NRLF 
 
> 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 LVD 
 
BOTANY 
 
 ;-*>x 
 
 (OF j h . 
 COLLEGE or 
 "1 r> - <. 
 
 UNITED STATES NORTH OF VIRGINIA: 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FLOWERING AND FERN-LIKE 
 PLANTS HITHERTO FOUND IN THOSE STATES, 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 
 WITH 
 
 A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE LINN2BAN SYSTEM, . 
 A SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, AND A 
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 
 
 BY LEWIS C. BECK, M.D. 
 
 TROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN RUTOERS COLLEGE, 
 N NEW JKR8KY, ETC., ETC. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1856. 
 
' 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1848, *n? 
 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, 
 for the Southern District of New York. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 THIS volume is intended as a Class-book for the beginner, 
 and a convenient Manual for the more advanced botanist. It 
 contains scientific and popular descriptions of the Flowering 
 and Fern-like plants found in the United States north of Vir- 
 ginia, with their English names, and brief notices of their uses. 
 The arrangement is according to the Natural System, which is 
 now so generally adopted in works of this kind. But in order 
 to secure all the advantages of the Linnaean system, a Synopsis 
 of the Genera in accordance with it is prefixed, containing 
 references to the Natural Orders, and to the page where the 
 species are described. And fully to carry out the design of 
 the work, there have also been introduced, a Sketch of the 
 Rudiments of Botany, a Glossary of Botanical Terms, and a 
 Table explanatory of the Linnaean Classes and Orders. 
 
 While the original plan of the work has been adhered to, 
 I have endeavored, in this edition, to bring it up to the present 
 advanced state of botanical science. There is scarcely a page 
 which has not been amended, and many parts have been entirely 
 re- written. Brevity has in all cases been consulted, as far as 
 was deemed consistent with that clearness of description so 
 important in the study of plants. 
 
 In the names and characters of the Natural Orders, I have 
 chiefly followed Dr. Lindley's late work, entitled " The Vege- 
 table Kingdom ;" although the general arrangement adopted in 
 the first edition has not been materially changed. I should 
 also particularly acknowledge my indebtedness to De Candolle's 
 "Prodromus" (10 vols.), Torrey and Gray's "Flora of North 
 America," Torrey's " Flora of the State of New York," and 
 
IV PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 Darlington's " Flora Cestrica." In determining the geographi- 
 cal range of the species, I have derived great assistance from 
 the various local catalogues of plants which have been pub- 
 lished within the last ten years. I have also consulted with 
 much advantage several valuable papers which have from time 
 to time appeared in Silliman's Journal, and in other scientific 
 periodicals. Particular references to the sources of informa- 
 tion will in all cases be found in their appropriate places. 
 
 The favorable reception which this work has met with, and 
 the kind expressions of botanists in various parts of the coun- 
 try, encourage me to hope that this revision will be no less 
 acceptable. 
 
 RUTGERS COLLEGE, N. J. 
 February, 1848. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Adans. 
 
 Adanson. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Michaux. 
 
 Ait. 
 
 Aiton. 
 
 Mich.f. 
 
 Michaux the younger. 
 
 All. 
 
 Allioni. 
 
 Moq.-Tand. 
 
 Moquin-Tandon . 
 
 Bart-. 
 
 Barton. 
 
 Muhl. 
 
 Muhlenberg. 
 
 Beauv. 
 
 P. de Beauvois. 
 
 Nees. 
 
 Nees ab Esenbeck. 
 
 Benth. 
 
 Bentham. 
 
 Nutt. 
 
 Nuttall. 
 
 Big. 
 
 Bigelow. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Persoon. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Cassini. 
 
 Pair. 
 
 Poiret. 
 
 D.C. 
 
 De Candolle. 
 
 Raf. 
 
 Rafinesque. 
 
 Desf. 
 
 Desfontaines. 
 
 R. <$ S. 
 
 Roemer and Schultes. 
 
 Desv. 
 
 Desvaux. 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Richard. 
 
 Darlingt. 
 
 Darlington. 
 
 Salisb. 
 
 Salisbury^ . 
 
 Eat. 
 
 Eaton. 
 
 SchTc. 
 
 Schkuhr. 
 
 EU. 
 
 Elliott. 
 
 Schreb. 
 
 Schreber. 
 
 Ehrh. 
 
 Ehrhart. 
 
 Schw. 
 
 Schweinitz. 
 
 Gcert. 
 
 Gaertner. 
 
 Scop. 
 
 Scopoli. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Goodenough. 
 
 Spreng. 
 
 Sprengel. 
 
 Gron. 
 
 Gronovius. 
 
 Torr. 
 
 Torrey. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Torrey and Gray. 
 
 Juss. 
 
 Jussieu. 
 
 Tourn. 
 
 Tournefort. 
 
 Lam. 
 
 J. B. de la Marck. 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Trinius. 
 
 Lamb. 
 
 Lambert. 
 
 Walt. 
 
 Walter. 
 
 Lehm. 
 
 Lehmann. 
 
 Wang. 
 
 Wangenheim. 
 
 L'Herit. 
 
 L'Heritier. 
 
 Wittd. 
 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Lind. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 Vent. 
 
 Ventenat. 
 
 Linn. 
 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 Annual. 
 
 2J. Perennial. 
 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 ?2 Shrubby or arboreous. 
 
 Arct. Amer. Arctic America Ala. Alabama Can. Canada Car. South 
 Carolina Conn. Connecticut Del. Delaware Geor. Georgia Ken. Ken- 
 tucky Louis. Louisiana Mass. Massachusetts N. Car. North Carolina 
 -N.H. New Hampshire N. Y. New York N. J. New Jersey Penn. 
 Pennsylvania Tenn. Tennessee Ver. Vermont Virg. Virginia. 
 
 W. to Miss. As far West as the State of Missouri. 
 W. to the Miss. As far West as the Mississippi River. 
 W. to 111. As far West as the State of Illinois. 
 W. to Mich. As far West as the State of Michigan. 
 N. S. Northern States. 
 
SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY 
 
 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 
 
 1. The tissue of which plants consist, appears under four forms, viz : cel- 
 lular tissue, woody fibre, vascular tissue, and ducts. These are called ele- 
 mentary organs. 
 
 2. Cellular tissue or parenchyma is composed of transparent vesicles, 
 variously cohering with each other. It is the only form universally found 
 in plants ; the other forms being often partially or entirely wanting. 
 
 3. Woody fibre is a tissue consisting of elongated tubes, similar to the 
 vesicles of cellular tissue, and is therefore often called, elongated cellular 
 tissue. 
 
 4. Vascular tissue, of which the spiral vessels are usually taken as the 
 type, consists of tubes of variable length, with delicate walls, to the inside 
 of which a spirally coiled fibre adheres, capable of being unrolled. It en- 
 ters into the composition of all plants of higher organization, (all above the 
 mosses.) 
 
 5. Ducts are elongated, transparent tubes, composed of tissue that is not 
 capable of being unrolled. 
 
 6. All these forms are covered by a membrane called the epidermis or 
 -cuticle. 
 
 7. From peculiar combinations of the elementary organs are formed the 
 compound organs. 
 
 ROOT. 
 
 8. The root is formed by the descending and dividing fibres of the stem ; 
 and by it plants are with few exceptions fixed to the earth, and supplied 
 with a portion of their nourishment. 
 
 9. It is distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves, of pith even 
 in those plants in which it is abundant in the stem, and of spiral vessels. 
 
 10. It usually consists of three parts ; the neck, (collum) or line of separa- 
 tion from the stem ; the body or middle portion ; and the fibres or little roots, 
 through which the nourishment is principally derived. 
 
 11. The following are, the principal kinds of roots : 
 
 a. Conical, or principal tap root, as it is sometimes called ; tapering down- 
 wards and emitting fibres from various parts of its surface ; as in the 
 Carrot. 
 
 b. Fusiform, when the conical root is attenuated towards the neck, as 
 well as below ; as in the Radish. 
 
 c. Napiform, when it is swollen out extremely in the upper part and sud- 
 denly attenuated below ; as in the Turnip. 
 
Vlll RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 d. Abrupt, when the fusiform root is as it were cut off suddenly. 
 
 e. Fibrous, a collection or bundle of fibres connected by a common head 
 and often merely by the base of the stem ; as in the Grasses. 
 
 f. Fasciculated, when the fibres swell out slightly in the middle. 
 
 g. Ttibermis or tuber if era us, when some of the branches or fibres assume 
 the form of rounded knobs. These should not be confounded with true 
 tubers, which are properly short subterranean stems, usually containing 
 eyes or buds from which new plants arise. 
 
 h. Palmate, when the knobs of the tuberiferous root are branched. 
 
 12. The direction of the root is usually towards the centre of the earth , 
 but it is sometimes contorted or bent upwards and downwards in a zigzag 
 manner ; or creeping when it proceeds laterally at right angles from this. 
 These have often been confounded with subterranean branches; the last 
 of which only are troublesome to the agriculturalist. 
 
 13. This is the part which springs upwards during the germination of a 
 a seed ; it is the intermediate body between the root and the leaves. 
 
 14. When the stem of a plant arising from a seed is evident, the plant is 
 termed caulescent ; and when not apparent, or scarcely so, the plants have 
 received the name of acanles, or stemless. 
 
 15. When the stem instead of ascending, stretches either wholly or in 
 part, under ground, emitting here and there roots from below and branches 
 or leaves which rise upwards, it is called a rhizoma; or if it do not emit 
 fibres, a cormus or conn. The bulb is a very short stem, consisting of a num- 
 ber of scales, which in growing shoots forth a flowering stem from the cen- 
 tre, and sends out roots from the base. 
 
 16. Stolons or runners are long stems of a peculiar nature issuing hori- 
 zontally from a plant, and emitting only from the extremity roots and leafy 
 buds ; as in the Strawberry. 
 
 17. The stem varies in structure, in three principal modes. 
 
 1 8. In vascular plants it is either formed by successive additions to the 
 outside of the wood, when it is called Exogenous ; or by successive additions 
 to its centre, when it is called Endogenous. In cellular plants it is formed 
 by the union of the base of the leaves, or by a simple elongation or dilata- 
 tion where no leaves or buds exist. 
 
 19. The stem of Exogenous plants may be distinguished into the pith, 
 the medullary sheath, the wood, the bark, the medullary rays, and the 
 cambium. 
 
 'JO. The pith is a mass of spongy cellular tissue occupying the centre of 
 the stem. 
 
 21. The medullary sheath surrounds the pith, and consists of spiral vessels 
 and ducts. It communicates on one side with the pith and on the other 
 with the medullary rays, leaf-buds and veins of the leaves. 
 
 22. The wood lies upon the medullary sheath and consists of concentric 
 layers, one of which is formed every year. These layers are composed of 
 cellular tissue, woody fibre and ducts, and are traversed by the medullary 
 rays composed of cellular tissue, and connecting the centre with the cir- 
 cumference. The fully formed or central layers are called the heart-wood 
 and the exterior the alburnum. 
 
RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. IX 
 
 23. The bark surrounds the wood, and when fully formed consists in itg 
 inner portion of a layer of woody and vascular tissue in the form of rough 
 woody fibre, constituting the Liber. The outer portion which covers the 
 liber is then also distinguishable into the green layer, and the corky envelope. 
 The whole is covered by the epidermis. 
 
 24. The cambium is a viscid secretion which is formed in the spring, be- 
 tween the liber and alburnum. 
 
 25. The stem of Endogenous plants presents no distinction of pith, me- 
 dullary rays, wood and bark, but is formed of bundles of ducts and spiral 
 vessels interspersed through a cellular tissue ; and this is surrounded by a 
 stratum of cellular tissue and woody fibre different from bark, inasmuch as 
 it cannot be separated from the stem itself. Such plants have their diam- 
 eter increased by the addition of central vascular tissue and ducts. 
 
 26. Projections from the medullary sheaths sometimes reach the circum- 
 ference of the stem and branches, forming what are called nodes, to which 
 are attached leaves and leaf-buds, and the spaces between these are called 
 internodes. 
 
 27. Whatever is produced by the evolution of a leaf-bud is a branch : a 
 spine therefore is a kind of branch ; it differs from the prickle which is an 
 indurated process of the epidermis. 
 
 28. The stem peculiar to the grasses and other allied tribes is termed a 
 culm. This is simple or rarely branched, generally hollow within or fistu- 
 lous, and separated at intervals by knots or partitions from which issue the 
 leaves. 
 
 29. The stem may be simple or branched, and with the branches may be 
 cylindrical, or conical; round, (terete,} or angled; smooth, furrowed, or 
 rough, or hairy, &c. 
 
 30. With regard to duration the stem is 
 
 a. Annual, ((T) when it is completely developed and decays during the 
 same season. 
 
 b. Biennial, ((2)) when it produces fruit the second season and then 
 decays. 
 
 c. Perennial, (7|) when it produces flowers and fruit during many suc- 
 
 31. The term herb or herbaceous employed in opposition to perennial, de- 
 notes that the stem generally dies down to the ground every year. 
 
 LEAF-BUDS. 
 
 32. Buds are of two kinds, leaf-buds and flower-buds. 
 
 33. Leaf-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a vital point, 
 the tissue of which is capable of elongation ; upwards in the form of stem, 
 and downwards in the form of wood or root. 
 
 34. Flmcer-bucLs, consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a point, which 
 does not elongate after it is once developed, and assumes when fully devel- 
 oped, the form of reproductive apparatus. 
 
 35. Leaf-buds are of two kinds ; the regular only found in the axils of 
 the leaves ; and the adventitious which may be produced wherever there is 
 an anastomosis of woody fibre. 
 
 36. Leaf-buds have sometimes been confounded with roots by the old 
 botanists. A bulb is a leaf-bud. 
 
 A1* 
 
\- RUDIMENTS OF BOTA.NY. 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 37. Leaves are those expansions which issue laterally from the stem and 
 branches of plants. They take their origin from the bark, and are always 
 to be observed, whether perfect or rudimentary, immediately below the leaf- 
 buds. 
 
 38. Those leaves situated near the root are often larger, and of a differ- 
 ent shape from those higher up the stem ; the former are termed radical, the 
 latter cauline. 
 
 39. A leaf consists of a petiole, a lamina or limb, and a pair of stipules : 
 but sometimes only one of these three parts can be observed. 
 
 40. The petiole is the channel through which the vessels of the leaf are 
 connected with those of the stem ; it is formed of one or more bundles of 
 spiral vessels and woody fibre, enclosed in a cellular integument. 
 
 41. The lamina of a leaf is an expansion of the parenchyma of the 
 petiole, and is transversed by veins which are ramifications or extensions 
 of the bundles of vascular tissue of the petiole, or when there is no petiole, 
 of the stem. 
 
 42. These veins either branch in various directions among the parenchy- 
 ma, anastamozing and forming a kind of net-work, or they run parallel to 
 each other, being connected by single transverse unbranched veins ; the for- 
 mer structure being characteristic of Exogenous, and the latter, of Endoge- 
 nous plants. To this the Conifers and Cycadea form perhaps the only ex- 
 ceptions ; these having the stems of the Exogenous, but the same arrange- 
 ment of the veins as in the Endogenous ones. 
 
 43. The principal vein of the leaf is a continuation of the petiole, run- 
 ning in a direct line from the base to the apex of the lamina, and is called 
 the midrib. 
 
 44. The lamina is variously divided and formed ; it is usually thin and 
 membranous, with a distinct upper and under surface, but sometimes be- 
 comes succulent, when the surfaces cannot be distinguished. 
 
 45. A leaf is either simple or compound ; simple when its lamina is undi- 
 vided, or when, if separated into several divisions, these segments are not 
 articulated with the petiole ; compound when the lamina is articulated with 
 the petiole. 
 
 46. The modes in which leaves are divided are distinguished by particu- 
 lar names, as pinnate, pinnatifid, bipinnate, bipinnatiJLd, &c. &c. These 
 terms apply to the mode of division, and are equally applicable to simple 
 and compound leaves. 
 
 47. Stipules are those small foliaceous organs sometimes situated on each 
 side at the base of the petiole. They never occur in the Endogenae, nor 
 in any Exogenous plants that have sheathing petioles, and are rarely found 
 in genera with opposite leaves. They are sometimes transformed into leaves ; 
 they sometimes have leaf-buds in their axils; and sometimes also they are 
 changed into spines. 
 
 48. Leaves are originally continuous with the stem, but afterwards, from 
 a cause which is still unknown, an articulation more or less complete takes 
 place and the fall of the leaf ensues. 
 
 49. The mode in which leaves are arranged within their bud is called 
 vernation or gemmation. This varies much in different groups of plants. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 
 
 FLOWER-BUDS. 
 
 50. The flower-bud consists of imbricated rudimentary or metamorphosed 
 leaves, the external or inferior of which are usually alternate, and the in- 
 ternal or superior always verticillute or opposite ; the latter are called floral 
 envelopes and reproductive organs. 
 
 51. The leaves, from the axils of which the flower-buds arise are called 
 bracts or floral leaves; and those leaves which appear on the pedicel between 
 the bracts and calyx, are called bracteoles. These, although essentially 
 distinct, are often confounded with the former. 
 
 52. When a single bract is rolled together, highly developed, and colored, 
 and is placed at the base of the form of inflorescence called a spadix, it is 
 named a spalhe* 
 
 53. When several bracts are verticillate or densely imbricated around the 
 base of the forms of inflorescence called the umbel or head, they are termed 
 an involucre ; and those at the base of each partial umbel, are called in- 
 
 rolucels. 
 
 54. Small imbricated bracts are often called scales; as in the Com- 
 positae. 
 
 55. Bracts, when placed immediately below the stamens and pistils, as in 
 apetalous flowers, are only distinguished from the calyx by being alternate 
 with each other, and not verticillate ; hence the glumes and palea of grasses 
 are bracts, and not calyces. 
 
 56. The elongation of the axis of the flower-bud from the point of its 
 connection with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes, is called the pe- 
 duncle. 
 
 57. When several peduncles spring from the axis near to each other, the 
 axis is termed a rachis, and the peduncles themselves are called pedicels. 
 
 58. Those axes which spring from the earth and bear no true leaves, are 
 denominated scapes. 
 
 59. The modes in which the flower-buds are arranged are called forms if 
 inflorescence ; and the order in which they unfold, is called the order of e-. 
 pansion. 
 
 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 60. When a flower-bud gives rise to only one flower, terminal on its pe- 
 duncle, and the axis of the plant does not elongate beyond the bud. the 
 flower is commonly said to be terminal and solitary. 
 
 61. When the axis, however, continues to elongate and the bract retains 
 the form and size of a leaf, the flower is termed axillary and solitary. 
 
 62. If the buds instead of giving rise to one terminal flower have the axis 
 elongated, bearing several flowers, and each flower on a peduncle, a raceme 
 is formed. 
 
 63. When each flower is sessile or placed in the axil of the bracts, with- 
 out a peduncle, a spike is produced. Hence the only difference between a 
 spike and raceme is, that in the former the flowers are sessile and the lat- 
 ter stalked. The term spike, however, is applied in those cases where the 
 peduncle is scarcely perceptible. 
 
 64. A spadix is a sort of spike, in which the flowers are closely packed 
 together upon a succulent axis, which is enveloped in a spathe. 
 
Xll RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 65. An ament or catkin, is a spike, the bracts or scales of which are nearly 
 of equal size and closely imbricated, and which is articulated with the 
 stem. 
 
 66. When a bud produces flower-buds, with a little elongation of its own 
 axis, either a head, or an umbel is produced. The former bears the same re- 
 lation to the latter as the spike to the raceme ; that is, they differ in the 
 flower-buds of the head being sessile, and of the umbel having pedicels. 
 
 67. A raceme, the lowest flowers of which have long pedicels and the up- 
 permost short ones, forming a sort of level top, is a corymb. 
 
 68. A panicle is a raceme, the flower-buds of which have, in elongating, 
 developed other flower-buds. 
 
 G9. A panicle, the middle branches of which are longer than those of the 
 base or apex, is termed a thyrse. 
 
 70. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is arrested, 
 so that it assumes the appearance of an umbel, is called a cyme. The cyme 
 may have the lateral branches very short and the flowers clustered together, 
 forming a fascicle ; or it may be so contracted and the ramification of it so 
 little apparent as to be confounded with the true head, when it is called a 
 glomerule, 
 
 71. In all the modes of simple inflorescence, that is, those which proceed 
 from the buds of a single branch, the flowers expand first at the base and 
 last at the summit. This kind of expansion is called centripetal. 
 
 72. When the inflorescence is compound, or the result of the expansion 
 of several buds or branches, the uppermost or central flowers are first de- 
 veloped, and lastly the outer or lower ones. This kind of expansion is called 
 the centrifugal. 
 
 FLORAL ENVELOPES. 
 
 73. These immediately surround the stamens and pistils, and are formed 
 of one or more whorls of variously modified leaves. When they consist of 
 but one whorl, they are usually called calyx; when of two whorls, the outer 
 is called calyx, the inner corolla. 
 
 74. If the floral envelopes are of such a nature that it is not obvious 
 whether they consist of both calyx and corolla, or calyx only, they receive 
 the name of perianth or perigonium. 
 
 75. Some plants have no floral envelopes ; the flowers are then said to be 
 naked or achla 
 
 76. The calyx consists of two or more divisions, usually green, called 
 sepals, which are either distinct, when a calyx is said to be polysepalous, or 
 which unite by their margins in a greater or less degree, when it is called 
 monosepalous or monopJiyllous, (gamosepalous.} 
 
 77. The corolla consists of two or more divisions, more or less colored, 
 called petals ; when the petals are distinct, a corolla is said to be polypeta- 
 lous ; when they are united by the margins, it is called monopetalous, (gamo- 
 petalous.} 
 
 78. When all the petals are equal, the corolla is said to be regular, but 
 when they are unequal in size or cohere unequally, it is then called irreg- 
 ular. 
 
 79. The regular monopetalous corolla varies greatly in its form, being 
 campanulate or bell-shaped, infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, rotate or wheel- 
 shaped, &c. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. Xill 
 
 80. The calyx or corolla is said to be labiate or bilabiate, when the sepals 
 or petals are united in one or two parcels. 
 
 81. The papilionaceous corolla consists of five petals; the upper one, 
 usually larger than the others, is called the vexillum or standard ; the two 
 lateral ones, the ales or wings ; and the two lower ones, usually more or 
 less united together by their lower margins, the carina or keel. 
 
 82. When the petal tapers conspicuously towards the base, it is said to be 
 unguiculate. or clawed ; its lower part is called the claw, its upper, the limb. 
 
 83. The dilated apex of the pedicel, from which the floral envelopes and 
 stamens arise, is called the torus or receptacle. 
 
 84. Whatever intervenes between the bracts and the stamens belong to 
 the floral envelopes, and is either calyx or corolla ; of which nature are 
 many of the organs commonly called nectaries. 
 
 85. The manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged before they 
 expand is called their (estivation or prcefloration. 
 
 DISK. 
 
 86. Whatever intervenes between the stamens and pistils receives the gen- 
 eral name of disk. 
 
 87. The disk usually consists of an annular elevation encompassing the 
 base of the ovary ; but it sometimes appears in the form of a glandular lin- 
 ing of the tube of the calyx, as in the Rose; or of tooth-like hypogynous 
 processes, as in the Cruciferse ; or of a fleshy mass, as in Lamium. 
 
 88. The disk sometimes appears to be a mere cellular expansion of the 
 torus, (83) as in Nelumbium. 
 
 89. It is one of the parts commonly called nectary. 
 
 90. The whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed of 
 oodies called stamens, and they are essential to the production of seed. 
 
 91. When stamens and pistils occur in the same flower it is termed per- 
 fect or hermaphrodite ; but when the stamens are in one flower and the pis- 
 tils in another, the flowers are imperfect or diclinous. 
 
 92. The number of stamens is variable, five or ten being the usual num- 
 ber among the Exogenous, and three to six among the Endogenous plants. 
 
 93. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the 
 calyx, they are hypogynous ; as in Ranunculus. 
 
 94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they become 
 perigynnus ; as in Rosa. 
 
 95. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the ovary, 
 they are epigynons ; as in the Umbelliferse. 
 
 96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther. 
 
 97. Thejilame?it is the body which arises from the torus, and is some- 
 tunes cylindrical, or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at times expan- 
 ded, as if into a scale or petal ; but it is not essential to the stamen. 
 
 98. The filaments are usually free or isolated from each other ; but they 
 are sometimes united into one tube, when they are called monadelphous ; 
 or into two parcels, d'mdelphous ; or into several, polyadelphous. 
 
XIV RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style, thtf 
 form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous. 
 
 100. The anther is a kind of bag borne by the filament, and corresponds 
 to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile when there is no filament, or it is placed 
 at the top of the filament in various ways. 
 
 101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid sub- 
 stance which connects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf, the con- 
 nective. These cells are usually two in number; sometimes they are four, 
 rarely one. 
 
 102. The lobes or cells of the anthers open in different ways by what is 
 called the line of dehisccncc ; sometimes only a portion of this line opens, the 
 anther is then said to dehisce by pores ; as in Azalea. 
 
 103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in the 
 Composite ; when they are called syngenesious. 
 
 104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the pollen, 
 the use of which is to give life to the ovule or young seed. 
 
 105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multitude 
 of very minute particles, called molecules or granules. 
 
 106. When the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they are 
 said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth or they 
 may be viscous. 
 
 107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of separa- 
 ting readily, cohere into what are termed pollen-masses, (pollinia ;) as in the 
 Orchidacese. 
 
 PISTIL. 
 
 108. The pistil is the organ which occupies the centre of a flower, within 
 the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of plants. 
 
 109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz : the ovary, the style, and the 
 stigma. 
 
 110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds. It 
 contains one or more cavities called cells. 
 
 111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil. 
 
 112. The style is that part which connects the ovary and stigma; but it 
 is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile. 
 
 113. The pistil is either the modification of a single leaf, or of one or more 
 whorls of modified leaves ; the latter being termed carpels. 
 
 114. When the margins ofihe folded leaf out of which the carpel is 
 formed meet and unite, a copious development of cellular tissue takes place, 
 forming what is called the placenta. 
 
 115. If no union takes place among the carpels, the ovary is termed apo- 
 carpous, as in Ranunculus ; but if there is an adherence, so that a com- 
 pound ovary is formed, it is called syncarpous. 
 
 116. When carpels unite, those parts of their sides which are contiguous 
 grow together, and form partitions between the cavities of the carpels, called 
 dissepiments. 
 
 117. When these dissepiments are so contracted as not to separate the 
 cavity into a number of distinct cells, Vut merely project into a cavity, the 
 
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 
 
 placentas which occupy the edges of these dissepiments become what is 
 termed parietal. 
 
 118. If the dissepiments are abortive or obliterated, the placentae remain- 
 ing unaltered in the axis, a free central placenta is formed. 
 
 119. A one-celled ovary may also be formed out of several carpels in 
 consequence of the obliteration of the dissepiments ; as in the Nut. 
 
 120. If the ovary adheres to the sides of the calyx it is called inferior, and 
 the calyx is said to be superior. 
 
 121. If it contracts no adhesion with the sides of the calyx, it is called 
 
 superior, and the calyx inferior. 
 
 122. The ovule is a body borne by the placenta, and is the rudiment of 
 the future seed ; its position is of great importance in determining natural 
 affinities. 
 
 123. When the ovule is fixed by its base to the bottom of one of the cells 
 of the ovary, of which it takes the direction, it is said to be erect ; or if it 
 hangs from the summit of the cell, it is inverted. 
 
 124. When it is attached to the middle portion of the placenta, it may 
 have an upright direction, and is then called ascending, or point downwards, 
 and is then suspended. Generally, however, the erect and ascending ovule 
 are confounded under one name, and the inverted and suspended are known 
 by the term pendulous. 
 
 125. The ovule is either sessile, or on a stalk called the funiculus or 
 podosperm ; and in either case the point by which the union is formed is 
 termed the base of the ovule, and the other extremity the apex. 
 
 126. The ovule consists of a nucleus and two external coats ; the outer 
 coat is called the testa or primine sac ; and the inner, the internal membrane, 
 or secundine sac., or the legmen. 
 
 127. The base of the nucleus is always incorporated with the base of the 
 internal membrane, and their common base is attached at some points to 
 the testa. The junction of the three forms the chalaza. 
 
 128. The mouths of the primine and secundine sacs usually contract into 
 a small aperture called the foramen of the ovule, or the exostome. It is 
 through this foramen that the molecules of the pollen are introduced into 
 the nucleus ; and its position indicates the future position of the radicle of 
 the embryo, the radicle being always next the foramen. 
 
 129. When the apex of the nucleus is contiguous to the base of the ovule, 
 a connection takes place between the base of the ovule and the base of the 
 nucleus, by a bundle of vessels called a raphe. ' , 
 
 130. Fecundation having taken place, the floral envelopes usually fade 
 away, the stamens disappear and the pistil increases in size and becomes 
 the fruit. 
 
 131. Hence the fruit should have the same structure as the pistil, but 
 this is not always the case, for as the pistil advances to maturity many al- 
 terations take place, in consequence of abortion, non-developmenf, obliter- 
 ation or even union of parts. 
 
XVI RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 132. The bate of the fruit is the part where it is joined to the peduncle ; 
 the apex is where the remains of the style are found. 
 
 133. The portion of the pistil called the ovary is in the ripe fruit termed 
 the pericarp. 
 
 134. The pericarp consists of three parts, the outer coating called the epi- 
 carp or exocarp, the inner lining called the endocarp or putamen, and the 
 intermediate substance, which is generally fleshy or pulpy, named the sarco- 
 carp or mesocarp. Sometimes these three parts are readily distinguished, 
 as in the Peach ; but they frequently form one uniform substance, as in the 
 Nut. 
 
 135. The axis of the fruit is often called columella ; the space where two 
 carpels unite is named the commissure. 
 
 136. If the pericarp neither splits nor opens when ripe, it is said to be in- 
 detiiscent ; but if it does split or open, it is said to dehisce, or to be dehiscent ; 
 and the pieces into which it divides are termed valves. 
 
 137. When a fruit is in its simplest state, or formed by the transformation 
 of one carpellary leaf, there may be two sutures or lines by which it may 
 open, the one where the margins of the leaf or the placentae meet, called the 
 ventral suture, the other at the part corresponding to the midrib of the leaf, 
 or the dorsal suture. 
 
 138. If, in a compound fruit, the line of opening corresponds with the 
 junction of the carpels, the dehiscence is septicidal. Formerly in this kind 
 of dehiscence the valves were said to be alternate with the dissepiment. 
 
 139. If the opening is by the dorsal suture of each carpel, the dehiscence 
 is loculicidal ; or as it was formerly said, the dissepiments are opposite to the 
 valves. 
 
 140. When a separation of the pericarp takes place across the cells hori- 
 zontally, the dehiscence is tranverse or circumcisile. 
 
 141. If the dehiscence is effected by partial openings of the pericarp, it is 
 said to take place by pares. 
 
 142. All fruits are either simple or multiple ; the former proceeding from 
 a single flower, as the Apple, Nut, Strawberry, &c. : the latter formed out 
 of several flowers, as the Pine-apple, Pig, &c. 
 
 143. Simple fruits are either indehiscent or dehiscent; of the former the 
 most important are the caryopsis, the utricle, the achenium and the drupe. 
 
 144. The caryopsis, is where the pericarp is very thin and membranous, 
 and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed ; as in W T heat, Maize, and 
 most Grasses.^ 
 
 145. The utricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being membra- 
 nous, but it has no adherence with the seed. 
 
 146. The achenium, is a small and dry indehiscent one-seeded pericarp 
 formed of a single carpel ; as in Ranunculus and Anemone. The name is 
 also applied to one-seeded fruits formed of more than one carpel, and in- 
 vested by the calyx-tube ; as in the Composite. 
 
 147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosed in a putamen ; as in the Cherry 
 and Peach. 
 
 148. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous, instead 
 of being fleshy. A samara is a nut or achenium having a winged apex or 
 margin ; as in the Elm and Maple. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XVH 
 
 149. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume. 
 
 150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and having 
 uo dorsal suture. 
 
 151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures, by 
 either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the sides fall 
 off, bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of frame called a 
 replum. When articulations take place across the legume and it falls into 
 several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous. 
 
 152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the capsule, the 
 silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo. 
 
 153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp. 
 
 154. The silique, (or pod,) consists of two (or four) carpels fastened to* 
 gether, the placentae of which are parietal and separate from the valves, re- 
 maining in the form of a replum and connected by a membranous expan- 
 sion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is long, it is called 
 a silicic or ymick. 
 
 155. The -gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded 
 fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and enclosed by 
 an involucre called a cupule or cup ; as in Quercus. 
 
 156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their adhesion 
 when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the Grape or Gooseberry. 
 
 157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epicarp, 
 an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, which 
 are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity. 
 
 158. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the pericarp 
 being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly united. 
 
 159. The pepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which do 
 not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled, fleshy, inde- 
 hiscent fruit, with parietal placentas, and usually with a firm rind ; as the 
 Melon. 
 
 160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the cone, 
 pine-apple, and fig. 
 
 161. The cane or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much re- 
 duced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus; as in Thuja. 
 
 162. The pine-apple is a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow together 
 in a fleshy mass. 
 
 163. The fig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within which 
 a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an achenium. 
 
 SEED. 
 
 1 64. The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity. 
 
 165. It consist of integuments, albumen, and embryo ; a naked seed is 
 only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked. 
 
 166. The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached by the 
 funiculus ; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into a fleshy 
 body, called the aril or arUlus 
 
 167. The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the placenta, is 
 cabled the hilum or umbilicus. 
 
XVW1 RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 168. The integuments are called collectively tote, and consist of mem- 
 branes resulting from the sacs of the ovule. These membranes are called 
 by various names. 
 
 169. Between the integuments and the embryo of some plants lies a sub- 
 stance called the albumen or perisperm ; the nature of* this is of great im- 
 portance. 
 
 170. The albumen is sometimes farinaceous or mealy., as in the Grasses ; 
 coriaceous and almost cartilaginous, as in many Umbeliferse ; ruminated or 
 wrinkled,,as in the Anonaceae ; horny , as in the Coffee-bean ; oily, as in the 
 Poppy ; or thin and membranous, as in many Labiatse. 
 
 171 . The embryo is the organized body that lies within the seed, which is 
 destined to become a plant similar in all respects to the parent. It is usually 
 solitary in the seed, but occasionally there are two or several. 
 
 172. The embryo consists of the cotyledons, the radicle, the plumule and 
 the neck. 
 
 173. The cotyledons represent the undeveloped leaves. 
 
 174. The plumule is what is destined to become the stem, and is therefore 
 a rudimentary leaf-bud. 
 
 175. The radicle is the rudiment of the root, and by germination becomes 
 the root. 
 
 176. The neck or collum is the line of separation between the radicle and 
 the portion above it. 
 
 177. The number of cotyledons varies from one to several. 
 
 178. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if with two, one of them is 
 alternate with the other, are termed Monocotyledonous. These are also En- 
 dogenous plants. 
 
 179. Plants that have two cotyledons placed opposite each other, or a 
 greater number placed in a whorl, are called Dicotyledonous. These are 
 also Exogenous plants. 
 
 180. Plants that have no cotyledons, are said to be Acotyledonous. But 
 this term is only applied to cellular plants, which having no stamens and 
 pistils, can have no seed. 
 
 181. When the radicle is so bent that it touches the back of one of the 
 cotyledons, it is said to be dorsal, or the cotyledons are said to be incumbent. 
 
 182. When the radicle is applied to the edge or cleft of the cotyledons, it 
 is said to be lateral, or the cotyledons are said to be accumbent. 
 
 183. When the seed is called into action, germination takes place and 
 growth commences. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 [The figures refer to the preceding Sketch.] 
 
 Abortion t an imperfect development 
 of any given organ. 
 
 Abortive, not arriving at perfection, 
 producing no fruit. 
 
 Abrupt, not gradual, sudden. 
 
 Abruptly pinnate, pinnate with even 
 pairs only, wanting the odd or ter- 
 minal leafet. 
 
 Acquiescent, apparently without a 
 stem. 
 
 Accessory, additional, or supernume- 
 rary. 
 
 Acerose, stiff, linear, and sharp, as in 
 the leaves of the Pines. 
 
 Acotyledonous, 180. 
 
 Accumbent cotyledons, 182. 
 
 Aculeate, prickly. 
 
 Acuminate, taper, pointed, more than 
 acute. 
 
 Acute, ending in a sharp point. 
 
 Ackenium, plural ac/ienia, 146. 
 
 Acicular, needle-form. 
 
 Adherent, attached to, or united with 
 another organ. 
 
 Adnate, growing to, affixed laterally. 
 
 Aestivation, 85. 
 
 Agglomerated, bunched, crowded to- 
 gether. 
 
 Aggregate, standing together, many 
 on the same receptacle, but not 
 compound. 
 
 Al(K, wings, or membranaceous ex- 
 pansions. 
 
 . Alate, winged ; having a membrana- 
 ceous border. 
 
 Albumen, 169. 
 
 Alternate, placed alternately on op- 
 posite sides of the stem. 
 
 Alveolate, having pits or cells like a 
 honeycomb. 
 
 Ament, or catkin, 65. 
 
 Amplexicaul, clasping or embracing 
 the stem. 
 
 Anastomosing, applied to branching 
 vessels, which unite again like net- 
 work. 
 
 Ancipital, two-edged. 
 
 Androgynous, having barren and 
 fertile flowers on the same spike, 
 or the same plant, but no perfect 
 ones. 
 
 Angiospermous, having the seeds con- 
 tained in a distinct pericarp or 
 seed-vessel. 
 
 Annual, 30. a. 
 
 Annulate, having a ring or belt. 
 
 Anomalous, not according to rule or 
 system ; an exception to the ordi- 
 nary form or appearance. 
 
 Anther, 100. 
 
 Anther if erous, .bearing anthers. 
 
 Apetalous, without petals. 
 
 Apex, end, tip, or sharp extremity. 
 
 Aphyllous, without leaves. 
 
 Appendiculate, having some appen- 
 dage. 
 
 Appressed, pressed against, or close 
 to. 
 
 Approximate, near together. 
 
 Apterous, without wings ; a term ap- 
 plied to some parts of flowers. 
 
 Aquatic, growing naturally in water, 
 or in wet places. 
 
 Arborescent, approaching to the size o. 
 a tree. 
 
 Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow. 
 
XX 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Areola,, a small cavity as in the base 
 of some achenia. 
 
 Aril or arillus, a loose coating of the 
 seed. 
 
 Arillate, having an aril. 
 
 Aristate, awned, ending in a bristle. 
 
 Armed, furnished with thorns or 
 prickles. 
 
 Articulated, jointed, connected by 
 joints or places of separation. 
 
 Ascending, rising from the ground 
 obliquely. 
 
 Assurgcnt, rising in a curve from a 
 declined base. 
 
 Attenuated, gradually diminished or 
 tapering, 
 
 Auriculate, having an ear-like base. 
 
 Awn, a stiff bristle, frequently rough 
 or bearded ; as in the flowers of 
 certain grasses. 
 
 Awned, having awns. 
 
 Awnless, without awns, or bristle- 
 like appendages. 
 
 Axil, the angle between a leaf and 
 stem on the upper side. 
 
 Axillary, growing in or from the axil. 
 
 Axis, a central stem or peduncle ; a 
 real or imaginary central line ex- 
 tending from the base to the sum- 
 mit. 
 
 Baccate, berried, having a fleshy coat 
 or covering. 
 
 Banner ', or vexillum, 81. 
 
 Barb, a straight process armed with 
 one or more teeth pointing back- 
 wards. 
 
 Barren, producing no fruit, contain- 
 ing stamens only. 
 
 Beak, a terminal process, like a bird's 
 bill ; a hard short point. 
 
 Beaked, having, or terminating, in a 
 beak. 
 
 Bearded, .with parallel hairs ; applied 
 also to the Grasses. 
 
 Berry, 156. 
 
 Bicuspidate, with two points. 
 
 Bidentate,-vfiih two teeth. 
 
 Biennial, 30. b. 
 
 Bifarious, in two series or opposite 
 rows ; pointing in two directions. 
 
 Bifid , two cleft, cut nearly in two 
 parts. 
 
 Bifurcate, forked; ending in two 
 nearly equal branches. 
 
 Biglandular, having two glands. 
 
 Bilabiate, having two lips, 
 
 B'damellate, having two lamellae, or 
 
 thin plates. 
 
 Bilobed, having two lobes. 
 BUocular, having two cells. 
 Binnate, growing two together. 
 Sip-innate, twice pinnate, when both 
 
 the leaf and its subdivisions are 
 
 pinnate. 
 Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, both 
 
 the leaf and its segments being 
 
 pinnatifid. 
 
 Birostrate, with two beaks. 
 Bisetose, with two bristles. 
 Bisulcate, with two grooves or fur- 
 rows. 
 Biternate, twice ternate, the petiole 
 
 supporting three ternate leaves. 
 Bivalved, two valved. 
 Bloom, a fine powdery coating on 
 
 certain fruits ; as the Plum. 
 Border, the brim, or spreading part 
 
 of a corolla. 
 Brachiate, branches opposite, and 
 
 each pair at right angles with the 
 
 preceding. 
 Bract, 51. 
 
 Bracteoles, small bracts. 
 Branchlets, subdivisions of the 
 
 branches. 
 
 Bristles, rigid hairs, straight or hook- 
 ed. 
 
 Bud, 32. 
 Bulb, 15. 
 Buttiferous, bearing bulbs. 
 
 Caducous, falling early, sooner than 
 deciduous. 
 
 Ccespitose, or cespitose, growing in 
 tufts. 
 
 Calcarate, resembling, or furnished 
 with, a spur or horn. 
 
 Calli, small callosities or rough pro- 
 tuberances. 
 
 Calyciform, shaped like a calyx. 
 
 Calyculatc, furnished with an addi- 
 tional outer calyx. 
 
 Calyptriform, shaped like a calyptra 
 or extinguisher. 
 
 Calyx, 73. 
 
 Campanulate, bell-shaped. 
 
 CanalicuMe, channelled or furrowed. 
 
 Canescent, whitish, hoary; covered 
 with a whitish or gray pubescence. 
 
 Capillary, or capillaceous, very slen- 
 der, resembling a hair. 
 
 Capitate, shaped like a head, or 
 bearing a head. > *-' 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Capsule, 153. 
 
 Carina 81. 
 
 Carinate, keeled, furnished with a 
 
 sharp or prominent back like the 
 
 keel of a vessel. 
 Carpel, 113. 
 Carpophore, the axis of the fruit in 
 
 the Umbellifers. 
 Caryopsis, 144. 
 Catkin, see Ament. 
 Caudate, having a tail ; as in some 
 
 seeds. 
 Caudex, the main body of a tree or 
 
 root. 
 
 Caulescent, having a true stem 
 Cauline, growing on the stem. 
 Cell, a cavity or compartment of a 
 
 seed vessel or anther. 
 Cellular, made up of little cells or 
 
 cavities. 
 
 Centrifugal inflorescence, 72. 
 Centripetal inflorescence, 71. 
 Chaffy, made of short membranous 
 
 portions like chaff. 
 Channelled, grooved or furrowed. 
 Chartaceous, of a texture resembling 
 
 paper. 
 
 Ctiite, hairs along the margin of a sur- 
 face, like those of the eyelashes. 
 Ciliate, fringed with parallel hairs, 
 
 like eyelashes. 
 
 Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes. 
 Circinate, with the apex rolled back 
 
 upon itself, like the young fronds 
 
 of a fern. 
 Circumcised, cut round transversely, 
 
 or opening like a snuff-box. 
 Cirrhus, a tendril. 
 Cirrhose, bearing tendrils. 
 Clasping, surrounding the stem partly 
 
 or quite with the base of the leaf. 
 Clavate, club-shaped, larger at top 
 
 than bottom. 
 
 Claw, the taper base of a petal, 82. 
 Cleft, split or divided less than half 
 
 way. 
 Clypeate, shaped like a Roman 
 
 buckler. 
 
 Coadunate, united at base. 
 Coarctate, contracted or crowded. 
 Cochleate, resembling the shell of a 
 
 snail. 
 Coherent, united with an organ of 
 
 the same kind. 
 
 Collateral, placed side by side. 
 Colored, different from green, which 
 
 is the common color of plants. 
 
 ia, 135. 
 
 Column, 99. 
 
 Commisure, the line of junction of 
 two bodies ; as the face of the car- 
 pels in the Umbelliferae. 
 
 Comose, covered with cottony hair. 
 
 Compound, made up of similar simple 
 parts. 
 
 Compressed, flattened. 
 
 Conduplicate, doubled lengthwise, 
 
 Cone, 161. 
 
 Conglomerate, crowded together. 
 
 Confluent, running into one another. 
 
 Conjugate, in pairs; coupled. 
 
 Connate, joined together at base. 
 
 Connective, the organ which connects 
 the two cells of an anther. 
 
 Connivent, converging, the tips in- 
 clining towards each other. 
 
 Conoid, like a cone. 
 
 Continuous, without interruption or 
 articulation. 
 
 Contorted, twisted, bent from a com- 
 mon position. 
 
 Convolute, rolled together. 
 
 Coraloid, resembling coral in appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Cordate, heart-shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous, leathery, tough and thick. 
 
 Cormus or corm, the fleshy subter- 
 raneous base of a stem, resembling 
 a bulb, but solid. 
 
 Corneous, horny, having a consist- 
 ence like horn. 
 
 Corniculate, horn-shaped. 
 
 Corolla, 77. 
 
 Cortical, belonging to the bark. 
 
 Corymb, 67. 
 
 Costate, ribbed. 
 
 Cotyledons, 172. 
 
 Creeping, 12. 
 
 Crenate, scolloped, having sharp 
 notches on the edge separated by 
 round or obtuse dentures. 
 
 Crenulate, finely or minutely crenate. 
 
 Crested, having an appendage re- 
 sembling a cock's comb. 
 
 Crowned, having a circle of projec- 
 tions round the upper part of the 
 tube of a flower, on its inside. 
 
 Cruciform or cruciate, consisting of 
 four petals placed like a cross. 
 
 Crustaceous, having a hard brittle 
 shell. 
 
 Cucullate, hooded or cowled, rolled 
 or folded in ; as the spathe of Arum 
 triphyllum. 
 
XXII 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Cucurbitaceous, like gourds or melons. 
 Culm, the stem of Grasses and Cype- 
 
 raceous plants. 
 
 Cuneate or cuneiform, wedge-sha- 
 ped, tapering with straight edges 
 
 to the base. 
 Cupule, 155. 
 
 Cusp, a stiffish tapering sharp point. 
 Cuspidate, having a sharp straight 
 
 point. 
 
 Cuticle, 6, 23. 
 Cyathiform, cup-shaped. 
 Cylindric or cylindrical, round and 
 
 not tapering, cylinder-shaped. 
 Cyme, 70. 
 Cymose, bearing or flowering in 
 
 cymes. 
 Cymules, the reduced cymes, or cy- 
 
 mose clusters of the Labiatae ; 
 
 sometimes called VerticiUasters. 
 
 Deciduous, falling off, in opposition 
 to persistent and evergreen, later 
 than caducous. 
 
 Declined or declinate, turned down- 
 wards. 
 
 Decompound, twice compound, com- 
 posed of compound parts. 
 
 Decumbent, leaning upon the ground, 
 the base only erect. 
 
 Decurrent, when the edges of a leaf 
 run down the stem or stalk. 
 
 Decursive,see Decurrent. 
 
 Decussate, or decussating, in pairs al- 
 ternately crossing each other. 
 
 Dejlected, bent off or downwards. 
 
 Dehiscent, gaping or opening nat- 
 urally by seams at maturity. 
 
 Deltoid, nearly triangular, shaped like 
 the Greek letter A. 
 
 Dentate, toothed, edged with sharp 
 projections separated by notches, 
 larger than serrate. 
 
 Denticrdate,jmnute\y toothed. 
 
 Dentures, teeth, the sharp parts 
 which separate notches. 
 
 Depauperated, few-flowered. 
 
 Depressed, flattened or pressed in at 
 the top. 
 
 Depressed-globose, globular, with the 
 base and apex flattened. 
 
 Diaphanous, transparent. 
 
 Dichotommis, forked, dividing into 
 two equal branches. 
 
 Diclinous, having the stamens and 
 pistils in distinct flowers on the 
 same or different plants. 
 
 Dicoccous, containing two grains or 
 
 seeds. 
 
 Dicotyledonous, 179. 
 Didymous, twin ; growing in pairs, 
 
 and more or less united. 
 Didynaynous, having 2 long and 2 
 
 shorter stamens in the same flower. 
 Diffuse, scattered, widely spread. 
 Digitate, when a petiole gives off five 
 
 or more leafets from a single point 
 
 at its extremity. 
 Dimidiate, halved, as if one side or 
 
 one-half had been cut off. 
 Dioecious, having the barren and fer- 
 tile flowers on different plants. 
 Discoid, having a disc covered with 
 
 flowers, but no ray-flowers. 
 Disk, 86 ; also the central part of a 
 
 head of compound flowers. . 
 Dissepiment, the partition or internal 
 
 wall of a pericarp. 
 Distichous, two-rowed, producing 
 
 leaves or flowers in two opposite 
 
 rows. 
 Distinct, separate ; not connected 
 
 with each other, nor with any con- 
 tiguous organ. 
 Divaricate, diverging so far as to 
 
 turn backwards. 
 Divergent, spreading, separating 
 
 widely. 
 Divided, separated or cleft to the base, 
 
 or to the midrib, if a leaf. 
 Dorsal, growing on, or belonging to, 
 
 the back. 
 
 Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs. 
 Drooping, inclining downwards, 
 
 more than nodding. 
 Drupaceous, bearing or resembling 
 
 drupes. 
 Drupe, 147. 
 
 Ebracteate, without bracts. 
 
 Ecaudate, without a tail. 
 
 Echinate, beset with prickles, hedge- 
 hog like. 
 
 Effuse, a term applied to a loose one- 
 sided panicle ; as in Juncus effiisus. 
 
 Elliptic or elliptical, oval, longer 
 than wide with the two ends nar- 
 rowing equally. 
 
 Elongated, exceeding a common or 
 average length. 
 
 Emarginate, having a notch in the 
 end. 
 
 Embryo, 176. 
 
 Emersed, raised out of water. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 xxiii 
 
 Endocarp, the hard shell which 
 forms the covering of the seeds. 
 
 Ensiform, sword-shaped, two-edged. 
 
 Entire, even and whole at the edge ; 
 without incision, notch, or tooth. 
 
 Envelop, an integument or covering. 
 
 Epicarp, the outer coating of the 
 pericarp or fruit. 
 
 Epidermis, see Cuticle. 
 
 Epigynous, attached to the ovary, 
 so that the upper portion is appa- 
 rently inserted on its summit. 
 
 Epipetalous, upon the petals. 
 
 Equal, similar parts of nearly the 
 same size and form; as sepals, 
 petals, fec. 
 
 Eroded or erose,^ appearing as if 
 gnawed at the edge. 
 
 Esculent, eatable. 
 
 Evergreen, remaining fresh through 
 the winter, not deciduous. 
 
 Exsert or exserted, projecting or pro- 
 truding out; as stamens from the 
 tube of a corolla, &c. 
 
 Falcate, sickle-shaped, linear and 
 crooked. 
 
 Fascicle, 70. 
 
 Fascicled or fasciculate, collected in 
 bundles. 
 
 Fastigiate, flat or level topped. 
 
 Favose, deeply pitted, resembling a 
 honeycomb. 
 
 Feather-veined leaf, where the lat- 
 eral veins diverge regularly from 
 each side of the midrib ; as in a 
 quill. 
 
 Ferruginous, reddish-brown, like the 
 rust of iron. 
 
 Fertile, containing perfect pistils and 
 yielding fruit. 
 
 Fibrous, being composed of fibres. 
 
 Filiform, thread-like, or very slender. 
 
 Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge 
 like fringe. 
 
 Fimb-rillate, clothed with fimbrillcc, 
 membranaceous linear or subulate 
 filaments ; as the receptacle of 
 certain compound flowers. 
 
 Fistulous or jUstular, hollow or tu- 
 bular. 
 
 Flabelliform, spreading like a fan. 
 
 Flaccid, weak, so as to bend by its 
 own weight. 
 
 Flagelliform, like a whip-lash. 
 
 Flexuous or flexuose, serpentine or 
 zigzag. 
 
 Floral leaf, see Bract. 
 Foliaceous, resembling a leaf. 
 Follicle, 150. 
 Frond, the leaf of Cryptogamous 
 
 plants. 
 
 Frutescent, becoming shrubby. 
 Fruticuse, shrub-like, or shrubby. 
 Fulvous, tawny or tan-colored. 
 Fugacious, that which lasts but for a 
 
 short time. 
 Funiculus, the little cord by which 
 
 seeds are attached to the placenta, 
 Funnel-shaped, tubular at bottom, 
 
 and gradually expanding at top. 
 Fuscous, grayish brown, or deep 
 
 brown tinged with green. 
 Fusiform, 11. 
 
 Galea, a helmet, the upper part of 
 
 a ringent corolla. 
 Geminate, doubled. 
 Gemmaceous, belonging to a bud, 
 
 made of the scales of a bud, 49. 
 Geniculate, bent like a knee. 
 Germ or germen, the old name for 
 
 the ovary. 
 
 Germination, the sprouting of a seed. 
 Gibbous, swelled out, commonly on 
 
 one side. 
 Glabrous, very smooth, without any 
 
 roughness or pubescence. 
 Glandular pubescence, hairs tipped 
 
 with little heads or glands. 
 Glaucmts, sea-green, pale bluish 
 
 green. 
 Globose or globular, spherical, round 
 
 on all sides. 
 Glomerate, gathered in a round heap 
 
 or head. 
 Glomerules, small dense roundish 
 
 clusters. 
 Glumaceous, resembling chaff or 
 
 glumes. 
 Glumes, the scales, valves or chaff 
 
 which make the calyx of grasses. 
 Glutinous, adhesive, viscid, covered 
 
 with an adhesive fluid. 
 Gramineous, resembling the grasses. 
 Graniferaus, bearing a grain or 
 
 grains. 
 
 Granular, formed of grains or cov- 
 ered with grains. 
 Gymnospermous, having the seeds 
 
 naked. 
 Gynandrous, having the stamens 
 
 growing on, or adhering to, the 
 
 pistil. 
 
XXIV 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Habit, the general external appear- 
 ance of a plant, by which it is 
 known at sight. 
 
 Habitat or /uibitatis, the natural or 
 native place of growth. 
 
 Hamate, hooked, a bristle curved at 
 the end. 
 
 Hastate, shaped like a halbert; it 
 differs from arrow-shaped in hav- 
 ing the barbs or lateral portions 
 more distinct and divergent. 
 
 Head, a dense roundish cluster of 
 sessile flowers. 
 
 Helmet, see Galea. 
 
 Herbaceous or kerb, not woody. 
 
 Heterocephalous flowers, staminate 
 and pistillate in distinct heads ; as 
 in Ambrosia. 
 
 Heterogamous heads, containing flow- 
 ers of different structure and sexual 
 character. 
 
 Heterophyllous, having leaves of dif- 
 ferent forms. 
 
 Hilum, 167. 
 
 Hirsute, rough with soft hairs. 
 
 Hispid, rough with stiff hairs. 
 
 Hoary, covered with white down. 
 
 Homogamous heads, containing flow- 
 ers of a similar structure and the 
 same sexual character. 
 
 Hooded, see Cucullate. 
 
 Horn, see Spur. 
 
 Hybrid, a mongrel, or partaking of 
 the nature of two species. 
 
 Hypocrateriform, salver-shaped, with 
 a tube abruptly expanded into a 
 flat border. 
 
 Hypogynous, 93. 
 
 Imbricate or imbricated , lying over 
 each other like scales, or the shin- 
 gles of a roof. 
 
 Imperfect flower, one in which either 
 stamens or pistils are wanting. 
 
 Incised, cut, separated by incisions. 
 
 Included, wholly received or con- 
 tained in a cavity, the opposite of 
 exserted. 
 
 Incomplete flower, one which is des- 
 titute of calyx or corolla. 
 
 Incrassatsd, thickened upward, larger 
 toward the end. 
 
 Incumbent, lying against or across, 
 181. 
 
 Incurved, bent or curved inwards. 
 
 Indefinite, numerous, and of no con- 
 stant number. 
 
 Indehisccnt, not opening. 
 
 Indigenous, native, growing natu- 
 rally in a country. 
 
 Indusium, the involucre or veil which 
 covers the fruit of ferns. 
 
 Inferior, lowermost. 
 
 Inflated, blown up like a bladder. 
 
 Inflexcd, bending inwards. 
 
 Inflorescence, 59. 
 
 Infundibulifarm, funnel-shaped. 
 
 Inserted into, growing out of. 
 
 Internode, the space between joints , 
 as in Grasses. 
 
 Interrupted, having intervals, or the 
 continuity broken. 
 
 Interruptedly pinnate, when smaller 
 leafets are interposed among the 
 principal ones. 
 
 Introse anthers, having the cells 
 turned inwards or towards the 
 pistils. 
 
 Involucel, a partial involucre, 53. 
 
 Involucre or involucrum, 53. 
 
 Involute, rolled inwards. 
 
 Irregular, the component parts dif- 
 fering in size and shape. 
 
 Keel, 81. 
 
 Keeled, shaped like a keel. 
 Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped without 
 the point, and broader than long. 
 
 Labiate, 80. 
 
 Lacerate, divided into irregular seg- 
 ments, as if torn. 
 
 Laciniatc, cut or divided into seg- 
 ments. 
 
 Lactescent, milky ; yielding a whitish 
 or milky juice, when cut. 
 
 Lacunose, covered with little pits or 
 depressions. 
 
 Lameltated, in thin plates. 
 
 Lamina, a thin layer or plate ; the 
 flat portion of a leaf or petal, as 
 distinguished from the petiole or 
 claw. 
 
 Lanceolate, spear-shaped, narrow, 
 with both ends acute. 
 
 Lance-linear, Lance-ovate, &c., lin- 
 ear, ovate, &c., with something of 
 the lanceolate form. 
 
 Lanuginous, woolly. 
 
 Lateral, at the side. 
 
 Lax, loose, not compact. 
 
 Leafet, a partial leaf, a constituent 
 of a compound leaf. 
 
 Legume, 151. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 XXV 
 
 Leguminous, bearing legumes. 
 
 Lenticular, having the form of a lens; 
 orbicular and compressed, but con- 
 vex on both faces. 
 
 Ligneous, woody. 
 
 Ligulate, ribbon-shaped ; a kind of 
 corolla found in compound flowers, 
 consisting of a tube at bottom, con- 
 tinued into a long flat portion at 
 top. 
 
 Ligule, the mostly membranaceous 
 appendage at the summit of the 
 sheath, in the Grasses. 
 
 Liliaceous, resembling the lily. 
 
 Limb, 82. 
 
 Line, the twelfth part of an inch. 
 
 Linear, long and very narrow with 
 parallel sides. 
 
 Linear-lanceolate, partaking of both 
 forms, but more of the latter. 
 
 Lip, the front segment of an Orchi- 
 deous or other flower. 
 
 Lobe, a large division or distinct por- 
 tion of a leaf or petal. 
 
 Lobate or lobed, cut or divided into 
 lobes. 
 
 Loment, 151. 
 
 Lunate or lumdale, shaped like a 
 half-moon. 
 
 Lt/rale, pinnatifid, with a large 
 roundish segment at the end. 
 
 Marcescent, withering. 
 Melliferous, honey-bearing. 
 Membranous or membranaceous, very- 
 thin and delicate. 
 Mericarp, a name given to the inde- 
 
 hiscent carpel of the Umbelliferae. 
 Midrib, 43. 
 Monadeiphous, 98. 
 Moniliform, arranged like the beads 
 
 of a "necklace. 
 Monodinous, having the stamens and 
 
 pistils in the same flower. 
 Monocotyledonous, 178. 
 Mon&cious, having staminate and 
 
 pistillate flowers distinct, but on 
 
 the same plant. 
 Monopelalous , having but one petal, 
 
 or the petals united into one. 
 Monophyltous, one-leaved. 
 Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal. 
 Mucronate, having a mucro or point 
 
 projecting from an obtuse end. 
 Multifid, many-cleft. 
 Multipartite, many-parted. 
 Multiple, a number containing an- 
 
 other number several times with- 
 out a remainder ; as 9 is a multi- 
 ple of 3. 
 
 Muricale, covered with sharp spines 
 or prickles. 
 
 Muticous, awnless or pointless. 
 
 Naked, destitute of the usual covering 
 or appendage ; as the corolla with- 
 out a calyx, seeds without a peri- 
 carp, &c. 
 
 Napiform, turnip-shaped. 
 
 Nectariferous, bearing honey. 
 
 Nectary, 84, 89. 
 
 Nerves, parallel veins or rib-like 
 fibres extending from about the 
 base to the apex. 
 
 Neuter or neutral flower, having 
 neither stamen nor pistil. 
 
 Nodding, inclining to one side, partly 
 drooping. 
 
 Nodi or nodes, 26. . 
 
 Nodose, having many nodi or joints. 
 
 Nucamentaceous, producing nuts. 
 
 Nucleus, a central body, the kernel 
 of a nut. 
 
 Nucules, little nuts, or nut-like fruit. 
 
 Nut, a hard indehiscent fruit, mostly 
 with a single seed. 
 
 Ob, a particle, which, when prefixed 
 to any other term, denotes the in- 
 version of the usual position. 
 
 Obconic, conic with the apex down- 
 ward. 
 
 Obcordatc, heart-shaped, witli the 
 point inwards, or downwards. 
 
 Oblanceolate, with the widest part 
 above the middle, and tapering 
 gradually to the base. 
 
 Oblong, longer than oval with the 
 sides parallel. 
 
 Obovatc, ovate, but inverted. 
 
 Obovoid, inversely ovoid. 
 
 ObsoUte, indistinct, appearing as if 
 worn out. 
 
 Obtuse, blunt, rounded, not acute. 
 
 Ochrea, a membranous sheath, em- 
 bracing the stem like a boot-leg ; 
 as in Polygowum,. 
 
 Ochroleucous, whitish-yellow, cream- 
 color. 
 
 Opercular, opening by a lid fixed at 
 one side. 
 
 Opposite, standing directly against 
 each other on opposite sides of the 
 stem. 
 
 B2 
 
XXVI 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Orbicular, circular. 
 
 Ocal. longer than broad, the sides 
 curving from end to end, and the 
 ends of equal breadth and curva- 
 ture. 
 
 Ovary, 110. 
 
 Ovate, flat, with the outline of the 
 longitudinal section of an egg, the 
 lower end being the largest. 
 
 Ovoid, having the outline of an en- 
 tire egg. 
 
 Ovule, 122. 
 
 Palate, a large obtuse projection 
 which closes the throat of a per- 
 sonate flower. 
 
 Palea, a term applied to the parts of 
 the corolla in Grasses. 
 
 Paleaceous, chaffy. 
 
 Palmate, hand-shaped, deeply di- 
 vided into spreading and some- 
 what equal segments. 
 
 Panduriform, contracted in the mid- 
 dle like a violin. 
 
 Panicle, 68. 
 
 Panicled or paniculate, arranged in 
 the form of a panicle. 
 
 Papilionaceous, 81. 
 
 Papillose, producing small glandular 
 excrescences like nipples. 
 
 Pappus, the crown of the fruit of 
 Composite and similar plants. 
 
 Parasitic, growing on another plant 
 and drawing nourishment from it ; 
 as the Misseltoe. 
 
 Parietal, in. 
 
 Parted, deeply divided almost to the 
 base, more than cleft. 
 
 Partial, a term applied to small or 
 / constituent parts in distinction 
 from general. 
 
 Partition, the dividing wall or dis- 
 sepiment in seed vessels. 
 
 Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb, 
 intermediate between fimbriate and 
 pinnatifid. 
 
 Pedaie leaf, like a bird's-foot; di- 
 vided nearly to the petiole in nar- 
 row segments, with the lateral 
 ones diverging. 
 
 Pedicel, 57. 
 
 PediciUate or pedicelled, having, or 
 being supported on, a pedicel. 
 
 Peduncle, 56. 
 
 Pedunded or pedunculate, having a i 
 peduncle. 
 
 PeUicle, a very thin stratum or coajt, j 
 
 Pellucid, transparent, pervious to 
 light. 
 
 Pellucid-punctate, having punctures 
 admitting the passage of light. 
 
 Peltate, having the stalk attached to 
 some part of the surface or disk, 
 and not to the margin. 
 
 Pencilled or penicillate, ending like a 
 painter's pencil or brush. 
 
 Pendulous, hanging down. 
 
 Pentagonal, having five corners or 
 angles. 
 
 Pepo, 159. 
 
 Perennial, 30, c. 
 
 Perfect flower, 91. 
 
 Perfoliale, surrounding tbe stem on 
 all sides and perforated by it ; it 
 differs from connate, in not con- 
 sisting of two leaves : as in Eupd- 
 torium perfolialum. 
 
 Perianth, perianthium or perigoni- 
 um, 74. 
 
 Pericarp, 133. 
 
 Perigynium, the sac formed by the 
 union of two bractlets, which en- 
 closes the ovary ; as in certain 
 Cyperacecc. 
 
 Perigynous, 94. 
 
 Permanent, see Persistent. 
 
 Persistent, not falling off; those parts 
 of a flower are persistent which re- 
 main till the fruit is ripe. 
 
 Personate, masked, having the mouth 
 of the corolla closed by a prominent 
 palate. 
 
 Petal, 77. 
 
 Petaloid, like a petal. 
 
 Petiole, 40. 
 
 Petioled or petiolate, with a petiole, 
 not sessile. 
 
 Ph&nogamous, applied to all plants 
 which have visible flowers con- 
 taining stamens and pistils. 
 
 Pilose, hairy, with a stiff pubescence. 
 
 Pinnce, the leafets or divisions of a 
 pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnate, a leaf is pinnate when the 
 leafets are arranged in two rows 
 on the side of a common petiole. 
 
 Pinnatifid, cut in a pinnate manner ; 
 it differs from pinnate in consist- 
 ing of a simple or continuous leaf, 
 not compound. 
 
 Pinnules, the leafets or subdivisions 
 of a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pisiform, formed like peas. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 XXV11 
 
 Pistillate, having pistils but no sta- 
 mens. 
 
 Placenta, 114. 
 Plane, flat. 
 Plicate, plaited, folded like a ruffle 
 
 or fan. 
 
 Plumose, feathery, leather-like. 
 Plumula, 174. 
 Pod, 154. 
 Pollen, 104. 
 
 Pollen-masses or pollinia, 107. 
 Poli/gamo-diazcious, having perfect 
 
 and imperfect flowers on distinct 
 
 plants. 
 Polygamous, having some flowers 
 
 which are perfect, and others which 
 
 have stamens only or pistils only. 
 Polygynous, having many styles. 
 Polymorphous, changeable, assuming 
 
 a variety of forms. 
 Polypetalous, 77. 
 Polyphyllous, having many leaves, 
 
 applied to the calyx. 
 Polysepalous, 76. 
 
 Polyspermous, having many seeds. 
 Pome, 158. 
 
 Porrected, extended forward. 
 Pouch, 154. 
 Pramorse, blunt at the end, as if 
 
 bitten off. 
 Prickle, 27. 
 Prismatic, having several parallel 
 
 flat sides. 
 Process, a protuberance or projecting 
 
 part. 
 
 Procumbent, lying on the ground. 
 Produced, extended or lengthened 
 
 out. 
 Proliferous, an umbel or flower is 
 
 said to be proliferous when it has 
 
 smaller ones growing out of it. 
 Pseudopinnate, falsely or imperfectly 
 
 pinnate, not resolving at any time 
 
 into separate leafets; as the Pea, 
 
 Vetch, &c. 
 Puberulent, covered with a minute 
 
 pubescence. 
 Pubescence, a general term for the 
 
 hairy covering of plants. 
 Pubescent, clothed with short weak 
 
 hairs. 
 
 Pulp, the soft, juicy, cellular sub- 
 stance found in berries and similar 
 
 fruits. 
 Pulverulent.^ dusty, composed of 
 
 powder, or appearing as if covered 
 
 with it. 
 
 Punctate, appearing as if pricked full 
 
 of small holes, or dots. 
 Puncticulate, having very minute 
 
 punctures. 
 Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly 
 
 at the apex ; acrid. 
 Putamen, a hard shell. 
 Pyramidal, tapering upwards. 
 Pijriform, shaped like the fruit of a 
 
 pear. 
 
 Quadrangular, 4-angled. 
 Qiiadrifarious, in four rows or direc- 
 tions, pointing or facing four ways. 
 Quadrifid, 4-cleft. 
 Quaternate, four together. 
 Quinate, five together. 
 
 Raceme, 62. 
 
 Racemose, flowering in racemes. 
 
 Rachis, the main stem of a compound 
 peduncle, along which the pedicels 
 are arranged, as in the Grasses; 
 also the midrib of the divided frond 
 in Ferns. 
 
 Radiant or radiate, often applied to 
 a cluster or head of flowers when 
 those of the circumference or ray 
 are long and spreading, and unlike 
 those of the disk. 
 
 Radical, growing immediately from 
 the root. 
 
 Radicating, sending out roots at the. 
 nodes or joints of the stem. 
 
 Radicle, 175. 
 
 Ramealj belonging to the branches. 
 
 Ramenta, the scales or persistent re- 
 mains of leaves or other parts of 
 the plant. 
 
 Ramentaceous, covered with r -amenta. 
 
 Ramose, branching. 
 
 Raphe, the linear ridge on one side 
 of the anatropous or inverted ovule, 
 formed by the adhesion of a part 
 of the funicle. 
 
 Ray, the diverging florets or petals 
 which form the outside of radiate 
 flowers, cymes, and umbels. 
 
 Receptacle, 83. 
 
 Reclined or reclinate, bending over, 
 with the end inclining toward the 
 ground. 
 
 Recurved, curved backwards. 
 
 Reduplicate, with the edges folded or 
 turned outwards. 
 
 Rejlexed, bent backwards, more than 
 recurved. 
 
XXV111 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Regular, having the parts equal and 
 uniform; as the divisions of the 
 calyx or corolla, 
 
 Reniform, kidney-shaped, heart- 
 shaped without the point. 
 
 Repand, slightly wavy or serpentine 
 at the edge. 
 
 Resupinate, turned upside down ; as 
 the corolla of TricJwstema. 
 
 Reticulate, net-like, having veins 
 distributed like net- work. 
 
 Relrose or retrorsely, pointing back- 
 wards or downwards. 
 
 Rhizoma, 15. 
 
 Rhomboid, having 4 sides with un- 
 equal angles. 
 
 Ribbed, marked with parallel ridges 
 or veins. 
 
 Ribs, parallel ridges or nerves exten- 
 ding from near the base to the apex. 
 
 Rlngent, gaping, with an upper and 
 under lip ; as in some of the La- 
 biatse. 
 
 Rooting, sending out lateral roots. 
 
 Rostrate, furnished with a beak. 
 
 Rosulate, arranged in the form of a 
 rosette. 
 
 Rotate, wheel-shaped ; applied to a 
 monopetalous corolla, the limb of 
 which is flat and tube very short. 
 
 Rough, covered with points, dots or 
 hairs, which are rough to the touch. 
 
 Rudiment, a term applied to an or- 
 gan that is imperfectly developed. 
 
 Rufescent, becoming reddish-orange 
 or rusty. 
 
 Rufous, reddish-brown or rust -col- 
 ored. 
 
 Rugose, wrinkled ; as the leaves of 
 Sage. 
 
 Rugulose, finely wrinkled. 
 
 Runcinate, feaving large teeth point- 
 ing backward ; as the leaves of the 
 Dandelion. 
 
 Runners, 16.- 
 
 Saccate, bagged, having a bag or 
 
 pouch ; as in many petals. 
 Sagittate, arrow-shaped, like the 
 
 head of an arrow. 
 Salver-shaped, tubular, with the limb 
 
 flatly or horizontally expanded. 
 Samara, 148. 
 Sarcocarp, the fleshy portion of a 
 
 pericarp. 
 Sarmentose, running on the ground 
 
 and striking roots from the joints. 
 
 Scabrous, rough with little asperi- 
 ties. 
 
 Scales, any small processes resem- 
 bling minute leaves ; also the leaves 
 of the involucre of Compositae. 
 
 Scandent, climbing, usually by ten- 
 drils. 
 
 Scape, 58. 
 
 Scarious, having a thin membranous 
 margin ; as in the calyx scales of 
 Liatris scariosa. 
 
 Scattered, irregularly and thinly ar- 
 ranged. 
 
 Scions, lateral shoots or offsets from 
 the root. 
 
 Scrobiculate, excavated into little pits 
 or hollows. 
 
 Scutellate, shaped like a target or 
 shield. 
 
 Secund, arranged on one side only, 
 the same as unilateral. 
 
 Segment, a part or principal division 
 of a leaf, calyx or corolla. 
 
 Semi, half. 
 
 Semtbivalved, half divided into two 
 valves. 
 
 Sepaloid, like sepals, not petal-like. 
 
 Sepals, 76. 
 
 Septicidal dehiscence, 138. 
 
 Septiferous, bearing a septum. 
 
 Septifragal dehiscence, when the 
 dissepiments remain united to the 
 axis, while the valves separate 
 from them ; as in the Pea. 
 
 Septum, the partition which divides 
 the interior of the fruit. 
 
 Sericeous, silky. 
 
 Serrate, notched like the teeth of a 
 saw, the points tending upward. 
 
 Serrulate, minutely serrate. 
 
 Sessile, placed immediately on the 
 stem without the intervention of a 
 stalk. 
 
 Seta, a bristle. 
 
 Setaceous, bristle-like. 
 
 Setiform, formed like a bristle. 
 
 Setose, covered with bristles. 
 
 Sheath, a tubular or folded leafy por- 
 tion enclosing the stem ; as in the 
 Grasses. 
 
 Sheathed, embraced by a sheath. 
 
 Sheathing, embracing the stem with 
 a sheath. 
 
 Shining, glossy, smooth and polished. 
 
 Silique, 154. 
 
 Siliquose, having siliques. 
 
GLOSSARY OB" BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Simple, not divided branched or com- 
 pound. 
 
 Sinuate , having sinuses at the edge. 
 
 Sinuate-dentate or sinuate-toothed, 
 sinuate-serrate, having teeth or ser- 
 ratures, with the clefts rounded at 
 the bottom. 
 
 Sinus, a large rounded indentation 
 or cavity. 
 
 Soboliferous, producing young plants 
 from the roots. 
 
 Son, plural of Sorus, small clusters 
 of minute capsules or spore-cases 
 on the back of the fronds of ferns. 
 
 Spadix 64. 
 
 Spatkaceous, having or resembling a 
 spathe. 
 
 Spathe, a sheathing calyx opening 
 lengthwise on one side, and con- 
 sisting of one or more valves. 
 
 Spatulate or spathulate, obtuse or 
 large at the end and gradually ta- 
 pering into a stalk at base. 
 
 Spermoderm, the skin of a seed. 
 
 Spike, 63. ' 
 
 Spikelet, a small spike, the subdivision 
 of a compound spike ; as in many 
 of the Grasses. 
 
 Spindle-skaped, see Fusiform. 
 
 Spine, 27. 
 
 Spinulose, covered with small spines, 
 
 Spore or Sporule, that part in cryp- 
 togamous plants which answers to 
 the seed of other plants. 
 
 Spur, a sharp hollow projection from 
 a flower commonly called the nec- 
 tary. 
 
 Spurred, having spur-like elonga- 
 tions. 
 
 Squamiform, scale-shaped, 
 
 Squamose, scaly. 
 
 Squarrose or squarrous, ragged, hav- 
 ing reflected or divergent scales. 
 
 Staminate, having stamens but not 
 pistils. 
 
 Staminifcrous, bearing or supporting 
 the stamens. 
 
 Standard, see Banner. 
 
 Stellate, like a star. 
 
 Stellular pubescence, hairs with 
 branches like rays. 
 
 Stem, 13. 
 
 Stemless, 14. 
 
 Sterile, barren, producing no fruit. 
 
 Stigma, 111. 
 
 Stigmatiferous or stigmatose, bearing 
 or belonging to the stigma. 
 
 Stipe, the stem of a fern or fungus ; 
 also the little footstalk of seeds, 
 &c. ; as in the Dandelion. 
 
 Stipitate, having or supported on a 
 stipe. 
 
 Stipular, belonging to stipules. 
 
 Stipule, 47. 
 
 SMoniferous, having scions or run- 
 ning shoots. 
 
 Stria, fine parallel ridges streaks or 
 furrows. 
 
 Striate, marked with striae. 
 
 Strict, straight and stiffly erect. 
 
 Strigose, clothed with bristly and ap- 
 pressed hairs. 
 
 Strobile, 161. 
 
 Strophiolate, surrounded by protube- 
 rances. 
 
 Style, 112. 
 
 Stylopodium, the thickened foot or 
 base of the style which is confluent 
 with the epigynous disk ; as in the 
 Umbelliferae. 
 
 Sub, a particle prefixed to various 
 terms, to imply the existence of a 
 a diminutive or inferior 
 
 .egree, as 
 Subacute, somewhat acute, less than 
 
 acute, &c. 
 Suberose, cork-like. 
 Subserrate, slightly serrate. 
 Subsessile, nearly sessile. 
 Subulate, awl-shaped, narrow, stiff, 
 
 and sharp-pointed. 
 Succulent, juicy. 
 Sucker, a shoot from the root or 
 
 lower part of the stem. 
 Suffrutescent, almost shrubby. 
 Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby at 
 
 base. 
 
 Sulcate, furrowed or grooved. 
 Superior, above; a term applied to 
 
 the ovary when it is above the 
 
 calyx, &c. 
 
 Surculose, with suckers or offsets. 
 Suture, 137. 
 
 Tendril, a filiform appendage of cer- 
 tain vines, which supports them 
 by twining round other objects. 
 
 Terete, round, either cylindric or ta- 
 pering. 
 
 Terminal, extreme, situated at the 
 end. 
 
 Ternatc, three together; as the leaves 
 of common Clover. 
 
XXX 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 Tessellated, in little squares or 1 
 checkers, like a chess-board. 
 
 Testa, 168. 
 
 Tetramerous, of four parts or con- 
 stituent portions. 
 
 T/wrn, see Spine. 
 
 Throat, the passage into the tube of 
 a corolla. 
 
 Thyrse, 69. 
 
 Thyrsoid, resembling or in the form 
 of a thyrse. 
 
 Tomentose, downy, covered with fine 
 matted pubescence. 
 
 Toothed, divided so as to resemble 
 teeth. 
 
 Torose, uneven ; alternately elevated 
 and depressed. 
 
 Tortuous, bent in various directions. 
 
 Torulose, slightly torose. 
 
 Torus, 83. 
 
 Transverse, transversely, across, 
 crosswise. 
 
 Trichotomous, 3-forked. 
 
 T/'icoccous, of three cocci or separa- 
 ble indehiscent carpels. 
 
 Trifarious, pointing in three direc- 
 tions. 
 
 Trifid, 3-cleft. 
 
 Trifoliate, 3-leaved, see Ternate. 
 
 Trigonous, 3-cornered. 
 
 Trilobate, 3-lobed. 
 
 Tiilocular, 3-celled. 
 
 Tripartite, 3-parted. 
 
 Tripinnate, thrice-pinnate, when the 
 leafets of a bipinnate leaf become 
 pinnate. 
 
 Tnpinnatifid, pinnately divided, with 
 the primary divisions twice pinna- 
 tifid. 
 
 TripUnerved, with three principal 
 nerves from the base. 
 
 Triquetrous, having three sides or 
 angles. 
 
 Tritenia'e. thrice ternate, when the 
 leafets of a, biternate leaf become 
 ternate. 
 
 Truncate, having a square termina- 
 tion as if cut off. 
 
 Tube, a pipe or hollow cylinder, ap- 
 plied to that of a monopetalous 
 corolla formed by the united claws. 
 
 Tuber, 119. 
 
 Tuberculatc, covered with knobs or 
 tubercles. 
 
 Tuberous or tuberiferous, bearing 
 tubers, 119. 
 
 ^ shaped like a tube; in a 
 
 compound flower, the florets which 
 are not ligulate are called tu- 
 bular. 
 
 Tuft, a branch growing from the 
 same root. 
 
 Tumid, swelling or enlarged. 
 
 Tunicate, coated with concentric 
 layers ; as the Onion. 
 
 Turbinate, shaped like a top or pear. 
 
 Tu,rion, a thick, tender young shoot ; 
 as of Asparagus. 
 
 Twin, two of the same kind growing 
 together. 
 
 Twining, winding round and as- 
 cending spirally. 
 
 Umbel, 66. 
 
 Umbellate, like an umbel. 
 
 UmbeUet, a partial umbel ; one of the 
 
 subdivisions of a compound umbel. 
 Umbelliferous, bearing umbels. 
 Umbilicate, marked with a central 
 
 depression. 
 
 Unarmed, without prickles or thorns. 
 Uncinate, hooked, hook-shaped. 
 Undulate, wavy, serpentine, gently 
 
 rising and falling. 
 Unequal, the parts not corresponding 
 
 in length, form, &c. 
 Unguicidate, inserted by a claw, 82. 
 Uniform, in one form or manner. 
 Unilateral, growing all on one side, 
 
 or with the flowers leaning to one 
 
 side. 
 Unisexual, of one sex, staminate or 
 
 pistillate only. 
 Urceolate, pitcher-shaped, swelling 
 
 in the middle and slightly con- 
 tracted at top. 
 Utricle, 145. 
 
 Valvatc aestivation, when the sepals 
 
 or petals are folded together and 
 
 fit by their margins only. 
 Valves, the segments or parts of a 
 
 seed-vessel into which it finally 
 
 separates, 136; also the leaves 
 
 which make up a glume or spathe. 
 Valvular or valved, consisting of 
 
 valves or seed-cells. 
 Var. (varietas}, a variety of a species, 
 
 not specifically distinct. 
 Vaulted, arched over, with a concave 
 
 covering. 
 Veined, having the divisions of the 
 
 petiole irregularly branched on the 
 
 under side of the leaf. 
 
GLOSSARY OF F5OTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 Venation, in reference to the leaf: : 
 
 the distribution of veins or the | 
 
 frame-work. 
 
 Ventricose, swelling, inflated. 
 Vernation, the mode in which young 
 
 leaves are folded in the bud. 
 Verrucose, warty, covered with little 
 
 protuberances. 
 Versatile, swinging lightly on a stalk 
 
 so as to be continually changing 
 
 direction. 
 
 Vertical, perpendicular. 
 Verticil or whorl, flowers or leaves 
 
 arranged around the stem in a 
 
 horizontal ring. 
 VerticiUaster or verticillaslrum, a 
 
 false whorl or verticil ; a condensed 
 
 cyme or cluster, as in sonte of the 
 
 Labiatffi. 
 VerticULate, arranged in a verticil or 
 
 whorl. 
 Vesicular, made up of vesicles or little 
 
 bladders. 
 Vesicidose, bladder-like. 
 
 Villous or villose, hairy, the hairs 
 
 long and soft. 
 Virescent, becoming green. 
 Virgaie, long and slender, wand-like 
 Viridescent, greenish. 
 Virose, poisonous, nauseous and 
 
 strong to the smell. 
 Viscid or viscous, thick, glutinous, 
 
 covered with adhesive juice. 
 Viviparous, producing a collateral 
 
 offspring by means of bulbs. 
 
 Wedge-shaped, formed like a wedge, 
 and commonly rounded at the 
 largest end. 
 
 Wheel-shaped, see Rotate. 
 
 Whorl, see Verticil. 
 
 Winged, having the sides extended 
 into a leafy expansion. 
 
 Wings, the two lateral petals of a 
 papilionaceous flower, 81. 
 
 Woolly, clothed with a matted pubes- 
 cence, resembling wool. 
 
TABLE OF LINN^AN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS. 
 
 Div. I. Plants with conspicuous flowers. PHANEROGAMIA. 
 
 A. Stamens and pistils in the same flower. 
 
 * Stamens free and equal. 
 
 CL. 1. MONANDRIA, with 1 stamen. 6. HEXANDRIA, with 6 stamens. 
 
 2. DIANDRIA, 2 stamens. 7. HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens. 
 
 3. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens. 8. OCTANDRIA, 8 stamens. 
 
 4. TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens. 9. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens. 
 
 5. PENTANDRIA, 5 stamens. 10. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens 
 *11. DODECANDRIA, 11 to 19 stamens. 
 
 12. ICOSANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the calyx. 
 
 13. POLYANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the re- 
 
 ceptacle. 
 
 ORDERS. In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number of 
 pistils, and they are named Monogynia 1. Digynia 2. Trigynia 3. Tetragynia 
 4. Pentagynia 5. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 7. Octagynia 8. Enneagynia 9. 
 Decagynia 10. Polygynia more than 10. 
 
 ** Stamens free, unequal. 
 
 14. DIDYNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others. 
 
 Two orders. 1. Gymnospermia, the seeds naked. 2. Angiospermia, the seeds 
 enclosed in a pericarp. 
 
 15. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others. 
 
 Two orders. 1. Siliculosa, fruit a silicle or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a long 
 pod or silique. 
 
 *** Filaments united. 
 
 16. MONADELPHIA, filaments forming 1 set- 
 
 17. DIADELPHIA, filaments forming 2 sets. 
 
 *18. POLYADELPHIA, filaments forming more than 2 sets. 
 Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as the 
 first 13 classes. 
 
 **** Anthers united. 
 
 19. SYNGENESIA, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flowers.) 
 Five orders. 1. Polygamia JEqualis. florets all perfect. 2. P. Superflua, 
 
 disk florets perfect, rays pistilliferous. 3. P. Frustranea, disk perfect, rays neutral. 
 4. P. Necessaria, disk with stamens, rays with a pistil. 5. P. Segregata, with 
 a perianth to each floret. 
 
 ***** Anthers united to the pistil. 
 
 20. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandrfa, &,c. 
 B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers. 
 
 21. MONCE'CIA, stamens and pistils on the same individuals. 
 
 22. DICECIA, stamens and pistils on different individuals. 
 
 Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where there is a 
 union of the filaments ; then named Monadelphia, &c. 
 
 *23. POLYGAMIA, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same or dif- 
 ferent individuals. 
 
 Three orders. Monoecia, Dicecia, Tricecia. 
 
 Div. II. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 24. CRYPTOGAMIA, having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 Six orders, viz., 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Alga. 4. Fungi. 5. Hepaticce, 
 6. Lichenes. 
 
 * The classes marked thus, viz. Dodecandria, Polyadelphia, and Polygamia, have 
 been discarded by most American botanists. They comprise, at least in the States to 
 which this work is principally devoted, but few genera, and these, being variable in 
 their characters, can be very well distributed among the other classes. 
 
SYNOPSIS OP THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK, 
 ACCORDING TO THE LINN^AN SYSTEM ; 
 
 WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 CLASS I. MONANDRIA.-1 Stamen. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil 
 
 SALICORNIA. Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Style 
 bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged perianth. Chenopodi- 
 acea, p. 299. 
 
 HIPPURIS. Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary ; the limb minute, 
 entire. Petals none. Style received into the groove of the anther. Fruit 
 1 -seeded. Haloragacea, p. 113. 
 
 HEMICARPHA. Flowers glumaceous. Scales very numerous, deciduous. 
 Valve single, opposite the scale. Style 2-cleft. Acnenium oblong. Cypc- 
 racetz, p. 399. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 CALLITRICHE. Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid. 
 Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. Capsule compressed, 
 4-celled, indehiscent. Haloragacea, p. 113. 
 
 BLITUM. Perianth single, 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Utricle compressed, 
 covered with the perianth. Ckenopodiacece, p. 299. 
 
 CLASS IL DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil 
 
 * Perianth double, inferior, \-petalled, regular. 
 
 LUSTRUM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. Stigma 2-cleft. 
 Berry globose, 2-celled; cells 1 2-seeded. Oleacets, p. 229. 
 
 CHIONANTHUS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long 
 and linear. Drupe 1-seeded. Oleaceez, p. 229. 
 
 ** Perianth double, inferior, \-petalled, irregular. 
 
 VERONICA. Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed ; 
 the lower segments narrower. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Scrophula- 
 riacea, p. 264. 
 
 LEPTANDRA. Calyx 5-parted; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular; 
 border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower segment narrower. Capsule 2- 
 celled, many-seeded. Scrophulariacece, p. 266. 
 
 GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
 tubular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid ; lower one 3-lobed. 
 Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. Scrophula- 
 , p. 262. 
 
 LINDERNIA. Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla ringent ; upper lip 
 short, reflexed, emarginate ; lower one trifid, unequal. Capsule . ovoid- 
 oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment parallel with the valves. Scrophu- 
 lariacea, p. 263. 
 
 B2* 
 
XXXIV LINN-fflAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 HEMIANTHUS. Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-toothed. 
 Corolla with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted ; intermediate seg- 
 ment ligulate and truncate, much longer and closely incurved. Capsule 
 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Scrophulariacece, p. 263. 
 
 CATALPA. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ventricose ; limb 
 5-lobed, unequal. Stigma in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric, 
 2-valved. Seeds membranaceously winged. Bignoniacece, p. 242. 
 
 JUSTICJA. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla ir- 
 regular, bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-cleft. Anthers 1 or 2 
 on each filament. Capsule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved. Acanthacece. 
 p. 286. 
 
 UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla 
 personate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stigma 2-lipped. Cap- 
 sule globose, 1-celled. Lentibulariacece, p. 287. 
 
 PINGUICULA. Calyx 4 5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the 
 base beneath. Stigma of 2 plates or lobes. Capsule 1-celled. Lentibula- 
 riacees, p. 287. 
 
 ELATING. Calyx 2 4-parted. Petals 24. Capsule 2 4-valved; 
 margin of the valves not introflexed. Elatinacece, p. 53. 
 
 OBS. The remaining genera of this division have the corolla more or less 
 bilabiate, and four naked seeds or achenia enclosed within the persistent 
 calyx. They form, with the plants of Didynamia Gymnospermia, (from 
 which indeed they only differ in having two of the stamens abortive,) the 
 Natural Order Labiata, p. 270. 
 
 *** Perianth double, superior. 
 
 CIRCJEA. Calyx short; limb 2-parted. Petals 2. Stigma emarginate. 
 Capsule obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved 2-seeded. 
 Onagracece, p. 111. 
 
 **** Perianth single or none. 
 
 LEMNA. Spathe membranaceous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta- 
 mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved. Stigma 
 flat. Fruit a utricle. Pistiaceee, p. 384. 
 
 CLADIUM. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 2-flowered. Scales few, 
 imbricate in a somewhat trifarious manner; the lowest empty. Bristles 
 none. Style 2 3-cleft. Achenium globose-ovoid. Cyperacece, p. 399. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two 
 lower flowers neutral, and each consisting of a single awned palea ; the 
 upper flower perfect, of two paleae, nearly equal, short, awnless. Gram- 
 minacece, p. 437. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. 
 
 ORDER L MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 * Perianth double, superior. 
 
 FEDIA. Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla 
 tubular, not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular. Fruit 
 3-celled; 2 cells empty, (sometimes confluent into one,) the other 1 -seeded. 
 Valerianacece, p. 153. 
 
OP THE GENERA. XXXV 
 
 VALERUNA. Calyx with the limb involute, and at length evolved in a 
 deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with the tube obconic or cylindric, 
 equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 
 celled, 1-seeded. Valerianacca, p. 153. 
 
 ** Perianth single, superior. 
 
 IRIS. Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the others 
 erect. Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the stamens. Iridacea:, p. 333. 
 
 LACHNANTHES. Perianth 6-cleft; segments unequal. Stigma minutely 
 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, truncate, many-seeded. Hcemodaracece, p. 376. 
 
 *** Perianth double, inferior. 
 
 COMMELYNA. Perianth in 2 rows ; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine ; 
 inner 3-leaved, petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one valve abortive. 
 Commelynacece, p. 377. 
 
 XYRIS. Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments 
 somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid ; the segments with long nearly 
 distinct claws and dilated laminae. Capsule 1-celled. Xiiridacea, p. 371. 
 
 **** Perianth single, inferior. 
 
 SCHOLLERA. Spathe 1 -flowered. Perianth with a long slender tubej 
 limb deeply 6-parted. Anthers similar, oblong-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed. 
 Capsule l-celled. Pontederacece, p. 370. 
 
 HETERANTHERA. Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long slender 
 tube ; border 6-parted, equal. Anthers of two forms. Capsule 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. Pontederacea, p. 369. 
 
 SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored ; limb 
 flat, 7-cleft ; the lobes equal ; tube short. Filaments mostly united below. 
 Stigmas 3. Capsule pedicellate, roundish-triangular. Iridacea, p. 354. 
 
 ***** Flowers glumacemis (dry and chaffy.} 
 
 OBS. All the genera of this division belong to the Subclass GLUMACEALS, 
 >. 387,) and all ea 
 Order Cfperacetz, p. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 OBS. All the genera of this order are proper grasses, Graminacea, p. 418. 
 The family is so entirely natural that it is unnecessary to repeat the generic 
 descriptions. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 
 
 MOLLUGO. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3- 
 celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllaeece, p. 47. 
 
 LECHEA. Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, per- 
 sistent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. 
 Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Cistacea, p. 35. 
 
 PROSBRPINACA. Calyx superior, the tube adhering to the triquetrous 
 ovary ; limb 3-parted. Petals none. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-celled. Halo- 
 ragacece, p. 111. 
 
 (p. 387,) and all except Cenchrus, Spartina, and Oryzopsis, belong to the 
 
XXXVI LINNJEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens, equal in height. 
 ORDER L MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 * Perianth double. Corolla l-petalkd, superior. 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers in a globose head. Calyx small, angular, in- 
 versely pyramidal, 4-cIeft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Capsule 2- 
 celled, 2-seeded (mostlv 2-parted.) Receptacle globose, hairy. Rubiacetz, 
 p. 150. 
 
 DIPSACUS. Flowers collected in an ovoid or roundish head. Common 
 calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved ; proper superior, of one leaf. 
 Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Fruit crowned by the limb of the calyx. Dipsa- 
 cacece, p. 154. 
 
 GALIUM. Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly 
 wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, (very rarely 3-parted). Fruit didymous, 
 roundish, rarely oblong. Rubiacece, p. 151. 
 
 DIODIA. Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, 2 4-toothed. Corolla 
 funnel-form, 4-lobed. Fruit crowned with the calyx, 2-celled, bipartite. 
 Rubiacctz, p. 151. 
 
 HEDYOTIS. Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
 nel-form, salver-form or rotate, 4-parted. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 
 opening transversely at the top, many-seeded. Rubiacete, p. 149. 
 
 MITCHELLA. Flowers in pairs with their ovaries united. Calyx 4- 
 toothed. Corolla funnel-form; tube cylindric; limb 4-parted, spreading, 
 villous on the inner side. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. 
 RubiacefE, p. 150. 
 
 LINNJEA. Calyx with the tube ovate; limb 5-parted. Corolla turbi- 
 nate, subcamnanulate, 5-lobed. Stigma globose. Berry dry, small, ovoid- 
 globose, 3-celied (one cell only bearing a perfect seed.) Caprifoliacecs, 
 p. 149. 
 
 ** Perianth double (rarely single.') Corolla many-petalled, (rarely none,) 
 superior. 
 
 6oRNtis. Calyx adherent to the ovary; the limb minute, 4-toothed. 
 Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Drupe with the cells not united. Cornacece, 
 p. 142. 
 
 ISNARDIA. Calyx with the tube ovate or sub-cylindric, short, adhering 
 to the ovary ; limb 4-parted. Petals 4, often minute or wanting. Capsule 
 short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded. Onagracece, p. 110. 
 
 SANGUISORBA. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft, 
 with 2 3 scales*at base externally. Petals none. Achenium dry, included 
 in the hardened 4-winged calyx tube. Sanguisorbace<z, p. 106. 
 
 *** Perianth double. Corolla, I-petalled, inferior. 
 
 PLANTAGO. Calyx 4- (rarely 3)- parted. Corolla 4-cleft; border re- 
 flexed. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2 4-celled, opening trans- 
 versely. Plantaginacea, p. 293. 
 
 CENTAURELLA. Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 
 4-parted. Stigma thick, glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 
 2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla. 
 Gentianace<K) p. 240. 
 
0V THE GENERA. XXXV11 
 
 EXACUM. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube globose. 
 Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Gentianacea 
 p. 240. 
 
 SWERTIA. Calyx 4 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 5-parted; the seg- 
 ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each. Stigmas 
 2-lobed, (rarely 2.) Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentiana- 
 cea, p. 238. 
 
 FRASERA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1 or 
 2 fringed glands on each lobe. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved. 
 Seeds few, large, winged. Gentianacece , p. 238. 
 
 HALENIA. Calyx 4 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4 5-cleft; the 
 lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at the base. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentianacece, p. 237. 
 
 OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
 4-cleft. Stamens somewhat didynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the 
 corolla. Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. Orobanchacctf, p. 258. 
 
 (Some Gentidna, see CLASS V., ORDER II.) 
 
 * Perianth double. Carotta 4 5-petalled, inferior. 
 
 AMMANNIA. Calyx 4 5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into 
 teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Capsule globose or ovate, many- 
 seeded. L/ythracefB, p. 115. 
 
 PTELEA. Calyx mostly 4-sepalled. Petals much longer than the sepals. 
 Torus tumid, pentagonal. Samarse membranaceous, margined, 2-celled ; 
 cells 1 2-seeded. Zanthoxylacea, p. 68. 
 
 ***** Perianth single, inferior. 
 
 SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish, 
 covered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent. Berries 
 numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. Aracetz, p. 383. 
 
 ALCHEMILLA. Perianth with the tube somewhat contracted at the top ; 
 limb 8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Carpels 12, with a filiform 
 capitate style on the side, at length dry and 1-seeded. Sanguisorbacea, 
 p. 106. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistih. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. Calyx 4-lobed, with 2 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4, 
 long, ligulate. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. Hamame- 
 lidacefB, p. 141. 
 
 ORDER III. TETRAGYNIA.--1 Pistils. 
 
 ILEX. Calyx 4 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4 5-parted nearly to the 
 base, rotate. Stamens 4 5. Stigmas 45, sometimes united. Fruit 
 fleshy, with 4 5-ribbed or veined nucules. Aquifoliacea:, p. 227. 
 
 SAGTNA. Calyx 3 5-parted. Petals 4 5, or none. Capsule 1-celled, 
 4-valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllacece, p. 47. 
 
 TILLJEA. Calyx 3 4-parted. Petals 3 4, oblong, acuminate. Carpels 
 34, distinct, opening by the inner suture, 2 many-seeded. Crassulacea, 
 p. 121. 
 
XXXV111 LINN.EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 RUPPIA. Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath- 
 ing base of the leaves. Anthers large, peltate. Stigmas sessile, peltate. 
 Fruit drupaceous, pedicellate. Naiadacea, p. 386. 
 
 POTAMOGETON. Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spathe. 
 Perianth single, 4-leaved. Anthers nearly sessile, alternating with the 
 divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming four compressed and some*- 
 what cochleate nuts, Naiadacece, p. 386. 
 
 CLASS V. PENTANDRIA 5 Stamens. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 * Perianth double, inferior. Corolla l-petalled. Fruit consisting of four 
 naked nuts or seeds. 
 
 OBS. The genera of this division constitute the Natural Order Bora- 
 ginacete, p. 247. 
 
 ** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla l-petalled. Seeds covered with a dis- 
 tinct capsule. 
 
 ANAGALLIS. Calyx 5-parted, Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Filaments 
 hairy. Capsule globose, opening hemispherically, many-seeded. Primu- 
 I-acetx, p. 292. 
 
 LYSIMACHIA. Calyx 5 6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5 6- 
 parted. Capsule globose, 5 10-valved, dehiscent at the summit. Primu- 
 Lacete, p. 291. 
 
 PRIMULA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form ; tube cylin- 
 dric ; orifice open. Stigma globose. Capsule opening with 10 teeth. 
 Primulacece, p. 289. 
 
 DODECANTHEON. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, 
 the lobes reflexed. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. Primu- 
 lacece, p. 289. 
 
 HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 seated on the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule globose, 
 crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved. Primulaccce, p. 290. 
 
 MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; limb spreading, 
 5-lobed, equal, hairy within. Stigma 1 2-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, with 
 the axis of the valves seminiferous. Gentianacetz, p. 241. 
 
 LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes 
 bearded or- scaly at base, and furnished with glands. Stigma 2-lobed. 
 Capsule 1-celled, few-seeded. Gentianacetz, p. 241. 
 
 SABBATIA. Calyx 5 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 12-parted. Anthers 
 at length rev6lute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Gen- 
 tianacece, p. 238. 
 
 ERYTHRJEA. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; limb short; 
 5-cleft. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas 2. 
 Capsule linear, 1 2-celled, 2-valved. Gcnlianacecc, p. 239. 
 
 HYDROPHYLLCM. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses 
 mostly naked. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal margined 
 grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Filaments bearded in the 
 middle. Stigma bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds 
 mostly abortive. Hydrophyllaceez, p. 252. 
 
 PHACELU. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan- 
 
OF THE GENERA. XXXIX 
 
 ulate, caducous, 5-cIeft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales on the inside. 
 Stamens often exserted. Style bifid. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved. Hydro- 
 pkyllacea, p. 253. 
 
 COSMANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly 
 campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft ; tube without scales. Filaments slender, 
 about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in 
 the middle. Hydropkyllacea, p. 254. 
 
 SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate. 
 Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Anthers linear, erect, 2-lobed at base. Cap- 
 sule ovoid-compressed, didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded. Loganiacece, p. 235. 
 
 NICOTIAN. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; 
 the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2 4- 
 valved, many-seeded. Solanacete, p. 256. 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular, 
 lobes obtuse. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, opening with a lid. Sola- 
 nacea, p. 257. 
 
 CONVOLVULUS. Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Co- 
 rolla funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stigma capitate or lobed. 
 Capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved. Convolvulacece, p. 245. 
 
 PHLOX. Calyx prismatic, 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; tube long, 
 somewhat curved ; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted about the mid- 
 dle of the tube of the corolla, very unequal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3- 
 seeded. Polemoniace&, p. 243. 
 
 POLEMONIUM. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotale ; 
 tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments. Capsule ovoid, 
 obtuse, the cells many-seeded. Polemoniacelfs, p. 244. 
 
 DIAPENSIA. Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co- 
 rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into 
 the throat of the corolla Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Dia- 
 pensiacea, p. 247. 
 
 AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Style 
 straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. Erica- 
 cea, p. 219. 
 
 RHODODENDRON. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5- 
 cleft. Stamens 5 10, declinate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. 
 Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved. Ericacea;, p. 218. 
 
 *** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla \-petalkd. Fruit a berry. 
 
 SOLANUM. Calyx 5 10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 
 limb plaited, 5 10-cleft. Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening by two 
 pores. Berry 2 6-celled. Solanacece, p. 254. 
 
 PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla 
 campanulate-rotate; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed ; tube very short. An- 
 thers opening longitudinally. Berry 2-celled. Solanacetz, p. 255. 
 
 NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments 
 sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry ; the limb plaited and nearly entire. 
 Stamens incurved. Berry 3 5-celled, covered by the calyx. Solanaceee, 
 p. 256. 
 
Xl LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 **** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla i-petalkd. Fruit- a capsule. 
 
 CAMPANULA. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-clefl, usually campan- 
 ulate. Filaments broad and membranaceous at base. Stigmas 3 5, fili- 
 form. Capsule 3 5-celled, opening by 3 5 lateral valves. Campanula- 
 cea, p. 21 1. 
 
 SPECULARIA. Calyx 5- (sometimes 3 4-) lobed; the tube elongated, 
 prismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate. 5-lobed. Filaments membranaceous, 
 hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule elongated, prismatic, 
 3-celled, opening laterally by 3 valves near the summit, Campanulacea, 
 p. 211. 
 
 LOBELIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 
 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all, bearded at 
 the summit. Capsule 2 3-celled. opening at the summit. Lobeliacece, 
 p. 212. 
 
 DIERVILLA. Calyx with the tube oblong, bibracteate at base ; the limb 
 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. 
 Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1-celled, many- 
 seeded. Caprifoliaceee, p. 147. 
 
 SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver- 
 form, 5-parted, with 5 scales alternating with the lobes; tube short. Cap- 
 sule half-inferior, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening with 5 valves. Primu- 
 lacece, p. 292. 
 
 ***** Perianth double, superior. Corolla l-petalkd. Fruit a berry. 
 
 LONICERA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel- 
 form, 5-cleft, often irregular. Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, few-seeded. 
 Caprifoliacece, p. 147. 
 
 SYMPHORICARPUS. Calyx with the tube globose ; the limb small. 4 5- 
 toothed. Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4 5-lobed. Stigma subglobose. 
 Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 of the cells sometimes 
 abortive. Caprifoliaceee, p. 148. 
 
 TRIOSTEUM. Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5-parted ; lobes 
 linear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed, gibbous 
 at base. Stigma capitate. Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx, with 
 3 5 bony nucules. Caprifoliacece, p. 146, 
 
 ****** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4 6-petalled. Fruit a capsule. 
 
 IfEA. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; the teeth subulate. Petals 5, 
 lanceolate-linear, J -nerved. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted 
 from the base to the apex. Escalloniacea, p. 128. 
 
 IMPATIENS. Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irreg- 
 ular ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united. Capsule 
 prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved. opening elastically. BalsaminacecE, 
 p. 65. 
 
 VIOLA. Sepals 5, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, the lower one 
 spurred. Anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their back. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elaslically. Violacea, p. 36. 
 
 SOLEA. Sepals scarcely equal, not auricled at base, decurrent into a 
 pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the lowest one lobed and some- 
 what gibbous at base. Stamens cohering, the two lowest bearing a g.knd 
 above the middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Violacea, p. 40. 
 
OP THE GENERA. xli 
 
 CLAYTONIA. Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5, 
 obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Style 5-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
 valved, 3 5-seede<l. Portulacacea, p. 120. 
 
 CEANOTHUS. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad- 
 hering to the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched, with long claws. 
 Styles 2 3, united to the middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3- 
 seeded, 3-parted, opening on the inner side. Rhamnacea, p. 70. 
 
 EVONYMUS. Calyx 4 5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals 
 4 5. Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Capsule 
 with 3 5 angles, and as many cells and valves. Seeds with a colored 
 fleshy aril. Celastracece, p. 68. 
 
 CELASTRUS. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 5, small, unguiculate. 
 Ovary small, with JO striae, immersed in the disk. Stigma 3-lobed. Cap- 
 sule 2 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds enclosed in a 
 pulpy aril. Celastracece, p. 69. 
 
 ******* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4 5-petalkd. fruit a drupe 
 or berry. 
 
 VITIS. Calyx somewhat 4 5-toothed. Petals 4 5, cohering at the 
 apex, deciduous. Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1 4-seeded ; cells 
 and seeds often abortive. Vitacecc, p. 63. 
 
 AMPELOPIS. Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Stigma capitate. Ovary 
 not immersed in the disk. Berry 2 4-seeded. Vitacece, p. 62. 
 
 RHAMNUS. Calyx 4 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the 
 lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Style 2 4-cleft. 
 Fruit drupaceous, roundish, containing 2 4 cartilaginous nuts. Rham- 
 nacea, p. 70. 
 
 ******** Perianth double , superior. Corolla 4 5-petatted. 
 
 RISES. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4 5-parted. Petals 4 5, mi- 
 nute, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Style 2 4-cleft. Berry crowned 
 with the withered flower, 1-celled. Grossulariacece, p. 124. 
 
 ********* Perianth single. 
 
 HAMILTONIA. Polygamous. Perianth turbinate-campanulate, 5-cleft. 
 Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk. Stigmas 2 3, sublen- 
 ticular. Drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the 
 calyx. Santalacete, p. 308. 
 
 COMANDRA. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, colored ; the limb 5-cleft. 
 Stamens villous externally. Fruit somewhat drupaceous, dry, 1-celled, 
 crowned by the persistent perianth. Santalaceez, p. 307. 
 
 GLAUX. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Stigma cap- 
 itate. Capsule globose, 5-valved, few-seeded. Primulacece, p. 291. 
 
 ANYCHIA. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the 
 apex. Petals none. Stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiscent, utri- 
 cular, 1-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Illecebracece, p. 52. 
 
 ORDER II. D1GYMA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 * Perianth double, inferior. Corolla l-petatted. 
 
 APOCYNUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft ; the base 
 furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes. Anthers 
 
X LINN^AN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 sagittate, connivent, adhering to the stigma. Follicles slender, elongated, 
 coriaceous. Apocynacea, p. 231. 
 
 GONOLOBUS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal 
 crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers opening transversely, terminated by 
 a membrane. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Follicles 
 2, ventricose. Asclepiadacece, p. 235. 
 
 ASCLEPIAS. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the lobes lanceo- 
 late, reflexed. Stamineal crown 5-leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, 
 each mostly producing from its base a subulate averted process or little 
 horn. Pollen-masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their atten- 
 uated summits in the cells of the anthers. Follicles ventricose, smooth or 
 muricate. Asclepiadacea, p. 232. 
 
 GENTIANA. Calyx 4 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnel- 
 form or somewhat salver-form ; the limb 4 5-cleft, sometimes with inter- 
 mediate plaits. Stamens included. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Gentiana- 
 cea, p. 236. 
 
 CUSCUTA. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 5- 
 cleft. Filaments often with scales at the base. Capsule 2-celled, opening 
 all round transversely. Cuscutacecs, p. 246. 
 
 ** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 5-petalled. 
 
 HEUCHERA. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft. 
 Petals 5, small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 Saxifragacete, p. 127. 
 
 ***' Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-peUilled. Fruit fleshy. 
 
 PANAX. Calyx with the margin very short, and obsoletely 5-toothed. 
 Styles 2 3, short. Fruit fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2- 
 celled; cells 1-seeded. Araliacete, p. 141. 
 
 **** Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-petatted. Fruit of 2 carpels. 
 
 OBS. The genera of this division form the Natural Order Umbelliferaz, 
 p. 129. 
 
 ***** Perianth single. 
 
 ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect. STERLLR 
 FL. without bracts. Perianth 3 5-parted, without appendages. FERTILE 
 FL. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth none. Utricle compressed, partly in- 
 cluded in the bracts, 1-seeded. Chenopodiaceee, p. 298. 
 
 CHENOPODIUM. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not wholly envelop- 
 ing the fruit, Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular. Chenopndi- 
 acecp,, p. 296. 
 
 SALSOLA. Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit with its base, 
 and crowning it with its enlarged limb. Chenopodiacea, p. 299. 
 
 ULMUS. Perianth campanulate, 5 8-cleft. Stamens 5 8. Fruit (a 
 samara) flat, with a membranaceous border. Ulmace<z, p. 334. 
 
 CELTIS. Polygamous. STERILE FL. Perianth inferior, 5 6-parted. 
 PERFECT FL. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Ulma- 
 cea, p. 335. 
 
OF THE GENERA. 
 
 ORDER III. TRYGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 
 
 * Flowers superior. 
 
 VIBURNUM. Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Co- 
 rolla rotate, subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Berry ovate or globose, 
 1-seeded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Caprifoliacea, p. 144. 
 
 SAMBUCUS. Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or 
 urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1-celled, 3 5- 
 seeded. Caprifoliacece, p. 144. 
 
 ** Flowers inferior. 
 
 RHUS. Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. 
 Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed. Anacardiaceee, p. 71. 
 
 STAPHYLEA. Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored. Petals 5, imbricate. 
 Fruit a membranaceous inflated 2 3-celled capsule. Staphykacetz, p. 69. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRAGYNIA.-- 4 Pistils. 
 
 PARNASSIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales opposite to the 
 claws of the petals, terminating in glandular bristles at the apex. Capsule 
 1-celled, 4-valved. Seeds arillate. Droseracece, p. 41. 
 
 NEMOPANTHES. Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 
 scarcely conspicuous. Petals 3 5, distinct, oblong, linear, deciduous. 
 Stigmas 3 5, sessile. Fruit subglobose ; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony. 
 Aquifoliaceai, p. 228. 
 
 ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA, 5 Pistils. 
 
 ARAUA. Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 
 L), spreading. Berry 5-celled. Flowers in umbels. Araliaceee, p. 140. 
 
 STATICE. Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base. Fruit 
 a membranaceous utricle. Plumbaginacece, p. 293. 
 
 LINUM. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Filaments united 
 at base. Capsule subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seed solitary, ovate, 
 compressed. Linacece, p. 53. 
 
 SIBBALDIA. Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower. Pe- 
 tals 5, minute. Styles proceeding laterally from the germ. Capsules 5, 
 indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx, 1-seeded. Rosacece, p. 100. 
 
 DROSERA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Capsule superior, globose 
 or ovoid, 1 3-celled, 3 5-valved, many-seeded. Droscracea:, p. 41 . 
 
 (See Cerastium and Spergula in CLASS X.) 
 
 ORDER VI. HEXAGYNIA. Many Pistils. 
 
 ZANTHORIZA. Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalled. Petals 5. Ovaries 5 15, 
 pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membranaceous, compressed, 
 usually 1-seeded. JRanunculacctg, p. 14. 
 
 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA 6 Stamens, equal in height. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNJA. 1 Pistil. 
 * Perianth double or in two rows, inferior. 
 
 TRADESCANTIA. Perianth in 2 rows; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine; 
 inner one 3-leaved, petaloid. Filaments villous. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 
 2 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. ComrnelynacecE, p. 377. 
 
LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 BERBERIS. Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, 
 with 2 glands upon their claws. Berry 2 3-seeded. Berberidacece, p. 16. 
 
 LEONTICE. Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the 
 base within. Capsule 2 4-seeded. Seeds globose. Berberidacece, p. 17. 
 
 PRINOS. Flowers mostly dkecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4 6- 
 toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted. Fruit with 4 
 smooth bony nucules. Aquifoliacece, p. 228. 
 
 FLCERKIA. Calyx 3-sepalled. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Stig- 
 mas 3 5. Fruit indehiscent, winged. Tropteolacece, p. 66. 
 
 ** Perianth single, petaloid, issuing from a spathe. 
 
 AMARYLLIS. Perianth superior. 6-parted, unequal. Stamens arising 
 from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Stigma 3-lobed. 
 Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Amaryllidatece, p. 354. 
 
 ALLIUM. Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth 
 inferior, 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Filaments sometimes tri- 
 cuspidate. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and 
 rough. Liliacece, p. 363. 
 
 PONTEDERIA. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; under side of the tube 
 perforated with a longitudinal foramen; the lower part persistent, calycine. 
 Stamens unequally inserted. Utricle muricate. Pontederacece, p. 369. 
 
 *** Perianth single, petaloi d, destitute of a spathe. 
 
 ALETRIS. Perianth inferior, tubular, or tubular-campanulate, 6-cleft, 
 rugose. Stamens inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous. 
 Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. Hezmodoracea, 
 p. 376. 
 
 HYPOXIS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, 
 narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked. 
 Hypoxidacete, p. 355. 
 
 LOPHIOLA. Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Filaments 
 naked. Capsule opening at the summit. Liliacece, p. 364. 
 
 AGAVE. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens exserted. Anthers versa- 
 tile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. AmaryUidacefB, p. 355. 
 
 HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted ; tube cylindric ; limb cam- 
 panulate, marcescent. Stamens declined. Capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded. Liliacccs, p. 363. 
 
 ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, spreading above. 
 Filaments dilated at base. Capsule roundish-angular, 3-celled. Seeds 
 few, black arid rough. LiliacecE, p. 364. 
 
 NARTHECIUM. Perianth inferior, of 6 linear spreading pieces. Filaments 
 hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds with an appendage at each ex- 
 tremity. Juncacea;, p. 375. 
 
 ASPARAGUS. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, subcampanulate, the segments 
 spreading at the apex. Anthers peltate. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
 Liliacea;, p. 364. 
 
 ERYTHRONIUM. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 6-parted ; segments 
 reflexed ; the 3 inner with a callous tooth on each side near the base and 
 a nectariferous pore. Capsule narrowed at base or substipitatej 3-celled. 
 Liliacecs, p. 362. 
 
OF THE GENERA. xlv 
 
 JLiLiUM. Perianth inferior, campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments with 
 a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens adhering to the base of the 
 perianth. Style elongated. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with numerous seeds. 
 Ltiliacece, p. 361. 
 
 UVULARIA. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect ; segments with a 
 nectariferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the anthers. 
 Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled. Melanthacete, p. 367. 
 
 CLINTONU. Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at 
 the base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry 2-celled ; 
 cells many-seeded. Smilace<z, p. 358. 
 
 SMILACINA. Perianth inferior, 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens 
 as many as the segments of the perianth, and inserted at their base. Berry 
 globose, pulpy, 1 3-seeded. Smilacece, p. 357. 
 
 POLYGONATUM. Perianth inferior, tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted 
 near the summit of the tube. Berry subglobose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
 Smilacece, p. 359. 
 
 STREPTOPUS. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, campanulate at base ; the 
 3 inner leaves carinate. Stamens inserted at the base of the leaves. An- 
 thers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Stigma obtuse. Berry globose, 
 3-celled. Melanlhacea, p. 368. 
 
 PROSARTES. Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate-spreading ; the leafets with 
 a nectariferous pit or saccate at base. Filaments inserted at the base of 
 the perianth. Stigmas short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled. Melantha- 
 cea, p. 368. 
 
 **** Perianth single, calyx-like, on a spadix. 
 
 ORONTIUM. Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. 
 Perianth of 4 6 truncate concave sepals. Ovary superior. Stigma ses- 
 sile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1-seeded. Aracea, p. 383. 
 
 ACORUS. Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix cylindric, 
 covered with flowers. Perianth inferior, glumaceous, 6-leaved. Stigma 
 minute, sessile. Fruit baccate or capsular. Aracea, p. 383. 
 
 ***** Perianth single, glumaceous. 
 
 JUNCUS. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Stigmas 3, subsessile. 
 Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Juncacece, p. 372.- 
 
 LUZULA. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Filaments smooth. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, sometimes with an appendage at one 
 end. Juncacece, p. 372. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 OXYRIA. Perianth 4-leaved, two inner ones larger. Nut triquetrous, 
 with a broad winged membranous margin. Polygonacece, p. 305. 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 
 
 RUMEX. Perianth 6-leaved; the three inner leaves somewhat colored, 
 larger, often with tubercles on the outside and closing in a valvate manner 
 over the fruit. Stigmas many-cleft. Nut triquetrous. Polygonacea, p. 304. 
 
 ZYGADENUS. Rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6-parted ; segments 
 spreading, without claws, with two glands at the base of each. Filaments 
 dilated at base. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled; cells 6 10-seeded. Me- 
 lanlhacea, p. 365. 
 
LINN.EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 MELANTHIUM. Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ; 
 segments unguiculate, with two glands at the base. Stamens on the claws 
 of the perianth. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled, many-seeded. Melantka- 
 cete, p. 365. 
 
 VERATRUM. Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread- 
 ing, persistent ; the segments sessile and without glands. Stamens on the 
 receptacle. Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels distinct 
 at the summit, many-seeded. Melanthacece, p. 366. 
 
 HELONIAS. Sometimes dioecious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, spread- 
 ing ; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens at length exceeding 
 the perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-horned. MelantJiacece, p. 366. 
 
 XEROPHYLLUM. Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens contigu- 
 ous at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule subglobose, 
 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the summit. Melanthacece, p. 366. 
 
 TOFIELDIA. Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Stamens 
 smooth. Capsule 3 6-celled; cells united at base, many-seeded. Melan- 
 thacecc, p. 366. 
 
 SCHEUCHZERIA. Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves; the 
 3 inner ones narrower. Anthers on slender filaments. Capsules 3, inflated, 
 united at base, 1 2-seeded. Jwncaginacea, p. 380. 
 
 TRIGLOCHIN. Perianth 6-leaved, somewhat colored, deciduous; leaves 
 concave. Anthers subsessile. Capsules 3 6, united by a longitudinal re- 
 ceptacle from which they usually separate at the base, 1-seeded. Juncagi- 
 iiacece, p. 379. 
 
 MEDEOLA. Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, revolute. Stamens inserted at 
 the base of the perianth. Styles filiform, elongated, divaricate. Berry 
 3-celled. TriUiacece, p. 359. 
 
 TRILLIUM. Perianth deeply 6-parted ; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread- 
 ing ; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens inserted at the base of the seg- 
 ments, nearly equal. 'Styles stigmatose on the inside. Berry ovoid, 3- 
 celled. Trilliacca, p. 360. 
 
 SAURURUS. Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered. Corolla 
 none. Fruit 3- or 4-celled ; the carpels easily separating at maturity, 1- 
 (rarely 2-) seeded, not opening. Saururacece, p. 318. 
 
 ORDER IV. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils. 
 
 ALISMA. Perianth 6-leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 inner 
 colored, petaloid. deciduous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1-seeded, crowned 
 with the persistent style. Alismacece, p. 379. 
 
 * CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. 7 Stamens. 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 TRIENTALIS. Calyx deeply 6 8-parted. Corolla deeply 6 8-parted, 
 rotate. Stamens 68 (mostly 7.) Capsule globose, somewhat fleshy, 
 (berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved. Primulacece, p. 290. 
 
 ^ESCULUS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4 5, more or less 
 unequal. Filaments recurved backward. Fruit coriaceous. 
 iiacefe, p. 62. 
 
 (Vlmus in CLASS V., ORDER II.) 
 
OF THE GENERA. 
 
 CLASS VUL OCTANDRIA.-8 Stamens. 
 ORDER L-MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil 
 
 * Floicers complete, superior. 
 
 RIIEXIA. Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovoid at base, narrowed at the 
 apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Capsule free in the calyx, 4- 
 celled. Seeds cochleate. Melastomacetz, -p. 111. 
 
 CENOTHERA. Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg- 
 ments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Capsule 4-valved, with many naked 
 seeds. Onagraceee, p 108. 
 
 GAURA. Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base; segments 4, re- 
 flexed ; tube deciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat unequal. Fruit 
 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by abortion mostly 1-celled, 1 4-seeded. 
 Seeds naked. Onagracea;, p. 108. 
 
 EPILOBIUM. Calyx with a long 4-sided tube ; limb 4-parted, deciduous. 
 Petals 4. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. 
 Seeds crowned with a tuft of hairs. Onagracece, p. 107. 
 
 OXYCOCCUS. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
 4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute. Filaments con- 
 nivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Vac- 
 ciniacea:, p. 223. 
 
 PHALEROCARPUS. Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary ; the limb 
 4-parted. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft. Filaments short and dilated. 
 Anthers awnless. Berry globose-ovoid, crowned by the teeth of the calyx, 
 4-celled, white. Vacciniacece, p. 223. 
 
 ** Flowers complete, inferior. 
 
 MENZIESIA. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular 
 or globose; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Filaments subulate, 
 smooth. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Ericacece, p. 216. 
 
 ACER, Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-parted. 
 Samarse 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. Aceracea, p. 60. 
 
 DIRCA. Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, erosely 
 toothed. Stamens unequal. Berry 1-seeded. ThymelacecE, p. 307. 
 
 JEFFERSONIA. Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsule obovate, 
 semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base. JBerberidacece, 
 p. 17. 
 
 *** Flowers incomplete. 
 (Mffnotropa in CLASS X.) 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 (Polyg&num in ORDER TRIGYNIA. Vaccinium, Chrysosplenium and 
 Sderanthus, in CLASS X.) 
 
 ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 
 
 POLYGONUM. Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Fruit a 
 1-seeded compressed or triquetrous nut. Polygonacece, p. 301. 
 
LINN^AN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 9 Stamens. 
 ORDER L MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 LAURUS. Dioecious. Perianth colored, 5 6-parted. Fertile stamens 9, 
 arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple distinct filaments ; 
 three inner ones with two glands at the base of each. Drupe 1-seeded. 
 Lauracea, p. 305. 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens. 
 ORDER L MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 * Flowers regular. 
 
 VACCINIUM. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 5-toothed. Corolla urceo- 
 late, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4 5-cleft. Berry globose, 
 4 10-celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. Vacciniacece, p. 221. 
 
 OBS. The remaining genera of this division are included in the Natural 
 Orders, Ericaceee, p. 213, and Pyrolacece, p. 224. 
 
 ** Flowers irregular. 
 
 CASSIA. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Stamens 
 unequal ; 3 upper ones usually abortive; 3 lower ones longer. Legume 
 terete or compressed, many-seeded. Leguminoste, p. 89. 
 
 BAPTISIA. Calyx half 4 5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
 Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly incurved. 
 Legume ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded. Ljeguminostf, p. 73. 
 
 CERCIS. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws, sub- 
 papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the standard. Legume 
 oblong, compressed, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Leguminosea, p. 90. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 
 
 HYDRANGEA. Marginal flowers usually sterile. STERILE FL. Calyx 
 membranaceous, colored, veiny, 4 5-parted. Petals, stamens, and pistils 
 rudimentary or none. FERTILE FL, Calyx hemispheric, adnate to the 
 ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen 
 between the styles. Hydrangeacece, p. 129. 
 
 SAXIFRAGA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Cap- 
 sule with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beaks. 
 Saxifragacea, p. 125. 
 
 CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4 5 obtuse 
 lobes. Petals none. Capsule 2-beaked, 2 4-valved, at length 1 -celled, 
 many-seeded. Saxifragacece, p. 126. 
 
 TIARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5, 
 inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; 
 valves unequal. Saxifragacete, p. 127. 
 
 MITELLA. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, laciniate or toothed, 
 inserted into the calyx. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. Saxi- 
 fragacetz, p. 127. 
 
 SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals 5, ungu- 
 iculate; claws equalling the calyx. Capsule 1-celled. CaryophyUacca, 
 p. 46. 
 
 
 
OF THE GENERA. 
 
 DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 5 opposite imbricate 
 scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule 1-celled. Caryophyl* 
 lacea, p. 44. 
 
 SCLERANTHUS. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; tube urceolate. Stamens in- 
 serted in the orifice of the tube. Petals none. Capsule very smooth, with- 
 out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx. Sderanthace&, 
 p. 121. 
 
 ORDER HI. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 
 
 SILENE. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, mostly 
 crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, dehiscent at 
 the top into 6 teeth. Caryophyllacece, p. 45. 
 
 STELLARIA, Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Capsule 
 3 4-valved; valves 2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds usually many. 
 Caryophyllacea, p. 48. 
 
 ARENARIA. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded. Caryophyllacece, p. 49. 
 
 MCEHRINGIA. Sepals 4 5. Petals 4 5, somewhat perigynous. Cap- 
 sule splitting into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds 
 few, smooth. Caryophyllacecz, p. 50. 
 
 HONCKENYA. Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous, 
 with short claws, entire. Stamens inserted with the petals into a glandu- 
 liferous disk. Capsule 3 5-valved ; valves entire, 8 10-seeded. Caryo- 
 phyliacece, p. 60. 
 
 ORDER IV. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Pistils. 
 
 SEDUM. Sepals usually 5, more or less united at base, ovate, often turgid 
 and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a 
 nectariferous scale at the base of each. Crassulacece, p. 122. 
 
 OXALIS. Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens often 
 monadelphous at base, unequal. Capsule 5-angled, oblong or cylindric, 
 5-celled. Oxalidacea, p. 66. 
 
 AGROSTEMMA. Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguicu- 
 late, not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5 teeth. 
 Caryophyttacece, p. 47. 
 
 CERASTIUM. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Capsule 
 membranaceous, cylindric or oblong, opening at the summit by 10 teeth. 
 Caryophyllacea, p. 50. 
 
 SPERGULA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Capsule ovate, 5-celled, 
 5-valved. Illecebracece, p. 52. 
 
 PENTHORUM. Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5 or none. Carpels 5, 
 united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule ; cells opening trans- 
 versely on the inner side of the beaks. Crassulacete, p. 122. 
 
 (Sttene and SteUaria in ORDER TRIGYNIA.) 
 
 ORDER V, DECAGYNIA. 5 12 Pistils. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA. Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Berry superior, globose-de- 
 pressed, made up of 5 12 closely united carpels. Phytolaccacece, p. 300 
 
 C 3 
 
I LINN-KAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 CLASS XL ICOCANDRIA. 20 or more Stamens placed on the Calyx. 
 ORDER I MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 
 
 OPUNTIA. Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones flat, 
 short j inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous; tube above the ovary 
 none. Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing spines. 
 Cactacece, p. 123. 
 
 PRUNUS. Calyx urceolate, hemispheric ; limb 5-parted, deciduous. Drupe 
 ovoid or oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust ; stone com- 
 pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere smooth. 
 Drupacea:, p. 90. 
 
 CERASUS. Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate 
 at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder; nucleus subglobose, 
 smooth. Drupacete, p. 91. 
 
 LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindric, striate, 8 l2-to<othed. Petals 4 6, inserted 
 into the calyx. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. Lythracece, p. 115. 
 
 DECODON. Calyx short, broad-campanulate, 1 0-toothed ; 5 teeth longer 
 and spreading. Petals 5, Capsule covered with the calyx, 3 4-celled. 
 [/ythracete, p. 116. 
 
 CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6 12-toothed, unequal. Petals 
 6 -7, unequal. Capsule membranaceous, 1 2-celled, at length bursting 
 longitudinally. Lytkracecc, p. 116. 
 
 ORDER II. DI-PENTAGYNIA. 2 5 Pistih. 
 
 SESUVIUM. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; lobes colored within. Petals 
 none. Styles 3 5. Capsule 3- rarely 4 5-celled, opening circularly, 
 many-seeded. Teiragwiiacece, p. 123. 
 
 OBS. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Orders Rosacece, 
 p. 92, and Pomacea, p. 102. 
 
 ORDER III. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils. 
 
 CALYCANTHUS. Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate, 
 colored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Corolla none. Stamens un- 
 equal. Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Calycanthaceee. 
 p. 107. 
 
 OBS. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order JRosac&z, 
 p. 92. 
 
 CLASS XII. POLY ANDjctiA. Many Stamens inserted upon the Receptacle. 
 ORDER L MONOGYNIA.l Pistil. 
 
 TILIA. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small 
 scale within. Fruit coriaceous, by abortion 1-celled, 1 2-seeded. Tilia- 
 ce<z, p. 56. 
 
 HELIANTHEMTJM. Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows; 
 the two outer ones smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, (sometimes wanting,) 
 often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, with the dis- 
 sepiment in the middle of the valves. Cistaceec, p. 34. 
 
 HUDSQNIA. Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the two outer ones 
 minute. Petals 5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 3-seeded. Cistacece, 
 p. 36. 
 
OP THE GENERA. li 
 
 PORTULACA. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at 
 base and deciduous. Petals 4 6, inserted in the calyx, equal. Capsule 
 subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly. Portulacacece, 
 p. 1:20. 
 
 TALINUM. Sepals 2, ovate, deciduous. Petals 5, distinct, or somewhat 
 connected at base. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Portulaca- 
 cea, p. 120. 
 
 CHELIDONIUM. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule elongated, (re- 
 sembling a silique,) 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves dehiscent from the base to 
 the apex. Papaveracea, p. 21 . 
 
 MECONOPSIS. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 6, radiating, 
 convex, free. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled; valves 4 6, dehiscent at the 
 apex. Papaveracece, p. 20. 
 
 ARGEMONE. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 4 6. Stigma 4 7-lobed; 
 lobes radiately reflexed, persistent. Capsule obovoid, spinose, 1-celled, 5- 
 valved ; valves opening at the apex. Papaveracea, p. 20. 
 
 SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8 12. Stigmas 2, con- 
 nate. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous. 
 Papaveracea, p. 20. 
 
 PAPAVER. Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, 
 radiate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves 
 under the margin of the stigma. Papaveracece, p. 21. 
 
 PODOPHYLLUM. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 9. Stigma large, sub- 
 sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. Serbe- 
 ridaceee, p. 13. 
 
 ACTSJA. Sepals 4 5. Petals 48, spatulate. Carpels solitary, bac- 
 cate, many-seeded. Ranunculacea, p. 13. 
 
 CIMICIFUGA. Sepals 4 5. Petals 3 5, concave or unguiculate, some- 
 times fewer or none. Carpels 1 8, follicular, many-seeded. Ranuncula- 
 cea, p. 13. 
 
 SARRACENIA. Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma 
 very large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled. Sarraceniacece, p. 22. 
 
 NYMPHJEA. Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens in- 
 serted into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. Nymphceacea, p. 19. 
 
 NUPHAR. Sepals 5 6, and with the petals and stamens inserted at the 
 base of the disk. Nymphceacea, p. 19. 
 
 ORDER II. DI-PENTAGYNIA. -5 Pistils. 
 
 ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; 2 inner ones much smaller. Petals 4, caducous. 
 Stamens scarcely united at base. Styles 2 3. Capsule 1-celled, 2 3- 
 valved. Hypericacece, p. 59. 
 
 HYPERICUM. Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal. 
 Petals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens mostly numerous, 
 sometimes few, distinct or united into 3 5 parcels. Styles 3 5, distinct 
 or more or less united. Capsule membranaceous. Hypericacea, p. 57. 
 
 ELODEA. Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous, equi- 
 lateral. Stamens 9 15, united into three parcels, which alternate with 3 
 hypogynous glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 
 3-celled. Hypericaceee, p. 60. 
 
 OBS/ The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order Ranuncula* 
 ce*, p, 3. 
 
 ( * 
 
Ill LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ORDER III. POLYGNIA. Many Pistils. 
 
 MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 612, in concentric series. 
 Carpels 1 2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. Seeds coated 
 with a fleshy aril. Magnoliacca, p. 14. 
 
 LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6. Carpels (samarae) im- 
 bricated in a cone, 1 2-seeded, not opening, attenuated. Magnoliacece, 
 p. 15. 
 
 ASIMINA. Calyx deeply 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong; 
 inner smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels usually 3, ovoid or 
 oblong-sessile, pulpy within. Seeds many. Anonacea, p. 15. 
 
 HYDROPELTIS. Calyx of 3-4 sepals. Petals 34. Ovaries 618. 
 Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1 2-seeded. Cabombacece, p. 18. 
 
 NE&UMBIUM. Calyx petaloid, of 4 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Car- 
 pels numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate recepta- 
 cle or torus, 1-seeded. " Nelumbiacece, p. 18. 
 
 OBS. The remaining genera belong to the Order JRanunculacete, p. 3. 
 
 CLASS XIII. DIDYNAMIA. 4 Stamens; 2 longer than tlie other 2. 
 
 2 ORDERS. 1. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds apparently naked. 
 2. ANGIOSPERMIA. , Seeds in a distinct capsule. 
 
 OBS. The genera of this class form a very natural group, having irreg- 
 ular or bilabiate flowers, with mostly 4 stamens (2 longer) ; but sometimes 
 2 are abortive, and hence such are arranged artificially in the class Dia,ndria. 
 The whole will be more easily, as well as correctly, studied, by the Natural 
 Orders. The genera belonging to the order Gymnospermia will be found in 
 the Natural Order Labiattz, p. 270 ; those belonging to Angiospermia, in 
 the Natural Orders fiignoniaceee, p. 241 ; Pedaliacea, p. 242; Oroban- 
 chacecz, p. 257 ; Scrophulariace<z, p. 258 ; Verbenaccce, p. 283, and Acantha- 
 cece, p. 286. 
 
 CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA. 6 Stamens ; 4 long and 2 short. 
 
 OBS. This class is entirely natural ; and it is therefore altogether unne- 
 cessary to repeat the generic descriptions. It is identical with the Natural 
 Order Crucifertz, p. 23. I have, chiefly for the sake of convenience, pre- 
 served the Linnsean division into Siliculoscc and Siliquosez. Gynandropsis 
 and Polanisia (Cleome Linn.) usually arranged under this class, form the 
 order Capparidacea, p. 33. 
 
 CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA. Filaments combined in one set. 
 ORDER L PENTANDRIA. 5 perfect Stamens. 
 
 PASSIFLORA. Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals 5 or none, inserted into 
 the calyx. Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub- 
 membranaceous, pedicelled. Passijloracece, p. 119. 
 
 (Geranium in ORDER DECANDRIA.) 
 
 ORDER II. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens. 
 
 GERANIUM. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all-fertile ; 
 5 alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base. Carpels 
 
OF THE GENERA. ill! 
 
 with long awns, at length separating elastically from the summit to the 
 base. Geraniacea, p. 64. 
 
 ERODIUM. Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 
 10 ; 5 outer ones shorter and sterile ; the perfect ones with a nectariferous 
 scale at the base. Styles persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally 
 twisted. Geraniacece, p. 65. 
 
 ORDER III. POLY ANDRIA.Mzny Stamens. 
 OBS. The genera of order from the Natural Order Malvacetz, p. 54. 
 
 CLASS XVI. DIADELPHIA. FtTawiente combined in two sets (except in 
 some of the 3d Order.) 
 
 ORDER I. HEXANDRIA.6 Stamens. 
 OBS. The genera belong to the Natural Order Fumariacea, p. 22. 
 
 ORDER II. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens. 
 
 POLYGALA. Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. 
 Petals 3 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. Capsule com- 
 pressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds pubescent. Polygalacece, 
 p. 42. 
 
 ORDER HI. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens. 
 
 OBS. The genera of this order, with a few usually arranged under the 
 class Decandria, constitute the Natural Order Leguminosa, p. 72. 
 
 CLASS XVIL SYNGENESIA. 
 
 OBS. The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers 
 united into a single tube. They are further characterized by the flowers 
 being clustered together in heads and inserted upon a common receptacle, 
 which is surrounded by an involucre ; being usually known as Compound 
 flowers. They form the Natural Order Composite, p. 154. 
 
 CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated upon the style or column 
 above the germ. 
 
 OBS. The orders MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA constitute the Or- 
 chidacece, p. 343. 
 
 ORDER III. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA. Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex 
 and ligulate. Capsule inferior, 6-sided, 1-celled, many-seeded. Aristolo- 
 chiacete, p. 309. 
 
 ORDER IV. DODECANDRIA. 12 or more Stamens. 
 
 ASARUM. Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-parted. Stamens 12, placed 
 on an epigynous disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments. 
 Stigma 6-parted or lobed. Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. Aristolochiacea, 
 p. 309. 
 
liv LINNjEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 CLASS XIX. MONGECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers on 1h 
 same plant. 
 
 ORDER L MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen. 
 
 ZOSTERA. Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one side 
 of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alternating with the 
 anthers, ovate. Stigmas 2. Utricle with one seed, bursting irregularly. 
 Naiadaccte, p. 385. 
 
 ZANNICHELLIA. STERILE FL. Perianth none. Filament slender. FER- 
 TILE FL. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils 2 4, tapering into a short style. 
 Stigma large and peltate. Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous. Naiadacece, 
 p. 385. 
 
 CAULINIA. Perianth none. STERILE FL. Anther nearly sessile. FER- 
 TILE FL. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsular, 1-seeded. Naiad- 
 acea, p. 385. 
 
 EUPHORBIA. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre 1-leaved, 
 campanulate, 4 5-lobed ; the lobes usually alternating with peltate glands. 
 STERILE FL. numerous, each consisting of an anther with its filament artic- 
 ulated in the middle. FERTILE FL. solitary, central, on a long peduncle. 
 Styles 3, usually 2-cIeft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphorbiacea, p. 312. 
 
 ORDER II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens. 
 
 PODOSTEMUM. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens affixed to a common 
 pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. . Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. Podostemacea, p. 114. 
 
 (Cares, ORDER III. Cattitrichc, CLASS MONANDRIA, ORDER DI- 
 GYNIA.) 
 
 ORDER III. TRIANDRTA. 3 Stamens. 
 
 SPARGANIUM. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile ones above. 
 Perianth sincrle, of 3 leaves. Fruit dry, indehiscent, sessile. Typhatece, 
 p. 380. , 
 
 CAREX. STERILE FL. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. FERTILE FL. Peri- 
 gynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed, emarginate or 
 truncate at the apex. Style single, included. Stigmas 23. Achenium 
 lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of 
 the style. Cyperacea, p. 403. 
 
 TYPHA. Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. STERILE 
 FL. above. Stamens intermixed with simple hairs, inserted directly on the 
 axis. FERTILE FL. below the sterile on the same axis. Fruit oblong, very 
 small, stipitate. Typhacece, p. 381. 
 
 SCLERIA. Flowers glumaceous. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered; the sterile 
 several-flowered. Scales 2 6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed. Peri- 
 gynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. Achenium globose 
 or ovoid. Cyperacea, p. 402. 
 
 TRIPSACUM. STERILE SPIKELETS in pairs on each joint of the rachis, and 
 longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 paleae. FER- 
 TILE SPIKELETS solitary, as long as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 
 paleae; -the outer or lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. 
 GraminacefC) p. 452. 
 
 COMPTONIA. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric, imbricate ; scales reniform- 
 
OF THE GENERA. lv 
 
 cordate, acuminate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 minute scarious leaves. 
 Stamens 3 5. FERTILE FL. Ament globose; scales 1-ffowered. Styles 
 2, Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. Myricacece, p. 324. 
 
 ADIKE. Perianth 3- (sometimes 4-) leaved ; leaves nearly equal, oblong 
 or lanceolate. STERILE PL. Stamens 3. FERTILE PL. Perianth with a 
 petaloid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside, mem- 
 branaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile. Nut minutely 
 papillose, straight. Urlicacece, p. 3 15. 
 
 ORDER IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens. 
 
 ERIOCAULON. Flowers collected into a compact scaly head. STERILE 
 PL. in the disk. Perianth 4 6-cleft, the inner segments nearly to their 
 summit. Stamens 3 6. FERTILE FL. in the margin. Perianth deeply 
 4-parfced. Capsule 2 3-celled. Eriocaulacece, p. 370. 
 
 ALNUS. STERILE PL. Ament long, cylindric ; scales 3-lobed, 3-flowered. 
 Perianth 4-parted. FERTILE PL. Ament ovoid-oblong; scales subtrifid, 
 2-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed. Belulacea, 
 p. 326. 
 
 BETULA. STERILE FL. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the 
 middle one bearing the stamens. FERTILE PL. Ament ovoid-oblong; 
 scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nut compressed, winged on each side. Befatia- 
 cea, p. 325. 
 
 BCEHMERIA. STERILE PL. Perianth 4-parted. FERTILE FL. Perianth 
 none, but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed ovary 
 within each scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate style. Urticaceee, 
 p. 316. 
 
 URTICA. STERILE PL. Perianth single, of 4 roundish obtuse leaves, 
 containing the cup-shaped rudiment of a germ. FERTILE PL. Perianth 
 mostly of ^2 persistent leaves. Stigma 1. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed, 
 shining. Urlicacece, p. 314. 
 
 PARIETARIA. Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. 
 PERFECT PL. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Filaments at first incurved, 
 then expanding with elastic force. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged 
 perianth. Urticacees, p. 316. 
 
 MORUS. STERILE PL. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. FERTILE 
 FL. in dense spikes. Perianth 4-parted, becoming baccate. Styles 2. Nut 
 ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent perianth. Morucece, p. 317. 
 
 (Mijriophyttum in ORDER HEXANDRIA.) 
 
 ORDER V. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens. 
 
 CROTONOESIS. STERILE PL. Perianth 5-parted, with 2 petaloid scales. 
 FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1- 
 seeded, not opening. Eupliorbiacece, p. 311. 
 
 AMARANTHUS. Perianth deeply 3 5-parted. STERILE PL. Stamens 
 35. PERTfLE FL. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, opening trans- 
 versely all round. Amarantkaccce, p. 295. 
 
 XANTHIUM. Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate 
 below. STERILE FL. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered, with the scales 
 in one series. Receptacle cylindric, chaffy. Corolla short, 5-lobed, some- 
 what hairy, FERTILE FL. Involucre with hooked prickles, surmounted 
 
v LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by 1 2 beaks. Corolla filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed, 
 one in each cell of the involucre. Composite, p. 183. 
 
 AMBROSIA. Fertile heads at the base and sterile ones at the top of the 
 spike. STERILE FL. Involucre hemispheric or turbinate ; scales few. 
 Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, short. FERTILE FL. Involucre 1- 
 flowered, incurved and often armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla 
 none. Achenia ovoid or obovoid. Composite, p. 184. 
 
 (Fagus and Quercus in ORDER POLYANDRIA.) 
 
 ORDER VI HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens. 
 
 ZIZANIA. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 1-flowered. STERILE FL. 
 Glumes none, or only rudimentary. Paleae 2, herbaceous, concave, nearly 
 equal, awnless. PERFECT FL. Glumes none. Palese 2, herbaceous ; 
 lower one longer, oblong, keeled, terminating in a straight awn. Styles 2, 
 short. Graminacea;, p. 4 19. 
 
 ORDER VII. POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens. 
 
 * Siems not woody. 
 
 CERATOPHYLLUM. Calyx inferior, many-parted. Corolla none. STE- 
 KILE FL. Stamens 12 20; filaments wanting. FERTILE FL. Stigma 
 filiform, oblique. Fruit a beaked achenium. Ccratophyllacea, p. 114. 
 
 MYRIOPHYLLUM. STERILE FL. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, some- 
 times inconspicuous or wanting. Stamens 48. PERFECT FL. Calyx ad- 
 hering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed or 
 subglobose, 1-seeded. Haloragacece, p. 1 12. 
 
 SAGITTARIA. Perianth 6-leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 
 inner colored, petaloid. FERTILE FL. Ovaries collected into a head. Car- 
 pels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent style. Alismacecc, 
 p. 378. 
 
 ARISJEMA. Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or flatfish. Spa- 
 dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which the upper 
 are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants all sterile. Anthers some- 
 what verticillate and distinct. Stigma nearly sessile. Berry J several- 
 seeded. AracecE, p. 381. 
 
 PELTANDRA. Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, 
 curved at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none. An- 
 thers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tesselated manner. 
 Ovaries 1-celled, on the lower part of the spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a 
 dense cluster. Aracctf, p. 382. 
 
 CALLA. Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with flowers 
 which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils surrounded by sta- 
 mens. Berries distinct, depressed, few-seeded. Aracecz, p. 382. 
 
 ** Stems woody. (Trees or Skrubs.} 
 
 OBS. The genera of this division are included in the Natural Orders 
 Cupuliferte, p. 326 ; Platanaceee, p. 333 ; Altingiacea t p. 333 ; and Jtiglan* 
 dacea, p. 335. 
 
 
OP THE GENERA. 
 
 ORDER VHL MONADELPHIA. Stamens united into 1 set (sometimes in two 
 or three sets.) 
 
 * Stems not woody. 
 
 ACALYPHA. STERILE FL. Perianth 3 4-parted. Stamens 8 16. very 
 short. FERTILE FL. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 
 Eupkorbiacea, p. 312. 
 
 RICINUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens numerous. FER- 
 TILE FL. Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echinate, 
 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euplwrbiacece, p. 311. 
 
 PHYLLANTHUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 6-parted ; segments spreading. 
 Stamens 3, very short. Anthers didymous. FERTILE FL. Perianth as in 
 the sterile. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled. Euphorbiacea, p. 311. 
 
 MELOTHRIA. STERILE FL. Calyx 3 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate. 
 Filaments 5, in 3 sets. FERTILE FL. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile. 
 Style 1. Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. Cucurbi- 
 tacece, p. 118. 
 
 ECHINOCYSTIS. Calyx flattish ; segments 6, filiform-subulate. Corolla 
 6-parted, rotate-campanulate. STERILE FL. Calyx slightly contracted 
 above the ovary. Stamens 3, in two sets. FERTILE FL. Abortive fila- 
 ments 3, very small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas 2. Fruit globose- 
 ovoid, bristly-echinate. 2-celled, 4-seeded. Cucurbitacece, p. 118. 
 
 SICYOS. STERILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth subulate or minute. 
 Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length separating into three parcels. 
 FERTILE FL. Calyx constricted above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla 
 campanulate. Style rather slender. Stigmas 3, thick, obtuse. Fruit 
 ovate, spiny or hispid, 1-seeded. Cucurbitacece, p. 118. 
 
 ** Stems woody. 
 
 THUYA. STERILE FL. Ament terminal, very small, ovoid. Perianth 
 none. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally. FERTILE FL. Cone with 
 the scales 2-flowered. Seeds more or less winged. Coniferce, p. 338. 
 
 CCPRESSUS. STERILE FL. Ament solitary. Anthers 2 4-celled. FER- 
 TILE FL. Cone globose ; the scales protuberant or mucronate in the centre, 
 and finally spreading. Seeds angular, compressed. Conifers, p. 339. 
 
 PINUS. Aments racemosely clustered ; scales peltate. Stamens nume- 
 rous, with short filaments. FERTILE FL. Aments more or less conic or 
 cylindric ; scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered, enlarging and becoming 
 woody, forming a cone. Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the 
 scales of the cone. Conifer a, p. 339. 
 
 CLASS XX. DKECIA.-=-,S7aiCTis and Pistils in separate flowers and on 
 different plants. 
 
 ORDER I. DIANDRIA. Stamens 15, mostly 2. 
 
 SALIX. Ament cylindric. Perianth none. STERILE FL. Stamens 
 mostly 2, but often 35. FERTILE FL. Ovary with a gland at the base. 
 Stigmas 2, often cleft. Salicacece, p. 319. 
 
 VALISNERIA. STERILE FL. Spathe ovate, 2 4-parted. Spadix covered 
 with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens 2. FERTILE FL. Scape 
 very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe tubular, bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 
 elongated, 6-parted ; the alternate segments linear. Style none. Stigmas 3, 
 
 B3* 
 
LINNvEAN ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ovate, bifid. Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 Efijdrochariaacete, p. 342. 
 
 FRAXINUS. Polygamous. Calyx small, 4-cleft or none. Corolla none 
 or 4-petalled ; the petals cohering at the base in pairs, oblong or linear. 
 Stamens 2, Capsule 2-celled, compressed, winged at the apex, by abortion 
 1-seeded. Oleaceez, p. 230. 
 
 ORDER II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. 
 
 EMPETRUM. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. STERILE FL. 
 Stamens 3, upon long filaments. FERTILE FL. Style none, or very short. 
 Stigma with 6 9 rays. Fruit globose, with 6 9 nucules. Empetracece , 
 p. 310. 
 
 OAKESIA. STAMINATE FL. Perianth of 5 6 leafets ; the innermost 
 ones somewhat petaloid and often united on one side. Stamens mostly 3, 
 (sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted. Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. FERTILE 
 FL. Perianth nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3 4-celled. 
 Style filiform, 3 4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, minute. 
 Empetracea, p. 310. 
 
 ORDER III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens. 
 
 MYRICA. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric ; scales concave. Stamens 
 4 6. FERTILE FL. Ament closely imbricate, small, ovoid. Styles 2. 
 Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Myricacece, p. 324. 
 
 VISCUM. STERILE FL. Sepals 4, (rarely 3 5,) fleshy, the segments 
 triangular. FERTILE FL. Calyx witn the margin obsolete ; inner sepals 
 (petals) 4, distinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy. Loranthaceee, 
 p. 143. 
 
 (Rhamnus in CLASS PENTANDRIA, ORDER MONOGYNIA.) 
 
 ORDER IV. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stametu. 
 
 NYSSA. STERILE .FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5 10. FERTILE 
 FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1-seeded. 
 Sanlalacea, p. 30?. 
 
 ZANTHOXYLUM. Dkeciously polygamous. Sepals 35, small. Petals 
 longer than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the 
 lobes of the calyx, 1 2-seeded. Zantkoxylacece, p. 67. 
 
 ACNIDA. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5, very short. 
 FERTILE FL. Perianth 3-parted.- Styles none. Stigmas 3 5, spreading. 
 Capsule ] -seeded. Chenopodiacece, p. 298. 
 
 HUMCLUS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. FERTILE FL. 
 in aments ; the scales large, membranous, imbricate in several rows, 2- 
 flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading. Achenia invested with the enlarged 
 perianth, and forming a membranaceous strobile. Cannabinacece, p. 3 17. 
 
 CANNABIS. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. FERTILE 
 FL. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base ventricose, and in- 
 cluding the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. Nut 2-valved. CannaM- 
 nacece. p. 316. 
 
 NEGUNDO. Calyx minute, unequally 4 5-toothed. Petals none. An- 
 thers 4 5, linear, sessile. Aceracets, p. 61. 
 
 (Sails, OREEP. T #it?ee t CLASS PENTANDRIA.) 
 
OP THE GESTERA. 
 
 ~ rJ i-'i . ;' ; i M& 
 
 ORDER V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens. 
 
 SMILAX. Penanth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves in a double 
 series, somewhat petaloid. STERILE FL. Filaments short. FERTILE FL. 
 Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1 2-) celled. Smtiacea, 
 p. 356. 
 
 DIOSCOREA. Perianth 6-parted. STERILE FL. Stamens 6, 3 sometimes 
 barren. FERTILE FL. Styles distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3- 
 celled, triangular ; the angles winged. Dioscoreatete, p. 356. 
 
 GLEDITSCHIA. Sepals 3 4 5, equal. Petals as many as the sepals, 
 arising from the tube of the calyx. Style short. Stigma pubescent above. 
 Legume compressed, 1 many-seeded. Leguminosce, p. 88. 
 
 ORDER VI. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens. 
 
 POPOLUS. Ament cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed at the summit. 
 STERILE FL. Anthers 8 30, arising from a turbinate oblique entire sin- 
 gle perianth. FERTILE FL. Perianth turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Cap- 
 sule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. Saticacecz. 
 p. 322. 
 
 DIOSPYROS. Calyx 4 6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4 6-cleft. STERILE 
 FL. 8 16, often producing 2 anthers. FERTILE FL. Stamens about 8, 
 abortive. Style divided. Stigmas simple or 2-cleft. Fruit globose or 
 ovoid, 4 8-celled. Ebenacece, p. 227. 
 
 SHEPHERDIA. STERLE FL. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8, included, 
 alternating with 8 glands. FERTILE FL. Perianth 4-cleft, campanulate, 
 superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma oblique. Berry 1-seeded. 
 Elczagnacece, p. 306. 
 
 ORDER VII. ENNEANDRIA. 9 Stamens. 
 
 UDORA. Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. STERILE 
 FL. Stamens 9, 3 of them inferior. PERFECT FL. Tube of the perianth 
 very long and slender. Stamens 3 6. Stigmas 3, large and spreading, 
 2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, few-seeded. Hydrocharida^ece, p. 342. 
 
 ORDER VIII. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens. 
 
 GYMNOCLADUS. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals 5, equal, oblong, exserted 
 from the tube. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside. Legu- 
 minosce, p. 89. 
 
 ORDER IX. POLY ANDRIA. Many Stamens. 
 
 MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2- or 3-rowed. 
 STERILE FL. Stamens 1220. FERTILE FL. Ovaries 1 4. Drupe 
 berried, roundish-reniform. with a single lunate nut or seed. Menisperma- 
 ce<z, p. 16. 
 
 ORDER X. MONADELPHIA. Stamens united. 
 
 JUNIPERUS. STERILE FL. Ament ovoid-oblong, very small ; scales verti- 
 cillate, peltate. Anther-cells 36. FERTILE FL. Ament ovoid; scales 
 few, concave, united at base, becoming a fleshy tuberculate berry, and en- 
 closing 1 3 crastaceous seeds. Conifers, p. 338. 
 
IX LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 
 
 TAXUS. STERILE FL. consisting of peltate anthers in an ament ; anther- 
 cells 3 6 or more, inserted in the lobes of the connective, opening beneath. 
 FERTILE FL. solitary, with imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like, 
 seated in the disk which becomes a succulent cup. Conifer a, p. 341. 
 
 CLASS XXL CRYPTOGAMIA. Stamens and Pistils not visible. 
 ORDER I. FILICES. 
 
 This includes the Fern-like plants, being the Natural Orders Eguisitacete, 
 p. 454 ; Filices, p. 456 ; Lycopodiacece, p. 467 ; and Marstteacea, p. 470. 
 
 
*$" ' " ' ' '--'... 
 
 TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS 
 
 NOTICED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 DIVISION I. 
 
 FLOWERING OR PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. Thalamijlorals. 
 
 Calyx many-sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the stamens in- 
 serted into the receptacle.* 
 
 
 
 Page 
 
 
 
 Pago 
 
 Order 1. 
 
 Ranunculaceae, 
 
 3 
 
 Order 17. 
 
 Polygalaceae, 
 
 42 
 
 2. 
 
 Magnoliaceae, 
 
 14 
 
 18. 
 
 Caryophyllacese, 
 
 44 
 
 3. 
 
 Anonaceae, 
 
 15 
 
 19. 
 
 Illecebraceae, 
 
 51 
 
 4. 
 
 Menispermaceae, 
 
 16 
 
 20. 
 
 Elatinaceae, 
 
 52 
 
 5. 
 
 Berberidaceae, 
 
 16 
 
 21. 
 
 Linaceae, 
 
 53 
 
 6. 
 
 Cabombacese, 
 
 18 
 
 22. 
 
 Malvaceae, 
 
 54 
 
 7. 
 
 Nelumbiaceae, 
 
 18 
 
 23. 
 
 Tiliaceae, 
 
 56 
 
 8. 
 
 Nymphaeaceae, 
 
 19 
 
 24. 
 
 Hypericaceae, 
 
 57 
 
 9. 
 
 Papaveraceae, 
 
 19 
 
 25. 
 
 Aceraceae, 
 
 60 
 
 10. 
 
 Sarraceniacese, 
 
 21 
 
 26. 
 
 Hippocastanaceae, 
 
 62 
 
 11. 
 
 Fumariaceae, 
 
 22 
 
 27. 
 
 Vitaceee, 
 
 62 
 
 12. 
 
 Cruciferae, 
 
 23 
 
 28. 
 
 Geraniaceae, 
 
 63 
 
 13. 
 
 Capparidaceae, 
 
 33 
 
 29. 
 
 Balsaminaceae, 
 
 65 
 
 14. 
 
 Cistaceae 
 
 34 
 
 30, 
 
 Tropceolaceae, 
 
 66 
 
 15. 
 
 Violaceae, 
 
 36 
 
 31. 
 
 Oxalidaceae, 
 
 65 
 
 16. 
 
 Droseraceae, 
 
 41 
 
 32. 
 
 Zanthoxylaceae, 
 
 67 
 
 SUBCLASS II. Calyciflorals. 
 
 Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base. Petals and stamens 
 inserted into the calyx. 
 
 Order 33. 
 
 Celastraceae, 
 
 68 
 
 Order 48. 
 
 Melastomaceae, 
 
 116 
 
 34. 
 
 Staphyleaceae, 
 
 69 
 
 49. 
 
 Cucurbitaceae, 
 
 117 
 
 35. 
 
 Rhamnaceae, 
 
 70 
 
 50. 
 
 Passifloraceae, 
 
 119 
 
 36. 
 
 Anacardiaceae, 
 
 71 
 
 51. 
 
 Portulacaceae, 
 
 119 
 
 37. 
 
 Leguminosae, 
 
 72 
 
 52. 
 
 Scleranthaceae, 
 
 121 
 
 38. 
 
 Drupacese, 
 
 90 
 
 53. 
 
 Crassulaceae, 
 
 121 
 
 39. 
 
 Rosaceae, 
 
 92 
 
 54. 
 
 Tetragoniaceae, 
 
 122 
 
 40. 
 
 Pomaceae, 
 
 102 
 
 55. 
 
 Cactaceae, 
 
 123 
 
 41. 
 
 Sanguisorbaceae, 
 
 105 
 
 56. 
 
 Grossulariaceae, 
 
 124 
 
 42. 
 
 Calycanthaceae, 
 
 106 
 
 57. 
 
 Saxifragaceae, 
 
 125 
 
 43. 
 
 Onagrace, 
 
 107 
 
 58. 
 
 Escalloniaceae, 
 
 1*28 
 
 44. 
 
 Haloragacese, 
 
 in 
 
 59. 
 
 Hydraneeaceae , 
 
 128 
 
 45. 
 
 Podostemaceae, 
 
 113 
 
 60. 
 
 Umbelliferae, 
 
 129 
 
 46. 
 
 Ceratophyllaceae, 
 
 114 
 
 61. 
 
 Araliaceae, 
 
 140 
 
 47. 
 
 Lythraceae, 
 
 114 
 
 . 62. 
 
 Hamamelidaceae, 
 
 141 
 
 * In this subclass are placed some genera and species in which the petals are 
 united, and a few are excluded in which the petals are distinct to the base ; but all 
 these plants agree with the orders under which they are arranged in some more 
 important characters. The same remark is more or less applicable to the other sub- 
 classes. 
 
Ixii 
 
 TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 Order 63. Cornaceae, 
 
 64. Loranthacese, 
 
 65. Caprifoliaceae, 
 
 66. Rubiaceae, 
 
 67. Valerianaceae, 
 
 68. Dipsacaceae, 
 
 Page. J**/?*. 
 
 142 Order 69- Compositae, 154 
 
 143 70. Campanulaceffi, 210 
 
 144 * 71. Lobeliaceae, 212 
 149 72. Ericaceae, 213 
 
 153 73. Vacciniaceae, 220 
 
 154 74. Pyrolacese, 224 
 
 SUBCLASS III. Corottiflorals. 
 
 Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to the calyx. 
 Stamens inserted into the corolla. 
 
 Order 75. Ebenaceag, 
 
 76. Aquifoliacese, 
 
 77. Oleace, 
 
 78. Apocynaceae, 
 
 79. Asclepiadaceae, 
 
 80. Loganiaceae, 
 
 81. Gentianaceae, 
 
 82. Bignoniaceae, 
 
 83. Pedaliaceae, 
 
 84. Polemoniacese, 
 
 85. Convolvulaceae, 
 
 86. Cuscutaceae, 
 
 87. Diapensiaceee, 
 
 227 Order 88. Boraginaceae, 247 
 
 237 89. Hydrophyllacese, 252 
 
 229 90. Solanaceae, 452 
 
 231 91. Orobanchacese, 257 
 
 222 92. Scrophulariaceae, 258 
 
 235 93. Labiate, 270 
 
 236 94. Verbenaceae, 284 
 
 241 95. Acanthacese, 286 
 
 242 96. Lentibulariaceae, 287 
 242 97. Primulacese, 289 
 244 98. Plumbaginacese, 293 
 246 99. Plantaginacere, 293 
 247 
 
 SUBCLASS IV. Monochlamy deals. 
 
 Flowers with a single perianth, or whose calyx and corolla form only 
 one envelope. 
 
 Order 100. Amaranthaceae, 
 
 101. Chenopodiaceas, 
 
 102. Phytolaccaceae, 
 
 103. Polygonacese, * 
 
 104. Lauraceae, 
 
 105. Elseagnaceje, 
 
 106. Thymelaceae, 
 
 107. Santalaceae, 
 
 108. Aristolochiaceae, 
 
 109. Empetraceae, 
 
 110. Euphorbiacese, 
 
 111. Urticaeess, 
 
 295 
 
 Order 112. 
 
 Cannabinaceae, 
 
 316 
 
 296 
 
 113. 
 
 Moracese, 
 
 317 
 
 300 
 
 114. 
 
 Saururaceae, 
 
 318 
 
 300 
 
 115. 
 
 Salicaceae, 
 
 318 
 
 305 
 
 116. 
 
 Myricaceae, 
 
 323 
 
 306 
 
 117. 
 
 Betulaceae, 
 
 324 
 
 307 
 
 118. 
 
 Cupuliferss, 
 
 326 
 
 307 
 
 119. 
 
 Platanaceas, 
 
 333 
 
 308 
 
 120. 
 
 Altingiaceas, 
 
 333 
 
 309 
 
 121. 
 
 Ulmaceae, 
 
 334 
 
 310 
 
 122. 
 
 Juglandacesa, 
 
 335 
 
 314 
 
 123. 
 
 Coniferee, ^ . r- 
 
 337 
 
 CLASS II. ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. Petaloideals. 
 Stamens and pistils naked, or covered by verticillate floral envelopes. 
 
 Order 124. Hydroeharidacese, 
 
 125. Orchidacese, 
 
 126. Iridaces?, 
 
 127. Atnaryllidacese, 
 
 128. Hypoxidacese, 
 
 129. Dioscoreacee?, 
 
 130. Smilaceae, 
 
 131. Trilliaceffi, 
 
 132. Liliaceaa, 
 
 133. Melanthaceae, 
 
 134. Pontederaee, 
 
 342 Order 135. 
 
 343 
 353 
 345 
 355 
 355 
 356 
 359 
 361 
 365 
 369 
 
 136. 
 137. 
 138. 
 139. 
 140. 
 141. 
 142. 
 143. 
 144. 
 145. 
 
 Eriocaulaceee, 
 
 Xyridaeese, 
 
 Juncaceae, 
 
 Hsemodoraceae, 
 
 Commelynaceae, 
 
 Alismacese, 
 
 JuncaginacecB, 
 
 T/phaceae, 
 
 Aracese, 
 
 Pistiaceae, 
 
 Naiad aceae, 
 
 370 
 371 
 371 
 376 
 376 
 377 
 379 
 380 
 381 
 384 
 384 
 
TABLE OP THE NATURAL ORDERS. 1x111 
 
 SUBCLASS II. Glumaceals. 
 
 Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbricate colorless 
 or herbaceous scales. 
 
 Page. Paffe. 
 
 Order 146. Cyperacese, 387 Order 147. Graminaceae, 418 
 
 DIVISION II. 
 
 FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 CLASS I. FERN-LIKE PLANTS. 
 
 Order 148. Equisitaceee, 454 Order 150. Lycopodiacese, 467 
 
 149. Filices, 456 151. Marsiliace, 470 
 
GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS 
 
 OF THK 
 
 PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 NORTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 
 

 
BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 NORTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 /X/\>^/Nx\^vxvyxx\yNX\/\^\x\x-* 
 
 DIVISION I. 
 FLOWERING OB PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS, 
 
 PLANTS FURNISHED WITH FLOWERS AND PRODUCING SEEDS. 
 
 CLASS I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Stem composed of bark, wood and pith ; increasing by an 
 annual deposit of new wood and cortical matter between the 
 wood and bark. Leaves articulated with the stem, their veins 
 reticulated. Propagation effected by stamens and pistils. 
 Ovules in a pericarp ; embryo with two or more opposite 
 cotyledons. 
 
 SUB-CLASS I. THALAMIFLORALS. 
 Calyx many sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the 
 stamens inserted into the receptacle. 
 
 ORDER I. RANUNC UL ACE M. CROWFOOTS. 
 
 Calyx of 3 6, (but usually 5,) distinct deciduous sepals. 
 Petals 3 15 (sometimes wanting.) Stamens indefinite in num- 
 ber, distinct. Pistils numerous. Fruit either dry nuts or 
 carpels, baccate, or follicular. Seeds solitary or Several. Her- 
 baceous plants or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, 
 generally much divided, with the petiole dilated at the base. 
 Flowers usually conspicuous. 
 
4 RANUNCULACE^E. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Virgin's Bower. 
 
 (From the Greek /cX?//a, a shoot or tendril ; in allusion to the climbing habit 
 of the genus.) 
 
 Involucre none, or like a calyx under the flower. Sepals 
 4 8, colored. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. Car- 
 pels many, terminated by a long mostly feathery awn. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS proper. Involucre none. Sepals 4 8, colored. Petals 
 none. 
 
 1. C. Virginiana Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate;, leafets cordate- 
 ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed ; flowers paniculate, dioecious. 
 
 Woods and thickets. Can. to Flor. N. to lat. 55 W- to Columbia river. 
 Aug. T?. Stem long. Flowers white, in large panicles. Tails of the carpels 
 at length clothed with long silken hairs, having the appearance of tufts of 
 wool. Virgin's Bower. 
 
 2. C. Vioi'na Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves pinnately divided ; seg- 
 ments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; floral ones entire ; peduncles 1-flow- 
 ered ; sepals thick, acuminate, connivent, reflexed at the apex. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. 1\. Flowers large, nod- 
 ding, violet, on peduncles 3 6 inches long. Tails of the carpels from 1 to 
 near two inches long, plumose. Leather Flower. 
 
 3. C. ochroleuca Ait. : herbaceous, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves sim- 
 ple, ovate, very entire, the younger ones with the calyx silky ; flower pe- 
 duncled, terminal, solitary, nodding. C. sericea Mich. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Geor. May, June 1\- Stem 1218 inches high. Flowers 
 yellowish-white. Carpels conspicuously feathered, the silk of a yellowish 
 color. Silky Virgin's Bower. 
 
 $ 2. ATRAGENE. Involucre none. Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. 
 
 4. C. verticillaris D. C. : leaves whorled in fours, ternate ; leafets 
 petioled, ovate, acuminate, somewhat cordate, nearly entire ; peduncles 
 1 -flowered ; petals acute. Atragene Americana Sims. 
 
 Rocks. Ver. to Car. N. to Lat. 54. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 
 May. }~i. Stem climbing. Flowers very large, purple. 
 
 Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower. 
 
 2. THALICTRUM. Linn. Meadow Rue. 
 
 (Supposed to be from the Greek OaXXw, tobe green ; in allusion to its verdant 
 aspect.) 
 
 Involucre under the flower none. Sepals 4, rarely 5, peta- 
 loid, generally caducous. Petals none. Carpels dry, not awned, 
 sometimes stipitate, sometimes with a longitudinal furrow. 
 Often dioecious or polygamous. 
 % 
 
 * Stamens longer than the sepals. 
 
 1 . T. Cornuti Linn. : leaves decompound ; leafets roundish-obovate or 
 oblong, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely prominent ; pe- 
 duncles longer than the leaves ; flowers dicecious or polygamous ; carpels 
 
RANUNGULACE^:. 5 
 
 nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. 
 T. Cornuti and T. pubescens Pursh. T. revolutum and T. corynellum 
 
 D. a 
 
 Wet grounds. From lat. 56 N. to Car. June, July. 7J-. Stem 3 5 feet 
 high, branching. Leaves very variabl4 in form, deep-green above, paler glau- 
 cous smooth or pubescent beneath. Flowers in a compound leafy panicle. Se- 
 pals greenish-white, oblong, much shorter than the stamens. Carpels about 
 3 lines long, beaked with the persistent style. Common Meadow Rue. 
 
 2. T. dioicum Linn. : very smooth ; leaves decompound, on short pet- 
 ioles ; leafets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; 
 flowers dioecious or polygamous ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels 
 oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed. T. lavigatum Mich. T. purpurascens 
 Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67. W. to Oregon. April, 
 May. 4-. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Sepals white 
 or purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish- 
 
 Early Meadow Rue. 
 
 ** Stamens shorter than the petaloid calyx. 
 
 3. T. anemonoides Mich. : root tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaf- 
 ets subcordate, 3-toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an involucre ; 
 flowers perfect, few, umbelled ; petaloid calyx 8 10-leaved. Anemone 
 thalictroides Linn. 
 
 Woods. Common throughout the U. S. April June. 1J.. Stems or scapes 
 4 8 niches long, often several from one root. Flowers about an inch in di- 
 ameter. Sepals 6 10, white or purplish, twice as long as the stamens. The 
 flowers of this species resemble those of Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalic- 
 trum. Rue Anemone. 
 
 3. ANEMONE. Linn. Wind Flower.* 
 
 (From the Greek ai>/zo? , wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open 
 when the wind blows.) 
 
 Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Calyx 
 petaloid, with 5 15 sepals. Petals none. Achenia mucronate. 
 
 1. A. nemorosa Linn.: leaves ternate; leafets undivided, or with the 
 middle one 3-cleft and the lateral one 2-parted, incisely toothed, acute; 
 those of the involucre similar, petioled ; sepals 4 6, oval or elliptical. 
 A. lancifolia Pursh. 
 
 var. quinquefolia, D. C. : lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the 
 base. A. quinquefolia Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 53. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 
 May. 1J-. Stem or scape 4 8 inches high, slender. Flowers about an inch in 
 diameter. Sepals 4 7, white or purplish. Wood Anemone. 
 
 2. A. Pennsylvania Linn.: leaves 3 5-parted; segments 3-cleft; lobes 
 oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate ; involucre similar, 2-leaved, sessile ; 
 sepals 5, elliptic ; carpels hairy, compressed, crowned with a long style. 
 A. aconitifolia Mich. A. dichotoma Linn. 
 
 Meadows. Throughout the U. S. N. to Hudson's Bay. June, July. %. 
 Stem 1318 inches high. Flowers 1 1 J inches in diameter. Sepals white and 
 membranaceous. Pennsylvania Wind Flower. 
 
 3. A. cylindrica Gray : silky, pubescent ; leaves ternately divided ; late- 
 
O RANUNCULACE^. 
 
 ral segments 2-parted, the terminal one 2-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, with 
 the apex incisely toothed ; those of the involucre similar and petioled ; pe- 
 duncles 2 6, rarely solitary ; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse ; carpels densely 
 woolly, in a long cylindrical head. 
 
 N. H. Mass. Western N. Y. W. to Ind. and Mich. May, June. 7J.. Plant 
 1 3 feet high. Peduncles 8 12 inches long, usually purple. Flowers about 
 half an inch in diameter. Sepals hairy outside, pale yellowish green within. 
 Heads of carpels an inch long. Resembles A. Virginiana. 
 
 Cylindrical-headed Wind Flower. 
 
 4. A. Virginiana Linn.: leaves ternate ; segments ovate-lanceolate, 
 3-cleft, acuminate, incisely toothed ; those of the involucre similar, petio- 
 late; sepals 5, elliptic, acuminate, silky without; peduncles elongated; 
 carpels densely woolly, in an ovoid-oblong head. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. as far N. as lat. 55. July. 2J.. 
 Stem 18 20 inches high. Flowers three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Se- 
 pals greenish-white, two narrower than the others. Heads of carpels three- 
 fourths of an inch long. Thimble Weed. 
 
 5. A. multifida Pair. : hairy; leaves ternately divided ; segments cunei- 
 form, laciniately 3-cleft, the lobes linear, acute ; those of the involucre sim- 
 ilar, on short petioles ; sepals 5 8, oval, obtuse ; heads of carpels oval, 
 woolly. 
 
 var. Hudsoniana, D. C. : stem mostly 2-flowered. A. Hudsoniana Oakes. 
 
 Limestone rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. (var. Hudsoniana.) 
 N. to Arc. Amer. W. to Oregon. June. %. Stem a foot high. Flowers about 
 as large as those of A. Virginiana, bright purplish red. Sepals silky- villous 
 within. Heads of carpels about three-fourths of an inch long. 
 
 Cut-leaved Wind Flower. 
 
 4. HEPATICA. Willd. Liverwort. 
 
 (From the Greek rj-rup, the liver ; from the supposed resemblance of its leaves. ! 
 
 Involucre 3-leaved, 1 -flowered, resembling a calyx, entire. 
 Sepals petaloid, 6 9, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Ovaries many. 
 Carpels without awns. 
 
 H. triloda, Willd. : leaves cordate, 3 5-lobed ; lobes entire. Anemone 
 Hepatica Linn. 
 
 var. 1. obtusa Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed; lobes roundish, obtuse. H. 
 Americana D. C. 
 
 var. 2. acuta Pursh. : leaves 3 5-lobed ; lobes spreading, acute. H. 
 acutiloba D. V. 
 
 In woods. Common throughout the U. S. and N. to lat. 52. April, May, 
 'ZJ.. There appears to be no doubt that these supposed distinct species are no- 
 thing more than varieties. They grow indiscriminately, and the lobes of the 
 leaves assume almost every variety of form. The sepals are white, blue, or 
 pale purple. This plant has been much used as a remedy in pulmonary dis- 
 eases ; but its virtues have no doubt been overrated. 
 
 Liverwort. Early Anemone. 
 
 5. HYDRASTIS. Linn. Yellow Root. 
 
 (Supposed to be from the Greek Map, water ; from its growing in moist 
 places.) 
 
Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens and 
 ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, numerous, aggregated in 
 a globose head, terminated by the style, 1 2 -seeded. 
 
 H. Canadensis Linn. 
 
 Rocks woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Rare. May. %.Stem fr10 
 inches high, with two nearly opposite leaves above. Leaves 2 6 inches wide, 
 palmately 3 5-lobed ; lobes acute, doubly serrate. Flower solitary, on a pe- 
 duncle about an inch long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose-color, caducous. Fruit 
 fleshy, purplish, about the size of a large raspberry. The root affords a juice 
 of a fine yellow color, which is used by the Indians for staining skins and 
 clothing- YeUow Root- Yellow Puccoon- 
 
 6. RANUNCULUS. Linn. Crowfoot. 
 
 (Probably from the Latin rana, a. frog ; the plant often growing in wet places 
 where frogs abound.) 
 
 Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 10, with a honey scale 
 at the base on the inside. Stamens and ovaries numerous. 
 Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, terminating in a point or 
 horn, smooth, striated, or tuberculated, arranged in a globose 
 or cylindric head. 
 
 * Carpels transversely rugose-striate. Petals white; claws yellmv. 
 
 1. R. aquatilis, var. capittaceus D. C.: stem filiform, floating; leaves 
 all submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments; petals obovate, 
 longer than the calyx. R.fluviatilis Wild. 
 
 In streams. Throughout the U. S. and British America. N. to lat. 68. 
 Rather rare. July, Aug. 7|.. Stem long. Leaves petioled. Flowers small, 
 white or ochroleucous. There are several varieties of .R. aquatilis, which have 
 been described as distinct species. Water Crowfoot. 
 
 ** Carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a roundish head. Flowers yellow. 
 
 f Leaves undivided. 
 
 2. R. Fammula Linn. : leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, subentire, the lower ones petiolate, the upper ones nearly sessile ; 
 stem more or less decumbent, rooting at the lower joints ; peduncles oppo- 
 site to the leaves. R. Fammula, var. major Hook. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Geor. July, Sept. 1J-. Stem 1 2 feet long. Flowers 
 about half an inch in diameter. Whole plant of a yellowish-green color. Said 
 to be a powerful and speedy emetic. Smatt Spear wort. 
 
 3. R. reptans Linn. : leaves linear, entire, remote, smooth ; stem filiform, 
 creeping, jointed ; joints 1-flowered. R. JUiformis Mich. R. reptans, var. 
 jUiformis D. C. Torr. R. Fammula, var. JUiformis Hook. 
 
 River banks. Can. to N. Y. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 
 1\.. A very delicate species. Stem 6 12 inches long. Flowers small. Fruit 
 very smooth. Although coming from such high authority, I cannot yet adopt 
 the opinion of Dr. Hooker, that this plant is a mere variety of R. Fammula. 
 From a comparison of specimens, lam satisfied that our plant is identical with 
 the foreign /?. reptans. Filiform Crowfoot. 
 
8 RANUNCULACE^E. 
 
 4. R. pusillus Pursh. : stem erect or decumbent ; leaves petioled ; lower 
 ones ovate and subcordate. entire or sparingly toothed ; upper ones linear- 
 lanceolate ; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary, 1-flowered ; carpels 
 smooth, with a minute blunt point. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. J. to Geor. and Louisiana. June. Aug. Q. Stems 
 6 12 inches high, weak. Floir.ers small, pale-yellow. Distinguished from 
 R. Fammula by its smaller size, and by its lower leaves being ovate. Accord- 
 ing to Dr> Torrey, a variety, (muticus.) in which the carpels are destitute of a 
 beak, occurs in the low grounds of Bloomingdale, about five miles from the 
 City Hall. The same variety is also found in Chester co. Penn. Darlingt. Fl. 
 Cest. Small-flowered Crowfoot. 
 
 5. R. Cumlalaria Pursh. : stoloniferous ; leaves petiolate, smooth, some- 
 what fleshy, cordate, reniforra or ovate, coarsely crenate; scape 1 3 
 flowered ; petals spatulate, longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, ribbed, 
 in oblong heads. R. Ci/mbalaritf, var. Americanus D. C. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. Mass. Can. to lat. 68 N., and from Hudson's Bay to 
 the summits of the Rocky Mountains, where it does not appear to be confined 
 to salt marshes. July, Aug. r l\.. Scapes 2 6 inches high. Flowers small. 
 Fruit oblong. Its runners are very properly compared by Dr. Smith, to those 
 of the garden strawberry. Sea Crowfoot. 
 
 ft leaves divided. 
 
 G. R. aboriivus Linn. : smooth ; radical leaves petiolate, cordate-orbicu- 
 late. crenate, sometimes 3-parted; cauline ternate and 3 5-cleft, with 
 linear-oblong nearly entire segments ; upper ones sessile ; sepals a little 
 longer than the petals, reflexed. 
 
 Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. to lat. 57 N. W. to the 
 Rocky Mountains. May. 7J.. Stem a foot high, simple or branching, smooth. 
 Leaves very variously dissected, mostly smooth. Flowers small, yellow, the 
 petals being sometimes longer than the calyx. Carpels compressed, forming an 
 ovate or nearly globose head. R. nitidus of Walter, is a variety of this species, 
 differing only in size, being nearly twice as larg. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. 
 
 7. R. sccleratus Linn. : smooth ; radical leaves petioled, 3-parted, the seg- 
 ments lobed ; cauline ones 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire ; sepals re- 
 flexed, about equal to the petals ; carpels small, numerous, forming a cylin- 
 drical head. 
 
 Wet grounds. From lat. 67 N. to Car. May Aug. r ^-.~ Stem a foot high, 
 branched, succulent. Flowers small. Petals pale yellow. Head sometimes 
 an inch in length. The plant is almost entirely glabrous. 
 
 Celery-leaved Crowfoot. 
 
