, thumb, upon, amen, again, even, oven, union, unum, assent, agent, stain, steam stem, strike, just, stop, strap, stride, most, Bos- ton, sad, seas, size, face faces, force forces, these thesis, moss Moses, fast, cast, jester, sting, strong, strung, penny, sunny, funny, Jenny. Surface letters diminished, — The purpose of this ap- plication of the fourth principle is to express a following I or lif. The j) and g are diminished when initial for the coalescents 7:)? and gl, as in play, glee. They are diminished when final and medial for both the coalescents, and for the syllables pal, pel, pul, jile, etc. To write the syllable pal, p)el, etc., initial, use both letters. The I is made minute for fl initial and final, and for hj final. All the surface charac- ters are diminished to express a following I or hj. By this contraction, we express many syllables of the third and fourth class. ILLUSTRATIONS. SYLLABIFICATION. 63 Key.— Flay, plea, plow, place, please, plows, plus, plan, glad, glide, glue, glow, glowed, pale pail, peel peal, pole, pails, pills piles, pulls, gales, gills, gold, bale hall, heel hell, hill, hole, hull, halls hails, holes, hills, holy, helve, hulk, rails, railed, realm, relief, relic, rolic, really, sally, silly, Nelly, Billy, folly, fully, family, finely finally, seemly, mainly, flame, fled, flies, floss, flash, flesh, flush, flashily, shall, shell, shoulders, chills, wheels, while, who'll, thill, they'l, sinful-ly, awful-ly, mouthful, successful-ly, .hand- some-ly, peaceful-ly, fearful-ly, manful-ly, baleful-ly, cheer- ful-ly, careful-ly. PRINCIPLE V. Unified coalescent consonants, — The frequent occur- rence of the coalescent consonants makes it important to provide as far as practicable for their unification, especially so when beginning words, that they may be written in a single outline to express the following vowel; also when final or medial, that they may suggest syllables. All of the unified coalescents are valuable, giving us many syllables of the third class. The coalescents are br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, thr, and shr, bl, cl,fl, gl, pi, si; tiv, thiv, dw, sw; sm, sn; st, sp; sf (sph), sc, squ, and ns, nc. Having several classes, we will consider one class at a time. Coalescent r.— The alphabetical sign for r, a shaded character, was selected, that the connection between a 64 ., ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. shaded character and a shade on any other character, to represent r, might be natural and easily comprehended. Whenever r follows either &, c, (?, /, g^ or _p, as a coalescent, it is expressed by shading its preceding letter; but when a vowel separates them, use the circle for r. When r follows any other consonant than those above named, it may be ex- pressed by either the shade or the circle, at the pleasure of the writer. ILLUSTRATIONS. JKey.— Break, bark, brief, beer, brought, board, brush, burrs; cry, creep, crow, core, crape, carp, crops, corporate; draw, dare, drear, dear, drone, dormant, drug, during; free, fear, fry, fire, frame, farm, from, form; gray, gar, grow, gore, grown, gormand; pray, par, probe, pour. Coalescent I. — This semi-vowel, liquid, coalesces with the consonants &, c, /, g, p, and s, uniting with them and a following vowel to form syllables. PI, hi. These cognate coalescents are, either of them, represented by mimtte p, which is the simpler outline, and is, when final, generally written as a hook. ILLUSTRATIOXS. K./ SYLLABIFICATION. 65 Key.— Vlay, pale, plea, peel, ply, pile, plow, pole, place, pails; blame, plum, plunge, plaid, plead, plain, blind, blend, bless. CI, gl. These cognates are expressed by a minute g, and a minute hook. When initial, use g for gl, and the hook for cl; but, when final, use whichever is more convenient. ILLUSTRATIONS. Co "Key. — Clean, clam, clay, clue, cliff, cloth, clock, cluck, cleave, clefi", class, close, close, clod, clawed, gloss, glad, glass, single, mingle, sickle, gurgle, beagle. Fl. This coalescent is expressed by a minute I, which, when final, is distinguished from ly by being turned on the irregular side of the letter to which it is attached. When final it is also used {ox fly. illustrations. Cl «3_ e> /7 <5/ ^ /7- '77- / Key.— Flame, fling, flung, flange, fled, floss, flues, flesh, flush, fleshly, flashily, flap, flag, flip, flog, flay, fail, flew flue, full, flee flea, fell, manly, manfully, seemly sinful-ly, fear- ful-ly, useful-ly, youthful-ly, beautiful-ly. SI, zl, when coalescent, is expressed by I turned on the s tick. All of the foregoing coalescent characters may also, ^5 ' V. 66 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. J when final, be used to express a final y, making ply, hly, cly, gly, Jly, sly^ For ves, see p. 69. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key. — Slay, sail, slow, sole, slew, sully, sled, slide, slain, slim, sling, slung, sleep, slope, slippery, sloops, slag, slug, slaves. Coalescent sp.— When this occurs initially, it is repre-^ sented by a hook turned on the upper side of the following letter, but when medial or final it is expressed by s fol- lowed by J) hook, or by the p hook only. In some cases it may be expressed by p hooked on s tick. If it follows tv, c, or V, turn the hook on the upper side for the sp. The sp hook may be diminished for ftjil, and enlarged for spt, spd. ILLUSTRATIONS. JS.e*/.— Spin, sip, spade, saps, spring sip, speak spike spoken, spook, splint, splash, vesper, wisp, lisps spy. Coalescent sc, squ. — When initial, a small semi-circu- lar character, resembling the right half of h, divided verti- cally, is used, united angulai-ly with the following character. When final, use the c hook to represent it, or write s with c hook attached. ILLUSTRATIOXS. '>7 ^ -3— :i =^- -c hi /yL SYLLABIFICATION. 67 Key, — Scant, scarce, skin skim skip, scoop scud Scotch, scratch, school, scholar, skill, skiff, scathe, squirm, squalid, squeamish, desk, dusk, fisk, musk brisk, bask, flask, whisk. Coalescent sc, as in scent, — In very careful writing it may be desirable to express this sound, which is done by omitting c and placing a dot or comma under s, to indicate the added soft c sound. Coalescent sph, sf, is represented by retracing the s. It is also used to express r. See also p. 102. ILLUSTRATIONS. -^^ Key. — Sphere, spherical, spheres, save, saves. Coalescent st is expressed by the s and t ticks united. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key. — Stain stay sat, steam, sets, stow sot, stue, suit state, sti-aight, street, steep, still, stole, strong strung, strange stretch. Coalescent sn, sm, are expressed by the lengthened s. Coalescent w.— This letter following t, th, d, and s, as a coalescent, is expressed by greater curvature of the initial character. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key.— Twine twain thuack, thwart, dwell, dwindle, sweet, swim, sweep, swims, swarms. 68 ' ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAKD. Coalescents xp, oct, and xc, — Words which begin with ex, the e is omitted, and the x is written on position for the following vowel. If in such words x is followed by p, c hard, or t, try to unite the letters in the closest union, to express their coalescence, by the use of hooks for p and c hard, the tick for t, and the s tick for soft c, uniting the p angularly when not coalescent, using the character c when not coalescent, and the horizontal t when not coalescent. The r often follows these coalescents, and should be ex- pressed by the shade. If I follows xp or xc, make the hook minute to express it. In all these cases the x is written on position for the vowel following the coalescents. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key. — Expe], explain, expose, exhibit, except, explode, ex- press, exclaim, exclude, execute, extol, extreme, excite. Pr when final, or intermediate, may be expressed by citrle r on the irregular side of the preceding letter, omit- ting p. It is made luimito to add I. ILLUSTRATIOXS. Key.— Express, export, expires, suppress, surprise, de- press, simpers, somber, nippers, sappers. SYLLABIFICATION. 69 PRINCIPLE VI. Unified uncoalescent consonants.— The frequent re- currence of s as the second and third letter in syllables makes the unification of s with other characters so far as practicable important; therefore we take advantage of the reversible nature of the chai'acters c, tv, and v, writing them downwards to express a following s in the same sylla- ble. Occasionally it will be inconvenient, as in writing on the fifth position, in which case it will be better to draw them upwards, adding the s. It is not generally best to write c downwards when beginning a tvord, because of its likeness to qu. The letters y, b, x, and z, may be written nearly vertical," by those whose hand offers no resistance to the action, to add a following s, as in yes, yours, base, boys, excise. Also, the vowels a, i, and o may be written, in the middle or at the end of a word, downward, as though on s position, to express a following s, while e and w may be written nearly vertical for the same purpose. This con- traction gives us syllables of the fourth class. ILLUSTRATIONS. ^r—ri Key. — Was, wise, woes, wait, wet, wisely, wars, wires, wears, worse, vase, vice voice, views, varies, virus, vassal, 70 - ECLECTIC SHOET-HAND. visual, it was, he was, how was, so was, there was, always all was, yes, base, boss, boys, bores, bars, bears, yes sir, yours, years, excise, exist, excises, exercise exercises, it is, so is, he is, how is, there is, that is, this is, so as, not as, do as, all as allays, arrays, betrays, morose, repose, jocose, sur- cease, increase, decrease, refuse, abuse, situates, imposes. Pch, psh, — These combinations with a vowel after p enter into various words, generally initially. They are represented by the p character written horizontally, open- ing to the right, and when followed by other letters united with them angularly. It may be enlarged to express t or d. Pch and sj) are expressed by a similar character, except that SJ) unites directly with a following character, while jjch unites angularly. When disconnected and written on the vowel position, sj) makes only the words sjjy, spew, which are so unimportant as to make no practical conflict be- tween them and 2)ttch and push. 2j /' ILLUSTRATIONS. Jiey.— Patch, peacl), pitch, pitcher, approach, push, pusher, preach perch perish, preacher, patched, peached, pitched, approached, pushed, patches, peaches, preaches, preachers, pitches, poaches, approaches, pushes, impeach, approachable, impeachable, impeaches, impeachment, patch- ing, peaching, pitching, approaching, pushing, impeach- SYLLABinCATIOir. 71 ing, poacher, patcher, speech, special, specially, peaches, specious. NSf nc, »ws.— These are never initial, but occur in the midst of words and as final, representing the syllables ence, ense, ince, ance, ounce, uns, etc. It is represented by a semicircle the opposite of the character for sc, and is always united angularly to the under side of the preceding letter, so turned as to make an acute angle in joining. It is enlarged for nts, nds; as, sends, mounts, and is dimin- ished for nsl, ncl; as, pencil, utensil. When t or d follows it, the tick is used. When plural, a.s fences, it is written on the upper side of the letter to which it is attached to indi- cate an added tick, which is written upward. ILLUSTRATIONS. 3 3 i'' / = i ^ ^< Key, — Dense, sense, fines, France, fans, pens pence, pins pines, tones, tons tuns tunes, immense, immenseness, intense, intenseness, evince, offense, off"ends, sends, finds, commence, commends, commences, dances, senses, wince, winces, evinces, senseless, fenceless, immensely, intensely, pencil, tinsel, utensil, expense, expenses, expends, expensive, expensiveness, experience. PRINCIPLE VII. Representation of syllables by their consonants. — In writing, the first syllable of every word contains and 72 ■' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. expresses its vowel, making its pronunciation clear, but following syllables are frequently expressed by mere conso- nant outlines; as, consume consm, inform infrm, concern consrn, amend amnd, intend intnd, inhuman inhmn, stupen- dous stupnds, excitement xitmnt. Short words, however, which both begin and end with a vowel, should usually have both written; as, obey oba, annoy anoy, decay deca, agree agre, idea ida or ide, allay ala, away, awa, easy esy, or esi. HOOKS AND CIRCLES. That the confusion which the learner is liable to expe- rience concerning the direction in which to turn the initial and final hooks, the distinction between p and g when joined to the several classes of letters, and the circles, may be ovei'come, it seems desirable at this point to devote special attention to them. A careful study of the following figures will serve to correct any errors concerning these particulars. Tfie Hooks. — When ^J is initial it unites with all following letters angularly except g, h and I, and down- ward a, 0, and /, c, w, and v. Final j) may unite angularly, but generally turns as a hook, and always on the upper side, except after c, ir, i; h, I, sh, ch, nh, when it turns as a hook on the easier side. After any circle or after a loop it is always made as a hook. ^//3- ^^ SYLLABIFICATION. 73 In such syllables as pipe, peep, etc., slant p backwards to express the following I?, unless the leai'ner finds it easier to write both ps. P is often used for b, especially in case of bl, the minute p being easier than bl. Initial g unites angularly except before p and circle r. Final ff generally turns as a hook, always on the under side. After circles it unites angularly. It is sometimes lased for j when j would write badly; as, after n, and then unites angularly; as, in the word lounge. After s and d, it may be joined angularly instead of being turned as a hook because it makes a better outline. G is frequently used for c, when final. It, like p, is sloped backwards to denote its repetition; as in gage, gaj. ILLUSTRATIOXS. ■LP C/^ C^ O^ Final y, when it represents short i, as, in many, is expressed by a very minute y. ILLUSTRATIONS. ^' -# Circles* — The circle being used for both h and r, it is necessary to employ some means of distinguishing each. The circle disconnected always represents h; when connected with another letter the circle is joined angularly for /^, and continuously for r. 74 •• ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. SJi, — This is usually represented, when initial, by s ticJc and the circle, but in the midst of or at the end of a word, by the enlarged circle written on the regular side of the letter to which it is attached. Ch. — This when initial is expressed by minute b with a circle, but in the midst of or at the end of a word it is usu- ally represented by the enlarged circle turned on the irreg- ular side of the letter which it follows, or attached to it angularl}'. WJi, — This is represented by a minute tv and circle, al- ways written by a downward movement. Occasionally it is more convenient to represent ch by c and h, and sh by s and h. The word tvhich is represented by minute w and an en- larged circle, or by u-h and enlarged h. In words beginning with the outline hp the h is written inside of jh while r preceding p is always expressed by a shade. // and r initial are both enlarged to add t and d, and are both diminished, whether initial, medial, or final, to express a following /. ILLUSTRATIONS. SYLLABIFICATION. 76 ^ ^ »i ^ ty-^o 9' <^ r> <^ °S d- .^/f- Jley. — Has, hand, hath, heave, hook, happy, hope, heap, hats, hits, heats, halls, hills, held, hallow, behave, behoof, behead, beheld, inhere, adhei*e, cohere, hat, hit, hot, hut, heat, hates, heating, hardness, huts, rain, ram, river, rover, I'e- verse, remain, Roman, revel, railes, rites writes rights, rods, realm, relief, rock, rollick, relict, sir, sore, sorely, sure, surely, car, careless, shade, she, show, shut, shine, shall, shells, shilling, chain, chief, cheat, chat, chase, chores, cheese, chap, chip, chop, chaps, chops, chill, shape, ship, shop, shapes, ships, shops, shapeless, shoppers, cash, catch, wish, witch, wishes, witches, sash, such, fish, mush, much, rash, rush, reach, wretch, rare, rear, roar, ray, I'ow, rue, rye, hay, he, how, hue, what, when, why, who, where, while, which, whereto, wherefore, whereat, whei'eunto, whereas, wherewithal. PRINCIPLE VIII. The arhitrai'y representation of syllables. — This principle refers chiefly to the representation of those long ~h 76 ■• ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. and involved prefixes, of frequent occurrence, which are not readily expressed by the simple means of syllabification already provided, and to frequent suffixes requiring a brief writing. Similar arbitraries are used in all systems of shorthand. PREFIXES. We are able by the positional alphabet to fully write most prefixes, but there are a few, which, because of their length, it is desirable to express arbitrarily. The sign of a prefix is its first letter. The signs, except three, con com, amb, and re, are written without reference to position, and naturally stand on or near the horizontal line. The sign, com, con, is written on position for the following vowel, making coma, come, comi, como, comu. It may take an added t, tr, jhl^l, 2>>', fl, s, or be lengthened for m, n. In case of the addition of either of these letters it is still written on position for the vowel following, as conta, contra, compe, comjyle, compre. The sign for amh, ambi, amph, amphi, is a written across the line, making am. The sign for re is r circle turned on the outside of a following letter, consonant or vowel, which is written on position for the following letter, re being treated as if it were part of the letter to which it is attached. All the signs except re are written across by the first letter of the following syllable. LIST OF PREFIXES AND SIGNS. Prefixes. Signs. Prefixes. Signs. Accom accoun a Adminis ad Amb ambi amp Author au amphi am Circum sm SYLLABIFICATION. 77 Prefixes. Signs. Ftefixes. Sig7i8. Com con c Quadra- ri-ru 3 Discom-con d Re r circle Govern 9 Recog-com-con-cor r Incog-cora-con-cor i Satis st tick Miscog-com-con-cor m Trans t tick Noncom-con n Self s Omni omnip omnis Substan-sti sp omniv Uncom-con-cor u Precom-con P Excom X ILLUSTRATIONS. 4- ^/ ^A ^ y , '^^^-^ ^ ^ — > -^ '^~"-^/ 78 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND, Xcy.— Accommodate, accommodation, accomplish, ambi- ent, ambidexter, amphibious, administer, administrate, ad- ministration, administratrix, authorize, authority, authori- zation, circumstance, circumference, command, commend, communion, commit, conceit, console, concern, contact, con- flict, conflagration, contravention, company, companion, complain, complete, compliment, complication, compre- hend, comprehension, contusion, discompose, discontend, government, governess, governor, governing, incommode, incomprehensible, incorrupt, misconstruct, misconceive, miscorafort, nonconformer, noncontent, noncontributing, omniforni, omnipotence, omnipotent, omnivagant, precon- ceive, precondemn, preconcur, precontrive, quadrature, quadrennial, quadrilateral, quadruped, reference, reform, remind, remove, renew, reserve, retake, reservoir, reunite, reorganize, reenter, reiterate, recognize, recommend, re- nown, relent, rely, really, return, satisfy, satisfaction, satis- factory, transfer, transmit, transact, selfish, selfwilled, substantial, substantive, substantiate, uncompromising, uncomfortable, unconcerned, uncorrupt, uncomplimentary, unaccountable, unaccom modating. The following lists comprise most of the prefixes of the language. In writing them only those of the preceding list should be written across, the others being written con- nected with the following letters. With a school diction- ary the pupil will readily find words for practicing them, which should be thoroughly done. SASOX PREFIXES. A after all. be by, en em, for fore, im in, mis, out over, un under up. with. SYLLABIFICATIOSr. 79 LATIN PREFIXES. A ab abs ad ac af ag al an ap ar as at ant ante anti amb amphi, cent cento centu cis contra contro co cog com con counter col cor circum, de demi di dif dis der dus, ef ec em en es ev ex extra equi, hemi, ig il im in inter intro infra, juris juxta, mal male manu mis raulti, ne non noct, ob oc of op omni, pan panto per pleni post pre preter prim primo, quad, retra re retro, se semi super supra sub subter sue suf sug BUS sine, trans tri, un uni. GREEK PREFIXES. A an ana amphi anti anto apo aph aristo astro auto, bis biblio, cata choro chiro cbrono cosmo, deca dia dys, em en entomo epi, geo, belis bepta hetero hydro hyper hypo, lexico litho, meta miss miso mitho, oct octa octo ortho ornitho osteo, para penta peri phil philo photo poly physico physio proto pyro, steno stereo, sy sys sym syn, topo theo typo, zoO. SUFFIXES. While many suflBxes themselves suggest their expression in a simple and brief manner, there are othei-s which from frequent occurrence and long outline require brief arbitrary expression. Many of the suffixes of our language may be grouped in classes, and one sign will frequently answer for all the indi- viduals of a class; as, able, ably, uhleness, ahility, is a group of which any sign which will represent one may equally clearly represent each individual of the class. Take these sentences. Is he a reliable man? We are reliably informed that he is a man of sterling reliability. If the words reliable, reliably, and reliability were written alike, as, for instance, relbl, we have Is he a relbl man? I am relbl in- 80 "' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. formed that he is a man of sterling relbl; which the stenographer, accustomed to contracted forms of words, would readily interpret correctly. Take the following class of suffixes: able ably ableness ability ible ibly ibleness ibility oble obly obleness obility ubl ubly ubleness ubility eeble eebly eebleness In this entire family it is quite clear that hi is a suffi- cient expression for the ble, bly, bleness, bility, the preceding vowel having been either alphabetically or positionally expressed; as, noble is fully expressed by n on o position, followed by bl. I CLASSIFIED SUFFIXES, TERMINATIONS, AND SIGNS. Attached Signs. — In the following class the signs are attached to the preceding character without lifting the pen. able eeble ible oble uble bl , ably eebly ibly obly ubly bly i ableness eebleness ibleness obleness ubleness bins ability ibility obility ubility bit ality elity ility olity ulity It ash esh ish osh ush sh ashly eshly ishly shly asely isely ously sly ashness eshness ishness ousness shns tion tian cion cean sion sian shn ' cious cious tuous ceous shs \oY shn tick tial cial sial shl j SYLLABIFICATION. 81 ac ack ick eck ock uck c ant ent int ont unt nt and end ind ond und nd al el il ol ul ule 1 or yl ase ays ise ize ees eze ose oze use s — z ary arry ory orry ery erry iry iery ury urry ly an en in on un n ame eem earn ime ome oom ume urn m ad ed id od ud d at et it ot ut t ang eng ing ong ung ng ance ence ince once unce ns ancey ency nsy mant raent mint mont munt rant mand mend mind mond mund rand lass less liss loss luse Is adly edly edley idly odly udly dly ately etly itely otely utely tly antly ently ointly untly ntly andly endly ondly oundly ndly astly estly ostly istly ustly stly asly esly osly isly usly sly ave ive ieve eive eave ove oove V tave tiva tove tv trave trieve trive trv ian ion ien yn fal fel fil fol ful fl atty etty ity otty utty ty ax ex ix ics ox ocks ux ucs X rass ress rise rose ruse rs san sane sen sin sine sign son sun sn 82 * ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. same som sum sm self si ship shp ness ns pie ble pel bel pi rier i-ior yr rious rys ried riet rd t ryd hood hd tied td The shn tick, — The terminations tion, sion, don, dan, sian, in short words, are expressed by a minute backward tick, forming an angle with the letter to which it is at- tached. Tlie tick also represents tious, dous, sious, ceous, and Hal, dal, sial, shall, the context being a sufficient guide in determining whether tion, tious, or tial, is intended by the tick. Any following letter may be attached to it. ILLUSTRATIONS. -Key.— Nation, notion, motion, mansion, mention, fash- ion, caution, cautious, passion, portion, partial, illusion, intention, national, nationally, nations, nationals, fashions, fashioned, fashionable. Signs wriften across preceding characters.— The following terminations are expressed by writing the termi- nal sign across the preceding character: SYLLABIFICATION. 83 Terminations. Signs. tive tively tiveness V downward sive sively siveness V upwai'd ty tily tiness t tick sy sily siness s tick sty stily stiness st ticks try tary tery tiry tory tury t tick shaded stry stary stery stiry story stury st ticks shaded age a ology oloffical oloaist ologion graph graphic graphical graphically graphing g logue ' 1 ILLUSTRATIONS. •-=^ Key, — Restive, attentive, inventive, motive, missive, abusive, aggressive, illusive, city, mighty, beauty, duty, fussy, newsy, dressy, dozy, hazy, pasty, yeasty, dusty, modes- ty, monetary, inventory, wintry, pastry, mystery, dentistry, voyage, manage, vintage, adage, dotage, theology, geology, biology, physiology, telegraph, caligraph, lithograph, deca- logue, epilogue, dialogue. Detached Signs.— "YhQYQ. is a class of terminations, be- ginning with a consonant and a vowel, as ha, be, hi, bu, ca, 84 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ce, ci, CO, cu, da, de, di, do, du, fa, fe, fi, fo, fia, fie, fii, fiu, etc., etc., terminating with tid. Us, ting, tive, tion, tious, tial, timent, making, bate, bated, bates, bative, bating, cate, cates, cated, eating, cative, cation, cations, catial, catement, date, dates, dated, dating, dation, datious, datial, dite, dites, dited, ditive, diting, dition, ditious, ditial,flate,fiates,fiated,flating, fiation. These terminations occur in such words as do-nate, do- nated, do-nates, do-nating, do-nation, pro-bate, pro-bated, pro-bation, se-dition, se-ditious, con-dition, pro-fusion, pro- fession, ren-dition, in-action, re-duction, e-lection, o-vation, e-motion, inter-ruption, col-lection, in-flection, in-fraction, con-stitution, in-stitution, per-suasion, sit-uation, ti*it-ura- tion, evac-uation, perpet-uation. All such terminations are expressed by writing the ini- tial letter or letters of the termination under or near the last character of the preceding syllable, as in the following writing. ILLUSTRATIONS. SYLLABIFICATION. 85 Jffey.— 0-mission, e-vasion, o-ration, e-dition, o-vation, a-doption, e-rosion, e-rection, e-motion, e-lection, e-la- tion, e-jected, do-nation, se-dition, ef-fusion, in-fusion, in-action, in-cautious, in-duction, al-lusion, il-lusion, ad- dition, oc-casion, ac-cession, ag-gression, abro-gation, pro- batipn, pro-fession, per-fection, con-elusion, con-cretion, se- duction, in-duction, in-ception, de-scription, pro-scription. sub-sci'iption, pi*o-jection, inter-ruption, cor-ruption, in- flation, in-vention, in-tention, in-forraation, ab-duction, con-summation, con-sumption, per-suasion, evac-uation, sit- uation, in-tuition, aggre-gation, prepa-ration, popu-lation, pene-tration, con-stitution, in-stitution, des-titution, anni- hilation, abro-gation, specu-lation, specifi-cation. LIST OF TERMINATIONS. The following is a full, list of the terminations which are represented by writing their initial letter detached from and underneath, or near the preceding character: Sign. Terminatiotis. a — act, acts, acted, acting, action, actile, active, actious, actment. a — apt, apts, apted, apting, aptation, aptile, aptive, apt- ment, aptable, ation. e — ect, ects, ected, ecting, ection, ectile, ective, ectment, e — ept, epts, epted, epting, eption, eptive, eptibly, eptedly. i — ict, icts, icted, icting, iction ictive, ictious, ictment. i — ipt, ipts, ipted, ipting, iption, iptive, ition. — oct, octs, octed, octing, oction, octile, octious, octment. — opt, opts, opted, opting, option, optive. u — uct, nets, ucted, ucting, uction, uctive, uctile, uctment. u — upt, upts, upted, upting, uption, uptive, uptebly, uptedly. 86 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. b — bate, bates, bated, bating, bation, batious, batial, bate- ment. b — bite, bites, bited, biting, bition, bitious. b — bute, butes, buted, buting, bution, butious, butiate, butement. hi' — brade, brades, braded, brading, brasion, c — cate, cates, cated, eating, cation, cations, cational, cative. cr — crate, crates, crated, crating, cration. c — cute, cutes, cuted, cuting, cution, cutive, cutional, cute- men t. d — elude, eludes, eluded, eluding, elusion, elusive, clusive- ness. s — cede, cedes, ceded, ceeding, cession, cessive, cessment, s-^cite, cites, cited, citing, citation, citement. d — date, dates, dated, dating, dation, dacious, dicament. d — dite, dites, dited, diting, dition, ditious, ditement. d — dote, dotes, doted, doting. / — feit, feits, feited, feiting, feiture, fession, fessional. /■ — fute, futes, futed, futing, fusion, fusional. fl — flate, flates, flated, flating, flation, flative, flatement, flationists. is written across the line for tvith; q is written, standing on the line, for question; v is written, standing on the line, for have; o is written, standing on the line, for one; a heavy h is used for business; c and tv on u position for couhl and irouJd. Phrase writing. — In speaking, many phrases are uttered in a rapid and continued tone, as if by a single im- pulse of the voice. The stenographer often writes such phrases without lifting the pen, running words together in WORD SIGNS AND PHRASE WRITING. 91 imitation of the speaker. The saving of movements, and lifting of the pen from word to word, is a strong argument in favor of the practice, besides well conceived phrases are perfectly legible. In this system phrases are constructed in three different methods. First method, — There are many phrases of two words, in which the last word is a, the, I or you. Many of these are written by adopting the character which writes the first word, as a sign, and writing it on position for the second word, as to a; t is used for to and written on first position to express a; by a, b is used for by, and written on first position for by a, on second position for by the, on fifth position for by you. The words which are represented by signs and used in this method of phrase writing are: Words. do by for if from have what in and now know Signs. i d b fr f frm V wh i minute a minute n n Words. Signs. but bt heavy as z all I at a upward are a shaded on downward of upward is i downward or shaded not nt upon un that tht 92 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLU8TRATI0KS. Key.— To, to the, to a, to you, do, do I, do the, do a, do you, by, by the, by a, by you, but, but I, but you, but the, but a, for, for I, for the, for a, for you, from, from the, from a, from you, if, if I, if the, if a, if you, have, have I, have the, have a, have you, of, of the, of a, of you, one, on, on the, on a, on you, what, what a, what the, what I, what you, in, in the, in a. in you, and, and the, and a, and I, and you, know, know the. know a, know you, not, not I, not the, not a, not you, now, now I, now the, now a, now you, as, as I, as the, as a, as you, all, all I, all the, all a, all you, at, at the, at a, at you. are, are 3'ou, are the, or, or the, or I, or a, or you, is, is the, is a, upon, upon the, upon you, so, so I, so the, so a. so you, that, that I, that the, that a, that you, did, did I, did th'. did a, did you. WORD SIGNS AND PHRASE WRITING. 93 Second Method. — There is a class of phrases consisting of three words, the second of which is a conjunction, or preposition, tying the others together. In such phrases the connecting word is omitted, but expressed by writing the first and last words in close proximity or united. ILLUSTRATIONS. \ 1^ Key.— One by one, day to day, day by day, day after day, over and over, ever and ever, all in all, each to each, by and by, better and better, brighter and brighter, higher and higher, broader and broader, deeper and deeper, less and less, hour by hour, out and out, more and more, nearer and nearer, forever and ever, lower and lower, time to time, wider and wider, again and again, farther and farther. TJiircl Method. — This method consists in attaching one word sign to another. Several words may be thus repre- sented connectedly, and be even more legible than when written disconnectedly. For this method of phrase writing a series of word signs are used for the common words which they express when written on the several positions; thus, s written on the various positions, writes sai/, see, sigh, so, sue, of which all but sigh are frequent words, and hence valuable in phrase writing, and therefore s is used as a phrasing sign for say, see, so, sue. In the following list of signs the 94 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Roman characters are used to represent the short-hand characters. SIGNS AND PHRASE-WORDS. a downwards as, an P pay a upwards a, at q question b be, by r are, or, her c could 8 say, see, sue, so d day, due, , do, die t to 6 any, eacl I, he u vertical us, up f if, few- u slant you g go V have h he, how w with, we, way, i downwards is, in would i upwards I, it y ye, you J just z as 1 all, will, well ch such, much ra may, me. my sh should n now, no, new th the, they, though downwards on, own, one wh what, who, why upwards of, off The learner can easily and intelligently enlarge this list by using the lengthened and enlai'ged, the shortened and the minute characters, and the shaded characters, for the words which they suggest; thus, minute a is an, shortened a is at, add, had; minute i is in, him, shortened i is it, minute b is been, short b is but, bad, bid, shortened th is that, tliought, minute th is than, then, thin, them, shaded th is tltere, their, enlarged p is paid, pjut, enlarged g is get, got. good, and shaded it is great, lengthened c is can, came, come, lengthened s is same, seem, seen, some, lengthened tv is win. icon, minute n is name, none, shortened n is not, and; WORD SIGNS AND PHRASE WEITING. ^- $ tick is used for is, was, as, his. These are suggestions which the intelligent student will take pleasure and find profit in pursuing to a gi-eater extent. SIMPLE PHRASES. The following phrases should be written without lifting .. the pen, each word being represented by its sign; »/ Can you come soon? Will you give me your name? There is no one there. So it is now. Do you want me to-day? If you can give, will you? How much have you sent them? My dear sir. Give me time. In my day. When can you pay me? Did you send him? I will be there soon. It will be near me. If it is a good day. I have no time for it now. I can't put it on now. No one can. Some one will be there. One of them. One of you. In a few days. In the beginning. As you can see. I wish you would do so. The foregoing are merely specimens of natural phrase writing which can be easily multiplied ad libitum. COMMON LEGAL PHRASES. 1. What is your name, age, and occupation? 2. Where do you reside? 3. How long have you resided there? 4. Do you know the plaintiff in this action? 5. How long have you known him? 6. Please state to the court. 7. You may state to the jury. 8. Do you mean to say that? 9. Are you a party to this suit? 10. In your direct exam- ination you state. 11. Describe what took place there. 12. Did you not state in your examination in chief? 13. To the best of your knowledge and belief, then. 14. You may now state to the jury. 15. You have heard the witness for the plaintiff state. 16. Ai-e you as positive of this as of anything you have testified to? 17. As a matter of fact 96 ECLECTIC SHOET-HAKD did you not? 18. Then you were mistaken when you said. 19. Are you willing to swear this was the fact? 20. Were you a witness on the former trial of this case? 21. What relation, if any, do you sustain to the defendant? 22. Then state, to the best of your recollection. 23. State what you know, and not what you hear. 24. Please state the conver- sation as near as you can, 25. Did you have any conversa- tion with the defendant as to what you was, or was not, to testify to? 26. From whom did you first learn that you would be called as a witness in this case? KEY. /_^-^ -2^^:^ J ^^ CORRESPOs'DEXCE PHRASES. 1. In reply to yours of the 2. In reply to your favor of the 3. We have yours of 4. We have your favor of 5. We have your favor of late date. 6. ^ ^ o WORD SIGNS AKD PHRASE WRITING. 97 We are in receipt of yours. 7. We are in receipt of yonr favor. 8. We are in receipt of your favor inclosing draft for 9. We ai-e in receipt of yours inclosing check for 10. Yours of 11. Your favor of 12. Your favor received. 13. Your favor at hand. 14. Your favor duly received, and contents noted. 15. Inclosed please find 16, Inclosed we hand you 17. For which please accept our thanks. 18. Your order solicited. 19. We should be pleased to receive your order. 20. We would be pleased to be favored with your orders. 21. Thanking you for past favors. 22. Awaiting an early reply, we remain. 23. Please give this pi-orapt attention. 24. Please enter our order and ship at your earliest convenience. 25. Prompt attention will greatly oblige. 26. Hoping to hear from you soon, we remain. 27. Yours respectfully. 28. Yours very truly. 29. Yours truly. KEY. 98 * ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. GENERAL ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES. 1. As if there had been. 2. As far as you can. 3. In the meantime. 4. Because it might not be well. 5. Do you mean to say so? 6. Gentlemen of the jury. 7. It can- not be true. 8. Go on and state to the jury. 9. State as near as you can. 10. I will ask you to state to the jury. 11. Have you or not paid that note? 12. Do you say it is paid? 13. When did you pay it? 14. How do you know that? 15. It is as well so. 16. As soon as it is received. 17. What do you think of this? 18. Do the best you can. 19. We may be sure of it. 20. Do you not think it will be well? 21. To say I will. 22. If you are sure of it. 23. No time. 24. For the very best of reasons. 25. In the meantime. 26. How soon will your work be ready? 27. So you say. 28. How much can you get? 29. How much have you paid? 30. How long will you remain? 31. He will call on you. 32. At the same time. 33. In a day or two. 34. In a few days. 35. Not far from this. 36. It may be seen. 37. It may not be for the best. 38. For some reasons. 39. In the present state of things. 40. Let me remind you that. 41. This was before election. 42. It may be. 43. So far from this being the case. 44, Not to- day. 45. It is out of the question. 46. As it would be. 47. We will make by one of the. 48. It is said to be. 49. As the case may be. 50. It may not be. 51. In the same manner as if. 52. Someone has said. 53. This of all the questions. 54. They are capable. 55. For the time has been. WORD SIGNS AND PHRASE WRITING. 99 KEY. 100 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ABBREVIATIONS. Some of the abbreviations in common use in English writing are useful in short-hand, and are expressed by short- hand characters as they are in long-hand; as Mass., for Massachusetts, is written by ilf on a position, with ss added. The abbreviations for the states are especially valuable. They should generally be capitalized. The period after each may be omitted. A full list of abbreviations is given in dictionary. Some words for which abbreviations are in use are more briefly and fully written out by short-hand principles. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THE TJXITED STATES. Ala. Alabama. Mo. Missouri. ArJc. Arkansas. Mon. Montana. Cal. California. N. C. North Carolina. Ct. Connecticut. Neh. Nebraska. D.C. District of Cohunbia. N. II. New Hampshire. Del. Delaware. N. J. New Jersey. D. T. Dakota Territory. N. M. New Mexico. Fla. Florida. N. Y. New York. Ga. Georgia. 0. Ohio. la. Iowa. Or. Oregon. Ida. Idaho. Pa. Pennsylvania. 111. Illinois. R.L Rhode Island. Ind. Indiana. S. C. South Carolina. Ind. T. Indian Territory. Tenn. Tennessee. Kan. Kansas. Tex. Texas. Ky. Kentucky. U. S. United States. La. Louisiana. U. T. Utah Territory. L. I. Long Island. Va. Virginia. Mass. Massachusetts. Vf. Vermont. Md. Maryland. Wis. Wisconsin. Me. Maine. W. T. Washington Territory. Mich. Michigan. W. Va. West Virginia. Miss. Mississippi. COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. 101 SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SYSTEM. The following classification will serve for reference, and enable the pupil also to fix in mind the different principles and contractions: ^Alphabet, represented by char- acters which are simple, light, sloped, and horizontal, both vowels and consonants connective. Alphabet represented by posi- FUNDAMENTALS ■{ tionS. Abbreviated Spelling, based on the rules of the Spelling Re- form Association. Syllabification — The union of syllabic outlines, embraced in several principles, viz. : Principle I. Writing consonant characters in such a man- ner as to express a following vowel. " XL Writing vowel characters in such a manner as to express a following consonant. " III. Lengthening the long characters and enlarging the surface characters to express following letters. " IV. Shortening short characters and diminishing surface characters to express following letters. " V. Unified characters to express coalescent conso- nants, so written as to express a following vowel. 102 • ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Principle VI. Unified uncoalescent consonants, so written as to express an intermediate vowel. " VII. Representation of syllables by their conso- nants. " VIII. Representation of syllables in prefixes and suffixes by arbitraries. Word signs and phrase writing. " IX. The omission of initial letters and syllables. Common abbreviations. ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS. Any character, except a minute one, may be retraced to add /or V, and the retracing shaded to add also a following r. The retracing may l)e treated like a surface character, being made minute to express following I, or lengthened to express following t or d. It is not best to retrace a surface character. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key, — Save, cave, move, moved, cavil, caved, several, severed, cover, covered, novel, never. The letter I may be superenlarged to add a second t or d. ILLUSTRATIONS. Key, — Lighted, laded, loaded, wilted, salted, ,melted, molted, exalted, vaulted, folded, kilted. Enlarged initial /( i.