 8. R. Pwt'shii Richardson : submerged leaves 2 3-chotomously divided, 
 with the segments flat and filiform ; emersed ones reniform, 3 5-parted, 
 the lobes variously divided ; petals 5 8, obovate, twice as large as the re- 
 flexed sepals ; carpels in globose heads. R. midtifidus Pursh. R. lacustris 
 Beck $* Tracy. 
 
 Ponds and muddy places. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 May July. r ZL. Stem I 4 feet long. Leaves varying with the place of 
 growth, from being all divided into numerous filiform segments, to all rounded 
 or reniform, and cleft into 3 5 lobes. Flowers large, shining, bright yellow. 
 
 Pursh 1 s Crowfoot. 
 
 9. R. acris Linn. : leaves mostly pubescent, 3 5 parted ; lobes incisely 
 
UANUNCU1.ACE.E. 
 
 toothed, acute, the upper ones linear; stem many-flowered; peduncles 
 terete, not furrowed ; calyx spreading, villous ; carpels roundish, com- 
 pressed, terminated by a short recurved beak. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. Hudson's Bay to Del. W. to Miss. May Sept. 
 7J.. Stem varying much in height, mostly hairy. Flowers bright yellow, 
 shining, about an inch in diameter. Introduced ? Tall Crowfoot. 
 
 10. R. repens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets wedgeform, 3-lobed, incisely 
 dentate; central one petiolate ; main stems prostrate, flowering ones erect; 
 peduncles furrowed ; calyx pilose, spreading ; carpels with a straight point. 
 R. nilidus Muhl. R. Marylandicus Pair. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to the Pacific. June Sept. % Pla.nl 
 increasing by runners. Flowering stems erect, 1 2 feet high. Flowers mid- 
 dle sized. Creeping Crowfoot. 
 
 11. R. CLintonii Deck : somewhat hairy ; stems creeping and rooting at 
 each of the joints ; lower leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets toothed 
 and incised, cuneate, terminal one petioled ; floral leaves incised or linear ; 
 peduncle 1 3 flowered; petals rounded; calyx spreading; carpels mar- 
 gined, with a short uncinate style. R. prostratus Eat. R. repens Tort: 
 fy Gr. 
 
 Banks of the canal, near Rome, Oneida co., N. Y. June, July. 7J.. Much 
 smaller than R. repens, at least of American botanists, in all its parts except 
 the flower, which is of a bright yellow, and about as large as that of R. acris. 
 Leaves seldom more than 1J inches in length, and about the same in breadth. 
 Stems distinctly creeping like those of R. reptans ; flowering ones 6 8 inches 
 high. Style short and hooked. This species, which was introduced into the 
 1st edition, I still believe to be distinct. Clinton's Crowfoot. 
 
 12. R. Mspidus Mick.: erect, branched; stem and petioles with stiff 
 spreading hairs; leaves ternate or 3-parted; leafets or segments acutely 
 lobed ; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; 
 carpels in a globose head, margined, compressed, smooth ; style short and 
 straight. R. Pennsylvanicus Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67 ; and from Hudson's Bay to the 
 Pacific. June Aug. 1\.. Stem 18 inches high, very hairy ; Lower leaves on 
 long petioles ; upper ones nearly sessile ; leafets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or 
 3-parted, attenuate at base. Flowers about the size of R. acris. 
 
 Hairy Crowfoot. 
 
 13. R. Pennsijlvanicus Linn. : stem erect and with the petioles covered 
 with stiff spreading hair's ; leaves ternate, villous ; segments subpetiolate, 
 acutely 3-Iobed, incisely serrate ; calyx reflexed, longer than the small pe- 
 tals; carpels with a short oblique style, collected into an oblong head. 
 R. hispidus Pursh. 
 
 Wet meadows. From the Arctic regions to Geor. July, Aug. If. Stem 
 1 2 feet high, usually much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels 
 viscid. Distinguished from R. hispidus, by its oblong heads of carpels, and by 
 its shorter style. Pennsylvanian Crowfoot. 
 
 14. R. recurvatus Pursh. : stem erect and with the petioles covered with 
 spreading hairs; leaves 3-parted, hairy; segments oval, subincised, the 
 lateral ones 2-lobed ; calyx reflexed ; petals lanceolate ; carpels crowned 
 with a sharp hooked style. 
 
 Shady woods. Throughout the IT. S., and from Labrador to the Columbia 
 
 1* 
 
10 RA-NUNCULACE.E. 
 
 river. May July. ^. Stem 12 15 inches high. Flowers small, pale yel- 
 low, on short peduncles. Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot. 
 
 15. R. fascicularus Muhl.: stem erect, branched; leaves on long peti- 
 oles, pubescent, pinnately divided ; the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatifid ; 
 calyx spreading, shorter than the petals, villous ; carpels orbicular, crowned 
 with a slender subulate style, collected into a sub-globose head. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. April, May. 1\. Root fascicled. 
 Stem 6 12 inches high. Flowers about as large as those of R. acris, pale 
 yellow. Varies considerably in the form of its leaves, which are however al- 
 ways much more compound than is usual in this genus. 
 
 Bundle-rooted Crowfoot. 
 
 16. R. bulboms Linn. : stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base ; leaves ter- 
 nate, or quinate-pinnate ; leafets 3 5-parted, segments trifid or incised ; 
 peduncles sulcate ; calyx reflexed, hairy ; carpels in a globose head, with 
 a short recurved beak. 
 
 Meadows. May Aug. 1\~ Root consisting of thick fibres, tuberous at the 
 neck. Stem about a foot high. Petals usually 5, deep yellow and shining. 
 Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot., III. 61. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Butter- cups. 
 
 *** Carpels aculeate or tuberculate. 
 
 17. R. mtiricatiis Linn. : stem erect or diffuse ; leaves smooth, petiolate, 
 suborbiculate, 3-lobed, coarsely dentate ; peduncles opposite to the leaves ; 
 calyx spreading ; carpels tuberculate-aculeate, terminated by Tin ensiform 
 beak. 
 
 Alleghany mountains. Drummond. S. to Louisiana. May July. 1\.. 
 Leaves sometimes undivided. Flowers small. Petals obovate, bright yellow. 
 Introduced I Muricate Crowfoot. 
 
 7. CALTHA. Linn. Marsh Marigold. 
 
 (From the Greek KaXdBos, a basket: in allusion to the form of the flower.) 
 Calyx colored, with 5 10 roundish sepals resembling pe- 
 tals. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5 10. Fol- 
 licles compressed, spreading, many- seeded. 
 
 1 . C. palustris Linn. : . stem succulent, erect ; leaves cordate, suborlucu- 
 lar, obtusely crenate, petiolate ; flowers large, pedunculate ; sepals broad 
 oval. 
 
 var. integer rima Ton, $ Gr. : radical leaves entire ; floral ones sessile, 
 obscurely crenate ; petals obovate. C. integerrima Pursh. 
 
 In swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Labrador to the Columbia river. 
 April, May. 1\.. Root of coarse fasciculate fibres. Stem 6 12 inches high, 
 erect, somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and 
 shining. Flowirs few, an inch or more in diameter, bright yellow. 
 
 Common Marsh Marigold. 
 
 2. C. parnassi folia JRaf. : stem erect, 1-flowered, 1 -leaved ; radical leaves 
 petiolate, lanceolate-cordate, very obtuse, many-nerved; sepals elliptical, 
 styles 5 8. C. fitaroines Pursh. C. palitstris, var. parnassifolia Tor/: 
 <$ Gr. 
 
I }. A N U N O U L AC E JR. 1 1 
 
 Cedar swamps. N. J. txj (Jar. June, July. %. Flowers deep yellow, mid- 
 dle sized. Parnas ia-kaved Marsh Mar'gold. 
 
 3. C. JlabdlifoUa Pursh. : stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves di- 
 lated-reniform ; lobes widely spreading, coarsely and acutely toothed ; pe- 
 duncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; sepals obovate ; capsules uncinate. 
 C. palustris,\dit. ftabellifolia Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Sand spring, on Pokono mountain, Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 1J-. Stem 
 a foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Can- 
 ada and in Siberia. Tooth-leaved Marsh Marigold. 
 
 8. TROLLIUS. Linn. Globe Flower. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the obsolete German trol, signifying any thing round.) 
 Sepals colored, 5 10 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 
 5 25, small, 1 -lipped, tubular. Stamens and ovaries numer- 
 ous. Follicles many, subcylindrical, sessile, many-seeded. 
 
 T. Americaniis Muhl. : leaves palmate ; sepals 5 6, spreading ; petals 
 15 25, shorter than the stamens. T. laxus Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May July. ^. 
 Stem a foot or more high. Flowers terminal, large, yellowish. Probably 
 often mistaken for a species of Ranunculus. American Globe-flower. 
 
 0. COPTIS. Salisb. Gold Thread. 
 
 (From the Greek K07rr&>, to cut ; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the 
 leaves.) 
 
 Sepals 5 6, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 
 cucullate. Stamens 20 25. Follicles 3 10, on long stalks, 
 membranous, 4 8 seeded. 
 
 C. trifolia Salisb. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets cuneifonn- 
 obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-flowered. Hdleborus 
 trifolius Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Virg. N. to Labrador. May July. 1|~ Scnpe 4 6 
 inches high, slender, wiry. Flowers white. It affords a bitter infusion and a 
 yellow dye. See Big. Med. Bot. i. 60. 
 
 Common Gold Thread. 
 
 10. AQ.IJILEGIA. Linn. Columbine. 
 
 (From the Latin aquila, an eagle ; the spurs or nectaries having some re- 
 semblance to the claws of that bird.) 
 
 Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, bilabiate, drawn out 
 into a hollow spur at base. Follicles 5, distinct, many-seeded, 
 with acuminate styles. 
 
 A. Canadensis Linn. : spur straight ; styles and stamens exserted ; sepals 
 somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals ; segments of the leaves 3- 
 parted, rather obtuse, incisely toothed. 
 
\' ft A XUNCU L ACE.*i. 
 
 Rocks. Throughout the U. S. and Can. N. to Hudson's Bay. April, May. 
 fy. _ Ste/w 1 2 feet high, branched above. Leaves glaucous ; radical ones 
 biternate, the upper ones becoming gradually more simple. Flowers yellow 
 and scarlet. Wild Columbine. 
 
 11. HELLEBORUS. Atos. Hellebore. 
 
 (From the Greek e\st v, to cause death ; and 0opa,food ; on account of its poison- 
 ous properties.) 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 10, very 
 short, tubular, 2 -lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigma orbicu- 
 lar. Follicles 3 10, slightly cohering at the base, coriaceous, 
 many-seeded. Seeds elliptical. 
 
 H. xir id-is Linn. : radical leaves glabrous, pedately divided ; the cauline 
 few, nearly sessile, palmately parted; peduncles often geminate; sepals 
 roundish-ovate, green. 
 
 On the plains near Jamaica, and in a wood near Brooklyn, N. Y. April. 
 
 Stem about a foot high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers an inch or 
 more in diameter. A naturalized foreigner. Torn 4- Gr. 
 
 Green Hellebore. 
 
 12. DELPHINIUM. Linn. Larkspur. 
 
 (From the Greek df.\<piv, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal.) 
 Calyx deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal pro- 
 duced downward into a spur. Petals 4 ; 2 upper ones horned 
 behind. Ovaries 1 5. Follicles many-seeded. 
 
 * Ovaries 3 5. Petals free. Perennial. 
 
 1. D. azureum Mich.: petioles a little dilated at the base; leaves 3 5 
 parted, many-cleft, lobes ^linear ; raceme erect; petals densely bearded at 
 the apex ; flowers on short pedicels. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. '2J-. Stem 2 feet high. Flow- 
 ers large, blue. Azure Larkspur. 
 
 2. D. exaltatum Ait. : petioles not dilated at the base ; leaves flajt, 3 7 
 cleft beyond the middle ; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate ; 
 lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, as long as the 
 calyx ; capsules 3. D. tridactylum Mich. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. '2L Stem 2 feet high. Flowers 
 large, light blue. High Larkspur. 
 
 3. D. tricorm Mich. : petioles smooth at the base, scarcely dilated ; leaves 
 5-parted, lobes 3 5-cleft ; segments linear ; petals shorter than the calyx ; 
 carpels reflexed, spreading at base, arcuate. 
 
 Hills and woods. Penn. to Louis. W. to Arkansas. April, May. 1J.. Stem 
 6 8 inches high. Raceme loose, 6 12 flowered. Flowers bright blue, some- 
 times white. Three-horned Larkspur. 
 
 ** Ovary solitary. Petals united. Annual. 
 4.. D.Consolida Linn.: stem erect, smoothish. divaricately branched; 
 
&.ANUNCULACE.4E. 13 
 
 flowers few, in lux racemes ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels 
 smooth. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. July. (J). Stem 2 feet high. Flowers blue. In- 
 troduced from Europe. Common Larkspur. 
 
 13. ACONITUM. Linn. Wolfsbane. 
 (From the Greek a<6vr\, a cliff or rock ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
 
 Calyx petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; the upper sepal large 
 and helmet-form. Petals 5 ; the 3 lower ones minute, often 
 converted into stamens ; the 2 upper on long claws, expanded 
 into a sac or short spur at the summit. Follicles 3 5, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 A. vncinalum Linn.; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches; 
 galea exactly conical ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral ; leaves 3-lobed ; 
 lobes equal. 
 
 Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. Sept. '2J-. Stem twining, branching. Leaves co- 
 riaceous, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers 3 4, near the summit of each branch, large, 
 bright blue. De Candolle notices two American varieties of this species. 
 
 American Monkshood. 
 
 14. ACT^A. Linn. Baneberry. 
 
 (From the Greek a<rn, the elder ; on account of its resemblance to that plant.) 
 Sepals 4 5. Petals 4 8, spatulate. Stamens numerous 
 Carpels solitary, baccate, many-seeded. 
 
 1. A. r ubra, Willd.: leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme hemi- 
 spherical ; petals shorter than the stamens, acute ; pedicels of the fruit 
 smaller than the peduncle ; berries shining, red, many-seeded. A. spicata 
 Mich. A. brachypetala. D. C. A. Americana, var. rubra Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. %,Stem 2 
 feet high. Flowers white. Berries red and shining. Red Cohosh. 
 
 2. A. alba Big. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme oblong ; petals 
 equal to the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncle ; berries 
 white, few-seeded. A. spicata, var. alba Mich. A. Americana, var. alba 
 Pursh. A. pachypoda Ell. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. 1J-. Pedicels shorter and thicker 
 than in the preceding. Berries milk-white tipt with red, smaller than in A. 
 ruhra. White Cohosh. 
 
 15. CIMICIFUGA. Linn.-' Bugbane. 
 (From the Latin cimex, a bug, undfugo, to drive away.) 
 
 Sepals 4 5. Petals 3 5, concave or unguiculate, some- 
 times fewer or none. Stamens numerous. Style short. Car- 
 pels 1 8, follicular, many-seeded. 
 
 C. racemosa Ell. : racemes very long ; leaves ternately decompound ; leaf- 
 ets ovate-oblong, incisely toothed. C.Serpentaria Pursh. Act tea racemosa 
 Linn. 
 
14 MAGNOLIACE^. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem $8 feet high. 
 Racemes 6 10 inches long, somewhat panicled. Flowers greenish-white. 
 Has a very fetid smell. Medicinal. Black Snake-root, 
 
 1C. ZANTHORIZA. .Linn. Yellow Root. 
 (From the Greek 'av9oj, yellow, and piga, a root.) 
 
 Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish gland- 
 like lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5 10. Ovaries 5 15, 
 - pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membranaceous, com- 
 pressed, usually 1 -seeded. 
 Z. apiifolia L'Herit. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Texas. May. Tj. Suffruticose. 
 Root large, yellow. Stem 23 feet high. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in ra- 
 cemes, dark purple. Yellow Root. 
 
 ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEJE. MAGNOLIADS. 
 
 Sepals 3 6, deciduous. Petals 3 27, in several rows. 
 Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous ; anthers adnate, long. 
 Ovaries numerous ; style short ; stigma simple. Fruit either 
 dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, which are ar- 
 ranged upon an elongated axis. Seeds solitary or several. 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers large, 
 solitary, often odoriferous. 
 
 1. MAGNOLIA. Linn. Magnolia. 
 (In honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botanist.) 
 
 Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 12, in concentric series. 
 Carpels 1 2 -seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. 
 Seeds coated with a fleshy arillus, suspended by a long slen- 
 der funiculus. 
 
 1. M. glauca Linn.: leaves perennial, oblong or oval, petiolate, glau- 
 cous beneath; flowers^ I2petalled; petals obovate, concave. 
 
 Swamps.' Mass, to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. A shrub or tree 
 10 15, sometimes 30 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, 
 on thick peduncles, W 7 hite, 23 inches broad, very fragrant. The bark is aro- 
 matic and bitter. Sweet Bay. 
 
 2. M. acuminata Linn. : leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent 
 beneath ; flowers 6 9 petalled ; petals obovate, somewhat obtuse. - * 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. A middle sized tree, sometimes, how- 
 ever, attaining the height of 70 feet. Flowers of a dull yellow color, sometimes 
 6 S inches in diameter, glaucous externally. Fruit when green resembling a 
 young cucumber. Bark aromatic. Cucumber Tree. 
 
 3. M. tripetala Linn. : leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, ur-ute. silky 
 when younjr; petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, th?. outrr or. r s refiV.etcd. 
 M. r.-'-J'rrU.i 7, ; />;?. 
 
ANONACE^E. 15 
 
 Mountain woods. Penn. to Geor. June. A small tree with irregular 
 tranches and very large leaves. Flowers white, 7 8 inches in diameter. 
 
 Umbrella Tree. 
 
 2. LIRIODENDRON. Linn. Tulip Tree. 
 
 (From the Greek \etptov, a lily, and tsvSpov, a tree; from the appearance of 
 its flowers.) 
 
 Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6. Carpels (Samara) imbri- 
 cated in a cone, 1 2-seeded, not opening, attenuated. 
 
 L. Tulipifera Linn. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. June, July. One of the largest trees of 
 our forest. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe truncate. Flowers sol- 
 itary, large, each with two large caducous bracts at the base. Sepals obovate- 
 oblong, spreading and at length deciduous. Petals lance-obovate, greenish- 
 yellow, stained with reddish orange below the middle. According to Dr. 
 Darlington, there are two varieties of this species, differing chiefly in the color 
 and texture of the wood ; the one being yellow and the other white. The 
 yellow is the most valuable, but both are employed extensively by cabinet 
 makers. The bark is a valuable tonic, &c.See Big. Med. Sot. 
 
 Ttdip Tree. White Wood. 
 
 ORDER III. ANONACE^E. ANONADS. 
 
 Sepals 3 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals 6, 
 in two rows, coriaceous. Stamens indefinite, covering a large 
 hypogynous disk, packed closely together: filaments short; 
 anthers adnate. Ovaries mostly numerous ; styles short ; stig- 
 mas simple. Fruit consisting of a number of carpels. Seeds 
 attached to the suture in one or two rows. Trees or shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, simple, almost always entire, without stipules. 
 Flowers usually green or brown, axillary, mostly solitary. 
 
 ASIMINA. Adans. Papaw. 
 (A name given by Adanson, the origin of which is unknown.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; 
 inner ones smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels 
 usually 3, baccate, ovate or oblong, sessile, pulpy within. Seeds 
 many. 
 
 A. triloba D. C. : leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the 
 branches smoothish ; flowers on short peduncles; outer petals roundish 
 ovate, 4 times as long as the calyx. Anona triloba Linn. Porcelia triloba 
 Pursk. Uvaria triloba Tort: fy Gr. 
 
 Banks of streams. Western N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April. A small 
 tree usually from 10 to 15 feet high, with slender nearly smooth branches. 
 Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing rather before the leaves, dark brownish- 
 purple. Fruit large, fleshy, sweetish. ' Nuttall states that the fruit does not 
 come to perfection N. or E. of Steubenville, Ohio. Trav. In Arkansas. 
 
 Pa-nan Tree. 
 
16 BERBERIDACE.5C. 
 
 ORDER IV. MENISPERMACE^E. MEXISPERMADS. 
 
 Flowers diclinous, usually dioecious and very small. Sepak 
 and petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is 
 composed of 3 or 4 parts, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous 
 or occasionally distinct, sometimes opposite the petals and equal 
 to them in number, sometimes 3 or 4 times as many ; anthers 
 adnate. Ovaries sometimes numerous, each with one style, 
 distinct or rarely united. Drupes mostly berried, 1 -seeded, 
 compressed. Seed same shape as the fruit ; albumen wanting 
 or small. Shrubs, with a flexible tough tissue and sarmenta- 
 ceous habit. Leaves alternate and entire. Flowers small, 
 usually racemose. 
 
 MENISPERMUM. Linn. Moonseed. 
 
 (From the Greek uni"}, the moon, and (nrtp/ia, a seed ; on account of the lunate 
 form of the seeds.) 
 
 Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 -rowed. STERILE 
 FL. Stamens 12 20. FERTILE FL. Ovaries 1 4. Drupe 
 berried, roundish-reniform, with a single lunate nut or seed. 
 Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar. 
 
 M. Canadense Linn: leaves peltate, somewhat glabrous, cordate, ob- 
 tusely angled, mucronate ; racemes solitary, compound ; petals 4 8. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. T^. Varies somewhat 
 in the angles of the leaves. Stem climbing, 8 12 feet long. Flowers very 
 small, greenish yellow, tinged with purple. Berries black, resembling grapes. 
 
 Canadian Moonseed. 
 
 ORDER V. BERBERIDACEJE. BERBERIDS. 
 
 Sepals 3 4 6, deciduous, in a double row, surrounded ex- 
 ternally by petaloid scales. Petals either equal to the sepals 
 in number and opposite to them, or twice as many, generally 
 with ap, appendage at the base in the inside. Stamens equal 
 in number to the petals, and opposite to them. Ovary solitary, 
 1 -celled ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular. Fruit a berry 
 'or capsule. Seeds crustaceous or membranous. Shrubs or 
 herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 
 
 1. BERBERIS. Linn. Barberry. 
 (Supposed to be the Arabian name of the plant.) 
 
 Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, 
 with 2 glands upon their claws. Stamens without teeth, *? 
 
BERBERIDACE^E. 17 
 
 2 3 teeth. Berry 2 3-seeded. Seeds 2, rarely 3, in- 
 serted laterally at the base of the cell. 
 
 B. vulgaris Linn. : spines 3-parted ; leaves simple, obovate, attenuate 
 at base, closely serrate with bristly teeth ; racemes many-flowered, pendu- 
 lous ; petals entire . B. Canadensis Pursh. Nutt. 
 
 Road sides and fields. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. T?. 
 A shrub 4 6 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers in pendulous racemes, pale 
 yellow. Berries red, and of an agreeable acid. Supposed to have been intro- 
 duced from Europe. At all events the American, is exactly similar to the Eu- 
 ropean, plant. Common Barberry. 
 
 2. LEONTICE. Linn. Lion's Foot. 
 
 (Abridged from the Greek \tovTairtTa\ov ; the leaf resembling the print of a 
 lion's foot.) 
 
 Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the 
 base within. Capsules 2 4-seeded. Seeds globose, inserted 
 into the bottom of the capsulef 
 
 L. thalictroides Linn. : lower leaf triternate, upper one biternate ; leafets 
 oblong ovate and cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers 
 paniculate ; peduncle from the base of the upper petioles. Caulophyttum 
 thalictroides. Mich, 
 
 Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. 1|. Stem a 
 foot high, purplish and glaucous when young. Leaves mostly 2. Flowers 
 small, greenish-yellow. Seeds deep blue, globose, contracted below into a 
 long stipitate base. Whole plant turns almost black in drying. 
 
 Blue Cohosh. 
 
 3. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. May Apple. 
 
 ^From the Greek novs,foot, and </n>XXov, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web 
 foot.) 
 
 Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 9. Stamens 12 18. Stig- 
 ma large, subsessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, 
 not dehiscent. Seeds many. 
 
 P. peltatum Linn. : stem erect, 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; fruit oval. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May. ^.Stem a foot high, 2- 
 leaved, 1-flowered. Leaves large, peltate, palmate-lobed. Flower solitary in 
 the fork of the petiole, pendulous, white. Fruit an inch to an inch and a half 
 long, yellowish when mature, pulpy and succulent. Its root is often used as a 
 substitute for jalap. See Big. $ Bart. Med. Bot. and Schneck's Exper. Inq. fyc. 
 N. Y. Med. and Phys. Jour.\\. 30. May Apple. Mandrake. 
 
 4. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. Twin-leaf. 
 (In honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 
 
 Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsules obovate, 
 semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base. 
 
 J. diphytta Pers. J. Bartonis Mich. 
 
 Western and Northern N. Y. Penn. Virg. and Tenn. May. ^.Scape a 
 
18 XELUMBIACE^E. 
 
 fool high. Leaf hinnate, petioled. Flower terminal, solitary, large, white, re 
 sembling that of Sanguinaria. Capsule large, coriaceous. Seeds shining, ob- 
 long. Twiri'leqf. Rheumatism-root. 
 
 ORDER VI. CACOMBACE^E. WATER-SHIELDS. 
 
 Sepals 3 or 4, colored inside, persistent. Petals 3 or 4, al- 
 ternate with the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite; an- 
 thers linear, turned inwards, continuous with the filament. 
 Ovaries 2 or more. Fruit indehiscent, tipped by the indurated 
 style. Seeds few, pendulous ; embryo seated at the base of a 
 fleshy albumen. Aquatics, with floating leaves. Flowers ax- 
 illary, solitary, yellow or purple. 
 
 HYDROPELTIS. Mick. Water-shield. 
 
 Calyx of 3 4 sepals. Petals 3 4. Stamens, 18 36. 
 Ovaries 6 18. Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1 2-seeded. 
 
 H. purpurea Mich. Brasenia peltata Pursh. 
 
 Lakes and ponds. Can. to Geor. June, July. 1}.. Whole plant covered with 
 a viscid gelatine. Stem floating, long, terete, branched. Leaves oval, peltate, 
 coriaceous, very entire and tinged with purple on the lower side. Peduncles 
 solitary, long, each springing from the side of a petiole. Flowers purple, about 
 an inch in diameter. Water-shield. Water-target. 
 
 ORDER VIL NELUMBIACE^E. WATER BEANS. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5. Petals numerous, oblong, in many rows. 
 Stamens numerous, arising from within the petals in several 
 rows ; filaments petaloid ; anthers adnate. Torus a fleshy ele- 
 vated disk, very large, enclosing the numerous separate ovaries 
 in hollows of its substance. Nuts numerous, half buried in 
 hollows of the disk in which they are finally loose. Seeds soli- 
 tary, rarely 2. Herbs with peltate fleshy floating leaves, arising 
 from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters. 
 
 NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacred Bean. 
 (From the Ceylon name, Nelumbo.} 
 
 Calyx petaloid, of 4 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels 
 numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate 
 receptacle or torus, 1 -seeded. Seed large, round, solitary. 
 
 N. luteum Willd. : anthers produced into a linear appendage at the ex- 
 tremity ; leaves peltate, orbicular, very entire. Cyamiis fiavicomus Salisb. 
 Pursk. C. luteus Nutt. 
 
 Lakes. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 7J.. Leaves a foot or more in 
 fliameter, alternate, peltate- Peduncles very long, more or less scabrous. 
 Powers yellowish-white, and larger than that produced by any plant in North 
 America, except Magnolia macrophyUa. Water Chinquapin. 
 
1'APAVERACE.E. 19 
 
 ORDER VIII. NYMPH^EACE^E. WATER-LILIES. 
 
 Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually 
 into each other. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals 
 into the disk ; filaments petaloid ; anthers adnate. Disk large, 
 flesh)', surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovary with radi- 
 ating , stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent. Seeds very 
 numerous. Herbs with peltate or cordate fleshy leaves, arising 
 from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters. 
 
 1. NYMH^EA. Linn. White Water-lily. 
 (From its imbibing the water, as the Nymphs were supposed to do.) 
 
 Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens inserted 
 into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. 
 
 N. odorata Ait. : leaves, floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire ; nerves 
 and veins prominent ; stigma 16 20 rayed ; rays incurved. 
 
 Ponds. Can. to Car. June, July. 1|-. There are two varieties of this plant. 
 One has the sinus and lobes of the leaves more or less acute ; the flowers 
 white (N. alba. Mich.} The other is smaller, has purplish leaves and peduncles, 
 and rose-colored flowers, (N. minor D. C.) Both have the leaves on very long 
 petioles, coriaceous, and lying on the surface of the water. Flowers 3 4 inches 
 in diameter, very odorous. While Pond Lily. 
 
 2. NUPHAR. Smith. Yellow Water-lily. 
 
 (A name applied by Dioscorides.; 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens, inserted at the base of the disk. 
 
 1. N. luted Smith: calyx with 5 sepals; stigma entire, 1620 rayed, 
 deeply umbilicate ; leaves cordate, oval, lobes approximate ; petioles 3-sided, 
 acute- angled. Nymphcea lutea Linn. 
 
 In water. N. S. and N. to lat. 64. June. %. Sepals very obtuse. Pe- 
 tals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by some of our botanists with the 
 next species, from which it is quite distinct. 
 
 Small-flowered Yellow Water-lily. 
 
 2. N. advena Ait. : calyx 6-sepalled ; petals numerous, small ; leaves 
 cordate, with divaricate lobes ; petioles semicylindrical ; fruit sulcate. 
 NymphcBa advena Mich. 
 
 In water. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. 7|-. Leaves upright 
 or floating. Flowers large, yellow. Common Yellow Water-lily. 
 
 3. N. Kalmiana Ait. : calyx 5-leaved ; stigmas incised, 8 12-rayed ; 
 leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes ; petioles terete. 
 Nymphcea lutea var. Kalmiana Mich. 
 
 In water. N. S. and Can. July, Aug. Tj.. Leaves and flowers small. Tor 
 ?ey considers it a variety of N. lutea. Kalm's Water-lily. 
 
 ORDER IX. PAP AVERAGES. POPPYWORTS. 
 Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous. Petals 4 or 6, usually crum- 
 pled before expansion, occasionally none. Stamens numerous ; 
 
20 PAPAVERACE^E. 
 
 anthers 2-celled, innate. Ovary 1 ; style short or none. Fruit 
 1 -celled, either pod-shaped or capsular, with several placentae. 
 Seeds numerous, with a minute embryo. Herbaceous plants 
 or shrubs, often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, more or 
 less divided. Peduncles long, 1 -flowered. 
 
 1. ARGEMONE. Linn. Prickly Poppy. 
 
 (From the Greek apycpa, a disease of the eye; supposed to be relieved by this 
 plant.) 
 
 Petals 4 6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any. Stigma 
 4 7-lobed ; lobes radiately reflexed, persistent. Capsules obo- 
 vate, spinose, 1 -celled, 5-valved ; valves opening at the apex. 
 
 A. Mezicana Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. June, July. Op. 
 Stem 2 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickles- Leaves sessile, pin- 
 natifid, repand-sinuate, margins and veins beneath armed with spines. Flowers 
 axillary and terminal, large, yellow or white. Probably introduced. 
 
 Common Prickly Poppy. 
 
 2. SANGUINARIA. Linn. Blood-root. 
 
 (From the Latin sanguis, blood ; in allusion to the color of its juice.) 
 
 Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8 12. Stamens 24. Stigmas 
 2, connate. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, ventricose, 
 valves deciduous. 
 
 . Canadensis Linn. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. 1\.. Root tuberous, 
 affording a bitter orange-colored juice, which contains a vegeto-alkaline prin- 
 ciple. Leaves radical, reniform or cordate. Flowers large, white, solitary. 
 Medicinal. Emetic, &c. Big. Med. Bot. i. 75. Tully on Sanguinaria.Am. 
 Med. Recorder, vol. xiii. Red Puccoon. Blood-root. 
 
 3. MECONOPSIS. D. C. Meconopsis. 
 
 (From the Greek //??* uv, a poppy, and oi//ty, appearance ; on account of its re- 
 semblance to the poppy.) 
 
 Petals 4. Stamens many. Style short. Stigma 4 6, ra- 
 diating, convex, free. Capsules obovate, 1 -celled ; valves 4 6, 
 dehiscent at the apex. 
 
 1. M. diphyUa D. C. : leaves 2, sessile, hairy ; lobes rounded and obtuse ; 
 capsules 4-valved, echinate. Ckelidonium diphyllum Mich. PursJi. Stylo- 
 phorum diphyllum Nutt. 
 
 Woods. Penn to Miss. S. to Tenn. May. 1|. Stem a foot high. Leaves 
 glaucous. Flowers yellow. Abundant in Indiana. Two-leaved Meconopsis. 
 
 2. M. petiolata D. C. : leaves 2 3, on long petioles, smoothish : cap- 
 sules echinate. StyLophortim petiolatum, Nutt. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains. Hooker. Shady woods on the banks of the Ohio. 
 
SARRACENIACEuE. 21 
 
 Nutt. May July. % Stem 12 18 inches high. Leaves large, smooth and 
 glaucous beneath, with 5 7 large lobes. Flowers large, yellow. 
 
 Stalk-leaved Meconopsis. 
 
 4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. Celandine. 
 
 (From the Greek %A<W, a sioallow; its flowers appearing about the same 
 time as that bird.) 
 
 Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4. Stamens many. Capsule 
 elongated, (resembling a silique,) 2-valved, 1-celled ; valves de- 
 hiscent from the base to the apex. Seeds several, furnished 
 with a glandular crest. 
 
 C. majus Linn. : leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous ; segments ovate ; cre- 
 nate-lobed ; pedicels somewhat umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire. 
 
 Fields and waste places. N. S. May Oct. ^.Stem 12 feet high, 
 branched. Flowers yellow. Capsule about an inch long, narrow, sublinear. 
 Plant full of an orange juice- Introduced from Europe. Common Celandine. 
 
 5. PAP AVER. Linn. Poppy. 
 
 (From the Celtic Papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce 
 sleep.) 
 
 Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, ra- 
 diate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by mi- 
 nute valves under the margin of the stigma. 
 
 P. dubium Linn. : leaves pseudo-pinnate ; segments lance-oblong, pin- 
 natifidly incised, sessile, decurrent ; stem with spreading hairs; peduncles 
 with appressed bristly hairs ; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Downington, Penn. Darlingt. May. (J). Stem 1 2 
 feet high. Flowers on long flexuous peduncles, pale red. Introduced. 
 
 Field Poppy. 
 
 ORDER X. SARRACENIACE^E. SARRACENIADS. 
 
 Calyx 4 6-leaved, much imbricated, without a corolla; or 
 consisting of 5 persistent sepals, often having a 3 -leaved invo- 
 lucre on the outside, and 5 unguiculate, concave petals. Sta- 
 mens numerous ; anthers oblong, adnate. Ovary, 2 5-celled ; 
 style simple, truncate, or expanded into a large peltate plate 
 with 5 stigmatic angles. Capsule with 3 5 cells. Seeds mi- 
 nute, very numerous. Herbs found in bogs. Leaves radical, 
 with a hollow urn-shaped petiole, at whose apex the lamina is 
 articulated, and which fits like a lid. Scapes each bearing one 
 large flower. 
 
22 FUMARIACE^E. 
 
 SARRACENIA. Linn. Side-saddle Flower. 
 
 ( In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, who resided in Quebec, and sent the plant to 
 Tournefort.) 
 
 Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma very 
 large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled. 
 
 S. purpurea Linn. : leaves much shorter than the scape, inflated, con- 
 tracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; appendix erect, 
 broad-cordate, undulate, not mucronate. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. June, July. 1\.. 
 Scape 1 2 feet high, with a solitary terminal purple flower. A variety with 
 yellow flowers has been found in Northampton, Mass, and in Seneca co. N. Y. 
 
 Common Side-saddle Flower. 
 
 ORDER XL FUMARIACE^E. FUMEWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, very irregular. 
 Stamens 4, distinct, or 6, in 2 parcels, opposite the outer pe- 
 tals, very seldom all separate. Ovary free, 1 -celled. Stigma 
 with 2 or more points. Fruit either an indehiscent 1 or 2- 
 seeded nut, or a 2-valved many-seeded pod. Seeds horizontal, 
 with fleshy albumen. Herbs with brittle stems and a watery 
 juice. Leaves usually alternate, many-cleft, often with tendrils. 
 
 1. FUMARIA. Linn. Fumitory. 
 
 (From the Latin fumus, smoke ; perhaps in allusion to the effect of its juice 
 and odor on the eyes.) 
 
 Calyx of 2 sepals. Petals 4, one gibbous or spurred at the 
 base. Pouch ovate or globose, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, not pointed 
 with a style. 
 
 F. officinalis Linn. : stem sub-erect ; leaves bipinnate and cleft with 
 linear segments ; racemes rather loose ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, twice as 
 long as the bracts ; pouch globose, smooth, somewhat retuse. 
 
 Near cultivated ground. N. Y. to Car, May July, Aug. (J). Stem a foot 
 high. Flowers rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Common Fumitory. 
 
 2. DICENTRA. Borckh. Dicentra. 
 (From the Greek Sis twice, and Ktvrpov a spur.) 
 
 Petals 4, 2 outer ones equally spurred or gibbous at base. 
 Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. D. Cucullaria Torr.: scape naked; raceme, siim)Je, l-sided: wino 
 of'tiie inner petals short; spurs straight, divaricate, aci>tfv Didytra C 
 laria D. C. Fumaria Cucullaria Linn. 
 
 Shady hills. Throughout Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. An-1. '.T:i 
 Root bulbous. Scape 6 8 inches high. Leaves 2, tritei..udy A-i 
 
CRUCIFEFUE. 23 
 
 Flowers large, white, tinged with yellow and purple. Spurs frequently much 
 divaricated. Dutchman's Breeches. 
 
 2. D. Canadensis Torr. : scape naked, raceme simple, 4 6 flowered ; spurs 
 short, rounded ; wing of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit. 
 Didytra Canadensis D. C. Corydalis Canadensis Goldie. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to N. Y. W. to Ken. April. % Root tuberous. 
 Scape 56 inches high, rising above the leaves, which usually have the seg- 
 ments longer and narrower than those of the preceding species. Flowers fra- 
 grant, white, tinged with pale purple. Turkey Corn. 
 
 3. D. eximia Torr. : scape naked ; raceme compound, the branches cym- 
 ulose ; spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved; wings of the petals project- 
 ing beyond the summit ; leaves numerous. Didytra eximia D. C. Cory- 
 dalis formosa Pursh. 
 
 Mountains. Yates County, N. Y. Sartwell. S- to Car. April July. Tj.. 
 Root bulbous. Scape 8 12 inches' high. Leaves numerous. Flowers pendu- 
 lous, reddish purple. Choice Dicentra. 
 
 3. CORYDALIS. D. C. Corydalis. 
 (From ^opvJaXif, the Greek name of Fumitory.) 
 
 Petals 4, one spurred at base. Pod 2-valved, compressed, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1. C. glauca Pursh.: stem erect, branched; leaves glaucous, decom- 
 pound; segments cuneate, trifid; bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the 
 pedicels ; pod linear, flat, scarcely torulose. Fumaria glauca Curtis. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. N. to 64 S. to Car. W. to Miss. May July. (J) or 
 (g). Stem 1 2 feet high. Leaves 1 3 inches long, the lower ones on long 
 petioles. Flowers variegated with red yellow and green. 
 
 Glaucous Corydalis. 
 
 2. C. aurea Willd. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly pin- 
 nate ; lobes oblong, acute ; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed ; 
 pod terete, torulose. Fumaria aurea MiM. 
 
 Shady rocks. Throughout Can. and N. to lat. 64. W. to Rocky Mountains, 
 and S. to S. Car. April August. or . Stem 812 inches high, branch- 
 ing, slender. Racemes terminal and opposite the leaves. Flowers small, bright 
 yellow. Golden Corydalis. 
 
 4. ADLUMIA. Raf. Climbing Fumitory. 
 
 ( In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine.) 
 Petals 4, united in a spongy monopetalous corolla, persistent, 
 and with two protuberances at base. Pod 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 A. cirrhosa Raf. : Corydalis fungosa Pers. Fumaria fungosa Willd. 
 Woods. Can. to Penn. Catskill mountains. July September, (g). Stem 
 8 15 feet long, slender, branching and climbing. Leaves pinnately divided, 
 the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowers in compound axillary racemes, 
 pale violet or nearly white. Climbing Fumitory. 
 
 ORDER XII. CRUCIFEILE. CRL CIFERS. 
 
 Sepals 4, deciduous, imbricate or valvate. Petals 4, cruciate, 
 alternate with the sepals. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter, 
 
24 CRUCIFERJE. 
 
 solitary, and opposite the lateral sepals, and four longer, in 
 pairs, opposite the anterior, and posterior sepals. Disk with 
 various green glands between the petals and the stamens and 
 ovary. Ovary superior, 1 -celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a silicule 
 or silique (pouch or pod,) rarely 1 -celled and valveless, gene- 
 rally 2-celled and 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent or 
 opening by the two valves. Seeds attached in a single row by 
 a cord to each of the placentae, generally pendulous, without 
 albumen ; the embryo with the radical folded upon the cotyle- 
 dons. Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually 
 yellow or white, in corymbs or racemes. 
 
 I. SILICULOSjE. Pod slwrt and broad (pouch.) 
 
 1. CAKILE. Linn. Sea Rocket. 
 
 (An old Arabic word, applied probably to this or some allied genus.) 
 Pouch 2 -jointed, compressed ; the upper joint ensiform or 
 ovate. Seed solitary in the cells ; upper erect, lower (some- 
 times abortive) pendulous. 
 
 C. Americana Nutt. : leaves fleshy, obovate, attenuate at base, more or 
 less toothed and lobed ; joints of the pouch 1 -seeded ; the uppermost one 
 ovate, acute. C. maritima, var. Americana Torr. Bunias maritima 
 Pursk. B. edentula Big. 
 
 Sea shores. Can. to Geor. Shores of the Great Lakes. July, Aug. (I). 
 Plant fleshy, branched and decumbent. Flowers corymbed, pale purple. 
 
 American Sea Rocket. 
 
 2. THLASPI. Linn. Penny Cress. 
 
 (From the Greek 0Xaw, to flatten ; probably on account of its compressed 
 seed vessels.) 
 
 Pouch emarginate at the apex ; valves boat-form, winged on 
 the back ; cells 2 many-seeded. Petals equal. Calyx equal 
 at base. 
 
 1. T. arvense Linn. : leaves oblong-sagittate, coarsely toothed, smooth ; 
 pouch suborbicular, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally. 
 
 Stony fields. Can and N. S. W. to Miss. June. (T). Stem a foot high, 
 erect, somewhat branched. Leaves smooth. Flowers small, white, in a ra- 
 ceme. Pouch very large, with dilated wings. Perhaps introduced. 
 
 Penny Cress. 
 
 2. T. tuberomm Nutt. : leaves rhombic-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, 
 sessile ; radical ones upon long petioles ; stem pubescent, very short and 
 simple ; root tuberous ; pouch suborbicular, short. 
 
 Penn. Nutt. April, May. (I). Stem 4 5 inches hi^h. Flowers large, 
 rosareous. Ttfbrta** /Vwny Cress. 
 
CRUCIFER^E. 25 
 
 3. CAPSELLA. D. C. Shepherd's Purse. 
 (The diminutive of capsula ; a little capsule or box.} 
 Pouch triangular, wedge-form at base ; valves boat-form, 
 not winged ; cells many-seeded. 
 
 C. Bursa-pastoris D. C. : radical leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Throughout the U. S. April Oct. (J). Stem from 3 
 inches to 1 2 feet high. Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid, hairy ; cauline 
 ones oblong, toothed, sagittate at base. Flowers small, white, in terminal spiked 
 racemes. Introduced from Europe. Common Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 4. DRABA. Linn. Whitlow Grass. 
 (From the Greek fyaffr], acrid, as are the leaves of many of this genus.) 
 
 Pouch sessile, oval or oblong ; valves flat or slightly convex. 
 Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal. Petals entire. Sta- 
 mens without teeth. 
 
 1. D. Caroliniana Walt.: stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked and 
 smooth at the top ; leaves ovate-roundish, entire, hispid ; pouch linear, 
 smooth, longer than the pedicel. D. hispidula Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields. Conn, to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. .Stems 24 
 inches high. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. Pouch 
 46 lines long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers white. Carolina Whitlow Grass. 
 
 2. D. arabisans Mich. : stem leafy, somewhat branched, subpubescent ; 
 leaves sparingly toothed ; radical ones wedge-lanceolate ; cauline oblong ; 
 pouch smooth, lanceolate-oblong, longer than the pedicel. 
 
 Rocks. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. @. Stems 612 inches 
 high. Pouch half an inch long, erect, acuminate, twisted. Flowers white. 
 
 Bunch-jlowered Whitlow-grass. 
 
 5. EROPHILA. D. C. Erophila. 
 
 (From the Greek np, rjpos t spring, and ^uAAtw to love; in allusion to its early 
 flowering.) 
 
 Pouch oval or oblong ; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar- 
 gined. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without 
 teeth. 
 
 E. vulgaris D. C. : pouch elliptic, shorter than the pedicel ; scape 5 15 
 flowered. E. Americana D. C. Draba verna Linn. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Virg. March May. .Scape 26 inches high, naked. 
 Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, hairy. Flowers minute, white. Pouch 
 on long pedicels, with a very short style. Specimens of this plant obtained 
 from my friend, Dr. Matthew Stevenson, of Washington co. N. Y. agree in 
 all respects with the foreign E. vulgaris, as do also those which I have collected 
 elsewhere. Common Whitlow Grass. 
 
 6. COCHLEARIA. Linn. Scurvy Grass. 
 
 (From the Latin, cochkar, a spoon ; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.) 
 Pouch sessile, ovate, globose, or oblong ; valves, ventricose. 
 Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal at base, spreading. 
 Petals entire. Stamens without teeth, 
 
 2 
 
26 CRUCIFER,E. 
 
 C. Armoracia, Linn. : root large, fleshy ; radical leaves on long petioles, 
 oblong, crenate ; cauline long-lanceolate, serrate or entire ; pouch oblong ; 
 stigma dilated, nearly sessile. 
 
 Waste grounds. June. 1|_. Root large arid very pungent to the taste. Stem 
 2 3 feet high. Flowers white, in elongated racemes. Introduced, and exten- 
 sively cultivated. Used as a condiment. Horse Radish. 
 
 7. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pepper-grass. 
 (From the Greek \erns, a scaU ; in allusion to the form of the pouch.) 
 
 Pouch ovate or somewhat cordate ; valves keeled or rarely 
 ventricose, dehiscent ; cells 1 -seeded. Seeds somewhat triquet- 
 rous or compressed. Petals equal. 
 
 1. L. Virginicum Linn. : stem branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid : cau- 
 line linear-lanceolate, serate, smooth : stamens often 2 ; pouch orbicular, 
 flat, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel. Thlaspi Virginianum Pair. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Louis. W. to Miss. June- Oct. . Stem a foot 
 high, branched abo\c. Flowers minute, white. Pouch about 2 lines long, 
 slightly emarginate. Wild Pepper-grass. 
 
 2. L. campestre Brown : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed ; pouch ovate, 
 winged, rough with minute scales, emarginate ; style scarcely longer than 
 the notch. Thlaspi campestre Linn. 
 
 Waste places. Long Island, Staten Island, and elsewhere in the U. S. 
 June, July. (J) or @. Stem a foot high, erect, simple or paniculately branched 
 above. Racemes much elongated in fruit. Flowers white. Introduced. 
 
 Field Pepper-grass. 
 
 3. L. Smithii Hook: cauline leaves sagittate, toothed; pouch ovate, 
 emarginate, winged, smooth or minutely scaly on the back ; style much 
 exserted beyond the notch. L. hirtum Beek Bot. 1st Ed. 
 
 Fields near New Brunswick, N. J. June. () ? Stem 12 18 inches high, 
 very leafy. Lower leaves petioled, and somewhat pinnatifid ; cauline sub- 
 clasping, sagittate, toothed, covered with a whitish pubescence. Flowers in 
 dense hairy racemes. Pouch, in my specimens, scabrous, emarginate, with a 
 style about half its length. Perhaps introduced. Rough Pepper-grass. 
 
 8. CAMELINA. Cranbz. Camelina. 
 
 (From the Greek x a /* ai > dwarf or humble, and \ivov, flax ; on account of a fan- 
 cied resemblance in the plants.) 
 
 Pouch 'obovate or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscent 
 with part of the style ; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds 
 oblong, not margined. 
 
 C. saliva D. C. : pouch obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped with the 
 pointed style ; leaves roughish, sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate ; flowers nu- 
 merous, in corymbs. Myagrum sativum Linn. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. N. Y. and Penn. May, June, (p. Stem 2 3 feet high 
 panicled above. Flowers numerous, corymbose, pam'culate, small yellow 
 Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 , Gold of Pleasure. 
 
CRUCIFER^E. 27 
 
 9. SUBULARIA. Linn. Awl-wort. 
 (From the Latin subula, an awl ; the leaves being subulate, or awl-shaped.) 
 
 Pouch oval ; dissepiment elliptical ; valves convex ; cells 
 many-seeded. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, 
 2 -plicate. 
 
 fit aquatica Linn. 
 
 Margins of ponds. Maine. July. 1\.. Scape 2 4 inches high. Leaves 
 few, radical, awl-shaped, 1 3 inches long. Ftowers small, white, in corymbs. 
 Valves more convex or turgid than in Draba. Water Awl-wort. 
 
 10. LUNARIA. Linn. Honesty. 
 
 (From the Latin luna, the moon ; in allusion to the form and appearance of its 
 pouch.) 
 
 Pouch pedicellate, elliptic or lanceolate ; valves flat. Funicles 
 long, adhering to the dissepiment. Calyx somewhat bisaccate. 
 Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed. 
 
 L. biennis D. C. : pouch elliptical, obtuse at each end. L-annua. Linn, 
 Nutt. 
 
 Fields. Penn. May, June. .Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt. 
 
 Biennial Honesty. 
 
 II. SILIQUOS^:. Pod mostly long and narrow. 
 
 11. DENT ARIA. Linn. Tooth-wort. 
 
 (From the Latin dens, a tooth ; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root? 
 
 Pod narrow-lanceolate, with a long tapering style; valves 
 flat, nerveless, often opening elastically. Seeds ovate, not mar- 
 gined, in one row. 
 
 1. D. laciniataMuhl.: cauline leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles; 
 ternate ; leafets 3-parted ; segments linear, entire, or coarsely toothed ; root 
 moniliform. D. concatenate, Mick. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S., but rather rare. April, May. Q.Stem 
 6 12 inches high, simple. Flowers in loose terminal racemes, pale rose-colored 
 or white. Petals wedge-obovate, attenuated below. Pod an inch long. 
 
 Common Tooth-wort. 
 
 2. D. diphytta Mich. : cauline leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate ; 
 leafets ovate-oblong, unequally and coarsely serrate or laciniate. 
 
 Woods. Throughout Can. and U. S. May. %.Stem 610 inches high. 
 Leaves large, opposite or closely approximate above the middle of the stem. 
 Flowers white or pale purple, larger than in the preceding species. Pod about an 
 inch long. Pepper-root. 
 
 3. D. heterophylla Nutt : stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petiolate ; leafets 
 linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough, ciliate ; radical leaves 
 ovate-oblong, incisely and coarsely toothed. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Ken. June. %.Root tuberous. Corymb about 9-flowered. 
 Flowers pale purple, about as large as those of Cardamine pratensis. The smallest 
 of the genus. Small Tooth-wort. 
 
28 CRUCIFERjE. 
 
 4. D. maxima Nutt. : leaves many, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ; 
 leafets sub-oval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lobed ; axils 
 naked ; racemes lateral and terminal. 
 
 Woods. In the western part of N. Y. and Perm. Nutt, Rare. June. 7J.. 
 Tubers concatenate. Stem sometimes nearly 2 feet high. Leaves 5 7, remote, 
 the margin a little roughened ; leafets broad. Flowers in racemes, pale purple. 
 
 Tall Tooth-wart. 
 
 12. BARBAREA. Brown. Winter-cress. 
 (From St. Barbara, to whom this plant was formerly dedicated.) 
 
 Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2-edged; valves awnless at the 
 apex. Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect, equal at base. 
 
 1. J3. vulgaris Brawn : lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobes roundish ; 
 upper ones sessile, obovate, toothed ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender 
 style. Erysimum Bar bar ea Linn. 
 
 Pastures and wet grounds. N. S. N. to the Arctic Regions. Hook. May 
 Sept. %. Stem 1 2 feet high, smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense 
 racemes, small, yellow. Bitter Winter-cress. 
 
 2. B. prcecox Brown : lower leaves lyrate, upper ones pinnatifid ; seg- 
 ments linear-oblong, entire; pod linear, obtuse, compressed. Erysimum 
 prcBcox Smith. 
 
 Waste grounds. Can. and Conn. Eaton. April Sept. (g). Stem 1 2 feet 
 high, more slender than the last. Flowers smaller ; pods longer. 
 
 Early Winter-cress. 
 
 13. ARABIS. Linn. Wall-cress. 
 
 (.Supposed to have received this name, because originally an Arabian genus.) 
 Pod linear, plane ; valves flat, 1 -nerved in the middle. Seeds 
 in one row in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. Coty- 
 ledons flat, accumbent. 
 
 1. A. sagittata D. C.: leaves subdentate, rough, with the pubescence 
 often branched ; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a petiole ; 
 cauline lanceolate, sagittate-cordate ; pedicels of the length of the calyx ; 
 pods stiffly erect. 
 
 var. ovata D. C. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate, toothed ; cauline 
 clasping^. A. ovata Pair. Turritis ovata Pursh. 
 
 var. oblongata D. C. : leaves rough, radical ones ovate-oblong, toothed ; 
 cauline sagittate-amplexicaul. Turritis oblongata Raf. 
 
 Rocks. Can. (lat. 63 N.) to Virg. W. to Oregon. (S).Stem 12^18 inches 
 high, simple. Flowers small, white. A very variable plant. 
 
 Sagittate Watt-cress. 
 
 2. A. hirsuta D. C. : leaves dentate, pubescent or scabrous ; radical 
 ones obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole ; cauline ovate-lanceolate ; 
 pedicels as long as the calyx ; pod erect. Turritis hirsuta Jacq. 
 
 Conn. Robbins. Alleghany Mountains. Hook. June. ). Stem 6 12 inches 
 high, hairy. Flowers small, white. A specimen of this plant, gathered in Con- 
 necticut by Dr. Robbins, agrees very well with the foreign one, from which it 
 teems to me our A. sagittata is quite distinct. Hairy Watt-cress 
 
CRUCIFER.E. 29 
 
 3. A. lyrata Linn. : stem somewhat branched, hairy at base ; radical 
 leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose ; those of the stem linear or spatulate, 
 entire, smooth ; pedicels somewhat spreading ; pod rather erect and nearly 
 straight. Sisymbrium arabidoides Hook. 
 
 On rocks. Throughout the N. S. and Can. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 April June. (^J). Stem 8 12 inches high. Flowers large, white, or rarely 
 pale purple. Lyre-leaved Watt-cress. 
 
 4. A. lavigata D. C. : erect, glabrous and glaucous ; radical leaves, 
 obovate, petioled, sinuate-dentate ; cauline linear, sessile, very entire ; pod 
 long and narrow, recurved-pendulous ; seeds margined. Turritis l&vigata 
 Wittd. 
 
 Rocky places. N. S. May. .Stem 13 feet high. Flowers few, small, 
 in corymbed racemes. Pod 2 inches long, linear, somewhat tortuous, tapering at 
 the extremity into a very short style. Smooth Watt-cress. 
 
 5. A. dentata Torr. fy Gr. : rough with a stellate pubescence ; radical 
 leaves obovate, tapering at base into a petiole which is as long as the la- 
 mina, irregularly dentate ; cauline oblong, clasping ; pod short, spreading ; 
 seeds slightly margined. 
 
 Sandy grounds. N. Y. to Miss, and Arkansas. May. (J). Stem a foot or 
 more high, slender, decumbent at base. Leaves scabrous beneath. Flowers dull 
 white. Toothed WaU-cress. 
 
 6. A. heterophylla Nutt.: nearly smooth; radical leaves spatulate, 
 toothed ; upper ones linear, sessile, entire ; pod long and spreading ; petals 
 linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx. 
 
 Maine or N. H. Nutt. d). Radical leaves somewhat hairy. Pod about 3 
 inches long. Heterophyllous Watt-cress. 
 
 7. A. Canadensis Linn. : cauline leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, somewhat toothed ; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx, pubescent, 
 reflexed in fruit ; pod pendulous, subfalcate, nerved ; seeds with a broad 
 wing. A.falcata Mich. Pursh. A.mollisRaf. 
 
 Rocky situations. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. (). Stem 1 3 feet 
 high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Pod very long. 
 
 SicJclePod. 
 
 14. CARDAMINE. Linn. Bitter-cress. 
 
 (From the Greek KapSta, the heart, and <5a/*aw, to fortify ; on account of its sup- 
 posed strengthening qualities.) 
 
 Pod linear; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elastically. 
 Seeds ovate, not margined ; funicle of the hilum slender. 
 * Leaves undivided. 
 
 1. C. rhomboidea D. C. : root tuberous ; leaves ovate-rhomboid, obscurely 
 repand-toothed, smooth ; lower ones on long petioles^ AraMs rhomboidea 
 Purs/i. Pers. 
 
 Low grounds. From Hudson's Bay to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 May, June. %.. Stem 9 18 inches high, erect, smooth, simple. Flowers in 
 terminal racemes, large, white. Spring-cress. 
 
 2. C. rotundifolia Mich. : root fibrous ; stem weak, procumbent ; leaves 
 Buborbicular, subdentate, smooth, petioled ; pod spreading, slender, with a 
 long style. C. rhomboidea var. Torr. fy Gr. 
 
30 CRUCIFER^E. 
 
 Wet grounds near springs, Can. to Car. July. '4. Stem 6 15 inches high, 
 decumbent. Flowers in terminal racemes, white, or yellowish, half the size of 
 the preceding. The taste of the root is rather bitter than acrid, as in that of C. 
 rhomboidea. Quite distinct. Round-leaved Cardamine. 
 
 3. C. beUidifolia Linn. : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy ; radical ones 
 petioled, ovate, entire ; cauline few, entire, or somewhat 3-lobed ; pod erect ; 
 stigma subsessile. C. rotundifolia Big. 
 
 Highest summit of the White Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and throughout 
 Arctic America. July. %. Plant 24 inches high. Flowers in a corymbed 
 raceme. Petals cuneiform, twice as long as the calyx, white. Pod an inch long, 
 surmounted by a short style. Allied to C. alpina. Mountain Cardamine. 
 
 ** Leaves divided. 
 
 4. C. pratensis Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones round- 
 ish ; of the cauline, linear or lanceolate, entire ; flowers large, in a terminal 
 corymb ; style very short, nearly as thick as the pod ; stigma capitate. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. and N. W. America to Western N. Y. June. 1\.. -Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Flowers purplish, large. Pod linear, an inch long. This 
 species can be readily distinguished by its large flowers and thick style. 
 
 Common Bitter Cress. 
 
 5. C. hirsuta Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones petioled, 
 mostly rounded ; of the cauline ovate or linear, toothed or entire ; petals 
 small, oblong-cuneate ; stigma minute, subsessile. C.Pennsylvanica Muhl. 
 D. C. C. Virginica Mich. 
 
 Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. to Arct. and N. W. Amer. 
 July, (j) From 4 inches to a foot or more in height. Leaves hairy or smooth. 
 Flmvers small, white. A very variable species. American Water Cress. 
 
 6. C. tcres Mich. : leaves sublyrate-pinnatifid ; segments oval-oblong, the 
 terminal one somewhat 3-lobed ; pod short, erect, terete. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Eng. to N. J. PursTi. June, July. 1\.. Stem slender, 
 erect, branching. Pod on a short pedicel. De Candolle thinks this may belong 
 to his genus Nasturtium ; while Torrey and Gray place it, with a marjc of doubt, 
 in the genus Sigymbrium. Terete Cardamine. 
 
 15. NASTURTIUM. Brown. Cress. 
 
 (From Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, an effect supposed to be produced by the 
 acrid and pungent quality of this plant.) 
 
 Pod rounded (sometimes short.) Stigma sub-2-lobed. Valves 
 concave, nerveless, not keeled. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx 
 spreading. 
 
 1. 2V. qfficinaie Drown: leaves pinnate; leafets ovate, subcordate, sinu- 
 ate-dentate ; upper ones pinnatifid. Sisymbrium Nasturtium Linn. 
 
 In water. Throughout the U. S. and to the N. W. coast. June, July. T^. 
 Stem decumbent, floating. Leaves large. Flowers white, corymbed. Pod about 
 an inch long. Esteemed as a salad. Water Cress. 
 
 2. N. palustre D. C. : root fibrous; leaves ly rate-pin n atifid : lobes con- 
 fluent, unequally toothed, smooth ; petals as long as the calyx ; pod obtuse 
 at both ends, turgid. Sisymbrium palustre Wittd. 
 
 Wet places, throughout the U. S. and to the shores of the Arctic sea. July. 
 Cp. Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched. Jjeaves glabrous, all more or 
 lese pinnatifid. Flowers numerous, minute, yellow. Pod short, turgid. 
 
 Marsh Cress. 
 
CRVCIFKR^E. 31, 
 
 3. N. sylvestre Brown : leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cut, the upper- 
 most ones entire. Sisymbrium sylvestre Linn. S. vulgare Pers. 
 
 Banks ol the Delaware, near Philadelphia. Null. July 1\.. Root creeping. 
 Stem a foot liigh, angular, branched. Flowers yellow, larger than those of the 
 preceding. Introduced from Europe. Creeping Cress. 
 
 4. N. amphibium Broicn : root fibrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lyrate- 
 pinnatifid or serrate ; petals longer than the calyx ; pod elliptical, tipped 
 with the mucronate style. Sisymbriiim amphibium Linn. 
 
 Wet places. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May July. 1\.. Stem 12 
 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long raceme. Very variable 
 in the character of its leaves. Water Radish. 
 
 5. N. hispidum D. C. : leaves pinnatifidly lobed or runcinate-pinnatifid ; 
 lobes rather obtusely toothed ; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct 
 style, about half as long as the pedicel , petals rather shorter than the calyx. 
 Sisymbrium hispidum Pair. 
 
 Wet places. Conn. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. 7J.. Stem 24 feet high, 
 much branched above. Leaves more or less pinnalifid. Flowers yellow, in nu- 
 merous panicled racemes. Hispid Cress. 
 
 6. N. natans D. C. : emerged leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones 
 cut into many capillary segments ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; 
 pod obovate, globose. 
 
 In water. Montreal to New Orleans : rare. July. %. Stem long, sub- 
 merged. Lower leaves finely divided ; middle ones often pinnatifid ; emerged 
 ones lanceolate, undivided, serrate. Flowers pale yellow, small. According to 
 Torrey and Gray the American plant is a variety of the foreign one. 
 
 Floating Cress. 
 
 16. TURRITIS. DHLTower Mustard. 
 
 (From the Latin turris, a tower; on account of the pyramidal form of the 
 plant.) 
 
 Pod linear ; the valves plane. Seeds in a double row in each 
 cell. Flowers white or rose-color. 
 
 T. stricta Graham: smooth; stem straight and erect; cauline leaves 
 linear-lanceolete clasping and sagittate, sparingly toothed ; radical petioled, 
 narrow-spatulate, remotely denticulate ; pods linear, elongated and (like the 
 flowers) strictly erect. 
 
 On rocks. Jefferson and Chenango counties, N. Y. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. May. (g). Stem 1 2 feet high, simple. Flowers in a terminal raceme, 
 white. Pod 2 3 inches long. Straight Tower Mustard. 
 
 17. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall Flower. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Arabic kheyry, not however originally applied to 
 this genus.) 
 
 Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. 
 Inner sepals saccate at the base. Seeds in a single series, 
 ovate, compressed. 
 
 C. hesperidoides Torr. <$ Gr. : smooth ; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; 
 upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and sharply serrate ; pedicels as long as 
 the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire. Hespera pinnoJifida Mich. 
 
32 GRUCIFER^E. 
 
 Banks of streams. Western Penn. to Ken. and Arkansas. May July. % 
 Stem 13 feet high, simple or branched, flowers in racemes, pale purple, small. 
 Pods about an inch and a half long. Rocket-like Watt Flower. 
 
 18. SISYMBRIUM. AIL Sisymbrium. 
 
 iFromthe Greek ctavfilSpiov, a name given by the ancients to some plant allied 
 to this.) 
 
 Pod roundish, sessile upon the disk. Stigmas 2, somewhat 
 distinct, or connate in a head. Calyx equal at base. Stamens 
 without teeth. Seeds ovate or oblong. 
 
 1. 'S. officinale D. C. : leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy ; flow- 
 ers in a long raceme; pod subulate, pressed to the rachis. Erysimum 
 officinale Linn. 
 
 Road sides. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to Columbia river. June- 
 Sept. (1). Stem I 3 feet high, branched. Leaves hairy, or nearly smooth. 
 Flowers yellow, minute. Varies much in the form of its leaves. Introduced ? 
 
 Common Sisymbrium. 
 
 2. S. Sophia Linn. : leaves bipinnate, smooth or pubescent ; segments 
 oblong-linear, cut ; petals shorter than the calyx ; calyx thrice as short as 
 the pedicel ; pod linear, erect. 
 
 Sandy places. Can. to Virg. June, July. (J). Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers 
 numerous, yellow. Segments of the leaves very narrow. Pod nearly an inch 
 long, very narrow. Flix-weed. 
 
 3. S. canescens Nutt.: leaves bipinnatifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, 
 somewhat toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods in elongated 
 racemes, oblong or oblong-linear, shorter (or rarely longer) than the 
 pedicels. 
 
 Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains.- Stem 12 feet high. 
 Flowers very small. Pedicels spreading, with the pod often erect. A very 
 variable species. Canescent Sisymbrium. 
 
 4. S. Thalianum Hook. : leaves obscurely dentate pilose ; radical ones 
 numerous, elliptic-oblong, sub-petiolate ; cauline lanceolate, sessile j pod 
 ascending, rather longer than the pedicel. Arabis ThaLiana Linn. Pursh. 
 A. parinftora JRaf. 
 
 Sandy fields or rocks. Mass, to Geor. W. to Ken. April, May. (). Stem 
 6 15 inches high, slender, terete. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, scarcely 
 an inch long. Flowers small, white. Introduced ? Watt Cress. 
 
 19. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Hedge Mustard. 
 (From the Greek eptw, to cure ; on account of the supposed virtues of the plant.) 
 
 Pod four-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons flat, oblong. 
 
 E. cludranthoides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed and 
 scabrous ; pod erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicel ; stigma small, 
 nearly sessile. 
 
 Along streams. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to the Rocky Mountains, 
 July Sept. (I) or (). Stem 1 2 feet high, erect, branched and with the 
 leaves scabrous. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. Pod about an 
 inch long, pointed with a short style. Worm-seed Hedge Mustard. 
 
CAPPARIDACEyE. 33 
 
 20. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustard. 
 
 (From the Greek an/am, derived again by Theis from the Celtic nap, a turnip 
 or cabbage.) 
 
 Pod roundish ; valves bearing nerves. Style small, short, 
 acute. Seeds in one series, subglobose. Calyx spreading. 
 
 1. S. nigra Linn. : lower leaves lyrate ; upper lanceolate, entire, petio- 
 late ; pod smooth and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the peduncle. 
 
 Fields. N. S. June, July. (1). Stem 24 feet high. Flowers yellow. In- 
 troduced from Europe. Black Mustard. 
 
 2. S. alba Linn. : leaves lyrate, nearly smooth, the terminal lobes large ; 
 pod mostly hispid, spreading, shorter than the broad sword-form beak; 
 seeds large, pale. 
 
 Waste places. N. S. July. ().< Stem 12 feet high. Flowers yellow, 
 rather large, corymbose. Introduced from Europe. White Mustard. 
 
 3. . arvensis Linn. : leaves lyrately-pinnatifid, rough ; pod smooth, 
 many-angled, turgid and knotty, longer than the two-edged beak. 
 
 Wet meadows and fields. Can. and N. Y. June Aug. (p. Stem 23 
 feet high, rough. Flowers rather large, bright yellow. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Charlock. Wild Mustard. 
 
 21. RAPHANUS. Linn. Radish. 
 
 (From the Greek pa, quickly, and (jiatvofiai, to appear ; in allusion to its rapid 
 germination.) 
 
 Pod transversely many-celled or dividing into several joints. 
 Seeds in one row, globose, pendulous. 
 
 R. Raphanistrum Linn.: leaves simply lyrate; pod jointed, 1-celled, 
 striate, 3 8-seeded, longer than the style. 
 
 Fields and waste places. N. S. July. .Stem 12 feet high, hispid. 
 Flowers yellow, about as large as those of the common radish. Wild Radish. 
 
 ORDER XIII. CAPEARIDACE^E. CAPPARIDS. 
 
 Sepals 4. Petals 4, or even 8, imbricated, or none, cruciate, 
 usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamens 6 12, (rarely 4,) 
 or numerous, usually some multiple of 4. Disk hemispherical 
 or elongated. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy 
 and indehiscent, rarely 1 -seeded, rnqst frequently with poly- 
 spermous placentae. Seeds generally reniform, without albu- 
 men ; embryo curved, cotyledons foliaceous. Herbaceous 
 plants or shrubs without a true stipule, but sometimes with 
 spines in their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or 
 palmate. 
 
 1. GYNANDROPSIS. D. C. Gynandropsis. 
 (From three Greek words, in allusion to the situation of the stamens.) 
 Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Disk elongated. 
 
 2* 
 
34 CISTACE^E. 
 
 Stamens 6, united around the torus, free at the apex. Pod 
 stiped. 
 
 G. pentaphylla D. C. : smoothish ; leaves quinate ; the lower and floral 
 ones ternate ; leafets entire and subserrulate. Cleome pentaphylla Linn. 
 
 In cultivated grounds. Penn. to Flor. July. (I). Stem 2 feet high, viscid. 
 Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate, with very long capil- 
 lary claws. Pod long, linear, on a long foot-stalk. Five-leaved Gynandropsis. 
 
 2. POLANISIA. Raf. Polanisia. 
 
 (From the Greek n-oXv, much, and aviaos, unequal ; in allusion to the inequality 
 of the stamens.) 
 
 Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8 32. 
 Disk small. Pod sessile or scarcely stiped. Style distinct. 
 
 P. graveolens Raf. : viscidly pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leafets elliptical- 
 oblong ; stamens 8 12 ; pod oblong, attenuate at base, muricate with a 
 glandular pubescence. Cleome dodecandra, var. Canadensis Linn. 
 
 Gravelly banks of rivers and lakes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. : rare. June 
 Aug. '!(-. Stem 6 15 inches high, often purplish. Flowers in a corymbose 
 raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more or less viscid and fetid. 
 
 Strong-scented Polanisia. 
 
 ORDER XIY. CISTACE^E. ROCK ROSES. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the three inner often with a 
 twisted aestivation. Petals 6, (very rarely 3,) very fugitive, 
 crumpled in aestivation and twisted in a direction contrary to 
 that of the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite ; ovary 1 or 
 many-celled ; style and stigma simple, hypogynous ; style sin- 
 gle. Fruit capsular, either 1 -celled with parietal placentae in 
 the axis of the valves, or imperfectly 5 10-celled. Seeds few 
 or numerous. Embryo inverted, either spiral or curved in the 
 midst of mealy albumen. Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves 
 usually entire, opposite or alternate. Flowers very fugacious. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn. Rock Rose. 
 
 (From the Greek fi\ios, the sun, and avBefJiov, a flower ; the flowers opening only 
 in sunshine.) 
 
 Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows, the 
 two outer ones often smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, (some- 
 times wanting,) often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Stig- 
 ma capitate. Ovary triquetrous. Capsule 3-valved, with the 
 dissepiment in the middle of the valves. Seeds angled, smooth. 
 
 1. H. Canadense Mich. : stem -at first simple, erector ascending; leaves 
 oblong or somewhat lanceolate, with revolute margins, (when dry.) and with 
 
CISTACE^E. 35 
 
 the sepals and often the branches and peduncles canescently tomentose : 
 the primary or terminal flowers large, few or solitary, on peduncles about 
 as long as the flower ; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, 
 solitary or somewhat clustered on short leafy branches, the petals very 
 small or none, the outer sepals usually wanting. (Tb?T.) H. ramuliflorum 
 Mich. H. corymbosiim Pursh. H. rosmarinifolium Purth. Cistus Cana- 
 densis Linn. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June Aug. 1\.. Stem about 
 a foot high, at length branching. Primary flowers an ioch in diameter, yellow ; 
 secondary ones often very numerous, with very minute capsules, in which stage 
 it has probably been mistaken for Lechea. I follow Torrey, Gray, and Darling- 
 ton, in uniting the several supposed distinct species above named. 
 
 Rock Rose.. Frost Weed. 
 
 2. H. corymbosnm Mich: stem branching from the base, canescent; 
 flowers in terminal fastigiate cymes ; the primary ones on filiform peduncles 
 much longer than the flower, the petals nearly twice the length of the 
 calyx ; the secondary flowers in glomerate cymules, mostly apetalous, 3 10 
 androus ; sepals tomentose villous ; the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute, the 
 outer linear and obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, softly canescent beneath. 
 (Torr. <$ Gr.) 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. April May. '2].. Stem about a foot high. 
 Flowers about as large as those of H. Canadense. from which it is quite distinct. 
 
 Corymbose Rock Rose. 
 
 2. LECHEA. Linn. Pin Weed. 
 (In honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 
 
 Calyx 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, persistent. 
 Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3 12, and often 
 thrice the number. Ovary 1, 3-sided. Stigmas 3, scarcely dis- 
 tinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with as many inner valves 
 opposite the others. Seeds affixed to the dissepiment or nerve, 
 very few, often 8. 
 
 1. L. villosa Ell.: radical branches prostrate, villose; leaves oblong 
 lanceolate, mucronate, pilose ; panicle short, leafy ; flowers fasciculate-race- 
 mose, secund, on very short pedicels. L. major Mich. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. 'July. %. Stem I 2 feet high, erect. Leaves 
 on the radical branches opposite or verticillate ; those on the stem alternate. 
 Flowers small, brown, in racemose clusters:. Larger Pin Weed. 
 
 2. L. minor Pursh. : nearly smooth ; stem assurgent ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate and linear, acute ; panicle leafy ; branches elongated ; flowers on 
 short pedicels. 
 
 Dry hills. Can. and N. S. July Sept. '7J.. Stem 812 inches high. 
 Flowers brown. Fruit larger than in the former. Smaller Pta Weed. 
 
 3. L. racemulosa Mich. : whole plant covered with appressed pubescence ; 
 stem erect ; leaves linear, acute, ciliate ; panicle slender and very branching; 
 raceme naked ; flowers small, alternate, pedicellate. 
 
 Sandy grounds. N. J. to Car. July. Tj.. Pursh. Perhaps only a variety 
 of the preceding Bunch-flovxred, Pin Weed. 
 
36 VIOLACE.E. 
 
 4. L. thymifolia Pursk. : whole plant whitish-villose ; stem erect ; leaves 
 linear, acute ; panicle leafy, elongated ; branches very short ; flowers 
 minute, in lateral and terminal fasicles ; pedicels very short. 
 
 Sands. N. Y. to Virg. July. ^ Stem a foot high, erect, much branched. 
 Leaves villose at base. ^Flowers rather larger than in the preceding species. 
 
 Thyme-leaved Lechea. 
 
 3. HUDSONIA. Linn. Hudsonia. 
 (In honor of William Hudson, author of the Flora Anglica.j 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted; segments unequal, the two outer ones 
 minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9 30. Style straight, simple. 
 Stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 3-seeded. Seeds 
 granulated. 
 
 1. H. ericoides Linn. : canescently pubescent ; stem suffruticose, sub- 
 erect ; branches elongated ; leaves filiform, subulate, subimbricate ; pedun- 
 cles exserted, longer than the flowers ; sepals acutish ; capsules oblong, 
 slightly pubescent, 1 3-seeded. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. 17. Stem 4 6 inches high, 
 much branched. Leaves small, persistent. Flowers small, yellow. Stamens 
 about 15. Heath-like Hudsonia. 
 
 2. H. tomentosa Nutt. : cespitose, hoary-pubescent ; leaves minute, closely 
 imbricate, ovate, acute ; flowers aggregated, subsessile ; calyx sub-cylindric, 
 with obtuse segments ; capsule 1-seeded ; valves ovate, smooth. 
 
 Sea-shores. Mass, and N. Y. to Virg. June. 17. Stem ascending, much 
 branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Stamens 9- 18. 
 The whole plant is silvery gray and tomentose. Woolly Hudsonia. 
 
 ORDER XV. VIOLACE^E. VIOLETS. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricate aestivation. Petals 
 5, equal or unequal, with a convolute aestivation. Stamens 5, 
 inserted in a hypogynous disk, often unequal ; anthers either 
 separate or cohering, and lying close upon the ovary ; filaments 
 dilated, elongated beyond the anthers ; two of them, in the 
 irregular flowers, generally furnished with an appendage or 
 gland at the base. Style usually declined, with a thickened or 
 hooded stigma, Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds often with 
 a tumor at their base ; albumen fleshy. Herbaceous plants 
 or shrubs. Leaves simple, usually alternate, furnished with 
 stipules. 
 
 1. VIOLA. Tnvrn. Violet. 
 (Origin of the name doubtful.) 
 
 Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals unequal, the lower 
 one spurred. Stamens 5, approximated ; filaments distinct ; 
 
VIOLACE^E. 37 
 
 anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their 
 back. Capsules 1 -celled, 3-valved, opening elastically. 
 
 * Stemkss. 
 f Flowers blue. 
 
 1. V. pedata Linn. : leaves pedate, often nearly smooth, from 5 7 
 parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; stipules 
 radical, peclinately lacerate ; petals beardless, entire, rounded at the ex- 
 tremity ; stigma large, compressed, obliquely truncate and perforate at the 
 apex. V. digitata Pursh. 
 
 Rocky hills. From lat. 53 N. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. ^.Scapes 
 '3 5 inches high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, rarely 
 almost white. Pedate Violet. 
 
 2. V. palmata Linn. : leaves more or less pubescent, reniform-cordate, 
 palmate, or hastate-lobed ; lobes very various, the intermediate one always 
 larger; stipules lanceolate, subciliate; lateral petals densely bearded to- 
 wards the base ; stigma capitate, recurved, margined, rostrate. V. hetero- 
 phylla Le Conte. 
 
 Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the River Platte. May. Ij.. 
 Scape about as long as the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue. This 
 species varies greatly in the form of the leaves, and sometimes closely resembles 
 V. cucuttata, of which it is perhaps only a variety. Palmate Violet. 
 
 3. V. cucuttata Ait. : smoothish ; leaves cordate, cucullate at base, den- 
 tate-serrate, veined ; stipules small, linear, ciliate ; flower oblique ; lower 
 and lateral petals rigidly bearded ; upper one smooth ; spur very short, 
 rounded. V. papilionacea Pursh. V. affinis Le Conte. V. obliqua Pursh. 
 
 Wet meadows. Common throughout Can. and the U. S. April, May. 7J.. 
 This species varies considerably in the form of its leaves, and in the degree of 
 pubescence. The same individual, indeed, undergoes changes during the season. 
 
 Hood-leaved Violet. 
 
 4. V. Selkirkii Goldie : leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hairy 
 above, smooth beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stigma triangu- 
 lar, margined, with a distinct beak ; spur nearly as long as the lamina, 
 thick, very obtuse. 
 
 Hills and mountains. Can. Mass, and N. Y. : rare. 7[_. Leaves numerous, 
 in a radical tuft. Flowers pale blue, much smaller than in V. cucuttata. Spur 
 conspicuous, somewhat dilated at the end. Selkirk's Violet. 
 
 5. V. sagittata Ait. : leaves pubescent on the upper surface, oblong, 
 acute, cordate, sagittate, often hastate at base, serrate or crenate-dentate ; 
 petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one bearded; stigma depressed, 
 margined. V. dentata Pursh. 
 
 var. emarginata Nutt. : leaves almost triangular, lacerately toothed 'at 
 the base ; petals emarginate or bi-dentate. V. emarginata Le Conte. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. April, May. 1{-. Leaves quite variable. 
 Flowers middle-sized, purple. Var. emarginata, is found in the sandy fields of 
 New Jersey. Arrow-leaved Violet. 
 
 6. V. ovata Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute, subcordate, crenate, 
 
38 VIOLACE^:. 
 
 often lacerately toothed at base, decurrent on the petiole, pubescent on both 
 sides ; stipules broad-lanceolate, ciliate ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals 
 obovate, entire ; lateral ones densely bearded. V. sagittata, var. ovate 
 Torr. fy Gr. V. primulafolia Piirsh. 
 
 Dry hills. Can. to Geor. April, May. T].. Whole plant pubescent. Leaves 
 much narrower and more downy than in C. cucuttata. Flowers larger than those 
 of V. primuUefolia. Ovate-leaved Violet. 
 
 7. F. vittosa Walt. : leaves reniform-cordate or renifbrm, obtuse, crenate, 
 flat, very pubescent ; sepals oblong, auriculate at base ; lateral and lower 
 petals bearded ; stigma deflexed ; capsule smoothish. F. barbata Muhl. 
 
 var. cordifolia Nutt. : leaves smooth beneath, rather acute ; sepals narrow, 
 short, smooth and scarcely produced at base. F. cordifolia Schw. F. soro- 
 ria Darlingt. 
 
 Rocky hills. Penn. to Car. May. %. Leaves rather thick, mostly incumbent 
 on the grounds often purplish on the under side. Scape longer than the leaves. 
 
 Bearded Violet. 
 
 ff Flowers yellow. 
 
 8. F. rotundifolia Mich. : leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate, with 
 the sinus at length closed, slightly crenate, smooth beneath ; stipules lance- 
 olate-subulate ; sepals oblong, narrow, obtuse ; lateral petals bearded ; 
 lower ones smaller, smooth ; spur very short ; stigma recurved. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. 1\. Scape 1 2 inches high, smooth. 
 Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. Distinct from V. dandestma of Pursh. 
 
 Round-leaved Violet. 
 
 fff Flowers, somewhat regular, small, white. 
 
 9. F. lanceolata Linn. : leaves very smooth, narrow lanceolate, atten- 
 uated at each end, sub-serrate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals 
 beardless, nearly equal ; spur very short ; stigma recurved, rostrate. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. April, May. 1\.. Scape about as 
 long as the leaves. Flowers small, white, inodorous. The long narrow leaves 
 will sufficiently distinguish this species. One of the finest localities that I have 
 met with, is a swamp about a mile west of Albany, N. Y. Lance-leaved Violet. 
 
 10. F. acuta Dig. : leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse ; stipules 
 linear-subulate ; scape angular ; bracts nearly as long as the petals : sepals 
 lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals ovate, acute, mostly smooth, lower ones 
 veined ; stigma capitate, rostrate. 
 
 Moist grounds. Cambridge, Mass. Big. 1\.. A small species. Distin- 
 guished by its even and always acute petals and by its long linear bracts. 
 
 Acute Violet. 
 
 11. F. primulafolia Linn. : leaves smooth, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 
 subcordate, rather obtuse, sparingly crenate ; nerves beneath and scape 
 somewhat pubescent ; sepals lanceolate ; petals obtuse : the two lateral 
 ones a little bearded and striate ; stigma capitate, rostrate. 
 
 Wet grounds. Mass, to Flor. W. to Ken. ; rare. April, May. 1\.. Leaves 
 2 5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. Flowers 
 white, odorous, about the size of those of V. lanceolata. Bracts long. This 
 species varies in the form of its leaves from broad-cordate to lanceolate. 
 Near New Brunswick, where what I consider the V. primula 'folia, i^ very abun- 
 dant, it certainly passes into F. lanceolata, with which pper-io 1 think" it will 
 eventually prove identical. Dr. Bigclow Miggesis that V. hhiudt: and V. lancv- 
 
VIOLACE^E. 39 
 
 olata may be the same. This seems also to be the opinion of Dr. Darlington ; 
 but so far as my observation extends the former is much more constant in its 
 characters than V. primulcefolia. Primrose-leaved Violet. 
 
 12. V. blanda Willd : leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, 
 nearly smooth ; sinus rounded ; sepals ovate, acuminate ; petals ovate, ob- 
 tuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely margined. 
 
 Wet meadows. From lat. 66 N. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. Tj.. 
 Leaves 1 2 inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white, streaked 
 with purple, odorous. This species very closely resembles the foreign V. palus- 
 tris. White Violet. 
 
 13. V. dandestina Pursk : cespitose ; leaves large, suborbicular, obtuse, 
 thin, nearly smooth, crenate-serrate ; sinus closed, cordate ; stipules ovate, 
 short ; stolons floriferous ; petals narrow, ovate, beardless, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx ; flowers often apetalous ; stigma straight, capitate. 
 
 Shady woods, on mountains. Can. and N. S. June Sept. Tj.. Flowers 
 often apetalous, generally concealed in the earth. More nearly allied to V. ro- 
 tundifolia than to V. blanda ;but, in my opinion, distinct from both. 
 
 Hidden-flowered Violet. 
 ** Caulescent. 
 
 14. V. Canadensis Linn.: stem erect; leaves broad-cordate, acuminate, 
 serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones 011 long petioles ; stip- 
 ules broad-lanceolate, membranaceous, entire ; sepals subulate, lanceolate ; 
 spur very short ; stigma s>hort, pubescent ; capsule somewhat globose, pu- 
 bescent. 
 
 Shady woods. Hudson's Bay to Car. W. to the Pacific. May July. %. 
 Stem 9 18 inches high, usually simple. Flowers large, blue without, paler 
 within. Canadian Violet. 
 
 15. V. ochroleuca Schw. : stem assurgent ; leaves alternate, lower ones 
 round-cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; stipules large, 
 oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; petals ob- 
 tuse, the lateral ones and often the lowest profusely bearded ; spur pro- 
 duced, obtuse; stigma recurved, subpubescent. V. tfriaJa Ait. T^e Cimtf. 
 Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Geor. Le Conte : rare. May. 'lj-. Stem G 10 inches 
 high. Flowers yellowish-white, large. Ochroleucous Violtl. 
 
 16. V. MiMenbergii Torr. : stem weak, subprostrate, branched, smooth ; 
 lower leaves reniform-cordate ; upper ones a little acuminate, crenate-ser- 
 rate, nearly smooth ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ; sepals 
 linear-lanceolate ; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded ; spur 
 nearly one-third the length of the corolla ; stigma rostrate. V. uliginosa find 
 asarifolia MuM. 
 
 Swamps. Labrador vo Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. '2J-. Stf-m 
 610 inches high, branched. Flowers middle-sized, pale purplish. Very nearly 
 allied to V. canina of Europe. Muhlenberg's Violet. 
 
 17. V. rostrala Muhl. : stem diffuse, erect ; leaves smooth, cordate, acute, 
 serrate ; sinus open ; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ; peduncles 
 filiform, longer than the leaves ; petals obovate, all beardless ; spur longer 
 than the corolla. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Virg. W. to Ken. May. %. S/em 6 3 inches high, 
 
40 VIOLACE.E. 
 
 smooth. Flowers large, pale blue, with a very long horn or spur, by which thi 
 species can be easily recognized. Spurred Violet. 
 
 18. V. pubescens Ait. : villous-pubescent ; stem elongated, erect, naked 
 below ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate, more or less acuminate ; stip- 
 ules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; lateral petals bearded ; spur short, 
 acuminate. V. Pennsylvania Mich. 
 
 var. 1. eriocarpa Nutt : capsule densely villous. V. eriocarpa Schw. 
 
 var. 2. scabriuscula Torr. fy Gr. : stems several, often decumbent, nearly 
 smooth, or with a pubescent line on one side ; leaves somewhat scabrous, 
 but hardly pubescent ; capsule smooth or villous. V. scabriuscula Schw. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Council Bluffs. May. 1\.. Stem 68 
 inches high. Flowers middle-sized, yellow. Var. 2 is found near Albany and in 
 Oneida county, N. Y. Yellow Violet. 
 
 19 V. hastcda Mick. : smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on 
 long petioles, cordate-lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes obtuse, den- 
 tate ; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; 
 lateral ones slightly bearded ; spur short ; stigma truncate, hairy on the 
 sides. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Flor. May. 7J.. Stem 6 12 inches high. Flowers 
 yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Halberd-leaved Yellow Violet. 
 
 20. V. tricolor Linn. : root somewhat fusiform ; stem branching, diffuse ; 
 lowest leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid, the middle lobe 
 crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse, not produced ; appen- 
 dages short ; seeds oblong-ovate. 
 
 var. arvensis D. C. Torr. <$ Gr. : annual ; stems assurgent ; upper leaves 
 spatulate-ovate ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, yellowish, blue, or 
 spotted with purple. V. bicolor Pursh. V. arvensis Ell. V. tenella Muhl. 
 
 Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. .Stem slender, 3 8 inches 
 high. Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers small, pale blue. I follow 
 Hooker, Torrey and Gray, in uniting our plant with V. tricolor, although not 
 without some hesitation. Pansey. Heart's Ease. 
 
 2. SOLEA. Ging. D. C. Solea. 
 
 (In honor of W. Sole, author of an Essay on the genus Mentha.) 
 Sepals scarcely equal, carinate ? not auricled at base, decur- 
 rent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the 
 lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at base. Stamens 
 cohering, the lowest two bearing a gland above the middle. Cap- 
 sule somewhat 3 -sided. Seeds 6 8, very large. 
 
 S. concolor D. C. S. stricta Spreng. Viola concolor Fors. Nuti. 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. ; rare. April, May. %. Stem 
 2 4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly 
 toothed above. Peduncles short, 2 3-flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Ca- 
 lyx nearly as long as the petals. Spur none. I possess fine specimens of this 
 plant, which were gathered near Lebanon, N. Y. It is also found in the western 
 part of that state, and in Delaware county, Penn. Green-flowered Solea. 
 
DROSERACE.E. 41 
 
 ORDER XVI. DROSERACE^E. SUNDEWS. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with an imbricate aestivation 
 Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. Stamens distinct, either equal 
 in number to the petals and alternate with them, or 2 or 3 or 
 4 times as many. Styles 3 5, either wholly distinct or slightly 
 connected at the base, bifid or branched. Capsule of 3 or 5 
 valves. Seeds either naked or furnished with an arillus ; em- 
 bryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. Delicate herbs, 
 often covered with glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, with 
 stipulary cilise and a circinate vernation. 
 
 1. DROSERA. Linn. Sundew. 
 
 (From the Greek fyo?u? , dew ; the glands exuding a fluid which makes the plant 
 appear as if covered with dew.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3 5, 
 bipartite. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 1 3-celled, 
 3 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. D. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves all radical, orbicular, spreading, fringed 
 with purple ciliae, pilose above, abruptly tapering into the long hairy petiole ; 
 scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly simple raceme ; seeds arillate. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. From Arct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. 1\.. Scape 
 4 3 inches high. Flowers small, 5 10, whitish. Round-leaved Sundew. 
 
 2. D. longifolia Linn. ; leaves spatulate-oblong, erect-spreading, tapering 
 below into the long and slender naked petiole ; scape declined at base ; seeds 
 not arillate. D. Americana Muhl. D.foliosa Ell. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Alabama. July, Aug. 1\.. Scape 3 6 inches long, usu 
 ally curved to one side at the base. Flowers 59 in a raceme, twice as large as 
 in the preceding. Long-leaved Sundew. 
 
 3. D.filiformis Raf. : leaves filiform, very long, nearly erect, glandular 
 the whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, many-flowered, simple or 
 bifid. D. tenuifolia Willd. 
 
 Sandy swamp. Mass, to Flor. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 1J-. Scape 8 12 inches 
 high. Leaves 6 10 inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a one-sided raceme. 
 
 Thread-leaved Sundew. 
 
 2. PARNASSIA. Linn. Parnassus Grass. 
 (From Mount Parnassus , on account of the beauty of this plant. > 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales (or abortive sta- 
 mens?) opposite to the claws of the petals, terminating in 
 glandular bristles at the apex. Stamens 5. Stigmas 4, sessile. 
 Capsule 4-valved, 1 -celled. Seeds arillate, numerous. 
 
 1. P. Caroliniana Mich. : radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate, on long 
 petioles; cauline one sessile; flowers solitary, terminal; scales 3-bristled 
 P. Americana and P. ovata MvM. 
 
42 POLYGALACE.E. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Ftor. W. to Miss. Aug. Sept. 1J.. Stem 12 18 inches 
 high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers large, yellowish white. 
 
 Carolina Parnassus Grass. 
 
 2. P. palustris Linn. : leaves all cordate ; cauline one sessile ; scales 
 smooth, many bristled. 
 
 Bog meadows. Labrador to N. Y. ? W. to the Rocky Mountains. Flowers 
 white, with veins of green or purple. Distinguished by the numerous, slender, 
 white, pellucid hairs of its scales from all the other species of the genus. 
 
 Marsh Parnassus Grass. 
 
 ORDER XVII. POLYGALACE^E. MILKWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is 
 superior and 2 inferior ; 2 inner ones (the wings) usually peta- 
 loid. Petals hypogynous, mostly 3, of which the anterior (keel) 
 is larger than the rest, and usually crested or lobed. Stamens 
 8, usually in a tube ; anthers mostly 1 -celled, and opening by a 
 terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style and stigma sim- 
 ple. Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes indehiscent. Seeds 
 with abundant albumen. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with sim- 
 ple entire leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers mostly in ra- 
 cemes or spikes. 
 
 POLYGALA. Tmcrn. Milkwort. 
 
 (From the Greek Ai>, much, and yaXe, mUk ; from its supposed power of in- 
 creasing the secretion of milk.) 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. 
 Petals 3 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keelform. 
 Capsule compressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds 
 
 pubescent. 
 
 * Flowers in racemes or spikes. 
 
 1. P. incarnata Linn.: glaucous; stem erect, slender, nearly simple; 
 leaves scattered, few, subulate ; racemes spiked, oblong, without glands ; 
 corolla with a long tube. 
 
 N. J. to Ftor. W. to Ark. Near Niagara Falls. Hook. June, July. . 
 Stem 12 18 inches high, somewhat angled, with few remote subulate leaves. 
 Flowers flesh-colored, in a somewhat loose terminal spike. Petals united into a 
 long slender tube. A specimen of this plant, received from Dr. Charles Picker- 
 ing, and gathered by him in New Jersey, has only 4 or 5 subulate leaves on the 
 stem, which is more than a foot high. Flesh-colored Milkwort. 
 
 2. P. cruciata Linn. : stem fastigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves 
 whorled in fours, linear and linear-oblong, punctate ; spikes ovate, dense, 
 sessile or on short peduncles ; flowers subcristate ; wings deltoid-cordate, 
 acute or cuspidate. P. brevifolia and P.fastigiata Nutt. 
 
 Swamps. Mass, to Flor. W. to Louis. Aug. Sept. (1). Stem variable 
 in height, depending on situation. Spikes sometimes pedunculate. Flowers red 
 or purple. Cross-leaved Milkwort. 
 
POLYGALACE^E. 43 
 
 3. P. purpurea Nutl. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate, linear 
 and oblong-linear ; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse cylindrical spikes ; 
 rachis squarrose ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as 
 the capsule. P. sanguined Mich. Pursh. 
 
 Woods and hill sides. Mass, to Louis. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (p. Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Flowers rose-colored. Purple Milkwort. 
 
 4. P. sanguinea Linn. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate, 
 narrow-linear ; flowers beardless, in long and crowded spikes ; rachis squar- 
 rose ; wings of the calyx obovate, as long as the capsule. 
 
 Dry soils. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ken. July Oct. .Stem 812 inches 
 high. Flowers dark red. Allied to the former, but a much smaller plant, the 
 leaves shorter and narrower, and with a longer and more loose spike ; the rachis 
 also is much more squarrose. Red Milkwor!. 
 
 5. P. ambigua Null. : stem erect, virgately branched ; leaves linear ; 
 the lower ones sometimes whorled, the rest scattered ; spikes rather ob- 
 tuse, dense, on very long peduncles ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx 
 round and veined, as long as the fruit ; bracts deciduous. 
 
 Dry Woods. N.Y.toVirg. Aug. Sept. .Stem 6 12 inches high, slen- 
 der, somewhat angular. Flowers greenish-white, tinged with purple, distinctly 
 pedicellate, larger than those of the next species. Ambiguous Milkwort. 
 
 G. P. verticittata Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear, 
 and lance-linear ; racemes spiked, acute, on rather short peduncles ; bracts 
 deciduous ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx roundish, shorter than the 
 capsule. 
 
 Sandy soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July Oct. (J). . Stem.8 12 inches 
 high, slender, slightly angled. Leaves sometimes solitary, but mostly in whorls 
 of 4 or 5. Flowers small, greenish- white, sometimes tinged with purple. 
 
 Whorl-leavtd Milkwort. 
 
 7. P. Senega Linn. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, simple ; leaves al- 
 ternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end, scabrous on the margin ; spikes 
 rather dense, somewhat acute; wings of the calyx orbicular; capsule ellip- 
 tic, emarginate. 
 
 Woods. Can, to Geor. June, July. 'ZJ-. Stem a foot high, with ovate, 
 scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate and fringed under 
 a lens. Flowers greenish-white, in a terminal spike, which is 1 2 inches long. 
 The root is hard, firm and branching, and is much usedln medicine. Big. Med. 
 Bot. ii. 97. Seneca Snake-root. 
 
 8. P. polygama Walt. : stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent ; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate downwards ; racemes filiform, terminal 
 and lateral, elongated ; lower ones procumbent, without petals ; flowers 
 sessile. P. rubella Willd. Pursh. 
 
 Forests. Can. to Flor. June, July. (g). Stem 4 8 inches high, angular. 
 Terminal racemes 10 25-flowered ; pedicels slender. Flowers purple, at length 
 pendulous. The whole plant is bitter and is used in medicine. Big. Med. Bot. 
 iii. 129. Bitter MiVcwort. 
 
 ** Flowers capitate, (yellow.) 
 
 9. P. lutea Linn. : stem simple or branched ; lower leaves spatulate ; 
 upper ones lanceolate ; flowers in globular heads, yellow ; wings of the 
 calyx ovate, mucronate ; bracts shorter than the flowers. 
 
 3, in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. June Oct. .-Stem 812 inches 
 
44 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 high, mostly simple. Leaves fleshy. Flowers bright orange yellow. Abundant 
 in a peat bog four miles south of New Brunswick, N. J. Yellow MUkwort. 
 
 *** Flowers in corymbs. 
 
 10. P. cymosa Walt. : stem simple below, corymbose at the summit ; radi- 
 cal leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear ; cymes compound ; spikes 
 ovate ; wings oblong, cuspidate. P. corymbosa Mich. P. ramosa Ell. 
 
 Swamps. Del. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %. Stem 812 inches 
 high, bearing a large terminal corymb. Spikes compact, half an inch in diam- 
 eter. Flowers yellow, dark green when dry. Corymbose MUkwort. 
 
 **** Flowers axillary, (large.') 
 
 11. P. paucifiora Willd. : stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves ovate, 
 acute, smooth ; flowers mostly terminal and by threes, large, cristate, some- 
 times axillary. P. uniftora Mick. 
 
 var. alba Eights : flower solitary, smaller, white ; stem somewhat leafy 
 at base. 
 
 Woods. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June. 7J.. Stem 3 4 inches high. Flowers 
 large, purple, with the summit of the keel densely crested. Var. alba was found 
 by Dr. James Eights in the sandy plains near Albany. It has the stem rather 
 lower and more leafy than in the former ; the flower also is solitary, smaller, 
 white, and the keel less densely crested. Fringed MUkwort. 
 
 ORDER XVIII. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. CLOVEWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, either distinct or cohering in a tube, persistent. 
 Petals 4 5, unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the 
 ovary ; occasionally wanting. Stamens as many or more com- 
 monly twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them ; an- 
 thers fixed by the middle. Ovary often stipitate ; stigmas 2 5, 
 sessile, filiform, papillose on the inner surface. Capsule 2 5- 
 valved, either 1-celled or 2 5-celled, in the latter case with a 
 loculicidal dehiscence ; placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous, 
 rarely few ; the embryo curved round mealy albumen. Her- 
 baceous plants. Stems with tumid joints. Leaves opposite, 
 entire, without stipules. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS. Linn. Pink. 
 
 (From the Greek ZEUS, Atoj, Jupiter, and avBos, afloicer ; the high value set 
 upon the plants of this genus being such as to render them worthy of being dedi- 
 cated to Deity itself.; 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed, with 2 4 opposite imbricate scales 
 at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10. Styles 2. 
 Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 D. Armeria Linn. : flowers in terminal crowded clusters ; scales of the 
 calyx lanceolate, villous, as long as the tube. D. armerioides Kaf. 
 
C ARYOPHYLLACEvE. 45 
 
 Sandy fields- Mass, to Md. July. .Stem 18 inches high, branched 
 above. Leaves linear, opposite and connate. Flowers rose-colored, with white 
 dots, inodorous, small. Introduced from Europe. Deptford Pink. 
 
 2. SILENE. Linn. Catchfly. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek oia\ov, saliva ; in allusion to the vis- 
 cid secretion on the stem.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, 
 mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 
 3. Capsule 3 -celled at base, dehiscent at the top into 6 teeth. 
 
 * Caulescent. Flowers solitary or pamcled. Calyx inflated. 
 
 1. S. steUata Ait. : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves verticillate 
 in fours, oval-lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth; flowers in panicles; 
 calyx bladder-liJke, pubescent ; limb of the petals fringed. Cucubalus stel- 
 lat/us Linn. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1\. Stem 2 4 feet 
 high, slender, somewhat 4-sided. Leaves with a long tapering point, sessile. 
 Flowers white, the petals fringed at the apex. Four-leaved Campion. 
 
 2. S 1 . inflate Smith : stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute ; flowers numerous, panicled ; petals deeply cleft, with narrow seg- 
 ments, scarcely crowned; calyx inflated, reticulated. Cucubalus Behen 
 Linn. 
 
 Fields. Can. and Mass. July. %. Stem 12 feet high. Flowers white ; 
 petals bifid. Calyx bladder-like and beautifully veined. Introduced from 
 Europe. Bladder Campion. 
 
 3. S. nivea Muhl. : stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves ob- 
 long-lanceolate, minutely and puberulently pubescent, the uppermost ovate ; 
 calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, subpilose; petals small, reflexed, bifid 
 at the extremity ; claws exserted beyond the calyx, nearly naked ; flowers 
 solitary, dichotomal, terminal. Cucubalus niveus Nutt. SUene alba Muhl. 
 
 " Upon an island in the Susquehannah near to Columbia, Penn. Muhlen- 
 berg." Nutt. June, July. %. Stem smooth and slender. Leaves opposite, 
 2 inches long, and an inch wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal 
 and terminal. White Catchfly. 
 
 ** Caulescent. Flowers in axillary spikes, alternate. Calyx \Q-striate. 
 
 4. S. nocturna Linn. : stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent, 
 long ciliate at base ; lower ones spatulate, upper ones linear-lanceolate ; 
 spike secund, dense ; flowers sessile, alternate ; calyx cylindrical, nearly 
 smooth ; petals 2-parted, narrow. 
 
 Penn. and Virg. July. (J). Flowers white, greenish beneath. Introduced 
 from Europe. Night-smelling Catchfly. 
 
 *** Caulescent. Stem rigidly erect. Peduncles filiform. Calyx bellform 
 or cylindrical. 
 
 5. S 1 . Antirrhina Linn. : almost smooth ; stem erect, simple or branching 
 above, somewhat leafy; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones 
 
46 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 linear; flowers small, panicled; calyx oroid, glabrous; petals small, ob- 
 cordate, slightly crowned. 
 
 Dry hills. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. June, July. .Stem 12 feet 
 high, nearly glabrous, with some of the upper internodes viscid. Petals white or 
 pale purple, only expanding towards evening. Calyx broad-oval or obovate, 
 ehining. Snapdragon Catchfly. 
 
 **** Caulescent. Flowers panickd, rarely solitary. Pedicels opposite, 
 short. Calyx tubular. 
 
 6. & noctijiora Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; lower 
 leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear ; calyx cylindrical-ventricose, the al- 
 ternate strise veined ; teeth very long, subulate ; petals 2-parted. 
 
 In cultivated places. N. S. Torr. July. (J). Stem a foot or more high. 
 Flowers rather large, pale reddish or white, expanding only in cloudy weather 
 or in the evening. Night-Jlowering Catchfly. 
 
 7. S 1 . Catesb&i Walt. : branching ; leaves broad-lanceolate ; flowers in 
 panicles ; calyx clavate, colored ; petals with long claws ; limb bifid, with 
 two lateral teeth; lobes acute. S. Virginica Mich. Pursh. not of Linn. 
 
 Penn. to Miss. Muhl. June. r l\-. Stem a foot high. Flowers crimson. 
 Both De Candolle and Hooker concur in supposing the present plant distinct 
 from S. Virginica. Catesby's Catchfly* 
 
 8. S. Virginica Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem mostly erect, branching ; 
 leaves lanceolate ; lower ones on long petioles, with long cilise at base ; 
 flowers large, in panicles ; petals with long claws, broad, bifid, crowned. 
 
 Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. 1J-. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers 
 larger than in the next species, purple. Virginia Catchfly. 
 
 9. S. Pennsylvania Mich. : viscid ly-pubescent ; radical leaves some- 
 what cuneate ; those of the stem long-linear ; flowers in panicles, some- 
 what trichotomous ; calyx long, tubular ; petals slightly emarginate, sub- 
 crenate. S. Carolinians Walt. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. May, June'. %.. Stems numerous, cespitose, 
 8 12 inches high. Petals bright purple, sometimes almost white. 
 
 Wild Pink. 
 
 ***** Cespitose. Stems almost wanting. Calyx subinflated. Peduncles 
 \-flowered. 
 
 10. & acaulis Linn. : stems very densely cespitose. low ; leaves linear, 
 ciliate at base.; peduncles solitary, short. 1-flowered ; calyx campanulate ; 
 petals obcordate, crowned. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. Arct. Amer. Rocky Mountains. July. r l\.. Stem 
 short, much branched or tufted. Leaves spreading. Flowers purple. 
 
 Moss Campion. 
 
 3. SAPONARIA. Linn. Soapwort. 
 
 (From the Latin sapo, soap ; the plant yielding a mucilaginous juice, which 
 has been used as a substitute for that article.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals unguicu- 
 late; claws equalling the. calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Cap- 
 sule 1 -celled. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE 
 
 1. S. Vaccana Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile7 flowers in pan- 
 icles ; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous, acute. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Mass, and N. Y. ; rare. July, Aug. (T). Stem 1 2 
 feet high. Flowers rose- colored. Introduced from Europe. Field Soapwort. 
 
 2. S. qfficinalis Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse ; 
 flowers large, in a fasciculate panicle ; calyx cylindrical ; appendages of 
 the petals linear. 
 
 Road sides. N. Y. to Geor. June Sept. 7J.. Stem 1218 inches high. 
 Leaves opposite and connate. Flowers large, rose-colored. It is said to make a 
 lather with water, and hence its common name. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Soapwort. 
 
 4. AGROSTEMMA. Linn. Rose Campion. 
 (From the Greek aypy oreupa, crown of the field, quite applicable to this species.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 -sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate, 
 not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule l-celled, opening with 5 
 teeth. 
 
 A. Githago Linn.: hairy; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate; segments 
 of the calyx much longer than the corolla ; flower solitary, terminal, large ; 
 petals entire, destitute of a crown. Lychnis Githago D. C. Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. June, July. (J). Stem 1820 inches high. Flowers 
 large, purple, not crowned, on long peduncles. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Corn Cockle. 
 
 5. SAGINA. Linn. Pearlwort. 
 
 (The name signifying meat which fattens, is applicable to any of the minute 
 plants of this genus.) 
 
 Sepals 3 5, united at base. Petals 4 5, or more. Sta- 
 mens 4 10. Styles 4 5. Capsule 4 5-valved, l-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1 . S. procumbens Linn. : perennial ; stems procumbent, smooth, branched ; 
 leaves linear-mucronate ; petals much shorter than the calyx. 
 
 Borders of streams. N. Y. to Car. and W. to the banks of the Columbia river. 
 May July. 1\.. Stems 2 4 inches long, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. 
 Lower leaves connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers 
 small, white, at first drooping. Procumbent Pearlwort. 
 
 2. S. apetala Linn. : annual ; stems erect or procumbent only at base, 
 subpubescent ; leaves subulate ; flowers alternate ; petals 4, very minute 01 
 none. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Md. May, June. . Stems numerous, erect, fili- 
 form. Leaves narrower and more bristle -pointed than in the preceding. Flowers 
 on long slender peduncles. Petals, according to Mr. Wilson, (Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 always present, but if so, they must be exceedingly minute. 
 
 Annual Pearlwort. 
 
 0. MOLLUGO. Linn. Indian Chickweed. 
 
 (Supposed to be from Galium Mollugo, to which this plant bears some re- 
 semblance.) 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 3 5. 
 Styles 3. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
48 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 M. verticittata Linn. : stem decumbent, dichotomous ; leaves verticillate, 
 obovate-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river. July Sept. (T).Stem 
 spreading on the ground in all directions, 4 12 inches long. Leaves about 6 in 
 a whorl. Flowers small, white, forming a sessile umbel. Carpet Weed. 
 
 7. STELLARIA. Linn. Stitchwort. 
 
 (From the Latin stella, a star ; because the corolla is spread in a star-shaped 
 manner.) 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, (sometimes by abortion none,) 
 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Stamens 10, or by abortion 3 8. Styles 
 3, rarely 4. Capsule 3 4-valved ; valves 2-parted, membra- 
 naceous. Seeds usually many. 
 
 1. S. media Smith: stem procumbent, with an alternate pubescent late- 
 ral line ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, very smooth ; upper ones sessile ; pe- 
 tals oblong, deeply divided, shorter than the sepals ; stamens 3 10. Alsine 
 media Linn. 
 
 Road sides, &c. Can. to Flor. March Nov. (T). Stem much branched 
 and somewhat succulent. Peduncles axillary and terminal, hairy, deflexed in 
 fruit. Petals white. Stamens usually 3 or 5. Introduced. 
 
 Common Chickweed. 
 
 2. & pubera Mich. : pubescent ; stem decumbent ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
 sessile, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform dichotomous, recurved or deflexed ; 
 petals longer than the calyx. 
 
 Rocky banks. Penn. to Geor. ; rare. April, May. l^.Stem. & 12 inches 
 liigh, diffuse and dichotomous. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, on filiform 
 pedicels. Petals white, deeply bifid. Oval-leaved Stitchwort. 
 
 3. S. longifolia MM. : smooth ; stem erect, square, weak ; leaves linear- 
 acute, spreading, with the margins often scabrous ; panicle terminal, divari- 
 cate, very long, bracteate ; petals broad-obovate, 2-parted, about as long as 
 the 3-nerved calyx. Spergulastrum gramineum Mich. Mwropetalon 
 gramineum Pers. 
 
 Moist woods. N. S. and N. to lat. 64. W. to Oregon. June. %. Stem 
 12 15 inches high. Petals white, becoming longer than the calyx. Stamens 
 B 10. Long-leaved' Stitchwort. 
 
 4. S. borealis Big. : stem spreading, angular, dichotomous ; leaves oval- 
 lanceolate, acute, veinless ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; petals 
 deeply cleft, about equal to the calyx ; capsule ovate, oblong, nearly twice 
 as long as the calyx. Micropetalon lanceolatwm Pers. 
 
 Shady swamps. N. Y. to Arct. Amer. July, Aug. (T). Stem 4 15 inches 
 high, weak. Leaves slightly connate. Petals white, deeply cleft. 
 
 Northern Stitchwort. 
 
 5. S. aquatica D. C. : weak and decumbent, nearly smooth ; leaves ob- 
 long, acute, veined; petals 2-cleft, rather shorter than the lanceolate very 
 acute sepals ; capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx. ( Torr. fy Gr.) S. 
 borealis Darlingt. 
 
 Sandy spring*. Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. '1\.. Stem 6 12 
 
 iiifhes long, very slender. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding. 
 
 Water Stitchwort 
 
CARYOPHYL-LACE^E. 49 
 
 6. & longipes Goldie.: weak, very smooth, glaucous; leaves linear, 
 subulate, spreading ; peduncles terminal, dichotomously branched ; bracts 
 membranaceous ; pedicels much elongated ; petals broad-ovate, deeply bifid, 
 a little longer than the obtuse and obscurely 3-nerved calyx. 
 
 Shores. Lake Ontario to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oregon. Stem 2 8 
 inches high, nearly simple or branched. Very variable. 
 
 Sharp-leaved Stitchwort. 
 
 8. ARENARIA. Linn. Sandwort. 
 
 (From the Latin arena, sand ; because the species generally grow in sandy 
 foils.) 
 
 Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or fewer 
 by abortion. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4. Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded. 
 
 * Leaves linear, with scarious stipules at base. 
 
 1 . A. rubra Linn. : stem prostrate, pilose : leaves filiform, somewhat 
 fleshy, acute or mucronatc, shorter than the internodes ; sepals lanceolate, 
 somewhat obtuse, scarious on the margin; peduncles axillary, at length 
 deflexed; seeds compressed, angular, roughish, not margined. A. Cana- 
 densis Pers. A. marina Big. Spergula rubra Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. W. to California. April Nov. (J> Stem 
 3 10 inches long, at first erect, at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves 
 variable in length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, and in 
 terminal leafy cymes or racemes. A very variable species. 
 
 Common Sandwort. 
 ** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or rounded, without stipules. 
 
 2. A. squarrosa Mich. : densely cespitose ; stem simple, few-leaved ; lower 
 leaves, densely squarrose, imbricate, channelled, smooth ; flowers in dicho- 
 tomous panicles, erect ; sepals roundish-ovate, smooth ; petals obovate, much 
 longer than the calyx; capsule oval, 3-valved, exceeding the calyx. A. 
 Caroliniana Walt. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. Y. to Geor. May Aug. 1{.. Stem 6 8 inches high, 
 forming dense tufte. Flowers white, in a small terminal panicle. 
 
 Squarrose Sandwort. 
 
 3. A. stricta Mich. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, filiform ; leaves sub- 
 ulate-linear, erect, subfasciculate, spreading; panicle few-flowered; sepals 
 ovate, very acute, 3-ribbed, half as long as the petals ; capsule ovate. 
 
 Rocks and barren ground. Can. to Car. May, June. 1J.. Stems 6 12 
 inches high. Leaves more linear than in the preceding, and not so much crowded 
 near the base. Upright Sandwort. 
 
 4. A Gr&nlandica Spreng. : densely cespitose, smooth ; stems low, de- 
 cumbent at base, 1 5-flowered; leaves narrow-linear, obtuse; pedicels 
 filiform, nearly erect ; petals obovate wedge-form, entire or with a slight 
 notch, twice the length of the oblong, obtuse, membranaceously margined, 
 nerveless sepals. ( Torr. <f* Gr.} 
 
 Rocks. Greenland ; Labrador ; White Mountains, N. H. ; Whiteface and 
 Shawangunk Mountains, N. Y. June Aug. 1\.. Stems numerous, 24 
 inches high, slender. Leaves erect or spreading. Flowers 3 or 4 lines in 
 diameter. A. glabra of Michaux is said to be confined to the more or less 
 mountainous portions of the southern states Greenland Sandwort. 
 
 3 
 
50 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 5. A. serpyUifolia Linn : stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves ovate, acute, 
 sessile, somewhat rugose, smooth, ciliate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, 
 larger than the corolla ; capsule ovate, 6-valved, equalling the calyx ; seeds 
 exactly reniform, rugose. 
 
 Sandy fields. Mass, to Geor. May July. (f). Stem mostly decumbent, 
 3 8 inches long. Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary. Introduced from 
 Europe. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 
 
 9. MCEHRINGIA. Linn. Moehringia. 
 
 (In honor of Moehrmg, a German physician and botanist of the last century.) 
 Sepals 4 5. Petals 4 5, somewhat perigynous. Stamens 
 8 10. Styles usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule splitting 
 into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds 
 few, smooth. 
 
 . M. laierijlora Fenzl. : minutely pubescent ; stem erect ; leaves oblong or 
 oval, obtuse ; peduncles lateral and terminal, 2 (rarely 34) flowered, one 
 of the pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle; petals twice the length of 
 the sepals. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.} Arcnaria lateriflora Linn. 
 
 Woods. Mass. N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay ; not very common. June. % 
 Stem 5 10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched above. Peduncles axil- 
 lary, solitary, filiform. Flowers white. Lateral-flowered Moehringia. 
 
 10. HONCKENYA. Ehrh. Sea Chickweed. 
 (In honor of J. G. Honckeny, a German botanist.) 
 Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous, with 
 short claws, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into 
 a glanduliferous disk. Styles 3 5. Capsules 3 5-valved ; 
 valves entire, 8 10-seeded. Seeds large, smooth. 
 
 H. peploides Ehrh. : sepals broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, with scarious 
 margins ; petals spatulate-obovate ; leaves and stem very fleshy. ( Torr. fy 
 Gr.} Arenaria peploides Linn. 
 
 Sea coast. Long Island, N. Y. Mass, N. J. N. to Arctic America and 
 Labrador. May, June. r i\.. Stems 6 10 inches high, thrown up from a 
 creeping rhizoma. Leaves ovate or oval, closely sessile or clasping, very acute, 
 or mucronate. Flowers in short pedicels, white. Common Sea Chickweed. 
 
 11. CERASTIUM. Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 (From the Greek Kepas, a horn ; in allusion to the form of 'the' capsule.) 
 
 Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Styles 5, 
 (rarely 4.) Capsule membranaceous, cylindrical or oblong, 
 opening at the summit by 10 teeth. 
 
 1. C. vulgatum Linn.: viscidly pubescent, pale green ; stems numerous, 
 cespitose, suberect; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, hirsute ; flowers dicho- 
 tomous, subumbelled, longer than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, 
 scarcely larger than the calyx ; capsule oblong, tapering, as long again as 
 
ILLECEBRACE^E. 51 
 
 the calyx. C. kirsutum Muhl. C. connatum Seek, Dot. 1st. Ed. C. semi- 
 decandrum Walt. 
 
 Fields and hills. Can. to Geor. May Aug. .Stem 610 inches high. 
 Flowers white. Introduced from Europe. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 
 2. C. viscosum Linn. : hairy and somewhat viscid, deep green ; stems 
 numerous, erect ; leaves lanceolate-oblong; flowers subpaniculate, shorter 
 than their pedicels ; capsule somewhat incurved, terete, as long again as 
 the calyx. C. semidecandrum Linn. 
 
 Fields and road sides. Can. to Louis. May Aug. 7J.. Stems 612 inches 
 high. Leaves rather obtuse. Petals white, obovate, a little longer than the 
 calyx. Introduced from Europe. Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 
 3. C. arvense Linn. : stems ascending ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; 
 more or less hairy, especially at base ; flowers few, terminal ; peduncles de- 
 flexed, pubescent ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; capsule oblong-cylin- 
 dric, scarcely longer than the calyx. C. tenuifolium Pursh. C. Pennsyl- 
 vanicum Horn. 
 
 Rocky places. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May Aug. 
 11-. Root creeping. Stems 4 8 inches long, ascending, slender, somewhat 
 cespitose. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, short, ciliate at base, 
 Flov>ers large, 2 or 3 on terminal pedicels. Petals deeply cleft, white, twice 
 as long as the calyx. Field Chickweed. 
 
 4. C. oblongifoliumTorr. : stems erect or declined, villous; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, mostly obtuse ; flowers numerous ; peduncles viscid ; petals obo- 
 vate, 2-cleft, twice the length of the oblong obtuse sepals ; capsule cylindrical, 
 about twice as long as the calyx. C. pubescens Goldie. C. viUosum. Muhl. 
 
 Rocky places. Can. to Penn. ; rather rare. May, June. 1J-. Stems 6 12 
 inches high, rather stout, very villous, tomentose at and below the nodes. 
 Flowers larger than in C. arvense, 7 15 in a cyme. 
 
 Oblong-leaved Chickweed. 
 
 5. C. nutans Raf. : viscid and pubescent ; stem erect, straight, deeply 
 striate; leaves elongated, distant, lanceolate-linear; panicle much elongated, 
 divaricate, many-flowered, with long filiform pedicels ; petals oblong, bifid 
 at the tip, longer than the calyx ; capsule nodding, twice as long as the 
 calyx. C. glutinosum Nutt. C. longepedunculatum Muhl. 
 
 Moist grounds. Hudson's Bay to Louis. W. to Oregon. June. (1). Stem 
 8 12 inches high, very viscid and covered with a woolly pubescence. Lower 
 leaves oblong-spatulate, acute. Flowers terminal, in a loose dichotomous pan- 
 icle. Nodding Chickweed. 
 
 ORDER XIX. ILLECEBRACE^E. KNOTWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, distinct or more or less cohering. 
 Petals minute, inserted upon the calyx between the lobes, oc- 
 casionally wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and oppo- 
 site to them, or fewer by abortion. Ovary superior ; styles 2 5, 
 distinct or partially combined. Fruit small, dry, 1 -celled, either 
 indehiscent or opening with 3 valves. Seeds solitary or nume- 
 rous, with mealy albumen. Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, 
 
53 '; ELATINACE.K. 
 
 with opposite or alternate, entire leaves, and scarious stipules. 
 Flowers minute, with scarious bracts. 
 
 1. ANYCHIA. Mich. Forked Chickweed. 
 
 (From the Greek ovv, ow^oj, a, finger-nail; on account of its reputed virtue 
 in curing whitlows.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the 
 aptx. Petals none. Stamens 3 5 ; filaments distinct. Styles 
 short ; stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiscent, utricular, 
 1 -seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. A. dichotoma Mich.: stem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched, 
 pubescent, leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth; flowers solitary, terminal 
 and axillary, very minute, on very short pedicels, about as long as the stip- 
 ules. A. Canade-nsis Ell. Queria Canadensis Linn. 
 
 Dry soils. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (T).Stem 612 inches 
 high, very pubescent, with numerous forking almost filiform branches, often 
 purple. Flowers very minute, solitary in the forks of the stem, greenish. A 
 very variable plant. Common Forked Chicktveed. 
 
 2. A. capillacea D. C. : stem very smooth and slender ; leaves ovate ; 
 stipules shorter than the flowers ; flowers remote. A. dichotoma Torr. <$ Gr. 
 Queria capillacea Nutt. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. Aug. . Perhaps only a variety of the preceding. 
 
 Capillary Forked Chickweed. 
 
 2. SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey. 
 (From the Latin spargo, to scatter; from the seeds being so widely dispersed.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 10. Styles 
 3 5. Capsule ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved. 
 
 1. arvensis Linn. : leaves whorled, with minute stipules at the base ; 
 panicle dichotomous ; flowers decandrous ; peduncles of the fruit reflexed ; 
 seeds spherical, somewhat hispid, black, with a narrow margin. 
 
 Sandy Fields. Can. to Geor. W. to the Columbia river. June Aug. d). 
 Stem 612 inches high, swelling at the joints. leaves narrow-linear, whorled. 
 Flowers in a panicle, white. According to Sir W. Hooker, the margin of the 
 seed varies greatly in its breadth. (Brit. Fl.) Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Corn Spurrey. Tares. 
 
 2. saginoides Linn. : stems creeping ; leaves opposite linear, smooth, 
 awnless ; peduncles solitary, very long ; petals oblong, obtuse, as long as 
 the calyx ; seeds kidney-form, punctate. $. decumbens Ell. Sagina de- 
 cumbens Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Louis. W. to the Pacific Ocean. April July. (1). 
 Stems 24 inches long, decumbent. Flowers erect, white. Resembles Sagina 
 procumbens. Introduced I Pearlwort Spurrey. 
 
 ORDER XX. ELATINACE^E. WATERWORTS. 
 Sepals 2 5, distinct, or slightly connate at the base. Petals 
 hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or 
 
LINAGES. 53 
 
 twice as many as the petals. Styles 2 5, very short, or none ; 
 stigmas capitate. Capsule 2 5-celled, 2 5-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, without albumen ; embryo straight. Small annual 
 plants, found in marshes. Stems fistulous, rooting. Leaves 
 opposite, with minute stipules. 
 
 ELATINE. Linn. Waterwort. 
 
 (From the Greek c\drri } ajir ; its minute leaves somewhat resembling those 
 of the fir tree.) 
 
 Calyx 2 4-parted. Petals 2 4. Stamens 2 8. Cap- 
 sule 2 4-valved ; margin of the valves not introflexed. 
 
 E. Americana Arnott : stems diffuse, rooting and creeping ; leaves cu- 
 neate-obovate, obtuse; flowers minute, sessile; sepals, petals, stamens 
 and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3 ; seeds 6 8. (Torr. N. Y. M.) Crypta 
 minima Nutt. Peplis Americana Pursh. 
 
 Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. July Sept. (p ? Stems rooting 
 and creeping, forming patches. Leaves 23 lines long, entire. Flowers soli- 
 tary, very minute. Petals roundish, white. American Waterwort. 
 
 ORDER XXI. LINACE^E. FLAXWORTS. 
 Sepals 3 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation. Pe- 
 tals as many as the sepals, unguiculate, with a twisted aestiva- 
 tion. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them, 
 often with intermediate teeth or abortive stamens. Ovaries of 
 3 5 united carpels ; styles filiform. Capsule globose, 3 5- 
 celled ; each cell partially divided in two by an imperfect spu- 
 rious dissepiment, and opening by 2 valves at the apex. Seeds 
 solitary, with thin albumen and a straight embryo. Herba- 
 ceous plants or small shrubs. Leaves entire, opposite or alter- 
 nate, without stipules. Flowers terminal. 
 
 LINUM. Linn. Flax. 
 (From the Celtic lin, thread.) 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5, with the fila- 
 ments united at base. Styles 5, very rarely 3. Capsule supe- 
 rior, subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seeds ovate, com- 
 
 1. L. lisita tissimum Linn. : stem mostly solitary, round, smooth, simple, 
 branched above ; leaves lanceolate, alternate ; flowers large, on peduncles , 
 segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; petals crenate ; capsule roundish, 
 acuminate. 
 
 Fields. June, July. (I). -Stem H to 2 feet high. Leaves distant, 3-rowed 
 Flowers large, purplish-blue. Introduced ; scarcely naturalized. 
 
 Common Flax. 
 
54 MALVACEAE. 
 
 2. L. Virginianum, Linn. : stem erect, slender, smooth ; radical leaves 
 ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; panicle 
 lax, corymbose ; sepals acute ; capsule globose, awnless. 
 
 Hills and fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Arkansas. June Aug. Q.Stem 
 I 2 feet high, slender. Flowers small, yellow, in a dichotomous panicle. 
 
 Virginian Flax. 
 
 3. S. rigidum Pitrsh. : stem rigid, angular, grooved ; leaves subseta- 
 ceous, short and erect ; margin of the calyx glandulously ciliate ; petalb 
 cuneate-oblong ; seeds pale brown. 
 
 Woods. Mass, to Geor. W. to Fort Mandan and California. (T>.Stem about 
 6 inches high. Flowers pale yellow. Smau Wild Flax. 
 
 ORDER XXII. MALVACEAE. MALLOWWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 5, very seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at the base, 
 often bearing external bracts forming an involucre. Petals 
 equal in number to the sepals. Stamens indefinite, monadel- 
 phous ; anthers 1 -celled, reniform. Ovary formed by the union 
 of several carpels round a common axis, either distinct or co- 
 hering ; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit capsular or ber- 
 ried. Seeds without albumen. Herbaceous plants or shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, more or less divided, stipulate. Flowers 
 showy. 
 
 1. MALVA. Linn. Mallow. 
 
 (Name altered from /zaXa^>?, soft ; in allusion to the emollient nature of the 
 species. Hook. Br. Fl) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by an involucre usually of 3, some- 
 times 1 2, or 5 6 setaceous bracts ; rarely naked. Capsules 
 dry, numerous, 1 -seeded, circularly arranged. 
 
 1. M. sylvcstris Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous, branched hairy; leaves 
 large, roundish, with 7 somewhat acute lobes ; flowers large, axillary ; pe- 
 duncles and petioles hairy ; petals obcordate, thrice as long as the calyx. 
 
 Fields. N. Y. July, Aug. ^.Stem 23 feet high, branched. Flmuers 
 large, 3 or 4 together, purplish rose-color, with darker veins. Whole plant mu- 
 cilaginous and emollient. Introduced from Europe. High Mallow. 
 
 2. M. roiiindifolia Linn. : stem somewhat prostrate ; leaves roundish, 
 cordate, obtusely 5 7-lobed; peduncles bent downwards, and with the 
 petioles pubescent ; flowers axillary ; corolla twice the length of the calyx. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June Oct. 1[-. Root fusi- 
 form. Stem 10 18 inches long. Flowers small, pink, with darker veins, on 
 pedicels, 2 3 together. Extensively naturalized. Low Mallow. 
 
 3. M. ? Americana Muhl. : leaves ovate, crenate, stipules oblong-linear ; 
 peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered. Malope malacoides Linn. 
 
 Penn. Virg. . Stem 12 18 inches high, sparingly branched. Flowers 
 on peduncles 2 3 lines long. Petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow. Torr. 
 Sf Gr. American Mallow. 
 
MALVACEAE. 55 
 
 2. ALTHAEA. Linn. Marsh Mallow. 
 From the Greek aA0u>, to cure ; on account of its healing properties.) 
 
 C'ilyx surrounded by a 6 9-cleft involucre. Capsules nu- 
 merous, 1 -seeded, arranged circularly. 
 
 A. officinalis Linn. : leaves soft tomentose on both sides, cordate and 
 ovate, dentate, entire or 3-lohed ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much 
 shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Near salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. N. J. Aug., Sept, %. Stem 2 feet high. 
 Flowers large, purple. Introduced from Europe. Marsh Mattmo. 
 
 3. HIBISCUS. Linn. Hibiscus. 
 (From an ancient Greek name of some plant of this tribe.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5 -toothed, surrounded by an involucre which 
 is often many-leaved. Stigmas 5. Carpels. united in a 5 or 10- 
 celled capsule ; valves septiferous in the middle ; cells many- 
 seeded, rarely 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. H. Virginicus Linn. : roughish tomentose ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- 
 minate, unequally serrate-toothed ; upper ones undivided ; lower 3-lobed ; 
 pedicels longer than the petioles ; flowers cernuous ; capsule hispid. H. 
 clypeatus Walt. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 1\.. Stem 3 feet high. Flowers in pan- 
 iculate racemes, 2 inches in diameter, rose-colored. Involucre 8 9-leaved, to- 
 mentose. Petals obovate-cuneate. Virginian Hibiscus. 
 
 2. H. Moschcutos Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, often 3-lobed, 
 whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous pubescent above ; pedun- 
 cles and petioles often united ; calyx tomentose. H. palustris Linn. 
 
 Swamps, especially near salt water. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. Ij. Stem 
 3 5 feet high. Leaves 5 inches long and 3 broad, usually obtuse at base. 
 Flowers white or pale purple, sometimes with a crimson centre, about as large as 
 the common Hollyhock. Swamp Hibiscus. 
 
 3. H. militaris Wittd. : leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, serrate, 
 smooth ; pedicels articulate in the middle ; corolla subcampanulate ; cap- 
 sule ovate, acuminate, smooth; seeds silky. H. Virginicus Walt. H. 
 hastatus Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug. %.Stem 34 feet 
 high. Flowers large, purple, axillary, solitary. Smooth Hibiscus. 
 
 4. H. Trionum Linn. : leaves toothed ; lower ones scarcely divided ; 
 upper 3-parted; lobes lanceolate, middle one very long; calyx inflated, 
 membranaceous, nerved. H. pallidus Raf. 
 
 Near gardens and cultivated grounds. N. Y. July. (p. Stem 2 feet high, 
 somewhat hispid. Flowers yellowish white, with the lower part purple. Intro- 
 duced from Europe. Bladder Ketmia. 
 
 4. SIDA. Linn. Sida. 
 
 (An ancient Greek name applied to some plant of this tribe.) 
 Calyx 5-cleft, often angied, naked, or rarely with 1 2 se- 
 
56 TILIACE^J. 
 
 taceous bracts. Style many-cleft at the top. Carpels numerous, 
 arranged circularly, 1 -celled, 1 3-seeded. 
 
 1. S. spinosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tubercles 
 at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the stipules and 
 petioles ; carpels 5, bi-rostrate. 
 
 Barrens and road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (J). Stem 
 1 2 feet high, branched. Flowers solitary, yellow. Leaves sometimes sub- 
 cordate. Prickly Sida. 
 
 2. S. Napcea Willd. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong, 
 acuminate, toothed; peduncles many-flowered; capsules 10, awnless, 
 acuminate. Napasa Icevis Linn. 
 
 Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. ; rare. Pursh. July. QJ..- Stem 34 feet high. 
 Flowers small, white. Smooth Sida. 
 
 3. S. dioica Willd. : leaves palmately 7-lobed, rough ; lobes lanceolate, 
 incisely toothed ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteate, subcorymbed ; flow- 
 ers dioecious ; capsules 10, awnless. Napcea dioica and N. scabra Linn. 
 
 Stony ground. Penn and Virg. Oct. %. Stem 4 5 feel high. Flowers 
 small, white, crowded into heads. Rough Sida. 
 
 4. S. Abutilon Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, toothed, 
 tomentose ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; capsules 15, truncate, 
 bi-rostrate, hairy. Abutilon Avicennce Gceert. Torr. $ Gr. 
 
 Waste ground. N. S. July, Aug. (T). Stem 3 5 feet high, with spreading 
 branches. Leaves large. Flowers orange yellow. Introduced from India. 
 
 Indian Mallow. 
 
 ORDER XXIII. TILIACE^E. LINDENS. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, distinct or united, with a valvate aestivation. 
 Petals 4 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens generally in- 
 definite, hypogynous, distinct; anthers 2-celled. Disk often 
 with 4 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary of 2 10 
 united carpels ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit 
 dry, of several cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, with fleshy 
 albumen. Trees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate 
 leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 TILIA. Linn. Linden or Lime Tree. 
 (A name of uncertain origin.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small 
 scale within. Stamens many ; filaments free, or somewhat in 
 sets. Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, ( Fruity 
 coriaceous, by abortion 1 -celled, 1 2-seeded. 
 
 1. T. glabra Vent.: leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely 
 serrate, subcoriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes ; petals truncate at the 
 apex, crenate ; style as long as the petals ; fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. 
 T. Americana Linn. Mich. f. T. Canadensis Mich. 
 
HYPERICACEJS. 57 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. A tree often 60 or 70 feet high, 
 with yellowish- white flowers. The wood is white and soft, and much used by 
 cabinet and coach-makers. The bark is grayi>h, and so strong and flexible as 
 to make tolerable ropes. Big. Basswood. Whitewood. 
 
 2. T. laxijiora Mich. : leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, 
 mernbranaceous, smooth ; flowers in loose panicles ; petals emarginate ; 
 styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose. 
 
 Near the sea coast. Penn. to Geor. May. T^ . A very distinct species, 
 though generally confounded with the former. Pursh. 
 
 Loose-jluwered Linden. 
 
 3. T. pubescens Ait. : leaves truncate at the base, subcordate, oblique, 
 denticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petals emarginate ; styles longer 
 than the petals ; fruit globose, smooth. T. Americana Walt. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Tenn. June. A large tree. 
 Flowers white, in axillary cymes. Hairy-leaved Linden. 
 
 ORDER XXIV. HYPERICACE^E. TUTSANS. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, distinct or cohering, unequal. Petals 4 5, 
 with a twisted aestivation and oblique veins. Stamens usually 
 numerous and cohering at base in three or more parcels. Ovary 
 single, superior ; styles several, rarely connate ; stigmas simple, 
 occasionally capitate. Fruit a capsule or berry, of many valves 
 and many cells. Seeds very numerous, minute, without albu- 
 men ; embryo straight. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with a 
 resinous juice, and dotted with pellucid or black glands. Leaves 
 opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers mostly yellow. 
 
 1. HYPERICUM. Linn. St. John's Wort. 
 
 (A name of uncertain origin.) 
 
 Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal. Pe- 
 tals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens numerous, or 
 sometimes few, united at the base into 3 5 parcels, sometimes 
 distinct. Styles 3 5, distinct or more or less united. Capsule 
 membranaceous. 
 
 * Stamens numerous. Styles 5. Flowers mostly terminal, large, yellow. 
 
 1. H. jrtjramidatum Ait.: smooth; stem square, somewhat branching 
 above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, membranaceous, 
 pellucid-punctate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; styles free, as long as the sta- 
 mens. H. macrocarpon Mich. H. ascyroides Willd. 
 
 River banks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio. July. %. Stem 2 4 feet high, with 
 two of the angles strongest. Flowers few or solitary, at the ends of the branches, 
 more than an inch in diameter. Capsule ovoid-conical, as large as a nutmeg. 
 
 Giant St. John's Wort. 
 
 2. Kalmianum Willd. : frutescent, much branched ; branches square ; 
 
 3* 
 
58 HYPER ICACE^E. 
 
 leaves crowded, narrow-oblanceolate, obtuse ; cymes fastigiate, 3 7-flow- 
 ered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about half as long as the petals. 
 
 Banks of streams and in swamps. Can. and around the great lakes. Falls 
 of Niagara. N. J. July, Aug. A shrub about 2 feet high. Flowers smaller than 
 in the preceding. The var. elongatum of Macnab occurs in a swamp about 
 8 miles S. of New Brunswick, N. J. The branches are more elongated, the 
 leaves more obtuse, and the flowers smaller than in the specimens from Niagara 
 Falls. Kalm's St. John's Wort. 
 
 ** Stamens numerous. Styles mostly 3. Flowers yellow. 
 
 3. H. angulosum Mich. : stem herbaceous, square, erect ; leaves distant, 
 elongated, ovate, subclasping, sinuate on the margin, acute, not punctate ; 
 flowers axillary, solitary, in a dichotomous panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
 somewhat keeled. H. denticulatum Walt. 
 
 Cedar swamps. N. J. to Flor. June, July. r ft r . Stem 12 18 inches high, 
 branched towards the summit. Flowers scattered in the panicle and alternate, 
 orange-colored. Styles 3, often united. Angular St. John's Wort. 
 
 4. H. adpressum Bart. : stem 2-winged above ; leaves linear-lanceolate 
 or linear-oblong, closely sessite, pellucid-punctate ; cyme few-flowered, 
 naked ; sepals very unequal, oblong and obovate, at length reflexed ; petals 
 oblong-obovate, twice as long as the sepals. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. Penn. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. ^..Stem 2 feet high, 
 somewhat shrubby at base. Flowers in compound cymes. Stamens very nu- 
 merous. Winged St. John's Wort. 
 
 5. H. ellipticum Hook. : stem square, simple below, somewhat branched 
 above; leaves elliptic, very obtuse, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate; cyme 
 nearly naked ; sepals oblong, very unequal, spreading ; capsule ovate-glo- 
 bose. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Penn. July. 9|. Stem 10 20 inches high. Flowers 
 pale orange. Styles 3, connate nearly to the summit. 
 
 Elliptic St. John's Wort. 
 
 6. H. corymbosum Muhl. : stem terete, black punctate ; leaves ovate lance- 
 olate, obtuse, sub-clasping ; flowers in dense corymbs ; sepals ovate, acute ; 
 petals oblong. H. punctatum Torr. Comp. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. June. *2J.. Stem 2 feet high. 
 Flowers in a compact panicle or corymb. Styles 3, longer than the stamens. 
 Whole plant, except the filaments and styles, spotted with black dots. 
 
 Corymbed St. John's Wort. 
 
 7. H. perforatum Linn. : stem ancipital ; leaves obtuse, ovate-elliptic, and 
 with the lanceolate sepals pellucid-punctate ; flowers panicled ; anthers with 
 black punctures ; styles diverging. 
 
 Fields, pastures, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June Aug. QJ.. 
 Stem 1 2 feet high, branched. Flowers numerous. Stamens mostly in three 
 sets. A pernicious weed, producing, according to Dr. Darlington, troublesome 
 sores upon horses and horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them. Tt 
 would seem that the dew which collects on the plant, becomes active in this 
 way. Fl> Cest. Introduced from Europe. Common St. John's Wort. 
 
 8. H. mutilum Linn. : stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves 
 ovate, subcordate, obtuse, sessile, obscurely 5-nerved, pellucid-punctate ; 
 flowers in a dichotomous corymb ; sepals lanceolate, longer than the petals. 
 H. quinquenervium Walt. Mich. H. parviflorum Willd. 
 
HYPERICACE^E. 59 
 
 Overflowed grounds. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June Aug Q\. 
 
 Stem 6 12 inches high. Flowers very small, pale yellow, solitary in the divisions 
 of the stem. Small-flowered St. John's Wort. 
 
 9. H, Canadense Linn. : stem erect and straight, 4-winged ; leaves linear, 
 attenuate at the base, rather obtuse : panicle elongated, dichotomous ; sepals 
 lanceolate, very acute, longer than the petals ; stamens 5 10 ; capsule 
 long, conical, colored. 
 
 Gravelly soil. Can. to Geor. June Aug. (J). Stem 6 12 inches high. 
 Flowers small, yellow. Capsule much longer than the calyx, and of a reddish 
 color, by which, together with its linear leaves, it can be readily distinguished 
 from the preceding. Canadian St. John's Wort. 
 
 10. H. Sarothra Mich.: erect, much branched above; branches seta- 
 ceous ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed ; flowers terminal, subsolitary ; 
 stamens 5 10 ; capsule conical, very acute, 1-celled. H. nudicaule Walt. 
 Sarothra gentiaiwides Wittd. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June Aug. 7J.. Stem 48 inches high, 
 much branched. Leaves scarcely more than a line long. Flowers minute' 
 orange-yellow. Stamens variable in number. Ground Pine. 
 
 11. H. prolificum Linn. : stem shrubby, terete ; branches angled ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, pellucid-punctate ; corymbs 
 axillary and terminal, few-flowered, sepals ovate-lanceolate ; stamens very 
 numerous. H. galioides Pursh. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. Jiily. A shrub 2 3 feet 
 
 high, with much compressed branches. Leaves 2 inches "long. Peduncle* gen- 
 erally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile. 
 
 Proliferous St. John's Wort. 
 
 -2. ASCYRUM. Linn. St Peter's Wort.. 
 
 (From the Greek a, privative, and a<vpog t roughness ; the plant being smooth 
 to the touch. Torr. N. Y. f7.) 
 
 Calyx 4-sepalled ; 2 outer sepals smaller. Petals 4, cadu- 
 cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2 3, 
 rarely 4, sometimes united. Capsule 1-celled, 2 3-valved. 
 
 1. A. Crux-AndrecB Linn.: stem much branched at base, assurgent; 
 leaves obovate-oblong, or linear-oblong, obtuse ; flowers solitary or cymu- 
 lose, on short pedicels ; outer sepals ovate, inner ones very minute ; petals 
 linear-oblong; styles 2, at length distinct. (Torr. <f* &>') A. mnlticaide 
 Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. QJ-. Stem 8 inches to 2 feet 
 high, ancipital above. Leaves variable in width. Flowers usually in threes, 
 pale yellow. Common St. Peters Wort. 
 
 2. A. sfans Mich. : stem ancipital and somewhat winged ; straight ; 
 leaves closely sessile, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, glaucous ; outer sepals cordate- 
 orbicular ; inner ones lanceolate, one-third shorter than the others ; styles 
 3, rarely 4. A. hypericoides Linn. ? 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. %. Stem 1 2 feet high, 
 branched at the summit. Floicers mostly three together, yellow, much larger 
 than in the preceding. Upright St. Peter's Wort; 
 
60 ACERACE.E. 
 
 3. ELODEA. Adans. Elodea. 
 (From the Greek eXw^s, growing in marshy places.) 
 Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous,, 
 equilateral. Stamens 9, (rarely 12 15,) united into three 
 parcels which alternate with 3 hypogynous glands. Styles 3, 
 distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-celled. 
 
 E. Virginica Nutt. : leaves sessile, clasping ; stamens united below the 
 middle. E. campanulata Pursh. Hypericum Virginicum Linn. 
 
 Bogs and meadows. Can. to Flor. and Louis. July Sept. 1J-. Stem 12 18 
 inches high, tinged with purple. Leaves 1 2 inches long, paler beneath. Fkno- 
 ers few, in terminal and axillary cymes, reddish-yellow, half an inch in diameter. 
 
 Virginian Elodea. 
 
 ORDER XXV. ACERACE^E. MAPLES. 
 
 Calyx 5, or rarely 4 9-parted, with an imbricate aestivation. 
 Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them, 
 inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stamens usually 8, some- 
 times 3 12, distinct. Ovary 2-lobed, 2 - celled ; style 1 ; stig- 
 mas 2. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged carpels, (samarce,) each 
 1-celled, 1 2 7 seeded. Seeds with little or no albumen. Trees, 
 with opposite, palmately lobed, rarely pinnate, leaves. Flowers 
 small, often polygamous, in racemes, corymbs or fascicles. 
 
 1. ACER. Linn. Maple. 
 
 (From the Latin acer, sharp ; the wood having been used for pikes, or lances.) 
 Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5- 
 parted. Stamens rarely 5, often V 10. Samarse 3, winged, 
 united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded. 
 
 * Flmoers in corymbs or fascicles. 
 
 1. A. rubrumLinn.: leaves 3 5-lobed, cordate at the base, unequally 
 and incisely toothed, glaucous beneath ; the sinuses acute, the lobes acute 
 or acuminate; flowers aggregated in about fives, on rather long pedicels; 
 fruit smooth ; the wings slightly falcate, at length spreading. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Flor. April. A tree from 20 50 feet high. Leaves 
 pubescent when young. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in sessile fascicles, 
 red or yellowish. Pedicels of the flowers, half an inch long, of the fruit 23 
 inches. Red Maple. 
 
 2. A. eriocarpum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, truncate at the base, 
 smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes acuminate, 
 incisely toothed ; flowers aggregated, on short pedicels ; fruit woolly when 
 young, nearly smooth when old, with large dilated wings. A dasycarpum 
 
 Willd. 
 
ACERACE.ffi. 61 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. April, May. A tree 3050 feet high, af- 
 fording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. Flowers 
 greenish-yellow or purplish, usually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit 
 about an inch long. Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. 
 
 3. A. barbatum Mich.: leaves ovate-cordate, with 3 short lobes, un- 
 equally serrate, glaucous beneath and pubescent on the nerves ; corymbs 
 sessile ; peduncles hairy ; those of the sterile flowers branched, of the fer- 
 tile simple ; calyx bearded within; fruit smooth; wings erect. A. Caro- 
 linianum Walt. 
 
 Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. Pursh. April. A small tree. Leaves small. 
 Flowers pale green. Calyx densely bearded within. Hairy Maple. 
 
 4. A. saccharinum Linn. : leaves palmately 3 5-lobed, subcordate at 
 base, petioled, glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes acuminate ; pe- 
 duncles corymbose, loose, nodding, hairy ; fruit glabrous ; wings divergent. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. A tree 5080 feet high. 
 Leaves deep green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long filiform pe- 
 duncles. Petioles smooth. Valuable for its timber and for the sugar obtained 
 from its sap. Common Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. 
 
 5. A. nigrum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus 
 closed, pubescent beneath; lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate; flowers on 
 long slender peduncles, corymbed ; fruit glabrous, turgid at base ; wings 
 diverging. A. saccharinum var. nigrum Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Woods, on hill-sides. Ver. to Car. April. A large tree. Flowers yellowish. 
 Petioles pubescent. Black Sugar Maple. 
 
 ** Flowers in racemes. 
 
 6. A. striatum Mich. : leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at the 
 base, acutely dentate, somewhat pubescent ; racemes simple, pendulous ; 
 petals oval ; fruit smooth ; wings large, somewhat diverging. A. Pennsyl- 
 vanicum Linn. 
 
 Shady rocks. Can. to Geor. (Not south of the Highlands in N. Y. Torr.) 
 May. A shrub or small tree 10 15 feet high ; trunk beautifully striate. Leaves 
 rarely undivided. Flowers large, greenish-yellow, 10 12 in a raceme. 
 
 Striped Maple. Moose Wood. 
 
 7. A. spicatum Linn. : leaves small, 3 5-lobed, acute, dentate, cordate, 
 pubescent b*neath ; racemes spikeform, erect ; petals linear ; fruit smooth ; 
 wings somewhat diverging. A. montanum Ait. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. May. Shrub 812 feet high. Flowers green- 
 ish, small, in racemes 2 or 3 inches long. Mountain Maple. 
 
 2. NEGUNDO. D. C. Box Elder. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, unequally 4 5-toothed. 
 Petals none. Anthers 4 5, linear, sessile. 
 
 N. fraxinifolium Nutt. : leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives ; leafets 
 rhomboid-oval or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally and coarsely den- 
 tate ; flowers dioecious, in simple pendulous racemes. Acer Negundo Linn. 
 Mich. 
 
 Low wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April.- A tree 
 15 20 feet high, with a smooth yellowish-green bark. Leaves mostly ternate. 
 Flowers yellowish-green, pendulous. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. 
 
62 VITACEvE. 
 
 ORDER XXVI. HIPPOCASTANACE^E. HORSE CHESTNUTS. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. Stamens 
 7 8 distinct, unequal, inserted upon a hypogynous disk. 
 Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, acute. Fruit coriaceous, 1 2 
 or 3-valved, 1 2 or 3-celled. Seeds 1 3, large, roundish, 
 with a smooth shining coat, and a broad hilum ; albumen none ; s 
 embryo curved, germinating under ground. Trees or shrubs. 
 Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 
 
 JESCULUS. Linn. Horse Chestnut. 
 (A Latin name said to have been originally applied to an oak.) 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4 5, more or less 
 unequal. Filaments recurved backward. 
 
 1. M. glabra Willd.: leafets 5, ovate, acuminate, very smooth ; corolla 
 4-petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx ; stamens longer 
 than the corolla ; fruit echinate. JE. echinata, MuM. Pavia Ohiemis 
 Mich.f. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. May. A large shrub or small 
 tree. Flowers yellowish-white, in terminal racemose panicles. Buck-eye. 
 
 2. M. Hippocastanum Linn. : leafets 7, obovate-cuneate, acute, dentate ; 
 flowers with 5 petals and 7 stamens ; fruit echinate. 
 
 About houses. May. A tree with a smooth bark, very branching towards 
 the top. Flowers large, white, spotted with purple and yellow. A native of 
 India. Common Horse Chestnut. 
 
 ORDER XXVII. VITACEJS. VINES. 
 
 Calyx small, nearly entire. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes co- 
 hering above' and calyptriform, with a valvate aestivation. 
 Stamens as many as the petals, inserted upon the disk, some- 
 times sterile by abortion. Ovary 2 -celled ; style 1, very short ; 
 stigma simple. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, 2- (or by abortion 
 1-) celled/ Seeds 1 5, bony, with hard albumen. Climbing 
 shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, and small green 
 flowers. 
 
 1. AMPELOPSIS. Mich. Ampelopsis. 
 
 (From the Greek a/in-tXoj vine, and o^ij, aspect ; on account of its resemblance 
 to the vine.) 
 
 Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Style 1, very short. Stig- 
 ma capitate. Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2 4-se<>ded. 
 
 1. A. cordata Mich. : stem climbing, with slender hnmrl."> : Ir-aves cor- 
 
GERANIACEJB. 63 
 
 date, acuminate, toothed and angular ; nerves beneath pubescent ; racemes 
 dichotomous, few-flowered. Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Vitis indivisa Wittd. 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W. to Ark. June, July. T2. Leaves cor- 
 date, often straight at base as if truncate. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries 
 pale red. Heart-leaved Ampelopsis. 
 
 2. A. quinquefolia Mich. : stem climbing and rooting ; leaves digitate, 
 by fives, on long petioles, glabrous ; leafets connected at base, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, dentate towards the apex ; racemes somewhat dichotomously 
 cymose. A. hederacea D. C. Cissus hederacca Pursh. Hedera quinquefolia 
 Linn. 
 
 var. hirsuta Torr. fy Gr. : leaves pubescent on both sides ; leafets ovate. 
 A. hirsuta Muhl. Cissus hederacea. var. hirsuta Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. Var. hirsuta, Alleghany Mountains. Pursh. 
 June, July. 17. Stem climbing. Flowers small, yellowish-green. .Berries dark 
 blue or nearly black. Virginian Creeper. 
 
 2. VITIS. Linn, Vine. 
 
 (An ancient Latin name; the derivation of which is unknown.) 
 Calyx somewhat 4 5-toothed. Petals 4 5, cohering at their 
 apex, deciduous. Stamens 5. Style none. Berry 2-celled, 
 1 4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive. 
 
 1. V. Labrusca Linn. : leaves very large, broad-cordate, sub^S-lobed, 
 acutely toothed, glabrous above, and with the peduncles grayish-tomentose 
 beneath ; racemes small, panicled ; berries large. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. Tj. Stem climbing to a great height. 
 Flowers greenish. Berries dark purple, sometimes greenish-white. It under- 
 goes great changes by cultivation. Fox Grape. 
 
 2. V. (sstivalis Mich. : stem long and slender ; leaves broad-cordate, 
 3 5-lobed, younger ones ferruginous-tomentose beneath, when old nearly 
 smooth ; sinuses rounded ; racemes opposite the leaves, rather crowded, 
 oblong ; berries small. V. intermedia Muhl. 
 
 Woods and river banks. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. T?. Berries 
 deep blue, almost black. Summer Grape. 
 
 3. V. vulpina Linn. : leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, somewhat 
 equally and rather coarsely toothed, smooth above ; racemes loose, many- 
 flowered ; berries small. V. cordifolia Mich. Pursh. 
 
 River banks. Can. to Flor. June. T^. Serries amber-colored, nearly black 
 when ripe, and have a tart taste. Winter Grape. Frost Grapr. 
 
 4. V. riparia Mich. : leaves cordate, unequally and incisely toothed ; 
 shortly 3-lobed, pubescent on the margin, nerves and petiole : racemes 
 loose ; berries small. V. odwatissima Donn. 
 
 Gravelly bunks. Can. to Virg. W. to Ark. May July. ?,. Stem long. 
 Leaves ineisely toothed, by which it may be distinguished from the preceding. 
 Flowers sweet-scented. Berries dark purple or amber color, when ripe. 
 
 Sweet-scented Grape. 
 
 ORDER XXVIII. GERANIACEJS. CRANE'S-BILLS. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbricated 
 aestivation. Petals 5, (or by abortion 4, rarely none,) unguicu- 
 
64 GERANIACE^E. 
 
 late. Stamens usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or 
 thrice as many as the petals. Fruit formed of 5 carpels co- 
 hering round the axis, having a membranous pericarp and ter- 
 minated by an indurated style, which finally twists and carries 
 the pericarp along with it. Seeds solitary, without albumen. 
 Cotyledons convolute and plaited. Herbaceous or shrubby 
 plants usually strong-scented. Leaves opposite and alternate, 
 mostly lobed. Flowers regular or irregular. 
 
 1. GERANIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill. 
 (From the Greek ycpavo j, a crane ; the fruit resembling the bill of that bird.) 
 
 Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile; 
 alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base. 
 Carpels with long awns, at length separating elastically from 
 the summit to the base ; awns smooth internally. 
 * Perennial. 
 
 1. G. maculatum Linn.: stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, 
 retrorsely pubescent ; leaves 3 5-parted, incised ; radical on long petioles ; 
 upper opposite, sessile ; petals entire ; filaments slightly ciliate at the base. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. '2J.. ; Stem 815 inches 
 high. Leaves hairy. Flowers large, purple. The root is very astringent, and 
 is useful for medicinal purposes. Big. Med. Bot. i. 19. 
 
 Spotted Geranium, or Crane's-bill. 
 
 ** Annual. 
 
 2. G. pusillum Linn. : stem procumbent ; leaves reniform or nearly orbicu- 
 lar, deeply 5 7-lobed ; lobes of the lower leaves 3-cleft, of the upper entire ; 
 peduncles short, 2-flowered; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than the 
 awnless calyx ; carpels keeled, pubescent. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. & Penn. May July. (T). Stem 1 2 feet long, very 
 slender. leaves slightly pubescent. Flowers pale purple, much smaller than in 
 the preceding. Introduced ? Small-flowered Crane's-bill. 
 
 3. G. Carolinianum Linn. : diffusely branched, pubescent ; leaves 5- 
 lobed beyond the middle ; lobes incised, 3 5-cleft; peduncles crowded to- 
 wards the*top ; petals notched, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels hairy. 
 G. dissectum Pursh. 
 
 Barren grounds. Arct. Amer. to Flor. and Louis. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and California. April June. (1). Stem 4 12 inches high. Flowers 
 small, rose-color, or nearly white. Carolina Crane's-bill. 
 
 4. G. Robertianum Linn. : leaves ternate or quinate ; leafets somewhat 
 pinnatifid, segments mucronate ; peduncles long, 2-flowered ; calyx, angu- 
 lar, hairy, with longish awns, snorter than the entire petals ; carpels small, 
 wrinkled. 
 
 Rocky places. Can. to Virg. June Sept. (). S*m long. Flowers rather 
 small, purple. Plant very fetid. Herb Robert. 
 
BALSAMINACE^E. 65 
 
 2. ERODJUM. VHerit. Heron' s-bill. 
 
 (From the Greek tputtos, a heron ; the fruit resembling the head and beak of 
 lhat bird.) 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 
 10, the 5 outer ones (opposite the petals) shorter and sterile; 
 the perfect ones with a nectariferous gland at the base. Styles 
 persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally twisted. 
 
 E. cicutarium Smith : stem prostrate or diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately 
 divided ; segments sessile, pinnatifid, incised or acute ; peduncles several 
 flowered ; petals unequal. Geranium cicutarium Linn. 
 
 Gravelly shore of Oneida Lake, N. Y. ; abundant. W. to Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia. May, June. . Leaves 2 4 inches long, oblong, with numerous pin- 
 natifid lobes. Flowers as large as those of Geranium pusiuum. Introduced ? 
 
 Hemlock-leaved Heron's-bitt. 
 
 ORDER XXIX. BALSAMHSTACE^E. BALSAMS. 
 Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous ; the two. upper commonly 
 united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
 linited in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. 
 Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-celled ; stigma sessile, 
 more or less 5-lobed. Fruit capsular, with 5 elastic valves 
 and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen. 
 Succulent herbaceous plants. Leaves simple, without stipules. 
 
 IMPATIENS. Linn. Balsam. 
 
 (In allusion to the bursting of the seed-vessels by the slightest touch.) 
 Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irregu- 
 lar ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united. 
 Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, opening elas- 
 tically. 
 
 1. 7. pallida Nutt.: peduncles solitary 2 5-flowered; leaves oblong- 
 ovate, on short petioles, coarsely and obtusely serrate, the teeth mucronate ; 
 lower sepal dilated, obtusely conic, shorter than the petals, with a very 
 short recurved spur; flowers sparingly punctate. /. noli-tangere Pursh. 
 I. aurea Muhl. 
 
 Damp grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. . Stem 3 5 feet high, 
 much branched. Leaves obtuse at base, on petioles half an inch long, upper 
 ones sessile. Flowers gamboge -yellow, larger than the next. 
 
 Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. 
 
 2. I. fulva Nutt. : peduncles solitary, 2 4-flowered ; leaves rhombic- 
 ovate, somewhat obtuse, on longish petioles, coarsely serrate, the teeth mu- 
 cronate; lower sepal acutely conic, with a long recurved spur; flowers 
 with .crowded spots. 7. biflora Pursh. I. noli-tangere, var. Mich. I. ma' 
 culata Muhl. 
 
66 OXALIDACE^E. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ().< Stem 24 feet 
 high. Leaves on petioles an inch or more long. Flowers deep orange with red- 
 dish brown spots, smaller and less numerous than the former. 
 
 Balsam Weed. Jeivel Weed. 
 
 ORDER XXX. TROPJEOLACE^E. INDIAN CRESSES. 
 
 Sepals 3 5, upper one with a long distinct spur. Petals 1 5, 
 equal or unequal. Stamens 6 10, distinct. Ovary 1, 3-cor- 
 nered ; style 1 ; stigmas 3 5, acute. Fruit indehiscent, the 
 pieces separable from a common axis, sometimes winged. Seeds 
 large, without albumen. Herbaceous plants with an acrid taste. 
 Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
 
 FLCERKIA. Willd. False Mermaid. 
 (In honor of Flosrke, a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Sta- 
 mens 6. 
 
 F. proserpinacoides Willd. F. uliginosa Muhl. Nedris pinnata Pursh. 
 
 Marshes. Ver. to Virg. W. to Miss. April, May. ($)Stem 410 inches 
 long, at length decumbent, nearly simple. Leaves somewhat succulent, on slen- 
 der petioles, trifid and pinnatifid. Peduncles axillary, at first short, gradually 
 lengthening. Flowers about 3 lines in diameter, with white oblong petals. 
 
 False Mermaid. 
 
 ORDER XXXI. OXALIDACE^E. WOOD SORRELS. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Petals 5, equal, unguiculate, 
 with a twisted aestivation. Stamens 10, usually more or less 
 monadelphous. Styles 5, filiform ; stigmas capitate. Fruit 
 capsular, membranous, with 5 cells, and from 5 to 10 valves. 
 Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically. 
 Albumen between cartilaginous and fleshy. Herbaceous plants, 
 rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate and compound. 
 
 OXALIS. Linn. Wood Sorrel. 
 (From the Greek ov ?, sharp or acid ; in allusion to the sour taste of the plant.) 
 
 Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10, 
 often monadelphous at base, 5 outer ones shorter. Styles 5. 
 Capsule pentangular, oblong or cylindric, 5-celled. 
 
 * Stemless. 
 
 1. O. Acetosella Linn.; root creeping, scaly; scape 1-flowered, longer 
 than the leaves, with two small bracts above the middle ; leaves ternate ; 
 leafets obcordate. hairy ; petals oval, obtuse ; styles as long as the inner 
 stamens. 
 
ZANTHOXYLACE.E. G7 
 
 Mountain woods. Can. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. June. 1\.. Scape 3 5 inches 
 long. Flowers large, white, with red veins, drooping. Petals slightly emargi- 
 nate. This is the Shamrock of the Irish. The expressed juice yields binoxate 
 of potash. Common Wood Sorrel. 
 
 2. O. violacea Linn. : bulb scaly ; scape umbelliferous, 3 9-flowered ; 
 flowers nodding ; leaves ternate ; leafets obcordate, smooth ; styles shorter 
 than the outer stamens. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. May, June. Tj.. 
 Scape 46 inches high. Flowers violet, umbelled, with the petals obovate and 
 sometimes slightly emarginate. Violet Wood Sorrel. 
 
 ** Caulescent. 
 
 3. O. corniculata Linn. : pubescent ; stem rooting, decumbent, branched ; 
 peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; leaves ternate ; leafets ob- 
 cordate ; petals obovate, emarginate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. 
 O. corniculata var. Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May Aug. ^.Stern 610 inches 
 long. Flowers small, yellow. It is distinguished chiefly by its habit ; but the 
 plant of American authors may after all be only a variety of the next. 
 
 Decumbent Wood Sorrel. 
 
 4. O. stricta Linn. : hairy ; stem erect, sometimes procumbent, branched ; 
 peduncles 2 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaves ternate ; leafets 
 obcordate ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long as the inner stamens. 
 
 Sandy Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May Aug. 7].. 
 Stem 4 12 inches high. Flowers small, yellow, 4 6 in an umbel. 
 
 Upright Wood Sorrel. - 
 
 ORDER XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACE^E. ZANTHOXYLS. 
 
 Flowers diclinous, regular. Calyx in 3, 4, or 5 divisions. 
 Petals as many as the sepals, rarely none, convolute. Stamens 
 as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovaries as many as 
 the petals, sometimes fewer; styles more or less combined. 
 Fruit either baccate or membranous, sometimes consisting of 
 several drupes or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs, 
 with fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs. Leaves without sti- 
 pules, usually marked with pellucid dots. 
 
 1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. Prickly Ash. 
 (From the Greek J-avBos, yelloiv, and |vXoj/, wood.) 
 
 Polygamo-dicecious. Sepals 3 5, small. Petals longer 
 than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the 
 lobes of the calyx, 1 2-seeded. 
 
 Z. Americanum Mill. : prickly ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 4 5 pairs, 
 ovate, obsoletely serrate, equal at base ; petioles terete, unarmed ; prickles 
 stipular; flowers in short axillary sessile umbels. Z. fraodneum Wittd. 
 Z. ramiflorum Mick. 
 
68 CELASTRACE^E. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. (Not below the Highlands in N.Y. Torr.) W. 
 to Ark. April. Shrub, 35 feet high, covered with sharp strong prickles. 
 Leaves pinnate, sometimes prickly on the back. Flowers in umbels, small, green- 
 ish, appearing, be fore the leaves. The bark of this shrub is pungent, and is em- 
 ployed medicinally. Big. Med. Bat. iii. 156. Prickly Ash. 
 
 2. PTELEA. Linn. Shrubby Trefoil. 
 (The Greek name of the elm, from a root which alludes to the winged seed 
 
 Polygamo-dicecious. Sepals 3 6, (usually 4,) small. Petals 
 much longer than the sepals. Stamens alternating with the 
 petals. Torus tumid, pentagonal. Ovary 1 ; style short ; stig- 
 mas 2. Samarae membranaceous, margined, 2-celled ; cells 2- 
 or by abortion 1 -seeded. 
 
 PL trifoliatu Linn.: leaves on long petioles, ternate; leafets sessile, 
 ovate, acuminate, odd one much attenuated at base ; flowers in panicles, 
 polvgamous, mostly with 4 stamens. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. June. Shrub 6 10 
 feet high. Flowers greenish-white, small, hi corymbose clusters. 
 
 Shrubby Trefoil. 
 
 SUBCLASS II. CALCYFLORALS. 
 
 Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base, (gamosep- 
 alous, D. C. monophyllous, Linn.) Petals and stamens in- 
 serted into the calyx. 
 
 ORDER XXXIII. CELASTRACE^E. SPINDLE TREES. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated, inserted into the margin of a large 
 expanded disk. Petals 4 5, imbricate. Stamens alternate, 
 with the petals, inserted upon the margin or upper surface of 
 the disk. Ovary free, 2 5-celled. Fruit capsular or drupace- 
 ous. Seeds often with an aril ; albumen fleshy. Small trees 
 or shrubs, with simple leaves and small caducous stipules. 
 
 1. EVONYMUS. Linn. Spindle Tree. 
 
 (From Euonyme, mother to the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects pro- 
 duced by the fruit of this plant. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5 -cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals 4 5. 
 Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Cap- 
 sule with 3 5 angles and as many cells and valves. Seeds 
 covered with a colored fleshy aril. 
 
 1. E. Americanus Linn. : branches opposite, smooth, square ; leaves op- 
 posite, subsessile, varying from elliptic-lanceolate to oval-obovate ; smooth, 
 
STAPHYJLEACE^E. 69 
 
 acute, serrate; peduncles 1 3-flowered, terete; calyx small, with acute 
 segments ; corolla 5-petalled ; fruit roughened, warty. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. Shrub 46 feet high, with 
 opposite branches. Flowers greenish-yellow, with a tinge of purple. Fruit 
 cnmson, when mature. E. obovatus Nutt. is a trailing variety. 
 
 Strawberry Tree. 
 
 2. E. atropurpureus Jacq. : stem with smooth, opposite, square branches; 
 leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; 
 peduncles divaricate, many-flowered ; flowers 4-cleft ; fruit smooth. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. lo Miss. June. l^.Stem 48 feet high. 
 Flowers dark purple. Fruit crimson. Burning Biish. 
 
 2. CELASTRUS. Linn. Staff Tree. 
 (A Greek name of uncertain application.) 
 
 Dioeciously polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 
 5, small, unguiculate. Ovary small, with 10 striae, immersed in 
 the disk; style short and thick; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 
 2 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds 1 2 in 
 each cell, inclosed in a pulpy aril. 
 
 C. scandens Linn. : stem climbing, unarmed ; leaves petioled, oval, acu- 
 minate, serrate ; stipules minute ; racemes terminal. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. A woody vine or low 
 shub. Leaves alternate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small terminal racemes. 
 Fruit scarlet. Climbing Staff Tree. 
 
 ORDER XXXIV. STAPHYLEACE^E. BLADDER-NUTS. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated. Sta- 
 mens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous. Disk large, 
 urceolate. Ovary 2 3 -celled, superior ; styles 2 3, cohering 
 at base. Fruit membranous or fleshy. Seeds roundish, with a 
 bony testa ; hilum large ; albumen none. Shrubs, with oppo- 
 site pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. 
 
 STAPHYLEA. Linn. Bladder-Nut. 
 
 (From the Greek <rra<uA7, a bunch of grapes ; in allusion to its mode of flow- 
 ering.) 
 
 Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5. Sta- 
 mens 5. Styles distinct or slightly united. Fruit a membra- 
 naceous inflated 2 3-celled capsule. Seeds globose. 
 
 & trifolia Linn. : leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acumi- 
 nate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled ; styles glabrous ; cap- 
 sule bladder-like. 
 
 Moist places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April June. \i-Stem 610 fe< 
 high, with straight and smooth slender branches. Flowers white, in axillary 
 and terminal pendulous panicles. American Bladder-nut. 
 
70 RHAMNACE^E. 
 
 ORDER XXXV. RHAMNACE^. BUCKTHORNS. 
 
 Calyx 4 5 -cleft, valvate. Petals distinct, inserted into the 
 orifice of the calyx, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite, 
 opposite the petals. Disk fleshy. Ovary superior or half su- 
 perior, 2 3 4-celled. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry 
 and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect, mostly with fleshy al- 
 bumen ; embryo with large flat cotyledons. Trees or shrubs, 
 often thorny. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, usually with 
 minute stipules. 
 
 1. RHAMNUS. Linn. Buckthorn. 
 
 (From the Greek pa/*i/pj, while-thorn ; probably from its resemblance to some 
 of the thorn tribe.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the 
 lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Sta- 
 mens 4 5, inserted above the petals. Style 2 4-cleft. Fruit 
 drupaceous, roundish, containing 2 4 cartilaginous nuts. 
 
 1. R. alnifolius L'Herit: unarmed; leaves alternate, oval, acuminate, 
 serrulate, pubescent on the veins beneath ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles 
 1-flowered, aggregate ; calyx acute ; fruit turbinate. R. franguloides 
 Mich. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Hudson's Bay to Penn. ; rare. May, June. fy. Stem 
 2 4 feet high, branching. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary fascicles. Berries 
 black, the size of a small pea. R. alnifolius of Pursh is described by De Can- 
 dolle as a distinct species, under the name of R. Purshianus. 
 
 Alder-leaved Buckthorn. 
 
 2. R. catharticus Linn. : branches thorny at the top ; leaves opposite, 
 ovate, erosely denticulate ; flowers mostly 4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; ber- 
 ries 4-seeded, subglobose. 
 
 Highlands of N.Y. Torr. Mass. A small tree or large shrub, with yellowish- 
 green flowers. Fruit black ; cathartic. Introduced ? Common Buckthorn. 
 
 2. CEANOTHUS. Linn. Ceanothus. 
 (An ancient Greek name applied to this genus.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad- 
 hering with the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched, 
 with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 2 3, united to the 
 middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted, 
 opening on the inner side. 
 
 1. C. Americanus Linn. : stem shrubby ; branches terete, and somewhat 
 pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, serrate, 3-nerved, tomentose, 
 pubescent beneath ; common peduncles axillary, elongated, almost leafless. 
 C. kerbaceus Raf. 
 
ANACARDIACE^E. 71 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May July. \i. Stem 23 feet high. 
 Leaves on petioles, sometimes slightly cordate at base. Flowers small, white, in 
 an oblong terminal thyrse. Root very large, dark red. The leaves were used 
 as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution. A variable plant. C. 
 herbaceus Raf. is a variety with oval nearly smooth leaves. 
 
 New Jersey Tea, Red Root. 
 
 2. C. ovalis Dig. : leaves narrow, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved 
 from the base, serrulate, nearly smooth ; thyrse umbel-like, the pedicele 
 elongated and closely approximate. H. intermedius Hook, not of Pursh. 
 
 Rocky places. Can. Maine, Ver. and Northern N. Y. W. to Mich, and Texas. 
 May, June. T^ Stem 23 feet high. Leaves 1 3 inches long. Fruit black. 
 Easily distinguished by its narrow leaves and short thyrse from C. Americanus. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Ceanothus. 
 
 ORDER XXXVI. ANACARDIACE^E. ANACARDS. 
 
 Flowers usually diclinous. Galyx usually small, persistent, 
 5- (sometimes 3 7) divided. Petals as many as the segments 
 of the calyx, perigynous, imbricate. Stamens as many as the 
 petals, and alternate, or twice as many or more ; filaments dis- 
 tinct or cohering at the base. Disk fleshy, hypogynous. Ovary 
 single (or rarely 5 6 ;) stigmas usually 3. Fruit indehiscent, 
 usually drupaceous. Seed without albumen. Trees or shrubs, 
 with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or milky juice. Leaves alter- 
 nate, simple, ternate or pinnate, not dotted. 
 
 RHUS. Linn. Sumach. 
 
 (From the Celtic rhudd, red ; in allusion to the color of the fruit) 
 Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. 
 Stamens 5, equal, inserted into the disk. Styles 3, short. 
 Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed. 
 * Leaves ternate. 
 
 1. R. Toxicodendron Linn. : stem erect, pubescent near the summit ; leaves 
 ternate; leafets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, sinuate or lobed, subpubes- 
 cent beneath ; flowers direcious, in sessile axillary racemes. R. Toxico- 
 dendron, var. quercifolium Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. June. >. Stem 
 2 3 feet high. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit globose, brown, smooth. 
 
 Poison Oak or Ivy. 
 
 2. R. radicans Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets petiolate, 
 ovate, acuminate, smooth, generally entire ; flowers in axillary racemes, 
 towards the top of the stem, dioecious ; fruit smooth. JR. Toxicodendron, 
 var. vulgare Mich. Pursh. R. Toxicodendron var. radicans Torr. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Can. to Car. June. 17. Stem climbing. Flowers yel- 
 lowish-green. Fruit subglobose, brown. De Candolle thinks R, radicans distinct 
 from R. Toxicodendron, although they are considered identical by Torrey and 
 Gray. Both are very poisonous to persons of peculiar constitutions. Christy, in 
 N. Y. Med. 4- Phys. Jour, N. S. i. 21. Climbing Poison Oak. 
 
72 LE&UMINOSJS. 
 
 3. R. aromatica, Ait : branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ternate , 
 leafets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, deeply toothed, tomentose beneath ; flowers 
 in dense axillary racemes or catkins, dioecious ; fruit pilose. Lobadium, 
 aromaticum Raf. 
 
 Rocky places. Arct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. \i\ Stem 
 2- -6 feet high. Flowers yellow. Fruit red, more or less hispid, acid. 
 
 Aromatic Sumach. 
 ** Leaves pinnate, smooth. 
 
 4. R. glabra Linn. : stem and branches smooth ; leafets in many pairs ; 
 sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, whitish glaucous be- 
 neath ; flowers all perfect, in terminal compound panicles. 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. 1}. Stem 612 feet high. 
 Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with short hairs, acid. 
 
 Smooth SumacJi. 
 
 5. R. Copallina Linn. : branches terete, downy ; leafets 4 7 pairs, with 
 an odd one, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very entire, shining on the upper 
 surface ; pubescent beneath, unequal at base ; petiole winged, appearing as 
 if jointed ; flowers in sessile panicles, dioecious. 
 
 Dry fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. A small shrub, with yel- 
 lowish-green flowers. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter. 
 
 Mountain Sumach. 
 
 6. R. venenata D. C. : branches, leaves, and petioles very smooth ; 
 leafets in 3 6 pairs, oblong-oval, abruptly acuminate, nearly entire ; peti- 
 oles without joints or wings ; flowers in loose slender panicles, dioecious ; 
 fruit smooth, greenish- white. R. Vernix Linn. 
 
 Margins of swamps. Can. to Geor. W. to Louis. June, July. \i. Stem 
 6 12 feet high. Flowers greenish. Fruit about as large as a pea. Poisonous. 
 Big. Med. Sot. i. 96. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. 
 
 *** Leaves pinnate, pubescent. 
 
 7. R. typhina Linn. : branches and petioles very villous ; leafets in many 
 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish and more or 
 less pubescent beneath ; flowers in oblong dense panicles, dioecious. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Car. June. I}. Stem 1015 feet high. Flowers 
 greenish-yellow. Fruit in clusters, covered with a purple velvety down, acrid. 
 
 Stag-horn Sumach. 
 
 ORDER XXXVII. LEGUMINOS^E. LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less combined. Petals 5, either 
 papilionaceous or regularly spreading. Stamens definite or in- 
 definite, distinct or monadelphous, or diadelphous. Ovary sim- 
 ple, superior. Fruit a legume. Seeds attached to the upper 
 suture, without albumen. Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees. 
 Leaves alternate, mostly compound, and with 2 stipules at base. 
 
 SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACE^E. 
 
 Petals papilionaceous, imbricated in aestivation, the upper 
 exterior. 
 
LEGUMINOS^E. 73 
 
 1. BAPTISIA. Vent. Baptisia. 
 
 (From the Greek tfairrw, to dye ; in allusion to the coloring properties of some 
 of the species.) 
 
 Calyx half 4 5 -cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
 Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly 
 incurved. Stamens deciduous. Legume ventricose, pedicelled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1. B. tinctoria Broi&n : very smooth, much branched ; leaves ternate, 
 petioled, upper ones subsessile ; leafets cuneate-obovate, rounded and often 
 emarginate at the summit ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; racemes 
 terminal, few-flowered ; legume on a long stipe. Sophora tinctoria Linn. 
 Podaiyria tinctoria Willd. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. June Aug. '4. /SVewt 2 3 feet high, very 
 bushy. Flowers yellow. Whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. It is said 
 to yield a considerable quantity of inferior indigo. Wild Indigo. 
 
 2. B. australis Brown - smooth ; leaves ternate, on short petioles, the 
 upper ones nearly sessile ; leafets oblong-wedge form, obtuse ; stipules linear- 
 lanceolate, longer than the petioles ; racemes elongated, erect ; legumes 
 oval-oblong, the stipe about as long as the calyx. B. ccerulea Nutt. So 
 phora australis Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Near Canandaigua, N. Y. Easton, Penn. to Geor. W. to 
 Miss. July. %. Stem 2 3 feet high. Flowers an inch long, bright indigo 
 blue. Blue-flowered Baptisia. 
 
 3. B. alba Brown: leaves ternate, petioled, and with the branches 
 gmooth ; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; stipules deciduous, subulate, shorter 
 than the petioles ; racemes terminal ; ovaries smooth. Sophora alba Walt. 
 
 Sandy fields. On Lake Erie, Goldie. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. Stem 12 
 feet high, branching towards the top. Flowers white. 
 
 White-flowered Baptisia 
 
 2. CROTALARIA. Linn. Rattlebox. 
 (From the Greek KporaXov, a rattle ; the seeds becoming loose in the ripe pod.) 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, subbilabiate ; upper lip 2-, lower one 3-cleft. 
 Standard large, cordate. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments 
 all united, with the sheath often divided above. Legume tur- 
 gid, inflated, with ventricose valves, often many-seeded, pedi- 
 celled. 
 
 C. sagittalis Linn. : hairy, erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong- 
 lanceolate ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes opposite the 
 leaves, about 3-flowered ; corolla smaller than the calyx. C. parmflora 
 Willd. ' 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark July, Aug. (p. Stem 410 inches 
 high, with spreading branches. Leaves hairy on both sides, and varying from 
 oblong to linear-lanceolate. Flowers yellow. Legume inflated, blackish when 
 ripe. I am satisfied that C. parviflora is not specifically distinct. 
 
 Arrow-leaved RatOebox. 
 
 4 
 
74 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 3. GENISTA. Lam. Green Weed. 
 (From the Celtic gen ,- signifying a shrub. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite ; lower one 3 -toothed, or 
 5-lobed ; 3 lower lobes united almost to the summit. Standard 
 oblong-oval. Keel oblong, straight. Stamens monadelphous. 
 Legume flat-compressed or rarely somewhat turgid, many- 
 seeded, rarely few-seeded. 
 
 G. tinctoria Linn. : stem unarmed, erect ; branches terete, striate ; leaves 
 lanceolate, nearly smooth ; flowers in spiked racemes ; legume smooth. 
 
 Hills. Mass, and N. Y. July. Tj. Stem a foot high, with numerous 
 branches, shrubby. Leaves rather distant. Flowers on the upper part of the 
 branches, nearly sessile, yellow, with a floral leaf at the base- Said to afford a 
 fine yellow dye. Introduced from Europe. Dyer's Green Weed. 
 
 i, MEDICAGO. Linn. Medick. 
 
 (From the Greek ^r)(J<*c>; ; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes.) 
 Calyx subeyliridric, 5-cleft. Keel somewhat remote from the 
 standard. Stamens diadelphous. Legume many-seeded, vary- 
 ing in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral. 
 