-> not shaded to add r. as in hard, heard, hoard, because tlio sliading liecomes the initial letter (r), and makes the enlarged It eh, instead of hi or hd. lI.l.rsTKATIONS. Key. — Kash. rcacli, ricli, roach, rush, heart, hard, heard, hoard, hearth, Mretehed, reaches, riches righteous, righteousness. ^•T'^I-^t^' CHAPTER V. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. THE BAT AND THE WEASELS. -& j:^. y. j- ^,^ 7^=V ' ^_^'V""" •v. 4^ ^/a_i" ^'--o^ 7»^ •7--^==.^-^ A MISCHIEVOUS DOG. '^ -f-^-^ Y- - o > ■ -v-e^ T ^=-^ -^-^ -7*^^ =^_0f T^ 104 ECLECTIC SHOfiT-HAND. THE PEASANT AND THE APPLE TREE. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 105 THE THIRSTY PIGEON. • >- ' "--^ "'^ THE THIEVES AND THE COCK. ^^7= -f-f^^z-/- -f— THE LION AND THE HAKE. -fZ^ r^~~j~_ -/- -f- T-r -/^ ^ . Q a -f-r ^- T "Z7" ^ a:> /" -i^ 106 ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAND. WORDS TO BOYS. HEADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. WORDS TO BOYS — Continued. 107 -^-^^ ^ -v^ .-^ INDUSTRT. -rT" ^^ -/"^^--^^^-^^-^^^-^^z::^ -J^- ~T 108 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. CHAPTER VI. SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. Having laid before the pupil all the principles of the system, we devote this chapter to the writing of various classes of words, the more fully to develop the application of principles. The words as classified will arrest the atten- tion of the thoughtful pupil, and should be written, re- written, read and reread until absolutely familiar. LIST OF CONJTJKCTIONS. And also although as because but consequently either even except for if lest moreover nor notwithstanding or provided save seeing since so still than then though there- fore unless whether whereas wherefore yet CONJUNCTIONS WRITTEN. I- IDS 110 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. CONJUNCTIVE PHBASES. As if, as though, as well as, as soon as, as far as, as many as, as much as, except that, for as much as, in so much that, but also, but likewise, notwithstanding that, not only. CONJUNCTIVE PHBASES WBITTEN. J- { /f-^ { ^^ jl ^ ^ TT -^ T TT ^T LIST OF PBEPOSITIONS. A at aboard above about, according to, across, after against along amid amidst among amongst around, as to, athwart before behind below beneath beside besides be- tween betwixt beyond but by concei'ning down during ere except for from in into notwithstanding of off on, out of, over past round save since still until through throughout to toward towards under unto up upon with within without PBEPOSITIONS WRITTEN. SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. Ill LIST OF PRONOUNS. I thou he she it myself thyself himself herself itself who whoever whosoever which whichever whichsoever what whatever whatsoever that PRONOUNS WRITTEN. DEFECTIVE AND AUXILIARY VERBS. Beware can may must ought shall will quoth Do be have shall will may can must DEFECTIVE AND AUXILIARY VERBS WRITTEN. LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. Abide be bear beat begin bend beseech bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burst buy cast catch chide choose cleave cling clothe come cost crow creep cut dai-e deal dig do draw di-eam drive drink dwell eat fall feed feel find fight flee fling fly forsake freeze get gild gird give go gave grind grow hang have hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lade lay lean leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mow pay put quit read reave rend rid ride ring rise rive run saw say see seek seethe sell send set shake share shear shed shine shoe show shoot shut shred shrink sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smite sow speak speed spend 112 ; ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stride strike string strive strow swear sweat sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust thread wake wear weave weep win wind wont work wing Wright IBREQULAR VERBS WRITTEN. ^i/^ {y o ' ^ c — ^ fy (y- o a o ^ ^. y o ^"-^ -^ /? ~,p s> 'y -e -^ '^ — 7- -^-:^=^=^— ^^ SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 113 ONE HUNDRED WORDS, SAID TO COMPRISE ONE-HALF OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH. The and of to in a that is for it he with be are but I all by not or as thy from have at they our we God more theirs them there my on shall you will thou upon word ye had me no Lord us when go heaven see great other were been part truth army ever full into out unto thee his which your this him who what an if can how life man than may those would has evei-y world do one most love now where time give after first like under work come yes. ONE HUNDRED WORDS WRITTEN. ALPHABETIC LIST OF WORDS. The following list, consisting of words alphabetically arranged, with the written outlines on opposite pages, the pupil will find very serviceable as key words in suggesting brief outlines of all words. 114 . ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Abundant accepted acceptable accession accident accu- racy accurateness accordingly accusation acquisition active acknowledge additional adopt-ed advance advanced ad- vancement advantageous advertise advertising affected affectionate affliction agitate aggregate almost already always along altogether amounted ambitious America American among amongst anniversary annihilation anato- my anointed antagonism annual annul, annular antago- nistic antagonist another anybody anything appear ap- pearance appeared appears appearing appliance applicant application applied apply applicable applicability appre- hend apprehended apprehensible apprehensibility appre- hension apprehensive approve approval arrive arrival arrivals arrived arrogance arsenal arbitrary architect archangel archbishop architecture architectural aristocracy aristoci'at aristocratic arrange arrest artificial artistic assistance ascription assemble assembled assembly assem- bling assure assurance assuring assignment astonished astonishing astonishment astronomy astronomer astrono- mical astounding attainment attract attraction attractive atonement authority authoritative auspiciously auspicious aversion avocation avoid avowed awake awakened awhile axiom Bachelor beauty beautiful begin begun began begin- ning Ixink bankable bankrupt bankruptcy because become before behold beheld belief believe belong belongs belong- ing body boldness bountiful brethren brother business bulletin bureau buoyant Calculable cabinet Calvinism capable captain casually catholic Catholicism certainty cessation celestial celebrate celebration certificate certify change SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 116 A^ 116 . ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. character characterize characterizes characters charac- teristic characterization charitable charity charter cheer children childhood churchyard circumstance circumference citizen civilize clerical climate color commence commence- ments combination company compared comprehended com- prise compose concern conclusion consequence consequen- tial consideration consisted consignment conformable constant conceded contingency contradistinction contra- distinguish contributed contrivings could counsel consul council covenant combine commencement complete com- plexion condition complain complicate compliance con- struction consumed contained contraction contradiction contractions contrived controlled conversion conviction convince convene corrective countenance county country- men covered created cured curious curved custom cyclone cynical Danger endanger darkens defendant delinquent deliv- erance denominate denomination denounces derision deri- vation description descriptive decision designation develop difference difficulty dignity direction directness disadvan- tage disadvantages disadvantageous disbelief discharge disclaim dissever dissolution discover discourse discourage disaff'ection discrepancy discriminate disorganize disorgan- ized disorganization displeasure disqualify disfavor disease dissatisfaction dissimilar SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 117 >e^ ^ y 118 ■ ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. distinguish distinguishable distinction divinity doctor, dear debtor, dollar domestic dominion donation downward dur- ing duration dwell dwells England eclectic ecclesiastic eccentric eccentricity em- phatic employment empyric endanger endeavor enlarge enthusiasm enthusiastic entire enjoyment episcopalian equi- noctial equal equivalent especially establishment eternal eternity evangelical evening evidence everlasting exchange- able exclamation exclusion excommunication excommuni- cator executor exemplify exemplification exhibition existed existence expanse expense expectation exj5enditure experi- ence explanation exploration expression exquisiteness ex- tempore extemporaneous extension extensive extenuation exterior extract extracted extinguish extraordinary ex- travagant extradition exult exuberance eye-witness Fact failure family familiar fantasm fantastic fantasy fashion favorable feature financial first forever forgiven former formality formation forward foundation fraction freedom frequent from frugal fruition furnished furniture future Gain gallant galvanic gangrene general generalize generation gentleman-men glorify glorious govern gov- ernor government gradation graceful grander grandeur grandchild grandchildren great greatly SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 119 .3 ^ . Z^ T^=- j:^ jj o — u (/ — <0 (y — "/^ (V".(\^ ^g ^ /T? o JL^' ~F7 Q^^^^l^T-^-^ (^ /-^/ /: T^ ^:2^ 6^ <^ o. 128 . ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. sacrifice sacrilege Sadducee safety sagacity sagacious sagaciously sagaciousness salubrious salutary salutatory sample sanctification sanctimonious sanguine sanguinary sanguinely sanity satisfaction satisfy satisfied satisfactory savior saying scholar school schooled script science scien- tific scripture sculpture season seeing secure security sectarian secular senseless sensible sentimental sentimen- talism sentimentalist sentimentality sensation separate separated separation session shocking short-hand signify significant significance signification significantly similar similarly simple singular singularly situation skillful social something, something else, somebody somewhat somewhere sorrow special splendid spiritualize strengthen station statement southern subject subjection subjected sublime subordinate subscribe subscription success successful suc- cessfully suggest suggestion suggestive supererogation superficial superior superlative superscribe superscription supreme supernatural supplication suppression sunder sur- prising surrender surveillance suspend suspension sus- jncious suspicion sustained sustentatious synonym synony- mous system systematic systemized. Synopsis synoptical syntax syriac Syrian syringe syrups svstnle schism scliismatic sisters. SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 129 130 - ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. systematize superstition syndicate synthesis synthetical Take taken taciturn teacher technical technically tech- nicality temperate temperance temporal temptation tenant tendon testament testamentary testimony than thank thankful thankfulness thankless thanklessness thanksgiv- ing then thenceforth thenceforward theology theological these thick thin thing things thereafter therefore therein think thinking those thou though thoughtful thousand thorough three through thrift thrust thrush together tol- erable tolerably tolerance tolerant tolerate toleration tran- quil tranquillity trance transaction transcend transcendent transient transept transcribe transcript transcription transfer transform transformation transgi"ess transit transition transitory translate translation transmute trans- mit transport transpose transparent transubstantiate tran- substantiation transverse treasury trembling tremblingly trem-endous trespass trespasses trinitarian triumph trust two too to tumult turbulent turpitude tutelage typograph- ical tyrannical Ubiquity ultimo ultimate ultimately unaccountable un- accounted unacknowledged unanswerable union universe universalism unbelief unbeliever unchangeable unchanged unchristian uncomfortable uncompromising unconcerned uncomparing unconstrained unconscious unconverted un- controllable understand understood understanding SttORT-HANj) VOCABULARY. 131 y^ —r ^ -^ ^ — — "^ v^ 7 \y^^ ^ - 1) -c^ 132 • ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. undertake unto unpardonable unpopular unprofitable unseasonable unsettled unsubstantial unthankful unwar- rantable unwilling upon uppermost upward useful usage usually usurper usurpation utilitarian uttermost utterly uttering Vague vagrancy vanquish Vatican variation vengeance ventilate version verify verification ■versatile victory vicious vision villain visible vocation volatile volume voluminous voluntary voluptuous vulgar vulnerable Was we or with the, wafer wage wager wagon wavfer wait wake walk wander wanton warble wares warfare watch water wayward wax wealth weariness weighing weapon welcome what when where wherefore why which wliose whereupon while wicked willful winnow work work- man world willing wish wash wished writing with without, with you, worth whatever, way or with a, wages Examine exasperate exasperation exceeding excel excel- lent except exception exceptional or exceptionable excessive exclusive exclusion excluded excite excitement exciting excommunicate excommunication excommunicated excre- ment excursive exculpate excruciating excursion excuse execrable execration execute execution exercise exercises exemplary exhalation exhortation exonerate exoneration expansion expand SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 133 / -^^ '^-J ^> \l. "^V^ '^'> -='r w^ ^ -- ■3-^ 134 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. expansible expansibility expected expectant expectation expedient expeditious expensive experience experiment ex- perimental experimentally experimenter expert expiate explain explainable explanation explanatory explicit ex- plore explosion export exposition expositor expository expound express expulsion exquisite extemporary extem- porize, extensive extenuation exterior exterminate exter- mination external extinction extinguish extinguishable extinguisher extinguishment extirpate extirpation extort extortion extortionate extortioner extract extraction ex- tradition extrajudicial extramundane extraneous extraoffi- cial extraordinary extravagant extravagance extravasate extreme exuberant exult exalt Ye yes yet yesterday year yearly yonder you your younger youth youthful FREQUEXT WORDS. (1) The thee, of, to, and, that, an, a, in, I eye aye, it, is, be, (2) for, this, not, which, have, as, there their, vpith, (3) his, he, from, will, by, but, we, are, you, (4) was, all, they, upon, has, at, no know, or, on, my, (5) any, them then, beyond, our. if, past, proper, himself, so, (6) would, wirliout, been. what. one. hnw who, can, more, itself, (7) themselves, stand, should, these, your, shall, may, when, frequent, (S) him. now, powers, practice, perfectly, where, had, great, those, than. (9) senator, made, do, state, senate, time. me. (10) presence, placed, portion, precisely, prevent, very, am, some, SHORT-HAND VOCABULARY. 135 I^re que?7t Zl^o?^ds 136 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. (1) man, question, warrants, make, out, such, before, (2) every, think, government, Mr., say, up, its, take, (3) see, person, presume, peace, much, her, whether, into, (4) bill, commit, commits, county, country, count, (5) where, only, thy, life, under, give, people, God, part, party, (6) good, first, matter, go, president, proposed, proportion, last, (7) amount, among, subject, ye, being, ask, word, pur- pose, (8) business, car, care, just, action, vote, case, sir, (9) world, other, right rite write, never, on, morning, let led, lay, day, (10) duty, yet, about, between, ever, said, there- fore, (11) taken, says, while, declaration, chairman, occa- sion, according, (12) favor, though, she, when, words, here- tofore, another, (13) love, laws, lays, well, present, prece- dent, objects, body, (14) proposition, common, heaven, even, after, over, thought, because, true, (15) owe, nothing, understand, motion, reason, river, perhaps, (16) propose, moment, men, speaker, resolution, (17) amendment, having, years, pleasure, spirit, place, could. (18) human, believe, power, printing, full, way, why. partial, passion, (19) partic- ular, particularly, practical, practically, practice, specially, splendid, knowledge. SHORT-HANI) VOCABULARY. 137 //le yu^o J3a^s ..,■.— ^- _.£=^ ^ y_ -^ ^ -3 -J^ Y- -7^ =y- ^=^ CHAPTER YII. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. The following lessons fully illustrate the art of writing by this system. The four pages of selections from the scriptures have each their key on the page facing the writing. After these follow several pages in which the i^rinted and written page are opposite, which are followed by a number of written pages without a key, that the pupil may be thoroughly tested in reading. The speech of Henry Clay, entitled Military Insubordi- nation, is written without lines, the position of the line at the beginning of each new line of writing being indicated by a small dash or tick, writing opposite the dash for i position, above it for e and a positions, and below it for o and u positions. Many pupils will find this a desirable mode of writing, possibly more free than the use of ruled paper, while the positions are sufficiently clearly indicated. All the lists of words and other written exercises should be written and read many times, until every word and phrase is familiar, after which the pupil will be ready to write from dictation. //o?r to stiKft/ and 2>ractice. — Having secured a First Eeader, with some one to read it, let it be read at first slowly that the writer may take it all. Gradually the reader should increase his rate of speed, the writer doing his best 138 READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 139 to follow him. The pupil is likely to insist on continued deliberate reading, that he may write all that is read. This, however, should not be long continued, or the pupil will contract a dragging method of execution difficult to over- come. The only way to get speed in writing is to write fast and faster. Hence the reader should soon read at a fair rate of speed, which should be increased until a high speed is attained. It is excellent practice for the reader to utter very slowly, not more than half a dozen or a dozen words a minute, while the writer strives to execute each word as many times as possible before the next word is spoken. This will not only greatly help in attaining rapid action, but will secure that familiarity with words which 'is the foundation of speed. Let the First Reader be read and written several times, until all its words are familiar, after which a variety of reading should be perused to fur- nish the writer with an extensive vocabulary. The pupil should not neglect to read all he writes, that he may become familiar with his own writing, which he should be able finally to i-ead readily. In rapid practice do not try to restrain the action of the hand, but let it find its natural action; let it produce a coarse or fine style of writing, whichever is the easier for it. That will be the best style for any one which is natural to the hand when in unrestrained vehement action. 140 . ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. THE FARMER AND HIS SONS. A farmer being on the point of death wished to insure from his sons the same attention to his farm as he had him- self given it. He called them to his bedside and said : " My sons, there is a great treasure hidden in one of my vineyards." The sons after his death took their spades and mattocks, and carefully dug over every portion of their land. They found no treasure, but the vines repaid their labor by an extraordinary and abundant crop. THE TRAVELER AND FORTUNE. A traveler, wearied with a long journey, lay down, overcome with fatigue, on the very brink of a deep well. Being within an inch of falling into the water, Dame For- tune, it is said, appeared to him, and waking him from his slumber thus addressed him: "Good Sir, pray wake up, for had you fallen into the well the blame will be thrown on me, and I shall get an ill name among mortals; for I find that men are sure to impute their calamities to me, however much by their own folly they have really brought them on themselves." Every one is more or less master of his own fate. THE .SHEPHERD AND THE DOG. A shepherd penning his sheep in the fold for the night was about to shut up a wolf with them, when his dog per- ceiving the wolf, said: "Master, how can you expect the sheep to be safe if you admit a wolf into the fold ?"' READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 141 -/- THE FARMER AND HIS SONS. T 7" "7?=^ ^ -^. -rf-J^ 7^ /T i^ -f /^ ' ^ -h 7^ /^-> l^ -f^ C ^ ^^f^ t THE TRAVELER AND FORTUNE. ^^ 51 ^ ^^^ ~J^ _2_ -7^ ^-^ ^, ,rr /7 .€- -/ / • '^ r - -^ r •^^-- — ? ^. ^ — ^v^ -7^ -^/-^ THE SHEPHERD AND THE DOG. / ^ ^ TT^ 1=£'C •7^=?^ v^^^ 142 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ST. JOHN, CHAPTER I. 1 In the beginning was the Woi'd, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 The same was in the beginning with God. 3 All things wei-e made by him ; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 4 In him was life ; and the life was the light of men. 5 And the light shineth in darkness ; and the darkness comprehended it not. 6 There was a man sent from God, whose name wa£ John. 7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. 8 He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. 9 That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that Cometh into the world. 10 He was in the world, and the world was made by him. and the world knew him not. 11 He came unto his own, and his own received him not. 12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name : 13 Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. READIXG AND WRITING EXERCISES. 143 ST. JOHN, CHAPTER I, 144' ■' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. 15 John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me : for he was before me. 16 And of his fullness have all we received, and grace for grace. 17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. 18 No man hath seen God at any time ; the only be- gotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. 19 And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him. Who art thou ? 20 And he confessed, and denied not ; but confessed, I am not the Christ. 21 And they asked him, What then ? Art tbou Ellas ? And he saith, I am not. Art thou that prophet ? And he answered, No. 22 Then said they unto him, Who art thou ? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself ? 23 He said. I am tlie voice of one crying in the wilder- ness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. BEADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 145 /X T ~p^ ± 4r -A- 146 ' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. PROVERBS, CHAPTER XXVI. As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest, so honor is not seemly for a fool. As the bird by wandering, as the swallow by flying, so the curse causeless shall not come. A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass, and a rod for the fool's back. Answer not a fool according to his folly, lest thou also be like unto him. Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own conceit. He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool, cutteth off the feet, and drinketh damage. The legs of the lame are not equal ; so is a parable in the mouth of fools. As he that bindeth a stone in a sling, so is he that giveth honor to a fool. As a thorn goeth up into the hand of a drunkard, so is a parable in the mouth of fools. The great God, that formed all things, both rewardeth the fool, and rewardeth transgress- ors. As a dog returneth to his vomit, so a fool returneth to his folly. Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit ? there is more hope of a fool than of him. The slothful man saith, There is a lion in the way, a lion is in the streets. As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon his bed. The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom ; it grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth. The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason. READING AJiTD WRITING ?:XERCISES. 147 PROVERBS, CHAPTER XXVI. 148 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. THE LORD S PRATER. ■ - J? -//- ^ J ^^ ^ . ^ ■"J ^ f/ C ^ ^ - v^'t^ ^N -:^V^ \ 1^ -=7^ "7~7- ^ "C f ' yi • ^ t:'VZ" x::: # — /' /» THE PRAYER PHRASED. THE PRAYER WRITTEN' WITH EXGROSSIXG PEN. KEADING AND WRITING EXERCISES 149 'A? fiirrf'^ Mrnger. Oim d'uihei^ mho utt in fmupm^ JiaUmmd tie ihtf name. Sh§ km^om mme. Shy fdU be done in eutih, xd it i^ in hmmn. §im id thU 4ay> otm duH§ bmud. Jlnd fo/t^im td mii debU, td me for^^im oui debiorS^. JInd lead ui noi inio km^Uon, but delimt id from ei^ii: zfoi ihine li the kingdom, and the ^omer, und the ^ioty, for eper. Jlmen. 150 ■ ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY. WILLIASI H. MILBURK. " And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature." To appreciate the text, it is necessary to place your- selves in the sight of the speaker and of those who heard him. A handful of despised and proscribed men are stand- ing upon the summit of a mountain, and there, amidst the comimny, is one who has passed a life of poverty, sorrow and suffering ; upon whom contumely and derision have descended like rain from the clouds of summer. He has been the butt of ridicule, the target at which malignity has directed all its arrows ; and now, surrounded by a handful of disciples — of those who have striven to be loyal to hiin. but whose flesh and heart have failed time and again, — the Jewish peasant utters in the ear of Jewish peasants, publicans and fishermen, this language, the like of which had not been spoken on the earth before, — '■ Go into all the world."' It is either sublimity or absurd- ity; it is the enianatiou of a divine soul projecting itself in the shape of a divine purpose, or it is the most pre- posterous nonsense that was ever addressed by one man to another. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. -^ 151 ^sL -7^ ■^zy-^ ^^ 152' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. " Go into all the world, and preach my gospel to every creature." A Jewish peasant, I say, speaking to a handful of Jewish peasants; and these men, without education, without friends, without advantages of any sort, belonging to an obscure tribe, living in a narrow and insignificant province, masters of a single dialect alone, and that a mere patois, — these men, without adventitious helps of any kind, without the power to obtain credentials from any quarter of the world, were to go into all the world and preach what he had been preaching, and what he should yet de- clare to them. Is it sublimity, or absurdity? I fancy if you and I had been present on that occa- sion, we should have said, had we thought of it at all. What perfect nonsense! For it is likely that the scales would have been upon our eyes, and the dust in our atmos- phere, so that we should not have discerned him for what, in truth, he Avas, — the Son of the living God. We should have seen the derided Nazarene, the con- temned Galilean, the carpenter's son; we should have seen the earthly side, the mere mortal presentation. It requires a spirit quickened by light from heaven to discern him for what, in reality, he was, — Jesus, the Son of God. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. ' ^^ --^ / /- ^-^ ~^ -^ jL^ -,^ 154 ■ ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Flesh and blood did not reveal this, but the spirit of the Father which is in heaven; and looking only on the mortal side, this command would appear the very perfec- tion of nonsense: "Go ye into all the world." Yonder to the east lay Parthia, Media and farthest India; and here upon the north, Syria, Armenia and all the regions stretching to the pole; upon the south, Arabia, Egypt and Ethiopia; and westward, the lesser Asia, and Europe to the Pillars of Hercules. " Go into all these tracts, all these realms, and preach without means, with- out auxiliaries, and not only that, but without all helps of earthly mold and shape. "Go, in spite of the angry bitterness of the Jews; in spite of them who have crucified and put me to death; in spite of all the persecutions which they shall visit continually upon your heads; despite the sneer, the con- tempt, the unutterable scorn of Greeks and Eomans; de- spite, when attention has been challenged, and their in- terest in some sort awakened, the strong and glittering sword of imperial persecution; go, in spite of dungeon, gibbet and rack: in spite of thong, and scourge, and stake; in spite of the cross and amphitheater; go wherever a human creature is found, whether in civilization or in barbarism, and preacli my gospel." I say, is it not either sublimity or absurdity? READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 155 156 ' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Is it not the loftiest word that ever was spoken upon the earth, or the merest nonsense? Had we been there we should probably have thought it nonsense. Which do we now declare it to be, — the word of an idle prater, of a well meaning but weak en- thusiast, or the word of the Son of God? One or the other it must be — which is it? It has been well observed that the best evidence in favor of Christianity is Christendom. Here you have a popular argument which adapts itself to the comprehen- sion and acceptance of all. Christendom is the best ar- gument for Christianity. That Jewish peasant on the mountain's summit, surrounded by his handful of despised and persecuted followers, now separated from them, and, rising in opposition to the laws of gravitation — rising gradually and easily by his own impulsion, until hidden from their longing, wistful gaze — set in motion causes and influences which have come down the centuries, and which have enshrined themselves in the affections, and embodied themselves in the activity of the world, until its face is entirely changed, and his name, then the sport of scorn and hate, is now the august, en- throned and revered name of the highest, purest and noblest part of the human race. Around that name, to-day, clusters all that hath worth, excellency and READIKG AND WRITING EXERCISES. 158 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKt). power; all that hath vigor, adaptive facility; all that hath energy and resistless might, in what we style the civilization of the time; around that name it is all gathered. The word which was spoken upon the sum- mit of that mountain, "Go," has been obeyed; and in virtue of the speaking of that word, and the obedience rendered to it, the world is what it is. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 159 160 ■ ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. MILITARY INSUBORDINATION. HBNBT CLAT. I will not trespass much longer upon the time of the committee, but I trust I shall be indulged with some few reflections upon the danger of permitting the conduct on which it has been my painful duty to animadvert to pass without a solemn expression of the disapprobation of this house. Recall to your mind the free nations which have gone before us. Where are they now? "Gone glimmering through the dream of things that were, A school-boy's tale, the wonder of an hour." And how have they lost their liberties? If we could transport ourselves back to the ages when Greece and Rome flourished in their greatest prosperity, and, min- gling in the throng, should ask a Grecian whether he did not fear that some daring military chieftain, covered with glory — some Phili)") or Alexander — would one day over- throw the liberties of his country, the confident and in- dignant Grecian would exclaim, "No! no! we have noth- ing to fear from our heroes; our liberties shall be eter- nal." HEADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 161 ■^c=' 16'2 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. If a Roman citizen had been asked whether he did not fear that the conqueror of Gaul might establish a throne upon the ruins of public liberty, he would have instantly repelled the unjust insinuation. Yet Greece fell; Caesar passed the Rubicon, and the patriotic arm even of Brutus could not preserve the lib- erties of his devoted country! The celebrated Madame de Stael, in her last and per- haps her best work, has said that in the very year, almost the very month, when the president of the direct- ory declared that monarchy would never show its fright- ful head in France, Bonaparte, with his grenadiers, en- tered the palace of St. Cloud, and dispersing with the bayonet the deputies of the people deliberating on the affairs of tlie state, laid the foundation of that vast fabric of despotism which overshadowed all Europe. I hope not to be misunderstood; I am far from inti- mating that General Jackson cherishes any designs inim- ical to the liberties of the country. I believe his inten- tions to be pure and patriotic. I thank God that he would not. liut I thank him still more that he could not if he would, ovei'turn the liberties of the republic. But pre- cedents, if bad, are fraught with the most dangerous conse- quences. Man has been described by some of those who READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 163 164' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. have treated of his nature, as a bundle of habits. The definition is much truer when applied to govern- ments. Precedents are their habits. There is one im- portant difference between the formation of habits by an individual and by governments. He contracts it only after frequent repetition; a single instance fixes the habit and determines the direction of governments. Against the alarming doctrine of unlimited discretion in our military commanders, when applied even to pris- oners of war, I must enter my protest. It begins upon them; it will end on us. I hope our happy form of government is to be perpetual. But if it is to be preserved, it must be by the practice of virtue, by justice, by moderation, by magnanimity, by greatness of soul, by keeping a watchful and steady eye on the execution, and above all, l)y holding to a strict account- ability the military branch of the public force. We are fighting a great moral battle, for the benefit not only of our country, but of all mankind. The eyes of the whole world are in fixed attention upon us. One, and the largest portion of it, is gazing with contempt, witli jealousy and with envy; the other portion with hope, witli fonfidence and with affection. 166 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Everywhere the black cloud of legitimacy is suspended over the world, save only one bright spot, which breaks out from the political hemisphere of the west, to enlighten and animate and gladden the human heart. Obscure that, by the downfall of liberty here, and all mankind are en- shrouded in a pall of universal darkness. To you, Mr. Chairman, belongs the high privilege of transmitting to posterity the fair character and liberty of our country. Do you expect to execute this high trust by trampling, or suffering to be trampled down, law, justice, the constitution and the rights of the people? by exhibiting examples of inhumanity, and cruelty and ambition? When the minions of despotism heard in Europe of the seiziire of Pensacola, how did they chuckle and chide the admirers of our institutions, tauntingly pointing to the demonstration of a spirit of injustice and aggrandizement, made by our country in the midst of an amicable negotiation! Behold, said they, the conduct of those who are constantly re- proaching kings! You saw how those admirers were astounded and hung their heads. You saw, too, when that illustrious man who presides over us adopted his pacific, READING AND AVRITING EXERCISES. 167 168" ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. moderate and just course, how they once more lifted up their heads with exultation and delight beaming in their countenances. And you saw how those minions them- selves were finally compelled to unite in the general praises bestowed upon our government. Beware how you forfeit this exalted character. Beware how you give a fatal sanction in this infant period of our republic, scarcely yet two-score years old, to military insubordina- tion. Remember that Greece had her Alexander, Rome her Caesar, England her Cromwell, France her Bonaparte, and that if we would escape the rock on which they split we must avoid their errors. I hope gentlemen will deliberately survey the awful isthmus on which we stand. They may bear down all oppo- sition; they may even vote the general the public thanks; they may carry him triumphantly through this house. But, if they do, in my humble judgment it will be a triumph of the principle of insubordination; a triumph of the military over the civil authority; a triumph over the powers of this house; a triumph over the constitution of the land; and I pray moHt devoutly to heaven that it may not prove, in its ultimate effects and consequences, a triumph over the liberties of the people. KEADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 169 / 170 ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAND. LESSON FROM ROBERT'S RULES OF ORDER FOR DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLIES. The two following extracts comprise twelve pages of writing from Robert's " Rules of Order," namely, pages 91-97 and pages 129-136, both inclusive. They are selected because they contain a class of words with which it is very desirable the stenogi'apher should become familiar. The "Rules of Order" is an excellent work for the short-hand student to write from, both because of the class of words it contains, and because they are necessarily so often repeated. Knffrossiug 2>eii — The last four pages are written with the engrossing (stub) pen, which may be very satis- factorily used by employing the circle r. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 171 -^J- ■^^ 173 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. . b- -f- -7^ READINCx AND WRITING EXERCISES. 173 174 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. JL <2. f^ -^ ~J -M- 7 0^-^%-^ _r^ ^^^ y^^ — ^ ■=^ c^- z^ ^ YA- ^ y > -tV ^ -32^: r -7^ ^ ■^^ ^ ■7^ _.^^ ^ V -7#^ V^ " / C^ ^tr- / ?^^ 57 . ^ • •^<--^, ^ r^^ 7<-^ X -o^-^ ^ -^ READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 175 -^^^ ^^^^ -f- ■-H-. .^2^ -p7^ — <- ^^ -f ^ ^^: /- r^ y= ^^ ' - -^i^i^ -^ -A Zli: -7*^ ^ ^--V-S^ Z^. -^^ .^i -^ — ./ =^--vY^ ^^ \^_ o -^ -^ -A^ -^ -k^ -/- ^ . /^ ^^ — yi«-Z- ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAND READING AND WRITING EXERCISEa IH -A -^ -^■/ -o'- -7^ -^^ Y- ^-^ J> -TP' ^ -f^-M- -J- ,^^L^ -7^ .y ir ^ Cy y -7^ ^ ,P / "^^ J^^S. -e^ y -V 17« J- — ECLECTIC SHOBT-HAND. T 5 -:7- — 4^- -//^ -/—^ -=-^ -4- -^ "7 -f- jL ^ =^^ -//^ — '- '-&- >^ _C -^^^ -^^ _i2^ / -y^ -;^ =^'^ -^==^^ -^ -€, =-^ ^ •-?— READIKG AXD WRITING EXERCISES. 179 ^~^, 180 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 181 ILLUSTRATIVE COURT REPORTING NOTES. The following is a very complete foi-m for court records. Each page being ruled with three narrow vertical columns on its left side, the first column is used for remarks of a juror, the second for remarks of the judge, the third for remarks of 2)laintifF's attorney; remarks of the defendant's attorney are begun at the right of the third line, and the witnesses' remarks a space further to the right. 183' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. CHAPTER VIII. MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS AND LEGAL REPORTING. WHHng and omission of vowels. — While most sys- tems of short-hand are constructed on the principle of making as little use as possible of vowels, this system makes the utmost possible use of them. Often a written vowel stroke is capable of several contractions, while if the vowel were not written, the contractions would be impos- sible, and it would become necessary to write a stroke for each contraction which has been expressed by the use of the vowel. In all such cases the vowel should be used, not only because its use abbreviates, but because it also adds legibility to the writing. If a vowel is necessary to the pronunciation, it should generally be written, whether it can take contractions or. not. If it is the second letter of a word it is always ex- pressed by the position of the preceding letter, which may at the same time be so written as to express the contrac- tions which would naturally follow and be added to the vowel if it were written: thus the word ^W}\ in which the r following the o is naturally added to it by shading : the w is written on o position and shaded to express the r which follows the position letter. Omit all vowels which may be omitted without impairing the legibility. 183 184 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Words containing a single consonant, both beginning and ending with a vowel, should have both vowels writ- ten, as assay, obey, etc. Vowels may usually be omitted with safety when un- accented. Initial vowels may often be omitted. Diphthongs should usually be written — the learner will find them provided for under the head of Shading, page 31. Experience in writing and reading is the only guide on which the stenographer can rely for rules in the omission of vowels. Careful daily practice will finally give an intuitive ability better than rigid laws. Writing and Omission of Consonants. — Omit all silent and one of doubled consonants, and, in general, any consonant the writing of which would necessitate a difii- cult outline, and the omission of which will not endanger the legibility — as c, from instruction, obstruction, destruction, protraction, etc.; (7, from under, render, etc.; /, from intelli- gence, faJselij, etc.; n, from treoispose, merchandise, identify, etc.: j;, from capable, inapt, etc.; r, from describe, surprise, tra)iscript, manuscript, subscribe, etc.; tg, from investigation, etc. In contracting a word, seize on and write those main elements of it which will on sight suggest it. Omission of Words and Syllables. — In very rapid writing, it may sometimes be necessary to omit obvious words which may be supplied in the transcx'ipt, but it is bad in general practice, and should not be done except when unavoidable. Syllables are sometimes omitted from the beginninc^, middle, or end of a word, when it will not im- pair the legibility; see page 88. REPORTING STYLE. 