 1. M. liipulina Lin-n. : stem procumbent; leafets obovate-cuneate, den- 
 ticulate at the apex ; stipules lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire ; flowers 
 in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded. 
 
 Fields. Throughout the U. S. June Aug. (T).Stem 612 inches high. 
 Flowers small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe. Introduced from 
 Europe. Black Medick or Nonesuch. 
 
 2. M. intertexta Willd.: stem procumbent; leafets obovate, toothed; 
 stipules ciliate-toothed ; peduncles somewhat 2-flowered ; legume pilose, 
 cochleate. membranaceous, obliquely reticulate; spines straight, thick, 
 rigid and acute. 
 
 Sandy fields. Conn, and Car. July, Aug. . Flowers yellow. Intro- 
 duced from Europe. Hedgehog Medick. 
 
 3. M. saliva Linn. : erect, smooth ; leafets ovate-oblong, toothed above, 
 mucronate ; flowers in oblong racemes ; legume spirally twisted. 
 
 Fields. N. S. June. July. '4. Stem 1 2 feet high, erect or oblique. 
 Flowers purple. Pods twisted. A native of Europe, which has been occasion- 
 ally cultivated, and has in some places almost become naturalized. Lucerne. 
 
 5. MELILOTUS. Tmirn. Melilot. 
 (From the Latin mel. honey, and lotus, the genus so called.) 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Standard free, longer than the wings. 
 Keel petals united, free from the stamen-tubes. Legume cori- 
 aceous, globose or ovate, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehis- 
 cent, 1 or few-seeded. 
 
 1. M. officinalis Wittd.: stem erect, branching; leafets lanceolate-ob- 
 long, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume 2-seeded, 
 
LEGUMINOS^E. 75 
 
 rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume ; seeds unequally cordate. 
 Trifolium qfficinale, var. a. Linn. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Geor. Aug. . Stem 2 4 feet high. Flowers in long ra- 
 cemes, yellow. Plant giving out an odor when dry, similar to the vernal grass. 
 Introduced from Europe. Yellow Melilot. 
 
 2. M. leucantha D. C. : stem erect, branched ; leafets ovate-oblong, 
 truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stipules setaceous ; 
 teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; standard longer than the 
 keel and wings ; legume 1 2-seeded, ovate, lacunose-rugose, green ; seeds 
 exactly ovate. M. vulgaris WUld. Enum. "Frifolium officinale, var. b. 
 Linn. 
 
 Fields. N. S. July, Aug. .Slem 35 feet high. Flowers white. Ra- 
 cemes longer and less crowded than in the former. Both species become fragrant 
 upon drying. Introduced. White Melilot. Scented Clover 
 
 6. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn. Clover Trefoil. 
 (From the Latin tres, three ; and folium, a, leaf.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent, without glands, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. 
 Segments subulate. Keel shorter than the wings and standard. 
 Stamens diadelphous. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, often 
 ovate, 1 2-seeded, as long as the calyx and covered by it, 
 rarely oblong, 3 4-seeded, and a little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 * Legume 1-seeded. Standard of the cor olid deciduous. Flowers not yellow . 
 
 1. T. arvense Linn.: stem erect, simple or branched, pubescent; leaves 
 on short petioles ; leafets obovate-linear or cuneate-oblong, somewhat 
 toothed at the apex ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; spikes oblong-cylindric, 
 very villous ; segments of the calyx pilose, equal, setaceous, longer than the 
 
 corolla. 
 Dry i 
 Flowers minute, white or 
 
 Dry pastures. Can. to Flor. May Sept. . Stem 6 12 inches high, 
 pink. Seeds ovoid, brown. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Stone Clover. Hare's-foot Trefoil 
 
 2. T. pratense Linn. : stem suberect, branched ; leaves on long petioles-, 
 leafets oval or oblong-ovate, often retuse or emarginate, nearly entire ; stip- 
 ules broad-lanceolate, terminating in a subulate point; heads of flowers 
 ovate, dense, nearly sessile ; segments of the calyx setaceous, about half as 
 long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the rest. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. May Oct. '2J.. Stem 12 feet 
 high. Flowers united into a tube at the base, rose-colored. Seeds yellowish, 
 reniform. Introduced from Europe. Red Clover 
 
 3. T. Pennsylvanicum Willd. : stem ascending, much branched, flexu- 
 ous ; leafets ovate-elliptic, obtuse, very entire ; stipules awned ; heads of 
 flowers ovate-cylindric, solitary, dense ; lower tooth of the calyx shorter 
 than the corolla. 
 
 Woods. Mass, and Penn. June Sept. Q. Flowers fine red. Resembles 
 T. medium of Linnaeus. Introduced ? Buffalo Clover. 
 
76 LEGUMINOSA:. 
 
 ** Legume \-seeded. Standard of tlve corolla persistent, scarious. flowers 
 
 yellow. 
 
 4. T. procumbcns Linn. : stem mostly procumbent ; leaves on short pe- 
 tioles ; leafets obovate or obcordate, denticulate, terminal one petioled ; stip- 
 ules lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petiole ; heads axillary, ovate ; 
 peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx un- 
 equal, the 2 upper ones very short ; seeds elliptic. 
 
 Dry fields. Mass, to Virg. May Aug. (T). Stem spreading, 3-6 inches 
 long. Flowers numerous, and with the seeds yellow. According to De Can- 
 dolle T. campestre is a mere var. with erect branching stems. Introduced from 
 Europe. Hop Clover. 
 
 5. T. agrarium Linn. : stem ascending, with erect branches ; leaves 
 nearly sessile ; leafets oblong-ovate, or cuneate-oblong, denticulate, all 
 nearly sessile ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, acute, often longer than the pe- 
 tiole ; heads on rather long peduncles, oval ; standard obcordate ; segments 
 of the calyx smooth, elongated, the upper one smaller. 
 
 Sandy fields. Mass, to Virg. June Aug. . Stem 6 15 inches long. 
 Flowers small, pale yellow-brown when old. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Golden Clover. 
 *** Legume 3 8-seeded. 
 
 6. T. repens Linn. : stem creeping and somewhat rooting ; leafets obo- 
 vate-roundish, somewhat retuse, serrulate ; stipules scariose, narrow-lanceo- 
 late, mucronate ; heads axillary, on very long peduncles ; flowers pedicelled, 
 and at length reflexed ; segments of the calyx unequal, shorter than the 
 corolla ; legume 4-seeded. 
 
 Fields and pastures. Throughout the U. S. May Oct. Ij.. . Stem 612 
 inches long. Leaves on long slender petioles. Flowers white, becoming pale 
 brown. Seeds brown. White Clover. 
 
 7. T. reflexum Linn. : stem ascending ; leafets ovate or obovate, serru- 
 late ; stipules leafy, lanceolate-acuminate ; heads globose, axillary ; flowers 
 on long pedicels, at length reflexed; segments of the calyx hairy, nearly 
 equal, very narrow, one-nerved, nearly twice as long as the tube, but shorter 
 than the standard ; legume 4-seeded. T. stoloniferum MuM. 
 
 Fields and woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. (). Plant 
 smoothish or pubescent. Stem 6 18 inches long. Heads of flowers middle- 
 sized. Standard broad-ovate, rose-red. Wings and keel white. 
 
 Running Buffalo Clover. 
 
 7. CLITORIA. Linn. Clitoria. 
 (From an anatomical term.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; the teeth much shorter than the 
 tube. Standard very large, emarginate or bifid. Keel small, 
 shorter than the wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws. 
 Style dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume stipi- 
 tate, linear or linear-oblong, twisted. 
 
 1. C. Mariana Linn. : stem climbing, glabrous; leaves ternate ; leafets 
 ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, 1 3-flowered ; calyx tubular-campan- 
 ulate, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate bracts ; teeth nearly equal ; 
 legume 4 8-seeded, smooth. 
 
77 
 
 Sandy soil. N. Y. to Flor. and Ala. July, Aug. 2J.. Stem 2 or more feet 
 long, climbing, sometimes erect. Flowers large, pale blue, usually 1 2 on the 
 peduncles. Maryland Clitoria. 
 
 2. C. Virginiana Linn. : stem twining, and with the ovate leafets gla- 
 brous or subpubescent ; peduncle 1 i-flowered ; calyx 5-parted, about as 
 long as the lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, compressed. Centrosema 
 Virginiana Benth. Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. Aug. 7}.. Flowers purple or violet, larger than 
 that of any of our North American Papilionaceae. De Candolle describes three 
 varieties of this species, which differ only in the shape of the leaves. 
 
 Butterfly Weed. 
 
 8. GALACTIA. Browne. Milk Pea. 
 (.From the Greek yaXn, milk ; some of the species yielding a milky juice.) 
 
 Calyx bibracteate, 4-cleft ; segments acute, of nearly equal 
 length ; the upper one broadest. Standard incumbent, broad. 
 Keel petals slightly cohering towards the apex. Legume com- 
 pressed, linear, many-seeded. 
 
 1. G. mollisMich.: stem twining, softly villous ; leaves ternate; leafets 
 ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale beneath ; racemes axillary, a little longer than 
 the leaves, pedunculate ; flowers pedicelled ; calyx acuminate, villous ; 
 legume compressed, villous. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. %. Stem prostrate or climbing. 
 Flowers reddish-purple, about half as large as the next. Soft Milk Pea. 
 
 2. G. glabella Mich. : stem prostrate, somewhat twining, smooth ; leaves 
 ternate; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at each end, shining 
 above ; racemes axillary, simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the 
 leaves ; calyx smooth ; legume pubescent. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. ^.Root fusiform. Stem Z-4 feet long, 
 spreading on the ground or twining. Flowers reddish-purple and white, large 
 and handsome. Smooth Milk Pea. 
 
 9. TEPHROSIA. Pers. Tephrosia. 
 (From the Greek Tempos, ash-colored ; in allusion to the color of the foliage.) 
 
 Calyx without bracts, nearly equal, 5 -toothed. Standard of 
 the corolla large, roundish, pubescent or sericeous without, re- 
 flexed-spreading ; wings adhering to the obtuse keel. Stamens 
 monadelphous, or diadelphous. Legume compressed-flat, linear, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 T. Virginiana Pers. : villous pubescent ; stem erect ; leafets 8 14 pairs, 
 oval or linear-oblong, in ucronate, white villous beneath; raceme terminal, 
 subsessile ; segments of the calyx very villous, acuminate-cuspidate ; le- 
 gume falcate, villous. Galega Virginiana Linn. 
 
 Sandy soil. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. 1\-. Root long and 
 tough. Stem about a foot high, usually several from one root. Flowers in a 
 dense terminal raceme, showy, yellow, tinged with purple. Goal's Rue. 
 
78 LEGUMINOSJU. 
 
 10. AMORPHA. Linn. False Indigo. 
 
 (From the Greek a, privative, and [*<>p<f>v, shape ; on account of the absence of 
 the wings and keel of the corolla.) 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, obconic-campanulate. Standard of the co- 
 rolla ovate, concave ; wings and keel none. Style filiform, 
 straight, glabrous. Stamens exserted, monadelphous at base. 
 Legume compressed, ovate or lunulate, 1-celled, 1 2-seeded. 
 
 A. fruticosa Linn. : subarborescent, pubescent, or nearly smooth ; leaves 
 pinnate, petiolate ; oval or elliptic-oblong ; spikes aggregated ; calyx some- 
 what pubescent. 4 teeth obtuse, the other one acuminate ; legume few- 
 seeded. 
 
 N. J. to Flor. W. to Rocky Mountains. July. A shrub with spikes of pur- 
 ple flowers. Varies with emarginate, mucronate and narrower leaves. 
 
 Shrubby False Indigo. 
 
 11. ROBINIA. D. C. Locust. 
 (In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists.) 
 
 Teeth of the calyx 5, lanceolate, two upper ones approximate. 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Standard large. Keel obtuse. Sta- 
 mens diadelphous, deciduous. Legume compressed, straight, 
 subsessiie, many-seeded ; valves flat, thin. 
 
 K. Pseudacacia Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate and oblong-ovate , 
 stipules prickly ; racemes pendulous, and with the legume smooth ; teeth of 
 the calyx unarmed. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds, but apparently native. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. 
 May. A large tree, the wood of which is much esteemed in ship-building. 
 Leafets 4. 9 pairs, with an odd one. Flowers white, odorous, in racemes which 
 are 3 5 inches long. Common Locust Tree. 
 
 12. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Milk Vetch. 
 (A name given by the Greeks to a leguminous plant.) 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the keel obtuse. Stamens 
 diadelphous. Legume 2-, or half 2-celled ; lower suture in- 
 flexed. 
 
 A. CanfJ'knsis Linn.: erect, canescent; leafets 10 14 pairs with an 
 odd one. elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smoothish ; stipules broad-lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; flowers in oblong or 
 elongated spikes ; bracts subulate, nearly as long as the calyx ; legume 
 ovate-oblong, terete, erect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded. A. Carolinianus 
 Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. as far N. as lat. 58, to Louis, and W. to Oregon. 
 June Aug. ^ Stem 1 3 feet high. Leafets usually smooth above, sparsely 
 pubescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow, in spikes 1 4 inches long. 
 
 Canadian Milk Vetch. 
 
LEGUM 1 NOS 3. 79 
 
 13. PHACA. Linn. Bastard Vetch. 
 (From the Greek <S>aicos, lentils.) 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the two upper teeth a little dis~ 
 tant from each other. Keel obtuse. Legume usually turgid 
 or inflated, 1 -celled, the upper suture somewhat tumid. 
 
 P. negkcta Tarr. tf- Gr, : nearly smooth ; leafets 6 10 pairs, elliptic, 
 smooth above, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; stipules triangular 
 ovate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; spikes oblong, many-flow- 
 ered; calyx campanulate; legume sessile, globose, ovate, pointed. 
 
 Gravelly banks and sandy woods. Western N. Y. to Wisconsin. June, 
 July. %. Stem 1 2 feet high, rather slender, sparingly branched. Flowers 
 15 25 in a spike, white. Resembles Astragalus Canadensis, but has shorter 
 and looser spikes, white flowers, and a campanulate calyx. Bastard Vetch. 
 
 14. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz. Pencil Flower. 
 
 (From the Greek srwAo?, a column, and wQos, & flower ; the flowers appearing 
 stipitate.) 
 
 Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 5 -parted, lobes 
 unequal. Corolla inserted in the throat of the calyx. Keel 
 minute, bifid at the apex. Stamens monadelphous. Style fili- 
 form, very long, straight. Stigma capitate, hispid. Legume 
 with 1 2 joints; joints 1 -seeded; the apex subuncinate, acu- 
 minated into the base of the style. 
 
 S. elatior Swartz : stein erect, herbaceous, pubescent on one side ; leaves 
 ternate ; leafets lanceolate, smooth, acute ; bracts lanceolate, hispid-ciliate ; 
 spikes few-flowered ; legume 2-jointed, the lower joint sterile and stipitate. 
 S. hispida Mich. Arachis aprica Walt. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ala. and Ark. July, Aug. %.Stem 
 a foot high, branched at the top. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. 
 Legume 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. Pencu Flower. 
 
 15. ^SCHYNOMENE. Linn. ^Eschynomene. 
 (From the Greek atsxvvopai, to be bashful; in allusion to its sensibility.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed ; lower 
 one 3-cleft, or 3-toothed. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 
 10, in two equal sets. Legume compressed, transversely jointed, 
 erect, exsert ; joints 1-seeded. 
 
 JE. hispida Willd. : stem herbaceous, erect, and with the petioles and 
 peduncles hispid ; leaves in many pairs ; leafets linear, obtuse ; racemes 
 simple, 3 5-flowered ; legume distinctly stipitate, with G 9 hispid joints. 
 Hedysarum Virginicum Linn. 
 
 Marshes. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. (.Rtem 23 feet high- Leafets 
 20 35 pairs. Flowers yellow and red. Hiqpid JKichjinomem; 
 
80 LEGUMINOS.*:. 
 
 16. DESMODIUM. D. C. Desmodium. 
 
 (From the Greek <fe?f<o?, a chain, and e<&>j, form ; the articulated pods re- 
 sembling a chain.) 
 
 Calyx with two bracts at base, obscurely bilabiate to the mid- 
 dle ; upper lip bifid ; lower one 3 -parted. Corolla papiliona- 
 ceous. Standard roundish ; keel obtuse, not truncate ; wings 
 longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; fila- 
 ments subpersistent. Legume with many joints ; joints com- 
 pressed, 1 -seeded, membranaceous or coriaceous, scarcely de- 
 hiscent. 
 
 1. D. Canadense D. C. : stem erect, hairy, striate ; leaves ternate ; teaf- 
 ets oblong -lanceolate, much longer than the petioles, nearly smooth above ; 
 stipules lanceolate ; racemes terminal and in the axils of the uppermost 
 leaves ; joints of the legume 3 4, ovate-triangular, truncate at both ends, 
 hispid. He.dysarum Canadense Linn. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 1\..Stem 36 feet high, 
 often branched. Leafets 2 3 inches long. Flowers pale violet blue. 
 
 Canadian Desmodium. 
 
 2. D. canescens D. C. : stem erect, branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; 
 leafets ovate, rather acute, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, 
 obliquely ovate, acuminate ; flowers in a loose terminal panicle ; legume 
 with 4 or 5 oblong-triangular reticulated strongly hispid joints. D. Akin- 
 ianum Beck BoL 1st Ed. Hedysarum viridiflorum Pursh. Z>. C. H. canes- 
 cens Linn. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. Ij.. Stem 3 5 feet high, more or 
 less hairy. Leafets 2 4 inches long, hairy on both sides, the shorter hairs un- 
 cinate. Flowers violet-purple. Hoary Desmodium. 
 
 3. D. Marylandicum Boolt : stem erect, simple, slender, nearly smooth ; 
 leafets (small) ovate, very obtuse, often subcordate, thin ; petiole as long 
 as the lateral leafets, smooth ; stipules lanceolate-subulate, caducous ; pan- 
 icle elongated; legume with 2 3 hispid somewhat semiorbicular joints. 
 D. obtusum D. C. Hedysarum Marylandicum Linn, and H. oUusum 
 Pursh. 
 
 Fields and woods. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. 7J.. Stem 2 3 
 feet high, nearly smooth. Leafets about three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers 
 small, violef-purple, in a terminal panicle. Smooth Small-leaved Desmodium. 
 
 4. D. Dillenii Darlingt. : stem erect, branching, pilose ; leafets oblong 
 or ovate-oblong, somewhat glaucous and villous beneath; stipules sub- 
 ulate ; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal panicle ; legume with 
 3 4 rhomboid reticulated hispid joints. D. Marylandicum D. C. Hedy- 
 sarvm Marylandicum Pursh. 
 
 Dry woods. Ma?s. to Penn. W. to Ken. Aug. 1J-. Stem 2 3 feet high. 
 Leafets 1$ 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, becoming 
 bluish-green. DiHenius's Desmodium. 
 
 5. D. mridiftorum Beck : stem erect ; leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, ob- 
 tuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ; panicle 
 
81 
 
 terminal, very long, naked ; legume with 3 4 roundish triangular very 
 hispid joints. Hedysarum viridijlorum Linn. Ett. not of Pursh. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Flor. July. 7).'. Stem 3 4 feet high, very scabrous to- 
 wards the summit. Leaves very scabrous on the upper surface, clothed with a 
 velvet-like tomentum on the under. Flowers purple within, greenish without. 
 
 Villous-leaved Desmodium. 
 
 6. D. ciliare D. C. : stem erect, rather slender, hairy ; leaves crowded, 
 on short hairy petioles ; leafets small, ovate or oval, obtuse, subcoriaceous, 
 ciliate ; stipules subulate-linear ; racemes paniculate, terminal ; legume 
 with 2 or 3 semiorbicular hispid joints. Hedysarum c'diare Wittd. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %.- Stem about 2 feet 
 high. Resembles H. Marylandicum, but diners in having the petioles short and 
 hairy. Hairy Small-leaved Dtsmodium. 
 
 7. D. rigidum D. C. : stem erect, branching, rough-pubescent ; leafets 
 ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, reticulate, ciliate, scabrous above, hairy be- 
 neath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; racemes paniculate, erect, 
 very long ; legumes with 2 3 semiorbicular or oval hispid joints. Hedy- 
 sarum rigidum Ell. 
 
 Dry woods. Mass, and N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug. 1\..Stem 23 
 feet high. Leafets 1 3 inches long, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, pur- 
 ple. It sometimes closely resembles D. ciliare. Rigid Desmodium. 
 
 8. D. Itevigalum D. C. : stem simple, erect, smooth, somewhat glaucous ; 
 leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acute ; panicle terminal ; flow- 
 ers in pairs, on long pedicels ; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the flower 
 buds ; lower segment of the calyx elongated ; joints of the legume triangu- 
 lar. Hedysarum Itevigatum Nutt. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. and N. J. ; rare. Aug. 7}.. Stem 2 4 feet high. Flowers 
 purple. The smoothest of the North American species. Smooth Desmodium. 
 
 9. D. cuspidatum Torr. <$ Gr. : stem erect, smooth ; leafets ovate or 
 lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; pan- 
 icle terminal, elongated, rather slender; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, 
 smooth ; legume with 4 6 triangular-oblong reticulated sparingly hispid 
 joints. D. bracteosum D. C. Hedysarum cuspidatum Willd. H. brac- 
 ieosum Mich. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. Aug. 1\.--Stem 35 feet high, 
 nearly simple. Leafets 2 5 inches long. Floivers in a large open panicle, red- 
 dish-purple. Large-bracted Desmodium. 
 
 10. D. paniculatum D. C. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves ternate ; leafets 
 oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, smoothish ; stipules subulate ; panicle ter- 
 minal ; legumes with 3 or 4 rhomboidal pubescent joints. Hedysarum pan- 
 iculatum Linn. ' 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. 1\..Stem 23 feet high, 
 slender, often branching. Leafcts 1 3 inches long. Flowers small, purple, in a 
 paniculate raceme. Paniculate Desmodium. 
 
 11. D. strictum D. C. : stem stiffly erect, simple, subpubescent ; leaves ter- 
 nate ; leafets sublinear, smooth, reticulate, glaucous beneath ; stipules sub- 
 ulate; panicles terminal, pedunculate, few-flowered; legume incurved, 
 with sublunate-triangular hispid joints. Hedysarum hirtum Pursh. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. 7|.. Stem slender, very 
 
82 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 erect. Leaf els narrow. Flowers small, purple, in long axillary and termina. 
 panicles. * Strict Desmodium. 
 
 12. D. acuminatum D. C. : stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at the 
 summit ; leaves ternate, on very long petioles ; leafets ovate, conspicuously 
 acuminate, somewhat hairy, the terminal one broader and orbicular-ovate ; 
 panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle ; joints of the legume 2 3, semi- 
 oval, pubescent. Hedysarum acuminatum Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. Stem about a foot 
 high, a little hairy. Leafets 2 4 inches long. Peduncle 1 2 feet long. Flow- 
 ers pale purple. Acuminate-leaved Desmodium. 
 
 13. D. nudifl&rum D. C. : stem erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves 
 ternate; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate ; scape paniculate, smooth, radical; 
 legume on a very long stipe, with 3 4 obtusely triangular joints. Hedy- 
 sarum nudiflorum Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. (J). Stem 8 10 inches high. Scape l 3 
 feet long, slender. Flowers purple. Naked-flowered Desmodium. 
 
 14. D. pauciflorum D. C. : stem decumbent or suberect, low and slender, 
 mostly simple, pilose ; leaves alternate and distant, lateral, on rather long pe- 
 tioles ; leafets obliquely ovate, subacuminate and pubescent ciliate ; the ter- 
 minal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate ; stipules obsolete ; raceme slender, few- 
 flowered, on a terminal peduncle ; legume stipitate, with 2 3 semi-oval 
 pubescent joints. Hedysarum paucijlorum Null. 
 
 Woods. Penn. ; rare. Darlington. W. to Ark. Aug. 1\.. Stem 6 9 inches 
 high, rather erect or decumbent at base. Leafets 1 3 inches long. Flowers in 
 a loose slender raceme, small, white or reddish-white. 
 
 Few-Jlowered Desmodium. 
 
 15. D. rotundifolium D. C. : stem prostrate, hirsute ; leaves ternate ; 
 leafets orbicular, hairy ; stipules broad-ovate, acuminate, reflexed ; racemes 
 axillary and terminal ; legume with 3 5 rhomboid-oval hispid joints. He- 
 dysarum rotundifolium Mich. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %.. Stem 2 4 feet long, hirsute with 
 spreading hairs. Racemes few-flowered, pedunculate. Flowers purple. 
 
 Round-leaved Desmodium. 
 
 1 6. D. humifusum Beck : stem procumbent, smooth ; leaves ternate ; 
 leafets ovate, slightly hairy ; racemes terminal, elongated ; joints of the le- 
 gume subrhomboidal. Hedysarum humifusum Muhl. Dig. 
 
 Woods. Mass. Penn. to Car. Muhl. Aug. 7J.. Resembles the last, but is 
 smoother, and has the leafets oval or ovate and subacute. Perhaps only a va- 
 riety. Procumbent Desmodium. 
 
 17. HEDYSARUM. D. C Hedysarum. 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 * Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear-subulate, nearly equal. Stand- 
 ard large. Keel obliquely truncate ; wings much shorter than 
 the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume with many 
 joints ; joints compressed, roundish, 1 -seeded. 
 
 H. boreale Nutt. : stem subdecumbent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets (7 or 8 
 pairs) oblong-ovate, partly villons ; stipules sheathing, subulate : racemes 
 
LEGUMINOSjE. 83 
 
 on long peduncles ; legume with smooth rugose roundish joints. H. al- 
 pinum Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Can. and Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 June, July. %. Stem 6 12 inches high, rather stout. Flowers large, nu- 
 merous, purple. Northern Hedysarum. 
 
 18. LESPEDEZA. Mich. Lespedeza. 
 (Dedicated by Michaux to Lespedez. a Spanish governor of Florida.) 
 
 Calyx with 2 bracts at base, 5 -parted ; segments nearly equal. 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Keel transversely obtuse. Stamens 
 diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume lenticular, compressed-flat, 
 not opening, 1 -seeded, unarmed. 
 
 1. L. reticulata Pers. : stem erect, simple, nearly smooth ; leafets oblong- 
 linear, obtuse, mucronate, hairy beneath ; fascicles of flowers subsessile, 
 numerous ; axillary ones subracemose ; legume ovate, reticulate, acute, 
 longer than the calyx. L. sessiliflora, var. Mich. L. an gusti folia. Raf. 
 L. violacea. Torr. dp Gr. Hedysarum reticulatum Willd. 
 
 Dry woods. N. J. Penn. W. to 111. Aug. 1\.. Stem 2 feet high, very rarely 
 branched. Leafets half an inch to an inch long, 2 lines wide. Flowers in short 
 clustered axillary racemes, violet. Reticulated Lespedeza. 
 
 2. L. scssiliflora NiM. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves on short 
 petioles ; leafets oblong-oval, obtuse -, fascicles of flowers subsessile ; axillary 
 ones partly racemose ; legume ovate, acute or acuminate, much longer than 
 the minute calyx. Hedysarum sessiliflorum Lam. L. violacea Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. QJ.. Stem 2 feet 
 high, slender. Leaves hairy beneath. Floivers in subsessile axillary clusters, 
 violet. Sessile-flowered Lespedeza. 
 
 3. L. Stuvci Nult. : stem, simple, erect, softly and sericeously villous ; 
 leaves on very short petioles ; leafets elliptic-oval, mucronate ; racemes pe- 
 dunculate, scarcely longer than the leaves ; legume pubescent, naked, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Louis. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %. Stem 23 
 feel high, covered with a silky pubescence. Peduncles an inch long. Flowers 
 purple, very variable. Stuve's Lespedeza. 
 
 4. L. capitata Mich. : stem erect, simple ; leaves on very short petioles ; 
 leafets varying from elliptic to linear, with close-pressed hairs beneath ; spikes 
 capitate, on short peduncles ; calyx villous, as long as the corolla, with the 
 oval legume much longer. L. frutescens and L. angustifolia Ell. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 7J. Stem 24 feet 
 high, straight. Leafets an inch or an inch and a half long, and 2 6 lines wide. 
 Flowers in oblong or subglobose heads, white or very pale yellow. 
 
 Round-headed Lespedeza. 
 
 5. L. polystachia Mich. : stem erect, branched, very villous ; leaves on 
 very short petioles ; leafets round-oval, obtuse ; spikes oblong-cylindric, the 
 peduncles at length much longer than the leaves ; corolla and legume about 
 as long as the calyx. L. hirta Ell. Torr. fy Gr. Hedysarum hirtum Linn. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. [2J.. Stem 24 feet high Leafets 
 about an inch long. Flowers reddish-white, in dense spikes which are about an 
 inch in length. Hairy I^espedeza. 
 
84 LEGUMINOSJE. 
 
 6. L. violacea Pers. : diffuse, much branched, somewhat pubescent ; leaves 
 on long petioles ; leafets elliptic-obtuse, somewhat hairy ; racemes subum- 
 belled, about as long as the leaves ; flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate ; 
 legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth. Hedysarum vwlaceum Linn. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. 1\.. Stem long, slender. 
 Flowers violet. Lespedeza divergens of Pursh, is probably only a variety of the 
 above, although Mr. Elliott considers it very distinct. " It is, he says, distin- 
 guished by much larger leaves on much longer petioles, its stem is much more 
 diffusely branched, the peduncles long, with the flowers scattered and distinctly 
 racemose." Torrey and Gray include under this species L. divergens Pursh. 
 L. frustescens Linn, (not of ELI.) L. sessiliflora Mich., and L. reticutala Pers. 
 
 Violet-flowered Lespedeza. 
 
 7. L. procumbens Mich. : slender, procumbent, with the branches assur- 
 gent, everywhere pubescent ; leaves on long petioles ; leafets oval, obtuse, 
 mucronate j rapemes short, subumbellate, on long erect axillary peduncles, 
 few-flowered; legume orbicular-ovate, pubescent. Hedysarum Lespedeza 
 Lam. 
 
 Sandy woods. Mass, to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 0|.. Stem 23 
 feet long, densely pubescent. Flowers purple, tinged with violet. 
 
 Procumbent Lespedeza. 
 
 8. L. repens Torr. fy Gr. : minutely pubescent or nearly smooth, dif- 
 fusely procumbent ; leafets oval or obovate-elliptical, the uppermost ones 
 emarginate ; petioles mostly very short ; peduncles axillary, elongated, few- 
 flowered ; legume nearly orbicular. L. repens Dart. L. prostrala Pursh. 
 Hedysarum repens Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. July, Aug. 1\..Stem 2 feet or 
 more long, very slender. Flowers violet, smaller than in the last. 
 
 Slender Lespedeza. 
 19. VICLA. Linn. Vetch. 
 
 (A name derived from a Celtic term, signifying Vetch.) 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; two upper teeth shorter. 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, 
 bent at a right angle with the ovary, bearded beneath the stig- 
 ma, Legume oblong, many-seeded. 
 
 * Flowers on peduncles. 
 
 1. V. Caroliniana Walt. : smoothish; leafets 8 10, elliptical-lanceolate, 
 subalternate, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; pedun- 
 cles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves ; flowers distant ; 
 teeth of the calyx short ; style villous at the top ; legume lanceolate, smooth, 
 obliquely veined. V. parviflora Mich. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. May, June. I}.. Stem long 
 and climbing. Flowers small, white or pale blue. Standard black at the tip. 
 
 Carolina Vetch. 
 
 2. V. Americana Muhl. : leafets 812, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, 
 mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, deeply toothed ; peduncles 4 8-flowered, 
 shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. 'ZJ.. Stem 
 1 3 feet long, slender, somewhat 4-angled. Flowers pale purple, three-fourths 
 of an inch long. American Vetch. 
 
LEGUMINOS^E. 85 
 
 3. V. Cracca Linn. : stem branching ; leafets numerous, oblong, alternate 
 and opposite, mucronate, pubescent; stipules semisagittate, linear, nearly 
 entire; peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves; 
 racemes crowded, secund ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; upper ones very 
 short; lower ones shorter than the tube; styles hairy at the top; legume 
 oblong, coriaceous, compressed, smooth. 
 
 Woods and meadows. Can. to Penn. W. to Ken. June, July. 1\.. Stem 
 J 3 feet long, slender. Leafets 10 12 pairs, an inch long, 1 3 lines wide. 
 Fivwers 10 20 in a raceme, pale purple. Tufted Vetch. 
 
 4. V. teirasperma Loisel : smooth ; leafets 4 6, oblong ; stipules lance- 
 olate, semisagittate ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; legume oblong, smooth, 
 mostly 4-seeded. V. pusilla Muhl. Ervum tetraspermum Linn. 
 
 Fields, &e. Can. to Penn. May, June. (1). Stem 1 2 feet long, very 
 slender, 4-angled. Leafets half an inch long, rather obtuse, with a fine point. 
 Flowers white or bluish-white, very small, sometimes 3 or 4 together. 
 
 Slender Vetch. 
 ** Mowers nearly sessile. 
 
 5. V. sativa Linn. : leafets 6 12, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, retuse, 
 mucronate, more or less pilose beneath ; stipules semisagittate, toothed, with 
 a dark spot beneath ; flowers mostly in pairs, subsessile ; calyx cylindric ; 
 segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal ; style bearded at the top ; legume 
 compressed. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Car. June. . Stem 1 2 feet high, erect or decumbent. 
 Flowers half an inch long, pale purple. A very variable species. Introduced 
 from Europe. Common Vetch. 
 
 20. ERVUM. Linn. Tare. 
 (From the Celtic erw, a ploughed field, of which it is the pest. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear, acute, nearly equalling the 
 corolla. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2 4-seeded. 
 
 E. hirsutum, Linn.: leafets linear or linear-oblong, truncate or retuse, 
 mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, narrow ; peduncles 3 6-flowered, about 
 as long us the leaves ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal, longer 
 than the tube ; legume oblong, compressed, hairy, finely reticulate ; seeds 
 globose, variegated. Vicia Mitchelli Raf. 
 
 Fields. N. Y. to Car. May, June. (T).Stem 23 feet long, much branched, 
 and diffuse. Leafets 8 20, about half an inch long and a line or two wide- 
 Flowers very small, bluish-white. Introduced ? Hairy Tare. 
 
 21, LATHYRUS. Linn. Vetchling. 
 (From \advpof ; a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; two upper lobes shorter. Corolla 
 papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style flat, bent at a 
 right angle with the ovary, dilated at the summit, villous or pu- 
 bescent on the upper side. Legume oblong, many-seeded, 
 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds globose or angled. 
 
 J . L. maritimus Big. : smooth ; stem stout, at length decumbent ; leafets 
 4 6 pairs, oval or slightly obovate; stipules cordate-hastate, nearly as 
 
86 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 large as the leafets; peduncles 6 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; 
 legume oblong, somewhat falcate. L. pisiformis Hook. Pisum maritimum 
 Linn. 
 
 Sandy shores. Labrador to N. Y. W. to Oregon and California. Oneida 
 Lake and Long Island, N. Y. June, July. %. Plant pale green. Stem 12 
 feet long. Flowers large, purple and blue. Beach Pea. 
 
 2. L. venosus Muhl. : stem square, naked ; leaves pinnate ; leafets 5 7 
 pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, subopposite, mucronate, smooth, veined ; stipules 
 small, semisagittate, ovate; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the 
 leaves. 
 
 Low meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to California. July, Aug. 1\.. Leafets 
 large. Flowers purple. Veiny-leaved Vetchling. 
 
 3. L. palustris Linn. : stem smooth, winged, weak ; leafets in 3 pairs, 
 oblong, somewhat coriaceous, mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, acute ; 
 peduncles 3 5-flowered, a little longer than the leaves ; segments of the 
 calyx unequal, sublinear, as long as the tube ; legume compressed. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Penn. W. to Oregon. June, July. T|. Stem 2 3 
 feet long, climbing. Leafets varying in width. Flowers pale purple. 
 
 Marsh Vetchling. 
 
 4. L. myrtifolius Muhl. : stem weak, flexuous, square ; leafets 2 3 pairs, 
 oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, rigid, smooth, veined; 
 stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; pe- 
 duncles 3 6-flowered, longer than the leaves. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. 1\-. Resembles the former, 
 but usually has a more slender stem, and broader leafets and stipules. Flowers 
 smaller, purple, and rose-colored. Myrtle-leaved Vetchling. 
 
 5. L. ochrokucus Hook. : plant smooth, pale, and somewhat glaucous ; 
 leafets in 3 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath ; stipules 
 large, broad-ovate, acuminate ; peduncles 4 10-flowered, shorter than the 
 leaves; legume compressed, smooth. L. glaucifolius Beck Sot. 1st. Ed. 
 
 Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. and N. J. May, June. 1J-. Stem 
 slender, 1 2 feet long, often nearly erect. Leafets one and a half to two inches 
 long, and an inch wide. Flowers large, pale yellow. When I introduced this 
 plant as a new species into the former edition of this work, I was not aware 
 that it had already been described under another name by Dr. Hooker. 
 
 Cream-colored Vetchling. 
 22. AMPHIC^RP^EA. Ell. Hog-Nut. 
 
 (From the Greek ap<f>t, both, and icap-nos, fruit ; producing fruit both above 
 and under ground.) 
 
 Flowers of two kinds ; the one perfect and petaliferous, but 
 often sterile ; the other imperfect, but usually fertile. PERFECT 
 FL. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts at 
 the base. Standard incumbent and partly folded round the 
 other petals. Style smooth. Stigma small, capitate. Le- 
 gume linear-oblong, stipitate, compressed, 3 4-seeded. IM- 
 PERFECT FL. Corolla none or with the rudiment of a standard. 
 Stamens either wanting, or 5 10. Legume obovate, 1 2- 
 seeded, usually maturing below the surface of !!.< -'round. 
 
LEGUMINOS^E. 87 
 
 A. iiwnoica To-rr. <$ Gr. : racemes of the petaliferous flowers nodding ; 
 teeth of the calyx short and broad, somewhat triangular ; bracts shorter 
 than the pedicels. A. monoica and A. sarmentosa Ell. Glycine monoica, 
 comosa and bracteata Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Louis. July, Aug. 1}.. Stem slender, twi- 
 ning, 38 feet long, more or less hairy. Leaves ternate ; leafets rhombic or 
 oblong-ovate. Flowers pale purple, in shortly peduncled racemes, some of them 
 under ground and imperfect. Common Hog-nut. 
 
 23. APIOS. Boerh. Ground-Nut. 
 (From the Greek an-to?, a. pear ; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, obscurely 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 
 short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longitudinal 
 fold in the centre, reflexed. Keel long, falcate, and with the 
 stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Legume some- 
 what terete, slightly falcate, many-seeded. 
 
 ^A. tuber osa McKnch. Glycine Apios Linn. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 7J.. Root producing 
 oval tubers about half an inch in diameter. Stem 4 8 feet long, slender, 
 climbing. Leafets mostly in fives, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, on short hairy 
 petioles. Flowers in short oval racemes, purple and green. 
 
 Ground-nut. Wild Bean. 
 
 24. PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kidney Bean. 
 (From the Latin phaselus, a little boat ; on account of the form of the legume.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the two upper teeth 
 more or less united. Keel, stamens and style, spirally twisted, 
 or rarely incurved. Legume linear or falcate, more or less 
 compressed, many-seeded. 
 
 1. P. perennis Walt, .'stem twining, pubescent; leafets ovate, acuminate, 
 3-nerved ; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or somewhat 
 branched, longer than the leaves ; legume pendulous. P. panicidatus 
 Mich. Dolichos polystachyos Linn. ^ 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Jmy. 7|.. Stem 4 10 feet long, 
 climbing. Leafets 2 3 inches long. Flowers purple, in numerous racemes 
 which are from 4 10 inches long. Wild Kidney Bean. 
 
 2. P. diversifolius Pers. : stem prostrate ; leafets broad-ovate, angular, 
 2 3-lobed ; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads ; 
 bracts ovate ; legume linear, terete, subpendulous, pubescent, 6 7-seeded. 
 P. trilobus Mick. Sirophostyks angulosa Ell. Glycine angulosa MuM. 
 in Wittd. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. (} Stem prostrate and a little scabrous, 
 2 6 feet long. Leafete more or less distinctly 3-lobed. Flowers 4 8, purple, 
 on peduncles 4 6 inches long. Various-leaved Kidney Bean. 
 
 3. P. helvohis Linn. : stem slender, hairy backwards ; leafets ovate, ob- 
 long, usually entire, about the length of the petiole ; stipules lanceolate ; 
 peduncles slender, 3 fl times as long as the leaves; flowers few, in heads; 
 
88 LEGUMINOS./E. 
 
 legume narrow-linear, 7 10-seeded, slightly pubescent ; seeds pubescent. 
 P. vexillatus and P. helvolus Pursh. Strophostyles helvola and S. peduncu- 
 lar is Ell. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %Stem 34 feet 
 long, prostrate or climbing. Leaf els rarely 3-lobed. Flowers purple, 3 5 on a 
 very long peduncle. Pale-red Kidney Bean. 
 
 25. LUPINUS. Linn. Lupine. 
 
 ^From the Latin lupus, a wolf ; because it was supposed to destroy the fertility 
 of the soil.) 
 
 Calyx deeply bilabiate ; the upper lip 2-cleft ; the lower 
 entire, or 3 -toothed. Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings 
 united at the top. Keel acuminate. Anthers 5 roundish and 
 5 oblong. Style filiform. Stigma small, capitate, bearded. 
 Legume oblong or linear, torulose, coriaceous, many-seeded. 
 
 L. perennis Linn. : perennial, somewhat hairy ; leaves digitate ; leafets 
 7 11, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronate, smoothish 
 above, a little hairy beneath ; flowers scattered in a long loose raceme ; 
 bracts shorter than the pedicels ; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, lower 
 one nearly entire ; legume linear-oblong, very hairy. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Miss. May, June. 
 1}.. Stem 12 18 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent, Leafets usually 
 8 or 9, digitately arranged. Flowers purplish-blue, large, in a terminal spike or 
 raceme which is 6 10 inches long. Common Lupine. 
 
 SUBORDER II. C^ESALPINE^E. 
 
 * 
 Petals imbricated in aestivation, the uppermost interior. 
 
 26. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honey Locust. 
 (In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century.) 
 Flowers by abortion imperfect or perfect. Sepals 3-4-5, 
 equal. Petals as* many 4t the sepals, arising from the tube of 
 the calyx. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, 
 or by abortion fewer ; style short ; stigma pubescent above. 
 Legume compressed, 1- or many-seeded. Seeds oval, com- 
 pressed. 
 
 G. triacantkos Linn. : branches spiny ; spines thick, simple or triple and 
 compound ; leaves equally pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong ; legume com- 
 pressed-flat, falcate, many-seeded. G. triacanthos and brachycarpa Pursh. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. A tree sometimes attaining the 
 height of 40 or 50 feet, with very long spines. Leafets three-fourths of an inch 
 long, nearly smooth. Flowers in axillary racemes, greenish. Legume 10 15 
 inches long, many-seeded, the intervals between the cells of the seeds filled with 
 a saccharine pulp. The tree is sometimes unarmed, when it forms the var 
 inermis of De Candolle. Three-thorned Hwet/ Locmt, 
 
LEGUMINQS^E. 89 
 
 27. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam. Coffee Tree. 
 
 (From the Greek yvpvos , naked, and *XaJoj, a branch ; in allusion to the naked 
 appearance of this tree in winter.) 
 
 Flowers by abortion direcious. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Pe- 
 tals 5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10, in- 
 cluded. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside. 
 
 G. Canadensis Mich. 
 
 Can. N. Y. W. to Ark. May, June. A middle-sized tree with few branches. 
 Leaves very large, (1 3 feet long,) bipinnate ; leafets oval, acuminate, slightly 
 pubescent. Flowers white, in racemes. Legume large, dark-brown. Seeds 
 half an inch in diameter. Canadian Coffee Tree 
 
 28. CASSIA. Linn. Cassia. 
 
 (Said to have been derived from a Hebrew term Latinized by Cassia.) 
 Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Pe- 
 tals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, free, unequal ; 3 lower ones 
 longer ; 4 middle ones short and straight ; 3 upper ones usually 
 abortive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or 
 compressed, many-seeded. 
 
 1. C. Maryland-Lea Linn. : stem erect; leafets in 6 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, 
 mucronate, equal ; gland at the base of the petiole ovate ; racemes axillary, 
 many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, linear, hispid, 
 at length smooth. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. 
 Stem 3 4 feet high, smooth or somewhat pubescent. Flowers yellow, large, 
 in axillary racemes which appear paniculate at the summit of the stem. Me- 
 dicinal ; a tolerable substitute for the senna of the shops. Big. Med. Bot. i. 166. 
 
 Wild Senna. 
 
 2. C.fasciculata Mich. : nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs, oblong- 
 linear, mucronate ; gland near the middle of the petiole sessile ; fascicles 
 lateral, many-flowered ; petals and stamens of the same color ; legume 
 smooth, curved, ascending. 
 
 Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. JuneAug. . Flowers yellow. A doubtful 
 species. Fascicled Cassia. 
 
 3. C. nictitans Linn. : stem erect or decumbent, branched ; leafets in 
 10 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole cup- 
 shaped, on a slender foot-stalk ; racemes lateral, above the axils of the 
 leaves, short, few-flowered ; stamens 5 ; legume pubescent. 
 
 Sandy banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. (1). Stem a foot .high. 
 Flowers small, yellow, 2 3 in a raceme. The leaves are somewhat irritable, 
 like, the Mimosa or sensitive plant. Wild Sensitive Plant. 
 
 4. C. Chamacrisla Linn. : erect or decumbent ; leafets in 10 15 pairs, 
 Linear-oblong, oblique at base, obtuse, mucronate : gland on the petiole cup- 
 shaped ; fascicles of flowers above the axils of the leaves ; legume sparingly 
 hirsute. 
 
 Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. JuneAug. .Stem a foot or 
 more high. Flowers yellow, larger than in the preceding ; sometimes the bas 
 of all the petals are spotted. Partridge Pea. 
 
90 DRUPACE^E. 
 
 29. CERCIS. Linn. Red Bud. 
 
 (From the Greek xcpKi s, a weaver's shuttle ; being the form of the legume.) 
 Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws, 
 subpapilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the stand- 
 ard. Stamens 10, free, unequal. Legume oblong, compressed, 
 1- celled, many-seeded; upper seminiferous suture margined. 
 Seeds obovate. 
 
 C. Canadensis Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous in 
 the axils of the nerves ; legume on short foot-stalks ; flowers in small 
 fascicles. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. 3. to Flor. W. to Miss. April. A small tree with 
 grayish-brown bark. Flowers appearing before the leaves, of a dark rose-color. 
 Legume about 3 inches long, acute at each end. Judas Tree. Red Bud. 
 
 ORDER XXXVIII. DRUPACE^E. ALMONDS. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, deciduous, the odd lobe superior. Petals 
 5. Stamens about 20, arising from the throat of the calyx. 
 Ovary superior, solitary ; styles terminal, with a reniform stig- 
 ma. Fruit a drupe. Seeds mostly solitary, without albumen. 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules simple, 
 mostly glandular. Flowers white or pink. 
 
 1. PRTJNUS. Linn. Plum. 
 
 (The Latin name for a plum.) 
 
 Calyx urceolate, hemispherical ; limb 5 -parted, deciduous. 
 Petals spreading. Stamens numerous. Drupe ovate or oblong, 
 fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust; stone com- 
 pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere 
 smooth. 
 
 1. P. maritima Wang: low ; branches seldom thorny ; leaves oval, ovate 
 or obovate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles usually with 2 glands ; 
 flowers few, bn short pedicels, umbellate ; drupe subglobose. P. acuminata 
 Mich. P. littoralis Big. Cerasus pubescens and C. pygiruea D. C. 
 
 Sandy sea-coast. Mass, and N. Y. to Ala. April, May. fy. Stem 2 5 feet 
 high. Drupe often as large as the common garden-plum and eatable, but some- 
 times smaller and astringent ; the two kinds being sometimes on the same stem. 
 
 Beach Plum. Sand Plum. 
 
 2. P. Americana Marsh : branches somewhat thorny ; leaves ovate- 
 oblong, ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, 
 at length smooth ; umbels 2 5-flowered ; drupe roundish oval. P. nigra 
 Ait. P. mollis Torr. Fl. N. fy M. S. P. hiemalis Mich. Cerasus nigra 
 and kyemalis D. C. 
 
 Banks of streams-. Arrt. Amer. toGeor. Louis, and Texas. April, May. Tj. 
 
DRUPACE^E. 91 
 
 Stem 8 15 feet high, much branched. Leaves rather coarsely serrate. Flowers 
 white, preceding the leaves. Drupe an inch or a little less in diameter, with a 
 yellow pulp, and thick tough skin. Red Plum. Yellow Plum. 
 
 3. P. spinosa Linn. : branches thorny ; peduncles solitary ; calyx cam- 
 panulate ; lobes obtuse, longer than the tube ; leaves obovate-elliptic or 
 ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely and doubly dentate ; drupe globose. 
 
 Hedgerows. Penn. Tj. Introduced. Pursh. Black Thorn or Sloe. 
 
 2. CERASUS. Juss. Cherry. 
 
 (The name of an Asiatic town, whence the cherry is said to have been de- 
 rived.) 
 
 Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate 
 at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder ; nucleus 
 subglobose, smooth. 
 
 * Flowers umbetted : pedicels L-flowered, arising from the buds. 
 
 1. C. pumila Mich. : depressed or prostrate ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, or 
 oval, acute or obtuse, serrulate, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile, 
 few-flowered ; drupe ovoid. C. depressiz D. C. Prunus pumila Wittd. 
 
 Banks of streams. Hudson's Bay to Virg-. W. to Miss. May. }~i . Stem 
 trailing, the branches 3 20 inches high. Drupe dark-red, eatable. 
 
 Sand Cherry. 
 
 2. C. Pennsijlvanica D. C. : leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 smooth and shining when old, mostly with 2 glands at the base ; umbels 
 subsessile, somewhat corymbose, many-flowered ; drupe ovoid-subglobose. 
 C. borealis Mich. Prunus borealis Pursh. P. Pennsylvanica and lance- 
 olata Willd. 
 
 Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, May. 
 A small tree, with reddish bark. Leaves 2 5 inches long. Drupe small, red 
 and astringent. Bird Cherry. 
 
 ** FlmKers racemose, arising from the branches. 
 
 3. C. Virginiana D. C. : leaves broad-oval or somewhat obovate, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, often subcordate, toothed, smoothish ; petioles with 2 4 
 glands ; racemes short, erect or spreading ; drupe subglobose. C. obovata 
 Deck Bot. 1st. Ed. Prunus Virginiana Linn. P. obovata Big. P. sero- 
 tina Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Hudson's Bay to Flor. April, May. A small tree or low shrub, 
 with gray branches. Fruit a quarter of an inch in diameter, dark-red when ripe, 
 very astringent. Choke Cherry. 
 
 4. C. serotina D. C. : leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, 
 smooth and shining above, bearded along the midrib beneath, finely ser- 
 rate ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands ; drupe globose. C. Virginiana 
 Mich. Prunus serotina Willd. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. May, June. A tree 3060 feet high; branches 
 spreading. Flowers in long racemes, which are at length pendulous. Drupe 
 dark purple, about as large as in the preceding, slightly bitter. The wood is 
 close-grained, and very valuable for cabinet work. Wild Cherry. 
 
92 ROSACES. 
 
 ORDER XXXIX. ROSACEJS. ROSEWORTS. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with a disk either lining the tube or sur- 
 rounding the orifice. Petals 5, equal, or none. Stamens usu- 
 ally indefinite. Ovaries superior, solitary or several, 1 -celled ; 
 styles lateral. Fruit 1 -seeded nuts, achenia, or follicles contain- 
 ing several seeds ; albumen none. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, 
 with simple or compound leaves. 
 
 1. SPIRAEA. Linn. Spiraea. 
 
 (Supposed to be from the Greek cirsipa, a cord; in allusion to its flexible 
 branches.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 20 50. Car- 
 pels 3 8, distinct, rarely united at base, short apiculate, sessile, 
 rarely stiped. Seeds 2 15. 
 
 * Shrubby. Leaves lobed and toothed. 
 
 1. S. opulifolia Linn. : leaves ovate, often subcordate, 3-lobed, doubly 
 toothed and crenate, petioled, smoothish; corymbs umbel-like, hemispherical, 
 peduncled ; pedicels filiform ; carpels 3 5, at length spreading, much 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May, June. rj. Stem 
 3 6 feet high, much branched. Flowers numerous, white, in corymbs which 
 are about two inches in diameter. Calyx and pedicels pubescent. Nine-bark. 
 
 ** Shrubby. Leaves entire or toothed. , 
 
 2. S. corymbosa Raf. : leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish be- 
 neath, incisely serrate toward the apex ; corymb terminal, pedunculate, 
 compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy ; carpels 3 5, smooth. S. chamtc- 
 drifolia Pursh. 
 
 Mountains of Penn. S. to Geor. W. to Ken. May, June. T^. Stem 18 
 inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth above, pale beneath. 
 Flowers pale rose-color, in a compound pedunculate corymb. 
 
 Corymbose Spiraea. 
 
 3. S. salicjfolia Linn. : stem and peduncles glabrous ; leaves lanceolate 
 or obovate, simply or doubly serrate, smooth ; racemes in dense terminal 
 compound panicles ; carpels 5. distinct, not inflated, scarcely twice as long 
 as the calyx. /S 1 . alba Ehrh. S. hypericifolia Muhl. according to Torr. 
 <f- Or. 
 
 Meadows. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June, July, Tj. Stem 3 5 feet high, the 
 branches purple and brittle. Leaves varying in form, usually acute, but some- 
 times obtuse. Flowers white or reddish-white. " Meadow Sweet. 
 
 4. S. tomentosa Linn. : stem and peduncles reddish tomentose ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, densely tomentose beneath ; racemes 
 terminal, compound, crowded ; carpels 5, woolly. 
 
 In low grounds. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. Tj. Stem 2 3 feet high, cov- 
 
ROSACEJB. 93 
 
 ered with a loose wool. Flowers small, pale purple, in a very dense elongated 
 conical raceme. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. 
 
 *** Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate. 
 
 5. (S 1 . Aruncus Linn. : leaves twice or thrice pinnate, shining ; leafets 
 lanceolate-oblong, acuminate ; the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, sharply 
 and incisely doubly serrate ; flowers very numerous ; carpels 3 5, smooth. 
 S. Aruncus var. Americana Pursh. 
 
 Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. %. Stem 46 feet high. 
 Leaves very large. Flowers white, small, in slender terminal spikes. 
 
 Goat's Beard. 
 
 6. S. lobata Jacq.: leaves palmate-pinnate, smooth, lower ones bipin- 
 nate ; terminal leafet much larger and 7-lobed ; lateral leafets 3-lobed ; the 
 lobes all serrate, mostly incised or toothed ; flowers in a compound cymose 
 panicle ; sepals reflexed ; carpels 6 8, smooth. 
 
 Moist grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Mich, and Ken. June, July. Tj.. 
 Stem 5 8 feet high, angled. Flowers in an imperfect cyme, deep rose-color, 
 large. Lobe-leaved Spircea. 
 
 2. GILLENIA. Mcench Indian Physic. 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the mouth, 5 -cleft. 
 Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal, coarctate at the 
 claws. Stamens 10 20, mostly included. Styles filiform. 
 Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved. 
 
 1. G. trifoliata Mcench : leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate or obovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; stipules small, subulate-linear, entire. Spi- 
 reea trifoliata Linn. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. ; rare. June. ^.Stem 23 
 feet high. Flowers white or pale rose-color, few, in a terminal panicle. Medi- 
 cinal ; emetic, &c. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 11. 
 
 Indian Physic. Bowman's Root. 
 
 2. G. stipulacea Nutt. : radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline ternate ; leafets 
 incisely serrate ; stipules foliaceous, ovate, incisely toothed and clasping. 
 Spirtea stipulata Muhl. 
 
 Western part of N. Y. D. Thomas. S. to Car. and Louis. W. to Miss. June. 
 %. Stem 23 feet high, branching. It resembles the former, but can readily 
 be distinguished by its large clasping stipules. It possesses nearly the same 
 medicinal properties. American Ipecacuanha. 
 
 3. DRYAS. Linn. Dryas. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek <5pt>y, the oak ; on account of a distant 
 similarity between their leaves.) 
 
 Calyx 8 9-parted, naked without ; tube somewhat concave. 
 Petals 8 9. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, crowned 
 by a terminal style, at length terminating in a bearded plumose 
 awn. 
 
 D. integrifolia Vahl. : leaves oblong-ovate, broader at base, entire or very 
 slightly toothed at the base ; sepals linear. D. tenella. Punk. 
 
94 ROSACE^E. 
 
 White Hills, N. H. N. to Labrador. July, 2L Flower white, on a termi- 
 nal peduncle. Scarcely distinct from D. octopetala Linn. 
 
 Entire-leaved Dryas. 
 
 4. GEUM. Linn. Avens. 
 
 (From the Greek ysvo), to yield an agreeable flavor ; the root of one species 
 being aromatic.) 
 
 Calyx concave; limb 5-cleft, with 5 small external bracts 
 alternating with the segments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, 
 inserted into the disk that lines the base of the calyx. Carpels 
 in a head, awned by the persistent styles. 
 
 1. G. strictum Ait. : hairy; radical and lower leaves interruptedly pm- 
 nate ; upper cauline ones 3 5- foliate; the leafets rhombic-ovate, acute, 
 sharply toothed and incised ; stipules large, incised ; petals roundish, longer 
 than the calyx. C. Canadense Murr. 
 
 Swamps. Can. N. Y. and New Eng. Aug. Q|. Stem 24 feet high, 
 simple. Radical and lower leaves on long petioles, the upper nearly sessile. 
 Flowers large, yellow, in a loose dichotomous panicle. Yellow Avens. 
 
 2. G. Virginianum Linn. : pubescent ; radical leaves pseudo-pinnate or 
 ternate ; upper simple, lanceolate, incisely serrate ; stipules subovate, entire 
 or incised ; petals cuneate-obovate, shorter than the calyx. G. album 
 
 wind. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %. Stem 23 feet high, 
 smooth, or pubescent. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers white or pale 
 yellow, on peduncles 1 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first some- 
 what nodding, at length erect. Virginian Avens. 
 
 3. G. macrophyllum Willd. : hispid ; radical leaves lyrately and inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate ; cauline with 2 4 minute lateral leafets, the terminal one 
 large roundish and 3-parted ; stipules nearly entire ; petals obovate, a little 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 White Mountains. N. H. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Pacific. June, 
 July. '2J-. Stem 1 2 feet high, very hispid. Leaves sometimes nearly smooth. 
 Flowers yellow, intermediate in size between G. strictum and Virginianum. 
 
 Long-leaved Avens. 
 
 4. G. rivale Linn. : pubescent ; stem simple, 1 4 flowered ; radical 
 leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline ternate or 3-lobed ; petals broad ob- 
 cordate-spatulate, emarginate, about as long as the calyx ; carpels in a 
 stipedhead, very hairy; upper joint of the style plumose. 
 
 Moist places. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. Tj.. 
 Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, nearly simple, somewhat pilose. Radical leaves 
 on very long petioles. Flowers largej purple, nodding. Water Avens. 
 
 5. G. triflorum Pursh. : stem nearly naked, softly pubescent, about 
 3-flowered at the summit ; radical leaves interruptedly pinnate, the petioles 
 hairy ; leafets cuneiform-oblong, deeply incised and toothed ; bracts longer 
 than the segments of the calyx ; styles very long and filiform in fruit, 
 plumose. Sieversia triflora, R. Drown. 
 
 On rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. ; very rare. Dr. Crawe. 
 White Mountains, N. H. W. to the Rocky Mountains. N. to Labrador. May, 
 June. %. -Stem 46 inches, in fruit 1215 inches high, with two opposite 
 
ROSACES. 96 
 
 email laciniate leaves near the middle. Radical leaves numerous. Flowers at 
 first nodding. Calyx purple. Petals yellowish white. Three-flowered Avens. 
 
 6. G. Peckii : somewhat hairy ; stem paniculately branched above, 
 several-flowered, scarcely leafy; radical leaves lyrate-pinnate ; the terminal 
 leafet very large, roundish reniform, somewhat truncate at base ; lateral 
 ones minute ; petals obovate-roundish, twice as long as the ovate-triangular 
 segments of the calyx. Sieversia Peckii R. Drown. 
 
 White Mountains. N. H. Prof. Peck. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem a foot or more 
 high, with 3 or 4 small sessile incised leaves. Flowers terminal and solitary at 
 the end of each branch or peduncle, yellow, middle-sized. Peck's Avens. 
 
 5. COMAROPSIS. Rich. Dry Strawberry. 
 
 (From the Greek, Kopapos, the ancient name of a strawberry, and oifsis, appear- 
 ance ; on account of its resemblance to the strawberry.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube turbinate, the limb 5-cleft, not bracted. 
 Petals 5, without claws. Stamens numerous. Capsule small, 
 with an elongated filiform style at the apex. Achenia 2 6, 
 dry, not united at base. 
 
 C. fragarioides D. C. : leaves radical, terhate ; leafets broad wedgeform, 
 toothed and incised; scapes 3 5-flowered ; petals much larger than the 
 segments of the calyx ; carpels hairy. Dalibarda fragarioides Mick. 
 Pursh. Waldsteinia fragarioides Torr. $ Gr. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Geor. May. %. Root creeping. Scape 3 4 inches 
 high, with a small leafy bract below the middle. Leaves on long petioles. 
 Flowers yellow. Dry Strawberry. 
 
 6. RUBUS. Linn. Raspberry and Blackberry. 
 (Said to be from the Latin ruber, red.) 
 
 Calyx concave or flattish at base, naked, 5-parted. Petals 
 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of 
 the disk. Berry composed of many pulpy carpels aggregated 
 on a spongy receptacle, persistent or deciduous. 
 
 1. Berry concave beneath and falling away f ram the dry receptacle when 
 ripe. (Raspberry.) 
 
 * Leaves simple. 
 
 1. R. odoratus Linn. : hispid with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branched ; 
 leaves large, 3 5-lobed ; the lobes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate ; 
 peduncles many-flowered, compound ; sepals long, acuminate, shorter than 
 the obovate-roundish petals. 
 
 Rocky places. Can. to Geor. June. Tj. Stem 3 4 feet high. Flowers 
 large, purple. Fruit broad and flat, yellowish or red when ripe, scanty, but 
 well-flavored. It is often abortive. Flowering Raspberry. 
 
 2. R. Chamamorus Linn.: dioecious; stem creeping at base, simple, 1- 
 flowered, somewhat pubescent, unarmed ; leaves cordate-reniform, plicate, 
 5-lobed, serrate, the lobes rounded ; sepals ovate, obtvyse, shorter than the 
 spreading obovate petals. 
 
yO ROSACES. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Lubeck, Maine. White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. N. to 
 Arct. Amer., from Greenland to Behring's Straits. June, July. TJ.. Flower 
 large, white. Fruit red, well-flavored, composed of few and large carpels. 
 
 Cloud Berry. 
 
 ** Leaves compound, 
 
 3. R. trifiorus Richardson : unarmed ; stem suffrutescent at base, as- 
 cending ; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petioles ; leafets niem- 
 branaceous, rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely 
 serrate or incised, the terminal one petiolate ; peduncle terminal. 1 3-flow- 
 ered ; sepals lanceolate, reflexed, shorter than the spatulate-oblong petals. 
 R. saxatilis j3 Canadensis Mich. R. saxatilis Big. 
 
 Moist woods and hills. Hudson's Bay to Penn. June. T^. Stem a foot or 
 more high, and with the branches often rooting at the extremity, minutely pu- 
 bescent. Flowers white. Fruit small, reddish-purple, usually sour. 
 
 Jhoarf Raspberry. 
 
 4. R. strigosus Mich.: stem erect, suffruticose, strongly hispid; leaves 
 ternate or quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, acuminate, incisely serrate, white 
 tomentose beneath, the terminal one often subcordate ; peduncles 4 6- 
 flowered ; sepals spreading, nearly as long as the petals. JR. Pennsylvani- 
 cus Lam. 
 
 Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Oregon. May. ?2- Stem 
 reddish-brown, shining. Flowers white. Fruit red, richly flavored. This 
 species has probably been confounded with R. Idceus, which is not a native. 
 
 Red Raspberry. 
 
 5. JR. occidentalis Linn. : somewhat smooth, armed with strong hooked 
 prickles ; leaves ternate, rarely quinate ; leafets ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
 or incisely serrate, hoary tomentose beneath ; terminal peduncles several- 
 flowered ; petals obovate-wedgeform, shorter than the reflexed sepals. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May July. 17 Stem 58 feet long, 
 sparingly branched. Flowers white, 1 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal 
 leafy racemes. Fruit roundish, dark purple, almost black, sweet and well-fla- 
 vored. Black Raspberry. Thimble Berry. 
 
 $ 2. Fruit persistent on the somewhat juicy receptacle. (Blackberry.) 
 
 6. R. viUosus Ait. : prickly ; stem angular, and with the branches, pe- 
 duncles and lower surface of the leaves tomentose-villous and glandular ; 
 leaves ternate and pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 
 acuminate, doubly or unequally serrate, the terminal one petiolate and 
 subcordate'; flowers in elongated terminal racemes ; sepals acuminate, 
 much shorter than the obovate spreading petals. 
 
 var. frondosus Torr. : much less glandular, smoother ; flowers fewer, 
 corymbose, with leafy bracts. JR. frondosus Big. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U. S. May, June. Pj. Stem 
 erect, (4 -8 feet high.) or reclined. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid- 
 oblong, sometimes acute, half an inch to an inch in length, purple or nearly 
 black when ripe, sweet and well-flavored. High Blackberry. 
 
 7. R. Canadensis Linn. : stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly ; 
 leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, smooth or pubescent ; leafets oval, rhom- 
 bic-ovate or lanceolate, sharply and unequally serrate, often incised ; flow- 
 ers in racemes or somewhat corymbed, with leafy bracts ; sepals raucronate. 
 
UOSACE^E. 97 
 
 half as long as the petals. R. procumbent Muhl. JR. trivialis Pursh. not 
 of Mich. R. flagcllaris Willd. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. toVirg. May, June. T2- Stem trailing or procumbent, 
 ascending at base. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding. Fruit round- 
 ish or oblong, half an inch to an inch in diameter, black, sweet and juicy. 
 
 Low Blackberry. Dewberry. 
 
 8. R. hispidus Linn. : stem slender, prostrate, and with the petioles and 
 peduncles armed with retrose bristles or weak prickles ; leaves ternate or 
 pedate-quinate ; leafets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, coarsely and un- 
 equally serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in corymbs or 
 racemes, without bracts ; sepals spreading, half the length of the obovate 
 or oblong-obovate petals. R. obo'valis Mich. R. sempervirens Big. 
 
 Wet woods and swamps. Can. to Car. May, June, \i. Stem profusely 
 trailing, with short erect branches. Flowers white, small. Fruit composed of 
 a few Targe grains, blackish, sour. Trailing Swamp Blackberry. 
 
 9. R. setosus Big. : stem reclining, armed with weak prickles ; branches 
 setose at the apex ; leaves ternate or quinate, on long petioles ; leafets obo- 
 vate-wedgeform, simply serrate, smooth ; flowers in racemes, with bristly 
 pedicels ; petals obovate-wedgeform, longer than the sepals. R. hispidus 
 var. setosus Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Swamps. Can. and Mass. Big. June. ?<>. Flowers white. Fruit red, 
 small. Bristly Raspberry. 
 
 10. R. trivialis Mich. : sarmentose procumbent, bristly, at length prickly ; 
 leaves ternate or pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate-oblong or lanceolate, mostly 
 acute, sharply serrate, nearly smooth; peduncles 1 3-flowered; petals 
 broad-obovate, more than twice as long as the reflexed sepals. R. hispidus 
 Willd. 
 
 Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Texas. March May. T2 . The leaves 
 are more coriaceous and often smaller than in any other N. American species, 
 the young stems very hispid as well as prickly, the jlowers large in proportion, 
 on long-hispid or prickly peduncles. Torr. <y Gr. Stem sometimes with erect 
 branches. Fruit large, black. Low Bush Blackberry. 
 
 11. R. cuneifolius Pursh.: low, armed with stout recurved prickles; 
 leaves ternate and pedate-quinate ; leafets wedgeform-obovate, somewhat 
 coriaceous, entire at base, subplicate, pubescent-tomentose beneath, ter- 
 minal one petiolate ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals obovate, much longer 
 than the tomentose oblong mucronate sepals. R. parviflorus Walt. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. May, June, f? . Stem 1 3 feet high. Leaves 
 rarely quinate. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid, black, juicy, eatable. 
 
 Sand Blackberry. 
 
 7. DALIBARDA. Linn. Dalibarda. 
 (In honor ofDalibard, a French botanist of the last century.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube short, concave ; limb 5 6 -cleft, naked 
 without ; lobes dentate. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Sta- 
 mens many. Ovaries 5 10, with short terminal styles. Ache- 
 ma few, dry, adhering to the calyx. 
 
 D. repens Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves simple, cordate, crenate-dentate ; 
 
 5 
 
98 ROSACE^E. 
 
 stipules laciniate ; peduncles 1-flowered ; sepals not bristly. D. violaoides 
 Mick. Rubus Dalibarda Linn. 
 
 Moist shady places. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June Aug. 71.. 
 Stem herbaceous, creeping and rooting. Leaves on long petioles, with a deep 
 and often closed sinus at the base. Flowers solitary, white, on long nearly 
 radical peduncles. Creeping Dalibarda. 
 
 8. FRAGARIA. Tonrn. Strawberry. 
 (From the Latin fragrans ; on account of its fragrant fruit.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube concave, 5 -cleft, and with 5 bracts with- 
 out, (or 10-cleft.) Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels naked, 
 fixed on a long pulpy deciduous receptacle. Style lateral. 
 
 1. F. Virginiana Linn. : leafets broad-oval, smoothish above, the late- 
 ral ones distinctly petioled ; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves ; fruit 
 ovoid ; achenia imbedded in the receptacle. F. Canadensis Mick. 
 
 Fields and meadows. Throughout the U. S. Can. and Arct. Amer. to lat. 64. 
 May. 7]-. Flowers white. F. Canadensis Mich, is the larger form of this spe- 
 cies, and appears in some situations to be quite constant. This is the case at 
 Little Falls, N. Y. Wild Strawberry. 
 
 2. F. vesca Linn. : lobes of the leaves plicate, thin, pilose beneath ; pe- 
 duncles usually longer than the leaves j fruit conical or hemispherical j 
 achenia superficial. 
 
 Fields. N. S. Subarct. Amer. and N. W. Coast. April, May. 7J.. More 
 stoloniferous than the former, and the carpels not imbedded in the receptacle. 
 There are several cultivated varieties. Common Strawberry. 
 
 9. POTENTILLA. Linn.- Cinquefoil. 
 
 (From the Latin potens, powerful ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.) 
 Calyx with the tube concave ; limb 4 5-cleft, 4 5-bracted 
 without (or 8 10-cleft). Petals 4 5, obtuse or obcordate. 
 Stamens many. Carpels many, roundish, rugose, naked, fixed 
 to a small dry receptacle. 
 
 * Leaves ternate or quinate-palmate. 
 
 1. P. Norvegica Linn. : hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above ; leaves 
 ternate-palmate ; leafets lanceolate or obovate, simply and doubly serrate ; 
 stipules lanceolate ; flowers numerous, subcorymbed and axillary ; petals 
 obovate, slightly emarginate, shorter than the calyx. P. hirsute Mich. 
 
 Old fields and pastures. Can. to Car. N, to Arct. Amer. June Aug, (T). 
 Stem 1 2 feet high, hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on 
 petioles 1 4 inches long. Flowers yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and on 
 long solitary peduncles below. Norway Cinquefoil. 
 
 2. P. tridcntata, Ait. : stems ascending, woody and creeping at base ; 
 leaves ternate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, coriaceous. 3-toothed 
 at the end, pale pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; co- 
 rymb loose, few-flowered ; petals oblong-ovate, longer than the calyx. 
 
 Mountains. Arct. Amer. to Car. June, July. 7J.. Stem 4 10 inches high. 
 Leafets sometimes 4 5-toothed. Flowers 68 in the summit of each stem, 
 white or reddish- white Three-toothed Cinquefoil. 
 
ROSACES. 99 
 
 3. P. Canadensis Linn. : silky-villous ; stem procumbent and ascend- 
 ing, somewhat branched ; leaves quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedge- 
 form, acutely dentate ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ; peduncles 
 solitary, elongated ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly 
 equalling the obovate or obcordate petals. P. simplex Mich. P. sarmen- 
 tosa W'dld. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April Aug. 1\.. Stems at 
 first short, but at length 12 18 inches long. Leaves white, villous when young. 
 Flowers yellow, on slender axillary peduncles. Quite variable. Five-finger. 
 
 4. P. minima Holler : stem ascending, pubescent, mostly 1-flowered ; 
 leaves ternate ; leafets obovate, very obtuse, smooth except on the margin 
 and veins beneath, incisely serrate towards the apex ; petals obcordate, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 Near the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. June, July. 1\.. Root 
 fusiform Stems 1 3 inches high. Leaves crowded. Flowers small. 
 
 Small Cinquefoil, 
 
 5. P. argentea, Linn. : stem ascending or erect, tomentose ; leaves qui- 
 nate-palmate ; leafets obovate- wedgeform, deeply incised, revolute on the 
 margin, smooth above, canescent beneath; flowers numerous, corymbed; 
 lobes of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals. 
 
 Fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. June Sept. 7J.. Stems numerous, 
 4 10 inches long, somewhat woody at base. Leaves green above. Flowers 
 yellow, small, in spreading corymbs. Silvery Cinquefoil. 
 
 ** Leaves pinnate. 
 
 6. P. fruticosa Linn. : stem fruticose ; leaves pinnate, hirsute or silky; 
 leafets oblong-lanceolate, very entire, approximate ; stipules lanceolate, 
 membranaceous, acute ; flowers in corymbs, large ; petals longer than the 
 calyx. P. fruticosa and P. floribunda Pursh. 
 
 Margins of swamps. N. S. N. to Arct Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 June Sept. A shrub about 2 feet high, much branched and hairy. Leaves 
 numerous, on short petioles. Flowers numerous, large, yellow. 
 
 Shrubby Cmquefo'd. 
 
 1. P. supina Linn. : stem decumbent, herbaceous, dichotomous ; leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets obovate or oblong, somewhat glabrous, more or less toothed ; 
 peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; segments of the calyx triangular- 
 lanceolate ; petals as long as the calyx. P. paradoxa Nutt. in Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Overflowed banks of streams. Can. and Penn. From the Ohio to Oregon. 
 Null,. June Aug. (J). Flowers small, yellow. Perhaps not a native of our 
 section. Decumbent Cinquefoil. 
 
 8. P. Anserina Linn. : stem filiform, rooting ; leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate ; leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and acutely serrate, smooth above, silvery 
 canescent beneath ; stipules many-cleft ; peduncles scape-like, as long as 
 the leaves, axillary, solitary ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire, half as 
 long as the obovate petals. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. June. ^\,. Stems 
 long, reddish, with a tuft of leaves and one or more pedicels at each joint. 
 Leaves sometimes white and silky on both sides. Flowers bright yellow. 
 
 Silver-weed. Wild Tansey. 
 
 9. P. Pennsylvania Linn. : whole plant white tomentose ; stem herba- 
 :eou8, erect ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets oblong, obtuse, pii 
 
100 ROSACES. 
 
 or pinnateiy incised ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat laciniate ; flowers in 
 corymbose panicles ; segments of the calyx somewhat acute, as long or a 
 little longer than the corolla ; petals obcordate. P. arguta Lehm. not of 
 Pursh. 
 
 N. S. ? Can. and throughout British America. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 June. 1\.. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. According to Torrey 
 and Gray this species is not found within the limits of the U. S. east of the Mis- 
 sissippi. They represent it as being very variable. Northern Cinquefoil. 
 
 10. P. arguta Pursh. : erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves unequally pin- 
 nate ; leafets roundish, ovate or somewhat rhomboid, incised or doubly ser- 
 rate, outer ones larger ; stipules rhomboidal, toothed or entire ; flowers ter- 
 minal, in a crowded corymb. P. conflertijlora Lehm. Geum agrimonoides 
 Pursh. Bootia sylvestris Big. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 
 1\.. Stem 1 3 feet high, erect, nearly simple, branched above and with the 
 petioles peduncles and calyx covered with a brownish and glandular pubes- 
 cence. Flowers erect, at first in dense corymbs, at length paniculate. Calyx 
 with the five alternate segments smaller. Petals ochroleucous or white. 
 
 Close-floviered Cinquefoil. 
 
 11. P. Comarum D.C.: root creeping ; stem ascending; leaves pinnate, 
 upper ones ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petals lanceolate, 
 acuminate, much shorter than the calyx. P. palustris Lehm. Comarum 
 palustre Linn. Torr. <f Gr. 
 
 In swamps. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. June, July. 1J-. Stem 18 inches high, 
 nearly simple. Leaves petioled, with 5 6 leafets. Flowers large, purple, on the 
 upper part of the stem. Marsh Cinquefoil. 
 
 10. SIBBALDIA. Linn. Sibbaldia. 
 
 (In honor of Robert Sibbald ; a writer upon the natural history of Scotland, 
 of the 17th century.) 
 
 Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower. Petals 
 5, minute. Stamens and carpels often 5. Styles 5, proceeding 
 laterally from the germ. Capsules 5, indehiscent, in the bottom 
 of the calyx, 1 -seeded. 
 
 (S. procumbens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets cuneate, tridentate, smooth 
 above, hairy beneath ; flowers corymbed; petals lanceolate, acute, shorter 
 than the calyx. 
 
 High mountains. Can. and Ver. Pursh. Labrador and the summits of the 
 Rocky Mountains. July. 17 . A small procumbent plant, with the habit of Po- 
 tentilla tridentata. Petals yellow, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5 7. Pistils 
 510. Procumbent Sibbaldia. 
 
 11. AGRIMONIA. Linn. 
 
 (.Corrupted from Argemone, a name given by the Greeks to a plant supposed to 
 cure cataract, called apyr^a.) 
 
 Calyx turbinate, covered with hooked bristles, 5-cleft, infe- 
 rior, with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 5. Stamens 12 15, 
 inserted with the petals upon the calyx. Achenia 1 2, in- 
 vested by the hardened calyx. 
 
ROSACE,*:. 101 
 
 1. A. Eupatoria Linn.: hairy; leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets ob- 
 long-ovate, crenate-dentate, the terminal one petioled; spike virgate, many- 
 flowered, terminal, long and slender ; tube of the calyx bell-shaped, with 
 spreading bristles near the middle ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; fruit 
 distant, turbinate, hispid, smooth at base. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. Tj.. Stem 2 feet 
 high. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal spike or raceme. 
 
 Common Agrimony. 
 
 2. A. parviflora Ait : hirsute with brownish hairs ; leaves interruptedly 
 pinnate ; leafets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate ; spike virgate ; 
 flowers on very short pedicels ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; fruit 
 roundish, divaricately hispid. A Eupatoria var. parviflora Hook. 
 
 Woods. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ken. July, Aug. %. Stem 45 feet high. 
 Flowers numerous, in virgate racemes. Petals small, pale yellow. 
 
 Small-flowered Agrimony. 
 
 12. ROSA. Linn. Rose. 
 (From the Celtic rhos ; signifying red.) 
 
 Calyx urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating 
 in 5 segments. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels many, 
 long, hispid, included in and fixed to the fleshy tube of the 
 calyx. 
 
 * Styles cohering in a column. 
 
 1. R. setigera Mich. : stem ascending ; branches glabrous ; prickles few, 
 falcate ; leaves ternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; stip- 
 ules narrow, entire ; peduncles and calyx hispid ; flowers corymbose ; lobes 
 of the calyx ovate, short, simple ; styles cohering in a tomentose club- 
 shaped column, as long as the stamens ; fruit pisiform. JR. rubifolia R. 
 Broicn. 
 
 Shores of the Western lakes. W. to Miss. July. T^ . Flowers very numer- 
 ous, changing from white to different shades of red, sometimes in a large co- 
 rymb. When cultivated, it may be trained to a great extent. 
 
 Michigan Rose. 
 
 ** Styles free. 
 
 2. R. lucida Ehrh. : prickles straight or slightly recurved ; leafets 5 9, 
 lanceolate-elliptic, coriaceous, sharply serrate, shining above ; stipules di- 
 lated, large, smooth, serrulate ; peduncles somewhat hispid ; segments of 
 the calyx entire, appendaged, spreading but not deflexed ; flowers mostly 
 in pairs ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth. R. parviflora Ehrh. 
 R. Caroliniana Mich. R. nitida and R. parviflora Beck Bat. 1st Ed. 
 
 Borders of swarnps. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June, July. J? Stem 1 3 
 or 4 feet high. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals obcordate or emargi- 
 nate. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. A very variable species. 
 
 Dwarf Wild Rose. 
 
 3. R. Carolina Linn. : prickles recurved, often wanting ; leafets 5 9, 
 coriaceous, lanceolate or obovate, serrulate, approximate, glaucous beneath ; 
 stipules long, with an involute margin ; flowers mostly in corymbs, rarely 
 solitary ; lobes of the. calyx very long, appendaged, spreading ; fruit de- 
 
102 POMACE^S. 
 
 pressed-globose, mostly somewhat glandular hispid. R f corymbosa Ehrli. 
 R. Pennsylvania Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July, fy -Slem 36 feet high. 
 Flowers 5 7, in terminal corymbs. Petals large, red, obovate, emarginate. 
 Petioles tomentose. A very variable species. Numerous specimens found on 
 an island near Troy, N. Y., have the stems uniformly and constantly unarmed, 
 except near the root, where there are a few slender prickles. Swamp Rose. 
 
 i. R. blanda Ait.: prickles straight, slender, deciduous; leafets 5 7, 
 oval or oblong, obtuse, equally serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ; 
 stipules dilated ; flowers 1 3, on short smooth peduncles ; lobes of the 
 calyx shorter than the petals ; fruit globose. R. gemeLla Willd. 
 
 Dry hills and rocks. Hudson's Bay to Penn. May, June. ^. Stem 1 3 
 feet high. Flowers rather large, rose-color. Petals obcordate. Distinguished 
 from R. cinnamomea, to which it is allied, by its being more slender and nearly 
 unarmed, by the absence of stipular prickles, the smaller bracts and shorter 
 sepals as compared with the petals. Torr. $ Gr. R. stricta is said not to be a 
 native of the U. S. Early Rose. 
 
 5. R. rubiginosa Linn. : prickles strong, compressed, uncinate, rarely 
 straight ; leafets 5 7, ovate or somewhat rounded, serrate, more or less s 
 especially beneath, glandular and ferriginous ; fruit ovoid or obovate and 
 with the peduncles hispid. R. suaveolens Pursh. 
 
 Hedges and road sides. Throughout the U. S. June, July. pj. Stem tall 
 and slender. Flmixrs solitary or two or three together, pale red. Fruit orange 
 red. Sweet-brier. 
 
 ORDER XL. POMACE^E. APPLEWORTS. 
 
 Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 
 numerous. Disk thin, lining the tube of the calyx, bearing the 
 petals and stamens on its margin. Ovaries 1 5, adhering 
 more or less to the sides of the calyx and each other ; styles 
 1 5 ; stigmas simple. Fruit a pome, 1 5 -celled, seldom spu- 
 riously 10-celled. Seeds 1 2 in each carpel ; albumen none. 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple or compound leaves. 
 
 1. CRAT^EGUS. Linn. Thorn. 
 
 (From the Greek xparos, strength ; in allusion to the strength or firmness of 
 the -wood.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-cleft. Petals 
 5, spreading, orbicular. Stamens many. Styles 1 5, glabrous. 
 Pome fleshy, or baccate, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 
 containing 1 5 bony 1 -seeded carpels, the summit contracted 
 or closed by the disk. 
 
 * Leaves serrate or subentire, not lobed. 
 
 1. C. Crus-galli Ait. : leaves obovate- wedge form, subsessile, shining, 
 coriaceous, serrate, entire near the base ; corymbs smooth ; segments of" the 
 
POMACES. 103 
 
 calyx lanceolate, smooth, subserrate ; styles 1 3 ; fruit ovoid-oblong, some- 
 times pyriform. C. lucida Wang. Amer. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. A shrub oj 
 small tree, much branched, and with long sharp spines. Flowers white, in fi 
 corymb. Style often solitary. Fruit red. There are several varieties of this 
 apecies. Cockspur Thorn. 
 
 2. C. pundata Jacq. : leaves obovate-cuneate, smooth, somewhat plaited, 
 doubly or incisely serrate ; corymbs and calyx villous -pubescent when 
 young ; styles 1 3 ; fruit dotted, globose. 
 
 Woods and swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. A small tree with 
 rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns, but sometimes nearly 
 unarmed. Leaves light-green, mostly hairy. Flowers white, numerous, in com- 
 pound corymbs. Fruit large, red or yellow, eatable, but tough. 
 
 Common Thorn. 
 
 3. C. parvifoUa Ait. : leaves obovate-cuneate, nearly sessile, crenate-ser- 
 rate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent ; flowers subsolitary ; segments of 
 the calyx foliaceous, incised, as long as the petals, and with the short pedi- 
 cels and branchlets villous ; styles 5 ; fruit roundish-pyrifoHn. C. tomen- 
 'j)sa Linn. MespUus laciniata Walt. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. J. to Flor. April, May. T? ^ tem 3 or 4 8 feet high, much 
 branched, with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white, mostly solitary and 
 terminal. Fruit a third to half an inch in diameter, pale greenish-yellow, eat- 
 able. Smatt-leaved Thorn. 
 
 ** Leaves incised and more or less lobed. 
 
 4. C. tomentosa Linn. : leaves ovate-elliptic or oval, cuneate and nar- 
 rowed at base into a short margined petiole, incisely serrate and sublobed 
 towards the apex, smooth above, somewhat tomentose beneath when 
 young ; peduncles and calyx villous ; segments linear-lanceolate ; styles 
 3 5 ; fruit obovoid or pyriform. ( Torr. <$ Gr.} C. pyrifolia Ait. C. flava 
 Darlingt. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Car, W. to Ken. May, June. T?. Stem 12 20 
 feet high, branching ; the branches armed with long and sharp thorns. Leaves 
 usually large. Flowers white, in large leafy corymbs. Fruit large, orange red, 
 eatable, but rather insipid. Tomentose Thorn. 
 
 5. C. coccinea Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, acutely incised or sublobed, 
 sharply serrate, thin and at length nearly smooth, on long slender petioles, 
 sometimes a little cordate ; corymbs and calyx pubescent or smooth ; styles 
 3 5 ; fruit globose. C. glandulosa Willd. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. and Louis. May. T^. Stem 10 20 feet 
 high, with spreading rugged branches armed with short slightly-curved thorns. 
 Leaves usually cut into 3 or 4 acute or acuminate angulate lobes on each side. 
 Flowers white, in corymbs terminating the young branches. Fruit rather large, 
 bright red or purple, eatable. Very variable. Scarlet-fruited Thorn. 
 
 6. C. cordata Ait. : leaves deltoid-ovate and subcordate, on long and 
 slender petioles, acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the 
 base ; petioles and calyx without glands ; styles 5 ; fruit depressed-globose. 
 P. populifolia Pursh. 
 
 Banks of streams. Washington city to Geor. June. 17. Stem. 15 20 feet 
 high, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with long and very 
 slender thorns. Leaves often deeply and equally 3-lobed like those of the red 
 maple. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating the branches. Fniit 
 small, bright purple. This species is not known to be a native of our district, 
 
104 POMACE^E. 
 
 but according to Dr. Darlington it was long since introduced into Chester county, 
 Penn., from the neighborhood of Washington city, and is there extensively used 
 in hedging. It is known by the name of Washington Thorn. 
 
 7. C. Oxycantha Linn. : leaves obovate-cuneate, 3 5-lobed, incised and 
 serrate, smoothish, shining ; petioles and calyx destitute of glands ; seg- 
 ments of the calyx acute or acuminate ; styles 1 3 ; fruit ovoid. 
 
 Road sides, &c. N. S. June. Tj Stem 4 10 feet high, much branched ; 
 the branches armed with sharp and short tapering thorns. Leaves variously 
 lobed, paler beneath. Flowers white, in corymbs. Fruit small, purple when 
 mature. Introduced from Europe. English Thorn. Hawthorn. 
 
 2. AMELANCHIER. D. C. June Berry. 
 (Amelancier is said to be the Savoy name for A. vulgaris.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals ovate-oblong or oblanceolate. Stamens 
 many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 5, somewhat 
 united at base. Pome, when mature, 3 5-celled. 
 
 1. A. Botryapium D. C. : unarmed ; leaves cordate, oval, conspicuously 
 acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature ; flowers in loose 
 racemes, appearing before the leaves ; petals linear-lanceolate, four times as 
 long as the calyx. A. Canadensis var. Botryapium Torr. < Gr. Aronia 
 Botryapium Pers. Pyrus Botryapium Linn. 
 
 Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. May. A small tree. Flowers large, 
 white. Fruit dark purple. Common June-berry. Shad-bush. 
 
 2. A. ovalis D. C. : leaves roundish-elliptic or oblong-oval, acute or acu- 
 minate, serrate, smooth when mature ; flowers in compact racemes ; petals 
 obovate, oblong. A. Canadensis var. oblongifolia and rotundifolia Torr. 
 <$ Gr. Aronia ovalis Pers. Pyrus ovalis Linn. 
 
 Near swamps. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 62. May. A small shrub. Flowers 
 in racemes. Fruit small, nearly black, eatable. Supposed by some botanists 
 to be a variety of the preceding, but I am still inclined to believe it distinct. 
 
 Medlar Bush. 
 
 3. A. sanguinea D. C. : leaves oval, obtuse at each end, mucronate, with 
 very slender serratures, subcordate at base ; racemes few-flowered ; calyx 
 smooth ; petals linear, obtuse. Pyrus sanguinea Pursh. Aronia sangui- 
 nea Nutt. 
 
 Can and Mass. W. to Columbia river. Pursh. May. A small tree with 
 blood-red branches. Berries red, eatable. Pursh. Torrey & Gray refer this 
 plant, with a mark of doubt, to their A. Canadensis ; while Nuttall, Hooker and 
 Lindley, consider it distinct. Red June-berry. 
 
 3. PYRUS. Linn. Pear. Apple. 
 (The Latin name for the pear ; said to be derived from the Celtic peren.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-lobed. Petals 
 roundish. Styles often 5, rarely 2 3. Pome closed, 5-celled, 
 with a cartilaginous putamen; cells 2-seeded. Seeds with a 
 cartilaginous covering. 
 
SANGUISORBACE^E. 105 
 
 * Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united at base. Learns simple, 
 without glands. MALUS. 
 
 1. P. coronaria Linn. : leaves broad-ovate, rounded at base, serrate, 
 somewhat angulate-lobed, smoothish ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, on 
 long peduncles ; fruit depressed, globose. Mains coronaria Mich. 
 
 In woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. A tree 15 20 feet high. Flowers large, 
 fragrant, pale rose-color. Fruit an inch and a half in diameter, pale, greenish- 
 yellow, firm and hard, very acid. Crab Apple. 
 
 2. P. angustifolia Ait. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, slightly 
 crenate-dentate or almost entire, smooth, shining above ; flowers in co- 
 rymbs ; pedicels smooth. Mains angustifolia Mich. 
 
 In woods. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. March May. A tree 15 20 feet 
 high. Leaves and/ruii smaller than in the preceding. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. 
 
 ** Petals spreading. Styles'^ 5. Leaves pinnate. SORB us. 
 
 3. P. Americana D. C. : leaves pinnate ; leafets 13 15, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, and with the common petiole at length 
 smooth ; flowers in large compound cymes ; fruit globose. Sorbus Ameri- 
 cana Pursh. 
 
 var. microcarpa Torr. fy Gr.: fruit smaller. P. microcarpa D. C. 
 Sorbus microcarpa Pursh. m 
 
 Moist woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. N. W. Coast. Var. microcarpa on 
 high mountains, Virg. and N. Car. Torr. fy Gr. May. A large shrub or small 
 tree, (sometimes in Vermont 20 30 feet high,) with the younger branches pu- 
 bescent. Flowers very numerous, white. Styles 3 5. Fruit somewhat acid, 
 bright-red when ripe, remaining on the tree during the winter. 
 
 Mountain Ash. 
 
 *** Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 5. Leaves simple, glandular 
 on the midrib above. Pome turbinale or globose. ADENORACHIS. 
 
 4. P. arbutifolia Linn. : leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, crenate-serrate, smooth above, veiny beneath, with two rows of 
 glands on the midrib ; flowers in corymbs ; fruit nearly globose. 
 
 var. 1. erythrocarpa Torr. fy Gr.: calyx peduncles and lower surface 
 of the leaves tomentose, especially when young ; fruit dark-red. P. arbu- 
 tifolia D. C. Aronia arbutifolia Nutt. 
 
 var. 2. melanocarpa Torr. <$ Gr. : calyx peduncles and leaves smooth 
 or nearly so ; fruit purplish-black. P. melanocarpa Wttld. Aronia arbu- 
 tifofia Pers. 
 
 Low woods or bogs. Can. to Geor. May, June. A shrub 2 5 feet high, 
 branching. Flowers numerous, reddish-white, in cymes or compound corymbs. 
 Fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter, dark-red or nearly black, sweetish and astrin- 
 gent. Choke-berry. 
 
 ORDER XLI. SANGUISORBACE^. SANGUISORBS. 
 
 Calyx 3 5-lobed, with a thickened tube. Petals none. 
 Stamens few or definite. Ovary solitary, simple, enclosed in 
 the tube of the calyx; stigma simple or compound. Nut 
 
 *5 
 
106 CALYCANTHACE.E. 
 
 solitary. Albumen none. Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or compound. Flowers some- 
 times polygamous or dioecious. 
 
 1. ALCHEMILLA. Linn. Ladies' Mantle. 
 
 {From the Arabic alkamdych, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical virtues.; 
 Calyx tubular ; tube somewhat contracted at the top ; limb 
 8 -parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Petals none. Stamens 
 1 4. Carpels 1 2, with a filiform capitate style on the side, 
 at length dry and 1 -seeded. 
 
 A. alpina Linn. : leaves digitate ; leafets 5 7, lanceolate-cuneate, ob- 
 tuse, serrate at the apex, white and silky beneath. 
 
 High mountains. N. H. and Ver, Pursh. June, July. Ij.. Flowers white, 
 in corymbs. Alpine Ladies' Mantle. 
 
 2. SANGUISORBA. Linn. Great Burnet. 
 
 (From the Latin sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to take up or absorb ; from the 
 supposed vulnerary properties of the plant.) 
 
 Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft, with 
 2 3 scales at base externally. Petals none. Stamens 4, op- 
 posite the calyx segments ; filaments often dilated upwards. 
 Achenium dry, included in the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. 
 
 1. S. Canadensis Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong subcor- 
 date, coarsely serrate ; spikes cylindric, long ; stamens longer than the 
 corolla. S. Canadensis a Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. Aug., Sept. %. Stem 2 4 feet high. 
 Flowers white, in crowded spikes, which are from 25 inches long, and termi- 
 nate the naked branches. White Great Burnet. 
 
 2. & media Linn. : leaves pinnate and with the bracts smooth ; leafets 
 ovate, subcordate, toothed ; spikes ovate-cylindric ; stamens scarcely longer, 
 than the corolla. & Canadensis, ft Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Wet meadows, principally on the mountains. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon 
 and N. W. Coast. Aug., Sept. r l\-. The spikes shorter than in the former, and 
 tinged with red. Pursh. Short-spiked Great Burnet. 
 
 ORDER XLII. CALYCANTHACEJE. CALYCANTHS. 
 
 Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricated, com- 
 bined in a fleshy tube. Stamens indefinite, inserted into a 
 fleshy rim at the mouth of the tube. Ovaries several, simple. 
 Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx, 1 -seeded. Albu- 
 men none. Shrubs with square stems. Leaves opposite, sim- 
 ple. Flowers axillary, solitary. 
 
ONAGRACEvE. 107 
 
 CALCYANTHUS. Linn. Allspice- Shrub. 
 
 (From the Greek xaAu, a calyx, and a/0oj, a,Jlov)er; the calyx resembling a 
 corolla.) 
 
 Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate, col- 
 ored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Stamens about 12, 
 unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. 
 
 C. IfEvigatus Willd. : lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong or 
 oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both 
 sides; branches straight, erect. C. floridus, y lavigatus. Torr. fy Gr. 
 C. ferax Mich, 
 
 Mountains. Penn.? to Geor. March June. ^ Stem 4 6 feet high. 
 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Calyx brownish pur- 
 ple. Common in gardens. Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice. 
 
 ORDER XLIII. ONAGRACE^E. ONAGRADS. 
 
 Calyx tubular ; the limb usually 4-lobed. Petals usually 4. 
 Stamens 4 or 8, inserted into the calyx. Ovary mostly 4-celled ; 
 style filiform ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit baccate or 
 capsular, many-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Herbaceous 
 plants or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers 
 axillary or terminal, of various colors. 
 
 1. EPILOBIUM. Linn. Willow Herb. 
 
 (From the Greek tin , upon, \o(3os, a pod ; the flower being at the apex of a 
 long pod.) 
 
 Calyx with a long 4-sided tube ; limb 4-parted, deciduous. 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate a little shorter. Stigma 
 clavate, or with 4 spreading or revolute lobes. Capsule linear, 
 obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
 crowned with a tuft of hairs. 
 
 \.E.spicatumLam.: stem tall, terete, smooth, branched above; leaves 
 scattered, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, veined; 
 flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike ; petals clawed, obovate ; sta- 
 mens unequal, declined. (Torr. <$ Gr.} E. anguslifolium Linn. 
 
 Swamps and moist woods. Can. to Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. 
 July. q\ .Stem 35 feet high. Floicers purple, in a terminal leafless spike or 
 raceme which is often a foot long. Spiked Willow Herb. 
 
 '2. E. coloratum Muhl. : stem terete, branched, pubescent ; leaves mostly 
 opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, petiolate, smooth, with colored veins, upper 
 ones alternate ; flowers small, axillary, near the extremity of the branches; 
 petals 2-cleft at the apex ; capsule pedicellate, slightly pubescent. E tetra- 
 gonum Pursh. not of Linn. 
 
108 ONAGRACE^E. 
 
 Wet grounds. Arct. Araer. to Geor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 7L Stem 
 1 3 feet high, much branched, often purplish. Flowers small, purplish, some- 
 times nearly white. Colored Willow Herb. 
 
 3. E. palustre Linn. : stem terete, branched, somewhat hirsute ; leaves 
 lanceolate, rather acute, attenuate at base, nearly sessile, sparingly toothed 
 or entire, the lower ones opposite; petals about twice the length of the 
 calyx ; stigma undivided ; capsule pubescent. E. rosmarifolium Pursh. 
 E sjuama'um Nutt. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. 1|-. 
 Stem 1 2 feet high, slender, at length much branched. Flowers pale purple 
 or white. Marsh Willow Herb. 
 
 4. E. tetragonum Linn. : stem 4-sided, nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, 
 lanceolate-oblong, denticulate, lower ones slightly petioled; petals emargi- 
 nate ; stigma clavate ; capsule pedicellate. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. July, '2J-. Stem 2 feet high, branched, smooth. 
 Flowsrs small, pale red, in terminal racemes. Perhaps not a native of the 
 Northern States. Square-stalked Willow Herb. 
 
 5. E. molle Torr. : densely and softly pubescent ; stem terete, erect ; 
 leaves alternate and opposite, crowded, sessile, lanceolate or oblong-linear, 
 remotely denticulate or entire ; petals deeply emarginate, twice as long as 
 the calyx ; stigma large and thick ; capsule pedicellate. E. strictum MM. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. N. Y., N. J., and Penn. Aug., Sept. Tj.. Stem 18 20 
 inches high, simple or branched above. Flowers axillary in the upper part of 
 the stem, pale purple. Soft Willow Herb. 
 
 6. E. alpmum Linn. : stem creeping at the base, usually marked with 
 2 pubescent lines; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly petioled. 
 denticulate, smooth ; stigma entire ; capsule mostly pedicellate. 
 
 Mountains. Essex county, N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, N. H. Big. N. 
 to Arct. Amer. July. %. Stem 6 10 inches high, slender, simple. Flowers 
 small, pale purple. Alpine Willow Herb. 
 
 2. GAURA. Linn. Gaura. 
 
 (From the Greek yapos, superb ; on account of its showy spikes of flowers.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base ; segments 4, re- 
 flexed ; tube deciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat 
 unequal. Stamens usually 8. Fruit 4-angled, dry and inde- 
 hiscent, by abortion mostly 1 -celled, 1 4-seeded. Seeds 
 naked. 
 
 G. biennis Linn. : stem herbaceous, erect, hairy, mostly purplish ; leaves 
 alternate, sessile, lanceolate, toothed ; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal 
 spikes ; fruit roundish, slightly 4-angled, pubescent. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (g). Stem 2 5 
 feet high. Ftowers dark rose-colored, sessile, in terminal spikes. 
 
 Biennial Gaura. 
 
 3. CENOTHERA. Linn. Evening Primrose. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek oivos, wine, and O/jpa, hunting; but the ap- 
 plication is uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg- 
 
ONAGRACE^E. 109 
 
 ments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Stamens 8. Stigma 4- 
 lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
 naked. 
 
 * Capsule elongated, 4-sided, sessile. 
 
 1. (E. biennis Linn. : stem erect, mostly simple, usually hairy; leaves 
 alternate ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute, pubescent, lower 
 ones on short petioles ; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat turgid. 
 (E. muricata Murr. (E. parviflwa Linn. (E. grandiflora Ait. 
 
 Fields. Subarct. Araer. to Flor. W. to Ark. and Oregon. June, Aug. (1) 
 and @, Stem 2 5 feet high. Flowers yellow, variable in size, in a terminal 
 leafy spike 3 12 inches long. Petals obcordate. 
 
 Common Evening Primrose. 
 
 2. (E. sinuaia Linn. : pubescent or villous ; stem ascending or decum- 
 bent ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, sinuate-toothed or pinna- 
 tifid; calyx and ovary villous; capsule cylindric or somewhat prismatic, 
 elongated. (E. minima Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. Stem 16 
 inches high, simple or branching from the base. Flowers small, axillary, sessile, 
 pale yellow. Petals obcordate. Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose. 
 
 ** Capsule obovate-clavate, angular, mostly pedicellate. 
 
 3. (E. fruticosa Linn. : hairy or nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple or 
 branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; petals 
 obcordate; capsules oblong-clavate, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 
 (E. ambigua Spreng. (E. hybrida Mich. (E. incana Nult. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. 7|.. Stem 13 feet 
 high. Leaves sessile or slightly petioled. Flowers large, pale yellow, in a pe- 
 duncled corymb. Varies much in the amount of pubescence. Sun Drop. 
 
 ' 4. (E. riparia Nutt. : slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 attenuate at base and somewhat petioled, remotely denticulate or entire ; pe- 
 tals slightly obcordate ; capsules subsessile, oblong-clavate, sometimes shorter 
 than the pedicels, slightly 4-winged, with 4 intermediate ribs. 
 
 Swamps and banks of streams. Quaker Bridge, N. J. to Flor. June, July. 
 @. Stem 2 3 feet high, often vigately branched. Leaves rather thick, some- 
 what pubescent on the midrib and margin. Flowers large, yellow, somewhat 
 produced towards the summits of the branches. Swamp Evening Primrose. 
 
 5. (E. linearis Mich. : stem erect or decumbent at base, slender and 
 often branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, remotely denticulate or 
 entire, tapering at base ; capsule clavate, turbinate or obovate, mostly pu- 
 bescent or canescent, with the alternate angles slightly winged above. 
 
 Dry sandy grounds. Montauk Point, Long Island, N. Y. (the decumbent 
 variety. Torr. fy Gr.) to Flor. and Louis. April July. 7J.. ? Stem 10 inches 
 to 2 feet high. Flowers rather large, yellow, somewhat corymbose at the ex- 
 tremity of the branches, but not in an elongated spike like those of (E. pumila. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Evening Primrose. 
 
 G. (E. chrysantha Mich. : pubescent ; stem ascending ; leaves lanceolate, 
 rather obtuse, entire or slightly toothed, the radical ones obovate-spatulate ; 
 petals broad-obovate, emarginate ; capsule clavate-oblong, pedicelled, the 
 alternate angles narrowly winged. 
 
 Rocky grounds. Hudson's Bay to near Niagara Falls. June, July. . ? 
 
110 ONAGRACE.iE. 
 
 (Torr. 4- Gfr.) ^. (Pursh.)Stem about a foot high, slender, smooth and pur- 
 plish towards the summit. Flowers small, orange-yellow, in a terminal some- 
 what crowded spike. Perhaps not distinct from the next 
 
 Orange-flowered Evening Primrose. 
 
 7. (E. pumila Linn. : minutely pubescent ; stem ascending ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, attenuate at base, entire, the 
 radical ones obovate-spatulate ; petals obcordate; capsule oblong-clavate, 
 nearly sessile, 8-angled. (E. pusilla Mich. 
 
 Dry fields. Hudson's Bay to Car. July. (g). (Torr. fy Gr.)Stem 612 
 inches high, mostly simple. Flowers small, pale yellow, in a loose elongated 
 leafy spike. Low Evening Primrose. 
 
 4. ISNARDIA. Linn. Isnardia. 
 (In honor of Antotne d'Isnard ; a French botanist.) 
 
 Tube of the calyx ovate or subcylindric, short, adhering to 
 the ovary ; limb 4-parted, persistent. Petals 4, often minute 
 or wanting. Stamens 4. Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma 
 capitate. Capsule short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 * Petals 4. T.UDWIGIA. 
 
 1 . /. alternifolia D. C. : stem erect, branched, nearly smooth ; leaves al- 
 ternate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous on the margins 
 and under side ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; lobes of the calyx large, 
 ovate, acuminate ; capsule obovoid-globose 4-cornered, the angles winged. 
 Ludwigia alternifolia Linn. Torr. fy Gr. L. macrocarpa Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. 1\..Stem 23 feet high, often purplish. 
 Flowers large, yellow, on short peduncles. Alternate-leaved Isnardia. 
 
 2. I. uniflora. : stem straight, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, 
 smooth ; flower terminal j petals longer than the calyx. Ludwigia uni- 
 flora, Raf. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. This seems to be sufficiently distinct. Dr. Torrey, how- 
 ever, suggests that it is a variety of the former. Single-flowered Isnardia. 
 
 3. 7. hirtetta : hirsute ; stem erect, scarcely-angled ; leaves alternate, 
 ovate-oblong, sessile, upper ones narrower ; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary ; 
 capsule villous, globose, 4-angled, the angles slight winged. /. hirsuta 
 Pursh. Ludwigia hirtetta Raf. 
 
 Ditches and pools. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. 1|.. Stem 12 feet high, 
 simple or sparingly branched. Flowers bright yellow, axillary. 
 
 Hairy Isnardia. 
 ** Petals very minute or none. ISNARDIA. 
 
 4. /. sphfsrocarpa D. C. : stem erect, nearly smooth, much branched ; 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly acute, attenuate at base ; flowers solitary, 
 axillary, or clustered towards the summit of the branches ; capsule turbi- 
 nate-globose, obscurely 4-sided, canescent. Ludwigia sphterocarpa Ell. 
 
 In water. Near Peekskill, N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. Q.Stem about 2 
 feet high, reddish. Flowers in somewhat compound leafy spikes. Petals none. 
 
 Round-fruited Isnardia. 
 
 5. 7. palustris Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous ; leaves opposite, 
 
HALORAGACE^E. Ill 
 
 ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, petioled, smooth ; flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary, sessile; capsule subovate, slightly angled. Ludwigia nitida Midi. 
 L. palustris Ell. 
 
 Stagnant water. Throughout the U. S. June Oct. 1\.. Stem succulent, 
 purplish. Flowers very small. Petals none. Water Purslane. 
 
 5. CIRC^EA. Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 
 (From the enchantress Circe, either from the prettiness of its flowers, or as 
 some say, from its growing in damp, shady places, where plants used for incan- 
 tations are found. Hook. Br. Fl) 
 
 Calyx short ; limb bipartite. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 
 2, alternating with the petals. Stigma emarginate. Capsule 
 obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. 
 
 1 . C. Lutetiana, var. Canadensis Linn. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves 
 ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, toothed, opaque, longer than the petiole. 
 C. Canadensis Muhl. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.. Stem a foot and 
 a half high, smooth, simple. Flowers in a long terminal raceme, reddish-white. 
 Fruit reflexed. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 
 2. C. alpina Linn. : stem ascending, nearly smooth ; leaves cordate, 
 shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones about as long as the petiole. 
 
 Moist shady places on mountains. Can. to Car. July. r l\.. Stem 3 8 inches 
 high, somewhat, diaphanous. Leaves very thin and delicate. Flowers and fruit 
 as in the preceding, but smaller. Many botanists consider the two as varieties 
 of one species. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 
 ORDER XLIV. HALORAGACE^E. HIPPURIDS. 
 
 Calyx with a minute limb. Petals 3 or 4, inserted into the 
 calyx, or none. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 
 Ovary adhering to the calyx, 1 or more celled ; style none ; 
 stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, mem- 
 branous or bony, 1 or more-celled. Seeds solitary, pendulous. 
 Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, growing in wet places, 
 with alternate, opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers sessile, 
 occasionally monoecious or dioecious. 
 
 1. PROSERPINACA. Linn. Mermaid Weed. 
 (From the Latin proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the base.) 
 
 Tube of the calyx adhering to the triquetrous ovary ; limb 3- 
 parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, sessile upon the 
 top of the ovary. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-celled. 
 
 1. P. palustris Linn. : upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate ; lower 
 ones often pinnatifid or pectinately-incised : fruit angular, acute. P. pa- 
 lustris var. a. Mich. 
 Wet places. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 7J-. Stem a foot and a half long, 
 
112 HALORAGACE^E. 
 
 the lower part usually submerged. Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes 2 4 
 together, very small, nearly sessile. Stigmas purplish. 
 
 Common Mermaid Weed. 
 
 2. P. pectinacea Lam. : leaves all pinnatifid-pectinate ; fruit large, an- 
 gular, obtuse. P. palustris var. /? Mich. 
 
 Sandy swamps. Mass, to Flor. Aug. 7J.. Distinguished from the former, 
 by having the leaves all finely pectinate and the fruit with rather obtuse in- 
 stead of acute angles. Pectinate Mermaid Weed. 
 
 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn. Water Milfoil. 
 
 (From the Greek pvptos, myriad, and <j>v\\ov, a leaf; in allusion to the minute 
 divisions of the leaf.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect. STERILE FL. Calyx 
 4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, sometimes inconspicuous or 
 wanting. Stamens 4 8. PERFECT FL. Calyx adhering to 
 the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed 
 or subglobose, 1 -seeded. 
 
 * Flowers octandrous. 
 
 1. M. spicatum Linn.: leaves verticillate, pinnately divided, segments 
 capillary ; floral leaves shorter than the flowers ; lower subserrate and 
 mostly very entire ; petals broad-ovate ; carpels smooth and even. 
 
 In water. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. 1J-. Stem slender, varying in 
 length with the depth of the water. Leaves in whorls, 35, pectinate. Flowers 
 in a terminal nearly naked spike. Spiked Water Milfoil. 
 
 2. M. verticillaium Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca- 
 pillary or setaceous segments ; floral leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, usually 
 much longer than the flowers ; petals oblong-obovate ; carpels smooth and 
 even. 
 
 In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas and Oregon. July Sept. ^.St 
 long and stouter than in the preceding. Flowers in a terminal leafy spike, 
 upper ones sometimes perfect. Whorled Water Milfoil. 
 
 ** Flowers tetrandrous. 
 
 3. M. heterophyUum Mich. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca- 
 pillary segments ; floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, crowded ; 
 petals oblong ; carpels minutely roughened, slightly 2-ridged on the back. 
 
 In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July. 1\.. Stem branching, thick. 
 Flcncers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens 4. (6, Mi- 
 chaux.) Various-leaved Water Milfoil. 
 
 4. M. ambiguum NuU. : submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; 
 the emersed ones pectinate ; floral leaves linear, tapering into a short peti< 
 ole, sparingly incised or toothed, sometimes entire ; flowers mostly perfect; 
 petals oblong; carpels smooth and even. M. capillaceum Torr. Comp. 
 M. procumbens Dig. 
 
 Ponds and ditches. Mass, to Penn. July, Aug. Ij.. Stems 2 6 inches 
 long and creeping in the mud. or when floating in water, long and slender. 
 Leaves variously divided, depending upon the place of growth. ^Flowers small, 
 purplish. Polymorphous Water Milfoil. 
 
PODOSTKMACE^. 113 
 
 5. M. teneUum nig. : stem simple, nearly leafless, erect, somewhat root- 
 ing at base ; floral leaves minute, entire ; flowers alternate ; petals linear- 
 oblong ; carpels smooth and even. 
 
 Borders of ponds. N. Eng. and N. Y. July. 7|.. Scapes several from the 
 same rhizoma, 4 12 inches high, with numerous small scales. Flowers minute, 
 purplish. Leqflless Water Milfoil. 
 
 3. HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare's-tail. 
 
 (From the Greek ifnroj, a horse, and oupa, a tail ; from a fencied resemblance 
 of the plant.) 
 
 Tube of calyx adnate to the ovary; limb minute, entire. 
 Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted into the margin of the calyx. 
 Style filiform, received into a groove of the anther. Fruit 1- 
 seeded, crowned with the margined limb of the calyx. 
 
 H. vulgaris Linn. : leaves in whorls of 8 12, linear, acute, callous at 
 the tip. 
 
 Ponds and lakes. Labrador and Subarct. Amer. to Penn. Aug. Q\.. Stem 
 12 18 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves mostly in whorls of 8. Flowers at 
 the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, sessile, minute. 
 
 Common Mare's-taU. 
 
 4. 1 CALLITRICHE. Linn. Water Starwort. 
 
 (From the Greek KaAAoj, beautiful, and Bpif, hair ; in allusion to its long and 
 slender stems.) 
 
 Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid. 
 Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. STERILE 
 FL. Stamens 1, (rarely 2,) with the filament filiform and ex- 
 serted ; anthers reniform. FERTILE FL. Ovary 4-lobed. Cap- 
 sule compressed, 4-celled, indehiscent. 
 
 C. vcrna Linn. : leaves 3-nerved ; upper ones aggregated, broader ; fruit 
 sessile, with 2 bracts at the base, each carpel bluntly keeled on the back. 
 
 var. 1. vulgaris: leaves all elongated and obovate. 
 
 var. 2. intermedia : upper leaves spatulate-obovate ; lower ones linear, 
 C. intermedia Willd. C. heterophylla Pursh. 
 
 var, 3. linearis: leaves all linear, or the upper ones linear- elliptic. 
 C. autumnalis Mich. 
 
 var. 4. terrestris : stem procumbent, rooting in the mud ; leaves Knear or 
 elliptic-oblong. C. terrestris JRaf. 
 
 Ponds and slow-flowing streams, or in muddy banks. N. S. Some varieties 
 throughout the U. S. May Aug. (I). Stems slender, varying in length with 
 the depth of the water, growing in tufts or patches. Flowers very minute, white. 
 I readily adopt the views of Darlington and Torrey in regard to this very 
 variable plant. Common Water Starwort. 
 
 ORDER XLV. PODOSTEMACE^E, PODOSTEMADS. 
 
 Flowers usually perfect, naked, bursting through an irregu- 
 larly lacerated spathe. Stamens 1, 2, or many, often monadel- 
 
L14 LYTHRACE^. 
 
 phous. Ovary 2 3-celled; styles or stigmas 2 or 3, acute and 
 sessile. Fruit capsular, slightly pedicellate. Seeds numerous, 
 minute, without albumen. Herbaceous plants, with alternate 
 leaves, which are usually cut into capillary segments. Flowers 
 minute. 
 
 POL>OSTEMUM. Mich. Podostemum. 
 
 (From the Greek TTOVS ro<5oj, a foot, and ST^JJLOV, a stamen ; the stamens being 
 supported on a common footstalk.) 
 
 Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2, affixed to a common 
 pedicel Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 valved, many-seeded. 
 
 P. ceratophyllum Mich, : leaves dichotomously many-parted ; peduncles 
 solitary, axillary. 
 
 Rocks in streams. N. Y. to Ala. July, Aug. (1). ? Stem creeping, 1 4 
 inches long, smooth, branching. Leaves alternate, crowded above. Flowers 
 axillary, on short fleshy peduncles. Horn-leaved Podostemum. 
 
 ORDER XLVI. CERATOPHYLLACE^. HORNWORTS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Calyx inferior, many-parted. STERILE 
 FL. Stamens 12 20; filaments wanting; anthers 2-celled. 
 FERTILE FL. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma filiform, oblique. Fruit 
 a beaked achenium. Seed pendulous, without albumen. 
 Floating herbs, with dichotomous cellular verticillate leaves. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn. Hornwort. 
 
 (From the Greek iccpa?, a. horn, and ^uAXor, a leaf; the dichotomous leaves 
 resembling horns.) 
 
 Character same as of the order. 
 
 C. eckinatum Gray : achenium elliptic, slightly compressed, with 3 short 
 spines ; sides strongly muricated ; margins slightly winged, not gibbous, 
 armed with blunt teeth which finally become weak spines or horns as long 
 as the lateral spines. ( Torr. <$ (?r.) C. demersum (wholly or in part) of 
 American botanists. 
 
 Ponds and slow-flowing streams. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. ^|-. Stem 
 submerged, branching, filiform, jointed. Leaves in numerous whorls of 6 8, 
 2 or 3-chotomously divided, the segments capillary. Flowers axillary, solitary, 
 sessile, very minute. Rough Hornwort. 
 
 ORDER XLVII. LYTHRACE^E. LOOSESTRTFES. 
 
 Sepals combined into a 4 7 -toothed calyx, the sinuses some- 
 times lengthened into other teeth or processes. Petals inserted 
 between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 
 
LYTHR.ACK/H. 115 
 
 as many, or 2 4 times as many as the petals, inserted into the 
 tube of the calyx. Ovary superior, 1 6- celled ; style filiform; 
 stigma usually capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the 
 calyx, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, small, without albumen. 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate, en- 
 tire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. 
 
 1. AMMANNIA. Linn. Ammannia. 
 (In honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist of the last century.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into 
 teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Stamens as many, and 
 sometimes twice as many, as the lobes of the calyx. Style 
 mostly short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose or ovate, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 1. A. ramosior Linn.: stem erect, somewhat 4-sided; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, dilated at the base; flowers axillary, sessile; the lower ones 
 compactly whorled, the tipper solitary ; petals 4, obovate-roundish ; sta- 
 mens 4. 
 
 Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. .Stem 48 
 inches high, sometimes much higher. Flowers purple, minute. There is still 
 some uncertainty in regard to this plant. Branched Ammannia. 
 
 2. A. humilis Mich. : stem procumbent at the base, square, somewhat 
 branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering at base into a short petiole ; 
 flowers sessile, solitary, axillary ; petals 4, orbiculate ; stamens 4. A. ra- 
 mosior Walt. 
 
 Damp grounds. Mass. N. Y. S. to Geor. Aug. (J). Stem 4 S inches high, 
 much more slender than in the former. Flowers small, blue. 
 
 Dwarf Ammannia. 
 
 2. LYTHRUM. Linn. Purple Loosestrife. 
 
 (From the Greek \vBpov, blood; in allusion to the color of the flower in some 
 species.) 
 
 Calyx cylindric, striate, 8 12-toothed. Petals 4 6, inserted 
 into the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many as the pe- 
 tals, sometimes fewer. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
 sule oblong, 2 -celled, many-seeded. 
 
 * Stamens mostly equal in number with the petals. Flowers solitary in 
 the axils of the leaves. 
 
 1. Li. hyssopifolia Linn. : leaves alternate or opposite, linear or oblong, 
 somewhat obtuse ; flowers subsessile, shorter than the leaves ; bracts 
 minute or none ; petals and stamens 5 6. 
 
 Low wet grounds. Mass. Conn. N. Y. July. (J). Stem 12 18 inches 
 high ; the branches square, slightly margined. Leaves pale green, rather acute 
 at the base. Flowers small, pale purple. Hyssop-leaved Purple Loosestrife. 
 
116 MELASTOMACE^E. 
 
 2. L. lineare Linn. : leaves linear, opaque, mostly opposite ; the lower 
 obtuse ; the upper narrow, acute ; flowers slightly pedicelled ; bracts minute ; 
 petals and stamens 6. 
 
 Brackish swamps. N. 3. to Flor. and Louis. July Sept. Tj.. Stem 3 4 
 feet high, slender, virgate, branched at the summit, 4-angled. Flowers small, 
 nearly white. Narrow-leaved Purple Loosestrife. 
 
 ** Stamens twice the number of the petals. Flowers numerous, somewhat 
 verticittate in an interrupted virgate spike. 
 
 3. L. Salicaria Linn. : leaves lanceolate, cordate at base ; flowers nearly 
 sessile, in a long spike ; petals 6 7. L. Salicaria var. pubescens Pursh. 
 Deck Bot. 1st. Ed. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. Maine, Mass., and N. Y. July, Aug. %. Stem 
 2 feet high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves opposite and ternate, sessile ; the 
 upper ones very small, appearing like bracts. Flowers large, purple. Intro- 
 duced ? Dr. Torrey remarks that it is apparently native in Orange county, N.Y. 
 
 Spiked Purple Loosestrife. 
 
 3. DECODON. Gmel Swamp Willow-herb. 
 
 (From the Greek <?<*?, ten, and oSovs, a tooth ; in allusion to the ten teeth of 
 the calyx.) 
 
 Calyx short, broad campanulate, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer 
 and spreading. Stamens 10, 5 very long, the alternate ones 
 shorter. Style filiform. Stigma small, undivided. Capsule cov- 
 ered with the calyx, 3 4-celled. Seeds numerous, wingless. 
 
 D. verticillatum EU. Lythrum verticillatum Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. 1\. Stem 26 feet long, 
 sometimes prostrate and rooting at the summit, smooth or pubescent. Leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, on short petioles, opposite and alternate, sometimes verticillate. 
 Flowers axillary, crowded so as to appear whorled, purplish. 
 
 Swamp Willow Herb. 
 
 4. CUPHEA. Jacq. Cuphea. 
 
 (From the Greek Kv<pdg, curved ; in reference to the form of the capsule.) 
 Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6 12-toothed, unequal. Petals 
 6 7, unequal. Stamens 11 14, rarely 6 7, unequal. Style 
 filiform. , Stigma simple or subbifid. Capsule membranaceous, 
 1 2-celled, at length bursting longitudinally. 
 
 C. viscosissima Jacq. : viscid-pubescent ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate- 
 oblong, a little rough ; flowers lateral, solitary, on short peduncles ; calyx 
 ventricose, gibbous at the base. 
 
 Gravelly places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. <^).Slem 1218 
 inches high, erect, branching. Petals unequal, narrowed to a claw at the base, 
 purple. Stamens 12. Viscid Cuphea. 
 
 ORDER XLYIII. MELASTOMACE^E. MELASTOMADS. 
 
 Calyx divided into 4, 5, or 6 lobes, cohering more or less 
 with the angles of the ovary. Petals as many as the segments 
 
CUCURBITACE^E. 117 
 
 of the calyx, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens as many or 
 twice as many as the petals ; anthers long. Ovary 3 6 -celled ; 
 style 1 ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds very 
 numerous, without albumen. Herbs, trees or shrubs, with op- 
 posite mostly entire leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or cy- 
 mose. 
 
 RHEXIA. Linn. Rhexia. 
 (A Greek name said to have been originally applied to a different plant.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovate at base, narrowed at the 
 apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers 8, at- 
 tached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free in 
 the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds cochleate. 
 
 1. R. Mariana Linn.: very hairy ; leaves linear-ohlong or lanceolate, 
 acute at each end, sparingly hispid on both sides, ciliate-serrulate ; calyx 
 hispid. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. 7J.. Stem I 2 feet 
 high, slender. Petals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, purple. 
 
 Maryland Rhexia. 
 
 2. R. ciliosa Mich : stem nearly square, smooth; leaves broad-ovate, 
 subpetiolate, serrulate, ciliate, 3-nerved, smooth beneath, slightly hispid 
 above ; flowers with an involucre ; calyx smooth. R. petiolata Walt. 
 
 Moist pine barrens. Del. to Flor. July. T| Stem 1218 inches high. 
 Flowers in a loose diohotomous panicle, large, purple, with an involucre of 
 leaves at the base of each. Fringed Rhexia. 
 
 3. R. Virginica Linn. : stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy, 
 square ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, serrate, sprinkled with 
 hairs on both sides ; calyx hispid. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mas*, and N. Y. to Louis, and Ark. July Sept. f l\.. 
 Stem a foot high, often dichotomously branched above. Leaves 5 7-nerved, 
 almost naked beneath. Flowers large, purple, in a dichotomous corymb. 
 
 Deer Grass. 
 
 ORDER XLIX. CUCURBITACE^E. CUCURBITS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed, some- 
 times obsolete. Corolla 5 -parted, scarcely distinguishable from 
 the calyx, with strongly marked reticulated veins. Stamens 5, 
 distinct, or cohering in 2 or 3 parcels ; anthers sinuous. Ovary 
 adherent, 1 -celled ; style short ; stigma very thick, velvety or 
 fringed. Fruit more or less succulent (a pepo). Seeds flat, 
 often arillate, without albumen. Succulent herbaceous plants, 
 climbing by tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined. 
 Flowers axillary. 
 
118 CUCURBITACE^E. 
 
 1. SICYOS. Linn Single-seeded Cucumber. 
 (From the Greek CIKVOS, cucumber.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious. STERILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed; teeth 
 subulate or minute. Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length 
 separating into three parcels. FERTILE FL. Calyx constricted 
 above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla campanulate. Style 
 rather slender. Stigmas 3, thick, obtuse, spreading. Fruit 
 ovate, spiny or hispid, 1 -seeded. 
 
 (S 1 . angulatus Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, 5-angled, toothed, sca- 
 brous ; lobes acuminate ; tendrils umbellate ; sterile flowers corymbose- 
 capitate, with the common peduncle long ; fertile ones sessile on a much 
 shorter peduncle. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. (J). A procumbent 
 vine, climbing by 3 5-cleft tendrils. Flowers greenish-white, the fertile nol half 
 the size of the sterile ones. Fruit small, ovate, prickly. 
 
 Common Single-seeded Cucumber. 
 
 2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. fy Or. Wild Balsam Apple. 
 
 (From the Greek sx tv Si prickly, and KVSTIS a bladder; in allusion to the ap- 
 pearance of the fruit.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish ; segments 6, filiform- 
 subulate. Corolla 6 -parted, rotate, campanulate. STERILE FL. 
 Calyx slightly contracted above the ovary. Stamens 3, dia- 
 delphous, short. FERTILE FL. Abortive filaments 3, very 
 small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas 2, broadly ob- 
 cordate. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly- echinate, 2-celled, 4- 
 seeded. 
 
 E. lobata Torr. <$ Gr. : Momordica echinata Muhl. Sicyos angulata 
 Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (). 
 Stem smooth, 10 15 feet long, climbing. Leaves large, nearly smooth, with 5 
 deep acuminate sharply denticulate lobee. Flowers white ; the sterile in long 
 compound racemes ; the fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together. Fruit about as large 
 as a pigeon's egg, covered with short bristly spines. Wild Balsam Apple. 
 
 3. MELOTHRIA. Linn. Creeping Cucumber. 
 Flowers polygamous or monoecious. STERILE FL. Calyx 
 3 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate. Filaments 5, in 3 sets. 
 FERTILE FL. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile. Style 1. 
 Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 M. pendula Linn. : leaves somewhat reniform, lobed and angled, slightly 
 hispid fruit oval, smooth, pendulous. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Ala. and Lotus. June. (J). A slender vine 
 running over small shrubs and herbs. Stem hairy. Leaves on petioles. Ten- 
 
PORTULACACE^I. 1 19 
 
 drils 5-6 inches long. Flowers axillary, yellow, the sterile in small racemes, 
 the fertile solitary. Small Creeping Cucumber. 
 
 ORDER L. PASSIFLORACEJ3. PASSIONWORTS. 
 
 Sepals 5, combined in a tube of variable length which is 
 lined by filamentous processes. Petals 5, arising from the 
 throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5, monadel- 
 phous, rarely indefinite. Ovary seated on a long stalk, 1 -celled ; 
 styles 3> clavate ; stigma dilated. Fruit with 3 polyspermous 
 placentae, sometimes 3-valved. Seeds with a brittle sculptured 
 testa ; albumen fleshy. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, usually 
 climbing. Leaves alternate, with leafy stipules. Flowers ax- 
 illary or terminal. 
 
 PASSIFLORA. Linn. Passion Flower. 
 (Altered by Linnaeus from flos passionis, or passion flower. \ 
 Calyx 5 -parted, colored, with the tube very short. Petals 
 5, inserted into the calyx, or none. Stamens 5, monad elphous. 
 Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub- 
 membranaceous, pedicelled. 
 
 1. P. lutea Linn.: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, nearly smooth; peti- 
 oles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much longer than 
 the calyx. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. %. Stem climb- 
 ing, slender, 310 feet long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Fruit dark pur- 
 ple. Yellow Passion Flower. 
 
 2. P. incarnata Linn. : leaves smooth, subcuneate at base, 5-nerved, 
 deeply 3-cleft ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate ; petioles with 2 
 glands; involucre 3-leaved; leafets lanceolate, glandular-serrate; ovary 
 villous. 
 
 Banks of streams. Del. to Flor. W. to Mies. Sept. 1|.. Stem long, climb- 
 ing. Flowers large, on long pedicels. Petals oval-oblong, white. Crown pur- 
 ple. Fruit oval, pale yellow when ripe, eatable. 
 
 Flesh-colored Passion Flower. 
 
 ORDER LI. PORTULACACE^E. PURSLANES. 
 
 Sepals 3, cohering by the base. Petals generally 5. Sta- 
 mens inserted irregularly into the calyx or hypogynous, varia- 
 ble in number. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 or more ; stigmas 
 several. Capsule 1 -celled. Seeds attached to a central pla- 
 centa ; albumen mealy. Succulent shrubs or herbs. Leaves 
 mostly alternate, with stipules. Flowers usually ephemeral. 
 
120 PORTUL-ACACE^S. 
 
 1. PORTULACA. Linn. Purslane. 
 (Origin uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at 
 base and deciduous. Petals 4 6, inserted on the calyx, equal. 
 Stamens 8 20. Style 3 6-cleft at the apex, or parted. Cap- 
 sule subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly. 
 
 jP. oleracea Linn. : leaves cuneiform, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ; axils gen- 
 iculate, naked ; flowers sessile. 
 
 Near gardens, &c. N. S. May Aug. (T). Stem fleshy, spreading on the 
 ground, with the summit a little assurgent. Flowers in clusters, axillary and 
 terminal, small, pale yellow. Introduced. According to Mr. Nuttall it is indi- 
 genous on the plains of the Missouri. Common Purslane. 
 
 2. TALINUM. Sims. Talinum. 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek 0aXXw, to be green.) 
 
 Calyx of 2 ovate deciduous sepals. Petals 5, distinct, or 
 somewhat connected at base. Stamens 10 20. Style filiform, 
 cleft at the apex. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 T. teretifolium Pursh. : leaves terete, subulate, fleshy ; peduncles elon- 
 gated, naked ; cyme terminal, somewhat dichotomous and corymbose. 
 
 Rocks. Penn. to N. Car. W. to Ark. and Texas. June Aug. 1\..Root a 
 few coarse fibres from a short, thick and fleshy rhizoma. Stems 1 4 inches 
 long, often branched. Peduncles 3 8 inches high. Bracts small, scarious, 
 produced at base. Petals bright purple, expanding only for a day. See a de- 
 tailed description of this plant in Darlington's Flora Cestrica. 
 
 Cylindrical-leaved Talinum. 
 
 3. CLAYTONIA. Linn. Spring Beauty. 
 (In honor of John Clayton, one of the earlier Virginian botanists.) 
 
 Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5, 
 obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 
 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3 5 -seeded. 
 
 1 . C. Virginica Linn. : leaves mostly 2, linear-lanceolate, elongated and 
 attenuated into a petiole below ; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated ; 
 pedicels slender, nodding ; petals usually emarginate. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. March -May. 7J.. Scape 6 10 inches long, 
 weak, erect or subprocumbent. Flowers about 6 12, in a loose simple raceme. 
 Petals rose-red, with deeper veins, three times as long as the sepals. 
 
 Narrovj-leaved Spring Beauty. 
 
 2. C. Caroliniana Mich. : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat 
 spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into a petiole ; pedicels slender, nodding ; 
 sepals and petals very obtuse. C. Virginica var. latifoUa Torr. Fl. C. 
 spathulcefolia Nutt. 
 
 Woods and hilly places. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 
 
CRASSULACE^E. 121 
 
 May. 1|-. Stem 4 8 inches high. Cauline leaves sometimes oval. Sepals 
 roundish-ovate. Petals pale rose-color, entire or slightly emarginate. Smaller 
 than the preceding. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty. 
 
 ORDER LII. SCLERANTHACE^E. KNAWELS. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, with a stiff tube. Stamens 1 10, in- 
 serted into the orifice of the tube. Ovary simple, superior, 1- 
 seeded ; styles 1 or 2, emarginate at the apex. Fiuit a mem- 
 branous utricle, enclosed within the hardened calyx. Seed 
 pendulous ; albumen mealy. Small diffusely branched plants. 
 Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers small. 
 
 SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Knawel. 
 
 (From the Greek oxATjpoj, hard, and av9os t a. flower ; in allusion to the indu- 
 rated nature of the floral covering.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Petals none. Sta- 
 mens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2. Capsule very smooth, with- 
 out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx. 
 
 S 1 . annuus Linn. : stems spreading, slightly pubescent ; flowers decan- 
 drous; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. S. July. (J). Stems numerous, much branched in a di- 
 chotomous manner, forming tufts 3 6 inches in diameter. Leaves linear-sub- 
 ulate, scarious and dilated at base. Flowers very small, green, in axillary leafy 
 clusters. Introduced ? Annual Knawel. 
 
 ORDER LIII. CRASSULACEJ3. HOUSE-LEEKS. 
 
 Sepals 3 20, more or less united at the base. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, distinct or cohering. Stamens as many or 
 twice as many as the petals. Pistils always equal in number 
 to the sepals, distinct or partly united. Carpels follicular, usu- 
 ally several-seeded. Succulent herbs or shrubs, with simple 
 leaves and the flowers usually in cymes. 
 
 1. TILL^EA. Ltnn. Tillaea. 
 
 (In honor of Mich. Aug. Tilli ; an Italian botanist, who died in 1740.) 
 Sepals 3 4, united at base. Petals 3 4, oblong, acuminate. 
 Stamens 3 4. Carpels 3 4, distinct, opening by the inner 
 suture, many-seeded. 
 
 T. simplex Nutt. : stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting ; 
 the branches ascending ; leaves linear-oblong, connate, rather obtuse ; 
 flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; petals twice as long as the sepals. 
 
 Muddy banks of streams. N. Y. Conn, and Penn. July, Aug. (I). Stems 
 13 inches loner. Leaves &3 lines long, spreading. Flow, very minute, 
 white. Carped 8 10-seeded. Pigmy Weed 
 
 6 
 
122 TETRAGONIACE^:. 
 
 2. SEDUM. Linn. Stonecrop. 
 
 (From the Latin sedo, to sit ; in allusion to the humble growth of these plants 
 on their native rocks.) 
 
 Sepals usually 5, more or less united at base, ovate, often 
 turgid and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Stamens twice 
 the number of the petals. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a 
 nectariferous scale at the base of each. 
 
 1. *S. ternatum Mich. : stem creeping, a little scabrous ; leaves flat; the 
 lower ones spatulate-obovate, ternately verticillate ; the upper ones lance- 
 oblong, scattered ; cymes mostly 3-spiked ; terminal flowers decandrous, 
 the rest octandrous. S. portulacoides Muhl. 
 
 Rocks. Can. to Geor. May. r l\.. Stem 4 6 inches long. Leaves from 
 half au inch to an inch long. Flowers white, sessile. 
 
 Purslane-leaved Stonecrop. 
 
 2. S. telcphiaidcs Mich. : stem erect ; leaves ovate or oval, flat, acute at 
 each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fleshy ; corymb fasciculate, 
 many-flowered. 
 
 Rocks. N. Y. to Car. July. 1}.. Stem branching, about a foot high, leafy. 
 Flowers in crowded compound corymbs with leafy bracts interspersed, pale 
 purple. American Orpine. 
 
 3. S. Telephium Linn. : stem erect ; leaves flat, oblong and oval, atten- 
 uate at the base, toothed, smooth ; corymbs leafy ; stamens shorter than the 
 corolla. 
 
 Rocks and fields. Catskill Mountains ; Orville, Onondaga county, N. Y. 
 Torr. July. 1J-. Stem 1 2 feet high. Leaves broad. Flowers purple. In- 
 troduced from Europe. Common Orpine. Live-forever. 
 
 3. PENTHORUM. Linn. Penthorum. 
 
 (From the Greek Bfj/re, /be. and opos, a border ; in allusion to the five-beaked 
 capsule.) 
 
 Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 10. 
 Carpels 5, united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule ; 
 cells opening transversely on the inner side of the beaks. Seeds 
 numerous, minute. 
 
 P. sedoides. Linn. : stem branched, angular above ; leaves alternate, lan- 
 ceolate, subsessile, unequally serrate ; flowers in terminal one-sided spikes 
 or racemes ; seeds numerous, elliptic. 
 
 Overflowed grounds. Can. to Geor. and Louis. July, Aug. 1|-. Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Flotvers pale greenish-yellow. 
 
 Sedum-kaved Penthorum. 
 
 ORDER LJV. TETRAGONIACEJE. AIZOONS. 
 
 Calyx 3 5 -cleft, free or partially adherent to the ovary. 
 Corolla none. Stamens definite. Ovary 2 9-celled ; styles 
 as many a.s the cells, distinct. Fruit either an indehiscent 
 
CACTACE^E. 123 
 
 tough-shelled nut, or a capsule splitting all round. Seeds with 
 mealy albumen. Succulent herbs or rarely small shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers small, axillary. 
 
 SESUVIUM. Linn. Sesuvium. 
 (From <7ijco<;, a bird's nest ; which the capsule resembles when open.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted, persistent; lobes colored within. Stamens 
 15 30, inserted at the top of the short calycine tube. Styles 
 3 5. Capsule 3- rarely 4 5-celled, opening circularly, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 S. Portalacastruiii Linn. : leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, flat ; flow- 
 ers pedicelled or subsessile. 
 
 Sandy beaches. N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. June Sept. %. Stem succu- 
 lent. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, reddish. " Varies 
 with flowers upon long pedicels, S. pedunculatum Pers. and with the flowers 
 subsessile, S. sessile Pers" D. C. Purslane-leaved Sesuvium. 
 
 ORDER LV. CACTACEJ5. INDIAN FIGS. 
 
 Sepals numerous, usually indefinite and confounded with the 
 numerous petals. Stamens indefinite ; filaments long, filiform. 
 Ovary fleshy, 1 -celled ; style filiform ; stigmas numerous. Fruit 
 a berry, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Seeds without albumen. 
 Succulent shrubs, very variable in form. Leaves mostly want- 
 ing ; when present fleshy, smooth, and entire or spine-like. 
 Flowers usually showy, sessile. 
 
 OPUNTIA. Tourn. Indian Fig. 
 (A name given to this plant by Theophrastus.) 
 
 Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones flat, 
 short ; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous ; tube above 
 the ovary none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. 
 Style cylindric, contracted at base. Stigmas many, erect, thick. 
 Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing 
 spines. 
 
 O. vulgaris D. C. : stems erect or procumbent, destitute of proper leaves, 
 articulately proliferous ; joints compressed, ovate ; spines setaceous ; flow- 
 ers sessile on the margin of the joints. Cactus Opuntia Linn. 
 
 Dry rocks and sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. 1\. 
 Flowers large, yellow. Fruit obovate, umbilicate, nearly smooth, eatable. 
 Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp. 
 
 Common Indian Fig or Prickly Pear. 
 
124 GROSSULAR1ACE/E. 
 
 ORDER LYI. GBQSSULARIACE^E. CURRANTWORTS. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4 5-parted, sometimes col- 
 ored. Petals 4 5, minute, inserted into the throat of the 
 calyx. Stamens 4 5, inserted alternately with the petals, 
 very short. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 2 4 cleft. Fruit a berry, 
 crowned with the withered flower, 1 -celled. Seeds numerous, 
 suspended among the pulps by long filiform cords ; albumen 
 corneous. Shrubs, either spiny or unarmed. Leaves alternate, 
 lobed. Flowers mostly in racemes. 
 
 RIBES. Linn. Currant and Gosseberry. 
 
 (An Arabic name, said to have been originally applied to a species of rhubarb, 
 Rheum Ribes.) 
 
 Character same as that of the order. 
 
 * Stem unarmed ; flowers in racemes. RIBESIA. 
 
 1. R. rubrum Linn. : leaves subcordate, obtusely 3 5-lobed, pubescent 
 beneath when young, mucronate-serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments round- 
 ish ; petals truncate ; fruit smooth, globose. R. albinervium Mich. 
 
 Woods and swamps, (on mountains?) N. Y. ? Ver. W. to the St. Croix 
 river. Can. to the mouth of Mackenzie river. April, May. ?<;. Flowers in 
 pendulous racemes, small, greenish-yellow. Berries red. Red Currant. 
 
 2. R. prostratum L'Her. : stem reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply 
 cordate, smooth, 5 7-lobed; the lobes somewhat ovate, acute, coarsely 
 serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments obovate ; petals spatulate, small ; fruit 
 glandular-hispid, globose. R. glandulosum Ait. R. rigens and R. trifidum 
 Mich, (according to Torr. <$ C?r.) 
 
 Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, 
 June. \i. Stems 1 3 feet long, procumbent, with erect branches. Racemes 
 few-flowered, erect, at length pendulous. Petals purplish. Berries red, rather 
 large, not well flavored. The plant has a disagreeable odor. Fetid Currant. 
 
 3. R. floridum L'Her, : leaves on long petioles, punctate on both sides, 
 sharply 3 5-lobed, subcordate ; the lobes acute, doubly serrate ; racemes 
 pendulous!! pubescent ; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubu- 
 lar-campanulate, the segments oblong-spatulate ; fruit ovoid-globose, smooth 
 R. recurvatum Mich. R. Pennsylvanicum Lam. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. and Ken. April, May. 7J.. 
 Stem 3 4 feet high. Flowers yellowish-green, rather large. Berries black and 
 insipid. Wild Black Currant. 
 
 ** Stem usually armed with subaxillary spines, often prickly. GROSSULARIA. 
 
 4. R. Cynosbati Linn. : stem unarmed or prickly ; subaxillary spines 
 1 3; leaves cordate, roundish, pubescent, with 35 incisely-toothed lobes- 
 peduncles long, 2 3-flowered; tube of the calyx broad-campnnulate, slightly 
 contracted at the mouth ; fruit prickly, rarely smooth. 
 
SAXIFRAGACE^E. 125 
 
 Woods and mountains. Hudson's Bay to Penn. W. to Ken. and the Rocky 
 Mountains. May, June. '4- Stem 2 3 feet high, branching, the lower part 
 often prickly. Flowers in pendulous racemes, greenish- white. Berries brown- 
 ish when ripe, usually covered with strong prickles, but sometimes smooth. 
 
 Prickly Gooseberry. 
 
 5. R. hirteUum Mich. : stem prickly or naked ; subaxillary spines mostly 
 solitary and very short ; leaves roundish, cordate, 3 5-lobed, toothed, pu- 
 bescent beneath ; peduncles very short, deflexed, 1 2 flowered ; calyx-tube 
 campanulate, the segments twice as long as the petals; fruit smooth. 
 R. triflorum Big. 
 
 Rocky places. Hudson's Bay to Mass. Alleghany Mountains. Pursh. W. 
 to Lake Superior. May, June, fy -Leaves small. Flowers in pendulous ra- 
 cemes, greenish-white. Berries bluish-purple. (Torr. fy 6fr.) 
 
 Rough Gooseberry. 
 
 6. R. rotundifolium Mich. : stem not prickly ; subaxillary spines short, 
 mostly solitary ; leaves roundish, 3 5-lobed, incisely toothed, nearly 
 smooth ; peduncles slender, 1 2-flowered, smooth ; calyx cylindrical and 
 narrow ; petals broad-spatulate, clawed ; fruit small, smooth. R. triflorum 
 Willd. R. gracile Pursh. hot of Mich. 
 
 Mountains, woods. Mass. N. Y. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
 !TI . Stem 24 feet high, with recurved branches, sometimes without spines. 
 Flowers greenish, with a tinge of purple. Berries about as large as the black 
 currant, purple when ripe, finely-flavored. Round-leaved Gooseberry. 
 
 7. R. lacustre Pursh. : stem hispid-prickly ; subaxillary spines weak ; 
 leaves cordate, 3 5-parted, the lobes deeply incised ; racemes 5 9-flow- 
 ered, loose ; calyx rotate ; fruit small, hispid. R. oxycanthoides var. lacustre 
 Pers. R. oxycanthoides Mich. 
 
 Mountain swamps. N. H. Mass. N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. May, 
 June. \2. Stem 3 4 feet high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, on pubescent 
 peduncles. Berries dark purple, unpleasant to the taste. Swamp Gooseberry. 
 
 ORDER LYII. SAXIFRAGACE^E. SAXIFRAGES. 
 
 Calyx either superior or inferior, 4 5-cleft. Petals 5, or 
 none. Stamens 5 10, inserted either into the calyx or be- 
 neath the ovary. Disk either hypogynous or perigynous. 
 Ovary 1 or 2 -celled ; styles none ; stigmas sessile on the tips 
 of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry, with nu- 
 merous minute seeds. Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 
 Flower stems simple, often naked. 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA. Linn. Saxifrage. 
 
 (From the Latin, saxum, a stone, a.ndfrango, to break ; in allusion to the roots 
 penetrating the crevices of rocks and stones.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Sta- 
 mens 10. Capsule with 2-beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- 
 bag between the beaks. 
 
 1. &. Virginiensis Mich. : pubescent ; scape mostly naked, corymbose- 
 
126 SAXIFRAGACE.E. 
 
 paniculate above; more or less spatulate-obovate, often obtuse, crenate- 
 dentate, tapering at the base into a broad petiole ; flowers subsessile ; 
 petals oval, twice as long as the calyx ; capsule half inferior. S. vernalis 
 nix. S. nivalis MuM. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. April June. 1J- Scape 412 
 inches high. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flowers in rather dense ter- 
 minal cymose clusters, white, with a tinge of purple. Virginian Saxifrage. 
 
 2. S. Pcnnsylvaiiica Linn. : pubescent ; scape naked ; leaves oblan- 
 ceolate or oval, attenuate into a long naked petiole, acute, obsoletely den- 
 ticulate ; cymes in a large oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals lance- 
 linear, a little longer than the calyx ; capsule superior. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May, June. 11. Scape 12, 
 sometimes 3 4, feet high. Leaves all radical, 4 8 inches long. Flowers small, 
 greenish-yellow. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage. 
 
 3. S. Walkana Torr. $ Gr. : leaves all radical, membranaceous, ob- 
 long, tapering at base into a short winged petiole, sinuate-toothed, ciliate ; 
 branches of the panicle loosely flowered, from the axils of leaf-like bracts ; 
 sepals nearly distinct, ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, reflexed, free from the ovary, 
 about as long as the oval obtuse petals. 
 
 On a. mountain near Bethlehem, Penn. Mr. WoUe. Root fibrous. Scape 
 rather slender. 12 18 inches high. Petals small, white, with a yellowish spot 
 near the base. Resembles S. Pennsylvania in habit, but differs in its flowers. 
 
 Woolle's Saxifrage. 
 
 4. . rividaris Linn. : small ; stem weak, ascending, 3 5-flowered ; rad- 
 ical leaves somewhat reniform, crenately lobed, with the petioles dilated at 
 base ; cauline ones lanceolate, nearly entire ; petals ovate, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx ; capsule thick, exceeding the calyx and crowned by the 
 short divergent styles. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. OaJ:es. N. to Labrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 ff). Stem about 2 inches high. Flowers white, bracteate. 
 
 L" Alpine-brook Saxifrage. 
 
 f>. SV aizoides Linn. : stems cespitose, leafy ; leaves linear, more or less 
 ciliate, slightly mucronate, thick ; flowers panicled or sometimes solitary ; 
 sepals ovate-oblong, nearly as long as the oblong petals ; stigma depressed ; 
 capsule thick, as long as the styles. 
 
 Wet rocks. Annsville, Oneicla co. N. Y. ; the only locality in the U. S. Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl. N. to J-^ibrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains. Jun?. 9|. Stems 
 numerous, 2-^-4 inches long, spreading. Leaves crowded at the base, scattered 
 above. Flowers in a loose panicle, yellow. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. 
 
 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn. Golden Saxifrage. 
 
 (From the Greek ^pvo-of, gold^ and /irAqi-, spleen ; in allusion to the supposed 
 medicinal virtues of the genus.) 
 
 Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4 5 obtuse lobes. 
 Petal* none. Stamens S 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 
 2 4-valved, at length 1 -celled, many-seeded. 
 
 C.Americanum Schw. : stem decumbent, dichotomously branched ; leaves 
 opposite, upper ones often alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly rrenate-lobed : 
 flowers diehotomal. distant, sessile. C. oppimiifolvum Mich, not of Linn. 
 
SAXIFRAGACE^K. 127 
 
 Springs and brooks. Can. to Car. April, May. "L[. Plant succulent, creep* 
 ing, with small sessile flowers. Calyx usually 4- cleft. Stamens mostly 8. Seeds 
 hispid, reddish-brown. Hooker, Darlington, Torrey and Gray, consider our 
 plant different from C. opposili folium of Europe. 
 
 American Golden Saxifrage. 
 
 3. MITELLA. Linn. Bishop's-Cap. 
 
 (A diminutive of the Latin nritra. a mitre or cop ; in allusion to the form of 
 the capsule.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, 
 laciniate or toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 2, united. Stigmas 
 scarcely distinct. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-yalved; valves equal. 
 Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. M. diphylla Linn. : radical leaves cordate-lobed, toothed and ciliatc; 
 cauline ones 2, opposite, smaller ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals 
 toothed-pin natifid ; calyx and capsule at length membranaceous. 
 
 On wet. rocks. Can. and N. S. W. to Mich, and Ken. April, May. '2J.. 
 Stem 8 10 inches high. Radical leaves on long petioles ; cauline one ssessile, 
 Flowers small, white. Two-leaved Bishop' s-cap. 
 
 2. M. cordifolia Linn. : radical leaves cordate, sub-3-lobed, doubly cre- 
 nate ; scape naked or with a single leaf, scaly at base ; petals fimbriate- 
 pinnatifid. M. nuda Linn. Torr. <$ Gr. M. reniformis Lam. 
 
 Moist rocks. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. 
 Scape 6 8 inches high, sometimes prostrate with creeping suckers. Radical 
 leaves on long petioles ; cauline one much smaller and sessile. Flowers few, 
 greenish-white, in a terminal spike. Heart-leaved Bishop's-cap. 
 
 4. TIARELLA. Linn. Mitrewort. 
 
 (A diminutive of the Latin tiara, a head-dress ; in allusion to the form of the 
 capsule.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5, 
 inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved ; valves unequal. 
 Seeds few, near the base of the capsule. 
 
 T. cordifolia Linn. : scape naked ; leaves cordate, acutely lobed, un- 
 equally dentate with mucronate teeth ; petals with long claws. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. April, May. 1\.. Scape 8 10 inches high, 
 sending out stolons after flowering. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers 
 white, in a simple terminal raceme. Heart-leaved Mitrewort. 
 
 5. HEUCHERA. Linn. Heuchera. 
 (In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft. 
 Petals 5, small, entire. Stamens 5, inserted alternately with the 
 petals into the throat of the calyx. Styles 2. Capsule with 
 2 beaks, 1 -celled, many-seeded. 
 
HYDRANGEACE^:. 
 
 1. H. Americana Linn.: scabrous-puberulent and somewhat viscid ; scape 
 mostly naked ; leaves roundish-cordate, with short and rounded dentate- 
 mucronate lobes ; flowers in a loose terminal panicle ; petals spatulate, 
 about as long as the calyx ; stamens at length much exserted. H. cortusa 
 Mich. H. viscida Pursk. 
 
 Shady rocks. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %. Scape 23 
 feet high. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, purplish, in a long simple 
 panicle. The root is astringent. American Heuchera. Alum Root. 
 
 2. H. pubescens Pursk. : scape naked, pulverulent-pubescent, nearly 
 smooth below ; leaves orbicular-cordate, smoothish, obtusely lobed ; the 
 lobes crenulate with short slightly mucronate teeth ; flowers in a somewhat 
 thyrsoid panicle ; petals spatulate, longer than the included stamens. 
 
 Mountains and hills. Penn. Md. "Virg. Ky. May, June. %. Scape about 
 a foot high, slender. Flowers nearly half an inch in length. . Calyx segments 
 greenish-white, unequal. Petals violet-purple, veiny. Pubescent Heuchera. 
 
 ORDER LVIIL -ESCALLONIACE^E. ESCALLONIADS. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx. 
 Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2 5-celled, with 
 a large polyspermous placenta in the axis ; style simple ; stigma 
 2 5-lobed. Fruit capsular or baccate, surmounted by the 
 persistent style and calyx. Seeds very numerous and minute ; 
 albumen oily. Shrubs, with alternate toothed leaves and con- 
 spicuous flowers. 
 
 ITEA. Linn.ltea. 
 
 (From the Greek treat, n willow ; probably on account of the rapidity of its 
 growth.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; the teeth subulate. Petals 
 5, lanceolate-linear, 1 -nerved. Stamens 5, shorter than the pe- 
 tals. Style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted 
 from the base to the apex. 
 
 7. Virginica Linn. 
 
 Borders of 'swamps. N. J. and Penn. to Flor. and Louis. May, June, fy . 
 Stem 4 8 feet high. Leaves alternate, oblong or oval, acuminate, serrulate, 
 pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in simple terminal racemes. 
 
 Virginian. Itea. 
 
 ORDER LIX. HYDRANGEACE^E. HYDRANGEADS, 
 
 Calyx 4 6-toothed, adhering more or less to the ovary. 
 Petals 4 6, inserted on the calyx, deciduous. Stamens 8 12 
 in 2 rows, or many and distinct. Ovary of 2 5 carpels, ad- 
 hering by their sides ; styles as many as the carpels, distinct, 
 with simple reniform stigmas. Fruit a capsule crowned by 
 
UMBELLIFEKvE. 129 
 
 the permanent diverging styles. Seeds minute, usually in- 
 definite ; albumen fleshy. Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves. 
 Flowers usually in cymes. 
 
 HYDRANGEA. Linn. Hydrangea. 
 
 (From the Greek v&up water, and ayysiov, a vase ; in allusion to the form of the 
 capsule.) 
 
 Marginal flowers usually sterile. STERILE FL. Calyx mem- 
 branaceous, colored, veiny, 4 5-parted. Petals, stamens, and 
 pistils rudimentary or none. FERTILE FL. Calyx hemispheric, 
 adnate to the ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen between the 
 styles. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. H. arborescens Linn. : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, obtuse 
 or subcordate at base, toothed, smoothish; flowers in fastigiate cymes. 
 H. vulgar is Mich. 
 
 Sandy banks. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. ^ -Stem 4S feet high. 
 Leaves large, the veins pubescent Flowers white or yellowish- white, varying 
 from all fertile to all sterile and radiate. Tree Hydrangea. 
 
 2. H. radiata Walt. : leaves ovate, mostly cordate, acuminate, serrate, 
 white tomentose beneath ; flowers in fastigiate cymes, some of the marginal 
 ones radiate and sterile. H. nivea Mick. 
 
 Penn. to Geor. Muhl. Tenn. May, June, fy. Stem 6 8 feet high. Flowers 
 large, white, very ornamental. Changes by cultivation. Rayed Hydrangea. 
 
 ORDER LX. UMBELLIFER^E. UMBELLIFERS. 
 
 Calyx entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually inflexed at the 
 point. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary inferior, 
 2-celled ; styles 2, distinct ; stigmas simple. Fruit consisting 
 of two carpels, which are attached to a common axis by their 
 face (the commissure) from which they separate when ripe ; 
 each carpel traversed by several ribs or wings ; in the inter- 
 vening spaces (intervals) are often lodged longitudinal channels 
 or receptacles (vitta), containing colored oily matter. Seeds 
 usually adhering to the carpel; albumen copious, horny. 
 Herbaceous plants with hollow stems. Leaves mostly com 
 pound and sheathing at base. Flowers in umbels. 
 
 SUBORDER I. 
 
 Albumen flat or flattish on the face. 
 6* 
 
130 CMBELLIFERJE. 
 
 * Umbels simple or imperfectly compound. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE. Linn. Marsh Pennywort. 
 
 (From the Greek i : <5u>p, water, and KorvAiy, a, cup; perhaps in allusion to the 
 form of the leaves of some species.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube subcompressed and the margin of the 
 limb obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with apex straight. 
 Fruit laterally compressed ; ribs 5, filiform, the middle and 
 lateral ones often obsolete. Involucre few-leaved. Flowers 
 white. 
 
 1. H. interrupts MM,.: stem filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints, 
 smooth; leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 11-nerved; flowers 5 8 
 in axillary umbellate heads. H. vulgaris Mich.. 
 
 Wet places. Can. to Geor. Pursh. June Aug. 7|.. Flowers minute, white, 
 on very short pedicels ; peduncles longer than the petioles. 
 
 Interrupted Marsh Pennywort. 
 
 2. H. umbeUata Linn. : stem glabrous, rooting at the joints ; leaves pel- 
 tate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 11 12-nerved, emarginate at the base; 
 umbels 20 30-flowered ; flowers distinct, pedicellate. 
 
 Boggy places. Mass, to Flor. and Louis. June Aug. Tj.. Stem creeping 
 or floating. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers minute, in umbels which are 
 sometimes proliferous. Many-flowered Marsh Pennywort. 
 
 3. H. Americana Linn. : very smooth and shining ; leaves orbicular, 
 reniform, somewhat lobed, doubly crenate, 7 9-nerved ; umbels nearly 
 sessile, 3 5-flowered. 
 
 Moist places. Can. to Geor. June, July. 7J. Stem filiform, branching, 
 with long creeping suckers. Floivers greenish- white, in very small axillary 
 umbels. American Marsh Pennywort. 
 
 4. H. ranunculoides Linn. : smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-nerved, 
 3 5-lobed ; umbels 5 10-flowered ; pedicels very short. H. cymbalarifolia 
 Muhl. 
 
 In water. Penn. to Geor. June, July. Ij.. Stem creeping or floating. 
 Leaves mostly deeply 3-lobed. Flowers white ; peduncles shorter than the pe- 
 tioles. Lobed Marsh Pennywort. 
 
 2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. Crantzia. 
 (In honor of Prof. H. J. N. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the last century.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube subglobose ; limb nearly wanting. Pe- 
 tals roundish, entire, obtuse. Fruit roundish ; commissure ex- 
 cavated. Carpels unequal, with 3 marginated dorsal ribs, and 
 4 obtuse-angled grooves. Involucre 5 6-leaved. 
 
 C. lineata. Nutt. : leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, shorter than the pedun- 
 cles. Hydrocotyle lineata Mich. 
 
 Muddy banks of streams. Mass, to Flor. July. Qj.. Stem smooth, creeping 
 and rooting. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 1 2 inches long, marked with 
 transverse fines. Umbels 8 10-flowered. on long peduncles. Flowers pedicel- 
 late, white with a tinge of red. Narrow-leaved Crantzia. 
 
UMBELLIFERjfe. 131 
 
 3. ERIGENIA. NuU.- Erigenia. 
 
 (Erom the Greek t)piyevia,a. name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the 
 spring ; on account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plant in the U. 
 S. NuU.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, entire, 
 equal. Styles persistent, very long, subulate. Fruit oval, 
 somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels gibbously convex, 
 marked with 3 striae. General involucre none ; partial one a 
 few unequal leafets. 
 
 E. bulbosa NuU. Sison bulhosum Mich. Hydrocotyle composita Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss, and Tenn. March, April. TJ.. 
 Root globose, tuberous. Stem simple, 4 5 inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves 
 3-parted ; partitions subpinnate ; segments rhomboidal, cleft. Umbels terminal, 
 3 5-flowered. Flovjers white. Bulbous Erigenia. 
 
 4. SANICULA. Linn. Sanicle. 
 
 (From the Latin sanio, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube echinate, the lobes somewhat leafy and 
 persistent. Petals erect, connivent, obovate, deeply emargi- 
 nate. Fruit subglobose, solid, not ribbed, armed with hooked 
 bristles. Leafets of the involucre few, often divided. 
 
 1. (S 1 . Marylandica Linn.: leaves digitate ly 5 7-parted, the segments 
 incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile flowers numerous, distinctly pedi- 
 cellate, and nearly as long as the fertile ones ; styles long and recurved. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. June Aug. %. Stem about 2 feet high, 
 branching at the top. Radical leaves on long petioles. Petals white or slightly 
 yellowish, obcordate. Long-styled Sanicle. 
 
 2. S". Canadensis Linn. : leaves digitately 3 5-parted, the segments 
 incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile flowers few, slightly pedicellate, 
 and much shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles. 
 
 Woods. Throughout the U. S. June Aug. %. Dr. Torrey, in his Flora 
 of New York, has given figures of these two species, by which their difference 
 is fully shown. The latter may be distinguished by its less divided leaves, its 
 fewer sterile flowers, and especially by its very short inconspicuous styles. Both 
 epecies are medicinal and poisonous. See Big. Med. Bot. i. 125. 
 
 Canadian Sanicle. 
 
 5. ERYNGIUM. Linn. Eryngo. 
 
 (A name given by Dioscorides to this or some allied plant, from its supposed 
 virtue in cases of flatulence.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; tube rough with scales. Petals erect, con- 
 nivent, obioug-obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit scaly or tu- 
 berculose. Flowers in a roundish or oblong head, blue or 
 white, bracteate. 
 
 1. E. aquaticum Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, remotely ciliate< 
 spinose ; lower subensiform ; leafets of the involucre 79, mostly entire, 
 shorter than the ovate-globose pedunculate heads, E. witcaifoli'ii.m Mich, 
 
132 
 
 UMBELLIFERyR. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. J. ! to Geor. W. to Texas. Aug. r l\..> Stem 23 (some 
 times 46) feet high, smooth, dichotomous above. Leaves variable in breadth. 
 Flowers white or pale blue. Medicinal. See Ell. Sk. i. 343. 
 
 Button Snake-root. 
 
 2. E. Virginianum Lam. : leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, slightly 
 serrate, tapering at each end ; flowers in large terminal umbels or cymes ; 
 leafets of the involucre 7 8, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or dentate- 
 spiny, whitish beneath. E. aquaticum Mick. 
 
 Marshes. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. (g). Stem 2 5 feet 
 high, cymosely branched at the summit, hollow. Heads numerous, nearly an 
 inch in diameter, pale blue or nearly white. Virginian Eryngo. 
 
 ** Umbels compound or perfect. 
 6. CICUTA. Linn. Cowbane. 
 
 (A Latin name applied to a hollow stem or internodes ; such as occur in this 
 genus.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, reflexed. 
 Fruit roundish, didymous, laterally contracted. Carpels with 
 5 equal flattish ribs ; the lateral ones margined. General in- 
 volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 
 
 1. C.maculata Linn.: stem spotted; lower leaves tri-ternate and qui- 
 nate ; upper bi-ternate ; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 mucronate-serrate ; umbels large, axillary and terminal ; partial involucre 
 of 5 6 setaceous leaves. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. TJ.. Stem 4 6 
 feet high, terete, smooth. Petals white, obcordate. Poisonous and medicinal. 
 Big. Med. Bot. i. 125. Spotted Cowbane. Water Hemlock. 
 
 2. C. bidbifera Linn. : leaves various, ternate and bi-ternate ; leafets 
 linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed ; umbels small, axillary and 
 terminal ; partial involucre of 3 5 subulate leaves ; axils of the leaves 
 bulbiferous. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Penn. ; rare. Aug. Ij-. Stem 2 3 feet high, smooth 
 and slender. Umbels small. Flowers white. Bulb-bearing Cowbane. 
 
 7. ZIZIA. Koch. Meadow Parsnip. 
 (In honor of J. B. Zizii, a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete or very short, 5-toothed. 
 Petals elliptic, attenuated into a long inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally contracted, subdidymous, roundish or oval. Carpels 
 with 5 prominent equal ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. Gen- 
 eral involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. 
 
 1. Z. aurea Koch. : lower leaves bi-ternate, upper bi-ternatc or ternate; 
 segments oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, incisely serrate ; partial in- 
 volucre 3-leaved, unilateral. Smyrnium aurcum Linn. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. <7\..Stem about 2 feet 
 high, branching at the top. Umbel 10 15-rayed ; partial rays short. Flowers 
 bright yellow. Fruit blackish. Golden Alexanders. 
 
 2. Z. cordaia Koch. : radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate. on long 
 
UMBELLIFEB.^. 133 
 
 petioles ; cauline subsessile, ternate ; segments petiolate, ovate or ovate~ 
 oblong, serrate ; partial involucre 1 2-leaved. Smyrnium cor datum Walt. 
 Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. Stem 1218 inches 
 high, smooth. Radical leaves sometimes a little lobed. Umbels on long naked 
 peduncles. Flowers yellow. Fruit black. Heart-leaved Alexanders. 
 
 3. Z. integerrima D. C. : leaves bi-ternate, somewhat glaucous ; seg- 
 ments oblong-ovate, entire ; partial involucre 1-leaved, very short. Smyr- 
 nium integerrimum Linn. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. Stem 1 2 feet 
 high. Um?)cl with elongated filiform rays. Flowers yellow. Fruit dark brown. 
 
 Entire-leaved Zizia. 
 
 8. DISCOPLEURA. D. C. Discopleura. 
 
 (From the Greek <Wo?, a disk, and v\svpa : the side; the two sides of the fruit 
 being marked with a kind of disk.) 
 
 Calyx with 5 subulate persistent teeth. Petals ovate, entire. 
 Fruit ovate, subdidymous. Carpels with 5 ribs ; 3 dorsal ribs 
 filiform, exsert, subacute ; 2 lateral ones with a thick margin. 
 Leaves much divided ; the segments linear. Partial involucre 
 a few linear setaceous leafets. 
 
 D. capillacea D. C. : stem erect or procumbent ; umbels 3 12-rayed ; 
 leafets of the involucre 3 5, mostly 3-cleft ; fruit ovate. Ammi majus 
 Walt. A. capillaceum Mich. 
 
 Bogs. N. Y. to Geor. July Sept. ([). Stem 12 feet long, geniculate, 
 smooth. Leaves many-parted, with the segments filiform and spreading. F low- 
 ers very small, white, on axillary umbels. Few-rayed Discopleura. 
 
 9. CRYPTOT.ENIA. Z>. C. Hone-wort. 
 
 (From the Greek *pv;rrdj, hidden, and raivta, inflict ; the narrow vittae being 
 concealed in the carpels.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, subentire, 
 with a narrow inflexed point. Fruit laterally contracted, linear- 
 oblong, crowned with straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal 
 filiform obtuse ribs ; the lateral ones nearly margined. Um- 
 bels numerous, arranged somewhat in the form of a panicle. 
 General involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. 
 
 C. Canadensis D. C. : leaves ternate, smooth ; leafets rhomboid-ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute, incisely toothed, acutely serrate ; umbels numerous, lower 
 ones rising from the axils of the upper leaves ; fruit oblong, beaked with the 
 persistent styles. Sison Canadense Linn. CK&rophyllum Canadensc Pers. 
 
 Rockv Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June Aug. %. Stem about 2 
 feet high, branched above. Leaves sometimes quinate ; the lower ones on long 
 petioles. Flowers white. Canadian Hone-wort, 
 
 10. SIUM. Linn. Water Parsnip. 
 
 (From the Celtic siw, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.; 
 Calyx with the margin 5-toothed, often obsolete. Petals 
 
134 UMBELLIFER.E. 
 
 obovate, ernarginate, with an inflexed point. Styles divergent- 
 reflexed, capitulate at the apex. Fruit compressed or con- 
 tracted at the side, subdidymous, crowned with the styles. 
 Carpels with equal filiform and somewhat obtuse ribs. Invo- 
 lucre many-leaved, rarely wanting. 
 
 1. S. latifolium Linn. : root creeping; stem angular and sulcate ; leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, unequal at base, sessile, smooth, equally 
 serrate, sometimes pinnatifid ; umbels terminal, large, many-rayed ; invo- 
 lucres many-leaved. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Perm. W. to Oregon. July. Q.Stem 24 feet 
 high, branching. Flowers white. When growing in water the lower leaves 
 are bi-pinnatifid, or have the leafets laciniate. Broad-leaved Water Parsnip. 
 
 2. S. lineare Mich. : stem erect, smooth, angular and sulcate ; lower 
 leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate ; leafets linear-lanceolate or linear, 
 acutely and finely serrate ; umbel terminal, with short rays ; involucre 
 many-leaved, linear. S. ienuifolium Muhl. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Perm. W. to Oregon. July. 7}.. Stem. 2 5 feet high, 
 rather rigid. Leafets very long and narrow. Flowers white. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip. 
 
 11. BUPLEURUM. Linn. Hare's Ear. 
 
 (From the Greek /?? , an ox, and irfovpov, a rib ; probably in allusion to the 
 ribbed leaves of some species.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, in- 
 volute. Fruit laterally compressed or subdidymous, crowned 
 with the depressed style. Carpels with 5 winged acute fili- 
 form or obsolete ribs ; lateral ones marginal. Leaves mostly 
 simple. Involucre various. 
 
 B. rotundifolium Linn. : stem leaves perfoliate, roundish-ovate ; umbel 
 5-rayed ; general involucre none ; partial one of 5 mucronate leafets. B 
 perfoliatum Lam. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. Penn. toN. Car. June Aug. () Stem 1 2 
 feet high, branching. Leaves perforated by the stem. Flowers greenish-yellow 
 
 Common Hare's Ear. Thorough Wajr 
 
 12. ^ETHUSA. Linn. Fool's Parsley. 
 
 (From the Greek aiQw, to burn ; on account of its acrid quality.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargi- 
 nate, with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels 
 with 5 elevated, thick and acutely keeled ribs ; the lateral ones 
 margined and a little broader, and surrounded by a somewhat 
 winged keel. General involucre none or 1 -leaved ; partial one 
 1 3 or 5 leaved. 
 
 ^E. Cynapium Linn. : leaves bi- and tri-pinnate. dark gre^n ; segments 
 ovate-lanceolate: partial involucre of 3 Ion<x pendant l-avt's. 
 
UMBELLIFER,E. 135 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. Mass, and N. Y. July, Aug. (J). Stem about 2 
 feet high, branched, hollow, not spotted. Leaves with the ultimate divisions 
 linear-lanceolate. Umbels on long peduncles, terminal and opposite the leaves. 
 It has a nauseous odor and is said to be poisonous. Common Fool's Parsley. 
 
 13. CONIOSELINUM. D. C Conioselinum. 
 - (Name compounded of Conium and SeUnum.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate or obo- 
 vate, with an inflexed point. Fruit convex or compressed on 
 the back. Carpels with 5 winged ribs ; the lateral ones twice 
 as broad as the others and marginal. General involucre none, 
 or few-leaved ; partial one of 5 6 subulate leaves. 
 
 C. Canadense Terr. <$ Gr. : fruit oval, nearly twice the length of the 
 pedicels ; dorsal ridges narrowly winged. Selinum Canadense Mich. 
 Cnidium Canadense Spreng. 
 
 Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Ver. July, Aug. 7L Stem 35 feet high, 
 
 t _ -_l _ ... *"_ T _ _ '^1 _/!_*.- 1 _1- _ ^t ^' l n ,1 P^ 
 
 branching above, striate. Leaves with inflated sheathing petioles, 3-parted ; the 
 divisions pinnately compound ; segments pinnatifid, long. Umbels of 1016 
 slender rays. Flowers white. Closely resembles C. Fisheri. 
 
 Canadian Conioselinum. 
 
 14. THASPITJM. A^.-Thaspium. 
 (From the Isle of Thaspia ; a name unfortunately applied.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin 5 -toothed. Petals elliptic, attenuated 
 into a long inflexed point. Fruit not contracted at the side, 
 subelliptic. Carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs ; wings sub- 
 equal ; intervals grooved. General involucre none ; partial 
 one about 3 -leaved. 
 
 * Umbels opposite. Flowers dark purple. 
 
 1. T. atropurpureum Null.: stem smooth, dichotomously branched; 
 radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate ; cauline ones ternate, serrate ; 
 leafets ovate-oblong. Cnidium atropurpureum Spreng. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. N. J. and Penn. June. 1\..Stem about 2 feet high, 
 smooth. Flowers dark purple. Fruit small, with membranaceous wings. 
 
 Purple Alexanders. 
 
 ** Umbels terminal. Flowers yellow. 
 
 2. T. actcdfolium Nutt.: stem very tall, smooth and straight; lower 
 leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; leafets oval, coarsely toothed ; 
 umbels numerous, terminal, somewhat whorled; partial involucre seta- 
 ceous. Ligusilcum actesifolium, Mich. Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. July. 1\-. Stem 35 feet 
 high. Fruit ovate-oblong, with the ribs somewhat winged. Tall Thaspium. 
 
 3. T. barbinode Nutt. : petioles and nodes of the stem pubescent; lower 
 leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-ternate ; segments cuneate-ovate, acute, 
 unequally and incisely serrate, entire at the base ; partial involucre 3-leaved, 
 setaceous. Li^usiictrm htrrbiiiorl;' Mich. Thi^'a ////./ n'a Sprenff. 
 
136 UMBELLIFER.E. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June. 1\.. Stem about 2 
 
 feet high, somewhat branched, sulcate. Umbels terminal awd dichotomal. 
 
 Floivers deep yellow. The oily matter in the viltce of the fruit has a strongly 
 camphorated odor. Hairy-jointed Thaspium. 
 
 4. T. aureum Nutt. : lower and middle cauline leaves bi-ternately, and 
 the uppermost ternately, divided; segments oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
 wedgeform at the base, sharply serrate ; carpels with the winged ribs 
 nearly equal. ( Torr.) Smyrnium aureum Big. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass. N. Y. Penn. Ohio. June. 1\.. Stem 13 feet high, 
 nearly simple. Umbels on long peduncles 10 20-rayed, with very short invo- 
 lucres. Differs from Zizea aurea in the fruit. Torr. N. Y. Fl. 
 
 Golden Thaspium. 
 
 15. LIGUSTICUM. Linn. Lovage. 
 
 (Named from Liguria, where the old Ligusticum Levisticum abounds. Hook. 
 Br. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obo- 
 vate, acute, emarginate, inflexed ; claw very short. Fruit 
 roundish in the transverse section, or slightly laterally com- 
 pressed. Carpels with 5 equal and somewhat winged ribs ; 
 the lateral ones margined. Involucre various ; partial one 
 many-leaved. 
 
 L. scoticum Linn. : stem erect, smooth and striate ; lower leaves bi-ter- 
 nate ; upper ones ternate and nearly sessile ; leafets broadly ovate, coarsely 
 serrate ; umbels many-rayed ; flowers equal ; petals inflexed ; involucres 
 linear-lanceolate, 5 7-leaved. 
 
 Borders of salt marshes. Salem, Mass. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. Aug. 
 '4. Stem 1 2 feet high, flexuous. Flowers white. Identical with the foreign 
 plant. Sea Lovage. 
 
 16. ANGELICA. Linn. Angelica. 
 (Named Angelic, from its medicinal and cordial properties.) 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals lanceolate, entire, 
 acuminate, with a straight or incurved point. Fruit com- 
 pressed on the back, with the central raphe two-winged on 
 each side. Carpels with 3 dorsal filiform elevated ribs ; the 
 2 lateral ribs dilated into a membranaceous wing. General in- 
 volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 
 
 1. A. triquinata Mich.: stem terete, pubescent above; leaves on long 
 petioles, ternate ; partitions quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equally serrate, 
 smooth ; lower ones 2-lobed at the base ; general involucre none ; partial 
 one of 6 8 subulate leaves directed to one side. A. hirsuta Muhl. Ferula 
 villosa Walt. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Dry grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %. Stem 2 3 feet high, erect 
 and straight, white, villous below the umbel. Umbels mostly 3. Flowers nu- 
 merous, white. Triquinafe Angelica 
 
UMBELLIFER^E. 137 
 
 2. A. atropurpurea Linn. : stem large, smooth, colored ; leaves ternate, 
 on large inflated sheathing petioles ; partitions subquinate ; leafets large, 
 oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, sublobed ; the three terminal ones often 
 united at base ; general involucre none ; partial one of 8 10 subulate 
 leaves. A.iriquinataBig. A fchangelica atropurpurea Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June. '2J-. Stem 3 6 feet high, purplish. 
 (Dr. Darlington says it is sometimes nearly 3 inches in diameter at base.) Flow- 
 ers white. Much larger than the preceding. Root poisonous. 
 
 Dark-purple Angelica. 
 
 3. A. lucida Linn. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ; 
 leafets equal, ovate, cuneate at base, incisely serrate ; general involucre 
 about 5-leaved ; partial one subulate. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. June, July. %. Stem 1 2 feet high. 
 Flowers white. Root aromatic. This is perhaps not a native of the U. S. See 
 Torr. fy Gr. Shining Angelica. 
 
 17. ARCHEMORA. D. C. Archemora. 
 
 kA fanciful name given by De Candolle in allusion to Archemorus, who is said 
 to have died from eating parsley.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, inflexed. 
 Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, oval or obovate. Carpels with 
 & subcarinate equidistant filiform ribs ; lateral ribs dilated into 
 a membranaceous margin nearly as broad as the seed. Gen- 
 eral involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 
 
 1. A.rigida D. C.: stem erect, rigid, striate; leaves pinnate, smooth; 
 leafets 4 5 pairs, large, oblong-lanceolate, entire or with several remote 
 teeth ; umbels terminal, on long peduncles ; general involucre none ; partial 
 one of 6 8 subulate leaves ; fruit much compressed. A. rigida var. a. 
 Torr. <$ Gr. Slum ngidius Linn. CEnanthe rigida Nutt. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. Sept. %.- Stem 24 feet high. Leaves with a 
 white and sometimes scabrous margin. Flowers white. Rigid Archemora. 
 
 2. A. ambigua D. C. : stem erect, slightly angular ; leaves pinnate, 
 smooth; leafets narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, long, mostly entire, 
 somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels terminal, subsolitary ; general invo- 
 lucre none ; partial one of 3 5 subulate leaves. A. rigida, var. /? Torr. 4"* 
 Gr. Slum longifolium Pursh. CEnanthe ambigua Nutt. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Miss. Aug. %.Stem 35 feet high. 
 Flowers white. Both species are supposed to be poisonous. 
 
 Ambiguous Archemora. 
 
 18. PASTINACA. Linn. Parsnip. 
 (From the Latin paslus,food ; in allusion to the use made of the root.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely denticulate. 
 Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit dorsally and flatly 
 compressed, surrounded by a dilated margin. Carpels with 
 very slender ribs ; 3 intermediate ribs equidistant ; 2 latera 1 
 ones contiguous. Involucres none or few-leaved. 
 
138 UMBELLIFERJE. 
 
 P. saliva Linn. : stem smooth, sulc ate ; leaves pinnate; leafets sessile, 
 subpubescent beneath, oblong, incised, terminal one 3-lobed ; umbels large, 
 terminal ; fruit oval, much compressed. 
 
 Fields and waste places. N. S. July. @).Siem 24 feet high. Leaves 
 somewhat shining. Umbels large, fastigiate. Flowers yellow. Introduced. 
 
 Wild Parsnip. 
 
 19. HERACLEUM. Linn.Covr Parsnip. 
 
 (Named from Hercules, who is said to have brought this or some allied plant 
 into use.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an in- 
 flexed point ; outer ones often rayed, bifid. Fruit dorsally and 
 flatly compressed, surrounded by a membranaceous margin. 
 Carpels with 3 equidistant ribs on the back ; 2 lateral ribs with 
 a dilated margin. General involucre caducous, often few- 
 leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 
 
 H. lanatum. Mich. : stem sulcate, pubescent ; leafets ternate, petioled, 
 tomentose beneath ; leafets petioled, round-cordate, lobed ; partial involucre 
 5 6-leaved ; fruit orbicular. 
 
 Meadows. Can. as far N. as lat. 58. to Penn. W. to Oregon. June. 2J.. 
 Stem 4 8 feet high. Petioles very broad and membranous. Flowers white, in 
 very large terminal umbels. One of our largest umbelliferous plants. 
 
 American Cow Parsnip. 
 