185 Omission of Words, — The preceding signs and con- tractions leave little further to be desired to secure the speed necessary to the most rapid writing. In re- porting, many words which are obvious from the con- text are omitted, and again supplied in reading or tran- scribing. When any word is omitted, the space left may be greater than between other words, to indicate an omis- sion, which, with the context, will assist to supply the omitted word or words. What words may thus be omitted the experience and thoughtfulness of the writer will best determine. The tongue is a very flexible instrument, and the pen to cope with it must be able to express words with even less strokes than are indicated by the movements of the tongue in utterance. Such prefixes as ap, ac, in, en, ira, in, con, and others, from the beginning of words; and suf- fixes like cial, tial, ly, tiate, tion, sion, ment, and many others, may be often safely omitted from the end of words; the st3nographer relying on the context to supply the omissions when reading. A repetition of a phrase or sentence may be indicated by drawing a line underneath the one already written, or by a long dash after it. In writing up special or technical cases it sometimes occurs that technical terms, or proper names, or other words of inconvenient length, are frequently repeated. In such cases, after writing them once or twice, the writer may suggest them by using the first letter followed by a dash, or may extemporize a brief suggestive outline from the principal elements of the words. Punctuation. — All the marks common to punctuation 186 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. may be used in short-hand; but in reporting, only the longer pauses are denoted. The period is represented by a small oblique cross, or by two dots side by side. The latter are easier to write, and more certain to be well made. The use of the period dot interferes with the use of the dot as a word sign, hence, it is supplied by the two dots or cross. The dash is represented by a slight waved line, thus Laughter, by a similar line more heavily waved. Applause, by a vertical waved line. Emphasis is indicated as in long-hand, by drawing a line or more under the emphatic word or words. Capitals are used at the be- ginning of a sentence, and in all other cases in which they are necessary. Initials and proper names are correctly written in this system, while the phonographer is generally embarrassed by them. Names should generally be written without abbreviation. Short-Hand Notation. — The following characters will enable the short-hand writer to express numbers with one-half the movements necessary to the use of the Arabic characters. / c^ J Ai. S S / , * , question of fact is ascertained and the case decided upon its merits. . ^1 The committee have nothinfftlien, to do with that view of it; that yv ' is a matter .to come up hereafter. Is there any objection to tBatj ll ' □ l^ow let me go back to what I was about to cite, to show tjtal this V.C; ^ S) (\ certificate "Ts in proper form, or in form Avords which I do not con- ^ {, I sider material), to the case j»f Foster against Ck^sar. In that MA £ . case the governor bad issued a proclamation as to which the com- d Ai^ mittee say it is a blank in reference to' the (fl^ district, and they/ did not consider it. . ^r- Uffijtn the vei-y face of the certificate the ffiovernor states that X.(/, \-\ as the acting governor had faled to issue a certificate, for that -^ UO'sason he (the governor) certifies ^' that the foveVgoing statement / ^ ^ ^ '\vith the explanatory notes" is a "full, true, ana correct exhibit ' of the votes polled for the Representative from the third congres- . 1 sional district of Arkansas, Mr. Warp.f.n. y^ M"] Tr^ I yield fifteen minu te sto the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. ' yi. Wivi H arrison ] ■ 'C^v4 Mr. Hakrison. I want to ask the chairman [Mr. Shanks"! if the ^.^. r.» >^ EXPLANATION. -v O also written (ieZe; Lat.rfeiere, to blot out: a technically-shaped terminal O (d) fiV^ Lat. stet, let it stand. The dots under should not bo omitted j— ' em* dash. An en* dash may be more clearly expressed thus (jv « V" the first two letters of tho word trarupoae; reverse the order of words or letters JUMVIAV make no paragraph. The lino is indispensable, but this with VlO^| will be plain "1 hyphen. No other mark, or remark, is necessary in the margin of proof C^ bring words or letters close together □ em* quadrat. An en* quadrat should bo marked W' fl S) turn around. This mark is different from a O but is frequently mistaken for it L bring out to line, or bring thus far to left. To move to right express thus^ a thin metal plate used between lines.t Surface of lead sho^vn on opposite page Vril' transi>ose space so as to make proper words; change one space with another y^ substitute perfect for imperfect type «*• the first letters of the words icrongfont. A font is a series of type ;— ^ make words or letters range, or line properly ^ push down below type-height so as not to appear y/ observe matter encircled. This mark does not necessarily suggest errort \ correctness of matter encircled is questioned ^/Oji( equalize space between words or lines (jVSV take over to the beginning of the next line )J^i)Jij use Italic type. Roman type should be indicated thus j\fftN Ml make paragraph. ftw^fAt^toW insert as copy. This means that matter is omitted, for which see original copy ^1 interrogation-point. This reference should not be confounded with the query mark L fy, use lower-case letters. The ordinary body-type of a book is called lower-case diphthong. The kem over represents a ligature, and should always be marked M\ spell instead of using figures; or tho word or words may be written in the margin ^ Inverted commsi. One of two points being wrong ( ', ), both may be marked ^ take out, leaving no space. The mark below the (/ means close up li.Cti\vA use small capitals. One letter may be marked A.C'. or it may be indicated thus (V\ ^/^Mi use capitals. One letter may be written in margrin, thus (lv\ * An em quadrat is a space the thickness of the letter m of the type used; an en is half that thickness, or a space equal to the letter n t The word Uad is also used as a verb, and means to lead out, or put leads between the lines X Those marks shouM never appear unnoticed in margin of proof returned to printers; the necessary correction should be made or the reference marked off 190 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Writing. — For writing on the knee, a small board may be employed, on which to lay the book or paper, and steady the hand. Such a board should be light but firm, about sixteen inches long by eight broad. It may be hinged in the middle, a spring holding it firmly when open ; when not in use it is closed, and thus easily carried in the pocket. If a pencil is used, it should be a good one, well sharpened, the reporter always keeping several on hand. If a steel pen is used, it should have a firm, fine, smooth and flexible point. The acidity of the inks in use soon renders the steel pen too sharp for very rapid and per- fect writing. A perfect gold pen is the only reliable in- strument for the reporter, and should have a fine, smooth point, with flexible nibs. Materials — The writer must be skillful in the use of both the pencil and pen. If the pencil is used, soft paper becomes necessary, while with the pen, fine calen- dered paper, of medium hardness, is essential to easy writing. When a table on which to write can be secured it is preferable. The reporter must, however, be able to write on a book held on his hand, or knee, as occasion may require. Reporting covers are on sale at all sta- tioners. They consist of stiff leather covers about eight and three fourths by four and a half inches, opening lengthwise, and having an elastic band attached for hold- ing the paper. The reporter, opening the book away from him, writes on the leaf nearest him, continually turning the leaves backward until he is through the book, when he turns it over and writes on the opposite side of each leaf. REPORTING STYLE. 191 Method of Practice. — Having become familial* with the abbreviation word and phrase signs and with the prin- ciples of their construction, the illustrative lessons should be repeatedly written, and compared with the copy given, to see that the correct signs and best word forms are used; the student will then find great assistance in the use of the Reporter's Classic Practice Tablets, prepared by the author for students of short-hand. Let each character be formed as quickly as possible to the writer's natural power of movement, never dragging the pen, but, having cleai'ly conceived the best word form, let it be quickly written. Having written and re-written as many of the tablets as the student thinks best, let him then procure the service of some one to read for him, who shall regulate his reading to the ability of the writer, slowly and distinctly at first, increasing in speed as the learner acquires power, until he is able to keep pace with the most rapid reading of various kinds of discourse. Everj^thing written should be read to acquire ability in reading the short-hand characters, Avhich is as essential as rapid writing. The rate of speed requisite to reporting varies with the utterance of the speaker from eighty to two hundred words a minute, the average rate beingr about one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty. The writer should frequently time himself, to note his progi'ess in rapidity. Having prepared himself thus, he should try notes of speeches, sermons, etc., as they are uttered, until he finally finds himself capable of legibly recording the thoughts of the most vehement utterer. Di'opping into all kinds of assemblies, taking notes of 192 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. all kinds of discourse, to familiarize himself with report- ing in general, the writer will render himself capable fcr any emergency. Verbatim Beporting.—AccursLcy in reporting speeches, lectures, sermons, etc., is essential, but in important cases courtesy demands that the report, if possible, be sub- mitted to the speaker for his corrections or revision, as, in extemporary discourse especially, it often occurs that the speaker would prefer to modify many things before submitting his words to the press. The reporter should be skilled in the use of language, that he may correct inaccuracies of speech which are so likely to occur in such discourse. However, such corrections cannot waive the propriety of submitting the report to the revision of the speaker when it is practicable to do so. In Legal repoHing the writer should be conversant with the legal forms and expressions in use, as the more he understands of these the better will he be able to report. Much depends on mere form. There is always much talking done by counsel, often long arguments, the verbatim reporting of which would subject the parties to much needless expense, besides rendering the reports tediously voluminous. The proper writing of objections, motions and rulings can be done only by the exercise of good judgment, based on a knowledge of the require- ments of a correct report of such matter. Often an objection by counsel is couched in a long argument, which the reporter of good judgment and acquaintance with legal phraseology puts in its proper form by a few words. The author has frequently heard legal gentle- men complain of phonographic reports, on the assumption REPORTING STYLE. 193 that it is impossible for the short-hand reporter to write without giving every word uttered. The objection to the voluminous report is of course often just, but it does not lie in the use of phonography or short-band notes so much as in the inability and inexperience of the reporter, who, if he could but con- dense the counsel's argument, would be able, because of his skill in writing, the better to make a clear presenta- tion of it. In such cases the writer should attend closely to what is said and done, and having clearly comprehended an idea, couch it, as directly and briefly as possible, in legal phrase. Unless required, no report need be made of the open- ing remarks of counsel, who generally dictate to the writer those points which need not be written. In ordinary civil cases the reporter has usually nothing to do with the impaneling of the jury, but in criminal cases it should be fully reported. In the examination of witnesses, every word, both of questions and answers, should be exactly written. The summing up of counsel »^eed not be reported unless ordei'ed by the same. The judge's charge, except when it is written, when of course reporting is unnecessary, must be written with the utmost fidelity. A short experience will inform the reporter fully as to what need and what need not, be written, while the inexperienced reporter will rely mainly upon the dicta- tion of counsel, who will suggest at the proper time what need not be taken. Legal reports are usually written on legal cap, writ- 19'4 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ing on both sides of the leaf, unless counsel prefer it otherwise. Each page is numbered as it is written, at the lower left corner. The paper for reports should be fastened by means of clasps, or of tape passed through holes punched near the edge of the upper margin, and tied. The first page of the report should be used as a title-page, and upon it, written in legible long-hand, the name of the court, title of suit, name of judge before whom the case is tried, and if before a jury, date of trial, names of counsel, with parties for whom they appear, with an index to the evidence. A new title-page should be made for each day of the trial. In case the reporter uses the writing machine in producing transcripts, the title page, as well as the body of the notes, will of course be printed, instead of written in long-hand. The following seven different forms, adapted to the courts of Illinois and to the United States courts, will be a sufficiently suggestive guide to the courts of the differ- ent states, the forms being common, varying only in the names of the courts, or of the terms applied to the prin- cipal parties involved. Following these forms is a representation of the method of writing the opening of a trial, and illustrating the writing of testimony. The page is divided into two spaces by a vertical line. All questions and other remarks of the attorneys and of the court begin at the left margin of the page, while answers of witnesses are written wholly on the right of the vertical line. This distinction between ques- tions and answers is simply to facilitate the reference to the notes. The very narrow paper advised by some for court reporting is not desirable in this system. KEPORTING STYLE. 195 TITLE-PAGE FORMS. FORM I. In the Probate Court of Cook County. January Term, 1878. State of Illinois, County of Cook, '' In the matter of the Estate of ) p, n n ^xr•^^ John T. Adams, deceased. \ Hon. Joshua C. Knickerbocker, Probate Judge. APPEARANCES. For proponents of the will, Cyrus Homer, Esq. For contestants of the will, S. M. Coles, Esq. INDEX to evidence. Direct. Cross. Henry Mann, ----- page 3 10 Walter Wiltsie, - - - - "5 11 ^ Jane Wiltsie, ----- "6 11 In the County Court of Cook County. January Term, 18T8. State of Illinois, County of Cook, Peter Johnson ) vs. V Assumpsit. Conrad Reed. ) Hon. M. B. Loomis, Presiding Judge. appearances. For plaintiff, Darius Judd, Esq. For defendant, Virgil A. Field, Esq. index to plaintiff's evidence. Direct. Cross. Trueman Good, - - - - page 4 20 Wm. Hoisington, - - - - " 10 24 Exhibit A, - - - - - "15 ljf6 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. INDEX TO defendant's EVIDENCE. Direct. Cross. Maria Wilson, .... page 25 30 Exhibit A, "26 Exhibit B, "27 FORM III. In THE Superior Court of Cook County. January Term, 1878. State of Illinois, County of Cook, The remainder of this form is like No. 2. ;s, ) ss. FORM IV. In the Circuit Court of Cook County. January Term, 1878. State of Illinois, ) County of Cook, ) in chancery. John W. Ward, Complainant, ) tj-h <• • • i.- T ri ixj-ii V Bill tor iniunction. James Saxe, Dejendant. ) '' Hon. E. S. Williams, Judge. APPEARANCES. For complainant, Chas. Lathrop, Esq. For defendant, L. F. Scott, Esq. form v. In the Appellate Court of the State of Illinois. first judicial district. April Term, 1878. AVarren Miller, ylppclhint, ) . -, ,. ±-\ n- -^ _ ' ^^ ' f Appeal from the Circuit -r rp c- ^' ^ 77 i Court of Cook County. Joseph i. Smith, Appellee. ) -^ INDEX. Argument of C. D. T. Smith, Esq. - - page 3-76 Argument of Chas. Wheaton, Esq. - " 77-120 REPORTING STYLE. 197 FORM VI. In the Supreme Couut of the State of Illinois. northern grand division. September Term, 1878. Chester Davis, Plaintiff in Error, \ ^^^.^^, ^^ ^^^ (.-^^^i^ Henry R. Fox, Defendant in Error. ) ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ok County. INDEX. Argument of W. H. Dexter, Esq. - - page 6-94 Argument of C. D. Willis, Esq. - - " 95-120 form VII. In the Circuit Court of the United States. northern district of ILLINOIS. IN EQUITY. John I. Blair et al. ) j^.j, ^^ "Poreclose vs. y Chicago & Pacific R. R. Co. et al. ) Mortgage. Hon. Thomas Drummond, Presiding. appearances. For Complainants, Geo. W. Smith, Esq. For Defendants, Chas. D. F. Smith, Esq. INDEX. 19'8 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. FRAGMENT OF REPORT OF TRIAL. County Court, Cook County. Peter Johnson ) vs. y Before Hon. M. B. Loomis and Jury. Conrad Read. ) Chicago, III., January 10, 1878. APPEARANCES. For Plaintiff, M. 0. B. Southworth, Esq. For Defendant, A. C. Little, Esq. Trueman Good, on behalf of Plaintiff, being duly sworn, testifies as follows. Direct examination by Mr. Loomis: Q. Where do j'ou reside? J. At 650 Western Avenue. Q. How long have you known the plaintiff? .1. Between three and four years. Q. Have you seen him often during that period? ul. No, sir, not very frequently. y. Under what circumstances have you been in the haliit of seeing him? .1. Only in the way of business. Q. What is your business? .1. I am engaged in the tanning business. (,K ^^'hore is your place of business? ^1. I urn located at Galena. REPORTING STYLE. 199 (?i77 ^ - J-yf^^J Ae/^. ^^ L j_ z^ >- cy ^ -^ ^^ ^^ CHAPTER IX. WRITING EXERCISES. LESSON I. A PSALM OF LIFE. Tell me not in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. ^^--v /2- Life is real ! Life is earnest ! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way; 300 REPORTING STYLE. 201 But to act that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day. Art is long and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of life. Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife! Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act — act in the living Present! Heart within, and God o'erhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time; — Footprints that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing. With a heart for any fate. Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. Henry Wadsworth LoNorELLow. 202 ECLECTIC SH0ilT-HA2JD. Gather ye rosebuds as ye may, Old Time is still a flying; And this same hour that smiles to-day, To-morrow will be dying. Z. -f- J^ ^—/^ The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, The higher he's a getting, The sooner will his race be run, And nearer he's to setting. The age is best which is the first, When youth and blood are warmer; But being spent, the worse or worst Time still succeeds the former. Then be not coy, but use your time. And while ye may, go marry; For having lost but once your prime. You may forever tarry. KOBEKT HeHRICK. REPORTING STYLE. 203 LESSON II. DISAPPOINTMENT THE LOT OF ALL. Uneasiness and disappointment are inseparable, in some degree, fx'om every state on earth. Were it in the power of the world to render those who attach themselves to it satisfied and happy, you might then, I admit, have some title to complain if you found your- selves placed upon worse terms in the service of God. But this is so far from being the case that, among the multi- tude who devote themselves to earthly pleasure, you will not find a single person who has completely attained his aim. Inquire into the condition of the high and the low, of the gay and the serious, of the men of business and the men of pleasure, and you shall behold them all occupied in supplying some want, or in removing some distress. No man is pleased with being precisely what he is. Everywhere there is a void, generally; even in the most prosperous life, there is some corner possessed by sorrow. He who is engaged in business pines for leisure. He who enjoys leisure languishes for want of employment. In a single state we envy the comforts of a family. In conjugal life we are chagrined by domestic cares. In a safe station we regret the want of objects for enterprise. In an enterprising life we lament the want of safety. It is the doom of man tliat his sky should never be free from all clouds. He is at present in an exile and fallen state. The objects which surround him are beneath his native dignity. God has tinged them all with vanity on purpose to make hiiu feel that this is not his rest; that here he is not in his proper place nor arrived at his true honor. 