 20. DAUCUS. Linn. Carrot. 
 (From Savicos, the ancient Greek name for the Carrot.) 
 Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emargi- 
 nate, with an inflexed point ; outer ones often rayed and deeply 
 bifid. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, ovate or oblong. 
 Carpels with 5 primary filiform ribs; 3 intermediate dorsal 
 ones ; 2 lateral, flat, placed on the commissure ; 4 secondary 
 ones equal, with prominent wings, parted into a simple aculeate 
 series. General involucre with many pinnate or pinnatifid 
 leaves; p'artial one with many entire or trifid leafets. 
 
 D. Carota Linn : stem erect, hispid ; leaves tri-pinnate ; leafets pinnatifid ; 
 segments linear-lanceolate, acute ; leaves of the involucre pinnatifid, nearly 
 as long as the umbel. 
 
 Old fields, road sides, &c. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. (g). Stem 
 2 3 feet high, branching. Umbel with a solitary colored abortive flower in the 
 centre, when in seed concave. Wild Carrot. 
 
 SUBORDER II. CAMPYLOSPERM^E. 
 
 Seed with the margin involute or deeply furrowed on the 
 face. 
 
UMBELLlFERyE. 139 
 
 21. CH^ROPHYLLUM. Linn. Wild Chervil. 
 
 (From the Greek %aipw, to rejoice, and <t>v\\ov, a leaf; on account of the 
 agreeable smell of the leaves.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
 inflexed. Fruit not beaked, laterally contracted or compressed. 
 Carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs ; lateral ribs margined. 
 General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 
 
 C. procumbens Lam : stem decumbent, somewhat hairy ; leaves bi-pin- 
 nate ; leafets pinnatifid ; segments lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; umbels 
 opposite the leaves, 2 3-rayed ; partial involucre of 4 5-ovate ciliate 
 leaves ; fruit prismatic, smooth, crowned with the persistent styles. Scandix 
 procumbens Linn. Myrrhis procumbens and M. bifida Spreng. 
 
 hi shady situations. N. J. to S. Car. W. to Ark. April, May. .Stm 
 6 13 inches long, slender, sometimes nearly erect. Umbels terminal and lateral, 
 few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Procumbent Wild Chervil. 
 
 22. OSMORHI2TA. Raf. Osmorhiza. 
 (From the G/eek ov^ri, odor, and piga, a root ; from its sweet or fragrant root.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals ovate, scarcely 
 emarginate, with a very short inflexed point. Fruit elongated, 
 attenuated at base, solid, acute-angled, in the transverse section 
 roundish. Carpels with hispid angles "and 5 acute ribs ; com- 
 missure sulcate. General involucre 2 3 -leaved ; partial one 
 often 5 -leaved. 
 
 1. O. longistylis D. C. : styles filiform, nearly as long as the fruit, 
 diverging. Uraspermum Claytoni Nutt. Scandix dulcis Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Can. to Virg. W. to Oregon: May, June. 'ZJ-. Stem 2 3 
 feet high, purplish, at length nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly bi-ternate, 
 the radical ones on long petioles ; leafets oblong-ovate, incisely serrate, acute. 
 Flowers white, twice as large as in the next species. The root has the flavor of 
 Aniseed. Long-styled Osmorhiza. Sweet Cicely. 
 
 2. O. brevistylis D. C.: styles conical, erect, about half the length of the 
 fruit. Myrrhis Claytoni Mich. Uraspermum hirsutum Big. 
 
 Shady rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. May, June. %. Stem about 
 2 feet high, branching, striate, pale-green, at length nearly smooth. Leaves 
 bi-ternate ; leafets incised, often pinnatifid. The root has a sweetish taste, not 
 so pleasant as that of the preceding. Short-styled Osmorhiza. 
 
 23. CONIUM. Linn. Poison Hemlock. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek KWJ/OJ, a cone or top ; in allusion to the 
 giddiness produced by its fruit. 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, some- 
 what emarginate, very short and inflexed. Fruit ovate, late- 
 rally compressed. Carpels with 5 prominent equal undulate 
 
140 ARALIACE^E. 
 
 ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. Involucres 3 5-leaved ^ par* 
 tial one dimidiate or unilateral. 
 
 C. maculatum Linn. : stem erect, branched, smooth and spotted ; leaves 
 large, tri-pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; ultimate segments acute ; 
 general and partial umbels many-rayed ; general involucre of several short 
 lanceolate leaves; partial one few-leaved, li near-lanceolate, directed to 
 one side. 
 
 Road sides. Can. and the U. S. July. (g). Stem 2 4 feet high. Leaves 
 smooth and shining. Flowers white, numerous. Probably introduced. Whole 
 plant, highly poisonous; fetid when bruised. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 113. 
 
 Poison Hemlock. 
 
 ORDER LXI. ARALIACE^E. IVYWORTS. 
 
 Calyx superior, entire or toothed. Petals definite, 5 10, 
 valvate in aestivation, occasionally none. Stamens as many or 
 twice as many as the petals. Ovary many-celled. Fruit suc- 
 culent or dry, of several-seeded cells. Seeds pendulous ; albu- 
 men fleshy. Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the 
 habit of the Umbelliferee. 
 
 1. ARALIA. Linn. Aralia. 
 (Origin of the name unknown.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Pe- 
 tals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Styles 5, spreading. Berry 
 5-celled. Umbels often panicled. 
 
 1. A. nudicavlis Linn. : nearly stemless ; leaf mostly solitary, tri-quinate ; 
 leafets sessile, oblong-oval, acute, serrate, smooth ; scape shorter than the 
 leaf, 3-cleft at the top ; umbels few, small, on long peduncles, without in- 
 volucres. 
 
 Rocky woods. Labrador to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 
 1\.. Root thick and creeping, aromatic. Flowers small, 3-umbelled, greenish- 
 white. Wild Sarsaparilla. 
 
 2. A. racemosa Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched ; petioles 3-parted ; 
 divisions t'ernate and quinate; leafets ovate, often cordate, acuminate, 
 sharply serrate, mostly smooth; umbels numerous, compound, in large 
 axillary panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June Aug. Tj. 
 Stem 3 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers greenish-white, in 
 panicles 4 8 inches long. The root is highly aromatic, and is sometimes used 
 for medicinal purposes. Spikenard. 
 
 3. A. hispida Mich. : low, suffruticose; stem and petioles hispid; leaves 
 doubly pinnate ; leafets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, unarmed ; umbels 
 axillary and terminal, on long peduncles. 
 
 Rocky woods. Hudson's Bay to Virg. July. T^ . Stem 1 2 feet high, witli 
 stiff and thick bristles at the base. Flowers greenish-white, in spreading umbels, 
 
 Wild Elder. 
 
HAMAMELIDACE^E. 141 
 
 . 4^4. Spinosa Linn. : arborescent ; stem egad petioles prickly ; learns doubly 
 or triply pinnate ; leafets ovate, acuminate, sessile ; umbels numerous, in 
 compound panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved. 
 
 Fertile woods. Perm, to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. T?. Stem 812 
 'sometimes 30 or 40)) feet high, with the leaves crowded at the summit. Flowers 
 white, in very large terminal panicles. A watery infusion of the bark is said to 
 be both emetic and cathartic. Ell. Sk. i. 373. Angelica Tree. 
 
 2. PANAX. Linn. Ginseng. 
 
 (From the Greek nav, all, and aicds, a cure ; being considered by the Chinese 
 as a remedy for all diseases.) 
 
 Calyx with the margin very short and obsoletely 5-toothed. 
 Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk 
 and alternating with the sepals. Styles 2 3, short. Fruit 
 fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2 -celled ; cells 1- 
 seeded. Flowers in simple umbels, polygamous. 
 
 1. P. quinquefolium Linn.: root fusiform, sometimes branched; stem 
 angular ; leaves ternate-quinate ; leafets on distinct petioles, oval, acumi- 
 nate, serrate ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; styles and seeds '2. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. 7J.. Root 3 6 inches long and aro- 
 matic. Stem about a foot high, divided at the top. Flowers greenish-yellow, 
 8 16 in an umbel. The root is highly esteemed by the Chinese for its supposed 
 medicinal properties. Common Ginseng. 
 
 2. JP. trifolium Linn. : root roundish ; stem simple, smooth ; leaves ter- 
 nate ; leafets subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; styles often 3 ; berry 
 3-seeded. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. May. 1J.. Stem 4 6 inches high. Leaves rarely 
 quinate. Flowers white, 20 40 in an umbel. Dwarf Ginseng. 
 
 ORDER LXII. HAMAMELIDACEJE. WITCHHAZELS. 
 
 Calyx adherent, in 4 or 5 pieces. Petals 4 or 5, or none. 
 Stamens 8, 4 alternate with the petals, and 4 sterile placed at 
 the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2. Fruit half 
 inferior, capsular, usually opening with two septiferous valves. 
 Seeds pendulous ; albumen horny. Small trees or shrubs, with 
 alternate deciduous leaves. Flowers axillary, often polyga- 
 mous, 
 
 HAMAMELIS. Linn. Witchhazel. 
 (Origin of the name uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx 4-lobed, with 2 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4, 
 long, ligulate. Sterile stamens scale-like, and opposite th" 
 petals. Styles 2, short. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valvei, 
 at the top. 
 
142 CORNACE^E. 
 
 H. Virginica Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, toothed, cordate, with the sinus 
 small, scabrous beneath ; flowers in axillary clusters. 
 
 var. parvifolia Nutt. : leaves smaller and more pubescent beneath. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. and Louis. Oct., Nov. Tj. Stem 6 12 feet high- 
 Flowers in threes, polygamous, greenish-yellow, appearing in autumn and con' 
 tinuing during a great part of the winter ; the fruit is not perfected until about 
 September of the following year. Var. parviflora is found on the mountains of 
 Pennsylvania. Witchhazel. 
 
 ORDER LXIII. CORNACE^E. DOGWOODS. 
 
 Sepals 4, adherent. Petals 4, distinct. Stamens 4, alternate 
 with the petals. Ovary 2 -celled ; style filiform ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit a 2 -celled drupe crowned with the remains of the calyx. 
 Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy. Trees or shrubs, with opposite 
 rarely alternate leaves. Flowers capitate, umbellate or corym- 
 bose. 
 
 CORNUS. Linn. Dogwood. 
 
 (From the Latin cornu, a horn ; in allusion to the toughness of the wood.) 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb minute, 4-toothed. 
 Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma obtuse. 
 Drupe with the cells not united. 
 
 * Flowers capitate, surrounded by a petaloid involucre. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis Linn. : herbaceous ; lower leaves opposite, small ; 
 upper on short petioles, verticillate, veined ; leaves of the involucre 4, broad- 
 ovate, acuminate ; flowers numerous, very small, in a terminal head; drupe 
 globose. 
 
 Damp woods. Arct. Amer. and Labrador to Car. W. to Oregon. May, June. 
 1\.. Stem 4 6 inches high, simple, with one or two pairs of opposite leaves and 
 a whorl of about 6 at the summit. Involucre greenish- white, petaloid, much 
 longer than the flowers. Drupe red. Dwarf Dogwood. 
 
 2. C florida Linn.: arborescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, whitish be- 
 neath; leaves of the involucre 4, large, obcordate, nerved, with a callous 
 notch at the apex ; flowers in small terminal heads ; drupe oval. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. A tree 15 20 feet high, 
 with grayish bark. Flowers greenish-yellow. Involucre about 3 inches in di- 
 ameter, white, sometimes tinged with red. Drupe scarlet. Medicinal. Big. 
 Med. Bot ii. 73. Flowering Dogwood. 
 
 ** Flowers naked, in cymes. 
 f Leaves opposite. 
 
 3. C. circinata. VHerd. : branches warty ; leaves on short petioles, 
 broad-oval, acuminate, white-downy beneath ; cymes crowded, depressed ; 
 drupe globose. C. tomentulosa Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. h. Stem 68 
 feet high, with straight slender branches. Leaves broad, waved on the edges. 
 Flowers white. Drupe small, light-blue. Oval-leaved Dogwood. 
 
LORANTHACE^E. 143 
 
 4. C. sericea JJHerit. : branches expanded ; leaves ovate, acuminate, the 
 under surface clothed with a silky ferruginous down; cymes depressed, 
 woolly ; drupe globose. C. lanuginosa Mich. C. alba Walt. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. and Louis. May, June. ^7. Stem 5 10 
 feet high, with purplish bark. Leaves varying in form and pubescence. Flow- 
 ers yellowish-white. Drupe pale-blue. Swamp Dogwood. 
 
 5. C. stolonifera Mich. : stem often reclined and stoloniferous, with red- 
 dish-purple branches ; leaves ovate, somewhat acuminate, obtuse at base, 
 rough with minute pubescence on both sides, whitish beneath; cymes 
 small, flat, rather crowded ; drupe globose. C. alba Wang. C. sanguinea 
 Pursh. ? not of Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. from lat. 69 to N. Y. W. to Miss. May, June, fy . 
 < Stems sometimes 5 10 feet long, erect, or prostrate and rooting. Flowers 
 white, in small cymes. Drupe small, white or lead-colored. C. sanguinea 
 seems not to be a native of North America. The plant described under that 
 name by our botanists, is thought by Torrey and Gray to be this species ; while 
 Darlington connects it with C. sericea. C. stricta Lam. (Beck Bot. 1st Ed.), is 
 said to be confined to the southern states. Stoloniferous Dogwood. 
 
 6. C. paniculata L'Herit. : branches erect, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late or oval, acuminate, acute at base, rough with a minute pubescence, 
 hoary beneath ; cymes loose, usually paniculate, smooth ; drupe small, de- 
 pressed-globose. C. racemosa Lam. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. July. T? .-Stem 68 feet high, 
 with a grayish bark. Flowers white, in very numerous panicled or thyrsoid 
 cymes. Drupe white or lead-colored. Panicled Dogwood. 
 
 f-f- Leaves alternate. 
 
 7. C. alternifolia Linn. : branches alternate, warty ; leaves alternate, 
 broad-oval or ovate, acuminate, smooth above, hoary pubescent beneath ; 
 cymes depressed and spreading ; drupe globose. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. June. A small tree 15 20 feet 
 high, with spreading branches. Leaves on slender petioles. Flowers yellowish- 
 white. Drupe dark-blue. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. 
 
 ORDER LXIV. LORANTHACE^E. LORANTHS. 
 
 Calyx, with 3, 4 or 8 sepals often joined into a tube, usually 
 with 2 bracts at base, sometimes none. Petals none. Sta- 
 mens as many as the sepals, and opposite to them, when they 
 are present. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 or none ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit succulent. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy. Shrubs, al- 
 most parasitical. Leaves fleshy, entire, mostly opposite, rarely 
 wanting. 
 
 VISCUM. Linn. Misseltoe. 
 (From the Latin viscus, glue ; in allusion to its glutinous fruit.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. STERILE FL. Sepals 4, 
 (rarely 3 -5,) fleshy, the segments triangular. FERTILE FL. 
 
144 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 Calyx with the margin obsolete ; inner sepals (petals) 4, dis- 
 tinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy. 
 
 V. flavescens Pursh.: branches terete, opposite and verticillate ; leaves 
 cuneate-obovate, 3-nerved ; spikes axillary, solitary, rather shorter than 
 the leaves ; sterile flowers mostly trifid. V. verticillatum Nutt. 
 
 Parasitic on trees. N. J. to Flor. and throughout the valley of the Mississippi. 
 May. %. Stem 9 18 inches high, yellowish -green, smooth. Leaves fleshy 
 or somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, yellowish-green, sessile. Berries 
 pearly white, resembling white wax. White Misseltoe. 
 
 ORDER LXV. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. CAPRIFOILS. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, usually with 2 or more bracts at base. 
 Corolla monopetalous or polypetalous, rotate or tubular, regu- 
 lar or irregular. Stamens epipetalous, as many as the lobes of 
 the corolla and alternate with them. Style 1, or none j stig- 
 mas 3 5. Fruit usually a berry or drupe, rarely a capsule. 
 Seeds solitary or numerous ; albumen fleshy. Shrubs or her- 
 baceous plants. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Inflores- 
 cence various. 
 
 1. SAMBUCUS. Linn. Elder. 
 
 (From the Greek aapQvK 17, a musical instrument, in the construction of which 
 this wood is said to have been employed.) 
 
 Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or 
 urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Style none. 
 Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1 -celled, 3 5- 
 seeded. 
 
 1 . S. Canadensis Linn. : stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 
 4 or 5 pairs, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth and shining ; nerves and peti- 
 oles smooth ; stipules wanting ; cyme 5-parted, spreading. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. TZ. Stem 510 feet 
 high. Leaves sometimes bipinnate. Flowers white. Fruit oval, deep purple 
 or nearly black. Common Elder. 
 
 2. S. pubcns Mich. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 2 or 3 
 pairs, oval-lanceolate, and with the petioles pubescent beneath ; thyrse 
 ovoid or pyramidal, loose. S. pubescens Pers. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. \i. Stem 6 8, 
 sometimes 15, feet high. Flowers white. Fruit small, red, rarely white. Torr. 
 
 Red-berried Elder. 
 
 2. VIBURNUM. Linn. Viburnum. 
 
 (Origin of the name uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx with the limb small 5-toothed and persistent. Co- 
 rolla rotate, subeampanulate or tubular, o-lobed. Stamens 6, 
 
CAPRIPOLIACE^E. 145 
 
 jqual. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1-seeded, 
 crowned by the teeth of the calyx. 
 
 * Leaves serrate or toothed. 
 
 1. V. prunifolium Linn. : branches spreading, smooth ; leaves obovate, 
 nearly round and oval, very smooth, acutely serrate ; petioles winged ; 
 cymes sessile, lateral ; fruit oblong-ovoid. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. Tj. Stem 8 15 feet high. 
 Flowers large, white. Fruit dark-blue. 
 
 Plum-leaved Viburnum. Black Haw, 
 
 2. V. pyrifolium Lam. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat acute, subser- 
 rate, smooth ; petioles naked ; cymes large, spreading, on angular pedun- 
 cles ; fruit ovoid. V. nudum t v&r. Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Swamps. Can. and N. S. May, June. r}. Stem 5 10 feet high. Flowers 
 white, in large spreading cymes. Fruit red. Pear-leaved Viburnum. 
 
 3. F. Lentago Linn. : smooth ; leaves broad-ovate or oval, acuminate, 
 sharply serrate ; petioles with waved margins ; cymes terminal, sessile ; 
 fruit oval. 
 
 Rocky banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich. May. r^. Stem 
 15 20 feet high. Flowers small, white, in spreading cymes. Fruit bluish- 
 black. Sweet Viburnum. 
 
 4. F. nudum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, slightly acuminate, smooth 
 above, veins and margins pubescent beneath, obsoletely crenulate ; petioles 
 naked ; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid. F. squamatum R. <$ S. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. June. 17. Stem 8 12 feet high. Flowers small, 
 crowded, white. Fruit dark- blue, nearly black. Swamp Viburnum. 
 
 5. F. lantanaides Mich. : branches flexuous and often procumbent ; 
 leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; nerves 
 and petioles puverulent-tomentose ; cymes closely sessile ; fruit ovoid. F. 
 Lantana,\ar. grandiflorum Ait. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. toVirg. May, June. Tj- Stem 4 8 feet high. Flow- 
 ers white, in flat, loose cymes, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red. black 
 when ripe. Large-flowered Viburnum. , 
 
 6. F. dentalum Linn. : nearly smooth ; leaves on long petioles, orbicu- 
 lar-ovate, with coarse serratures, plaited ; axils of the veins pubescent be- 
 neath ; cymes terminal, pedunculate ; fruit nearly globose. F. dentatum, 
 var. glabellum Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. June, fj. SiemG 8 feet high. Leaves some- 
 times roundish-cordate or ovate, and pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in 
 large expanding cymes. Fruit dark-blue, small. 
 
 Toothed Viburnum. Arrow- wood. 
 
 7. F. pubescent Pursh. : pubescent ; leaves on very short petioles, ovate 
 or ovate-oblong, subcordate. acuminate, dentate-serrate, villous beneath; 
 cymes pedunculate ; fruit oblong. F. dentatum,var. semitomentosum Mich. 
 
 High grounds. Can. to Car. June. \i.Stem 23 feet high, with strag- 
 gling branches. Leaves smoother when old. Cymes smaller than in the prece- 
 ding. Fruit small, reddish. Pubescent Viburnum. 
 
 ** Leaves lobed or incised. 
 
 8. F. acerifolium Linn. : leaves roundish or broad-ovate, subcordate, 
 coarsely and acutely serrate, velvety pubescent beneath, 3-lobed ; lobes 
 
146 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 divergent ; petioles hairy, with two setaceous appendages ; cymes on long 
 peduncles ; fruit oval, compressed. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. ? May, June. Ir^.Stem 46 
 feet high, with slender branches. Flowers white, slightly tinged with red. 
 Fruit nearly black. Maple-leaved Arruw-wood. 
 
 0. V. paucifiorum Pylaie : branches and petioles smoothish ; leaves 
 roundish, rarely subcordate, slightly 3-lobed or incised at the summit, 
 mostly 5-nerved from the base, unequally serrate, smoothish ; petioles with- 
 out stipuliform appendages ; cymes pedunculate. ( Torr. <f- Or.) 
 
 Mountains. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. Newfoundland. June. T^ .Stem 23 
 feet high. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent beneath. Cymes seldom an 
 inch in diameter. Fruit red. Still a doubtful species. 
 
 Mountain Bush Cranberry. 
 
 10. V. Oxycoccus Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, 3-nerved ; 
 lobes divaricate, acuminate, remotely and obtusely toothed ; petioles glan- 
 dular ; cymes radiate ; flowers of the ray large and abortive. V. Opulus, 
 var. Americanum Ait. Torr. tf* Gr. V. opuloides Muhl. 
 
 Woods. A ret. Amer. to N. J. May, June. A small shrub w T ith spreading 
 branches. Fruit large, subglobose, red, intensely acid and slightly bitter ; some- 
 limes used as a substitute for cranberries. Cranberry-like Viburnum. 
 
 11 . V. eduU Pursh. : leaves 3-lobed, rather obtuse at the base, 3-nerved ; 
 lobes very short, with acuminate-dentate serratures; petioles glandular; 
 cymes radiate. V. Opulus,\a.r. Americanum Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Banks of rivers. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. July. A smaller and more upright 
 shrub than the preceding; berries of the same color and size, but when com- 
 pletely ripe more agreeable to eat. Pursh. Eatable Viburnum 
 
 3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. Feverwort. 
 
 (From the Greek TJSEIJ, three, and ojreoy, a bone ; in allusion to its three bony 
 seeds.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5 -parted ; lobes lin- 
 ear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed, 
 gibbous at base. Stamens 5, included. Stigma capitate. 
 Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx, with 3 5 bony 
 nucules. 
 
 1. T. perfoliatum Linn.: stem glandular-hairy; leaves lance-oval or 
 spatulate-ovate, acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed at base, connate, 
 velvety pubescent beneath ; flowers 1 3 in the axils of the leaves, sessile. 
 T. majus Mich. 
 
 Rocky woods. Mass, to Car. W to Miss. June. %. Stem 2 4 feet high. 
 Flowers purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 90. Perfoliate Fevencort. 
 
 2. T. an gust (folium Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
 acuminate, tapering to the base, pubescent or almost glabrous beneath, hir- 
 sute above ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile or pedunculate. T. 
 minus Mich. 
 
 Shady places. Del. to Car. W. to Ark. and Miss. May, June. Tj.. Smaller 
 than the preceding. Flowers yellowish. Narrovi-havcd- Fevfr wort. 
 
CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 147 
 
 4. DIERVILLA. Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle. 
 (In honor of M. Dierville, a French surgeon, who introduced it into Europe.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube oblong, bibracteate at base ; the limb 
 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer 
 than the calyx. Stamens 5, somewhat exserted. Stigma cap- 
 itate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1 -celled, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 D. Tournefortii Mich. : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous, 
 2 3-flowered ; leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, on short petioles, serrate, 
 acuminate, smooth. D. Canadensis Willd. D. trifida Masnck. 
 
 Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. May, June. Tj. Stem 2 4 feet 
 high, branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, nearly an inch long. 
 
 Common Bush Honeysuckle. 
 
 5. LONICERA. D. C Honeysuckle. 
 (In honor of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist of the sixteenth century ) 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel- 
 form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stamens 5. Style filiform. 
 Stigma capitate. Berry 2 3 -celled, few-seeded. 
 
 * Ffawers capitate-verticillate. Berry solitary, 3-cetted, crowned by the 
 calyx. LONICERA. 
 
 1. L. flava Sims. : smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves ovate, obo- 
 vate or oval, with a narrow cartilaginous margin ; upper ones connate- 
 perfoliate; spikes verticillate, terminal; tube not gibbous. Caprifolium 
 flavum Ell. C. Fraseri Pursh. 
 
 Catskill Mountains, N. Y. S. to Geor. W. to Wisconsin. June, July. T? . - 
 Stem twining, very smooth. Flowers bright yellow, an inch or more in length 
 
 Yellow Honeysuckle. 
 
 2. L. hirsuta Eat. : leaves broad-ovate and obovate, pubescent and 
 ciliate, glaucous beneath ; upper ones connate-perfoliate, nearly smooth ; 
 spikes verticillate, terminal, subcapitate, glandular-pubescent ; tube slightly 
 gibbous at base. Caprifolium pubescens Goldie. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to N. Y. W. to Mich. June, July. 17. Stem 15 30 
 feet long, twining. Flowers yellow, pubescent. Berries orange. 
 
 Hairy Honeysuckle. 
 
 3. L. parviflora Lam. : smooth ; leaves elliptic or oblong, smooth, very 
 glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate, the rest mostly sub- 
 connate ; flowers in verticillate pedunculate heads ; corolla short, gibbous 
 at base ; filaments bearded. Caprifolium parvijlorum Pursh. C. bracte*- 
 sum Mich. 
 
 Rocky woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. June, July. h-~ Stem 6 10 feet 
 long, twining or trailing, branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in either of 
 the preceding. Small-flowered Honeysuckle. 
 
 4. L. grata Ait. : leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the tipper 
 pairs connate subperfoliate ; flowers verticillate in the axils of the upper 
 
148 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 leaves ; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous. Caprifolium 
 gratum Pursh. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. and Louis. May Aug. T?- Stem 10 20 
 feet long, twining or trailing. Flowers about 6 in each whorl, fragrant, red or 
 purplish. Berries orange-red. Wild Honeysuckle. 
 
 5. L. sempervirens Ait. : leaves oblong, glaucous beneath, shining above, 
 the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, somewhat naked, 
 terminal ; corolla nearly equal, with the tube ventricose above. Caprifo- 
 lium semperrirens Mich, 
 
 Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Flor. May, June. T^. Stem 6 15 feet long, 
 twining. Leaves evergreen. Flowers scarlet and yellowish. Berries scarlet. 
 
 Scarlet Honeysuckle. 
 
 ** Pedicels axillary, in pairs. Berries in pairs, distinct or more or less 
 connate, "2-celled, many-seeded. XYLOSTEUM. 
 
 6. L. ciliata MuJd. : stem erect ; leaves opposite, ovate and subcordate, 
 ciliate on the margin, younger ones villous beneath ; tube of the corolla 
 calcarate at base, ventricose above ; segments short, acute ; style exserted ; 
 berries distinct. Xylostcum ciliatum Pursh. 
 
 Hills and rocks. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
 F^ . Stem 3 5 feet high, with straggling branches. Corolla pale greenish-yel- 
 low, long, somewhat funnel-form. Berries ovoid, red. Fly Honeysuckle. 
 
 7. L. ccerulca Linn. : stem erect, leaves oval, entire, pubescent ; pedun- 
 cles shorter than the flowers ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; corolla gib- 
 bous at base ; berries formed by the union of two ovaries. L. vittosa D. C. 
 Xylosteum villosum Dig. X. Solonis Eat. 
 
 Woods and sides of mountains. Labrador and Arct. Amer. to Mass, and N. Y. 
 May. 17 . Stem 1 3 feet high, with the younger branches villous. Flowers 
 yellow. Berries closely united at the summit, deep-blue and glaucous. 
 
 Hairy Fly Honeysuckle. 
 
 8. L. oblongifolia Hook : stem erect ; leaves oblong or oval, nearly smooth 
 when old; peduncles filiform, erect, much longer than the flowers; bracts 
 minute ; corolla gibbous at the base, deeply 2-lipped ; berries formed by the 
 union of 2 ovaries. Xylosteum oblongifolium Goldic. ^ 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. and Western N. Y. ; rare. May, June. Tj --~Stem 
 34 feet high, much branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, tinged with purple. 
 Berries small, slightly separate at the summit, purple. 
 
 Long-stalked Honeysuckle. 
 
 6. SYMPHORICARPUS. DHL Snowberry. 
 
 (From the Greek <n>/*$>vco, to grow together, and KapTros, fruit ; the berries form- 
 ing clusters.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube globose ; the limb small, 4 5-toothed. 
 Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4 5-lobed. Stamens 5, scarcely 
 exserted. Stigma subglobose. Berry crowned by the calyx, 
 4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. 
 
 1. & vulgaris Mich. : racemes axillary, almost sessile, in little glomerate 
 heads ; corolla with the lobes smoothish inside ; stamens and bearded 
 style included. Symphoria glomerata Pursh. 
 
RUBIACK^. 149 
 
 Banks of streams. Yates county, N. Y. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July, 
 Aug. \i . Stem 2 3 feet high, with numerous purplish branches. Flowers 
 greenish-red. Berries dark red, globose. Indian Currant. 
 
 2. S. racemosus Mich. : spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often somewhat 
 leafy ; flowers on short pedicels ; corolla campanulate, densely bearded in- 
 side ; style and stamens included. Symphoria racemosa Pursh. 
 
 Rocky banks of streams. Can. Western N. Y. W. to Oregon and California. 
 June, July. ?2 . Stem 2 3 feet high. Flowers pale red. Berries globose, large, 
 very white and opaque. Common Snowberry. 
 
 7. LINN.EA. Gron. Linnsea. 
 (In honor of the illustrious Swede.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ovate ; limb 5-parted ; segments lan- 
 ceolate-subulate. Corolla turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 4, subdidynamous, included. Stigma globose. Berry 
 dry, small, ovate-globose, 3-celled, (one cell only bearing a per- 
 fect seed.) 
 
 L. borealis Gron. 
 
 Moist woods. Arct. Arner. to N. J. W. to Oregon. June, July. 1{ Ever- 
 green, creeping. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, round-ovate, crenate, 
 slightly hairy. Peduncles erect, long. Flowers 2, drooping, pedicelled, white or 
 pale red. Twin Flower. 
 
 ORDER LXVI. RUBIACE^E. MADDERWORTS. 
 
 Tube of the calyx mostly adhering to the ovary ; the limb 
 usually 4 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla with as many petals as 
 there are divisions of the calyx. Stamens as many as the 
 petals and alternate with them. Ovary 2 -celled ; style mostly 
 single ; stigmas 2. Fruit various. Albumen copious, horny 
 or fleshy. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, op- 
 posite or in whorls. 
 
 1. HEDYOTIS. Linn. Hedyotis. 
 
 (From the Greek v&iis, sweet, and o9s, wroj, an ear; on account of its supposed 
 virtue in curing deafness. Darlington.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4 -toothed ; teeth erect, 
 persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form or rotate, 4-parted. 
 Stamens 4, somewhat exserted. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
 2-celled, opening transversely at the top, many-seeded. 
 
 1. If. ccerulea Hook. : stem erect or spreading, dichotomous ; radical 
 leaves spatulate-oval ; cauline oblanceolate ; peduncles filiform, elongated, 
 1-flowered. Houstonia ccerulea Linn. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April Sept. (T) or (&. Stems 
 numerous, 36 inches high. Flowers blue, sometimes nearly white. The 
 western specimens not unfrequently have the peduncles many-flowered. 
 
 Blue Hedyotis. Common. Bluets. Duxirf Pink. 
 
 7 
 
150 RUBIACE^E. 
 
 2. H.c'diolata Ton.: smooth, somewhat branched above ; radical leaves 
 oval or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, the margin ciliate ; cau- 
 line oblanceolate ; flowers in corymbose clusters ; peduncles and pedicels 
 short. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. FL. 
 
 Wet banks. Western and Northern N, Y. Can. W. to Miss. May, Aug. 
 1j_. Stems usually numerous, 4 6 inches high, at length spreading. Flowers 
 numerous, terminal, pale purple. Fringed-leaved Hedyotis. 
 
 3. H. longifolia Hook: smooth; stem erect; leaves linear and oblong- 
 linear, tapering at base, rough on the margin, but not ciliate ; radical ones 
 narrow-oval or oblong, tapering into a petiole ; flowers mostly in threes, 
 terminal, nearly sessile. Houstonia longifolia Willd. 
 
 Dry hills and fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June Aug. 7|_. Stems 
 5 8 inches high, slender, branched at the top, 4-sided. Flowers usually in 
 threes, pale purple. Corolla about thrice as long as the lobes of the calyx. 
 
 Long-leaved Hedyotis. 
 
 4. H. glomerata Ell. : stem erect or somewhat diffuse, branching, pubes- 
 cent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base or slightly petioled, nearly 
 smooth; flowers in clusters, sessile, axillary and terminal; tube of the 
 calyx hairy, shorter than the lobes. H. auriculata Walt. Oldenlandia 
 glomerata Mich. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. N. J. to Flor. Aug. (1). ? Whole plant dull green. 
 Stem 2 4 inches high, first simple, then branching and assurgent. Flowers 
 usually clustered, small, white. Cluster-flowered Hedyotis. 
 
 5. H. purpurea Torr. fy Gr. : stem erect or ascending, 4-sided, pubescent ; 
 leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, 3 5-nerved, smoothish 
 above, lower surface and margins pubescent ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; 
 lobes of the calyx subulate-linear. Houstonia purpurea Linn. 
 
 Woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss, and Tenn. May July. Q\. Stems 
 usually several from the same root, about a foot high, branching. Flowers pur- 
 pie. Purple Hedyotis. 
 
 2. MITCHELLA. Linn. Partridge Berry. 
 (In honor of Dr. John Mitcliell, a botanist of Virginia.) 
 
 Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. 
 Corolla funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading, 
 villous on the inner side. Stamens 4, adnate to the tube, 
 scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. 
 
 M. rcpens Linn.: stem branched, smooth, creeping; leaves opposite, pe- 
 tioled, roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, smooth, very entire ; flowers 
 terminal, in pairs. 
 
 Woods, among dried leaves. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. June, July. 1\.. 
 A small evergreen, creeping plant. Flowers white, hairy within, fragrant. 
 Berries red. Partridge Berry. 
 
 3. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn. Button Bush. 
 
 (From the Greek /cf<aX?, a head, and avQos, a flower.) 
 
 Calyx small, angular, inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Corolla 
 tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Stigma glo- 
 
RUBIACEjE. 151 
 
 bose. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, mostly 2-parted. Recep- 
 tacle globose, hairy. Flowers in a globose head. 
 
 C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves petiolate, opposite or ternate, ovate or oval, 
 acuminate, smoothish ; peduncles long, often ternate at the extremity of the 
 branches. 
 
 Borders of ponds and streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. T?. 
 Stem 4 8 feet liigh, branched. Heads of flowers about an inch in diameter. 
 Corolla white, somewhat funnel-form. Button Bush. Pond Dogwood. 
 
 4. DIODIA. Linn. Diodia. 
 
 (.Said to be derived from the Greek SioSus, a road or way ; in allusion to its 
 growing by way-sides. Eat. Man.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ovate or abovate, often 8-nerved, 2 4- 
 toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted 
 or included. Style bifid or undivided. Fruit crowned with the 
 calyx, 2-celled, bipartite; carpel 1-seeded. 
 
 D. iercs Walt.: stem procumbent, diffuse, terete, hairy; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, nearly smooth, margin and keel serrulate ; stipules with nume- 
 rous long bristles; flowers axillary, solitary, alternate; corolla bearded 
 within ; fruit ovate, pubescent, crowned by the 4-lobed calyx. Spermacoce 
 diodina Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Ark. Aug. (1). Stem 416 
 inches high, much branched. Flowers opposite, often clustered, white or pale 
 purple. Terete Diodia. 
 
 5. GALIUM. Linn. Bedstraw. 
 
 (From the Greek yaAci, milk ; one of the species having been formerly used to 
 curdle milk.) 
 
 Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly 
 wanting. Corolla 4-parted, rotate, (very rarely 3-parted.) Sta- 
 mens short. Styles 2, short. Fruit didymous, roundish, rarely 
 oblong. 
 
 * Fruit smooth. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. G. verum Linn. : leaves about 8 in a whorl, narrow-linear, grooved, 
 scabrous, with somewhat revolute margins ; flowers in dense panicles. 
 
 Pastures. Mass. June, July. It- Stem erect, 9 18 inches high, slender, 
 branched. Flowers yellow. Employed by the Highlanders as a rennet to cur- 
 dle milk. Hook.Br.Fl. 
 
 ** Fruit smooth. Flowers while. 
 
 2. G. trifidum Linn. : stem decumbent or ascending, scabrous downward ; 
 leaves 4 6 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib ; 
 peduncles smooth, spreading, 1 3-flowered; corolla 3 4-cleft. G. Claytoni 
 Mich. G. obtusum His;. 
 
 Swamps and wet. fields. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. 
 7J-. Stem 5 inches to 1 or 2 feet long, much branched. 7>crtvw varying froin 
 
152 RUBIACELE. 
 
 linear to oblong, elliptic and oblanceolate. Flowers in threes, white, very 
 minute. Dr. Hooker thinks the American, distinct from the European, plant. 
 
 Small Bedstraw. 
 
 3. G. tinctorium Linn. : stem diffuse, smoothish ; leaves linear, some- 
 what acute ; those of the stem in sixes ; of the branches in fours ; pedun- 
 cles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered ; corolla 4-parted. G. trifidum 
 var. tinctoriu/m Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Car. June Aug. 1\.. Stem weak, branching. Leaves 
 very narrow. Corotta white, mostly 4-cleft. Used as a red dye. 
 
 ^ Dyer's Bedstraw. 
 
 4. G. asprellum Mich. : stem diffuse, very branching, the angles re- 
 trosely aculeate ; leaves in sixes, fives and fours, elliptical or lanceolate, the 
 midrib and margins aculeate-hispid ; branches 2 3-forked ; pedicels filiform, 
 divaricate, short. G. micranthum Pursh. 
 
 Moist places. Can. to Virg. June, July. 1].. Stem weak, 2 4 feet long, 
 often supported on other plants by its hooked prickles. Flowers numerous, 
 minute, white. Rough Bedstraw. 
 
 *** Fruit hispid. 
 
 5. G. Aparlne Linn. : stem weak, branching, retrosely aculeate ; leaves 
 6 8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with the midrib and margin 
 rough with reflexed prickles ; fruit large. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Del. W. to Oregon. June. 0. Stem 3 4 feet long. 
 Flowers white, numerous, on axillary and terminal peduncles. Perhaps intro- 
 duced. Common Cleavers. Goose Grass. 
 
 6. G. triflorum Mich. : stem procumbent, smoothish, the angles aculeate 
 or hispid ; leaves 5 or 6 in a whorl, narrow-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, mucronate, slightly hispid or scabrous on the margin and mid- 
 rib ; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly 3-flowered at the extremity. 
 G. cuspidatum Muhl. Ell. G. brachiatum Pursh. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon and California. July, Aug. 
 1J-. Stem 1 4 feet long, with short branches. Flowers rather few, greenish- 
 white, small. A variable species. Dr. Torrey states that it gives out a vanilla- 
 like odor in drying. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. 
 
 7. G. pitesum Ait. : stem ascending, hispid, hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves 
 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate, mucronate, ciliate and mostly hairy ; peduncles 
 elongated, dichotomous, often 3-flowered at the extremity. G. puncticulo- 
 sum Mick. G. JSermudianum Pursh. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. to J^ouis. W. to Texas. June, July. Q.Stem 12 feet 
 high, mostly simple, more or less pubescent.. Flowers brownish purple. 
 
 Hairy Bedstraw. 
 
 8. G. cirzcezans Mich. : stem erect or ascending, nearly smooth or hairy ; 
 leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, some- 
 what pubescent, ciliate on the margin and nerves ; peduncles lateral and 
 terminal, divaricate, few-flowered. G. brachiatum Muhl. G. boi'eale Walt. 
 
 var. 1. lanceolatum Torr. N.Y. Fl. : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, rather acute G. lanceolatum Torr. FL 
 
 var. 2. montanum Torr. <$ Gr. : dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth. 
 
 Rocky woods and mountains. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. ty. 
 Stems usually several from one root, 10 18 inches high. Flowers purple. 
 Fruit clothed with dense white bristles. Wild Liquorice. 
 
VALERIAN ACE.*]. 153 
 
 9. G. boreale Linn. : stem erect, branched above, smoothish ; leaves in 
 fours, linear-acute or linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth, margin involute 
 and scabrous ; flowers in a divaricate terminal panicle. C. septentrionale 
 R. <f- S. 
 
 Dry woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. Tj.. Stem 
 1 2 feet high. Flowers white, in a crowded terminal panicle. The whole 
 plant is somewhat glaucous. Northern Bedstraw. 
 
 ORDER LXVII. VALERIANACE^E. VALERIANWORTS. 
 
 Calyx with a limb of various kinds either membranous or 
 resembling pappus. Corolla tubular, regular or irregular, 
 sometimes calcarate at the base. Stamens 1 5, Ovary in- 
 ferior, 1 3 -celled ; style filiform ; stigmas 1 3. Fruit dry, 
 indehiscent, with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Seed desti- 
 tute of albumen. Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, with- 
 out stipules. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 
 
 1. FEDIA. Manch. Corn-Salad. 
 
 (Origin of the name uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete. 
 Corolla not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly ir- 
 regular. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas entire, 2 or 3-lobed. 
 Fruit 3 -celled ; 2 cells empty (sometimes confluent into one) 
 the other 1 -seeded. 
 
 F. Fagopyrum Torr. fy Gr. : fruit triangular, with an ovate outline, 
 nearly smooth when mature, obsoletely 2 ; 3-toothed at the apex ; lateral 
 angles acute, the anterior somewhat obtuse ; upper leaves mostly entire 
 and rather acute. F. radiata Torr, Fl. Valerianella radiata Deck Hot. 
 1st Ed. 
 
 Swampy grounds. Western N. Y. to Mich, and Ken. May. (J). ? Stem 
 6 18 inches high, dichotomous above. Leaves somewhat glaucous ; the lower- 
 most spatulate, the uppermost lanceolate-oblong. Flowers white. Corolla and 
 fruit larger than in F. radiata. Perhaps introduced. Buckwheat Corn-salad. 
 
 2. VALERIANA. Tourn. Valerian. 
 (From the Latin valeo, to be powerful ; on account of its medicinal effects.) 
 
 Calyx with the limb involute and at length evolved in a 
 deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with the tube obconic or 
 cylindric, equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5 -cleft. 
 Stamens 3. Fruit indehiscent, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. 
 
 V. sylvatica Richardson : smooth ; stem slightly striate, simple ; radical 
 leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire or slightly lobed at base, on slender 
 petioles ; cauline pinnate ; leafets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
 obscurely serrate ; flowers all perfect and similar, in a cyme which is at 
 
 7* 
 
154 COMPOSITE. 
 
 first compact, but at length open corymbose; fruit ovoid, compressed, 
 smooth. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) V. dioica Pursh. V. sylvatica Beck Bot. 
 1st Ed. 
 
 Swamps. Fairhaven, Ver. Dr. Robbing. Savannah, Wayne county, N. Y. 
 Dr. Sartwell. Subarct. Amer. and the Rocky Mountains. June, July. '2L 
 Root consisting of numerous fibres, with the odor of V. officinalis. Stem 2 3 
 feet high, simple, erect, smooth, (slightly pubescent when young.) Radical 
 leaves on Ion* petioles, mostly-simple, but sometimes lobed or auricled at base, 
 sometimes a little cordate ; cauline pinnate ; leafets 3 6 pairs with a larger odd 
 one, ovate oval or somewhat rhomboid, all sometimes entire or with a few 
 coarse teeth. Flowers numerous, in a pedunculate 2 3-forked corymb. Co- 
 rolla reddish- white, gibbous at base ; the limb 5-cleft. Stamens much exserted. 
 Style very long and filiform. Capsule 2-ribbed. According to Torrey and Gray, 
 the Vermont and New York plant is a distinct variety, (uliginosa.) but their de- 
 scription does not include all the forms which I have observed in the Fairhaven 
 specimens. * Tall Swamp Valerian. 
 
 ORDER LXVIII. DIPSACACEJE. TEAZELWORTS. 
 
 Calyx adhering, membranous, surrounded by a scarious in- 
 volucel. Corolla tubular ; limb oblique, 4 5-lobed. Stamens 
 4 ; anthers distinct. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 -celled, crowned by the pappus-like 
 calyx. Albumen fleshy. Herbs or under shrubs, with oppo- 
 site or whorled leaves. Flowers collected upon a common re- 
 ceptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. 
 
 DIPSACUS. Linn. Teazel. 
 
 (From the Greek (Jur<//aw, to be thirsty ; the upper connate leaves containing 
 water in their hollows.) 
 
 Flowers collected in an ovate or roundish head. Common 
 calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many -leaved ; proper superior, of 
 one leaf. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Stigma longi- 
 tudinal. Fruit crowned with the limb of the calyx. 
 
 D. sylvestris Linn. : leaves opposite, rarely connate ; the many-leaved 
 involucre turned upwards ; scales of the receptacle straight. 
 
 Fields and waste places. N. S. July. (). Stem 35 feet high, strong, 
 angular, prickly. Flowers blue, in dense oval heads, shorter than the scales of 
 the receptacle. Introduced. Wild Teazel. 
 
 ORDER LXIX. COMPOSITE. COMPOSITES. 
 Calyx closely adhering to the ovary, and undistinguishable 
 from it ; its limb either wanting or membranous, divided into 
 bristles, paleae, hairs or feathers, called pappus. Corolla mono- 
 petalous, either ligulate or tubular ; in the latter case 4 or 5 
 toothed. Stamens 5, rarely fewer, the anthers cohering into a 
 tube. Ovary 1 -celled ; style simple; stigmas 3, either distinct 
 or united. Fruit an achenium, crowned with the limb of the 
 
COMPOSITE. 155 
 
 calyx or pappus. Seed destitute of albumen. Herbs, rarely 
 shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules. Flowers 
 collected in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surrounded 
 by an involucre. 
 
 SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOR^. 
 
 Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, with 5, rarely 4, equal 
 teeth. 
 
 I. VERNONIACE.E. Style of ihe perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
 branches long and subulate, occasionally slwrt and blunt, always 
 covered over wiih bristles. 
 
 1. VERNONIA. SfcArc*. Iron Weed. 
 (Tn honor of Mr. WiHiam Vernon, an English botanist,) 
 
 Heads several or many-flowered ; the flowers all equal. 
 Involucre imbricate. Receptacle mostly naked. Corolla regu- 
 lar, 5 -cleft. Filaments smooth. Achenia with a cartilaginous 
 callus at the base. Pappus often double ; the inner row of 
 numerous bristles ; the outer one much shorter and often chaffy. 
 
 V. Noveboracensis Wittd. : stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, 
 elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent beneath ; heads numerous, 20 30-flowered ; 
 scales of the involucre ovate, appressed at base, the apex produced into a 
 spreading filiform seta : achenia smooth, shorter than the pappus. 
 
 var. prfEalla Torr. fy Gr. : scales of the involucre acute or acuminate, 
 unarmed or only a part of them filiform at the top. V. prcealta Willd. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 1}.. Stem stout, 
 3 6 feet high, striate, often purple, branching at the top. Flowers in a large 
 terminal corymb, purple. In some places it is an obnoxious weed. 
 
 Common Iron-weed. 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Cass. Elephant' s-Foot. 
 
 (From the Greek sXe^aj, an elephant, and TTOVJ, afoot ; in allusion to the form 
 and position of the leaves in one species.) 
 
 Heads 3 5 -flowered, densely crowded into clusters. Invo- 
 lucre compressed, in two rows; the leafets dry, oblong, the 
 inner ones often 3 -nerved. Receptacle naked. Corolla pal- 
 mate ; segments acuminate, one sinus deeper than the rest. 
 Achenia somewhat compressed, many-ribbed, oblong, pilose. 
 Pappus in one or two rows of several chaffy bristles, dilated at 
 the base. 
 
 E. Cardinianm Wittd. : stem branched, hairy ; leaves scabrous ; radical 
 ovate, or obovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, attenuate at the base ; cauline ob- 
 long, narrow at base ; floral ovate-oblong. 
 
156 COMPOSITE. 
 
 Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss, ifeept. ^.Stem 2 feet high, hairy; 
 especially near the base, branching towards the summit. Heads composed of 
 four clusters, each 4-flowered, with the involucre 9 10-leayed. Corolla purple. 
 
 Carolinian ElepJiant's-foot. 
 
 II. EupATORiACE^E. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
 branches long and clavate, with a papillose surface on the outsid?. 
 near the end. 
 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. Sclerolepis. 
 
 (.From the Greek cxA^poj, hard, and \cms , a scale ; in allusion to the scales ot 
 the pappus.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre with the scales in two 
 series, linear and equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 
 smooth, 5 -toothed, the throat scarcely distinct from the tube. 
 Style branching, exsert, cylindric-clavate. Achenia 5 -angled. 
 Pappus of 5 somewhat corneous short oval and obtuse scales 
 in one row. 
 
 S. verticillata Cass. D.C. Sparganophorus verticillatus Mkh. 
 
 In shallow water. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 12 feet high, 
 simple, a little pubescent at the top. Leaves linear, an inch long, 6 8 in a 
 whorl. Heads few, terminal, purple. Whorled Sclerolepis. 
 
 4. KUHNIA. Linn. Kuhnia. 
 (In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Penn.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 
 two or three series. Receptacle naked. Corolla with the limb 
 not distinct from the tube. Achenia elongated, sessile or stiped. 
 Pappus in a single series, plumose. 
 
 1. K. eupatoriaides Linn.: stem herbaceous; leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 serrate ; corymbs paniculate, terminal, few-flowered. 
 
 Shady woods- N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Aug., Sept. fy.Stem 23 feet 
 high, slender, somewhat branched. Flowers whitish. Resembles an Eupatorium. 
 
 Hempweed-like Kuhnia. 
 
 Q.K.panicidata Cass.: stem herbaceous ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 entire, younger ones with the margin revolute ; panicle corymbose, spread- 
 ing, many-flowered. (Z>. C.) K. Critonia Willd. K. eupatorimdes var. gra- 
 r.ilis Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Ala. Aug., Sept. 1\. Stem 2 3 feet high, slender, 
 often dark purple. Heads in a large panicle, consisting of many corymbose 
 Clusters. Flowers pale yellow. Panicled Kuhnia. 
 
 5. LIATRIS. Schreb. Liatris. 
 (Origin of the name unknown.) 
 
 Heads few, many-flowered. Involucre with few or numerous 
 imbricate scales. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed ; 
 the lobes elongated. Style with the branches much exserted. 
 
COMPOSITE. 157 
 
 Achenia about 10-ribbed, somewhat cylindric. Pappus of 
 numerous plumose or barbulate bristles. 
 
 1. L. spicata Willd.: stem simple, smooth ; leaves linear, entire, smooth, 
 ciliate at base, nerved and punctate ; upper very short, often subulate ; 
 heads 9 13-flowered, in a dense elongated spike ; scales of the involucre 
 oblong, appressed, obtuse. L. macrostachya Mich. Pursk. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 1|.. Stem 3 6 feet high. Spike 
 terminal, 6 18 inches long. Flowers bright purple. 
 
 Long-spiked Liatris. Blue Blazing Star. 
 
 2. L. pilosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves linear, hairy, ciliate ; 
 heads 10 14-flowered, on long pedicels, forming a loose raceme ; scales of 
 the involucre oblong, obtuse, villous. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. Sept. Nov. 1}-. Stem 23 feet high, a 
 little hairy. Leaves long and linear. Raceme long, leafy. Flowers small, 
 bright purple. Hairy Liatris. 
 
 3. L. scariosa Willd. :, stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pubes- 
 cent, scabrous on the margin ; lower oblong, tapering into a petiole ; heads 
 15 40-flowered, in a spike or raceme ; scales of the involucre obovate, 
 obtuse, scarious on the margin, the lower a little spreading or squarrose. 
 L. hetcrophylla Nutt. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. and Texas. Aug. Oct. ^.Stem 35 feet 
 high, stout, striate. Lower leaves very long. Flowers numerous, bright purple. 
 A very variable species. Ragged-cupped Liatris. 
 
 4. L. squarrosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves very long, linear, 
 nerved, with the margins somewhat scabrous ; heads few, about 20-flow- 
 ered, on leafy pedicels, racemose ; upper scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
 rigid and spreading ; segments of the flowers linear, villous internally. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. 1\.., Stem 2 3 feet 
 high. Heads generally 4 5, bright purple. Rough-headed Liatris. 
 
 5. L. cylindrar.ea Mich. : stem leafy, slightly hairy ; leaves linear and 
 lance-linear, rigid, mostly 1-nerved ; heads few, (1 7, rarely more,) turbi- 
 nate-cylindric, sessile or pedicellate, 16 20-flowered ; scales of the invo- 
 lucre numerous, with rounded abruptly mucronate tips. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
 L. flexuosa Thomas, in Sill. Journ. xxxvii. 328. 
 
 Near Niagara Falls. Thomas. S. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. r l\.. Stem 
 6 18 inches high, often somewhat flexuous. Leaves 610 inches long. Flow- 
 ers bright purple. Cylindrical-fieaded Lialris. 
 
 6. CONOCLINIUM. D. C. Conoclidium. 
 
 (From the Greek nwog, a cone, and *Au'>7, a bed ; in allusion to its conic re- 
 ceptacle.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate ; the scales 
 in 2 3 series, lyaear, acute, subequal. Receptacle naked, 
 conic. Achenia angled. Pappus of one series, pilose, rough. 
 
 C. ccdestinum D. C. : herbaceous ; stem terete, pubescent ; leaves oppo- 
 site, petioled, ovate, truncate at base or subcordate, somewhat acute, ob- 
 
158 COMPOSITE. 
 
 tusely dentate, 3-nerved, somewhat scabrous ; flowers in crowded corymbs. 
 Cttleslvna c&rulea Spreng. Eupatorium ccdestinum Linn. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. 1|.. Stem 23 feet high. 
 Leaves on petioles, opposite, sometimes deltoid. Flowers in close fastigiate co- 
 rymbs, fragrant, light-blue. Involucre about 30-leaved, 40 60-flowered. 
 
 Blue Conoclidium. 
 
 7. EUPATORIUM. Linn. Hempweed. 
 
 (Named after Eupator, king of Pontus.) 
 
 Heads 3- many-flowered. Receptacle flat, naked. Involu- 
 cre cylindric or campanulate ; the scales in 1, 2 or many 
 series. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, often dilated at base. 
 Anthers included. Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, 
 pilose, rough. 
 
 * Heads, 5 15-flowered. Scales of the involucre oblong, imbricate. Leaves 
 opposite, closely sessile or connate. 
 
 1 . E. sessilifolium Linn. : stem somewhat terete, smoothish ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, rounded at base, 
 acuminate, serrate, smooth ; corymb compound ; heads 5-flowered ; scales 
 of the involucre 10, oblong-linear, obtuse, imbricate. 
 
 Rocky hills. Mass, to Geor. Aug., Sept. %.> Stem 24 feet high, much 
 branched above. Leaves opposite but not connate, minutely dotted beneath. 
 Flowers in a widely spreading terminal corymb, white. 
 
 Sessile-leaved Hempweed* 
 
 2. E. truncatum Muhl. : stem terete, striate, villous-hispid ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, clasping, obtuse at base, acuminate, rugose, dentate-serrate, villous- 
 pubescent beneath; corymb compound, crowded; heads 5 10-flowered; 
 scales of the involucre 12 15, imbricate, linear, obtuse. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July Sept. 7j_. Very similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but has the stem pubescent, the leaves truncate at base, with the serra- 
 tures larger and more obtuse, and the involucre more pubescent. Willd. 
 
 Truncate-leaved Hempweed. 
 
 3. E. perfoliatum Linn. : stem villous-hirsute ; leaves connate-perfoliate, 
 lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, crenate-serrate, rugose, tomentose beneath ; 
 corymb compound ; heads 8 10-flowered. E. connatum Mich. 
 
 Swampy grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 1|~ Stem 2 4 
 feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, sometimes only 
 slightly connate. Flowers in large fastigiate corymbs, white. The whole plant 
 is bitter and is used as a tonic. Big. med. Bot. i. 33. 
 
 Bonesfi. Thoroughivort. 
 
 4. E. resinosum Torr. ; stem erect, velvety pubescent ; leaves opposite, 
 closely sessile or partly clasping at base, linear-lanceolate, elongated, acu- 
 minate, serrate, nearly smooth above, velvety canescent beneath ; corymb 
 fastigiate, compound; heads glomerate, 10 15-flowered; scales of the in- 
 volucre oval, obtuse, imbricate, white-tomentose and glandular. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. and N. J. Penn. ? Aug., Sept. %.. Stems growing in 
 tufts, 2 3 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, viscid with resinous globules. 
 Heads rather small, very numerous. Resinous Hempweed. 
 
COMPOSITE. ' 159 
 
 ** Heads 5 IQ-flowered. Scales of the involucre oblong, imbricate. Leaves 
 mostly ver titillate. 
 
 5. E. purpurcumLinn. : stem simple, hollow, or nearly solid; leaves 3 6 
 in a whorl, or rarely opposite, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, more or less 
 petioled, acuminate, veiny, rough or smooth above, somewhat pubescent be- 
 neath, serrate; heads in a large corymb, 5 9-flowered. E. maculatum 
 Linn. E. verticillatum Willd. E. trifoliatum Linn. E. punctatum Wtild. 
 E. amanum Punk. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. Oct. Tj.. Stem 3 8 
 feet high. Leaves 2 S inches long. Flowers in a large terminal corymb, pur- 
 ple. A very variable plant. The stem is sometimes solid and purplish, and the 
 leaves three or four in a whorl, (E. verticillatum.) In other specimens the stem 
 is solid and marked with purple spots, the leaves broader, more rugose and 
 scabrous, (E maculatum.) Purple Hempweed. Joe Pye's Weed. 
 
 *** Heads S W-flowered. Leaves petioled, opposite. 
 
 C. E. aromaticum Linn. : stem terete, pubescent ; leaves opposite, pe- 
 tioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, coarsely and unequally serrate, somewhat 
 scabrous ; corymb somewhat panicled ; heads about 20-flowered ; scales of 
 the involucre 10 12, linear-acute, equal. E. mdissoides Wittd. E. cean- 
 otMfolium Mukl. 
 
 Low woods. Mass, to Flor. Aug., Sept. Tj.. Stem 2 feet high, pubescent. 
 Flowers in small corymbs, large, white, and aromatic. Distinguished from the 
 next by its pubescent stem, smaller leaves and short petioles. 
 
 Aromatic Hempweed. 
 
 7. E. ageratoides Linn. : stem smooth, branching at the top ; leaves op- 
 posite, on long petioles, broad-ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally and 
 coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish ; heads 12 20-flowered ; scales of the 
 involucre narrow-lanceolate. E. urtica folium Mich. 
 
 Woods and thickets. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. -Oct. 1\.. Stem 23 
 feet high, somewhat branched. Leaves on petioles 1 2 inches long, sometimes 
 slightly cordate. Heads in a compound corymb, more numerous than in the pre- 
 ceding, mostly 12 15-flowered. Flowers pure white, somewhat fragrant. 
 
 Nettle-leaved Hempweed. 
 
 **** Heads 5-flowered. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely wkorled. 
 
 8. E. hyssopifolium Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 3-nerved, pubescent and punctate ; lower opposite and dentate ; upper en- 
 tire, and sometimes alternate; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10, 
 imbricate, pubescent and glandular on the back. E. linearifolium Walt. 
 
 Sterile soil. Mass, to Flor. Aug., Sept. 1J-. Stem 1 3 feet high, Leaves 
 small, punctate. FUnoers in a terminal corymb, white. Style exserted. 
 
 Hyssop-leaved Hempweed. 
 
 9. E. aUissimum Linn. : stem pubescent ; leaves opposite, subsessile, 
 lanceolate, 3-nerved, attenuate at both ends, pubescent ; lower serrate in 
 the middle, upper entire ; heads in a terminal corymb, 5-flowered ; scales of 
 the involucre 10, oblong-linear, imbricate, somewhat obtuse, pubescent. 
 
 Sandy woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. ^. Stem 37 
 feet high. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white. Tall Hempweed. 
 
 10. E. leucolepis Torr. fy Gr. : stem puberulent ; leaves opposite, divari- 
 cate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, very rough on both 
 sides, punctate, strongly 1-nerved; corymb fastigiate, caneaeent; scales of 
 
160 COMPOSITE. 
 
 the involucre 8 10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and 
 glandular on the back, white and scarious at the summit. E. glaucescens 
 /? leucolepis D. C. E. linearifolium Mich, (in part.) 
 
 Sandy swamps. Long Island, N. Y., to Flor. Aug. Oct. 1j~ <SVem 2 feet 
 high, mostly simple, slender. Leaves 2 inches long and 4 5 lines wide, spread- 
 ing and sometimes recurved. Flowers white. Style much exserted. 
 
 While-scaled Hempweed. 
 
 11. E. pubescens MM. : stem pubescent ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, 
 acuminate, sparingly pubescent and glandular-punctate on both sides; 
 lower doubly serrate, upper slightly serrate ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; 
 heads 5-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, linear-lanceolate, acute. 
 E. ovaturn Big. 
 
 Sandy woods. Mass., N. J,, and Penn. Aug. Oct. %. Stem 2 feet high, 
 the lower branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly scabrous. Flowers white. 
 
 Pubescent Hempweed. 
 
 12. E. album Linn : stem pubescent at the top ; leaves opposite, subses- 
 sile, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at base, with a few coarse teeth at the 
 apex, somewhat scabrous, punctate beneath ; heads 5-flowered, in a ter- 
 minal corymb ; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 almost exceeding the corolla, glandular on the back. E. glandidosum 
 Mich. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. Oct. l\..Stem erect, about 2 feet high. 
 Flowers in a terminal fastigiate corymb, white. Scales white at the tips. 
 
 White-headed Hempweed. 
 
 13. E. verben&folium Mich. : stem roughish-pubescent ; leaves opposite, 
 (the upper often alternate,) sessile, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, scab- 
 rous, coarsely serrate-toothed; corymb compound, somewhat panicled; 
 heads 5 6-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, rather 
 acute, hispid-pubescent. E. teucrifolium and lanceolatum Wittd. 
 
 Low woods. Mass, to Car. Aug. Nov. 1\.. Stem 2 3 feet high, erect, 
 rather slender. Leaves sometimes almost incised ; the lower broad at base and 
 closely sessile. Heads somewhat clustered, corymbose. Flowers white. Scales 
 scarious on the margin, white at the tips. Michaux's name for this species has 
 the claim of priority, and, as Mr. Elliott remarks, is equally, perhaps more, ap- 
 propriate. Vervain-leaved Hempweed. 
 
 14. E. rotundifolium Linn. : stem densely pubescent ; leaves opposite, 
 sessile, roundish-ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, toothed, veined, pubescent, 
 glandular-punctate beneath ; corymb fastigiate ; heads 5-flowered ; "scales 
 of the involucre 10, acuminate. E. Marriibium Walt. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %.. Stem 2 feet high, slender, 
 roughish-pubescent. Leaves sometimes almost orbicular, sprinkled with resinous 
 dots. Flowers in a flat-topped corymb, white. Round-leaved Hempweed. 
 
 8. MIKANIA. WlLld. Climbing Hempweed. 
 (In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague, a botanist of the last century.) 
 
 Heads mostly 4-flo\vered. Receptacle naked, narrow. In- 
 volucre 4-leaved. Corolla with the tube short, dilated or sub- 
 campanulate at the summit, 5-toothed. Anthers somewhat ex- 
 serted. Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, rough. 
 
COMPOSITE. 161 
 
 M. scandens Willd. : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves petioled, hastate- 
 cordate, acuminate, repand-toothed ; corymbs panicled, clustered. Eupa- 
 torium scandens Linn. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Flor. July Sept. 1\.. Stem 3 6 feet long, branch- 
 ing, striate. Leaves with a somewhat triangular outline. Flowers in numerous 
 compound cymose panicles, purplish- white. M. pubescens Muhl, which is prob- 
 ably only a variety of this species, is confined to the Southern States. 
 
 Common Climbing Hempweed. 
 
 9. NARDOSMIA. D. C. Sweet Colt's-foot. 
 (From the Greek vapSos, spikenard, and 00-^*7, odor.') 
 
 Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. STERILE FL. 
 Flowers of the 'ray in a single series, pistillate, ligulate'; of the 
 disk numerous, perfect but infertile, with the corolla tubular and 
 5-toothed. FERTILE FL. Flowers of the ray in several series, 
 pistillate, mostly ligulate ; those of the disk few. Involucre in 
 a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia smooth. 
 
 1. N. frigida Hook. : leaves cordate, unequally coarsely and obtusely 
 toothed, somewhat lobed, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; the 
 lobes divergent at base. Tussilago frigida Pursh. 
 
 Mountain woods. N. H. Ver. and Mass. Aret. Amer. from lat. 66. May. 
 7J.. Scape 5 10 inches high. Heads in a fastigiate thyrse ; rays white ; disk 
 purple. Northern Sweet Colt's-foot. 
 
 2. N. palmata Hook. : leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, palmately 
 5 7-lobed, tomentose beneath ; segments coarsely toothed, often incised or 
 somewhat lobed. Tussilago palmata Ait. 
 
 Swamps. Ver. to Penn. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. April, May. %.- 
 Scape 620 inches high, stout, clothed with numerous sheathing scales. Leaves 
 often resembling those of Podophyttum peltatum. Heads in a corymbose thyrse. 
 
 Palmated Sweet Colt's-foot. 
 
 10. TUSSILAGO. Town. Colt's-foot. 
 (From the Latin tussis, a cough ; for the cure of which the plant is esteemed.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray in 
 several series, pistillate ; those of the disk few, staminate, tu- 
 bular, 5-toothed. Receptacle naked. Involucre of one series, 
 the scales oblong-obtuse. Achenia of the ray oblong-cylindric, 
 smooth ; of the disk abortive. Pappus of the ray in many 
 series ; of the disk in a single series, capillary. 
 
 T. Farfara Linn. 
 
 Wet places and low meadows. N. S. March, April. f l\.. Scape 410 
 inches high, clothed with oblong brownish scales. Leaves cordate, angular, 
 toothed, smoothish above, the lower surface and the long petiole white-tomen- 
 tose. Terminal head about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Introduced 
 and naturalized in several parts of the Northern States. Common CoU's-foot. 
 
 
162 COMPOSITE. 
 
 III. ASTEROIDEJE. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
 branches linear, Jlattish on the outside, minutely and equally pubescent 
 above. 
 
 11. ASTER. Linn. Aster. 
 (From the Greek a<mjp, a star ; which the flowers resemble.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, ligu- 
 late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle 
 flat, alveolate, or rarely naked. Scales of the involucre in many 
 series, more or less imbricated, with the tips sometimes foli- 
 aceous., Achenia usually compressed. Pappus simple, of nu- 
 merous rough bristles. 
 
 * Scales appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips. Bristles of the 
 pappus unequal. Achenia slender, scarcely compressed. Leaves large, 
 coarsely serrate, radical ones cordate. BIOTIA D. C. 
 
 1. A macrophyllus Linn. : stem more or less hirsute above; leaves rough, 
 serrate, acuminate ; lower and radical on long petioles, cordate ; upper on 
 winged petioles or sessile, ovate ; heads in large corymbs ; scales of the in- 
 volucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. JDiotia macrophyU-a D. C. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug., Sept. %.. Stem 23 feet high. Heads in a 
 spreading terminal corymb ; rays white or pale-blue. Large-leaved Aster. 
 
 2. A. corymbosus Ait. : stem smooth, dichotomously corymbose at the 
 summit ; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolate ; 
 heads loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre imbricate, obtuse, shorter 
 than the disk ; outer ones ovate. Biotia corymbosa D. C. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem about 2 feet high, some- 
 times purple, branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, few, in a fastigiate 
 corymb ; rays white, narrow. Corymbed Aster. 
 
 ** Scales of the involucre ciliate, squarrose ; outer ones herbaceous. Re- 
 ceptacle alveolate. Bristles of the pappus rigid, unequal. Achenia hirsute, 
 rarely smooth. Leaves scabrous, mostly entire. Heads large and showy. 
 AMELLI Nees^. 
 
 3. A. bifyorus Mich. : leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous; 
 stem one or few-flowered above ; scales of the involucre imbricate, ap- 
 pressed, oblong, acute, scarcely shorter than the disk. A. strictus Pursh. 
 
 High mountains. Penn. Pursh. N. to Hudson's Bay and Labrador. Sept., 
 Oct. 7|.. Stem 4 6 inches high. Heads middle-sized ; rays pale violet ; disk 
 brownish-yellow. Few-flowered Aster. 
 
 4. A. surculosus Mich. : stem simple, low and slender, minutely pubes- 
 cent ; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, scabrous above ; 
 upper linear, clasping ; corymb 3 5-flowered, somewhat naked ; involucre 
 imbricate, subsquarrose ; scales ciliate, linear-oblong, inner ones obtuse. 
 
 Woods. N. S. ? S. to Car. Sept., Oct. 7J.. Stems several from the same 
 surculose caudex, 6 18 inches high, somewhat angled. Heads rather large ; 
 rays long, linear, violet. Perhaps not a native of the Northern States. 
 
 Manif-ftemnwd Aster. 
 
COMPOSITOR. 163 
 
 5. A. speclabilis Ait. : stem scabrous, corymbose at the summit ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, very rough ; upper sessile and entire ; lower serrate and 
 petioled ; involucre hemispheric ; scales numerous, obtuse, squarrose, glan- 
 dular-pubescent. A. grandiflorus Walt. A. elegans WiUd. 
 
 Sandy soil. Mass, to Flor. W. to Ken. Aug. Nov. '^.Slem 2 feet high ; 
 branches 2 or 3-flowered, somewhat hairy. Heads 10 15 in a corymb, large 
 and blue. Showy Aster. 
 
 6. A. gracilis Nutt. : stem slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; 
 leaves roughish, obscurely crenulate-serrate ; radical oblong or spatulate, 
 or naked petioles ; cauline oblanceolate or narrow oblong, slightly clasping ; 
 heads in a spreading corymb ; involucre obconic, as long as the disk ; scales 
 whitish and coriaceous, with spreading tips. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. W. to Tenn. Sept. Q. Stems several, often from the 
 same surculose caudex, about a foot high, simple or with corymbose flowering 
 branches. Heads about 30-flowered ; rays violet. Resembles the preceding. 
 
 Slender Aster. 
 
 7. A. Radula Ait. : stem smoothish, angular, corymbose ; branches few 
 and nearly naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, rugose, very 
 rough, coarsely serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre imbricate, ob- 
 long, somewhat acute, spreading at the tips. A. nudiflorus Nutt. 
 
 Low grounds. Nova Scotia and Maine to Penn. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 'Zj-. 
 Stein 1 3 feet high, with a few spreading branches at the summit, purplish. 
 Leaves numerous, about 3 inches long. Heads few, large, on peduncles 2 or 3 
 inches long ; rays numerous, pale purple ; disk yellow. Rasp-leaved Aster. 
 
 8. A. NovcE-Anglia Linn. : stem stout, hairy, corymbose at the summit ; 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, hairy, clasping, auriculate, crowded on the 
 branchlets ; scales of the involucre subulate-linear, viscid, as long as the 
 disk. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Car. Sept. Nov. 1|.. Stem 3 6 feet high, almost 
 hispid, with spreading branches. Heads large, in a loose terminal panicle ; rays 
 purple ; disk yellow. A very ornamental species. New England Aster. 
 
 9. A. patens Ait. : stem hairy, paniculate at the summit ; leaves oblong- 
 ovate, cordate, clasping, rough, entire ; those of the divaricate slender 
 branches very small ; scales of the involucre imbricate, linear-lanceolate, 
 somewhat rough, spreading. A. ampkxicaulis Mich. 
 
 Moist grounds. Mass, to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug. Nov. 7[. Stem 13 
 feet high, slender, rough, with spreading branches. Leaves of the branches 
 small and bract-like. Heads middle-sized, subsolitary on the slender branches ; 
 rays purplish-blue. Spreading Aster. 
 
 10. A. phlogifolius Muhl. : stem very simple, pubescent, paniculate above ; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, narrower below the middle, auriculate and 
 clasping at base, tapering to an acute point, pubescent beneath ; scales of 
 the involucre loose, imbricate, lanceolate. A. patens,\a.r. phlogifolius Nees. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug Oct. f l\-. Stem 1 3 feet high. Leaves 
 larger than in the preceding, auriculate-cordate and a little dilated at base. 
 Heads few ; rays purplish. Phlox-leaved Aster. 
 
 *** Scales of the involucre more or less membranaceous on the margin. 
 Bristles of the pappus soft, capillary, nearly equal. Receptacle alveolate- 
 toothed. Achenia. smooth or slightly pubescent. GENUINI Nees. 
 
164 COMPOSITE. 
 
 f Leaves of different forms. 
 
 11. A. cordifolius Linn.: stem often flexuous, hairy, racemose, panicu- 
 late at the summit ; lower leaves petiolate, cordate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate, hairy beneath ; upper becoming gradually smaller ; heads in divari- 
 cate panicles; scales of the involucre closely imbricate. A. paniculate 
 Ait. A. heterophyllus WiUd. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug. Oct. %.. Stem. 2 4 feet high, often hairy 
 or roughish above. Leaves varying from broad- to narrow-ovate, the upper 
 small. Heads small, crowded on the spreading branches ; rays pale purple or 
 whitish ; disk yellowish, changing to purple. Heart-leaved Aster. 
 
 12. A. sagittifolius Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-compound above ; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ciliate; lower cordate-sagit- 
 tate, on slender narrowly winged petioles, serrate ; upper linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate at each end, sessile and usually entire ; heads in dense com- 
 pound racemes, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre closely imbri- 
 cate, linear-subulate. A. paniculatus MuJd. not of Ait. 
 
 Dry woods. Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. S. to Geor. W. to Miss. 
 Aug. Oct. QJ-. Stem 2 4 feet high, with numerous erect and rigid branches 
 above. Heads small, in crowded racemes ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow. 
 
 Arrow-leaved Aster. 
 
 13. A. undulatus Linn. : stem grayish-pubescent ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, rough above, somewhat woolly -pubescent beneath, acute, the 
 margins undulate or crenate- serrate ; lower cordate and on slightly mar- 
 gined and often dilated petioles ; uppermost smaller, cordate, clasping ; scales 
 closely imbricate. A. diversifolius Mich. 
 
 Dry woods. Nearly throughout the U. S. Torr. $ Gr. Sept., Oct. r l\.. 
 Stem 2 3 feet high, pyramidally branched at the summit. Heads middle sized, 
 the branches and pedicels pubescent ; rays violet-blue ; disk yellow, at length 
 purple. Wave-leaved Aster. 
 
 j-f Leaves all nearly of a similar form. 
 
 14. A. prenanthoides Muhl. : stem and branches hairy in lines, corym- 
 bose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or oval-lanceo- 
 late, incisely serrate in the middle, acuminate, cordate or auriculate-clasp- 
 ing at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; scales of the involucre linear, 
 squarrose-spreading at the apex. 
 
 Moist woods. Western N. Y. and Penn. W. to Ken. Sept., Oct. 7|_. Stem 
 1 4 feet high, sparingly branched. Heads above middle size, rather few. clus- 
 tered towards the end of the branches ; rays violet or lilac, sometimes nearly 
 white. Prenanthes-like Aster. 
 
 15. A. puniccus Linn. : stem hispid, paniculate above ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, clasping-auriculate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate in the 
 middle, scabrous above, smoothish beneath ; scales of the involucre loosely 
 imbricate, linear-subulate, nearly equal. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. Sept. Nov. %..Stem 36 feet high, hispid 
 with strong prickly hairs, mostly purple. Leaves often rough on both sides and 
 sparingly serrate. Heads above the middle size, on nearly naked pedicels ; rays 
 violet purple, sometimes pale. Red-stalked Aster. 
 
 16. A. astivus Ait. : stem branching from near the base, erect, hispid ; 
 branches lax, hairy, with a head at the extremity of each : leaves lanceo- 
 
COMPOSITE. 165 
 
 late, ciliate, subclasping; radical, appressed-serrate ; cauline entire ; involu- 
 cre narrow, obconic ; inner scales subulate. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. July Sept. 7J.. Stem 2 feet higlu 
 Heads middle-sized ; rays blue. A doubtful species. Summer Aster. 
 
 17. A. Novi-Bdgii Linn. : stem terete, smooth ; often somewhat glau- 
 cous ; branches rigid, racemose or corymbose ; leaves lanceolate, sub- 
 clasping, acute, scabrous on the margin ; lower serrate in the middle ; 
 involucre loosely imbricate ; scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate. A. Novi- 
 Belgii and floribundus Willd. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. S. ? S. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. 7J_. Stem 14 
 feet high. Flowers middle-sized ; rays pale purple. " Glaucous Aster. 
 
 18. A. simplex Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches 
 subcorymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, 
 scabrous on the margin; the lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate, 
 the scales linear-subulate. 
 
 Margins of swamps. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. Oct. 1\.. Stem 
 from 2- 6 feet high, pubescent in lines. Leaves sessile or a little clasping. 
 Heads middle-sized, loosely racemose or a little crowded on the short branch- 
 lets ; rays pale purple ; disk yellowish, at length purple-brown. A very varia- 
 ble species. Simple Aster. 
 
 19. A. laxiis Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-compound or decompound, 
 the branches loose and subcorymbose at the top, the branchlets elongated ; 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin ; the lower ser- 
 rate ; those of the branches linear, obliquely spreading ; scales of the in- 
 volucre loose, linear, reflexed at the tips. 
 
 Sandy soils. Mass, and N. Y. Sept., Oct. Ij.. Stem about 3 4 feet high, 
 with numerous rigid branches, purplish. Heads loosely corymbose ; rays very 
 numerous, purplish-blue. . Loose Aster. 
 
 20. A. prfsaltus Pair : stem somewhat hairy, racemose-paniculate or co- 
 rymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, nearly 
 entire, rough on the margin, smooth and somewhat shining above ; lower 
 narrowed at base ; scales of the involucre loosely imbricate, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute, often with spreading tips. A. salicifolius Pursh. ? 
 
 Moist woods. N. H. to Penn. Aug. Oct. f 2\.. Stem 15 or 6 feet high, 
 branched near the summit. Heads large and showy ; rays reddish-blue ; disk 
 changing to purple. Tall Aster. 
 
 21. A. Tradescanti Linn. : stem smoothish, racemose-compound ; branches 
 virgate, the branchlets often unilateral ; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough 
 margins ; cauline linear-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely and coarsely ser- 
 rate ; those of the branches becoming smaller, entire, spreading and mucro- 
 nate ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 4 series, narrow-linear, acute. 
 
 var. fragilis Torr. <$ Gr. : cauline leaves, except the lowermost, mi- 
 nutely appressed, serrulate or entire, usually shorter ; heads more scattered 
 on the branchlets. A. fragilis Willd. A. tenuifolius Ell. not of Linn. 
 
 Fields and dry swamps. Mass, to Ala. and Louis. Aug. Oct. 9J-. Stem 
 2 4 feet high, bushy, with numerous branches, at length widely spreading. 
 Heads small, numerous, on branchlets disposed in a racemose manner; rays 
 pale purple, almost white ; disk becoming purplish. Tradescant's Aster.' 
 
 22. A. dumosus Linn. : stem smooth or slightly scabrous, racemosely 
 
166 COMPOSITE. 
 
 compound or decompound ; the branches corymbose at their summits ; 
 leaves linear, entire, or remotely serrate, rough on the margin, sessile ; 
 those of the branches smaller and acute ; scales of the involucre imbricate, 
 linear-obtuse. A. sparsiflorus Willd. A. foliolosus Ait. ? 
 
 Moist soils. Ver. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Mich. Aug. Oct. r lj-. Stem 
 1 3 feet high. Leaves decreasing in size to the branchlets. Heads scattered ; 
 rays pale purple or nearly white. A very variable species. Bushy Aster. 
 
 23. A. ericoides Linn. : stem smoothish, racemose-compound ; branches 
 virgate, branchlets unilateral ; lower leaves oblanceolate or oblong-spatu- 
 late, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate ; upper linear- 
 lanceolate and linear-subulate ; scales of the involucre short, imbricate, 
 subulate-spreading, the lower cuspidate. A. sparsiflorus Mich. 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. 1\-. Stem 13 feet high, 
 often so, much branched as to resemble a small bush. Leaves very numerous, 
 and somewhat rigid. Heads arranged unilaterally; rays white or pale purple; 
 disk at length purplish. Heath-like Aster. 
 
 24. A. miser Linn. : stem mostly pubescent or hairy, racemosely branched 
 or compound; branches erect or spreading; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, sessile, acuminate or attenuate at each end, serrate in the middle ; 
 radical spatulate-lanceolate or oval ; upper becoming smaller and often 
 entire ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays short. 
 
 var. 1. miserrimus Torr.fy Gr.: leaves elliptic- or cuneiform-lanceolate, 
 more or less rough ; flowering branches short. 
 
 var. 2. glomerdlus Torr. <$ Gr. : mostly cinerous-pubescent or rough ; 
 heads glomerate-spicate at the summit of the stem, or on diverging branches. 
 A. diffusus Muhl. 
 
 var. 3. diffusus Torr. <$ Gr. : branches diffuse, mostly elongated, diver- 
 gent recurved-spreading or divaricate. A. diffusus, divergens, pendulu* 
 and parriflorus Nees. 
 
 var. 4. hirsuticaulis Torr. fy Gr. : leaves narrow-lanceolate elongated, 
 more or less hairy ; heads racemose or spicate, on short diverging branchlets. 
 A. hirsuticaulis Linn. 
 
 Old fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. Nov. %-. A very varia- 
 ble species, the exact limits of which are not yet perhaps accurately fixed. I fol- 
 low Torrey and Gray, although it will probably be found that the characters 
 which they have given to their several varieties are not in all cases constant. 
 The heads are usually numerous, but quite small, with the rays often inconspicu- 
 ous white or Very pale purple ; disk purplish. Pappus dirty white. It usually 
 has the appearance of a stunted plant ; varies in height from 8 or 10 inches to 
 3 or 4 feet, erect or diffuse, at first nearly simple, but at length much branched. 
 
 Starved Aster. 
 
 25. A. concolor Linn. : stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, virgate ; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, minutely silky on both sides ; heads 
 in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; scales of the involucre imbricate, 
 lanceolate, acute. 
 
 Dry sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. Nov. 1\.. Stem 23 feet high, 
 sparingly branched. Leaves at length nearly smooth. Heads on short bracteate 
 peduncles, middle-sized ; rays bluish-violet. It has somewhat the habit of a 
 Liatris, and is one of our most showy species. Racemed Violet Aster. 
 
 26. A. muUiJloris Ait. : stein grayish-pubescent, diffusely racemose-com- 
 pound ; leaves crowded, linear, entire, serrulate-scabrous on the margin, 
 
COMPOSITE. 167 
 
 somewhat 3-nerved ; those of the branchlets spreading or reflexed ; scales 
 of the involucre loosely imbricate, subspatulate, ciliate, with the mucronate 
 tips spreading or recurved. A. multiflorus and ciliatus Willd. 
 
 Dry fields. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Sept., Oct. [2| Stem 
 about 2 feet high, much branched, usually covered with a dense white pubes- 
 cence. Heads 'small, in crowded terminal racemes, on horizontal branches ; 
 rays white or slightly purplish ; disk purplish when old. 
 
 Many-lowered Aster. 
 
 27. A. lenuifolius Linn. : stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches 
 virgate ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly elongated, attenuate-acuminate, 
 rough on the margin ; lower serrate in the middle ; those of the branches 
 smaller, entire, spreading; involucre ovate-hemispheric; scales imbricate, 
 linear-oblong, acute, spreading at the tips. A. polyphyllus and bellidi- 
 Jlarus Willd. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. Nov. 1|~ Stem 2 5 feet high, mostly 
 stout. Leaves variable. Heads middle-sized; rays numerous, pale purple or 
 while ; disk sometimes becoming purplish. Slender-leaved Aster. 
 
 28. A. carneus Nces. : smooth or with the branches somewhat pubescent 
 in lines ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, roughish above, 
 with serrulate-scabrous margins; lower more or less attenuate at base; 
 upper subclasping ; heads racemose ; scales of the obovate involucre closely 
 imbricate, unequal, acute. 
 
 Moist soils. Mass, to Louis. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. ^.Resembles the 
 preceding in its foliage, but has the heads usually larger, the rays longer, broader 
 and more showy, flesh-colored or nearly white. A variable species. 
 
 Flesh-colored Aster. 
 
 29. A. cocciiius Willd.: stem smooth, loosely subcorymbose ; branches 
 virgate, dichotomously paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping ; 
 lower remotely serrate ; those of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the. 
 closely imbricate involucre with a white margin. 
 
 Fields and woods. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. S. to Flor. Sept. Nov. '2|. 
 Stem 2 feet high. Heads middle-sized ; rays bluish-purple. The leaves are saic 
 by Pursh to resemble those of Phlox maculata. It may belong to the next. 
 
 Neat Aster. 
 
 30. A. lavis Willd. : smooth and more or less glaucous ; stem loosely 
 paniculate or somewhat corymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with rough or sparingly ser- 
 rate margins ; lower narrowed towards the base or tapering into a mar- 
 gined petiole ; upper clasping and usually auriculate or cordate at base ; 
 scales of the involucre closely imbricate, rigid, lanceolate or broad-linear, 
 with acute or acuminate tips. A. lavis, l&vigatus and mutabilis D. C. 
 A. amplezicautis Willd. A. rubicaulis Lam. (according to Torr. fy Gr.~) 
 
 var. cyaneus Torr. cf- Gr. : more glaucous ; upper leaves cordate-clasp- 
 ing, oblong-lanceolate ; scales more numerous. A. cyaneus Ho/. Pursh. 
 
 Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Geor. Aug. Oct. QL Stem 24 
 feet high, more or less branched at the summit, often dark purple. Heads mid- 
 dle-sized ; rays bright violet-blue ; disk yellow. A handsome species, but very 
 variable. It may be recognized by its very smooth stem and shining leaves. 
 
 Smooth Blue Aster. 
 
 31. A. versicol&r Willd. : stem smooth, paniculate-compound ; branches 
 densely corymbose ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, of 
 
168 COMPOSITE. 
 
 the same color on both sides; lower serrate in the middle; upper clasping, 
 entire ; scales of the involucre imbricate, lanceolate. 
 
 Fields and woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. Oct. '7J.. Stem, 2 feet high. Heads 
 large and very numerous, clustered towards the summits of the branches ; rays 
 white, changing to a deep violet ; disk yellow. Pursh. A doubtful species. 
 
 Various-colored Aster. 
 
 32. A. Greenii Torr. fy Gr. : stem very smooth, racemosely branched or 
 compound ; leaves nearly all remotely appressed-serrulate, smooth, acute or 
 acuminate, rough above ; cauline narrowly lanceolate, elongated, slightly 
 clasping (not dilated) at the base, spreading ; heads simply racemose on the 
 leafy branches, on short bracteate peduncles ; scales of the campanulate 
 involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rather closely imbricate. 
 
 Fields. Boston, Mass. Dr. Greene. Schenectady, N. Y. Tuckerman. 
 Heads racemose or crowded on the slender branches ; rays rather short, pur- 
 plish ; disk turning to reddish-purple. Greene's Aster. 
 
 33. A. elodes Torr. fy Gr. : very smooth ; stem simple or sparingly 
 branched, slender ; leaves varying from lanceolate to linear, somewhat co- 
 riaceous, narrowed at each end, nearly entire or serrulate, shining ; upper 
 somewhat clasping by a narrow base ; scales of the hemispheric involucre 
 spatulate-linear, acute, mucronulate, with recurved-spreading herbacepus 
 tips. A. paludosus Nutt. 
 
 Swamps in pines. Mass, to Car. Aug. Oct. %.. Stem 1 2$ feet high, 
 flexuous, simple, with a few flowers in a paniculate raceme at the summit, or 
 somewhat oompoundly branched above with the flowers more numerous. 
 Heads large, seldom numerous, solitary on the shortish branchlets ; rays large, 
 deep blue or violet ; disk yellow, sometimes turning purplish. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
 
 Blue Smooth Marsh Aster. 
 
 **** Scales of the regularly imbricate involucre with membranaceous m 
 scari&us margins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle alveolate, Jlat. 
 Bristles of the pappus capillary, mostly unequal. ORTHOMERIS Torr. $* Gr. 
 
 34. A. acuminatus Mich. : stem simple, flexuous, pubescent, or hairy, 
 loosely and paniculately corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender, 
 naked ; leaves broad cuneiform-lanceolate, membranaceous, conspicuously 
 acuminate, unequally serrate above, tapering and entire towards the base, 
 smooth above, pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre loosely imbri- 
 cate, linear, acuminate. 
 
 In woods, and on mountains. Can. to Virg. Aug. Oct. 1\.. Stem 1218 
 inches high, stout. Heads usually few, middle-sized ; rays white, sometimes 
 tinged with purple. Acuminate-leaved Aster. 
 
 35. A. ptarmicoides Torr. <$ Gr. : stem simple, rough above ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, rigid, acute, somewhat shining, very rough on the mar- 
 gin ; cauline entire; lower elongated, often slightly and remotely toothed, 
 tapering at base or somewhat petioled ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the 
 hemispheric involucre closely imbricate, rather obtuse, shorter than the 
 disk. Chrysopsis alba Nutt, Diplopappus albus Hook. Hekastrum album 
 D. C. 
 
 Rocky banks. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to Fort Mandan. July Serit. Tj, 
 Stems 6 18 inches high, slender, usually several from one root. Heads rather 
 small, in a fastigiate corymb; rays white. From Dr. Torrey's figure in his 
 
COMPOSITE. 169 
 
 New York Flora, this plant appears to be a true Aster. It has been referred to 
 several different genera. Ptarmicoid Aster. 
 
 ***** Scales of the involucre membranaeeous or with membranaceous mar- 
 gins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle somewhat alveolate. Bristles 
 of the pappus capillary, nearly equal. Leaves thickish or succulent. Ox- 
 VTRJ FOLIUM D. C. 
 
 36. A.flexuosus Nutt. : stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; 
 branches mostly terminated by large solitary heads ; cauline leaves linear ; 
 lower lanceolate-linear, fleshy, acute, tapering to the base ; those of the 
 branchlets subulate ; scales of the campanulate involucre lanceolate-acu- 
 minate. A. sparsijlorus Pursh. Tripolium flexv,osum D. C. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass, to Flor.- Sept. Nov. %. Stem 12 feet high, 
 usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads 1 2 on the 
 branchlets, large ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow. 
 
 Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. 
 
 37. A, linifolius Linn. : very smooth ; stem erect, racemosely branched 
 from the base ; branches erect, spreading ; leaves lanceolate-linear, acumi- 
 nate, narrowed at base ; scales of the cylindric involucre linear-subulate; 
 rays scarcely longer than the pappus. A. subulatus Mich. Tripolium 
 sub'ulatum D. C. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass, to Car. Sept. Nov. (J). Stem about 2 feet high, 
 slriate- angular, with numerous spreading branches. Heads very small, in a 
 loose terminal panicle ; rays short, pale purple or nearly white. 
 
 Annual Salt-marsh Aster. 
 
 12. GALATELLA. Cass. Galatella. 
 
 (Origin unknown.) 
 
 Heads radiate; rays in one series, neutral or bearing an 
 abortive style; disk-florets tubular, fertile. Involucre with 
 the imbricate scales shorter than the disk ; outer scales often 
 3 -nerved. Receptacle alveolate ; the alveolar margins toothed. 
 Achdiia densely hirsute or silky -villous. Pappus consisting of 
 numerous scabrous filiform bristles. 
 
 1. G. linifolia Nees. : stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; leaves linear, 
 entire, punctate, roughish, 1-nerved ; branchlets with a single head, and 
 having the leaves linear-subulate and becoming smaller ; scales of the in- 
 volucre lanceolate, acute, the margins somewhat membranaceous; rays not 
 exceeding the disk. Chrysopsis linifolia Nutt. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. to Virg. Sept., Oct. n 4 Stem 1218 inches high, 
 terete. Heads rather large ; rays few, white or pale purple. Perhaps not dis- 
 tinct from the next. Flax-leaved Galatella. 
 
 2. G. hyssopifolia Nees.: stem erect, corymbose at the summit; the 
 branches spreading ; leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, rough, 3-nerved, 
 punctate ; those of the branchlets linear-subulate ; scales of the involucre 
 acutish ; rays elongated. Aster hyssopifolius Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug. Oct. ^.Stem 12 feet high, smooth. 
 Heads in small terminal fastieiate corymbs : rays 510, white or pale purple. 
 
 Hyssop-leaved GalateOa. 
 
 8 ' 
 
170 COMPOSITE. 
 
 3. G. nemoralis Nees. : stem pubescent, rough, corymbose at the summit ; 
 leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, without nerves or punctures, scabrous and 
 somewhat revolute on the margin ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, in 
 tew series, much shorter than the disk ; rays elongated. A. nemoralis Ait. 
 A. kilifolius Pursh. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. Mass, and N. J. Sept., Oct. ^. Stem simple, 
 12 18 inches high, fragile and thickly set with leaves which are sometimes 
 minutely bidentate. Heads large ; rays pale violet. The stem is sometimes 
 simple and 1-flowered. (G. nemoralis, /?. monocephalus D. C. Aster uniftorus 
 Mich.) Wood GalateUa. 
 
 13. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. Sericocarpus. 
 
 (From the Greek <njfo; , silky, and /capu-oj, fruit ; the achenia being very silky.) 
 Heads 12 15-flowered ; the ray flowers about 5 ; those of 
 the disk tubular, fertile. Involucre imbricate, ovate or oblong ; 
 the scales in several series, broad at the base, cartilaginous, 
 nerveless, the upper part herbaceous and often spreading. Re- 
 ceptacle small, alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate-ciliate. 
 Achenia obpyramidal, short, densely strigose-silky. Pappus 
 of simple, rigid, rough bristles. 
 
 1. S. solidagineus Nees.: smooth; stem erect, somewhat flexuous, an- 
 gled with elevated lines ; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, attenuate at the 
 base, obtuse, the margin scabrous, obscurely 3-nerved ; corymb fastigiate ; 
 scales of the oblong involucre squarrose at the tips ; rays elongated. 
 Conyza linifolia Linn. Aster solidaginoides Willd. 
 
 Heads few, somewhat clustered in a fastigiate corymb ; rays 3 8, white, longer 
 than the disk. Pappus white. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus. 
 
 2. S. conyzoides Nees : stem slightly pubescent, a little angular ; leaves 
 elliptic, or oval-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at 
 each end, ciliate ; lower serrate towards the apex, narrowed to a petiole at 
 base ; involucre oblong-turbinate, the scales squarrose at the tips ; rays 
 short. Conyza asteroides Linn. Aster conyzoides Willd. 
 
 Woods and copses. Mass, to Flor. July Sept. 1J.. Stem 1 2 feet high, 
 rigid, but rather slender, Heads few, in small clusters. Scales whitish at base, 
 green at the tip. Var. plantaginifolius Nees. (Aster conyzoides plantaginifolius 
 Nutt.), has the radical leaves spatulate, the heads somewhat pedicelled,and the 
 rays about as long as the involucre. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus. 
 
 14. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Diplopappus. 
 (From the Greek <5t?rAoo? , double, and natt-tos, pappus.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistil- 
 late ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, some- 
 what alveolate. Involucre imbricate. Achenia oblong, com- 
 
COMPOSITE. 17) 
 
 pressed. Pappus double ; inner of long rough capillary bris- 
 tles ; outer very short, subulate. 
 
 1. D. linariifolius Hook.: stem erect or somewhat decumbent; leaves 
 linear, rigid, spreading or recurved, rough on the margin ; scales of the 
 turbinate involucre rigid, 1-nerved ; the outer short and acute, inner usually 
 obtuse. D. linariifolius and rigidus Lind. in D. C. Chrysopsis linariifolia 
 Nutt. Aster linariifolius and rigidus Linn. 
 
 Hills and rocky places. Can. to Car. Aug. Oct. 1J-. Stems 9 18 inches 
 high, often several from the same root, or branched from near the base. Leaves 
 about an inch long and one or two lines wide. Heads middle-sized, solitary and 
 terminal on the branches, forming an umbellate corymb ; rays pale violet ; disk 
 yellow. Narrow-leaved Diplopappus. 
 
 2. D. umbellatus Torr. <$ G?: : stem striate, fastigiate-corymbose at the 
 summit; leaves elongated, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, tapering at 
 base usually into a short petiole, a little rough on the margin ; scales of the 
 short involucre obtusish, rather closely imbricate. D. amygdalinus and 
 umbellatus Hook. Diplostephium umbellatum D. C. Aster amygdalinus 
 Mich. A. umbellatus Ait. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 1|_. Stem 2 5 feet high, branched 
 at the summit. Leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath. Heads nume- 
 rous, in a level-topped corymb ; rays about 12, white or yellowish-white ; disk 
 yellowish. Umbetted Diplopappus. 
 
 3. D. cornifolius Darlingt. : stem slender, somewhat pubescent, sparingly 
 and dichotomously corymbose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves elliptic, 
 acuminate, subcuneate at base, subsessile, entire, ciliate-hirsute on the 
 margin, hairy on the veins beneath ; scales of the involucre oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, rather obtuse, ciliate. Diplostephium cornifolium D. C. Aster 
 humilis Pursh. A. cornifolius WiUd. A. infirmus Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 1}.. Stem 1 2 feet high, often flexuous, 
 smooth or sparingly pubescent. Heads usually few, on rather rigid peduncles; 
 rays white or yellowish ; disk yellowish. Cornus-leaved Diplopappus. 
 
 4. D. paludosus Lind. : .stem slightly pubescent, somewhat corymbose at 
 the summit ; leaves linear, sessile or clasping, somewhat concave, subulate, 
 smooth, rough on the margin ; scales of the involucre somewhat squarrose. 
 Heleastrum paludosum D. C. Aster palludosus Ait. 
 
 Borders of swamps. N. J. to Flor. Null. Aug. Nov. %.. Stem 12 feet 
 high, smooth nearly to the top. Heads 3 5, large and beautiful ; rays nume- 
 rous, bright blue. Torrey and Gray suggest that Aster paludosus of Nuttall is 
 a form of their A. elodes ; if so, this is probably not a northern species. 
 
 Marsh Diplopappus. 
 15. ERIGERON. Linn. Fleabane. 
 
 (From the Greek ept, early, and yepor, an old man; in allusion to the bald 
 heads of the receptacles after the flowers and fruit have fallen. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers numerous, very nar- 
 row, usually in more than one series, pistillate; those of the 
 disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle naked, flat, punctate or scro- 
 biculate. Involucre imbricate, with numerous linear scales. 
 Pappus mostly simple. 
 
172 COMPOSITE. 
 
 * Rays not exceeding the disk. 
 
 1. E. Canadense Linn. : stem erect, hirsute, profusely and paniculately 
 branched ; leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, ciliate, lower sometimes ser- 
 rate ; heads small, very numerous ; rays crowded, scarcely longer than the 
 cylindric involucre. 
 
 Fields and waste places. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Texas. July Oct. 
 (X). Stem 6 inches to nearly 6 feet high, depending upon the soil, mostly very 
 hairy. Heads loosely racemose on the branches, forming an oblong panicle ; rays 
 white, narrow, scarcely longer than the pappus. When small it constitutes 
 E. pusUlum of Nuttall. Horse-weed. 
 
 ** Rays longer than tlie disk. 
 
 2. E. bellidifolium Muhl. : hairy and canescent; radical leaves obovate or 
 spatulate, slightly serrate or entire; cauline sessile, scattered, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate ; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays very numerous, linear, twice as 
 long as the involucre. E. pulchelhim Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June Aug. 1\.. Stem 12 18 
 inches high. Heads large, 2 5 ; the lower peduncles elongated, rather slender ; 
 rays about 50, bluish-purple, sometimes nearly white. Robert's Plaintain. 
 
 3. E. Philadelphicum Linn. : stem pubescent, weak, corymbose at the 
 summit ; lower leaves cuneate-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate, or in- 
 cisely toothed ; upper clasping, usually entire ; heads few, on elongated 
 pedicels ; rays very numerous, capillary, twice as long as the involucre. 
 E. purpureum Ait. 
 
 Woods and fields. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon and California. 
 
 Aug., Sept. 2J.. Stem 1 3 feet high, hairy or villous at base. Heads few, 
 middle-sized, in a loose corymb ; rays 100 or more, very narrow, pale purple or 
 flesh-color. Philadelphia Fleabane. 
 
 4. E. annuum Pen. : sparsely hairy ; stem corymbosely branched above ; 
 lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering into a margined peti- 
 ole ; upper cauline lanceolate-acute, serrate in the middle ; uppermost 
 usually entire ; rays very narrow, scarcely twice the length of the some- 
 what hispid involucre. E. heterophyllum WiLld. Slenactis annua and 
 strigosa D. C. 
 
 Fields and meadows. Can. to Virg. W. to Ken. June Aug. (I). ? Stem 
 stout, 2 3 feet high, angular, more or less hirsute. Heads rather small ; rays 
 white or tinged with purple, narrow. A popular medicine. 
 
 Annual Fleabane. Daisy. 
 
 5. E. strigosum Muhl. : stem slender, hairy, corymbose-paniculate at the 
 summit; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
 tapering to a long narrow petiole ; upper lanceolate or oblanceolate ; rays 
 narrow-linear, about twice as long as the hispid involucre. E. integrifo- 
 lium Big. E. ambiguum Nutt. Stenactis ambigua D. C. 
 
 Fields and meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. (J) or . 
 Stem 1 3 feet high, angular. Heads rather small, in terminal corymbs at the- 
 summit of the branches ; rays usually white, narrow, sublinear, the tube hairy. 
 
 Strigose Fleabane. 
 
 16. BOLTONIA. UHerit. Boltonia. 
 (In honor of James Bolton, a British naturalist and artist.) 
 
 Heads many -flowered ; ray flowers in one series, linear, pis- 
 tillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle hemi- 
 
COMPOSITE. 173 
 
 spheric, alveolate. Scales of the involucre as long as the disk, 
 in two series, appressed, the margins membranaceous. Ache- 
 nia flat-compressed, smoothish or slightly hispid. Pappus con- 
 sisting of many minute setose bristles ; in the disk florets 2 4 
 of them elongated, subulate and thicker. 
 
 1 . B. glastifolia L'Herit. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous, the 
 lower serrate ; heads on short pedicels ; achenia ohovate, broadly winged ; 
 awns of the disk pappus many, unequal, two opposite ones thick, elongated 
 and somewhat rigid. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. Penn. to Car. W. to 111. July, Aug. %.. Stem 3 7 
 
 feet high. Heads in a loose corymb ; rays purplish ; disk yellow. 
 
 Glaucous Boltonia. 
 
 2. D. asteroides L'Herit. : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely 
 serrate ; heads on long pedicels, loosely corymbose ; achenia oval, smooth ; 
 pappus very short, similar in the disk and ray, deciduous. Chrysanthemum 
 Carolinianum Walt. 
 
 Swamps. Penn. to Flor. ; rare. Aug. 1\_.Stem 12 feet high. Rays 
 pale purple. Aster-like Boltonia. 
 
 17- CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. Chrysopsis. 
 
 (From the Greek xP vcro *> gold, and oi//< f , appearance; in allusion to the yel- 
 low color of the flowers.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered; ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
 pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, 
 subalveolate. Involucre imbricate; the scales linear, acumi- 
 nate. Achenia obovate, compressed. Pappus double; the 
 outer short and chaffy ; the inner elongated, hairy and sca- 
 brous. 
 
 1. C. graminifolia Nutt. : silky ; stem leafy towards the summit; leaves 
 grass-like, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, erect, acute, entire, nerved ; co- 
 rymb compound ; scales of the involucre linear and lanceolate-subulate, 
 subpubescent and glandular on the back. Inula graminifolia, Mich. 
 
 Sandy woods. Del. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. Oct. r H. Stem 1 2 feet 
 high, and with the leaves covered with a silky pubescence. Leaves long, linear 
 or lanceolate-linear. Heads numerous, corymbed ; rays yellow. Closely allied 
 to C. argent ea Ell,, but the leaves are conspicuously nerved, the corymbs gene- 
 rally more compact and the heads more numerous. Grass-leaved Chrysopsis 
 
 2. C. Mariana Nutt. : villous with long and somewhat deciduous hairs ; 
 leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, remotely denticulate; lower 
 spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated to a petiole at base ; corymb mostly sim- 
 ple ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, and with the peduncles glandular- 
 viscid. Inula Mariana Linn. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. Aug. Oct. ^.Stem 13 feet high, mostly 
 simple, leafy, sparingly clothed with long hairs. Heads rather large, few, in a 
 terminal somewhat umbellate corymb ; rays 14 18, spatulate-linear, yellow ; 
 disk yellow. Maryland Chrysopsis. 
 
 3. C.falcata EU. : woolly and villous; leaves sessile, linear, very acute, 
 
174 COMPOSITE. 
 
 3-nerved, subfalcate and spreading, hairy beneath ; peduncles few, in ax- 
 illary corymbs and with the involucre villous. C. Mariana, var. Nutt. 
 Inula falcata Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. Mass. Conn. N. Y. and N. J. Sept., Oct. %.Stem 612 
 inches high, leafy. Heads in a simple or compound corymb, small, bright yel- 
 low ; rays about 12, oblong. Falcate Chrvsopsis. 
 
 18. BIGELOWIA. D. C. Bigelowia. 
 
 (In honor of Dr. J. Bigelow, of Boston, author of the Flor. Bostoniensis.) 
 
 Heads 3 5 -flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. 
 Receptacle narrow, pointed by a hyaline or scale-like cusp as 
 long as the achenia. Involucre clavate-cylindric, imbricate; 
 the scales linear, appressed and somewhat glutinous. Achenia 
 somewhat obconic, hairy. Pappus a single series of rough 
 capillary bristles. 
 
 B. virgata D. C.: herbaceous, smooth ; stem virgately branched ; 
 branches corymbiferous, fastigiate ; leaves narrow-linear, nerveless ; heads 
 oblong, 3 4-flowered ; scales of the involucre glutinous and appressed. 
 13. nudata,va.r. virgata Torr. <$ Gr. Chrijsocoma virgata Nutt. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. to Flor. Aug. Oct. 1\.. Stem about 18 inches high and 
 branched nearly from the base. Leaves short and narrow, scattered, smooth 
 and thickish ; the radical ones broader and longer. Florets bright yellow. Re- 
 sembles Solidago lenuifolia Pursh. Virgate Bigeknuia. 
 
 19. SOLIDAGO. Linn. Golden-Rod. 
 
 (From the Latin solidari, to unite; on account of its reputed healing qualities.) 
 Heads usually small, few- or many-flowered ; ray flowers few, 
 or sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Re- 
 ceptacle narrow, naked or alveolate. Involucre oblong; the 
 scales imbricate, appressed. Achenia many-ribbed, somewhat 
 terete. Pappus in a single series, pilose, scabrous. Flowers 
 yellow (except in S. bicolor.) 
 
 * Scales of the involucre imbricate, free. Rays ligulate, fewer than the 
 disk flowers. Receptacle naked or alveolate, not Jimbrillate. Racemes pan- 
 iculate or simple, not corymbose. VIRGAUREA Tourn. 
 
 f Racemes secund, someiuhat recurved. 
 1. Leaves 3-nerved. 
 
 1. S. CanadensisLinn.. stem villous; leaves lanceolate-serrate, 3-nerved, 
 scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; racemes paniculate, secund, recurved ; 
 heads small ; rays short. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oregon. Aug., 
 Sept. %. Stem 2 5 feet high, very villous. Leaves large, always scabrous on 
 the upper side. Heads very small ; rays 7 8. Of this very variable species, 
 <S. procera Ait. S. scabra Willd., are probably nothing more than varieties. 
 <S. reflexa Ait. and S. laterijlora Linn., are also allied to it; but according to 
 
COMPOSITE. 175 
 
 Torrey and Gray, they are only known as cultivated plants and their characters 
 are very obscure. Canadian Golden-rod. 
 
 2. serotina Ait. : stem very smooth and often glaucous ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, 3-nerved, very smooth except the veins 
 beneath, margin and upper surface rough ; racemes paniculate, secund ; 
 peduncles slender, pubescent ; rays numerous, short. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. Nearly throughout the U. S. W. to Oregon. Sept., Oct. 
 1\- Stem 4 3 feet high, terete, sometimes purplish. Heads middle-sized ; 
 rays 9 12. Distinguished from <S. Canadensis by its smooth stem, and from 
 S". irigantea by its rough leaves. Late-flowering Golden-rod. 
 
 3. (S 1 . arguta Ait : smooth ; stem strict ; radical and lower cauline leaves 
 large, elliptic- or lanceolate-oval, obscurely 3-nerved, sharply serrate, acu- 
 minate, tapering into winged and somewhat ciliate petioles ; the others 
 lanceolate, tapering at each end, sessile, sparingly serrate or entire; racemes 
 dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a corymbose panicle ; 
 scales of the involucre oblong, rather obtuse, much appressed. S. dliaris 
 
 Wiild. S. juncea Ait. 
 
 Woods and fields. N. Y. and Penn. to Car. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to Miss. 
 Aug., Sept. 1\. Stem 2 4 feet high, terete, sometimes purple. Heads small, 
 very numerous, arranged in a long racemose corymbose panicle which is at 
 length spreading. According to Torrey and Gray, S. juncea Ait. is a variety 
 with narrower leaves. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod. 
 
 4. S. gigantea Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves smooth on both sides, lan- 
 ceolate, attenuate at both ends, serrate, scabrous on the margin, 3-nerved ; 
 racemes paniculate, secund, spreading ; peduncles hirsute ; rays a little 
 longer than the disk. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. to Ala. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. QJ. Stem 4 1 
 feet high, purplish, and with the leaves quite smooth. Heads rather large. 
 
 Tall Smooth Golden-rod. 
 
 2. Leaves veined. 
 
 5. S. I'nwidcs Soland: smooth; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, finely 
 appressed-serrate, with scabrous margins ; radical and lower cauline acute 
 or acuminate at both ends on slender ciliate petioles ; upper oblong, some- 
 times entire ; panicle small, turned to one side ; scales of the involucre ob- 
 long-linear, obtuse ( Torr <f- Gr.} 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Mass, and N. J. Sept., Oct. %.. Stem 12 20 inches 
 high, slender. Heads small ; rays 1 3, short ; the disk flowers 45. 
 
 Flax-like Golden-rod. 
 
 6. S. altissima Linn. : stem erect, hispid with rough hair ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, very 
 scabrous, rugose- veined ; racemes paniculate, spreading or recurved; rays 
 7 10. S. aUissima, aspera, riigosa and vittosa Pursh. (according to 
 Torr. fy Gr.~) 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 
 
 3 7 ieet, high, robust and hairy, often purplish. Leaves sometimes thin and 
 
 nearly smooth above, softly hairy on the veins beneath, (S. villosa ;) or reticu- 
 lated and very rugose, (S. rugosa.) Heads rather small. 
 
 Tall Rough Golden-rod. 
 
 7. S. Muhknbergii Torr. <f- Gr. : stem smooth, angled ; leaves large 
 and thin, very smooth on both sides, sharply serrate ; radical on winged 
 
176 COMPOSITE. 
 
 ft 
 
 petioles ; cauline elliptic-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, tapering at base ; 
 uppermost somewhat entire ; racemes pubescent, disposed in an elongated 
 open panicle. S. arguta Muhl. not of Ait. 
 
 Low grounds. Mass, to Penn. Aug., Sept. 1]-. Stem 23 feet high, simple 
 or virgately branched. Heads rather large, on short racemes, forming a some- 
 what slender panicle ; rays 5 7, spatulate-oblong, large. 
 
 Muhleriberg's Golden-rod. 
 
 8. S. nemoralis Ait : stem tomentose, simple or branched above ; radical 
 leaves somewhat cuneate, crenate-serrate, narrowed at base into a petiole ; 
 cauline oblanceolate, nearly entire, roughish-pubescent; racemes secund > 
 paniculate. >S". hispida Muhl. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. and throughout the U, S. Aug. Oct. %. Stem 12 
 feet high, often much branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, in a small 
 and somewhat corymbose panicle; rays spatulate-oblong, rather short. The 
 whole plant has a grayish or pulverulent appearance. 
 
 Woolly-stalked Golden-rod. 
 
 9. S. puberula Nutt. : minutely puberulent ; stem simple ; leaves lanceo- 
 late, entire, attenuated at each end ; radical subserrate ; racemes spiked, 
 axillary, erect, spreading, forming an elongated panicle ; scales of the in- 
 volucre linear, subulate, appressed; rays about 10, elongated. 
 
 Sandy woods. Maine to Geor. VJ.. Stem 2 4 feet high, often purplish. 
 Racemes shorter than the lower leaves, collected into a leafy spike : rays bright 
 yellow. Resembles the preceding, but differs in its leaves and flowers. 
 
 Puberuknt Golden-rod. 
 
 10. S. patida Muhl. : stem erect, striate, smooth ; leaves elliptic, serrate, 
 smooth beneath, rough above ; the radical oblong-spatulate ; racemes secund, 
 paniculate, spreading ; peduncles pubescent. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 7J.. , Stem 24 feet 
 high, somewhat angular, often purple, branched at the top. Leaves large. 
 Heads rather large. Panicle sometimes contracted. Rays 6 7, oblong. 
 
 Spreading Golden-rod. 
 
 11. S 1 . neglccta Torr. cf- Gr. : stem smooth, striate; leaves mostly thick- 
 ish, smooth ; lower oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, mostly acute at 
 each end, finely serrate, upper entire ; racemes short, dense, secund, some- 
 what spreading, forming an elongated leafy panicle ; peduncles smoothish. 
 
 Swamps. Mass. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ind. Aug., Sept. Ij.. Stem 36 feet 
 high, stout. Heads middle-sized, in racemes which are at length spreading ; 
 rays 4 5, rather large. Neglected Golden-rod. 
 
 12. S. ulmifolia W'dld. : stem erect, smooth, striate ; leaves elliptic-lan- 
 ceolate, deeply serrate, acuminate, tapering at base, villous beneath ; radi- 
 cal obovate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous ; rays short. 
 
 Shady woods. N. S. Aug. Oct. %.. Stem 3 4 feet high, often with long 
 slender branches at the summit. Heads in racemes which are often slender and 
 usually recurved ; rays about 4, small. The name is inappropriate. 
 
 Elm-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 13. >S". ettiplica Ait. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves elliptic, smooth, serrate ; 
 racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles and pedicels minutely pubescent ; 
 scales of the involucre narrow, acute ; achenia strigose-pubescent. (Torr 
 
COMPOSITE. 177 
 
 Shady woods. Can. and N. Y. ? Stem about 7 feet high. Leaves large. 
 Rays middle-sized. An obscure species. Elliptic-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 14. S. recurvala Willd. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, serrate, nearly glabrous above, scabrous on the margin and nerves 
 beneath ; racemes elongated, secund, panicled. 
 
 Shady woods. Perm, and Virg. Sept. Nov. % Pursh. Still doubtful 
 as a native species. Recurved Golden-rod. 
 
 15. S. sempervirens Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 fleshy, smooth, very entire, scabrous on the margin ; the radical oval, ta- 
 pering into a long petiole ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles pubes- 
 cent. (S. IfEvigata and viminea Ait. S. limonifolia Torr. Comp. 
 
 Salt marshes. Can. to Car. Sept. Nov. 1J.. Stem 36 feet high, smooth 
 and striate. Petioles 6 12 inches long. Heads rather large ; rays 8 10, linear- 
 oblong, twice as long as the disk. Sou-marsh Golden-rod. 
 
 16. S. odora Ait. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 
 smooth, pellucid-punctate, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate, 
 secund. 
 
 Fertile woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. Oct. Tj.. Stem 2 3 feet high, with 
 lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. Heads middle-sized, in secund 
 racemes, forming a terminal pyramidal panicle ; rays 3 4, oblong, large. The 
 flowers when dried, form an excellent substitute for tea, and have been ex- 
 ported to China. Pursh. The leaves yield by di&tillalion, a fragrant volatile 
 oil. Big. Med. Bot. i. 187. Sweet-scented Golden-rod. 
 
 17. 5". pilosa Walt. : stem hirsute, strict, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, serrulate, slightly scabrous, often pubescent beneath ; upper ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong, closely sessile, mostly entire ; racemes recurved, secund, 
 in a dense pyramidal panicle. & pyramidata Pursh. 
 
 Damp soils. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. Sept., Oct. f l|~ Stem 3 7 feet high, 
 stout. Heads very numerous, about as large as in S. odora ; rays 7 10 ; disk 
 flowers about 5, nearly as long as the rays. Pilose Golden-rod. 
 
 f-f Racemes erect, not secund. 
 
 18. S. OMoensis Riddell : stem very smooth, erect, fastigiate-corymbose 
 at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, scabrous on 
 the margin, remotely serrate near the apex, tapering into slender petioles ; 
 upper lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire ; heads numerous, on slender pedi- 
 cels. (Torr. $ Gr.} 
 
 Moist meadows. Western N. Y. to Ohio. Sept., Oct. %.. Stem 23 feet 
 high, terete, simple and virgate. Heads oblong, erect, in a compound raceme ; 
 rays 6 7, small. Ohio Golden-rod. 
 
 19. S. speciosa Nult. : stem smooth, simple or virgately branched ; leaves 
 lanceolate, entire, somewhat fleshy, scabrous on the, margin ; lower oval 
 or ovate, subserrate, petioled ; upper lanceolate, entire ; racemes terminal, 
 erect and compound, pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the invo- 
 lucre. S. sempervirens Mich, not of Linn. 
 
 Shady woods. Mass, to Flor. W. to Texas. Sept., Oct. %. Stem often 5 
 feet high, smooth and sulcate. Leaves large. Heads forming numerous termi- 
 nal and erect racemes ; rays very broad, deep yellow. 
 
 Handsome Golden-rod. 
 
 20. S. bicolor Linn. : stem and leaves hairy ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate 
 
 8* 
 
178 COMPOSITE;. 
 
 acute, white-pubescent ; lower tapering into a petiole, serrate ; branches 
 leafy ; racemes erect ; scales of the involucre obtuse. Aster bicolor Nees. 
 Spreng. 
 
 Dry Hills. Can. to Geor. Aug. Oct. l\..Stem 12 feet high, erect, very 
 pubescent. Heads numerous, rather large, in short clusters, forming a long 
 dense leafy raceme along the upper part of the stem ; rays 7 9, nearly white. 
 
 Two-colored Golden-rod. 
 
 21. S. stricta Ait. : stem 'erect, smooth ; cauline leaves lanceolate, very 
 entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; radical tapering into winged peti- 
 oles, minutely serrate ; racemes paniculate, very erect ; peduncles smooth. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Hudson's Bay to Mass, and N. Y. July, Aug. %. 
 Stem 24 feet high, virgate, purplish. Heads forming a dense stiffly erect pan- 
 icle which is leafy at base ; rays 5 6, rather small. Upright Golden-rod. 
 
 22. S.virgata Mich. : stem smooth and simple, summit racemose ; leaves 
 smooth, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, appressed to the stem, diapha- 
 nously punctate ; upper smaller and entire ; branches of the panicle elon- 
 gate, racemed at the summit ; peduncles erect, smooth, filiform and squar- 
 rose. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. to Flor. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 4 feet high, much attenu- 
 ted. Leaves gradually diminishing upwards ; lower ones very large, serrulate. 
 Heads small. Long-branched Golden-rod. 
 
 23. S, latifolia Linn. : stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth ; leaves 
 broad-ovate or oval, coarsely dentate-serrate, very acuminate at both ends 
 or abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, mostly hairy on the veins be- 
 neath ; heads in short axillary racemes or clusters, racemose or paniculate 
 at the summit of the stem. & Jlexicaulis Ait. S. macrophylla Big. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug. Oct. i^.Stem 23 feet 
 high, usually simple. Heads middle-sized, in clusters or racemes; rays 3 4; 
 disk flowers 6 7. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 24. *S. cczsia Linn. : stem erect, smooth, glaucous, simple or branched; 
 leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; heads in 
 short axillary clusters or racemes ; peduncles pubescent; involucres smooth. 
 ,$. Jlexicaulis Linn. S. axillaris Pursh. S. livida Wittd. 
 
 Woods and thickets. Can. to Geor. Aug. Oct %. Stem 23 feet high, 
 slender, usually dark purple and glaucous. Heads middle-sized ; rays 34, 
 Allied to <S. latifolia, but probably distinct. Purple-stalked Golden-rod. 
 
 25. S. rigida Linn. : stem erect, roughly pubescent, paniculate at the 
 summit ; leaves rigid, scabrous, slightly clasping ; lower oval, petioled, 
 crenate-dentate ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire ; heads very large, in 
 compact erect racemes ; scales of the involucre obtuse. 
 
 Rocky hills. Conn.and N. Y. to Car. W. to Texas. Aug. Oct. l\.Stem 
 3 4 feet high, rigid, very pubescent when young. Heads very large, many- 
 flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches ; rays 7 10, elongated. 
 
 Rigid-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 26. S. Virgo- Aurea Linn. : stem erect, terete, pubescent and branching 
 at the top ; cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end ; lower 
 ones elliptic, petioled; racemes erect, simple or compound; scales of the 
 involucre linear-acute. 
 
COMPOSITE. 179 
 
 var. alpina Dig, : a few inches in height, with obovate or lanceolate, 
 mostly entire, leaves. 
 
 Woods on the sides of the White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount 
 Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. Torr. N. to Labrador. Aug. Oct. 7J.. Stem 
 flexuous, 1 3 feet high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, often with a long narrow 
 base, serrate ; the upper nearly entire. Heads few and large ; rays about 8, 
 elongated. Common to Europe, Asia and America. A variable species. 
 
 Common Golden-rod. 
 
 27. S. humilis Pursh : glabrous ; stem simple, erect ; radical leaves ob- 
 lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate at the apex, tapering into a 
 petiole ; cauline lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; uppermost linear 
 and entire ; raceme simple or compound and paniculate, elongated, strict ; 
 scales of the involucre oblong, mostly obtuse. ( Torr. fy Gr.) 
 
 Banks of Onion river, Ver. Robbins. N. to Hudson's Bay. Aug., Sept. 1J-. 
 Stem 6 15 inches high, smooth, but more or less glutinous. Heads middle- 
 sized, rather crowded ; rays 6 8, short. Dwarf Golden-rod. 
 
 28. S. thyrsoides Meyer : stem erect, or somewhat flexuous, simple, smooth j 
 the summit and peduncles villous-pubescent ; leaves smooth, ovate, irregu- 
 larly and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into very long pe- 
 tioles ; uppermost oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, often pubescent beneath ; 
 heads large, in an oblong simple raceme ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
 acuminate, membranaceous. (Torr. fy Gr.} 
 
 Wooded sides of the White Mountains, N. H. Bootl. Killington Peak, Ver. 
 Robbins. N. to Labrador. Aug., Sept $fci Allied to S. Virga-Aurea, but has 
 the leaves, except the uppermost, on. long petioles, and the heads larger. 
 
 Thyrse-like Golden-rod. 
 
 29. S. squarrosa Muhl. : stem thick, very pubescent above ; leaves 
 smooth ; lower very broad, spatulate-6val, serrate, acute, scabrous on the 
 margin ; upper sessile, lanceolate-elliptic, entire ; racemes axillary, glome- 
 rate ; involucre squarrose, many-flowered. S 1 . macrophytta Pursh. 
 
 Rocky banks. Can. to Penn. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 2 4 feet high, stout, 
 simple. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy compound spike ; 
 rays 10 12, bright yellow, elongated. Well distinguished by its squarrose invo- 
 lucre. Squarrose Golden-rod. 
 
 ** Scales of the involucre much appressed, somewhat glutinous. Ray- 
 jlowers more numerous than those of the disk, very small, yellow. Receptacle 
 fimbrillate. Heads in corymbose clusters, mostly fascicled. Leaves linear, 
 quite entire, sessile. EUTHAMIA Nutt. 
 
 30. S. lanceolata Linn. : stem much branched, fastigiate ; leaves lanceo- 
 late-linear, very entire, 3 5-nerved, minutely scabrous-pubescent ; heads 
 ovoid-cylindric, in dense corymbose clusters, sessile. S. gramimfolia Ell. 
 Euthamia graminifolia Nutt. 
 
 \jn\\ grounds. Throughout the U. S. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug., Sept. 
 1|_. Stem 24 feet high, roughish-pubescent, angular- striate. Heads rather 
 large, in clusters at the summit of the corymbose branches ; rays 15 20, small ; 
 diskjlowers 812. Bushy Golden-rod. 
 
 31. S. tenuifolia Pursh. : stem angled, scabrous, with fastigiate branches ; 
 leaves very narrow-linear, spreading, 1- or rarely 3-nerved, covered with 
 glandular dots, scabrous on the margin; heads obovoid or turbinate, in 
 
180 COMPOSITE. 
 
 loose corymbose clusters. S. lanceolata, 0. minor Mich. Euthamia tenui- 
 folia Nutt. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass, to Flor. and Louis. Aug. Oct. 1\.Slem 
 slender, 12 18 inches high. Heads smaller and less crowded than in the pre- 
 ceding ; rays about 10 ; disk flowers 5 6. Slender-leaved Golden-rod. 
 
 20. BACCHARIS. Linn. Baccharis. 
 
 'From Bacchus, to whom the original plant was dedicated by the Greeks.) 
 Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the flowers all similar and 
 tubular. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Involucre 
 somewhat hemispheric or oblong, imbricate, in several series. 
 STERILE FL. Corolla dilated, 5-cleft. Anthers exserted, un- 
 awned at base ; style more or less abortive. Pappus in a single 
 series, about as long as the involucre. FERTILE FL. Corolla 
 filiform and somewhat truncate. Anthers none. Style bifid, 
 exserted. Pappus in one or several series, usually much longer 
 than the involucre. 
 
 J3. halimifolia Linn. : leaves obovate, incisely-toothed above, cuneate at 
 base and attenuated into a short petiole; upper lanceolate and nearly 
 entire ; heads of the sterile plant subglobose, solitary or aggregated ; of the 
 fertile ovoid-oblong, loosely panicled. 
 
 Sandy beaches. N. Y. Conn, and N.J. S. to Flor. Sept., Oct. A shrub 
 6 12 feet high, covered with a whitish resinous powder or dust. Heads in the 
 sterile plant mostly clustered at the summit of the leafy branches ; in the fer- 
 tile, arranged in a large loose terminal panicle. Flowers white. 
 
 Groundsel Tree. 
 
 21. PLUCHEA. Cass. Marsh Fleabane. 
 (Named in honor of Noel Pluche, author of " Spectacle de la Nature," &c.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the outer flowers in many series, pis- 
 tillate, truncate or 2 3 -toothed ; the central ones perfect or 
 sterile, 5-toothed. Receptacle flat, naked or hirsute-fimbrillate. 
 Involucre in many series, imbricate. Anthers bicaudate. Ache- 
 nia cylindric, sulcate-angular. Pappus in one series, filiform, 
 roughish. 
 
 1. P. camphor ata D.C.: minutely viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, sessile and slightly petioled, sprinkled with resinous dots, 
 repantly-toothed ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the involucre viscid-pubes- 
 cent. ( Torr. & Gr.) P. camphorata and P. Marylandica D. C. Conyza 
 camphorata Big. Erigeron camphoratum Linn. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass, to Flor. Aug. Oct. 0. Steml 2 feet high, branched 
 at the summit. Leaves somewhat succulent. Heads in numerous crowded 
 corymbs, purple. When bruised this plant gives out a strong spicy, but some- 
 what disagreeable odor. Big. Seaside Marsh Fleabane. 
 
 2. P. fastida D. C. : smoothish or minutely pubescent ; leaves oval-Ian- 
 
COMPOSITE. 181 
 
 ceolate, acuminate at each end, distinctly petioled, membranaceous, coarsely 
 serrate ; corymb fastigiate, somewhat paniculate ; scales of the involucre 
 smoothish, dotted with minute glands. Conyza camphwata Pursh. Dae- 
 charis fcetida Linn. 
 
 Wet banks. Penn. ? to Ala. and Ken. Aug. Oct. f l\.. Stem 24 feet 
 high, grooved or angled. The leaves are much larger, the heads more numerous, 
 and the odor is more powerful,than in the preceding. Fetid Marsh Fteabane. 
 
 22. INULA. Linn. Elecampane. 
 
 (Origin doubtful.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistillate, 
 sometimes infertile, ligulate, rarely tubular ; those of the disk 
 tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricate, in many series. Recep- 
 tacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Anthers with 2 bristles 
 at base. Pappus capillary, roughish. 
 
 /. Helenium Linn. : leaves toothed, acute, velvety tomentose beneath ; the 
 radical ones ovate, tapering into a petiole j the cauline somewhat clasping ; 
 heads few, pedunculate, corymbose. 
 
 Road sides. N. S. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 3 i feet high, branching at the 
 top. Leaves very large. Heads large, solitary, on long terminal thick pedun 
 cles, yellow ; rays numerous, linear, 3-toothed. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Elecampane. 
 
 23. ECLIPTA. Linn. Eclipta. 
 
 (From the Greek cvAeiTru, to be deficient ; in allusion to its wingless achenia, 
 by which it is distinguished from Verbesina. Eat. Man.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, pistillate, 
 ligulate, very narrow and short ; those of the disk tubular and 
 perfect. Receptacle flattish, furnished with linear filiform chaff, 
 as long as the achenia. Involucre in two series; the scales 
 10 12, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Achenia of the ray 
 3 -sided; of the disk compressed at the sides, muricate-tuber- 
 cular, somewhat hairy at the summit. Pappus none, or of 
 1 3 minute teeth. 
 
 E. erccta Linn.: stem erect or ascending, appressed-strigose ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, slightly serrate ; pedicels solitary 
 or in pairs, several times as long as the head. E. procumbens Mich. Ver- 
 besina alba Linn. 
 
 Damp sandy soil. Md. to Flor. W. to Ken. and Louis. June Oct. (1). 
 Stem 1 3 feet long, often rooting at base. Heads small. E. brachypoda Mich. 
 is a variety with the pedicels about as long as the heads. A very widely dif- 
 fused species. Upright Eclipta. 
 
182 COMPOSITE. 
 
 IV. SENECIONIDE.E. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
 branches linear, fringed at the point, generally truncate, but sometimes 
 extended beyond the fringe into a short cone or appendage. 
 
 24. SILPHIUM. Linn. Silphium. 
 
 (From Silpki, the name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transferred to this genus 
 by Linnaeus.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers numerous, ligulate, pis- 
 tillate ; the ligules in one series, elongated, the fruit in several 
 series ; those of the disk with a very short tube, hairy above, 
 sterile. Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre cam- 
 panulate, imbricate ; the scales loose and leafy at the summit. 
 Achenia of the ray obcompressed, surrounded with a wing 
 which is notched or toothed at the top ; those of the disk abor- 
 tive, with an obsolete crown-like pappus. 
 
 1. <S. trifoliatumLinn.: stem terete, slightly angled, smooth; leaves 3 4 
 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed and serrate, scabrous on 
 the upper surface ; lower petioled, upper nearly sessile and sometimes oppo- 
 site ; heads loose, corymbose or paniculate. & trifoliatum and S. terna- 
 tum Pursh. 
 
 Dry woods. Near the Falls of Niagara. Dr. Eddy. Md. to Car. W. to Ohio. 
 Aug. Oct. 1].. Stem 4 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish. Heads rather 
 f-mall, in a loose terminal corymb ; rays 15 18, bright yellow, long. 
 
 Three-leaved Sylphium. 
 
 2. S. perfoliatum Linn. : stem square, smooth, the branches sometimes 
 terete ; leaves opposite ; lower deltoid-ovate, coarsely serrate, on winged 
 petioles 5 upper connate-perfoliate, nearly entire ; heads trichotomously 
 corymbose, the central one on a long peduncle. /S. connatum Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. ? to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 1|~ Stem 5 6 feet 
 high. Leaves very large, the lower somewhat cordate. Heads large; rays 
 1530, yellow. Perfoliate Silphium. 
 
 25. POLYMNIA. Linn. Polymnia. 
 (Said to be named after TloXu/jj/ta, one of the Muses.) 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate, ligulate, in 
 one series ; those of the disk tubular, sterile. Receptacle flat, 
 chaffy. Involucre double ; the outer scales 4 5, large and 
 leafy ; the inner ones numerous, shorter, surrounding the smooth 
 achenia. Pappus none. 
 
 * Rays shorter than the involucre. 
 
 1. P. Canadensis Linn.: viscid-pubescent; leaves angulate and hastate- 
 lobed, denticulate, acuminate, the lower deeply pinnatifid or lyrate ; scales 
 of the involucre ovate, acuminate, ciliate, the outer ones a little larger. 
 
COMPOSITE. 183 
 
 Shady hills and in ravines. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %. Stem 
 2 5 feet high, roughly pubescent and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves op- 
 posite or alternate, very thin, mostly 3 5-lobed at the apex. Heads small, 
 loosely paniculate ; rays white, or very pale yellow, small, obtusely 3-lobed at 
 the apex ; disk yellow. Small-flowered Polymnia. 
 
 ** Rays longer than the involucre. 
 
 2. P. U'vedalia Linn. : stem sulcate, somewhat pubescent above ; leaves 
 sinuate-lobed, broad-ovate or deltoid, roughish ; lower subpalmate, decur- 
 rent into a winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, much larger than the inner. 
 
 Dry rich grounds. Western N. Y. and Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, 
 Aug. QJ-. Stem 3 8 feet high, terete. Leaves opposite or alternate, the lower 
 very large. Heads few, large, arranged in loose panicles; rays about 10, 3- 
 toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk dull yellow. 
 
 Large-flowered Polymnia. 
 
 26. PARTHENIUM. Linn. Parthenium. 
 
 (From the Greek napQevos ; on account of its supposed efficacy in certain 
 diseases.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 5, pistillate, ligulate, fer- 
 tile ; those of the disk tubular, abortive. Receptacle conic or 
 cylindric, covered with membranaceous chaff. Involucre hemi- 
 spheric, in 2 series ; outer scales ovate, inner nearly orbicular. 
 Achenia obcompressed, smooth. Pappus of 2 aristate or 
 nearly orbicular scale-like processes. 
 
 P. integrifolium Linn. : stem hirsute-pubescent ; leaves oval, rough, 
 unequally crenate-toothed, or sometimes incised; lower decurvent into a 
 petiole, upper sessile or somewhat clasping ; outer scales of the involucre 
 somewhat acute. 
 
 Dry soil. Md. to Geor. and Ala. W. to Texas. July Sept. 1\.. Stem 
 1 2 feet high. Heads numerous, corymbed ; rays small, whitish. 
 
 Simple-leaved Partlienium. 
 
 27. XANTHIUM. Tmirn. Clot-weed. 
 
 (From the Greek t<tvBos, yellow ; a color said to be produced by this plant.) 
 
 Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate 
 below. STERILE FL. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered, 
 with the scales in one series. Receptacle cylindric, chaffy. 
 Corolla short, 5-lobed, somewhat hairy. FERTILE FL. Involucre 
 with hooked prickles, surmounted by 1 2 beaks. Corolla 
 filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed, one in each 
 cell of the involucre. 
 
 1. X. strumarium Linn.: fruit-bearing involucre oval, somewhat pubes- 
 cent ; beaks straight ; leaves cordate at base, 3 5-lobed, coarsely toothed. 
 
 Road sides and waste places. Can. to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 Aug., Sept. (I)- Stem 1 3 feet high, angular, scabrous-pubescent. Leaves' 
 
184 COMPOSITE. 
 
 3 6 inches long, and nearly of the same width. Heads in short axillary 
 racemose clusters. Var. Canadense Torr. 4- Gr. has the stem spotted and the 
 fruit-bearing involucre scabrous pubescent. X. strumarium Mich. Introduced 1 
 
 Common Clot-weed. Small Burdock. 
 
 2. X. echinatum Murr. : fruit-bearing involucre oval, very densely clothed 
 with rigid slender prickles and with the incurved beaks strongly hispid ; 
 leaves rough, broad-cordate, irregularly sinuate-toothed, obscurely lobed. 
 ( Torr. fy. Gr.) X. macrocarpon Beck Hot. 1st. Ed. X. orientate Muhl. 
 X. maculalum Raf. 
 
 Near salt water. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. . 
 Stem marked with purple spots and stripes, roughly pubescent. Leaves very 
 rough. Fruit very large, woolly. Sea Clot-weed. 
 
 3. X. spinosum Linn. : spines 3-parted, slender ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 cuneate at base, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, acuminate, minutely-pubescent 
 above, the under surface and the veins of the upper canescent. 
 
 Waste grounds. N. Y. to Geor. Sept., Oct. (T).Stem 23 feet high, 
 pubescent, branched. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate, at length often 
 3-lobed. Heads few, axillary, solitary. A troublesome weed. Introduced from 
 Europe. Spiny Clot-weed. 
 
 28. AMBROSIA. Linn. Rag-weed. 
 
 (Ambrosia was the food of the Gods ; but it is difficult to determine the appli- 
 cation to the plants of this genus.) 
 
 Heads monoecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile at 
 the top of the spike. STERILE FL. Involucre hemispheric or 
 turbinate ; scales few. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 
 short. FERTILE FL. Involucre 1 -flowered, incurved and often 
 armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla none. Achenia 
 ovoid or obovoid. 
 
 * Upper leaves undivided. 
 
 1. A. inlegrifolia Muhl. : leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, hispid on both sides, ciliate at base ; racemes terminal and mostly ter- 
 nate. A. trifida,\ax. Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Near ponds and ditches. Penn. and Virg. (I). Pursh. It is said to have the 
 lower leaves sometimes 3-lobed. Probably a variety of the next, as suggested by 
 Torrey and Gray. Simple-leaved Rag-weed. 
 
 ** Leaves all 3 5-lobed. 
 
 2. A. trijida Linn. : hirsute, rough ; leaves 3 5-lobed, serrate ; the lobes 
 oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit 6-spined below the summit. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July Sept. . Stem 48 
 or 10 feet high, angular, branched above. Leaves very large and rough. Heads 
 small ; the sterile ones in long paniculate racemes ; the fertile in small clusters 
 at the base of the racemes. Three-lobed Raff weed. 
 
 *** Leaves singly or doubly pinnatifid. 
 
 3. A. artemisiaifolia Linn. : stem pubescent, often much branched ; 
 leaves bi-pinnatifid, rough, hoary beneath, the petioles ciliate with long 
 hairs; racemes paniculate, terminal. A. elatior Linn. A. 
 
 Mich. 
 
COMPOSITE. 185 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (T).~Stem 14 feet high, usually 
 rough. Heads small ; the sterile ones in long slender paniculate racemes. Fruit 
 solitary or in small clusters at the base of the sterile racemes, armed with about 
 6 short acute teeth. A troublesome weed. Hog-weed. 
 
 4. A. paniculata Mich. : stem branching, paniculate at the summit, and 
 with the petioles villous ; leaves green on both sides, bi-pinnatifid, the seg- 
 ments lanceolate ; fruit somewhat clustered, small, obovate, slightly awned. 
 Iva monophylla Walt. 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Flor. July Sept. (T). Pursh.Stem 24 feet high. 
 Heads in simple terminal and axillary racemes. Paniculate Rag-weed. 
 
 5. A. heterophylla Muhl. : stem pubescent or villous, paniculate ; cauline 
 leaves pinnatifid, subdentate, petiolate ; those of the branches lanceolate, 
 sessile; petioles with long cUiae ; racemes terminal, solitary. A. Peruviana 
 
 wnu. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. July Sept . Muhl Fruit with 5 6 acute 
 teeth below the summit. Perhaps this and the preceding are only varieties of 
 A. artimisi&folia. Various-leaved Rag-weed. 
 
 29. IVA. Linn. Marsh Elder. 
 
 (Origin of the name doubtful.) 
 
 Heads monoecious, not radiate. Fertile flowers 1 5, mar- 
 ginal, with a small tubular corolla. Sterile flowers numerous, 
 with a tubular -campanulate corolla. Scales of the involucre 
 3 5 in a single series, or 6 9 and imbricated. Receptacle 
 small, chaffy. Achenia obovoid, somewhat compressed. Pap- 
 pus none. 
 
 /. frutescens Linn. : shrubby, smooth ; leaves opposite, oval or oval-lan- 
 ceolate, somewhat petioled, deeply-serrate, slightly scabrous ; uppermost 
 linear-lanceolate, entire ; heads axillary, depressed-globose, pedicellate j 
 scales of the involucre 5, orbicular. 
 
 Sea coast. Mass, to Flor. Aug., Sept. T^. Stem 3 8 feet high, much 
 branched. Leaves thick and somewhat fleshy. Heads numerous, small, green- 
 ish, in axillary leafy racemes, forming a large terminal panicle. 
 
 Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. 
 
 30. HELIOPSIS. Pers. Ox-eye. 
 
 (From the Greek /A>J, the sun, and oi^is, appearance; in allusion to the form 
 of the heads of flowers. ) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
 fertile ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre in 2 3 
 series ; the outer scales leafy, the rest imbricate. Receptacle 
 conic. Achenia angular, partly surrounded by the chaff. 
 
 H. IfBvis Pers. : stem smooth ; leaves smoothish, ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
 long-ovate, tapering at base into a petiole, serrate, 3- nerved. Helianthus 
 Icevis Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams Throughout the IT. S. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 24 feet 
 
166 COMPOSITE. 
 
 high, dichotomously branched above. Heads middle-sized, on long peduncles, 
 solitary, or in a loose fastigiate corymb ; rays 10 15, 2 -3-toothed, yellow ; 
 disk dark purple, conic. Common Ox-eye 
 
 31. RUDBECKIA. Linn. Rudbeckia. 
 
 (In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden, who 
 died in 17C2.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers neutral, in a single se- 
 ries, ligulate ; those of ihe disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the 
 involucre in two series, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conic or 
 elongated ; the chaff acute, concave or boat-form. Achenia 
 quadrangular. Paprus none or minute and coroniform. 
 
 1. R. fulgida Ait.: stem hispid, the branches long and virgate; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, hispid, narrowed and slightly cordate at base, 
 acuminate ; scales of the involucre as long as the rays ; chaff lanceolate. 
 R. chrysomela Mich. 
 
 Fields and mountain woods. Penn. to Flor. July Oct. 1\.. Stem 2 3 feet 
 high, branched. Heads small, solitary and terminal ; rays orange-yellow, 2-cleft 
 at the summit ; disk purple, nearly hemispheric. Small-flowered Rudbeckia. 
 
 2. R. hirta Linn. : very hirsute ; stem virgate, sparingly branched ; lower 
 leaves spatulate-oval, 3-nerved, denticulate, petioled ; upper ovate-lanceo- 
 late, sessile ; scales of the involucre nearly equalling the rays ; chaff of the 
 receptacle linear. 
 
 Meadows. Can. and N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. July Sept. ^.Slem 
 2 3 feet high, scabrous and hairy. Heads middle-sized, solitary, terminal; 
 rays 14. bifid, hairy, pale yellow ; disk dark-purple, conic. Hairy Rudbeckia. 
 
 3. 7?. irilvba Linn. : hairy-hispid; stem paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate at each end, serrate ; the lower 3-lobed ; scales of the involucre 
 linear, shorter than the rays. 
 
 Dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July Sept. n\.Slem 45 feet high. 
 Heads numerous, on the summits of the branches ; rays about 8, yellow ; disk 
 dark purple. Three-lobed Rudbeckia. 
 
 4. R. specwsa Wender. : stem hirsute or hispid, with elongated naked 
 branches ; leaves roughish-hirsute or pubescent, coarsely toothed or incised ; 
 upper lanceolate, sessile ; lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
 nate at both ends, petioled ; scales of the involucre about half as long as 
 
 ae rays ; pappus coroniform. ( Torr. d> 0?r.) 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Ohio. Aug. Oct. 1\-. Larger than R. fulgida. 
 Radical leaves on long petioles, 5-nerved. Heads large and showy ; rays nume- 
 rous, oblong-linear, elongated, bright yellow ; disk conoid-globose, black-purple. 
 
 Showy Rudbeckia. 
 
 5. R. laciniaia Linn. : stem tall, smooth, branching ; leaves somewhat 
 hairy and scabrous; lower pinnate, the segments 3 5-lobed or incised, 
 sometimes laciniate ; uppermost lanceolate or ovate, incisely toothed or 
 entire ; pappus toothed. R. Icevigata and R. digitata Pursh. 
 
 Borders of swamps. Can. to Ala. W. to near the Rocky Mountains. July 
 >pt. Stem 4 6 feet high. Leaves gradually less and less divided from the 
 dical to the uppermost ones. Heads rather large, in a loose terminal panicle ; 
 ys bright yellow, about twice as long as the involucre, oblanceolate, drooping ; 
 sk greenish-yellow, conic. Tall Rudbeckia. Cone Flower. 
 
COMPOSITE. 187 
 
 32. LEPACHYS. Raff. Lepachys. 
 
 (From the Greek Xsn-t? , a scale, and TTU^VS, iJiick ; in reference to the chaff of 
 the receptacle.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers few, in a single series, 
 neutral ; those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales of 
 the involucre few, linear or subulate, spreading, sometimes with 
 an inner series of small obtuse scales. Receptacle elongated, 
 spiciform ; chaff truncate or obtuse, thickened and hairy at the 
 summit. Achenia of the ray 3 -angled, hairy ; of the disk, 
 compressed, smooth or ciliate. 
 
 L. pinnata Torr. <$ Gr. : leaves pinnate ; leafets 3 7, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate at each end, sparingly serrate, the uppermost undivided ; 
 rays much longer than the disk. Rudbeckia pinnata Mich, and R. digitata 
 WiUd. Obeliscaria pinnata D, C, 
 
 Shores of Lake Erie, N. Y. Dr. Sartwett. Penn. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. July 
 Sept. 1|.. Stem 34 feet high, rough and pubescent, sulcate. Heads ter- 
 minating the branches ; rays slightly toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk 
 flovxrs with short recurved teeth. Tall Lepachys. 
 
 33. COREOPSIS. Linn. Coreopsis. 
 
 (From the Greek topis, a bug, and ot^jf, resemblance; in allusion to the form 
 ol the achenia.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers about 8, neutral ; those 
 of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of about 
 8 scales ; the outer narrow, leafy, spreading ; the inner broader 
 and somewhat membranaceous. Receptacle flat or slightly 
 convex, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, often 2 -toothed or 
 2-awned at the summit ; the awns smooth or hispid upwards. 
 * Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. C. gladiata Walt. : stem smooth, terete, dichotomous at the summit ; 
 leaves alternate, somewhat fleshy, entire or slightly lobed ; lower oblong- 
 lanceolate, tapering into a long and somewhat clasping petiole ; scales of 
 the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate ; achenia obovate-oblong, surrounded 
 by a pectinate wing. C. dichotoma Mich. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. ? N. Car. to Flor. July Sept. .Stem 23 feet high, 
 slender. Lower leaves large. Heads on the dichotomous branches; rays 3- 
 lobed, yellow ; disk dark purple. Forked Coreopsis. 
 
 ** Leaves opposite, undivided. 
 
 2. C. rosea Null. : stem smooth, leafy ; leaves opposite, narrow-linear, 
 entire ; heads few, peduncled ; scales of the outer involucre much shorter 
 than the inner ; rays unequally 3-toothed ; achenia nearly naked. Cal- 
 liopsis rosea Spreng. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. and Mass, to Geor. Aug. 1\..Stem about a foot high, 
 sparingly branched. Heads few; rays about 8, rose-color ; disk yellowish. 
 
 Rose-colored Coreopsis. 
 
188 COMPOSITE. 
 
 *** Leaves opposite, divided. 
 
 3. C. trichosperma Mich. : smooth ; stem obtusely 4-angled ; leaves op- 
 posite, on short petioles, pinnate ; leafets 5 7, linear-lanceolate, serrate or 
 incised ; uppermost 3 5-cleft, nearly sessile ; scales of the outer involucre 
 subspatulate, ciliate-serrate ; achenia cuneiform, with 2-hispid teeth. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. Aug. Oct. .Stem 23 feet high, 
 much branched. Heads in paniculate corymbs, on long slender peduncles; 
 rays about 8, yellow, oblong, obtuse, entire. Tick-seed Sunflower. 
 
 4. C. tripteris Linn. : smooth ; leaves opposite, petiolate ; radical 5-pin- 
 nate ; cauline ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the 
 margins ; achenia obovate, naked at the summit. Chrysostemma tripteris 
 Less. D. C. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. l\..Stem 46 
 feet high. Heads rather small, in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles ; 
 rays about 8, yellowish. Three-leaved Coreopsis. 
 
 5. C. verticillata Linn. : smooth ; leaves closely sessile, ternate ; leafets 
 pinnate or bi-pinnate ; segments narrow-linear, obtuse ; achenia obovate- 
 wedgeform, slightly winged, with 2 minute teeth. C. tenuifolia Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. Md. to Car. W. to Mich, and Ark. July Sept. 7J. Stem 
 1 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves appearing as if whorled. 
 Heads yellow ; rays long and narrow, rarely obtuse and 2 3-toothed. 
 
 Whorl-leaved Coreopsis. 
 
 34. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt. Actinomeris. 
 
 (From the Greek CLKTIV, a ray, and pepis, a. part; the flower being imperfectly 
 radiate.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers neutral, few, elongated or 
 sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Invo- 
 lucre of 1 3 series ; the scales leafy, acuminate. Receptacle 
 convex, chaffy, the chaff embracing the margin of the achenia. 
 Achenia compressed, obovate, winged, with 2 smoothish per- 
 sistent awns at the summit. 
 
 A. sq^larrosa NuU. : stem erect, pubescent and winged towards the sum- 
 mit ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent be- 
 neath ; lower often opposite, upper alternate ; involucre in 2 series ; the 
 outer reflexe'd, spreading. Coreopsis aUernifolia Linn. Verbesina Coreop- 
 sis Mich. 
 
 Moist grounds. Yates county, N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 1\.. 
 Stem 36 feet high, slender, smooth below. Heads small, in a terminal leafy 
 corymbose panicle ; rays few, oblanceolate, yellow ; disk greenish-yellow. 
 
 Squarrose Actinotnen&. 
 
 35. HELIANTHUS. Linn. Sunflower. 
 (From the Greek ^Xb? , the sun, and avQos, a, flower.) 
 
 Heads many -flowered ; ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
 neutral ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre imbri- 
 cate in several series ; the scales usually with foliaceous tips. 
 Receptacle flat or convex ; the chaff embracing the compressed 
 
COMPOSITE. 189 
 
 or somewhat quadrangular achenia. Pappus mostly of 2 un- 
 equal chaffy scales or awns, (sometimes additional smaller ones,) 
 deciduous. 
 
 * Disk flowers dark purple. 
 
 1. H. atrorubens Linn.: stem erect, branched above, hispid with long 
 scattered hairs ; leaves mostly opposite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, some- 
 what serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, smooth, as long as the disk. 
 
 Gravelly soils. Perm, to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ^.Stem 34 feet 
 high, somewhat branched. Lower leaves very large and often slightly cordate. 
 Heads in a loose terminal panicle ; rays about 16, yellow ; disk dark purple. 
 
 Dark-red Sunflower. 
 
 2. H. angustifolius Linn. : stem scabrous or hairy ; leaves narrow-lan- 
 ceolate, sessile, entire, 1-nerved, rough above, pale beneath, the margins 
 revolute ; lower opposite, upper alternate ; scales of the involucre linear- 
 lanceolate, as long as the disk ; chaff 3-toothed. Rudbeckia angustifolia 
 Linn. 
 
 Swamps in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug. Oct. Tj.. 
 Stem 2 -6 feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Heads small, somewhat co- 
 rymbose, on slender peduncles ; rays 12 20, yellow ; disk dark purple. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 ** Disk flowers yellow. 
 \ Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate. 
 
 3. H. mollis Lam. : stem villous ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 
 somewhat clasping at base, entire or serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose 
 canescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, villous -canescent. 
 //. canescens Mick. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. ? and Ohio to Geor. W. to Texas. July Sept. Tj.. 
 Stem 24 feet high, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, rather large ; 
 rays 15 25, about an inch long. Woolly Sunflower. 
 
 4. H. strumosus Linn. : stem rough above, smooth below ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, with a long tapering point, serrate, 3-nerved, rough above, 
 whitish and pubescent beneath, abruptly tapering into a short winged pe- 
 tiole ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the disk. 
 H. macrophyttus Willd. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. ^.Steni 2 4 feet 
 high, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, on roughly pubescent 
 peduncles ; rays about 10, bright yellow. Sharp-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 5. H. divaricatus Linn. : stem smooth, simple or dichotomously branched 
 above; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to the 
 point, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, rough-pubescent beneath ; scales 
 of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, spreading. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. Oct. 'Zj.. Stem I 5 feet high, sometimes 
 purple and glaucous. Heads small, few, in a terminal panicle ; rays 8 12, bright 
 yellow ; disk yellow. Rough-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 6. H. decapetalus Linn. : stem erect, smooth below, rough above ; leaves 
 ovate or oblong-ovate, on short winged petioles, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 
 3-nerved, thin and slightly scabrous ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceo- 
 
190 COMPOSITE. 
 
 late, squarrose, hispidly ciliate. H. frondosm Hook. H. strumosus and 
 tenuifolius Ell. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. Aug. Oct. f Z}_. Stem 3 5 feet high, slender, 
 somewhat branching at the summit. Heads in a fastigiate corymb ; rays 8 10 ; 
 narrow, pale-yellow. Thin-leaved Sunflower. 
 
 7. H. trackelifolius Willd. : stem rough, branched above ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate; serrate, 3-nerved, very scabrous on both sides, con- 
 tracted into a short petiole, the upper alternate; scales of the involucre 
 linear-lanceolate, ciliate, outer ones large and squarrose. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. Oct. QJ.. Stem 34 feet high. Heads in a 
 loype terminal panicle ; rays 10. Wild Sunfloiver. 
 
 8. H. gig anteus Linn. : stem tall, scabrous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 somewhat serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, very rough, attenuate and ciliate at 
 base, the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, ciliate. H. altissimus Willd. 
 
 Dry swamps. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 'Zj.. Stem 5 8 feet high, panicu- 
 lately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads in a loose 
 terminal panicle ; rays 12 20, sulphur yellow ; disk greenish yellow. 
 
 Tail Sunflower. 
 
 9. H. microcephalus Torr. <$ Gr. : stem smooth, 2 3-chotomously 
 branched; leaver mostly opposite, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, somewhat serrate, petioled, 3-nerved, scabrous above, tomentose- 
 pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the 
 outer with squarrose tips. H. divaricatus Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. Penn. to Geor. W. to Ken. July Sept. 7J. Stems usually 
 in tufts, 3 6 feet high. Heads small, oblong ; rays 5 6, about an inch long. 
 
 Small-headed Sunflower. 
 
 ff Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite below. 
 
 10. H. multiflorus Linn. : stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alter- 
 nate, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved, scabrous, serrate ; lower cordate, upper ovate ; 
 outer scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate, inner lanceolate. 
 
 Mountain woods. Arct. Amer to Can. Penn. to Car. Hook. $ Pursh. July 
 Sept. 1|-. Stem and peduncles scabrous. Leaves sometimes opposite. Involucre 
 with 4Q 50 scales, imbricate, not squarrose. Heads erect ; rays numerous, 
 oblong. Perhaps not a native. Many-rayed Sunflower. 
 
 11. H. tuberosus Linn. : root creeping, bearing an oblong tubercle ; stem 
 erect, branching, rough ; leaves alternate, petiolate 3-nerved, scabrous, 
 serrate; lower cordate-ovate, upper ovate-acuminate; petioles ciliate at 
 base ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate. 
 
 Fields and cultivated grounds. N. S. July Sept. 7].. Stem 48 feet high. 
 Leaves large, cuneate at base; the lower ones opposite, rarely ternate. Heads 
 rather large, terminal, on angular pubescent peduncles; rays numerous, yellow. 
 Naturalized in various parts of the U. S. Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 36. BIDENS. Linn. Bur-Marigold. 
 
 (From the Latin bidens, having two teeth ; in allusion to the awns of the 
 achenia.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral, often want- 
 ing ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, un- 
 
COMPOSITE. 191 
 
 equal ; the outer series often large and leafy. Receptacle flat- 
 tish, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, not winged, crowned with 
 2 5 retrorsely pilose rigid awns. 
 
 1. B. cernua Linn. : smooth; leaves undivided, lanceolate, toothed, the 
 upper somewhat connate ; heads discoid or radiate, on slender peduncles, 
 usually nodding ; outer involucre longer than the head ; achenia 4-awned. 
 retrorsely ciliate on the margin. 
 
 Near ponds and ditches. Can. to Perm. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. (J). 
 Stem 1 2 feet high. Heads usually discoid, but sometimes more or less radiate ; 
 rays, when present, yellow. This plant is sometimes not more than 6 or 8 inches 
 high, with very small erect flowers, when it constitutes the variety minima. 
 
 Swamp Beggar-ticks. 
 
 2. H. chrysanthemoides Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves undivided, oblong- 
 lanceolate, tapering at each end, connate at base, dentate-serrate ; heads 
 radiate, somewhat nodding ; rays elliptic, longer than the involucre ; ache- 
 nia with 2 4 retrorsely scabrous awns. 
 
 Wet places. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. .Stem 12 
 feet high, erect or declined at base, branching. Heads rather large, solitary at 
 the end of the branches, erect or somewhat nodding ; rays 8 10, bright yellow. 
 
 Large-flowered Bur-marigold. 
 
 3. B . frondosa Linn. : stem smoother a little hairy; lower leaves quinate- 
 pinnate, upper 3-parted ; the lobes lanceolate, serrate ; heads discoid, pedicel- 
 late, erect ; outer scales of the involucre much longer than the head, ciliate 
 at the base ; achenia 2-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. 
 
 Woods and fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. July Sept. (p. Stem 
 2 5 feet high, stria te, often purple, branched. Heads rather email, on long axil- 
 lary branches or peduncles ; rays none ; disk flowers yellowish. 
 
 Leafy Bur-marigold. 
 
 4. B. connata Muhl. : smooth ; lower leaves often ternate, with the 
 lateral lobes decurrent into a petiole and slightly connate ; upper undivided, 
 oblong-lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end ; heads discoid, on short 
 peduncles ; scales of the outer involucre longer than the disk ; achenia 2 3- 
 awned. B. tripartita Big. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July Sept. (). Stem 13 feet 
 high, branched, often purple. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Heads middle- 
 sized, rather erect ; rays none ; disk greenish-yellow. Connate Bur-marigold. 
 
 5. B. bipinnata Linn. : smooth ; stem erect, 4-angled ; leaves petioled, 
 bi-pinnate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate : heads on slender pe- 
 duncles, with 2 4 small rays; outer scales of the involucre speading. about 
 as long as the disk ; achenia linear, 3 4-awned. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. Conn, to Flor. W. to Ark. July Sept. CD Stem 
 2 4 feet high, branched. Heads small, oblong, on long terminal and axillary 
 peduncles ; rays 3 4, small, yellow, obovate ; disk yellow. A troublesome 
 weed, probably introduced from the South. Spanish Needles. 
 
 0. B. Beckii Torr. : stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves -mostly 
 submerged, divided into numerous capillary segments ; the emersed ones 
 few, lanceolate, coarsely serrate or pinnatifidly laciniate; heads solitary, 
 erect, radiate, terminal ; rays longer than the involucre ; achenia narrow- 
 oblong, 4 6-awned. 
 
192 COMPOSITE. 
 
 In water. Can. Ver. Mass, and N. Y. W. to the sources of the Mississippi. 
 July, Aug. r l\.. Stem 2 6 feet long, simple, or with very small and slender 
 branches arising from the axils of the upper leaves. Lower leaves very multifid, 
 capillary, as in Ranunculus aquatilis, but opposite or almost verticillate ; upper 
 about an inch and a half long, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, 
 deeply serrate or incised. Flower solitary, at the extremity of the stem, rather 
 large, yellow ; rays much longer than the involucre. Water Marigold. 
 
 37. VERBESINA. Z,i7W. Verbesina. 
 
 (Said to be altered from Verbena, on account of the resemblance of one of the 
 species.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, mostly radiate. Involucre in two or 
 more series ; the scales nearly equal or imbricated. Receptacle 
 flat or somewhat convex; the chaff concave and embracing the 
 flowers. Achenia flat-compressed, usually winged at the an- 
 gles, crowned with 2 rigid awns. 
 
 1. V. Siegesbeckia, Mich. : stem smooth, 4- winged ; leaves opposite, decur- 
 rent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, smoothish, coarsely serrate ; 
 panicle trichotomous, corymbose at the summit ; scales of the involucre few, 
 obtuse. V. occidentals Walt. Siegesbeckia occidentals Linn. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July Sept. %.Root creeping. 
 Stem erect, 4 6 feet high, with 4 leafy wings. Heads in corymbs, yellow ; rays 
 1 5, lanceolate, 3- toothed. Crown Beard. 
 
 2. V. Virginica Linn. : stem narrowly winged, tomentose-pubescent at 
 the summit ; leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veined, 
 scabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at each end, the 
 lower decurrent ; heads in cymose corymbs, crowded. 
 
 Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. 7|.. Stem 36 feet 
 high. Heads in crowded corymbs ; rays very short, the tube and involucre pu- 
 bescent. Virginian Verbesina. 
 
 38. HELENIUM. Linn. -False Sunflower. 
 (Named, it is said, after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray flowers in a single 
 series, pistillate, ligulate, or rarely tubular, 3 5 -cleft ; those 
 of the disk perfect, tubular, very short, 4 5 -toothed. Involu- 
 cre in 2 series ; the outer scales numerous, leafy, long-linear, 
 reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, globose or oblong, 
 naked. Achenia turbinate-obovate. Pappus chaffy ; chaff 5 6- 
 awned. 
 
 H. aulumnale Linn. : smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, 
 serrate, acute, decurrent; disk globose; rays 3 5-cleft, spreading or 
 reflexed. 
 
 Low grounds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon. Aug. Oct. 1[. 
 Stem 2 3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrowed at 
 base, the upper nearly entire. Heads middle-sized, numerous, in a terminal 
 corymb ; rays yellow, cuneate, mostly drooping ; disk greenish-yellow. Whole 
 plant intensely bitter. Sneeze-weed. 
 
COMPOSITE 193 
 
 39. ANTHEMIS. Linn. Chamomile. 
 
 (From the Greek ai>Qcjnuv, a flowery on account of the profusion of its blos- 
 soms.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
 pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the in- 
 volucre imbricate, in a few series. Receptacle convex, oblong 
 or conic, with membraceous chaff among the flowers. Achenia 
 terete or obtusely 4-angled, striate or smooth. Pappus none 
 or a membranous margin. 
 
 A. arvensis Linn. : diffuse, pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted ; the lobes 
 linear-lanceolate, with very acute teeth ; heads solitary at the summits of 
 the leafless branches ; receptacle conic ; the chaff lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 Fields and cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Virg. June Aug. (J). Stem 
 9 15 inches high, branched. Leaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large; rays 
 broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. Introduced from Europe. A. 
 nobilis Linn., the common chamamile, is said by Nuttall to be naturalized near 
 Lewistown, Del. Wild or Corn Chamomile. 
 
 40. MARUTA. Cass. May Weed. 
 (Origin not known.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers ligulate, neutral ; 
 those of the disk perfect. Involucre hemispheric, in a few 
 series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conic or convex, 
 chaffy throughout or only at the top. Achenia ribbed, smooth. 
 Pappus none. 
 
 M. Cotula D. C. : smoothish ; leaves bi-pinnatifid, the segments subulate- 
 linear; receptacle conic, with narrow acuminate chaff at the summit. 
 Anthemis Cotula Linn. 
 
 Road sides, &c. Can. and throughout the U. S. June Oct. . Stem 
 a foot high, erect, branched. Leaves pale green, more or less pilose ; the seg- 
 ments very narrow. Heads on elongated slender peduncles ; rays about 12, 
 white; disk convex, yellow. Whole plant strongly fetid. An exotic, now al- 
 most everywhere naturalized. Common May-weed. 
 
 41. PTARMICA. Tourn. Sneezewort. 
 
 (From the Greek rrrappos, in allusion to its effect upon the nostrils.) 
 Involucre campanulate ; the scales scarious' on the margin. 
 Receptacle flat or scarcely convex, broad, chaffy. Rays 5 20, 
 flat, spreading much longer than the involucre. Achenia ob- 
 compressed, the outer ones often somewhat winged on the 
 margin. 
 
 P. vulgaris D.C.: stem erect, branching above; leaves smooth, sessile, 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely and equally serrate ; chaff of the re- 
 ceptacle oblong, pubescent. Achillea Ptarmica Linn. 
 Dry swamps. Can. to N. Y. Pufsh. Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Aug., Sept 
 
 9 
 
194 COMPOSITJE. 
 
 %. Stem 1 3 feet high, erect, branched ; heads in a rather large terminal 
 corymb ; rays 8 12, white, roundish, 3-toothed ; disk white. When dried and 
 pulverized the plant has been employed to excite sneezing, whence its common 
 name. Introduced from Europe. Common Sneezewort. 
 
 42. ACHILLEA. Linn. Yarrow. 
 
 (So named because its healing virtues were said to have been first discovered 
 by Achilles.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers 4 6 pistillate, ligu- 
 late, short, or none ; those of the disk perfect, tubular, 5- 
 toothed. Involucre ovate-oblong, the scales imbricate. Re- 
 ceptacle small, usually flat, chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth, 
 somewhat compressed, margined. Pappus none. 
 
 A. Millefolium Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy, sulcate : leaves bi- 
 pinnate, slightly hairy ; the lobes linear, toothed, mucronate. 
 
 Fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Mexico. June 
 Aug. %.. Stem 2 3 feet high, branched at the top. Leaves 2 6 inches long, 
 cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heads numerous, in a dense terminal 
 fastigiate corymb ; rays about 5, white or rose-colored. It is sometimes em- 
 ployed as a tonic and astringent. Introduced and extensively naturalized. 
 
 Common Yarrow or Milfoil. 
 
 43. LEUCANTHEMUM. Twrn. Ox-eye Daisy. 
 
 (From the Greek ACVKOJ, white, and avQt^ov, a flower.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, or 
 rarely neutral ; those of the disk perfect, with a fleshy somewhat 
 two-winged tube. Involucre broad, imbricate ; the scales with 
 a somewhat scarious margin. Receptacle naked, flat, or con- 
 vex. Achenia of the ray always without pappus ; of the disk 
 sometimes with a short pappus. 
 
 L. vulgare Lam. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; lower leaves petiolate, 
 obovate, toothed; cauline somewhat clasping, serrate, incisely serrate at 
 base ; scales of the involucre with a narrow brownish margin. Chrysanthe- 
 mum Leucanthemum Linn. 
 
 Fields arfd road sides. Can. and throughout the U. S. June Aug. 1\.. 
 Stem 1 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent at base, smoothish. Leaves often 
 pinnatifid-toothed near the base. Heads large, solitary on the branches ; rays 
 20 30, white; disk' flowers numerous, yellow. Introduced, and everywhere, 
 naturalized . A very troublesome weed. Large Ox-eye Daisy, 
 
 44. ARTEMISIA. Linn. Wormwood. 
 Named from Artem's, the Diana of the Greeks.) 
 
 Heads discoid, few- or many -flowered ; the outer flowers in 
 one series, often pistillate, 3-toothed, with a long exsert bifid 
 style ; those of the disk 5-toothed, perfect, sterile or staminate 
 by abortion of the ovary. Involucre imbricate ; the scales dry 
 
COMPOSITE. 195 
 
 and scarious on the margin. Receptacle flattish or convex, 
 naked or villous. Achenia obovate, with a minute epigynous 
 disk. Pappus none. 
 
 * Receptacle naked. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris Linn. : herbaceous, erect ; leaves white-tomentose be- 
 neath ; cauline pinnatifid ; segments laciniate, incised, coarsely serrate and 
 entire ; uppermost nearly linear, entire ; heads ovoid, at length erect 5 outer 
 scales of the involucre white-tomentose. 
 
 Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. Ver. and N. Y. S. to Car. Sept., Oct. %.. 
 Stem 2 3 feet high, suflruticose, much branched. Leaves variable. Heads few, 
 sessile. Introduced ? Mugwort. 
 
 2. A. Canadensis Mich. : smooth or canescent ; lower leaves pinnate, 
 petioled ; upper subpinnate, sessile ; segments linear or linear-lanceolate ; 
 heads hemispheric, in paniculate racemes ; scales of the involucre roundish 
 or ovate, scarious on the margin. 
 
 Sandy shores. Mass, and N. Y. N. to the Arctic Circle. W. to Oregon. July, 
 Aug. fl\ Stem mostly erect, but sometimes decumbent at base, 2 4 feet high. 
 Radical leaves clustered, silky beneath. Heads rather large, very numerous, in 
 terminal paniculate racemes. A variable species. Wild Wormwood. 
 
 3. A. cor data Mich.: stem erect, smooth; radical and lower cauline 
 leaves sub-bipinnate, upper sub-pinnate ; segments subsetaceous, alternate, 
 somewhat divaricate ; racemes elongated, erect, paniculate ; heads sub- 
 globose. A. Canadensis Big. 
 
 Sandy woods and shores. N. H. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (g). 
 Stem 2-6 feet high, rather slender. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath, petioled 
 or sessile. Heads erect, very numerous, in racemes which form a dense pyram- 
 idal panicle. Nearly allied to the preceding. Tall Wormwood. 
 
 ** Receptacle vittov,s. 
 
 4. A. Absinthium Linn.: suffYuticose, erect, silky-canescent ; leaves bi- 
 pinnatifid ; the segments lanceolate, often incised, obtuse ; heads hemi- 
 spheric, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding. 
 
 Road sides. N. S. Aug. 'ZJ-. StemsZ 4 feet high, several from one root. 
 Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in a few 
 places. Uncommonly bitter, and valuable for its medicinal properties. 
 
 Common Wormwood. 
 
 45. TANACETUM. Linn. Tansy. 
 
 (The name altered from Athanasia ; a, not, and 6avaros, death ; because its 
 flowers do not quickly fade.) 
 
 Heads homogamous or heterogamous, with pistillate flowers 
 in a single series in the circumference, often 3 4 -toothed. 
 Disk-flowers 4 5 -toothed. Receptacle naked, convex. Invo- 
 lucre campanulate, imbricate. Achenia sessile, angular, smooth, 
 with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none or minute, membra- 
 naceous and crown-form, entire or toothed. 
 
 T. vulgare Linn. : stem herbaceous, erect, smooth ; leaves smoothish, bi- 
 
196 COMPOSITE. 
 
 pinnate ; rachis and lobes incisely serrate ; heads numerous, corymbose ; 
 pappus short, equal, 5-toothed. 
 
 Road sides, near fences, &c. Can. and N. S. July, Oct. %. Stem 24 
 feet high, ribbed, somewhat branched above. Leaves '2 6 inches long, dotted. 
 Heads in dense terminal corymbs, deep yellow. The whole plant is bitter and 
 aromatic, and much used as a popular medicine. Introduced and in many 
 places completely naturalized. Common Tansy. 
 
 46. GNAPHALIUM. Linn. Cud Weed. 
 
 (From the Greek yvu<}> a\ov, soft down or wool, with which the leaves of many 
 species are clothed.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; flowers all tubular ; 
 outer ones in many series, pistillate, very slender ; those of the 
 disk perfect. Involucre ovate, with the scales imbricate, ap- 
 pressed and somewhat hyaline. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache- 
 nia somewhat terete, or more or less obcompressed. Pappus 
 in a single series, of filiform roughish bristles. 
 
 * Pistillate flowers in several series. Achenia somewhat terete. 
 \ Leaves decurrent. 
 
 1. G. decurrens Ives. : stem erect, simple, viscid-pubescent, branched at 
 the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, very acute, decurrent ? 
 roughish and green above, white and woolly beneath ; heads nearly sessile, 
 in dense roundish clusters at the summits of the branches. 
 
 Fields and hills. Can. N. Y. Mass, and N. J. Aug., Sept. % Stem about 
 
 2 feet high. Heads subsessile, in large roundish clusters. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre yellowish-white. Decurrent Cud-weed. 
 
 j-f Leaves not decurrent. 
 
 2. G. polycephalum Mich. : stem erect, paniculate above, tomentose ; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at base, acute, smoothish above, white- 
 tomentose beneath ; heads obovate, crowded in a corymb at the summits of 
 the branches. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. July Sept. ().Stem 12 feet high, 
 often much branched at the summit. Heads at length obovate. Scales of the 
 involucre yellowish- white. The whole plant has a balsamic odor. 
 
 Fragrant Life-everlasting. 
 
 3. G. uliginosum Linn. : stem herbaceous, diffusely branched, woolly ; 
 leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, tomentose on both sides ; heads in dense 
 subglobose terminal clusters, leafy at the base. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. N. to Newfoundland. W. to Oregon and Califor- 
 nia. July Sept. (T). Stem 4 6 inches high, very much branched. Heads 
 small. Scales of the involucre yellowish-brown, shining. Marsh Cud-weed. 
 
 4. G. purpureum Linn. : stem erect or ascending, woolly ; leaves oblong- 
 spatulate, mostly obtuse, mucronate, tomentose beneath; heads sessile, 
 clustered, axillary and terminal. G. Americanum Willd. 
 
 Barren soils. N. H. to Louis. W. to Texas. July Oct. ^.Stem 812 
 inches high, slender. Heads somewhat spiked at the top of the stem, purplish. 
 
 Purple Cud-weed. 
 
COMPOSITE. 197 
 
 ** Pistillate flowers in one series. Achenia obcompressed, obovoid. 
 
 5. G. supinum Vill. : cespitose ; flowering stems simple, slender, woolly 
 above ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads oblong, solitary, terminal, or few and 
 spicate-racemose ; scales of the involucre oblong, acuminate, brown ; ache- 
 nia puberulent. Omalotheca supina D. C. 
 
 White mountains, N. H. Nult. N. to Labrador. l^.Stem 24 inches 
 high. Low Alpine Cud-voeed. 
 
 47. FILAGO. Tourn. Cotton Rose. 
 
 (From the Latin jHum, a thread; in allusion to the cobweb-like threads which 
 cover the plant.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the terminal or central 
 flowers numerous, pistillate, perfect or infertile, tubular, 4 5- 
 toothed ; the others filiform, pistillate, scarcely-toothed. Scales 
 of the involucre few, the outer ones woolly. Receptacle elon- 
 gated, filiform, chaffy. Pappus of the central flowers filiform ; 
 of the outer none or dissimilar. 
 
 F. Germanica Linn. : stem dichotomous or proliferously branched at the 
 summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, tomentose ; heads few-flowered, in 
 subglobose clusters, terminal and dichotomal ; scales of the involucre awned. 
 Gnaphalium Germanicum Willd. 
 
 Fields and pastures. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. . Stem 4 8 inches 
 high, more or less branched, woolly-tomentose. Heads small, in roundish capi- 
 tate clusters. Scales of the involucre yellowish, very acute. Introduced. ? 
 
 Herba Impia. 
 
 48. ANTENNARIA. Gart. Antennaria. 
 
 (Named in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble the antennas 
 of some insects.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the corolla tubular ; in the 
 pistillate flowers filiform, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre 
 imbricate, colored, scarious. Receptacle convex, alveolate. 
 Achenia nearly terete. Pappus in a single series ; in the pis- 
 tillate flowers filiform ; in the staminate clavate. 
 
 1. A. plantaginea R. Brown: stem simple, with procumbent shoots; 
 leaves silky-villous when young, but when old smoothish above and ca- 
 nescent beneath ; radical oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; cauline linear ; heads in 
 a small crowded corymb. Gnaphalium plantagineum Linn. G. dioicum 
 var. plantaginifolium Mich. 
 
 Woods. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April June. 
 1\.. Stem 38 inches high, downy. Radical leaves often large and broad. 
 Heads few, (sometimes a single large one,) oblong, pedicellate, with a white" 
 involucre. Plantain-leaved Cud-weed. 
 
 2. A. margaritacea R. Drown : stem erect, tomentose ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved, green and lanuginous above, tomentose 
 beneath ; heads in a terminal corymb. Gnaphalium margaritaceum Linn. 
 
 Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept, *2L Stem 
 
198 COMPOSITE. 
 
 1 2 feet high, clothed with a thick wool. Heads numerous, rather large, pedi- 
 cellate, in a spreading corymb. Involucre pearly white. Flowers yellowish. 
 
 Pearly Everlasting. 
 
 49. ERECHTITES. Raf. Fire Weed. 
 
 (An ancient name of a species of Senecio, from which this genus was sep- 
 arated.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers pis- 
 tillate, somewhat 3 5-toothed ; the central ones perfect, 4 5- 
 toothed. Involucre cylindric, in one series ; the scales linear, 
 acute. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. Achenia ob- 
 long, striate. Pappus in many series, of very fine somewhat 
 roughish hairs. 
 
 E. hieradfolia Raf. : stem striate, simple or paniculate above ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, sessile, attenuate at base, coarsely and unequally ser- 
 rate; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping; involucre cylindric, 
 with linear-subulate bracteoles at the base. Senecio hieracifoliiis Linn. 
 
 Road sides and burnt grounds. Can. and throughout the II. S. July, Aug. 
 (I). Stem 2 5 feet high, stout, succulent, more or less hairy. Heads numerous, 
 middle-sized, in a compound terminal panicle ; rays none ; disk flowers numer- 
 ous, white or yellowish. Common Fire-weed. 
 
 50. ARNICA. Linn. Arnica. 
 (Said to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray flowers pistillate ; those 
 of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre campanulate ; the scales 
 in two series, linear-lanceolate, equal. Receptacle flat, some- 
 what hairy. Achenia tapering at each end, somewhat hairy. 
 Pappus in one series of rough rigid bristles. 
 
 1. A. nudicaulis Nutl.: hirsute; leaves sessile; the radical clustered, 
 elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; cauline 1 2 pairs, lance- 
 ovate ; heads terminal, on loosely corymbose peduncles. A. Claytoni Pursh. 
 Doronicum nudicaule Mich. 
 
 Meadows. Chester county, Perm. Darlington ; rare. S. to Flor. July, 
 Aug. 1|-. "Stem 1 2 feet high, with a few peduncle-like branches at the sum- 
 mit, somewhat viscid. Heads large ; rays numerous, deep yellow, 2 3-toothed 
 at the apex ; disk greenish-yellow. Naked-stemmed Arnica. Leopard 's-bane. 
 
 2. A. mollis Hook. : villous-pubescent ; stem leafy, bearing 1 5 heads ; 
 leaves lanceolate or oblong, smoothish when old, repand-denticulate ; upper 
 ones closely sessile ; the lower narrowed at base or tapering into a petiole ; 
 scales of the involucre acuminate, hairy. 
 
 Borders of rivulets, in the mountains of Essex county, N. Y. Aug. Ton- 
 White Mountains, N. H. 1\.. Root creeping. Stem 1220 inches high, simple 
 more or less pubescent. Heads about 3, large ; rays 2 3-toothed at the summit 
 pale yellow. Pappus nearly plumose. Ptibescent Arnica. 
 
COMPOSITE. 199 
 
 51. CACALIA. Linn. Indian Plantain. 
 (An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect. 
 Involucre in one series, 5 30-leaved. Receptacle flat, not 
 chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth, not beaked. Pappus in one 
 series of minute capillary bristles. 
 
 1. C. suaveolens Linn. : stem erect, smooth, striate and angled; leaves 
 petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth and green on both sides ; heads 
 many-flowered; scales of the involucre about 13. Senecio suaveolens ELL 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. and HI. Sept. 1}.. Stem 34 
 feet, high, smooth. Radical leaves on long petioles. Heads 25 30-flowered, in 
 :i. compound corymb, yellowish-white. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. 
 
 2. C. atriplicifolia Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves petioled, smooth, 
 glaucous beneath ; lower deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled and toothed ; upper 
 rhomboidal, acute, wedgeform at base, coarsely toothed ; involucre oblong, 
 iVleaved, 5-flowered. Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 7J-. Stem erect, 
 3 6 feel high. Lower leaves 4 6 inches long and nearly as wide, on long pe- 
 tioles. Heads numerous, in a terminal corymb, greenish- white. 
 
 Common Indian Plantain. 
 
 3. C. reniformis Mukl. : stem sulcate-angled ; leaves petioled, smooth, 
 hairy on the veins beneath ; radical broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed ; 
 cauline oblong, toothed, wedgeibrm and very entire at base ; corymb fas- 
 tigiate ; involucre 5-leaved. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to 111. Aug., Sept. %. Stem 4 3 feet 
 high. Radical leaves often 2 feet wide. (Torr. $ 6?r.) Heads 5-flowered, 
 white. Kidney-leaved Indian Plantain. 
 
 52. SENECIO. Linn. Groundsei. 
 (From the Latin senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.; 
 
 Heads many-flowered, radiate or discoid; rays pistillate. 
 Involucre in one series or calyculate, with smaller accessory 
 scales at base. Receptacle naked or alveolate. Achenia not 
 beaked. Pappus of numerous slender nearly equal bristles. 
 * Rays none. 
 
 1. S. vulgaris Linn. : stem erect, often branching; leaves deeply pinna- 
 tifid, clasping, toothed; the lower tapering into petioles ; heads in a corymb, 
 nodding ; rays none ; pappus equalling the corolla. 
 
 Waste places. N. S. May Oct. C\).Stem about a foot high. Heads yel- 
 low. Calyctdaie scales shorter than the involucre. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Groundsel. 
 
 ** Heads radiate. 
 
 2. S. aureus Linn. : smooth or somewhat lanuginous ; radical leaves 
 cordate-ovate, obtuse, serrate, on long petioles ; cauline pinnatifid, toothed, 
 sessile, the terminal segments lanceolate ; heads few, in a somewhat um- 
 belled corymb. 
 
200 COMPOSITE. 
 
 Wet shady woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. *4. - 
 Stem 1 2 feet high, branched above, often woolly. Heads middle sized, nume- 
 rous, on long slender peduncles which are thickened near the involucre ; rays 
 812, and with the disk yellow. Golden Groundsel. Squaw-weed. 
 
 3. S. Balsamitce Muhl. : stem erect, villous at base ; radical leaves ob- 
 long-lanceolate, dentate-serrate, on long petioles ; cauline lyrate-pinnatifid, 
 sessile, the segments toothed ; heads in a compound umbellate corymb. 
 
 Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. 1\.. 
 Stem 1 V feet high, densely woolly at the base. Heads rather small, yellow ; 
 rays 8 12, narrow ; disk flowers about 20. Balsamita-like Groundsel. 
 
 4. S. obovatus Muhl. : stem erect, smoothish ; radical leaves varying from 
 roundish-obovate to oblong-spatulate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; cauline 
 pinnatifid, toothed, sessile ; heads in a nearly simple somewhat umbelled 
 corymb, on long peduncles which are scarcely thickened at the summit. 
 
 Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. Ij.. Stem 
 a foot high, branched at the summit. Heads rather small, yellow ; rays about 
 10. Torrey & Gray consider this and the preceding species, as mere varieties 
 of S. aureus ; to which also they refer -S'. lanceolatus Oakes and S. gracilis 
 Pursh. Obovate- leaved Groundsel. 
 
 5. S. tomentosus Mich.: white -tomentose and woolly; radical leaves 
 oval-oblong or oval-lanceolate, serrulate-crenate, toothed at base, on long 
 petioles ; cauline oblong, somewhat divided ; corymb small, somewhat um- 
 belled. (S. integrifolius Nutt. Cineraria integrifolia and heterophylla 
 Pursh. 
 
 Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains, Penn. Pursh. S. to Flor. May, June. 
 %. Stem 1 2 feet high. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus ; rays 12 15, 
 elongated. Downy Groundsel. 
 
 6. S. elongatus Pursh. : smooth ; radical leaves spatulate, serrate, atten- 
 uated into a petiole ; cauline pinnatifid, toothed, very remote ; heads on 
 elongated peduncles, arranged in a somewhat umbelled corymb. 
 
 Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. Penn. July, Aug. 01. Resembles 
 S. BalsamitcE, but is destitute of ray flowers. Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. 
 
 V. CYNARE.E. Style in the perfect flowers thickened near the sum- 
 mit, and often fringed at the tumor ; its branches distinct or united, 
 pubescent externally. 
 
 53 ; CENTAUREA. Linn. Knap Weed. Blue Bottle. 
 
 (From the Centaur Chiron, who is said by this plant to have cured himself of 
 a wound received from Hercules.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers mostly large and sterile, 
 funnel-form, sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre imbri- 
 cate, various. Receptacle bristly-paleaceous. Achenia com- 
 pressed. Pappus mostly in many series, pilose, sometimes 
 wanting. 
 
 1 . C. Jacea Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
 lower broader and toothed, petioled ; scales of the involucre scarious and 
 torn, the outer pinnatifid ; heads radiate ; pappus very short or r; -rie. 
 
COMPOSITE. 201 
 
 Waste places. Penn. Muhl. July, Aug. 1|-. Heads with numerous purple 
 flowers. Involucre pale-brown, shining. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Brown Knap-weed. 
 
 2. C. nigra Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves scabrous ; lower an- 
 gular-lyrate, petioled ; upper lanceolate ; scales of the involucre ovate, 
 fringed with capillary teeth ; rays none ; pappus very short, tufted. 
 
 Fields. Mass, and Penn. July, Aug. l\..Stem 23 feet high. Heads 
 terminal, solitary. Flowers purple. Scales of the involucre almost black, the 
 teeth brown. Introduced from Europe and becoming in some places a trouble- 
 some weed. Black Knap-weed. 
 
 3. C. Cyaniis Linn. : cottony-tomentose ; stem erect, branched ; upper 
 leaves linear, entire ; lowermost toothed or pinnatifid at base ; scales of the 
 involucre serrate ; pappus short. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. N. S. July, Aug. (p. Stem 2 3 feet high. Heads 
 in terminal peduncles ; rays few, spreading, bright blue ; disk flowers smaller, 
 purple. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in a few places. 
 
 Corn Blue-bottle. 
 
 54. CNICUS. Vaitt. Blessed Thistle. 
 (From the Greek xvt^w, to prick or wound.) 
 
 Heads many-floAvered ; the rays sterile, slender, nearly equal 
 to the disk. Involucre ovoid ; scales coriaceous, produced into 
 a long hard pinnated spinose appendage. Receptacle bristly. 
 Achenia smooth, striate. Pappus triple ; outer series very short ; 
 intermediate of 10 long rigid bristles ; inner of 10 short bristles. 
 
 C. benedictus Linn. D. C. Centaurea benedicta. Linn. Ed. %. 
 
 Road sides ; rare. N. Y. June. Torr. (J). Stem 1 2 feet high, branching. 
 Leaves clasping, somewhat decurrent and pinnatifid, the lobes spiny. Heads 
 large. Introduced. Common Blessed Thistle. 
 
 55. ONOPORDON. Linn. Cotton Thistle. 
 
 (From two Greek words expressive of the effect, ascribed by Pliny, to the ass 
 who eats the plant. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Heads homogamous, many- and equal-flowered. Involucre 
 ovate-globose ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, terminating in a 
 lanceolate appendage bearing a spine at the summit. Recepta- 
 cle honey-combed. Achenia four-cornered, transversely ru- 
 gose. Pappus in several series, rough, deciduous. 
 
 O. Acanthium Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, decur- 
 rent, woolly on both sides ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, the 
 outer spreading and woolly at the base. 
 
 Waste grounds. Mass. July. (). Stem 4 6 feet high, branched and 
 winged at the summit ; wings very spinous. Heads large, solitary. Flowers 
 purple. Introduced from Europe. Cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch Thistle. 
 
 Common Cotton Thistle. 
 9* 
 
202 COMPOSITE. 
 
 56. CIRSIUM. Tourn. Thistle. 
 
 (.From the Greek xtpnos, a swelled vein ; on account of its being supposed to 
 heal that disease.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered; the flowers perfect or dioecious. 
 Scales of the involucre more or less spinous at the summit. 
 Receptacle bristly. Corolla with the tube short and the border 
 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth, not ribbed. Pap- 
 pus of numerous plumose bristles, deciduous. 
 
 * Leaves dccurrent. 
 
 1. C. lanceolatum Scop. : stem branched, hairy ; leaves decurrent pinna- 
 tifid, hispid above, woolly beneath ; segments divaricate and spinous ; scales 
 of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spreading. Cactus 
 lanceolatus Linn. Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. 
 
 Fields and road sides. N. S. July Oct. ^. Stem 2 4 feet high, winged 
 by the decurrent leaves. Heads terminal, ovoid, middle-sized. Flowers purple. 
 
 Common Thistle. 
 
 ** Leaves sessile. 
 
 2. C. aUissimum Spreng. : stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ciliate- 
 spinous, scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; radical petioled, pinnatifid ; 
 cauline sessile, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; scales of the involucre 
 ovate-lanceolale, spinous, appressed. Carduus altissimus Linn. Cnicus 
 altusimus Willd. 
 
 Old fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 38 feet 
 high, and on the Missouri, according to Mr. Nuttall, 12 18 feet. Leaves varia- 
 ble. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Tall Thistle. 
 
 3. C. discolor Spreng. : stem hairy, divaricately branched ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, sessile or clasping, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smoothish above, 
 tomentose beneath ; segments 2-lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub- 
 globose ; the scales ovate, spinous. Carduiis discolor Nutt. Cnicus discolor 
 MuJd. 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Car. July Sept. .Stem 36 feel high, sparsely 
 hairy. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Two-colored Thistle. 
 
 4. C. arvense Scop. : stem paniculate ; the branches somewhat woolly , 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sinuate-pinnatifid, spinous, undulate, 
 smoothish ; involucre ovoid ; scales ovate-lanceolate, the outer armed with 
 a short spine. Carduus arvensis Smith. Cnicus arveusis Willd. 
 
 Fields and road sides. Can. and N. S. July. %. Root creeping. Stem 
 2 3 feet high. Leaves very thorny. Heads numerous, terminal, small. Flowers 
 purple, rarely whitish. A very troublesome weed. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle 
 
 5. C. muticum Mich. : stem smoothish, sparingly branched ; leaves ses- 
 sile, deeply pinnatifid, woolly beneath ; segments lanceolate, acute, spinu- 
 lose ; involucre subglobose; scales viscid, woolly, unarmed, or the outer 
 ones with a very short spine. C. Bigelowii D. C. Carduus muticus Nutt. 
 C. glutinosus Deck Bot. 1st. Ed. 
 
COMPOSITE. 203 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. Aug., Sept. Q 
 3 5 feet high, striate and angular. Heads middle-sized, terminal. Flowers 
 purple. Awnkss Thistle. 
 
 6. C. puwilum Spreng. : stem low, hairy, 1 3-flowered ; leaves lance- 
 oblong, pinnatifid, somewhat clasping, green on both sides ; segments irreg- 
 ularly lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub- globose ; scales appressed. 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinous. Carduus pumilus NuU. 
 
 Dry fields. N. Y. Mass, and Penn. July, Aug. .-Stem 12 feet high, 
 (sometimes much taller,) erect or subdecumbent. Heads very large. Flowers 
 pale purple. Pappus more than an inch long. Var. Hyslrix of Nuttall, has the 
 stem simple, 1-flowered, and the leaves densely margined with spines. It occurs 
 on the banks of the Hudson, near the city of New York. Low Thistle. 
 
 7. C. Nuttallii D. C. : stem much branched ; leaves sessile, smooth or 
 smoothish on both sides, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate and with 
 the teeth spinous; involucre ovoid; scales lanceolate, appressed, with a 
 short somewhat reflexed spine at the apex, somewhat pubescent and viscid 
 upon the back. Carduus glaber NuU. Cnicus glaber ELI. 
 
 Low grounds. N. J. Nutt. S. to Geor. %. Stem 4 5 feet high, slenderly 
 branched. Heads somewhat paniculate. Flowers pale purple. Allied to 
 C. muticum, and perhaps only a variety. Nuttall's Thistle. 
 
 8. C. horridulum Mich. : stem simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid 
 when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnatifid, acutely divided, 
 very spinous, woolly beneath ; heads with a whorl of spinous bracts at 
 base ; involucre subglobose ; scales linear, acute, scarcely spinous. Car- 
 duus spinosissimus Walt. Cnicus horridulus Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. IN. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July Sept. *2L Stem 23 feet 
 high, stout, hollow, lanuginous. Heads large, axillary and terminal, with 20 30 
 bracts at base, the outer of which have spines somewhat in pairs. Flowers dull 
 yellow, rarely pale purple. Yellow Thistle. 
 
 9. C. Virginianum Mick. : stem slender, mostly simple, arachnoid ; leaves 
 sessile, lance-linear, revolute on the margin, distantly and spinosely serrate, 
 smooth above, white-tomentose beneath ; involucre ovate ; scales appressed, 
 shortly mucronate, glutinous. Carduus Virginianus Willd. Cnicus Virgin- 
 ianus Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Penn. ? to Geor. W. to Ken. July Sept. Q.St em 2^4 feet high, 
 covered with a white down, especially towards the summit. Head's small, 
 mostly solitary. Flowers purple. Virginian Thistle. 
 
 57. LAPPA. Taurn. Burdock. 
 
 (Said to l>e derived from the Celtic llap, &hand; because it lays hold of every- 
 thing near it. Tom) 
 
 Heads many-flowered ; the flowers similar and perfect. 
 Corolla 5-cleft; tube 10-nerved. Involucre globose; scales 
 imbricate, coriaceous, with a long subulate inflexed point. Re- 
 ceptacle flat, covered with bristly chaff. Achenia oblong, com- 
 pressed, smooth, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous 
 short distinct filiform rough bristles, caducous. 
 
204 COMPOSITE. 
 
 L. major Gccrt. : scales of the involucre subulate, smooth or with a cob- 
 web-like down ; lower leaves cordate, petiolate; cauline ovate. Arctium 
 Lappa Linn. 
 
 Waste grounds, road sides, &c. N. S. July Oct. 1|., Stem stout, 34 feet 
 high. Radical leaves very large, (often 1 2 feet long and a foot wide,) wavy on 
 the margin. Heads globose, numerous, often clustered. Flowers purple. Invo 
 lucres with hooked scales, by which they are fastened to clothes and the coats 
 of animals. Introduced from Europe. Common Burdock. 
 
 SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLOR^E. 
 
 Flowers all ligulate and perfect. 
 
 VI. CICHORACEJE. Style cylindrical above; its branches rather long 
 and obtuse, equally pubescent. 
 
 58. CICHORIUM. Tourn. Succory. 
 (Said to be derived from the Arabic ChikouryeTi.') 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of about 
 6 short scales ; inner long, 8 10-leaved. Receptacle flattish, 
 naked or slightly hairy. Achenia somewhat compressed, smooth, 
 striate. Pappus of numerous very short and somewhat obtuse 
 scales, in one or two series. 
 
 C. Intybus Linn. : lower leaves runcinate, scarious-hispid on the mid- 
 rib ; upper lanceolate, nearly entire ; heads axillary, sessile, mostly 2 3 
 together. 
 
 Old fields and road sides. N. S. July Sept. Stem 23 feet high, with 
 numerous rough branches. Heads axillary, mostly in pairs, sessile. Flowers 
 brisrht blue or purplish. The roots are largely used for the purpose of adulterating 
 coffee. Introduced from Europe. Succory or Chicory. 
 
 59. KRIGIA. Schrcb.~Dvra.Tf Dandelion. 
 (In honor of David Kreig, a German botanist.) 
 
 Heads jnany-flowered, (15 30). Involucre in a single 
 series, with 8 12 scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia turbi- 
 nate, somewhat pentagonal, not beaked. Pappus in a double 
 series ; the outer of 5 broad, short, chaffy scales ; inner of 5 
 long scabrous bristles, alternating with the scales. 
 
 K. Virginica Willd. : somewhat glaucous ; primary leaves roundish, 
 entire ; the succeeding ones lyrate, nearly smooth ; heads solitary, on scapes 
 which are finally longer than the leaves. Cynthia Virginica Beck Bot. 
 1st Ed. Hyoseris Virginica Linn. 
 
 Fields and dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. May Aug. (J). Scapes 
 2 10 inches high, often several from one root. Head solitary, terminal, small. 
 Flowers deep yellow. This plant continues in flower for some time ; during 
 which it varies greatly in the length of the scape. K. dichotoma of Nuttall, al- 
 though marked as distinct by De Candolle, can be nothing more than a v 
 riety of this species. Dwarf Dandelion . 
 
 va- 
 
COMPOSITE. 205 
 
 60. CYNTHIA. Don. Cynthia. 
 
 (Supposed to be named from Mount Cynthus ; which was sacred to Apollo 
 and Diana. Darlingt. Fl. Ces.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre numerous, in 
 one or two series. Receptacle naked, dotted. Achenia quad- 
 rangular, smoothish, not beaked. Pappus double; the outer 
 of numerous very short chaffy scales ; inner hair-like, deciduous. 
 
 1 . C. Virginica Don. : smooth and glaucous ; stem scape-like, often bifid 
 or trifid, few-leaved ; radical leaves petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pin- 
 natifid ; cauline lanceolate, clasping, nearly entire, smooth. C. amplexicaule 
 Beck Dot. 1st Ed. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. 
 
 Wet woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May July. 1}-. Stems a foot or 
 more high, often 2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, with a 
 clasping leaf at the forks. Heads solitary, at the extremities of the branches, 
 large, orange-yellow. Virginian Cynthia. 
 
 2. C. Dandelion Linn. : scapes usually several from the same root ; pri- 
 mary leaves spatulate-oblong ; the others linear-lanceolate, elongated, 
 mostly acute, either entire, repand-denticulate, remotely sinuate-toothed or 
 laciniate-subpinnatifid ; the triangular-lanceolate divaricate lobes 2 3 on 
 each side ( Torr. fy Orr.) C. Dandelion and Boscii D. C. Krigia Dan- 
 delion Nutt. Gen. 
 
 Low grounds. Md. to Geor. W. to Texas. March May. TJ.. Roots tube- 
 riferous. Scapes or stems 6 15 inches high, sometimes decumbent. Flowers 
 yellow. Dandelion-like Cynthia. 
 
 61. OPORINIA. Dan. Hawkbit. 
 
 (From the Greek oirwptvds, autumnal; in allusion to the time of flowering.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre obconic, in one series; 
 scales lanceolate, acuminate, with numerous accessory ones at 
 the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, somewhat te- 
 rete, attenuated at both ends, transversely rugulose. Pappus 
 in one series, persistent, plumose, scarious and dilated at base. 
 
 O. autumnale Don. : scape branched, scaly upwards ; leaves lanceolate, 
 toothed or pinnatifid, smoothish ; peduncles swollen beneath the somewhat 
 downy involucre. Apargia autumnalis Willd. 
 
 Fields and road sides. N. S. July Sept. 1J-. Scape spreading, branched 
 into a few peduncles which are furnished with remote scales. Heads middle- 
 sized, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Autumnal Hawkbit 
 
 62. LACTUCA. Tourn. Lettuce. 
 
 (From the Latin lac, milk; the plant giving out a milky juice.) 
 
 Heads few- or many-flowered. Involucre cylindric ; scales 
 calyculate-imbricate, in 2 4 series ; the outer short. Recep- 
 tacle naked. Achenia flat, obcompressed, wingless, abruptly 
 
206 COMPOSITE. 
 
 produced into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft and 
 white capillary bristles. 
 
 L. elongata Mukl. : stem erect, smoothish, paniculate at the summit ; 
 leaves subclasping, pale beneath ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; upper 
 mostly lanceolate and entire, sometimes elongated ; heads in an elongated 
 leafless panicle. G. longifolia Mich. 
 
 var. integrifolia Torr. $ Gr. : leaves nearly all undivided, lanceolate. 
 L. integrifolia Big. 
 
 var. sanguined Torr. fy Gr. : leaves nearly all runcinate ; flowers pur- 
 plish or red. L. sanguined Big. and L. kirsuta Nutt. 
 
 Woods and road sides ; often growing up from ground newly burnt over. 
 Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July Sept. (g). Stem 28 feet high ; in var. san~ 
 guinea smaller. Heads rather smaller than in garden lettuce. Flowers yellow, 
 purple or red. I follow Torrey and Gray in uniting with this species the three 
 which have heretofore been described as distinct. Wild Lettuce. Fire-weed. 
 
 63. TARAXACUM. Holler. Dandelion. 
 (From the Greek rapao-o-w ; on account of its medicinal qualities.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer scales 
 small, spreading or reflexed ; the inner in a single series, erect. 
 Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate, muricate on the 
 ribs, produced into a long beak. Pappus in many series, white, 
 pilose. 
 
 T. Dens-leonis Desf. : smooth ; leaves equally and acutely runcinate, the 
 segments toothed ; outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; achenia muricate 
 at the apex. Leontodon Taraxacum Linn. 
 
 Pastures, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. April Nov. %. Root 
 thick. Scapes often several from the root, each with one large terminal head. 
 Flowers yellow. In its young state it is used as a potherb. Introduced, but al- 
 most everywhere naturalized. Common Dandelion. 
 
 64. SONCHUS. Linn. Sow Thistle. 
 vAn ancient Greek name, the meaning of which is obscure.) 
 Heads many-flowered, dilated at base. Involucre imbricate. 
 Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, not winged or beaked, 
 longitudinally ribbed, transversely rugose. Pappus of nume- 
 rous soft and very white hairs. 
 
 1. S. oleraceus Linn.: smooth or with the branches glandular-pilose; 
 cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or the upper undivided, clasping, slightly 
 spinulose-toothed ; the auricles acute ; peduncles somewhat tomentose when 
 young. S. ciliatus Lam. 
 
 Waste grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. July Sept. (). Stem 
 24 feet high, hollow and succulent. Leaves 2 6 inches long, variously di- 
 vided. Heads in a somewhat umbelled corymb. Flotcers pale yellow. Pappus 
 very white and silky. Introduced from Europe. Common Sow-thistle. 
 
 2. (S. asper Vill. : smooth or somewhat glandular hairy at the summit ; 
 lower leaves spatulate or oval ; cauline undivided, undulate or slightly 
 
COMPOSITE. 207 
 
 nncinate, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping ; heads umbellate-corymbose. 
 S. spinulosus,\a.T. osper Linn. S. spinulosus Dig. 
 
 Fields and waste places. Throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. (J). Stem 
 about 2 feet high, smooth or slightly hairy. Heads small, somewhat umbelled. 
 Flowers yellow. Introduced from Europe. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle. 
 
 3. <S". arvensis Linn. : root creeping ; stem erect, smooth ; leaves runci- 
 nate-pinnatifid, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping; the auricles obtuse; 
 panicle umbellate-corymbose ; pedicels and involucres glandular-hispid. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. Ver. to Penn. Newfoundland Hook. Aug., Sept. 
 1J-. Stem 2 3 feet high. Heads as large as in the Dandelion. Flowers yellow. 
 Introduced from Europe. Large Sow-thistle. 
 
 65. HIERACIUM. Linn. Hawk Weed. 
 
 (From the Greek iepa, a hawk ; because birds of prey were supposed to em 
 ploy this plant to strengthen their powers of vision. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovate or cylindric ; scales 
 linear-obtuse, imbricate, rarely only in two series. Receptacle 
 alveolate or pitted and fimbrillate. Achenia 5 -sided, somewhat 
 striate, mostly clavate, not beaked. Pappus in a single series 
 of very dense dull-white rigid scabrous hairs. 
 
 * Stem leafy. 
 
 1. H. Canadense Mich. : stem erect, simple or sparingly branched above ; 
 leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth or somewhat pubescent, 
 acutely and divaricately toothed ; heads corymbose ; involucre smoothish ; 
 outer scales mostly spreading in fruit. H. virgatum, fasciculatum and ma- 
 crophyllum Pursh. H. Kalmii Spreng. not of Linn, (according to Torr. 
 *&) 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. N. to lat. 66. W. to Oregon. July, 
 Aug. \. Stem stout, smooth, pubescent or hairy. Heads axillary and termi- 
 nal, on downy or hispid peduncles. Flowers pale-yellow. 
 
 Canadian Hawk-weed. 
 
 2. H. scabrum Mich. : stem erect, stout, hispid below, rough above ; 
 leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat denticulate, hairy, the lower 
 narrowed at the base, the upper closely sessile ; peduncles and involucre 
 hispid and downy. H. marianum Willd. H. Gronovii,0.Hook. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. IJ-. Stem about 2 feet 
 high, often very rough below. Heads numerous, in a fastigiate corymb. Flow- 
 ers yellow. Rough Hawk-weed. 
 
 3. H. Gronovii Linn. : stem erect, leafless and paniculate above ; leaves 
 entire or denticulate, pale, sparingly villous-hirsute ; the lower oblong-obo- 
 vate or spatulate ; upper oval or oblong, sessile or clasping ; peduncles and 
 involucre glandular-hispid. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 1L Stem about 2 
 feet high, nearly naked. Heads in a long naked panicle. Flowers yellow. 
 Diners from the preceding in its more slender, nearly naked stem and much 
 longer peduncles. Gronovius's Hawk-weed. 
 
 4. H. paniculatum Willd. : stem erect, loosely paniculate, smooth above, 
 
208 COMPOSITE. 
 
 whitish tomentose below ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, few-toothed, sessile, 
 membranaceous, smooth ; peduncles slender, divaricate ; bracts setaceous. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July Sept. 7J.. Stem slender, 1 3 
 feet high. Heads small, on long slender peduncles, forming a large panicle. 
 Flowers yellow. Panicled Hawk-weed. 
 
 5. H. Scoukri Hook. : clothed with long brownish rigid and spreading 
 hairs ; stem paniculate, branched ; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat co- 
 riaceous, rigid, acute, slightly toothed ; radical attenuated into a short peti- 
 ole ; cauline vety remote, sessile ; involucre rusty-pubescent, with long 
 scattered hairs. 
 
 On the Columbia river ; and also gathered in Penn. by Schweinitz. Hooker. 
 Stem a foot high. Heads small. Flowers yellow. Scouler's Hawk-weed. 
 
 ** Stem naked or nearly so. 
 
 6. H. venosum Linn. : stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth 
 and branching above ; leaves obovate-oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob- 
 scurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath ; veins pur- 
 ple ; involucre mostly smooth. 
 
 Dry and sandy woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. June Aug. 7J.. Stem 
 1 2 feet high, naked or with 1 2 leaves, branched at the summit. Radical 
 leaves spreading on the ground, colored with dark veins. Heads small, on slen- 
 der peduncles, forming a loose panicle. Flowers yellow. This is one of the 
 plants in common repute as an antidote or remedy for the poison of the rattle- 
 snake ; but we are still in want of proof in regard to its medicinal power. 
 
 Veiny Hawk-weed. 
 
 66. NABALUS. Cass. Nabalus. 
 
 (Origin unknown.) 
 
 Heads 5 30-flowered. Involucre cylindric, of 10 14 lin- 
 ear scales, ealyculate at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia ob- 
 long, subcylindraceous, sulcate, smooth, truncate at the apex. 
 Pappus in many series of yellow or brownish rough rigid hairs. 
 
 1. N. SerpentariusHook.: leaves toothed, rough ; radical palmate ; cau- 
 line on long petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle seg- 
 ment 3-parted ; upper leaves lanceolate ; racemes terminal, paniculate, 
 short, nodding ; involucre 8-leaved, 12-flowered. N. albus,vax. Serpentaria 
 Torr. fy Gr. Harpalyce Serpentaria Don. Prenanttes Serpentaria Pursh. 
 
 Woods on hill sides. Hudson's Bay to Car. Aug., Sept. 71. Stem 2 5 
 feet high, simple or much branched. Heads in loose terminal panicles. Invo- 
 lucre purplish. Flowers white or yellowish. A very variable species, which 
 may perhaps be more properly united with the next, as has been done by Torrey 
 and Gray, and Dr. Darlington. It has gained some notoriety as a cure for the 
 bite of the rattlesnake, but I apprehend that the statements on this point are en- 
 titled to very little credence. Rattlesnake Root. Lion's Foot. 
 
 2. N. atlnts Hook. : smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem paniculate at 
 the summit ; leaves angular-hastate, irregularly toothed, sinuate-incised or 
 pinnately 3 5-parted ; the lower petioled, upper sessile ; racemes short, 
 paniculate; involucre about 8-leaved, 8 10-flowered. Harpalyce alba Don. 
 Prenanthes alba Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. 7|_. Stem 3 5 feet high. Heads numerous, 
 in a loose panicle which is composed of small terminal clusters. Flowers white. 
 Achenia yellow. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. Wlrite Lettuce. 
 
COMPOSITOR. 209 
 
 3. N. altissimus Hook. : stem erect, smooth, branched ; leaves all pe- 
 tioled, undivided, or the lower 3 5-cleft or parted ; the lobes or leaves acu- 
 minate, repandly toothed or denticulate ; heads in small axillary or terminal 
 clusters ; involucre 5-leaved, 5 6-flowered. N. cordatus and A 7 , deltoideus 
 D. C. Harpalyce altissima and cardata Don. Prenanthes altissima and 
 cor data Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug., Sept. '4 Stem 4 or 5 feet high, 
 slender. Leaves sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate. Heads nod- 
 ding, in racemes arranged in a large leafy panicle. Flowers yellowish- white. 
 Pappus dirty white. Tall Nabalus. 
 
 4. N. virgatus D.C.: smooth; stem simple; leaves narrow-lanceolate; 
 the lower sinuate or dentate, upper entire ; racemes simple, terminal ; 
 heads nodding, 8 10-flowered; involucre smooth, 8-leaved. Harpalyce 
 nrgata Don. Prenanthes virgata Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Stem 25 feet high. Heads 
 in a long terminal virgate raceme. Flowers pale purple. Virgate Nabalus. 
 
 5. N. Fraseri D. C. : stem erect, slightly pubescent, branched ; leaves 
 mostly deltoid, 3 7-lobed, contracted into winged or margined petioles; 
 upper nearly sessile and undivided ; involucre smoothish, of about 8 scales, 
 8 12-flowered. N. Fraseri, trilobaius, inlegrifolius and Serpentarius,@.D.C. 
 Prenanthes rubicunda Pursh, (according to Torr. <f* C?r.) 
 
 Dry sterile and sandy soils. Can. and N. Y. to Flor. Aug. Oct. QJ.. Stem 
 2 4 feet high. Leaves very variable. Involucre often purplish, usually quite 
 smooth. Flowers cream-color, sometimes with a tinge of purple. Pappus straw 
 color. Very near N. albus, and some of its forms can only be distinguished from 
 that species by its light-colored pappus. Fraser's Nabalus. 
 
 6. N. nanus D. C. : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves on slender petioles, 
 varying from undivided and angular or toothed to hastately or palmately 
 3-lobed or parted ; heads clustered, forming a racemose panicle ; involucre 
 10 15-flowered ; inner scales about 8 ; the calyculate scales very short, tri- 
 angular-ovate. (Twr. ($ Gr.} Harpalyce alba,\a.r. nana Beck Sot. 1st Ed. 
 Prenanthes alba } va.r. nana Big. 
 
 White. Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. 
 Torr. Aug. 1\. Stem 5 12 inches high, smooth. Heads nodding. Flmoers 
 whitish. Pappus straw-color. Dwarf Nabalus. 
 
 7. N. Boottii D. C. : stem simple, pubescent at the summit ; leaves pe- 
 tioled, smooth ; lower subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse; the middle cor- 
 date-lanceolate ; upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate and entire ; heads in n 
 nearly simple raceme ; involucre 10 18-flowered ; the inner scales 10 15, 
 obtuse ; the calyculate scales linear, lax, nearly half the length of the 
 proper involucre. (Torr. ty Gr.} Prenanthes Zfoz,var. nana Big. (inpart) 
 
 White Mountains. N. H. Boott. Summit of Whiteface Mountain, Essex 
 county, N. Y. Torr. Aug., Sept. %. Stem 5 8 inches high. Leaves variable. 
 Heads slightly nodding. Flowers whitish, odorous. Pappus straw-color. Dis- 
 tinguished from the preceding by the narrow loose and elongated calyculata 
 scales of the involucre. Torr. Bootl's Nabalus. 
 
210 CAMPANULACE^. 
 
 67. MULGEDIUM. Cass. Mulgedium. 
 
 (From the Latin mulgco, to milk ; on account of its yielding a white juice 
 when cut.) 
 
 Heads many-flowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, the 
 outer scales much shorter than the inner. Receptacle naked, 
 honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, attenuated into 
 a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of the achenium, 
 and expanded into a short thick cup -form disk. Pappus in one 
 or a few series of stiff rough white or tawny hairs. 
 
 1. M. macrophyllum D. C.: stem stiffly erect, hispid at the summit; 
 leaves broad-lyrate, cordate at base, hairy beneath ; terminal lobe large, 
 cordate ; petioles winged ; heads in a loose hispid panicle ; involucre 
 slightly hispid. Sonchus macrophyllus Willd. Agathyrsus macrophyllus Don. ? 
 
 Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. ? Aug., Sept. %. Roof tuberous. Stem 4 7 
 feet high. Heads about as large as those or dchorium Intybus. Flowers blue. 
 A doubtful species. Large-leaved Mulgedium. 
 
 2. M. Fl.orida.nuin, D. C. : smooth ; stem erect, purplish or somewhat 
 glaucous, paniculate above; cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled; 
 the lobes few, sinuate-toothed ; uppermost triangular, acute ; heads in a 
 loose erect panicle. Sonchus FLoridanus Linn. Agathyrsus Florid-anus 
 Don. 
 
 Woods and road sides. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. . Stem 36 feet high, 
 often purplish. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal panicle. Flowers blue, 
 Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used as a cure for the bite 
 of the rattlesnake in the same manner as Nabalus Serpentarius, and is known 
 by the name of Gall of tfie Earth. 
 
 3. M. acuminatum D. C. : stem erect, smooth, simple ; cauline leaves 
 ovate, acute, sparingly toothed, attenuated into a winged petiole, slightly 
 hairy on the midrib and veins beneath ; radical sometimes slightly runcinate ; 
 heads in a thyrse-like panicle ; peduncles somewhat scaly. Sonchus ocumi- 
 natus Willd. Lactuca villosa Jacq. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. .Stem 36 feet 
 high, paniculate above. Heads small, not numerous, in a widely spreading ter- 
 minal panicle ; the peduncles with a few ovate ciliate scales. Flowers blue. 
 
 Sharp-leaved Mulgedium. 
 
 4. M. leucophaum D. C. : stem very leafy, smoothish, paniculate at the 
 summit ; leaves somewhat runcinate-pinnatifid, coarsely toothed, somewhat 
 haiiy beneath ; heads in a large compound panicle ; peduncles scaly. 
 Sonchus leucophacus Willd. Agathyrsus leucophteus Don. 
 
 Waste grounds and road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July Sept. 
 (). Stem 3 10 feet high, (Torr.) smooth, or slightly hairy. Lower leaves very 
 large. Heads numerous, small, in an elongated panicle. Flowers bluish-white. 
 
 Tall Mulgedium. 
 
 ORDER LXX. CAMPANULACE^E. BELLWORTS. 
 
 Calyx usually 5-lobed, (3 8,) persistent. Corolla usually 
 5-lobed, (3 8,) withering, valvate. Stamens alternate with the 
 
CAMPANULACEjE. 211 
 
 lobes of the corolla ; anthers distinct. Style covered with col- 
 lecting hairs. Capsule 2 3, several-celled, opening by apertures 
 or valves. Seeds numerous ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- 
 men. Herbaceous plants, with a milky juice. Leaves alter- 
 nate, without stipules. Flowers usually showy. 
 
 1. CAMPANULA. Linn. Bell Flower. 
 
 (From the Latin campanula, a little bell ; in reference to the shape of the flower.) 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-eleft, usually campanu- 
 late. Stamens 5, free. Filaments broad and membranaceous at 
 base. Stigmas 3 or 5, filiform. Capsule 3 5 -celled, opening 
 by 3 5 lateral valves. 
 
 1. C. rotundifolia Linn. : radical leaves petioled, reniform-cordate, cre- 
 nate or cut ; cauline linear, entire ; segments of the calyx subulate, about 
 one-third as long as the campanulate corolla. 
 
 Rocky banks. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, 
 July. ~4. Stems 8 12 inches high, erect or assurgent, sometimes branched 
 from the base, or several from one root. Radical leaves cordate, (withering early.) 
 Flowers few, large, blue, in a loose terminal panicle or raceme. 
 
 Flax Bell-flower. Harebett. 
 
 2. C. Americana Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, unci- 
 nately-serrate ; lowest often somewhat cordate, contracted into a petiole at 
 base ; flowers in a terminal-leafy spike ; segments of the calyx linear- 
 acuminate, shorter than the somewhat rotate corolla. C. acuminata Mich. 
 
 Moi?t shady places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Mich. July, Aug. %. Stem 
 2 3 feet high, simple or slightly branched. Flowers numerous, blue, sessile, 
 2 3 together in the axils of the leaves. American Bell-flower. 
 
 3. C. aparinaides Pursh. : stem slender, much branched, acutely-angled ; 
 angles with the margin and nerves of the leaves aculeate backwards ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat crenate-serrate, smooth above ; pedicels 
 slender, flexuous ; lobes of the calyx triangular, one-third as long as the 
 campanulate corolla. C. erinoides MuJil. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July, (p? Stem about a 
 foot high, weak. Flowers very small, white, nodding. Prickly Bell-flower 
 
 2. SPECULARIA. D. C Specularia. 
 
 (From the ancient name of one of the species, Speculum Veneris.) 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, by abortion 3 4-lobed ; the tube elongated, 
 prismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free. 
 Filaments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. 
 Stigmas 3. Capsule elongated, prismatic, 3-celled, opening 
 laterally by 3 valves near the summit. 
 
 perfoliata D.C. : stem simple, angular; angles hispid ; leaves roundish- 
 
212 LOBELIACE^E. 
 
 cordate, crenate-dentate, clasping ; flowers solitary or glomerate in the axils 
 of the leaves. Campanula perfoliata Linn. C. amplexicaulis Mich. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May July. (I). Stem 9 18 inches high, 
 (sometimes 2 3 feet,) mostly simple. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch 
 long, and sometimes broader than long, closely embracing the stem, but never 
 perfbliate. Flowers small, purple, sessile, 1 4 in the axil of each leaf. 
 
 Clasping Bell-flower. 
 
 ORDER LXXI. LOBELIACE^E. LOBELIADS. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed or 5-cleft. 
 Stamens 5 ; anthers cohering. Stigma fringed. Fruit capsular, 
 1 or more celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex ; embryo 
 in the axis of the albumen. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, often 
 with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
 axillary or terminal. 
 
 LOBELIA. Linn. Lobelia. 
 (In honor of Matthias de Label; a Flemish botanist. 1 ) 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 
 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all, 
 bearded at the summit. Capsule inferior or semisuperior, 2 or 
 3-celled, opening at the summit. 
 
 1. L. Dortmanna Linn.: stem erect, simple, nearly naked; radical 
 leaves in a cluster, terete, fleshy, 2-celled ; cauline few and minute ; flow- 
 ers few, in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. 
 
 Ponds and swamps. Hudson's Bay to Geor. July Sept. 1J-. Stem scape- 
 like, 9 18 inches high. Radical leaves growing in a single tuft, consisting of 
 two empty uni'ed tubes, obtuse, spreading and recurved. Flowers 3 4, very 
 remote, pale-blue. Water Gladiole. 
 
 2. L. paludosa Nutt. : stem erect, angular, smooth, nearly simple and 
 naked ; leaves smooth, flat, fleshy, remotely crenulate ; radical crowded, 
 linear-oblong, obtuse ; cauline remote, erect, linear ; flowers few, in a 
 spiked raceme, remote ; corolla six times as long as the lobes of the calyx, 
 with the lower lip hairy. 
 
 Sphagnou's swamps. Del. to Geor. r l\~ Stems or scapes several from the 
 same root, 2 feet in length, fistulous, sometimes a little branched. Radicalleaves 
 in a large, cluster, 4 12 inches long. Flowers small, pale-blue, subtended by 
 minute bracts often nearly 2 inches apart. Resembles the preceding, but prob- 
 ably distinct. Marsh Lobelia. 
 
 3. L. Kalmii Linn. : smooth ; stem mostly branched ; leaves remotely 
 toothed ; radical oblong-spatulate ; cauline linear ; racemes terminal, loose, 
 few-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the fruit, with 2 minute bracteoles 
 near the flower. 
 
 Wet places. Can. to N. Y. July, Aug. . Stem 8 18 inches high, slen- 
 der, erect or assurgent. Flmvers blue, on slender pedicels which are from 6 12 
 lines long. Kalm's Lobelia. 
 
 4. L. NiMallii R. <$ S. : stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple or with 
 
ERICACEAE. 213 
 
 filiform branches ; leaves remotely denticulate ; radical oblong-spatulate ; 
 cauline oblong-linear ; racemes virgate ; pedicels shorter than the flower, 
 with minute bracteoles near the base ; capsule obtuse below. L. graciLis 
 Nutt. L. Kalmii,\sir. Bart. EU. 
 
 Sandy swamps and near salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (). 
 Stem. 1 2 feet high, filiform, erect or flexuous. Flowers in a slender raceme, 
 pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding; the bracteoles near the base of the 
 pedicels and often colored. Nuttall's Lobelia. 
 
 5. L. spicata Lam. : stem erect, simple,pubescent ; leaves pubescent, ob- 
 tuse, nearly entire; radical spatulate; cauline oblong; raceme virgate, 
 naked ; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube of the 
 corolla. L. Claytoniana Mich. L. pallida, Muhl. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Car. N. to Lake Winnipeg. July, Aug. %. Stem 12 
 feet high, generally simple. Flowers pale-blue, as large as those of L. Kalmii, 
 from 6 30 in a spike-like raceme. Spiked Lobelia. 
 
 6. L. puberula, Mich. : pubescent ; stem erect, simple ; leaves oblong- 
 ovate, obtuse, repand-serrulate ; flowers nearly sessile, in a 1-sided spike ; 
 calyx hirsute at base, the lanceolate ciliate segments as long as the tube of 
 the corolla. 
 
 Moist low grounds. Penn, to Geor. Sept. Tj.. Stem 2 feet high. Lower 
 leaves obovate ; upper lanceolate. Flowers rather large, in a secund spike or 
 raceme, nearly sessile, bright blue. Allied to the next, but smaller in all its 
 parts. Pubescent Lobelia. 
 
 7. L. syphilitica Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves closely ses- 
 sile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, with scattered hairs on the upper 
 surface ; raceme leafy, with the flowers on short pedicels ; calyx hispidly- 
 ciliate, with the auricles reflexed and 2-cleft. 
 
 Bogs and low wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. Tj.. Stem 2 3 feet 
 high, simple, hairy on the margin. Flowers on short pedicels, in a long leafy 
 raceme, large, blue. Tliis plant was formerly supposed to be medicinal. 
 
 Blue Cardinal Flower. 
 
 8. L. inflata Linn. : stem erect, hairy, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, sessile, crenate-dentate, hairy ; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; 
 capsule ovoid, inflated. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July Sept. .Stem 1218 
 inches high. Flowers numerous, small, pale-blue, in leafy spikes or racemes. 
 Plant acrid and powerfully medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 177. 
 
 Indian Tobacco. 
 
 9. L. cardinalis Linn. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally dentate-serrate, minutely pubes- 
 cent ; raceme somewhat secund and leafy below ; stamens longer than the 
 corolla. 
 
 Low wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. 7J.. Stem 2 3 
 feet high. Flowers very large, bright scarlet, in a terminal raceme which is 
 from 810 inches long. One of the most splendid plants in the Northern 
 States. Cardinal Flower. 
 
 ORDER LXXIL ERICACEJE. HEATHWORTS. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, nearly equal, persistent. Corolla 4 or 5- 
 cleft, regular or irregular. Stamens definite, equal in number 
 
214 ERICACEAE. 
 
 to the segments of the corolla, or twice as many. Ovary many- 
 celled ; style 1. Fruit capsular, baccate or drupaceous. Seeds 
 indefinite, minute ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 
 Shrubs or under shrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, without 
 stipules. 
 
 1. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans. Bear Grape. 
 
 (From the Greek apKros, a bear, and jrapAj?, a grape.) 
 
 Calyx 5- parted, persistent. Corolla ovate-urceolate ; the ori- 
 fice 5 -toothed, re volute. Stamens 10, included. Anthers com- 
 pressed, with two pores at the summit, laterally 2-awned, the 
 awns reflexed. Berry drupaceous, globose, mostly 5-celled; 
 cells 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. A. Uva-ursi Spreng.: procumbent, smooth; leaves petioled, cuneate- 
 obovate, very entire, coriaceous, shining ; flowers in small terminal racemes; 
 fruit smooth. Arbutus Uva-ursi Linn. 
 
 On mountains and in sandy soils. Subarct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Rocky 
 Mountains. April, May. r^. A trailing evergreen. Stems numerous and 
 s-preading. Leaves thick and rigid, less than an inch long. Flowers drooping, 
 pale-Ted. Berry small, red. The leaves are astringent and medicinal. See 
 Big. Med. Bot. i. 66. Bear Berry. 
 
 2. A. alpina Spreng.: procumbent; leaves membranaceous, deciduous, 
 obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young ; bracteoles broad-ovate, ciliate, 
 about as long as the pedicels. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. ; rare. Gray fy Tuckermann. May. ? h-- Stem 
 trailing. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, becoming red in the autumn. 
 Flowers white or very pale rose-color. Berry black. Alpine Arbutus. 
 
 2. GAULTHERIA. Linn. Partridge Berry. 
 
 (In honor of M. Gautier, a French physician of Quebec. The original name 
 of Kalm, seems to have been Gautiera.) 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, bi-bracteate at base. Corolla ovate, the ori- 
 fice 5-toothed. Stamens 10, with the filaments hirsute. An- 
 thers two-horned at the summit. Capsule 5-celled, invested by 
 the calyx 'which becomes a berry . 
 
 G. procumbent Linn. : stem procumbent, with the branches erect ; 
 leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, ciliate-denticulate ; flowers few, 
 subterininal, nodding. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May July. T^. Stem creeping ; 
 branches ascending, 4 6 inches high. Leaves evergreen and sliining. Flowers 
 axillary, white. Fruit having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. 
 
 Partridge Berry. Spicy Wintergreen. 
 
 3. OXYDENDRUM. D. C. Sorrel Tree. 
 
 (From the Greek ovj, an acid, and SsvSpov, a tree ; on account of the sour taste 
 cf its leaves.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acuminate. Corolla ovate, 5 
 
ERICACEA:. 215 
 
 toothed. Stamens 10. Filaments hairy. Anthers erect, ob- 
 long, not awned. Style pentagonal. Capsule pyramidal, pen- 
 tagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle. 
 
 0. arboreum D.C.: smooth; branches terete; leaves petioled, oblong, 
 acuminate, serrate ; panicles terminal, many-spiked ; corolla ovate, pubes- 
 cent on the outside. Andromeda arborea Linn. 
 
 Mountain valleys. Penn. and Ohio to Flor. June, July. A beautiful 
 tree 40 50 feet high. Leaves large, shining above, paler beneath, having an 
 acid taste. Flowers white, in large terminal panicles consisting of numerous 
 secund racemes or spikes. Sorrel Tree. 
 
 4. ANDROMEDA. Linn. Andromeda. 
 
 (Thus named in allusion to the fabled exposure of Andromeda; from the place 
 of growth of some species.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla ovate, globose 
 or somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5- 
 celled, 5-valved. 
 
 * Leaves evergreen. 
 
 1. A. Aypnoides Linn.: leaves imbricate, subulate, smooth; pedicels ter- 
 minal, 1-flowered ; corolla nodding, globose-campanulate, deeply 3-cleft. 
 Cassiope hypnoides D. C. 
 
 White Hills, N. H. N. W. Coast. June. \i.Stem creeping ; flowering 
 branches erect. Flowers white, tinged with red. It resembles a moss. 
 
 Moss Andromeda. 
 
 2. A. poli/folia Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, 
 whitish-glaucous beneath ; flowers in short terminal racemes. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. June. fy Stem 12 18 inches 
 high. Leaves 1 2 inches long, coriaceous, varying from linear to oblong. 
 Flowers white, tinged with red. Wild Rosemary. 
 
 3. A. calyculata Linn. : leaves elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, subrevo- 
 lute, ferruginous beneath; racemes terminal, leafy ; corolla ovate-oblong, 
 with the orifice contracted ; calyx bi bracteate. Cassandra calyculata Don. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. ^7. Stem 3 4 feet high. 
 Leaves coriaceous, covered with white dots above, pale beneath. Flowers 
 white, solitary, on short securid pedicels. Box-leaved Andromeda. 
 
 ** Leaves deciduous. 
 
 4. A. Mariana Linn. : leaves oval, somewhat acute, entire, smooth 
 above, pale and somewhat pubescent beneath, subcoriaceous ; flowering 
 branches nearly naked; pedicels fasciculate; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid- 
 cylindric ; filaments hairy. Leucothoe Mariana D. C. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. T?. Stem 2 3 feet high. Leaves 
 on short petioles. Flowers white and pale-red, large, arranged in short sesdie 
 fasciculate racemes. Supposed to be poisonous to lambs. Kill-lamb. 
 
 5. A. racemosa Mich. : leaves oblong, serrulate, membranaceous, smooth 
 above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, secund, simple or 
 branched; corolla oblong-cylindric, contracted at the mouth; anthers 4- 
 awned at the summit. A. paniculata Walt. Zenobia racemosa D. C. 
 
216 EKICACE/E. 
 
 Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. 17.- Stem 4 6 feet 
 high, irregularly branched. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers white, in ra- 
 cemes which are 3 or 4 inches long. Racemed Andromeda. 
 
 6. A. ligustrina Muhl. : pubescent ; leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 minutely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, paniculate, naked ; 
 corolla nearly globose, pubescent ; anthers unawned. A. paniculate: Pursfi. 
 Vaccinium ligustrinum Linn. Lyonia paniculata Nutt. 
 
 Swamps, &c. Can. to Car. June, July. T? . Stem 4 6 feet high, much 
 branched. Flowers in compound nearly naked and erect panicles. Corolla 
 small, white, pubescent. Pnvet Andromeda. 
 
 5. CLETHRA. Linn. Sweet Pepper Bush. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, almost 5-pe- 
 talled; the petals ovate-oblong. Stamens 10. Filaments subu- 
 late. Style straight. Capsule 3 -celled, 3-valved, enclosed by 
 the calyx. 
 
 C. alnifolia Linn. : leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, serrate, smooth, green 
 on both sides ; racemes spiked, simple, bracteate, hoary tomentose. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Geor. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. \i.Stem 46 feet 
 high. Leaves sometimes slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in long 
 terminal racemes or spikes, with downy pedicels. 
 
 Common Sweet Pepper-buslu 
 
 6. MENZIESIA. Smith. Menziesia. 
 
 (Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, a botanist and physician who accom- 
 panied Vancouver hi his voyage around the world.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular or 
 globose ; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Stamens 8, in- 
 cluded. Filaments subulate, smooth. Stigma obtuse. Cap- 
 sule 4 -celled, 4-valved. 
 
 M. globularis Salisb. : branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves 
 oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent except on the nerves beneath, with a 
 sharp glandular point ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla globose. M. Smithii Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. lo Car. June. \i- Stem 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy 
 when young. Flowers yellowish-brown. Globose Menziesia. 
 
 7. PHYLLODOCE. Salisb. American Heath. 
 
 (From the Greek (pv\\ov } a leaf, and (Wcw, to see ; in allusion to its peltate 
 stigma ?) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the lobes often acuminate. Corolla ovate, 
 the orifice contracted, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included. Fil- 
 aments smooth, slender. Anthers awnless. Stigma peltate. 
 Capsule 5 -celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 P. taxifolia Salisb. : stem branched ; leaves linear, toothed ; peduncles 
 terminal, 1-flowered, glandular-ptlose ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, acu- 
 
ERICACEAE. 217 
 
 aainate ; anthers smooth, one-third the length of the filaments. Andromeda, 
 easrulea Linn. Menziesia ccerulea Swartz. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. N. W. Coast and Labrador. July. An evergreen 
 shrub, resembling a heath in its foliage and flowers. Leaves one-third of an inch 
 long. Flowers large, purple, on long red peduncles. American Heath. 
 
 8. KALMIA. Linn. American Laurel. 
 
 (In honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist, who travelled in this country 
 about the middle of the last century.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; border on the under 
 side producing 10 cornute protuberances and as many cavities 
 in which the anthers are concealed. Stamens 10. Capsule 
 globose, 5 -celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. K. glauca Ait.: branches ancipital; leaves opposite, subsessile, ob- 
 long, smooth, glaucous beneath, revolute on the margin ; corymbs terminal, 
 bracteate ; peduncles and calyx very smooth. 
 
 var. rosmarinifolia, Pursh. : leaves linear, conspicuously revolute, nearly 
 green beneath. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Lake Superior. June, 
 July. YI . Stem 12 18 inches high, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Flowers 
 pale rose-color, in terminal corymbs or umbels. Var. rosmarinifolia is found in a 
 swamp two miles east of Albany, N. Y. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. 
 
 2. K. angustifolia Linn. : branches terete ; leaves scattered or ternate, 
 petiolate, oval-oblong, obtuse, smooth, sometimes slightly ferruginous be- 
 neath ; corymbs lateral ; peduncles and calyx glandular-pubescent. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. \i-Stem 1218 
 inches high. Leaves on short petioles, somewhat glaucous beneath. Flowers 
 small, deep rose-color, in lateral corymbs, forming a kind of whorl around the 
 stem. Sheep Laurel. 
 
 3. K. lalifoha Linn. : branches terete ; leaves on long petioles, scattered 
 and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, geeen on both sides ; 
 corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. 
 
 Hills and mountains. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July, Tj. Stem 
 4 10 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves "2 3 inches long, thick and 
 coriaceous. Flowers rose-color, arranged in terminal spreading corymbs. Me 
 dicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 133. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. 
 
 9. EPIGJEA. Linn. Ground Laurel. 
 
 (From the Greek em, upon, and yn, the earth ; in allusion to its prostrate habit.) 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored, with 3 bracts at the base. 
 Corolla salver-form ; the border 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 
 10. Capsule subglobose, depressed, 5-celled, surrounded by 
 the persistent calyx. 
 
 E. repens Linn. : stem decumbent, creeping ; leaves cordate-ovate, pe- 
 tioled, very entire ; corolla hairy inside. 
 
 Side hills, roots of trees, &c. Can. to Del. April. \i- A email trailing and 
 creeping evergreen. Stem and loaves hirsute with coarse hair> Ko^srs white 
 
 10 
 
218 ERICACEAE. 
 
 tinged with red, very fragrant. Tt it is said, but perhaps incorrectly, to be inju- 
 rious to cattle, when eaten by them. It is sold by the Shakers under the name 
 of Gravel Plant. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. 
 
 10. RHODORA. Linn. Rhodora. 
 (From the Greek p?<W, a rose.) 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla adnate to the calyx, 
 ringent, the upper lip 2 3-parted, the lower one 2-lobed. 
 Stamens 10, declined. Filaments unequal. Capsule 5-celled, 
 5-valved, opening at the top. 
 
 JR.Canadensis Linn. Rhododendron Rhodora Don. Torr. 
 
 Mountain bogs. Can. and N. S. May. T^ . Stem 2 feet high, with smooth 
 erect branches. Leaves alternate, oval, very entire, nearly smooth above, 
 pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters or umbels, 
 appearing before the leaves. Rhodora. False Honeysuckle. 
 
 11. RHODODENDRON. Linn. Rose-bay. 
 
 (From the Greek ?-)<W, n. rose, and SsvSpov, a tree ; in allusion to the color of 
 the flowers.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5-cleft. 
 Stamens 5 10, decimate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal 
 pores. Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved. 
 * Stamens 510. 
 
 1. JR. Lappo-nicum Wahl. : procumbent and divaricately branched ; leaves 
 elliptic, obtuse, rigid, covered with minute scales on both sides ; flowers few, 
 terminal, umbellate ; corolla campanulate. Azalea Lapponica Linn. 
 
 Highest summits of Mounts Marcy and Mclntyre, N. Y. Torr. White Moun- 
 tains, N. H. Arct. Amer. and the "Rocky Mountains. July. Tj . Stem with 
 numerous straggling branches, a few inches high. Leaves 5 7 lines long, ever- 
 green. Flowers deep purple, in terminal clusters or umbels. 
 
 Low Alpine Rose-bay. 
 
 '2. JR. maximum Linn. : arborescent ; leaves elliptic-oblong, evergreen, 
 acuminate, thick, smooth, paler beneath; corymbs somewhat racemose; 
 segments of the calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla campanulate. 
 
 Swamps and bogs. Mass, to Car. June, July. T? . Stem 10 15 feet high. 
 Leaves lar*ge, coriaceous. Flowers rose-color, in a large compact cone-like ra- 
 ceme, covered when young with large acuminate ferruginous bracts. Several 
 varieties occur in various parts of the U. S. Medicinal. Big. Med. Hot. iii. 101. 
 
 American Rose-bay. 
 ** Stamens 5. * 
 
 3. JR. nudiflorum Torr. : oblong, acute, ciliate, pubescent above and on the 
 veins and midrib beneath ; flowers in rather naked corymbs, slightly viscid ; 
 tube of the corolla a little longer than the lohes; stamens exserted. Azalea 
 nudiflora Linn. A peridymenoides Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. April, 3Iay. fy. Stem 2 6 feet high, much 
 branched above. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers red- 
 dish, in terminal clusters, appearing a little before the leaves. Of this species 
 there are a number of varieties. Among others mentioned by Pursh. is one 
 wliich has from 1020 stamens. Upright Wild Honeysuckle. Pinxter Blow. 
 
ERICACEAE. 219 
 
 4. R. viscosum Torr. : branchlets hispid ; leaves oblong-obovate, acute, 
 smooth and green on both sides, ciliate on the margin, the midrib bristly ; 
 flowers glutinous, hairy, appearing with the leaves ; tube as long again as 
 the segments ; stamens scarcely longer than the corolla. Azalea -viscosa 
 Linn, and A. glauca Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. June. }^ . Stem 6 8 feet high, much branched. 
 Leaves 1 2 inches long, sometimes glaucous beneath. Flowers white, in ter- 
 minal clusters, sweet scented. Corolla viscid and pubescent. 
 
 White Wild Honeysuckle. 
 
 5. R. calendiduceum Torr. : branchlets somewhat villous ; leaves oblong, 
 pubescent on both sides, at length hirsute ; flowers large, in rather naked 
 corymbs, not viscid ; teeth of the calyx oblong ; tube of the corolla hairy, 
 shorter than the segments. Azalea calendulacea Mich. A. nudiflora var. 
 coccinea Ait. 
 
 Penn. to Car. May. On Clear Creek, Ohio, Dr. J. M. Bigelow. \i .Stem 
 2 6 feet high. Flowers yellow or flame-color. One of the handsomest shrubs 
 in the U. S. Yelloiv-flowered Rose-bay. 
 
 6. R. arborescens Torr. : branchlets smooth ; leaves obovate, somewhat 
 obtuse, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin, midrib 
 almost smooth ; flowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid ; tube longer than the 
 segments; calyx leafy, with the segments oblong, acute; filaments ex- 
 serted. Azalea arborescens Pursh. 
 
 Blue Mountains, Penn. May July. fj. Pursh.Stem 1020 feet higtx. 
 Flowers large, reddish ; scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, sur- 
 rounded with a fringed white border. Pursh. Arborescent Azalea. 
 
 7. R. nitidum Torr. : branches somewhat smooth ; leaves oblanceolate, 
 submucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both sides, shining above; midrib 
 bristly beneath, margin revolute-ciliate ; flowers viscid, in leafy corymbs ; 
 tube a little longer than the segments ; calyx very short. Azalea mtida 
 Pursh. 
 
 Mountain swamp*. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. T^ Leaves dark green and 
 shining, smaller than in any other species. Flowers white, with a reddish tinge. 
 Pursh. Shining Rhododendron. 
 
 8. R. hispid-urn Torr. : branches straight, very hispid ; leaves long-lan- 
 ceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both sides, ciliate on 
 the margin, the midrib bristly ; flowers very viscid, appearing with the 
 leaves ; tube scarcely longer than the segments ; teeth of the calyx oblong, 
 rounded ; filaments exserted. Azalea hispida Pursh. 
 
 Margins of lakes, on high mountains. N. Y. arid Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 
 p^. Stem 10 15 feet high. Flowers white, with a red border. Stamens often 
 10. This shrub is said by Pursh to have a bluish appearance, by which it may 
 be distinguished from all others at a great distance ; but Dr. Torrey thinks it is 
 scarcely distinct from R. viscosum. Hispid Rhododendron. 
 
 13. AZALEA. Linn. Azalea. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek aga\e.os, dry, from its habitat.) 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta- 
 mens 5, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anthers opening longi- 
 
220 VACC I N I A C K -fc. 
 
 tudinally. Style straight, included. Capsule 5-celled r 5- 
 valved, opening at the top. 
 
 A. procumbens Linn. : stem procumbent, diffusely branched ; leaves op- 
 posite, elliptic, smooth, revolute on the margin ; stamens included. Loisi- 
 Uuria procumbcns JR. fy S. D. C. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. N. to Arct. Amer. July. T^. Stem 3 6 inches 
 long, branched, leafy above. Leaves evergreen, thick, obtuse, small. Flowers 
 small, reddish-white, in terminal clusters. Trailing Azalea. 
 
 13.' LEDUM. Linn. Labrador Tea. 
 (From the Greek \riSov, a shrub ; which this resembles.) 
 
 Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-petalled, spreading. 
 Stamens 5 10, exserted. Anthers opening by two terminal 
 pores. Capsule subovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the 
 base, pedicellate. Seeds numerous, linear, with a membrana- 
 ceous wing at each extremity. 
 
 1. L. latifolium Ait. : leaves elliptic-oblong, revolute on the margin, fer- 
 ruginous tomentose beneath ; stamens 5, as long as the corolla. L. palus- 
 tre var. Latifolium Mich. Torr. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June. An evergreen shrub 
 about 2 feet high and with the stem irregularly branched ; the branches woolly. 
 Leaves alternate, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in terminal corymbs, white. 
 
 Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. 
 
 2. L. palustre Linn. : leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous 
 tomentose beneath ; stamens 10, longer than the corolla. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June. A shrub smaller than the last and 
 with narrower leaves. I have found both species in a sphagnous swamp near 
 Fairhaven, Vt. They have both been used as substitutes for tea, but the latter 
 is said to be preferable for this purpose. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea. 
 
 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pm. Sleek Leaf. 
 
 (From the Greek Aao?, smooth, and <J>v\\ov, a leaf; in allusion to its foliage.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-petalled. Sta- 
 mens 10, longer than the corolla. Anthers lateral, opening on 
 the insi.de longitudinally. Capsule globose, 3-celled, 3-valved, 
 opening at the top. Seeds many, ovate. 
 
 L. buxifolium Ell. : stem erect ; leaves oval or obovate, nearly sessile, 
 alternate ; capsule smooth. Ledum buxifolium Ait. Ammyrsine buxifolium 
 Pursh. 
 
 Pine barrens, N. J. and high mountains, S. Car. May, June. A small ever- 
 green shrub 618 inches high, branching, smooth. Leaves small, entire, smooth, 
 coriaceous, with the margin revolute. Flowers numerous, white, in small ter- 
 minal corymbs. Sleek Leaf. Sand Myrtle. 
 
 ORDER LXXIII. VACCLNIACE^E. CRANBERRIES. 
 Calyx entire, or 4 6-lobed. Corolla with as many lobes as 
 the calyx. Stamens distinct, double the number of the lobes 
 
VACCINIACE.E. 221 
 
 of the corolla. Ovary inferior, 4 5-celled ; style and stigma 
 simple. Berry crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx, 
 succulent, many-seeded. Seeds minute. Shrubs or small 
 trees, with the leaves often evergreen. 
 
 1. VACCINIUM. Z/ww. Whortleberry. 
 
 (Etymology unknown. ) 
 
 Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 5 -toothed. Corolla urceo- 
 late, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4 5-cleft. 
 Stamens 8 10, inserted on the ovary. Berry globose, 4 10- 
 celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. 
 
 * Leaves deciduous. 
 f Corolla campanulate. 
 
 1. F. stamineum Linn. : much branched, the younger branches pubes- 
 cent ; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath ; pedicels 
 solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding ; corolla campanulate, spreading ; an- 
 thers exserted, with two awns on the back. F. album Pursh. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. fy.Stem 23 feet 
 high, diffusely branched. Flowers white, on the lateral branches of the stem 
 which appear like leafy racemes. Berry large, pale green or purplish, scarcely 
 eatable. Deerberry. 
 
 2. V. dumosum Curt, : minutely pubescent ; younger branches, leaves 
 and racemes sprinkled with resinous dots ; leaves obovate-oblong, mucro- 
 nate, entire, green on both sides ; racemes with large foliaceous bracts ; 
 pedicels short, axillary, subsolitary; corolla campanulate. F. hirtellum 
 Ait. Gaylussacia hirtella Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Wet sandy soils. N. J. to Flor. June. T?- Stem 12 18 inches high. Flow- 
 ers large, white, nodding, in leafy racemes. Berry large, globose, black and 
 shining, tasteless. Low Swamp Whortleberry. 
 
 3. V. frondosum Linn. : smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, very 
 entire, sprinkled with resinous dots, glaucous beneath; racemes lateral, 
 loose, bracteate ; pedicels filiform, bracteolate in the middle ; corolla glo- 
 bose-campanulate. V. glaucum Mich. Gaylussacia frondosa Torr. tf* Gr. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. June. ?j. Stem 3 5 feet high, with slender 
 branches. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Berry large, 
 bluish, sweet and well flavored. Whortleberry. Blue-tangle. 
 
 ff Corolla urceolate, ovoid, oblong <rr cylindric. 
 a. Flowers racemose or fasciculate. 
 
 4. F. resinosum Ait. : younger branches pubescent ; leaves petiolate, ob- 
 long-oval, mostly obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ; 
 racemes lateral, secund, bracteate ; corolla ovoid-conic, pentagonal, at first 
 contracted at the mouth, at length open. Gaylussacia resinosa Torr. fy Gr. 
 
 Woods and hills. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. May, June. ^.Stem 2 4 
 feet high. Flowers reddish-green, in short lateral racemes or fascicles. Berry 
 globose, black, slightly acid, but agreeable. Black Whortleberry. 
 
222 VACCINIACE^. 
 
 5. V. vaccittans Kalm : branches angular, smooth ; leaves oval, elliptic or 
 obovate, serrulate, smooth on both sides, acute or rather obtuse, mucronu- 
 late ; racemes very short, clustered ; corolla campanulate-cylindric. ( Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl.) 
 
 Woods and thickets. N. Y. Torr. May. \i.Stem 12 feet high, much 
 branched. Leaves an inch or more long, deciduous. Flowers greenish-white 
 tinged with red, on short pedicels. Berry dark-blue, glaucous, very sweet. It 
 has probably been confounded with V. Pennsylvanicum. 
 
 Sugar Whortleberry. 
 
 6. V. Pennsylvanicum Lam. : branches angular, (green ;) leaves sessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, smooth and 
 shining on both surfaces ; fascicles of flowers subterminal ; corolla ovoid. 
 V. mrgatum Ait. V. tcnellum Pursh. 
 
 Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. \2 . Stem 12 18 inches high, much 
 branched. Flowers pale red, 68 in a fascicle. Berry large, bluish-black, 
 somewhat glaucous, sweet. Low Blue Whortleberry. 
 
 7. V. corymbosum Linn. : flower-bearing branches almost leafless ; leaves 
 oblong-oval, rather acute at each end, nearly entire, the young ones pu- 
 bescent ; racemes short, sessile, bracteate ; corolla cylindric-ovoid. V. 
 amcenum Pursh. V. disomorphum Mich. 
 
 Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Virg. June. Tj. Stem 4 8 feet high, 
 with a few straggling branches. Flowers purplish- white, in racemes which are 
 crowded near the summit of the naked branches. Berry large, purplish-black 
 subacid. High Swamp Whortleberry. 
 
 8. V. Canadense Kalm : flower-bearing branches leafy ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, very entire, acute, and with the branches covered with a white 
 pubescence; flowers in crowded racemes ; corolla ovoid-campanulate. (Torr. 
 N.Y. Ft.} V. disomorphum Big. not of Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. and Western N.Y. May, June. 17. Stem 1 2 feet high, 
 with numerous warty branches. Leaves about an inch and a half long. Ra- 
 cemes numerous, few-flowered. Corolla reddish-white. Berry bluish-black, 
 sweet. Resembles the preceding, for which it has probably been mistaken. 
 
 Black Bilberry. 
 
 9. V. te'iidlum Ait. : leaves oblong-elliptic, subcuneiform, serrulate, nearly 
 smooth ; racemes bracteate, sessile, few-flowered. 
 
 Boston, Mass. Big. N. J. and Penn. Muhl. April, May. A low shrub 
 growing in patches. Flowers in short crowded clusters, reddish- white. Berry 
 large, blue, agreeable. Dwarf Whortleberry. 
 
 10. V. ligustrinum Mick. : branches angular and erect ; leaves subses- 
 sile, erect, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate ; fascicles gemmaceous, sessile ; 
 flowers nearly sessile ; corolla oblong-ovoid. 
 
 Dry woods. Penn. and Virg. May, June. A small shrub with straight 
 and slender branches. Flowers purplish-red. Berry black. It is said to vary 
 very much in the shape and size of its leaves. Privet-like Whortleberry. 
 
 b. Flowers solitary and axillary. 
 
 11. V. uliginosum Linn. : procumbent; branches rigid; leaves obovate. 
 very obtuse, entire, smooth above, veined and glaucous beneath ; flowers 
 subsolitary, octanclrous; corolla short, urceolate, 4 5-cleft; anthers awned 
 on the back. V. uliginosum var. alpinum Big. 
 
 White Hills, N. H. Essex county, N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. July. A pro- 
 cumbent shrub with numerous erect brandies fi 12 inches high. Leaves about 
 
VACCINJACE^. 223 
 
 half an inch long. Flowers single or in pairs, nearly sessile. Berry oblong, 
 deep blue, crowned with the style. Alpine Marsh Whortleberry. 
 
 ** Leaves evergreen. 
 
 12." V. Vifis Idcea Linn. : stem creeping; branches erect; leaves obovate, 
 evergreen, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin ; flowers in 
 terminal drooping racemes ; corolla cylindric-campanulate. 
 
 Woods and mountains. Mass. N. to Arct. Amer. May. June. A low shrub 
 with a creeping stem and angular branches Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers 
 few, in a raceme, pale red. Corolla mostly 4-cleft, with 4 stamens. Berry red, 
 acid. Also a native of Europe. Red Whortleberry. Cov&e'rry. 
 
 2. OXYCOCCUS. Pcrs. Cranberry. 
 (From the Greek o|oj, acid, and KOKKUS, a berry.) 
 
 Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
 4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute. 
 Stamens 8. Filaments connivent. Anthers tubular, 2 -parted. 
 Berry 4-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. O. macrocarpus Pursk : stem creeping, with the branches ascending ; 
 leaves oblong, nearly flat, obtuse, glaucous beneath; pedicels elongated, 
 1-flowered. Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Del. June. 17. Stein creeping, and throwing 
 up short erect branches. Leaves about half an inch long, obscurely serrulate. 
 Flowers white or pale red, on slender axillary pedicels. Berry large, bright scar- 
 let, agreeably acid. Common Cranberry. 
 
 2. O. palustris Pcrs. : stem filiform, creeping ; leaves ovate, acute, en- 
 tire, with revolute margins; pedicels elongated, terminal, 1-flowered; seg- 
 ments of the corolla oval. O. vulgaris Pursh. Vaccinium Oxycoccus Linn. 
 
 Alpine bogs. Can. to N. Y. June. 17. A small evergreen creeping plant. 
 Leaves 3 4 lines long, glaucous beneath. Flowers red. Berry bright purple, 
 globose, very acid, smaller than the preceding. Small Cranberry. 
 
 3. PHALEROCARPUS. G. Don.SnowToeny. 
 (From the Greek <pn\ript<;, white, and xap/ro?, fruit.) 
 
 Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary ; the limb 4-parted, 
 thin and membranaceous. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft. 
 Stamens 8. Filaments short and dilated. Anthers awnless. 
 Berry globose-ovoid, white, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 
 4-celled ; the cells many-seeded. 
 
 P. serpyllifolia G. Don : stem filiform, creeping, hispid ; leaves roundish- 
 ovate, acute, with slightly revolute margins, smooth above, pnler and some- 
 what hispid beneath ; flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile. GauUheria 
 serpillifolia Pursh. Vaccinium titspididitm Linn. CAiogenes hispid ul a 
 Torr. <$ Gr. 
 
 Alpine swamps. Mass. Conn, and N. Y. May, June. 17. Stem creeping, 
 much branched. Leaves evergreen, small. Flowers solitary', on recurved 
 pedicels. Corolla and brrrif white; the Ui'tt'o-' the !a't.-,r resembling that ol' 
 GaitLlheria rrocwmbenf. ( r< j pini! Snoivberry. 
 
224 PYROLACE,*:. 
 
 ORDER LXXIV. PYROLACE^E. WINTERGREENS. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla regular, deciduous, 4 5-parted. 
 Stamens twice as numerous as the divisions of the corolla ; an- 
 thers 2-celled, opening by pores. Ovary superior, 4 5-celJed ; 
 style 1 ; stigma indusiate. Fruit capsular, 4 5-celled. Seeds 
 many, minute, winged. Herbaceous plants, rarely under shrubs, 
 with simple leaves. 
 
 1. PYROLA. Linn. Wintergreen. 
 
 (A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear ; from the resemblance of its leaves.; 
 Calyx minute, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10, 
 slightly united at base. Anthers opening by 2 pores at base. 
 Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled. 
 
 * Flowers in racemes. Sutures of the capsules woolly. 
 f Stamens ascending. Style declined. Stigma annulate. 
 
 1. P. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves roundish, entire or slightly crenulate, 
 coriaceous and shining, scarcely as long as the dilated petiole j scape many- 
 flowered, bracteate ; calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate-lanceolate ; stigma 
 obtusely 5-toothed. 
 
 var. asarifolia Hook.: leaves larger, reniform-roundish. P. asarifolia 
 Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. July. ^.Leaves all radical, 1$ 2 
 inches in diameter, on petioles as long or longer. Scape 8 12 inches high. 
 Flowers nodding, white, fragrant, 8 20 in a raceme. The largest of the species. 
 
 Round-leaved Wintergreen. 
 
 2. P. chloranlha Swart z : leaves orbicular, retuse, obsoletely crenulate, 
 half as long as the narrow petiole ; scape nearly naked ; raceme few- 
 flowered ; segments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; stigma with the disk 
 5-lobed. 
 
 Woods. Can. and N. Y. June. 11. Leaves about an inch long, varying 
 from orbicular to broad-obovate. Scape 6 8 inches high. Flowers 5 8 in a 
 raceme, greenish- white, odorous. Greenish-flowered Wintergreen. 
 
 3. P. elliptica Nutt. : leaves elliptic-ovate, membranaceous, serrulate, 
 longer than the dilated petiole ; scape naked or with a single subulate bract ; 
 calyx 5-cleft, very short, the segments ovate ; stigma clavate, 5-lobed. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Virg. July. 1\-. Leaves all radical, membranaceous, 
 finely serrate, with an attenuated "base, much longer than the petiole. Scape 
 6 10 inches high, about 5-angled. Flowers 8 12 in a raceme, greenish-white, 
 fragrant. Distinguished from P. rotundifolia, by its longer, thin and dull leaves, 
 and shorter calyx. Thin Leaf. 
 
 4. P. uliginosa To-rr. <f* Gr. : leaves nearly orbicular, obscurely crenate- 
 denticulate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole ; scape bracteate ; raceme 
 many-flowered ; calyx one-fourth as long as the petals ; the segments broad- 
 ovate, acute : stigma with 5 small erect teeth. 
 
PYROLACI3.E. 225 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Oneida county, N. Y. June. %. Leaves li 2 inches 
 in diameter, abruptly decurrent on the petiole. Scape 6 12 inches high, with 
 24 bracts. Flowers dull purple, 712 in a raceme. Intermediate between 
 P. rotundifolia and P. chiorantha : differing from the former in its smaller, less 
 coriaceous and nearly dull leaves, smaller purplish- flowers and much shorter 
 calyx; from the latter in its larger leaves, bracteate scape and acuminate calyx- 
 segments, as well as in the color of the flowers. (Torrey.) I have met with the 
 same plant in the vicinity of Albany, but supposed it to be a variety of P. rotun~ 
 difolia. It may still prove to be not distinct. Swamp Wintergreen* 
 
 "ff Stamens erect. Style straight. Sligma not annulate. 
 
 5. P. minor Linn. : leaves roundish or oval, coriaceous, repandly crenate, 
 longer than the somewhat dilated petiole ; raceme spiked ; bracts as long as 
 or longer than the pedicels ; lobes of the calyx very short ; style included ; 
 stigma 5-lobed. 
 
 Western N. Y. Pursh. Perm. Muld. N. to Arct. Amer. June. 7}.. Leaves 
 on short petioles, mucronate at the apex. Scape angular. Flowers in crowded 
 or lax racemes. Corolla globose, white, or very pale rose-color. It is still 
 doubtful whether this plant is a native of the northern states. P. minor of 
 Pursh and Muhlenberg, may be our P. ddoraniha ; from which, however, the 
 true Linnaean plant is quite distinct. Small Wintergreen. 
 
 6. P, secunda Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, serrate, longer 
 than the narrow petiole ; raceme many-flowered, secund ; segments of the 
 calyx rounded ; petals oblong ; style exserted ; stigma depressed, 5-lobed. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. toVirg. July. r 2|.. Stems decumbent, 2 3 inches long. 
 Leaves about an inch long. Peduncle scape-like, 36 inches high. Flowers 
 greenish-white, in a one-sided raceme which is 12 inches long. 
 
 One-sided Wintergreen. 
 
 ** Flowers solitary, in corymbs or umbels. Sutures of the capsules not 
 
 woolly. 
 
 7. P. uniflora Linn. : leaves orbicular, serrate ; scape 1-flowered ; style 
 straight ; stigma 5-rayed. Moneses grandiftora D. C. 
 
 Can. N. H. Mass. N. Y. ; rare. July. 7J.. A small and very delicate spe- 
 cies. Flower terminal, large, white, fragrant^ nodding. 
 
 One-flowered Wintergreen. 
 
 8. P. umbettata Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in fours or 
 sixes ; peduncle pubescent, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate ; appendages 
 of the filaments ciliate ; style immersed in the ovary. Chimaphila umbel- 
 lata Nutt. % 
 
 Woods. Can. to Virg. July. 7J.. Root woody and creeping. Stem ascend- 
 ing, somewhat woody. Leaves evergreen, smooth and coriaceous, lower surface 
 somewhat paler. Peduncle solitary, 4 -6 inches long. Flowers large, greenish- 
 white tinged with purple, in a terminal corymb or imperfect umbel, on nodding 
 pedicels. It is known by the Indians by the name of Pipsissawa or Sipsissawa. 
 Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 15. Prince's Pine. 
 
 9. P. maculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, 
 discolored, opposite or in threes ; peduncles pubescent, corymbed ; bracts 
 linear ; appendages of the filaments woolly ; style very short. Chimaphila 
 maculata Pursh. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. %. This species may be distinguished 
 by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 4 inches high. Peduncles 1 2. puberulent, 
 35 inches long. Flowers large, reddish-white, nodding, fragrant, 2 or 3 in a 
 corymb or umbel. Spotted Wintergreen. 
 
 10* 
 
226 PYROLACE/E. 
 
 2. MONOTROPA. Linn. Bird's Nest. 
 
 (From the Greek //oj>os, one, and rfjsn-w, to turn ; from its flowers turning 
 chiefly to one side.) 
 
 Calyx none. Corolla 4 5-petalled, persistent, cucullate at 
 base. Stamens 8 10. Filaments alternating at the base, with 
 short reflexed tooth-like processes. Anthers 1 -celled, at length 
 opening flat. Stigma orbicular, umbillicate or depressed. Cap- 
 sule 4 5-celled. Seeds subulate. 
 
 * Stem many-flowered. HYPOPITHYS Null. 
 
 1. M. lanuginosa Mich. : stem, bracts, and flowers pubescent; flowers m 
 a terminal raceme ; capsule globose. Hypopilhys lanuginosa Null. 
 
 var. glabriuscula Torr. : stem and scales nearly or quite smooth ; flowers 
 somewhat pubescent. M. Hypopilhys Mich. Hypopithys Europtza Null. 
 
 Roots of trees. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ^. Stems clustered, erect, 4 8 
 inches high, simple. Leaves merely scales, lanceolate-ovate, crowded near the 
 root, scattered above. Flowers in a terminal raceme, which is at first nodding 
 but finally erect. Whole plant of a yellowish-brown color (rarely reddish), 
 turning black by decay or drying. Pine-sap. False Beachdrops. 
 
 ** Stem \-flowered. MONOTROPA. Null. 
 
 2. M. uniflora Linn. : stem smooth, 1-flowered; flower with 10 stamens 
 erect or cernuous. M. Morisoniana Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. June. 1}.. Scape 5 8 inches high. Flowers 
 large, at first nodding but afterwards erect. Whole plant white and smooth, 
 becoming purplish-black in drying. Indian Pipe. 
 
 3. PTEROSPORA. Null Tall Bird's Nest. 
 (From the Greek rrepoi/, a wing, and wopa, a seed.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla monopetalous, ovate ; margin 5- 
 toothed, reflexed. Stamens 10, included. Filaments subulate. 
 Anthers with 2 bristles on the back near the base, 2-celled. 
 Style short, terete. Stigma obtusely 5-lobed. Capsule de- 
 pressed-globose, 5-celled. Seeds' numerous, minute, furnished 
 with a large terminal reticulated wing. 
 
 jP. Andromeda Null. 
 
 Clayey and limestone soils. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to the Columbia river ; 
 not common. July. 7J.. Plant covered with brownish viscid hairs. Stem 
 1 2 (sometimes more than 3) feet high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish-red 
 or purplish, clothed at the base with imbricate lanceolate scales. Flowers very 
 numerous, in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. Pedicels filiform, 
 nodding, longer than the flowers. Tall Bird's Nest. 
 
 SUBCLASS III. COROLLIFLORALS. 
 Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to 
 the calyx. Stamens inserted into the corolla. 
 
AQ,UIFOLIACEjF.. 227 
 
 ORDER LXXV. EBENACE^E. EBENADS. 
 
 Flowers usually polygamous. Calyx in 3 7 nearly equal 
 divisions, persistent. Corolla 3 7-divided, deciduous, some- 
 what coriaceous. Stamens twice to four times as many as the 
 segments of the corolla. Ovary sessile, many-celled ; style di- 
 vided, seldom simple ; stigmas bifid or simple. Fruit fleshy, 
 few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of cartilaginous albumen. 
 Trees or shrubs, without milky juice. Leaves alternate, mostly 
 entire, without stipules. 
 
 D1OSPYROS. Linn. Persimmon. 
 
 (From the Greek A<f , Mag, Jupiter, and jrnpoj, grain or fruit ; the application 
 obscure.) 
 
 Dioecious. Calyx 4 6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4 6-cleft. 
 STERILE FL. Stamens 8 16, often producing 2 anthers. FER- 
 TILE FL. Stamens about 8, abortive. Style divided. Stig- 
 mas simple, or 2 -cleft. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4 8-celled. 
 
 D. Virginiana Linn. : leaves oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate, reticu- 
 lately veined, nearly smooth; petioles pubescent; buds smooth. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Geor. and throughout the Western States. May. A small 
 tree, seldom more than 30 40 feet high. Leaves alternate. Floivers 1 3 to- 
 gether, axillary, on short peduncles, greenish-yellow. Fruii as large as a com- 
 mon plum, reddish-orange, well flavored when fully ripe, but very astringent 
 before that time. Common Persimmon. 
 
 ORDER LXXVT. 
 
 Sepals 4 6, imbricated in aestivation. Corolla 4 6-parted, 
 the stamens as many as the segments and alternating with them. 
 Ovary 2 6- or more-celled ; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit 
 fleshy, with 2 6 or more stones or nucules. Seed suspended, 
 with large fleshy albumen and small embryo. Trees or shrubs, 
 often with angular branches, and mostly with leathery ever- 
 green leaves. Flowers small, by abortion often polygamous. 
 
 1. ILEX. Linn. Holly. 
 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 4 5-toothed, persistent. 
 Corolla 4 5 -parted nearly to the base, rotate. Stamens 4 5, 
 alternating with the petals. Ovary sessile, 4-celled. Stigmas 
 subsessile, 4 5, sometimes distinct, sometimes united. Fruit 
 with 4 5 ribbed or veined nucules. 
 
228 
 
 1. /. opaca Ait.: leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, smooth, their mar- 
 gins with sharp spines ; flowers scattered at the base of the young branches ; 
 teeth of the calyx acute. /. aquifolium Walt. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. June. An evergreen tree 10 15 
 feet high. Leaves tough, smooth and shining, with rigid spines at the edges. 
 Flowers growing in bunches around the branches, small, white. It is stated by 
 the younger Michaux, that birdlime may be extracted from the bark. The 
 wood is "fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and 
 turners. American Holly. 
 
 2. /. ambiguiis Torr. : leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, obtuse or 
 acute at the base, thin, smooth, serrate ; flowers tetrandrous, on short pedi- 
 cels, aggregated at the extremity of short lateral branches. Prinos ambi- 
 guus Mich, not of Ell. or Nutt. 
 
 On the Catskill Mountains, N.Y., and on the mountains near Bethlehem, Penn. 
 Torr. A shrub about 6 feet high. Leaves about 3 inches long, clustered at the 
 ends of the branches. Flowers polygamous, white. Dr. Torrey thinks that if 
 this plant is not the P. ambiguus of Michaux, it must be undescribed. He has 
 placed it under Ilex on account of its sulcate nucules. N.Y. Fl. 
 
 Ambiguous Ilex. 
 
 2. NEMOPANTHES. Raf Mountain Holly. 
 (From the Greek ve/*of , a grove, oip, an eye, and avdos, a flower. Lind.) 
 
 Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx small, 
 scarcely conspicuous. Petals 3 5, distinct, oblong-linear, de- 
 ciduous. Stamens 3 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary 
 in the fertile flowers hemispherical. Style none. Stigmas 3 5, 
 sessile. Fruit subglobose ; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony. 
 
 N. Canademis D. C. N. fascicularis Raf. Ikx Canadensis Mich. 
 
 Swamps in low grounds or on mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. J^. 
 A shrub 36 feet high. Leaves ovate or oval, entire or slightly denticulate, 
 smooth, petioled. Flowers on slender pedicels of about an inch in length, small, 
 green. Fruit about as large as a pea, scarlet. 
 
 Mountain Holly. Black Alder. 
 
 3. PRINOS. Linn. Winterberry. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek TT^JW, to saw ; in allusion to its serrated 
 leaves.) 
 
 Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 
 4 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted. 
 Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4 6-celled. Fruit with 
 4 6 smooth bony nucules. 
 
 1. P. verticillatus Linn. : leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, pubescent beneath ; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate ; fertile 
 flowers aggregated. P. Gronovii Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. T^. Stem 6 8 feet high, much 
 branched. Leaves 2 3 inches long. Flowers numerous, small, white fdioacious. 
 Fruit globose, bright scarlet when ripe. Common Winterberry. 
 
 2. P. lavigatus Pursh: leaves deciduous, lanceolate, with appressed 
 
dLEACEJE. 
 
 serratures, smooth on both sides, shining above ; nerves beneath scarcely 
 pubescent ; flowers 6-cleft; fertile ones axillary, subsessile; sterile scattered, 
 pedunculate. 
 
 In swarrips. N. Y. W. to Miss. July. fy.Stem 6--8 feet high. Leaves 
 2% inches long. Fruit large, red. The characters of this species do not seem 
 yet to be well ascertained. Smooth Winterberry. 
 
 3. P. glaber Linn. : leaves evergreen, wedgeform, lanceolate, coriaceous, 
 smooth and shining, somewhat toothed at the extremity ; pedicels axillary, 
 subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. fy.Stem 34 feet high, much branched. 
 Leaves crowded, about an inch and a half long. Flowers white. Fruit globose, 
 black and shining. Evergreen Winterberry. Inkberry. 
 
 ORDER LXXYII. OLEACE^E. OLIVEWORTS. 
 Flowers monoclinous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx 4-lobed 
 or 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, sometimes of 4 petals, 
 rarely wanting. Stamens 2, alternate with the segments of the 
 corolla. Ovary free, 2- celled ; style 1 or none ; stigma entire 
 or bifid. Fruit often by abortion 1 -seeded. Seeds with dense 
 albumen. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, some- 
 times pinnatifid. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 
 
 1. LIGUSTRUM. Linn. Privet. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Latin ligo, to bind; in allusion to the use made 
 of its branches.) 
 
 Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 
 4-cleft. Stamens 2, included. Style very short. Stigma 2- 
 cleft. Berry globose, 2-celled; cells 2-seeded, or by abortion 
 1 -seeded. 
 
 L. vulgare Linn. : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat acute, smooth ; 
 panicles crowded. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. toVirg. W. to Miss. May, June. T^. Stem 4 6 feet high, 
 with numerous opposite branches. Leaves varying from elliptic to obovate, and 
 from acute to obtuse. Flowers white, in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Berry black, 
 globose. Common Privet or Prim. 
 
 2. CHIONANTHUS. Linn. Snowdrop Tree. 
 
 (From the Greek x (W "3 snow, and avfloj, a, flower ; in allusion to its snow-white 
 flowers.) 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with the tube very short, the limb 
 deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long and linear. Stamens 2. An- 
 thers nearly sessile on the tube. Drupe 1 -seeded. Nut striate. 
 
 C. Virginica Linn.: panicle terminal; peduncles 3-flowered; leaves 
 acute. 
 
 var. 1. montana Pwsh: leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth; 
 panicles dense ; drupe oval. 
 
230 OLEACE^E. 
 
 var. 2. maritima Pursh : leaves obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pu- 
 bescent ; panicles very loose ; drupe elliptic. 
 
 Var. 1, on mountains ; var. 2, on the sea coast. Penn. to Car. May, June. 
 A small tree, 6 10 feet high, with opposite branches. Flowers white, in pen- 
 dulous panicles. Drupe purple. The corolla is sometimes 5 or 6-cleft. 
 
 Snowdrop Tree. Fringe Tree. 
 
 3. FRAXINUS. Linn. Ash. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek <j>pafa, a hedge ; in allusion to the use 
 sometimes made of it.) 
 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 
 none. Corolla none or 4-petalled ; the petals cohering at the 
 base in pairs, oblong or linear. Stamens 2. Stigma 2-eleft. 
 Samara 2 -celled, compressed, winged at the apex, by abortion 
 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous, compressed. 
 
 * Flowers naked. 
 
 1. F. sambucifolia Lam.: leaves pinnate; leafets in 4 5 pairs, sessile, 
 ovate-lanceolate, somewhat rounded and unequal at the base, acuminate, 
 serrate, smooth above, somewhat villous on the veins beneath; samara 
 elliptic-oblong, obtuse at both ends. 
 
 River banks and swamps. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. April. A tree 30 40 
 feet high; the young branches smooth, sprinkled with black dots; buds blue. 
 Leafets rugose and shining above, with a somewhat villous tuft at the base of 
 the midrib beneath. Samara broadish, of nearly uniform width. The wood is 
 less valuable than that of either of the following species. 
 
 Black Ash. Water Ash. 
 
 ** Flowers caly culate, apetalous. 
 
 2. F. Americana Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 4 pairs, on short 
 petioles, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly serrate, glaucous be- 
 neath ; petioles and branches terete ; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, nar- 
 rower at the base. F. acuminata Lam. F. discolor MM. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. and Louis. May. A large tree 5060 feet high ; the 
 bark light-gray; the young branches smooth and marked with white dots. 
 Leaves at first downy, but finally almost smooth and green above, pubescent and 
 glaucous beneath. Flowers mostly triandrous, in loose compound axillary pan- 
 icles. Petals none. The wood of this tree is highly valuable, being much used, 
 on account of its toughness and elasticity, by wheelwrights, coach-makers, &c. 
 
 White Ash. 
 
 3. F. pubescens Walt. : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 4 pairs, on short 
 petioles, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, remotely serrate ; 
 petioles and young branches tomentose ; samara smooth, narrow-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse, mucronate. F. tomentosa Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. April, May. A tree 30 to 40 feet high, with 
 f lender branches. Leafets narrower, longer, more acuminate and pubescent than 
 in the preceding. This tree is generally smaller than F. Americana, but its wood 
 is used for the same purposes. Red Ash. 
 
 4. F. juglandifolia Lam.: branches smooth ; leaves pinnate: leafets in 
 3 4 pairs, on short petioles, ovate, opaque, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of 
 the veins pubescent; samara eun^ate-ianceolate, obtusr. /'. rnn.r.r>inr Muil. 
 
APOCYNACE^E. 231 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Car. May. Said to be a *mall tree, but there is still 
 some doubt in regard to its being a distinct species. Swamp Ask. 
 
 *** Flowers calculate, 4-petalled. ORNUS. Pers. 
 
 5. .F. Ornus Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 1 pairs, somewhat 
 petioled, lanceolate, attenuate, serrate at the apex, entire at the base, pu- 
 bescent on the veins beneath ; samara linear-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuated 
 at each end. 
 
 var. latifolia Ait. : leafets ovate-oblong. Ornus Americana Pursh. 
 
 Shady woods. Md. and Virg. ; rare. May. Pursh. A tree with opposite 
 and unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in crowded panicles resembling those of 
 Chionanthus. Fruit, small and winged. Flowering Ash. 
 
 ORDER LXXYIII. APOCYNACE^. DOGBANES. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, twisted 
 in aestivation. Stamens 5, with the filaments distinct and the 
 anthers 2-celled ; pollen granular. Ovaries 2, distinct or rarely 
 united ; styles 2 or 1 ; stigma 1 . Fruit usually a follicle, sin- 
 gle or double. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs, 
 usually milky. Leaves entire, mostly opposite, without stipules. 
 Flowers in cymes or panicles. 
 
 APOCYNUM. Linn.-Dog's Bane. 
 
 (From the Greek <i~o y far from, and jm.>r, a dog ; it being supposed to poison 
 that animal.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft ; the base of 
 the tube furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the 
 lobes. Stamens 5, included. Anthers sagittate, connivent, ad 
 hering to the stigma. Ovaries 2, oblong. Stigma nearly sessile, 
 ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, cori- 
 aceous. Seeds comose. 
 
 1. A.androscemifolium Linn.: leaves ovate, mostly obtuse at base, smooth 
 above, slightly pubescent beneath ; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flow- 
 ered ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx. 
 
 Fields, &c. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 2|. *1em 
 2 3 feet high, erect, smooth, with numerous spreading branches Lcavm on 
 short petioles. Floirrrs in loose paniculate cymes, pale-red, with the limb spread- 
 ing. Medicinal. Biff. Mcd. Bol. ii. 148. Common Dot;'* Ran?. 
 
 2. A. cannabinum L ; nn.: leaves on short petioles, lanceolate or lance- 
 oblong, acute at each end, smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath; cymes 
 paniculate, many-flowered ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; limb 
 erect. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Mis*. July, Aug. 1J-. Stem 2 4 
 feet high, mostly erect, branched. Lower leaves sometimes cordate at base. 
 Flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes. It hns the leaves narrower 
 nnJ the flowers smaller than in the preceding. Indian Hemp. 
 
232 ASCLEPI ADAGES. 
 
 3. A. hypcricifoUuni Ait. : leaves oblong, smooth, on very short petioles, 
 mucronate, obtuse and subcordate at base ; cymes shorter than the leaves ; 
 calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. 
 
 Gravelly banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W. to Prliss. June, July. %. 
 Stem 2 feet high, erect. Leaves on very short petioles. Flowers greenish-white, 
 hi terminal and lateral cymes. Plant smaller than the preceding. 
 
 Hypericum-leaved Dog's Bane. 
 
 4. A. pubescens R. Drown : leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, mu- 
 cronate, hoary-pubescent beneath ; cymes short, pubescent ; corolla longer 
 than the calyx. A. cannabinum Mich. 
 
 Fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. Sterner 3 feet high. Flowers small, 
 greenish- white. It is perhaps nothing more than a variety of A. cannabinum. 
 
 Pubescent Dog's Bane. 
 
 ORDER LXXIX. ASCLEPI ADAGES. MILKWEEDS. 
 
 Calyx 5 -divided, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, regular, decidu- 
 ous ; aestivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 5, inserted 
 into the base of the corolla ; filaments usually connate ; anthers 
 2-celled or incompletely 4-celled; pollen, when the anther 
 bursts, coalescing into masses which are as numerous as the 
 cells, or sometimes confluent by pairs, and sticking to the 5 
 processes of the stigma. Ovaries 2 ; styles 2, close to each 
 other ; stigma 1, common to both styles, 5-cornered. Follicles 
 2, 1 of which is sometimes abortive. Seeds numerous, comose, 
 with thin albumen. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, almost al- 
 ways milky and often twining. Leaves entire, having ciliae be- 
 tween their petioles instead of stipules. Flowers somewhat 
 umbelled, fascicled or racemose, proceeding from between the 
 petioles. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS. Linn. Milkweed. Silkweed. 
 (The Greek name of jEsculapius ; to whom this genus is dedicated.) 
 Calyx small, 5-parted ; segments lanceolate. Corolla 5-part- 
 ed ; the lobes lanceolate, reflexed. Stamineal crown (nectary) 
 5-leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, each mostly producing 
 from its base a subulate averted process or little horn. Pollen- 
 masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their attenuated 
 summits in the cells of the anthers. Stigma depressed. Folli- 
 cles ventricose, smooth or muricate. Seeds comose. 
 
 * Nectary or Stamineal crown ^ctth horns. 
 
 f Follicles muricate. 
 1. A. Syriaca Linn: stem sub-simple, smoothish; leaves oblong-Ian? 
 
ASCLEPIADACE^E. 233 
 
 late, acute or shortly acuminate, petiolate, tomentose beneath ; umbel sub- 
 terminal, many-flowered, somewhat nodding ; leafets of the crown ovate, 
 the margin 2- toothed. A. Cornuli Decaisne.' 
 
 Fields and road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1[. - Stem 24 
 feet high. Leaves 6 S inches long. Umbels lateral and terminal, 15 20-flow- 
 ered. Flowers large, pale purple. Follicles 2 5 inches long, covered with soft 
 flexible spines. The leaves are said to be used in preparing the indigo dye in 
 woollen manufactories. The reasons given for changing the old name of this 
 plant do not appear to me to be satisfactory. Common Milkweed. 
 
 ff- Follicles smooth, 
 a. Leaves opposite. 
 
 2. A. phytolaccoides Pursh : stem erect, simple ; leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, smooth above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath ; umbels 
 many-flowered, lateral and terminal, solitary, on long peduncles, nodding ; 
 leafets of the crown truncate, the inflexed margin 2-toothed at the summit ; 
 horn much exserted, subfalcate. A. exaltata and acuminata Muhl. A.nivea 
 Hook. 
 
 Wet rocky grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. QJ.. Stem 3 4 
 feet high. Leaves large, and resembling those of Phytolacca decandra. Umbels 
 few-flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers large, greenish-purple. A more deli- 
 cate species than the preceding. Poke-leaved Milkweed. 
 
 3. A. incarnata Linn. : stem erect, branched above, more or less pubes- 
 cent ; leaves lanceolate, subsessile, somewhat tomentose ; umbels numerous, 
 erect, mostly in pairs and terminal ; leafets of the crown not toothed ; horn 
 exserted, subulate. A. pulchra Willd. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 2J.. Stem 2 4 
 feet high, with pubescent lines or hairy tomentose. 'Umbels numerous, rather 
 small. Flowers bright purple. Swamp SUkweed. 
 
 4. A. purpurascens Linn. : stem simple, with two pubescent lines ; leaves 
 ovate-elliptic or ovate, mucronate, abruptly attenuated into a. short petiole, 
 smoothish above, pubescent and paler beneath ; leafets of the crown ob- 
 long; horn falcate, horizontal, acute. A. amcena Mich. 
 
 Woods. Mass, to Virg. Ohio, and Ken. July, Aug. 7J.. Stem 23 feet 
 high, rather slender. Leaves with the midrib broad and purple. Umbels many- 
 flowered, near the summit of the stem. Flowers deep purple. Well defined by 
 the peculiar curvature of the horn. Purple SUkweed. 
 
 5. A. obtusifolia Mich. : stem simple, erect, smooth ; leaves closely sessile, 
 somewhat cordate and clasping, oblong, obtuse, undulate on the margin, 
 very smooth, glaucous beneath ; umbel terminal, long peduncled, generally 
 solitary, many-flowered ; leafets of the crown slightly 2-toothed ; horn ex- 
 serted. A. purpv,rascens Wait. 
 
 Sandy fields: N. Y. to Car. June. ^.Stem 23 feet high. Umbels 13, 
 terminal, on long peduncles. Flowers large, pale purple. Wavy Milkweed. 
 
 6. A. variegata Linn.: stem simple, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves 
 ovate or obovate, attenuated at base into a petiole, smooth, at length some- 
 what waved; umbels on short peduncles; the peduncles and pedicels 
 woolly ; leafets of the crown without teeth ; horn broad, with a horizonfr 
 point. A. hybrida Mich. 
 
234 ASCLEPIADACEjE. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Q.Stem 34 feet high. Leaves 
 slightly acuminate, on pubescent petioles. Umbels 14, terminal and on the 
 upper part of the stem, rather densely flowered. Flowers greenish-white, tinged 
 with purple within. Variegated Silkweed. 
 
 7. A. laurifolia Mich. : stem erect, simple, slightly pubescent ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, very acute, subcordate or often rounded at base, subsessile, 
 somewhat distant, smooth, scabrous-serrate on the margin ; umbels mostly 
 terminal; leafets of the crown acute, with the horns scarcely as long. 
 A. acuminata PursL A. periplocafolia Nult. 
 
 Low grounds. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. 7J.. Root tuberous. Stem 18 inches 
 to 2 feet high. Leaves subsessile or on very short petioles. Umbels I 3, near 
 the summit. Flowers yellowish-green and purple. Laurus-leaved Silkweed. 
 
 8. A. quadrifolia Jacq. : stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves lance-ovate, 
 acuminate, petiolate, smooth, 4 larger ones in a whorl near the middle of 
 the stem; umbels 2, terminal, erect, loose; pedicels capillary; leafets of the 
 crown 2-toothed ; horn very short. 
 
 Stony woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. 1\.. Stem 1 2 feet high. 
 Leaves thin and membranaceous, the upper and lower ones opposite. Umbels 
 mostly 2, sometimes solitary, on long slender peduncles. Flowers small, white 
 or pale purple. Four-leaved Silkweed. 
 
 b. Leaves alternate or verticittate. 
 
 9. A. verticillata Linn. : stem simple, marked with pubescent lines ; 
 leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute on the margin ; umbels ter- 
 minal and axillary ; leafets of the crown short, obtuse, 2-toothed ; horn 
 falcate, much exserted. 
 
 Dry hills. Can. to Car. W. to Miss, and Texas. June Sept. 1J-. Stem 
 1 3 feet high, very slender, often a little branched at the summit. Umbels 
 numerous, about an inch in diameter, terminal and subterminal. Flowers small, 
 greenish- white. Whorled Silkweed. 
 
 10. A tuber osa Linn. : hairy ; stem erect, oblique or decumbent, with 
 spreading branches ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or linear, 
 mostly alternate, subsessile; umbels numerous, often forming corymbs; 
 horn subulate, rather erect. A. decumbens Willd. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June Aug. I}.. Root large, tube- 
 rous. Stem 1 3 feet long. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others 
 linear and somewhat tapering at base. Flowers large, in numerous erect umbels, 
 bright orange. Plant without milky juice. Medicinal. See Big. Med. Hot. ii. 59. 
 
 Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. 
 
 ** Nectary or stamineal crown without horns. ACERATES. Ell. 
 
 11. A. viridiflora Raf.: stem erect or ascending, hairy; leaves oval, 
 ovate and obovate, on short petioles, tomentose-pubescent on both sides, ob- 
 tuse ; umbels subglobose, many-flowered, subsessile, nodding y pedicels to- 
 mentose. A. nutans MuhJ. A. lanceolata Ices. Acerates viridiflora and 
 obovata Ell. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 1\.. Stems 12 feet high, 
 sometimes clustered. Leaves 2 3 inches long, rather thick and coriaceous, 
 varying in form. Umbel? 2 4, subterminal, on short thick hairy peduncles. 
 Flowers green. I follow Decaisne,Torrey and Darlington, in uniting A. lanceo- 
 lata of Ives with this species. Green-flowered Silkweed. 
 
LOGANIACEuE. 235 
 
 2. GONOLOBUS. Mick. G<nolobus. 
 
 (From the Greek yovta, an angle, and Ac/Lj, a/jod ; on account of its angular 
 follicles.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the sepals spreading. Corolla rotate, 5- 
 parted. Stamineal crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers 
 opening transversely, terminated by a membrane. Pollen- 
 masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Stigma flattish- 
 depressed. Follicles 2. ventricose, somewhat ribbed. Seeds 
 comose. 
 
 1. G.macrophyllusMich.: stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly 
 ovate-cordate, with the sinus nearly closed, acuminate, finely pubescent, 
 at length smoothish above ; segments of the corolla linear or linear-oblong, 
 with the margin reflexed ; follicles ribbed and angled. G. obliquus Drown. 
 Cynanchum obliquum Muhl. 
 
 Near Philadelphia. Barton. Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July. %. 
 Stem several feet long, twining. Flowers in loose cymose umbels, purple and 
 greenish, fetid. Large-leaved Gonolobus. 
 
 2. G. hirsutus Mich. : stem twining ; younger branches very hairy ; 
 leaves cordate-ovate, or ovate-roundish, attenuate or somewhat obtuse, 
 hairy on both sides ; peduncles shorter than the petiole, few-flowered ; seg- 
 ments of the corolla oblong; follicles muricate. Gonolobium hirsutum 
 Pursh. 
 
 Hedges near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June, July. 1\.. Stem trailing 
 and climbing, 3 4 feet long, pubescent. Leaves slightly auriculate at base. 
 Umbels axillary, 3 4-flowerod. Flowers dark purple. Hairy Gonolobus. 
 
 ORDER LXXX. LOGANIACEJ3. LOGANIADS. 
 
 Calyx inferior, 4 5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular, 
 4 5 or 10-cleft. Stamens 5, arising from the corolla. Ovary 
 2 -celled ; style continuous ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular, 
 drupaceous or berried. Seeds usually peltate, sometimes 
 winged, with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. Shrubs, herba- 
 ceous plants or tree's. Leaves opposite, entire, usually with 
 stipules in the form of interpetiolary sheaths. 
 
 SPIGELIA. Linn. Worm Grass. 
 
 (In honor of Adam Spigelius, an old botanist of considerable note.) 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate. 
 Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers linear, 
 erect, 2-lobed at base. Capsule ovoid-compressed, didymous, 
 2 -celled, few-seeded. 
 
 S. Marylandica Linn. : stem simple, square, smooth ; leaves opposite, 
 
236 
 
 GENTIANACE^E. 
 
 ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate, the margin and nerves rough, 
 hairy ; lobes of the corolla four times as long as the calyx ; anthers exserted. 
 Woods. Penn and Md. to Flor. W. to Ark. June. f i\.. Stem 618 inches 
 high. Flowers sessile, 3 8 in a spike or raceme, an inch and a half long, crim- 
 son, yellow within. A celebrated vermifuge. Big. Med. Bot. i. 142. 
 
 Pink-root. Perennial Worm Grass. 
 
 ORDER LXXXI. GENTIANACE^E. GENTIANWORTS. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla usually regular, with an 
 imbricate, twisted, rarely induplicate, aestivation ; its lobes of 
 the same number as those of the calyx, generally 4 or 5, (rarely 
 6 10.) Stamens inserted upon the corolla and equal in num- 
 ber to its lobes. Ovary composed of 2 carpels, 1- or partly 
 2-celled; style 1, continuous; stigmas 2. Capsule or berry 
 many-seeded. Seeds small ; albumen fleshy. Herbaceous 
 plants, rarely shrubs, sometimes twining. Leaves almost al- 
 ways opposite and entire. Flowers showy. 
 
 I. GENTIANE^. Corolla imbricate. 
 1. GENTIANA. Linn. Gentian. 
 
 (Named from Gentius, king of Illyria, who, according to Pliny, brought into 
 use the species so much valued in medicine.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft. Corolla tubular- campanul ate, funnel-form 
 or somewhat salver-form ; the limb 4 5-cleft, sometimes with 
 intermediate plaits. Stamens 4 5, inserted upon the tube of 
 the corolla. Styles very short. Stigmas 2. Capsule 1 -celled, 
 2-valved. 
 
 * Corolla somewhat tubular ; intermediate lobes or plaits large. 
 
 \. G. Andrcwsii Griseb. : stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, 3-nerved, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, subsessile, brac- 
 teate ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube ; corolla connivent ; the 
 lobes very "short, smaller than the somewhat 2-lobed plaits. (D. C.) G. 
 Saponaria Frail, not of Linn. 
 
 Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. Sept., Oct. %.. Stem 
 1 2 feet high, simple. Flowers large, principally in a dense terminal fascicle or 
 head, bright blue. Andrews's Gentian. 
 
 2. G. Saponaria (J.linearis Griseb.: stem ascending; leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, somewhat sessile, 
 bracteate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, twice or thrice as long as the cleft 
 plaits. (D.C.) G.Pneumananthe. G. linearis Frcel. and puberula Mich. 
 
 Valleys of the Adirondack Mountains, Essex county, N. Y. Torr. Swamp 
 near Portland, Maine. Biff. Aug., Sept. 'ZJ-. Stem about a foot high, slender, 
 emooth. Flowers bright blue, 3 5 in a terminal fascicle, with one or two in the 
 axils of the next pair of leaves below. Soap Gentian. 
 
GENTIAJXACE.i;. 237 
 
 3. Cr, ochroleuca Frod. : stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and 
 obovate, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, subsessile, bracteate ; 
 lobes of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; corolla with the lobes 
 acute, and the plaits very short and entire. G.Saponaria Walt. G. villosa 
 Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 7J.. Stem 915 inches high, sim- 
 ple, somewhat angular, the angles a little rough. Flowers yellowish- white, 
 tinged with green and purple, in a terminal bracteate fascicle. 
 
 Yellowish Gentian. 
 
 4. G. angustifolia Mick. : stem terete, simple, slender, 1-flowered ; leaves 
 linear, obtuse, smooth on the margin ; calyx deeply 5-cleft, with the lobes 
 linear ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx, 
 the plaits many-cleft or lacerate. G. purpurea Walt. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. Stem a foot high. Flower 
 large, sky-blue, terminal. Narrow-leaved Gentian. 
 
 ** Corolla funnel-form, without plaits. 
 
 5. G. qitinqucfl&ra Lam. : stem square, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, subclasping, acute, 5-nerved ; flowers somewhat in fives, axillary and 
 terminal, pedicellate ; corolla 5-cleft, the lobes triangular and setaceously 
 acute. G. amarettoidts Mich. G. quinquefolia Linn. 
 
 * Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. % ? Stem 1218 inches 
 high. Flowers small, pale blue, generally 35 on the summit of the branches. 
 
 Five-Jlowered Gentian. 
 
 *** Corolla fimbriate on the. margin, without plaits. 
 
 6. G. delonsa Fries : stem erect ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 
 scabrous on the margin, spatulate at the base; corolla 4 5-lobed; the 
 lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate at base, crenate at the summit. (D. C.) 
 
 Wet limestone rocks, Goat Island, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Torr. N. to Hudson's 
 Bay. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Sept. .Stem 812 inches high, mostly 
 simple. Leaves 1 2 inches long. Flowers 1 3, on elongated terminal pedun- 
 cles, bright blue ; the tube yellowish and white. Distinguished from the next 
 by its narrow leaves and less fringed corolla. Smaller Fringed Gentian. 
 
 7. G. crinita Willd. : stem erect, branched above ; branches elongated, 
 1-flowered; leaves lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base; the lower ones 
 obovate, obtuse ; corolla 4-cleft ; the lobes cuneate-obovate, fringed at 
 the top. 
 
 Pastures and woods. Can. to Car. Sept., Oct. *.Stem 12 feet high, 
 terete below, square above. Flowers large, bright blue, on peduncles at the 
 ends of the branches. Large Fringed Gentian 
 
 2. HALENIA. BorJch. Halenia. 
 
 (Etymology unknown.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4 5-cleft; the 
 lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at 
 the base. Stamens 4 5. Stigma 2-lobed, nearly sessile 
 Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
238 GENTIANACE^E. 
 
 H. deflexa Griseb.: stem erect, leafy; leaves 3 5-nerved; lower ones 
 oblong-spatulate, attenuated into a petiole as long as the lamina ; cauline 
 oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, acute ; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as 
 long as the corolla. (D. C.) Swertia deflexa Smith. S. corniculata Mick. 
 
 Swamps. Can. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Aug. (p). Stem 18 inches high, 4-angled. Leaves about an inch long, 
 Flowers blue, in terminal cymes and subterminal whorls. The plant turns 
 nearly black in drying. Deftexed Halenia. Felwort. 
 
 3. SWERTIA. Linn. Swertia. 
 
 (In honor of Emanuel Sv:eert, gardener to the Emperor Rudolphus II.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5 -parted. Corolla rotate, 4 5 -parted ; the seg- 
 ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each. 
 Stamens 4 5. Stigmas reniform, mostly 2-lobed (rarely 2, 
 distinct.) Style none. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 S 1 . pusitta Pursh : stem simple, 1-flowered ; leaves few, small, oblong ; 
 corolla twice as long as the calyx ; the segments oblong, acuminate. 
 
 White Hills, N. H. June. Pursh. (T) ? N. to Labrador. Stem about an 
 inch high. Leaves 1 or 2 pairs, small. Flowers large, blue. It is still doubtful 
 whether it belongs to this genus. Small Swertia. 
 
 4. FRASERA. Walt. Frasera. 
 
 (In honor of John Fraser, a collector of North American plants.) 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1 
 or 2 fringed glands on each lobe. Stamens 4. Styles united. 
 Stigmas 2. Capsule compressed, 1 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
 few, large, winged. 
 
 F. Caroliniensis Walt. : stem smooth ; leaves opposite and whorled ; 
 panicle elongated ; glands oval-orbicular, one on each lobe of the corolla. 
 F. WaUeri Mich. F. verticillata Muhl. 
 
 Swamps. Near Fairfield, Herkimer county, N. Y. Prof. Hadley. Moscow, 
 Livingston county. Dr. Bradley. S. to Car. ; rare. July. (). Stem 3 6 
 feet high, nearly square, branched, furrowed. Leaves smooth, usually whorled, 
 sometimes opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers on whorled peduncles, greenish- 
 yellow. Peduncles 1-flowered. The root of this plant is esteemed as a bitter 
 tonic. See U. S. Dispensatory. . American Columbo. 
 
 5. SABBATIA. Adans. Sabbatia. 
 (In honor of Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian botanist.) 
 
 Calyx 5 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 12-parted. Sta- 
 mens 5 12. Anthers at length re volute. Stigmas 2, spiral. 
 Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 
 
 1. S. stettaris Pursh: stem slightly angular, dichotomously branched j 
 branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat 
 
GENTIANACK^. 239 
 
 acute ; segments of calyx linear-subulate, half as long as the obovate lobes 
 of the corolla. S. gracilis Ell. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (g). Stem 12 18 inches high, 
 often branched from near the root. Leaves somewhat fleshy, obscurely 3- nerved. 
 Floioers solitary at the extremity of the branches, forming e. small corymb, rose- 
 color. Salt-marsh Centaury. 
 
 2. S. angularis Pursh : stem erect, square, somewhat winged ; leaves 
 ovate, clasping ; peduncles elongated, corymbed ; segments of the calyx 
 lanceolate, much shorter than the obovate-elliptic lobes of the corolla. Chi- 
 ronia angularis Linn. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. .Stem 12 feet high, 
 with opposite branches. Leaves about an inch long, obscurely 5-nerved. Flow- 
 ers rose-color. American Centaury. 
 
 3. S. gracilis Salisb. : stem teretish ; branches alternate ; leaves linear, the 
 lower ovate or lanceolate ; calyx as long as the corolla, the tube very short ; 
 lobes of the corolla elliptic-oblong, obtuse. S. campanulata Torr. Chiro- 
 nia campanulata Linn. 
 
 Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. (|5). Stem a foot high, with long 
 branches. Panicle terminal, the branches spreading and few-flowered. Flow- 
 ers purple. Slender Sabbatia. 
 
 4. S. calycosa Pursk : stem terete, dichotomously branched ; the branches 
 1-flowered ; leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved ; segments of the calyx oblong- 
 lanceolate, leafy, larger than oblong obtuse lobes of the corolla. Chironia 
 calycosa Mich. C. dichotoma Walt. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. @. Stem a foot high, slightly angled, 
 with few branches. Leaves sessile, oval. thin. Flowers terminal, often solitary, 
 rose-color. Dichotomous Sabbatia. 
 
 5. S. chloro-ides Pursh : stem weak, somewhat angled, with few 1-flow- 
 ered branches ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; branches few, 1 flowered ; flowers 
 7 12-parted ; segments of the calyx linear, much shorter than the elliptic- 
 lanceolate lobes of the corolla. Chironia chloroidcs Mich. Chlora dodecan- 
 dra Linn. 
 
 Salt bogs. N. Y. to Car. Aug. .Stem 12 feet high. Leaves closely 
 sessile, without nerves, the lower ones ovate-spatulate. Flowers large, bright 
 rose-color. This and the preceding are very variable. 
 
 Large-flowered Sabbatia. 
 
 6. S. corymbosa Bald. : stem erect, nearly square, with opposite branches ; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile ; flowers corymbed ; segments of 
 the calyx linear, much shorter than the obovate oblong lobes of the corolla. 
 S. paniculata var. a. Pursh. Chironia lanceolata Walt. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. Q\.. Stem a foot high, branched near 
 the summit. Leaves somewhat clasping. Corymb few-flowered. Corolla 
 white, 5 6-parted. Corymbose Sabbatia. 
 
 6. ERYTHR^A. Rick. Centaury. 
 (From the Greek cpvQpos y red ; the prevailing color of the flowers.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft. Corolla funnel-form ; limb short, 5- 
 cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted 
 
240 GENTIANACE^E. 
 
 Style erect. Stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule linear, 1 2-eelled, 
 2-valved. Seeds minute. 
 
 1. E. Centaurium Pers. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
 nerved ; flowers subsessile, fasciculate-cymose ; calyx half as long as the 
 tube of the corolla. Chironia Centaurium Wittd. 
 
 Dry grounds. Near Oswego, and in Putnam county, N. Y. ; rare. July, 
 Aug. (J). Stem 8 12 inches high. Leaves variable ; the lower ones broader 
 than the upper. Flowers rose-color, in fasciculate cymes near the top of the 
 stem. Common Centaury. 
 
 2. E. MMenbergii Griseb. : stem simple or branching ; leaves ovate-ob- 
 long, somewhat obtuse ; flowers in loose dichotomous cymes, the central ones 
 pedicellate ; corolla after flowering twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes 
 oblong-lanceolate. (D. C.) E. pulchella Darlingt. 
 
 Wet meadows. Flushing, N. Y. Torr. Penn. and Virg. Darlingt. July. 
 3D- Stem 2 6 inches high, sharply 4-angled. Flowers smaller than in the pre- 
 ceding ; limb bright-purple. It is perhaps not distinct from the preceding. 
 
 Muhlenberg's Centaury. 
 
 7. EXACUM. Linn. Exacum. 
 
 (From the Latin ex, out, and ago, to drive ; it being supposed to have the 
 power of expelling poison from the stomach.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube glo- 
 bose. Stamens 4. Style 1. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bi- 
 sulcate, 2 -celled, many-seeded. 
 
 E. pulchellum Pursh : lower leaves roundish, the rest subulate ; panicle 
 corymbose ; peduncles filiform ; calyx 4-parted, segments subulate. Cicen- 
 dria pulchella ? Griseb. in D. C. 
 
 Sea coast, N. J. ; rare. Aug. (J). Flowers small, rose-color. 
 
 Pretty Exacum. 
 
 8. CENTAURELLA. Mick. Centaurella. 
 (A diminutive of Centaurea.) 
 
 Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 4- 
 parted ; segments somewhat erect. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 
 glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla. 
 
 C. paniculata Mich. : stem somewhat branched, smooth ; peduncles op- 
 posite, the lower ones branched ; leaves minute, subulate, alternate below, 
 nearly opposite above ; flowers in panicles ; corolla as long as the calyx ; 
 style very short. C. autumnalis Pursh. Bartonia tenella Muhl. 
 
 Damp grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (1). Stem 48 inches high, 
 square, often twisted. Leaves scarcely 2 lines in length. Flowers small, green- 
 ish-white, on the ends of the branches. Late-flowered CentaureUa, 
 
BIGNONIACE.E. 241 
 
 II. MENYANTHE*:. Corolla induplicate. 
 
 9. LIMNANTHEMUM. GmeL Limnanthemum. 
 (From the Greek \ipva$, inhabiting a lake, and uvQ^ov, a flower.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 : parted ; the lobes bearded 
 or scaly at base and furnished with glands. Stamens 5. An- 
 thers erect. Style short or none. Stigma 2-lobed, persistent. 
 Capsule 1 -celled, few-seeded. 
 
 L. lacunosum Griseb:: floating ; leaves reniform-cordate, obscurely cre- 
 nate, smoothish above, spongy beneath ; segments of the calyx ovate-ob- 
 long, one-third as long as the corolla. ( D. C.) Vittarsia lacunosa Pursk. 
 Menyanthes trackysperma Mich. 
 
 Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. Stem long, filiform, rooting 
 in the mud. Leaves about an inch long, on elongated petioles, somewhat fleshy, 
 greenish above and mostly purplish and spongy below. Flowei-s white, fascicu- 
 late, on peduncles produced from the petiole about half an inch below the leaf. 
 Abundant in Sand Lake, N. Y. Floating Heart. 
 
 10. MENYANTHES. Linn. Buckbean. 
 
 (From the Greek ^vn, the moon, (a month,) and avQo;, a flower ; because the 
 plant continues in flower about that time. Eaton.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; limb spreading, 5- 
 lobed, equal, hairy within. Stamens 5. Style 1, filiform. 
 Stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with the axis 
 of the valves seminiferous. 
 
 M. trifoliata Linn. 
 
 Marshes. Subarct. Amer. toVirg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. %. 
 Plant 8 12 inches high. Root creeping. Leaves ternate, on long petioles 
 which are sheathing at base ; leafets obovate, nearly entire. Peduncles scape- 
 like, longer than the leaves. Flowers pale red, in a terminal raceme. 
 
 Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. 
 
 ORDER LXXXII. BIGNONIACEJE. BIGNONIADS. 
 
 Calyx divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Corolla 
 usually irregular, 4 5-lobed. Stamens 5, unequal, always 1, 
 sometimes 3, sterile ; when 4 are fertile, they are didynamous. 
 Ovary seated in a disk, 2-celled, or spuriously 4-celled. Style 
 1 ; stigma of 2 plates. Capsule 2-celled, sometimes spuriously 
 4-celled, 2-valved. Seeds transverse, compressed, often winged, 
 without albumen. Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. 
 Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
 somewhat panicled. 
 
 11 
 
242 PEDALIACE.E. 
 
 1. TECOMA. Juss. Trumpet Flower. 
 
 (Etymology unknown.) 
 
 Calyx campamilate, 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube short ; 
 the limb 5-lobed, equal or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, with the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule 2-celled, 
 2-valved ; dissepiments contrary to the valves. Seeds winged. 
 T. radicans Juss. : stem creeping ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 4 5 pairs, 
 ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent on the nerves beneath; tube 
 of the corolla three times as long as the calyx. Dignonia radicans Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. \i- Creeping 
 on rocks and trees. Flowers 2 3 inches long, scarlet, in a terminal corymb. 
 
 Ash-leaved Trumpet-flower. 
 
 2. CATALPA. Juss. Catalpa. 
 (Said to be a corruption of Catawba, the Indian name of this tree.) 
 
 Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ventricose ; 
 limb 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 2 fertile, 2 3 sterile. Stigma 
 in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric, 2-valved ; dis- 
 sepiments opposite the valves. Seeds membranaceously winged, 
 laciniate at the summit. 
 
 C. cordifolia Ell. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, entire, petiolate ; 
 flowers panicled. C. syringcefolia Sims. Dignonia Catalpa, Linn. 
 
 Fields, near houses, &c. N. Y. to Flor. and throughout the Western and 
 Southwestern States. July. A large tree with irregular branches. Leaves 
 large, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath, on long petioles. Flowers 
 large, white, variegated with yellow and purple, in large pyramidal panicles. 
 Probably introduced, as it is generally found in the vicinity of habitations, 
 Indian encampments, &c. Common Catalpa. Bean Tree. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIII. PEDALIACEJE. PEDALIADS. 
 
 Calyx divided in 5 nearly equal pieces. Corolla irregular; 
 the throat ventricose, the limb somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, (2 sometimes sterile,) with the rudiment of a fifth. 
 Ovary seated in a glandular disk, 1 or 2-celled, sometimes with 
 spurious cells ; style 1 ; stigma divided. Fruit drupaceous or 
 capsular. Seeds usually few, wingless, without albumen. 
 Herbaceous plants, mostly covered with glandular hairs. 
 Leaves opposite or alternate, often angular or lobed, without 
 stipules. Flowers usually large, axillary. 
 
 MARTYNIA. Linn. Martynia. 
 
 (In honor of John Marlyn, Professor of Botany in Cambridge, Eng.) 
 Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, gibbous at base ; the limb un- 
 
POLEMONIACEjE. 243 
 
 equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment 
 of a fifth. Capsule ligneous, corticate, 4-celled, with a long 
 hooked beak which at length splits into two horns. 
 
 M, proboscidea Linn. : stem viscid, pubescent, branched, mostly decum- 
 bent ; leaves alternate, cordate, nearly round, very entire, villous ; flowers 
 axillary, on long peduncles. M. alternifolia Lam. 
 
 River banks, N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (T).Stem 12 feet 
 long. Leaves 3 5 inches in diameter. Flowers dull yellow, large, spotted. 
 Whole plant fetid. The fruit is esteemed as a pickle. Probably introduced into 
 the Northern States from the Southwest. Unicorn Plant. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIV. POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOXWORTS. 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
 serted into the tube of the corolla. Ovary superior, 3 -celled ; 
 style simple; stigma trifid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with a 
 loculicidal dehiscence; the valves separating from the axis. 
 Seeds angular or oval, sometimes mucilaginous and furnished 
 with spiral threads ; albumen horny. Herbaceous plants, with 
 opposite or alternate simple or compound leaves. 
 
 1. PHLOX. Linn. Phlox. 
 
 (From the Greek 0Xo, flame ; a name which is said to have been originally 
 applied to a species of Lychnis, and transferred to this genus by Linnaeus.) 
 
 Calyx prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla salver-form ; 
 tube long, somewhat curved ; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 inserted about the middle of the tube of the corolla, very un- 
 equal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3-seeded. 
 
 1. P. paniculate, Linn. : stem erect, smooth, paniculately branched 
 above ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; panicle pyramidal, 
 corymbose, many-flowered ; teeth of the calyx setaceous-acuminate ; lobes 
 of the corolla obovate. 
 
 Meadows. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 1\..Stem 23 feet 
 high. Leaves opposite, rough on the margin, the upper ones slightly cordate at 
 base. Flowers numerous, crowded at the summits of the branches, purple. 
 
 Panicled Phlox. 
 
 2. P. maculata Linn. : stem erect, simple, and somewhat scabrous ; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, with the margin scabrous ; panicle oblong, 
 thyrsoid or somewhat pyramidal; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute; lobes 
 of the corolla rounded. P. pyramidalis Smith. P. suaveokns Ait. 
 
 Moist meadows. N. J. to Car. June. 7j_. Stem "2 3 feet high, mostly simple, 
 roughish pubescent above, sometimes spotted with dark purple. Upper leaves 
 ovate, and somewhat cordate at base. Flowers in pedunculate axillary corymbs 
 at and near the summit of the stem, varying from deep purple to nearly white. 
 I follow De Candolle in uniting the above species, as it is difficult to point out 
 the distinctive characters. Spotted Phlox. 
 
244 CONVOLVULACEyK. 
 
 3. P. aristata Mich. : stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent ; leraves linear or 
 linear-lanceolate, pubescent ; corymb crowded, few-flowered ; teeth of the 
 calyx pubescent, very long, awn-like ; lobes of the corolla obovate, entire. 
 P. pilosa Linn. 
 
 Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. %.Stem 1218 inches 
 high, simple. Leaves sometimes nearly linear, with the margins re volute. 
 Flowers terminal, loosely corymbose, on villous peduncles, pale purple or white. 
 
 Hairy Phlox. 
 
 4. P. divaricata Linn. : stem decumbent, pubescent ; leaves oval-lan- 
 ceolate or lance-ovate, acute, membranaceous, ciliate on the margin ; pan- 
 icle loose, corymbose, few-flowered ; teeth of the calyx linear-subulate ; 
 lobes of the corolla slightly obcordate. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. 1|- Stems nu- 
 merous, prostrate and spreading, with erect branches. Upper leaves almost 
 clasping and often alternate. Flowers few, in a loose terminal somewhat tri- 
 chotomous panicle, bluish or dark purple. Divaricate Phlox. 
 
 5. P. reptans Mich. : stem erect, with procumbent suckers at base, pu- 
 bescent; radical leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline oval-lanceolate, sessile ; 
 corymb few-flowered, divaricate ; teeth of the calyx subulate, reflexed ; 
 lobes of the corolla obovate, entire. P. stolonifera Pursh. 
 
 Rocky places. Penn. to Car. W. to Ken. June. 1\.. Stem 68 inches 
 high. Leaves more or less pilo?e and ciliate on the margin. Flowers in a small 
 corymb, blue, with a purple centre. Creeping Phlox. 
 
 G. P. siibulata Linn. : stem procumbent, cespitose, much branched, pu- 
 bescent; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate ; corymb few-flowered; teeth 
 of the calyx short, subulate ; lobes of the corolla wedgeform, emarginate. 
 P. setacea Linn. 
 
 Rocky places. N. J. to Car. April, May. 1].. Root creeping. Stems 612 
 inches long, with numerous assurgent branches 2 or 3 inches high. Leaves half 
 an inch long, with the rudiments of smaller ones or of branches in the axils. 
 Flowers pink or nearly white, with a purple centre. Very abundant near New 
 Brunswick, N. J. Mountain Pink. 
 
 2. POLEMONIUM. Linn. Greek Valerian. 
 
 (From the Greek TroX^os , war ; which is said by Pliny to have been waged by 
 two kings for the honor of its discovery.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; 
 tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments. 
 Capsule ovoid, obtuse, the cells many-seeded. 
 
 P. reptans Linn. : stem weak, erect or declined ; leaves pinnate ; leafets 
 7 9, (rarely 11,) ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers terminal, nodding. 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. QL Stem 1218 inches 
 high, nearly smooth, branching. Leafets mostly opposite, the common petiole 
 winged. Flowers blue, in small nodding corymbs at the end of the branches. 
 
 Jacob's Ladder. 
 
 ORDER LXXXV. CONVOLVULACE^E. BINDWEEDS. 
 
 Calyx persistent, in 5 divisions, remarkably imbricated. Co- 
 rolla reeoilar, deciduous ; the limb 5-lobed, plaited ; the tube 
 
CONVOLVULACE^. 245 
 
 without scales. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla. 
 Ovary simple, mostly 2 4-celled ; styles united or more or less 
 distinct; stigmas obtuse or acute. Capsule 1 4-celled. Seeds 
 with a small quantity of mucilaginous albumen, a curved embryo 
 and leafy shrivelled cotyledons. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, 
 usually twining and milky. Leaves alternate, very often cor- 
 date, entire or lobed. Flowers large and showy. 
 
 CONVOLVULUS. Linn. Bindweed. 
 (From the Latin convolve, to entwine.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Corolla 
 funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stamens 5, shorter 
 than the limb. Style undivided. Stigma capitate or lobed. 
 Capsule 2 3-celled, 2 3-valved. 
 
 1. C. arvensis Linn.: stem twining, angular; leaves sagittate-hastate, 
 with acute lobes ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote from 
 the flower ; sepals roundish-ovate. 
 
 Fields. Maine to Car. ; rare. June, July. 'ZJ.. Root long, creeping. Stem 
 2 3 feet long, climbing, somewhat hairy. Leaves small, ovate-oblong, on short 
 petioles. Flowers white, an inch long, on axillary peduncles which are longer 
 than the leaves. Introduced, and, on account of its deep and spreading roots, 
 becoming in many places a troublesome weed. Common or Corn Bindweed. 
 
 2. C. Sepium Linn. : stem twining ; leaves sagittate, very acute, with 
 the lobes truncate ; peduncles square, 1-flowered ; bracts large, cordate, 
 close to the flower. Calystegia Sepium Brown 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. 'Zj.. Stem 3 12 
 feet long, climbing or trailing, nearly smooth. Flowers large, white, on pedun- 
 cles which are longer than the leaves. Great Bindweed. 
 
 3. C. panduratus Linn. : stem twining ; leaves cordate or panduriform, 
 acuminate, the lobes rounded ; peduncles long, with small bracts at the 
 base ; flowers in fascicles ; corolla tubular-campanulate. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. 1}.. Root very large and 
 thick. Stem 4 6 feet long, mostly trailing, at length nearly smooth. Flowers 
 mostly 2 5 in a fascicle, on peduncles 3 or 4 inches long. Corolla white, the 
 tube purple. Medicinal. Man of the Earth. 
 
 4. C. spithamaus Linn. : stem erect or oblique ; leaves oval or oblong, 
 subcordate, pubescent, hoary ; peduncles 1-flowered, about as long as the 
 leaves ; bracts close to the flower, much larger than the calyx. C. stanir 
 Mich. Calystegia tomentosa and spithamcca Pursh. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Virg. June. 1\.. Stem 8 18 inches long, sometimes 
 nearly procumbent. Leaves varying from acute to obtuse, arid rounded. Flowers, 
 white, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. A variable species 
 
 Upright Bindweed. 
 
 5. C. purpureus Linn : stem twining and climbing ; leaves cordate, 
 acuminate, undivided, entire ; peduncles 2 3-flowered ; pedicels thickened, 
 nodding ; capsule smooth. Ipomcea purpurea Pursh. Pharbitis hispida. 
 Choisy,in D. C. 
 
246 CUSCUTACE^E. 
 
 Fields, &c July, Aug. (J). Stem hairy, climbing to a great height. Leaves 
 2 6 inches long, on petioles of about the same length. Flowers large, blue, 
 purple or nearly white. Introduced. Common Morning Glory. 
 
 6. C. lacunosus Spreng. : stem smooth, twisted ; leaves cordate acumi- 
 nate, angled at base ; peduncles short, 1 3-flowered ; calyx hairy ; corolla 
 tubular, short ; capsule hairy. Ipomcca lacunosa Linn. 
 
 Penn. Muhl. S. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (!) Flowers white, with a purple 
 rim. Ragged Bindweed. 
 
 1. C. nil Linn. : stem hairy, twining ; leaves cordate, 3-Iobed, the inter- 
 mediate lobe dilated at the base, the lateral ones shorter, acute ; peduncles 
 short, 2 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, hairy at the 
 base. Ipomcea nil Pursh. Pharbitis nil Choisy in D.C. 
 
 Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. Aug. . Flowers 2 or 3, on peduncles shorter 
 than the petioles. Corolla white at base, blue near the border. 
 
 Morning Glory. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVI. CUSCUTACE^E. DODDERS. 
 
 Calyx 4 5 -parted, persistent, with an imbricate aestivation. 
 Corolla cut round at the base ; the limb 4 5-cleft, with alter 
 nating scales. Stamens as many as the segments of the corolla. 
 Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, or none ; stigmas 2. Fruit capsular 
 or baccate, 2-celled ; cells 1 2-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy 
 albumen and a spiral acotyledonous embryo. Leafless climb- 
 ing colorless parasites, with the flowers in dense clusters. 
 
 CUSCUTA. Linn.^-Dodder. 
 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx 5- rarely 4-parted. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 5- 
 cleft. Stamens 4 5. Filaments often with scales at the base. 
 Styles 2. Stigmas filiform or capitate. Capsule 2-celled, open- 
 ing all round transversely. 
 
 1. C. EpUinum Weih. : heads of about 5 sessile flowers; calyx 5-parted, 
 the lobes obtuse ; corolla globose cylindric, about as long as the calyx ; 
 styles erect, at length divergent. (D. C.) C. Europcea. Beck Dot. 1st Ed. 
 
 Parasitic on flax. Schenectady, N. Y. Mass. Dewey. Chester county, Penn. 
 Darlingt. July. (I). Stem filiform, long and climbing, orange-colored, leafless. 
 Flowers in small dense heads, pale-yellow or rose-color. Introduced? Dr. 
 Darlington's C. Europcea,' which seems to be identical with the New York 
 plant, is referred to this species by the author above quoted. Flax Dodder. 
 
 2. C. Gronovii Willd. : stem branched ; flowers pedunculate or more 
 lax, generally 5-parted; corolla deeply campanulate, open, pellucid-punc- 
 tate, longer than the roundish obtuse calyx-segments ; scales convergent, 
 fimbriate. C. Americana Linn. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Y. to Ala. W. to Ohio. July Sept. (T) Stem filiform, 
 orange-colored, twining around other plants. Flowers in small cymes or much 
 crowded, yellowish-white, marked with little roundish glands. 
 
 Common Dodder. 
 
. 247 
 
 3. C. umtrrosa Beyrich : stem low, branching ; flowers 5-parted, some- 
 what pedunculate, at length in spikes ; corolla campanulate, longer than 
 the obtuse calyx-segments ; stamens as long as the limb ; scales pinnatifid- 
 laciniate, convergent. ( Torr. N. Y. PL} 
 
 Western part of N. Y. Dr. Gray Distinguished from the preceding by the 
 more open campanulate corolla, which is destitute of pellucid glands, and the 
 form of its lobes as well as those of the calyx. Torr. 
 
 Smooth-flowered Dodder. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIL DIAPENSIACE^E. DIAPENSIADS. 
 
 Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co- 
 rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, equal ; fila- 
 ments petaloid. Ovary superior, 3-celled ; style single, con- 
 tinuous ; stigma sessile. Capsule membranous or papery. 
 Seeds pitted, with a very small embryo in a mass of fleshy 
 albumen, Prostrate under-shrubs, with small densely imbri- 
 cate leaves and solitary terminal flowers. 
 
 DIAPENSIA. Linn Diapensia. 
 
 (Said to be an ancient Greek name for the Sanicle, applied to this plant by 
 Linnaeus.) 
 
 Calyx with the sepals unequal, smooth. Corolla 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into the throat of 
 the corolla. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. D. Lapponica Linn.: cespitose; leaves spatulate, smooth; flower 
 terminal, solitary, on a short peduncle; anthers simple. D. obtusifolia 
 Pursh. 
 
 Summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and of Mount Marcy and Mount 
 Mclntyre, N. Y. N. to Labrador and Arct. Amer. June, July. 7J.. Stems 
 short, forming thick firm tufts, densely covered with small fleshy evergreen 
 leaves. Flower white. Lapland Diapensia. 
 
 2. D. barbulata Ell. : leaves lanceolate-wedgeform, pubescent at base : 
 flower solitary, terminal, sessile ; anthers horizontal, beaked at base. D. 
 cuneifolia Pursh. Pyxidanthera barbulata Mich. 
 
 Pine barrens. N.J. to Car. May, June. 1].. Plant small, creeping, form- 
 ing dense mats ; branches assurge-nt, 1-flowered. Upper leaves crowded near 
 the base of the flower, which is small and white. Very abundant in New Jersey. 
 
 Beaked Diapensia. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIII. B OR AGINACEJ5. BORAGE WORTS. 
 
 Calyx- persistent, 5-divided. Corolla 5-lobed, generally reg- 
 ular, and sometimes with a row of scales in the throat. Sta- 
 mens 5, inserted in the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
 Ovary 4-parted ; style simple ; stigma simple or bifid. Fruit 
 Consisting of 4 little nuts or achenia. Seed without albumen. 
 
248 BORAGINACE-ffi. 
 
 Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with round stems. Leaves alter- 
 nate, often rough, without stipules. Flowers usually in one- 
 sided spikes or racemes. 
 
 1. LITHOSPERMUM. Z,w.-Gromwdl. 
 
 (From the Greek At0o?, a stone, and <nr*pi*a, seed ; on account of the stony 
 hardness of its seeds or nuts.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed; the throat 
 naked, rarely with minute scales. Nuts imperforate at base, 
 shining, smooth or rugose. 
 
 1. L. arvcnse Linn. : stem erect, branched; leaves sessile, linear-lanceo- 
 late, rather acute, veinless, rough, hairy ; calyx a little shorter than the 
 corolla, at length spreading ; nuts rugose, 
 
 Fields. N. Y. and Mass, to Del. W. to Ohio. May. (I). Plant hispid- 
 pilose. Stem 12 18 inches high, more or less branched. Flowers solitary, 
 axillary, white. Calyx with the segments thrice as long as the fruit. Intro- 
 duced from Europe. Corn Gromwett. 
 
 2. L. officinale Linn. : stem erect, much branched, covered with rigid 
 hairs ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, nerved, rough above, hairy beneath ; 
 tube of the corolla as long as the calyx ; nuts smooth. 
 
 Dry waste places. N. Y. and Mass, to Penn. and Ohio. May. '2].. Stem 
 12 18 inches high, often branched and diffuse. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy 
 spike-like racemes. Nuts whitish-brown, highly polished. Introduced from 
 Europe. Common Gromwett. 
 
 2. BATSCHIA. Gmel Puccoon. 
 
 (In honor of John George Batsch, a German botanist of the last century.) 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, rather large ; tube 
 straight, much longer than the calyx, closed at the base by a 
 bearded ring ; orifice naked or partially closed ; the limb nearly 
 flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens very short. Nuts smooth 
 and shining, not perforate at the base. 
 
 1 . B. canescens Mick. : stem erect, simple, villous ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse ^slightly mucronate, silky above, subvillous beneath; tube of 
 the corolla as long again as the calyx. Anchusa canescens Muhl. Litho- 
 spermum canescens Lehm. 
 
 Hills. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. 7L. Stem 812 
 inches high. Flowers axillary, crowded near the top of the stem, bright orange. 
 Found near Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hatiley. Used by the Indians as a red 
 dye. Common Puccoon. Alkanef. 
 
 2. K. Gmelini Mich. : plant hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, hairy on both sides, ciliate ; floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; segments of 
 the calyx linear, hairy, scarcely as long as the tube of the corolla. 13. 
 Caroliniensis Gmel. Anchusa hirta Muhl. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. %.$tem 8 12 inches high. Flowers 
 in a terminal raceme, orange. Gmelin's Puccoon. 
 
B O R A G 1 N AC E JB, . 249 
 
 Myijjftjjjj 
 
 3. ONOSMODIUM. Mich. Onosmodium. 
 (So named from its resemblance to Onosma, another genus of this order.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted ; segments linear. Corolla tubular- 
 campanulate ; throat naked ; limb 5-cleft, the lobes acute and 
 connivent. Anthers sessile, included. Style much exserted. 
 Nuts imperforate, shining, ovoid. 
 
 1. O. Mspidum Mick. : stem hispid, branched ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
 hairy, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corolla subulate. O. Virgini- 
 anum D. C. Lithospermum Virginianum Linn. Purshia hispida Lehm. 
 
 Fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. %. Stem 12 feet high. 
 Flowers white, in simple leafy secund racemes, which at first are recurved and 
 afterwards straight. Hairy Onosmodium. 
 
 2. O. molle Mich. : whole plant white-villous ; leaves oblong-oval, some- 
 what 3-nerved; segments of the corolla semi-oval. O. Carolinianum D. C. 
 Lithospermum molle Muhl. Purshia mollis Lehm. 
 
 Sandy grounds, near Albany, N. Y. G. A. Clinton. Penn. to Tenn. July, 
 Aug. 1\.. Differs from the former in its soft white pubescence, and in the 
 broader segments of its corolla. Soft Onosmodium. 
 
 4. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.Comfiey. 
 
 (From the Greek o"j//$uo>, to unite; on account of its reputed healing powers.') 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-cam- 
 panulate ; throat closed with 5 connivent subulate scales ; limb 
 with 5 broad and short lobes. Nuts ovoid, rugose. 
 
 & officinale Linn. : stem hispid, winged above ; radical leaves on long 
 petioles, rough ; cauline ovate-lanceolate, attenuated at base and very de- 
 current. 
 
 Springy grounds. N. Y. Mass, and Penn. June. 01. Stem 1 3 feet high, 
 branched above. Racemes in pairs, secund, drooping. Corolla large, yellow- 
 ish-white, or rarely purplish. Introduced, but apparently native near Fairfield, 
 N. Y. Common Comfrey. 
 
 5. ECHIUM. Linn. Viper's Bugloss. 
 
 (From the Greek f.^'f, a viper ; on account of the fancied resemblance of the 
 eed to the head of that animal.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, erect. Corolla 
 subcampanulate ; tube very short ; throat open ; the limb un- 
 equally and obliquely 5-lobed. Stamens unequal. Nuts im- 
 perforate at base, tuberculate. 
 
 E. vulgare Linn. : stem simple, hispid with tubercles ; leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, hispid; radical ones petiolate, spreading, very long; flowers in 
 lateral spikes ; stamens longer than the corolla. 
 
 Fields and road sides. N. Y. to Virg. ; common in New Jersey. June, July, 
 (g). Stem 2 3 feet high, branched above. F/m/w.f large, blue, in lateral 
 
 1 I* 
 
250 BORAGINACE^E 
 
 spikes which are at first recurved but gradually become erect. Introduced. 
 A very showy plant when in full flower, but in many places becoming trouble- 
 some. Viper's Bugloss. Blue Thistle. 
 
 6. LYCOPS1S. Linn. Bugloss. 
 
 (From the Greek AVKOJ, a wolf, and oi^t? , a face ; from a fancied resemblance 
 to the head of that animal.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, with a curved tube; 
 the mouth closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts perforate 
 at the base. 
 
 L. arvensis Linn. : leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, very hispid ; 
 lower ones tapering into a petiole ; upper sessile, subclasping ; calyx erect 
 while in flower, about as long as the tube of the corolla. Anchusa arvensis 
 Lehm. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. June, July. (). Plant very hispid. Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Flowers small, bright blue, in one or more leafy racemes. 
 Introduced from Europe. Small Bugloss. 
 
 7. MYOSOTIS. Linn. Scorpion Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek fvj, pvos , a mouse, and ovs , UTOS , an ear ; in allusion to the 
 shape of the leaves.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salver-form ; tube short ; 
 limb flat; orifice closed with short connivent scales. Nuts 
 smooth or rugose, with a cavity at the base. 
 
 1. M. caspitosa Schultz : stem terete, erect, branching, appressed pubes- 
 cent ; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx 5-cleft, appressed-hairy, shorter 
 than the pedicels, spreading when in fruit; style very short. (Z?.C.) 
 
 var. laxaD.C.: smoothish; pedicels longer. M. laxaLehm. M. palus- 
 Iris Torr. 
 
 Ditches and wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May Se.pt. ? Stem 
 12 18 inches high, slender, erect or oblique, branching above, smooth or 
 sprinkled with a few appressed hairs. Leaves 1 3 inches long, the upper sessile, 
 the lower often petioled. Flowers very small, bright blue, in racemes which are 
 at length elongated. Marsh Scorpion Grass. 
 
 2. M. stricta Link : stem erect, simple or branched, hispid-villous ; leaves 
 oblong, obtuse ; racemes leafy at base ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, shorter 
 than the calyx ; calyx 5-parted, closed when in fruit, clothed with divari- 
 cate hairs ; tube of the corolla included. (D. C.) M. arvensis Reich. M. 
 verna Nutt. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. . Plant grayish- 
 pubescent. Stem 4 10 inches high, at length branching. Flowers very small, 
 -"white, in terminal racemes which are elongated when in fruit. 
 
 Field Scorpion Grass. 
 
 8. ECHINOSPERMUM. ZAz,_ Stickseed. 
 
 (From the Greek c^ivoj, a hedgeliog, and cnr^o/ja, seed ; the fruit being covered 
 with prickles.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form ; throat closed by short 
 
BORAGINACE^E. 251 
 
 scales; the limb with obtuse lobes. Nuts fixed to a central 
 column, imperforate at base, aculeate on the margin. 
 
 E. Lappula Lehm. : stem branched above ; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, hairy ; corolla longer than the calyx ; border erect, spreading ; 
 nuts with two rows of hooked prickles on the margin. Myosotis Lappula, 
 Linn. Rochelia Lappula R. tf- S. 
 
 Road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Oregon. N. to Subarct. Amer. July, Aug. 
 (1). Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers minute, blue, in leafy racemes. 
 Fruit erect. Introduced ? Common Stickseed. 
 
 9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn. Hound 's-Tongue. 
 
 (From the Greek KVW, a dog, and yXwo-o-a, a tongue ; in allusion to the shape 
 of the leaves.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla short, funnel-form; orifice closed 
 with convex connivent scales ; limb with 5 obtuse lobes. Nuts 
 depressed, affixed to the styles by their inner margin, echinate. 
 
 1. C. officinale Linn.: silky-pubescent; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong, 
 attenuated into a petiole ; upper lanceolate, somewhat cordate or clasping 
 at base ; racemes without bracts ; lobes of the calyx oblong, obtuse, shorter 
 than the corolla. 
 
 Road sides, &c. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. June. July. . Plant dull 
 green, soft and downy, fetid. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers purplish-red, in 
 naked secund racemes. Fruit rough. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Hound' s-tongue. 
 
 2. C. Virginicum Linn.: hairy; lower leaves oval-oblong, petiolate; 
 upper lanceolate-oblong, sessile, clasping and cordate at base ; racemes 
 somewhat corymbose, naked; pedicels elongated, recurved-spreading ; lobes 
 of the calyx acute, villous, about half as long as the tube of the corolla. 
 C. ampkxicaule Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
 1\.. Stem 2 3 feet high, very hairy. Radical leaves 6 inches long ; upper ones 
 smaller. Flowers blue or nearly white, in a terminal corymbose panicle con- 
 sisting of 2 or 3 divisions. Wild Comfrey. 
 
 3. C. Morisoni D. C. : stem erect, somewhat hairy, divaricately branched ; 
 leaves ovate or lanceolate-oblong, acute, attenuate at base, scabrous above, 
 pubescent beneath ; racemes forked, bracteate ; pedicels at length deflexed ; 
 fruit covered with hooked bristles. Echinospermum Virginicum Lehm. 
 Myosotis Virginiana Linn. 
 
 Borders of woods, &c. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. July. .Stem 23 
 feet high. Leaves thin and membranaceous ; lower ones petioled. Flowers 
 small, pale blue or white, in forked terminal racemes. 
 
 Small-jlowered Hound 1 s-tongue. 
 
 10. MERTENSIA. Roth. Mertensia. 
 (In honor of F. C. Mertens, a German botanist who wrote upon the Algae.) 
 
 Calyx short, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla with the tube cy- 
 lindric, the limb somewhat campamilate, 5-cleft ; throat naked 
 
252 HYDROPHYLLACE&;. 
 
 or with 5 plaits. Stamens inserted into the upper part of the 
 tube. Nuts somewhat drupaceous, smooth, or reticulate and 
 rugose. 
 
 1. M. Virginica D.C.: smooth; stem erect; radical leaves obovate- 
 oblong, obtuse ; cauline narrower; calyx three or four times shorter than 
 the tube of the corolla. Pulmonaria Virginica Linn. Lithospermum pul- 
 chrum Lchm. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. r i\..~> Stem S 12 inches 
 high, succulent, mostly simple. Leaves smooth and a little glaucous. Flowers 
 large, bright blue, in a loose racemose panicle. The plant turns black by dry- 
 ing. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. 
 
 2. M. maritlma G. Don : stem procumbent or ascending, branched ; 
 leaves ovate, rough with callous dots, fleshy, glaucous ; upper lanceolate ; 
 calyx about half as long as the corolla. ( D. C.) Pulmonaria maritima Linn. 
 Lithospcnnum maritimum Lehm. 
 
 Sea shores. N. Eng. Pursh. N. to Subarct. Amer. July. 1}.. Stem dif- 
 fuse, much branched. Lower leaves on petioles and acute ; upper ones sessile. 
 Flowers purplish-blue, in leafy racemes. Seaside Merlensia. 
 
 3. M. denticulata G. Don : stem erect ; leaves nerved, somewhat glau- 
 cous, margin rough with minute teeth ; radical ones ovate, petiolate ; cau- 
 line elliptic, sessile ; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin, three 
 or four times shorter than the corolla. (D. C.) Pulmonaria Sibirica Pursh 
 App. Lithospermum denticulatum Lehm. 
 
 Can. N. Y. ? W. to the Columbia river. June. *2J. Stem 610 inches 
 high. Leaves 3 5-nerved. Floivers numerous, purple, in somewhat nodding 
 racemes. Denticulate Mertensia. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIX. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. HYDROPHYLS. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, the sinuses often with appendages, per- 
 sistent. Corolla regular, shortly 5-cJeft, mostly between cam- 
 panulate and rotate. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla. 
 Ovary simple, 1 2-celled ; styles 2, united into 1 ; stigma 
 bifid. Fruit a capsule. Seeds few, reticulated, with abundant 
 cartilaginous albumen. Herbaceous plants, often hispid, with 
 alternate loked or pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in cymose clus- 
 ters, or in one-sided racemes. 
 
 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Linn. Water Leaf. 
 (From the Greek vSwp, water, and <f>v\\ov, a leaf.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses mostly 
 naked* Corolla campanulate, 5 -cleft, with 5 longitudinal mar- 
 gined grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Sta- 
 mens exserted. Filaments bearded in the middle. Stigma 
 
HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 253 
 
 bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1 -seeded, 3 other seeds 
 mostly abortive. 
 
 * Sinuses of the calyx naked. 
 
 1. H. Virginicum Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and 
 pinnate ; the lobes oval-lanceolate, with deep serratures ; clusters of flowers 
 crowded ; peduncles longer than the petioles; segments of the calyx lance- 
 linear, hispid-ciliate. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. ?].. Stem 12 18 
 inches high, often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 7 seg- 
 ments, on long petioles. Flowers blue and white, hi compact peduncled lateral 
 and axillary clusters. Virginian Waterleaf. 
 
 2. H. Canadensc Linn. : somewhat hairy ; leaves angularly sub- 5-lobed, 
 mostly cordate at base, coarsely toothed ; flowers in crowded fascicles ; pe- 
 duncles shorter than the petioles; segments of the calyx narrow-linear, 
 slightly hairy. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. Ij.. Stem 1218 inches 
 high. Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about 5 7-lobed ; lobes 
 broad, cut and toothed. Flowers blue and white, in crowded clusters. 
 
 Canadian Waterleaf. 
 
 3. H. macrophyllum Nutt. : leaves oblong, pinnately divided at base, 
 with the segments towards the apex pinnatifid or subpinnate, hairy on 
 both sides ; the lobes ovate, with coarse ovate mucronulate teeth ; pedun- 
 cles very long and with the calyx hairy ; segments of the calyx ovate at 
 base, long- acuminate. (D. C.) Phacelia bipinnatijida Frank not of 
 Mick. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, Penn. ? Short. Ohio. Gray. Leaves a foot or more 
 in length. Corolla white, scarcely longer than the calyx. Large Waterleaf. 
 
 ** Sinuses oftlie calyx appendiculate. 
 
 4. H. appendiculatum Mich. : stem hairy ; leaves hairy above, pubescent 
 beneath ; lower pinnately divided ; upper palmately 5-lobed ; sinuses of the 
 calyx with minute oval appendages. Nemophila paniculaia Spreng. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May. () ? Stem about a foot 
 high, branching at the summit. Leaves on long petioles, the lobes toothed. 
 Flowers blue, on short peduncles, in somewhat paniculate racemes. 
 
 Hairy Waterleaf. 
 
 2. PHACELIA. Juss. Phacelia. 
 (From the Greek ^>aXof, a bundle ; in allusion to its fascicled spike.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan- 
 ulate, caducous, 5-cleft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales 
 on the inside. Stamens often exserted. Style bifid. Capsule 
 ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds 4, oblong. 
 
 P. bipinnatifda Mich. : stem somewhat erect, hairy ; leaves pinnately 
 divided, on long petioles; lateral segments 2 4, ovate^. acute, incisely- 
 lobed ; terminal one 3 5-cleft ; racemes elongated, mostly bifid ; lobes of 
 the calyx linear-acuminate, half as long as the corolla. 
 
254 SOLANACE^E. 
 
 Wet woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. ^IStem a foot 
 high. Leaves 3 4 inches long, thin and smoothish. Flowers blue, in terminal 
 racemes. Jagged Phacelia. 
 
 3. COSMANTHUS. Nolle. Cosmanthus. 
 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly cam- 
 panulate, caducous, 5-cleft; tube without scales. Filaments 
 slender, about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule 
 2-valved, septiferous in the middle. Seeds 4 10, ovoid- 
 angular. 
 
 * Lobes of the corotta naked. 
 
 1. C. parviflorus D.C. : stem diffuse, pubescent ; leaves subsessile, pinna- 
 tifid or trifid, hairy on both sides, the uppermost sometimes undivided ; lobes 
 of the lower ones ovate or oblong, entire ; racemes solitary. Phacelia par- 
 viflora Pursh. Polemonium dubium Wttld. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. Ohio, and Virg. May. (). Stem 6 8 inches high. 
 Flowers small, pale-blue ; lobes of the corolla rounded, entire, somewhat hairy 
 on the outside. Stamens hairy at the base. Small-flowered Cosmanthus. 
 
 ** Lobes of the corolla fimbriate. 
 
 2. C. fimbriata Nolle : whole plant hairy ; stem ascending ; lower leaves 
 petiolate, pinnately divided, the segments few and entire ; upper sessile, pec- 
 tinate-pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong and entire ; racemes terminal, elongated, 
 few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, half as long as the 
 corolla. (Z?. C.) Phacelia Jimbriata Mich. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. CD- Stem 8 12 
 inches high, ascending, slender, branched. Radical leaves with the lobes very 
 obtuse. Flowers pale-blue, in a simple terminal raceme, at first revolute, after- 
 wards erect. Fimbriate Cosmanthus. 
 
 ORDER XC. SOLAKACE^E. NIGHTSHADES. 
 
 Calyx 5- seldom 4-parted, persistent. Corolla with the limb 
 5- seldom 4- cleft, mostly regular, deciduous. Stamens inserted 
 upon the corolla, as many as the segments of the limb. Ovary 
 2 -celled ; style continuous ; stigma simple. Fruit a capsule or 
 berry. Seeds numerous, with the embryo straight or curved, 
 in fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with alternate 
 undivided or lobed leaves. Inflorescence various. 
 
 * Fruit a berry. 
 
 1. SOLANUM. Linn. Nightshade. 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx 5 10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 
 limb plaited, 5 10-cleft. Stnmens 5. Filaments very short; 
 
SOLANACE^E. 255 
 
 Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening at the top by two pores. 
 Berry 2 6 -celled. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. & Dulcamara Linn.: stem shrubby, flexuous, climbing, without 
 thorns, smooth or pubescent ; leaves ovate-cordate, smooth ; upper ones 
 hastate ; flowers in lateral clusters. 
 
 Low grounds. N. S. July, Aug.' 17. Stem 6 8 feet long, somewhat pu- 
 bescent. Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each segment. 
 Berry bright red, oval. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Woody Night-shade. Bitter-sweet. 
 
 2. . nigrum Linn. : stem herbaceous, without thorns, angular, rough 
 on the angles ; leaves ovate, obtusely toothed and waved ; flowers subum- 
 belled. S. nigrum var. Virginianum Linn. 
 
 Old fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. .Stem 12 feet high, much 
 branched, angular or slightly winged. Flowers nodding, white, 3 6 in an um- 
 bel. Berry spherical, black, 2-celled. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Night-shade. 
 
 3. S. Carolinense Linn. : herbaceous, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
 acute, sinuate-angular, often subhastate, stellate-pubescent ; raceme simple, 
 loose. 
 
 Road sides, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. ^. Stem erect, 
 branched, a foot high, armed with short prickles. Leaves aculeate on the mid- 
 rib and larger nerves on both sides. Flowers white, in lateral racemes. Berry 
 globose, orange-yellow. Horse Nettle. ' 
 
 2. PHYSALIS. Linn. Ground Cherry. 
 (From the Greek Qwa, a bladder or bag ; in allusion to the inflated calyx.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla 
 campanulate-rotate; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed; tube very 
 short. Stamens 5, connivent. Anthers opening longitudinally. 
 Berry 2-celled. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. P. viscosa Linn.: herbaceous, pubescent and more or less viscid; 
 stem dichotomously branched, with the branches at length spreading; 
 leaves solitary or in pairs, varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 
 subcordate at base, mostly acute, more or less repand-toothed ; flowers 
 solitary, axillary, pendulous. P. obscura Mich, and P. Pennsylvanica 
 Linn. 
 
 Road sides, fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. l.Slem 
 low, spreading divaricately. Leaves varying in form, on petioles, 1 2 inches 
 long. Flowers on short pedicels, greenish-yellow with brownish spots at base. 
 Berry globose, viscid, yellowish, enclosed by the inflated calyx. 
 
 Clammy Ground Cherry. 
 
 2. P. lanceola'a Mich. : stem herbaceous, dichotomously branched, 
 densely pubescent ; leaves mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, acumi- 
 nate, narrowed at the base into a petiole ; flower solitary, nodding ; calyx 
 villous. 
 
 Penn. Muhl. $ Darlingt. ; rare. S to Car. July. f l\-. Stem 12 feet high, 
 angular. Leaves often very unequal at base. Flowers usually in the upper axils, 
 pal* greenish-yellow, with fuscous spots at base. 
 
 Spear-leaved Ground Cherry. 
 
256 SOLANACE^E. 
 
 3. NICANDRA.. Adam. Nicandra. 
 
 (In honor of Nicander, an ancient Greek physician.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments 
 sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry ; the limb plaited and 
 nearly entire. Stamens incurved.' Berry 3 5 -celled, covered 
 by the calyx. 
 
 N. physaloidcs Gcert.: stem herbaceous; leaves sinuate-angled, glabrous ; 
 flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles ; calyx closed, with the angles 
 very acute. Alropa physaloides Linn. 
 
 Cultivated grounds, road sides, &c. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. (D- Stem 
 2 3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 4 inches long, alternate. Flowers 
 solitary, axillary, on short peduncles, pale-blue. Introduced. Originally from 
 Peru, where it is said to be much used as a narcotic. Nicandra, 
 
 ** Fruit a capsule. 
 
 4. NICOTIANA. Linn. Tobacco. 
 
 (After John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into Europe.) 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; 
 the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stamens 5, equal. Stigma capi- 
 tate. Capsule 2-celled, 2 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
 minute. 
 
 N. rusLica Linn. : plant viscid-pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves petioled, 
 ovate, very entire ; tube of the corolla cylindrical, 'longer than the calyx, 
 the lobes rounded. 
 
 Western part of New York. Nutt. Long Island. Torr. .Stem 1218 
 inches high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. Ac- 
 cording to Mr. Nuttall it has been introduced by the Indians. It contains the 
 same poisonous principle as the common tobacco. Wild Tobacco. 
 
 5. DATURA. Linn. Thorn Apple. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from Tatorah, the Arabic name of the plant.) 
 
 Calyx tubular and usually 5-angled, separating from the per- 
 sistent base. Corolla funnel-form, the tube long, the limb 5- 
 angled and plaited. Stamens 5. Stigma bilamellate. Cap- 
 sule usually prickly ormuricate, 2-celled, 4-valved; cells 2 3- 
 parted, many-seeded. 
 
 D. Stramonium Linn. : stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate, 
 smooth, angularly-toothed, somewhat cordate ; capsule spiny, erect. 
 
 var. Tatula Torr. : stem and flowers purple. D. Tatula Linn. 
 
 Waste grounds, &c. Throughout the U. S. July Sept. .Stem 26 
 feet high, yellowish -green or purple. Flowers solitary, large, white or bhu'sh- 
 purple, on peduncles. Very fetid. Medicinal and poisonous. Big. Med. Sof., 
 l. 16. Jamestown Weed. Thorn-apple. 
 
OROBANCHACE^E. 257 
 
 6. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn. Henbane. 
 
 (From the Greek is, i>os, a hog, and KVU^OS, a bean ; because hogs are said to 
 eat without injury the fruit, which bears some resemblance to a bean.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular, lobes 
 obtuse. Stamens 5, declined. Stigma capitate. Capsule 
 ovoid, opening with a lid. 
 
 H. niger Linn. : stem erect, very leafy ; leaves sinuate and angularly 
 toothed, clasping; flowers sessile, arranged in terminal recurved leafy 
 spikes ; corolla reticulate. 
 
 Waste places. N. Y. and Penn. June. (I) or (g). Plant covered with 
 unctuous fetid hairs. Stem 12 18 inches high, much branched. Leaves ob- 
 long, acute. Flowers large, dull yellow, with purple veins. A powerful narcotic. 
 Introduced from Europe. Common Henbane. 
 
 ORDER XCI. OROBANCHACE^E. BROOMRAPES. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, with 
 an imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 
 superior, 1-celled, seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 or more pari- 
 etal placentae ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, en- 
 closed within the withered corolla. Seeds numerous, very mi- 
 nute. Herbaceous leafless parasites. Stem covered with brown 
 or colorless scales. 
 
 1. OROBANCHE. Linn. Broom Rape. 
 
 (From the Greek cpo/los, a. pea-like plant, and ay^cjj/, to strangle; from its sup- 
 posed injurious eflect.) 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx 2 5-cleft, segments often unequal. 
 Corolla tubular, the limb somewhat ringent ; upper lip entire 
 or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stig- 
 ma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. O. Americana Linn.: stem clothed with ovate-lanceolate imbricate 
 scales ; spike terminal, smooth ; corolla slightly curved ; stamens exserted. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Geor. June. 1\. Plant 6 8 inches high, mostly 
 growing in clusters. Flovxrs sessile, with lanceolate bracts at the base, dirty 
 white or pale brown. Syuaw-root. 
 
 2. O. uniflora Linn. : stem very short, often branched at base, clothed 
 with oblong scales ; flowers solitary, on scape-like pubescent peduncles ; 
 calyx equally 5-cleft ; lobes of the corolla oblong-oval, with a pubescent 
 colored margin ; stamens included, smooth. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 11-. Plant 46 inches* 
 high, brownish-yellow. Peduncles 25 inches long, mostly 2 or 3 on each 
 short stem. Flowers incurved, pale purple. One-flowered Broom-rape, 
 
258 SCROPHULARIACE^S. 
 
 2. EPIPHAGUS. Nutt. Beech Drops. 
 (From the Greek T<, upon, and <f>nys or 0ayoj, a beech tree.) 
 
 Flowers polygamous; the upper complete but sterile; the 
 lower imperfect, fertile. STERILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed. Co- 
 rolla tubular, compressed, curved ; upper lip emarginate ; the 
 lower 3 -toothed. Stamens as long as the corolla. Style ex- 
 serted. Ovary abortive. FERTILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed. Co- 
 rolla small, rarely expanding, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 
 4, 3 usually sterile. Style short. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 
 gibbous, opening on the upper side. 
 
 E. Americanus Nutt, Orobanche Virginiana Linn. 
 
 Shady beech woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. Plant 612 inches 
 high, yellowish-brown, smooth. Stem angular, branching from near the base ; 
 the branches with small lance-ovate scales below. Flowers alternate, distant, 
 nearly sessile, small; fertile ones deciduous; sterile larger, white striped with 
 purple. Parasitic. Reputed to be medicinal. Beech-drops. Cancer-root. 
 
 3. O BO L ARIA. Linn. Obolaria. 
 
 (From the Greek o@o\ns, a small Athenian coin, which the leaves are said to 
 resemble.) 
 
 Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
 4-cleft ; the lobes entire, sometimes crenulate. Stamens 4, 
 subdidynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the corolla. 
 Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovoid, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 O. Virginica Linn. 
 
 Woods. Penn. and Ohio to Ala. April, May. If. IStem 46 inches high, 
 cespitose, nearly simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, rather fleshy, cuneate-obo- 
 vate, sessile, glaucous. Flowers in pairs or threes towards the top of the stem, 
 white or pale red. Pennywort. 
 
 ORDER XCII. SCROPHULARIACE^E. FIGWORTS. 
 
 Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. 
 Corolla with the limb 2-lipped or more or less irregular, with 
 an imbricated aestivation. Stamens didynamous, rarely equal ; 
 the uppermost or fifth stamen altogether deficient, or sterile, or 
 very rarely fertile, and shorter than the rest; sometimes the 
 two lower ones are sterile or deficient. Ovary 2 -celled ; style 
 mostly simple. Fruit capsular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous. 
 Herbs or sometimes shrubs, usually with opposite or whorled, 
 but occasionally alternate leaves. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEJE. 259 
 
 SUBORDER I. ANTIRRHINIDE^. 
 
 Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. ^Estivation 
 of the corolla bilabiately imbricated, the two upper segments 
 being external. 
 
 I. VERBACEJE. 
 
 1. VERBASCUM. Linn. Mullein. 
 (Name altered from Barbascum ; the leaves being covered with a barba or beard.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, 
 the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 5, all perfect, declined, often 
 hairy ; the anterior longer. Style compressed-dilated at the 
 apex. Capsule globose, ovoid or oblong, dehiscent. 
 
 1 . V. Tkapsus Linn. : densely woolly ; stem simple ; leaves ovate-ob- 
 long, decurrent ; flowers in a long dense terminal spike ; stamens unequal, 
 two smooth. 
 
 Road sides, &c. Throughout the U. S. June. (g). Stem 3 6 feet high, 
 angular, winged. Leaves 6 12 inches long. Flowers yellow, in a long dense 
 cylindric spike. Introduced from Europe. Common Mullein. 
 
 2. V. Blatlaria Linn. : stem nearly smooth, angled ; leaves oblong, 
 clasping, crenate-serrate ; the radical ones petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
 flowers pedicellate, in an elongated raceme. 
 
 Road sides, &c. N. Y. to Car. June, July. (g). Stem 2 feet high, angular. 
 Leaves acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or white, with a purplish 
 tinge. Considered by some as a variety of the preceding. Introduced from 
 Europe. Moth Mullein. 
 
 3. V. Lychnitis Linn. : stem angular; leaves oblong, wedgeform, nearly 
 smooth above, white and woolly beneath ; flowers numerous, in a pyramidal 
 panicle ; filaments white-woolly. 
 
 Old fields. Near Oneida Lake, N. Y. Torr. Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 
 (J2). Stem 2 5 feet high. Flowers rather small, cream-colored. Introduced 
 from Europe. White Mullein. 
 
 II. ANTIRRHINEJ2. 
 
 a. LINARIA. Tourn. Toad Flax. 
 
 (From the Latin linum, flax; on account of the resemblance of the leaves in 
 many species.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate ; tube with a spur 
 at base ; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; throat closed by the prominent 
 palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
 2-celled, usually opening at the summit by several valves. 
 Seeds ovoid. 
 
 1. L. Elatine Mill.: stem procumbent, hairy; leaves broad-haste te, 
 
260 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
 
 acute ; the lowest ovate, slightly toothed and opposite ; peduncles solitary, 
 axillary, very long. Antirrhinum Elatine Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. July. (I). Stem 1 2 feet long, with spread- 
 ing branches. Flowers small, yellowish, the upper lip purple. Introduced ? 
 
 Sharp-pointed Toadflax. 
 
 2. L. vulgaris Mill. : stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 scattered, crowded ; flowers imbricated in a terminal spiked raceme ; calyx 
 smooth, shorter than the spur. Antirrhinum Linaria Linn. 
 
 Road sides. Can. to Virg. June Oct. 7J-. Stem 1 2 feet high, somewhat 
 glaucous, sometimes a little branched. Flowers large, yellow, in a dense ter- 
 minal bracteate raceme, rarely with 3 or 5 spurs. A very troublesome weed. 
 Introduced from Europe. Common Toadflax. Snapdragon. 
 
 3. L. Canadensis Spreng. : stem erect or assurgent, mostly simple ; leaves 
 scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; flowers racemose ; sterile branches procum- 
 bent. Antirrhinum Canadense Linn. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. May Aug. . Stem about a foot high, 
 slender, often throwing out suckers at base. Flowers very small, blue, in a 
 naked terminal raceme. Canadian Toadflax. 
 
 III. CHELONE.^. 
 
 3. SCROPHULARIA. Linn. Figwort. 
 (So named from its being supposed to cure the scrophula.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla subglobose ; limb 
 contracted, with 2 short lips ; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with 
 a scale or abortive stamen within ; lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule 
 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves opening at the apex. 
 
 S. Marylandica Linn. : stem angled, smoothish ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at base ; pe- 
 tioles ciliate ; panicle thyrse-like, the branches composed of loosely flowered 
 clusters. >S. nodosa J3enth. in D. C. S. nodosa var. Americana Mich. S. 
 lanceolata Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to California. June Aug. r t\~ Stem 3 5 feet 
 high, 4 angled, branched above, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, slightly 
 pubescent beneath. Flowers purple-brown tinged with green, in a large termi- 
 nal oblong panicle. Capsule globular. Very closely allied to, if not identical 
 with, S. nodosa of Europe. Figwort. 
 
 4. COLLINSIA. Nutt Collinsia. 
 (In honor of the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia.) 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, the orifice closed ; upper 
 lip bifid, lower trifid ; intermediate segment carinately saccate 
 and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Capsule glo- 
 bose, partly 1 -celled and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds 2 3, 
 umbilicate. 
 
 C. verna Nutt. : assurgent, nearly smooth ; leaves remotely and some- 
 what obtusely serrate ; radical ones oblong or cordate and petiolate ; cau- 
 line ovate-oblong, sessile or clasping ; uppermost ternate 
 
SCKOPHULAttlACE^E. 
 
 Banks of streams. Western N. Y. W. to Miss. July. (T). Stem a foot 
 high. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, opposite or verticillate. Corolla parti- 
 colored, yellowish-white and blue. Early Collinsia. 
 
 5. CHELONE. Linn. Shell Flower. 
 
 (From the Greek x ^ wt "7, a tortoise; the flower resembling the head of that 
 animal.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla ventricose-tubular ; upper lip broad, 
 concave, emarginate or shortly bifid ; lower one spreading, 3- 
 cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a fifth shorter sterile fila- 
 ment. Anthers woolly. Capsule 2 -celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
 membranaceously margined. 
 
 C. glabra Linn. : smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, serrate ; flowers in dense spikes. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. 1j-. Stem 2 feet 
 high, simple. Leaves thick and somewhat coriaceous. Flowers large, white or 
 reddish, in compact terminal or subaxillary spikes. Snake-head. 
 
 6. PENTSTEMON. Linn. Pentstemon. 
 
 (From the Greek Kf.vTf,jive, and OTJ^JCOJ/, a stamen ; in allusion to the fifth large 
 abortive stamen.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted or 5-sepalled. Corolla bilabiate, ven- 
 tricose. The fifth sterile filament longer than the rest and 
 bearded on the upper side. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovoid, 
 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, angular. 
 
 1. P. pwbescens Linn. : stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, serru- 
 late, sessile, clasping ; sterile filament bearded from the top to below the 
 middle. 
 
 Hill sides. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. %. Stem 1215 inches 
 high, simple or branching. Leaves smoothish. Flowers pale purple, in terminal 
 panicles. Pubescent Pentstemon. 
 
 2. P. Icevigaius Ait. : smooth : leaves ovate-oblong, clasping at base, 
 slightly toothed, the lower entire ; sterile filament bearded near the top. 
 Chelone Pentstemon Walt. P. pubescens Denth. in D. C. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. to Flor. June. 'ZJ .. Stem 12 feet high. Flowers 
 in terminal panicles. Smooth Pentstemon. 
 
 IV. GRATIOLE^J. 
 
 7. MIMULUS. Linn. Monkey Flower. 
 
 (From the Greek /*/<, a monkey ; in allusion to its grinning-flowers.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent ; upper 
 lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed at the sides ; lower lip 3-lobed, 
 spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 2-cleft. Capsule 2- 
 celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. 
 
262 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
 
 1. M. ringens Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flowers ; teeth 
 of the calyx oblong, acuminate. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Tj..- Stem 2 feet high, an- 
 gular, somewhat branched. Leaves a little clasping. Flowers large, pale purple. 
 
 Cemmon Monkey-flower. 
 
 2. M. alatus Linn. : erect, smooth ; stem winged ; leaves petioled, ovate, 
 acuminate, toothed-serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the 
 flowers ; teeth of the calyx round, mucronate. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 1].. Stem 2 feet high, with winged 
 angles, somewhat branched. Leaves tapering at base into a short petiole. 
 Flowers pale blue. Abundant in the western part of New York. 
 
 Stem-winged Monkey-flower. 
 
 8. HERPESTIS. Gart. Herpestis. 
 (From the Greek Ipjrqorjj.c, a creeper.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted, unequal. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip emar- 
 ginate or 2-lobed ; lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 ascending. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds nu- 
 merous, small. 
 
 1. H. Monnieria Humb.: creeping, smooth; leaves cuneate-obovate, 
 entire or obscurely crenate near the summit ; pedicels with two bracteoles 
 near the end ; lower segment of the calyx ovate. H. cuneifolia Pursh. 
 Monniera cuneifolia Mich. 
 
 Inundated banks. Penn. to Car. Pursh. From Car. to Buenos Ayres and 
 Chili. D. C. Aug. %. Stem prostrate, creeping. Leaves opposite, thick, 
 somewhat clasping, variable in size and form. Flowers very small, pale purple, 
 solitary, axillary, on peduncles about as long as the leaves. 
 
 Wedge-leaved Herpestis. 
 
 2. H. amplexicaulis Pursh : stem villous ; leaves clasping, ovate, obtuse, 
 entire, nerved, smooth or sparingly pubescent beneath ; pedicels solitary, 
 shorter than the calyx. Monniera amplexicaulis Mich. 
 
 In ponds and ditches, N. J. to Louis. D. C. Car. and Geor. Pursh. June 
 Aug. 1|.. Leaves 6 9 lines long. Flowers blue, larger than in the preceding. 
 
 Clasping-leaved Herpestis. 
 
 9. GRATIOLA. Linn. Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 (From the Latin gratia, grace or favor ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal 
 virtues.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
 tubular, subbilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid ; lower 
 one 3-lobed, the palate not prominent. Stamens 4, 2 sterile. 
 Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves 
 at length 2-cleft. (4-valved. D. C.) 
 
 1. G. aurea Muhl. : smooth; stem assurgent; leaves linear-oblong, sub- 
 clasping, obscurely-toothed ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal; 
 sterile filaments minute. G. qfficinalis Mich. G. Caroliniensis Pers. 
 
 Sandy swamps. Mass to Flor. July, Aug. '2J-. Root creeping. Ste 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 263 
 
 gent, 4 8 inches high, 4-angled, branching. Leaves nerved and marked with 
 pellucid dots. Flowers bright yellow, on axillary peduncles. 
 
 Golden Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 2. G, Virginica Linn. : stem assurgent, terete, pubescent above ; leaves 
 smooth, lanceolate, sparingly dentate-serrate, attenuate and connate at the 
 base ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal ; sterile filaments nearly 
 wanting. 
 
 Inundated meadows. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 
 6 inches high, branched at base. Peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves ; 
 upper ones opposite. Flowers yellowish-white. A variable species. 
 
 Common Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 3. G. megalocarpa Ell. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles 
 opposite, longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx linear, as long as 
 the globose capsule. G. acuminata Pursh. (excl. syn.} 
 
 Ditches and pools. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. 7J.. Flowers pale-yellow, 
 large. Capsule larger than in any other species. 
 
 Large-fruited Hedge Hyssop. 
 
 10. LINDERNIA. Linn. Lindernia. 
 (In honor of F. B. Von Lindern, a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla tubular, ringent; 
 upper lip short, reflexed, emarginate ; lower one trifid, unequal. 
 Stamens 4, 2 longer forked and sterile. Stigma emarginate. 
 Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment parallel 
 with the valves. 
 
 1. L. dilatata Muhl. : leaves ovate or oblong, dilated at the base, clasping, 
 remotely toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves. L. Pyxidaria Pursh. 
 Gratiola anagalloidea Mich. 
 
 Inundated banks. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (J).Stem 6 
 inches high, erect or assurgent, 4-sided, smooth, often much branched. Leaves 
 61 lines long. Flowers pale-purple, on alternate and opposite peduncles. 
 
 Long-stalked Lindernia. 
 
 2. L. attenuata Muhl. : leaves lanceolate and obovate, serrate-toothed, 
 narrowed at the base ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. L. Pyx- 
 idaria var. major Pursh. 
 
 Inundated banks. Can. to Car. July Sept. . Stem erect or assurgent, 
 branched, stouter than in the preceding. Peduncles mostly shorter than the 
 leaves. Short-stalked Lindernia. 
 
 3. L. monticola Nutt. : stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatu- 
 late ; cauline ones linear, small and remote ; peduncles very long, at length 
 deflected. 
 
 White hills, N.H. ? June. '4-. Stem erect, 46 inches high. Radical 
 leaves obscurely toothed, punctate ; cauline ones very few. Flowers pale-blue. 
 