204 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. NATIONAL ANTHEM. Tko little brown squirrel hops in the corn, The cricket quaintly sings; The emerald pigeon nods his head, And the shad in the river springs; The dainty sunflower hangs its head On the shore of the summer sea; And better far that I were dead, If Maud did not love me. 1 love the squirrel that hops in the corn, And the cricket that quaintly srngs; And the emerald pigeon that nods his head, And the shad that gaily springs; I love the dainty sunflower, too. And Maud with lier snowy breast; I love them all — but I love — I love — I love my country best. Thoius Ballet Aldhich. LESSON III. SPRING. Dip down upon the northern shore, sweet new year, delaying long; Thou doest exi^ectant nature wrong; Delaying long, delay no more. What stays thee from the clouded noons, Thy sweetness from its proper place? Can trouble live with April days, Or sadnea^ in tJie summer moons? BEPORTING STYLE. 205 Bring orchis, bring the foxglove spire, The little speedwell's darling bine, Deep tulips dashed with fiery dew, Laburnums, dropping- wells of fire. thou new year, delaying long, Delayest the sorrow in my blood That longs to burst from a frozen bud, And flood a fresher throat with song. Now fades the last long streak of snow; Now bourgeons every maze of quick About the flowering squares, and thick By ashen roots the violets blow. Now rings the woodland loud and long, The distance takes a lovelier hue, And drowned in yonder living blue, The lark becomes a sightless song. Now dance the lights on lawn and lea, The flocks are whiter down the vale, And milkier every milky sail On widening stream or distant sea. Where now the seamew pipes or dives. In yonder greening gleam, and fly The happy birds, that change their sky To build and brood, that live their lives. From land to land, and in my breast, Spring wakens too; and my regret Becomes an April violet, And buds and blossoms like the rest. Alfred Teitotson. 206 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. THE RAINBOW. My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky; So was it when my life began, So is it now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The child is father to the man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. William Wordsworth. REPORTING STYLE. 207 THE MOSS ROSE. The angel of the flowers, one day, Beneath a rose tree sleeping lay, — That spirit to whose charge 'tis given To bathe young buds in dews of heaven Awakening from his light repose, The angel whispered to the rose. "0 fondest object of my care. Still fairest found, where all are fair; For the sweet shade thou givest to me Ask what thou wilt, 'tis granted thee." "Then," said the rose, with deepened glow, " On me another grace bestow." The spirit paused in silent thought. — What grace was there that flower had not? 'Twas but a moment — o'er the rose A veil of moss the angel throws. And, robed in nature's simplest weed. Could there a flower that rose exceed? Erumkacbeb. LESSON IV. THE LOVE OF GAIN. It is much to be regretted that, in the present state of things, there is no period of man's age in which his virtue is not exposed to perils. Pleasure lays its snares for youth; and after the season of youthful follies is past, other temptations, no less formidable to virtue, presently arise. The love of pleasui-e is succeeded by the passion for intei-est. In this passion the whole mind is too often 208 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. absorbed, and the change thereby induced on the charac- ter is of no amiable kind. Amidst the excesses of youth virtuous affections often remain. The attachments of friendship, the love of honor, and the warmth of sensibility give a degree of luster to the character and cover many a failing. But interest, when it is become the ruling principle, both debases the mind and hardens the heart. It deadens the feelings of every- thing that is sublime or refined. It contracts the affec- tions within a narrow circle, and extinguishes all those sparks of generosity and tenderness which once glowed in the breast. BiJLlB. THOU ART, O GOD. Thou art, God, the life and light Of all this wondrous world we see; Its glow by daj^ its smile by night. Are but reflections caught from Thee. Where'er we turn Thy glories shine, And all things fair and bright are thine! When da3% with farewell beam, delays Among the opening clouds of even, And we can almost think we gaze Through golden vistas into heaven, Those hues that make the sun's decline So soft, so radiant, Lord, are thine. When night with wings of starry gloom O'ershadows all the earth and skies Like some dark, beauteous bird, whose plume Is sparkling with unniimbered eyes, — REPOETING STYLE. 209 That sacred gloom, those fires divine, So grand, so countless, Lord, are thine. When youthful spring around us breathes, Thy Spirit warms her fragrant sigh; And every flower the summer wreathes Is born beneath that kindling eye. Where'er we turn thy glories shine. And all things fair and bright are thine. MOORB. LESSON V. FRAGMENT. And sweet it is to see, in summer time, The daring goats upon a rocky hill. Climb here and there, still browsing as they climb; While far below, on rugged pipe and shrill, The master vents his pain; or homely rhyme He chants; now changing place, now standing still. While his beloved, cold of heart, and stern, Looks from the shade in sober unconcern. Nor less another sight do I admire — The rural family round their hut of clay; Some spread the table, and some light the fire. Beneath the household rock in open day; The ass's colt with panniers some attire; Some tend the bristly hogs with fondling play. This with delighted heart the old man sees. Sits out of doors and suns himself with ease. 210 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. The outward image speaks the inner mind — Peace without hatred, which no care can fret; Entire contentment in their plow they find, Nor home return until the sun be set; No bolts they have, their houses are resigned To Fortune — let her take what she can get. A hearty meal fhen crowns the happy day, And sound sleep follows on a bed of hay. In that condition Envy is unknown. And haughtiness was never there a guest; They only crave some meadow ovei-grown With herbage that is greener than the rest. The plow's a sovereign treasure of their own. The glittering share the gem they deem the best; A pair of panniers serves them for buffette. Trenchers and porringers for golden plate. Avarice blind, mean and base desires Of those who pass the gifts of Nature by! For gold alone your wretched pride aspires. Restless for gold from land to land ye fly. And what shall quench your never sated fires. Ye slaves of Envy, Sloth, and Luxury, Who think not, while ye plot another's wrong, "Man wants but little, nor that little long?" They in old time who drank the streamlet clear, And fed upon the fruits which nature sent, They should be your example, should appear Beacons on which your eyes sliould still be bent. tlEtORTlNO STYLE. 211 listen to my voice with willing ear! The peasant with his herds enjoys content; While he who rules the world, himself unblest, Still wants and wishes, and is not at rest. Wealth, sad at heart the while, and full of dread. Goes all adorned with gems, and gay with gold- And every cloud which passeth overhead. As ominous of change doth she behold. But Poverty her happy days hath led. Vexed with no hope to have, nor fear to hold; Amid the woods in homely weeds bedight, She knows no cares, no quarrels, no aifright. Milk, herbs and water always at command. The peasant recks not of superfluous stores; He counts his gains upon his callous hand. No other book is needed for his scores; Troubled with no account of shijxs or land, No usurer's guiles he suffers and deplores; He knows not in the world that such things be. Nor vainly strives with fortune — no, not he. If the cow calved, and if the yearling grew, Enough for all his wishes fortune yields; He honors God, and fears and loves him too; His prayers are for his flocks, and herds, and fields; The doubt — the how, the why, that fearful crew, — Disturb not him, whom his low station shields; And favored for his simple truth by Heaven, The little that he humbly asks is given. Michael Anoelo. 212 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. LESSON VI. REPLY TO HATNE. DANIEL WEBSTER. The eulogium pronounced on the character of the State of South Carolina, by the honorable gentleman, for her revolutionaiy and other merits, meets my hearty concur- rence. I shall not acknowledge that the honorable mem- ber goes before me in regard for whatever of distinguished talent or distinguished character South Carolina has pro- duced. I claim part of the honor; I partake in the pride of her great names. I claim them for my countrymen, one and all, — the Laurenses, the Rutledges, the Pinkneys, the Sumpters, the Marions, — Americans all — whose fame is no more to be hemmed in by state lines, than their talents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within the same narrow limits. In their day and generation they served and honored the country, and the whole country, and their renown is of the treasures of the whole country. Him, whose honored name the gentleman himself bears — does he deem me less capable of gratitude for his patriotism, or sympathy for his sufferings, than if his CA'es had first opened upon the light in Massachusetts instead of South Carolina? Sir, does he suppose it in his power to exhibit a Carolina name so bright as to produce envy in my bosom? No, sir; increased gratification and delight rather. I thank God that, if I am gifted with little of the spirit which is able to raise mortals to the skies, I have yet none, as I trust, of that other spirit Avhich would drag angels down. When I shall be found, sir, in my place here in the senate, or elsewhere, to sneer at public merit, because it REPORTING STYLE. 213 happens to spring up beyond the little limits of my own state or neighborhood; when I refuse for any cause the homage due to American talent, to elevated patriotism, to sincere devotion to liberty and the country; or if I see an uncommon endowment of Heaven, if I see extraordinary capacity and virtue in any son of the south, and if, moved by local prejudice or gangrened by state jealousy, I get up here to abate the tithe of a hair from his just character and fame, — may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth! Sir, let me recur to pleasing recollections; let me in- dulge in refreshing remembrances of the past; let me re- mind you that, in early times, no states cherished greater harmony, both of principle and feeling, than Massachusetts and South Carolina. Would to God that harmony might again return! Shoulder to shoulder they went through the revolution; hand in hand they stood around the administra- tion of Washington, and felt his own great arm lean on them for support. Unkind feeling, — if it exists, alienation and distrust are the growth. They are weeds, the seeds of which that same great arm never scattered. Mr. President, I will enter on no encomium upon Massachusetts; she needs none. There she is. Behold her, and judge for yourselves. There is her history, the world knows it by heart. The past at least is secure. There is Boston, and Concord, and Lexington, and Bunker Hill; and there they will remain forever. The bones of her sons fallen in the great struggle for independence now lie mingled with the soil of evei-y state, from New England to Georgia; and there they will lie forever. And, sir, where American liberty raised its first voice, and where its youth was mustered and sustained, there 214 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. it still lives in the strength of its manhood, and full of its original spirit. If discord and disunion shall wound it; if party strife and blind ambition shall hawk at and tear it; if folly and madness, if uneasiness under salutary and necessary restraint, shall succeed in separating it from that union by which alone its existence is made sure, it will stand in the end by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked; it will stretch forth its arm with whatever of vigor it may still retain over the friends who gather around it; and it will fall at last, if fall it must, amid the profoundest monuments of its own glory, and on the very spot of its origin. LESSON VII. MOTION OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES. THOMAS DICK. Having taken a cui-sory view of the magnitude of the numberless bodies scattered through the regions of space, let us now consider the motions which are inces- santly going forward in every part of the universe, for all the myriads of globes and systems to which we have alluded are in rapid and perpetual motion; and we have no reason to believe that there is a single quiescent body throughout the immensity of creation. We have here planets revolving around suns, planets revolv- ing around planets, suns performing their revolutions around suns, suns revolving around the centers of sidereal systems, and in all probability every system of creation revolving around the center and Grand Mover of the whole. The rate of these motions, in every known instance, is not less than several thousands of miles every hour, and in many instances thousands of REPORTING STYLE. 21 5 miles in a minute. The motions which are found among the planetary globes appear at first view altogether astonishing and almost to exceed belief, when we con- sider the enormous size of these bodies. That a globe a thousand times larger than our world should fly at the rate of thirty thousand miles an hour, and carry along with it a retinue of other mighty globes in its swift career, is an object that may well strike us with wonder and amazement. But the fixed stars — though to a com- mon observer they ajjpear exactly in the same position with regard to each other — are found in some instances to be carried forward with motions far more rapid than even the bodies of the planetary system, though their magnitude is immensely superior. We have already seen that the star 61 Cygni, whose apparent motion is five seconds annually, and consequently imperceptible to a common observer, yet at the distance at which the star is known to be placed, this motion is equivalent to one thousand five hundred and fifty-two millions of miles in a year, four millions two hundred and fifty-two thousand miles a day, and one hundred and seventy-seven thousand miles an hovir. Other stars are found to move with velocities similar, as Cassiopeia, which moves above three millions of miles a day, which is at the rate of two thousand one hundred and sixty miles every minute. These are motions altogether incomprehensible by human beings, especially when we take into consideration the enormous magnitude of the stars, some of which may be a thousand times larger than all the planets and comets belonging to our system. They display the amazing and uncontrollable energies of omnipotence, and afford a dis- 216 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. tinct source of admiration and astonishment in addition to all the other wonders of the universe. If, then, we would endeavor to obtain a comprehensive idea of the motions going forward throughout the spaces of immen- sity, we must not only conceive of planets revolving around luminous centers, but of suns revolving around suns, — of suns and systems revolving around the centers of the nebulae to which they respectively belong, — of all the systems and nebulae of the universe revolving in immense circumferences around the throne of the Eternal, the great center of all worlds and beings, — of each sun, and planet and system, notwithstanding, pursu- ing a course of its own in diiferent directions, and in numerous instances acted upon by different forces, — in short, of the ten thousand times ten thousands of lumi- nous and opaque globes of every rank and order within the circuit of creation, all performing their rapid but harmonious motions throughout every region of space, and without intermission, in obedience to the laws of their Creator. LESSO:^ VIII. WE CHERISH THE MEMORY OF OUR HONORED DEAD. EDWARD EVERETT. It has been the custom, from the remotest antiquity, to preserve, and to posterity, in bronze and in marble, the counterfeit presentment of illustrious men. Within the last few years modern research has brought to light, on the banks of the Tigris, huge slabs of alabaster, buried for ages, which exhibit, in relief, the faces and the per- sons of men who ^-overned the primeval East in the gray REPORTING STYLE. 217 dawn of history. Three thousand years have elapsed since they lived, and reigned, and built palaces, and fortified cities, and waged war, and gained victories of which the trophies are carved upon these monumental tablets, — the triumphal procession, the chariots laden with spoil, the drooping captive, the conquered monarch in chains, — but the legends inscribed upon the stone are imperfectly de- ciphered, and little beyond the names of the personages, and the most general tradition of their exploits, is pre- served. In like manner the obelisks and the temples of ancient Egypt are covered with the sculptured images of whole dynasties of Pharaohs — older than Moses, older than Joseph, whose titles are recorded in the hieroglyphics with which the granite is charged, and which are gradually yielding up their long concealed mysteries to the sagacity of modern criticism. The plastic arts, as they passed into Hellas, with all the other arts which give grace and dignity to our nature, reached a perfection unknown to Egypt or Assyria; and the heroes and sages of Greece and Rome, immortalized by the sculptor, still people the galleries and museums of the modern world. In every succeeding age, and in every country in which the fine arts have been cultivated, the respect and affection of survivors have found a pure and rational gratification in the historical portrait and the monumental statue of the honored and loved in private life, and especially of the great and good who have deserved well of their country. Public esteem and confidence, and private affection, the gi'at- itude of the community and the fond memories of the fire- side, have ever sought, in this way, to prolong the sensible 218 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. existence of their beloved and respected objects. What, though the dear and honored features and persons on which, while living, we never gazed without tenderness or vener- ation, have been taken from us, — something of the majesty abides in the portrait, the bust, and the statue. The heart bereft of the living originals turns to them ; and, cold and silent as they are, they strengthen and animate the cherished recollections of the loved, the honored, and the lost. The skill of the painter and sculptor, which thus comes in aid of the memory and imagination, is, in its highest de- gree, one of the rarest, as it is one of the most exquisite, accomplishments within our attainment, and in its per- fection as seldom witnessed as the perfection of speech or music. The plastic hand must be moved by the same ethereal instinct as the eloquent lips or the recording pen. The number of those who, in the language of Michael Angelo, can discern the finished statue in the heart of the shapeless block, and bid it start into artistic life, who are endowed with the exquisite gift of molding the rigid bronze or the lifeless marble into graceful, majestic and expressive forms, is not greater than the number of those who are able, with equal majesty, grace and expressive- ness, to make the spiritual essence, the finest shades of thought and feeling, sensible to the mind, through the eye and the ear, in the mysterious embodiment of the writ- ten and the spoken word. If Athens, in her palmiest days, had but one Pericles, she had also but one Phidias. Xor are these beautiful and noble arts, by which the face and the form of the departed are preserved to us, calling into the highest exercise, as they do, all the irai- REPORTINfi STVLK. 