 Mountain Lindernia. 
 
 11. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt. Hemianthus. 
 
 (From the Greek i}/ii, (for fyiiew,) half, and ai/0o?, a, flower; on account of the 
 form of the flower.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-toothed. 
 Corolla with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted ; inter- 
 
264 SCROPHULARIACEJE. 
 
 mediate segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely in- 
 curved. Stamens 2. Filaments bifid, lateral fork antheriferous. 
 Style bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many -seeded. 
 H. micranthemoides Nult. Herpestis micrantha Pursh, (excl. syn.) 
 Inundated banks. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. OP- Stem creeping, dichoto 
 mous. Leaves opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers white, 
 minute, solitary, axillary. Hemianthus. 
 
 SUBORDER II. RHINANTHIDE^. 
 
 Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. ^Estivation 
 irregularly imbricated, one of the lateral segments being gen- 
 erally external, while the two upper are always internal. 
 
 I. SlBTHORPEJE. 
 
 12. LIMOSELLA. Linn Mudwort. 
 
 (From the Latin limus, mud ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal. 
 Stamens 4, approximating by pairs. Capsule 2-valved, sub- 
 bilocular, many- seeded. 
 
 L. subulata Ives : leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated at the apex ; 
 scape 1 -flowered, as long as the leaves. L. tenuifolia Nutt. 
 
 Muddy shores. N. Y. and Penn. Aug. 1\. Plant rooting and creeping in 
 the mud. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers bluish-white, minute, on pedun- 
 cles a little longer than the leaves. Common Mudwort. 
 
 II. VERONICE.E. 
 
 13. VERONICA. Linn. Speedwell. 
 
 (Name of doubtful origin.) 
 
 Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed ; 
 the lower segment narrower. Stamens 2, inserted into the 
 tube, exserted. Capsule 2 -celled, mostly emarginate or obtuse. 
 Seeds few. 
 
 * Spikes or racemes terminal. 
 
 1. V. serpyllifolia Linn. : stem ascending; leaves broadly ovate or ellip- 
 tic, slightly crenate, smoothish ; raceme elongated, many-flowered ; cap- 
 sule inversely reniform, as long as the style. 
 
 Meadows, &c. Throughout the U. S. May Aug. Ij.. Stem procumbent, 
 3 8 inches long, sometimes creeping. Flowers small, pale blue, in a long spike 
 or raceme. Introduced from Europe. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 
 
 ** Spikes or racemes axillary. 
 
 2. V. scutettata Linn. : stem slender, nearly erect ; leaves linear or lance- 
 linear, sessile, somewhat toothed; racemes lateral, alternate; pedicels 
 divaricate in fruit. 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 265 
 
 Moist places. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. May. 7J. Stem erect, weak, 
 6 12 inches long. Flowers flesh-colored, in simple rarely compound racemes. 
 
 Skullcap Speedwett. 
 
 3. V. Anagallis Linn.: stem erect; leaves lanceolate, clasping, serrate; 
 racemes opposite. 
 
 Ditches and moist places. Can. to Car. June Aug. *'lj_. Stem 1 2 feet 
 high, succulent. Leaves varying in width. Flowers numerous, blue or purplish, 
 in long racemes. Pedicels shorter than in the preceding, but never reflexed. 
 
 , Water Speedwell. 
 
 4. V. Americana Schwein. : smooth ; stem decumbent at base, erect 
 above ; leaves mostly, petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or slightly obtuse, 
 serrate, somewhat cordate at base ; capsule roundish, turgid, emarginate. 
 (jD.C.) V. Beccabunga var. Americana Torr. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July. %. Intermediate between 
 V. Anagallis and V. Beccabunga, but probably distinct. It has the habit of the 
 former,~but the leaves are mostly petioled, shorter and broader. The capsule 
 and seeds are similar to those of the latter. Intermediate Speedwett. 
 
 5. V. Beccabunga Linn.: stem procumbent at the base and rooting; 
 leaves elliptic, obtuse, somewhat serrate, smooth ; racemes opposite. 
 
 Ditches, &c. N. S. June. Tj.. Whole plant smooth and shining. Racemes 
 many-flowered, longer than the leaves. Flowers bright blue. Brooklime. 
 
 6. V. officinalis Linn.: stem procumbent, downy; leaves broad-ovate 
 and obovate, serrate, roughly-pubescent ; racemes spiked ; capsule obovate, 
 deeply notched. 
 
 Pastures and dry woods. Can. to Car. May July. 1|~ Stem 6 12 inches 
 long, rooting below. Flowers pale blue, in erect pedunculate spikes. 
 
 Common Speedwell. 
 
 ** Flowers axillary, solitary. 
 
 7. F. agrestis Linn. : stem procumbent, hairy ; leaves all petiolate, cor- 
 date-ovate, incisely-serrate, as long as the peduncles ; capsule of 2 rounded 
 keeled lobes. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Car. May. . Stem 3 4 inches long, hairy. 
 Peduncles rather longer than the leaves and recurved when in fruit. Flowers 
 small, pale blue or whitish. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Procumbent Speedwell. 
 
 8. V. peregrina Linn. : stem erect ; leaves oblong, rather obtuse, dentate- 
 serrate ; flowers solitary, sessile. F. Caroliniana Walt. V. Marilandica 
 Linn. 
 
 Clay grounds. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May July. (T) Whole 
 plant smooth. Stem simple, or branched only at base. Flowers very small, 
 white or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. Neck-weed. 
 
 9. F. arvensis Linn. : stem ascending ; leaves cordate-ovate, serrate ; 
 the lower ones petiolate ; the upper or bracts sessile, lanceolate, alternate, 
 nearly entire ; flowers subsessile. 
 
 Fields. &c. N. Y. to Car. April, July. . Stem somewhat branched at 
 base. Flowers nearly sessile, very small, pale blue. Capsule compressed and 
 ciliate. Introduced from Europe. Smatt SpeedwelL 
 
 10. V. hederifolia Linn. : stem procumbent ; leaves all petiolate, cordate, 
 5 7-lobed ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute ; capsule of two 
 turgid lobes. 
 
 12 
 
266 SCROPHULARIACE^i. 
 
 Shady rocks. N. Y. and Penn. March, April. .Stem slender, 410 
 inches long, somewhat pubescent. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla 
 shorter than the calyx. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 
 
 14 LEPTANDRA. Nutt. Leptandra. 
 (From the Greek Xcnroj, slender, and avrip, avfyoc, a man; in allusion to the 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted ; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular-cam- 
 . panulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower segment 
 narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length much ex- 
 serted. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- 
 ing at the summit. 
 
 L. Virginica Nutt. : stem erect ; leaves whorled in fours or fives, lanceo- 
 late, serrate, petiolate : spikes aggregated. Veronica Virginica Linn. 
 Pcederota Virginica jfV/v. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. Aug. '4-. Stem "2 4 feet high, 
 angular, smooth, simple. L arcs slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, 
 in long dense terminal spikes. The root is cathartic and diaphoretic. 
 
 Culver's Physic. 
 
 III. BUCH.NEJCEJE. 
 
 15. BUCHNERA. Linn. Buchnera. 
 (In honor of John Gottfried Buchner, a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat salver- 
 form ; tube slender ; limb almost equally 5-lobed ; the lobes 
 oblong or obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule straight, 
 2-celled, opening elastically. 
 
 B. Americana Linn. : hairy-hispid ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, ses- 
 sile, somewhat t /othed, scabrous and hairy ; spike long, with the flowers 
 at length remote. 
 
 Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 1}.. Stem 1318 inches 
 high. Leaves 3- nerved, opposite, sessile. Flowers blue. The plant blackens by 
 drying. - Blue Hearts. 
 
 IV. GERARD i EJE. 
 
 16. GERARDIA. Linn. Gerardia. 
 fin honor of John Gerard, an old English botanist.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5- cleft. Corolla tubular- 
 funnel-form or somewhat campanulate ; the border unequally 
 o-lobed, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 included. Capsule obtuse or shortly acuminate ; the valves cori- 
 aceous, usually entire. Seeds numerous. 
 
SCROPHULAKIACE^:. 267 
 
 * Flowers purple, 
 
 1. Gf. purpwrea Linn.: stem angular, much branched; leaves linear, 
 long, very rough ; flowers nearly sessile ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate- 
 subulate. 
 
 Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. Oct. (T). Stem 1 2 feet 
 high, much branched above, rough on the angles. Flowers large, axillary, 
 purple, pubescent. Rough-leaved Gerardia. 
 
 2. G. tenuifolia Vahl : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear, 
 acute at each end, smoothish ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the 
 flowers; teeth of the calyx short, acute. G. erecta Walt. 
 
 Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July Sept. .Stem 
 6 12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched. Flowers small, purple. Differs 
 from the preceding in its more slender growth, its smoother leaves, larger flow- 
 ers and longer peduncles. Slender Gerardia. 
 
 3. G. maritima Raf. : stem angular ; leaves linear, fleshy, short, rather 
 obtuse ; peduncles much shorter than the flowers ; calyx truncate, the teeth 
 short and somewhat obtuse ; corolla smooth. G. purpurea var. crassifolia 
 Pursh. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July Sept. ().Stem 612 inches 
 high. Flowers middle-sized, purple, axillary and terminal. Easily distin 
 guished by its obtuse leaves and by its short calyx-teeth. 
 
 Salt-marsh Gerardia. 
 
 4. G. auriculata Mick. : stem subsimple, roughly hirsute ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, auriculate at base, sessile, very entire; flowers sessile. Oto- 
 phylla Michauxii D. C. 
 
 Low grounds. West Chester and Nazareth, Penn. Darlington. S. to Car. 
 W. to ifl. Stem 12 15 inches high. Flowers sessile, often opposite, purple, 
 rarely white, hairy -pubescent. Auriculate Gerardia. 
 
 ** Flowers yellow. DASYSTOMA. Raf. 
 
 5. G. flava Linn. : pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate or 
 oblong-lanceolate ; the upper ones entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly sessile ; 
 the lower incised or somewhat pinnatifid, on longer petioles ; flowers ax- 
 illary, opposite, nearly sessile. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 1\..Stem 2 3 
 feet high. Flowers large, yellow. Pubescent False Foxglove. 
 
 6. G. glauca Eddy: stem paniculately branched, smooth, glaucous; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, smooth, the lower ones pinnatifid ; flowers 
 on pedicels, axillary ; calyx smooth, the segments lance-linear. G. quer- 
 cifolia Pursh. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ^.Stem 3 5 feet high. 
 Flowers large, yellow. Glaucous False Foxglove. 
 
 7. G. Pedicularia Linn. : stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves ob- 
 long, smoothish, pinnatifid ; segments uncinate, serrate ; flowers axillary, 
 on pedicels ; segments of the calyx leafy, notched and toothed. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 7J-. Stem 2 3 feet high, much branched, 
 Flowers smaller than in the preceding, yellow, villous, very caducous. 
 
 Bushy Gerardia. 
 
268 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
 
 V. EUPHRASIEJE. 
 
 17. SCHWALBEA. Linn. Schwalbea. 
 (In honor of Christian Schwalbe; a German botanist.) 
 
 Calyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10 12 -ribbed, 5- 
 toothed ; the upper tooth much smaller ; the 2 lower connate. 
 Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lower 
 short, erect, with 3 very short obtuse lobes. Stamens didyna- 
 mous. Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, winged. 
 
 <S. Americana Linn. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. 1\.. Stems several 
 from the same root, 12 18 inches high, and with the rest of the plant some- 
 what viscid-pubescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers in a terminal raceme, large, 
 dark purple ; upper lip villous. Found in the sandy plains near Alkiny, N. Y. 
 
 American Schwalbea. 
 
 18. RHINANTHTJS. Linn. Yellow Rattle. 
 
 (From the Greek piv, a nose, and avtios, a. flower ; its ringent corolla resembling 
 the snout of an animal.) 
 
 Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla ringent ; upper lip ovate, 
 obtuse, compressed laterally ; lower one of 3 nearly equal lobes. 
 Stamens inserted into the throat of the corolla. Capsule orbic- 
 ular, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, margined. 
 
 R. minbr Ehrh : smooth or a little pubescent ; leaves varying from ob- 
 long to lanceolate, serrate ; calyx smooth ; upper lip of the corolla broad- 
 ovate. R. Critta-galli Linn. 
 
 Meadows. Arct. Amer. Can. N. Y. and Mass. W. to Oregon. June, July. 
 (I). Stem 1 2 feet high, branching, sometimes not more than a few inches 
 high and simple. Leaves opposite, veiny, varying in width. Flowers axillary, 
 but somewhat spiked, yellow. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the 
 husky capsule, whence its English name. Common Yellow Rattle. 
 
 19. PEDICULARIS. Linn. Lousewort. 
 
 (From the Latin pcdicuhis, a louse ; supposed to be because it produces the 
 lousy disease in sheep that feed upon it.) 
 
 Calyx ventricose, unequally 5-toothed or 2-lipped ; upper lip 
 2-toothed or entire ; lower 3-toothed or sometimes obliquely 
 truncate. Corolla ringent; upper lip compressed, galeate v and 
 often rostrate, emarginate ; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
 smaller. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, compressed, more or less 
 falcate or oblique, 2-celled, 2-valved, opening at the top. 
 
 1. P. lanceolate, Mich. : stem erect, somewhat branched, smoothish ; leaves 
 subopposite, lanceolate, crenately incised, with the segments toothed-serrate, 
 
SCIIOPHULARIACK.C. 269 
 
 rough on the margin ; calyx bifid, with the segments roundish-ovate, leafy 
 and dentate ; helmet of the corolla truncate at the apex. P. paUida Pursh. 
 Low grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. Sept. Qi. Stem 12 feet high 
 Flowers large, straw-yellow. Capsule short and broad-ovate. 
 
 Tall Lousewort. 
 
 2. P. Canadensis Linn. : stem simple, oblique, pubescent ; leaves pinna- 
 tifid, the segments notched and toothed ; spike leafy at the base, hairy ; 
 calyx obliquely truncate ; helmet of the corolla with two setaceous teeth. 
 P. gladiata Mich. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May July. %. Stems 812 inches 
 high, often several from one root. Flowers yellow and purple, in a short ter- 
 minal spike. Common Lousewort. 
 
 20. EUPHRASIA. Linn. Eye-bright. 
 
 (From Euphrosyne, expressive of joy and pleasure, in allusion to its properties. 
 Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 4-cleft, rarely with a fifth tooth. Corolla bi- 
 labiate ; upper lip bifid ; lower one of 3 obtuse or emarginate 
 lobes. Anthers with their lobes mucronate at base. Capsule 
 ovate-oblong, 2-celled. Seeds striate. 
 
 E. officinalis Linn. : leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed ; flowers ax- 
 illary towards the summit ; calyx 4-toothed, hairy ; lobes of the lower lip 
 of the corolla emarginate. 
 
 Pastures. Arct. Amer. Richardson. N. Eng. Muhl. July Sept. (J). Stem 
 varying from one inch with often only a single flower, to 6 and 8 inches and 
 branched. Flowers axillary, but crowded at the extremities of the branches, 
 white or reddish, streaked with purple. Hook. Common Eye-bright. 
 
 21. CAST1LLEJA. Mutis. Painted Cup. 
 
 (Named by Mutis after his friend CastiHejo.') 
 
 Calyx tubular, ventricose, spathe-like, 2 4-cleft. Corolla 
 2 -lipped ; upper lip long and narrow ; the lower with 3 very 
 short teeth. Stamens 4. Capsule ovoid-compressed, septifer- 
 ous in the middle. Seeds numerous, with a loose reticulated 
 testa. 
 
 1. C. coccinea Spreng.: pubescent; radical leaves rosulate; cauline lan- 
 ceolate, pinnatifidly incised; floral trifid or incised, colored at the summit; 
 lobes of the calyx truncate, retuse or entire, nearly as long as the corolla. 
 Euchroma coccinea NuU. Bartsia coccinea Linn. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May. %.Stcm 815 
 inches high, simple, reddish or purple, pubescent. Floral leaves scarlet towards 
 the summit. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. The variety palens 
 of Pursh, having the floral leaves yellow, and the whole plant of a pale yellow- 
 ish-green, has been found by Dr. Darlington at Downington, Penn. 
 
 Scarlet Painted Cup. 
 
 2. C. seplentrionalis Lind. : smooth or hispid-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, the 
 upper or all incised ; floral oblong or obovate, colored, incised ; lobes of the 
 
270 LABIA'iVK. 
 
 calyx bifid; the teeth ovate-oblong, acute, about as long as the corolla. 
 Bartsia pallida Pursk not of Linn. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug. 7J.. Stem about 12 
 inches high. Floral leaves purple. Flowers yellow, pubescent, in a terminal 
 spike. I follow Bentham in referring the New Hampshire plant to this species, 
 although the description given by Lindley does not entirely warrant such a 
 union. Yeuow Painted Cup. 
 
 22. MELAMPYRUM. Linn. Cow Wheat. 
 
 (From the Greek fts^as, black, and vvpo;, wheat ; the seeds resemble grains of 
 wheat, and are said, when mixed with flour, to make black bread. Hook. Br. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla ringent or per- 
 sonate ; upper lip compressed, with the margins folded back ; 
 the lower lip a little longer, bi-convex, shortly 3-lobed. Sta- 
 mens 4. Capsule compressed, ovate, oblique or falcate, 2-celled. 
 Seeds usually 2 in each cell. 
 
 M. Americanum Mich.: lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; 
 floral ones lanceolate, toothed at the base ; flowers axillary, distinct. M. 
 lineare Lam. and M. latifolium Muhl. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. June, July. .Stem 812 inches high, branched 
 at the upper part. Flowers yellow. It varies considerably in the form of the 
 leaves. American Cow-ioheat. 
 
 ORDER XCIII. LABIATE. LABIATES. 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent, 2-lipped or regularly 5- or 10- 
 toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper undivided or bifid, over- 
 lapping the lower, which is larger and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, the 2 upper sometimes wanting. Ovary deeply 
 4-lobed ; style 1, proceeding from the base of the lobes ; stigma 
 bifid. Fruit 1 4 small nuts or achenia enclosed within the 
 persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen. Herbaceous 
 plants or under shrubs. Stem 4-cornered. Leaves opposite, 
 without stipules. Flowers usually in opposite nearly sessile 
 axillary cymes resembling whorls. 
 
 I. MENTHOIDE.E. Corolla somewhat campanulale or funnel-form ; 
 the tube scarcely longer than the calyx ; the limb almost equally 4 5- 
 cleft. Stamens distant, straight or diverging, nearly equal, or the upper 
 pair sometimes wanting. 
 
 1. LYCOPUS. Linn. Water Horehound. 
 
 (From the Greek \VKOS, a wolf, and ~aj, a foot; on account of the fancied 
 resemblance in the cut leaves to a wolf's paw.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, mouth naked. Corolla tubular-cam- 
 
LABIATE. 271 
 
 panulate, nearly equal, 4-lobed ; upper segments broader and 
 notched. Stamens 2, distant, simple. Achenia 4, smooth. 
 
 1. L. sinuatus Ell. : stem erect, acutely 4-angled, smoothish; leaves pe- 
 tiolate. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, the lower pinnatilid in the mid- 
 dle ; whorls many-flowered; calyx with 5 acute spinous teeth. L. Europ&us 
 Pursh not of Linn. L. Americanus MiM. 
 
 Moist places. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 
 erect, 1 2 feet high, square. Leaves opposite, upper ones slightly, lower ones 
 deeply, toothed. Flovxrs in dense, whorls, white. Calyx with spines, longer 
 than the achenia. Common Water Horehound. 
 
 2. L. Virginicus Linn.: stem stoloniferous at base, smoothish; leaves 
 oblong or ovate-lanceolate, remotely toothed, tapering at each end; calyx 
 with 4 ovate spineless teeth. L. unijlorus Mich. 
 
 Wet places. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. July, Aug. %. Stem 
 12 18 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, sessile, pur- 
 plish. Flowers minute, white, in compact whorls. Formerly in great repute as 
 a remedy for haemoptysis. Bugle Weed. 
 
 2. ISANTHUS. Mich. Isanthus. 
 
 (From the Greek was , equal, and avOos, a flower ; the corolla being nearly 
 regular.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply 5 -toothed ; the throat 
 naked inside. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; tube 
 straight and short ; limb campanulate ; of 5 equal rounded 
 lobes. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, about as long as the 
 corolla. Style 2 -cleft at the summit. Achenia obovate. 
 
 /. cceruleus Mich. 
 
 River banks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. CD- Plant viscidly 
 pubescent, about a foot high. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
 3-nerved. Flowers pale blue, 1 3 on axillary peduncles. 
 
 False Pennyroyal. 
 
 3. MENTHA. Linn. Mint. 
 (From jjftvOa or mvQri, an ancient Greek term.) 
 
 Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5 -toothed, equal or somewhat 
 2-lipped. Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed, the upper lobe 
 broader and emaroinate. Stamens 4, equal, distant. Achenia 
 smooth. 
 
 * Flovxrs in spikes. 
 
 1. M. pipcrifa Linn.: stem smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, 
 acute, serrate, smoothish ; spikes interrupted ; pedicels and base of the 
 calyx smooth ; calyx-teeth hispid. 
 
 Marshy grounds on the Hudson and in Western part of N.Y. July. r i\- Stem 
 ascending, 12 15 inches long, branched, often purplish. Leaves rounded at 
 base. Flowers pale purple, in spikes which consist of a few whorls. Introduced 
 from Europe. Peppermint. 
 
272 LAB I AT,*: 
 
 2. M. viridis Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly 
 sessile, unequally serrate, smoothish ; flowers in verticillate slender spikes ; 
 bracts and teeth of the calyx somewhat hairy. M. tennis Mich. 
 
 Marshy places. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. ^.Stem 12 feet high, 
 branched. Spikes numerous, terminal, forming a kind of panicle. Flowers in 
 distant whorls, pale purple. Introduced from Europe. Spearmint. 
 
 ** Flowers in axillary whorls. 
 
 3. M. Canadensis Linn. : stem ascending, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate 
 or oval-lanceolate, petiolate, serrate, acute at each end ; whorls many- 
 flowered, remote ; stamens exserted. M. borealis Mich. 
 
 Moist grounds. Hudson's- Bay to Virg. W. to Miss. JulySept %.. Plant 
 of a grayish-green color. Stem 12 18 inches high, ascending or decumbent, 
 simple or branched. Leaves hairy, especially beneath. Flowers in dense ax- 
 illary whorls, pale purple. Canadian Mint. 
 
 II. MONARDE^:. Corolla Z-lipped* Stamens 2, fertile, (rarely 4,) 
 ascending. Anthers linear and confluent at the summit or halved, the 
 cells separated by a long linear connective, which is transversely articu- 
 lated to tie top of tlie filament. 
 
 4. SAL VIA. Linn. Sage. 
 
 (From the Latin salvo, to save or heal ; in allusion to its supposed healing 
 properties.) 
 
 Calyx subcampanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip mostly 3-toothed ; 
 lower bifid, the throat naked. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip 
 erect, straight or falcate and vaulted. Stamens 2. Anthers 
 dimidiate. 
 
 1. S. lyrata Linn. : stem nearly leafless, retrosely pubescent ; radical 
 leaves lyrate-toothed, hispid on both sides; cauline oblong-lanceolate; up- 
 pormost oblong-linear ; upper lip of the corolla very short. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Geor. June. If-. Stem about a foot high, densely cov- 
 ered with reflexed hairs. Leaves mostly radical, more or less lyrate or pinnati- 
 fid, very obtuse. Flowers purple, about 6 in a whorl. Lyre-leaved Sage. 
 
 2. iS. Claytoni Ell. : leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate-toothed, rugose ; teeth 
 of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. S. xcrbenacea Muhl. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. June Oct. 1. Stem erect, 8 12 inches 
 high. Flowers in whorls, violet. A doubtful species. Clayton's Sage. 
 
 3. S. V/rticafoti* Linn.: viscous and villous; leaves ovate, rhomboid, 
 petioled, somewhat acute, crenate ; floral ones broad-ovate ; whorls many- 
 flowered, distant ; calyx 3-cleft, upper segment 3-toothed. 
 
 Rocky grounds. N. J. to Car. June. 7].. Leaves very pubescent. Flowers 
 blue, viscous, in remote whorls. Nettle-leaved Sage. 
 
 5. MONARDA. Linn. Monarda. 
 (In honor of Nicholas Monardez, a Spanish botanist.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5-toothed. 
 Corolla ringent, with a long cylindric tube ; upper lip linear, 
 
LABIATE. 273 
 
 nearly straight and entire, involving the filaments ; lower re- 
 flexed, broader, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, 
 exserted from the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 1. M. didyma Linn. : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly 
 rounded or somewhat cordate at base, mucronate, serrate, a little hairy, on 
 ciliate petioles ; floral ones and exterior bracts oblong-lanceolate, nearly 
 sessile, colored ; calyx incurved, smooth, naked in the throat ; corolla 
 smoothish. M. 'purpurea Lam. M. coccinea Mich. M. Kalmiana Pursh. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 2 3 feet high, acute- 
 angled, simple or branched at the top, somewhat pubescent. Leaves quite vari- 
 able, sometimes tapering at base as in Pursh's figure of M. Kalmiana, but usu- 
 ally rounded or even subcordate. Flowers scarlet or crimson, in 2 very rarely 
 3 terminal whorls which resemble proliferous heads. Oswego Tea. 
 
 2. M. fistulosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded and somewhat 
 cordate at base, acuminate, coarsely toothed, thin and nearly smooth, on 
 slightly pubescent petioles ; floral ones and outer bracts slightly colored ; 
 calyx somewhat curved, with the throat bearded ; corolla pubescent. 
 
 Rocky banks. N. Y. to Car. ? July, Aug. ^.Slem 2 feet high, obtuse 
 
 tigled, simple, usually hollow. Leaves yellowish-green and somewhat mem- 
 
 branaceous ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers pale yellow, in 1 or 2 
 
 whorled heads which are smaller than in the preceding. Abundant near 
 Rochester, N. Y. Pale Monarda. 
 
 3. M. edlophytta Mich. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely toothed, smooth 
 above, somewhat hairy beneath ; floral ones and the outer bracts colored ; 
 calyx short, densely bearded at the throat. M. longifolia Lam. M. ol- 
 longata Ait. M. clinopodia Linn. 
 
 Rocky banks. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %.Stem 34 feet high, 
 obtuse-angled, much branched and hairy above. Leaves tapering or slightly 
 rounded at base, with a few coarse teeth, varying in the degree of pubescence. 
 Flowers pale violet or bluish, in simple heads which are about as large as in the 
 preceding. The habit of this plant is entirely different from that of M. fistulosa ; 
 the stem is taller and constantly much branched, the leaves are thicker and 
 more hairy, and the color of the flowers is uniformly different. It is also, I think, 
 more common. Horse Mint. Wild Bergamot. 
 
 4. M. punctala Linn. : minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate, 
 remotely serrate, narrowed at base; flowers in dense remote capitate 
 whorls ; bracts lanceolate, colored ; calyx pubescent, with 5 unequal 
 teeth ; corolla smooth. M. lutea Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. 7J.. Stem 23 feet 
 high, obtuse-angled, branched, with a minute pubescence. Florvers in several 
 whorled heads. Corolla dull yellow ; the upper lip villous at the tip ; the lower 
 spotted. It contains an essential oil, which is sometimes used medicinally. 
 See Philad. Med. Recorder, ii. 494. Horse Mint. 
 
 6. BLEPHILIA. Raf. Blephilia. 
 
 (From the Greek (Sbe&api j, eye-lash ; probably in allusion to the fringed calyx- 
 teeth.) 
 
 Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, throat naked; up- 
 per lip of 3 awned teeth ; lower 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 
 12* 
 
274 .LABI AT J5. 
 
 upper lip entire ; lower 3-lobed ; tube dilated. Stamens 2. 
 Style bifid at the summit. 
 
 B. hirsute/, JBenth. : plant hairy ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, rounded 
 and somewhat cordate at base, hairy on both sides ; lower teeth of the 
 calyx short, without awns. Monarda hirsuta Pursh. 
 
 Low woods. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.Stem 
 2 3 feet high, branched. leaves usually with a tuft of down near the midrib 
 beneath. Whorls 2 4, on the upper part of each branch. Corolla small, pale 
 blue, dotted with purple. Hairy Blephilia. 
 
 III. SATUREINE^J. Corolla somewhat '2-Hpped ; the lips fiat. Sta- 
 mens 4, (sometimes 2.) straight, diverging; the lower pair longer. 
 Anthers not dimidiate. 
 
 7. PYCNANTHEMUM. Mick. Mountain Mint. 
 
 (From the Greek nvxvos, dense, and avQspov, a flower ; in allusion to the in- 
 florescence.) 
 
 Heads of flowers surrounded by an involucre of many bracts. 
 Calyx ovoid or tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed, more or 
 less 2-lipped. Corolla somewhat 2 -lipped ; upper lip nearly 
 entire ; lower trifid, the lobes ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, 
 nearly equal, distant. Anthers with the cells parallel. 
 
 1. P. incanum Mick.: leaves oblong-ovate, petiolate, acute, remotely 
 serrate, tomentose-pubescent beneath ; the upper ones hoary on both sides ; 
 heads compound, pedunculate, cymose ; bracts linear-subulate. Clinopo- 
 dium incanum Linn. 
 
 Low fields. Can. to Car. and Alabama. July Sept. Ij.. Stem 2 3 feet 
 high, branching above, 4-angled, pubescent. Flowers pale-red, in dense lateral 
 and terminal cymes. Nearly the whole plant is covered with a white soft 
 down. Hoary Pycnanlhemum. 
 
 2. P. dinopodioides Torr. fy Gr.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short 
 petioles, acute at each end, slightly serrate, smooth above, villous-pubes- 
 cent beneath ; heads cymose, contracted ; teeth of the calyx short, subulate. 
 
 Dry rocky hills Kings-bridge on the Island of New York. Torr. Aug., 
 Sept. '2J-. Stem H 2 ieet high, sparingly branched. Leaves pale-green, but 
 never hoary, (the floral ones slightly.) Heads more than half an inch in diam- 
 eter. Distinguished from the preceding principally by the want of hoariness in 
 the foliage, and the small size of the heads. (Torr.) 
 
 Basil-leaved Pycnanthemum. 
 
 3. P. aristatum Mich. : leaves lanceolate-ovate, subserrate, on very short 
 petioles, nearly smooth on both sides ; heads dense, sessile ; bracts acumi- 
 nate, subulate ; corolla pubescent within. Ncpeta Virginica Linn. 
 
 Woods. Md. to Car. W. to Tenn. July, Aug. '21. Stem 1 2 feet 
 high. Upper leaves hoary. Flowers very small, white, in one or two sessile 
 whorls and a terminal head. Bracts and calyx terminated by long awns. 
 
 Spear-leaved Pycnanthemum. 
 
 4. P. Torrei Benth. : stem strict, pubescent ; leaves varying from linear- 
 lanceolate to oblong-linear, smoothish. acute, remotely toothed, tapering 
 
LABIAT/E. 275 
 
 into a petiole ; cymose heads contracted, depressed-hemispheric ; calyx with 
 nearly equal lanceolate acuminate teeth. P. Virginicum Nutt. 
 
 Dry rocky hills. Near Kingsbridge, N. Y. and Princeton, N. J. Torr. Aug., 
 Sept. Tj.. Stem 2 feet high, sparingly branched, Leaves pale green. Heads 
 of flowers more than an inch in diameter, formed of densely aggregated cymules. 
 Intermediate between P- clinopodioides and P. lanceolatum, but distinct. (Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl.) Torrey's Pycnanlhemum. 
 
 5. P. linifolium Pursh stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear, ses- 
 sile, rigid, entire ; bracts linear, acute, rigid ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate- 
 subulate. Brack]) 'Sternum linifolium Wittd. 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. Stem 1218 
 inches high, fastigiately branched. Flmvers white with purple spots, in nume- 
 rous crowded hemispheric heads which are about 4 lines in diameter. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Virginian Thyme. 
 
 6. P. lanceolatum Pursh : stem paniculately branched above, pubescent 
 on the angles ; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, entire, rigid, smoothish ; 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate ; teeth of the calyx obtuse. P. Virginicum Pers. 
 Brachystemum Virginicum Mich. 
 
 Borders of woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. Tj.. Stem about 2 feet high, 
 obtusely 4-angled. Heads numerous, dense, fastigiate, about 4 lines in diam- 
 eter. Flowers small, reddish-white with purple dots. According to Bentham, 
 P. verticUlatum of Persoon is a broad-leaved variety of this species. 
 
 Broad-leaved Virginian Thyme. 
 
 7. P. muticum Pcrs. : stem pubescent, paniculate at the summit ; leaves 
 subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, subserrate, veined, obtuse or rounded at 
 the base, smoothish, the upper ones canescent; whorls dense, mostly in 
 terminal heads ; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Drachystemum 
 muticum Mich. 
 
 Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. '2J-. Stem 2 feet high, with widely 
 spreading branches. Flowers reddish-white with purple ^pots,in dense terminal 
 heads which are about half an inch in diameter. 
 
 Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint 
 
 8. THYMUS. Linn. Thyme. 
 (From the Greek 0vpv, strength ; in allusion to its cordial qualities.) 
 
 Flowers whorled or capitate. Calyx ovoid, 13 -nerved, bi- 
 labiate ; upper lip 3 -toothed ; lower bifid, the throat hairy. 
 Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate ; the 
 lower longer, spreading and 3 -cleft. 
 
 T. Serpyllum Linn. : stem branched, decumbent ; leaves flat, ovate, 
 obtuse, entire, petioled, more or less ciliate at base ; flowers capitate. 
 
 Fields. Penn. ; naturalized. Nutt. fy Darlingt. July, Aug. Ij.. Stem 
 spreading, decumbent, branched. Leaves more or less hairy. Flowers purple, 
 in terminal heads. Wild Thyme. 
 
 9. ORIGANUM. Linn. Marjoram. 
 
 (From the Greek PO?, a hill, and y.if05,^'oy ; in allusion to its fragrance and 
 beauty in its native habitat.) 
 
 Flowers collected intp 4-sided dense spikes or heads. Calyx 
 ovoid-tubular, 5-toQthed. Corolla somewhat 2 -lipped ; uppei 
 
276 
 
 lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate ; lower spreading, almost 
 equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4, the lower ones longer. 
 
 O. vulgare Linn. : erect, villous ; leaves broad-ovate, petiolate, obtuse, 
 nearly entire ; spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, smooth ; bracts ovate, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 Rocky fields. N. S. July Sept. *2|.. Stem 812 inches high, hairy. 
 Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spikes which are crowded together so 
 as to form a terminal head. Introduced ? Common Marjoram. 
 
 10. COLLINSONIA. Linn. Horse Balm. 
 (In ho7ior of Peter Collinson, of London, a patron of botany.) 
 
 Calyx ovoid, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed; 
 lower bifid. Corolla subcampanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 
 lower lobe longer than the rest, toothed or fimbriate ; throat 
 dilated. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, diverging. 
 
 C. Canadensis Linn. : stem smoothish ; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, 
 coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish; flowers diandrous, in a loose terminal 
 panicle. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. Ij.. Stem 2 3 feet high, somewhat 
 branched, 4-angled. Leaves large, cordate or obtusely cuneate at base. Flowers 
 large, greenish-yellow. Sold by the Shakers under the name of Stone-root. 
 
 Common Horse-balm. 
 
 11. CUN1LA. Linn. Dittany. 
 (A name borrowed from the ancient Roman naturalists.) 
 Calyx ovoid-tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed; throat 
 densely villous. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip flat and emargi- 
 nate; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style 
 bifid at the summit. 
 
 C. Mariana Linn. : herbaceous : leaves subsessile, ovate, somewhat cor- 
 date at base, serrate; cymes pedunculate, loosely corymbose. 
 
 Dry hills and rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Arkansas. July Aug. 7J.. Stem 
 8 12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched, purple. Leaves sessile or on very 
 short petioles, smoothish. Flowers pale red. Common Dittany. 
 
 IV. MELISSINEJE. Calyx mostly 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Corolla 2- 
 lipped; the divisions Jlattish, or the upper lip rarely galeale. Stamens 
 4, or sometimes 2, ascending. 
 
 12. HEDEOMA. Pers. Pennyroyal. 
 (From the Greek tibia, sweet, and 0^17, odor ; in allusion to its fragrance.) 
 
 Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side at the base, 
 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or 3-cleft; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 
 2 sterile, rudimentary or wanting ; 2 fertile and ascending. 
 
r.ABJAT.E. 277 
 
 H. pulegiaides Pers. : stem erect, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate, sub- 
 serrate, petiolate, narrowed at base ; whorls axillary, about 6-flowered ; 
 corolla about as long as the calyx. Cunila pulegioides Linn. 
 
 Dry hills and woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (jp. Stem 612 inches high, 
 4-sided, branched above. Flowers small, pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite 
 axil. A popular and really valuable aromatic, stimulant and diaphoretic. 
 
 Pennyroyal. 
 
 13. MICROMERIA. Benth. Micromeria. 
 (From the Greek 1*1x00$, small, and /*(?, a part.) 
 Calyx tubular, 13 15-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth, or 
 somewhat 2-lipped ; the throat often villous. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 upper lip flattish, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading, 
 with the lobes nearly equal, or the middle one broader. Sta- 
 mens 4, didynamous, the lower pair longer and ascending. 
 
 M. glabella var. angustifolia Torr.: smooth; stem herbaceous, erect, 
 with prostrate suckers at the base ; radical leaves ovate, petiolate ; cauline 
 oblong-linear, obtuse ; all entire ; flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 5 in cymes, 
 on long pedicels. M. glabeUa Benth. (excl. syn. Mich.) Cunila glabella 
 Beck Bot. 1st, Ed. 
 
 Limestone rocks, near Niagara Falls. W. to Miss. Aug. 7[. Stems 6 10 
 inches high, branched from below. Corolla violet, much longer than the calyx. 
 Found by the late Dr. D. Houghton at the Falls of St. Anthony. According to 
 Dr. Torrey, the true Cunila glabella of Michaux, which occurs on rocks in 
 Tennessee, differs from the Niagara plant in being much larger, the leaves all 
 ovate or obovate-oblong and toothed. Niagara Thyme. 
 
 14. MELISSA. Linn. Balm. 
 (From the Greek /'cAto-o-a, a bee; because the flowers are sought by that insect.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, often striated, 2-lipped; upper lip 
 mostly spreading, 3-toothed ; lower -bifid. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 upper lip erect, flattish ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly approx- 
 imated in pairs at the summit. 
 
 1. M. Clinopodium Benth.: herbaceous, erect, villous; leaves petiolate 
 obtuse, subcrenate, rounded at base; whorls many-flowered, depressed- 
 globose ; bracts subulate, as long as the calyx. Clinopodium vulgare Linn. 
 
 Borders of woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1j-. Stem 1218 
 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Flowers pale purple or rose-colored, 
 in 2 3 roundish depressed heads which are both axillary and terminal. Smell 
 aromatic. Introduced from Europe. Wild Basil. 
 
 2. M. officinalis Linn: herbaceous, erect; leaves oblong-ovate, rather 
 acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose, sometimes obtuse or cordate at base ; 
 whorls dimidiate or secund, loose, axillary ; bracts few, lance-ovate, pe- 
 tiolate. 
 
 Read sides, &c. N. S. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 12 feet high, branched, 
 more or less pubescent. Flowers in small axillary peduncled cymes, white or 
 
278 LABIATE. 
 
 yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in some places. It is cultivated as a 
 medicinal herb ; the infusion being considered as a useful drink in fevers. 
 
 Common Balm. 
 
 V. SCUTELLARINEJE. Upper lip of the calyx truncate, entire or 
 somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip galeate. Stamens 
 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. 
 
 15. PRUNELLA. Linn. Self Heal. 
 
 (From the German Brunette, again derived from Braeune, the quinsy ; because 
 the plant was supposed to ctire that disease.) < 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 2 -lipped ; upper lip flat, dilated, 
 truncate, with 3 short teeth ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 upper lip erect, vaulted, entire ; lower depending, 3-lobed. Sta- 
 mens 4, ascending. Filaments 2 -toothed at the apex. 
 
 P. vulgaris Linn. : leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, toothed at base ; lips 
 of the calyx unequal ; the upper one truncate, 3-awned. P. Pennsylvania 
 Wittd. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June Aug. 7L Stem 8 12 inches 
 high, erect or ascending, somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers large, purple, 
 densely whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike. Introduced ? 
 
 Common Self-heal. 
 
 16. SCUTELLARIA. Linn. Skullcap. 
 
 (From the Latin scutella, a little dish or cup ; in allusion to the appearance of 
 the calyx with its appendage.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped ; lips entire ; upper one with a 
 galeate appendage on the back, deciduous. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 the tube elongated ; upper lip vaulted ; lower dilated, convex. 
 Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 1. . canescens Nutt.: stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate. petiolate, pubescent on both sides, white 
 beneath ; lower somewhat cordate ; flowers in loose paniculate racemes ; 
 calyx white-tomentose. S. pubescens Muhl. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July. %. Stem 23 feet high, erect, 
 branched , hoary-pubescent. Leaves2 3 inches long. Flowers 89 lines long, 
 deep blue, in lateral and terminal racemes. Canescent Skullcap. 
 
 2. S. pilosa Mich : stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent ; leaves remote, 
 rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate; upper cuneate or narrowed at 
 base ; lower rounded or cordate : raceme terminal, loose, mostly branched ; 
 bracts elliptic-ovate. 
 
 Open woods. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 1\.. Stem 12 18 inches high, 
 often purplish. Lower leaves sometimes cordate, on petioles an inch or more 
 long. Flowers large, in a somewhat, paniculate, terminal raceme, white, tinged 
 with violet at the nimmif. A variable species. Hairy Skullcap. 
 
 3. S. intcgrifolw . : Linn stem nearly simple, pubescent; leaves oblong- 
 lanc-ool'itf or linp^r. ' fuse, snoothish. on short v>Ptiols rntire or verv ob 
 
LABIATE. 279 
 
 scurely toothed ; racemes terminal, subpaniculate, loose, leafy ; bracts 
 lanceolate. <S. hyssopifolia Linn. S. Carolinian/a Pursh. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. f l\.. Stem 12 
 feet high, sparingly branched above, grayish-green. Flowers very large, in 
 loose terminal and subterminal racemes, blue at the summit, the tube nearly 
 white. A very showy species. Entire-leaved Skullcap. 
 
 4. $. galericulatoj Linn. : stem simple or divaricately branched ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, on very short petioles, acute, roundish and cordate at 
 base, crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. Mass. N. Y. W. to Oregon. Aug. QJ.. Stem 1218 
 inches high, smooth or pubescent. Flowers half an inch long, blue, pubescent. 
 
 Common Skullcap. 
 
 5. S. parvula Mich. : stem decumbent or oblique, slender, branching from 
 the base, minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, remotely serrate 
 or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, prominently veined ; flowers small, 
 axillary. S. ambigua Nutt. - 
 
 Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. 1|.. Root (rhi- 
 zatna} consisting of a succession of tubers. Stem 48 inches high, simple or 
 branched from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves 4 8 lines 
 long, rather closely sessile, distinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flou>ers from 
 3 4 lines long, blue, axillary, hairy. The specimens found by Dr. A. F. 
 Holmes, in Canada, and by Dr. D. Houghton, on the Upper Mississippi, agree 
 exactly with those from New Brunswick, N. J. Small Skullcap. 
 
 6. S. nervosa Pursh : stem erect, mostly simple, smoothish ; lower leaves 
 roundish-cordate, petiolate ; middle ones broad-ovate, crenate- dentate, ses- 
 sile ; upper ovate-lanceolate, entire ; flowers axillary, solitary, opposite. 
 /S 1 . gracilis Nutt. S. pariifiora Muhl ? 
 
 Shady rocks. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss, and Louis. May, June. 1|~ 
 Root fibrous. Stem 9 15 inches high, sometimes curved and decumbent at 
 base. Leaves strongly nerved. Flowers small, pale-blue. Nerved Skullcap. 
 
 1. S. lateriflora Linn. : smoothish ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves 
 on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded or 
 slightly cordate at base : racemes axillary, leafy. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. Ij.. Stem 1 2 
 feet high, much branched, with the angles roughish. Flowers small, blue, in 
 numerous leafy racemes. Some years since this plant was in great repute as a 
 cure for hydrophobia ; but like many other specifics, it has had its day. 
 
 Mad-dog Skullcap. 
 
 VI. NEPETEJC. Calyx oblique or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla ii- 
 lipped ; the upper lip galeale. Stamens 4 ; the upper pair longer. 
 
 17. LOPHANTHUS. Benth. Giant Hyssop. 
 (From the Greek \otpos. a crest, and avOos, a flower ; in allusion to the flowers.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth 
 somewhat longer. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip emarginately 
 bifid ; lower 3-lobed ; the middle lobe broader, crenate. Sta- 
 mens divaricate, upper pair longer. 
 
 1. L. nepetoides Benth. : stem smooth, with the angles acute or winged ; 
 leaves opposite, ovate and lance-ovate, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, 
 
280 T.ABIAT.E. 
 
 smoothish ; teeth of the calyx ovate, somewhat obtuse. Hi/ssopus nepetoides 
 Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. ^.Stem 36 feet high, 
 
 branched, yellowish green. Leaves pale-green, slightly pubescent beneath. 
 Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in terminal cyliridric spikes which are inte 
 rupted at base. Yellow Giant Hyssop. 
 
 2. L. scrophidaricefolius Benth. : stem pubescent, with the angles obtuse ; 
 leaves ovate, acute, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, smooth above, 
 pubescent beneath ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute. Hyssopus scro- 
 phularitzfoliiis Linn. 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W. to ffl._ July, Aug. %.Stem 35 feet high, 
 " >r, br 
 
 mostly of a purple color, branched. Leaves often cordate at base, on pubescent 
 petioles. Flowers pale-purple, in terminal cylindric spikes which are inter- 
 rupted at base. Purple Giant Hyssop. 
 
 18. NEPETA. Linn.C&t Mint. 
 
 (Named, some say, from Nepi, a town in Italy, others, from Nepa, a scorpion, 
 for whose bite this plant was considered a cure. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13 15-nerved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla 
 2 -lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or bifid ; lower 3-lobed, 
 middle lobe largest ; throat dilated ; tube slender below. Sta- 
 mens 4, ascending. 
 
 1. N. Cataria Linn. : hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall ; leaves oblong- 
 cordate, petiolate, acute, coarsely crenate, rugose ; whorls many-flowered, 
 upper ones crowded in a spike ; calyx half as long as the corolla. 
 
 Old fields and cultivated grounds. N. S. June Aug. 1J.. Stems 24 feet 
 high, often several from the same root, downy and whitish. Leaves softly pu- 
 bescent and green above, canescent beneath. Flowers yellowish-white, tinged 
 and spotted with red. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Cat-mint. Catnep. 
 
 2. N. Glechoma Benth. : stem procumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves 
 petiolate, cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate, somewhat hairy ; whorls few- 
 flowered, axillary; corolla three times as long as the calyx. Glechoma 
 hederacea Linn. 
 
 Road sides, &c. N. S. May, June. 1\.. Stems about a foot long, slender, 
 with ascending branches. Flowers large, blue, in distant axillary whorls. In- 
 troduced from Europe. Ground Ivy. 
 
 -19. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linn.- Dragon's Head. 
 
 (From the Greek Spaicov a. dragon, and x^aXi?, a head; in allusion to the form 
 of the flowers.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 13 15-nerved, 5-toothed ; upper tooth broader 
 and often larger, the 3 upper sometimes approximated. Corolla 
 3 -lipped ; upper lip erect and emarginate ; lower spreading, 
 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair shorter. 
 
 D. parviflorum Nutt : stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 coarsely or incisely crenate or serrate, petiolate, green on both sides ; whorls 
 in a terminal capitate spike ; upper tooth of the calyx broad-ovate ; corolla 
 scarely longer than the calyx. 
 
LABIATE. 281 
 
 Barren fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Miss. May Aug. (g). 
 Nearly smooth. Stem 8 15 inches high, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers pale-blue, 
 in ovoid or globose spikes which are about an inch in diameter. 
 
 Small-flowered Dragon's Head. 
 
 VII. STACHTDE-E. Calyx 5 10-nerved or irregularly veined. Co- 
 rolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. Achenia 
 smoothish when dry. 
 
 20. PHYSOSTEGIA. Denth. Physostegia. 
 
 (From the Greek uja, a bladder, and orfy*?, a covering ; in allusion to its 
 Inflated calyx.) 
 
 Calyx 5 -toothed or truncate, at length inflated-campanulate. 
 Corolla 2-lipped ; tube exserted, destitute of a ring within ; up- 
 per lip nearly erect, somewhat concave ; lower with 3 rounded 
 lobes, the middle one larger and emarginate. Stamens 4, 
 ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair rather longer. 
 
 P. Virginiana Benth. : calyx acutely and almost equally 5-toothed. 
 Dracocephalum Virginianum Linn, and D. denticulatum Ait, D. vari- 
 egatum Vent. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June Aug. % Stem about 
 2 feet high, smooth except at the summit. Leaves sessile, opposite, varying from 
 narrow-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate or denticulate, coriaceous. 
 Flowers large, pale-purple, sometimes variegated, nearly sessile and usually 
 opposite, in long spikes, crowded or somewhat distant. I follow Bentham in 
 uniting the two or three species heretofore considered distinct, but not without 
 considerable hesitation. I cannot help thinking, with Dr. Darlington, that 
 D. denticulatum of previous authors will eventually prove to be, if not a distinct 
 species, at least a constant variety. Dragon's Head. 
 
 21. LAMIUM. Linn. Dead Nettle. 
 (From the Greek Xat/*c?, the throat; on account of the shape of the flower.) 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly 
 equal subulate teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip oblong or 
 ovate, galeate ; throat dilated; lower lip with the middle or 
 lower lobe broad, emarginate, contracted at base. Stamens 4, 
 the lower pair longer. 
 
 L. amplcxicaide Linn. : leaves rounded, crenately incised ; lower ones 
 petiolate ; floral sessile, clasping ; tube of the corolla naked within. 
 
 Fields and road-sides. N. S. May Nov. (T).Stcm 610 inches high, 
 branched from the base. Flowers with the tube slender, purple^ in dense whorls. 
 Introduced from Europe. Common Dead Nettle. Hen-bit. 
 
 22. LEONURUS. Linn. Motherwort. 
 
 (From the Greek Xtwr, a lion, and ovoa, a tail ; on account of a fancied 
 resemblance in the plant.) 
 
 Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with 5 subulate equal teeth. 
 Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip very hairy above, entire ; lowe. 
 
282 LABIATE. 
 
 spreading, 3 -cleft, the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, 
 ascending ; the lower pair longer. 
 
 L. Cardiaca Linn. : lower stem leaves palmately divided ; upper ovate, 
 lobed ; floral cuneate-oblong, mostly trifid ; tube of the corolla with a villous 
 ring inside ; upper lip flattish, hirsutely villose. 
 
 Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. Stem 2 3 feet high, branched, 
 villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in crowded whorls, white 
 with a reddish tinge. Introduced from Europe. Common Motherwort. 
 
 23. GALEOPSIS. Linn, Hemp Nettle.. 
 
 (From the Greek yaXr >;. a weasel, and oi//tf, appearance ; the lips of the flower 
 resembling the snout of that animal.) 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5 -nerved, 5 -toothed; the 
 teeth armed with spine-like tips, nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
 upper lip entire, arched ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe bifid or obcordate ; throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending ; 
 the lower pair longer. 
 
 G. Tetrahit Linn.: stem hispid, swollen below the joints ; leaves petio- 
 late, ovate serrate, and with the calyx smooth or hairy. 
 
 Old fields, &c. N. S. July. %. Stem 12 feet high, retrorsely hispid, 
 branched. Flowers numerous, pate-purple, with darker spots, in whorls, which 
 are usually approximated towards the summit of the stem and branches. Ac- 
 cording to Bentham this is a very variable species, and should probably include 
 that which has been described by American botanists under the name of G. La- 
 danum. Introduced from Europe. Common Hemp Nettle. 
 
 24. STACK YS. Linn. Hedge Nettle. 
 (From the Greek, o-ra^v?, a spike ; in allusion to its mode of flowering.) 
 
 Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5 10-nerved, 5 - toothed ; the 
 teeth equal or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper 
 spreading and somewhat vaulted ; lower mostly longer, spread- 
 ing, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; 
 the lower ones longer. 
 
 1. S. hyssopifolia Mich. : herbaceous, smooth; stem slender, ascending; 
 leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, sessile, remotely toothed ; whorls about 
 4-flowered ; calyx smooth ; the teeth lanceolate, acute. S. tenuifolia Willd. 
 
 Meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 1|.. Stem 612 inches high. 
 Leaves often linear, very finely denticulate. Flowers sessile, in whorls near the 
 summit of the stem, purple. Smooth Hedge Nettle. 
 
 2. S. aspera Mich.: stem erect, angles hairy backwards; leaves sub- 
 petiolate, lanceolate, acutely serrate, smoothish ; whorls about 6-flowered ; 
 calyx-teeth divaricate, spiny. S. arvemis Walt. S. hispida Pursh. 
 
 Fields. Can to Car. W. to Miss. July. %.Stem about 2 feet high, spar- 
 ingly branched. Flowers in whorls, forming a terminal leafy spike, purple. 
 
 Rouyh Hedge Nettle. 
 
 3. S. pain stris Linn. : herbaceous, erect; stem hairy; leaves subsessile, 
 
LABI AIM:. 583 
 
 cordate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate-crenate, rugose, hispid, the lower 
 smooth ; whorls 6 10-flowered, distinct ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, 
 acute and somewhat spiny. S. sylvatica Nutt. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. "I].. Stem 23 
 feet-high, branched, mostly hispid on the angles. Flowers purplish ; the whorls 
 forming a long terminal spike. Marsh Hedge Nettle. 
 
 25. MARRUBIUM. Linn. Horehound: 
 (Of doubtful origin, some say from a town so called in Italy.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5 10-nerved, with 5 10 spreading teeth ; 
 the throat hairy. Corolla 2 -lipped ; upper lip flattish or concave ; 
 lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and usually emarginate. 
 Stamens 4, included ; the lower pair longer. 
 
 M. vidgare Linn. : stem erect, white and woolly ; leaves roundish-ovate, 
 toothed, rugose, very woolly beneath ; whorls villous, many-flowered ; calyx 
 with 10 setaceous hooked teeth. 
 
 Road sides. Can. to Car. W, to Miss. July, Aug. %. Stem 1218 
 inches high, branched from the base, covered with a white wool. Flowers 
 small, white, in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic ; flavor bitter. Medicinal. 
 Introduced from Europe. White Horehound. 
 
 26. BALLOTA. Linn. Fetid Horehound. 
 (From the Greek /JaAAo), to reject ; on account of its disagreeable smell.) 
 
 Calyx funnel-form, 10-nerved, with 5 10 broad mucronate 
 teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, somewhat concave, 
 emarginate ; lower trifid, the middle lobe largest and emarginate. 
 Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. 
 
 B. nigra Linn. : hairy or smoothish ; leaves ovate, truncate at base, 
 green on both sides, more or less hairy ; teeth of the calyx 5, dilated at the 
 base, subulate-mucronate at the summit. 
 
 At Hull, Mass. Big. July. %. Stem 23 feet high. Flowers purple, 
 rarely white, in whorls. Whole plant fetid. Introduced from Eurupe. 
 
 Black Horehound. 
 
 VIII. AJUGOIDEJE. Corolla with the upper Up very short, sometimes 
 bifid, with the segments mostly depending. Stamens 2 or 4, ascending, 
 exserted. Achenia more or less reticulate-rugose. 
 
 27. TRICHOSTEMA. Linn. Trichostema. 
 
 (From the Greek 0f>ifj r f"X?j ; i fnir. ;in;l or^//a, a stamen; in allusion to its 
 hair-like stamens.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-cleft; 
 the three upper teeth (apparently lower) elongated ; the two 
 others short. Corolla with the tube slender ; upper lip falcate. 
 Stamens 4, very long and curved. 
 
284 VERBENACEJR. 
 
 1. T. dickoloma Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or rhom- 
 boid-lanceolate, petiolate, entire. 
 
 Dry hills. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June Aug. .Stem 612 inches 
 high, much branched, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers blue, in dichotomous pani- 
 cles. Stamens very long, slender, and curved. 
 
 Forked Trichostema. Blue Curls. 
 
 2. T. linearis Walt. : stem viscidly pubescent ; leaves linear, smooth, 
 sessile, acute at each end ; teeth of the calyx awned. T. dichotoma var. 
 linearis Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June Sept. . Resembles the former in 
 habit, but is smaller. It is- considered distinct by Nuttall and Elliott. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Trichostema 
 
 28. TEUCRIUM. Linn. Germander. 
 
 (From. Teucer, a prince of Troy, who is said to have first used this plant 
 medicinally.) 
 
 Calyx tubular or campanulate, almost equally 5 -toothed. 
 Corolla with the tube short ; 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly 
 equal ; the lowest lobe longest, oblong or rounded. Stamens 
 exserted from a cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla. 
 
 T. Canadense Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
 petiolate, obtuse at base, hoary beneath ; whorls crowded in a single termi- 
 nal spike ; calyx campanulate, with the 3 upper teeth broader. T Virgin- 
 icum Linn. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1|-. Stem 2 3 feet 
 high, square, usually simple. Leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
 on short petioles. Flowers purple, in a terminal whorled spike. 
 
 Canadian Germander. Wood Sage. 
 
 ORDER XCIV. VERBENACEaE. VERVAINS. 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla tubular, deciduous, gene- 
 rally with an irregular limb. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, 
 seldom equal, sometimes only 2. Ovary 2 4-celled ; style 1 ; 
 stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit nucamentaceous, sometimes 
 berried, composed of 2 or 4 nucules in a state of adhesion, 
 (rarely with 1 nucule). Seeds with the albumen wanting or 
 fleshy. Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the leaves op- 
 posite, and the flowers usually in corymbs. 
 
 1. VERBENA. Linn. Vervain. 
 
 (From the Celtic ferfain, derived from far, to drive away, and faen, stone ; 
 from its having been supposed to cure the disease so called. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them generally shorter 
 than the rest. Corolla tubular or somewhat funnel-form ; limb 
 
VERBENACEA:. 285 
 
 unequal, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, (sometimes only 2.) 
 Fruit composed of 2 4 nucules. 
 
 1. V.hastata Linn.: erect, tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply 
 or incisely serrate, lower ones lobed or subhastate ; spikes filiform, erect, 
 corymbose-paniculate, somewhat imbricate. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1J-. Stem 3 5 feet 
 high, 4-sided, somewhat rough and hairy. Leaves large, rough. Flowers small, 
 purple, in numerous spikes forming a large terminal panicle. 
 
 Halbert-leaved Vervaiji. 
 
 2. V. spuria Linn. : stem decumbent, branched, divaricate ; leaves la- 
 ciniate, much divided ; spikes filiform, loose ; bracts longer than the calyx. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. Oct. (p. Stem 12 feet 
 long, at length much branched. Flowers small, blue, in paniculate spikes, at 
 length scattered. Decumbent Vervain. 
 
 3. V. urticcefolia Linn. : erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate or 
 lance-ovate, acute, serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, axillary and terminal ; 
 flowers distinct. 
 
 Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. TJ.. Stem 23 feet 
 high, somewhat hairy. Flowers small, white tinged with purple, in filiform 
 spikes forming panicles. Common Vervain. 
 
 4. V. angustifolia Mich. : erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 attenuate at the base, remotely toothed, with elevated veins ; spikes filiform, 
 solitary, axillary and terminal. V. rugosa Willd. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. June Aug. %. Stem a foot 
 high, sometimes a little branched, hairy. Flowers blue, in terminal spikes. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Vervain 
 
 2 ^APANIA. Lam. 
 (In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa, an Italian botanist.) 
 Calyx compressed, 2 -parted. Corolla tubular, with the limb 
 unequally 5 -lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma peltately 
 capitate, oblique. Nucules 2, at first covered by an evanescent 
 pericarp. 
 
 Z. nodiflora Lam. : stem procumbent and rooting ; leaves ovate-wedge- 
 form and ovate-lanceolate, subsessile, serrate above ; spikes solitary, on 
 long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads. Z. lanceolata Pers. Ver- 
 bena nodijlora Linn. Lippia nodiflora Mich. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July. 1\.. ^ tem 6 8 inches 
 long, branching. Flowers bluish-white, in heads which are on peduncles 2 4 
 inches long. Node-Jlowered Zapania. 
 
 3. PHRYMA. Linn. Lopseed. 
 
 (Etymology unknown.) 
 
 Calyx cylindric, 2 -lipped ; upper lip longer, trifid ; lower 
 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip emarginate ; the lower 
 much larger, flat, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Pericarp 
 thin and evanescent, with a single seed. 
 
286 ACANTHACK^I. 
 
 P. leptostachya Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, coarsely and unequally toothed, 
 petioled ; spikes terminal, slender. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. July. ^. Stem 23 feet high, with a few 
 spreading branches above. Leaves large. Spikes on long slender peduncles. 
 Flowers small, mostly opposite, purplish. Calyx reflected downwards when in 
 fruit. Lopseed. 
 
 ORDER XCV. ACANTHACE^E. ACANTHADS. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5 -divided, usually 5 -leaved, distinct or variously 
 combined, persistent. Corolla mostly irregular, with the limb 
 ringent or bilabiate, or occasionally 1 -lipped, sometimes nearly 
 equal, deciduous. Stamens mostly 2, both bearing anthers ; 
 sometimes 4, didynamous, the shorter ones being sometimes 
 sterile. Ovary seated in the disk, 2-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
 2-lobed or entire. Capsule 2-celled, bursting elastically with 
 2 valves. Seeds roundish, hanging by processes of the pla- 
 centa, without albumen. Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves 
 opposite, without stipules. 
 
 1. JUSTICIA. Linn. Justicia. 
 
 (In honor of James Justice, a Scotch horticulturalist.) 
 Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
 irregular, bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3-cleft. Sta- 
 mens 2, each with a single or double anther. Stigma 1. Cap- 
 sule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment growing from 
 the centre of each valve. 
 
 J. pedunculosa Mich. : leaves linear-lanceolate ; spikes axillary ; pedun- 
 cles elongated, mostly alternate; flowers crowded. J. Americana Void. 
 Dianthera Americana Linn. 
 
 In water. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 'ZJ.. Root creeping. 
 Stem 2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves nearly 6 inches 
 long, narrow-lanceolate. Flowers on axillary peduncles which are nearly as 
 long as the leaves, pale-purple. Water Willow. 
 
 2. RUELLIA. Linn. Ruellia. 
 
 (In honor of John Ruelle, a French physician and botanist.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, often bi-bracteate. Corolla subcampanulate, 
 border 5-lobed. Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule 
 attenuated at either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth. 
 Seeds few. 
 
 R. strepens Linn. : erect, hairy ; leaves on petioles, opposite, lanceolate- 
 ovate, entire ; peduncles 1 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx linear-lan- 
 ceolate, very acute, hispid, shorter than the tube of the corolla. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. 11. Stem 812 inches 
 high. Flowers axillary, blue. Wkorled RueUia. 
 
LENTIBULARIACE^E. 287 
 
 ORDER XCVI. LENTIBULARIACE^E. BUTTERWORTS. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, with 
 a spur. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted 
 into its base ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 ; stig- 
 ma bilabiate. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, 
 without albumen. Herbaceous plants, growing in water or 
 marshes. Leaves radical, undivided ; or compound, resem- 
 bling roots and bearing little vescicles. 
 
 1. PINGUIGULA. Linn. Butterwort. 
 (From the Latin pinguis,fat; the leaves being thick and greasy to the touch.) 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the 
 base beneath. Stamens 2, included; the filaments ascending. 
 Anthers transversely 2-valved.' 
 
 P. vidgaris Linn. : spur cylindric, acute, as long as the veinless petal ; 
 upper lip 2-lobed ; lower one in three unequal obtuse segments. P. acuti- 
 folia Muh. ? 
 
 Wet rocks. Rochester, N. Y. Mich, and Wise. Arct. Amer. April. %. 
 Leaves all radical, spatulate- ovate, fleshy. Scape 4 6 inches high. Flowers 
 solitary, nodding ; tube of the corolla villons, purple. Common Butterwort. 
 
 2. UTRICULARIA. Linn. Bladderwort. 
 
 (From tlie Latin utriculus, a little bladder ; in allusion to the inflated appen- 
 dages attached to the roots.) 
 
 Calyx 2-parted ; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla per- 
 sonate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2, 
 with the filaments incurved, bearing the anthers within the apex. 
 Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 1. U. ceratophylla Mich.: floating; upper leaves whorled, pinnatifid at 
 the extremities and furnished with air bladders; scape 5 7-flowered; 
 lower lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; spur short, obtuse, deeply emargi- 
 nate. U. injlata Wall. 
 
 Ponds. N. Y. to Mexico; rare. July, Aug. 7J-. Root very long, finely 
 divided and furnished with numerous compressed air vessels. Stem or scape 
 about 8 inches high. Pioneers large, yellow, subcorymbed. 
 
 Spongy-leaved Bladderwort, 
 
 2. U. vulgaris Linn. : floating ; stems submerged, dichotomous ; leaves 
 many-parted, furnished with air bladders; scape 5 9-flowered, bracteate; 
 upper lip of the corolla entire, broad-ovate ; spur conical, incurved. U. 
 macrorhiza Le Conic. 
 
 Pools and ponds of deep water. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. July, 
 Aug. 1|.. Root much branched. Scape 810 inches high. Flowers large, 
 racemed. yellow ; spur entire and somewhat attenuated at the apex. 
 
 Common BladdenovrL 
 
288 LENTIBULARIACE^:. 
 
 3. U. '(tii u>r Linn. : floating ; leaves dichotomously divided, the segments 
 linear and r eta' EOUS, furnished with air bladders ; scape about 2-flowered ; 
 upper lip emargr'natc, as long as the palate ; spur very short, obtuse, keeled, 
 deflexed. U. gibba forr. FL. not of Linn. 
 
 Ponds and sw?Rjr* N. Y. and Mass. June. '}.. Leaves furnished with 
 air bladders. Scap. St -4 inches high. Flowers small, dull-yellow. 
 
 Lesser Bladderwort. 
 
 4. U.fornicata It^onte: floating; scape naked, 1 2-flowered; upper 
 lip 3-lobed, the middlo l obe arched over the palate ; spur incurved, conoidal, 
 obtuse, very entire, e pressed to the lower lip of the corolla. U. minor 
 Pursk. U. gibba Eli. not of Linn. 
 
 Swamps and ditches. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. Q. Root furnished with air 
 bladders. Scape naked. Flowers few, small, yellow. Incurved Bladderwort. 
 
 5. U. setacea Mich. : scape filiform, rooting, with 2 or more flowers ; 
 upper lip of the corolla ovate ; the lower deeply 3-lobed ; spur subulate, as 
 long as the lower lip of the corolla. U. subulata Pursh. U. pumila Walt. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. and Louis. June. 1J.. Scape very slender, 4 6 
 inches high, furnished with scales. Flowers many, small, yellow. Upper lip 
 of the corolla half the size of the lower. Setaceous Bladderwort. 
 
 6. U. intermedia Heyne : floating ; leaves distichous, dichotomously many- 
 parted, without air bladders ; segments setaceous, spinulose-denticulate ; 
 scape 2 3-flowered, upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate ; spur 
 conical, acute ; capsule erect. (D. C.) 
 
 Swamps. Mass. Green. Jefferson county, N. Y. Gray. Arct. Amer. 
 Hook. June, July. 1\.. Leaves oblong, cut into numerous segments like those 
 of yarrow. The air bladders grow in separate root-like branches. Scape 4 8 
 inches high. Plovers about half as large as in U. vulgaris, yellow. 
 
 Intermediate Bladderwort. 
 
 7. U. resupinata Greene: radical leaves resembling roots, somewhat 
 whorled, capillary, furnished with air bladders ; scape 1-flowered, erect, 
 slender ; lip cylindraceous, obtuse, 4 times as long as the corolla. (D. C.) 
 
 Plymouth, Mass. Greene. (J)? Plant 3 6 inches long, slender. Flower 
 solitary, yellow ? The only description which I have seen of this species is that 
 given in De Candolk, Prod. via. 11, from a specimen furnished by Mr. Tucker- 
 mann. Resupinate Bladderwort. 
 
 8. U. cornuta Mich. : scape rooting, erect, rigid ; flowers 2 3, sessile ; 
 upper lip of the corolla bbovate, entire ; lower lip very broad, somewhat 
 3-lobed ; spur very acute, projecting and dependent. 
 
 Wet rocRs. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. July, Aug. %. Scape 10 
 inches high, with minute appressed scales. Flowers yellow, approximate, nearly 
 sessile, as large as those of U. vulgaris. Sharp-horned Bladderwort. 
 
 9. U. striaia Le Conic : floating ; scape 4 7-flowered ; upper lip of the 
 corolla ovate-roundish, subemarginate, margin waved ; lower lip 3-lobed, 
 reflected at the sides ; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. U. 
 fibrosa Ell. not of Walt. 
 
 Swamps and shallow waters. Mass, to Flor. June, July. r l\.. Root spar- 
 ingly furnished with air vessels. Scape nearly a foot high. Corolla large, yel- 
 low, striated with red ; spur much shorter than the lower lip. 
 
 Striated Bladderwort. 
 
 10. U. personata Le Conte : scape rooting, many-flowered ; upper lip of 
 
PRIMULACE^S. 289 
 
 the corolla emarginate. reclinate ; lower small, entire ; palate very large ; 
 spur linear-subulate, somewhat acute, as long as the corolla. 
 
 Bogs. N. Eng. to Flor. Le Conte. (T). Scape 1218 inches high, 410- 
 flowered, furnished with scales. Flowers yellow, rather large. Spur more 
 slender and acute, than in U. cornuta. Personate Bladderwort. 
 
 11. U. purpurea Wall.: floating; leaves verticillately branched; the 
 capillary segments furnished with air bladders ; scape 1 3-flowered ; upper 
 lip of the corolla truncate ; the lower 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate ; spur 
 conical, appressed to the corolla and half its length. U. saccala, Ell. 
 
 Ponds. Mass, to Flor. N. W. Territory. Houghton. Aug. (. Stems 
 2 3 feet long. Scapes 2 4 inches long, axillary, solitary and in pairs. Co- 
 rolla purple. Purple Bladderwort. 
 
 ORDER XCVII. PRIMULACE^E. PRIMWORTS. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, the limb 4 5- 
 cleft. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, equal in number, 
 and opposite to its segments. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
 capitate. Capsule with a central placenta. Seeds numerous, 
 peltate ; embryo lying across the hilum in fleshy albumen. 
 Herbaceous plants, with the leaves usually radical ; otherwise 
 whorled and opposite or alternate. 
 
 1. PRIMULA. Linn. Primrose. 
 
 (From the Latin primus, first ; on account of the early appearance of the flow- 
 ers of some species.) 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothejd. Corolla salver-form ; tube cylin- 
 dric ; orifice open. Stamens 5, not exserted. Stigma globose. 
 Capsule opening with 10 teeth. Flowers in an involucrate 
 umbel. 
 
 P. Mislassinica Mich. : leaves obovate-spatulate, sparingly toothed, ob- 
 tuse or acute, smooth or pubescent beneath ; scape slender, with a few- 
 flowered umbel ; segments of the corolla obcordate, slightly emarginate, 
 about two-thirds as long as the tube. D. pusilia Hook. 
 
 Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Steuben county, N. Y. D. Thomas. 
 N. to Arct. Amer. 1J-. Plant usually smooth, but sometimes powdery. Scape 
 3 5 inches high. Leaves 6 10 lines long. Flowers about 3, in a terminal 
 umbel, pale-purple. Mr. David Thomas informs me that this plant was found 
 several years since near Hammondsport, Steuben county, N. Y. The two New 
 York localities are the only known ones in the U. S. 
 
 Dwarf Canadian Primrose. 
 
 2. DODECANTHEON. Linn. American Cowslip. 
 
 (From the Greek CO^KO, twelve, and drjof, divinity ; an old name renewed by 
 Linnaeus on account of its beauty.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes 
 reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; 
 
 13 
 
290 PRIMULA CE.-E. 
 
 filaments connate at base. Stigma exserted. Capsule oblong- 
 ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. D. Meadia Linn. : scape erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate, 
 repandly toothed ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers nodding ; bracts nume- 
 rous, oval. 
 
 Rocky places. Penn. to Ala. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
 %. Scape 8 12 inches high. Flowers large, purple. 
 
 Common American Cowslip. 
 
 'J. D. integrifolium Mich. : leaves ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, ob- 
 tuse ; umbel few-flowered ; flowers nearly erect ; bracts lanceolate or linear, 
 acute. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Miss. June. 7L 
 Flowers pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding. Pursh. 
 
 Entire-leaved American Cowslip. 
 
 3. TRIENTALIS. Linn. Wintergreen. 
 
 (From the Latin triens, the third part ; said to allude to this plant being the 
 third of a foot high. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
 
 Calyx deeply 6 8-parted. Corolla deeply 6 8-parted, ro- 
 tate. Stamens 6 8. Style filiform. Capsule globose, some- 
 what fleshy, (berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved. 
 Seeds few. 
 
 T. Americana Pursh : leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; 
 lobes of the corolla acuminate. T. Europaa Mich. T. Europcea var. angua- 
 lifolia Nutt. 
 
 Low woods. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarct. Amer. May, June. 7{.. Stem 
 6 inches high. Leaves 6 or 7 in a terminal whorl, with two or three straggling 
 ones on the stem. Flowers white, on terminal filiform peduncles. 
 
 Chickweed Wintergreen. 
 
 4. HOTTONIA. Linn.-Vfa.tex Feather. 
 
 (In honor of Pierre Hotton, a professor of Leyden, who flourished in the seven- 
 teenth century.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 seated on "the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule 
 globose> crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved. 
 Seeds very numerous. 
 
 H. inflata Linn. : stem thick, generally submersed ; scape jointed, with 
 the internodes and lower part inflated ; flowers verticillate, mostly in fours, 
 pedicellate. H. palustrti Pursh. 
 
 Stagnant waters. N. Y. and Mass, to Geor. ; rare. July. %. Stem thick, 
 spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long and pectinate. Flowers whorled, 
 on pedicels, 2 or 3 lines long, small, white. Abundant near North Salem, West- 
 Chester county, N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead. American Water Ffatiw. 
 
PKlMULACj. 291 
 
 5. GLA UX. Linn. Black Saltwort. 
 
 (From the Greek -yXavKtov, given to a plant of a sea-green color, or because it 
 grew near the sea.) 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Corolla none. Sta- 
 mens 5, inserted into the bottom of the calyx and alternating 
 with the segments. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5- 
 valved, few-seeded. 
 
 G. maritima Linn. 
 
 Marshes on the sea-coast. Can. and Mass. ; rare. July. *2J.. Stem sub- 
 erect or procumbent, 4 5 inches high, very leafy. Leaves opposite, ovate or 
 roundish, smooth, entire, fleshy. Flowers minute, sessile, solitary, axillary, red- 
 dish-white. Black Saltwort. 
 
 6. LYSIMACHIA. Linn. Loosestrife. 
 
 (Origin uncertain.) 
 
 Calyx 5 6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5 6-parted. 
 Stamens 5, (rarely 6 7,) sometimes with intermediate teeth or 
 short sterile filaments. Capsule globose, 5 10-valved, dehis- 
 cent at the summit. 
 
 1. L. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, taper- 
 ing at base, subsessile, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, loose ; pedi- 
 cels long, slender. L. racemosa Mick. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem 12 18 inches high. 
 Leaves few, often with bulbs or abortive branches in the axils. ( Torr.) Flowers 
 yellow, on capillary pedicels, arranged in a terminal raceme 48 inches long. 
 
 Upright Loosestrife. 
 
 2. L. quadrifolia Linn. : stem simple, a little hairy ; leaves in whorls of 
 fours or fives, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acuminate, punctate ; pedun- 
 cles mostly in fours, axillary, 1-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oval, entire. 
 L. hirsuta Mich. L. punctata Walt. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. 7|.. Stem 12 18 inches high. 
 Leaves varying from 3 8 in a whorl, though generally four. Flowers yellow, on 
 long slender peduncles which are as numerous as the leaves. 
 
 Whorled Loosestrife. 
 
 3. L. longifolia Pursh : very smooth, 4-sided, branched above ; leaves 
 opposite, sessile, linear, revolute on the margin; peduncles 1-flowered, op- 
 posite or in fours, the upper ones longer ; lobes of the corolla broad-ovate, 
 acuminate, serrulate. L. revoluta Nutt. 
 
 Wet rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Mich. June. %. Stem 12 feet 
 high. Leaves narrow, not dotted ; floral ones appearing as if whorled. Flotvers 
 mostly at the extremities of the branches, at length nodding, yellow. 
 
 Revolute Loosestrife. 
 
 4. L. ciliata Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, on long pe- 
 tioles, subcordate-ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate ; peduncles mostly in 
 pairs, 1-flowered ; flowers drooping ; lobes of the corolla rounded, crenate, 
 mucronate. L. quadrifolia P. ciliata WiUd. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July, ty. 
 
292 PRIMULACEvE. 
 
 Stem 2 3 feet high, square, sparingly branched. Leaves large, not punctate. 
 Mowers large, yellow. Ciliate Loosestrife. 
 
 5. L. hybrida Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves petioled, opposite, lanceolate, 
 acute at each end ; petioles ciliate ; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 
 1-flowered ; flowers nodding ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. L. 
 heterophylla Nutt. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. to Car. July. fy. Resembles the preceding species, 
 but the leaves are narrower and never cordate at base, and the petioles are less 
 ciliate. Hybrid Loosestrife. 
 
 6. L. capitata Pursh : nearly smooth; stem simple; leaves opposite, ses- 
 sile, lanceolate, punctate ; peduncles axillary, elongated ; flowers in dense 
 roundish heads, 5 7-parted. L. thyrsifolia Mich. Naumbergia thyrsifolia 
 D. C. 
 
 Swamps. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. June. Q.Stem 12 feet high. Leaves 
 yillous beneath. Flowers yellow, in roundish or ovate heads which are on ax- 
 illary peduncles. Capitate Loosestrife. 
 
 7. ANAGALLIS. Linn. Pimpernel. 
 
 (From the Greek avayc\au, to laugh ; on account of its supposed exhilarating 
 virtues.) 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 
 5 ; filaments hairy. Capsule globose, opening hemispherically, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 A. cirvensis Linn. : stem procumbent, branched ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
 sessile, dotted beneath, very entire ; margin of the corolla crenate and pi- 
 lose-glandular. 
 
 Fields and road sides. N. Y. Mass, to Car. June Oct. ([) Stem 410 
 inches long. Flowers scarlet, sometimes with a purple centre, on solitary axil- 
 lary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. Scarlet Pimpernel. 
 
 8. SAMOLUS. Linn. Water Pimpernel. 
 (Supposed to have been named from the island of Samos.) 
 Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver- 
 form, 5-parted, with 5 scales, (sterile filaments,) alternating with 
 the lobes ; tube short. Fertile stamens 5, inserted on the tube 
 of the corolla. Capsule half inferior, 1 -celled, many-seeded, 
 opening with 5 valves. 
 
 S. Vakrandi Linn.: stem erect; leaves obovate; racemes elongated, 
 loose, many-flowered ; pedicels with small bracts. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July Sept. 1].. Stem 8 12 inches high, 
 smooth. Leaves obovate, subpetiolate, entire and somewhat fleshy. Flowers 
 small, white. This plant is very generally distributed throughout the world. 
 
 Common Water PimpemeL 
 
 - 
 
PI.ANTAGINACE.B. 
 
 k r,* ,.- > .,{ . 
 
 ORDER XCVIII. PLUMBAGIKACE^E. LEADWORTS. 
 
 Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous o 
 of 5 petals, regular. Stamens 5, hypogynous when the petals 
 are combined, inserted into the base of the petals when distinct. 
 Ovary free, 1 -celled ; styles 5, seldom 3 or 4 ; stigmas the 
 same number. Fruit an utricle. Seed inverted, with rather a 
 small quantity of mealy albumen. Herbaceous plants or under 
 shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered, undivided, somewhat 
 sheathing at base. Flowers either loosely panicled or contracted 
 into heads. 
 
 STATICE. Linn. Marsh Rosemary. 
 
 (From the Greek aran^w, to stop ; on account of its supposed power of check- 
 ing diarrhaea.) 
 
 Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles 5. 
 Fruit a membranaceous utricle. 
 
 1 . . Linwnium Linn. : scape paniculate, terete ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late, petiolate, smooth, mucronate ; calyx with deep acute plaited segments 
 and intermediate teeth. S. Caroliniana Walt. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. Aug. Oct. *2J. Root large, ligneous. 
 Scope angular, longer than the leaves, with several lanceolate scales. Flowers 
 sessile, blue, hi a large corymbose panicle. A valuable astringent. Biff. Med. 
 Hot. ii. 51. Common Marsh Rosemary. 
 
 2. S. Armeria Linn. : scape simple, terete, bearing a round head of flow- 
 ers ; leaves linear, smooth ; awns of the calyx short. 
 
 Rocks near the sea shore. Penn. to Virg. Pursh. N. to Arct. Amer. July, 
 Aug. 9J.. Root large, ligneous. Scape a foot high. Heads of flowers rose 
 colored, intermixed with scales and having also a 3-leaved general involucre. _ 
 
 Thrift. 
 
 ORDER XCIX. PLANTAGINACEJE. RIBWORTS. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, persistent, 
 with a 4-parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted into the corolla, 
 alternate with its segments ; filaments long, filiform ; anthers 
 versatile. Ovary 2- very seldom 4-celled ; style simple. Cap- 
 sule membranous, opening transversely. Seeds sessile, peltate. 
 Herbaceous plants, usually stemless. Leaves flat and ribbed 
 or taper and fleshy. Flowers in spikes, small. 
 
 PLANTAGO. Linn. Plantain. 
 (Origin doubtful.) 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx 4- (rarely 3) -parted. Corolla 4- 
 
294 PL ANT AGIN AC E/E. 
 
 cleft ; border reflexed. Stamens 4, mostly very long. Capsule 
 2 4-celled, opening transversely. 
 
 * Leaves broad. 
 
 1. P. cor data Lam. : leaves on long petioles, broad-ovate, cordate, sub- 
 dentate, smooth ; spike very long ; flowers Euoimbricate ; the lower ones 
 scattered; bracts ovate, obtuse; cells of the capsule 1-seeded. P. Kentuck- 
 iensis Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Tenn. June, July. QJ.. 
 Scape 12 18 inches high. Leaves 3 6 inches long, smooth, generally cordate 
 at base. Flowers in a slender elongated spike. Heart-leaved Plantain. 
 
 2. P. major Linn. : leaves ovate, smoothish, subdentate, on longish peti- 
 oles ; scape rounded ; spike cylindric, very long ; flowers closely imbri- 
 cated; cells of the capsule many-seeded. 
 
 Fields, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June Aug. 1]-. Scape 812 
 inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed, 5 7- 
 nervod. Spike 2 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Introduced from 
 Europe. Common Plantain. 
 
 3. P. media Linn. : leaves ovate, pubescent, sessile or tapering into short 
 petioles; scape rounded; spike short, cylindric; cells of the capsule 1- 
 seeded. 
 
 Fields. N. Y. and Penn. July. 7|_. Scape longer than the leaves. Leaves 
 2 inches long. Flowers in a closely imbricated spike which is shorter than in 
 the preceding. Pubescent Plantain. 
 
 4. P. Virginica Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, spar- 
 ingly toothed, 3 5-nerved, tapering at base; spike cylindric, with the 
 flowers rather remote ; capsule 2-seeded. 
 
 Sandy soils. Throughout the U. S. May, June. (g). Scape hairy, almost 
 hispid, longer than the leaves, angular. Spikes 1 4 inches long, with the 
 flowers at first crowded, but at length distant. Corolla yellowish. 
 
 Virginian Plantain. 
 
 5. P. lanceolata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, 3 5-nerved, 
 remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, grooved; spike short, ovoid- 
 cylindric, compact ; capsule 2-seeded. 
 
 Pastures. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May Sept, Tj.. Scape 1218 
 inches high, a little hairy. Flowers in a very dense spike. Bracts ovate, 
 brownish, as long as the calyx. Corolla whitish. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Ribwort. 
 
 6. P. cucullata Lam.: leaves ovate, cucullate, subdenticulate, 9-nerved, 
 pubescent beneath ; scape-rounded ; spike cylindric, imbricated. P. max- 
 ima Jacq. 
 
 Moist rocky situations. Can. and Maine. Pursh. July, Aug. 7j_. 
 
 Hooded Plantain. 
 ** Leaves linear. 
 
 7. P. maritima Linn. : leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the 
 base, mostly entire ; scape rounded ; spike cylindric, dense ; cells of the 
 capsule l-seeded. P. paucifiora Pursh. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. Aug., Sept. 7J.. Scape 610 inches high. 
 Leaves fleshy, channelled above. Spike cylindric, short, the flowers at length 
 somewhat remote. Sea-side Plantain. 
 
A M A II \ N ' I' M A C F. F. . 295 
 
 P. pusiUa Nutt. : minutely pubescent ; leaves linear-subulate, flat, 
 entire, acute ; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves ; spike cylin- 
 dric, loose ; lower flowers distant ; bracts ovate, acute, .s long as the 
 calyx. P. hybrida Dart. P. linearifolia Muhl. 
 
 Rocky hills. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. (T). Scape 23 
 inches high, slender. Flowers in an interrupted spike. Dvoarf Plantain. 
 
 SUBCLASS IV. MONOCULAMYDEALS. 
 
 Flowers with a simple perianth, or whose calyx and corolla 
 form only one envelope. 
 
 ORDER C. AM ARANTHACE^E. AMARANTHS. 
 
 Perianth 3 5 -parted, scarious, persistent. Stamens hypo- 
 gynous, either 5 or some multiple of that number, distinct or 
 monadelphous ; anthers 1 2-celled. Ovary single ; style 1 or 
 none. Fruit usually a membranous utricle. Seeds lenticular, 
 pendulous ; the embryo curved around mealy albumen. Herbs 
 or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate. Flowers in 
 heads or spikes, sometimes monoecious or dioecious. 
 
 AMARANTHUS. Linn. Amaranth. 
 
 (.From the Greek a, not, and papatvo', to fade ; or flowers which do not fade.) 
 Monoecious. Perianth deeply 3 5 -parted. STERILE FL. 
 Stamens 3 5. FERTILE FL. Styles 3. Utricle opening trans- 
 versely all round, indehiscent. 
 
 1. A. lividus Linn, : stem erect.; leaves elliptic, retuse ; flowers clustered, 
 triandrous, in rounded spikes. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Penn. ? to Car. June Aug. 0. Stem 2 3 feet 
 high, smooth. Livid Amaranth. 
 
 2. A. hybridus Linn. : stem sulcate, angled, roughisli pubescent, spar- 
 ingly branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate; flowers pentandrous, in dense 
 compound axillary and terminal spikes. 
 
 Near gardens, Ac. N. Y. lo Car. June Sept. .Stem 23 feet high. 
 Flowers small, green, in compound sessile crowded spikes. Introduced ? 
 
 Hybrid Amaranth. 
 
 3. A. gracizans Linn. - stem obtusely angled, smooth, erect, with hori- 
 zontal branches; leaves obovate and spatulate, oblong, retuse. mucronate; 
 flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters. A. Blitum Big. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Ma**, to Yirg. July Sept. (T). Stem 1 3 feet high. 
 Floivers numerous, pale -green. Intro lured? Bushy Amaranth. 
 
 4. A. spinosus Linn.: stem striate. smoothish, much branched; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in compound ter- 
 minal and axillary spikes. 
 
 Cultivated grounds near West Chester. Penn. Darlmift. Aug. (T). Stem 
 
296 CHENOPODIACE^E. 
 
 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, generally much branched, often purple. Flowers 
 email, in oblong erect terminal and sub terminal spikes. A very troublesome 
 weed. Introduced. Spiny Amaranth. 
 
 5. A. retroflexus Linn.: branches pubescent; leaves ovate, undulate; 
 racemes erect, much compounded ; flowers pentandrous. 
 
 Among rubbish', &c. Penn. to Virg. Aug. (1). Pursh. 
 
 Hairy Amaranth. 
 
 6. A. pumilus Raf. : stem diffuse, smooth; leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth 
 and fleshy, often retuse ; flowers pentandrous, in axillary clusters. 
 
 Sandy beaches. N. Y. to Car. Aug. (T).Stem a foot high, somewhat de- 
 cumbent, spreading. Flowers greenish and purple, in somewhat crowded 
 clusters. Dwarf Amaranth. 
 
 ORDER CI. CHENOPODIACE^E. CHENOPODS. 
 
 Perianth deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base, per- 
 sistent. Stamens inserted into the base of the perianth, oppo- 
 site its segments and equal to them in number or fewer. Ovary 
 single, mostly superior. Style 2 4 -divided, rarely simple ; 
 stigmas simple. Fruit an utricle, sometimes a berry. Seed 
 erect, with the embryo usually curved around mealy albumen. 
 Herbaceous plants or under shrubs. Leaves alternate, with- 
 out stipules, occasionally opposite. Flowers small, sometimes 
 polygamous. 
 
 1. CHENOPOD1UM. Linn. Goosefoot. 
 
 (From the Greek %>?', ^wos, a goose, and iras , irodos, a foot ; in allusion to the 
 shape of the leaves in some species.) 
 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not 
 wholly enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, united at 
 base. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular. 
 
 * Leaves ovate or rhomboid, often toothed or lobed. 
 
 1. C. Bonus Henricus Linn.: leaves triangular-sagittate, very entire; 
 spikes compound, peduncled, crowded, terminal and axillary, erect, leafless. 
 BUtum Bonus Henricus Mey. 
 
 Oneida county, N. Y. Torr. June. 1).. Stem a foot high, striate, ascend- 
 ing. Leaves large, dark-green. Floivers green, in small roundish clusters, 
 forming a terminal spike. Introduced from Europe. Good King Henry. 
 
 2. C. rhomJ)ifolium Muhl. : leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandlv 
 toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, cuneate at base ; racemes axillary, 
 erect, leafless ; bracts minute, incurved. 
 
 Penn. to Car. June, July. (T)- Plant yellowish-green. Stem 1 2 feet 
 high, branched. Flowers small, in capitate axillary clusters. Introduced ? 
 
 Rhombic-leaved Goosefo: t. 
 
 3. C. rubrum Linn. : leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and 
 
CHENOPOD1ACK/K. 297 
 
 sinuate; racemes erect, compound, leafy; flowers crowded; fruit very 
 small. 
 
 Waste places. Near Boston. Big. Aug. (X). Stem 2 feet high, often reddish. 
 Racemes very compound, intermixed with small leaves. Introduced from 
 Europe. Red Goosefoot. 
 
 4. C. hybridum Linn. : leaves cordate, ovate, angularly toothed, acumi- 
 nate ; racemes much branched in a somewhat cymose manner, divaricate, 
 leafless. 
 
 Waste places. Mass, to Virg. July, Aug. . Stem 2 3 feet high, slen- 
 der, with large and bright-green leaves. Flowers in compound clusters, remote 
 from the leaves. Introduced from Europe. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. 
 
 5. C. album Linn. : leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire at the 
 base ; upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; racemes branched, somewhat 
 leafy ; seed very smooth. 
 
 Waste grounds. Mass, to Virg. July, Aug. (I). Stem 3 5 feet high. 
 Leaves covered with a mealy substance. Racemes somewhat branched, con- 
 glomerate. When the leaves are greener and more entire, it constitutes the 
 C. viride of Linnseus. Introduced from Europe. LamUs-quarters. 
 
 6. C. ambrosioides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed ; the upper 
 ones linear-lanceolate, entire ; racemes simple, axillary, leafy. Ambrina 
 ambrosioides Spach. 
 
 Road sides. Mass, to Virg. Aug., Sept. . Stem 18 inches high, much 
 branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers green, in 
 erect spikes. Sweet Pigweed. 
 
 7. C. Dotrys Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate ; racemes axillary 
 and terminal, paniculate, leafless ; flowers distinct, on short pedicels. 
 Ambrina Botrys Spach. 
 
 Waste places. N. S. July Sept. (Q.Stem 12 feet high, branched, 
 somewhat viscid. Flowers in numerous short axillary racemes covering the 
 ends of the branches. The whole plant has a strong smell. Introduced. 
 
 Jerusalem Oak. 
 
 8. C. anthelminticum Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 
 coarsely toothed ; racemes axillary and terminal, spike-like, simple, elon- 
 gated, leafless. Ambrina anthelmintica Spach. 
 
 Fields. N. S. Aug. %.Stem 1 2 feet high, much branched. Racemes 
 long and slender, axillary and terminal. Worm-seed. 
 
 9. C. glaucum Linn. : leaves oblong, toothed and sinuate on the margin, 
 glaucous and mealy beneath ; spikes compound, axillary and terminal, 
 leafless. 
 
 In N. Y. Muhl. (T).Stem diffuse, thick. Glaucous Goosefool. 
 
 ** Leaves linear, fleshy. 
 
 10. C. marilimum Linn. : leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindric ; 
 flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; stamens shorter than the petals. Sal- 
 sola salsa Mich. Siteda maritima Tort. 
 
 Salt meadows. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. .Stem 23 feet high, 
 branched, very leafy. Flowers in small axillary glomerules. According to 
 Macnab, the C. maritimum of American authors is the C. fruticosum of Lin- 
 naeus. Edin. New Phil. Jour. xix. 63. Seaside Goosefoot. 
 
 13* 
 
298 CHENOPOUIACE,E. 
 
 2. ATRIPLEX. Linn. Orach. 
 (From the Greek a, not, and Tpafaiv, to nourish.) 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect. STERIES FL. 
 without bracts. Perianth 3 5-parted, without appendages. 
 Stamens 3 5. FERTILE FL. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth 
 none. Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, partly 
 included in the bracts, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. A. Halimus Linn. : stem frutescent; leaves alternate or opposite, ob- 
 long-subrhomboid, entire, decurrent into the petiole. 
 
 N. J. to Virg. Tj. Muhl. A doubtful species. Shrubby Orach. 
 
 2. A. patula Linn.: stem herbaceous, much branched, procumbent; 
 leaves triangular-hastate, acuminate, smooth above, irregularly toothed ; 
 the upper ones entire; perianth of the fruit submuricate on the sides. 
 A. Laciniata Pursh. 
 
 N. Y. to Car. Aug. (T). Stem much branched ; the branches 1 2 feet long, 
 striate. Leaves on petioles which are nearly an inch long. Flowers clustered 
 on axillary and terminal spikes. Spreading Orach, 
 
 3. A arenaria Nutt. : stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves ohkmg-ovate, 
 subsessile, silvery-mealy beneath, rery entire ; upper ones acute or acumi- 
 nate; perianth of the fruit muricate, dentate, retuse. Obione arenaria 
 Moq- Tand. 
 
 Sea-coast. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (T).Stem a foot high, angular, much 
 branched. Lower leaves often cuneate. Flowers monoecious; the sterile ones 
 in short glomerate spikes at the end of tlie branches ; the fertile ones in axillary 
 clusters. Sea-beach Orach. 
 
 4. A. hortensis Linn. : stem rect, herbaceous ; leaves triangular, dentate, 
 green on both sides ; perianth of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire ; flowers 
 in terminal interrupted racemes or spikes. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. N. S. ; rare. July. (IX Stem 3 4 feet high. Leaves 
 2 3 inches long. Flowers green. Introduced. Garden Orach. 
 
 3. ACNIDA. Linn. Water Hemp. 
 
 (From the Greek a, wilhout, and KviSn., a nettle; because it resembles a nettle 
 but does not sting.) 
 
 Flowers dioecious, without bracts, STERILE FL. Perianth 
 5-parted. Stamens 5, very short. FERTILE FL. Perianth 3- 
 parted. Styles none. Stigmas 3 5, spreading. Capsule 1- 
 seeded. 
 
 1 . A. cannabina Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooth, acutely 
 angled. 
 
 Marshes. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. (1) Stem 3 6 feet high, slightly an- 
 gled. Leaves alternate, ribbed, 25 inches long, peti^led. Flowers small, green, 
 in large axillary and terminal panicles. Common Water Hemp. 
 
 2. A. ruscocarpa Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsules obtusely an- 
 gled, rugose. 
 
 ' 
 
CHKNOPODlACKjE. 299 
 
 Marshes. Can. to Flor. Nutt. July. 0. Resembles the preceding, except 
 m its fruit. It may be only a variety. Rough-fruited Water-hemp. 
 
 4. SALICORNIA. Linn. Glasswort. 
 
 (From the Latin sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; on account of the saline nature 
 and horn-like branches of the plant.) 
 
 Perianth turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Stamens 1 or 2. 
 Style 1, bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged 
 perianth, 
 
 1. S. herbacea Linn.: herbaceous, annual; stem erect or assurgent; 
 joints compressed, somewhat thickened and notched at the summit : spikes 
 peduncled, cyfindric, slightly tapering at the extremity ; perianth truncated. 
 S. Virginica Linn. 
 
 Sea-coast and salt marshes. N. Y. to Flor. Sept, (J). Plant destitute of 
 leaves. Stem 6 10 inches high, branched. Flowers very minute, in threes at 
 each joint. Common Saltwort or Samphire. 
 
 2. S. ambigua Mich. : perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints crescent- 
 shaped, small ; spikes opposite and alternate ; perianth truncate. 
 
 Salt meadows. N. Y. to Car. () or 1\. Stem procumbent and ascending. 
 Anthers purplish-yellow. Resembles S. fruticosa of Linnaeus. 
 
 Perennial Saltwort. 
 
 3. S. mucronala Lag. ? herbaceous, annual, erect; the joints 4-angled 
 at the base, with two acute ovate mucronate teeth at the summit ; spikes 
 very thick, obtuse. {Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
 
 Salt marshes. Near Boston. Big. Long Island. Torr. Aug., Sept. (). Stem 
 48 inches high, sparingly branched, thick and succulent. Spikes 3 lines in 
 diameter and an inch or more in length. Dwarf Saltwort. 
 
 5. SALSOLA. Linn,- Saltwort. 
 
 (From the Latin sal, salt ; in allusion to the alkaline salt which many of the 
 species afford.) 
 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth 5 -cleft, persistent, enveloping the 
 fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb. 
 Stamens 5. Styles 2. 
 
 S. Kali Linn. : herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinose, rough ; 
 (lowers axillary, solitary; fruit-bearing perianth with a scarious margin. 
 S. Carolinians Mich. S. Kali var. Caroliniana Nutt. S. Tragus Muhl. ? 
 
 Sea-coast. N.Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (T).-Stem much branched, diffuse, 
 angled. Floieers succulent, pale-greenish. sessile, with 2 or 3 bracts at the base 
 O f eae h. PricJtty Saltwort. 
 
 6. BLITUM. Linn. Strawberry Elite. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek /3A<ror, insipid ; in allusion to the fruit) 
 Perianth 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Stamens mostly solitary. 
 
 Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, covered with the 
 
 perianth. Seed somewhat globose. 
 
300 POLYGONACK.12. 
 
 1. B. capUatum Linn. : procumbent; leaves triangular-hastate ; heads of 
 flowers alternate, in a leafless terminal spike. 
 
 Fields and margins of swamps. Mass, to Virg. N. to Subarct. Amer. June, 
 July. (I). Stem a foot long, branched. Heads round, sessile, consisting of nu- 
 merous minute flowers, becoming red and succulent; somewhat resembling 
 strawberries. Abundant near Rome, N. Y. Strawberry Elite. 
 
 2. B. virgatum Linn. : leaves triangular-hastate ; heads scattered, 
 lateral. 
 
 Fields, &c. Penn. June. (!) Leaves with large sinuate teeth. Heads of 
 flowers axillary, always lateral, becoming red. Introduced. 
 
 Slender Strawberry Elite. 
 
 3. B. maritimum Nutl. : perianth membranaceous ; clusters axillary, 
 spiked, naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, incisely 
 toothed. 
 
 Salt marshes, near N. Y. Aug. (T). Stem erect, 1 2 feet high, much 
 branched. Leaves with a few large teeth, succulent. Perianth not becoming 
 succulent. Resembles an Atriplex, and perhaps does not belong to this genus. 
 
 Seaside Elite. 
 
 ORDER Oil. PHYTOLACCACELE. POKEWEEDS. 
 
 Perianth of 4 5-petaloid leaves. Stamens either indefinite, 
 or, if equal to the number of the divisions of the perianth, alter- 
 nate with them. Ovary of 1 or several cells, each containing 
 1 ascending ovule. Fruit berried or dry, indehiscent. Seeds 
 ascending, solitary, with a cylindric embryo curved round mealy 
 albumen. Under shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers race- 
 mose. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA. Linn. Pokeweed. 
 
 (From the Greek tivrov, a plant, and Act^ai/ov, a pot-herb ; in allusion to the 
 use which is made of the young shoots.) 
 
 Perianth 5-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 7 30. Styles short, 
 5 12. Berry superior, globose-depressed, made up of 5 12 
 closely united carpels. 
 
 I 3 , decandra Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, alter- 
 nate, petiolate ; flowers in simple racemes, with 10 stamens and 10 styles. 
 
 Borders of fields. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. June Oct. *Z|.. Root very 
 large, fusiform. Stem 4 8 feet high, succulent, purplish. Flowers whitish, in 
 long pedunculate racemes. Berry globose-depressed, purple when mature. The 
 root is a violent emetic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 39. Common Pokeweed. 
 
 ORDER GUI. POLYGONACEJE. BUCKWHEATS. 
 
 Perianth free, often colored, imbricated in aestivation. Sta- 
 mens usually definite, inserted in the bottom of the perianth. 
 Ovary superior, with a single erect ovule ; styles 2 4. Fruit a 
 nut, usually triangular, naked or covered by the enlarged peri- 
 
POLYGONACK.K. 301 
 
 antli. Seed with farinaceous albumen and an inverted em- 
 bryo. Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs, with alternate entire 
 leaves and usually sheathing stipules (ochrae). Flowers often 
 in racemes, occasionally diclinous. 
 
 1. POLYGONUM. Linn. Knotweed. 
 
 (From the Greek ToXvj many, and yow, a knee or joint ; the stem having nu- 
 merous joints.) 
 
 Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 
 3 9, mostly 8. Styles 2 3. Fruit a one-seeded compressed 
 or triquetrous nut. 
 
 * Flowers axillary. 
 
 1. P. aviculare Linn.: stem mostly procumbent, herbaceous; leaves 
 elliptic-lanceolate, rough on the margin ; flowers axillary, 2 3 together; 
 nerves of the stipules distant. P. aviculare var. procumbens Torr. 
 
 Waste places. Mass, to Car. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Platte River. 
 May Sept. (f). Stem much branched , nearly erect. Leaves variable in size 
 and shape. Flowers greenish-white tinged with purple. Knot Grass. 
 
 2. P. erectum MM. : stem mostly erect ; leaves broad-oval, rather obtuse, 
 petiolate, smooth ; flowers pentandrous, pedicellate. P. aviculare var. lati- 
 folium Mich. var. erectum Torr. 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. N. S. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug. 9|. Stem 1 3 
 feet high. Flowers greenish. Dr. Darlington concurs in the opinion expressed 
 by Muhlenberg, that this is a distinct species. Fl. Cest. Upright Knotweed. 
 
 3. P. mariiimum Linn. : glaucous ; stem prostrate, with very short in- 
 ternodes ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, often revolute on the margin ; 
 stipules half as long as the leaves, finally lacerate ; flowers axillary, 2 3 
 together, on somewhat exserted pedicels. P. glaucum Nutt. 
 
 Sandy coast of Long Island. Torr. Aug. (J) and 1J-? Stem diffuse and 
 spreading, woody towards the base. Flowers pale rose-color or white, twice as 
 large as in P. aviculare. Seaside Knotweed. 
 
 4. P. tenue Mich. : stem slender, erect, branched, acutely angled ; leaves 
 lance-linear, erect, cuspidate ; stipules tubular, lacerate at the summit, with 
 the segments setaceously acuminate ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary, sub- 
 sessile, alternate. P. linifolium Muhl. 
 
 Dry hills and fields. Mass, to Virg. July, Aug. (p. Stem 6 12 inches 
 high, scabrous on the angles. Flowers small, white, solitary and in pairs. Nut 
 acutely triangular, shining, almost black. Slender Knotweed. 
 
 ** Flowers in terminal solitary spikes. 
 
 5. P. viviparum Linn. : stem simple ; spike linear, solitary ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, revolute on the margin ; the lower ones elliptic, petiolate. 
 
 Can. White Hills, N. H., Arct. Amer. and Rocky Mountains. Aug. % 
 Stem 48 inches high, slender. Spike generally bearing little red bulbs at the 
 lower part. Flowers pale flesh-color, almost white. 
 
 Bulb-bearing Knotweed. 
 
302 
 
 *** Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes. 
 
 6. P. punctalum Ell. : stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, with pellucid 
 punctures, scabrous on the margin and midrib ; stipules slightly hairy, 
 ciliate ; spikes few-flowered, filiform, at first cernuous ; perianth glandular- 
 punctate; stamens 6 8; styles 2 3. P. Hydropiper Mich. P. hydro- 
 es Pursh. 
 
 Inundated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. (). Stem 1 2 feet high, 
 slender, sometimes decumbent. Flowers white, in one or two slender simple 
 spikes. Nut lenticular or triquetrous. Plant very acrid. Water Pepper. 
 
 7. P. mite Pers. : stem erect or ascending ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, entire, somewhat hairy ; stipules hairy, with long cilise ; flowers 
 octandrous, in crowded spikes ; styles 3. P. hydropiperoides Mich. 
 
 Ditches and ponds. Can. to Car. July Sept. .Stem 18 inches high. 
 Flowers purplish, in somewhat crowded spikes. Leaves not acrid. Nut trique- 
 trous, purplish-black. Bearded Knotweed. 
 
 8. P. Virginianum Linn. : stem simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate ; spike terminal, slender, very long ; flowers remote, pentandrous ; 
 perianth unequally 4-parted ; styles 2, P. Distorta Walt. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 14-. Stem 24 feet 
 high, somewhat angular, hairy near the summit. Leaves large, with hairy 
 stipules. Flowers white or purplish, in a very long naked and somewhat vir- 
 gate spike. Virginian Knotweed. 
 
 9. P. amphibium Linn. : stem nearly erect ; leaves petiolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base ; flowers in dense terminal spikes, 
 pentandrous ; styles 2. P. coccineum var. terrestre Pursh. 
 
 var. aquaticum Linn. : stem spreading on the surface of water ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, cordate ; spike cylindric-oblong. P. fluitans Eaton. P. 
 coccineum Dig. 
 
 Borders of swamps and ponds. N. S. W. to Miss. July. 9|. Stem 8 12 
 inches long. Flowers large, reddish, in an ovate spike. The var. has the stems 
 long and the leaves broad-cordate and floating ; but it passes into the former. 
 
 Water Knotweed. 
 
 10. P. PennsylvanicumLinn. : stem erect, with tumid joints ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate, slightly hairy, petioled ; stipules smooth and naked ; spikes ob- 
 long, crowded, on glandular-hispid peduncles ; flowers mostly octandrous ; 
 styles 2. 
 
 Margins of ponds and ditches. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Sept. 
 CD.- Stem 2 4 feet high, geniculate, branched above. Flowers large, reddish, 
 in numerous crowded spikes. Stamens often 6. Pennsylvanian Knotweed. 
 
 1 1. P. Persicaria Linn. : stem erect ; leaves lanceolate ; stipules trun- 
 cate, ciliate ; spikes dense, ovate-oblong, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flow- 
 ers hexandrous ; styles 2. P. lapathifoliiim Linn. 
 
 Waste places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (p. Stem 12 18 inches high, 
 erect or decumbent, branched, smooth, often purplish. Leaves on short petioles, 
 the upper surface usually marked with a dark-colored spot. Flowers reddish, 
 in erect oblong terminal spikes. Indies' Thumb. 
 
 12. P. orientate Linn. : stem erect, paniculately branched, hirsute ; 
 leaves very large, petioled, ovate, acuminate, minutely pubescent ; stipules 
 hairy, salverform ; spikes terminal, dense, nodding, on hairy peduncles ; 
 flowers heptandrous ; styles *2. 
 
POLYGON AC KM. 303 
 
 Old fields and road sides. July, Aug. <J). Stem 45 feet high, loosely 
 branched above, hairy, flowers large, crimson, in numerous pendulous spikes. 
 Naturalized throughout the whole U . States. Prince's Feather. 
 
 **** Flowers in panicled spikes. Perianth 5-sepalled. 
 
 13. P. articulatum Linn.: stem erect; leaves linear, obtuse; stipules 
 short, truncate ; spikes paniculate, filiform, erect ; pedicels solitary, articu- 
 late near the base ; flowers perfect, oetandrous, trigynous, nodding. 
 
 Sandy plains. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Michigan. Sept. (p. Stem 
 12 inches high, branched above, smooth. Leaves very small, linear. Flowers 
 reddish-white, in spikes which are jointed by a succession of imbricate sheath- 
 ing bracts. Jointweed. 
 
 ***** FUnvers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate. 
 
 14. P. sagittatum Linn. . stem prostrate, square, the angles armed with 
 reversed prickles ; leaves sagittate, acute, nearly sessile ; flowers in small 
 peduncled heads, mostly oetandrous. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. (I). Stem 2 4 feet long, slender, 
 procumbent or supported by other plants. Flowers white, axillary and terminal, 
 in small compact heads which are supported on long peduncles. 
 
 Arrow-leaved Knotweed. 
 
 15. P. arifolium Linn. : stem prostrate, sulcate-angled, the angles with 
 reversed prickles ; leaves on long petioles, hastate, acuminate ; flowers sub- 
 racemose, distinct, hexandrous ; styles 2. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. (I)- Stem 3 6 feet long, flexu- 
 ous, prostrate or climbing. Flowers pale-red, in loose slender racemose clusters. 
 
 HaJbert-leaved Knotweed. 
 
 16. P. Convolvulus Linn. : stem climbing or prostrate, somewhat rough ; 
 leaves oblong, hastate-cordate, acuminate ; flowers in loose axillary ra- 
 cemeSj oetandrous; segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July Sept. (J). Stem 
 3 6 feet long, climbing. Flowers whitish or reddish, in terminal interrupted 
 leafy racemes. Introduced ? Black Bindweed. 
 
 17. P. cilinode Mich. : stem climbing or prostrate, retrorsely pubescent; 
 leaves somewhat hastate-cordate, acuminate; stipules somewhat acute, 
 ciliate at the base ; flowers in axillary paniculate racemes, oetandrous ; 
 segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless ; styles 3. 
 
 Rocky, hills. Mass, and N. Y. July, Aug. .Stem 48 feet long, pur- 
 plish. Flowers greenish or pale rose-color, in slender nearly naked racemes. 
 Distinct from the preceding. Fringe-jointed Knotweed. 
 
 18. P. dumetorum Linn. : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves broad-cordate, 
 acuminate ; stipules truncate, naked ; flowers rather large, in erect axillary 
 racemes, oetandrous; segments of the perianth winged. L. scandens Linn. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (T).Stem 612 
 feet long, often purple. Flowers white or reddish, in axillary racemes. 
 
 Climbing Buckwheat. 
 
 19. P. Fagopyrum Linn. : stem erect, paniculately branched, smoothish ; 
 leaves cordate-sagittate, acute ; racemes terminal and axillary ; seeds 
 equally triquetrous, nearly naked. 
 
 Fields, remaining as a weed where it has been cultivated. June. (1). Stem 
 2 3 feet high, pubescent at the joints. Flowers white tinged with green and 
 purple, in somewhat panimlate racemes. Budnvhfrf. 
 
304 . POLYGONACE^E. 
 
 2. RUMEX. Linn. Dock. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Latin rumex, a pike or spear ; in reference to the 
 form of the leaves of some species.) 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved ; the three inner leaves somewhat colored, 
 larger, often with tubercles on the outside and closing in a val- 
 vate manner over the fruit. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Stigmas 
 many-cleft. Nut triquetrous. 
 
 * Flowers perfect. Inner leaves of the perianth, or valves bearing tubercles. 
 
 1. R aquaticus Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones on long 
 petioles and cordate at base ; valves ovate, entire, all of them bearing tu- 
 bercles. 
 
 Ponds and ditches. N. S. July, Aug. 1\.. Root large and very astringent. 
 Stem 3 4 feet high. Flowers whorled, in a terminal leafy panicle. Intro- 
 duced ? Water Dock. 
 
 2. R. crispus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute, waved on the margin ; 
 upper whorls of flowers leafless ; valves very large, cordate, entire, veined, 
 one of them with a large tubercle. 
 
 Pastures and meadows. Can. to Car. June, July. 9J.. Root large, fusi- 
 form, yellow. Stem 2 3 feet high, furrowed, paniculately branched above. 
 Flowers in crowded whorls, on pedicels. One of the valves with a large orange- 
 colored tubercle, the others with the midrib swollen at the base. Introduced 
 from Europe. Curled Dock. 
 
 3. R. sanguineus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate, petioled, 
 smooth, mostly with red veins ; whorls distant, on long generally leafless 
 branches ; valves small, oblong, entire, one at least with a tubercle. 
 
 Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. June, July. 1|.. Stem 3 feet high. 
 Root leaves large, with blood-red veins. Flowers in small distant whorls. In- 
 troduced from Europe. Bloody Dock. 
 
 4. R. Britannica Linn. : leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth ; sheaths 
 obsolete ; racemes in a large terminal panicle, nearly leafless ; valves all 
 entire and usually with tubercles. - 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. '2J.. Root fusiform, yellow internally. 
 Stem 2 4 feet high. Leaves large, on petioles. Flowers in a compound termi- 
 nal panicle. Yellow-rooted Water Dock. 
 
 5. R. verticillatus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute, flat ; sheaths cylin- 
 dric; flowers whorled, in long leafless racemes ; valves broad-cordate, en- 
 tire, all bearing tubercles. 
 
 Swampy grounds. N. S. June, July. 1\~ Stem 2 feet high, branching 
 above. Leaves long, lanceolate, narrow. Whorls distant, on dichotomous ra- 
 cemes or spikes. Pedicels of the fruit half an inch or more in length. 
 
 Whorled Dock. 
 
 G. R. pallidus Big. leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender ; 
 valves ovate, acute, entire, with large tubercles. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass. June. 1\-. Stems numerous, ascending, slightly fur- 
 rowed. Leaves smooth, petioled, more or less waved on the margin. Spikes 
 slender. Pale Dock. 
 
 7. R. acutus Linn. : leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate ; whorls numerous, 
 small, leafy ; valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all with tubercles. 
 
305 
 
 Moist grounds. N. S. June. 7J.. Stem 2 3 feet high. Introduced from 
 Europe. Sharp-pointed Dock. 
 
 8. R. obtusifolius Linn. : stem roughish ; radical leaves cordate-oblong, 
 obtuse ; upper ones narrower ; valves ovate, toothed, one of them with a 
 tubercle. 
 
 Woods and fields. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. 1}.. Stem 23 feet high, 
 paniculately branched. Leaves very large. Flowers in long nearly leafless ra- 
 cemes. Introduced from Europe. Obtuse-leaved Dock. 
 
 ** Flowers dioecious. Valves without tubercles. 
 
 9. R. Acetosella Linn. : leaves lanceolate-hastate ; lobes acute, spreading ; 
 racemes paniculate ; valves ovate, entire, without tubercles. 
 
 Fields, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, July. 1\.. Stem 612 inches 
 high. Racemes paniculate, at length becoming purple. Fertile flowers similar 
 to the sterile, but less common. The plant has a pleasant acid taste, owing to 
 the presence of binoxalate of potassa. Sheep Sorrel. 
 
 3. OXYRIA. Hill. Oxyria. 
 
 (From the Greek o|t>?, add; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.) 
 Perianth 4-leaved ; two inner leaves larger. Stamens 6. 
 Styles 2. Nut triquetrous, with a broad winged membranous 
 margin. 
 
 O. reniformis Hook. Rumex digynus Linn. 
 
 Moist ravines. On the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. 
 July, Aug. ^j-. Stem 8 10 inches high, often naked. Radical leaves nume- 
 rous, all reniform, on long petioles. Racemes and peduncles branched, with 
 minute bracts at the base of each ramification. Flowers erect, small. 
 
 Kidneyform-leaved Oxyria. 
 
 ORDER CIV. L AUR AC E^E. LAURELS. 
 
 Perianth 4 6 -cleft, imbricated. Stamens definite, opposite 
 the segments of the perianth and usually twice as numerous ; 
 anthers adnate, 2 4-celled, bursting by a longitudinal valve. 
 Glands usually present at the base of the inner filaments. 
 Ovary superior, single ; style simple ; stigma obtuse. Fruit a 
 berry or drupe, naked or covered. Seed without albumen ; 
 embryo inverted. Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, 
 alternate. Flowers in panicles or umbels. 
 
 1. LAURUS. Linn. Bay Tree. 
 (The ancient name for the Bay Tree.) 
 
 Dioecious. Perianth colored, 5 6-parted. Fertile stamens 
 9, arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple dis- 
 tinct filaments ; three inner ones with two glands at the base 
 of each. Ovary superior. Drupe 1 -seeded. 
 
306 E 
 
 * Leaves perennial. 
 
 1. L. Carolinensis Mich.: leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous 
 beneath ; peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle ; outer 
 segments of the perianth half as long as the inner. 
 
 In the Great Cypress Swamp, Sussex county, Delaware ; its most northern 
 boundary. Ntttt. S. to Geor. June. A large shrub or small tree, flowers in 
 small clusters, polygamous, pale-yellow. Drupe dark-blue. 
 
 Carolina Bay-tree. 
 
 ** Leaves deciduous. Flowers dioecious. 
 
 2. L. Benzoin Linn. : leaves obovate-Ianceolate, wedgeform at base, 
 entire, whitish and subpubescent beneath ; flowers in clustered umbels, ap- 
 pearing before the leaves ; buds and pedicels smooth. L. Pseudo-Benzoin 
 Mich. Benzoin odoriferum Nees. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. A shrub 6--10 
 feet high, with brittle virgate branches. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe roundish, 
 scarlet. Benzoin. Spice-wood. 
 
 3. L. Sassafras Linn. : leaves entire and ovate, or 2 3-lobed ; flowers in 
 clustered corymbose racemes, appearing before the leaves ; buds and pedi- 
 cels silky-pubescent. Sassafras ojficinale Nees. 
 
 River banks. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. Varies in size from that 
 of a large shrub to a large tree. Leaves of two forms, some ovate and entire, 
 others dilated and 3-lobed at the summit, silky-pubescent when young, at length 
 smooth. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe ovate-oblong, dark-blue. This and the 
 foregoing species possess medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 142. 
 
 Sassafras. 
 
 ORDER CV, EL^EAGNACE^E. OLEASTERS. 
 
 Flowers mostly dioecious. STERILE FL. Stamens, 3, 4, or 8, 
 sessile ; anthers 2-celled. FERTILE FL. Perianth tubular, per- 
 sistent ; the limb entire or 2 5-toothed. Ovary free, 1-celled ; 
 stigmaj simple, subulate, glandular. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed 
 within the perianth become succulent. Seed erect; embryo 
 straight, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen. Trees or shrubs, 
 usually covered with leprous scales. Leaves alternate or oppo- 
 site, without stipules. 
 
 SHEPHERDIA. Nutt. Shepherdia, 
 (In honor of John Shepherd, late curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 
 
 Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8, 
 included, alternating with 8 glands. FERTILE FL. Perianth 4- 
 cleft, campanulate, superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma 
 oblique. Berry 1 -seeded. 
 
 S. Canadensis Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, nearly smooth above, stellately 
 hairy and scaly beneath ; the scales ferruginous and deciduous. Hippophae 
 Canadensis Willd. 
 
SANTAl.ACK.43. 307 
 
 Rocky banks of streams. Can. and western part of N. Y. N. to Arct. Araer. 
 May, June. >2- Stem 6 8 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Flowers 
 minute, in short axillary racemes. Berry scaly, sweetish. 
 
 Canadian Shepherdia. 
 
 ORDER CVI. THYMELACEJ3. DAPHNADS. 
 
 Perianth inferior, tubular, colored; the limb 4- seldom 5- 
 cleft. Stamens definite, usually 8,. sometimes 4 or 2 ; anthers 
 2-celled. Ovary solitary ; style 1 ; stigma undivided. Fruit a 
 nut or drupe ; albumen none, or thin and fleshy. Shrubs with 
 a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without 
 stipules. 
 
 DIRCA. Linn. Leather Wood. 
 
 (From the Greek SIOKO, a. fountain ; in allusion to its usual place of growth.) 
 Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, loosely 
 dentate. Stamens 8, inserted into the perianth, unequal. Style 
 1. Berry 1 -seeded. 
 
 D. palustris Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. April. ?? .Stem 24 feet high, with tough yel- 
 lowish branches. Leaves alternate, ovate, sometimes subrhomboid, petiofed, en- 
 tire, obtuse, smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers appearing 
 before the leaves, usually in threes, on a short thick peduncle, pale-yellow. 
 Berry oval, reddish when ripe- The bark has a sweetish taste, and when 
 chewed excites a burning sensation in the fauces. Leather Wood. 
 
 ORDER CVII. SANTALACE^E. SANDALWORTS. 
 
 Perianth superior, 4- or 5-cleft, half colored, with valvate 
 aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the per- 
 ianth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1 -celled, with from 
 1 4 ovules ; style 1 ; stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe. 
 Seed with fleshy albumen. Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herba- 
 ceous plants, with alternate undivided leaves and small flowers. 
 
 1. NYSSA. Linn. Gum Tree. 
 
 (Origin of the name uncertain.) 
 
 Dioeciously polygamous. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. 
 Stamens 5 10. FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 
 5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. N. muUiflora Walt : leaves oval and obovate, very entire, acute at each 
 end, the petiole margin and midrib villous ; fertile peduncles mostly 3 
 flowered. N. villosa Willd, Mich. N. sylvatica Mich. f. 
 
 Low woods. Can. to Car. June A tree 30 50 feet high. Flowers small, 
 green ; the sterile nn^s 2 6 in a cluster ; the fertile mostly 2 on a peduncle. 
 
308 ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. 
 
 Drupe nearly spherical, very dark blue. The wood of this tree, as of the next, 
 (if indeed it is distinct,) is remarkable for its toughness ; on which account it is 
 much used for making naves for carriage-wheels, &c. 
 
 Sour Gum. Black Gum. 
 
 2. N. biflora*Walt. : leaves ovate-oblong, very entire, acute at each end, 
 smooth ; fertile peduncles 2-flowered ; drupe oval-compressed. N. aquatica 
 Linn. 
 
 Swamps. N. S. ? S. to Car. June. A tree 3050 feet high. Fertile flowers 
 almost invariably 2. Drupe dark blue. Probably not distinct from the pre- 
 ceding, at least as credited to the Northern States. 
 
 Tupelo-tree. Swamp Hornbeam. 
 
 2. HAMILTONIA. MuhL Oil Nut. 
 
 (Dedicated by Muhlenberg to Mr. Hamilton, an American patron of botany.) 
 
 Polygamous. PERFECT FL. Perianth turbinate-campanu- 
 late, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk. 
 Style 1. Stigmas 2 3, sublenticular. Drupe pyriform, 1- 
 seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. STERILE 
 FL. resembling the perfect, except in wanting the pistil. 
 
 H. oleifera MM. Pyrularia pubera Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Penn to Geor. ; rare. May, June. 17. Stem 4 6 feet high, 
 with a very deep root. Leaves oblong-obovate, entire, acuminate, 2 3 inches 
 long, petiolate, pubescent when young. Flowers in a terminal raceme, small, 
 greenish-yellow. Whole plant more or less oily. Oil Nut. 
 
 3. COMANDRA. JVwW.Bastard Toad Flax. 
 
 (From the Greek Kopri, hair, and avrip, a man, (a stamen ;) in allusion to the 
 tuft of hair which connects the anthers with the perianth.) 
 
 Perianth urceolate-campanulate ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. 
 Stamens 5, rarely 4, the anthers adhering to the lobes of the 
 perianth by a tuft of hair. Style single. Fruit somewhat 
 drupaceous, dry, 1 -seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth. 
 
 C. umbellata Nutt. : stem round and erect ; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, 
 subsessile, entire ; cymes in a leafy terminal panicle. Thesium uinbellatum 
 Linn. 
 
 Rocky hills and woods. Subarct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. May Aug. 
 %. Stem 81-12 inches high, smoothish, branched at the top. Flowers white, 
 numerous, on short pedicels. Bastard Toad-flax. 
 
 ORDER CVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. BIRTHWORTS. 
 
 Perianth superior, regular or very unequal ; the limb valvate. 
 Stamens 6 12, epigynous, distinct, or adhering to the style and 
 stigmas. Ovary inferior, 3 6-celled ; style simple ; stigmas 
 radiate. Fruit dry or succulent, 3 6-celled. Seeds with a 
 very minute embryo, in the base of fleshy albumen. Herbs or 
 shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often with leafy stipules. 
 
EMPETRACE^l. 309 
 
 1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Linn. Birthwort. 
 (From the Greek; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.) 
 Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex and 
 ligulate. Anthers 6, subsessile, inserted on the style. Stigma 
 6-parted or lobed. Capsule 6-sided, 6-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. A. Sipho LtHerit.: stem twining; leaves cordate, acute; peduncles 
 1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract; perianth ascending, the limb 
 3-clefl and equal. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. T}. A vine climbing over trees of large 
 size. Leaves very large, alternate, sprinkled with hairs. Flowers solitary, 
 brown. Dutchman's Pipe. 
 
 2. A. Serpentaria Linn.: stem erect, flexuous; leaves cordate-oblong, 
 acuminate ; peduncles nearly radical ; perianth sigmoid, the orifice 2- 
 lipped. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. 1\.. ttoot consisting of numerous 
 coarse fibres. Stem 8 12 inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at 
 base. Flowers purplish-brown, large, at the base of the stem, on crooked scaly 
 peduncles. It possesses valuable medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot. 
 ii. 82. Virginia Snakeroot. 
 
 2. ASARUM. Linn. Asarabacca. 
 
 (From the Greek , not, and empa, a land or braid ; because it was rejected 
 from garlands by the ancients.) 
 
 Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-parted. Stamens 12, placed 
 on an epigynous disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the fil- 
 aments. Ovary inferior ; style short ; stigma 6-parted or lobed. 
 Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. A. Canadense Linn.: leaves a terminal pair, broad reniform; peri- 
 anth woolly, cleft to the base ; the segments sublanceolate, reflexed. A. 
 Carolinianum Walt. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. 1\.. Stein none or very short. 
 Leaves generally 2, with long and hairy petioles. Flower somewhat campanu- 
 late, solitary, on a short peduncle, sometimes nearly buried in the ground. The 
 root has an agreeable and aromatic flavor. 
 
 Canadian Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. 
 
 2. A. Virginicum Mich. : leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, coria- 
 ceous ; flower nearly sessile ; perianth externally smooth, short, cam- 
 panulate. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. J. to Car. April. 1\.. Leaves spotted or clouded, smooth. 
 Segments of the perianth obtuse. Very similar in habit to the preceding. 
 
 Virginian Asarabacca. 
 
 ORDER CIX. EMPETRACE^E. CROWBERRIES. 
 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Perianth consisting of 
 several persistent imbricate scales, the innermost of which are 
 sometimes petaloid. Stamens as numerous as the inner scales. 
 
310 KUPHORBIACEA:. 
 
 Ovary free, 3 9-celled ; style 1 ; stigma radiating. Fruit 
 fleshy, seated in the persistent perianth, with 3 9 bony nu- 
 cules. Small arid shrubs, with heath-like evergreen leaves and 
 minute flowers in their axils. 
 
 1. EMPETRUM. Linn. Crowberry. 
 
 (From the Greek ev, on, and mrpcs, a stone ; in allusion to its place of growth-) 
 Dioecious. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. STE- 
 RILE FL. Stamens 3, upon long filaments. FERTILE FL. Sta- 
 mens none. Style none, or very short. Stigma with 6 9 
 rays. Fruit globose, with 6 9 nucules. 
 
 E. nigrum Mich,. : procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong, revolute on the 
 margin. 
 
 White Hills, N. H. Big. Summits of the high mountains in Essex county, 
 N. Y. Torr. Shores of Lake Superior. Houghton. N. to Arct. Amer. May, 
 June. A low shrub with small and dense evergreen foliage, like that of the 
 heaths. Leaves imbricate, oblong, obtuse. Flowers axillary, very small, red- 
 dish. Berry roundish, black. Common Crowberry. 
 
 2. OAKESIA. Tuckerm Oakesia. 
 
 (In honor of William Odkes, Esq., of Ipswich. Mass., a well known botanist.) 
 Mostly dioecious. STAMINATE FL. Perianth of 5 6 leafets, 
 the 2 innermost ones somewhat petaloid and often united on 
 one side. Stamens mostly 3, (sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted. 
 Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. FERTILE FL. Perianth 
 nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3 4-celled ; style 
 filiform, 3 4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, mi- 
 nute. 
 
 O. Conradi Tuckerm. 
 
 Dry sandy woods. Long Island , N. Y. July, Aug. A very branching shrub 
 forming dense circular patches; the branches somewhat verticillate, with a 
 grayish bark. Leaves coriaceous, narrow-linear, bright green, somewhat hispid 
 when young, smooth when old, margin revolute. Heads of flowers furnished 
 with several small concave bracts. Perianth purplish-brown, the leafets ob- 
 long or obovkte. Fruit about the size of a mustard-seed. ( Torr. N. Y. FL) 
 
 Conrad's Oakesia 
 
 ORDER CX. EUPHORBIACE^E. SPURGEWORTS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth inferior, with va- 
 rious glandular or scaly appendages, (sometimes wanting). STE- 
 RILE FL. Stamens 1 or many ; anthers 2*celled. FERTILE FL. 
 Ovary free, sessile or stalked ; styles 2 3 ; stigmas compound 
 or single with several lobes. Fruit consisting of 2 3 dehis- 
 cent cells, separating with elasticity from their common axis, 
 
EUPHORBIACEA:. 311 
 
 sometimes indehiscent. Seeds often with an aril, the embryo 
 enclosed hi fleshy albumen. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often 
 abounding in acrid milk. Leaves simple, rarely compound, 
 usually with stipules. 
 
 1. CROTONOPSIS. Mich. Crotonopsis. 
 (So called from its resembling the Croton.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 peta- 
 loid scales. Stamens 5. FERTILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. 
 Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded, not opening. 
 
 C. linearis Mich. : stem erect, dichotomously branched ; leaves stellately 
 pubescent above, hairy and covered with silvery scales beneath. C. ar- 
 gentea Pursh. Friesia argentea Spreng. 
 
 Swamp in sands. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. (J). Stem 1218 
 inches high, covered like the leaves, with solitary scales. Leaves varying from 
 linear-lanceolate to ovate, on short petioles. Flowers in terminal and axillary 
 spikes, very minute. Linear-leaved Crotonopsis. 
 
 2. PHYLLANTHUS. Linn. Phyllanthus. 
 
 (From the Greek $v\\ov, a leaf, and avdos, a flower ; the flowers being con- 
 nected with the leaves.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 6 -parted ; segments 
 spreading, colored, persistent. Stamens 3, very short, spread- 
 ing, united at base ; anthers didymous. FERTILE FL. Peri- 
 anth as in the sterile. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled. 
 
 P. Caroliniensis Walt. : herbaceous ; stem erect ; branches alternate and 
 distichous ; leaves alternate, simple, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, some- 
 what distichous, on short petioles; flowers few, (2 4,) axillary, on pedi- 
 cels, nodding. P. obovatus Wittd. 
 
 Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. July. Aug. (). Stem 12 inches high, 
 with distichous branches, sometimes dark-purple. Flowers on short pedicels, 
 axillary, nodding, yellowish, with a purple tinge at base. 
 
 Carolinian Phyllantkus. 
 
 3. RICINUS. Linn. Palma Christi. j 
 
 (From the Latin ricinus, a tick ; its seed resembling that insect.) 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 
 numerous; filaments united, branching. FERTILE FL. Peri- 
 anth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echinate, 
 3-celled, 3-seeded. 
 
 R. communis Linn. : stem herbaceous, glaucous-pruinose ; leaves peltate- 
 palmate ; lobes lanceolate, serrate ; capsule echinate. 
 
 Around plantations at the South. Aug., Sept. (p. Introduced. Cultivated 
 extensively in various parts of the U. S. for the purpose of obtaining oil from the 
 seed. Castor-oil Bean. 
 
312 EUPHORBIACEJE. 
 
 
 4. ACALYPHA. Linn, Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 <A Greek name for the nettle, which this plant somewhat resembles.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 3 4-parted. Stamens 
 8 16, very short, united at base. FERTILE FL. Styles 3, 2- 
 parted. Capsule 3 -celled ; cells 1-seeded. 
 
 1. A. Virginica Linn.: pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 obtusely serrate, petiolate ; bracts somewhat stipitate, roundish-cordate, in- 
 cisely lobed ; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. 
 
 Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. June Aug. . Stem 1218 inches high, 
 erect, pubescent. Sterile flowers very small. Capsule hispid. 
 
 Common Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 2. A. Caroliniana Wall. : leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acu- 
 minate, serrate, entire at base ; bracts cordate, lobed ; fertile flowers at the 
 base of the sterile spike. 
 
 Fields. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. () Stem 9 18 inches high. 
 
 Carolinian Three-seeded Mercury. 
 
 5. EUPHORBIA. Linn. Spurge. 
 (Named after Euphorbus, an ancient Greek physician.) 
 Monoecious. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre 
 naonophyllous, campanulate, 4 5 -lobed ; lobes usually alterna- 
 ting with peltate glands. STERILE FL. numerous, each consist- 
 ing of an anther with its filament articulated in the middle. 
 FERTILE FL. solitary, central, on a long peduncle. Styles 3, 
 usually 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 
 
 * Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbose. 
 
 1. E. dentata Mich.: hairy; leaves opposite, oval, dentate; flowers 
 crowded at the summit of the stem. x 
 
 Shady rocks. Penn. to Term. July, Aug. (T). The upper leaves spotted. 
 
 Toothed Spurge. 
 
 2. E. hypericifolia Linn. : stem erect, spreading, smoothish or hairy, 
 with dichotomous branches ; leaves on short petioles, oval-oblong, slightly 
 falcate, serrate ; peduncles solitary in the axils and corymbose at the ex- 
 tremity of the branches ; glands of the involucre with small petaloid ap- 
 pendages. 
 
 Fields and road sides. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. .Slem 
 8 18 inches high, sometimes almost prostrate. Leaves often with purple blotches 
 above. Flowers small, white or purplish. Hyjjericum-leaved Spurge. 
 
 3. E. maculata Linn.: stem prostrate, much branched, hairy; leaves 
 opposite, ovate-oblong, serrate, unequal at base ; flowers axillary, solitary 
 or somewhat clustered; glands 4, seated on small petaloid appendages, 
 transversely elliptic. 
 
KUPHORBIACE.E. 313 
 
 Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. Oct. Q). Stem 6 13 
 inches long, much branched from the base. Leaves on short petioles, with 
 purplish blotches above. Flowers crowded near the summit of the stem. 
 
 Spotted Spurge. 
 
 4. E. polijgonifolia Linn. : procumbent, branching, very smooth, succu- 
 lent; leaves oblong and linear-oblong, petiolate, obtuse, sometimes sub- 
 cordate at base ; flowers solitary in the forks of the stem ; glands trans- 
 versely oblong, stipitate. E. maritima Nutt. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores. N. Y. to Car. July Sept. 1\.. Stem diffuse, 410 
 inches long. Stipules subulate, simple or simply cloven. Flowers solitary', on 
 peduncles which are longer than the petioles. Seaside Spurge. 
 
 5. E. Ipecacuanha Linn.: procumbent or nearly erect, small, smooth; 
 leaves opposite, varying from obovate to linear-lanceolate ; peduncles ax- 
 illary, 1-flowered, elongated ; glands reniform. 
 
 Sandy soils, N. Y. to Car. June. 7J.. Root very long and tapering. Stem 
 short, the branches 6 12 inches long. Leaves sessile, often purplish. Flowers 
 solitary, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. Emetic, and 
 sometime used as a substitute for the Ipecacuanha of the shops. 
 
 Wild Ipecac. 
 
 6. E. portulacoides Linn. : erect ; leaves entire, oval, retuse ; lower ones 
 ternate, spatulate, obtuse, smooth ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long 
 as the leaves ; glands of the involucre roundish. 
 
 Sandy soils. Penn. Muhl June Aug. %. It may be a variety of E. 
 corollata. Purselain-leaved Spurge. 
 
 ** Flowers somewhat umbelled, inuolucrate. 
 
 7. E. Peplus Linn.: leaves membranaceous, broad-obovate, petioled, 
 entire, smooth ; umbel 3 4-cleft ; glands of the involucre lunate, the horns 
 very long ; capsule somewhat winged. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1|.. Involucels 
 or floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Petty Spurge. 
 
 8. E. mercurialina Mich. : stem weak and slender ; leaves opposite or 
 ternate, subsessile, oval, entire ; umbel simply 3-cleft, the rays 1-flowered. 
 
 Shady rocky situations. Penn. and Ken. Pursh; July, Aug. %.. Resem- 
 bles Mercurialis annua. Mercurialis-like Spurge. 
 
 9. E. Lathyris Linn. : stem erect ; leaves submembranaceousj oblong- 
 lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-farious ; umbel 3 4-cleft ; glands of the invo- 
 lucre bluntly lunate ; capsule smooth. 
 
 Near gardens and cultivated grounds. Penn. July, Aug. (g) or 1J.. Stem 
 28 feet high, stout, smooth. Leaves opposite and decussate. Flowers on 
 dichotomous branches at the summit of the stem. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Caper Spurge. 
 
 10. E. coroUata Linn. : stem simple, erect ; leaves varying from ovate- 
 oblong to linear and spatulate-oblong, obtuse: umbel mostly 5-cleft, the 
 rays 2 6- forked ; glands of the involucre with a large obovate petaloid ap- 
 pendage ; capsule smooth. 
 
 Dry fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July Aug. %.Stem 13 feet 
 high, slender, rarely branched, nearly smooth. Leaves varying in form, alter- 
 nate on the stem, whorled near the flowers, often somewhat revolute. Flowers 
 on slender peduncles, in a terminal umbel, conspicuous. 
 
 Large-flowered Spurge. 
 
314 URTICACE^E. 
 
 11. E. memoralis Darlingt. : stem erect; leaves alternate, lance-oblong, 
 rather acute, harrowed at the base, subsessile, entire, hairy beneath ; um- 
 bel 5 8-cleft, the rays 1 2-forked; petaloid segments of the involucre 
 dilated, subreniform. E. pilosa Pursh not of Linn. 
 
 Moist woods. Perm. May, June. 'ij.. Stem "2 3 feet high, simple or with 
 u slender peduncle-like branch from the axils of the leaves. Flowers in a ter- 
 minal umbel and on slender axillary branches. Wood Spurge. 
 
 12. E. helioscopia Linn. : smooth : stem erect, branched above ; leaves 
 alternate, broadly obovate-wedgeform, obtuse, serrulate, the bracteal ones 
 broader ; umbel 3 5-cleft, the rays 2 3-times forked ; involucre oblong- 
 turbinate, terminal and in the forks of the umbel, nearly sessile. E. obtusata 
 Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July Sept. .- Stem 818 inches high, um- 
 bellately branched at the top. Leaves membranaceous. sometimes retuse. 
 Sterile flowers rather numerous. Wartuxrrt Spurge. 
 
 13. E. platyphylla Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves elliptic or oblan- 
 ceolate, mostly acute, finely serrulate, hairy beneath ; floral ones cordate ; 
 umbel 3 5-cleft; the rays 2 3-times forked ; glands of the involucre oval ; 
 capsule warted. 
 
 ISear Portland Harbor, Lake Erie. Dr. Kneishern. On the islands of Lake 
 Champlain. Oakes. Can. Hook. (T). Stem about a foot high. Leaves mem- 
 branaceous, tapering to the base, sessile. Glands large. Introduced ? 
 
 Broad-leaved Spurge. 
 
 ORDER CXI. URTICACE^E. NETTLES. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered or clustered. Per- 
 ianth membranous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite, distinct, 
 inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. 
 Ovary superior, simple ; stigma simple. Fruit a simple inde- 
 hiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous or fleshy 
 perianth. Embryo straight, with fleshy albumen. Trees, 
 shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, often covered with pungent 
 hairs. Flowers inconspicuous. 
 
 1. URTICA. Linn. Nettle. 
 
 (From the Latin uro, to burn ; in allusion to its stinging property.) 
 Monoecious, rarely dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth single, 
 of 4 roundish-obtuse leaves, containing the cup-shaped rudiment 
 of a germ. Stamens 4. FERTILE FL. Perianth mostly of 2 
 persistent leaves. Stigma 1. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed, 
 shining. 
 
 * Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. U. urens Linn. : leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, 
 acutely serrate ; flowers in simple axillary clusters, which are shorter than 
 the Jeaves, 
 
315 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Geor. June, July. 0.- Stem 1015 inches 
 high, stinging. Flowers in short dense clusters. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Small Stinging Nettle. 
 
 2. V. dioica Linn. : stem and leaves hispid ; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 cordate at base, coarsely serrate ; flowers mostly dioecious, in much-branched 
 clusters. 
 
 Waste places Can. to Car. June Aug. %. -Stem 2 3 feet high, erect, 
 simple or branched, clothed with stinging hairs. Flowers small, green, in 
 axillary spikes which are in pairs. The root boiled with alum dyes yarn of a 
 yellow color. Hook. Introduced from Europe. Large Stinging Nettle. 
 
 3* Z7 procera MiM. : leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; petioles 
 fringed ; flowers dioecious ; spikes branching, clustered by pairs, longer than 
 the petioles. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1|.. Stem 3 4 feet high, obtusely 
 4-angled. Flowers in compact approximate clusters. According to Mr. Elliott, 
 the leaves of this species are never cordate, and the spikes are uniformly longer 
 than the petioles, in which points it differs from the U. procera of Pursh, which 
 would seem to be a distinct species, probably the next. Tall Nettle. 
 
 4. U. gracilis Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 
 serrate, cordate at base ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles hispid ; clusters in 
 pairs, somewhat branched, about as long as the petioles. U. procera Pursh. ? 
 
 Rocky places. Can. to Penn. Pursh. Muhl. N. to Arct. Amer. July Aug. 
 Tj-. Stem 23 feet high. Slender-stalked Nettle. 
 
 ** Leaves alternate. 
 
 5. U. capitata Linn. : stem naked ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, 3-nerVed, twice as long as the petiole ; clusters spiked ; spikes solitary, 
 shorter than the leaves, leafy at the summit, 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. June, July. f l\. Stem 4 5 feet high, scabrous, 
 furrowed. Leaves scabrous, those on the stem generally opposite. Clusters 
 lateral and axillary. Resembles U. dioica. Headed Nettle. 
 
 6. U. Canadensis Linn. : hispid and stinging ; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate ; panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, loosely and divaricately branched ; 
 the lower sterile, the Upper fertile. U. divaricata Pursh. 
 
 Moist shady grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. '2J.. Stem 5 6 feet high, 
 stout, erect, branched. Leaves large, ovate, sometimes cordate. This species 
 has the fibres very tough and strong, and it was formerly proposed by Mr. 
 Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. Canadian Nettle. 
 
 2. ADIKE. Raf. Richweed. 
 (An ancient Greek name of some nettles.) 
 
 Flowers dioecious or somewhat monoecious. Perianth 3 -(some- 
 tunes 4-) leaved ; leaves nearly equal, oblong or lanceolate. 
 STERILE FL. Stamens 3. FERTIFE FL. Perianth with a peta- 
 loid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside, 
 membranaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile* 
 Nut minutely papillose, straight. 
 
 A. pumila, Raf. Urtica pumila Linn. 
 
 Wet gtotinds. Can. to Cfer. June, July. (J). Sim 618 inches high, wm- 
 
316 CANNABINACEA:. 
 
 pie or branched from the base, succulent and almost transparent. Leaves oppo- 
 site, broad-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, shining, on 
 petioles which are 1 2 inches long. Flowers very small, greenish, in axillary 
 branching clusters or paniculate corymbs, which are shorter than the petioles. 
 Very properly separated from the genus Urtica. Richweed. Coolweed. 
 
 3. BCEHMERIA. Jacq. False Nettle. 
 (.Named after George Rudolph Boehmer, a German Botanist.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, minute. STERILE FL. Pe- 
 rianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. FERTILE FL. Perianth none, 
 but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed 
 ovary within each scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate 
 style. 
 
 13. cylindrica Willd. : herbaceous ; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acu- 
 minate, toothed, 3-nerved, on long petioles, smoothish ; sterile spikes inter- 
 rupted; fertile ones mostly continuous, cylindric. B. latcrifiora MvM. 
 Urtica cylindrica Linn. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. June Aug. %. Stem 2 3 feet high, smooth- 
 ish, usually simple, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers minute, greenish, often dioecious, 
 in slender mostly leafy spikes. False Nettie. 
 
 4. PARIETARIA. Linn. Pellitory. 
 (From the Latin paries, a watt ; the species often growing on old walls.) 
 
 Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. 
 PERFECT FL. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4 ; fila- 
 ments at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. 
 Ovary 1. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged perianth. 
 
 P. Pennsylvania Muhl. : leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, veiny, 
 with opaque dots ; involucre longer than the flowers. 
 
 Moist rocks. N. Y. to Geor. June. (J). Stem 6 12 inches high, simple. 
 Flowers mostly perfect, in compact axillary clusters, whitish, at length brown. 
 
 Pennsylvanian Pellitory. 
 
 ORDER CXII. CANNABINACE^E. HEMPWORTS. 
 
 Flowery dioecious. STERILE FL. in racemes or panicles. Pe- 
 rianth 5-parted, herbaceous, scaly, imbricated. Stamens few. 
 FERTILE FL. in spikes or cones. Perianth single, inwrapping 
 the ovary. Stigmas 2, subulate, sessile. Fruit indehiscent, 
 with a single seed. Embryo curved, without albumen. Her- 
 baceous rough-stemmed watery plants, with alternate lobed stip- 
 ulate leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers. 
 
 1. CANNABIS. Linn. Hemp. 
 (An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.) 
 
 Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. 
 
MORACF./K. 317 
 
 FERTILE FL. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base 
 ventricose and including the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. 
 Nut 2-valved. ^ 
 
 C. sativa Linn. 
 
 Fields and waste places. Can. to Virg. June. (I). Stem 5 10 feet high, 
 angular and sulcate, often branched. Leaves petiolate, digitate ; leafets 57, 
 lanceolate, serrate. Sterile flowers in loose axillary clusters, which form a large 
 panicle. Fertile flowers axillary, mostly in pairs, greenish. Everywhere culti- 
 vated for the sake of its tough fibre. Introduced. Common Hemp. 
 
 2. HUMULTJS. Linn. Hop. 
 (From the Latin humus, moist earth ; because it prefers moist soils.) 
 
 Dioecious. STERILE FL. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. 
 FERTILE FL. in aments ; the scales large, membranous, imbri- 
 cate in several rows, 2 -flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading. 
 Achenia invested with the enlarged perianth and forming a 
 membranaceous strobile. 
 
 H. Lupulus Linn. 
 
 Hedges, &c. Throughout the U. S. Aug. 7L. Stem twining, scabrous. 
 Leaves opposite, rough, cordate at base, 3 5-lobed ; the lobes acuminate and 
 serrate. Flowers greenish, the sterile in oblong panicles terminating the axillary 
 branches, the fertile in oblong aments. It is used in medicine as an anodyne. 
 Big. Med. Bot. iii. 163. Common Hop. 
 
 ORDER CXIII. MORACE^E. MULBERRIES. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in heads, spikes or aments. STERILE FL. 
 Perianth none, or 3 4-parted, imbricated. Stamens 3 4. 
 FERTILE FL. Perianth 3 5-parted, sometimes in two rows. 
 Ovary 1- rarely 2-celled ; style terminal, bifid. Fruit small 
 nuts or utricles, 1 -seeded, enclosed by a succulent receptacle or 
 collected in a fleshy head formed by the succulent perianth. 
 Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs, with a milky juice. Leaves 
 of various forms. Flowers very inconspicuous. 
 
 MORUS. Linn. Mulberry. 
 (From the Greek {to pea, the mulberry.') 
 
 Flowers in spikes, usually monoecious sometimes dioecious. 
 STERILE FL. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. 
 FERTILE FL. in dense spikes. Perianth 4-parted, becoming 
 baccate. Styles 2. Nut ovate, compressed, covered by the 
 succulent perianth. 
 
 1. M. rubra Linn.: leaves cordate-ovate or palmately lobed, acuminate, 
 equally serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly dioe- 
 cious ; fruit dark-purple. 
 
318 
 
 Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. A tree 1525 feet high, with 
 spreading branches. Leaves often variously lobed. Flowers greenish, small, 
 in numerous axillary pedunculate spikes. Fruit oblong, of an agreeable sweet- 
 ish taste. The wood is remarkable for its durability. Red Mulberry. 
 
 2. M. alba Linn. : leaves cordate, ovate, unequal at base, somewhat 
 lobed, acute, serrate, smoothish, shining ; flowers monoecious ; fruit usually 
 whitish. 
 
 Near old fields, &c. May. A tree 20 30 feet high, much branched. Leaves 
 sometimes a little lobed. Fruit shorter than jn the preceding, sweetish but 
 nauseous Originally introduced as food for the silk-worm. White Mulberry. 
 
 ORDER CXIV. SAURURACEJE,-^SAURURADS. 
 
 Flowers naked, seated upon a scale. Stamens definite, cla- 
 vate, persistent ; anthers continuous with the slender filaments. 
 Ovaries 3 or 4, more or less distinct. Fruit consisting of 3 or 
 4 fleshy indehiscent nuts, or a 3- or 4-celled capsule. Embryo 
 minute, in a fleshy sa'c, on the outside of hard mealy albumen. 
 Herbaceous plants, growing in marshy places. Leaves alter- 
 nate, with stipules, Flowers in spikes. 
 
 SAURURUS. Linn.^ Lizard's Tail. 
 
 (From the Greek aavpa, a lizard and ov^a, a tail ; in allusion to its spike of 
 llowers.) <. , . 
 
 Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1 -flowered. Stamens 
 6 8 ; filaments free, elongated. Fruit 3- or 4-celled ; the car- 
 pels easily separating at maturity, 1- rarely 2-seeded, not 
 opening. 
 
 S. cernuus Linn, 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. Aug. "Q. Stem 1^-2 feet high, leafy, forked above, 
 angular and sulcate. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, nerved beneath. 
 Flowers very small, greenish- white, in a long slender spike, which is at first 
 cernuous at the apex, but in fruit erect. Lizard's Tail. Swamp Lily. 
 
 ORDER CXV. SALICACE^E.' WILLOWS. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, naked, or with a membranous scale or 
 bract, amentaceous. STERILE FL. Stamens 2 12 or more, 
 sometimes monadelphous. FERTILE FL. Ovary superior, 1- 
 celled ; style 1 or none ; stigmas 2, often 2-cleft or 2-parted. 
 Fruit leathery, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds covered 
 with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Trees or shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, simple, serrate or entire, furnished with stip- 
 ules. The bark is usually bitter, and contains more or less of 
 the peculiar principle called Salicine. 
 
SALICACE*:. 319 
 
 1. SALIX. Linn. Willow. 
 
 (From the Celtic sal, near, and Its. water; a tree that grows near water.) 
 Dioecious. Ament cylindric. Perianth none. STERILE FL- 
 
 Stamens mostly 2, but often 8 5. FERTILE FL. Ovary with 
 
 a gland at the base. Stigmas 2, often cleft. 
 
 * Leaves entire or obscurely serrate. 
 
 1. S. viminalis Linn. : leaves linear- lanceolate, very long-acuminate, 
 nearly entire, somewhat undulate, white-silky beneath ; stipules very small) 
 sublanceolate ; aments appearing before the leaves ; scales roundish, very 
 hairy ; ovary sessile, ovoid ; style filiform ; stigmas linear, acute, undivided. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. S. April, May A middle-sized tree. Branches slen- 
 der and flexile. Filaments yellow. Anthers orange. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Osier. Basket-willow. 
 
 2. Candida Willd. : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, ob- 
 scurely toothed at the point, pubescent above, white-tpmentose beneath, 
 with the margin revolute ; stipules lunate, small ; aments appearing before 
 the leaves, cylindric ; scales obovate, obtuse, brown, clothed with long 
 hairs. S. incana Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y.andPenn. N. toArct. Amer. April, May. 17. Stem 
 5 or 6 feet high, with reddish twigs. Aments about an inch long, on short 
 peduncles. White-leaved Wittoiv. 
 
 3. <S. Muhlenbergiana Barrait : leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire or re- 
 motely toothed, mostly acute, even, smoothish above, grayish-tomentose 
 beneath ; stipules semiovate or lunate ; aments ovoid-cylindric, densely 
 flowered ; ovary lanceolate, with a long beak ; stigma 2-cleft. S. coni- 
 fer a WUld. and S. recurrata Piirsh. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. April. \i. Stem 48 feet high, with brittle 
 grayish twigs. Leaves distinctly veined, the margin sometimes a little waved. 
 Aments about an inch long. Filaments white. Anthers yellow. 
 
 fifuhlenberg's Willow. 
 
 4. S. trisiis Ait. : leaves narrow-cuneate, oblanceolate, acute at each end, 
 nearly entire, revolute, smoothish above, rugosely veined and tomentose be- 
 neath ; stipules none or caducous ; aments globose-ovoid, appearing before 
 the leaves; scales roundish-obovate ; stigmas 2-cleft; capsules with a long 
 beak. $. Imigirostris Mich. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. lo Car. March, April, \i. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, 
 sometimes procumbent. Aments numerous, 4 6-lines long. Anthers at length 
 yellow. The most dwarfish of our lowland species. Dwarf 'Downy IVillotc. 
 
 5. S. pedicellaris Purs/i : branches smooth ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
 rather acute, very entire, smooth and of the same color on both sides; 
 stipules none ; aments appearing with the leaves, pedunculate, very smooth ; 
 scales oblong, half the length of the pedicel, scarcely hairy ; stamens 2; 
 ovary ovoid-oblong ; style short ; stigmas 2-cleft. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Catskill mountains'. N. Y. Pursh. Near Oriskany, 
 Oneida county. Lodi, Seneca county. N. Y. Torr. New Eng. Tuckermann. 
 May. T? Stem ascending, virgate. 13 feet high, the bark smooth and brown- 
 
320 sALic.u'F,..*:. 
 
 ish. Aments at the ends of the leafy branches, about 8 lines long. Capsule 
 reddish. Long-stalked Willow. 
 
 6. S. rosmarinifolia Linn.: leaves straight, linear-lanceolate, acute at 
 each end, very entire or with a few glandular teeth, pubescent above, silky 
 beneath ; stipules lanceolate, erect ; aments appearing before the leaves ; 
 scales short, villous ; ovary pedicellate, lanceolate, acuminate, silky ; stigmas 
 subsessile,- bifid. 
 
 Wet meadows and mountain swamps. Penn. to Car. March, fj. Stem 
 2 3 feet high ; the branches silky- pubescent. Leaves 1 j inches long, becoming 
 smooth when old. Whole plant, when dry, turning almost black. 
 
 Rosemary-leaved Willow. 
 
 ** Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 
 
 7. S. myricoides MuhL : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 biglandular at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules 
 lunate, ovate, glandular-serrate ; aments villous, leafy at the base ; scales 
 lanceolate, obtuse, villous, black ; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate, 
 smooth; style distinct; stigmas bifid. 
 
 Swamps and wet grounds. N. Eng. to Virg. April. >2 ^ tem 6 9 feet 
 high, with tough green and purple^ branches. Aments flowering first above. 
 Anthers yellow. Gale-leaved Willow. 
 
 8. S. prinoides Pursh. : leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely undulate- 
 serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stipules semicordate, incisely toothed ; 
 aments appearing before the leaves, villous ; ovary pedicellate, ovoid, acu- 
 minate, silky ; style long ; stigmas bifid. 
 
 On the banks of rivers. Penn. to Virg. March, April. A shrub 6 8 feet 
 high. Prinos-like Willow. 
 
 9. (S 1 . discolor Willd. : leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, somewhat obtuse 
 or shortly acuminate, smoothish, remotely serrate, very entire at the point, 
 glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, serrate, deciduous ; aments appearing 
 with the leaves, diandrous, oblong, tomentose ; scales oblong, acute, hairy, 
 black ; ovary subsessile, tomentose ; stigmas deeply 2-parted. S. prinoides 
 Pursh. 
 
 Swamps and low grounds. N. Eng. to Car. April. A shrub or small tree, 
 with tough brownish or greenish branches. Aments an inch long, thick and 
 compact. Filaments white. Anthers red, yellow when burst. 
 
 Glaucous Willow. 
 
 10. S. longifolia MM. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acute at each 
 end, remotely toothed, green on both sides and at length nearly smooth : 
 stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; aments appearing with the leaves, pe- 
 duncled, tomentose ; scales flat, retuse ; stamens 2, longer than the scales ; 
 stigmas large, 2-parted. S. angustala Pursh. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May July- 
 *2 . Stem 2 10 or 12 feet high, with brown branches and white branchlets, 
 sometimes prostrate and rooting. Aments an inch to an inch and a half long 
 
 Long-leaved Willow. 
 
 11. S. Cutleri Tuckermann: depressed; leaves elliptic and acute, or obo- 
 vate and obtuse, glandular-denticulate, smooth and somewhat shining 
 above, glaucous beneath ; aments appearing with the leaves, compact, ob- 
 long-cylindric ; scales obovate, silky, blackish ; stigmas 2-cleft. ( Torr. N. Y 
 Fl.) S. Uva i/rsi Pursh. 
 
SALICACK/E. 321 
 
 White Mountains, N. II. High mountains in Essex county, N. Y. June. T? . 
 Stem depressed, much branched, smooth. Leaves from half an inch to an inch 
 long. Aments ahout half an inch long. Cutler's Willow. 
 
 *** Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 
 
 12. S. Pitrshiana Spreng. : leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, gradually 
 attenuate above, subfalcate, acute at base, finely toothed-serrate, smooth 
 on both sides, silky when young ; stipules lunate, toothed, reflexed ; ovaries 
 smooth, pedicellate ; style short. S. falcata Pursh. S. nigra var. falcata 
 Ton: N. Y. Fl, 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. A small tree, 6 10 feet high, with 
 smooth and slender branches. Aments 1 2 inches long. Capsules brownish. 
 
 Pursh' s Willow. 
 
 13. S. nigra Marsh. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, 
 smoothish and green on both sides ; petiole and upper side of the midrib to- 
 mentose ; stipules small, lunate, caducous ; aments appearing with the 
 leaves ; scales oblong, very villous ; filaments 3 6, bearded at base ; ovary 
 pedicelled, ovoid, smooth ; style very short ; stigmas bifid. S. Caroliniana 
 Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. April, May. A tree 15 20 feet high, with 
 dark rough bark, generally branching from the base ; branches very brittle 
 at base. Sterile aments 2 inches long. Stamens usually 5. Black Willow. 
 
 14. <S. lucida Muhl. : leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded 
 at base, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining on both sides ; stipules 
 roundish or oblong, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base, smooth and serrate at the apex ; ovary 
 lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style short ; stigmas bifid. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. May. \i. Stem 8 12 feet high, with 
 yellowish-brown bark. Sterile aments an inch and a half long, with yellow 
 scales. Stamens usually 5. Closely allied to $. pentandra of Europe. 
 
 Glossy-leaved Willow. 
 
 15. S. rigida Muhl.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
 base, rigid, coarsely serrate, smooth, paler beneath ; petioles villous ; stip- 
 ules large, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; 
 scales lanceolate, woolly, black ; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate, 
 smooth ; style very short ; stigmas 2-parted. S. cor data Mich. 
 
 Swamps. N. Eng. to Virg. April, May. fy.Stcm 612 feet high; 
 branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Aments 1 2 
 inches long, on short leafy peduncles. Stamens usually 2. It is tough, and 
 much used by basket makers. Rigid Heart-leaved Willow. 
 
 16. S. rostrata Richardson : leaves oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 entire, toothed or waved on the margin, glaucous and hoary-pubescent 
 beneath, smoothish above ; stipules lunate or ovate, toothed ; sterile aments 
 densely flowered, the fertile at length much elongated ; capsules with a 
 long slender beak ; stigmas subsessile, 2-cleft. 
 
 Margins of swamps. Western N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. April. 17. Stem 
 4 15 feet high, with numerous reddish-brown branchlets. Aments on leafy 
 peduncles ; the sterile ones about an inch, the fertile ones nearly 2 inches, long. 
 
 Ochre-flowered Willow. 
 
 17. S. cordata Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
 base, acutely serrate, smooth, paler beneath; stipules large, roundish- 
 
 14* 
 
322 SALICACE^. . 
 
 ovate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales ovate-lanceolate, 
 woolly, black; ovaries pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth; style very short; 
 stigmas 2-cleft. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. N. to Arct. Amer. April. T^.Stem 
 4 8 feet high, with yellowish-green branches. Leaves large and broad. 
 Aments an inch to an inch and a half long. Anthers yeUow. 
 
 Heart-leaved Willow. 
 
 18. S. petiolaris Smith: leaves lanceolate, serrate, smoothish above, 
 glaucous and silky-pubescent beneath ; stipules lunate, toothed ; aments 
 appearing before the leaves, loose ; scales obovate, obtuse, black at the tip ; 
 ovaries on long pedicels, ovoid, silky ; stigmas nearly sessile, 2-lobed, S. 
 grisea WMd. S. sericea Muhl. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. Stem 4 10 feet high ; twigs green or 
 purple, tough but brittle at base. Aments scarcely an inch long ; the fertile 
 ones often recurved. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. 
 
 Dark Long-leaved Willow. 
 
 19. S. vitellina Linn.: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with glandular 
 serratures, smoothish above, paler and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules 
 minute or caducous ; aments appearing with the leaves, cylindric ; scales 
 ovoid-lanceolate, externally pubescent; ovaries sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
 smooth ; style short ; stigmas 2-lobed. S. alba Linn. 
 
 Road sides and about fanns. May. A tree 20 40 feet high, with numerous 
 somewhat erect branches ; twigs yellowish and shining. Fertile aments about 
 2 inches long. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in many places. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Darlington S. Russeliana is naturalized along the Brandywine in 
 Pennsylvania. It is closely allied to, if not identical with, S. decipiens of Hoff- 
 man ; which is said to be a native of Arctic America. Yettoio Willow. 
 
 2. POPULUS. Linn.Poflax. 
 
 (From the Latin populus, the people ; on account of its having been used to 
 shade public walks.) 
 
 Dioecious. Ament cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed at the 
 summit. STERILE FL. Anthers 8 30, arising from a turbi- 
 nate oblique entire single perianth, . FERTILE FL. Perianth 
 turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2- 
 valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. 
 
 1. P. bolsamifera Linn.: leaves ovate, acuminate, appressed-serrate, 
 smooth on both sides, white and reticular-veined beneath ; stamens very 
 numerous ; buds resinous. 
 
 Can. Ver. Northern and Western N. Y. N. to the Arctic Sea. March. A 
 tree from 40 80 feet high. Sterile aments 2 3 inches, fertile ones at length 
 4 6 inches, long. Anthers purple. According to Mr. Douglass, on the North- 
 west Coast this tree sometimes attains the height of 140 feet. The young buds 
 are covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. 
 
 2. P. candicans Ait. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and 
 unequally serrate, whitish and reticular-veined beneath ; petioles hairy ; 
 buds resinous. 
 
 Woods. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. March. A tree from 4050 feet high, with 
 smooth and greenish bark. Leaves large, the petiole somewhat compressed 
 above. Fertue aments 6 inches long. The young buds, as in the preceding, are 
 covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balm ofGilead. 
 
MYRICACE^:. 323 
 
 3. .P. tremuloides Mich.: leaves cordate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, 
 dentate-serrate, pubescent on the margin, green and smooth on both sides. 
 
 Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. April. A tree from 2030 feet high, 
 with smooth bark. Leaves small, light, roundish and slightly cordate. Aments 
 3 4 inches long, pendulous. American Aspen. 
 
 4. P. monilifera Ait. : leaves subcordate-deltoid, acuminate, smooth, 
 with cartilaginous hooked serratures, nearly entire at the base ; petioles 
 compressed above. 
 
 Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y. and in the western part of that state. 
 W. to Ark. April. A tree 50 $0 feet high, with the younger branches slightly 
 angled. Fertile amenls very long. It seems not to have been found in N. 
 America by either the elder or younger Michaux. Virginian Poplar. 
 
 5. P. nigra yar. betulifolia Torr. ; leaves deltoid-rhomboid, conspicu- 
 ously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth on both sides. P. Hud- 
 sonica Mich. f. P. nigra, Mich. P. betulifolia Pursh. 
 
 Banks of the Hudson, above Albany. Michaux. March. A tree 30 50 
 feet high, with spreading branches, the younger of which are pubescent. It is 
 probably not a native. According to Loudon, Michaux believed it to be a mere 
 variety .of P. nigra. American Black Poplar. 
 
 6. P. grandidentata Mich. : leaves roundish-ovate, acute, unequally and 
 sinuately toothed, smooth ; white tomentose when young ; petioles com- 
 pressed near the summit. P. trepida Willd. 
 
 var. pendula Nutt. : branches pendulous. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. April. A tree 40 50 feet high, covered with smooth 
 greenish bark. Leaves when youmj covered with a thick down, which disap- 
 pears as they become older. The large and unequal indentations on the mar- 
 gins of the leaves sufficiently characterize this species. The variety is found 
 on the Alleghany mountains, Penn. American Large Aspen. 
 
 7. P. lavigata Ait. : younger branches angled ; leaves roundish or del- 
 toid-ovate, acuminate, subcordate, unequally serrate, smooth, glandular at 
 base ; petioles compressed. P. Canadensis Mich. 
 
 Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. March. 
 A tree from 70 80 feet high; branches angular, the angles forming whitish 
 lines. Leaves large, deltoid, somewhat cordate ; petioles with two glands at 
 the base. This species has been confounded with P. angulata, but according 
 to the younger Michaux, it is distinct. Cotton Wood. 
 
 8. P. helcrophylla Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, often auricu- 
 lately cordate at base with the sinus small, uncinately toothed, very tomen- 
 tose when young. P. argentea Mich. f. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. A tree 4060 feet high, with 
 terete branches. Leaves with lobes or auricles that often ccnceal the insertion 
 of the petiole. Fertile aments about 6 inches in length. 
 
 Various-leaved Poplar. 
 
 ORDER CXYJ. MYRICACE^. GALEWORTS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, amentaceous, naked. STE- 
 KILE FL. Stamens 2 -8, generally in the axil of a scale-like 
 bract. FERTILE FL. Ovary 1 -celled, surrounded by several 
 hypogynous scales ; stigmas 2, subulate or dilated and petaloid. 
 Fruit drupaceous, often covered with waxy secretions. Seed 
 
324 BETULACE^E. 
 
 without albumen. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves 
 which are covered with resinous glands and dots. 
 
 1. MYRICA. Linn. Candlebeny Myrtle. 
 (From the Greek /*vpu>7, synonymous with the Tamarix. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
 
 Dioecious. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric ; scales concave. 
 Stamens 4 6. FERTILE FL. Ament closely imbricate, small, 
 ovoid. Styles 2. Drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. M. gale Linn.: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, ob- 
 tuse ; sterile aments imbricate ; scales acuminate, ciliate ; fruit in imbri- 
 cate heads. 
 
 Bogs and mountain lakes. Can. to Penn. April, May. fy- Stem 4 5 feet 
 high, branching. Leaves alternate, somewhat coriaceous. Fruit with a strong 
 penetrating spicy scent. The leaves have a bitter taste and are sometimes em- 
 ployed as a substitute for hops. Hook. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. 
 
 2. M. cerifera Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with a few serratures 
 near the summit, acute ; sterile aments loose ; scales acute ; fruit globular, 
 naked. M. Caroliniensis and Pennsylvania Pursh. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Eng. to Flor. May, June. T7. Stem 2 8, but some- 
 times, (especially at the South,) 10 18, feet high, diffusely spreading. Leaves 
 varying in width, sometimes entire, somewhat pubescent. Fruit small, dry and 
 juiceless, but by boiling, a wax of very pleasant flavor is extracted from it, 
 which is used for making candles, &c. Rig. Med. Hot. iii. 
 
 Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. 
 
 2. COMPTONIA. Gcert. Sweet Fern. 
 
 (In honor of Henry Compton, a Bishop of London of the last century, who was 
 a patron of botany.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric, imbricate ; scales 
 reniform-cordate, acuminate, 1 -flowered. Berianth of 2 minute 
 scarious leaves. Stamens 3- 5. FERTILE FL. Ament glo- 
 bose; scales 1 -flowered. Styles 2. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. 
 
 C. aspknifolia Ait. Liquidambar aspknifolium Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. T^. Stem 24 feet high, much 
 branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, cut almost to the midrib into numerous 
 roundish lobes. Flowers in oval sessile aments. Nuts forming a round burr. 
 The whole plant, when rubbed, has a strong and somewhat fragrant scent. It 
 is a popular remedy in Dysentery. Sweet Fern 
 
 ORDER CXVII. BETULACE^E. BIRCHES. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in aments, with small scales which are 
 sometimes arranged in a whorl. STERILE FL. Stamens 4, dis 
 tinct, opposite the scales ; anthers 2 -celled. FERTILE FL. 
 Ovary free ; styles single or none ; stigmas 2. Fruit thin, in- 
 dehiscent, 1-celled, combined with the scales i:: o ;i sort of 
 
BETULACE^E. 325 
 
 cone. Seeds without albumen. Trees or shrubs, with alter- 
 nate simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 
 
 1. BETULA. Toum Birch. 
 (Said to be derived from Betu, the Celtic name for the birch.) 
 
 STERILE FL. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the 
 middle one bearing the stamens. FERTILE FL. Ament ovoid- 
 oblong ; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nuts compressed, winged on 
 each side. 
 
 1. B.popuUfolia Ait.: leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, 
 very smooth ; petioles smooth ; fertile aments cylindric, pendulous ; scales 
 with roundish lateral lobes. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. Mass. N. Y. W. to Ark. May. A tree from 2030 
 feet high, with white bark, not easily separable into layers. Leaves tapering 
 to a long point. Aments pedunculate. White Birch. 
 
 2. B. excelsa Ait. : leaves ovate, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides ; 
 petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncles ; fertile aments ovate, erect ; 
 scales with rounded lateral lobes. B. tutea Mich.f. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June. A tree from 4060 feet 
 high, with a yellowish bark which is slightly fragrant. Fertile aments about an 
 inch long. Used for fuel and for cabinet work. The bark is valuable for tan- 
 ning. Yellow Birch. 
 
 3. B. nigra Linn. : leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes- 
 cent beneath, entire at base ; fertile aments ovate ; scales villous, with the 
 segments linear and equal. B. rubra Mich. /. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. April, May. A tree 4060 feet high, with 
 a smooth bark. Leaves on short petioles. Fertile aments three-fourths of an 
 inch long. The wood is of little consequence. Red Birch. 
 
 4. B. papyracea Ait. : leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, hairy on 
 the veins beneath ; petioles smooth ; fertile aments pedunculate, nodding 
 scales with short and rounded lateral lobes. B. papyri/era Mich. 
 
 Can. N. Eng. N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. May, June. A tree 4070 
 feet high ; the bark white externally, easily separable into thin layers which 
 have a reddish color. Fertile aments about an inch long. The bark is used by 
 the Indians for constructing their canoes ; and the wood is sometimes employed 
 for cabinet work. Canoe Birch. 
 
 5. B. lento, Linn. : leaves cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate ; 
 nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; fertile aments elliptic-ovoid, erect ; scales 
 roughish-pubescent ; lobes nearly equal, obtuse, with elevated veins. B. 
 carpinifolia Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. A tree 30 60 feet high, with nume- 
 rous slender branches which are spotted with white. Leaves cordate and some- 
 what unequal at base, long-acuminate. The wood has a close grain and is 
 susceptible of a fine polish. The bark and young twigs are fragrant and aro- 
 matic. Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. 
 
 6. B. pumila Linn. : young branches pubescent or smoothish ; leaves 
 roundish-obovate, serrate, smooth, subsessile; petioles densely pubescent 
 beneath; fertile aments oblong. B. glandulosa Mich. 
 
326 CUPULIFERjE. 
 
 Mountain bogs. Can. N. Y. and Penn. Purslt. W. to Ohio. May, June. 
 f2- Stem 2 3 feet high. Leaves on short petioles, somewhat pubescent be- 
 neath. Dr. Torrey states that he has seen no specimens collected in New York. 
 
 Low Birch. 
 
 7. B. nana Linn. : very smooth ; leaves orbicular, crenate, reticular- 
 veined beneath ; fertile aments oblong, on short peduncles ; scales deeply 
 3-parted ; lobes oblong-oboyate, nearly equal. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. High mountains of Essex county, N. Y. N. to 
 Hudson's Bay. April. May. T?. Stem I 2 feet high, branched. Leaves small. 
 Fertile aments half an inch long. Fruit ovate, with a winged margin. 
 
 Duxirf Birch. 
 2. ALNUS. Willd. Alder. 
 
 (From the Celtic al, near, and Ian, the river bank.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament long, cylindric ; scales 
 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. FERTILE 
 FL. Ament ovoid ; scales subtrifid, 2 -flowered. Perianth none. 
 Styles 2. Nut compressed. 
 
 1 A. serrulate, Willd. : leaves obovate, somewhat coriaceous, doubly ser- 
 rulate, acuminate, veins and their axils hairy beneath ; stipules oval, ob- 
 tuse. 
 
 Swamps and banks of rivers. Can. to Car. March, h. - Stem 6 10 feet 
 high, with alternate leaves. Sterile flowers in a long pendulous ament ; fertile 
 ones about half an inch long, thick and rigid, purplish-brown, persistent, often 
 somewhat clustered. Common Alder. 
 
 2. A. incana Willd. : leaves thin, ovate or oblong, rather acute, obtuse 
 or somewhat cordate at base, slightly lobed, acutely serrate, glaucous and 
 pubescent beneath, naked in the axils of the veins ; stipules oblong-lance- 
 olate. (Torr. N.Y. FV.) A. crispa Pursh, (in part.) A. glauca Mich. f. 
 
 Banks of mountain streams. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. I?. Stem 8 20 feet 
 high, with smooth brown bark. Fertile aments oval, usually 4 5 in a panicu- 
 late raceme. Black Alder. 
 
 3. Amridis.D.C. : leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute, somewhat obtuse 
 at the base, doubly serrate, glutinous and pubescent beneath, or only the 
 veins and axils pubescent ; stipules broad-ovate ; fruit with a broad winged 
 margin. ( Ton: N. Y. Fl.) A. uudulata Willd. Delula crispa Ait. 
 
 Banks of mountain streams. Ver. N. H. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay- 
 W. to the N. W. coast. \i .Stem 48 feet high, much branched ; the branches 
 warty. Fertile aments ovoid, obtuse, three-fourths of an inch long, on long pedi- 
 cels. Fruit winged, like that of a Betula. Mountain Alder. 
 
 ORDER CXVIII. CUPULIFEILE. NUTS. 
 
 Flowers usually monoecious. STERILE FL. in aments. Sta- 
 mens 520, inserted into the base of scale -like or regular per- 
 ianth. FERTILE FL. solitary, 2 3 together or clustered. Ovary 
 crowned by the rudiments of an adherent perianth, seated within 
 a coriaceous involucre which is usually echinate or scaly exter- 
 nally, and encloses the fruit at maturity or forms a cup at its 
 
CUPULIFER.E. 327 
 
 base. Fruit a bony or coriaceous 1 -celled nut. Albumen none, 
 r Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often feather- 
 veined, with stipules. 
 
 1. CARPINUS. Linn.- Hornbeam. 
 
 (From the Celtic car, wood, and pin, the head ; being used in making yokes 
 for cattle.) 
 
 Mono3cious, STERILE FL, Ament long-cylindric ; scales 
 ovate, acute, ciliate at base. Stamens 814, somewhat bearded 
 at the top. FERTILE FL. Ament oblong, loosely imbricated ; 
 scales in pairs, enlarging and becoming leafy ; each pair 2 -flow- 
 ered. Styles 2. Nut bony, ovoid, acute, sulcate. 
 
 C. Americana Mick. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally ser- 
 rate ; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted ; the middle segment much the 
 largest, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed on one side. C. Vir- 
 giniana Mich. f. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Flor. May. A tree 1020 feet high, much branched. 
 Leaves alternate, on short petioles, often cordate at base. Fertile amenls 23 
 inches long, loosely imbricated, with large foliaceons scales. 
 
 Hornbeam. Water-Beech. 
 
 2. OSTRYA. Mich. Hop Hornbeam. 
 (From the Greek ovrpcov, a shell ; in allusion to the fruit.) 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric ; scales orbicular- 
 ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Stamens 8 10 or more ; filaments 
 branched. FERTILE FL. Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate, 
 with the flowers in pairs ; scales none, but a membranous sac or 
 involucre enclosing each flower. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut ob- 
 long, included in the bladdery involucre. 
 
 O. Virginica Willd. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate at base, 
 acuminate, unequally serrate ; strobile oblong-ovoid, erect ; buds acute. 
 Carpinus Oslrya Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. A tree 2040 
 feet high, with brownish bark. Leaves alternate, on hairy petioles. Fertile 
 amenls at length enlarged into a sort of oblong somewhat pendulous cone re- 
 sembling the common hop. The wood is exceedingly hard and heavy. In some 
 parts of the country it is called lever wood, from the use to which it is sometimes 
 applied. Iron Wood. Hop Hornbeam. 
 
 3. QUERCUS. Linn. Oak. 
 (From the Celtic quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree. Hook.\ 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament long, slender and pendu- 
 lous. Perianth 6 8-parted, the segments unequal. Stamens 
 6 10. FERTILE FL. Several together on erect axillary pedun- 
 
328 CUPULIFER.E. 
 
 cles or sessile on a rachis. Involucre 1 -flowered, consisting of 
 many imbricate scales, which in fruit become an indurated 
 cup (cupule), surrounding the base of the ovoid or roundish 
 1 -seeded nut or acorn. 
 
 * Fruit biennial, subsessik. 
 f Leaves entire. . 
 
 1 . Q. Pkellos Linn. : leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at 
 each end, very entire, smooth, mucronate ; acorn nearly round. 
 
 Low swampy forests. Suffolk county, N. Y. Torr. S. to Flor. W. to Ark. 
 April, May. A tree 30 to 60 feet high, generally straight and slender. Leaves 
 when young of a light-green color and dentate. Acorn small, nearly round. 
 The timber is of little use. Willow Oak. 
 
 2. Q. imbricaria Mich. : leaves deciduous, oblong, acute at each end, 
 mucronate, very entire, shining, pubescent beneath ; cup shallow ; scales 
 broad-ovate ; acorn subglobose. 
 
 Banks of rivers in mountainous regions. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. 
 A tree 4050 feet high, with numerous irregular branches. Acorn small, nearly 
 spherical, in a flat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is used in the 
 Western States for shingles. Shingle Oak. 
 
 ff Leaves toothed or lobed. 
 
 3. Q. heterophyUa Mich. : leaves on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate or 
 oblong, entire or coarsely toothed ; cup hemispheric ; acorn subglobose. 
 
 Banks of the Delaware. Penn. May. Pj. According to Pursh there is 
 only one individual of this species known, which grows near Philadelphia. He 
 suggests that it may be a hybrid. It is figured and described by Michaux in his 
 Sylva Americana. Various-leaved Oak. 
 
 4. Q. aqnatica Walt. : leaves obovate-wedgeform, smooth, very entire, 
 obscurely 3-lobed at the end, with the middle lobe largest ; cup hemispheric ; 
 acorn subglobose. Q. nigra Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Md. to Flor. W. to Ark. May. A tree 3040 feet high. Leaves 
 very variable. Cup shallow. Acorn rather small, roundish. It resembles Q. 
 laurifolia. Its timber is of no value. Water Oak. 
 
 5. Q. IrUobaLinn: leaves oblong- wedgeform, acute at the base, somewhat 
 3-lobed at the end ; lobes equal, mucronate, tomentose beneath, middle one 
 longer ; cup'flat ; acorn depressed-globose. 
 
 Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. May. A tree 20 40 feet high, of rapid growth. 
 
 Downy Black Oak. 
 
 6. Q. nigra Wittd. : leaves coriaceous, wedgeform, subcordate at base, 
 dilated and retusely 3-lobed above, the lobes mucronate when young, rusty- 
 pulverulent beneath ; cup turbinate, with the scales obtuse and scarious ; 
 acorn short, ovoid. Q. ferruginea Mich. f. 
 