219 tativc and idealizing powers of the painter and the seulp- tor, the least instructive of our teachers. The portraits and the statues of the honored dead kindle the generous ambition of the youthful aspirant to fame. Themistocles could not sleep for the trophies in tlie C'eramicus; and when the living Demosthenes had ceased to speak, the stony lips remained to rebuke and exhort his degenerate countrymen. More than a hundred years have elapsed since tlie great Xewton passed away: but. from age to age. his statue, by Koubillac. in the antechapel of Trinity College, will give distinctness to the conceptions formed of him by hundreds and thousands of ardent, youthful spirit>, filled with reverence for that transcendent intel- lect which, from the phenomena that fall within our limited virion, deduced the imi»erial law by which the sovereign mind i'ule< the entire universe. We can never look on the }ier-on of Wasliington: but his serene and Udlile counteiuiUL-e. prrpetuated by the prnuil and the chisel, i- familiar to far greater )nultitudes than ever stood in his living presence, and will l)e thus familiar to the latest generation. \MKit parent. a> he conduct^ lii< son to Mount Auburn or to Hunki/r Hill, will not. as he pa-ses before their monumental ,-tatue>. >er'k to heighten his reverence for vii'tue. for iiatrioti>m. for science, for learning, for devo- tion to tlie ))ublic good, as he bids him contemplate the fiirm oi that grave and venerable Winthriip. who left his plea-ant home in England to come and found a new re- luiblii- in thi- untrodden wilderne«: of that ardent and intrepid nri-. \v]u> }ir>t .-truck out the s^uirk of American indcjiendence: of that nolde Adams, its most eloquent 220 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAXD. chamijion on the floor of Congress; of that martyr, War- ren, who laid down his life in its defense; of that self- taught Bowditch, who, without a guide, threaded the starry mazes of the heavens; of that Story, honored at home and abroad as one of the brightest luminaries of the law, and, by a felicity of which I believe there is no other exam- ple, admirably portrayed in marble by his son? What citizen of Boston, as he accompanies the stran- ger around our streets, guiding him through our busy thoroughfares, to our wharves crowded with vessels which range every sea and gather the produce of every climate, up to the dome of this capitol, which commands as lovely a landscape as can delight the eye or gladden the heart, will not, as he calls his attention, at last, to the statues of Franklin and Webster, exclaim, " Boston takes pride in her natural position, she rejoices in her beautiful envi- rons, she is grateful for her material prosperity; but, richer than the merchandise stored in palatial ware- houses, greener than the slopes of sea-girt islets, lovelier than this encircling panorama of land and sea, of field and hamlet, of lake and stream, of garden and grove, is the memor}^ of her sons, native and adopted, the charac- ter, services and fame of those who have benefited and adorned their day and generation. Our children and the schools at which they are trained, our citizens and the services they have rendered — these are our jewels, these our abiding treasures."' Yes, your lonq- rows of quarried granite may crum- ble to the (lust: the cornfields in yonder villages I'ipen- ing to the sickle may. like the plains of stricken Lom- bardy a few weeks ago, be kneaded into bloody clods by REPORTING STYLE. 221 the maddening wheels of artillery; this populous city, like the old cities of Etruria and Campagna Roniagna, may be desolated by the pestilence that walketh in dark- ness, may decay with the lapse of time, and the busy mart which now rings with the joyous din of trade, become as lonely or still as Carthage or Tyre, as Babylon or Nin- eveh ; but the names of the great and good shall survive the desolation and the ruin ; the memory of the wise, the brave, the patriotic, shall never perish. Yes, Sparta is a wheat-field; a Bavarian prince holds court at the foot of the Acropolis; the traveling virtuoso digs for marble in the Roman Forum, and beneath the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Capitolarius ; but Lycur- gus and Leonidas, and Miltiades and Demosthenes, and Cato and Tully "still live," and He* still lives, and all the great and good shall live in the heart of ages while marble and bronze shall endure; and when marble and bronze shall have perished, they shall " still live " in memory, so long as men shall reverence law, and honor patriotism, and love liberty! LESSON IX. COMPLETE EDUCATIOX : AN ADDRESS DELIVEKED AT THE OPENING OF A NEW COLLEGE EDIFICE. JOSEPH CROSS. In the fairest of Italian cities stands the finest of ter- restrial structures — a campanile or bell-tower, twenty- five feet square, two liundred and seventy-three feet high, built of white and colored marble in alternate blocks, * Daniel Webster. 222 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. covered with a royal luxuriance of scuipture framed in medallions, studded everywhere with the most beautiful statuary disposed in Gothic niches, and finished from base to battlement like a lady's cabinet inlaid with pearl and gold. It would seem as if nothing more perfect in sym- metry, more exquisite in workmanship, or more magnifi- cent in ornamentation, could possibly be achieved by hu- man genius. Pure as a lily born of dew and sunshine, the approaching tourist sees it rising over the lofty roof of the Duomo, like the pillar of cloud upon the taberna- cle; and when he enters the Piazza, and finds it standing apart in its majestic altitude, and looking down upon the vestal loveliness of the Tuscan Santa Maria, he can think only of the Angel of the Annunciation in the presence of the Blessed Virgin. Whoever has gazed upon its grand proportions, and studied the details of its exquisite exe- cution, will feel no astonishment at. being told that such a structure could not now be built in this country for less than fifty millions of our money; nor will he won- der that Jarvis, in his Art Hints, has pronounced it " the noblest specimen of tower-architecture the world has to show": that Charles the Fifth declared it was "fit to be inclosed with crystal, and exhibited only on holydays"; and that the Florentines themselves, whenever they would characterize anything as extremely beautiful, say it is " as fine as the Campanile." Gentlemen, you have reared a nobler edifice! Nobler, not because more costly, for your pecuniary outlay is as nothing in the comparison. Nobler, not because the ma- terial is more precious, and the architecture more perfect; for what is a pile of lirick to such a miracle in marble? REPOHTIXG STVIJ;. 22o or where is the American liuihhn- that would dream of competing with Giotto? Nobler, not because there is a larger and richer-toned bell in the gilded cupola, to sum- mon the inmates to study and recitation, or to morning and evening worship; for the Santa Reparata, in the highest story of the Campanile, is one of the grandest pieces of resonant metal ever cast: and its voice, though soft as Hute-tones at eventide coming over the water, is rich and majestic as an angel's song. Far nobler, how- ever, in its purpose and utility: for that wonder of Italian architecture is the product of Florentine pride and van- ity in the days of a prosperous republic — a less massive but more elegant Tower of Babel, expressing the ambi- tion of its Iniilders: and though standing in the Cathe- dral Piazza, its chief conceivable objects are mere show and stnind: while tlie end and aim of this editice is the developiuiMit of mind, the formation nf character, the cre- ation of a loftier intellectual manhood, the reproduction (if so much of the L. i>t image of (rod as may be evolved by the ])est media and methods of luiman education. The excellence of y(MU' structure, then, consists main- ly in thi^ — that it i< only a scatl'old. with derricks, wind- lasses, and otlier apparatus and implements, fir building something immeasurably more excellent. Here the think- ing power is \o he quickeneil. and the Ligical facitlty is to be awakened and invigorated. This is to be eftected. not so much l\v the kiiowledge acquired, as by the effort called out for its acquisition. 'Yho teacher is to meastire his sitccess. net l>v the numl>cr and variety of t^'rms. rules, f irmulas and principles he lias im[ire>-ed uj^on tlie niemorv. but bv the amount of mental iiower and inde- 224' ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. pendence he has imparted to his pupil. True, in educat- ing the mind, knowledge of some sort must be acquired; but the thoroughness of the education depends no more Upon the quantity of the acquisition, than the health of the guest upon the abundance of the banquet. The men- tal food, as well as the material, must be digested and assimilated. It follows that those exercises which require close and consecutive thinking, thorough analysis, clear discrimination and accurate definition, are best adapted to develop the higher faculties of the mind. Mathemat- ics, metaphysics, dialectics and philology must form the granite basis of your building, sustaining the solid tiers of rich and varied marbles. Then comes the aesthetic culture. First the substan- tial, afterward the ornamental — this is the natural order, to reverse which were to begin building the tower at the top. The very idea of the ornamental supposes something substantial to be ornamented. No man will attempt to polish the sponge, or paint a picture on the vacant air, or rear a stone cathedral on a sunset cloud. There is no lily-bloom without the sustaining stalk, nor magnolia grandiflora without the sturdy and stately tree. " Wood^ hay, stubble," are not fit materials for jewelry; but "gold, silver, precious stones,"" may be wrought into a thousand forms of beauty, sparkling with myriad splen- dors. The solid marble superstructure resting upon its deep foundations of granite, firm as the seated hills, can scarcely be too finely finished or too sumptuously adorned. Upon a thorough mental culture sit grace- fully, and quite at home, philosophy, history, poetry, eloquence, music, painting — all in literature and the REPORTING STYLE. 225 arts that can refine the taste, refresh the heart, and lead the fancy captive. To the mind thus disciplined and adorned a pleasant path is opened to the broadest and richest fields of intellectual inquiry, where it may range at will with the freedom of an angel's wing, charmed with beauties such as Eden never knew, thrilled with melodies such as the leaden ear of ignorance never heard, rejoicing in a fellowship of wisdom worthy of the enfranchised sons of God, and realizing the truth so finely expressed by the greatest of German poets: Only through beauty's morning gate, Canst thou to knowledge penetrate; The mind, to face truth's higher glances, Must swim some time in beauty's trances; The heavenly harping of the muses, Whose sweetest trembling through thee rings, A higher life into thy soul infuses, And wings it upward to the soul of things. But is there not something still better, which ought to be an element in every process of human education? What is man? Merely an intellectual animal? Nay, but he has a spirit within him allied to angels and to God. The higher nature calls for culture no less than the lower. To the development and discipline of the rational and aesthetic faculties must be subjoined " the nurture and admonition of the Lord." Otherwise we educate only the inferior part of the man, and leave the superior to chance and the devil. Make scholars of your children, but do not omit to make them christians. Lead them to Parnassus, but let them go by the way of Calvary. Conduct them to Olympus, but let them 226 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAKD. carry the dew of Olivet upon their sandals. Make them drink deeply from the wells of human wisdom, but deny them not the living water whereof if one drink he shall never thirst again. Why should a " wise master builder " hesitate to connect religion with science and literature in the edifi- cation and adornment of the soul? Does not religion favor the most thorough mental discipline and contribute to the harmonious development of all the spiritual powers? Does not Christianity stimulate the mind to struggle against difficulties, ennoble the struggle by investing it with the dignity of a duty, and render the duty delightful by the hope of a heavenly reward? "Knowledge is power"; but what knowledge is so mighty as that which Christ brought from the bosom of the Father? Poetry and philosophy have their charms; but what poetry is like that of the Holy Spirit, and what philosophy like that of Redeeming Love? God's Holy Evangel enlarges and strengthens the mind by bringing it into contact with the sublimest truths, and making it familiar with the profoundest mysteries. It rectifies our perverted reason, corrects our erroneous estimates, silences the imperious clamor of the passions, and removes the stern embargo which the corrupt heart lays upon the aspiring intellect. It sings us the sweet- est songs, preaches to us the purest morality, and pre- sents for our imitation the noblest examples of benefi- cence and self-denial. Under its blessed influence the soul expands to grasp the thought of God and receive the infinite riches of his love. And shall we wrong our sons and daughter's by with- REtonTING STYLB. 227 holding from them thi.s noblest agency of the higher mental and spiritual culture — The fountain-light of all our day, The master-light of all our seeing — and turn them over, with all their instinctive yearnings after the true, the good, the pure, the divine, to the blind guidance of a skeptical sciolism, and the bewildering vagaries of a rationalistic infidelity? "No," to use the language of the late Canon Melville, " We will not yield the culture of the understanding to earthly husbandmen; there are heavenly ministers who water it with a choicer dew, and pour upon it the beams of a brighter sun, and prune its branches with a kinder and more skillful hand. We will not give up the reason to stand always as a priestess at the altars of human philosophy; she hath a more majestic temple to tread, and more beautiful robes to walk in, and incense rarer and more fragrant to offer in golden censers. She does well when boldly exploring God's visible works; she does better when she submits to spiritual teaching, and sits with Mary at the Savior's feet." Gentlemen, it is impossible to overstate the importance of religious culture in the work of education. Every in- terest of time and eternity urges it upon your attention. Your children are accountable and immortal creatures. " Give them Divine truth," says Channing, " and you give them more than gems and gold; give them Christian principles, and you give them more than thrones and diadems; imbue their hearts with a love of virtue, and you enrich them more than by la^'ing worlds at their feet," Your doctrine may distill as the dew upon the 228 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. grass, and as the small rain upon the tender herb; but in some future emergency of life, the silent influence shall assert itself in a might more irresistible than the stormy elements when they go forth to the battles of God. If the work be faithfully done, the impression produced shall not be that of the sea-fowl on the sand, eS'aced by the first wave of the rising tide; but the enduring grooves cut by the chanot-wheels of the King of Trembling as he rides through the mountain ranges, and the footprints of his fiery steeds left deep in the everlasting rocks. Forward, then, with your noble endeavor! You are building for eternity. You are rearing temples of living stones which shall survive all the changes and chances of earth and time, and look sublimely down upon the world's catastrophe. Up ! up with your immortal campanile ! It is compacted of imperishable gems, cemented with gold from the mines of God. No marble sculpture may adorn its niches and cornices; but angel forms shall walk its bat- tlements in robes of living glory. No hollow metal may swing in its vaulted logie, sending sweet echoes over the distant hills, and charming the song-birds to silence along the flowery Val d'Arno; but richer and holier melodies, ringing out from its heavenly altitudes, shall mingle with the music of the spheres, and swell the many-voiced har- mony of the City of God I CHAPTER X. THE AMANUENSIS. A PERSON who writes short-hand in an office for a busi- ness, or a literary man, is called an amanuensis. The work that he does is that of writing letters, contracts, business papers, and various memoranda, or manuscript for ser- mons, pleas, speeches, and books, in short-hand, from dic- tation, either transcribing them by writing them out in long-hand or on the writing machine, or filing them for future reference. He also frequently writes the conversa- tions which occur between his employer and persons who have called to talk business with him. The uses which are thus made of the amanuensis are not confined to any particular kind of business, but are general, in banks, insurance offices, commission houses, manufacturers' offices, publishing houses, railway offices, agencies, newspaper offices, lawyers' offices, and the studies of ministers, literary and scientific men. Indeed, it is almost impossible to enumerate the various departments of activity in which the amanuensis and his art have become most important agencies for facilitating the expression and transmission of thought. ^ The chief part of the commercial amanuensis' work consists in taking letters from dictation. The correspond- ence of a large business house involves great labor. Before the use of short-hand was applied to it, every correspondent 229 230 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. for a house required a thorough knowledge of the business, and often a house employed several correspondents who devoted their entii*e time to answering letters by means of the pen. Now, a single correspondent, aided by a short- hand clerk with his writing machine, can easily do the work which formerly required sevei-al correspondents. The morning mail of a house is received. The correspond- ent opens letter after letter, quietly dictates their answers to his stenographer, and, often, in an hour's time, the re- plies to fifty or one hundx-ed letters have been dictated. Having thus disposed of the morning's mail, the corre- spondent is at liberty to devote his attention to other important matters connected with the business until the arrival of another mail, while the amanuensis proceeds to transcribe in long-hand or by the writing machine the let- ters from his short-hand notes, making copies of such as need to be preserved, and preparing all for the mail. If the time of the amanuensis is not all occupied in doing his regular shorthand and transcribing work he is employed in filing letters, writing circulars, assisting on the books, mak- ing bills, doing collecting, attending to telegrams, etc., by which means he has an excellent opportunity of becoming acquainted with the various details of practical business life. Qr.VLlKlLATIOXS. Character,— \^ a foundation the amanuensis must be possessed of character, so that he will feel the responsibili- ties of his position, and strive to make his services valuable to his employer. " He occupies a position of trust and re- sponsibility, and no professional or business man will wish THE AMANUENSIS. 