 Sandy woods. Long Island. Torr. S. to Flor. May. A tree 10 30 feet 
 high, irregular in its growth, and covered with a thick rough black bark. The 
 wood is much esteemed for fuel ; but is seldom of sufficient size to be of any 
 value as timber. Barren Oak. Black Jack Oak. 
 
 7. Q. tinctoria Bartram: leaves obovate-oblong, somewhat sinuate- 
 
CUPULIFKR.E. 329 
 
 lobed, pubescent beneath; lobes oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, mucro- 
 nate ; cup flat, tapering at base ; acorn ovoid-globose. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. One of the largest species of 
 oak, sometimes attaining the height of 70 or 80 feet, covered with a rough black- 
 ish bark, from whence it has derived its common name. It is highly valued on 
 account of its timber, as well as its bark. Black Oak. Quercitron. 
 
 8. Q. discolor Ait. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent beneath ; 
 lobes oblong, toothed, setaceously mucronate ; cup turbinate j acorn ovoid. 
 Q. tinctoria sinuosa Mich.f. 
 
 Forests. Penn. to Car. May. A large tree, resembling the preceding, and 
 also Q. coccinea, but differs in having the young leaves covered with down. It 
 is still, however, doubtful whether it is really distinct. Two-colored Oak. 
 
 f-ff Leaves deeply sinuaie and lobed. 
 
 9. Q. coccinea Wang. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate- 
 lobed, smooth ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceously-mucronate ; cup 
 turbinate, scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid. 
 
 Fertile woods. N. Eng. to Geor. W. to the Ark. May. A tree 6080 feet 
 high. Distinguished by the brilliant red color of its leaves towards the close of 
 autumn. Its wood is used for staves and fuel, but it is not very durable. The 
 bark is valuable for tanning. Scarlet Oak. 
 
 10. Q. rubra Linn.: leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, obtusely 
 sinuate-lobed ; lobes spreading, rather acute, toothed, setaceously mucro- 
 nate ; cup flat, nearly smooth ; acorn oblong-ovoid. 
 
 Forests. Can. to Geor. May. A tree 70 80 feet high. Leaves bright-green, 
 slightly pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath. Resembles the former, but 
 its leaves are larger, and in autumn they change to a dull red, and finally be- 
 come yellow. The acorn also is larger, has a flat base and shallow cup. It is 
 valuable both for its wood and bark : the wood however is not very durable. 
 
 Red Oak. 
 
 11. Q. Catesbai Mich. : leaves on short petioles, wedgeform at base, ob- 
 long, deeply sinuate, smooth ; lobes 3 5, divaricate, toothed, acute, seta- 
 ceously mucronate ; cup turbinate, broad ; scales obtuse, those of the mar- 
 gin bent inwards ; acorn subglobose. 
 
 Pine barrens. Md. to Flor. May. A shrub or small tree 1020 feet high, 
 with an irregular stem and branches. Leaves coriaceous and glossy. Cup large 
 and remarkable for its obtuse scales. The wood makes excellent fuel, and its 
 bark is used by the tanner. Shrubby Oak. 
 
 12. Q. falcata Mich. : leaves on long petioles, obtuse at base, tomentose 
 beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate ; lobes somewhat falcate, setaceously muc*o- 
 nate, the terminal one long ; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate ; acorn glo- 
 bose. Q. elongata Linn. Q. rubra Walt. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ark. May. A tree 7080 feet high. 
 Leaves with 3 5 lobes, glossy on the upper surface. The wood is used for 
 staves, fencing and fuel. The bark is highly esteemed by tanners. 
 
 Spanish Oak. Downy Red Oak. 
 
 13. Q. palustris Mich. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, deeply 
 sinuate-lobed, with broad sinuses; lobes dentate, toothed, acute, setaceously 
 mucronate ; cup flat, smooth ; acorn subglobose. 
 
 Swampy woods. N. Y. N. Eivj. and Penn. W. to 111. and Ark. May. A 
 tree 40 60 feet high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves bright-green 
 
330 CUPULIFER^.. 
 
 and shining. Acorns numerous, small, on short peduncles. The wood is firm 
 and much used by mechanics. Water Oa%. Pin Oak. 
 
 14. Q. Banisteri Mich. - leaves on rather short petioles, obovate-wedge- 
 form, 3 5-lobed, entire on the margin, grayish tomentose beneath ; lobes 
 setaceously mucronate ; cup subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid. Q. iLici- 
 folia Willd. 
 
 Dry hills and barrens. Can. to Geor. May. Tj. Stem 4 6 feet high, 
 crooked and much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches, 
 small. Covers large tracts, called oak barrens, in various parts of New York 
 and of pther states. Bear Oak. Barren Scrub Oak. 
 
 ** Fructification annual. Fruit mostly pedunculate. 
 f Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes not mucronate. 
 
 15. Q. obtusiloba Mich. : leaves oblong, deeply-sinuate-lobed, wedgeform 
 at base, pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, the upper one dilated and retuse ; 
 cup hemispheric ; acorn oval. Q. stellata Linn. 
 
 Sterile grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Ark. May. A tree 30 50 
 feet high, with straggling irregular branches. Leaves mostly 5-lobed, smooth- 
 ish and shining above, rusty pubescent beneath. Fruit sessile or 2 3 together 
 on a short common peduncle. Cup hemispheric, enclosing nearly half of the 
 acorn. The timber is much esteemed in ship building, and is supposed in dura- 
 bility and strength to surpass that of any other species of oak except the Live Oak. 
 
 Post Oak. 
 
 16. Q. macrocarpa Mich. : leaves deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, to- 
 mentose beneath ; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cup deep, 
 fringed around the. margin ; acorn ovoid, turgid, more than half immersed 
 in the cup. 
 
 Woods. Near Schenectady, N. Y. On the islands in Lake Champlain. Penn., 
 and throughout the Western and Southwestern states. May. A tree 40 60 
 feet high, the branches with a corky bark. Acorns pedunculate, larger than in 
 any other American species. The wood is said to be of an excellent quality. 
 
 Over-cup White Oak. 
 
 17. Q. olivaformis Mich. : leaves oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, 
 deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid ; cup very deep, crenate above ; 
 acorn elliptic-oval, three-fourths enclosed in the cup. 
 
 Hills. N. Y. to Virg. May. A tree somewhat resembling the preceding. 
 Michaux credits it to the banks of the Hudson near Albany, but I believe no 
 other botanist has found it there. It has, however, been observed by the late 
 Dr. W. Horton, in Orange county, N. Y. Mossy-cup Oak. 
 
 18. Q. alba, Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, paler beneath ; 
 segments oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit pedunculate ; cup deep, tuberculate ; 
 acorn ovoid or oblong. 
 
 Fertile forests. Throughout the U. S. May. One of the largest arid most 
 valuable of the American forest trees, often 80 100 feet high, and 3 7 feet in 
 diameter. Bark whitish. Leaves pubescent beneath when young. Timber 
 firm and durable, and of great use in ship building and in many other arts. 
 
 White Oak. 
 
 ff Leaves coarsely serrate or toothed, not lobed. 
 
 19. Q. Prinus Linn. : leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubes- 
 cent beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth unequal, dilated, callous at the point ; 
 cap deep, attenuate at base ; acorn ovoid or oval. Q. Prinus palustris 
 Mich. 
 
,OUPU LIFERS. 331 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. ? to Flor. May .-.A tree 6080 feet high. Leaves 
 large, on petioles about an inch long. Cup hemispheric, enclosing about one 
 third of the acorn, on a short peduncle. Acorn large. Timber inferior to that 
 of the preceding, but often employed indiscriminately with it. 
 
 Swamp Chestnut Oak. 
 
 20. Q. bicolor Willd. : leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, whitish 
 tomentose beneath, coarsely toothed, cuneate and entire at base ; teeth 
 unequal, diluted, rather acute, callous at the summit ; fruit mostly in pairs, 
 on long peduncles 5 cup hemispheric ; acorn oblong-ovoid. Q. Prinus 
 discolor Mich. f. 
 
 Low woods and swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. A tree 4060 feet high, 
 with the bark separating into large flat scales or plates. Leaves varying from 
 broad-oVate to oblong. Acorn large, in a small thin and roughish cup. Its tim- 
 ber is in less repute than that of many other species. Swamp White Oak. 
 
 21 . Q. montana Willd. : leaves on petioles, broad-obovate, oblong, pubes- 
 cent and somewhat glaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally toothed ; 
 teeth short, broad and obtuse, slightly mucronate ; fruit mostly in pairs, on 
 short peduncles ; cup hemispheric ; acorn elliptic-oblong. Q. Prinus mon- 
 ticola Mich. 
 
 In rocky situations. N. H. to Car. W. to Ark. May. A tree of less size 
 than either of the two preceding. Its wood resembles the white oak in strength, 
 and its bark is highly esteemed by tanners. For fuel it is scarcely exceeded in 
 value by any of our trees. Rock Chestnut Oak. 
 
 22. Q. Castanea Willd. : leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse at base, acuminate, pubescent and grayish beneath, nearly equally 
 toothed ; teeth acute, callous at the point ; cup hemispheric ; acorn round- 
 ish-ovoid. Q. Prinus acuminata Mich.f. 
 
 Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. May. A tree 60 70 feet high. Leaves on long 
 petioles and narrower than those of the former. Fruit middle-sized, sessile or 
 on a short peduncle. In name and use it is often confounded with Q. Prinus. 
 
 Chestnut Oak. Yellow Oak. 
 
 23. Q. Chinquapin Pursh : leaves on short petioles, obovate, and lance- 
 oblong, coarsely and often obsoletely sinuate-toothed, acute at base, pu- 
 bescent and glaucous beneath ; teeth nearly equal, callous at the point ; cup 
 hemispheric, sessile ; acorn ovoid. Q. prinoides Willd. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. May. fy.Slem 36 feet 
 high. Acorns small, numerous. It occurs in tracts or patches intermingled with 
 Q. Banisteri. Chinquapin Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. 
 
 4. CASTANEA. Tourn. Chestnut. 
 (From Castanea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts.) 
 
 Polygamous. STERILE FL. Aments numerous, interruptedly 
 clustered, very long, cylindric. Perianth deeply 5 6-parted. 
 Stamens 8 15. FERTILE FL. 2 3, within an ovoid scaly or 
 muricate involucre, Perianth urceolate, 5 6-cleft, having the 
 rudiments of 10 12 abortive stamens. Ovary crowned with 
 the perianth. Nuts 1 3, included in the enlarged echinate 
 4-lobed involucre. 
 
332 fl'PULIFERyE. 
 
 1. C. vesca var. Americana Mich. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 rnucronate-serrate, smooth on both sides. C. xesca Willd. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. May, June. A large tree, and one of 
 the most, useful. Leaves 6 inches long, pubescent beneath when young. Ste- 
 rile aments or spikes as long as the leaves. Flowers yellowish, in dense brac- 
 teate clusters, giving out an unpleasant odor. Nuts generally 3, much smaller 
 than in the European chestnut. The wood is extremely durable and is highly 
 esteemed for posts and rails to construct fences. American Chestnut. 
 
 2. C. pumila Mich. : leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, white-to- 
 mentose beneath. Fagus pumila Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields and woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. A shrub or small tree, at 
 the North being seldom more than 10 or 12 feet high. Leaves smaller than in 
 the preceding and white beneath. Nut ovoid, acute, very sweet, half as large 
 as that of the preceding. The wood is durable, but too small to be converted 
 to much use. Chinquapin. 
 
 5. CORYLUS. Linn Hazel Nut. 
 
 (From the Greek nopvs, a helmet or cup ; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.) 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament cylindric ; scales 3-cleft, 
 the middle lobe covering the two lateral ones. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled. FERTILE FL. numerous, in ter- 
 minal capitate scaly clusters. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. 
 Nut bony, roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged 
 coriaceous and lacerately toothed involucre. 
 
 1. C. Americana Walt.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate; involucre 
 roundish-campanulate, larger than the subglobose nut; border dilated, 
 many-cleft. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Ark. March, April. \i . 
 "set high, with virgate branches, pubescent when young, 
 long and often a little compressed ; the .kernel of a fine 
 
 4n<v'^. Tf~~l M,.t W,' 
 
 Stem 48 feet high, with virgate branches, pubescent when young. Nut about 
 half an inch long and often a little compressed ; the .kernel of a fine flavor. 
 
 American Hazel Nut. Wild Filbert. 
 
 2. C. rostrata Ait. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; 
 stipules linear-lanceolate ; involucre tubular-campanulate, longer than the 
 nut, 2-parted, with incised segments. 
 
 Mountain woods. Can. to Car. May. Tj. Stem 3 4 feel high. Leaves 
 on short petioles, slightly cordate. Involucre terminating in a tube about 2 
 
 inches long, fhe lower part enveloping the nut and densely hairy. Easily dis- 
 
 * cmg beaked involucr 
 Beaked Hazel Nut. 
 
 tinguished from the preceding, by its narrow leaves and long beaked involucre. 
 
 6. FAGUS. Linn. Beech. 
 (From the Greek <ay, to eat ; in allusion to the esculent fruit.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament globose, pedunculate. 
 Perianth campanulate, 6 -cleft. Stamens 8 12. FERTILE FL. 
 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre. Perianth with 4 5 mi- 
 nute lobes. Ovaries triquetrous, 3 -celled, 2 abortive. Styles 
 3. Nuts usually 2, invested by the enlarged coriaceous muri- 
 cate 4 -cleft involucre. 
 
ALTINGIACEA:. 333 
 
 F. sytvatica, var. Americana Nwtt : leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, more 
 or less toothed, ciliate on the margin ; nut sharply 3-angled, acute or some- 
 what obtuse. F. sylvestris Mich. F. ferruginea Ait. ? Torr. N. Y. Fl. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. May. A beautiful tree, often attaining the height of 
 50 or 60 feet, and coated with a thick smooth grayish bark. Leaves 2 5 inches 
 long, often a little cordate at base, bright-green and shining above, silky beneath 
 when young. Nuts 1 2 in each involucre, mostly acute but sometimes rather 
 obtuse, mucronate with a sharp point, pale reddish-brown. There is probably 
 only one species of beech in the Northern States, but whether this is distinct 
 from the foreign F. sylvatica, or a mere variety, is still somewhat doubtful. The 
 difference in the color of the wood, (red and white,) is caused by the more or less 
 rapid growth of the tree. Beech. 
 
 ORDER CXIX. PLATANACE^E. PLANES. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, in globose pedunculate aments, destitute 
 of floral envelopes. STERILE FL. Stamens numerous, mixed 
 with small scales and appendages. FERTILE FL. Ovaries nu- 
 merous, mixed with scales ; styles subulate ; stigma small. 
 Fruit a small coriaceous 1 -seeded nut. Seeds albuminous. 
 Large trees, with alternate palmate or toothed leaves. 
 
 PLATANUS. Linn. Plane Tree. 
 
 (From the Greek TrAaruf , broad ; in allusion to its wide spreading branches and 
 foliage.) 
 
 Character same as that of the order. 
 
 JP. occidentalis Linn. : leaves angularly lobed or obscurely palmate, sinu- 
 ate-toothed, pubescent beneath ; branches whitish ; fertile heads solitary. 
 
 Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. One of the largest 
 trees in the United States, attaining in favorable situations the height of 80 feet 
 or more. Leaves alternate, on long petioles. Aments axillary, globose ; the 
 fertile ones at length forming a compact ball of about an inch in diameter, which 
 hangs on a slender peduncle 2 or 3 inches in length. 
 
 Button Wood. Sycamore. 
 
 ORDER CXX. ALTINGIACEJE. SWEET GUMS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, destitute of floral envelopes, in aments 
 which are furnished with a deciduous 4 -leaved involucre. STE- 
 RILE FL. in conical aments. Anthers numerous, nearly sessile, 
 with a few minute scales. FERTILE FL. in globose aments. 
 Ovaries numerous, each surrounded by a few scales ; styles 2, 
 long. Fruit a cone composed of hard connected scales, in the 
 cavities of which lie obconic, 2-lobed, 2-celled capsules. Seeds 
 mostly abortive ; albumen fleshy. Trees, with alternate simple 
 or lobed leaves and deciduous stipules. 
 
334 ULMACE.E. 
 
 LIQUID AMBAR. Linn. Sweet Gum. 
 
 (From the Latin Liquidutn, fluid, and ambar, amber ; in allusion to the liquid 
 which exudes from the tree.) 
 
 Character same as that of the order, 
 
 L. slyraciflua Linn, ; leaves palmately lobed ; lobes acuminate, serrate ; 
 axils of the primary veins villous. 
 
 Low woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. A tree sometimes attaining 
 the height of 60 or 70 feet. Leaves fragrant when bruised. Fertile aments 
 when in fruit about an inch in diameter, forming a brownish woody and prickly 
 strobile. At the South, the tree yields an aromatic liquid. 
 
 Common Suueet Gum. Bilsted. 
 
 ORDER CXXI. ULMACEJE, ELMS. 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous by abortion. Perianth cam- 
 panulate, imbricate, irregular. Stamens 5 10, inserted on the 
 perianth. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit a samara, 
 an indehiscent capsule or a drupe. Seed solitary, without albu- 
 men. Trees or shrubs, with rough alternate simple deciduous 
 leaves and stipules. 
 
 1. ULMUS. Linn. Elm. 
 
 (An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.) 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 5 8-cleft. Stamens 
 58. Styles 2. Fruit (a samara) flat, with a broad mem- 
 branaceous border. 
 
 1. U. Americana Linn. : branches smooth; leaves smooth above, pubes- 
 cent beneath, somewhat doubly serrate, unequal at the base ; serratures 
 uncinately acuminate ; flowers pedicellate, in loose lateral fascicles ; samara 
 oval, densely villose, ciliate on the margin. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. A tree 6080 
 feet or more in height, with long recurved branches. Flowers purplish, in small 
 fascicles, generally appearing before the leaves. Stamens 4-8. In favorable 
 situations the most magnificent tree on the continent. The wood is less com- 
 pact than that of the two next specie?. American Elm. White Elm. 
 
 2. U. fuha Mich. : branches scabrous, white ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
 much acuminate, very scabrous above and somewhat roughly pubescent 
 beneath ; buds tomentose, with a thick tawny wool ; flowers in dense 
 nearly sessile fascicles, ; samara orbicular, nearly naked on the margin. 
 U. riibra Mich. f. 
 
 Mountains. N. Y. to Cur. May. A tree 20, 30, or 40 feet high. Leaves 
 much larger than in the preceding and very rough. Stamens 7^9. The inner 
 bark contains a great portion of mucilage, and is largely employed for medi- 
 cinal purposes. Slippery Elm. 
 
 3. U. nenioralis Ait. : leaves oblong, somewhat glabrous, equally serrate, 
 nearly equal at base : flowers sessile. 
 
JUGLANDACE^E. 335 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Eng. to Virg. ; rare. April, May. \i. Pursh. A 
 doubtful species. River Elm. 
 
 4. U-. racemosa Thomas : young branchlets pubescent ; leaves smooth 
 above, slightly and softly pubescent beneath, acuminate, doubly and unci- 
 nately serrate ; flowers in compound racemes, pedicellate ; samara elliptic- 
 oval, the margin densely fringed. 
 
 Banks of Htreams. Ver. N. Y. and in the Western States. April. A large 
 tree ; the branches having irregular corky excrescences. Leaves obovate, ob- 
 long, often auriculate on one side. Racemes compound, 1 2 inches long; 
 pedicels solitary, or 2 4 together. Perianth 78 cleft. Stamens 7 10. De- 
 scribed and figured by David Thomas, Esq. , in Sittiman's Journal, xix. 170. 
 
 Thomas's Elm. White Elm. 
 
 2. CELTIS. Linn. Nettle Tree. 
 (An ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this tree.) 
 Polygamous. STERILE FL. Perianth 5 6 -parted. Stamens 
 5^6. PERFECT FL. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Stigmas 2, 
 elongated, spreading. Drupe globose, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, un- 
 equal at base, scabrous above, hairy beneath ; flowers small, subsolitary. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W, to Miss. May. A tree 2060 or 70 feet high. 
 Leaves 2 5 inches long, at length coriaceous. Flmvers small, greenish-white, 
 solitary or in pairs. Drupe nearly globose. Sugar Berry. Beaver Wood. 
 
 2. C. crassifolia Lam. : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
 rough and hairy on both sides, unequal and subcordate at the base ; pe- 
 duncles mostly 2-flowered. 
 
 Low grounds. Penn. W. toTenn. May ? A tree 30 50 feet high. Leaves 
 3 6 inches long. Flowers often in pairs on a common peduncle. Drupe round, 
 about as large as a pea, black when ripe. Mich. Darlingt. 
 
 Hoop Ash. Hack Berry. 
 
 ORDER CXXII. JUGLANDACE^E. WALNUTS. 
 
 Flowers monrecious, imperfect. STERILE FL. in aments. 
 Perianth adherent to a scale-like bract, unequally 2 6 -parted. 
 Stamens 3, or numerous. FERTILE FL. few, clustered or in 
 loose racemes. Perianth adherent to the ovary ; the limb 
 minute, 3 5 -parted ; rarely double, the inner of 3 5 minute 
 leaves. Ovary 2 4-celled below, 1-celled above; styles 12, 
 very short ; stigmas 2 4, unequal. Fruit drupaceous, the 
 pericarp fibrous-fleshy or coriaceous ; nut opening or separating 
 from a 2-valved or valveless stone, which is 2 4-celled at base, 
 and 1-celled at the apex. Seed without albumen, 2- or 4-lobed ; 
 cotyledons fleshy and oily. Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves 
 destitute of stipules. 
 
336 JUGLANDACE^E. 
 
 1. JUGLANS. Linn. Walnut. 
 (From the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter ; on account of its excellence.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament imbricate ; scales mostly 
 5-parted, sometimes bracteate. Perianth 5- or 6-parted. Sta- 
 mens 8 40. FERTILE FL. Perianth double ; the outer one 
 short, 4-toothed ; the inner one 4 -parted. Styles 2, very short. 
 Stigmas 2, somewhat clavate. Drupe fibrous-fleshy, indehiscent. 
 Nut rugose and irregularly furrowed. 
 
 1. J. nigra Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, 
 serrate, subcordate, tapering to the summit, the under surface and petioles 
 slightly pubescent ; fruit globose, roughly dotted, spongy ; nut nearly glo- 
 bose, corrugated. 
 
 Fertile woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May. A tree, 3060 
 feet high, with a large spreading top. Leaves pinnate, with from 15 21 leafets. 
 Sterile aments axillary, cylindric, pendulous. Timber compact, fine grained, 
 heavy and dark colored when exposed to the air. Black Walnut. 
 
 2. J. cinerea Linn, : leaves pinnate ; leafets numerous, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, serrate, rounded at the base, softly pubescent beneath; petioles villous; 
 fruit ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, hairy and viscid ; nut elliptic-oblong, acumi- 
 nate, conspicuously sculptured. J. cathartica Mich. f. 
 
 Woods. Can. toGeor. W. to Miss. April, May. A large tree. Leaves pin- 
 nate, with 15 17 pubescent leafets. Habit and fructification very similar to 
 the preceding, but the fruit is oblong, with a tapering protuberance at the sum- 
 mit, and the nut much more deeply and irregularly sculptured. The inner bark 
 yields a laxative extract. Butternut. White Walnut. 
 
 2. CARYA. Nutt. Hickory. 
 
 (From the Greek Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) 
 Monoacious. STERILE FL. Aments mostly in threes, slender, 
 imbricate; scales 3-parted. Stamens 3 8. Anthers sessile, 
 hairy. FERTILE FL* Perianth single, 4-cleft. Drupe cori- 
 aceous or somewhat fleshy, 4-valved. Nut oval, somewhat 
 4-sided, smooth. 
 
 1 . C. siilcatn, Nidt. : leafets generally 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, pubescent beneath, terminal one subsessile and attenuate at base ; 
 fruit roundish, 4-angled; nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously 
 mucronate. Juglans sulcata Wiild. J. mibcronata Mich, and J. laciniosa 
 Mich.f. 
 
 Fertile soils. N. Y. to Car. April, May. A large tree. Leaves pinnate, 
 with 7 9 leafets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long, peduncled. Nut large, 
 oblong, with a very thick 4-parted pericarp. This, like most of the species, is 
 valuable for fuel. Thick Shell-bark Hickory. 
 
 2. C. alba Nutt. . leafets 5 7, on long petioles, obovate and oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the terminal one ses- 
 
CONIFERS. 337 
 
 eil* ; aments filiform, smooth ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut compressed, 
 oblique. Juglans alba Mick. J. compressa Wdld. J. squamosa Mich. f. 
 
 Fertile woods. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. April, May. A tree 50 to 80 
 feet high, with the bark separating in large flat scales or plates. Nut with a 
 thinner shell than that of most other species and of a fine flavor; pericarp glo- 
 bose, depressed at the summit. Timber much prized, in consequence of the 
 fineness of the grain and the elasticity of the fibre. 
 
 Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. 
 
 3. C. microcarpa Nutt. : leafets 5 7, oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously 
 acuminate, serrate, smooth, glandular beneath; aments smooth; fruit 
 fbundish-ovoid ; pericarp thin ; nut slightly 4-sided. Juglans compressa, var. 
 microcarpa Muhl. 
 
 Moist woods. Penn. May. A tree 60 80 feet high, with an even bark. 
 Aments long, slender, smooth. Fruit three-fourths of an inch in diameter ; 
 pericarp thin ; nut with a thin shell. Intermediate between C. alba and one of 
 the, varieties of C. porcina, but Dr. Darlington is inclined to think it a good spe- 
 cies. Small-fruited Carya. 
 
 4. C. iomentosa Nutt. : leafets 7 9, oblong and obovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, smooth, slightly serrate, pubescent and scabrous beneath, terminal 
 one nearly sessile ; aments filiform, very long, tomentose ; fruit subglobose ; 
 smooth ; pericarp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell very thick 
 and hard. Juglans tomentosa Mich. J. alba WiUd. 
 
 Fertile woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. A tree, 5080 feet high, with 
 the bark rough but not scaly. Leafets sometimes nearly entire (var. mtegrifolia 
 Torr.) Fruit very variable in size, but usually from It 2 inches in length; 
 nut light brown, shell very thick and hard, kernel sweet. The wood is very val- 
 uable for fuel. White-heart Hickory. Mockernut. 
 
 5. C. amara Nutt. : leafets 7 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate, smooth on both sides ; fruit subglobose ; nut smooth, mucronate, with 
 the shell fragile. Juglans amara Mich. Hicorius amara Raf. 
 
 Dry fertile woods. Can. to Car. May. A large tree. Leafets mostly 7, 
 sometimes only 5, sessile, with the nerves and midrib pubescent. Nut small, 
 almost obcordate, with a very thin shell, and a bitter and astringent kernel. 
 Often confounded with the next species. Bitternut. Swamp Hickory. 
 
 6. C. porcina Nutt. : leafets generally 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 acute at the base, smooth on both sides ; fruit oblong-globose or pyriform ; 
 nut compressed, smooth, very hard. Juglans porcina Mich. J. obcordata 
 undglabra Wittd. 
 
 Fertile woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. A very large tree. Leafets 5 7. 
 Fruit small, variable, with a bitter and astringent kernel. Wood very tough ; 
 used for making splint brooms. Pignut. Broom Hickory. 
 
 ORDER CXXIII. CONIFERS. PINES. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, naked. STERILE FL. consist- 
 ing of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, arranged on a 
 rachis so as to form a loose ament. FERTILE FL. in cones. 
 Ovary spread open, and having the appearance of a flat scale 
 destitute of style or stigma, and arising from the axil of a mem- 
 branous bract. Fruit a cone. Seed with a hard criistaceous 
 
 15 
 
338 CONIFERS. 
 
 integument ; embryo in oily albumen. Trees or shrubs, with a 
 branched trunk abounding in resin. Wood marked with circular 
 disks. Leaves usually rigid and needle-shaped, entire. 
 
 1. JUNIPERUS. Linn. Juniper. 
 (From the Celtic jeneprus, rude, rough, characteristic of the plant.) 
 
 Dio3cious, rarely monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament ovoid- 
 oblong, very small ; scales verticillate, peltate. Anther-cells 
 3 6. FERTILE FL. Ament ovoid ; scales few, concave, united 
 at base, becoming a fleshy tuberculate berry and enclosing 1 3 
 crustaceous seeds. 
 
 1. J. communis Linn. : leaves in threes, subulate, spreading, mucronate, 
 longer than the ovoid berry. 
 
 Dry hills and woods. Can. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. 
 A shrub with prostrate and spreading branches, forming large beds. Leaves 
 sharply mucronate, glaucous above, shining below. Berry purple. Medicinal. 
 Big. Med. Bot. iii. 45. Common Juniper. 
 
 2. J. Virginiana Linn. : trunk arboreous ; leaves in four rows, shorter 
 than the berry; those of the older branches subulate, cuspidate, and some- 
 what spreading. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. A middle-sized 
 tree, with horizontal branches. Berry covered with a blue powder. Wood 
 light and very durable. The leaves resemble Savin in their medicinal proper- 
 ties. Red Cedar. 
 
 3. J. proslrata Mich. : stem prostrate, creeping ; leaves imbricate in four 
 rows, ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed; berry large 
 and conspicuously tubercular. J. repens Nutt. J. Virginiana, var. pros- 
 trata Torr. 
 
 Sandy soils. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. May. A low shrub with creeping 
 branches 2 yards long. Dr. Torrey considers this as a variety of the preceding ; 
 but it seems to differ in its habit and in its fruit. 
 
 Trailing Juniper. 
 
 2. THUYA. Linn. Arbor VifcB. 
 
 (From the Greek Ovwv, sacrifice; because its wood or resin was used as a 
 perfume in sacrifices.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Aments terminal, very small, 
 ovoid. Perianth none. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally. 
 FERTILE FL. Cone with the scales 2-flowered. Seeds more or 
 less winged. 
 
 T. occidentals Linn. : branches ancipitous ; leaves imbricate in 4 rows, 
 ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, tuberculate ; cones nodding, obovoid ; inner 
 scales truncate, gibbous at the summit ; seeds winged all round. 
 
 River banks and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May. A tree 20 30 
 feet high* with very tough branches. Leaves resembling scales. Cones about 
 half an inch long, yellowish-brown. The wood is light and soft, but very dura- 
 We. ' '..-.'.. American Arbor Vita. 
 
CONIFERS. 339 
 
 ,{W --' ! '->rc- ' 
 
 3. CUPRESSUS. Litw. Cypress. 
 
 (From the Island of Cyprus, where one species of the tree is abundant.) 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Ament solitary. Anthers 2 4 
 celled. FERTILE FL. Cone globose ; the scales protuberant or 
 mucronate in the centre, and finally spreading. Seeds angular, 
 compressed. 
 
 1. C. disticha Linn. : leaves distichous, flat, deciduous; sterile flowers 
 leafless, paniculate. 
 
 Swamps. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. One of the largest trees of the 
 forest, occurring in extensive swamps, especially at the South. Leaves small, 
 linear and acute. Cone with an irregular surface. Timber very durable. 
 
 American Cypress. 
 
 2. C. thuyoides Linn. : branches compressed ; leaves imbricate in four 
 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. A middle-sized tree, composing the Cedar 
 svxunps of the middle and southern states. Wood light, soft and durable, used 
 as is the preceding, for shingles, cedar-ware, rails, &c. White Cedar. 
 
 4. PINUS. Linn. Pine. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Celtic pin or pen, a crag or stony mountain ; 
 often its place of growth.) 
 
 Monoecious. Aments racemosely clustered ; scales peltate. 
 Stamens numerous, with short filaments. FERTILE FL. Aments 
 more or less conic or cylindric ; scales closely imbricate, 2- 
 flowered, enlarging and becoming woody, forming a cone. 
 Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the scales of the 
 cone. 
 
 * Leaves 2 5, sheathing at base. Scales of the cone thickened at the 
 summit. PINUS. 
 
 1. P.inopsAU: leaves short, mostly in pairs; cones oblong-ovoid, as 
 long as the leaves, somewhat recurved ; spines of the scales subulate, 
 straight. 
 
 Sterile soils. N. J. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. A tree 
 15 40 feet high, with straggling branches and full of resin. Leaves about 
 2 inches long. Cones 2 3 inches long, ovoid, tapering and a little curved. 
 
 Pitch or Scrub Pine. 
 
 2. P. resinosa Ait. : leaves elongated, in pairs ; sheaths elongated ; cones 
 ovoid-conic, rounded at base, stibsolitary, half the length of the leaves ; 
 scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. P. rubra Mick. 
 
 Mountain woods. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. W. to the N. W. Coast. May. A 
 tree 60 or 70 feet high. Leaves 4 6 inches long. Cones 2 3 inches long, ab- 
 ruptly pointed. Found on the Helderburg mountains near Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Red Pine. Norway Pine. 
 
 3. P. Banksiana Lamb.: leaves short, in pairs, rigid, divaricate, ob- 
 lique ; cones recurved, tortuous ; scales unarmed. P. rupestris Mich. f. 
 
340 CONIFERuE. 
 
 Rocky grounds. Subarct. Amer. to Maine. April, May. A email tree, with 
 long spreading flexible branches. Banks' Scrub Pine. 
 
 4. P. variabilis Lamb : leaves elongated, in pairs and threes, channelled, 
 the sheaths long ; cones ovoid-conic, mostly solitary ; spines of the scales 
 very slender, pointing outward. P. mitis Mich. 
 
 Forests. N. Eng. N. Y. ? to Geor. May. A tree 4060 feet high, with a 
 pyramidal head. Leaves 3 5 inches long, dark-green. Cone solitary, 2 3 
 inches long. Timber fine grained and durable. Abundant in New Jersey. 
 
 YeOw Pine. 
 
 5. P. rigida Linn.: leaves in threes; sheaths short; sterile aments 
 erect-incumbent; cones ovoid, often. in clusters; spines of the scales rigid, 
 reflexed. 
 
 Sandy soils. Maine to Virg. May. A tree 30 50 feet high, with nume- 
 rous branches and a rough fissured "bark. Leaves 4 6 inches long. Canes 
 usually clustered in threes or fours, 2 4 inches long. The wood abounds in 
 turpentine and is chiefly used as fuel. Pitch Pine. 
 
 6. P. scrotina Mich. : leaves elongated, in threes ; sterile aments incum- 
 bent, nearly erect ; cones ovoid ; spines of the scales straight, slender. 
 
 Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. May. A small tree. Leaves 6 8 inches 
 long. Cones larger and more globular than in the preceding. Pond Pine. 
 
 7. P. Strobus Linn. : leaves in fives, slender ; sheaths very short ; cones 
 cylindric-oblong, pendulous, much longer than the leaves; scales loose, 
 flattish, without spines. 
 
 Fertile soils. Can. to Virg. May. A very large and valuable tree, some- 
 times attaining the height of 200 feet or more. Leaves 4 inches long, sharply 
 triangular and more slender than in any of our species. Cone solitary, very 
 long. Timber soft, fine grained and light. White or Weymouth Pine. 
 
 ** Leaves fasciculate, deciduous. LARIX. 
 
 8. P. pendula Ait. : leaves fasciculate, deciduous, short ; cones ovoid- 
 roundish, consisting of a few nearly orbicular thin scales ; bracts broad- 
 ovate, with the point attenuated. P. microcarpa Lamb. Larix Americana 
 Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. April, May. A tree 
 from 30 70 feet high, which differs from the preceding by its leaves growing 
 in tufts or fascicles, and in their being deciduous. Cones about half an inch 
 long, covered with soft scales. The wood is strong and durable. 
 
 Hackmatack. Tamarack. 
 
 *** Leaves solitary, distinct at base. Scaks of the cone even and atten- 
 uated. ABIES. 
 
 9. P. Balsamea Linn. : leaves solitary, flat, emarginate or entire, glau- 
 cous beneath, somewhat pectinate at the summit, nearly erect, below re- 
 curved-spreading ; cone cylindric, erect ; bracts short, obovate, conspicu- 
 ously mucronate, somewhat serrulate. Abies balsamifera Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. 
 A tree 40--50 feet high. Leaves 6 10 lines long. Cone solitary, erect. It 
 yields a kind of turpentine known by the name of Canada balsam, which is used 
 medicinally and for optical purposes. American Silver Fir. Balsam Fir. 
 
 10. P. Fra&eri Pursh. : leaves solitary, flat, short, emarginate, glau- 
 
CONIFERS. 341 
 
 cous beneath, subsecund, erect above; cones ovoid-oblong, erect; bracts 
 elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, shortly mucronate, incisely 
 toothed. P. Balsamta, var. Fraseri Nutt. 
 
 Mountains. Ver. N. Y. ? and Penn. May. Resembles the former, but dif- 
 fers in being a smaller tree, the leaves shorter and more erect, and the cones 
 not one-fourth the size. Double Balsam Fir. 
 
 11. P. Canadensis Linn. : leaves somewhat distichous, solitary, flat, 
 minutely denticulate, obtuse ; cones elliptic-ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer 
 than the leaves. Abies Canadensis Mick. 
 
 Mountains. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. A tree 
 sometimes attaining the height of 60 or 70 feet, with spreading and often some- 
 what pendulous branches. Leaves 6 8 lines long. Cones very small. The 
 wood, though soft and coarse grained, is much used for various purposes. The 
 bark contains a great quantity of tannin. Hemlock Spruce. 
 
 12. P. nigra Ait. : leaves solitary, scattered all around the branches, 
 somewhat 4-sided, erect, short, entire ; cones ovoid ; scales elliptic, undu- 
 late on the margin, crenulate or toothed at the apex. Abies nigra Mich. f. 
 
 Swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. A 
 tree usually from 30 60 feet high, with a pyramidal summit. Leaves half an 
 inch long, dark-green. Cones 1 2 inches in length. 
 
 Slack or Double Spruce. 
 
 13. P. rubra Lamb.: leaves solitary, subulate; cones oblong, obtuse; 
 scales rounded, somewhat 2-lobed, entire on the margin. 
 
 Hudson's Bay. Pursh. Maine. Torr. May. Tj. Red Spruce. 
 
 14. P. alba Ait. : leaves solitary, scattered around the branches, erect, 
 4-sided, somewhat glaucous, entire ; cones oblong-cylindric, loose ; scales 
 obovate, very entire. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Car. May. A small tree, seldom more than 40 or 
 50 feet high. Leaves 5 8 lines long, more slender and less crowded than in the 
 preceding. Cones slender, 2 inches long. White or Single Spruce. 
 
 5. TAXUS. Linn. Yew. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek TO&V, a bow ; on account of the use 
 made of the wood.) 
 
 Flowers dioecious. STERILE FL. consisting of peltate anthers 
 in an ament ; anther-cells 3 6 or more, inserted in the lobes 
 of the connective, opening beneath. FERTILE FL. solitary, with 
 imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like, seated in the disk 
 which becomes a succulent cup. 
 
 T. Canadensis Willd. : leaves linear, distichous, crowded, revolute on 
 the margin ; sterile aments solitary, globose. T. baccata, var. minor Mich. 
 
 Moist rocky places. Can. to Virg. W. to St. Louis River. March, April. 
 Tci . Stem 48 feet high. Leaves resembling those of Pinus Canadensis, but 
 larger. Fruit having the appearance of a berry, open at the top, bright- red, the 
 seed or nut oval, compressed. American Yew. Ground Hemlock 
 
342 HYDROCHARIDAOE^. 
 
 CLASS II. ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDO- 
 NOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stem, with no perceptible distinction of bark, wood and pith, 
 increasing in diameter by the addition of new matter to the 
 centre. Leaves mostly alternate, with no evident articulation, 
 commonly sheathing at base and entire, mostly with parallel 
 veins. Embryo with but one cotyledon; or if two, one is 
 smaller and alternate with the other. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. PETALOIDEALS. 
 
 Stamens and pistils naked or covered by verticillate floral 
 envelopes. 
 
 ORDER CXXIV. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. FROG'S BITS. 
 
 Flowers in a spathe, mostly dicecious. Perianth regular, 
 3 6-parted ; the inner segments petaloid. Stamens 3 12. 
 Ovary 1 9-celled ; stigmas 3 6. Fruit dry or succulent, in- 
 dehiscent. Seeds numerous, without albumen. Floating or 
 water plants. Leaves mostly radical, sometimes opposite or 
 verticillate. 
 
 1. UDORA. Nutt. Udora. 
 (From the Greek vto p, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
 
 Polygamous. Spathe bifid, 1 -flowered. Perianth 6-parted, 
 petaloid. STERILE FL. Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. PER- 
 FECT FL. Tube of the perianth very long and slender. Sta- 
 mens 3 6 ; filaments short, subulate. Style long and filiform. 
 Stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, 
 few seeded: Seeds elliptic, smooth. 
 
 IT. Canadtnsis Nutt. : leaves verticillate in threes and fours, lanceolate, 
 oblong or linear, finely serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. El-odea 
 Canadensis Mich. Serpicula verticitlata Muhl. 
 
 Still waters. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug. 7J.? Stem submersed, dif- 
 fusely diehotomou.s. Flowers axillary, very small, whitish. The plant without 
 flowers resembles an aquatic moss. Little Water Snakeweed. 
 
 2. VALLISNERIA. Linn. Tapeweed. 
 (In honor of Antonio Vallisneri^ an Italian botanist.) 
 
 Dioecious. STERILE FL. Spathe ovate, 2 4-parted. Spa- 
 dix covered with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens 
 
ORCH I D AC F.-1-:. 343 
 
 2. FERTILE FL. Scape very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe 
 tubular, bifid, 1 -flowered. Perianth elongated, 6 -parted; the 
 alternate segments linear. Style none. Stigmas 3, ovate, bifid. 
 Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1 -celled, many-seeded; 
 the seeds attached to the sides. 
 
 V. spiralis Linn. : leaves linear, obtuse, minutely and aculeately serru- 
 late ; sterile peduncles very short ; fertile ones flexuous. V. Americana 
 Mich. 
 
 Still water. Can. to Flor. W. to III. Aug. %. Leaves all radical, 12 
 feet or more long, 2 4 lines wide, linear and grass-like, obscurely 3-nerved, 
 smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish-white. The roots are supposed to be 
 the favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Tape Grass. Eel Grass. 
 
 ORDER CXXV. ORCHID ACE^E. ORCHIDS. 
 
 Flowers irregular. Perianth of 6 segments, in two rows, the 
 outer (calyx) usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the 
 lowest one (lip) different from the others and often spurred. 
 Stamens 3, united with the style and thus forming the column, 
 the central one only perfect or the central abortive and the two 
 lateral perfect. Pollen powdery or cohering in waxy masses. 
 Ovary adherent, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae ; style mostly 
 forming part of the column ; stigma a viscid concave spot in 
 front of the column. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a 
 loose netted coat. Herbs, with tuberous or fibrous roots and 
 usually handsome. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 
 I. MALAXED. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, without a caudicle 
 or separable stigmatic gland. Anther terminal. 
 
 1. LIP ARTS. Rich. Liparis. 
 (From the Greek \nrapos, fat , the leaves having an unctuous feel.) 
 
 Perianth with the segments distinct, linear, spreading. Lip 
 flat, dilated, entire, turned various ways. Column winged. 
 Pollen-masses 4, without pedicels or glands. 
 
 1. L. liliifolia Rich. : leaves 2, ovate, much shorter than the scape ; 
 inner segments of the perianth filiform, deflected ; lip very large, obovatc, 
 mucronate. Malaxis liliifolia Wittd. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Car. June, July. '1\- Scape 6 3 inches high, 5-un- 
 gled. with an ovoid bulb at the base, filoioers rather large, in a short terminal 
 raceme, the perianth pale-yellow, the lip purplish. ' Common Liparis. 
 
 2. L. LcBselii Rich.: leaves 2, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, erect, much 
 shorter than the scape; segments of the perianth linear, unequal; lip obo- 
 vate, entire. L. Correana Sprenz. Malaxis Cwrrar,-fi- Bart. 
 
344 ORCHIDACE^E. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Virg. ; rare. June, July. '2J-. Scape 5^-8 inches 
 high, 3 5-angled, with a bulb at the base. Flowers yellowish-green, in a ter- 
 minal raceme, smaller but more numerous than in the preceding. 
 
 Smaller Liparis. 
 
 2. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt. Adder's Mouth. 
 (From the Greek f"*poj, little, and ervlos, a column.} 
 Perianth with the segments -distinct ; the two inner lateral 
 ones filiform or linear. Lip widely spreading, concave, sagit- 
 tate or auriculate at the base. Column very small. Pollen- 
 masses 4, loose. 
 
 1. M. ophioglossoides NiM.: scape or stem with one ovate, clasping leaf 
 near the middle ; flowers in an obtuse raceme, much shorter than the pedi- 
 cels. MaLaxis ophioglossoidS Willd. 
 
 Wet grounds, near roots of trees. Can. to Virg. July. 1}.. Stem or scape 
 6 10 inches high, 1-leaved, with ovoid bulb at the base. Leaf about 2 inches 
 long. Flcnoers numerous, minute, greenish- white, in a short terminal raceme, 
 many abortive. Common Adder' s-mouth. 
 
 2. M. monophyllos Lind. : scape or stem with a single ovate-elliptic leaf 
 near the base ; flowers in a slender elongated raceme, about as long as the 
 pedicels. Mcdaxis 'monophyllos Willd. 
 
 Shady swamps. Herkimer and Oneida counties, N. Y. July. ty. Stem 
 or scape 2 8 inches high, triangular, somewhat winged, with an ovoid bulb at 
 the base. Leaf solitary, (rarely 2.) about 2 inches long, petiolate. Flowers nu- 
 merous, in an elongated raceme, several abortive. Smaller Adder' s-inouth. 
 
 3. CALYPSO. Salisb. Calypso. 
 
 (A poetical name.) 
 
 Segments of the perianth ascending, secund. Lip ventrieose, 
 spurred beneath near the end. Column petaloid, dilated. Pol- 
 len-masses 2, each 2-parJed, sessile. 
 
 C. borealis Salisb. C. Americana Brown. Limodorum, boreale Willd. 
 Sphagnous swamps, near Brownville. Jefferson county, and Lowville, Lewis 
 county, N. Y. W. A. Wood and F. B. Hough. Ver. Montreal, and various parts 
 of British America. Near the outlet of Lake Michigan and W. to the Columbia 
 River. Scape 6 8 inches high, sheathed, with a fleshy bulb at base. Leaf 
 solitary, radical. 1 2 inches long, roundish-ovate, petiolate, plaited. Flower 
 solitary, terminal, about an inch long, purplish. A rare and beautiful plant, 
 resembling a Cypripedium. Calypso. 
 
 4. CORALLORHIZA. Brown. Coral-Root. 
 (From the Greek KopaAAior, coral, and f>a, a root ; the root being coral-like.) 
 
 Perianth with the segments nearly equal and connivent. Lip 
 produced at the base underneath ; the spur short and adnate 
 to the ovary. Column free. Pollen-masses 4, oblique, not 
 parallel. 
 
 1 . C. innata Brown : scape few-flowered ; lip oblong, bi-dentate at the 
 base, the apex recurved and ovate ; spur obsolete, adnate ; capsule elliptic- 
 obovoid. C. verna Nutt. Cymbidium Corattorhizon Willd. 
 
QRCHIDACEJB. 345 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Virg. May, June. 7].. Root coraloid or branching 
 with tooth-like processes. Scape 68 inches high, with 3 or 4 membranous 
 leafless sheaths, having a purplish color. Flowers 5 12 in a short spike, small, 
 distant, dull-purple. Lip nearly white, mostly without spots. Spur nearly 
 wanting. According to Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Torrey, our plant is identical 
 with the foreign C. irmata. Vernal Coral-root. 
 
 2. C. odontorhiza Nutt. : scape few-flowered ; lip oval or obovate, cre- 
 nulate and waved ; spur obsolete, adnate ; capsule nearly globose. Cym- 
 bidium odontorhizon WUld. Ophrys Corallorhiza Mich. 
 
 Roots of trees. Ver. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. Root coraloid. Scape 8 10 
 inches high, a little enlarged at the base, with 2 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 12 in 
 a terminal pendulous raceme, purplish and tawney. Lip dilated, obovate, white 
 spotted with purple. Spur entirely wanting. Small Late Coral-root. 
 
 3. C. multiflora, Nutt. : scape many-flowered ; lip wedge form-oval, spot- 
 ted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad recurved : spur conspicuous, adnate ; 
 capsule elliptic-obovoid. C. innata Nutt. Gen. 
 
 Roots of tree. Can. to Car. July Sept. QJ.. Root coraloid, much branched. 
 Scape a foot high, with 34 sheaths, purplish. Flowers 10 30, in a terminal 
 raceme, larger than in either of the preceding, purplish-brown. Lip whitish 
 spotted with purple. Spur distinct, brownish. Large Coral-root. 
 
 5. APLECTRUM. Nutt. Putty-Root. 
 (From the Greek a, without, and TrXevrpai/, a spur.) 
 
 Perianth with the segments distinct, nearly equal. Lip un- 
 guiculate, not produced at the base. Column free. Anther sit- 
 uated a little below the summit of the column. Pollen-masses 
 4, oblique, lenticular. 
 
 A. hyemale Nutt. Cymbidium hyemale Willd. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. May, June. 1}- Root with 2 4 
 subglobose tubers. Scape about a foot high, with 3 loose sheaths, purplish. 
 Leaf solitary, 4 6 inches long, elliptic, acute at each end, nerved, on a petiole 
 2 3 inches long, which is inserted on the summit of the tuber. Flowers brown- 
 ish, in a terminal bracteate raceme. Lip 3-lobed, obtuse, the middle lobe crenu- 
 late on the margin. Adam and Eve. Putty-root. 
 
 II. VANDKE. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, with a distinct cau- 
 dicle united to a stigmatic gland. Anther terminal, rarely dorsal. 
 
 6. T1PULARIA. Nutt. Tipularia. 
 (From a fancied resemblance in the flower to insects of the genus Tipula.) 
 
 Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading. Lip oblong, 
 sessile, 3-lobed; the intermediate lobe elongated, with a filiform 
 spur at the base. Column wingless, free. Anther operculate. 
 persistent. Pollen-masses 4, parallel. 
 
 T. discolor Nutt. Orchis discolor Pursh. Limodorum unifolium Muhl. 
 
 Pine woods. Martha's Vineyard, (Torr.) to Car. July, l^. Scape 1015 
 inches high, slender, with a bulb at the base. Leaf solitary, ovate, petiolate, 
 strongly nerved, smooth. Flowers in a terminal raceme, nodding, minute, 
 greenish with a tinge of purple. Spur slender, nearly twice as long as the 
 ovary. n One-leawd T$putari/i. 
 
346 ORCHIlDACEyE. 
 
 III. OPHRE.E.. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther ter- 
 minal^ erect. 
 
 7. ORCHIS. Linn. Orchis. 
 
 (An ancient Greek name.) 
 
 Perianth ringent. Lip with a spur on the under side at base. 
 Pollen masses pedicellate ; glands of the pedicels contained in 
 one common little pouch. 
 
 0. spectabilis Linn. : leaves 2, radical, elliptic-obovate, obtuse ; scape an- 
 gular, naked, few-flowered, scarcely longer than the leaves ; bracts longer 
 than the flowers ; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary. O. humilis Mich. 
 Habenaria spectabilis Spreng. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. %. Scape 4 6 inches 
 high, 5-angled, smooth. Leaves mostly 2, nearly as long as the scape. Flowers 
 46, in a terminal spike, large, purplish and white. Showy Orchis. 
 
 8. GYMNADENIA. Brown. Gymnadenia. 
 (From the Greek yv/jvoj, naked, and afav, a gland.) 
 
 Lip with a spur at the base. Glands of the stalks of the 
 pollen-masses naked, approximated. 
 
 G. tridentata Lind. : lower leaf oblong, rather acute, upper leaves much 
 smaller ; flowers few, in an oblong terminal spike ; lip cuneate-oblong, 3- 
 toothed at the apex ; segments of the perianth connivent, oblong-ovate, 
 obtuse ; spur clavate, incurved, longer than the ovary. Habenaria triden- 
 tata Hook. Orchis tridentata Willd. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Virg. June, July. 1J-. Stem 8 18 inches high, slender, 
 Flowers pale-yellowish-green, small, 6 12 in a compact terminal spike. Lip 
 with 3 short equal teeth at the apex. Three-toothed Gymnadenia. 
 
 9. PLATANTHERA. Rich. Platanthera. 
 (From the Greek irAa?, broad, and avdepa, an anther.) 
 
 Lip entire, with a spur at the, base. Cells of the anther 
 widely separated. Glands of the pollen-masses pedicellate; 
 the glands naked. 
 
 * Lip undivided. 
 f Scape nearly naked. 
 
 1. P. obtusata Lind. : upper segment of the perianth very broad ; inner 
 segments triangular, truncate at the apex ; lip linear, with two minute tu- 
 bercles at the base ; spur subulate-conic, curved, as long as the lip. Orchis 
 obtusata Pursh. 
 
 Woods on the sides of mountains in Essex county, N. Y. Torr. White 
 Mountains, N. H. Boott. Hudson's Bay. Pursh. Aug. 7J.. . Stem 5 8 inches 
 high, slender. Leaf solitary, radical, oblong-obovate. Flowers 5 8, greenish, 
 erect, in a rather loose terminal spike. Obtuse-leaved Platanthera. 
 
 2. P. orbiculata Lind. ; upper segment of the perianth orbicular, the 
 
ORCHIDACE^. 347 
 
 lateral ones ovate; lip linear-spatulate, one-half longer than the segments; 
 spur linear-clavate, curved, nearly twice as long as the ovary. Orchis 
 orbiculata Pursh. Habenaria macrophylla Goldie. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Ark. July. TJ.. Scape 1 2 feet high, 
 with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2, radical, nearly orbicular, large, 
 fleshy, spreading on the ground. Flowers greenish- white, in a loose terminal 
 raceme which is sometimes 5 or 6 inches long. Long-leaved Orchis. 
 
 3. P. Hookeri Lind. : outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or acutish ; inner ones linear, dilated at base, shorter than the outer ; 
 lip lanceolate, acuminate, rather shorter than the ovary. Habenaria Hookeri 
 Torr. <f- Gr. in Lye, Ann. 
 
 Fertile woods. Can. to Virg. ? July. 1]-. Scape 8 12 inches high, some- 
 times with a small lanceolate leaf. Radical leaves 2, nearly orbicular or oval, 
 large, spreading. Flowers 10 20, yellowish-green, in an erect spike. Differs 
 from the preceding, for which it has probably been often mistaken, by its closer 
 spike, projecting spur, and narrow upper perianth-segment. Hooker's Orchis. 
 
 ft Stem leafy. 
 
 4. P. flava Gray : lower leaves oblong, acute, the upper lanceolate ; 
 bracts acuminate, longer than the flowers ; lip oblong, 2-toothed toward the 
 base, and a single tubercle in the middle, about half as long as the clavate 
 spur. Orchis Jlava Linn. Ofuscecens Pursh. Habenaria herbiola Br&ion. 
 H. virescens Spreng. (according to Gray, Sill. Jour, xxxviii.) 
 
 Wet banks of streams. Can to Car. Ij.. Stem 12 18 inches high, with 
 3 5 long clasping leaves. Flowers numerous, in a loose spike ; outer segments 
 greenish; the inner ones greenish-yellow. Small Pale-ydlow Platanthera. 
 
 5. P. hyperborea Lind. : leaves lanceolate, erect ; outer segments of the 
 perianth ovate, the upper one shorter and broader ; inner segments and 
 lip lanceolate, somewhat equal; spur thick and obtuse, about half the 
 length of the ovary. D. dilatata Beck Dot. 1st. Ed. Habenaria hyperborea 
 Brawn and H. Huranensis Spreng. Orchis hyperborea Pursh. (Gray, I. c.) 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Canvas far N. as Hudson's Bay. N. H. N. Y. W. to 
 Ark. June, July. 1).. Stem 8 20 inches high. Leaves 3 8 inches long. 
 Flowers numerous, in a loose or close spike, greenish-yellow. 
 
 Northern Platanthera. 
 
 6. P. dilatata Lind. : leaves lanceolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, the 
 lower ones about as long as the flowers ; outer segments of the perianth 
 ovate, obtuse ; lip lanceolate-linear, entire, dilated at the base, about as long 
 as the thick obtuse spur. Orchis dilalata Pursh. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. Torr. June, July. 1\.. Stem 1 2 feet high, 
 angled. Leaves 4 6 inches long. Flowers white, in a long cylindric spike. 
 
 Small White-flowered Orch z".. 
 
 ** Lip incised. 
 
 7. P. blephariglottis Lind. : leaves lanceolate, acute ; outer segments of 
 the perianth roundish-oblong, the lateral ones reflexed ; inner segments 
 spatulate, slightly incised at the apex; lip oblong, flat, fimbriate; spur fili- 
 form, incurved, much longer than the ovary. Habenaria blephariglottis 
 Hook. Orchis bkpharigloUis Willd. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 1\.Stem 1^2 feet high. Lower 
 leaves 6 8 inches long, the upper gradually smaller. Floicers pure white, in a 
 
348 O R C HI D AC E m . 
 
 dense oblong spike. Spur nearly an inch long. The inner segments of the peri 
 anth are sometimes entire, when it constitutes the var. holopetala of Torrey. 
 
 Fringed White Orchis, 
 
 8. P. ciliaris Lind : leaves kmceolate, acute ; outer segments of the 
 perianth roundish-ovate, the lateral ones reflexed ; inner segments linear, 
 incised ; lip oblong, deeply and finely cut and fringed, twice as long as the 
 segments ; spur longer than the ovary. Habenaria ciliaris Brown. Orchis 
 ciliaris Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Can to Car. June, July. 1].. Stem 1218 inches high. Flowers 
 bright orange-yellow, in a dense terminal spike. Lip larger and more pinnately 
 ciliate than in the preceding. I have seen hundreds of specimens of this beau- 
 tiful plant in a sandy swamp about two miles west of Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Fringed Yellow Orchis. 
 
 9. P.psycodes Gray: leaves oblong; outer segmentsof the perianth ovate, 
 obtuse, the lateral ones deflexed ; inner segments fimbriate-toothed, cuneate, 
 oblong, obtuse, incised ; lip clawed, roundish, 3-parted, the segments cuneate 
 and incisely toothed, the intermediate one larger ; spur incurved, about 
 twice as long as the lip. Habenaria psycodes Spreng. H. fimbriata Brown. 
 H. incisa andjissa Spreng. H. grandijlora Torr. Comp. Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 
 (Gray, I. c.) 
 
 Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. Tj.. Stem 1 2 
 (sometimes 3) feet high, stout, angular. Leaves long. Flowers bright-purple, in 
 a spike which is 2 G inches long. Var. grandijlora of Gray has the flowers 
 larger than the common form, and the segments of the lip fimbriate. Gray, in 
 Sill. Jour, xxxyiii. Purple Suximp Orchis. 
 
 10. P. la-cera Gray : outer segments of the perianth ovate ; inner ones ob- 
 long-linear, obtuse, entire ; lip clawed, slender, 3-parted, the lobes cut into 
 capillary segments; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, somewhat longer than 
 the ovary. Habenaria psycodes Spreng. Orchis lacera Mich. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. lo Virg. June, July. 11. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet 
 high, somewhat slender, angular. Leaves 3 3 inches long, mostly acute. 
 Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in a long somewhat loose terminal spike. 
 
 Ragged Yellow Orchis. 
 
 11. P. bracteata Torr. : bracts spreading, much longer than the flowers ; 
 inner Segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate, erect ; lip oblong-linear, 
 obscurely 3-toothed at the apex ; spur obtuse, very short, somewhat inflated 
 and didymous. Habenaria bracteata Brown. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. 1\.. Stem 6 12 inches high, smooth, 
 leafy at^ase^ Leaves about 3, an inch and a half to near 3 inches long, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, acute, the lower one sometimes spatulate-obovate and obtuse. Flow- 
 ers green, small, in a terminal bracteate spike which is 2 3 inches long. 
 
 Green-jlowered Orchis. 
 
 12. P. Integra Gray : bracts as long as the flowers ; lip oblong or ovate, 
 entire, partly crenulate, longer than the inner segments of the perianth ; 
 spur subulate, scarcely longer than the ovary. Habenaria Integra Spreng. 
 and H. Elliottii Beck. Orchis Integra and Jlava Null. O. flava Ell. ? 
 
 Swamps. N. J. to Geor. July. r l}-. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers small, 
 bright orange-yellow, in a short crowded spike. I follow Dr. Gray in uniting 
 Habenaria Elliottii with this species, although 1 am still doubtful of their identity. 
 
 Small Orange-flowered Orchis. 
 
 13. P. cristata Lind ; segments of the perianth roundish ; the two lateral 
 
OttCH 1 DACE.E. 349 
 
 ones toothed ; lip oblong, pinnately ciliate ; spur shorter than the ovary. 
 Habenaria cristata Drown. Orchis cristata Mick. 
 
 Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. ^. Stem 1 2 feet high. Flowers 
 vellow, in a somewhat crowded terminal spike. Distinguished from the former 
 by its smaller flowers and more dense spike. Cristate Platanthera. 
 
 IV. ARETHUSEJE. Pollen powdery, granular or seclile. Anther 
 terminal, opercular. 
 
 10. POGONIA. Brown. Pogonia. 
 (From the Greek wwywi', a beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip of the flower.) 
 
 Perianth with the segments distinct and nearly equal. Lip 
 sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, mostly with a beard-like crest 
 on the inner or upper side. Column wingless. Pollen powdery. 
 
 1. P. ophioglossoides Drown. : scape mostly 1-flowered, with an oval-lan- 
 ceolate leaf near the middle and a foliaceous bract near the flower ; lip 
 spatulate-oblong, crested and fimbriate. Arethusa optiioglossoides Linn. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. and Ala. June, July. Root fasciculate. 
 Scape 9 12 inches high. Flower mos.tly solitary, large, pale-purple, somewhat 
 nodding. Single-leaved Pogonia. 
 
 2. P. xeriicillaia Nutt. : scape with a whorl of 5 elliptic-obovate leaves 
 at the summit, 1 2-flowered ; segments of the perianth unequal, the 3 
 outer ones very long and nearly linear ; the 2 inner small, lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse ; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe dilated and undulate. Arethusa verticil- 
 lata Willd. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. 1\.. Root fasciculate. Scape about 
 a foot high. Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem. Flower mostly solitary ; 
 outer segments brown, 2 inches long ; inner ones short, paler and obtuse. 
 
 Whorled Pogonia. 
 
 11. TRIPHORA. AfaW. Triphora. 
 
 (Abbreviated from the Greek rpia, avQos, and 0cpw, literally, bearing three 
 flowers.) 
 
 Perianth with the segments distinct equal and connivent. 
 Lip unguiculate, not crested. Column spatulate, flat, without 
 wings. Pollen powdery. 
 
 T. pendula Nutt. Arethusa pendula Willd. Pogonia pendula L/ind. 
 
 Fertile woods, about roots of trees. N. Y. to Flor. and Ala. Sept. ^. 
 Root bearing tubers. Stems 6 3 inches high, angular, often in clusters, mostly 
 purplish. Leaves 3 7, remote, very short, ovate and rather acute. Flowers 
 1 4, pale- purple, on axillary pedicels, pendulous. Lip about as long as the 
 segments of the perianth, a little rough but not crested. 
 
 Pendulous Triphora 
 
 12. ARETHUSA. Linn. Arethusa. 
 (From Arethusa, a nymph of Diana.) 
 
 Perianth somewhat ringent ; the segments cohering at base, 
 connivent and cucullate above. Lip united at the base with 
 
350 ORCHIDACE^:. 
 
 the column, deflected at the apex, bearded inside. Pollen 
 angular. 
 
 A. bulbosa Linn. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. '2J.. Scape 6 10 inches 
 high, with a globose tuber at the base, the lower part bearing 3 4 loosely 
 sheathing scales, from the upper of which there is often a linear-lanceolate 
 nerved leaf. Flowers mostly solitary, (rarely 2,) terminal, large, bright-purple. 
 Lip curled, crenulate on the margin, yellow and white, bearded in the middle. 
 
 Bulbous Arethusa. 
 
 13. CALOPOGON. Brown. Calopogon. 
 
 (From the Greek caXo$- , beautiful, and 7rwywi>, a beard ; in allusion to the beard 
 of the flower.) 
 
 Flowers resupinate. Perianth with the segments distinct 
 and spreading. Lip on the upper side of the flower, erect, un- 
 guiculate, bearded in front. Column free. Pollen angular. 
 
 C. pulchellus Brown. Cymbidium pulchellum Willd. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Lake Superior. June, July. 7J.. Root tu- 
 berous. Scape 1218 inches high, slender. Leaf generally solitary, 810 
 inches long, sheathing the base of the stem. Flowers 3 4, in a terminal brac- 
 teate spike, large, bright-purple. Calopogon. 
 
 V. NEOTTE-E. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther dorsal. 
 
 14. LISTERA. Brown. Twayblade. 
 (In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British naturalist.) 
 Perianth irregular. Lip 2-lobed or 2-cleft, without callous 
 processes. Column wingless, (minute.) Anther fixed by its 
 base. Pollen powdery. 
 
 1. L. cor data Brown : stem with only 2 opposite roundish cordate leaves ; 
 raceme loose; column without any appendage behind; lip elongated, 2- 
 toothed at base, deeply bifid, the segments divaricate and acute. Ophrys 
 cordata Mich. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to N. J. May. Q}.. Stem 4 8 inches high. 
 Leaves roundish, cordate, veined, smooth, mucronate. Raceme 7 15-flowered. 
 Flowers distant, minute, green and purple. Heart-leaved Twayblade. 
 
 2. L. convallarioides Nutt. : stem with only 2 opposite oval-roundish 
 leaves, pubescent above ; raceme few-flowered, (4 6) ; column porrected ; 
 lip oblong, dilated and obtusely 2-lobed at the extremity. Epipactis con- 
 vattarioidcs Pursh. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. 1J-. Stem 6 inches high and very slender. 
 flowers dark-brown and green, larger than in the preceding. 
 
 Large-flowered Twayblade. 
 
 15. SPIRANTHES. Rich. Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 (From the Greek (urcipa, a cord, and avOos, a/oiter ; the flowers being spiral 
 like the strands of a rope.) 
 
 Spike spiral ; inner segments of the perianth connivent. Lip 
 unguiculate. parallel with the column, with 2 callous processes 
 
ORCHIDACE^E. 351 
 
 at the base. Column curved. Stigma ovate, mostly rostrate. 
 Ovary oblique. Pollen powdery. 
 
 1. S. tortilis Rich. : radical leaves lance-linear ; scape sheathed; flowers 
 spirally secund ; lip trifid ; the middle lobe larger and crenulate. Neottia 
 tortilis Pursh. Ophrys cestivalis Mich. 
 
 Low meadows. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. 1{.. Scape about a foot high. 
 Flowers white, spirally twisted in a terminal spike which is 2 4 inches long. 
 Perhaps not distinct from the next. Three-lobed Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 2. S. gracilis Big. : radical leaves ovate ; scape sheathing ; flowers in a 
 spiral row ; lip obovate, curled. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. and Mass. July. \i. Scape 8 12 inches high, erect, 
 with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Leaves on short petioles, sometimes fall- 
 ing off before the plant flowers. Flowers white, in a twisted spike. 
 
 Slender Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 3. S. cernua Rich. : leaves nearly radical, lance-linear ; scape sheathed, 
 the lower sheaths bearing short leaves ; flowers in a dense spike, obliquely 
 recurved and cernuous ; lip oblong, obtuse, crisped and crenate. Neottia 
 cernua Willd. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. Ij.. Scape 6 18 inches high, 
 (rarely 2 3 feet.) Leaves radical or near the base of the scape, 3 10 inches 
 long. Flowers greenish- white, sometimes a little yellowish, larger than in the 
 preceding. It is liable to considerable variation in the number, and somewhat 
 in the form of the leaves. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 4. S. plantaginea Torr. : entirely smooth ; leaves mostly radical, oblong- 
 lanceolate, 3 7-nerved ; scape somewhat succulent, with 2 3 nearly leaf- 
 less sheaths ; spike loosely spiral ; flowers slender and recurved-cernuous ; 
 lip oblong, obtuse, crenulate on the margin, about 5-nerved. S. (gstivalis 
 Oakes, not of Rich. Neottia plantaginea Raf. 
 
 Moist woods. Ver. and N. Y. Torr. June. '^j-. Root consisting of oblong 
 fascicled tubers. Scape 5 10 inches high, with 2 or 3 sheaths which are pro- 
 duced into short linear leaves. Flowers white, the lip pale-yellow, in a spike 
 which is about 2 inches long. Ladies' Tresses. 
 
 16. GOODYERA. Brawn. Goodyera. 
 (In honor of John Goodyer, an old English botanist.) 
 
 Perianth ringent ; the outer segments herbaceous, the upper 
 one vaulted, the 2 lateral ones placed beneath the saccate en- 
 tire lip. Column free. Pollen angular. Stigma roundish or 
 rostrate. 
 
 1 . G. pubesccns Brown : radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate ; scapo 
 with the flowers and sheathing scales pubescent ; outer lateral segments 
 of the perianth ovate : lip roundish-ovate, acuminate. Neottia pubesc.en.s 
 Willd. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 1\.. Scape 6 10 inches high. 
 Leaves radical, dark-green, veined with white. Flowers greenish-white, in an 
 oblong spike. Rattlesnake Plantain. 
 
 2. G. repens Brown : radical leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, somewhat 
 reticulate ; flowers unilateral and with the scales slightly pubescent ; outer 
 segments of the perianth and lip lanceolate. Neoltia re-pens Wittd. 
 
ORCHlDACEyE. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. 1|.. Rhizoma creeping. Scap 
 68 inches high. Leaves less distinctly veined than in the preceding. Flowert 
 greenish-white. Smaller Goodyera. 
 
 VI. CYPRIPEDEJE. Anthers 2, with a large dilated lobe or abortive 
 stamen between them. 
 
 17. CYPRIPEDIUM. Linn. Ladies' Slipper. 
 (From the Greek Kvrotj, Venus, and nodcuv, a shoe.} 
 
 Perianth with the two outer lateral (or lower) segments mostly 
 united nearly to the apex. Lip large and inflated. Column 
 short, cernuous, 3-lobed; the middle lobe (sterile stamen) 
 dilated and petaloid. 
 
 1. C. candidum Willd: stem leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; lip com- 
 pressed, shorter than the lanceolate segments of the perianth ; sterile stamen 
 lanceolate, rather obtuse. 
 
 Penn. Muhl. May. ^.Resembles C. Cakeolus ; but the flowers are white 
 and not half the size ; the form of the leaves and of the sterile stamen distinguish 
 it sufficiently. Pursh. A doubtful species. White Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 2. C. parviflorum Willd. : outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong, 
 acuminate ; inner ones lance-linear, contorted ; lip shorter than the peri- 
 anth ; sterile stamen triangular, acute. C. Calceolus Mich. 
 
 Woods and swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. TJ.. Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Leaves ovate, clasping at base, pubescent. Flowers soli- 
 tary or in pairs. Outer segments of the perianth green with purple stains ; lip 
 yellow, spotted, an inch and a half long, inflated. Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 3. C. pubescens Swartz : stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate ; inner ones very long, linear and contorted ; lip laterally 
 compressed, shorter than the inner segments; sterile stamen triangular, 
 obtuse, (acute, Hook.) 
 
 Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %.. Stem 12 feet 
 high. Leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs. 
 Segments of the perianth greenish-yellow, spotted with purple ; lip yellow, 
 1 li inches long, much inflated. Closely resembles the preceding, but prob- 
 ably distinct. Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 4. C. spectabile Swartz: stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth 
 ovate, obtuse, longer than the flat lanceolate inner ones : lip longer than the 
 inner segments ; sterile stamen cordate-ovate, obtuse. C. Canadense Mich. 
 
 Swam s and bogs. Can. to Car. June, July. 1\. Stem 12 feet high. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, plaited, resembling those of Veratmm viride. Flowers 
 2 3, very large. Segments of the perianth white ; Zip variegated with stripes 
 of purple and white, an inch or more long, much inflated. 
 
 Showy Ladies'. Slipper. 
 
 5. C. acaule Ait : scape leafless, 1-flowered ; radical leaves 2, oblong, 
 obtuse; outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate; lip cleft in front; 
 sterile stamen roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, deflected. C. humik Salistt. 
 
 Shady woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. May, June. *2j.. Scape 6 10 inches 
 high, with two oval or elliptic-lanceolate leaves near the base. Flower solitaf 
 
IRIDACI5.E. 353 
 
 large, terminal. Segments of the perianth yellowish-green, spotted with purple 
 Up purple, veined. Stemless Ladies' Slipper. 
 
 6. C. arielinum Brmcn: stem leafy; upper segment of the perianth 
 ovate-lanceolate, the rest linear ; lip as long as the segments, acute, conic 
 below ; sterile stamen orbicular-spatulate. Cryosanthes borecdis Raf. Arieti- 
 num, Americanum Beck Dot. 1st. Ed. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Montreal, Can. Hallowell, Maine. Fairhaven, Ver. 
 Oneida and Montgomery counties, N. Y. ; rare. '4- Stem 6 8 inches high, 
 with a few alternate lanceolate leaves. Flower solitary, much smaller than in 
 any of the preceding species. Segments of the perianth greenish-brown ; lip 
 small, red and white, reticulated, the lower part ending in a conical point or 
 short obtuse spur. Ram's Head. 
 
 ORDER CXXYI. IRIDACE^E. IRIDS. 
 
 Perianth with the limb 6-parted, in a double series, sometimes 
 irregular, the 3 inner segments being occasionally very short. 
 Stamens 3, from the base of the sepals ; filaments distinct or 
 connate. Ovary 3-celled ; style single ; stigmas 3, often dilated 
 and petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 
 Avith hard albumen. Mostly herbaceous plants, with tuberous 
 or fibrous roots. Leaves equitant. Flowers spathaceous, usu- 
 ally large and showy. 
 
 1. IRIS. Linn. Iris. Flower de Luce. 
 (So named from the varied hues of the flowers.) 
 Perianth 6 -cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the 
 others erect. Stamens distinct. Style short or none. Stigmas 
 3, petaloid, covering the stamens. 
 
 1. /. versicolor Linn.: stem terete or slightly compressed, more or less 
 flexuous ; leaves ensiform ; perianth beardless ; ovary obtusely triangular, 
 with the sides flat ; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. /. Vir- 
 ginica Pursh, not of Linn. 
 
 Margins of ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 1J-. Root large, 
 fleshy, creeping. Stem 2 3 feet high, rarely branched. Flowers 2 6 at the 
 summit of the stem, blue variegated with green and yellow. Blue Flag. 
 
 2. /. Virginica Linn. : stem round, slender, smooth ; leaves narrow- 
 linear, long ; perianth beardless ; ovary 3-sided, each side twice grooved ; 
 capsule triangular, acute at each end. (Tbrr.) I.prismatica Pursh. I. gra- 
 cilis Big. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. June 1l~ Root tuberous, creeping. Stem 
 1 2 feet high, a little flexuous, round. Flowers 2 6 at the summit of the stem, 
 blue and yellow, more delicate than in the preceding Very common in the 
 vicinity of New Brunswick. N. J. Slender Blue Flag. 
 
 3. I. lacustris Nutt. : leaves ensiform, shorter than the 1-flowered scape ; 
 perianth without a bearded crest ; segments nearly equal, attenuated or 
 the tube; capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined. 
 
354 AMARYLLIDACE/E. 
 
 Gravelly shores of Lake Huron. Nutt. June. '4- Root tuberous, creeping. 
 Scape compressed, scarcely an inch long. Leaves 3 5 inches long and 1-4 of 
 an inch broad. Torr. Comp. Lake Iris. 
 
 2. SISYRINCHIUM. Linn. Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek avs , a hog, and (n>y%of, a snout ; hogs being supposed to be 
 fond of rooting it up.) 
 
 Spathe 2 -leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored ; limb flat, 
 6-cleft ; the lobes equal ; tube short. Stamens 3, the filaments 
 mostly united below. Style short. Stigmas 3. Capsule pe- 
 dicellate, roundish-triangular. 
 
 1. S. mucronatum Mich. : scape simple, narrowly winged; valves of the 
 spathe unequal, colored ; the outer one longer than the peduncles, tapering 
 to a rigid point. S. Bermudiana var. Torr. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. W. to the Platte River. May, June. '2J-. 
 Scape 6 10 inches high, slender. Leaves narrow-linear, grass-like. Flowers 
 34 from each spathe, blue. Mucronate Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 2. S. anceps Linn. : scape simple, broadly winged; valves of the spathe 
 nearly equal, shorter than the peduncles. S. gramineum Lam. S. Bermu- 
 diana var. Torr. 
 
 Pastures, &c. Can. to Flor. July. %. Scape 12 18 inches high, some- 
 what branching above. Spathe with the valves nearly equal, not colored. 
 Flowers 2 5 from each spathe, blue. Common Blue-eyed Grass. 
 
 ORDER CXXVII. AMARYLLIDACE^E.- AMARYLLIDS. 
 
 Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-cleft ; the outer segments over- 
 lapping the inner. Stamens 6, sometimes cohering below. 
 Ovary 3-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-celled 3- 
 valved capsule, or a 1 3 -seeded berry. Seeds with fleshy or 
 corneous albumen. Mostly bulbous, sometimes fibrous rooted, 
 plants. Leaves ensiform, with parallel veins. Flowers usually 
 spathaceous. 
 
 1. AMARYLLIS. Linn. Amaryllis. 
 (From the nymph Amaryllis, mentioned in Virgil. Eat. Man.) 
 
 Perianth 6 -parted, petaloid, unequal. Stamens 6, arising 
 from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Style 
 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 
 
 A. Atamasco Linn. : spathe bifid, acute ; flower pedicellate ; perianth 
 subcampanulate, subequal, erect, short and tubular at the base ; stamens 
 declined, equal. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Geor. June. 7J. Scape 6 inches high. 
 
 Leaves a foot long, linear, concave, smooth. Flower solitary, large, white aud 
 pink. Atamasco Lily. 
 
DIOSCOREACE.E. 355 
 
 2. AGAVE. Linn. Agave. 
 
 (From the Greek ayauo?, admirable ; in allusion to its beautiful appearance.) 
 Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, exserted. Anthers 
 versatile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely tri- 
 angular, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 A. Virginica Linn. : scape simple; leaves with cartilaginous serratures; 
 flowers sessile. 
 
 Rocky Banks. Penn. ? to Car. Sept. 1\.. Sca^ 6 feet high. Flowers 
 greenish-yellow, very fragrant. Virginian Agave or False Aloe. 
 
 ORDER CXXVIII. HYPOXIDACE^E. STAR GRASSES. 
 
 Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-parted. Stamens 6. Ovary 
 adherent, 3-celled ; style single ; stigmas 3, or united. Fruit 
 indehiscent, dry or berried, 1 3-celled. Seeds numerous, 
 roundish, with a lateral hilum ; embryo straight in the axis of 
 fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants, with tuberous or fibrous 
 roots. Leaves usually radical, plaited. 
 
 HYPOXIS. Linn. Star Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek viro, beneath, and o,"t>?, sharp ; in allusion to the acute base 
 of the capsule.) 
 
 Perianth superior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, 
 narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, 
 naked. 
 
 H. ereda Linn. : hairy ; leaves all radical, linear and grass- like ; scape 
 3 4-flowered, somewhat umbelled, mostly shorter than the leaves. H. erecta 
 and graminea Pursh. H. Caroliniensia Mich. 
 
 Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April June. Q. Root 
 bulbous. Scape 4 6 inches high, with the leaves narrow and often double the 
 length. Flowers usually 4, yellow within, greenish and hairy outside. 
 
 Common Star-grass. 
 
 ORDER CXXIX. DIOSCOREACE^. YAMS. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Perianth 6-parted, equal. Stamens 6. 
 Ovary adherent, 3-celled; styles 3, united below or distinct. 
 Fruit a capsule, often 3 -winged, with two of its cells sometimes 
 abortive. Seeds compressed, sometimes winged ; embryo small, 
 lying in a cavity of the cartilaginous albumen. Twining herbs 
 or under shrubs. Leaves with reticulated veins. Flowers 
 small, spiked. 
 
356 
 
 SMILACE^E. 
 
 DIOSCOREA. Linn. Yam. 
 (In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.) 
 
 Dioecious. Perianth 6-parted. STERILE FL. Stamens 6, 
 3 sometimes barren. Filaments subulate. FERTILE FL. Styles 
 distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3 -celled, triangular ; the 
 angles winged. Seeds membranaceously winged. 
 
 1. D. vittosa Linn.: leaves alternate, opposite and verticillate, cordate, 
 acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9 11-nerved; lateral nerves simple. D, 
 paniculata Mich. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. May, June. 1\.. Stem climbing, sometimes 10 or 12 
 feet long. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes subopposite, rarely in whorls of 
 4. Flowers minute, pale greenish-yellow ; the sterile ones in pendulous pani- 
 cles ; fertile ones in pendulous simple racemes. Hairy Yam. 
 
 2. D. quaternata Walt. : leaves verticillate in fours, or alternate, cordate, 
 acuminate, smooth on both sides, 7-nerved ; lateral nerves bifid. D.glauca 
 Muhl. 
 
 Old fields. Penn. to Car. July. 1J-. Stem climbing. Leaves more tapering 
 at the summit than in the preceding, of which, however, it may be only a 
 variety. Smooth Yam. 
 
 ORDER CXXX. SMILACE^E. SARSAPARILLAS. 
 
 Flowers perfect or dioecious. Perianth petaloid, 6- (rarely 4-) 
 parted or 6-leaved in a double series. Stamens 6, (rarely 4,) 
 inserted into the perianth, rarely hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled ; 
 styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit a roundish berry. Seeds 
 with horny albumen. Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, 
 usually climbing. Leaves simple, mostly entire, reticulated. 
 
 1. SMILAX. Linn. Green Brier. 
 
 (Greek <r/Xa, from o-pA*?, a knife or scraper ; most of the species being armed 
 with prickles.) 
 
 Dioecious. Perianth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves hi 
 a double series, somewhat petaloid. STERILE FL. Stamens 
 mostly 6. Filaments short. FERTILE FL. Style very short 
 Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1 2-) celled. 
 Seeds 1 3, globose. 
 
 * Stem shrubby. 
 
 1. quadrangularis WiUd.: prickly; stem 4-angled, unarmed above; 
 leaves unarmed, ovate, subcordate, acute, 5-nerved. 
 
 Dry woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. \i. Berry black. Pursh. 
 
 Square-stalked Greenbrier. 
 
 2. & spinidosa Smith : stem terete, very prickly, with slightly recurved 
 
SMILACE/E. 357 
 
 and rigid but rather slender prickles ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, (on young 
 plants often somewhat panduriform,) smooth on both sides, glaucous be- 
 neath, 3 5 nerved. ( Torr. N. Y. PL} S. Sarsaparilla Linn, (in part.) 7 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. and N. J. Torr. }^Slem 36 feet long, trailing or 
 climbing. Leaves 2 3 inches long, often dilated at base, cuspidate. 
 
 Spinulose Greenbrier. 
 
 3. S. rotundifolia Linn. : stem prickly, nearly round ; leaves unarmed, 
 roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved; common peduncles 
 scarcely longer than the petioles. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. fy- Stem climbing upon trees and 
 bushes, with strong tendrils. Flowers yellowish-green, in small globose axillary 
 umbels. Berry bluish-black, spherical. Common Greenbrier. 
 
 4. (S. hispida Muhl. : stem round, the lower part very hispid ; branchlets 
 angular ; leaves ovate, acute, mostly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, smooth 
 and green on both sides, margins crenulate ; peduncles twice as long as 
 the petioles. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.} 
 
 Woods. N. Y. Penn. and Mich. June. \i . Stem climbing. Flowers 4 6 
 in an umbel. Berry black. Hispid Greenbrier. 
 
 5. . caduca Linn. : stem prickly ; leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved ; 
 common peduncles longer than the petioles. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. ^3. Stem 8 10 feet long, flexuous, 
 leaning or climbing, somewhat angled. Flowers yellowish-green, in small axil- 
 lary umbels. Berry bluish-black. Caducous Greenbrier. 
 
 6. <S. laurifolia Linn. : stem prickly ; branches unarmed ; leaves coria- 
 ceous, oval-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, 3-nerved ; umbels on very short 
 peduncles. 
 
 Boggy woods. N. J. to Geor. June Aug. T^. Stem climbing to a great 
 height. Leaves somewhat crowded, coriaceous and perennial. Peduncles 
 scarcely as long as the pedicels. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. 
 
 7. /S. pandurata Pursh : stem prickly ; leaves ovate-panduriform, acu- 
 minate, 3-nerved; common peduncles twice as long as the petioles. S. 
 iamnoides Ell. not of Linn. ? 
 
 Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. July. 17. Stem twining, round. Leaves 
 emooth and shining on both sides. Berry black. 
 
 Panduriform-leaved Greenbrier. 
 
 ** Stem herbaceous, unarmed. 
 
 y. S. herbacea Linn. : stem erect or climbing, nearly simple, angular ; 
 leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, acuminate, (sometimes obtuse ;) peduncles 
 very long, compressed. S. peduncularis Muhl. 
 
 Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. May, June. 1\.. Stem 3 5 feet 
 long, climbing or leaning on other plants. Flowers yellowish-green, fetid, nu- 
 merous, in globose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter. Berry bluish- 
 black. Carrion Flower. 
 
 2. SM1LACINA. Desf. Smilacina. 
 
 (The diminutive of ffpXa|, to which thii genus, however, has little resemblance N 
 
 Perianth 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens as man) 
 
 as the segments of the perianth and inserted at their base. 
 
358 
 
 Style thick, short. Stigma obscurely 2 3-lobed. Berry glo- 
 bose, pulpy, 1 3-seeded. 
 
 * Segments of the perianth and stamens 6. 
 
 1. S. stellata Desf. : leaves numerous, alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, 
 somewhat clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria 
 stellata Linn. 
 
 River banks. Can. to Penn. May, June. 1J.. Stem a foot high. Leaves 
 7 9, ciliate on the margin, roughish'on the nerves beneath. Flowers 49, in 
 an erect terminal raceme, small, white. Star-flowered Smilacina. 
 
 2. S. trifolia Desf. : stem smooth, angular, pubescent, about 3-leaved ; 
 leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, contracted at the base and some- 
 what clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria trifolia 
 Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. 1\.. Stem 6 inches high. Leaves 2 
 or 3, smooth on the margin. Flowers small, white, 4 6 in a terminal raceme, 
 with the segments spreading. Three-leaved Smilacina. 
 
 3. S. racemosa Desf. : stem a little flexuous ; leaves numerous, alternate, 
 sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent ; flowers in a terminal 
 racemose panicle, very small. Convallaria racemosa Linn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. l^.. Root thick and fleshy. 
 Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high. Flowers very small, greenish- white, in a com- 
 pound terminal panicle or raceme. Wild Spikenard. 
 
 ** Segments of the perianlh and stamens 4. 
 
 4. S. bifolia SchulLes: stem mostly 2-leaved; leaves cordate-oblong, 
 nearly sessile or petiolate, smooth on both sides ; raceme simple, terminal. 
 S. Canadensis Pursh. Convallaria bifolia Linn. Styrandra bifolia Raf. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Mich. May. Tj. .Stem 46 inches 
 high, with 2 or sometimes 3 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical 
 leaf on a long petiole. Flowers white, small, sweet-scented, in an oblong ra- 
 ceme. Two-leaved Smilacina. 
 
 3. CLINTONIA. Raf. Clintonia. 
 (In honor of the late Governor De Witt Clinton.) 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at the 
 base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, cpmpressed. Berry 
 2-celled ; cells many-seeded. 
 
 1. C.borealis Raf.: leaves oblong or obovate. with the margin ciliate ; 
 umbel 2 5-flowered ; pedicels nodding, without bracts. Draccena borealis 
 Ait. Smilacina borealis Pursh. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Penn. May, June. 1|_. Scape 6 8 inches high. 
 Leaves radical or nearly so, 6 inches or more in length. Flowers yellowish- 
 green, large, campanulate. Berry globose-oblong, blue. 
 
 Large-flowered Clintonia. 
 
 2. C. umbellata Torr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the margin and keel 
 ciliate ; umbel many-flowered ; cells of the berry 2-seeded. C. parviflora, 
 <tioratd-,&e. Raf. Smilacina umbettata Desf . Convallaria, wnbellata Mick. 
 
TRILLIACE^E. 359 
 
 Swamps. Jamestown, Chatauque county, N. Y. Torr. Can. to Car. ? 
 May, June. 1J.. Leaves 2 5, radical or nearly so, 6 9 inches long. Scape 
 usually longer than the leaves. Flowers 15 30, in an umbel or .a corymo, 
 white, odorous, much smaller than in the preceding species. 
 
 Small-flowered Clintonia. 
 
 4. POLYGONATUM. Desf. Solomon's Seal. 
 
 (From the Greek iroXvs, many, and yow, a knee ; in allusion to its many-jointed 
 rhizoma.) 
 
 Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted near the sum- 
 mit of the tube. Ovary superior. Berry subglobose, 3 -celled ; 
 cells 2-seeded. 
 
 P. muUiflorum AIL : stem nearly terete ; leaves ovate-elliptic or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, clasping ; peduncles 1 6-flowered ; filaments smooth or slightly 
 pubescent ; ovules 3 6 in each cell of the ovary. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) P. 
 biflorum Ell. P. pubescens, canaliculatum, latifolium, hirsutum and midti- 
 florum Pursh. 
 
 Rocky woods, banks of streams, &c. Can. to Car. June, July. 9J.. Khi~ 
 zoma thick and fleshy. Stem 1 3 feet high, simple, slightly curved, round or a 
 little angular and channelled. Leaves variable in size and form. Flowers green- 
 ish-white, usually 2 4, sometimes 56, rarely 1, on recurved peduncles. I 
 adopt the views of Darlington and Torrey in regard to the identity of several 
 supposed distinct species of this genus. Common Solomon's Seal. 
 
 ORDER CXXXI. TRILLIACE^E. PARIDS. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments larger, colored or her- 
 baceous. Stamens 6 10 ; filaments subulate ; anthers linear. 
 Ovary free, 3 5-celled ; styles as many, distinct ; stigmas in- 
 conspicuous. Fruit succulent, 3 5-celled. Seeds numerous, 
 with fleshy albumen. Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, 
 verticillate leaves and large terminal solitary flowers. 
 
 1. MEDEOLA. Linn. Indian Cucumber. 
 
 (From Mijdeo, the name of a sorceress ; on account of the reputed virtues of 
 the plant.) 
 
 Perianth petaloid. G-parted, revolute. Stamens 6, inserted 
 at the base of the perianth. Styles 3, filiform, elongated, di- 
 varicate. Berry 3-celled ; cells 1 3-seeded. 
 
 M. Virginica Linn. Gyromia Virginica Nutt. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. %.. Stem 1218 inches high, 
 erect. Leaves in 2 whorls ; one about the middle of the stem, of 6 8 oblong- 
 lanceolate acuminate leaves ; the other near the top, of 2 3 smaller ovate ones. 
 Flowers 3 6, on pedicels arising from the upper whorl, greenish-yellow, re- 
 flexed. Cucumber Root 
 
360 
 
 2. TRILLIUM. Z/wu.-Trillmiil. 
 
 (From the Latin trilix, triple; several parts of the plant being in threes.) 
 Perianth deeply 6 -parted ; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread- 
 ing; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens 6, inserted at the 
 base of the segments, nearly equal. Anthers linear. Styles 3, 
 distinct or united at base, stigmatose on the inside. Berry 
 ovoid, 3 -celled ; cells many-seeded. 
 
 * Flowers sessile. 
 
 1. T. sessile Linn. : leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute ; flower closely 
 sessile, erect ; petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 Fertile hills. Penn. to Car. Pursh. April, May. 1\..Stem 8 inches i high, 
 smooth. Petals dark-purple. Common Sessile Trillium. 
 
 2. T. recurvdtum Beck : leaves ovate or obovate, subpetiolate, nerved , 
 flower closely sessile ; petals lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, 
 erect, as long as the recurved calyx. 
 
 Shady woods. Miss. May. Stem 8 10 inches high, smooth. Leaves 
 smooth, clouded with dark-green. Petals purple. Filaments very short. I 
 have been led to introduce this and the next species, described some years since, 
 (Sill. Jour. xi. 178,) from the fact that under the name T. sessile, several distinct 
 species have heretofore been included. Recurved Sessile Trillium. 
 
 3. T. viride Beck: leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile, 3 5-nerved; 
 flower erect, closely sessile ; petals fleshy, narrow, somewhat spatulate, a 
 little longer than the lanceolate or ovate obtuse erect calyx. 
 
 Shady woods. Miss. April. 1|~ Stem 8 12 inches high. Leaves with 
 whitish spots on the upper surface. Petals dark-green. Sepals variable. 
 
 Green Sessile Trillium. 
 
 ** Flowers pedunculate. 
 
 4. T. erythrocarpum Mich.: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the 
 base, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncle somewhat erect ; 
 petals from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, recurved, nearly twice as long 
 as the sepals. T. pidum Pursh. T. undulatum WiUd. N 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. May, June. TJ.. Stem 610 inches high. 
 Flower on a peduncle about an inch long. Petals white with purple veins 
 near the base. Berry scarlet. Red-berried Trillium. 
 
 5. T. pusillum Mick. : leaves oval, oblong, obtuse, sessile ; peduncle 
 erect ; petals scarcely longer than the sepals. T. pumilum Pursh. 
 
 Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. May. Tj.. Plant small. Petals flesh- 
 colored. Dwarf Trillium. 
 
 6. T. cernuum Linn.: leaves dilated-rhomboid, abruptly acuminate, on 
 short petioles ; peduncle short, recurved ; petals ovate, acuminate, flat, <*s 
 long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. %. Stem 1218 inches high. Flower 
 small, on a recurved peduncle, partly concealed by the leaves. Petals white. 
 Perry targe, ovoid, dark-purple. Nodding Trilliwm. 
 
 7. T erectum Linn. : leaves broad-rhomboid, acuminate, sessile ; p- 
 
LILIACE2E. 361 
 
 duncle inclined, the flower a little nodding ; petals ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, flat, spreading, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. T. 
 rhomboideum var. atropurpureum and alburn Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May. Ij-.Stem 1215 inches 
 high. Flower on a peduncle 1 3 inches long. Petals dark-purple or white. 
 
 Erect Trillium. Fahe Wake-robin. 
 
 8. T. pendulum Willd.: leaves roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, nearly 
 sessile ; peduncle inclined, the flower pendulous ; petals ovate, acuminate, 
 rather larger than the sepals. 
 
 Muist woods. Penn. to Car. May. %. Stem about a foot high. Flower 
 on a peduncle recurved between the leaves. Petals white with pink veins. 
 Berry roundish,dark purple. Pendulous Trillium. 
 
 9. T. grandiftorum Salisb. : leaves broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate; peduncle a little inclined, with the flower nearly erect; 
 petals spatulate-lanceolate, much longer than the sepals. T. rhomboideum 
 var. grandiftorum Mich. 
 
 Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Car. ; rare. May. %. Stem about 
 a foot high. Flower on a slightly inclined peduncle which is 23 inches long. 
 Petals large, white. Large-lowered Trillium. 
 
 ORDER CXXXII. LILIACEJE. LILIES. 
 
 Perianth 6 -parted or 6 -leaved, regular or nearly so, some- 
 times cohering in a tube. Stamens 6, inserted into the peri- 
 anth ; anthers opening inwards. Ovary free, 3-celled ; style 
 1 ; stigma simple or 3-lobed. Fruit succulent or dry and cap- 
 sular, 3-celled. Seeds in one or two rows ; embryo in fleshy 
 albumen. Herbaceous plants shrubs or trees, with bulbs, tu- 
 bers, rhizomes or fibrous roots. Leaves with parallel veins, 
 usually narrow. Flowers large and showy. 
 
 J. TULIPJE. 
 1. LILIUM. Linn. Lily. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Celtic li, white ; in allusion to the color of 
 one of the species.) 
 
 Perianth campanulate, deeply 6 -par ted ; segments straight 
 or reflexed, with a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens 
 6, adhering to the base of the perianth. Style elongated. 
 Stigma thick, slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with 
 numerous seeds. 
 
 1. L. Catesbai Walt. : leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, very acute ; 
 stem 1 -flowered ; perianth erect ; segments with long claws, undulate on 
 the margin, reflexed at the summit. 
 
 Sandy meadows. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June Aug. *2J.. Stem 18 
 inches high. Flower large, scarlet, spotted with yellow and brown. 
 
 Lily. 
 16 
 
362 LILIACE^E. 
 
 3. L. Philadelphicum Linn.: leaves whorled, linear-lanceolate; stem 
 1 3-flowered ; perianth erect, campanulate, spreading, the segments with 
 claws. 
 
 Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1J-. Stem 2 3 feet high, 
 terete, smooth. Ffoicers large, dark orange, spotted at base, on a peduncle 1 3 
 inches long. Red Lily. 
 
 3. L. Canadense Linn. : leaves mostly whorled, lanceolate, distinctly 
 nerved, the nerves hairy beneath ; peduncles 2 3, terminal, elongated ; 
 perianth nodding, campanulate, the segments lanceolate and slightly 
 re volute. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. QJ.. i Stem 23 feet 
 high. Flowers mostly about 3, (sometimes solitary.) yellow, spotted on the in- 
 side. Common Yellow Lily. 
 
 4. L. superbum Linn. : leaves whorled below, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
 smooth, the upper ones scattered ; flowers in a pyramidal raceme ; perianth 
 campanulate, nodding, the segments revolute. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. 7|_. Stem 4 6 feet high. Flowers 
 
 3 20 or more in a large pyramidal raceme, orange, with dark spots. The char- 
 acters of this plant seem (6 be constant, and both Torrey and Darlington con- 
 eider it distinct. Superb Lily. 
 
 a. ERYTHRONIUM. Linn. Dog-tooth Violet. 
 
 (From the Greek spvOpos, red ; supposed to be in allusion to the purple spots on 
 the leaves.) 
 
 Perianth campanulate, 6 -parted; segments reflexed; the 3 
 inner ones with a callous tooth on each side near the base, and a 
 nectariferous pore. Stamens 6. Style elongated. Stigma trian- 
 gular. Capsule narrowed at base, or substipitate, 3-celled. 
 Seeds ovoid. 
 
 1. E. Americanum Smith: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, punctate; segments 
 of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ; inner ones bidentate 
 near the base ; style clavate ; stigma entire. E. lanccoMum Pursh. E. 
 Dens-canis Mich. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. April, May. Ij.. Scape 6 8 inches high. 
 Leaves 2, radical, spotted with purple. Flower solitary, terminal, yellow, spotted 
 near the base. American Dog-tooth Violet. 
 
 2. E. albidum Null. : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not punctate ; segments 
 of the perianth linear-lanceolate, obtuse; inner ones without dentures, sub- 
 unguiculate ; style clavate ; stigma 3-cleft. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. and N. Y. W. to Miss. April, May. %. Scape 68 
 inches high. Flovier white, segments thick and somewhat obtuse. Very abun- 
 dant near Albany, N. Y., and also found near the Clyde river, Wayne county, 
 N. Y. , and in Canada, by D. Thomas, Esq. I have observed a plant at New 
 Brunswick, N. J., which agrees with this in the absence of dentures and in the 
 trifid stigma, but the perianth is yellow. It is probably the same which is 
 alluded to by Mr. Nuttall, (Gen. PL i. 223,) and may prove distinct. 
 
 White Dog-tooth Violet. 
 
 3. E. bracteatoim Big. : leaves lanceolate, unequal ; scape bracted 
 
LILIACE^E. 363 
 
 High mountains, Ver. Boott. June. 1\.. Leaves very unequal, one being 
 two or three times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves, with a 
 narrow lanceolate bract 1 2 inches below the flower, which is yellow, half as 
 large as in E. Americanum, and has the segments gibbous at base. 
 
 Bracted Dog-tooth Violet. 
 
 II. HEMEROCALLE.E. 
 
 3. HEMEROCALLIS. Linn. Day Lily. 
 
 (From the Greek fyiepa, a day, and /caXXoj, beauty; its flower lasting but a day.) 
 Perianth tubular, 6-parted ; tube cylindric ; limb campanulate, 
 marcescent. Stamens 6, declined. Ovary superior. Capsule 
 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. 
 
 H. fulva Linn. : leaves linear, keeled ; inner segments of the perianth 
 obtuse, undulate. 
 
 Wet meadows. Penn. July. '2J- Root fasciculate. Scape 3 4 feet high. 
 Leaves about 2 feet long and an inch wide, acute, smooth. Flowers large, taw- 
 ny or reddish-yellow. A foreigner beginning to be naturalized in various parts 
 of Chester county, Penn. Darlington. Copper-colored Day Lily. 
 
 III. SCILLE.E. 
 
 4. ALLIUM. Linn. Garlic. Onion. 
 (From the Celtic All, signifying acrid or burning.") 
 
 Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth 
 inferior, petaloid, 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Sta- 
 mens 6 ; the filaments sometimes tricuspidate. Capsule 3-celled, 
 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and rough. 
 
 1. A. vineale Linn. : stem slender, somewhat leafy ; leaves terete, fistu- 
 lous, channelled above ; umbel often bulbiferous ; filaments alternately cus- 
 pidate, the middle cusp bearing an anther. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. N. S. June, July. 1J-. Bulb ovoid, small. Stem 
 about 2 feet high. Flowers rose-colored. A pernicious weed, introduced from 
 Europe. Field or Crow Garlic. 
 
 2. A. triflorum Pursh : scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; 
 leaves lanceolate, nerved ; umbel few-flowered. 
 
 Shady woods on the high mountains of Penn. May, June. Q]-. Pursh. 
 
 Mountain Leeks. 
 
 3. A. cernuum Roth : scape elongated, angular ; leaves linear, acutely 
 keeled; umbel nodding, many-flowered; leafets of the perianth oblong- 
 ovate, acute ; filaments simple. 
 
 Meadows. N. Y. Penn. July. 7J.. Bulb ovoid, large. Scape 1 2 feet 
 high, marked with lines giving it an angular appearance. Flowers rose-colored, 
 about 20 in an umbel. Wild Onion. 
 
 4. A. Canadense Linn. : stem terete, leafy at the base ; leaves linear, 
 flat, smooth ; umbel few-flowered, bulbiferous ; filaments simple, about as 
 long as the perianth. 
 
364 LILIACE^E. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. May, June. ^.Bulh ovoid, small. Stem 
 12 18 inches high. Leaves very long and narrow. Flowers rose-colored. 
 
 Canadian Garlic. 
 
 5. A. Iricoccum Ait. : leaves lance-oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel somewhat 
 crowded; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, about as long as the sta- 
 mens ; filaments simple, dilated downwards. 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. Ij.. Bulb oblong-ovoid, rather 
 large. Scape about a foot high. Flowers white, in a globose umbel. Capsule 
 with the cells 1-seeded. Three-seeded Garlic. 
 
 5. ORNITHOGALUM. Linn. Star of Bethlehem. 
 (From the Greek opvts , opuSoc, a bird, and yaXa, milk ; application unknown.) 
 Perianth deeply 6 -parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, hy- 
 pogynous ; the filaments dilated at base. Ovary superior. Cap- 
 sule roundish-angular, 3 -celled. Seeds few, roundish or angular, 
 black and rough. 
 
 C. umbellatum Linn. : corymb few-flowered ; peduncles longer than the 
 bracts ; filaments subulate. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. and Penn. May, June. f l|-. Bulb small, ovoid. Scape 
 610 inches high, smooth. Leaves radical, linear, smooth. Flowers white in- 
 side, green with a white margin outside. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Star of Bethlehem. 
 
 IV. WACHENDORFEJE. 
 
 6. LOPHIOLA. Ker. Lophiola. 
 (From the Greek Xo^ta, a crest ; in allusion to its woolly perianth.) 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Stamens 6. Fil- 
 aments naked. Anthers erect. Stigma simple. Capsule open- 
 ing at the summit. 
 
 L. aurea Ker. Conostylis Americana Pursh. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. July. %. Root creeping. Leaves radical, 
 grass-like, ensiform, shorter than the erect scape which has 1 or 2 short leaves. 
 Flowers yellow, in a crowded corymb. Golden-crested Lophiola. 
 
 V. ASPARAGE.E. 
 
 7. ASPARAGUS. Linn. Asparagus. 
 (From the Greek amrapayos , an esculent vegetable.) 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, subcampanulate, the segments spreading 
 at the apex. Stamens 6. Anthers peltate. Style very short. 
 Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
 
 A. officinalis Linn. : unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much 
 branched ; leaves setaceous, fasciculate and flexible ; peduncles jointed in 
 the middle. 
 
 Gravelly shores, near salt water, N. Y. June. T\..Stem 13 feet high. 
 
MELANTHACE^E. 365 
 
 Fhnoers small, greenish- white, subaxillary. solitary, drooping. Berry globose, 
 red. Introduced and naturalized in some places on Long Island and near the 
 city of New York. Common Asparagus. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIII. MELANTHACE^E. MELANTHS. 
 
 Flowers often polygamous or dioecious. Perianth petaloid, 
 6 -leaved or deeply 6 -parted. Stamens 6 ; anthers turned out- 
 wards. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, distinct, (sometimes 1, nearly 
 entire or 3-cleft.) Fruit a capsule, generally divisible into three 
 pieces, or a 3-celled berry. Seeds with a membranous integu- 
 ment and dense fleshy albumen. Bulbous tuberous or fibrous- 
 rooted plants, with sessile more or less clasping or sheathing 
 leaves. 
 
 I. VERATRE^E. 
 
 I. ZYGADENUS. Mich. Zygadenus. 
 
 (From the Greek gvyos, a yoke, and a Jjv, a gland ; the glands of the perianth 
 being in pairs.; 
 
 Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6- 
 parted ; segments spreading, without claws, with two glands at 
 the base of each. Stamens 6. Filaments dilated at base. An- 
 thers cordate. Style 3-parted. Stigmas somewhat capitate. 
 Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled ; cells 6 10-seeded. 
 
 Z. glaucus Nutt. : bulb tunicated ; leaves very smooth, shorter than the 
 stem ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels ; segments of the perianth 
 oval or obovate, obtuse ; glands obcordate. (Nutt. Jour. Ph. Acad. vii. 56.) 
 Melanthium glaucum Nutt. Gen. 
 
 Gravelly banks of the St. Lawrence. Shores of Lake Erie. Can. W- to 
 Miss. July, Aug. %. Stem 1 2 feet high, slender. Leaves mostly radical, 
 24 lines wide. Flowers greenish-white, in a panicle or a nearly simple ra- 
 ceme, sometimes polygamous. Torr. Smooth-leaved Zygadenus. 
 
 2. MELANTHIUM. Linn. Melanthium. 
 
 (From the Greek p\as, Uack, and av0oj, a flower ; the flowers becoming of a 
 dark color.) 
 
 Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6 -parted ; 
 segments unguiculate, with two glands at the base. Stamens 
 6, on the claws of the perianth. Styles short, subulate. Stig- 
 mas simple, minute. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled. Seeds 
 numerous. 
 
 1. M. Virginicum Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, long ; panicle very 
 large, pyramidal, with simple racemose branches ; segments of the perianth 
 ovate, somewhat hastate or auriculate ; glands approximated. 
 
 Rocky woods. Staten Island and Orange county, N. Y. Torr. and Dr. W. 
 Horton. S. to Car. July. %.Stem 34 feet high, leafy. Leaves 915 inches 
 
366 MELANTHACE^. 
 
 long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish- white, in a panicle which is 
 a foot or more in length, perfect and sterile ones mixed. 
 
 Virginian Melanthium. 
 
 2. M. hybridum Walt. : leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the 
 stem ; panicle long, composed of simple racemes ; segments of the perianth 
 orbicular, plaited, with long claws ; glands united. M. raccmosum Mich. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. ^.Stem 2 feet 
 high, leafy. Flowers in a long panicle which is composed of simple racemes. 
 
 Hybrid Melanthium. 
 
 3. TOFIELDIA. Huds. Tofieldia. 
 (In honor of Mr. Tofield, an English botanist.) 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Stamens 
 6, smooth. Capsule 3 6 -celled ; cells united at base, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 T. pubescens Pursh. : leaves subradical, narrow-ensiform, smooth ; rachis 
 and pedicels rough ; flowers in an oblong interrupted spike ; capsule glo- 
 bose, scarcely longer than the involucre. Narthecium pubens Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Del. to Car. July. r ti r . Scape 18 inches high. Leaves a foot 
 long. Flowers greenish-white, in a racemed spike. Downy Tofieldia. 
 
 4. XEROPHYLLUM. Mich. Xerophyllum. 
 
 (From the Greek >?p<>?, dry, and dnAXoy, a haf; its leaves appearing as if 
 withered.) 
 
 Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6, contiguous 
 at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule 
 subglobose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the summit. 
 
 X. setifolium Mich. : leaves subulate-setaceous ; flowers in a crowded 
 oblong raceme ; filaments dilated at the base, as long as the perianth. He- 
 Ionian asphflflclaidcs Linn. 
 
 Sandy plains. N. J. to Car. June. Ij.. Scape 3 5 feet high. Radical 
 leaves forming large tufts, a foot long and very narrow. Flowers white, in a 
 large terminal raceme. Grass-leaved Xerophyllum. 
 
 5. HELONIAS. Linn. Helonias. 
 (From the Greek *Xf, a marsh ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
 
 Flowers- sometimes dioacious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, 
 spreading ; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens 6, 
 hypogynous and at length exceeding the perianth. Styles 3, 
 distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-hornea ; cells mostly few-seeded. 
 
 1. H. latifolia Mich. : scape leafless ; spike ovate, crowded ; bracts linear- 
 lanceolate ; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. H. bullata Linn. 
 
 Sandv swamp?. N. J. to Virg. Pursh. May. 7J.. Flovxrs pale-purple. 
 Anthers blue. Broad-leaved Helonias. 
 
 2. H. erythrosperma Mich. stem simple, leafy ; leaves linear, very long ; 
 raceme oblong; bracts short; capsule shortened, with divaricate horns; 
 seeds ovoid, with a purple fleshy coat. Melanthium leetum Ait. 
 
M K 1 . A N T H A C K 7E. 367 
 
 Shady woods. Pemi. 10 Car. June, July. '7J.. &le//i 2 feel high, obtusely 
 angular. Leaves slightly channelled above. Flowers greenish-white, in a sim- 
 ple terminal raceme which is sometimes 9 inches long, but mostly shorter. The 
 root is said to be poisonous. Purple-seeded Heloniis. 
 
 3. H. dioica Pursh. : stem leafy : leaves lanceolate ; racemes dioecious, 
 the sterile nodding at first, the fertile mostly erect ; segments of the perianth 
 linear ; stamens exserted. // lutca Ait. Veratrum luteum Linn. 
 
 Damp grounds. N. Y. and Conn, to Gcor. W. to Miss. June. fy. Ste- 
 rile plant 1 2 feet, the fertile one often 3 feet high. Leaves becoming broader 
 near the root, and often spatulate and somewhat obtuse. Flowers white, in a 
 spike-like, raceme which is 6 12 inches long. The root is a popular tonic. 
 
 Unicorn Plant. 
 
 6. VERATRUM. Linn. Veratrum. 
 (From the Latin vere alntm, truly black : in allusion to the color of the root.) 
 
 Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread- 
 ing, persistent; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens 
 6, inserted upon the receptacle. Styles 3, short, subulate. 
 Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels distinct at 
 the summit. Seeds numerous, with a broad membranaceous 
 margin. 
 
 V. viride Ait. : leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with com- 
 pound racemose branches ; bracts of the branches oblong-lanceolate ; par- 
 tial bracts longer than the pedicels. V. album Mich. 
 
 Meadows arid swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. r i\.. Stem 3 1 feet 
 high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at base. Flowers yellowish-green, in a 
 large terminal panicle. Medicinal and poisonous. 
 
 Poke Root. American Hellebore. 
 
 II. UVULARI.E. 
 7. UVULARIA. Linn. Bellwort. 
 
 (From the Latin diminutive of uva, a cluster, or uvula, iJie appendage to the 
 palate ; perhaps in allusion to the inflorescence.) 
 
 Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect ; segments with a 
 nectariferous cavity at base. Stamens 6. Filaments very short, 
 growing to the anthers. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Capsule 3-an- 
 gled, 3-celled. Seeds nearly globose, arillate at the hilum. 
 
 1. U. perfoliafa Linn. : leaves perfoliate, elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute; 
 perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate, rough within; anthers awned. U. 
 perfoliata, var. minor Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 1\.. Stem 8 12 
 inches high, forked near the top. Flowers pale-yellow, mostly solitary, from 
 one of the forks of the stem. Perfoliate Bellwort. 
 
 2. U. flava Smith. : leaves perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, undulate at 
 base ; perianth tapering at base, rough within ; anthers awned. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. J. to Car. May, June. 1^-. Flowers larger and of a deeper 
 yellow than in the preceding. Pursh. Perhaps onh ;< \arietv. 
 
 Yellow Bellwort. 
 
368 MELANTHACE^E. 
 
 3. U. grandiflora Smith : leaves perfoliate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute , 
 perianth smooth within ; anthers without awns. U. perfoliata } \aT. major 
 Mich. U. lanceolata Willd. 
 
 Woods and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %. Stem 
 12 15 inches high, with one or two forks near the summit. Flowers much 
 larger than in either of the preceding and of a brighter yellow. 
 
 Large-flowered Bellwort. 
 
 4. U. scssilifolia Linn. : leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat glau- 
 cous beneath ; segments of the perianth flat, smooth inside ; anthers obtuse. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. May. Tj.. Stem 8 12 inches high, forked 
 near the summit. Flowers 1 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, pale-yellow. 
 
 Sessile-leaved Bettwort. 
 
 8. PROSARTES. Don. Prosartes. 
 (From the Greek Trpoo-apraw, to hang upon ; in allusion to the suspended ovules.) 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved, campanulate-spreading ; the leafets with a 
 nectariferous pit, or saccate at base. Stamens 6 ; the filaments 
 inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary 3 -celled, with 2 
 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell. Style single. 
 Stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled. 
 
 P. lanuginosa Don. : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, clasping, ciliolate, 
 minutely pubescent beneath ; pedicels in pairs ; leafets of the perianth 
 linear-lanceolate ; style smooth. Sireptopus lanuginosus Mich. Uvularia 
 lanuginosa Pers. 
 
 Woods. Western N. Y. to Car. May. 1.Stem 1218 inches high, witb 
 2 3 forks near the summit. Flowers yellowish-green, on pubescent pedicels. 
 
 Pale-flowered Prosartes. 
 
 9. STREPTOPUS. Mich. Twisted Stalk. 
 
 (From the Greek CTOE-TOS, twisted, and noi:s,foot ; in allusion to a twist in the 
 pedicels.) 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved, campanulate at base ; the three inner 
 leaves carinate. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the leaves. 
 Anthers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Style single, ta- 
 pering. Stigmas simple, obtuse. Berry globose, 3-celled. 
 
 1. & roseus Mich. : leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, serrulate-ciliate on 
 the margin, green on both sides ; pedicels scarcely twice as long as the 
 flower, slightly geniculate near the middle ; anthers 2-cleft at the summit. 
 Uvularia rosea Pers. 
 
 Woods and swamps, on mountains. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. May, June. 
 Ij.. Stem 12 18 inches high, di- or tri-chotomous at the upper part. Flowers 
 rose-eolored . 1 2 on filiform nodding axillary pedicels. Rose Twisted Stalk. 
 
 2. S. amplcxifolius D. C. : leaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, glau- 
 cous beneath, the margin naked ; pedicels elongated, distorted and genicu- 
 late above the middle ; anthers acuminate, entire. S. distortus Mich. Uvits- 
 laria amplcxifolia Linn. 
 
 Shady woods and swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. l^.Stem about 2 
 
PONTEDERACE^:. 369 
 
 feet high, forked. Flowers greenish-white, on filiform axillary pedicels which 
 are longer than in the preceding. Smooth Twisted Stalk. 
 
 ORDER CXXXIV. PONTEDERACE^E. PONTEDERADS. 
 
 Perianth tubular, colored, 6 -parted, more or less irregular ; 
 aestivation circinate. Stamens 3 6, unequal, perigynous. 
 Ovary free, more or less completely 3-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
 3 6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds nu- 
 merous, with somewhat mealy albumen. Aquatic or marsh 
 plants. Leaves sheathing at the base, with parallel veins. 
 
 1. PONTEDERIA. Linn. Pickerel Weed. 
 (In honor of Julius Pontedera, professor of botany at Padua.) 
 Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, 2 -lipped ; under side of the tube 
 perforated with 3 longitudinal foramina; the lower part per- 
 sistent, calycine. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the 
 base and 3 near the summit of the tube. Utricle muricate, 
 1-seeded. 
 
 1. P. cm-data Linn. : leaves subradical, oblong-cordate ; flowers in 
 crowded spikes ; segments of the perianth oblong. 
 
 Ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug. 7J.. Stem 1 2 feet long, bearing 
 a single leaf with the base of the petiole sheathing. Flowers aggregated by 
 twos and threes, sessile, bright-blue. Common Pickerel Weed. 
 
 2. P. angustifolia Pursh. : leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and 
 subcordate at the base ; segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate. P. 
 cor -data ,var. angustifolia Torr. P. mucronata Raf. 
 
 Beach pond, Westchester county, N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead. Mountain lakes. 
 N. Y. to Car. Pursh. July. ^. Flowers blue, smaller than in the preceding 
 species, of which, however, it may be only a variety. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Pickerel Weed. 
 
 2. HETERANTHERA. R. <$ P. Heteranthera. 
 
 (From the Greek erfpn? , different, and avvp, anther ; the anthers in the same 
 flower being dissimilar.) 
 
 Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long and slender tube ; 
 border 6 -parted, equal. Stamens 3. Anthers of 2 forms. 
 Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the angles ; dissepi- 
 ment contrary. 
 
 H. reniformis R. <$ P. : leaves orbicular-reniform ; spathe oblong, acumi- 
 nate, 3 5-flowered. H. acuta Pursh. Leptanthus reniformis Mich. 
 
 Overflowed bunks. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. %. Stem prostrate and 
 rooting in the mud, partly floating, 6 18 inches long. Leaves semicircularly 
 nerved, on petioles 2 3 inches long. Flowers white, 3 5 in a spathe. 
 
 16* 
 
370 ERIOCAULACEjE. 
 
 3. SCHOLLERA. Schreb. Schollera. 
 (Dedicated to Frederick Adam Scholler, a German botanist.) 
 
 Spathe 1 -flowered. Perianth with a long slender tube ; limb 
 deeply 6-parted. Stamens nearly equal. Anthers similar, ob- 
 long-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 1-celled. 
 
 S. graminea Vahl. Leptanthm gramrneus Mick. Heteranthera graminea 
 Pursh. 
 
 In flowing streams. N. S. July, Aug. 1\.. Stem slender, much branched, 
 rooting at the lower joints. Leaves sessile, narrow-linear. Flowers small, pale- 
 yellow, solitary. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 4, unequal. 
 
 Grass-leaved Schollera. 
 
 ORDER CXXXV. ERIOCAULACEJE. PIPEWORTS. 
 
 Flowers bracteate, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth 2 6 
 parted, in two rows ; the outer glumaceous ; inner somewhat 
 petaloid. Stamens 3 6. Ovary superior, 2 3-celled ; style 
 very short ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Capsule 
 2 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary, coated with wings or 
 rows of hairs. Perennial marsh plants, with linear cellular 
 spongy leaves, and minute flowers which are collected into a 
 head at the summit of the scape. 
 
 ERIOCATJLON. Linn. Pipewort. 
 
 (From the Greek cpiov, wool, and icavXos, a stem ; in allusion to the woolly 
 scapes of the species first described.) 
 
 Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, collected into a com- 
 pact scaly head. STERILE FL. in the disk. Perianth 4 6- 
 cleft, the inner segments united nearly to their summit. Stamens 
 3 6. FERTILE FL. in the margin. Perianth deeply 4-parted. 
 Capsule 2 3-celled. 
 
 1. E. septangularc With. : scape slender, 6 7-furrowed, smooth; leaves 
 subulate-ensfform, cellular and transversely reticulated ; head small, hemi- 
 spheric ; scales of the involucre obovate, and with the flowers hairy at the 
 summit. E. pellucidutn Mich. 
 
 Ponds and swamps. Can. to Penn. Aug. 1|-. Scape varying in length 
 from 2 or 3 inches to 6 feet,. (Tarr.) and like the leaves pellucid and cellular. 
 Flowers minute, in a compact head, 4-cleft. Perianth with the outer segments 
 purplish, the inner ones white. Stamens 4. Jointed Pipewort. 
 
 2. E. decangulare Mich. : scape 10-furrowed ; leaves ensiform, smooth ; 
 head large, depressed-globose ; scales of the involucre oval, acute, of the 
 receptacle mucronate. 
 
 Ponds. N. J. to Car. Aug. 1}-. Scape 2 3 feet high. Flowers very white. 
 
 Ten-angled Pipewort. 
 
JUNCACEJE. 371 
 
 ORDER CXXXVI. XYRIDACEA XYRIDS. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, in 2 rows ; outer glumaceous ; inner peta- 
 loid, unguiculate. Stamens 6, 3 fertile, inserted upon the claws 
 of the inner segments of the perianth. Ovary single ; style 
 trifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, with parietal 
 placentae. Herbaceous rush-like plants, with fibrous roots, 
 ensiform or filiform radical leaves and flowers in terminal im- 
 bricate scaly heads. 
 
 XYRIS. Linn. Yellow-eyed Grass. 
 (From the Greek upoj, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves.) 
 Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments 
 somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid ; the segments with 
 long nearly distinct claws and dilated laminae. Stamens 6 ; 3 
 fertile, the rest abortive. Capsule 1 -celled. 
 
 1. X. Carolinians, Walt, : scape somewhat 2-edged ; leaves linear, 
 grass-like, much shorter than the scape; head roundish-ovoid; bracts 
 orbicular-obdvate. X. Jupacai Mich. X.jlexuosa Ell. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Flor. July. %. Stem a foot high, somewhat bul- 
 bous at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves sheathing at base, flat or twisted. 
 Flowers yellow, in a head 3 1 lines long. Common YeUow-eyed Grass. 
 
 2. X. brevifolia Mich. : leaves subulate, ensiform. short ; head globose ; 
 inner segments of the perianth shorter than the outer one, slightly notched. 
 
 Wet meadows. Penn. to Geor. July. %. Scape 12 18 inches high, com- 
 pressed near the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow, in a globose 
 head. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass. 
 
 3. X. fimbriata Ell. : leaves long, ensiform ; heads loosely imbricate, 
 oblong ; segments of the perianth fimbriate. 
 
 Meadows. N. J. to Geor. June. 7J.. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers yellow. 
 Found in New Jersey by Dr. Darlington. Fl. Cest. 
 
 Fimbriate YeUow-eyed Grass. 
 
 ORDER C XXXVII. JUNCACEJE. RUSHES. 
 
 Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, in a double row, 
 more or less glumaceous. Stamens 6, rarely 3, inserted into 
 the base of the segments. Ovary 1- or 3 -celled ; stigmas gen- 
 erally 3. Fruit capsular, with 3 valves. Seeds with a thin 
 skin and firm albumen. Mostly grass-like plants. Flowers 
 small, generally brown or green, in cymes or heads. 
 
372 JUNCACE^E. 
 
 1. LU-ZTJLA. D. C. Wood Rush. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ; because its flowers, 
 when moistened with dew, sparkle by moonlight.) 
 
 Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Filaments 
 smooth. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, 
 sometimes with an appendage at one end. 
 
 1. L. pilosa Wittd.: leaves broad -linear, hairy; peduncles in an umbel- 
 late corymb, 1-flowered, at length bent downward ; leafets of the perianth 
 acuminate, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a curved appendage 
 at the top. Juncus pilosus Lsinn. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Penn. April, May. %. Stem 6 12 inches high, cespitose. 
 Flowers dark-brown, 8 12 in an umbel, on filiform peduncles 6 8 lines in 
 length. Hairy Wood Rush. 
 
 2. L, campestris D. C. : leaves hairy ; spikes sessile and peduncled ; 
 leafets of the perianth acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule ; 
 seeds with ah appendage at the base. Juncus campestris Linn. 
 
 Meadows. Can. to Car. April, May. 1J-. Stem 6 12 inches high, cespi- 
 tose at base. Flowers reddish- brown, in ovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes 
 forming a sort of umbel. Common Wood Rush. 
 
 3. L. parviftora Desv.: smooth; stem elongated; leaves broad-linear; 
 flowers in a decompound loose corymb, the peduncles elongated and capil- 
 lary ; pedicels 1-flowered ; leafets of the perianth ovate, acute, about the 
 length of the oval obtuse apiculate capsule ; seeds without an appendage. 
 L. melanocarpa Desv. Juncus mclanocarpus Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Northern N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, N. H. Big. Can. 
 Mich. July. '!}.. Stem 12 18 inches high, slender. Flowers in a loose corym- 
 bose panicle, nodding. Seeds brown. SmaU-Jlowered Wood Rush. 
 
 4. L. spicata D. C. : leaves narrow, channelled, hairy at the throat; 
 spike solitary, drooping, compound ; spikelets shorter than the diaphanous 
 mucronate bracts ; leafets of the perianth acuminate-mucronate, about as 
 long as the rounded capsule. Juncus spicatus Wtild. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. Big. Aug. 1\.. Stem 6 8 inches high, slender. 
 SpiKe dark-colored, interrupted near the base, drooping. 
 
 Sptfie-Jlowered Wood Rush. 
 
 2. JUNCUS. Linn. Rush. 
 
 (From the Latin jungo, to join ; the leaves and stems having been used as 
 cordage.) 
 
 Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 
 3. Filaments smooth. Stigmas 3, subsessile. Capsule 3-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 * Leaves none. 
 
 1. J. acutus Linn.: barren scapes and outer bracts pungent; panicle 
 very compound, mostly compact; leafets of the perianth equal; inner ones 
 with a broad membranaceous margin at the apex, shorter than the broad- 
 ovate abruptly acuminate capsule. 
 
JUNCACE.E. 373 
 
 Sandy sea-coasts. N. J. to Car. July. Ij.. Scape 23 feet high. Panicle 
 2 3 inches long, appearing as if lateral, though really terminal. 
 
 Great Sharp Sea Rush. 
 
 2. J. effusus Linn. : scape not rigid, finely striate ; panicle loose, very 
 much branched, spreading ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, spreading, 
 very acute, as long as the obovoid obtuse capsule ; stamens 3. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. %. Scape 23 feet high, erect, 
 terminating in a long Tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the 
 side of the scape above the middle, sessile. Flowers greenish. Sometimes used 
 for making mats. Soft Rush. 
 
 3. J. filiformis Linn. : scape filiform, smooth ; panicle few-flowered ; 
 leafets of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal, larger than the 
 obovoid apiculate capsule ; stamens 6. 
 
 Borders of ponds. Northern and Western N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, 
 N. H. Biff. July. 1]-. Scape. 18 inches to 2 feet high, very slender. Panicle 
 bursting from the side of the scape above the middle. Flowers greenish. 
 
 Slender Rush. 
 
 4. J. Balticus Willd. : scape obscurely striate ; panicle erect, branched ; 
 leafets of the perianth nearly equal, very acute, as long as the elliptic mu- 
 cronate capsule ; stamens 6 ; style conspicuous. 
 
 Gravelly shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lake Ontario. Torr. July. %. 
 Scape 2 4 feet high, often flexuous or twisted. Panicle with the branches 
 slender and flexuous. Flowers dark brown. Baltic Rush. 
 
 ** Stem kafy. Leaves terete, nodose. 
 
 5. J. no'dosus Linn. : stem nearly round ; leaves distinctly nodose, terete ; 
 inflorescence terminal ; heads few, globose, many-flowered ; leafets of the 
 perianth linear-lanceolate, with a long subulate point ; stamens 3 ; capsule 
 triquetrous, attenuated at the summit, about as long as the perianth ; seeds 
 oblong. 
 
 Sandy banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. 'l\..Stem 8 inches to 2 feet 
 high. Heads in a loose more or less compound panicle, or in a dense cluster. 
 Flowers brownish or greenish. Stamens 3 6. A very variable plant ; which, 
 however, according to Dr. Torrey, can always be distinguished from J. polyceph- 
 alus, by its attenuated capsule, arid by its oblong (not tailed) seeds. 
 
 Knotty Rush. 
 
 6. J. polycephalus Mich. : stem erect; leaves compressed, nodose; panicle 
 terminal, compound ; heads many-flowered, globose ; leafets of the perianth 
 lanceolate, somewhat awned ; stamens 3 ; capsule oblong-triangular, ab- 
 ruptly acuminate, scarcely longer than the perianth ; seeds tailed at each 
 end. J. echinatus Muhl. 
 
 Boggy meadows. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. %..Stem 13 feet high. 
 Panicle more or less compound. Flowers greenish. Seeds with a subulate ap- 
 pendage or tail at each end. (Torr.) A variable species. 
 
 Many-headed Rush. 
 
 7- J. subverticillatus Willd: stem compressed; leaves few, subulate, no- 
 dose ; panicle corymbose ; heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-verticillate ; 
 leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, striate, as long as the obtuse cap- 
 sule. J. verticillatus Pursh. 
 
 Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. %. Stem lfc-2 feet high, 
 
374 JUNCACE^E. 
 
 slender, about 2-leaved. Panicle 48 inches long, the branches subverticillate 
 and diverging. Flowers greenish, in somewhat hemispherical heads. 
 
 Whorled Rush. 
 
 8. J. acuminatus Mich. : stem erect ; leaves somewhat compressed, no- 
 dose ; panicle terminal, compound ; heads 3 6-flowered, pedunculate and 
 sessile ; leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than 
 the acutely triangular capsule ; stamens 3 ; seeds tailed at each end. J. 
 sylvaticus Muhl. 
 
 Boggy meadows. Can. to Car. July. '2J-. Stem 12 15 inches high. Leaves 
 distantly jointed. Panicle more or less compound, rather erect, spreading. 
 Flowers pale-green or purplish, mostly 3 in a head. Sharp-fruited Rush. 
 
 9. J. pelocarpus Meyer : stem erect, bearing a single leaf, compressed ; 
 leaves setaceous, compressed, obscurely nodose ; panicle pyramidal, spread- 
 ing ; heads about 2-flowefed ; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, the 
 inner ones a little longer, shorter than the triquetrous ovate capsule. ( Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl.) 
 
 Ver. and N. Y. ? 1\.. Stem 15 18 inches high. Panicle loose and elon- 
 gated. Heads 3 6-flowered. Stamens 6. Brownish Rush. 
 
 10. J. Conradi Tucker man : stem erect, leafy; leaves erect, compressed, 
 slightly nodose ; inflorescence terminal, decompound, divaricate ; flowers 
 solitary ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate-acute, shorter than the oblong 
 acuminate-rostrate capsule. ( Torr. N. Y. M.) J. -viviparus Conrad. 
 
 Borders of ponds in sandy soils. N. H. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. 
 (T). Stem cespitose, 6 10 inches high, slender. Leaves few. Inflorescence 
 spreading, with the branches slender. Flowers often viviparous or abortive, 
 red dish- brown. Stamens 6. Torr. Conrad's Rush. 
 
 *** Leaves flat or channelled on the upper side. 
 
 11. J. tennis Wittd.: stems cespitose, slender, leafy at the base, erect, 
 somewhat compressed ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled ; panicle termi- 
 nal, more or less compound ; flowers solitary, unilateral ; leafets of the per- 
 ianth lanceolate, a little longer than the obtuse capsule. J. bicornis Mich. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 1]-. Stems cespitose, 10 or 12 inches 
 high. Panicle cymose ; the peduncles unequal. Flowers solitary, greenish, 
 somewhat racemose or unilateral on the branchlets. Slender Rush. 
 
 12. J. Grecnei Tiickerm. d> Oakes : stem erect, leafy at the base, terete, 
 rigid ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled above, rounded on the back ; 
 panicle terminal, compound, cymose ; flowers solitary, erect, unilateral ; 
 leafets of the perianth shorter than the ovoid-oblong rather obtuse capsule. 
 
 Sandy borders of salt marshes. Mass, and N. Y. July. 7}.. Stems cespi- 
 tose, 12 18 inches high,striate. Panicle consisting of several much contracted 
 cymes. Flowers unilateral, greenish. Greene's Rush. 
 
 13. J. Gerardi Loisel. : stem simple, leafy, compressed ; leaves linear- 
 setaceous, channelled : panicle terminal, compound, cymose, longer than 
 the bracteal leaves ; leafets of the perianth oblong, somewhat obtuse, mostly 
 shorter than the obovoid obtuse triangular capsule ; stamens 6 ; seeds ob- 
 long-ovoid, strongly ribbed. J. bulbosus Pursh. 
 
 Borders of salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. Stem 812 inches high, 
 slender. Panicle rather crowded, the branches unequal. Flon-^rs and capsules 
 dark-hrown. Black Gras*. 
 
JtWCACE/E. 375 
 
 14. J. bufonius Linn. : stem diffuse, leafy, dichotomous above ; leaves fili- 
 form-setaceous, channelled ; panicle loose ; flowers subsolitary, remote, uni- 
 lateral ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, very acuminate, much longei 
 than the oblong obtuse capsule. 
 
 Moist places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (I). Steins cespitose, 3 6 inches 
 high, divided towards the top. Panicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale- 
 green. Toad Rush. 
 
 15. J. marginal-us Rostk. : stem leafy, jointed ; leaves flat and grass-like ; 
 panicle corymbose, compound ; leafets of the perianth about as long as the 
 obtuse capsule, the outer ones and the bracts subaristate ; stamens 3. J. 
 aristulatus Mich. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 11. Stem 1 3 feet high, tuberous at 
 base. Panicle often very compound and proliferous. Flowers 3 6 in a head. 
 
 Grass-leaved Rush. 
 
 1 G. J. stijgius Linn. : stem filiform, erect, rigid, leafy ; leaves setaceous, 
 slightly flattened ; flowers about 3, in a terminal head ; leafets of the peri- 
 anth shorter than the oblong-elliptic acute capsule ; stamens 3 ; seeds with 
 an appendage at each end. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps, on Perch Lake, Jefferson county, N. Y. Dr. Gray. 
 %. ? Stem 6 12 inches high, simple. Flowers larger than in any of the pre- 
 ceding species, with 2 3 bracts at the base of the heads. 
 
 Large-fruited Rush. 
 
 17. J. bifidus Linn.: leaf mostly solitary, near the summit of the stem, 
 linear-setaceous ; sheaths ciliate ; heads about 3-flowered, terminal ; bracts 
 foliaceous, very long, grooved. 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. 
 Y. July, Aug. '4-. Stem 6 10 inches high, rather rigid. Flouiers mostly in 
 a single head, supported bv 2 long setaceous bracts or terminal leaves. 
 
 Trifid Rush. 
 
 18. J. militaris Dig. : leaf solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; pani- 
 cle terminal, proliferous, with sheathing lanceolate bracts at base ; heads 
 about 5-flowered. 
 
 Ponds, near Boston, Mass. Big. Stem 23 feet high, vyith a long sheath 
 or two at base and commonly another above the leaf. Panicle terminal, erect, 
 with proliferous branches. Bayonet Rush. 
 
 3. NARTHECIUM. jDiw/t. Narthecium. 
 
 tFrom the Greek vapOos, a rod ; probably from the elongated straight raceme 
 of flowers.) 
 
 Perianth petaloid, of 6 linear-lanceolate spreading pieces. 
 Stamens 6. Filaments hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 
 with an appendage at each extremity. 
 
 N. Americanum Ker raceme sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax ; pedi- 
 cels with a setaceous bract below the flower, and another embracing its 
 base ; filaments with very short hair. Phalangium ossifragum, Muhl. 
 
 Sandy swarnps. N. J. to Ala. June, July. 1\. Scape a, foot high. Leaves 
 narrow-ensiform. Flowers yellow, in a terminal spike. Closely resembles N. 
 ossifragum of Eujope. American Narthecium. . 
 
376 COMMELYNACE^E. 
 
 ORDER CXXXVIII. H^EMODORACE^E. BLOOD ROOTS. 
 
 Perianth petaloid, 6-cleft, usually more or less woolly. Sta- 
 mens inserted on the perianth, either 3 and opposite the inner 
 segments, or 6 ; anthers bursting inwardly. Stigma undivided. 
 Fruit capsular, somewhat nucamentaceous. Herbaceous plants, 
 with fibrous perennial roots and permanent ensiform equitant 
 leaves. 
 
 1. LACHNANTHES. Ell. Lachnanthes. 
 
 Perianth superior, 6-cleft ; segments unequal. Stamens 3. 
 Style declining. Stigma minutely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 
 truncate, many-seeded. 
 
 L. tinctoria Ell. Dilatris tinctoria Pursh. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. J. to Flor. July. '2J.. Stem erect, 2 feet high, hairy at 
 the top. Leaves ensiform, shorter than the stem. Flowers in a corymbose pan- 
 icle, woolly, yellow within. The root yields a red color, which is used for dye- 
 ing. Red Root. 
 
 2. 1 ALETRIS. Linn Star Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek oXcap, meal ; in allusion to the mealy appearance of the 
 flowers.) 
 
 Perianth tubular or tubular-campanulate, rugose, 6-cleft. 
 Stamens 6, inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous, 
 finally 3 -parted. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at 
 the summit. 
 
 1. A. farinosa Linn. : leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; 
 flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular; perianth rugose-muricate. A. alba 
 Mich. 
 
 Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. 1\.. Scape 2 feet high, with several 
 bract-like leaves. Flowers white, in a terminal raceme which is sometimes a 
 foot in length. Perianth appearing as if covered with a rough powder. The 
 root is intensely bitter. Star-grass. Colic Root. 
 
 2. A. aurea Walt. : leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers sub- 
 sessile, short ; perianth rugose and very rough. 
 
 Pine Barrens. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. QJ.. Scape 23 feet high. Flowers 
 yellow, in a terminal raceme, less numerous than in the preceding. 
 
 Yellow Star-grass 
 
 ORDER CXXXIX. COMMELYNACE^E. SPIDERWORTS. 
 
 Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row herbaceous, 3 -leaved; inner 
 petaloid, 3 -leaved or 3 -cleft. Stamens 6 or fewer, some of 
 them deformed or abortive. Ovary 3-celled; stigma 1. Car 
 
ALISMACE/E. 377 
 
 sule 2 3-celled. Seeds often twin ; albumen fleshy. Herba- 
 ceous plants, with flat narrow mostly sheathing leaves. 
 
 1. COMMELYNA. Linn. Day Flower. 
 (In honor of two Dutch botanists, John and Gaspar Commelyn.) 
 
 Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3 -leaved, calycine ; inner 3- 
 leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, 3 4 sterile and furnished with 
 cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one of the valves 
 often abortive. 
 
 1. C. angustifolia Mich.: assurgent, slender, weak, somewhat smooth; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, flat, smooth ; sheaths subciliate ; inner 
 segments of the perianth unequal, one very minute ; bracts peduncled, 
 broad-cordate. C. erecta Wiild. 
 
 Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Car. June. %. Stem a foot high, somewhat 
 branching from the base. Flowers blue. Fertile stamens 2. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Day-flower. 
 
 2. C. Virginica Linn. : stem stiffly erect, pubescent ; leaves long-lance- 
 olate, somewhat petiolate, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; inner seg- 
 ments of the perianth nearly equal ; bracts subsessile. C. longifolia Mich. 
 
 Woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. %. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers 
 blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Fertile stamens 3. 
 
 Broad-leaved Day-flower. 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA. Linn. Spiderwort. 
 (In honor otJohn Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Torr.) 
 
 Perianth in 2 rows ; the outer one 3 -leaved, calycine ; inner 
 one 3-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, all fertile. Filaments villous. 
 Stigma obtuse. Capsule 2 3-celled,. 3-valved, few-seeded. 
 
 1. T. Virginica Linn. : stem erect, sometimes branching, smooth ; leaves 
 long, lanceolate, smooth ; flowers in an imperfect umbel, sessile ; calyx 
 pubescent. T. cristata Walt. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. Tj.. Stems about a foot 
 high, often several from the same root. Flowers purple, in a terminal cluster or 
 umbel, with a large 2-leaved involucre at base.' Virginian Spiderwort. 
 
 2. T. rosea Mich. : erect, simple ; leaves linear, long, smooth ; peduncles 
 elongated ; calyx smooth. T. Virginica Walt. 
 
 Moist woods. Penn. to Geor. May. f ZJ-. Stem 8 12 inches high. Flowers 
 smaller than in the preceding, with the inner segments rose-colored, and three 
 times as long as the outer ones. Rose-colored Spidenvort. 
 
 ORDER CXL. ALISMACEJ3. ALISMADS. 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved, in two rows ; outer row herbaceous, inner 
 petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries several, 1- 
 celled ; styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. Fruit not 
 
378 ALISMACE.E. 
 
 opening, 1 or 2 -seeded. Seeds without albumen ; embryo 
 shaped like a horse-shoe. Floating or swamp plants, with fas- 
 ciculate roots. Leaves with parallel veins. 
 
 1. SAGITTARIA. Linn. Arrowhead. 
 (From the Latin sagitta, an arrow ; in allusion to the general form of the leaves.) 
 
 Monoecious. Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent, 
 calycine ; 3 inner colored, petaloid. STERILE FL. Stamens nu- 
 merous. FERTILE FL. Ovaries numerous, collected into a head. 
 Carpels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent 
 style. 
 
 1. sagiUifolia Willd.: scape simple; leaves sagittate or sometimes 
 entire. 
 
 var. 1. vulgaris Hook. : leaves ovate, acute ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
 straight, acuminate. & sagittifolia Mick. 
 
 var. 2. latifolia Torr. : leaves very large and broad, more or less obtuse ; 
 the lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading. S. latifolia Pursh. 
 
 var. 3. hastata Torr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lobes divari- 
 cate, lanceolate, elongated : flowers mostly dioecious. S. hastata Pursh. 
 
 var. 4. gracilis Torr.: leaves lance-linear; the lobes much divaricate, 
 linear, very long and acute, sometimes wanting. S. gracilis and hetero- 
 phylla Pursh. 
 
 var. 5. pubescens Torr. : leaves and stem pubescent ; bracts and outer 
 leaves of the perianth very pubescent. S. pubescens Pursh. 
 
 var. 6. simplex Hook. : leaves with the lamina linear-lanceolate and with- 
 out lobes. S 1 . simpkx, graminea and acutifolia Pursh. 
 
 var. 7. rigida Torr. : leaves narrow-lanceolate, very acute at each end, 
 carinate below. . rigida Pursh. 
 
 Ditches, ponds, and moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. 
 July, Aug. %. Scape 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves very variable. Flowers 
 white. I follow Dr. Torrey (N. Y. FL) in reducing all the above forms to one 
 species. There seems to be more doubt concerning S. rigida, than any of the 
 rest. But they all pass into each other by almost imperceptible gradations. 
 Perhaps the following will hereafter also be found to be mere varieties of this 
 polymorphous plant. According to Nuttall it exudes a milky sap which hardens 
 into a white and hyaline gum. Common Arrowhead. 
 
 2. S. obtusa Willd. : leaves sagittate, dilated-ovate, rounded at the ex- 
 tremity, mucronate; lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, 
 straight ; flowers dioecious ; sterile scape branched at base. 
 
 Ditches and ponds. Penn. toVirg. July. ^[-. Lea ves about as large as those 
 of Catta paluslris. Flowers white. Obtuse-leaved Arrowhead. 
 
 3. S 1 . pusilla Nutt. : leaves linear, obtuse and short, the summits folia- 
 ceous ; scape simple, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers monrecious, 
 few, the fertile one usually solitary. Alisma subulata Pursh. 
 
 Muddy Banks. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. 7J_. 1 Scape 2 4 inches high. Leaves 
 rarely ever subulate, scarcely a line wide and obtuse. Flowers 3 6, only one 
 of them usually fertile. Dwarf Arrowhead. 
 
JUNCAGINACE/E. 379 
 
 4. ?. "Mtans Mich. -. leaves floating, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 
 attenuate at base ; lower ones subcordate ; scape simple, few-flowered ; 
 lower peduncles elongated. 
 
 In water. Penn. Muld. S. to Car. July, Aug. 1\.. Scape mostly erect, 
 3 6 inches long. Leaves generally floating, 1 2 inches long. Flowers few, 
 small, the upper sterile. Ell. Floating Arrowhead. 
 
 2. ALISMA. Linn.W&ter Plantain. 
 (From the Celtic aZis, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 
 inner colored, petaloid, deciduous. Stamens 6. Ovaries and 
 styles numerous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1 -seeded, crowned 
 with the persistent style. 
 
 A. Plantago Linn. : stemless ; leaves ovate-cordate, acute, nerved ; flow- 
 ers in a compound verticillate panicle ; fruit obtusely triangular. A. trim- 
 alls and parviflora Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. July, Aug. 9|. 
 Scape 1 2 feet high, triangular. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, mostly 
 9-nerved. Panicle much decompounded in a verticillate manner. Flowers 
 white, tinged with purple. Fruit consisting of numerous carpels verticillately 
 arranged. Common Water Plantain. 
 
 ORDER CXLI. JUNCAGINACE^E. ARROW GRASSES. 
 
 Perianth 6 -leaved ; the 3 inner leaves narrower. Stamens 6. 
 Carpels 3 6, free, united or distinct. Fruit dry, 1 or 2-seeded. 
 Seeds without albumen ; embryo with a lateral cleft. Herba- 
 ceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform leaves and the 
 flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 
 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Linn. Arrow Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek rpeis, three, and y^w^is, a point ; in allusion to the three 
 points of the capsules.) 
 
 Perianth somewhat colored, deciduous ; leaves concave. Sta- 
 mens 6 ; anthers subsessile. Capsules 3 6, united by a lon- 
 gitudinal receptacle from which they usually separate at the 
 base, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. T. palustre Linn. : fruit of 3 united carpels, nearly linear, subulate at 
 the base. 
 
 Marshes. Salina and elsewhere in Western N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. July. 
 1J-. Scape about a foot high, very slender. Leaves very numerous, all radical 
 or nearly so, linear, fleshy, slightly grooved on the upper side, nearly as long as 
 the scape. Flowers small, greenish, in a terminal lax spike or raceme. The 
 leaves, when bruised, give out a very fetid odor. Marsh Arrow Grass. 
 
 2. T. maritimum Linn. : fruit ovoid, of 6 united oblong carpels. T. 
 datum Nutt. 
 
 Salt marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Mich. July. %. Scape 18 inches 
 
380 TYPHACE^E. 
 
 high and stouter than in the preceding. Leaves all radical, narrow, sheathing 
 at base, shorter than the scape. Flowers very small, greenish, in a long termi- 
 nal spike. Sea-side Arrow Grass. 
 
 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linn. Scheuchzeria. 
 (In honor of the three Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.) 
 
 Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves ; the 3 
 inner ones narrower. Stamens 6. Anthers on slender filaments. 
 Capsules 3, inflated, united at base, 1 2 seeded. 
 
 S. palitstris Linn. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Virg. ; rare. July. Tj.. Stem 8 12 inches 
 high, angular. Leaves linear, roundish, sheathing at base. Flmvers greenish- 
 yellow, in a small terminal raceme. Marsh Scheuchzeria. 
 
 ORDER CXLII. TYPHACE^E. CAT TAILS. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, arranged upon a naked spadix. Perianth 
 consisting of 3 or more scales or bristles. STERILE FL. Sta- 
 mens numerous ; the filaments distinct or united below ; anthers 
 erect, 2-celled. FERTILE FL. Ovary single, 1 -celled ; style 
 short ; stigmas 1 2, linear. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1 ; 
 albumen mealy. Aquatic or marsh plants. Stem without 
 nodes. Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. 
 
 1. SPARGANIUM. Linn. Bur Reed. 
 
 (From the Greek <nrapyavov t a little band ; in allusion to its long and narrow 
 leaves.) 
 
 Monoecious. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile 
 ones above. STERILE FL. Stamens numerous, intermixed with 
 membranous scales. FERTILE FL. Pistils numerous, sessile, 
 each surrounded with 3 6 scales. Style short. Fruit sessile. 
 
 1 . S. ramosum Smith : leaves triangular . at base, their sides concave ; 
 common peduncle branched ; stigma linear. S. erectum Linn. 
 
 Stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %.. Stem 2 feet high, round, 
 flexuous, with 2 or 3 short axillary branches at the top. Lower leaves very long, 
 linear-ensiform. Heads distantly placed ; the sterile above more numerous and 
 smaller than the fertile. Branching Bur-reed. 
 
 2. iS 1 . simplex Huds. : stem nearly simple ; leaves triangular at base, the 
 sides flat ; stigma linear. /S. Americanum Nutt. 
 
 Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1\.. Smaller than the last. 
 Stem simple or rarely a little branched. Fertile heads 2 3, mostly sessile. 
 Flowers pale-yellow. Smaller Bur-reed. 
 
 3. S. natans Smith : stem simple ; leaves floating, very narrow, flat ; stig- 
 ma linear, short; heads of sterile flowers subsolitary. S. angitstifolmm 
 Mick. 
 
ARACE^E. 381 
 
 Lakes, &c. Can. and N. Y. Aug. 1\.. Stem long and slender. Leave* 
 very long, linear, pellucid. It may be only a variety of the preceding. 
 
 Floating Bur-reed. 
 
 2. TYPHA. Linn. Cat-Tail. 
 
 (From the Greek rt^os, a marsh ; on account of its place of growth.) 
 Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. STE- 
 RILE FL. above. Stamens numerous, intermixed with simple 
 hairs inserted directly on the axis. Flaments slender, 2 4 
 forked. FERTILE FL. below the sterile on the same axis. Ova- 
 ries numerous, surrounded at base with numerous clavate bris- 
 tles. Fruit oblong, very small, stipitate. 
 
 1. T. latifolia Linn. : leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes 
 close together or almost continuous. 
 
 Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. '2J-. Stems clus- 
 tered, 45 feet high, simple, round, leafy at base. Leaves very long. Flowers 
 in a cylindric spike, the sterile yellowish, the fertile brownish. 
 
 Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Reed-mace. 
 
 2. T. angustifolia Linn. : leaves linear, channelled near the base ; ste- 
 rile and fertile spikes a little distant from each other. 
 
 Borders of swamps and ponds. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. T^.. Stems and 
 epikes more slender, and the leaves narrower, than in the preceding. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. 
 
 ORDER CXLIII. ARACE^E. ARUMS. 
 
 Flowers mostly monoecious, arranged on a spadix within a 
 spathe. STERILE FL. Stamens very short ; anthers turned out- 
 wards. FERTILE FL. at the base of the spadix. Ovary free, 
 1 3- or more-celled ; stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. Seeds 
 pulpy. Herbaceous plants frequently with a fleshy cormus, or 
 shrubs. Leaves sheathing at the base, sometimes compound. 
 
 1. ARIS^MA. Mart. Tarr. Dragon Arum. 
 (Origin of the name unknown.) 
 
 Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or flattish. Spa- 
 dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which 
 the upper are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants 
 all sterile. Anthers somewhat verticillate and distinct. Fila- 
 ments very short. Ovaries 1 -celled, numerous. Stigma capi- 
 tate-peltate, almost sessile. Berry 1- several-seeded. 
 
 I. A. triphyllum Tarr.: leaves ternate ; leafets elliptic-ovate, sessile 
 acuminate, entire; spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. A 
 a&rorubens Blume. Arum friphyttum, Linn, A. a&rorubens Ait. 
 
382 ARACE^E. 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss . April, May, 7J.. Scape 6 12 inches 
 or more high, with a fleshy corraus at the base. Leaves 1 or 2, on long petioles ; 
 the leafets variable in breadth. Spathe ovate ; the upper portion arched over 
 at the top, greenish, dark purple, or variegated. Berries forming a dense ovoid 
 head. The recent tuber is very acrid, and almost caustic, but it becomes mild 
 by boiling or drying. Big. Med. Bot., i. 52. Indian Turnip. 
 
 2. A. Dracontium Scholt: leaf mostly solitary, pedate; the leafets lance- 
 oblong, acuminate, entire ; spadix subulate, much longer than the oblong 
 acuminate convolute spathe, (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Arum Dracontium 
 Linn. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. 7L. Scape about a foot 
 long, with roundish corms, often clustered. Leaf on a petiole 8 15 inches 
 long. Spadix greenish; the upper part tapering into a slender point, which 
 rises 2 4 inches above the top of the spathe. Berries reddish-orange when ripe, 
 forming an ovoid cluster. Darlington. Green Dragon, 
 
 2. PELTANDRA. Raf. Arrow Arum. 
 
 (From the Greek TreArrj, a shield; and avtjp, a stamen ; in allusion to the form 
 of the sterile organs.) 
 
 Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, curved 
 at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none. 
 Anthers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tes- 
 selated manner. Ovaries 1 -celled, on the lower part of the 
 spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a dense cluster. 
 
 P. Virginica Raf. Arum Virginicum Linn. Calla Virginica Mich. 
 Lecontia Virginica Torr. Camp. Rensselaeria Viginica Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 9}.. Scapes, several from one root, 
 12 18 inches long. Leaves all radical, and with the petiole about as long as 
 the scape, oblong, hastate- sagittate, acuminate, the lobes spreading and usually 
 obtuse. Spathe 3 5 inches long, narrow and somewhat fleshy. Spadix nearly 
 as long as the spathe. Berries 1 3-seeded, green when ripe. 
 
 Arrow-leaved Arum. 
 
 3. CALLA. Linn. Water Arum. 
 (An ancient name of some plant allied to Arum.) 
 
 Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with 
 flowers, which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils 
 surrounded by stamens. Anthers with slender filaments. Ber- 
 ries distinct, depressed, few-seeded. 
 C. palustris Linn. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Can. to the southern part of N. Y. July, Aug. Ij.. 
 Rhizoma thick, jointed. Scape 6 8 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, cor- 
 date, abruptly acuminate, with an involute point. Spathe oval, green on the 
 outside, white within. Spadix oblong, covered with crowded flowers. The 
 root is acrid, but the pungency disappears in drying. Linnaeus states that the 
 Laplanders use it for bread. Common Water Arum 
 
ARACE^E. 383 
 
 4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. 
 
 (From the Greek ffufurXo*??, connection, and *ap7ruj, //*< , the berries being 
 united.) 
 
 Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish, cov- 
 ered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persist- 
 ent ; segments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick and spongy. 
 Stamens 4. Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stigma simple, minute. 
 Berries numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. 
 
 S. fatidus Salisb. : leaves cordate-ovate ; spadix oval, much shorter than 
 the spathe. Ictodes fcetidus Dig. Pothos fcetida Mich. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. Feb. April. 1}.. Rhizoma large, with nu- 
 merous thick fibres. Leaves appearing after the spathe, very large, petiolate, 
 cordate-ovate, smooth. Spathe ovate-convolute, purple, spotted with green and 
 yellow, bent over at the summit. Spadix about an inch long, peduncled, densely 
 covered with purplish flowers. Whole plant very fetid. Medicinal. Big. Med. 
 Bot. ii. 41. Common Skunk Cabbage. 
 
 5. ACORUS. Linn. Sweet Flag. 
 
 (From the Greek a without, and icoprj, the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy 
 for sore eyes.) 
 
 Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix cylin- 
 dric, covered with flowers. Perianth glumaceous, 6-leaved. 
 Stamens 6. Ovary 1. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit baccate 
 or capsular. 
 
 A. Calamus Linn. : scape ancipital, with an ensiform point rising above 
 the spadix. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. June. %. Rhizoma horizontal, creeping, aromatic. 
 Leaves 23 feet long, and 6 10 lines wide. -Scope similar to the leaves, some- 
 what triangular below the spadix. Spadix sessile on the side of the scape, 2 3 
 inches long, terete, covered with minute greenish flowers. 
 
 Common Sweet Flag. 
 
 G. ORONTIUM. Linn. Orontium. 
 (An ancient name, supposed to refer to the river Orontes.*) 
 
 Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. Per- 
 ianth of 4 6 truncate concave sepals. Stamens 4 6. Ovary 
 superior. Stigma sessile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1 -seeded. 
 
 O. aquaticum Linn. 
 
 Ponds and marshes. Can. to Flor. 31ay. Q^.. Scape 818 inches long, cla- 
 vate. Leaves on long petioles, floating, the lamina varying from oblong-lance- 
 olate to elliptic-lanceolate, deep-green above, paler beneath. Spadix 1 2 inches 
 long, yellow, somewhat taperiner ; the flowers crowded and sessile. 
 
 Water Orontmm. Golden Club. 
 
384 NAIADACE^E. 
 
 ORDER CXLIV. PISTI ACE JE. DUCKWEEDS. 
 
 Flowers 2 3, appearing from the margin of a flat frond, en- 
 closed in a spathe but without a spadix, monoecious ; the sterile 
 consisting of 1 2 stamens; the fertile of a 1 -celled ovary, a 
 short style and a simple stigma. Fruit membranous or cap- 
 sular, not opening. Floating or land plants, with very cellular, 
 lenticular or lobed fronds, destitute of proper stems and leaves. 
 
 LEMNA. Linn. Duckweed. 
 (From the Greek A/*/I<I, bark or scale ; in allusion to the form of the fronds.) 
 
 Spathe membranous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta- 
 mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved. 
 Style usually elongated. Stigma flat. Fruit an utricle. 
 
 1. L. trisulca Linn. : fronds thin, elliptic-lanceolate, cordate at one ex- 
 tremity, at the other serrate ; root solitary. 
 
 Ditches and ponds. N. Y. to Virg. ; rarely in flower. July. (T). Fronds 
 half an inch or more in length, thin, margin pellucid ; young fronds produced 
 from lateral clefts, of the same shape as the parent plant, and again proliferous 
 before they are detached. Flowers very minute. Root a single fibre. 
 
 Star Duckweed. 
 
 2. L. minor Linn.: fronds nearly ovate, compressed; root solitary. 
 Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Car. June, July. (I). Fronds a line and a half 
 
 long, slightly convex beneath, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemma 
 (young fronds) so as often completely to cover the surface of stagnant water. 
 
 Lesser Duckweed. 
 
 3. L. gibba Linn. : fronds obovate, almost flat above, hemispheric and 
 pale beneath ; root subsolitary. 
 
 Stagnant waters, near Liverpool, Onondaga county, N. Y. Pursh. Brad- 
 dock's Bay, Lake Ontario. Torr. June, July. (T). Distinguished from the 
 former by its being pale and hemispheric beneath, and appearing reticulated. 
 
 Gibbous Duckweed. 
 
 4. L. perpusdla, Torr. : fronds obovate, thin ; root solitary ; seed erect. 
 Ponds on Staten Island, IN. Y. Aug. 0. ? Fronds a line and a half long, 
 
 bright-green on both sides. Flowers bursting from a cleft in the side of the 
 frond. Spathe cyathiform. Seed oblong, erect. Smallest Duckweed. 
 
 5. L. polyrhiza Linn. : fronds roundish-obovate, compressed ; roots 
 numerous, fascicled. 
 
 Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Car. June, July. . Fronds 34 lines long, 
 succulent, of a firm texture, distinctly nerved above and often dark purple be- 
 neath. Pool a bundle of 8 or 10 simple fibres in the middle of the frond. The 
 largest of all the species. It is said never to have been seen in flower either in 
 North America or in Great Britain. Larger Duckweed. 
 
 ORDER CXLV. NAIADACE^E. PONDWEEDS. 
 
 Flowers mostly diclinous. Perianth of 2 or 4 pieces, rarely 
 wanting. Stariiens definite. Ovaries 1 or more, superior. Stigma 
 
NAIADACE^E. 385 
 
 simple. Fruit a little nut or indehiscent capsule. Seed with- 
 out albumen. Water plants, with simple cellular leaves and 
 membranous stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, often in termi- 
 nal spikes. 
 
 1. ZOSTERA. Linn. Grasswrack. 
 
 (From the Greek &><"/{>, a girdle or ribbon, which the leaves sometimes re- 
 semble.) 
 
 Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one 
 side of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alterna- 
 ting with the anthers, ovate. Style subulate. Stigmas 2. Utri- 
 cle with 1 seed, bursting irregularly. 
 
 Z. marina Linn. : stem roundish ; leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved. 
 
 Muddy shores. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. Aug. '4-. Stem terete, flexuous, 
 throwing out roots from the joints. Leaves very long and narrow. Spadix 
 linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf. Flowers green ; pistils and 
 anthers alternate. This plant is used in Europe for packing glass and earthen- 
 ware. Beds are also sometimes made of it. Common Grasswrack. 
 
 2. CAULINIA. Wild. Caulinia. 
 (In honor of F. Cavolini ; a Neapolitan botanist.) 
 Monoecious. Perianth none. STERILE FL. Anther nearly 
 sessile. FERTILE FL. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsu- 
 lar, 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. C. fragilis Willd.: leaves ternate or opposite, linear-subulate, re- 
 curved, aculeate-dentate, rigid. 
 
 In water. Penn. Aug. . Stem long, submerged. Flowers small. 
 
 Brittle Caulinia. 
 
 2. C.flexilis Willd.: leaves whorled in sixes, linear, denticulate near 
 the apex, spreading. Najas Canadensis Mich. 
 
 Ponds and ditches. Can. to Car. July, Aug. .Stem 618 inches long, 
 submerged, dichotomously branched, jointed. Flower solitary, axillary, sessile. 
 
 Bending Caulinia. 
 
 3. ZANNICHELLIA. Linn. Horned Pondweed. 
 (In honor of John Jerome Zannichelli ; a Venetian apothecary and botanist.) 
 
 Monoecious. STERILE FL. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Fila- 
 ment slender. FERTILE FL. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils 
 2 4, tapering into a short style. Stigma large and peltate. 
 Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous. 
 
 Z. paluslris Linn. Z. intermedia Torr. Comp. 
 
 Ditches and stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. (T). Stem long, 
 filiform, much branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire. Flowers axillary, 
 from a membranaceous cup-shaped perianth or involucre, small. Stamen 
 longer than the pistils. Anther large, 4-celled, (Hook.) 2-celled, (Torr.') Stig- 
 ma entire. Fruit a little incurved, sometimes toothed on the back. 
 
 Horn Pondweed. 
 1Y 
 
386 NAIADACE^E. 
 
 4. RUPPIA. Linn. Ruppk. " 
 (In honor of Henry Bernard Ruppius ; a German botanist.) 
 
 Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath- 
 ing base of the leaves. Stamens 2 or 4, sessile. Anthers large, 
 peltate. Ovaries mostly 4. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit 
 drupaceous, pedicellate. 
 
 R. maritima Linn. 
 
 Salt marshes. Can. to Geor. July. %. Stem long, filiform, branched, 
 floating. Leaves linear, setaceous, with inflated sheaths. Spadix with 2 naked 
 
 freen flowers, at first very short, but gradually increasing to the length of 5 or 
 inches. Anthers large, sessile, bursting horizontally. Drupes olive-green, 
 smooth, crowned with a short oblique beak. Sea Ruppia. 
 
 5. POTAMOGETON. Linn. Pondweed. 
 
 (From the Greek Tora//oj, a river, and ysmov, a neighbor ; in reference to its 
 place of growth.) 
 
 Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spathe. Perianth 
 single, 4-leaved. Anthers 4, nearly sessile, alternating with 
 the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming 4 com- 
 pressed and somewhat cochleate nuts. 
 
 * Upper leaves floating. 
 
 1 . P. natans Linn. : upper leaves floating, coriaceous, on long petioles, 
 oblong-ovate ; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering 
 into a petiole. P. natans (3. Mich. 
 
 Ponds and lakes. Mass, to Virg. W. to the Platte river. July, Aug. r l\.. 
 Stem varying in length. Leaves sometimes cordate. Spadix 1 2 inches long, 
 rising above the water. Broad-leaved Pondweed. 
 
 2. P. fluitans Linn. : upper leaves floating, subcoriaceous, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, tapering into a rather short petiole ; lower very long, lan- 
 ceolate, membranous and sessile. P. nalans var. fluitans Torr. 
 
 Ponds and streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte river. July, Aug. 1]-. 
 Stem varying in length. Leaves reddish, less coriaceous than in the prece- 
 ding. Spadix an inch long, almost submersed. Floating Pondweed. 
 
 3. P. heterophyllum, Schreb. : upper leaves floating, coriaceous, elliptic, 
 petiolate ; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, sessile. P. hybridum 
 Mich. 
 
 Stagnant water. Can. to Car. Aug. 7J.. Smaller than the former. In 
 flowing water the leaves are very long and narrow. 
 
 Various-leaved Pondweed. 
 
 4. P. diver si folium Bart. : upper leaves floating, elliptic, petiolate, 5- 
 nerved ; lower filiform ; spadix axillary, almost sessile, few-flowered. P; 
 seia-ceum Pursh. P. hybridum, Torr. 
 
 Ponds and small streams. Can. to Virg. June. 1\.. Stems numerous, 
 branched, filiform. Upper leaves scarcely an inch long. Spadix 4 6-flowered. 
 
 Small Floating Pondweed. 
 
CYPKRACEvE. 387 
 
 ** Leaves all submersed. 
 
 5. P. perfoliaium Linn. : leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat cordate 
 at the base, sessile and clasping. P. densum Schw. not of Linn. P. cris- 
 pum Pursh. 
 
 Lakes, &c. Can. toPenn. Aug. 1\.. Stem slender, dichotomously branched. 
 Leaves an inch or more in length, appearing perfoliate, slightly waved on the 
 margin, subpellucid. Spadix few-flowered, on a peduncle of about an inch in 
 length. Perfoliate Pondweed. 
 
 6. P. lucens Linn. : leaves elliptic and elliptic-lanceolate ; upper some- 
 times petiolate, coarsely reticulate and mucronate. 
 
 Rivers and lakes. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. 7J.. Stem long., 
 branched. Leaves large, very pellucid and finely veined. Spadix cylindric, 
 many-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is sometimes shorter and at others 
 much longer than the leaves. A very variable species. Shining Pondweed. 
 
 7. P. zosterifolium Schumach. : leaves all linear and grass-like, pellucid, 
 with three primary and many smaller nerves, acuminate ; spadix cylindric, 
 on longish thick peduncles. P. compressum, Torr. Fl. 
 
 In water. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. T+. Stem 2 4 feet long, much com- 
 pressed , almost winged. Leaves 3 6 inches long, very narrow. Spadix 6 9 
 lines long, on short peduncles. Grass-leaved Pondweed. 
 
 8. P. pusillum Linn. : leaves narrow-linear, 3 5-nerved, rather obtuse, 
 pellucid ; spadix oblong, few-flowered, somewhat interrupted, much shorter 
 than the peduncles. 
 
 Crooked Lake, N. Y. Dr. Sartwett. Aug. 1\.. Stem branching, slender, 
 fleruous. Leaves 1 2 inches long, very narrow, mostly 5-nerved. Spadix 
 about 6-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is about an inch in length. 
 
 Small Pondweed. 
 
 9. P. pauciflorum Pursh. : leaves sessile, narrow-linear, flat ; lower al- 
 ternate ; uppermost subverticillate ; spadix capitate, 4 6-flowered. P. 
 gramineum Mich. 
 
 Ponds and rivers. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.Slem al- 
 most filiform, much branched, compressed. ^Leaves 2 3 inches long, not more 
 than half a line broad. Spadix small, on a clavate peduncle about half an 
 inch long. Few-flowered Pondweed. 
 
 10. P. pectinatum Linn. : leaves distichous, setaceous, alternate, sheath- 
 ing; stipules scarcely any ; spadix few-flowered, interrupted. P.marinum 
 Mich. 
 
 Ponds. Can. to Virg. June. 1\- Stem filiform, much branched. Leaves 
 very numerous, giving to the plant a pectinated appearance. Spadix inter- 
 rupted, on an elongated peduncle. Fennel-leaved Pondweed 
 
 SUBCLASS II. GLUMACEALS. 
 
 Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbri- 
 cate colorless or herbaceous scales. 
 
 ORDER CXLVI. CYPERACE^E. SEDGES. 
 
 Flowers often monoecious or dicecious, consisting of imbri- 
 cated solitary bracts, (scales,) rarely enclosing other opposite 
 
388 
 
 bracts at right angles with the first, and called glumes. Perianth 
 none, or consisting of hypogynous bristles. Stamens 1 12, but 
 mostly 3. Style single, 2 3 -cleft. Fruit an acheuium or 
 crustaceous nut. Embryo lenticular, within the base of tho 
 albumen. Grass-like herbs, growing in tufts. Culms solid, 
 seldom with joints, often 3-cornered. Leaves with their sheaths 
 entire. 
 
 I. CYPEREJE. Flowers perfect. Spikelets imbricate in two rows. 
 Perigynium none or setaceous. 
 
 1. DULICH1UM. Rich. Dulichium. 
 
 (From the Greek Svo, two, and \ti^r]v : a scab or scale ; in allusion to the two- 
 rowed scales. Eat. Man.) 
 
 Spikelets elongated, compressed, many-flowered. Scales 
 2-ranked. Bristles 6 9, rigid, retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3. 
 Style very long, 2-cleft, persistent. Achenium compressed, 
 linear-oblong. 
 
 D. spathaceum Pers. Scrimnus spathaceus Linn. Cyperus spathaceus 
 MuJd. 
 
 Swamps and margins of ponds. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. 7J.. 
 Culm about 18 inches high, round below, obscurely triangular above. Leaves 
 linear, flat, spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikelets 6 10- 
 flowered, on a flexuous rachis. Scales rusty-yellow, lanceolate, acute. 
 
 Dulichium. 
 
 2. CYPERUS. Linn. Galingale. 
 
 (From the Greek /cvneipos ; a name supposed to have been given to one of this 
 genus.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-ranked, many-flowered. Scales mostly all fertile, 
 equal. Stamens 2 or 3, rarely solitary, deciduous. Style 2 3- 
 cleft, deciduous. Achenium compressed or triangular. 
 
 * Style -2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 
 
 1. C. flavescens Linn. : umbel of 2 4 short rays; involucre 3-leaved; 
 spikelets linear, 14 20-flowered, at the end of the rays, rather obtuse; 
 scales obtuse, 1-nerved. 
 
 Wet grounds. N.Y. toFlor. W. to Ken. Aug., Sept. 11 Culm 4 10 
 inches high. Leaves narrow, as long as the culm. Spikelets in fascicles of 3 4 
 on the rachis, 58 lines long, yellowish, sometimes 30-flowered. 
 
 Yettawish Dwarf Galingale. 
 
 2. C. Nuttalii Torr. : rays few, short or nearly sessile, loose ; involucre 
 4-leaved, 2 of the leaves very long ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, much com- 
 pressed, acute ; stamens 2; style 2-cleft. C. caspitosus Spreng. C.tenuis 
 Mutt. 
 
CYPFRACE^E. 389 
 
 Salt marshes. N.Y. to Car. and Louis. Aug., Sept. f t\.. Culms 512 
 inches high, cespitose, triangular. Leaves nearly as tall as the culm. Spikeletg 
 very acute, sometimes compound, green and brown. NuttdWs Galingale. 
 
 3. C. diandrus Torr. : umbel of 2 5 short rays ; involucre 3-leaved T 
 two of the leaves much longer than the umbel ; spikelets lance-oblong, 
 much-compressed, 14 24-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse, 1-nerved ; 
 stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft, much exserted. 
 
 var. castaneus Torr.: scales oblong-lanceolate; style scarcely exserted 
 C. castaneus Dig. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. to Del. W. to Ohio. Aug. Ij.. Culms 612 inches 
 high, often weak and somewhat decumbent, cespitose, obtusely triangular. 
 Umbel sometimes without rays. Scales with a light-brown margin, the sides 
 yellowish and the keel green ; in the var. of a dark chestnut-color and firmer 
 texture. Stamens sometimes 3 in the upper flowers. Diandrous Galingale. 
 
 * 
 ** Style 3-clefi. Achenium triangular. Inner scales adnate to the rachis. 
 
 f Culm subteretc, nodose. 
 
 4. C. lenellus Linn. : culm and leaves setaceous ; spikelet solitary, lance- 
 linear, 10 12-flowered ; involucre mostly 1-leaved. C. minimus Nutt. ? 
 
 N. J. and Penn., near Philadelphia. Dr. Cleaver. Culm about 4 inches high, 
 bristle-like, triangular. Spikelet half an inch long and a line broad, much com- 
 pressed. It may be a distinct species. Delicate Galingale. 
 
 ff Culm triangular. Umbel simple or compound. 
 
 5. C. Michauxianus Schultes: culm acutely triangular ; umbel compound, 
 the rays short ; involucre 5 6-leaved, much longer than the umbel ; spike- 
 lets linear, somewhat terete, 6 8-flowered ; scales ovate, rather obtuse. 
 C. erythrorhizus Torr. Fl 
 
 Borders of marshes. N.Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. (1)? Culm 
 about a foot high, reddish near the root. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm. 
 Spikelets much crowded, the lower ones compound. Michaux's Galingale. 
 
 6. C. strigosus Linn. : umbel simple or compound ; rays numerous, elon- 
 gated ; involucre 5 9-leaved, very long ; spikelets 8 10-flowered, linear- 
 lanceolate, flattened, much crowded, spreading horizontally ; scales oblong- 
 lanceolate, nerved, rather acute. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. and Louis. W. to Ohio. Aug., Sept. %. 
 Culm 23 feet high, somewhat tumid at the base. Spikes 1 2 inches long, 
 consisting of 2080 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, yellowish on the sides. 
 In sterile soils it is much smaller. Tall Galingale. 
 
 7. C. repens Ell. : rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel simple, 4 G- 
 rayed ; involucre 3 9-leaved, much longer than the rays ; spikelets linear, 
 compressed, somewhat spreading, 12 20-flowered; scales oblong, rather 
 acute, scarious on the margin. C. phymatodes MuU. C. tuberosus Pursh. 
 
 Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Miss. Aug. 7J.. Rhizoma 
 creeping extensively, with roundish tubers at the ends of the branches. Culm 
 12 18 inches high. Leaves radical, broad, yellowish-green. Scales yellowish, 
 at length spreading. Creeping Galingale. 
 
 8. C. Jiliculmis Vahl : culm triangular, often inclined ; umbel simple, of 
 1 2 divaricate rays or wanting; spikelets collected into globose heads, 
 
390 CVPF.RACEvE. 
 
 linear-lanceolate, 6 10-flowered ; scales loose, ovate, obtuse or emarginate. 
 C. mariscoides Ell. 
 
 Dry soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Texas. Aug. 1}.. Culms about a 
 foot high, cespitose, often diverging, tuberous at base. Leaves linear, dull-green. 
 Spikelets acute. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. 
 
 Slender-stalked Galingale. 
 
 9. C. Grayi Torr. : culm filiform ; umbel 4 6-rayed, somewhat erect ; 
 heads composed of 5 10 spikelets, loose ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, com- 
 pressed, 5 7-flowered ; scales ovate, rather obtuse when old, loosely im- 
 bricate. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. R.I. Mass. N. J. Aug. Q. Culms 8 12 inches high, 
 cespitose, tough and rigid. Leaves all radical, setaceous, scarcely half a line 
 wide. Involucre setaceous. Spikelets chestnut-colored, slightly convex. Diners 
 from the preceding in its very slender culm and leaves, and in its many-rayed 
 umbel. Gray's Galingale. 
 
 10. C.dentaius Torr.: rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel compound, 
 of 4 7 somewhat erect rays ; involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel ; 
 spikelets 3 6 on each partial ray, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, much com- 
 pressed, 6 30-flowered ; scales very acute or mucronate, keeled. C. par- 
 
 vi/lorus Muhl. 
 
 Swamps and marshes. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. 1\.. Rhizoma extensively creep- 
 ing. Culm 6 12 inches high. Leaves somewhat rigid, pale yellowish -green. 
 Scales with the sides reddish brown, the keel green. Toothed Galingale. 
 
 11. C. inflexus Muhl. : umbel contracted, 1 3-rayed; involucre 3-leaved, 
 very long ; spikelets collected into ovoid heads, oblong-linear, about 8-flow- 
 ered ; scales cuspidate, squarrose at the tip : stamen 1. C. uncinatia, 
 Pursh. 
 
 Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. N. to lat. 52. Aug., Sept. @? 
 Culms 2 3 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves linear, as long as the 
 culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikefets yellowish, in heads of 8 16 or more. It 
 has a strong and durable odor like that of Trifolium cceruleum. 
 
 Dwarf Odorous Galingale. 
 
 12. C. Schweinitzii Torr.: culm triquetrous, with rough angles; umbel 
 simple, the rays elongated ; spikelets G 8, lanceolate, alternate, approxi- 
 mate, 6 8-flowered, with a setaceous bract at the base of each ; scales 
 ovate, acuminate, mucronate, keeled. 
 
 Dry sandy shore of Lake Ontario, near Braddock's Bay. W. to St. Peters 
 River and* Ark. Aug. Culm 8 18 inches high, slender, the upper part rongh 
 on the angles. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Spikelets irregu- 
 larly arranged, forming a loose oblong head. Scales rather rigid, yellowish. 
 
 Schweinitz's Galingale. 
 
 *** fowier scales herbaceous, free. 
 
 13. C. erythrorhizos MuM.: umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 
 4 5-leaved, very long ; spikes cylindric-oblong, nearly sessile ; spikelets 
 very numerous, spreading horizontally, terete-compressed, many-flowered; 
 scales lanceolate, mucronate. C. tenuifiorns Ell. 
 
 Wet places. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. (!) Culm 23 feet high, obtusely 
 triangular, smooth. Leaves shorter than the culm. Spikelets linear, 10 18- 
 flowered. Scales chestnut colored, shining. Red-rooted Galingale. 
 
CYPERACEA:. 391 
 
 3. MARISCUS. Vahl. Mariscus. 
 
 (From the Celtic mar, a marsh ; in allusion to the place of growth of some 
 species.) 
 
 Spikelets few-flowered, clustered in heads. Scales somewhat 
 imbricate iii two rows ; the lower ones short and empty. 
 Stamens sometimes 2. Style trifid. Achenium triquetrous. 
 
 1. M. ovularis Vahl: umbel simple, of 1 6 short rays; involucre 34- 
 leaved ; heads globose, compact ; spikelets terete, 2 4 flowered, radiated ; 
 scales ovate, rather obtuse. Scirpus ovularis Linn. Kyllingia orularis 
 Mich. Cyperus ovularis Torr. 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. r t\.. Rkizoma short and 
 tuberous. Culm 618 inches high, triangular, nearly naked. Leaves keeled, 
 nearly smooth. Spikelets very numerous, 2 4-flovvered, usually only one or two 
 fertile, short and thick. Egg-shaped Mariscus. 
 
 2. M. retrofractus Vahl : umbel simple, of numerous elongated rays ; in- 
 volucre 3-leaved ; heads obovate, retrorsely imbricate ; spikelets nearly 
 terete, subulate, 1-flowered ; two lowest scales very short, the uppermost 
 one very narrow and involute. Scirpus retrofractus Linn. Cyperus retro- 
 fractus Torr. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. Tj.. Culm 2 3 feet 
 high, obtusely triangular. Leaves mostly radical, half as long as the culm. 
 Spikelets very numerous, slender, the uppermost ones spreading horizontally, 
 the rest bent backwards against the peduncle. Bent-flowered Mariscus. 
 
 4. KYLLINGIA. Linn. Kyllingia. 
 (Named in honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist.) 
 
 Spikelets distinct, disposed in a roundish sessile subimbri- 
 cate spike. Scales 2-valved, 1-flowered. Paleae 2, longer 
 than the scales. 
 
 K. monocephala Linn.: stem filiform, triangular; involucre 3-leaved ; one 
 of the leaves erect, the others horizontal ; head globose, compact ; spikelets 
 1-flowered, ovoid, acuminate ; scales ciliate, nerved. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. J. to Geor. June. 1\.. Root creeping, etoloniferous- 
 Culm about a foot high. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Head always 
 single, mostly inclining to one side. Supposed to be distinct from the foreign 
 plant. One-headed Kyttingia. 
 
 II. SCIRPE^E. Flowers perfect. Scales mostly imbricate on all 
 sides. Perigynium composed of bristles hairs or scales, sometimes, 
 wanting. 
 
 5. ELEOCHARIS. Brown. Spike Rush. 
 
 (From the Greek E\'>S, >'>?, a marsh ; and %pw, to delight in; in allusion to 
 the place of growth.) 
 
 Scales imbricate on all sides, or imperfectly bifarious. Bris- 
 tles 3 12, (rarely wanting.) rigid and persistent, usually rough 
 
392 CYPERACEJS. 
 
 or hispid. Style 2 3 -cleft, bulbous at the base. Achenium 
 lenticular or obtusely triangular. 
 
 * Spike cylindric. Scales rigid, spirally arranged. Style 3-cleft. 
 
 1. E. equisetoides Torr. : culm terete, remotely nodose, papillose; scales 
 suborbicular-ovate, very obtuse or slightly pointed ; bristles 6, as long as 
 the obovate biconvex achenium ; tubercle conic-rostrate, acute. Scirpus 
 equisetoides Ell. 
 
 Bogs and in water. Near Lewiston, Del. S. to Geor. July. %. Culm 
 18 24 inches high, slightly roughened with minute papillae. Spike about an 
 inch long, rather acute. Scales with a narrow scarious margin. 
 
 Equisetum-like Spike Rush. 
 