231 to employ as amanuensis a person in whom he cannot re- pose perfect confidence," therefore he must be honest and faithful. He must be orderly in all his work, and prompt in its accomplishment, neat in his personal habits, and gen- tlemanly in deportment. " He must possess the ability to guard as a sacred trust all the knowledge he may acquire of his employer's affairs." Shorthand. — An amanuensis does not generally need to write as rapidly as a court, or a general reporter, but must have, at least, a speed of one hundred to one hundred and fifty words a minute on avex-age business phraseol- ogy. He must have an attentive ear, to catch all of a dictated sentence, for it is his duty to take down every word of it, and if any changes become necessary they should be made in the transcript, not in the notes. He must be able to carry a sentence in the mind so that if the dictator speaks rapidly away from him, as is sometimes done by a man thoroughly acquainted with the subject of his lettei', he may hold the sentence in mind, and by increasing speed catch also the new sentence and overtake the dictation. The ability to read the notes readily and correctly is of equal importance, so that no time may be lost in decipher- ing them, and no errors committed in their transcription. One who writes so slowly that he is frequently obliged to request the dictator to repeat; or who reads so poorly as A•^i to be able instantly to read any dictated sentence that may be asked for; or who makes incorrect transcripts, even in the more unimportant parts of speech, will not gain the confidence of an employer, and will be liable at any time 232 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. to be replaced by an amanuensis who understands the business. The Writing Machine — The amanuensis should have a perfect acquaintance with the machine employed, that it may be kept in good working order, and promptly put in good order when it fails to respond. He must be able to do any kind of machine work that may be demanded, do it correctly, promptly, neatly, and rapidly. Spelling, etc — A poor speller cannot fill a position of any importance. No good business man will tolerate poor spelling, incorrect capitalization, or punctuation in his let- ters. Even though he may not himself be expert in all these things, he will soon discern the errors of his clerk, and po- litely, or otherwise, dispense with his services. A sufficient knowledge of language is required by the amanuensis, that any errors in the notes arising from hasty dictation, or an imperfect understanding of the dictation, or incorrect writing on the part of the amanuensis, may all be elimi- nated from the transcript. The practical means an employer has of forming an estimate of his amanuensis' ability is in the appearance of the transcripts. It does not matter to the employer what system his clerk writes, whether it be a good or a poor short-hand, whether he spent twelve months or two months in learning it; if tlie transcripts come out from the ma- chine perfect, like coins from the mint, he compliments himself on having secured a skilful amanuensis. From these considerations, it is evident that a good education will go far toward making an amanuensis a val- uable clerk. Indeed, without an education it is almost THE AMANUENSIS. ^33 impossible to become a capable amanuensis. But no young person sbould despair. The study and practice of short- hand is a whole education in itself. Three months or six months spent in its acquisition will go far toward giving an extended knowledge of words and their uses. If one is deficient in other branches, their study and that of short- hand mav be carried on together until a final success is reached. ^ Many a person with limited educational advan- tages and acquirements, has. in a comparatively short time, become a practical short-hander, by making short-hand and the dictionary daily and constant companions. A list should be made of words one is in the habit of incorrectly spelling, or capitalizing, which should be fre- quently practiced over to correct the errors, until their correct writing becomes a habit. IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS FOR THE YOUNG AMANUENSIS. Do not seek a position until you are well qualified to fill one. Having good speed in writing short-hand, and ability to read it without hesitancy, together with adequate speed in machine writing, practice copying letters, especially busi- ness letters, until you can print them unhesitatingly in a faultless and elegant style. The ability to do good work can be acquired more quickly and certainly under the care and guidance of a practical teacher, in a short-hand atmosphere, than in the seclusion of solitary practice; although many have, unaided, except by books, overcome all obstacles, and achieved success. Positions are frequently secured by advertising tor 234 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. them in the newspapers, especially the dailies. In apply- ing for a position, seek houses and firms doing a large business by correspondence. Every kind of business is car- ried on more or less in this way; even large farmers and stock breeders now requii*e the aid of the amanuensis. In presenting your application for a position, do not claim more ability than you can demonstrate you are the possessor of, but be satisfied to let the character of your work speak for you. In taking a trial dictation, do not lose your senses, but keep cool. It will make you master of the position. Do your work quietly, and without affectation or ostentation. For your trial, be prepared with such note book and pen or pencil as you are accustomed to use, that you may not be embarrassed by the strangeness of material. Be careful to sit near enough to your dictator to clearly understand his words. Let your ear be very attentive, not to lose a word. Should you fail to understand a word, do not interrupt the dictation, but leave a space, and when the dictation is done, immediately ask for the lost words, reading back a sentence that your dictator may understand what you seek for. Never, if possible to avoid it, interrupt the dictation, unless you find it absolutely outstripping you, in which case, promptly, but deferentially, request less speed. Write the address in your notes in carefully written long-hand, being careful about the spelling. When you have received the dictation, before undertak- ing the transcript, read it thoroughly through, to get the subject clearly in your mind, to note the end of sentences, and the beginning of paragraphs. In beginning the tran- script, be careful not to crowd the complimentary address. THE AMANUENSIS. 235 or body of the letter on the letter head. If it is a short letter, and your paper is letter size, double space the ma- chine, and let the letter occupy the middle of the page, writing the complimentary address, after the date is prop- erly placed, some distance below the letter head. Work with a confident, prompt hand, careful to make a success on the first slieet. As you get half down your note page, make a strong mark with a colored pencil down the page to where you have written, increasing the length of the stroke, occasionally, until you reach the bottom. It will help you to keep the place easily, and serve afterward to show that the page has been transcribed. When complete, promptly remove the letter from the machine, and present it to the employer for his inspection. Be careful not to soil the sheet with the fingers. If the machine is not in good order, does not space well, or run accurately, or the type is dirty, so that the printing is not clear, it would be well to remark that with a little attention to the machine, to clean and adjust it, a much neater letter might be produced. In stipulating for your services, you cannot, unless you are absolute master of the situation, dictate terms. If you can begin in a good house at $75, or $65, or even $50 a month, you can live on that until thorough knowledge of the work makes your services more valuable. But do not entertain such a low estimate of the value of your work as to be ready to take a position at any price. A good sten- ographer's services are valuable, and the young stenogra- pher who is well posted ought to have a feeling of self- respect, and of appreciation of his art. that will prevent his grovelling for a position, or cutting rates to the disadvan- tage of others, as well as himself. 236 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Having secured a position, endeavor to fill it. Do your work as though it was your own, and you meant to bring it up to the highest possible standard. Put your machine in good working order. Arrange your office for convenience. Have as few appliances as possible, and these always in place and order. Have a place for your extra clothing. Do not make your office a lounging place for your mates. Be in your office at the proper time daily. If you are requested to work overtime, do it cheerfully. " It fre- quently happens that a very much larger mail is received on one day than another, and at such times it is the amanu- ensis' duty to do all he can to facilitate the speedy dispatch of replies." Let manliness characterize all your actions. Keep at your hand a Student's Dictionary and a Postal Guide. They will help more than they cost you. Be care- ful in addressing envelopes to do it correctly and in a busi- ness-like way. If more letters are dictated than can be gotten off by the next mail, give the prefei'ence to those which are the more important, to get them off first. Closely attend to any instructions you may receive, that you may he able to conform to them without failure. Keep a small indexed book, with the addresses of all the regular corre- spondents, so that you will not be obliged to write the full address of all sucli letters in your notes. It will save time for yourself and your dictator. Business men vary in their methods of copying their letters, and of filing those they receive; hence the amanuensis who may have this work to do will need to keep his eyes open. Make a note of all the technical and difficult words and phrases common to your special line of work, and immediately practice them until you have mastered them. THE AMAITUENSIS. 237 COPYING LETTERS. Copies are taken of letters to be preserved for future refei'ence. A letter printed from the copying ribbon, or written with copying ink, is copied by being placed in a blank book, with a moistened leaf of tissue paper placed carefully on the printed surface. The book being closed, is placed in a copying press, in which, by means of a screw, heavy pi'essure is applied to the book, bringing the moist- ened tissue and the printed or written page in close contact, so that the moistened leaf takes up ink from the printed leaf, and makes an exact copy, which is read from the opposite side of the leaf on which it appears. Tn some cases the tissue leaf is in the copying book, where it remains, other letters being copied in the order of their writing. Generally, several letters to be copied are placed in the book at once, and all copied by one application of the press. Some copy letters on loose pages, which are filed with the letters which they are written to answer. When it is desired to make several copies from the same lettei*, it is frequently done by means of the hekto- graph. For this purpose the letter, printed from a hek- tograph ribbon, is placed face down, carefully, with slight pressure, on the gelatine surface of the'hektograph. After a moment it is pulled off, when the ink is found to be imparted to the gelatine surface, on which it appears the reverse of the letter. Leaf after leaf is now carefully applied to and pulled off from the gelatine surface, each having a beautiful cojiy of the printed letter. The papyrograph and electric pen are each methods of copying, with full instructions accompanying each machine. 238 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. WRITING MACHINES. It is not the purpose of this article to advocate any par- ticular machine, but to give a few general instructions to guide the learner. The first thing is to thoroughly understand the machine that you may know how to adjust and clean it, and how to put the paper in, and regulate it so as to begin and end the printing at your pleasure. The chair and table should be so adjusted in height that, in operating, you will not be obliged to lift the hands higher than the elbows when hanging by the side. The second thing is to learn the alphabet so thoroughly that any letter can be touched without the least hesitancy. In practicing on the caligraph, or type-writer, let the left hand do the work over the left half of the key board and the right hand that of the right half, using the first and second fingers to do most of the woi'k, touching the spacers of the caligraph with the third and fourth fingers, and that of the type-writer with the thumbs. In practice, the arms should not rest, as students sometimes rest them, on the front of the caligraph. After the alphabet is per- fectly familiar, the best finger exercises for elementary practice consist of 'short words repeated, carefully accus- toming yourself to touch a key on either half of the key board with the nearest fingers of the corresponding hand. The touch of the keys must be firm, quick, and light, the fingers springing from a ke}' as quickly as touched, never holding it down, careful to strike but a single key at the same instant. A uniform touch is very important to handsome work. If some kevs are verv lightlv struck and THE AMANUENSIS. 239 more force applied to others, the printed page will surely show it, appearing clouded and unsatisfactory, while a uni- form touch will make a clean page. Be very particular to cultivate a uniform springing touch. Touch punctuation keys lighter than letters, and thus avoid the common fault of driving the period and comma through the paper. Drill on this until no signs of the punctuation marks appear on the back of the page. Practice short words, commas, and periods over and over, then more and more difficult words. Practice familiar sentences over and over. Copy good liter- ature, taking a sentence in the mind at a time. Practice business letters until familiar with the location of each part of a letter. At last practice much from your short- hand notes, for this will be your final work, on which you will stand or fall. This is the point at which too many young amanuenses fail. One gets the ability to pick out his notes by labor, guessing at this and that word, until finally, after much study, the writing is deciphered, and he then thinks himself ready to take a position. But this is very inadequate preparation for an office; no business man will tolerate it. You must be able to read your notes prompthj and with certainty before you are fit for a posi- tion. You must be able to sit down at the machine with the notes before j^ou and transcribe them without hesi- tancy. When you can do this you may seek a position, but not a day sooner. You cannot acquire the ability to tran- scribe your notes without much practice. The inspector of mails in the Chicago postoffice said: " I have had an Eclectic in my office a year, and have never been obliged to make a single con-ection because of errors in transcribincr her 240 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. notes." This reputation we covet for all Eclectics. It is to be secured only by hard work, tvork, work. The type-writer practice which we have delineated may seem very simple, but many of the best operators have been developed by this process. SKELKTOy OF A LETTER. The parts of a business letter are the date (1), inscrip- tion (2), complimentary address (3), body of the letter (4), and the subscription (5); each must be properly placed and punctuated. This mechanical part of the letter the type- writer amanuensis must practice until it requires no appar- rent thought to do it with absolute perfection. (1) Worcester, Mass., July 22, 1885. (2) Messrs. S. C. Griggs k Co., Chicago, 111.: (3) Gentlemen, — I have long had a deep interest in the art of sliort-hand writing, but after much looking into the art, concluded I had not time to devote to it. When, how- ever, I had opportunity to investigate the work by Mr. Cross, which you publish, I felt encouraged to undertake its study. It seemed to me to offer fewer obstacles to the learner than any system I had examined. Now, after having thoroughly gone through the text, and taught it to a fine class of students, I am filled with enthusiasm con- cerning it. It is, indeed, as you claim, simple, legible, brief, and easy to write. Ifc deserves to be widely studied, and will, I have no donl)t, supersede the more complex systems. Wishing it a popularity equal to its merits, I am. (5) Yours very truly, A. H. HiNMAN. THE AMAIiTUENSIS. 241 CARE OF THK MACHINE. Many parts of the writing machine are very delicately adjusted, and, when in the hands of a rapid opei-ator, are subject to wear and strain every hour. In the great majority of machines, supposed to be entirely out of work- ing order, it will be found that the trouble can be entirely removed by cleaning and adjusting. Dust and dirt per- mitted to accumulate about the working parts of the machine interfere with its free, rapid, and perfect action. Heavy oil applied to remedy the difficulty combines with the dirt, producing a gummy substance, which soon renders the machine useless. An inexperienced operator will imagine the machine out of adjustment, and give this screw a turn forward, and that a turn backward, at random, until he can no longer operate the key board, and then calls the repairer, who simply cleans the machine, and it works like a new instrument. Neither benzine nor oil of any kind should be used about a machine, unless it is of the very finest quality, and com- bined in the proportion of about two parts of benzine to one of oil ; and then it should only be used for cleaning the machine. Apply this oil with a long-handled artist's bristle brush, such as can be usually purchased at the stores for fifteen cents. Keep the oil clean, dropping it on the brush, or, better, turning out a small quantity for immediate use into a small dish. It should be used freely on all parts of the machine; then every ti'ace of oil and dirt removed by use of the same brush, operating the machine during the cleaning to be sure that all parts of it have been reached. The brush should be frequently cleaned by saturating it 16 242 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. with oil, and wiping both oil and dirt out of it with a piece of cotton cloth. There is usually no reason for loosening a screw or removing any part of the instrument. An accu- mulation of dust in oil on the rod on which the carriage slides right and left will prevent prompt and rapid action. What is true of this is true of all parts of the machine. Dust, accumulating in oil, left on the delicate parts, clogs and prevents their action. When the carriage seems reluc- tant to respond, look for dirt on the rod on which it slides. Cut this dirt off by means of the compound oil, and wipe the rod thoroughly clean. In the type-writer, clean the grooved wheels which run on the rod, as well as the axles upon which the wheels turn. Thoroughly clean until the carriage will respond promptly to each touch. Do not wind up the mainspring. It was probably properly adjusted when you received it. Keep the dog and toothed bars beneath the carriage of the caligraph thoroughly clean, attending to it frequently. Want of alignment is often supposed to be the result of the misplacement of a type arm, when dirt alone is respon- sible. Xo matter what seems to be the matter with a machine, the chances are that dirt alone is responsible. It is always safe to assume that to be the cause, and that a tliorough cleaning will remove the difficulty. If you utterly fail by this means, call for the adjuster. The face of the type should always be kept perfectly clean. ^lany a good machine has been pronounced used up when it only needed the type cleaned. When in constant use. the type should be cleaned twice a day. Use no liquid on the type, but throwing up each type, hold it and brush it with a stiff tooth or hand brush until clean. Whenever THE AMANUENSIS. 243 an e or a or o fills up, and makes a heavy or blurred im- pression, clean it at once. While cleaning the type, rub your brush on an old newspaper to clean it, and occasionally thoroughly clean it with the compound oil, taking pains to remove it all before applying to the type face. Frequently clean out the top of the type bars all around the circle by thoroughly brushing backward and forward with a brush, frequently cleaned in the oil, being careful to leave no oil or dirt in the spaces between the bars. Never undertake to move the type-writer carriage until the lever by which it is moved is sufficiently depressed to i*aise the back of the carriage out of geai', so that it will move readily in either direction. One raking of the spac- ing rack across the face of the spacing dog is enough to put it out of order. If by such carelessness the dog should get out of order, it will need to be cai'efully readjusted. No one should ever be allowed to put his fingers on your machine, except yourself. Two minutes of an inex- perienced person at it is often enough to ruin it. Persons serving in an office think that, having seen a machine in use, they can run it, and attempt to do it, often with ruin- ous results. A delicate lady, insisting on trying her hand on a new machine, at the first move struck three type at once, as some people pound a piano, and went on striking kej'- after key; and the machine had to be returned to Chicago for repairs. When your machine is not in use, keep it covered, and when you leave the office, always leave the machine locked. Keep an eye to the ribbon, to be sure that it always moves, and reverse the action before it rolls entirely to one 244 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAN^D. wheel. To prevent the curling of the ribbon, it is best to use the edges first, and afterward the middle of it. Keep the machine free from dust by covering and fre- quently dusting it. Keep it free from rust by daily running over the plated parts with a cloth moistened with the com- posite oil, wiping it di'y. If a letter flies out of a type bar, it can usually be found, replaced, and firmly pressed in by means of a piece of wood. ANXOUXCEMENT. The author of Eclectic Shorthand publishes a semi-monthly magazine, in the interest of Eclectic writers, called The Exponent. It contains shorthand news from all parts of the country, con- tributed and original articles on shorthand topics, editorial articles and items, and new developments in the art, which has been pro- gressive from the first. It also contains two or four pages of engraved shorthand each number, and is not only of interest, but of great importance, to all Eclectics. Subscription, $2 per annum. Sample copies, 10c. Address J. G. Cross, 94. Dearborn Street, Chicago. r O ^mm» University of California SOUTHERN REGiONAL LIBRARY FACILiTY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. UiM k Z5« C66e Cross- Ecleclic 1888 shorthand, UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL .SRARV FACILIT-' A 000 564 812 6 MAY^ 1950 MAY Z6][ m :z- Z56 C88e 1888 f^---' '?:,-■_• -^. i->'- ^^