 2. E. quadrangulala Brown : culm acutely and unequally quadrangular, 
 three of the sides concave, the other wider and flat ; scales broad-ovate, 
 very obtuse ; bristles 6, as long as the obovate striate achenium ; tubercle 
 conic, compressed. Scirpus quadrangulatus Mich. 
 
 Swamps and margins of rivers. Penn. to Car. and Louis. June. r A- 
 Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. Spike 
 12 16 lines in length. Scales with a scarious margin, doited with purple. 
 
 Square-stalked Spike Rush. 
 
 ** Spike ovoid or oblong. Scales membranaceous, very numerous, irregularly 
 imbricated. Style mostly deleft. 
 
 3. E. palustris Brown : culm terete, striate, spongy ; spike oblong-lance- 
 olate ; scales somewhat obtuse, the two lowest large and empty ; bristles 
 3 6, hispid, longer than the lenticular smooth achenium. Scirpus palus- 
 tris Linn. 
 
 Marshes and low meadows. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean. 
 July, Aug. r l\.. Rhizoma creeping. Culm 1 2 feet high, erect, with three 
 sheaths at base. Spike 3 5 lines long, many-flowered. Scales fuscous in the 
 middle. Common Spike Rush. 
 
 4. E. olivacea Torr. : culm filiform, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike 
 ovoid, mostly somewhat obtuse, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, mem- 
 branaceous ; bristles 6 8, retrorsely hispid, nearly twice as long as the 
 obovoid lenticular achenium. Scirpus intermedius Gray. 
 
 Wei sandy places. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. Aug. 1\.. Culms 68 inches 
 long, cespitose, erect or decumbent, often dwarfish and slender. Spikes 3 lines 
 long, 20 30-liowered. Achenium smooth, dark olive when ripe. 
 
 Olive-fruited Spike Rush. 
 
 5. E. rostellata Torr. : culm compressed, sulcate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, 
 acute; scales ovate, obtuse, loose, with a scarious margin ; bristles 4 6, 
 longer than the biconvex shining achenium ; tubercle conic-rostrate. ( Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl.} Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Cyp. 
 
 Penn-Yan, Yates County, N. Y. Torr. T^.Culm 1218 inches high, 
 firm and tough, compressed, sulcate. Spike 12 15-flowered. Scales light brown. 
 Bristles hispid downward. Beaked Spike Rush. 
 
 6. E. intermedia Schultes : culm setaceous, diffuse, compressed, angulai 
 and sulcate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute ; scales somewhat acute ; bris- 
 tles 6, longer than the obovoid compressed achenium ; style 3-cleft ; tubercle 
 distinct. Sci?~pus interinedius Muhl. 
 
O i PE RACEME. 393 
 
 Marshes and swamps. N. Y. and Mass, lo Geor. July. 1. Culms very 
 numerous, slender, diffuse or recurved, prostrate. Scales membranaceous, red- 
 dish-brown on the sides. Achenium light brown. Intermediate Spike Rush. 
 
 7. E. obtusa Schultes : culm terete or slightly compressed, spongy ; spike 
 globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; scales very obtuse ; bristles 6, longer than 
 the obovate lenticular achenium ; tubercle dilated at base. Scirpus capitatus 
 Linn. 
 
 Bogs and low meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Ohio. June, July. 1\.. 
 Culms 8 15 inches high, cespitose, erect. Spike thick and obtuse, 5080- 
 flowered. Scales with a green midrib. Obtuse Spike Rush. 
 
 *** Spike ovoid. Scales coriaceous. Bristles 6, rigid. Style 3-cleft. 
 Tubercle nearly as large as the achenium. 
 
 8. E. tuberculosa Brown : culm terete, filiform, striate ; spike globose- 
 ovoid, somewhat acute ; scales broad-ovate, very obtuse, loosely appressed ; 
 bristles 6, longer than the oblong and striate achenium ; tubercle large, 
 ovoid, obtuse. Scirpus tuberculosus Mich. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. and Mass, to Flor. and Louis. Aug. 1\.. Culm 8 12 
 inches high, clothed at base with 1 or 2 sheaths. Spike 12 16-flowered. Scales 
 pale green, or whitish mixed with brown. Large-tubercled Spike Rush. 
 
 **** Spike ovoid or elongated. Scales membranaceous. Bristles 1 4, 
 slender, rarely none. Achenium roundish or triangular. 
 
 9. E. acicularis Drown: culm setaceous, angular; spike ovoid, acute, 
 few-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse ; bristles 4, slender, shorter than 
 the obovate achenium ; tubercle minute. Scirpus acicularis Linn. S. cap- 
 illaceus Mich. 
 
 Margins of ponds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. June, July. QJ.? Culm 2 8 
 inches long, cespitose, slender. Spike 3 8-flowered. Scales greenish with a 
 purple stripe. Capillary Spike Rush. 
 
 10. E. tenuis Schulies : culm filiform, angular, the sides concave ; spike 
 elliptic, acute at each end ; scales ovate, obtuse ; bristles 2, 3, or none ; 
 achenium obovoid-triangular, rugose ; tubercle minute, triangular. Scirpus 
 tenuis Willd. 
 
 Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. July. 7J.. Culm 
 8 12 inches long, very slender, w'ith one or two purple sheaths at base. Spike 
 when young somewhat obtuse. Scales dark chestnut color, with the margins 
 white. Slender Spike Rush. 
 
 11. E. melanocarpa Torr. : culm compressed, sulcate; spike oblong or 
 cylindric-oblong ; scales ovate, obtuse, membranaceous ; bristles 3 4, 
 slender, mostly as long as the somewhat turbinate and obtusely triangular 
 achenium ; tubercle broad, triangular, short-acuminate. 
 
 Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. 7|.. Culm 12 18 inches 
 high, tough, sulcate. Spikes 4 6-lines long, thick, many-flowered. Bristles 
 sometimes very short. Black-fruited Spike Rush. 
 
 ***** Spike compressed, often somewhat distichous. Scales membranaceous. 
 Bristles slender. Style 3-cleft. Achenium triangular. 
 
 12. E. pigmcea Torr. : culm setaceous or acicular, much compressed and 
 sulcate ; spike ovate-compressed, few-flowered ; scales ovate ; bristles 6 
 
 17* 
 
394 CYPERACEvE. 
 
 slender, mostly longer than the ovoid acutely triangular achenium ; tubercle 
 very minute or almost wanting. Scirpus pusillus Pursh, not of Vakl. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. %. Culm 1 2 inches high, 
 often destitute of spikes. Spikes 3 8-flowered, only 1 or 2 flowers perfect. 
 Bristles sometimes wanting. Dwarf Spike Rush. 
 
 13. E. microcarpa, var. filiculmis Torr. : culms cespitose, capillary or 
 filiform, quadrangular, wiry ; spikes oblong ; bristles nearly as long as the 
 obovate-oblong achenium ; tubercle very minute, closely sessile. 
 
 Wet places in the Pine Barrens of N. J. %.. Culms 3 4 inches high, not 
 thicker than a hair. Spike about 2 lines long. Scales dark chestnut color. 
 
 Wiry-stalkpd Spike Rush. 
 
 6. SCIRPUS. Linn. Club Rush. 
 (An ancient Latin name for the Bulrush, which belongs to this genus.) 
 
 Spikes many-flowered, the scales imbricate on all sides. 
 Bristles 3 6, rigid, persistent. Style 2 3-cleft, simple at 
 base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular* 
 
 * Spike solitary, terminal. 
 
 1. S. caspitosus Linn. : culms cespitose, filiform, terete; the sheaths with 
 rudiments of leaves ; spike ovoid, few-flowered ; the two lowest scales 
 bract-like, as long as the spike ; bristles smooth ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 
 obtusely triangular. 
 
 Wet places. White Hills, N. H. Biff. High mountains of Essex county, 
 N. Y. Torr. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. %. 
 Culm 2 10 inches high, rather rigid, finely striate, with imbricate sheaths at 
 base. Spike 4 5-flowered, a little compressed. Scales yellowish-brown. 
 
 Scaly-stalked Club Rush. 
 
 2. S. planifoliv.s Muhl. : culm triangular ; leaves linear, flat, about as 
 long as the culm ; spike oblong, compressed ; scales carinate, cuspidate, 
 the lowest one longer than tffe spike ; achenium triangular. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Del. June. ( i|.. Culms 612 inches 
 long, cespitose, rough on the angles. Leaves subradical, grass-like, rough ort 
 the margin. Scales yellowish, with a green keel. Bristles 4 6, nearly as long 
 as the achenium. Flat-leaved Club Rush. 
 
 3. S. sublenninalis Torr. : culm floating, sulcate, leafy at the base ; 
 spike oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the bract at the base ; scales ovate- 
 lanceolate ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular. 
 
 Slow flowing streams. N. Y. Mass, and N. J. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
 Aug. 1\.. Culm 3 feet long, growing under water. Leaves long, filiform, 
 channelled. Spike emersed, with a narrow bract at base. Bristles 6, rigid, 
 nearly as long as the achenium. Floating Club Rush. 
 
 ** Culm many-spiked. 
 f Spikes lateral. 
 
 4. & dcbilis Pursh. : culm terete, with a few subulate leaves at base, 
 striate ; spikes 3 5, ovoid, closely sessile, below the top of the culm ; scales 
 broad-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate ; style 2 3-cleft ; achenium plano-convex, 
 toroad-obovate. 
 
CYPKRACKJE. 395 
 
 Along streams and in ponds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.. Culms 9 18 
 inches high, growing in tufts. Spikelets 1 6, bursting in a cluster from the 
 side of the culm two\>r three inches from the top. Scales pale geeen. Bristles 
 4 6, retrorsely hispid. Weak-stalked Club Rush. 
 
 5. (S. triqueter Linn. : culm nearly naked, triangular or slightly winged, 
 two of the sides concave ; spikes 1 6, ovoid, aggregated and sessile ; 
 scales round-ovate, mucronate ; achenium doubly convex, acuminate. 
 *S. Americanus Pursh. S. mucron&tus Pursh. 
 
 Ponds and marshes. Throughout N. Amer. to the Arctic regions. July, Aug. 
 1J-. Culm 35 feet high, slender, mucronate, very acutely triangular, some- 
 times winged. Spikes in a dense cluster usually near the top. Scales rusty 
 colored. Bristles 35, slender, retrorsely hispid. Used for' the bottoms of 
 chairs. Chairmakcr's Rush. 
 
 6. S. miicronatus Linn. : culm leafy at base, triangular, the sides con- 
 cave ; spikes 2 4, oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; scales ovate, mucronate, 
 smooth ; anthers acute, (not fringed) ; achenium angular-convex exter- 
 nally, mucronate. 
 
 Margins of ponds. Boston, Mass. West Point. N. Y. W. to Mich. ; rare. 
 Torr. July. TJ-. Culm about 2 feet high, with one or two leaves at base which 
 are sometimes more than a foot long. Spikes clustered, more elongated and of a 
 lighter color than in the preceding. Bristles 6, rather slender, longer than the 
 achenium. Mucronate Club Rush. 
 
 7. S. lacustris Linn. : culm terete, attenuate above, leafless ; panicle 
 growing from the side of the culm near the top ; spikes ovoid, mostly pe- 
 dunculate ; scales ovate, mucronulate, ciliate ; achenium obovate. convex 
 on the back. *S. acutns Muhl. S, validus Pursh. 
 
 Ponds and swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean. 
 June, July. 7L Culm 3 8 feet high, round and tapering upwards, terminating 
 in a cusp, which projects 1 2 inches above the panicle. Spikes in an unequal 
 subdivided cymose panicle or umbel. Scales brown, minutely pubescent. 
 Bristles 46, stout, hispid. Tall Club Rush. Bulrush. 
 
 -f-f Spikes terminal. 
 
 8. S. maritimus Linn. : culm triangular, leafy ; corymb clustered, shorter 
 than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes ovoid-oblong, rather obtuse ; scales 
 ovate, 3-cleft or 3-toothed, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; 
 style 3-cleft ; achenium broad-obovate, lenticular. S. robuslus Pursh. S. 
 macrostachi/os Muhl. (in part.) 
 
 Salt marshes and ditches. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. r Zj-. Culm 
 1 4 feet high, thick, smooth, leafy below. Spikes usually forming somewhat 
 compound corymbs. Scales chestnut-colored, membranaceous. Bristles 3 4, 
 very slender, hispid. A variety of this species occurs in fresh-water marshes, 
 and is common in Western N. Y. It has the corymb somewhat compound, the 
 spikes ovoid and acute, and the involucre 3 5-lobed. Torr. 
 
 Marsh Club Rush. 
 
 9. S. atrovirens MM. : culm triangular, leafy ; cyme compound, pro- 
 liferous ; involucre 3-leaved ; spikes ovoid, acute, densely glomerated in 
 heads of 10 20 ; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; style 3-cleft ; ache- 
 nium compressed-triangular, sharply acuminate. 
 
 Wet meadows and swamps. Mass, to Penn. W. to Ken. June, July. *Z|.. 
 - Culm about 2 feet high, leafy nearly to the top, smooth. Spikes many-flow- 
 ered, in an unequal cyme or umbel. Scales dark green, at length becoming 
 brownish. Bristles 6. slender, hispid downwards. Dark-green Club Rush. 
 
396 CYPERACE^E. 
 
 10. S. brunneus Mukl. : culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; cyme decom- 
 pound ; involucre 3 4-leaved ; spikes round-ovoid, clustered in heads of 3 
 to 6 or 8 ; scales ovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; acheniuna 
 minute, plano-convex, short-acuminate. 
 
 Swamps and margins of ponds. N. Y. to Car. ; rare. July, Aug. Tj.. Culm 
 2 3 feet high, obtusely triangular below. Leaves broad, as tall as the cyme. 
 Spikes longer than in the preceding. Scales at first yellowish-green, at length 
 reddish-brown. Bristles 4 6, slender, pubescent. Brown Club Rush. 
 
 11. S. Eriophorum Mich. : culm leafy, obtusely triangular above, nearly 
 terete below ; panicle decompound, large, loose, somewhat nodding ; invo- 
 lucre many-leaved, very long ; scales lanceolate ; bristles 6, much exserted, 
 capillary, tortuous. Trichoph&rum Cyperinum Pers. Eriophorum Cyperi- 
 num Linn. 
 
 Wet grounds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Ohio and Ken. July, Aug. 
 1J-. Culm 2 5 feet high, leafy nearly to the top. Leaves 1 2 feet long, flat 
 above, rough on the margin. Panicle usually very large, the spikes distinct and 
 pedunculate, or in small clusters at the ends of the rays. Scales with the sides 
 brown and the keel green. Bristles at length so much extended as to give the 
 whole panicle a woolly appearance. Brown Wool-grass. 
 
 12. S. lineatus Mich. : culm triangular ; panicles terminal and lateral, 
 at length nodding ; involucre 1 2-leaved ; spikes oblong, pedunculate ; 
 scales ovate, acuminate, somewhat carinate. Trichophorum lineaium Pers. 
 
 Boggy places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. Aug. ^.Culm 
 1 3 feet high, very leafy, distinctly triangular. Leaves rough on the margin. 
 Panicles somewhat umbellate, the terminal one largest, the lateral ones some- 
 times wanting. Scales rusty colored. Bristles crisped, somewhat exserted. A 
 smaller plant than the preceding. Loose-flowered Wool-grass. 
 
 7. ERIOPHORUM. Linn. Cotton- Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek epiov, wool, and ^row, to bear ; the fruit being covered with 
 wool-like hairs.) 
 
 Scales of the spike imbricate on all sides. Achenium densely 
 invested with long soft woolly or cottony hairs. Stamens 3. 
 Style 3-cleft. 
 
 * Spike solitary. 
 
 1. E. alpinum Linn. : culm triangular, somewhat rough, with short sub- 
 ulate leaves- at the base; spike oblong; scales keeled; hairs 6, crisped. 
 E. Hudsonianum Mich. Trichophorum alpinum Pursh. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps, often on mountains. N. H. Ver. Mass, and N. Y. W. 
 to Mich. June. '4- Culm 8 10 inches high, with a few short leaves and 
 sheaths at base. Spike somewhat compressed. Scales yellowish-brown. Hairs 
 white, very long. Alpine Cotton-grass. 
 
 2. E. vaginatum Linn. : cujm terete below, ohtusely triangular above, 
 somewhat rigid ; sheaths inflated ; spike ohlong-ovdid ; scales scarious ; 
 hairs straight, dense. E. ccspitosum Pursh. 
 
 Swamps, especially on mountains. Arct. Amer. to Virg. July. '2J.. Culms 
 about a foot high, cespitose. Leaves longer than the culm , very narrow. Scales 
 dark-colored when in fruit. Hairs very numerous, white, 2 3 times the length 
 of the scale. Hare's-tail Cotton-gra**. 
 
CYPERACE.E. 397 
 
 :.- ** Spikes numerous. 
 
 3. E. polystachyum Linn. : culm nearly terete ; leaves flat, triangular at 
 the extremity; involucre about 2-leaved; spikes on scabrous peduncles, 
 nodding; scales ovate, acute. E. polystachium 0. Mich. E. vulgare. 
 Pars. 
 
 Bogs and marshes. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. ty. 
 Culm 1 2 feet high, smooth. Spikes 4 12, on long filiform peduncles. 
 Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very numerous, long, white with a red- 
 dish tinge. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. 
 
 4. E. Virginicum Linn. : culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular 
 above; leaves flat, very long; involucre 2 3-leaved; spikes clustered, 
 erect, nearly sessile. 
 
 Swamps and wet meadows. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Miss. July, 
 Aug. 1J-. Culm 24 feet high, leafy. Peduncles somewhat umbellate. Scales 
 with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 
 
 Rusty Cotton-grasg. 
 
 5. E. angustifolium Roth. : culm somewhat triangular, roughish above ; 
 leaves triangular, channelled ; involucre mostly 1-leaved; peduncles smooth, 
 nodding ; scales broad-ovate, obtuse. E. tenettum Nutt. 
 
 Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. %.. Culm 1218 inches high, 
 leafy. Spikes 4 10, ovoid ; 1 or 2 nearly sessile, the others on peduncles. Hairs 
 very numerous, long, white and cottony. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass. 
 
 8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Vahl. Fimbristylis. 
 (From the Latin fimbria, a. fringe, and stylus, a style.) 
 Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style com- 
 pressed, 2-cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, wholly de- 
 ciduous, mostly ciliate on the margin. 
 
 1. F. spadicea Vahl: culm compressed, nearly naked; leaves semi- 
 terete, filiform, channelled ; involucre rigid, 2-leaved ; umbel of few rays, 
 simple or compound ; spikes ovoid-oblong ; scales rigid, broad-ovate, ob- 
 tuse. Scirpus spadiceus Linn. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug., Sept. 1\..Culm 12 
 feet high, compressed above, rigid, smooth. Leaves nearly radical, rough on 
 the margin. Scales chestnut colored when old. Tall brown Fimbristylis. 
 
 2. F. Baldwiniana Torr. : culm somewhat compressed, deeply striate, 
 leafy at base ; leaves narrow-linear, striate, serrulate ; involucre subulate ; 
 umbel subcompound; spikes ovoid-lanceolate, acute; scales smoothish, 
 ovate, mucronate. Scirpus Baldwinianus Schultes. 
 
 Moist places. Penn. to the Gulf of Mexico. W. to Miss. July. QJ.?- Culm 
 4 12 inches high. Leaves about as long as the culm. Umbel small, some of 
 the rays divided. Scales with the keel greenish and the sides chestnut brown. 
 
 Baldwin's Fimbristylis. 
 
 3. F. cylindrica Vahl : involucre about 1-leaved, rigid, as long as the 
 simple umbel ; spikes cylindric, very obtuse. 
 
 Quaker's Bridge, N. J. Schweinitz. 1L An obscure species. 
 
 Cylindrical Fimbnstyli*. 
 
398 CYPERAORv*:. 
 
 9. ISOLEPIS. Drown. Isolepis. 
 (From the Greek <j, equal, and ASTTI?, a scale.} 
 
 Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style 3 -cleft, 
 simple at the base, or with a minute bulb from which it sepa- 
 rates. Achenium triangular, often crowned with the base of 
 the style. 
 
 /. capUlaris JR. fy S. : culm capillary, angular and sulcate, nearly naked; 
 leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm ; spikes umbelled, usually 
 4, terminal, on short rays, ovoid-oblong ; scales somewhat 4-rowed, oblong, 
 obtuse. Scirpus capillaris Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug., Sept. CD 
 Culms 4 8 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves mostly radical, setaceous. 
 Spikes umbelled, somewhat quadrangular. Scales rusty brown with a green 
 keel. Hair-like Isolepis. 
 
 10. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Lestil. Trichelostylis. 
 
 (From the Greek rptytwy, hairy, and ffrvXos, a style ; the style being often 
 hairy. Torr. N. Y. FL) 
 
 Scales mostly 4 8-ranked, keeled. Bristles none. Style 
 3 -cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, deciduous below the 
 bulb. Achenium triangular. 
 
 T. mucronulata Torr. : culm compressed, ancipital ; involucre 2 3- 
 leaved, shorter than the compound spreading umbel; spikes oblong, acute ; 
 scales about 4-rowed, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, with the points some- 
 what spreading. Scirpus autumnalis Pursh. S. mucronulatus Mich. 
 
 Low grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 7|.. 
 Culms 8 12 inches high, cespitose, often spreading or decumbent. Leaves very 
 acute. Spikes solitary or 2 3 at the extremity of the rays. Scales rusty col- 
 ored, keeled. Common Trichelostylis. 
 
 III. FuiRENE^E. Spikelets perfect. Scales imbricate on all sides. 
 Achenium until three scales or leaflets often alternating with three bris- 
 tles. Stamens 3. Style Z-cleft. 
 
 11. FUIRENA. Rottb. Fuirena. 
 (Named in honor of G. Fuiren ; a Danish botanist.) 
 
 Character same as that above given, 
 
 F. squarrosa Mich. : culm obtusely triangular, sulcate ; leaves ciliate ; 
 sheaths hairy ; spikes 3 12, clustered, ovoid ; bristles none ; scales cordate 
 or ovate, unguiculate. F. squarrosa and Torretfana Beck Bot. 1st Ed, 
 F. pumila Spreng. 
 
 Sandy swamps and bogs. N. Y. and Mass, to Geor. and Louis. Aug. % 
 Culm varying in height from 2 18 inches. Leaves smoothish or somewhat 
 hairy. Spikes 4 12 inches long, forming an irregular terminal umbel. Scales 
 hairy, with a long Blender recurved bristle. Squarrose Fuirena. 
 
CYPERACE^E. 399 
 
 IV. HYPOLYTRE.E. Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikes imbri- 
 cate on all sides, each l-Jlowered ; the flowers with a 1 4-vahed (not 
 bristle-form) perygynium. 
 
 12. HEMICARPHA. Nees. Hemicarpha. 
 
 (From the Greek i?/swj, half, and icapfyos, straw; the flowers having a valve 
 only on one side.) 
 
 Spikes ovoid. Scales very numerous, deciduous. Flowers 
 with a single valve, which is opposite the scale. Stamen 1. 
 Style 2 -cleft. Achenium oblong. 
 
 H. subsquarrosa Nees: culm setaceous, compressed, sulcate; involucre 
 2-leaved, long, unequal; spikes 2 3, ovoid, sessile, lateral ; scales rhombic- 
 obovate, with a short mucronate recurved point ; achenium obovate-oblong, 
 somewhat compressed. ( Torr. N. Y. jFV.) Scirpus subsquarrosus Muhl. 
 
 Sandy shores. N. Y. to Geor. July, (f). Culms about 2 inches high, in 
 dense tufts, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous. Spikes sometimes solitary. 
 Scales very numerous. Dwarf Hemicarpha. 
 
 V. GLADES. Flowers perfect, rarely diclinous. Spikelets 1 3- 
 flowered. Scales imbricate in a somewhat three or four-rowed order ; 
 the lowest empty. Perigynium none. Stamens 2 12. Styles 2 3- 
 cleft. Achenium smooth or irregularly wrinkled. 
 
 13. CLADIUM. Browne. Twig Rush. 
 
 (From the Greek K\O. Jo? , a twig ; but the application is not understood.) 
 Spikelets 1 2-flowered. Scales few, imbricate in a some- 
 what trifarious manner ; the lowest empty. Bristles none. 
 Stamens mostly 2. Style 2 3-cleft. Achenium globose-ovoid. 
 C. mariscoides Torr. : culm obscurely triangular ; cymes compound, 
 2 4-rayed, nearly naked, the rays elongated ; spikelets in heads of 3 8 
 together ; style 3-cleft. Schcenus mariscoides Muhl. 
 
 Bogs and ponds. Can. to Del. July. %.^-Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth. 
 Leaves channelled, with a long compressed point, nearly smooth on the margin. 
 Scales about 6, brown ; 4 lower ones usually empty. Smooth Twig Rush. 
 
 VI. KHYNCHOSPORE^:. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikelets 
 mostly few-flowered. Scales irregularly imbricate, obscurely two- or 
 three-rowed. Perigynium of several rough or plumose bristles, rarely 
 wanting. Achenium beaked. 
 
 14. RHYNCHOSPORA. VahL Beak Rush. 
 (From the Greek pfy^o?, a beak, and o-jropa, a seed.) 
 
 Spikelets few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricate ; the lower 
 ones smaller and empty. Bristles 6, rarely 10 12. Stamens 
 
400 CYPERACE^:. 
 
 3, rarely 2, 6 or 12. Style 2-cleft. Achenium crustaceous, 
 crowned with the persistent base of the style. 
 
 * Achenium smooth, mostly lenticular. 
 
 1. R. alba Vahl : culm triangular above ; spikelets in corymbose fascicles ; 
 bristles usually 10, retrorsely hispid, longer than the ovoid-lenticular ache- 
 nium. Schosnus aUnis Linn. 
 
 Swamps and bogs. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. %. Culm 1218 
 inches high, smooth. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Spikelets about 
 2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish. 
 
 White Beak Rush. 
 
 2. JR. gracilenta Gray : culm and leaves very slender ; clusters of spike- 
 lets 2 4, small, somewhat crowded, the terminal one nearly sessile ; bristles 
 6, longer than the smooth ovoid-lenticular achenium ; tubercle long, sub- 
 ulate. 
 
 Sandy grounds. N. Y. and N. J. to N. Car. Culm 12 feet high, almost 
 capillary. Leaves linear, setaceous. Spikelets few-flowered, ovoid. Scales 
 ovate, fuscous. Tall Slender Beak Rush. 
 
 3. R. Kneiskernii Carey : culm triangular, slender; spikes numerous, in 
 4 6 distant clusters ; bristles 5, retrorsely hispid, about as long as the obo- 
 vate somewhat stiped achenium; tubercle triangular, compressed, broad 
 at the base. (Carey, Sill. Jour. July, 1847.) 
 
 Pine Barrens, N. J. Dr. Kneiskem. Culm 12 18 inches high, branching 
 from the base. Leaves short and narrow. Spikes small, setaceously bracteate, 
 forming small distant clusters throughout the whole length of the culm. It re- 
 sembles the preceding, but differs in its achenium and bristles. 
 
 Kneiskern's Beak Rush. 
 
 4. JR. glomerata Vahl : culm obtusely triangular ; spikelets ovoid-oblong, 
 in corymbose clusters, distant, mostly in pairs ; bristles 6, hispid, as long 
 as the obovoid-lenticular achenium; tubercle lanceolate. Schcenus glom- 
 eratus Linn. 
 
 Swamps and bogs. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 1J-. Culm 12 18 inches 
 high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish. 
 
 Clustered Beak Rush. 
 
 5. R. : capillacea Torr.: culm, triangular, slender; spikelets 3 6, nearly 
 terminal ; bristles 6, about twice as long as the oblong-ovate compressed 
 achenium ; 'tubercle lanceolate, rostrate. Schcenus setaceus Muhl. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Penn. July. f l\. Culm 6 12 inches high. Leaves seta- 
 ceous ; radical ones short. Spikelets aboilt 1 3-flowered. Scales light brown, 
 oblong, mucronate. Capillary Beak Rush. 
 
 6. JR. fusca R. <f- S. : culm obscurely triangular ; clusters of spikelets 1 3 } 
 somewhat capitate; bristles 6, slender, minutely hispid, about twice the 
 length of the obovate achenium ; tubercles slender, acute. Schcenus fuscus 
 Linn. 
 
 Swamps. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. 7J.. CulmS 12 inches high, 
 very slender. Leaver L-liaost filiform ; radical ones elongated. Scales dark- 
 brown and shining. Brown Beak Rush. 
 
 7. /?. cephalantha Gray : heads somewhat globose, dense, many-flowered, 
 
CYPERACE*:. 401 
 
 axillary and terminal, often in pairs ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate ; bristles 
 hispid, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate margined achenium. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. '2J-. Culm obtusely trian- 
 gular, stout. Leaves narrow-linear, flat. Scales dark brown, oblong, acute or 
 acuminate. Resembles the preceding, but has the heads larger and compact. 
 
 Round-headed Beak Rush. 
 
 8. R. macrostachya Torr. : culm triangular ; axillary corymbs simple, 
 terminal ones compound ; upper spikelets densely fascicled ; bristles 6, 
 hispid upward, twice as long and the persistent style four times as long 
 as the obovate achenium. 
 
 Ponds. Mass. Culm 2 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 1 2 feet long, smooth ; 
 the upper scabrous on the margin. Corymbs about 4. Scales fuscous, acute. 
 Subsequently referred by Dr. Torrey, with some doubt, to the genus Ceratoschce- 
 nus Nees. Torr. Cyp. Long-headed Beak Rush. 
 
 9. R. corniculata Gray : culm triangular ; corymbs decompound, diffuse ; 
 spikelets loosely fasciculate, subulate ; bristles mostly 6 ; achenium obovate, 
 pointed with the long persistent style. R. longirostris Ell. Sch&nus cor- 
 niculatus Lam. 
 
 Wet places. Del. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. 'ty.Culm 36 feet high. 
 Leaves 1 2 feet long, smooth, rough on the margin. Corymbs subumbellate, 
 axillary and terminal. Scales fuscous. Referred by Dr. Torrey to the genus 
 Ceratoschomus Nees. Long-styled Beak Rush. 
 
 ** Achenium transversely rugose. 
 
 10. R. cymosa NvM. : culm acutely triangular ; corymbs somewhat cymose, 
 terminal and axillary ; spikelets clustered, ovoid ; bristles 6, shorter than 
 the obovate subcompressed achenium : tubercle depressed-conic. Schaznus 
 cymosus Willd. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. %. Culm 12 18 inches 
 high, slender. Leaves linear, smooth. Spikelets in clusters of 3 5 at the end 
 of the peduncle. Scales fuscous, ovate ; the lower ones obcordate, mucronate. 
 
 Tufted Beak Rush. 
 
 11. R. Torreyana Gray: culm slender, somewhat terete; panicle corym- 
 bose, rather loose ; spikelets ovoid, mostly pedicellate : bristles 6, a little more 
 than half the length of the oblong-ovate compressed achenium ; tubercle 
 compressed-conic. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. J. Torr. July, Aug. QJ.. Culms 1 3 feet high, cespi- 
 pitose. Radical leaves long and rigid ; those of the culm shorter. Scales ovate, 
 fuscous. Torrey's Beak Rush. 
 
 15. PSILOCARYA. Torr. Psilocarya. 
 
 (From the Greek ^iXas, naked, and Kapva, a nut ; the achenium being desti- 
 tute of bristles.) 
 
 Scales imbricate on all sides, membranaceous or chartaceous, 
 all fertile. Perigynium none. Stamens 2. Filaments long and 
 persistent. Style 2 -cleft, compressed, dilated at base. Ache- 
 nium biconvex, crowned with the broad persistent tubercle or 
 rostrate with the persistent style. 
 
 P. scirpoides Torr. : spikes oblong-ovate, many-flowered ; scales lance- 
 
402 CYPERACE*:. 
 
 ovate, acute, membraftaceous ; style long, rostrate, persistent, much dilated 
 at the base, and decurrent at the edges of the tumid rugose achenium. 
 (Torr.Cyp.) 
 
 Borders of a pond near North Providence, R. I. Near Boston and New Bed- 
 ford, Mass. T. A. Greene and Dr. H. Little. Culm obtusely triangular, smooth, 
 leafy. Leaves 6 8 inches long, grassy. Cymes pedunculate, one terminal and 
 one from the sheath of each leaf, spreading. Spikes 34 lines long, 20 30- 
 flowered. Bristles entirely wanting. Scirpus-like PsUocarpa. 
 
 VII. SCLERE.E. Flowers diclinous. Fertile spikelets 1- or rarely 
 ^-flowered. Scales fasciculate ; the lower ones empty, often seated in 
 a cup or torus. Perigynium of 3 scales, often wanting. Achenium 
 nut-like. 
 
 16. SCLERIA. Linn. Nut Rush. 
 
 (From the Greek cr/fA^of, Jiard ; in allusion to the hard bone-like achenium.) 
 Monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1 -flowered ; the sterile seve- 
 ral-flowered. Scales 2 6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed. 
 Perigynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. 
 Achenium globose or ovoid. 
 
 * With a perigynium. 
 
 1 . S. reticularis Mich. : culm erect, rough on the angles below ; fascicles 
 lateral and terminal, remote, loose; achenium globose, reticulated and 
 deeply pitted between the lines ; perigynium 3-lobed. 
 
 Sandy swamps. Long Island, N. Y. Torr. S. to Flor. Aug. 1\-. Culm 
 12 15 inches high, triangular. Leaves smooth, flat. Spikelets in pairs. Scales 
 smooth ; the sterile lanceolate ; the fertile ovate mucronate. 
 
 Reticulated Nut Rush. 
 
 2. S. laxa Torr. : culm weak, somewhat diffuse, nearly smooth ; fasci- 
 cles lateral and terminal, remote, on long slender peduncles, loosely flow- 
 ered ; scales and bracts smooth ; achenium globose, pitted and marked in a 
 somewhat spiral manner with transverse hairy wrinkles ; perigynium 3- 
 lobed. S. reticularis Muhl. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. %. Culm 1218 inches high, 
 acutely triangular. Leaves flat, smooth. ' Spikelets in pairs, distant. 
 
 Loose-flowered Nut Rush. 
 
 3. S. triglomerata Mich. : culm acutely triangular, rough ; leaves broad- 
 linear, somewhat hairy ; Fascicles lateral and terminal, triglomerate ; bracts 
 ciliate ; scales cuspidate ; achenium ovoid-globose, smooth and polished ; 
 perigynium annular. 
 
 Swamps and moist grounds. Ver. to Flor. W, to Ark. June, July. fy. 
 Culm 3 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 2 3 lines wide, rough on the margin, hairy 
 beneath. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white. 
 
 Three-clustered Nut Rush. 
 
 4. S. pauciflora Muhl. : culm triangular, slender, smoothish ; leaves nar- 
 row-linear, with pubescent sheaths ; fascicles lateral and terminal, few- 
 flowered, the lateral on long peduncles; bracts ciliate; scales smoothish; 
 achenium globose-ovoid, warty ; perigynium of 6 tooth-like processes. 
 
CYPERACR/F.. 403 
 
 Low meadows. N. H. to Car. - W. to Ohio. June. ^.Culm 9 18 inches 
 high, roughish above. Fascicles 2 3 ; 2 lateral ones on long slender peduncles. 
 Achenium white, rough with elevated points. Few-flowered Nut Rush. 
 
 ** Perigynium none. 
 
 5. S. vcrlicillata Muhl. : culm filiform, triangular and with the leaves 
 smooth ; fascicles 4 6, alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous; 
 scales smooth ; achenium globose, mucronate, rugose- verrucose. Hypopo- 
 rum verticillalum Nees. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 1J-. Culm 6 12 inches high, very 
 slender. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Fascicles appearing as 
 if whorled. Scales purple. Whorled Nut Rush. 
 
 VIII. CARICEJE. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbri- 
 cate on all sides. Achenium entirely enclosed in an urceolate 
 which is often 2-toothed or 2-lobed at the orifice. 
 
 17. CAREX. Linn. Sedge. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Greek Kcipw, to shear or cut ; in allusion tc 
 its sharp leaves and stems.) 
 
 Spikes one or several, androgynous, monoecious or rarely dio3- 
 cious. STERILE FL. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. FERFILE FL. 
 Perigynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed, 
 emarginate or truncate at the apex. Style single, included. 
 Stigmas 2 3, elongated, exserted. Achenium lenticular, plano- 
 convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of the 
 style. (Torr.) 
 
 A. Spike single. 
 * Monoecious. Stigmas 2. 
 
 1. C. capiiata Linn. : spike capitate or nearly globose, staminate at the 
 summit ; perigynium roundish-ovoid, close, compressed, convex-concave, 
 smooth, longer than the ovate and somewhat obtuse scale. 
 
 Alpine regions of the Wliite Mountains, N. H. Dr. Robbins. Culm trian- 
 gular. Leaves filiform. Capitate Sedge. 
 
 ** Dioecious. 
 
 j- Stigmas 2. 
 
 2. C. dioica Linn. : spike simple, oblong ; perigynium somewhat erect 
 or spreading, oblong-ovoid, nerved, hispid toward the summit on the mar- 
 gin. C. Davalliana Dew. 
 
 Swamps. Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell %.Culm 68 inches high, 
 filiform. Leaves setaceous. Scales ovate. Dioecious Sedge. 
 
 t Stigmas 3. 
 
 3. C. scirpoidca Mich.: spike oblong-cylindric, somewhat acute; peri 
 gynium ovoid or oval, subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate some- 
 what acute scarious scale. 
 
404 CYPERACE/E. 
 
 White Mountains, N. II. Oakes. Culm. 4 10 inches high, erect. Leaves 
 flat and long. Scirpus-like Sedge. 
 
 *** Spike androgynous. 
 f Stigmas 2. 
 
 4. C. exilis Dew. : fertile spike staminate below, ovoid, rather densely 
 flowered ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convex on both sides, finally 
 spreading or recurved, a little longer than the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Lakes and meadows. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. June. 1J-. Culm 12 20 
 inches high, very slender. Leaves setaceous. Spike from half an inch to an 
 inch long. Slender Sedge. 
 
 ft Stigmas 3. 
 
 5. C. pauciflora Light/. : spike simple, about 4-flowered ; staminate 
 flower subsolitary, terminal ; perigynium lanceolate, terete, reflexed ; scales 
 caducous. C. leucoglochin Linn. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Mass, and N. Y. May, June. %. Culm 3 8 inches 
 high. Perigynium large, pale yellow, caducous. Few-jloivered Sedge. 
 
 6. C. Fraseri Sims : spike simple, ovoid ; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, 
 entire at the point, striate, longer than the oblong scale. C. lagopus Muhl. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to N. Car. April. %. Culm about a foot high, sheathed 
 nt base. Leaves radical, broad, undulate. Fraser's Sedge. 
 
 7. C. polytrichoides Muhl. : spike simple, oblong-linear, few-flowered ; 
 perigynium oblong-lanceolate, compressed, triquetrous, obtuse, emarginate, 
 twice as long as the ovate scale. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Penn. ; common. May. %. Culm a foot high, very 
 slender. Leaves subradical, very narrow. Fertile flowers 3 8. 
 
 Brittle-stalked Sedge. 
 
 8. C. Wittdenovii Schk. - spike simple ; sterile and fertile flowers about 
 6 ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, acuminate-rostrate ; scales ovate, acuminate, 
 the inferior ones foliaceous and often longer than the spike. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio. May, June. %. Culm 812 
 inches high, slender. Leaves flat, longer than the culm. 
 
 Wittdenow's Sedge. 
 
 9. C. Backii Boott : spike simple ; sterile flowers above, about 3, the 
 fertile 2 4 ; fertile scales foliaceous, the lower one much longer than the 
 spike ; perigynium globose-ovoid, acuminated, with a conical smooth beak, 
 entire at the point. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.} C. Wittdenovii Gray. 
 
 Arct. Airier, to N. Y. Culms cespitose. Leaves grass-like, longer than the 
 culms. Achenium globose-pyriform, nearly smooth. Sack's Sedge. 
 
 B. Spikelets aggregated, androgynous, sessile. Stigmas 2. 
 
 * SpikeUls sterile at the summit. 
 
 10. C. disperma Dew. : spikelets about 3, rather remote, mostly 2-flow- 
 ered, somewhat erect, the lowest one bracteate ; perigynium ovate, rather 
 obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, smooth, with a scabrous margin, entire at the 
 point, twice as long as the ovate obtuse submucronate scale. 
 
 Swamps; often on mountains. N. Eng. and N. Y, W. to Mich. May, 
 June. Ti. Culm 6 12 inches high. Leaves narrow and linear. Spikelets 
 24. Two -seeded Sedge. 
 
CYPERACE^:. 405 
 
 11. C. chordorhiza Linn. : spikelets 3 5, in an ovoid head; perigynium 
 ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equalling the broad-ovate 
 acute scale. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. to Mich. May. 1J-. Culm branching at the 
 base, and rooting at the joints. Leaves of the culm short, of the sterile shoots 
 longer. Rooting Sedge. 
 
 12. C. cephalfiphora Muhl. : spikelets collected into an oval head ; peri- 
 gynium ovate, scabrous on the margin above, about equal to the ovate sub- 
 aristate scale. 
 
 Fields and woods. Can to Car. ; common. May. '2\.. Culm I 2 feet high, 
 wiry, leafy at base. Whole plant green. Oval-headed Sedge. 
 
 13. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. : spikelets 57, crowded at the summit of the 
 culm, bracteate at the base ; perigynium broad-ovate, compressed, nerved, 
 bifid, somewhat diverging, scabrous on the margin, rather shorter than the 
 ovate mucronate scale. 
 
 1 Rocky woods. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. May, June. Q\..Culm 12 feet 
 high, thick. Leaves broad-linear. Plant dark green. Muhlenberg's Sedge. 
 
 14. C. siccata Dew. : spikelets 4 8, staminate above, often wholly stam- 
 inate, ovoid, close, or approximate ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 compressed, scabrous on the margin, bifid, nerved, nearly equal to the ovate- 
 lanceolate scale. 
 
 Sandy plains. Mass, and N. Y. June. '21. Culm 12 18 inches high, slen- 
 der, rough. Plant light green, and of a dried appearance. 
 
 Dry-spiked Sedge. 
 
 15. C. rosea Schk. : spikelets 4 6, remote, about 9-flowered, the lowest 
 one with a setaceous bract exceeding the spike ; perigynium oblong-lance- 
 olate, acuminate, diverging and radiate, rough on the margin, twice as long 
 as the ovate obtuse scale. 
 
 Moist woods. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. to Ohio ; common. May. 1\ . Culm a 
 foot high. Sptitelets mostly about 5, yellowish-green ; lower ones distant. It is 
 sometimes dwarfish, when it forms the var. radiata of Dewey. Rose Sedge. 
 
 16. C. retroflexa Muhl. : spikelets about 4, subapproximate, the lower 
 ones with a short bract ; perigynium ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, smooth on 
 the margin, spreading or reflexed, nearly as long as the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. N. S. May. 7|_. Culm about a foot high, slender. 
 Spikelets mostly 4, the two lower ones a little distant, 5 8-flowered. 
 
 Retroflexed Sedge. 
 
 17. C. stipata Muhl. : spike compound, oblong ; spikelets numerous, 
 10 15, oblong, aggregated, bracteate; perigynium lanceolate, subterete 
 and smooth below, spreading, with a long tapering beak which is rough 
 on the margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. April, May. Ij.. Culm 13 feet 
 high, thick and succulent, smooth except at the summit. Spike 2 inches long, 
 straw-color. Beaked Sedge. 
 
 18. C. muricata Linn. : spikelets about 5, ovoid, sessile, approximate, 
 bracteate, lower ones sometimes remotish ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, 
 plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes 
 longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. (Dew.) 
 
 Fields near Boston, Mass. Arct. Amer. Muricate Sedge. 
 
406 CYPE RACEME. 
 
 19. C. sparganoides Muld, : spikelets 610, ovoid ; the upper approxi- 
 mate ; lower somewhat distant, bracteate ; perigynium ovate, compressed, 
 acute, diverging, rough on the narrowly winged margin, about twice as 
 long as the ovate mucronate scale. 
 
 Swampy grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Ohio. May. 7L. Culm 
 2 feet or more high, rough on the angles above. Leaves broad-linear, pale- 
 green. Bur-reed Sedge. 
 
 20. C. Tulpinoidea Mick. : spike oblong, decompound, more or less inter- 
 rupted, bracteate ; spikelets glomerate, ovoid, obtuse ; perigynium com- 
 pressed, ovate, acuminate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, rather shorter than the 
 ovate cuspidate scale. C. multiftora MuhL. 
 
 Low grounds. N k Eng. and N. Y. to Car. ; common. May, June. 1\.. 
 Culm ij 2 feet high, obtusely triangular above, leafy. Spike consisting of 
 8 10 clusters of spikelets. Fox Sedge. 
 
 21. C. setacea Dew. : spike oblong, decompound, bracteate ; spikelets 
 glomerate, ovoid, obtuse ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, com-* 
 pressed, bifid, somewhat diverging, as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned 
 scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass, and N. Y. to Del. June, July. 1\. Culm about 2 
 feet high, acutely triangular, striate, rough above Resembles the preceding, 
 but it has a more compact spike, and the perigynia are narrower and more 
 compressed. Setaceous Sedge. 
 
 22. C. bromoides Schk. : spikes 4 6, alternate, oblong, erect, uppermost 
 one fertile above, the rest pistilliferous or androgynous, with staminate and 
 fertile flowers both above and below ; perigynium erect, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, scabrous, nerved, longer than the lanceolate scale. 
 
 Swampy grounds. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. to Ohio ; common. May. 1\.. 
 Culm 12 18 inches high, slender, rough above. Scales light brown. 
 
 JBrome-like Sedge. 
 
 23. C. alopccoidea Tackerman : spike compound, oblong ; spikelets 8 10. 
 ovoid, aggregated, staminate above ; perigynium ovate, plano-convex, 
 nearly nerveless, about as long as the ovate mucronate scale ; the beak 
 acuminate, serrulate-scabrous on the margin. (Torr. N. Y. jP/.) C. 
 cepkalophora var. maxima Dew. 
 
 Woods. Penn-Yan, N. Y. %. Culm 2 4 feet high, rough on the angles. 
 Spike yellowish-green. Fox-tail Sedge. 
 
 24. C. Sartwellii Dew. : spike compound ; spikelets 12 20, ovoid, ses- 
 sile, compa6t, bracteate ; lower ones fertile ; upper often staminate ; peri- 
 gynium ovate-lanceolate, convex-concave, subulate, somewhat 2-toothed, 
 about as long as the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Junius, Seneca County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. ^..Culm 1 2 feet high, 
 somewhat rigid, rough on the angles, leafy below. Leaves flat, linear, shorter 
 than the culm. Closely allied to C. disficha of Europe. 
 
 Sartwell' s Sedge. 
 
 25. C. tzretiuscula Good. : spike decompound, oblong, dense, at length 
 brown ; spikelets ovoid, acute, sessile ; perigynium ovate, acuminate, convex 
 and gibbous, ciliate-serrulate on the margin, longer than the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Marshes and bogs. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. %.~Culm 2 feet or more 
 high, rough on the angles, leafy below. Scales brownish. 
 
 Smalfer-panided Sedge. 
 
CYPERACEyE. 407 
 
 26. C. decomposita MiM. : spike decompound and paniculate ; spikelets 
 very numerous, ovoid, alternate, at length brown ; perigynium ovate, sessile, 
 convex on both sides, acute or short-rostrate, about as long as the ovate 
 acuminate scale. 
 
 Swamps. Yates County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. W. to Mich. %. Culm 
 2 3 feet high, obtusely triangular, leafy. Leaves broad-linear, rough. 
 
 Large-panicled Sedge. 
 
 ** Spikelets staminate at the base. 
 
 27. C. trisperma Dew. : spikelets mostly 3, about 3-flowered, remote, al- 
 ternate, sessile, ovoid, uppermost one without a bract ; perigynium oblong, 
 acute or short-rostrate, entire at the point, nerved, subscabrous above, some- 
 what diverging, longer than the oblong acute whitish scale. 
 
 Marshes and wet woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. 1|~ Culm 1 2 feet 
 high, triangular, slender and weak, leafy. Leaves very narrow. 
 
 Three-seeded Sedge. 
 
 28. C. Deweyana Schw. : spikelets about 3, sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, alter- 
 nate, rather distant, the uppermost with a bract ; perigynium oblong-lance- 
 olate, acuminate-rostrate, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous on the margin, rather 
 longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned hyaline scale. 
 
 Woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. '2J.. Culm 14 feet high, weak and 
 slender, subprocumbent. Leaves yellowish-green, mostly radical, narrow. 
 
 Dewey's Sedge. 
 
 29. C. steltulata Good. : spikelets 3 4, roundish or ovoid, rather remote ; 
 perigynium ovate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading 
 horizontally, a little longer than the ovate somewhat obtuse scale. C. ster- 
 ilis WiUd. 
 
 Wet grounds. Mass, to Car. May. 7J.. Culm 8 18 inches high, stiff, leafy 
 below. Perigynium broad-ovate, almost cordate when mature. 
 
 Star-like Sedge. 
 
 30. C. scirpoides Schk. : spikelets about 4, ovoid, obtuse, approximate, 
 sessile, lowest bracteate ; perigynium ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate 
 or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the 
 ovate-lanceolate acute scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Eng. to Car. May. 1\.. Culm 6 12 inches high, leafy 
 at base. Perigynium erect, or spreading horizontally. Perhaps only a variety 
 of the preceding. Sdrpus-like Sedge. 
 
 31. C. caneseens Linn. : spikelets about 6, rather remote, cylindric-ovoid, 
 with minute bracts at base ; perigynium broad-ovate, plano-convex, rather 
 acute, somewhat rough on the margin, nearly entire at the orifice, about as 
 long as the scale. C. curta Good. C. sph&rostachya Dew. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June. 1J-. Culms about 
 2 feet high, clustered, triangular, rough above. Spikelels silvery white when 
 mature. Canescent Sedge. 
 
 32. C. tenuiflora WahL: spikelets 2 3, roundish-elliptic, approximate, 
 the lowest bracteate at base ; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, compressed, erect, 
 about as long as the broad-ovate somewhat obtuse scale. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. Ver. Mass. N. Y. ; rare. June. 3J.. Culms cespitose, 
 812 inches long, very slender, often prostrate. Leaves light green, narrow- 
 linear, shorter than the culm. Slender-spiked Sedge. 
 
408 CYPERACEA:. 
 
 33. C. scoparia Schk : spikelets ovoid, sessile, approximate, aggregate, 
 lowest bracteate ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, margined, nerved, smooth, 
 bifid, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale. 
 
 Swamps. Mass, to Car. May. Q. Culm 1 2 feet high, triangular, rough 
 above. Leaves long a*i narrow. Fruit tawny when mature, not winged, 
 9-nerved. Broom-like Sedge. 
 
 34. C. lagopodioides Schk. : spikelets 8 20, cylindric-ovoid, rather 
 crowded, alternate and sessile; bract beneath the lowest overtopping the 
 culm ; perigynium lanceolate, tapering at both ends, nerved, bidentate, with 
 a narrow serrulate margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass, to Car. May. 1J-. Culm 1 2 or more feet high, fur- 
 rowed. Spikes large, subcylindric when young. Dr. Torrey considers it a 
 variety of the preceding. Hare 'sfoot-like Sedge. 
 
 35. C. straminea Schk. : spikelets 3 15, ovoid, roundish-ovoid or ovoid 
 globose ; perigynium ovate or broad-ovate, much compressed, acuminate, 
 with a broad-winged ciliolate-scabrous margin, a little longer than the 
 lanceolate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows and swamps. N. Eng. to Penn. W. to Ohio. May, June. 
 7J.. A very variable species, including, according to Dr. Torrey, C. fcenea 
 Muhl. C. festucacea, mirabilis, cristata and tenera Dew. Strain-colored Sedge* 
 
 C. Spikes several, (rarely solitary,') all androgynous. Stigmas 3. 
 
 * Staminate at the summit. 
 
 36. C. pedunculata MM.: spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very 
 remote; perigynium obovoid, triquetrous, entire, a little longer than the 
 oblong cuspidate scale. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Penn. ; rare April. 7J-. Culms 4 12 inches high, 
 cespitose, slender. Peduncles mostly radical. Peduncled Sedge. 
 
 ** Staminate at the base. 
 
 37. C. squarrosa Linn. : spikes 1 3, very thick, oblong-cylindric ; peri- 
 gynium ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, smooth, squarrose, 2-toothed at the 
 summit, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. typhina Mich. 
 
 Bogs. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. Culm 2 feet high, tri- 
 angular, rough, leafy. Spike 1 2 inches long, and from half to three-fourths 
 of an inch in diameter. Squarrose Sedge. 
 
 D. Spikes several : terminal one androgynous ; the others fertile. 
 
 Stigmas 3. 
 
 38. C. Duxbaumii Wahl. : spikes about 4, obovoid or oblong, rather re- 
 mote ; upper one androgynous and pedunculate ; the rest sessile, with very 
 long bracts ; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, rather compressed, slightly 2- 
 lobed, shorter than the ovate cuspidate scale. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. ; rare. May. '4. Culm 
 1 2 feet high, leafy at base. Scales chestnut brown. Buxbaum's Sedge. 
 
 39. C. hirsula Wittd. : spikes 3, oblong, approximate ; upper one pedun- 
 culate ; the others nearly sessile and bracteate ; perigynium obovate, obtuse, 
 nerved, smooth when mature, entire at the orifice, about as long as the 
 ovate acuminate scale. C. triceps Mich. 
 
CYPERACE^E. 409 
 
 Woods and meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich. May. Q.Culm 1218 
 inches high, triangular, rough, leafy. Leaves and sheaths retrorsely pubescent. 
 
 Pubescent Sedge. 
 
 40. C. virescens MM. : spikes 2 4, oblong, erect ; upper one peduncu- 
 late, sterile below ; the rest fertile, subsessile and bracteate ; perigynium 
 ovoid, obtuse, costate, pubescent, rather longer than the ovate mucronate 
 scale. C. costata Schw. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. May. r l\-. Culm 1 2 feet high, rather slender, 
 triangular, leafy. Leaves and sheaths pale green, pubescent. 
 
 Greenish Sedge. 
 
 41. C. gracilima Schw.: spikes mostly 4, distant, slender, pedunculate, 
 loosely-flowered, nodding ; uppermost androgynous, fertile above ; the rest 
 all fertile ; peryginium oblong, triangular, obtuse, smooth, longer than the 
 oblong-mucronate scale. C. digitalis Schw. fy Torr. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass, to Del. W. to Mich. June. Q.Culm 18 inches high, 
 nearly smooth, leafy. Leaves short, pale green. Spikes linear and filiform. 
 
 Slender-nodding Sedge. 
 
 42. C.formosa Dew. : spikes 3 4, oblong, thick, distant, on exsert pe- 
 duncles, nodding, uppermost one sterile at the base ; perigynium oblong, 
 triquetrous, somewhat inflated, rather acute at each end, nearly entire or 
 2-lobed at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass, and N. Y. ; rare. May. 1|_. Culm 12 18 inches 
 high, triangular, smooth. Leaves sometimes pubescent, pale green. 
 
 Shovjy Sedge. 
 
 43. C. Davis-ii Schw. fy Torr. : spikes mostly 4, somewhat distant, ob- 
 long-cylindric, few-flowered, pedunculate and somewhat nodding ; peri- 
 gynium oblong, somewhat inflated, acute, smooth, slightly 2-toothed, about 
 as long as the awned scale. C. aristata and Torreyana Dew. 
 
 Wet meadows. Mass, and N. Y. May. 'H-.Culm 12 feet high, trian- 
 gular, leafy, rough above. Leaves sometimes pubescent, rough on the margin. 
 
 Davis's Sedge. 
 
 E. Spikes several ; one or more of the terminal ones entirely stami- 
 
 nate ; the rest pistillate. 
 
 * Stigmas 2. 
 
 44. C. rigida Good. : sterile spike mostly solitary, erect ; fertile spikes 
 2 4, oblong-cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, on short peduncles ; 
 perigynium oval, acute at each end, compressed, shortly beaked, smooth, 
 about equalling the ovate-oblong acutish scale. C. Washingtoniana Dew. 
 C. nigra Schw. <$* Torr. 
 
 Damp grounds. White Mountains, N. H. Mount Marcy, N. Y. July. 7|.. 
 Culm a foot high, subscabrous above. Leaves light green, somewhat rigid. 
 
 Rigid Sedge. 
 
 45. C. acuta Linn. : sterile spikes 1 3 ; fertile mostly 3, subpeduncu- 
 late, somewhat nodding, cylindric, remote ; perigynium oval or oblong, ob- 
 tuse, short-rostrate, about as long as the oblong acute scale. C. stricta 
 Lam. C. angustata Boott. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. May. r i\..Culm 2 feet high, 
 acutely triquetrous. Leaves subglaucous. Scales blackish brown. 
 
 Large Bog Sedge. 
 18 
 
410 
 
 CYPERACE^E. 
 
 46. C. cespitosa Linn. : sterile spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindric- 
 oblong ; fertile mostly 3, cylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short 
 exsert peduncle ; perigynium ovoid or oval, somewhat acute, smooth, mostly 
 longer than the oblong obtuse blackish scale. C. concolor Brown, 
 
 Mountain bogs. Can. to Penn. May. Culm 12 18 inches high, slightly 
 rough above. Leaves light green, flat. Fertile scales nearly black. 
 
 Smaller Bog Sedge. 
 
 47. C. aqualilis Wahl. : sterile spikes 1 4, erect, oblong ; fertile mostly 
 3, on short peduncles, cylindric, thick-clavate above, dense-flowered, sub- 
 erect, sometimes sterile at the apex ; perigynium elliptic, sublenticular, 
 smooth, with the orifice entire and protruded, about equal to the ovate 
 acutish scale. 
 
 Marshes and wet places. Mass, and N. Y. June. 1J-. Culm 20 30 inches 
 high, triangular, nearly smooth. Leaves smoothish, pale green and glaucous. 
 
 Water Sedge. 
 
 48. C. aurca Nutt. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 3 4, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, rather approximate, lower ones 
 pedunculate ; perigynium obovoid or pyriforrn, obtuse, nerved, entire at the 
 orifice, longer than the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Wet rocks. Can. Mass, and N. Y. W to Mich. May, June. 1J- Culm 
 4 10 inches high, subprocumbent, slender. Perigynium orange-yellow when 
 mature. Golden Sedge. 
 
 49. C. criniia Lam. : sterile spikes one or more, lax oblong, sometimes 
 with a few fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 4 -5, dense, distant ; perigynium 
 roundish-ovoid, ventricose, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, much 
 shorter than the oblong scabrous awned scale. C. paleacea Wahl. 
 
 Swamps and meadows. Can. to Geor. June. 7J.. Culm 2 4 feet lu'gh, 
 triangular, rough. Leaves pale green. Fertile spikes 2 3 inches long. 
 
 Fringed Sedge. 
 
 ** Stigmas 3. 
 j- Perigynium inflated^ with a more or less elongated beak. 
 
 50. C. oligosperma Mick.: sterile spike mostly solitary, slender, peduncu- 
 late; fertile spikes 1 3, ovoid, sessile, distant, bracteate, few-flowered; 
 perigynium ovoid, somewhat inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire 
 at the orifice, smooth, a little longer than the ovate acute scale. C. Oake- 
 friana Dew,. 
 
 Borders of lakes. Arct. Amer. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. P 4- Culm 12 
 feet high, triangular, rough above. Leaves linear, light green, at length in- 
 volute. Few-fruited Sedge. 
 
 51. C. bullala Schk. : sterile spikes 23; fertile mostly 2, oblong-cylin- 
 dric, rather loose, exsertly pedunculate and somewhat nodding, distant; 
 perigynium globose-ovoid, inflated, erect, smooth, costate, rostrate-acumi- 
 nate, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. C. monile Dew. 
 
 Wet grounds. Mass. N. Y. Penn. and Ohio. May. 7].. Culm li 2 feet 
 hi<*h, triangular, rough above, leafy. Leaves longer than the culm. 
 
 Inflated Sedge. 
 
 52. C. cylindrica Tuckerm. : sterile spikes 2 3 ; fertile 1 3, remote, 
 cylindric, on short peduncles, erect or inclined ; perigynium ovoid, inflated, 
 
CYPERACE^E. 411 
 
 conic-rostrate, 2-forked, smooth, about twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
 cale. C. Tuckermani Dew. 
 
 Wet grounds. Mass, and N. Y. May ? f l\.. Culm about 2 feet high, tri- 
 angular, leafy, rough above. Leaves narrow, longer than the culm. 
 
 Cylindrical Sedge. 
 
 53. C. vesicaria Linn. : sterile spikes about 3, erect, oblong ; fertile 
 mostly 2, cylindric, erect, long-bracteate ; perigynium oblong-conic, inflated, 
 rostrate, nerved, bicuspidate, nearly twice as long as the oblong-lanceolate 
 scale. C. utriculata Boott. 
 
 Meadows. Mass, and N. Y. to Del. W. to Mich. May. Culm 2 feet high, 
 shorter than the leaves, acutely triangular. Plant bright green. 
 
 Bladder Sedge. 
 
 54. C. amputtacea : sterile spikes 2 4, oblong, cylindric, erect ; fertile 
 2 3, cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate ; perigynium sub- 
 globose, inflated, diverging, rostrate, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate 
 scale. 
 
 Marshes. Arct. Amer. to Mass, and N. Y. 'Ij.. Culm 2 3 feet high, ob- 
 tusely triangular. Leaves light green. Perhaps identical with the preceding. 
 
 Bottle-like Sedge. 
 
 55. C. subulata Mich. : sterile spike solitary, short-pedunculate ; fertile 
 spikes mostly 3 4, sessile, or with included peduncles, very remote, few- 
 flowered, sparingly staminate at the top ; perigynium subulate, reflexed, 
 bifid at the orifice, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. CoUinsii and 
 Michauxii Dew. 
 
 Cedar swamps. Long Island, N. Y. and N. J. June. 1\.. Culm 1 2 feet 
 high, almost filiform, leafy. Leaves deep green. Awl-fruited Sedge. 
 
 56. C. follicvlata Linn. : sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes 2 4, ovoid, 
 distant, few-flowered, pedunculate; peryginium oblong-conic, somewhat in- 
 flated, tapering to a long point, horizontal or diverging, twice as long as the 
 ovate mucronate scale. C. xanthophysa WoM. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. r i\- Culm 2 4 feet high, obtusely triangu- 
 lar, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth. " Plant pale green, at length yellow. 
 
 Tall Yellow Sedge. 
 
 57. C. intumescens Rudge : sterile spike oblong, pedunculate; fertile 
 spikes 1 3, roundish, approximate, few-flowered, upper one sessile, lower 
 on a short peduncle ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate-rostrate, much inflated, 
 diverging, three tunes as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. C.folliculata 
 ScJA. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. Mass. Penn. and Ohio. June. 7J.. Culm 18 inches 
 high, triangular, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, rough on the margin. 
 
 Swollen Sedge. 
 
 58. C. lupulina MuJd. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 3, 
 ovoid-oblong, approximate ; bracts very long and leafy ; perigynium ovoid, 
 inflexed, nerved, long-rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the ovate or 
 lanceolate scale. 
 
 var. 1. polystachya Torr.: fertile spikes 5, oblong-cylrndrio ; lowest one 
 remote, on a long peduncle. 
 
 var. 2. pedunculate, Gray : fertile spikes all pedunculate ; the lower long- 
 pedunculate, distant ; the 3 upper subumbellate. 
 
412 CYVE.RA.CEM. 
 
 Swamps. Hudson's! Bay to Geor. June, July. 1\.. Culm 'Z 3 feet high, 
 very thick, triangular, smooth. Leaves longer than ihe culm, bright green. 
 Var. 1. is found in Putnam County, N. Y. ; var. 2. in Chester County, Penn., 
 and on the shores of lake Erie. Hop-like Sedge. 
 
 59. C. scabrata Schic. : fertile spikes about 5, rather remote, cylindric, 
 nearly erect ; lower ones long-pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate- 
 rostrate, subventricose, scabrous, orifice oblique and somewhat bifid, longer 
 than the ovate-lanceolate ciliate scale. 
 
 Swamps. N. H. to Penn. May. 7J.. Culm 18 inches high, rather slender, 
 triangular. leaves long, very rough, dark green. Rough Sedge. 
 
 60. C. Sckweinitzii Dew. : sterile spikes 2,. the lower one often pistillate 
 at the base ; fertile about 3, oblong-cylindric, somewhat pendulous, loose- 
 flowered, rather remote, lowest often long-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong- 
 ovoid, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, longer than the lanceolate-subulate 
 scale. 
 
 Wet sandy soils. N. Eng. N. Y. and N. J. June. Culm about a foot high, 
 rough above, very leafy, leaves taller than the culm, yellowish-green. 
 
 Schweintz's Sedge. 
 
 61. C. retrorsa Schw. : sterile spikes about 3, lower one often fertile at 
 the base; fertile about 5, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, the 
 lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perigynium 'ovoid, inflated, re- 
 flexed, rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the lanceolate scale. 
 
 Near ponds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. Culm 2 feet high, slightly rough on 
 the edges. Fertile spikes thick. Retrorse Sedge. 
 
 62. C. tentaculata Muhl. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 3, ovoid 
 or ovoid-cylindric, bracteate, mostly approximate, spreading, the peduncles 
 included ; perigynia crowded, ovoid, ventricose, very long-rostrate, 2- 
 toothed at the apex, longer than the lanceolate-subulate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. May. 7J-. Culm 12 18 inches high, trian- 
 gular, rough on the angles. Leaves longer than the culm, bright green. 
 
 Long-pointed Sedge. 
 
 63. C. rostrata Mich. : sterile spike short and small ; fertile spikes 2 3, 
 subglobose or capitate, bracteate ; perigynia crowded, erect, or diverging, 
 very long-rostrate, oblong-conic, slightly inflated, twice as long as the ovate- 
 oblong acutish scale. 
 
 Can. Mich. Base of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. ^.Culm 
 8 16 inched high, erect, stiff, few-leaved. Plant pale yellow. 
 
 Beaked Sedge. 
 
 64. C. hystericina Wtild. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 4, thick, 
 at length cernuous, upper one nearly included, the rest on exsert peduncles ; 
 perigynium ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, rostrate, bifid, twice as 
 long as the oblong awned scale. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Ohio, f July. Aug. Tj.. Culm 1 2 feet 
 high, triangular, rough above. Leavss tyiig, Ji$ear-laneolate, yellowish-green. 
 
 Porcupine Sedge. 
 
 65. C. Pseudo-Cyperus Linn. : stejile spike solitary, long and slender; 
 fertile spikes 2 5, cylindric, thick, pendulous, pedunculate, upper ones 
 somewhat geminate ; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, rostrate, reflexed > many- 
 
CYPERACE^E. 413 
 
 nerved, divaricately bifid at the summit, a little longer than the lanceolate 
 awned scale. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. 7J.. Culm 2 3 feet high, thick, rough on 
 the angles. Leaves broad, rough. Cyperus-like Sedge. 
 
 66. C. longirostris Torr. : sterile spikes mostly 3, short ; fertile 2 3, 
 cylindric, loose, at length pendulous, long-pedunculate, rather distant ; peri- 
 gynium globose-ovoid, smooth, with a very long beak, bifid, a little longef 
 than the lanceolate scale. 
 
 Shady places. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. Gray. June. l^.Culm 
 about 2 feet high, slender, nearly smooth. Leaves bright green and shining. 
 
 Long-beaked Sedge. 
 
 67. C. trichocarpa Muhl. : sterile spikes 24 ; fertile 23, distant, pe- 
 dunculate, erect, oblong-cylindric ; perigynium ovoid-conic, acuminate, bi- 
 cuspidate, pubescent, longer than the ovate acuminate scale. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. 1J-. Culm 2 feet high, rough above. 
 Leaves and sheaths pubescent. Hairy-fruited Sedge. 
 
 68. C. aristata Brown : sterile spikes 2 4 ; fertile 2 4, distant, close- 
 flowered, erect ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, somewhat inflated, smooth, long- 
 rostrate, many-nerved, deeply bifid, longer than the oblong awned scale. C. 
 mirata Dew. 
 
 Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y. British Amer. ; rare. Torr. Culm 
 2 3 feet high, smooth, leafy. Leaves on the under side, and the sheaths pubes- 
 cent. Closely allied to the preceding. Awned Sedge. 
 
 j~j* Perigynium vittous, not inflated. 
 
 69. C. umbellata Schk. : cespitose ; sterile spike short, erect ; fertile spikes 
 mostly 4, ovoid, few-flowered ; one sessile at the summit of the culm ; the 
 rest on radical peduncles, subumbellate ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate, ros- 
 trate, subpubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale. 
 
 Rocky grounds. N. Eng. IN. Y. and Penn. May. 1\.. Culms in dense 
 tufts, 16 inches high. Leaves radical, narrow, rough, longer than the culm. 
 
 Umbelled Sedge. 
 
 70. C. varia Muhl. : sterile spike erect, sessile or on a short peduncle ; 
 fertile spikes 2 3, ovoid, sessile, approximate, few-flowered ; perigynium 
 ovoid or subglobose, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, obtusely triangular, hispidly 
 pubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale. C. Emmonsii and col- 
 lecta Dew. 
 
 Dry woods. Hudson's Bay to Geor. April. 1\-. Culm 8 12 inches high, 
 erect, filiform. Leaves pale green. Torrey considers it a variety of the next. 
 
 Variable Sedge. 
 
 71. C. Pennsylvanica Lam.: sterile spike erect, pedunculate, somewhat 
 triangular ; fertile spikes 1 3, ovoid, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flow- 
 ered ; perigynium ovoid-globose, short-rostrate, bifid, about as long as the 
 ovate mucronate or acuminate scale. C. marginata Muhl. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Car. ; common. April. r ^-. Culms growing in tufts, 
 4 12 inches high, slender, rough above. Leaves short, somewhat glaucous. 
 
 Pennsylvanian Sedge. 
 
 72. C. NovcB^AnglifB Schw. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile 
 spikes 2 3, sessile, ovoid, few-flowered, rather remote ; perigynium oblong- 
 
414 . CYPE RACEME. 
 
 ovoid, subtriquetrous, rostrate, minutely pubescent, longer than the ovate- 
 mucronate scale. C. collecia Dew. 
 
 Mountains. Mass, and N. Y. June. r l\.. Culm 6 3 inches high, filiform, 
 nearly decumbent. Leaves smoothish, pale green. New England Sedge. 
 
 13. C. filiformis Linn. : sterile spikes 2 3; fertile spikes 2 3, ovoid- 
 oblong, close-flowered, somewhat remote; perigynium ovoid, short-rostrate, 
 bifurcate, about as long as the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Marshes. N. Eng. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Mich. June. %. Culm 23 
 feet high, obtusely triangular, rigid. Leaves mostly radical, in a tuft, with a long 
 filiform point, pale green. Filiform Sedge. 
 
 74. C. lanuginosa Mich. : Sterile spikes 2 ; fertile 2 3, ovoid-cylindric, 
 remote, erect, nearly sessile; perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular, 
 woolly, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, about as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
 awned glume. C. pellita Muhl. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %. Culm about 2 feet 
 high, nearly round below. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin. 
 
 Woolly Sedge. 
 
 75. C. vestita Willd. : sterile spikes 1 2. cylindric-oblong ; fertile 2, 
 ovoid-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, often staminate at the summit ; peri- 
 gynium ovoid, triangular, nerved, short-rostrate, pubescent, rather longer 
 than the ovate mucronate scale. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Geo. ; rather rare. May. Q. Culm 
 about 2 feet high, acutely triangular, leafy below. Leaves rough. 
 
 Short Woolly Sedge. 
 
 76. C. puAescens Muhl. : sterile spike sessile ; fertile spikes 3, oblong, 
 erect, rather loosely flowered, the lowest on a short peduncle ; perigynium 
 obovoid-triaagular, rostrate, pubescent, nearly entire at the orifice, a little 
 longer than tho ovate-oblong mucronate scale. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. 7J.. Culm 1218 inches 
 high, slender, leafy below. Leaves shorter than the culm, very pubescent. 
 
 Pubescent Sedge. 
 
 77. C. prcecox Jacq. : sterile spike single, erect, subclavate ; fertile spikes 
 1 3, eroid, bracteate, approximate, the lower one short-pedunculate ; peri- 
 gyniup* globose-ovoid, triangular, short-rostrate, about as long as the ovate 
 mucroaate scale. 
 
 Rocky hills. Mass. Dewey. Culm 2 6 inches high, leafy at the base. 
 
 Early Dwarf Sedge. 
 
 fff Pengrtnium smooth, short, not inflated. Spikes dark purple or black. 
 
 78. C. limasa Linn. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 1 3, ovoid or oblong, pedunculate, somewhat distant, pendulous; peri- 
 gyni >r n roundish-elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, about as long as 
 the oblong or ovate cuspidate scale. C. lenticularis and irrigua Dew. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. 1J-. Culm 9 24 inches high, ob- 
 tusely triangular, very smooth, leafy below. Leaves flat, narrow, somewhat 
 glaucous. Mud Sedge. 
 
 79. C. rarijlora Smith : sterile spike single ; fertile spikes about 2, linear, 
 looae-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, trian- 
 
 , depressed, as long as the ovate subcircinate (brown) scale. 
 
CYPKRACE.S. 415 
 
 White Mountains, N. H. Dewey. Culm 10 inches high, glaucous. 
 
 Few-flowered Mountain Sedge. 
 
 80. C. Grayana Dew. : sterile spike oblong ; fertile spikes 2 3, oblong- 
 cylindric, rather loosely flowered; perigynium ovoid-oblong, subtriangula^ 
 subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong 
 obtuse scale. 
 
 Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. and N. J. June. r L\.. Culm 6 16 inches high, 
 erect, triangular. Leaves about as long as the culm, glaucous. Torrey thinks 
 it identical with C. livida Willd., but according to Dewey it differs in several 
 respects. Gray's Sedge. 
 
 fftt Spikes green. 
 
 81 . C.flava Linn. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2 4, 
 ovoid-oblong, rather distant, sometimes androgynous; perigynia ovoid, 
 densely imbricate, bidentate, with a curved and reflexed beak, shorter than 
 the ovate-lanceolate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to N^ Y. June, f ZJ.. Culm 10 20 inches high, ob- 
 tusely triangular, leafy. Whole plant yellowish green. 
 
 Large Yellow Sedge. 
 
 82. C. (Edcri Ehrh. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2 4, 
 ovoid-oblong, nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perigynium ovoid-globose, 
 horizontal, with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate scale. 
 
 Rocky banks, Hudson's Bay to N. J. June. 1|.. Culm 312 inches high, 
 obtusely triangular, leafy. Resembles C.flava, but differs in having fhe spikes 
 more densely flowered and the perigynium much smaller. CEder's Sedge. 
 
 83. C. palescens Linn. : sterile spike solitary, on a short peduncle ; fertile 
 spikes 2 3, ovoid-cylindric, on exserted peduncles, densely flowered, at 
 length somewhat nodding ; perigynium obovoid-oblong, obtuse, smooth, 
 about as long as the ovate scale. 
 
 Wet grounds. Mass, and N. Y. May. %. Culm a foot high, erect, slender, 
 and with the leaves light green and slightly pubescent. Pale Sedge. . 
 
 84. C. Torreyi Tuckerman : sterile spike solitary, oblong, on a short pe- 
 duncle ; fertile spikes, 23, short, subsessile, erect; perigynium obovoid, 
 obtuse, smooth, somewhat triangular, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, a 
 little longer than the acute scale. 
 
 N. Y. Tuckennan. Culm 12 18 inches high, erect, triangular. Plant pale 
 green and pubescent. Torrey' s Sedge. 
 
 85. C. striata Mich. : sterile spikes 12 ; fertile mostly solitary, rarely 2 
 and distant, cylindric-oblong, puncticulate, erect, loose ; perigynium oblong- 
 ovoid, subtriangular, nerved, rough-puncticulate, erect, with an oblique 
 conical beak, rather longer than the ovate acutish scale. C. Halseiiana 
 Dew. 
 
 Swamps. Ma^-s. and N. Y. May. 7J. Culm 12 18 inches high, triangular, 
 roughish. Leaves linear- lanceolate, dark green. Sfnaled Sedge. 
 
 86. C. granular is Muhl. : sterile spike sessile or short-pedunculate ; fertile 
 spikes mostly 3, oblong-cylindric, remote, dense, the two lowest peduncled ; 
 perigynium globose-ovoid, nerved, entire at the orifice, with a very short 
 recurved beak, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale. 
 
416 CYPERACE^E. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. 1\.. Culm a foot high, 
 erect or somewhat decumbent. Leaves subglaucous. Round-fruited Sedge. 
 
 87. C. laxijlora Lam. : sterile spike solitary, subsessile ; fertile spikes 
 mostly 3, rather loose, remote, pedunculate, erect ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, 
 ventricose, obtuse, somewhat shining, longer than the ovate cuspidate 
 scale. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May. 9| Culm 12 18 inches high, erect, 
 smooth. Leaves deep green, longer than the culm. Loose-jloivered Sedge, 
 
 88. C. conoidea Schk. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2 3, ob- 
 long, remote, rather loose, uppermost sessile, the lower on a long peduncle ; 
 perigynium oblong-conic, obtuse, smooth, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the 
 orifice, as long as the ovate subulate scale. C. granular aides Schw. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. May. Culm 6 12 inches high, angles sca- 
 brous. Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green. Conical-fruited Sedge. 
 
 89. C. telanica Schk. : sterile spike long-pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2 3, 
 obi ong-cylind ric, loose, the lowest on a long peduncle; perigynium obovoid, 
 smooth, nerved, recurved and entire at the apex, shorter than the ovate 
 acute or mucronate scale. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. ; rare. May. %. Culm 6 10 inches high, 
 slender, erect. Leaves linear- lanceolate, about as long as the culm, light green. 
 
 Crooked-necked Sedge. 
 
 90. C. oligocarpa Sclik. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 23, erect, 3 4-fiowered, on exserted peduncles ; perigynium roundish- 
 triangular, short-rostrate, longer than the ovate mucronate scale. 
 
 Rocky woods. Hudson's Bay to Penn. W. to Ken. May. '2|. Culm 
 6 12 inches high, erect. Leaves longer than the culm, dark green. C. Hitch- 
 cockiana Dew. is a taller variety, with the culm and leaves minutely pubescent. 
 Torr. Few-fruited Sedge. 
 
 9lT C. digitalis Willd. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes mostly 3. 
 few-flowered and loose, remote, slender, on long and somewhat cernuous 
 peduncles ; perigynium oblong, triangular, nerved, smooth, short-rostrate, 
 entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. retrocurra 
 Dew. ? 
 
 Rocky woods. Mass, and N. Y. j rare. May. Q. Culm 6 15 inches 
 high, slender, sharply triangular. Leaves mostly narrow, (sometimes very 
 wide,) light green and subglaucous. Slender Wood Sedge. 
 
 92. C. anccps Muhl. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 mostly 3, remote, subcylindric, loosely flowered, lower ones pedunculate ; 
 perigynium oval, triangular, acute, striate, recurved at the apex, nearly en- 
 tire at the orifice, about as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. C. planta- 
 ginea Muhl. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. . May. %.. Culm 918 inches high, somewhat 2- 
 edged above. Leaves very variable ; the radical ones sometimes nearly an inch 
 wide ; those of the culm much narrower. Two-edged Sedge. 
 
 93. C. blanda Dew. : sterile spike solitary, triangular ; fertile spikes 2 4, 
 oblong-cylindric, sparse-flowered, the lowest on a long 2-edged peduncle ; 
 perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular, nerved, recurved and entire at the 
 apex, a little longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. conoidea Muhl. 
 
CYPERACE^E. 417 
 
 Dry woods. Mass, to Penn. ; common. May. 1\-. Culm 6 12 inches 
 high, triangular, leafy near the base. Leaves as long as the stem, pale green 
 and somewhat glaucous. Resembles the preceding. Pale Sedge. 
 
 94. C, Crawei Dew. : sterile spike single, oblong ; fertile 2 3, oblong- 
 cylindric. distant, erect, rather closely flowered, the lowest on a longish 
 peduncle ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, with a short beak, slightly nerved, 
 entire at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate scale. ( Torr. N. Y. M.) 
 
 Banks of Black River, near Watertovvn, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Culm 43 
 inches high, erect, leafy. Leaves smooth, as long as the culm, light green. 
 
 Crawe's Sedge. 
 
 95. C. planta&inea Lam. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile 
 spikes 3 4, arising from included or exserted peduncles ; the lower ones 
 with subulate bracts, loose-flowered ; perigynium oblong, triangular-ellip- 
 tic or cuneiform, acute at each end, recurved at the apex, longer than the 
 ovate cuspidate scale. C. Latifolia Schk. 
 
 Shady woods. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. April, May. < 1\-. CulmS 20 inches 
 high, erect, with purplish-brown sheaths. Leaves radical, broad, strongly 3- 
 nerved. Plantain-like Sedge. 
 
 96. C. Carey ana Torr.: sterile spike solitary; fertile spike 23, oblong, 
 few-flowered, loose, lower ones on exserted peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, 
 triangular, smooth, nerved, acuminate, tapering at base, entire at the 
 orifice, twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale. 
 
 Shady woods. N. Y. and Ohio. May. %. Culm 1 2 feet high, erect, 
 leafy near the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, strongly nerved, dark green. 
 Closely allied to the preceding. Carey's Sedge. 
 
 97. C. eburnea Baott: sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes 2 3, erect, 
 3 6-flowered, ovoid, with white leafless sheaths and the upper higher than 
 the sterile spike; perigynium obovoid, triangular, short-rostrate, shining, 
 twice as long as the white ovate hyaline scale. C. alba Dew. 
 
 Rocky banks. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. May. '2J.. Culms 412 inches high, 
 densely cespilose, erect, setaceous, naked. Leaves in a radical tuft, shorter than 
 the culm, setaceous. Bristly White Sedge. 
 
 98. C. flexilis Pudge : sterile spike solitary, oblong, pedunculate ; fer- 
 tile spikes 2 4, oblong-cylindric, on nodding naked peduncles ; perigy- 
 nium ovoid, rostrate, bidentate, about as long as the ovate ciliolate scale. 
 C. blepharoptiora Gray. 
 
 Moist shady places. N. Y. June. ^.Culm 1218 inches high, erect, 
 striate. Leaves narrow, short, pale green, and with the bracts ciliate. 
 
 Fringed Sedge. 
 
 99. C. debilis Mich. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 3 4, on long nodding peduncles, filiform, remote, loose-flowered ; peri- 
 gynium oblong, subtriangular, alternate, rostrate, bifid, twice as long as 
 the ovate-lanceolate scale. C. Jlexiwsa MM, 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. June. ^.Culm 1 2 feet high, weak and 
 slender, sometimes procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. Weak Sedge, 
 
 100. C. arctaia Boott : sterile spike cylindric ; fertile spikes 3 4, re- 
 mote, on long nodding peduncles, slender, loose-flowered; perigynium 
 ovoid-elliptic, triangular, nerved, beaked, bifid at the orifice, rather longer 
 than the ovate membranaceous mucronate scale. C. sylvatica Dew, 
 
 18* 
 
418 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. and N. Y. ; common. May. f i\-. Culm 9 18 inches 
 high, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm, pale green. 
 
 Narrow Sedge. 
 
 101. C. miliacea MM. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
 3, slender, cylindric, on filiform nodding peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, tri- 
 angular, nerveless, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, as long as the 
 ovate-lanceolate scale. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. June. Q\.. Culm 1 2 feet high, slender, 
 leafy below. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm, yellowish-green. 
 
 Millet-like Sedge. 
 
 102. C. lacustris Willd. : sterile spikes 24 ; fertile 23, erect, oblong- 
 cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong, many-nerved, subrostrate, 
 smooth, bifurcate, somewhat longer than the oblong mucronate scale. 
 C. riparia Muhl. 
 
 Marshes. Can. to Car. June. 1\..Culm 35 feet high, stout, acutely tri- 
 angular, rough above, leafy. Leaves long, somewhat glaucous, green. 
 
 Lake Sedge. 
 
 103. C. capillaris Linn. : sterile spike single, small ; fertile spikes 2 3, 
 ovoid-oblong, about 6-flowered, loose, on long and recurved peduncles; 
 perigynium oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique, longer than the ovate-ob- 
 long obtuse scale. 
 
 Alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. H. Dr. Robbins. Culms 27 
 inches high, in tufts, leafy at base. Leaves long and narrow, pale green. 
 
 Capillary Sedge. 
 
 104. C. panicea Linn. : sterile spike single ; fertile spikes 2 3, loose- 
 flowered, distant, the lowest long-pedunculate ; perigynium subglobose, 
 obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little larger than the ovate acute scale. 
 
 Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot high, triangular, leafy at base. 
 Leaves shorter than the culm, light green. Farinaceous Sedge. 
 
 105. C. binervis Smith : sterile spike single ; fertile spikes 3, oblong-cy- 
 lindric, somewhat dense-flowered; perigynium round-ovoid, short-rostrate, 
 bicuspidate, smooth, 2-nerved, twice as long as the ovate subacute glume. 
 
 Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot or more high, triangular, leafy 
 near the base, pale green. Two-nerved Sedge. 
 
 106. C. Greeniana Dew. : sterile spikes 12, erect ; fertile 23, oblong, 
 bracteate, pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, triangular, nerved, 
 rostrate, bifurcate, about as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. 
 
 Near Boston, Mass. ; rare. Dewey. Culm 1 2 feet high, scabrous above, 
 leafy towards the base, light green. Greene's Sedge. 
 
 ORDER CXLVII. GRAMINACE^E. GRASSES. 
 
 Flowers consisting of imbricated bracts ; of which the outer 
 (usually 2) are called glumes, the two inner immediately enclos- 
 ing the stamens, palea, and the 2 or 3 innermost at the base of 
 the ovary (sometimes wanting), scales. Stamens 1 6 or more, 
 but usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary simple ; styles 2 or 3, 
 rarely united into 1 ; stigmas feathery or hairy. Pericarp mem- 
 
GRAMINAOF^F. 419 
 
 branous ; albumen farinaceous. Stem (culm) cylindric, usually 
 hollow and closed at the joints, sometimes solid. Leaves nar- 
 row and undivided, alternate, with a split sheath, and a mem- 
 branous expansion (ligule) at the junction of the stalk and blade. 
 Flowers green, in small spikelets, arranged in a spiked racemed 
 or panicled manner. 
 
 I. ORYZEJE. Spikelets either one-floicered, with the glumes mostly 
 abortive, or 2 3-flowered, one or loth of the lower flowers with a single 
 palea and neutral, the terminal one fertile. Palea somewhat coriaceous. 
 Stamens 1 6. 
 
 1. LEERSIA. Swartz. White Grass. 
 (Named in honor of J. D. Leers, a German botanist.) 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed. Glumes none> Palese 2, 
 compressed-carinate, awnless ; lower one much broader. Sta- 
 mens 3 6, rarely solitary. Panicle simple or branched. 
 
 1. L. Viginica Willd. : panicle simple, the lower branches spreading ; 
 flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel, 
 
 Wet woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. Vl.Culm 2 i feet high, 
 slender, branched, geniculate, erect or decumbent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted ; branches few and solitary. 
 
 Virginian White-grass. 
 
 2. L. oryzoides Swartz : panicle branched, diffuse, often sheathed at base ; 
 spikelets rather spreading ; flowers triandrous ; palese strongly ciliate on the 
 keel. 
 
 Ditches and swamps. Throughout the U. S. Aug. Sept. 1\ . Root creep- 
 ing. Culm 3 5 feet high, geniculate, rough. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 very rough, with hooked prickles. Panicle with many widely spreading and 
 flexuous branches. A worthless grass. Cut-grass. 
 
 2. ZIZANIA. Linn.^ Wild Rice. 
 (A Greek name, supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium perenne.) 
 
 Monoecious. Spikelets one-flowered. STERILE. FL. Glumes 
 none, or only rudimentary. Palese 2, herbaceous, concave, 
 nearly equal, awnless. Stamens 6. PERFECT. FL. Glumes none. 
 Paleee 2, herbaceous ; lower one longer, oblong, keeled, termi- 
 nating in a straight awn. Styles 2, short. Pnnicle large, ter- 
 minal. 
 
 1. Z. aquafica Linn.: panicle pyramidal; lower branches spreading, 
 sterile; upper branches nearly erect, fertile; spikelets on clavate pedicels ; 
 awns long ; caryopsis slender, linear. Z. clavidosa Micfi. 
 
 Swamps and overflowed banks. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. % 
 Culm 4 8 feet high, stout, terete, smooth. Leaves very long, broad-linear. 
 Panicle terminal, a foot or more long, with verticillate branches. 
 
 Wild Rice. Water Oat*. 
 
420 GRAMINACEJ2. 
 
 2. Z. miliacea Mick. : panicle effuse, pyramidal ; sterile and fertile flowers 
 intermixed ; style 1 ; palese with short awns ; caryopsis ovate, smooth. 
 
 Swamps, &c. Penn. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug. 1|~ Culm erect, 6 10 
 feet high. Leaves very long, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large. 
 
 Millet-like Zizania. 
 
 II. PHALARE-E. Spikelets perfect, polygamous or rarely monoe- 
 cious; either 1-flowered, with or without a rudimentary stipe-like 
 flower ; or 2-flowered, thejlowers perfect or sterile ; or 2 3-flowered, 
 the terminal Jlowers perfect, the rest imperfect. Glumes mostly equal. 
 Palecc often shining and indurated in fruit. 
 
 3. CRYPSIS. Ait. Crypsis. 
 
 (From the Greek icpvtyis, concealment ; the flowers being hidden in the sheath 
 of the leaf.) 
 
 Glumes 2, compressed, unequal. Palese 2, unequal, longer 
 than the glumes. Stamens 2 3. Caryopsis loose, covered by 
 the palese. Panicle spike-like, oblong. 
 
 C. Virginica Nutt. : culm procumbent and geniculate ; leaves at length 
 involute, rigid, pungent ; spike oblong-cylindric, thick and lobed. Agros- 
 tis Virginica Willd. 
 
 Sandy fields, near Philadelphia. Aug. Oct. .Culm 612 inches long, 
 branched from the base. Leaves short, filiform, nearly smooth and somewhat 
 glaucous. Spikes closely sheathed, axillary and terminal. Virginian Crypsis. 
 
 4. ALOPECURUS. Linn. Fox-tail Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek aAwrn?!, a fox, and ovpa } a tail ; in allusion to the form of 
 the spike.) 
 
 Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes 2, boat-shaped and keeled, 
 awnless, nearly equal, united at base. Lower palea membra- 
 naceous, compressed, with the margins united below, awned on 
 the back below the middle ; upper palea wanting. Styles often 
 connate at the base. Panicle spiked, cylindric, terminal. 
 
 1. A. pratensis Linn.: culm erect, smooth; spike cylindric, obtuse; 
 glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the palea. 
 
 Fields and pastures. N. S. ; rare. May Aug. 1|~ Culm simple, 2 4 feet 
 high. Leaves flat, smooth. Spike 1 finches long. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Common Fox-tail-grass. 
 
 2. A. geniculatus Linn. : culm ascending, geniculate at base ; spike 
 cylindric, obtuse ; glumes cuneate at base, obtuse, hairy on the back and 
 margin ; awn twice as long as the flower. 
 
 var. aristulatus Torr. : awn scarcely exserted. A. aristulalus Mich. 
 
 Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Ohio ; rare. June. %. Culm 
 12 18 inches high, knee-jointed and rooting below, terete, smooth. Leaves 
 linear-laooceolate, very acute. Spike nearly 2 inches long. 
 
 Water Fox-tati-grass. 
 
GRAMINACE.E. 421 
 
 5. PHLEUM. Linn Cat-tail Grass. 
 
 (An ancient Greek name ; supposed however to have been originally applied 
 to a different plant.; 
 
 Glumes 2, much longer than the palese, distinct, equal, boat- 
 shaped, beaked or mucronate. Paleae 2, included in the glumes, 
 awnless, truncate. Panicle spiked, dense, cylindric. 
 
 P. pratense Linn. : culm erect ; spike cylindric ; glumes truncate, mucro- 
 nate, with a ciliate keel ; awn shorter than the glume. 
 
 Fields. N. S. June Aug. 1\. Culm 23 feet high, simple, smooth. 
 Leaves flat, smooth and glaucous. Spike long, cylindric, green. Introduced 
 from Europe. Timothy. Herd's-grass. 
 
 &. PHALARIS Linn. Canary Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek ^>aXos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth and polished paleae.; 
 Spikelets 3 -flowered ; the two inferior flowers scale-like and 
 minute ; upper flowers perfect. Glumes 2, nearly equal, mem- 
 branaceous, gibbous on the back, keeled, awnless. Paleae 2, 
 coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, awnless ; upper one sur- 
 rounded by the lower. Panicle dense and spike-like. 
 
 1. P. arundinacea Linn.: panicle ovoid, spiked; glumes boat-shaped, 
 serrulate ; palese unequal ; abortive flowers hairy. Calamagrostis colorata 
 Nutt. 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Car. J.uly, Aug. 7].. Culm 2 5 feet high, erect, a little 
 branching. Leaves deep green, lanceolate. Panicle 24 inches long, at length 
 a little spreading. The Ribbon-grass, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is a 
 variety of this species. Reed Canary-grass. 
 
 2. P. Canariensis Linn. : panicle spike-like, oval ; glumes boat-shaped, 
 entire at the apex ; abortive flowers smooth. 
 
 In pastures and wet places, N. Y. July. (T). Culm a foot and a half high, 
 simple. Leaves broad-linear, pale green. Glumes twice the length of the paleae, 
 yellowish-green. Introduced from Europe. Common Canary-grass. 
 
 7. HOLCUS. Linn. Soft Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek 6\Kos , derived from *Xu), to extract ; because of its supposed 
 virtue in drawing out thorns from the flesh.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, polygamous. Glumes herbaceous, 
 somewhat boat-shaped, mucronate. Lower flower perfect, awn- 
 less ; upper one staminate or neutral, pedicillate ; the lower 
 palea awned on the back. Panicle more or less contracted. 
 
 H. lanalus Linn. : panicle oblong, rather contracted ; flowers shorter than 
 the glumes, the upper one with a recurved awn. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. Mass, and Penn. W. to Mich. July. %. Plant 
 covered with a soft whitish pubescence. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high, 
 Leaves 2 5 inches long, flat. Panicle somewhat dense. Glumes pubescent, 
 whitish or tinged with purple. A grass of little or no vaJue. Introduced from 
 Europe. Meadow Soft-gravs. White Timothy. 
 
422 GRAMINACES. 
 
 III. PAMCEJE. Spikelets 2-Jlowered; the lower flower imperfect, 
 usually neutral, rarely staminale. Glumes of a thinner texture than 
 the palea ; the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Palea more or 
 less coriaceous? mostly awnless ; the lower one concave. 
 
 8. PASPALUM. Linn. Paspalum. 
 
 (From the Greek Tro^aXo? , millet ; on account of the resemblance of its grain.) 
 Spikelets 2 -flowered. Glume single. Lower flower neutral, 
 of a single palea, membranaceous, awnless, as long as the glume. 
 Perfect flowers with 2 coriaceous awnless palese ; the lower 
 concave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3. Flowers in 
 unilateral spikes. 
 
 1 . P. setaceum, Mich. : culm erect or decumbent, slender ; leaves and 
 sheaths hairy ; spikes mostly 2, the one on a long, the other on a short pe- 
 duncle from the same sheath ; spikelets in 2 rows. P. pubescent MuM. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. ^.Culm prostrate or erect, 12 
 feet high. Leaves narrow, mostly very hairy and ciliate on the margin. Ter- 
 minal spike on a peduncle which is 2 6 inches long. Hairy Paspalum. 
 
 2. P. ciliatifolium Mich. : culm decumbent ; leaves hairy and ciliate ; 
 sheaths hairy ; spikes 1 2, rather lax ; spikelets indistinctly 3-rowed. P. 
 ciliatum Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. Mass, to Car. Sept. 1].. Culm 18 inches long, slender and 
 simple. Spike mostly solitary, terminal. Fringed Paspalum. 
 
 3. P. latve Mich.: culm erect, very smooth, rather stout: leaves short, 
 mostly smooth, hairy at base ; spikes 3 6, alternate ; spikelets in two 
 rows, ovoid-roundish, smooth. 
 
 Dry meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. f l\.. Culm H 3 feet high. Leaves 
 broad-linear, long. Spikes usually 34, spreading ; rachis flexuous. 
 
 Smooth Paspalum. 
 
 4. P. stoloniferum Base. : culm prostrate at base ; leaves short, subcor- 
 date ; spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat verticillate, spreading ; flow- 
 ers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose. 
 
 Cedar swamps. N. J. Aug. 1J-. Culm 2 feet long, branched, geniculate, 
 stoloniferous. Spikes very numerous (30 50.) Stoloniferous Paspalum. 
 
 9. MILIUM. Linn. Millet Grass. 
 
 (Supposed to be derived from the Latin mule, a thousand ; on account of its 
 fertility.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered. Glume single, membranaceous, con- 
 cave. Lower flower neutral, and consisting of a single palea re- 
 sembling the glume ; upper flower perfect, the paleee awnless. 
 Lower palea concave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3. 
 Panicle spreading. 
 
 1. M. effusum Linn.: panicle diffuse, compound, branches horizontal; 
 glumes ovate, very obtuse ; palese awnless. smooth and shining. 
 
GRAMINACE^. 423 
 
 Woods and meadows. Can. and N. Y. July, Aug. r l\.. Culm 36 feet 
 high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, smooth beneath, roughish 
 above. Panicle oblong, 6 10 inches in length. Common Millet-grass. 
 
 2. M. amphicarpon Pursh : leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy, ciliate ; pan- 
 icle simple, contracted, bearing staminate flowers; fertile flowers on solitary 
 elongated radical scapes, at length subterraneous. M. ciliatum Muhl. 
 
 Sandy Swamps. N. J. Aug., Sept. 1\-. Culms numerous, 1 2 feet high, 
 assurgent. Panicle appressed. Glumes acuminate. This species is well 
 figured by Pursh. Fringed Millet-grass. 
 
 10. DIGITARIA. Scop. Finger Grass. 
 
 (From the Latin digitus, a. finger ; the spikes being digitate or finger-like.) 
 Spikelets unilateral, in pairs, on short bifid pedicels. Glumes 
 
 mostly 2-valved ; lower valve very small, sometimes wanting. 
 
 Lower flower abortive ; paleae single, membranaceous. Upper 
 
 flower perfect ; paleae 2, coriaceous, nearly equal, lance-oblong. 
 
 Spikes linear, digitate or fasciculate. 
 
 1. D. sanguinolis Scop.: leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy; spikes 
 numerous, fascicled, somewhat spreading ; spikelets oblong, in pairs ; flow- 
 ers pubescent on the margin. Panicum sanguinale Linn. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. Oct. . Culm 12 18 inches 
 long, decumbent or assurgent. Leaves lanceolate, sometimes undulate on the 
 margin. Spikes usually ^4 6, sometimes 8 9, becoming purple ; rachis flex- 
 uous. Hairy Finger-grass. Crab-grass. 
 
 2. D. glabra R. (f* S. : leaves and sheaths smooth ; spikes digitate, some- 
 what alternate, (3 4,) spreading ; spikelets ovoid, crowded ; lower glume 
 almost wanting, upper as long as the abortive flower, both hairy. Pani- 
 cum glabrum Gaud. Torr. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.} 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. (]j.Culm about a foot long, 
 mostly decumbent. Leaves sometimes very slightly hairy. Spikes mostly 3, 
 about 2 inches long. Probably introduced. Smooth Finger-grass. 
 
 3. D.filiformis Beauv. : culm filiform, erect ; leaves short; lower sheaths 
 very hairy; spikes 2 4, filiform, alternate and opposite ; spikelets in twos 
 and threes, all pedicellate, elliptic-oblong ; glume l-valved, as long as the 
 abortive flower, pubescent. Panicum filiforme Linn. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. (>. Culm 12 feet high, very slen- 
 der. Leaves 1 2 inches long, sometimes a little hairy. Spikes mostly 2, 
 ] 2 inches long ; rachis rough, flexuous. Slender Finger-grass. 
 
 11. PANICUM. Linn. Panic Grass. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Latin panis, bread; the grain of some species 
 being used for food.; 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, naked. Glumes 2, unequal, membrana- 
 ceous, concave. Lower flower of one or two paleae, staminate or 
 neutral, membranaceous. Upper flower perfect ; the paleae 2, 
 coriaceous, nearly equal, concave. Stamens 3. Spikelets in 
 loose or somewhat racemose panicles. 
 
424 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 * Spikekts in loose panicles, \ 
 
 1. P. virgatum Linn. : whole plant very smooth ; panicle diffuse, very 
 large ; spikelets scattered ; flowers acuminate ; the lower one staminate, 
 with nearly equal palese. 
 
 Wet banks, especially near salt water. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. '2]- - 
 Culm 3 5 feet high. Leaves very long, flat. Panicle virgate, at length spread- 
 ing, often a foot long. Tall Smooth Panic-grass. 
 
 2. P. capillare Linn. : culm erect, straight ; sheaths very hairy ; panicle 
 large, capillary, expanding, loose ; spikelets on long peduncles, acuminate, 
 smooth ; abortive flower without an upper palea. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (I). Culm 1 2 feet high, 
 sometimes branched. Leaves flat, broad. Panicle pyramidal, often purplish. 
 
 Hair-stalked Panic-grass. 
 
 3. P. depauperalum Muhl. : culms cespitose ; panicle nearly simple, on a 
 long peduncle, few-flowered, with flex'uous branches; spikelets obovoid, al- 
 ternate, pedicellate, large and somewhat turgid; upper palea of the neutral 
 flower very small. P. rectum R. fy S. P. involutum. Torr. Fl. 
 
 Dry sandy soils. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. f l\. Culm about a foot high, 
 mostly simple. Leaves short, becoming longer above, narrow-linear, hairy 
 beneath, at length involute. Panicle terminal, on a slender peduncle ; branches 
 mostly in pairs, the lower longer and bearing 2 spikelets. 
 
 Few-flowered Panic-grass. 
 
 4. P. dicholomum Linn. : culm at first nearly simple, with a single pedun- 
 culate terminal compound panicle, but at length more or less branched and 
 fastigiate with small lateral nearly simple panicles ; spikelets minute, on 
 long peduncles, obovoid, mostly pubescent; lower glume one-third the 
 length of the upper; lower flower neutral, the upper palea minute. (Torr. 
 N. Y. jPZ.) P. nitidum Lam. P. barbulatum and ramulosum Mich. 
 
 Moist meadows and woods. N. Y. to Car. July Sept. r l\.. Culm 824 
 inches high, mostly erect, but sometimes procumbent, smooth or pubescent. 
 Radical leaves short and very broad, often purplish ; upper ones narrower and 
 much longer, Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable 
 species. Variable Panic-grass. 
 
 5. P. verrucosum Muhl. : culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, 
 branching from the base, and with the leaves smooth ; panicle capillary, 
 widely spreading, few-flowered ; spikelets ovoid ; flowers verrucose ; neutral 
 flowers without an upper palea. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. Qj.. Culm 1 2 feet long, 
 much branched; the nodes smooth and inflated. Leaves narrow, spreading, 
 smooth. Panicles terminal and lateral, loose ; the branches flexuous. 
 
 Warty -flowered Panic-grass. 
 
 6. P. dandestinum Linn. : culm with short axillary branches, the nodes 
 smooth ; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at the base ; sheaths 
 hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid, pubescent ; the 
 lower flower neutral, with 2 pale ; upper valve obtuse. - P. lalifolium var. 
 clandsstinum Pursh. 
 
 var. pedunculatum Torr. : sheaths less hispid; terminal panicle on a long 
 peduncle. (N. Y. Fl.} P. pedunculalum Torr. FL 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. T\..Culm 13 feet high, erect, 
 rigid, very leafy. Leaves broad, strongly nerved. Panicles terminal and lateral, 
 
G R A M I N A C K JE. 425 
 
 the former wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or on a long peduncle. 
 Anthers and stigmas purple. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass. 
 
 7. P. latifolium Linn. : culm mostly simple, bearded at the joints; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent ; pan- 
 icle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent ; spikelets oblong-ovoid ; 
 lower flower staminate, of 2 paleae ; upper palea somewhat herbaceous, 
 nearly as long as the lower, acute. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to HI. June, July. %..Culm 12 feet high, 
 simple or a little branched. Leaves cordate and clasping at base. Panicle 
 2 inches long, with pubescent downy branches. Broad-leaved Panic-grass. 
 
 8. P. scoparium Lam. : whole plant softly villous ; leaves lanceolate ; 
 panicle erect, compound, setaceous, much branched ; spikelets turgid, ovoid, 
 pubescent. 
 
 Wood. N. J. to Car. 7J.. Culm 2 feet high, mostly simple. Flowers larger 
 than in any of our species. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. 
 
 Broom-like Panic-grass. 
 
 9. P. nervosum Muhl. : culm simple, with the nodes smooth ; leaves 
 broad-lanceolate, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin ; panicle much 
 branched, smooth, many-flowered ; spikes oblong ; lower flower staminate ; 
 upper palea somewhat herbaceous, shorter than the lower. 
 
 Marshy grounds. N. J. to Car. July. Tj.. Culm 3 4 feet high. Panicle 
 4 5 inches long, decompound. Allied to P. latifolium, but is taller, and has 
 the joints smooth and the panicles decompound and smooth. 
 
 Nerved Panic-grass. 
 
 10. P. xanthophysum Gray: culm erect, simple or branching from the 
 base ; leaves lanceolate, strongly nerved, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy ; 
 panicle nearly simple, few-flowered, the branches erect ; spikelets globose- 
 obovate, pubescent ; lower flower staminate', of 2 palese, as long as the 
 obovate perfect flower. 
 
 Dry pine plains. Oneida, Hamilton, and Madison counties, N. Y. July. 7J.. 
 Culm 1215 inches high, slender, smooth. Leaves very acute. Panicle 
 on a long naked slender peduncle. Whole plant yellowish when dry. 
 
 Yellow Panic-grass. 
 
 11. P. macrocarpon Torr,'. culm erect, simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 erect, a little hairy beneath ; joints naked ; sheaths hispid ; panicle rather 
 compound, smooth ; spikelets globose-ovoid ; abortive flower neutral. 
 
 Banks of streams. Mass, and N. J. July. 1\.. Culm 3 feet high, erect. 
 Panicle with few spreading flexuous branches. Large-fruited Panic-grass. 
 
 12. P. pubescens Linn.: erect, much branched, leafy, softly pubescent; 
 leaves lanceolate, ciliate ; panicle small, few-flowered, free ; spikelets sub- 
 globose-ovoid, pubescent. 
 
 Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July. 1\.. Culm 18 inches high. Leaves and 
 nodes hairy. Panicle with horizontal branches. Hairy Panic-grass. 
 
 ** SpikeUts in somewhat racemose panicles. 
 
 13. P. agrostoides Muhl.: culm erect, compressed, smooth; leaves very 
 long : panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, spreading ; the spikelets 
 ovoid-oblong, acute, appressed, and somewhat racemose ; lower flower 
 neutral, with 2 nearly equal palese. P. elongatum Pursh. 
 
426 
 
 Moist meadows. N. Y. to Virg. July Sept, '^. Culm 23 feet high, 
 smooth at the joints. Leaves forming a tuft at the base of the culm. Panicle 
 mostly dark purple. Agrostis-like Panic-grass. 
 
 14. P. anceps Mich. : culm compressed ; sheaths ancipital. hairy near 
 the throat and on the margin ; panicles erect, oblong, with simple branches ; 
 spikelets interruptedly racemose, acuminate ; neutral flower with the upper 
 palea oblong obtuse or emarginate. P. rostratum Muhl. 
 
 Fields and meadows. Penn. to Car. July. 1|.. Culm 2 4 feet high, com- 
 pressed, somewhat geniculate at base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy above, 
 roughish on the margin. Panicles terminal and lateral, oblong, the branches 
 erect. A variable species. Two-edged Panic-grass. 
 
 15. P. proliferum Lam. : smooth ; culm assurgent or procumbent, branch- 
 ing and geniculate at base; panicles terminal and lateral, compound; 
 spikelets somewhat racemose; abortive flower without an upper palea. 
 P. dichotomiflorum, Mich. P. genicuLatum Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. (I). Culm 1 3 feet long, stout 
 and somewhat succulent. Leaves 8 12 inches or more in length. Panicles 
 large and pyramidal. Proliferous Panic-grass. 
 
 16. P. longifolium Torr. : very smooth; culm compressed, erect, simple, 
 slender ; leaves very long and narrow ; panicle simple, elongated, racemose ; 
 spikelets acuminate ; abortive flower with 2 paleae. 
 
 Pine Barrens. N. J. Sept., Oct. %,CvJm about 2 feet high. Leaves a 
 foot, or more long, very narrow. Panicle few-flowered. 
 
 Long-leaved Panic-grass. 
 
 17. P. Cms- Gcdli Linn. : spikes alternate and in pairs, simple or com- 
 pound : spikelets imbricate ; glumes and outer pales of the neutral flower 
 hispid, awned or mucronate ; rachis hispid, about 5-angled ; sheaths 
 smooth. Oplismenus Crus-Galli Kunth. 
 
 var. hispidum Torr. : sheaths hispid ; awns very long. P. hispidum Muhl. 
 
 Wet places, near barn-yards, &c. N. Y. to Car. Aug.. Sept. (1). Culm 
 2 4 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves rather broad, flat, serrulate on the mar- 
 gin. Panicle dense, pyramidal, with the spikelets in dense spike-form racemes. 
 The rough variety is often found near salt water. Introduced ? 
 
 Cock's-foot Panic-grass. 
 
 12. SETARIA. JBeauv. Bristle Grass. 
 
 (From the Latin seta, a bristk ; in allusion to the bristly involucres of the 
 spikelets.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more 
 bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower flower abor- 
 tive ; palese 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper flower perfect ; paleae 
 cartilaginous. Flowers in a compound cylindric spike. 
 
 1 . riridis Beauv. : spike cylindric ; involucre of 4 1 fasciculate 
 bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; paleae of the perfect flower longi- 
 tudinally striate, dotted ; margin of the sheaths hairy. Panicum viride 
 Linn. Pennisetum viride Brown. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. . 
 Culm 2 3 feet high, erect, mostly simple. Leaves linear, flat, roughish. Spike 
 terminal, 2 3 inches long, green; the rachis hairy. Probably a naturalized 
 foreigner. Green Bristh-grast. 
 
GRAMINACE^:. 427 
 
 2. S. glauca Beauv. : spike cylinclric ; involucre of 6 10 fascicled bris- 
 tles, much longer than the spikelets ; glumes smooth; paleae of the perfect 
 flower transversely rugose. Panicum glaucum Linn. Pennisetum glau- 
 cum Brawn. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. N. Y. and Mass to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. (T). 
 Culm 2 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, hairy at base. Spike 2 4 inches long, 
 tawny or orange-yellow ; the rachis angular and hairy. Introduced from 
 Europe. Glaucous Bristle-grass. 
 
 3. (S 1 . verticillata Beauv. : spike subverticillate ; bristles of the involucre 
 in pairs, retrorsely scabrous ; spikelets solitary; palese of the perfect flower 
 roughish-punctate. Panicum verticiUatum Linn. Pennisetum verticilla- 
 tum Nutt. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Mass, to Del. July. . Culm about 2 feet high, 
 smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin. Spike 2 3 inches 
 long, composed of interrupted whorls; rachis angled and rough. Introduced 
 from Europe. Rough Bristle-grass. 
 
 4. S. Italica Beauv. : involucre many times longer than the flowers ; 
 spike compound, interrupted at base, nodding ; spikelets glomerate. Pani- 
 cum Italicum Linn. Pennisetum Italicum Nutt. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. J. to Car. July. (T). Culm 4, (at the South sometimes 
 10.) feet high. Spike or panicle 6 8 inches long. A naturalized foreigner; of 
 little value as a grass. Italian Bristle- grass. 
 
 13. CENCHRUS. Linn. Bur Grass. 
 
 (From a Greek word signifying millet ; supposed to have been originally ap- 
 plied to some other plant.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, 1- 3, enclosed in a laciniate spiny or 
 bristly involucre which is finally hardened. Glumes 2, unequal, 
 membranaceous. Flowers dissimilar ; the lower staminate or 
 neutral ; the upper perfect. Inflorescence racemose. 
 
 C. tribuloides Linn. : involucres globose, pubescent, muricate-spinose, 
 split on one side, enclosing 2 3 spikelets. C. echinatus Muhl. 
 
 Dry sandy soils. Throughout the U. S. Aug. (1). Culm erect or decum- 
 bent, 1 2 feet long, geniculate, branching. Leaves rather short, flat. Spikes 
 about 2 inches long, consisting of 8 10 sessile bur-like heads. A very trouble- 
 some weed. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-grass. 
 
 IV. STIPEJE. Spikelets \-flowered. Lower palea involute, usually 
 indurated in fruit, awned at the tip ; the awn simple or 3-cleft, mostly 
 twisted and articulated at the base. Ovary more or less slipitate. 
 Scales mostly 3. 
 
 14. ORYZOPSIS^ Mich. Mountain Rice. 
 (From the Greek op''", rice, and oil/is, resemblance.} 
 
 Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, equal, awnless. Palese 2, 
 elliptic, nearly equal, coriaceous, with an articulated awn at the 
 tip. Scales linear-elongated. Inflorescence panicled. 
 
 1. O. asperi folia Mich. : radical leaves elongated; sheaths of the culm 
 
428 
 
 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 nearly leafless ; panicle racemose ; awn longer than the flower ; pales 
 whitish when mature. 
 
 Rocky woods. Subaret. Amer. to N. Y. April, May. 7J.. Culm about 18 
 inches high, simple, smoothish, purple at base. Radical leaves as long as the 
 culm, rough. Panicle very simple ; the branches short and appressed. 
 
 White Mountain Rice. 
 
 2. O. melanocarpa Muhl. : culm leafy ; panicle nearly simple, the lower 
 branches more or less spreading ; flowers somewhat racemose ; glumes 
 ovate-lanceolate ; palese blackish when mature, somewhat hairy ; the lower 
 one with an awn 2 3 times as long as the flower. Piptatherum, nigrum 
 Torr. Ft. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug. 1\.. Culm 2 3 feet high, erect, 
 simple. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle sparingly branched. Awn 
 nearly an inch long. Caryopsis black. Black-fruited Mountain Rice. 
 
 3. O. Canadensis Torr. : leaves very short, pungent ; panicle contracted, 
 the branches usually in pairs, ovoid ; palese hairy ; awn short, often decidu- 
 ous or wanting. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Milium pungens Torr. Fl. 
 
 Rocky hills. Mass, and N. Y. 7J.. Culm 8 15 inches high, slender, simple, 
 rigid. Radical leaves 6 8 inches long, about a line wide, at length involute, 
 pungent. Panicle oblong, few-flowered. Dwarf Oryzopsis. 
 
 15. STIPA. Linn. Feather Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek OTWIJ, a feathery substance ; particularly applicable to one 
 of the species.) 
 
 Spikelets 1-flowered ; the flower stipitate. Glumes 2-valved, 
 membranaceous. Palese 2, longer than the glumes, somewhat 
 coriaceous, cylindric-involute ; the lower awned at the summit. 
 Awn twisted at the base. Caryopsis terete, furrowed. In- 
 florescence panicled. 
 
 S. avenacca Linn. : leaves setaceous ; panicle spreading, somewhat se- 
 cund, the branches mostly in pairs ; glumes as long as the paleae ; awn 
 very long, naked. S. barbata Mich. 
 
 Sandy woods. N. Y. and Mass. toGeor. June. r H. Culm about 2 feet high, 
 slender, simple. Leaves mostly radical, 6 S inches long. Panicle nodding, at 
 length diffuse. , Black Oat-grass. 
 
 16. ARISTIDA. Linn. Three-awned Grass. 
 (From the Latin arista, an awn or beard.") 
 
 Flower stipitate. Glumes membranaceous, unequal. Paleae 
 mostly 2 ; lower one coriaceous, involute, 3 -awned at the tip ; 
 upper very minute or obsolete. Scales 2, entire, smooth. 
 Spikelets racemose or paniculate. " 
 
 1. A. dichotoma Mich. : culm cespitose, dichotomously branched; panicle 
 contracted, racemose; lateral awns very short; the intermediate one nearly 
 as long as the palese, contorted. 
 
 Sterile soils. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. Aug. (1) I Culm 915 inches long, 
 slender, branching at the joints. Leave* flat, very slender, smoothish. Ra- 
 cemes on clavat* peduncles. Forked Three-awned Grass. 
 
GRAMINACE^E. 429 
 
 2. A. gracilis Ell. : culm very slender, erect ; panicle spiked, the flow- 
 er* appressed ; lateral awns rather shorter than the palese, erect ; middle 
 one longer, bent, not twisted ; lower palea spinulose on the keel. ( Torr. 
 N. Y. Fl.} A. stricta Darlingl. not of Mich. 
 
 Sterile sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. Sept. (). Culm 415 inches high, 
 smooth. Leaves very narrow, convolute when dry. Panicle 2 5 inches long, 
 slender. A stricta Mich, is probably confined to the southern states. 
 
 Slender Three-awned Grass. 
 
 3. A. purpurascens Pair. : culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves very nar- 
 row, flat ; flowers in a long spiked panicle ; awns nearly equal, twice as 
 long as the palese, divaricate. 
 
 Sandy fields and woods. Mass, to Penn. \ Sept. %.. Culm 23 feet high, 
 Leaves filiform at the extremity. Panicle elongated, loose,purple. Introduced ? 
 
 Purple Three-awned Grass. 
 
 V. AGROSTE.E. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely with the subulate rudi- 
 ment of an upper flower. Glumes and palea 2, membranaceoously 
 herbaceous ; lower palea often awned. Stigma mostly sessile. 
 
 17. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. Muhlenbergia. 
 
 (In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., one of the most distinguished 
 American botanists.) 
 
 Glumes 2, very minute, unequal, one scarcely perceptible. 
 Paleae much longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, nerved, 
 hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long slender bris- 
 tle. Panicle more or less contracted. 
 
 1 . M. diffusa Schnb. : culm decumbent, diffuse ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
 panicle slender, branched, the branches appressed ; bristles about twice as 
 long as the palea. 
 
 Woods and pastures. N. Y. to Car. July. 1{-. Culm 12 18 inches long, 
 compressed, geniculate, branched. Leaves rough. Panicles terminal and lat- 
 eral, very slender ; bristle purplish. 
 
 SpreadingMuhlenbergia. Drop-seed Grass. 
 
 2. M. erecta Schreb. : culm erect, simple ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent ; 
 panicle simple, loose ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper palea with 
 an awn at base lodged in a groove on the back. Drachyelytrum aristatum 
 Beauv. 
 
 Rocky hills. Can. to Car. July. %.. Root creeping. Culm 23 feet high, 
 erect, slender. Leaves 4 6 inches long. Panicle simple, racemose, erect. 
 Lower palea with a very long awn. Erect Muhlenbergia. 
 
 18. CINNA. Linn. Cinna. 
 (From the Greek Kiwa, a kind of grain.) 
 
 Glumes nearly equal, compressed, the upper one 3 -nerved. 
 Paleoe 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipitate, naked at 
 the base ; the lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a 
 short awn near the summit. Stamen I, Panicle loose. 
 
430 GRAMlNACEJi. 
 
 C. arundinacea Willd. : culm simple, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
 panicle large, loose, with the branches somewhat in fours, capillary. 
 Muhlenbergia Cinna Trin. Agrostis Cinna Pursh. 
 
 Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. ^.Culm 25 feet high. Leaves a 
 foot or more in length, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, 8 12 inches 
 long. Flowers green or purplish. Reed-like Cinna. 
 
 19. AGROSTIS. Linn. Bent Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek aypos, afield ; in reference to the place of growth.) 
 Glumes 2, nearly equal, usually longer than the flower, point- 
 less. Paleae 2 ; the lower one mostly awned on the back ; upper 
 often minute or nearly wanting. Panicle diffuse. 
 
 1. A. stricta Willd.: culm erect; panicle elongated; the branches ver- 
 ticillate, nearly erect ; glumes equal, oblong acute ; palese two, smaller 
 than the glumes, unequal ; the lower one twice as long as the upper, with 
 an awn at the base about twice as long as the palea. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. 1\.. Culm about a foot high, 
 smooth, with black nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin. 
 Panide oblong, the primary branches whorled in fives. Spikelels somewhat 
 crowded. Upright-flowered Bent-grass. 
 
 2. A. vulgaris With,: culm ascending; panicle oblong, spreading, the 
 branches smoothish and at length divaricate ; paleae unequal, the outer 
 one 3-nerved. A. alba Muhl. A. polymorpha Gray. 
 
 Pastures and meadows. Throughout the U. S. July. 1\.. Root creeping, 
 throwing out many mostly ascending culms 1 2 feet high. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, flat, scabrous, the ligule very short. Panicle 4 6 inches long, pur- 
 plish, the branches a little rough. Introduced, but now completely naturalized. 
 
 Herd's- grass. Red-lop. 
 
 3. A. alba Linn.: panicle contracted, at length spreading, the branches 
 hispid ; lower palea 5-nerved ; ligule oblong. A. stolonifera Linn. A. de- 
 cumbens Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. June, July. %.. Root creeping. 
 Culm 1 2 feet high, ascending, often rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 
 roughish, the sheaths smooth. Panicle pale green or purplish. Closely allied 
 to the preceding, but generally stouter and taller. Introduced, but everywhere 
 naturalized. Herd's-grass. Fiorin-grass. 
 
 4. A. later ijlora Mich. : culm erect, branched ; panicles lateral and termi- 
 nal, contracted, dense-flowered ; glumes acuminate ; paleae about as long 
 as the glumes, equal, pubescent at base, awnless. A. Mexicana MuM. 
 Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. 
 
 Moist grounds. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. 1\.. Root creeping. Culm 
 2 feet or more high, much branched, often geniculate. Leaves broad-linear, 
 flat. Panicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish. 
 
 Lateral-jlowered Bent-grass. 
 
 5. A. sobolifera Muhl.: culm erect, branched; panicle contracted, fili- 
 form, simple, with appressed alternate branches ; palese equal, longer than 
 the glumes, awnless, hairy at base, the lower one mucronate at the tip. 
 Muhlenbergia soboLifera Trin. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. %. Culm 2 feet high, sobolif- 
 *>us, sometimes decumbent. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Pan- 
 icle with Ihe flowers rather crowded. Slender-branched Bent-grass. 
 
G R A M J N A C E A: . 43 I 
 
 6. A tenuiflvra, Willd. : culm nearly simple, pubescent about the joints ; 
 branches appressed ; panicle contracted, filiform ; palese twice as long as 
 the glume, hairy at base, the lower one three or four times as long as the 
 spikelet. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. Root creeping. Culm 3 feet 
 or more high, with swelling and pubescent nodes. Leaves few, spreading, 
 strongly nerved. Panicle elongated, very slender and contracted. 
 
 Slender-flowered Bent-grass. 
 
 7. A. sylvatica Torr. : culm ascending, much branched, diffuse, smooth ; 
 panicle slender, rather dense-flowered ; pulese longer than the glumes ; 
 awn about three times as long as the flower. A. diffusa Muhl. Muhlen- 
 bergia sylvatica Torr ($ Gr. 
 
 Rocky hills. N. Y. to Virg. Aug. %. Root creeping. Culm 23 feet 
 high. Resembles the preceding, but differs in being much branched and dif- 
 fuse. Spreading Bent-grass. 
 
 8. A. compressa Torr. : whole plant very smooth ; culm erect, compressed, 
 simple ; panicle oblong, subcontracted ; glumes equal, shorter than the 
 paleae, acute ; paleae rather obtuse, smooth at the base. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. J. Sept. 1\.. Root creeping. Culm soboliferous. 
 Leaves linear, long, compressed, with carinate sheaths. Panicle purple. 
 
 Compressed Bent-grass. 
 
 9. A.juncea Mich. : leaves straight and erect, con volutely setaceous ; pan- 
 icle oblong-pyramidal, verticillate : paleae awnless, twice the length of the 
 unequal glumes. A. Indica Muhl. 
 
 Sandy barrens. N. J. to Flor. Oct. %. Culm 12 feet high, terete. 
 Panicle purple. Rush-like Bent-grass. 
 
 10. A. canina Linn. : var. 1 tenetta Torr. : panicle loose, somewhat 
 contracted ; the branches mostly in threes, slightly hispid ; glumes nearly 
 equal, lanceolate, very acute, rough on the keel ; lower palea narrow-lan- 
 ceolate, rather acute, with a geniculate awn a little below the middle ; the 
 awn about twice the length of the flower ; upper palea nearly wanting. 
 (Torr. N.Y. FL) 
 
 Mountains in Northern N. Y. Aug. f 4- Culm about a foot high, slender, 
 smooth. Leaves very narrow, flat. Panicle very slender, the branches some- 
 what flexuous. Differs from A. canina in its less diffuse panicle, narrow glumes 
 and flat leaves. Brown Bent-grass. 
 
 20. TRICHODIUM. Mich. Thin Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek 0pi, hair, and ei6os,form ; in allusion to the hair-like inflo- 
 rescence.) 
 
 Glumes 2, nearly equal, very acute, scabrous on the keel. 
 Palea 1, shorter than the glumes, sometimes awned. Gary op- 
 sis loose, covered by the palea. Flowers in loose panicles. 
 
 1. T. laxiflorum Mich.: culm erect; leaves lance-linear, short, the 
 sheaths somewhat rough; panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomous 
 branches ; glumes unequal, aculeate-hispid on the keel. T. montanum 
 Torr. FL Agrostis laziflora Richardson. A. Michauxii Trin. 
 
 Dry fields. Subarct. Amer. to Car. May, June. f L\..Culm 18 inches 
 high, very slender. Lower leaves 36 inches long, becoming involute and fili- 
 
432 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 form. Panicle purple, very loose, the lower branches in fives or sixes, the upper 
 ones in threes, at length spreading. Spikeleis clustered at the extremity of tho 
 branchlets. A some what variable species. Loose-flowered Thin-grass. 
 
 2. T. scabrum Muhl. : culm geniculate at base, assurgent, branched ; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, scabrous on the margin ; panicle oblong ; 
 branches spreading or divaricate, the divisions trichotomous ; glumes un- 
 equal. Agrostis scabra Willd. A. laxiflora var. scabra Torr. N. Y. Fl. 
 
 Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1J.. Culm 12 18 inches high, often 
 somewhat decumbent and branching. Leaves 4 6 inches long. Panicle pale 
 green, the branches slender, but shorter than in the preceding. Spikelets not 
 clustered. Rough Thin-grass. 
 
 3. T. elatum Pursh. : culm stiffly erect ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, sca- 
 brous, the sheaths smooth ; panicle verticillate, somewhat spreading ; glumes 
 nearly equal. Agrostis dispar Mich. 1 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. %. Culm 23 feet high. Panide 
 purple, exserted. Tall Thin-grass. 
 
 21. VILPA. Adans. Vilfa. 
 
 (Origin unknown.) 
 
 Glumes carinate; the lower one smaller. Paleae awnless; 
 the lower one rather acute, longer than the glumes ; the upper 
 2-keeled. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis deciduous. 
 Panicle diffuse or contracted and spike-like. 
 
 1. V. vaginfeflora Torr.: culms numerous, assurgent; leaves distichous, 
 involute, rigid ; panicles lateral and terminal, spike-form ; the lateral ones 
 concealed in the sheaths ; glumes equal, about as large as the palese. 
 Agrostis Virginica Muhl. \ 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. to Virg. Sept., Oct. (p. Culms about a foot high, ces- 
 pitose, geniculate at base. Leaves with a slender point, the sheaths tumid. 
 Panicle oblong, compressed, few-flowered. Antiiers purple. 
 
 Hidden-flowered Vilfa. 
 
 2. V. aspera Beauv. : leaves very long, filiform and recurved towards the 
 apex ; panicle contracted, spiked, partly exserted from the uppermost 
 sheath ; paleae much longer than the glumes, subequal, smooth or hairy, 
 without awns. Agroslis aspera Mich. 
 
 Sandy fields and hill sides. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. Sept., Oct. %.Culm 
 2 4 feet high, simple, terete. Leaves 1 2 feet long, tapering to a filiform ex- 
 tremity, rough on the margin. Panicles lateral and terminal, the former more 
 or less exserted. Rough-leaved Vilfa. 
 
 3. V. serolina Torr. <$ Gr. : culm filiform, much compressed ; leaves 
 very narrow, keeled, erect ; panicle elongated, capillary, somewhat diffuse ; 
 glumes ovate, unequal, about half as long as the awnless palese. Agrostis 
 serotina Torr. FL 
 
 Sandy swamps. N. Y. and N. J. Sept. 1\..Culm 1218 inches high. 
 Leaves short, almost filiform. Panicle slender, with the branches flexuous. 
 
 Late-flowering Vilfa. 
 
 4. V. heterolepis Gray: leaves setaceous; panicle pyramidal, sparsely 
 flowered; lower glume subulate; the upper one ovate, cuspidate, about 
 
GiRAMINACE^E. 433 
 
 twice the length of the lower ; pale nearly equal, pointless, a little shorter 
 than the upper glume. ( Torr. N. Y. F/.) 
 
 On rocks. Watertown, Jefierson County, N. Y. W. to Ohio. %.Culm 
 1 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves convolute-setaceous, the lower ones equalling 
 the culm, the upper shorter. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, pur- 
 plish. It is said to emit a strong odor, resembling that of Poa Eragrostis. 
 
 Strong-scented Vilfa. 
 
 5. V. cryptandra Torr. . panicle pyramidal, the base usually enclosed in 
 the upper sheath, with spreading mostly alternate branches, which are hairy 
 on the axils ; spikelets racemose ; flowers awnless ; lower glume very short ; 
 the upper one as long as the nearly equal lanceolate acute palese. ( Torr. 
 N. Y. FL) 
 
 Sandy soils. N. Y. and Mass. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Aug. Tj.. 
 Culm li 3 feet high, leafy, smooth. Leaves short, smooth ; the sheaths densely 
 bearded at the throat. Panicle large, bluish. 
 
 Large-panided Vilfa. 
 
 22. POLYPOGON. Desf. Beard Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek TroXvj, many, and ituyut, a beard ; in reference to the unusual 
 number of awns.) 
 
 Glumes 2-valved, 1 -flowered; valves membranaceous, awned. 
 Faleae 2 ; the lower one with a long awn ; the upper one bifid, 
 toothed. Panicle spike-form. 
 
 1 . P. glomeralus Wiltd. : panicle dense, oblong, interrupted below ; 
 glumes linear, acuminate, nearly equal, armed with a long rough bristle ; 
 palese unarmed, hairy at base. P. racemosus Nutt. Muhlenbergia glome- 
 rata Trin. 
 
 Bogs and swamps. Mass. andN. Y. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. Culm 3 4 
 feet high, a little compressed, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves sca- 
 brous and somewhat glaucous. Panicle crowded and spike-like, the lower flowers 
 remote. Close-flowered Beard-grass. 
 
 2. P. sericeus Spreng. : leaves convolute-filiform, smooth ; panicle diffuse, 
 capillary, very slender ; pedicels longer than the awns ; awns 3 4 times 
 as long as the palese. Trichochloa capillaris D. C. Stipa sericea Mich. 
 Agrostis sericea Muhl. 
 
 Sandy fields. Mass, to Car. June, July. 7J.. Culms 2 feet high, cespitose, 
 Very slender. Panicle 8 10 inches long, glossy and purple. 
 
 Silky Beard-grass. 
 
 VI. ARUNDINE^E. Spikelels either 1-flowered, with or without an 
 abortive pedicel, or many-flowered. Flowers usually with long soft hairs 
 
 at the base. Glumes and palea 2, membranaceously herbaceous. 
 \ 
 
 23. CALAMAGROSTIS. Addns. Small Reed. 
 (From the Greek *aAa//o?, a reed, and Agrostis, a genus of grasses.) 
 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, acute or acu- 
 minate. Palese 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded 
 with hairs at the base ; lower one mucronate, mostly awned be- 
 
 19 
 
434 GRAMINACE.E. 
 
 low the tip ; upper with a stipitate pencil-form pappus at base. 
 Flowers in a loose panicle. 
 
 1. C. Canadensis Beauv.: panicle oblong, loose ; glumes nearly equal, 
 serrulate on the keel, somewhat rough on the sides ; palese as long as the 
 glumes, the lower with an awn on the back. Arundo Canadensis Mich. 
 A. cimwides Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 'Z|_. Culm 8 4 feet high, smooth. 
 Leaves a foot long, narrow, somewhat scabrous. Panicle erect, much divided, 
 at length spreading. Canadian Small-reed. 
 
 2. C. coardata Torr. : panicle contracted, thick, and somewhat spike- 
 form; glumes narrow-lanceolate, nearly equal, a little longer than the 
 paleae, keeled ; lower palea awned a little below the summit ; pappus two- 
 ( birds as long as the flower. C. Canadensis Nutl. Agrostis glauca Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows and swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. Aug. %. Culm 3 5 
 feet high, simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous and 
 somewhat hairy. Panide terminal, erect, with short aggregated branches. 
 
 Glaucous Small-reed. 
 
 3. C. inexpansa Gray: panicle contracted, elongated; glumes oblong- 
 lanceolate ; palese nearly equal, as long as the glumes, the lower one with 
 a scarcely exserted awn inserted below the middle ; pappus nearly as long 
 as the flower. (Twr. N. Y. FL.) 
 
 Swamps. Northern and Western N. Y. July, Aug. 1\-. Culm about 3 feet 
 high, erect, simple. Leaves 2 3 lines wide, smooth. Panicle 4 6 inches 
 long, slender, with short rough appressed branches. Differs from the preceding 
 in its more slender panicle, broader and less acute glumes, and the awn inserted 
 near the base of the paleaa. Torr. Close-Jlowered Small-reed. 
 
 24. AMMOPHILA. Host.Se& Reed. 
 
 (From the Greek d/</*oj, sand, and $t Aoj, a lover ; in allusion to its place of 
 growth.) 
 
 Glumes nearly equal, keeled. Paleae shorter than the glumes, 
 surrounded with short hairs at the base, 'keeled, awnless. 
 Abortive pedicel plumose above. Panicle spiked, dense and 
 cylindric. 
 
 A. arundinacea Host. : glumes acute; hairs or pappus about one-third as 
 long as the palese. Arundo arenaria Linn. Psamma arenaria R. fy S. 
 
 extensive! 
 
 smooth, 
 
 The roots of this grass form a mat, which prevenfs the motion of sand ; and it is 
 
 sometimes planted on shores to protect them from the inroads of the sea. It is 
 
 used in Massachusetts for the manufacture of paper. 
 
 Common Sea-reed or Mat-weed. 
 
 25. PHRAGMITES. Trin. Reed. 
 
 (From the Greek </>pay//of , a partition or hedge ; in allusion to the use said to 
 have been made of it.) 
 
 Spikelets 3 7-flowered. Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. 
 The lower flower staminate and naked at base ; the others per- 
 
GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 435 
 
 feet, and surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Palese very unequal ; 
 the lower one elongated, acuminate; the upper 2 -keeled. 
 Panicle terminal, very large. 
 
 P. communis Trin.i panicle loose, 1 -sided; spikelets 3 5-flowered. 
 Arundo Phragmites Linn. 
 
 Margins of swamps and ponds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. Ij.. Culm 
 9 12 feet high, very leafy, with numerous joints. Leaves 1 2 feet long, linear- 
 lanceolate, flat, glaucous, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, very large, 
 loose, somewhat nodding. The largest grass in the Northern States ; and at a 
 distance somewhat resembling Broom-corn. Common Reed-grass. 
 
 VII. CHLOREJE. Spikelets arranged in unilateral digitate or pan- 
 iculate (rarely solitary} spikes, 1- many-jlowered ; upper flowers imper- 
 fect. Glumes and palea 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; the latter 
 often awned. Rachis not articulated. 
 
 26. CYNODON. Rich. Dog's-tooth Grass. 
 (From the Greek KVOJV, a dog, and o<5ot>f, a tooth.) 
 
 Spikelets filiform, unilateral, with one perfect flower and one 
 abortive rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, persistent, shorter 
 than the flower and only embracing it at the base. Fertile 
 flower with the upper palea bifid- toothed. Rudiment minute, 
 pedicellate. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed. Spikes digitate or 
 racemose. 
 
 C. Dactylon Pers. : culm creeping ; spikes digitate, 3 5, spreading ; 
 glume with the keel scabrous ; paleae smooth, longer than the glume, the 
 lower one with a bristle at the base. Digitaria Dactylon Muhl. 
 
 Sandy soils. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. 7J.. Culm a foot or more long, 
 prostrate. Leaves narrow, somewhat distichous, hairy on the margin and near 
 the base. Stigmas dark purple. Introduced. Creeping Dog's-tooth Grass. 
 
 27. ELEUSINE. Gcert. Dog's-tail Grass. 
 
 (EAcwffivta was one of the names of Ceres, the goddess of harvests ; probably 
 from Eleusis, where she was worsliipped.) 
 
 Spikelets sessile, 2 6-flowered. Glumes unequal, shorter 
 than the flowers. Palese unequal, awnless ; the lower keeled ; 
 upper shorter, channelled on the back. Caryopsis triangular- 
 ovoid, transversely rugose. Spikes digitate, unilateral. 
 
 E. Indica Gcert. : culm oblique, compressed ; leaves smooth ; spikes 2 4, 
 linear, straight j spikelets closely imbricate, lanceolate, about 5-flowered. 
 Cynosufus Indicus Linn. 
 
 disticho_, , r , 
 
 ably introduced. Dog's-tail Grass. Wire-grass. 
 
436 GRAMINACE.*:, 
 
 28 SPARTINA. Sckrcb. Marsh Grass. 
 (Said to be named on account of its similarity to Lygeum Spartum.) 
 
 Spikelets imbricate, one-flowered, much compressed. Glumes 
 and paleae unequal, awnless. Styles mostly united below. 
 Spikes unilateral. 
 
 1. cyiiosuroides Willd. : leaves very long, filiform at the end, at length 
 convolute; spikes numerous, (8 40,) scattered, pedunculate, forming a 
 long secund panicle ; glumes serrulate on the keel, with a long slender 
 point; style2-cleft at the summit. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) S. polystachya MuM. 
 Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya Pers. 
 
 Marshes and banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. Aug. 
 1\. Culm 3 8 feet high, smooth, terete. Leaves 1 3 feet long, narrow. 
 Spikes linear, about 3 inches long, on scabrous spreading peduncles. 
 
 Tatt Marsh-grass. 
 
 2. S. juncea Willd. : leaves distichous, convolute, spreading ; spikes few, 
 (1 5,) on smooth peduncles ; palese rather obtuse ; styles distinct nearly to 
 the base. Limiietis juncea Pers. 
 
 Salt marshes and river banks. Can. to Car. July, Aug. '!}.. Root creep- 
 ing, forming thick tufts. Culm 1 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6 10 
 inches long, very slender, smooth. Spikes usually 3 ; the lowest pedunculate. 
 It forms a part of salt hay. Rush-like Marsh-grass. 
 
 3. S". alternifolia Loisel. : leaves channelled, erect ; spikes numerous, 
 (8 14), elongated, sessile, erect, appressed; glumes and palese nearly 
 smooth ; styles distinct nearly to the base. S. glabra MuM. 
 
 Salt marshes. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. Aug., Sept. 1\ . Root creeping ex- 
 tensively. Culm 3 5 feet high, smooth and somewhat succulent. Leaves 
 broad at the base, tapering to a long point. Spikes unequal, closely appressed 
 to the common rachis. For thatching it is said to be preferable to wheat straw. 
 It has a strong rancid smell, which renders it unfit for cattle. 
 
 Smooth Marsh-grass. 
 
 29. ATHEROPOGON. MuM. Atheropogon. 
 
 (From the Greek a0j?p, a bristle, and nwyuv, a beard ; the beards being bristle- 
 like.) 
 
 Spikelets unilateral, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 3-flowered ; 
 the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, membranaceous, un- 
 equal ; the lower shorter, setiform. Perfect flower, subcoria- 
 ceous. Lower palea 3-toothed or 3-bristled; upper bifid. 
 Abortive flower pedicellate, neutral. Spikes short, arranged in 
 a raceme. 
 
 A. apludaidcs Muhl. : spikes numerous, in a terminal raceme, alternate, 
 distant, pendulous, at length secund ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; lower 
 palea of the perfect flower tricuspidate ; abortive flower with 3 hristles. 
 CMoris curtipendula Mich. Boutdoua racemosa Lag. Torr. N. Y. FL 
 
 Dry rocky banks. N. Y. N. J. and Penn. W. fo the Rocky Mountains ; rare. 
 Aug. 'ty. Culm 2 3 feet high, geniculate at base, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, 
 
437 
 
 attenuate at the end, involute when dry, slightly hairy above. Spikes 2Q~ 40, 
 on short flat peduncles, each containing 6 8 spikelets. Anthers bright red. 
 
 Racemed Atheropogon. 
 
 30. GYMNOPOGON. Beauv. Gymnopogon. 
 
 (From the Greek yv/^oj, naked, and Trwywi/, a beard ; in allusion to the awn 
 of the neutral flower.) 
 
 Glume 2-valved, carinate, nearly equal. Paleae nearly equal ; 
 the lower one with a long and straight bristle a little below the 
 tip. Neutral rudiment pedicellate, of one minute 1 valve pro- 
 duced into an awn. Flowers in a compound spike or panicle. 
 
 G. racemosus Beauv.: culm ascending; leaves distichous, ovate-lance- 
 olate, nerved, short ; spikes numerous, arranged in a somewhat whorled pan- 
 icle; flowers appressed. Andropogon ambiguus Mich. Anthopogon lep- 
 turoides Nutt. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Geor. Aug. %. Culm about 2 feet high, decum- 
 bent at base. Leaves 2 inches or less in length, very acute. Panicle large, 
 spreading. Racemed Gymnopogon. 
 
 VIII. AVENE^E. Spikelets % many-flowered; terminal flower com- 
 monly imperfect. Glumes and palea 2, membranaceously herbaceous ; 
 lower palea usually with a twisted awn on the back. 
 
 31. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel Holy Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek lews, sacred, and x\oa, a grass ; because in some parts of 
 Prussia it is used on festival days.) 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered, pedicellate. Lateral flowers staminate, 
 triandrous and mostly awned ; terminal or central one perfect, 
 diandrous, awnless. Flowers in a contracted panicle. 
 
 1. H. borealis JR. <$ S. : panicle somewhat one-sided, a little spreading; 
 peduncles smooth; flowers awnless; lower palea ciliate on the margin. 
 IJolcus odoratus Linn. 
 
 Wet meadows. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Mich. May. 1+. Root 
 creeping. Culm 18 inches high, erect. Leaves linear-acuminate, smooth and 
 shining. Panicle few-flowered, pyramidal, brown and purple. Smell resem- 
 pling that of Anthoxanihum odoratum, and like that grass used to scent clothes 
 and apartments. Northern Holy-grass. Vanilla- grass. 
 
 2. H. alpina R. <$ S.: panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets compressed, 
 longer than the branches ; glumes lanceolate, almost nerveless ; lateral 
 flowers triandrous, obtuse, awned on the back. Holcus alpinus Wahl. 
 
 High mountains. Essex County, N. Y. White Mountains, N. H. Arct. 
 Amer. ; rare. June. %.. Culm 6 12 inches high, erect. Leaves 2 3 lines 
 wide. Panicle with the branches in pairs. Spikelets larger than in the preced- 
 ing, shining and purplish-brown. Alpine Holy-grass. 
 
 32. ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn. Vernal Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek avdos, a. flower > and ^avOos, yellow ; in allusion to the color of 
 its spikes.) 
 
 Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers neutral and each 
 
438 GRAM IN ACE,*:. 
 
 consisting of a single awned palea ; the upper flower perfect, of 
 2 paleae, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnless. Panicle con- 
 tracted or spike-like. 
 
 A. odoratum Linn. : panicle spiked, ovoid-oblong ; flowers pubescent, 
 shorter than the awns. 
 
 Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. June Aug. V\..Culm about a foot 
 high, erect, rather slender. Leaves short, more or less pubescent. Panicle 
 contracted into an oblong or ovoid-oblong spike, yellow when mature. When 
 cut and partially dry it gives out a very fragrant odor. Introduced from Europe, 
 but completely naturalized. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. 
 
 33. AIRA. Linn. Hair Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek aipw, to destroy ; a name originally applied to a poisonous 
 plant, Lolium temulentum.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 3 -flowered ; the flowers without an abortive 
 rudiment between them. Glumes 2, unequal, about as long as 
 the flowers. PaleEe thin and membranaceous, the lower one 
 awned on the back below the middle. Flowers usually in a 
 compound spreading panicle. 
 
 1. A.flexuosa Linn. : leaves setaceous, smooth ; panicle loose, spreading, 
 trichotomously branched ; branches smoothish, flexuous ; flowers scarcely 
 longer than the glumes ; awn geniculate, longer than the paleae. 
 
 Dry rocky banks. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June. TJ-. Culm 1 2 feet 
 high, smooth. Leaves mostly radical or near the base of the culm, involute, 
 slender. Panicle capillary, loose, whitish, the lower branches somewhat 
 whorled. Common Hair-grass. 
 
 2. A. caspitosa Linn. : leaves flat, scabrous ; panicle at length diffuse ; 
 glumes about as long as the paleae ; awn short, straight. A. aristulata 
 Torr. Fl. 
 
 Wet places. Can. to Penn. June, July. ty. Culms 2 3 feet high, cespi- 
 tose, smooth. Leaves narrow, rough above, smooth beneath. Panicle large, 
 oblong or pyramidal, capillary, dull purplish ; the branches somewhat whorled. 
 
 Tufted Hair-grass. 
 
 3. A. atropurpurea Wahl. : leaves flat ; panicle divaricate, of few spike- 
 lets ; flowers much shorter than the glumes ; paleae a little hairy at the 
 summit ; awn from the middle of the back, nearly twice as long as the 
 flowers. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.~) 
 
 High mountains of Essex County, N. Y. Aug. 1JL ? Culm 8 15 inches 
 high, erect, slender. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle loose, purplish or yellow- 
 ish-green ; branches mostly in pairs and flexuous. 
 
 Purple Alpine Hair-grass. 
 
 4. A. prtecox Linn. : leaves setaceous ; panicle somewhat spiked ; flow- 
 ers scarcely villous at the base, about as long as the glumes ; awn twisted, 
 inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. Avena prtzcox Beauv. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. J. to Virg. June. (!) Culms 3 4 inches high, cespitose, 
 smooth, leafy. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle somewhat compact, few-flow- 
 ered, greenish. Introduced ? Early Hair-grass. 
 
GRAMTNACEd'!. 439 
 
 34. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv.Oat Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek appw , male, and uQnp, an awn ; the staminate flower being 
 awned.) 
 
 Spikelets 2-flowered. Lower flower staminate ; the lower 
 palea with a long twisted awn below the middle. Upper flower 
 perfect ; the lower palea with a short straight bristle below the 
 point. Panicle loose. 
 
 A. avenaceum Beauv. Avena elatior Linn. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. May, June. ^ . Root creep- 
 ing. Culm 23 feet high, erect. Leaves scabrous on the margin and upper 
 surface. Panicle oblong, at first contracted, finally spreading and somewhat 
 nodding ; the branches short and semiverticillate. Spikelets brownish. Intro- 
 duced from Europe, but naturalized in several places. 
 
 Common Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes. 
 
 35. AVENA. Linn.O&t. 
 (Name of doubtful origin.) 
 
 Spikelets 3 many-flowered ; flowers rather remote, the upper 
 ones often imperfect. Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly 
 equal. Palese 2 ; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a 
 twisted awn above the base. Panicle compound, loose. 
 
 1. A. Pennsylvania Linn.: panicle attenuated, loose, nodding, the 
 branches somewhat verticillate ; spikelets 2 3-flowered ; flowers smooth, 
 lower one often awnless, upper one on a hairy pedicel : lower palea with a 
 slender awn below the bifid tip, about twice the length of the flower. A. 
 palustris Mich. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum Beauv. T. paluslre Torr. Fl. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. to Flor. June. 'l\..Culm 23 feet high, slender, 
 erect. Leaves flat, narrow, 2 4 inches long. Panicle oblong, yellowish-green, 
 often somewhat one-sided. Pennsylvania Wild Oat. 
 
 2. A. striata Mich. : panicle nearly simple, loose, few-flowered ; spikelets 
 3 5- flowered, somewhat terete, the flowers bearded at the base ; lower 
 palea with a slender nearly straight awn below the tip. Trisetum purpu- 
 rascens Torr. Fl. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. N. Y. and Mass. July. %. Culm 23 feet high, erect, 
 smooth. Leaves narrow-linear. Panicle 4 6 inches long, with a few simple 
 branches. Glumes reddish-purple. Purple Wild Oat. 
 
 36. TRISETUM. Pers. Trisetum. 
 
 (From the Latin, in allusion to the three bristles of the flowers.) 
 Spikelets 2 4-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, 
 ciwnless. Palese herbaceous ; lower one with 2 long cusps at 
 the summit and a twisted awn on the back ; upper 2-keeled. 
 Caryopsis smooth, with a longitudinal groove. Panicle con- 
 tracted. 
 
 T. molle Kunth: whole plant minutely and softly pubescent; panicle 
 
440 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 contracted and somewhat spiked; glumes 2-flowered, the flowers not 
 bearded ; awn about the length of the palea, not twisted, diverging or re- 
 curved. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.} T. subspicatum Beck Bot. 1st Ed. Avena 
 mollis Mich. 
 
 Banks of streams and on mountains. Arct. Amer. Western N. Y. White 
 Mountains, N. H. Rocky Mountains. June, %. Culm about a foot high, 
 erect, slender. Leaves 2 3 inches long, narrow-linear. Panicle 23 inches 
 long, with appressed branches. Closely allied to T. subspicatum and perhaps 
 identical with it. Soft Trisetum. 
 
 37. DANTHONIA. D. C. Danthonia. 
 (In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 10-flowered ; the upper flowers often imperfect. 
 Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the flower. Palese 
 hairy at the base ; lower one 2-toothed at the summit, with a 
 twisted awn between the teeth ; upper one obtuse, entire. 
 Flowers in a spiked panicle. 
 
 D. spicata Beauv, : leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy at the throat ; 
 panicle spike-form, simple ; spikelets 7 9, about 7-flowered ; lower palea 
 hairy. Avena spicata' Linn. 
 
 Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June Aug. 1|-. Culms 
 1 2 feetliigh, erect, cespitose at base. Leaves very narrow, numerous below. 
 Panicle 1-sided, short, the lower branches sometimes divided. Wild Oats. 
 
 38. URALEPIS. Nutt. Uralepis. 
 
 (From the Greek ovpa, a tail, and ACTTI?, a scale ; in allusion to the appearance 
 of the lower palea.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 3-flowered, somewhat terete ; flowers alternate, 
 distinct, longer than the glumes. Paleae very unequal, dis- 
 tinctly villous on the margin ; lower palea tricuspidate, the cen- 
 tral cusp produced into a short bristle ; upper entire, concave, 
 incurved. Caryopsis gibbous. Panicle simple, racemose. 
 
 U. aristutata Nutt.: lateral . panicles concealed in the sheaths of the 
 leaves, terminal one more or less exserted ; spikelets 3-flowered ; awn as 
 long as the lateral cusps. 
 
 Sea coast and sandy fields. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. (I), 
 Calms about a foot high, cespitose, jointed. Leaves short, subulate. Ter- 
 minal panicle, when exserted, spreading. Flowers purplish. 
 
 Short-awned Uralepis. 
 
 IX. FESTUCE.E. Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and 
 palecc 2, of nearly similar texture, usually keeled. Lower palea often 
 awned; the awn not twisted. 
 
 39. POA. Linn. Meadow Grass. 
 
 (Greek noa, grass, or pasturage; applied by way of distinction to this genus.) 
 
 Spikelets 2- many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, perfect. 
 
GRAM IN ACE ;. 441 
 
 Glumes 2, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palese nearly 
 equal, membranaceous, awnless, often with a villous web at the 
 base ; the lower one keeled or concave ; upper one 2-keeled. 
 Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis free. Spikelets in diffuse 
 or contracted panicles. 
 
 * Flowers webbed at base. 
 
 1. P. pungens Nutt.: culm compressed; leaves very short, cuspidate ; 
 panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3 4-flowered, 
 crowded at the extremities of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. P. 
 flexuosa Muhl. 
 
 Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. April, May. Tj.. Culm 12 feet high, com- 
 pressed, smooth, somewhat cespitose. Leaves erect, cuspidate ; the radical ones 
 long, linear ; those of the culm usually 2, very short. Panicle small, semiver- 
 ticillate. Sharp-leaved Meadow-grass. 
 
 2. P. pratensis Linn.: culm terete, smooth; leaves keeled, linear, ab- 
 ruptly acute ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle somewhat crowded, finally 
 spreading ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 4-flowered ; flowers acute, 5- 
 nerved. P. viridis Mufd. 
 
 Fields and meadows. Can. to Car. May July. 7J.. Root creeping. Culm 
 2 3 feet high. Leaves deep green, the lower very long, the upper much 
 shorter. Panicle at length pyramidal, spreading. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass. 
 
 3. P. trivialis Linn. : culm and sheaths somewhat rough ; ligule elon- 
 gated, acuminate ; panicle equal, diffuse ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 2 3- 
 flowered ; flowers 5-nerved. P. stolonifera Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. lo Del. June Aug. r l\. Root fibrous. Culm 23 
 feet high, often stoloniferous at base. Leaves very narrow, pale green. Pan 
 icle large, pyramidal, the branches somewhat whorled. 
 
 Rough Meadow-grass. 
 
 4. P. compressa Linn. : culm decumbent or oblique, much compressed, 
 smooth; panicle contracted, somewhat secund; spikelets ovate-oblong, 
 4 8-flowered ; flowers obscurely nerved. 
 
 var. sylvestris Torr. : culm slender, nearly erect ; panicle loose, somewhat 
 spreading ; spikelets 2 3-flowered. 
 
 Fields and pastures. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June, July. 7}.. Root 
 creeping extensively. Culm 12 18 inches high, often decumbent and rooting 
 at base. Leaves short, smooth, and with the culm bluish-green. Panicle con- 
 tracted, at first almost spike-like, finally a little expanding. Introduced from 
 Europe. Blue-grass. Wire-grass. 
 
 5. P. serotina Ehrh. : culm erect, smooth ; panicle elongated, diffuse, at 
 length somewhat nodding at the top; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 3- 
 flowered ; flowers yellowish at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved. P. palustris 
 Muhl. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. 4 Root creeping. Culm 2? 
 feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Panicle 6 10 inches Ion? ; the branches mostly 
 whorled in fives, rough and flexuous. Red-top. 
 
 6. P. nemoralis Linn. : culm and leaves smooth : ligule almps* wanting; 
 panicle slender, a little attenuated, loose ; the branches rougb anJ tlexuous; 
 
 19* 
 
442 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 spikelets ovate-lanceolate, about 3-flowered ; flowers rather distant, hairy, 
 acute, very obscurely nerved. 
 
 Woods and thickets. N. Eng. and N. Y. June, July. r l\.. Root creeping. 
 Culm 2 feet high, slender. Leaves narrow-linear, acute. Panicle 6 10 inches 
 long, the branches semiverticillate. Wood Meadow-grass.** 
 
 7. P. laxa Hcenke : culms cespitose ; leaves narrow-linear, acute ; ligules 
 all lanceolate ; panicle contracted, somewhat nodding at the apex ; the 
 branches smooth, mostly in pairs ; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered ; flowers 
 acute, hairy. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
 
 Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. Aug. %. Culms 6 8 inches 
 high, cespitose, very slender. Leaves numerous, glaucous, smooth. Panicle . 
 1 2 inches long, the branches flexuous. Allied to P. alpina. 
 
 Wavy Meadow-grass. 
 
 S. P. debilis Torr. : culm slender ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; ligule ob- 
 long, acute ; panicle loose, few-flowered, somewhat spreading ; the branches 
 mostly in pairs, flexuous, a little rough ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, 3-flowered ; 
 flowers smoothish ; lower palea oblong, obtuse, slightly 3-nerved. 
 
 Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. May. 1\.. Culm about 2 feet high, erect, 
 smooth. Leaves pale green, rough on the margin. Panicle oblong, somewhat 
 contracted. Weak Meadow-grass. 
 
 ** Flowers free, or not webbed at base. 
 
 9. P. annua Linn. : culm oblique, compressed ; panicle somewhat secund, 
 at length divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. April Sept. ' (I). Root fibrous. Culms 
 3 8 inches long, very smooth, cespitose, often nearly procumbent. Leaves lance- 
 linear, bright green. Panicle with the branches mostly solitary, at length 
 spreading horizontally. Annual Meadow-grass. 
 
 10. P. capiUaris Linn. : culm much branched at base ; sheaths hairy at 
 the throat ; panicle very large, loose, expanding ; the branches capillary 
 and much divided ; spikelets about 3-flowered, ovate, acute. 
 
 Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug. (I). Culms 12 18 inches high, cespitose. 
 Leaves linear, flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs. Panicle 8 12 inches 
 long, pyramidal, much branched. Hair-panicled Meadow-grass. 
 
 11. P. Mrsuta Mich. : culm erect, simple, compressed; sheaths hairy; 
 panicle very large, capillary ; branches expanding, at length reflexed, 
 bearded in the axils ; spikelets oblong, 5 15-flowered ; upper palea ciliate 
 on the double keel. P. spectabilis Pursh. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. Q)\Culm 12 feet 
 high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves long, lanceolate, somewhat hairy near the 
 base. Panicle 8 15 inches long, very much branched, purplish. 
 
 Hairy Meadow-grass. 
 
 12. P. pilosa Linn. : culm oblique, geniculate ; leaves hairy at the base ; 
 panicle capillary, pyramidal, the lower branches hairy in the axils ; spike- 
 lets lance-linear, 5 12-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; upper palea per- 
 eistent. P. pectinacea Mich. P. tenella Pursh. 
 
 Sandy soils, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. (J> 
 Culms 6 12 inches high, cespitose. Leaves linear-lanceolate, fiat. Panicle 
 large, loose, often purplish. Slender Meadow-grass. 
 
 13. P. reptans Mich. : dioecious ; culm branched, creeping ; panicle 
 
GRAMINACE.E. 443 
 
 somewhat simple, ovate ; spikelets approximated on the short branches, 
 linear-lanceolate, 12 20-fiowered ; flowers acuminate, smooth ; lower palea 
 3-nerved. 
 
 Swamps. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (J). Culm 
 6 18 inches long, creeping and rooting at the joints. Leaves subulate, flat, 
 pubescent above. Panicle 1 2 inches long, with the spikelets much com- 
 pressed. Creeping Meadow-grass. 
 
 14. P. dentata Torr.: culm oblique or decumbent; panicle loose, some- 
 what spreading ; branches capillary, flexuous ; spikelets lanceolate, about 
 5-flowered ; flowers rather distant ; glumes unequal, the upper 3-nerved and 
 obtuse ; lower palea 5-nerved, at length 5-toothed at the apex. 
 
 Wet sandy places. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Ohio. June, July. 'JJ-. 
 Culm I 3 feet long, rooting at the lower joints. Leaves flat, pale green. Pan- 
 icle large, weak, nodding when young. Toothed Meadow-grass. 
 
 15. P. maritima Huds. : culm somewhat geniculate ; leaves convolute ; 
 panicle erect, somewhat crowded ; spikelets linear, about 5-flowered, terete ; 
 flowers rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved. 
 
 Salt marshes. Near Boston. Mass. June. 1}.. Root creeping. Culm 8 12 
 inches high, rigid. Leaves somewhat pungent, glaucous. Panicle rigidly erect, 
 sometimes purplish. Sea Meadow-grass. 
 
 16. P. brevifolia MM. : culm oblique ; leaves very short ; ligule acumi- 
 nate ; panicle loose ; branches in pairs, horizontal ; spikelets 3 4-flowered ; 
 palese pubescent. 
 
 Woods. Penn. Muhl. April. ^4-- Culm about 2 feet high, somewhat an- 
 gular. Panicle loose, flexuous. Short-leaved Meadow-grass. 
 
 17. P. conferta Ett. : culm erect, geniculate ; panicles terminal and ax- 
 illary, erect; spikelets about 8-flowered, compressed ; flowers clustered, 
 smooth. P. glomeraia Walt. 
 
 Penn. Schwcinitz. S. to Car. 9J.. Culm 2 3 feet high. Leaves smooth, 
 flat, serrulate on the margin. Panicles 4 8 inches long. 
 
 Clustered Meadow-grass. 
 
 18. P. Eragrostis Linn. : culm oblique ; sheaths smooth ; panicle spread- 
 ing, pyramidal ; the lower branches hairy in the axils ; spikelets ovate-ob- 
 long and linear-lanceolate, 8 30-flowered ; flowers obtuse ; glumes nearly 
 equal. Briza Eragrostis Linn. Megastachya Eragrostis Beauv. 
 
 Sandy fields, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. (p. 
 Culm 12 18 inches long, geniculate and branching at base. Leaves narrow, 
 roughish above. Panicle pyramidal ; the branches subdivided, short and flex- 
 uous. Introduced from Europe, and now extensively naturalized ; but it is of 
 little or no value for pasturage. Quake-grass. 
 
 19. P. Michauxii Kunth: culms cespitose, erect; leaves distichous, 
 spreading; panicle contracted, spiked; spikelets ovate or ovate-oblong, 
 5 9-flowered, smooth; lower palea about 9-nerved. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
 Uniola spicata Linn. Festiica distichophylla Mich. 
 
 Salt marshes. Mass, and N. Y. to Car. W. to the North West Coast. Aug., 
 Sept. ^| .Root creeping extensively. Culms 1218 inches high, branched at 
 base. Leaves numerous, slightly glaucous. Panicle contracted, in a dense 
 gpike. Michaux's Meadow-grass. 
 
444 GRAM IN ACE jE. 
 
 40. jGrLYCERIA. Brown. Manna Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek y\vrvs , sweet ; on account of the sweet taste of the grains.) 
 Spikelets long, linear, many-flowered ; rachis jointed. Glumes 
 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, pointless. Palese membrana- 
 ceously herbaceous, nearly equal, awnless ; the lower one usually 
 obtuse, 7-nerved ; the upper 2-keeled. Stigmas decompound. 
 Panicle nearly simple. 
 
 1. G. Jiuitans Brown: panicle secund, slightly branched, divaricate; 
 spikelets linear-terete, appressed, 8 12-flowered; flowers very obtuse. 
 Festuca jluitans Linn. 
 
 Wet grounds. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Mich. June, July. 2J.. 
 Root creeping. Culm 3 5 feet high, compressed, erect or ascending. Leaves 
 long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle 12 15 inches long, slender, partly concealed 
 in the upper sheath ; branches mostly simple. Common Manna-grass. 
 
 2. G. acutiflora Torr. : panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets 
 linear-terete, 4 12-flowered ; flowers attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved. 
 Fesluca acutiflora Big. 
 
 Overflowed meadows. N. Y. and Mass, to Del. W. to Ohio. June. 1^. 
 Culm about 18 inches high. Leaves short, erect, attenuated at the point. Pan- 
 icle long and slender, somewhat nodding. Resembles the preceding, but dis- 
 tinguished by its acute flowers and nerveless paleae. 
 
 Sharp-flowered Manna-grass. 
 
 3. G. aquatica Smith : panicle equal, diffuse, much branched ; spikelets 
 linear-oblong, 5 9-flowered ; flowers free, oblong, obtuse, prominently 7- 
 nerved. Poa aquatica Linn. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. 1\.. Root creeping. Culm 3 5 
 feet high, thick. Leaves broad-linear, a foot or more in length. Panicle very 
 large, often purplish. Reed Manna-grass. 
 
 4. G. nervaia Trin. : panicle diffuse, loose ; the branches slender and at 
 length pendulous ; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered ; flowers ob- 
 tuse, conspicuously 7-nerved. Poa nervata Wdld. P. striata Mich. P. 
 parviflora Pursh. 
 
 Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Ohio. June. l\..Culm 34 feet 
 high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth ; ligule ovate. Panicle large, capillary, 
 often purplish. Nerved Manna-grass. 
 
 5. G. elongata Trin. : panicle elongated, racemose ; branches mostly 
 solitary, appressed ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, somewhat tumid, 3 4-flow- 
 ered ; lower palea rather acute ; stamens 2. Poa elongata Torr. Fl. 
 
 Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June, July. 7J.. Culm 34 
 feet high, simple. Leaves long, nearly smooth ; ligule nearly wanting. Panicle 
 8 12 inches long, somewhat nodding. Long-panlcled Manna-grass. 
 
 6. G. Canadensis Trin. : panicle large, effuse ; branches semiverticillate, 
 at length pendulous ; spikelets broad-ovate, tumid, 5 8-flowered ; lower 
 palea somewhat acute, 7-nerved ; upper shorter and very obtuse ; stamens 
 2. Briza Canadensis Mich. 
 
 Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. July, Aug. Tj.. Culm 23 feet high, 
 erect, terete. Leaves linear, long, roughish ; ligule obtuse, lacerate. Panicle 
 6 S inches long, the branches at length spreading. Canadian Manna-grass. 
 
GRAMINACE^E. 445 
 
 7. G. obfaisa : panicle dense, ovate ; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 7-flow- 
 ered ; glumes scarious ; palese ovate, smooth, obtuse ; lower one indis- 
 tinctly 7-nerved. Poa obtusa Muhl. 
 
 Swamps. N. Eng. N. J. and Penn. Muhl. Aug., Sept. Ij.. Culm 3 4 
 feet high. Leaves linear, as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth. 
 Panicle 3 4 inches long, many-flowered. Obtuse-floioered Manna-grass. 
 
 41. BRIZA. Linn. Quaking Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek (tpiQu, to balance ; the spikelets being delicately suspended.) 
 Spikelets cordate-ovate, many-flowered. Glumes shorter 
 than the lower flowers. Paleae ventricose ; lower one cordate 
 at base, embracing the upper, which is nearly round and much 
 shorter. Caryopsis beaked. Panicle loose. 
 
 D. media Linn. : panicle erect, few-flowered ; spikelets broad-ovate, 
 about 7-flowered ; glume smaller than the flowers. 
 
 Meadows. Near Boston, Mass. Big. Penn. Muhl. June. Tj.. Culm 
 1218 inches high, slender. Leaves short, linear, acuminate. Panicle with 
 filiform spreading purple branches. Introduced from Europe and naturalized 
 in a few places. Common Quaking-grass. 
 
 42. MELICA. Linn. Melic Grass. 
 
 (A name given in Italy to the Sorghum vulgare, on account of the sweet fla- 
 vor of its stem, from mel, honey, and applied by Linnaeus to this genus. Hook. 
 Br. FZ.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 4-flowered, one or more of the upper flowers in- 
 complete and abortive. Glumes 2-valved, unequal. Paleae 
 membranaceous, unarmed. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed. 
 Panicle loose. 
 
 M. speciosa Muhl. : smooth ; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered ; branches 
 simple ; flowers obtuse. M. glabra Mich. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Flor. June. %. Culm 3 4 feet high. Panicle sub- 
 secund, with solitary branches. Showy Melic-grass. 
 
 43. KCELERIA. Pers. Koeleria. 
 (In honor of M. Kceler, a German botanist.) 
 
 Spikelets compressed, 2 4-flowered. Glumes 2, shorter 
 than the flowers ; the lower much narrower, keeled. Paleae 
 membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, unawned 
 or with a short awn below the tip ; the upper 2 -keeled. Styles 
 very short. Panicle contracted or spike-like. 
 
 1. K. Pennsylvamca D. C. : lower leaves and sheaths softly pubescent; 
 panicle long, very slender, rather loose ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; upper 
 glume oblanceolate, obtuse or slightly pointed ; lower palea rough. Aira 
 mottis Muhl. 
 
446 GRAMINACE,E. 
 
 var. major Torr. : taller ; leaves broad-linear, and with the sheaths 
 smooth ; panicle more dense. 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. May, June. ^l\ . Culm about 2 feet high, 
 simple. Leaves short, flat. Panicle 48 inches long, very slender, with yel- 
 lowish-green spikelets. Pennsylvanian Kcderia. 
 
 2. K. truncata Torr. : leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent ; panicle 
 oblong, contracted ; branches short, racemose ; spikelets somewhat cluster- 
 ed, 2-flowered ; upper glume broad-obovate, very obtuse or truncate ; upper 
 palea smoothish. Holcus stritutus Linn. Aira truncata MiM. 
 
 Dry woods. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. June. 7J-. Culm about 2 feet high, 
 slender. Leaves lance-linear, flat. Panicle 35 inches long, rather dense, nar- 
 row. Perhaps not distinct from the preceding. Truncated Koderia. 
 
 44. DACTYLIS. Linn. Orchard Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek (JuKruAoj, &jinger ; in allusion to the form of the spike.) 
 Spikelets 2 7-flowered, aggregated, subsecund. Glumes 
 unequal ; the larger keeled, mucronate. Paleae herbaceous, 
 mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed keel ; upper 
 bifid. Stigmas plumose. Panicle contracted, glomerate. 
 
 D. glomerata Linn. : panicle distantly branched, somewhat secund ; 
 spikelets 3 4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of the 
 branches. 
 
 Fields and meadows. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. June. %. Culm 2 3 feet 
 high. Leaves broad-linear, acuminate, rough. Panicle glaucous, contracted, 
 somewhat secund ; the clusters ovate, or lance-oblong. Introduced from Europe, 
 where it is sometimes cultivated for cattle. -It is thought, however, to be infe- 
 rior to Timothy. Rough Orchard-grass. 
 
 45. TRICUSPIS. Beauv. Tricuspis. 
 
 (From the Latin ires, three, and cuspis, a point ; in allusion to the lower palea.) 
 Spikelets nearly terete, many-flowered. Glumes shorter 
 than the flowers. Lower palea bifid at the apex, and tricuspi- 
 date by the projecting keel and marginal nerves, the base and 
 sides villous ; upper palea slightly bicuspidate. Panicle com- 
 pound, spreading. 
 
 T. seslerioides Torr. : panicle loose, spreading ; branches flexuous, 
 smooth; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 G-flowered, nearly terete, shining. 
 Poa seslerioides Mich. P. quinqueftda Pursk. Windsoria poceformis Nutt. 
 
 Sandy- fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. r l\.. Culm 35 feet high, 
 erect, smooth- Leaves long, flat, nerved, the sheaths bearded at the throat. 
 Panicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually purple. It is a 
 harsh grass, but is sometimes cut for hay. Tall Red-t^p. 
 
 46. FESTUCA. Linn. Fescue Grass. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Celtic fest, signifying/corf, pasturage.) 
 Spikelets oblong, 3 many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, 
 
GRAMINACE^E. 447 
 
 free. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palese herbaceous ; 
 the lower somewhat rounded on the back, acute, mucronate or 
 awned at the summit. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis 
 compressed, somewhat adhering to the upper palea. Panicle 
 usually compound. 
 
 1. F. Myurus Linn.: culm leafy in the upper part; panicle secund, 
 elongated, contracted ; spikelets about 4-flowered ; flowers shorter than the 
 awn, hairy, monandrous. 
 
 Dry fields. N. J. to Geor. June. (). Culm 812 inches high. Leaves 
 linear, setaceous. Panicle 4 or 5 inches long. Introduced ? 
 
 Wall Fescue-grass. 
 
 2. F. tenella Willd. : culm filiform ; leaves setaceous ; panicle simple, 
 spike-form, rather secund ; spikelets about 7-flowered ; awns shorter than 
 the subulate flowers. F. bromoides Mick. 
 
 Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. June. (I)- Culms often clustered, 
 6 12 inches high, geniculate at base. Leaves linear, short. Panicle 2 4 
 inches long, the spikelets brownish when old. Slender Fescue-grass. 
 
 3. F. duriuscula Linn. : root fibrous ; culm leaves flat, radical ones seta- 
 ceous ; panicle somewhat contracted, subsecund ; spikelets oblong, 5 6- 
 flowered, nearly terete ; flowers with short awns. 
 
 Fields and pastures. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. June. 1\.. Culm 1218 
 inches high, erect, slender. Leaves smooth, those of the culm involute. Pani- 
 cle 2 3 inches long, with the branches mostly in pairs. Probably introduced 
 from Europe. Hard Fescue-grass. 
 
 4. F. rubra Linn. : root creeping ; leaves pubescent on the upper side ; 
 panicle secund, erect, spreading ; spikelets somewhat terete ; flowers longer 
 than their awns. 
 
 Dry soils. Penn. Muhl. June. %. Root extensively creeping. Culm 
 18 inches high, erect. Leaves long. Panicle contracted. Differs from the 
 preceding chiefly in its creeping root. Introduced ? 
 
 Creeping Fescue-grass. 
 
 5. F. elatior Linn. : root creeping ; panicle much branched, rather loose 
 and spreading ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4 6-flowered ; flowers cylin- 
 dric, acuminate or mucronate. 
 
 Wet meadows. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. June. Ij.. Culm 3 5 feet high. 
 Leaves broad-linear, 9 15 inches long. Panicle 6 8 or 10 inches long, mostly 
 nodding, the branches usually in pairs. Introduced, but extensively natural- 
 ized. Tall Fescue-grass. 
 
 G. F. pratensis Huds. : root fibrous ; leaves linear ; panicle spreading, 
 branched, erect; spikelets oblong or linear-lanceolate, many-flowered; 
 flowers cylindric, awnless ; outer palea acute. 
 
 Meadows and fields. N. Y. and Mass, to Del. W. to Ohio. June, July. 
 7J-. Culm2 3 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, nerved, smooth, rough on the 
 margin. Panicle 4 8 inches long, somewhat secund. Introduced, but exten- 
 sively naturalized. It is said to be a much more valuable grass than tbe pre- 
 ceding. Meadow Fescue-grass. 
 
 7. F. nutans Willd.: panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding; branches 
 long, in pairs, naked below ; spikelets lance-ovate, 2 5-flowered ; flowers 
 smooth, awnless, very obscurely nerved. 
 
448 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 Moist woods. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Mich. June. It.- Culm about 
 3 feet high, erect, rather slender, simple. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
 rough. Panicle very loose, few-flowered. Nodding Fescue-grass. 
 
 47. DIPLACHNE. Beauv. Diplachne. 
 
 vFrom the Greek JurAooj, double, and %*'>?, chaff; in allusion to the division 
 of the outer palea.) 
 
 Spikelets at first terete, 7 9-flowered. Palese unequal, mu- 
 cronate, villous on the margins ; lower one slightly bifid at the 
 tip, with a straight bristle between the teeth, 3-nerved ; upper 
 bifid, flat on the back. Stigmas simply plumose. Pericarp 
 loose. Panicle somewhat secund. 
 
 D. fascicularis Beauv. Torr. N. Y. Fl. Festuca fascicutaris Lam. F. 
 procumbens Muhl. 
 
 Brackish meadows. N.Y. to Car. Aug. (J). Culm 8 15 inches long, 
 branched from the base, procumbent. Leaves longer than the culm, narrow, 
 pointed at the end ; ligule lacerate. Panicle erect, with spreading spike-like 
 branches. Spikelets one-sided, on short peduncles. 
 
 Cluster-flowered Diplachne. 
 
 4S. BROMUS. Linn. Brome Grass. 
 (From Ppopos , a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats.) 
 Spikelets oblong, 3- many-flowered ; the flowers in two 
 raws. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers. Lower 
 palea bifid at the apex, and usually awned a little belov^ the tip ; 
 upper 2-keeled, the keels pectinate-ciliate. Stigmi simply 
 plumose. Panicle diffuse or contracted. 
 
 1. B.sterilis Linn. : panicle drooping, slightly branched ; spik/.ets linear- 
 lanceolate, at length oblong ; flowers remote, lanceolate-subtei^te ; paleae 
 shorter than the straight awn. 
 
 Waste grounds. Penn-Yan, Yates county, N. Y. Dr. SartwelL June, July. 
 (1). Culm about 2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves pubescent above, smooth 
 beneath. Panicle nearly simple, slender. Spikelets about 6-flowered. Intro- 
 duced from Europe. Barren Brome-grass. 
 
 2. B. secalinus Linn. : panicle spreading, the peduncles but Jittle branched ; 
 spikelets ovate-oblong, compressed, 8 10-flowered ; flowers rather remote ; 
 paleae longer than the flexuous awns. 
 
 Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, (p. Culm 2 3 feet 
 high ; the nodes swollen and pubescent. Leaves broad-linar, hairy above. 
 Panicle 4 6 inches long ; branches semiverticillate, scabrouR and pubescent. 
 Introduced from Europe. It is very common in wheat fields, especially when 
 the giain has been injured by frost. This has given rise to the corr/non, but 
 mistaken, idea that wheat is changed into this plant. Chess. Cheat. 
 
 3. B. mollis Linn. : panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 
 Bomewhat compressed, pubescent ; flowers imbricate, compressed, at* iut as 
 long as the straight awn. 
 
 Fields and pastures. Mass, to Penn. June. . Cuim 12 fee bVI 
 
GRAMINACE.E. 449 
 
 Leaves very soft, pubescent. Panicle 3 4 inches long. Spikelets nearly erect, 
 5 10-flowered. The seeds are said to be deleterious. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Soft Brome-grass. 
 
 4. B. purgans Linn. : panicle oblong, somewhat contracted, at length 
 nodding ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, ovate-oblong when old, 7 8-flowered ; 
 flowers hairy ; awn straight, nearly as long as the paleae. 
 
 Moist woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Ohio ; rare. July, Aug. Tj.. 
 Culm 2 3 feet high, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves flat, somewhat hairy. 
 Panicle about 3 inches long, with short nearly simple branches. 
 
 Canadian Brome-grass. 
 
 5. B. cUiatus Linn.: panicle loose, nodding; spikelets oblong, terete, 
 8 12-flowered ; flowers appressed-pubescent, longer than the straight awn. 
 B. Canadensis Mich. ? 
 
 Woods. Can. to Penn. June. 1\.. Culm 35 feet high, striate, the nodes 
 black and hairy. Leaves broad-linear, hairy above, smoothish beneath. Pan- 
 icle 6 8 inches long ; the branches filiform, rough. Ciliate Brome-grass. 
 
 6. JB.pubescens Muhl: panicle loose, nodding; spikelets lanceolate, sub- 
 terete, 8 12-flowered ; flowers pubescent, rather longer than the straight 
 awn. 
 
 Woods. Mass, to Car. W. to Ohio. June. 1}.. Culm 34 feet high, some- 
 what hairy below, the nodes black. Leaves lanceolate, hairy above, smooth be- 
 neath. Panicle loose, at length nodding, with slender flexuous branches. 
 
 Pubescent Brome-grass. 
 
 7. B. arvensis Linn. : panicle erect, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, com- 
 pressed, 7 8-flowered ; flowers imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as 
 long as the straight awn. 
 
 Fields and meadows. West Chester, Penn. Darlington. June, July. (J). 
 Culm about 2 feet high, smooth ; nodes nearly black, pubescent. Leaves 
 lance-linear, hairy on both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length droop- 
 ing. Introduced from Europe. Fwld Brome-grass. 
 
 49. UNIOLA. Linn. Spike Grass. 
 
 (Probably so named because the lower flowers of the spikelet consist only of a 
 single palea. Torr.} 
 
 Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, one or more of the 
 lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palea. Glumes 
 keeled. Paleae of the perfect flowers 2 ; lower one boat-shaped ; 
 upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens 1 3. Panicle com- 
 pound, loose. 
 
 1. U. latifolia Mich.: leaves broad and flat; panicle loose, nodding; 
 spikelets on long peduncles ; flowers somewhat falcate, monandrous. 
 
 Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Aug. *2|.. Culm 23 feet high, somewhat 
 branching. Panicle a foot long, loose. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. 
 
 2. U. gracilis Mich. : panicle elongated, racemose, appressed ; spikelets 
 3_4-flowered; flowers spreading, monandrous. Holciis laxus Linn. 
 
 Sandy swamps. N.Y. to Geor. Aug. n\..Culm 3-^4 feet high, cespitose, 
 slender, somewhat compressed , leafy. Leaves a foot or more long, narrow, flat. 
 Panicle 610 inches long, very slender, with short remote branches. 
 
 Slender Spike-grass. 
 
450 GRAMINACK.tt. 
 
 X. HORDEJE. Spikelets 3- many-flowered, rarely l-flowered, often 
 owned; the terminal flower imperfect. Glumes and pakxc. '^herba- 
 ceous ; the former rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile. 
 
 50. LOLIUM. Linn. Darnel. 
 (A classical Latin name, applied to this genus.) 
 
 Spikelets sessile, many-flowered, distichous at right angles 
 with, or the edge to the rachis. Flowers imbricate, naked at 
 the base. Inner glume mostly wanting. Lower palea lanceo- 
 late, mucronate or with a short bristle at the tip ; upper one 
 2-keeled. Spike simple ; rachis not jointed. 
 
 1. L. perenne Linn. : perennial ; spikelets longer than the glumes, linear- 
 oblong, compressed, 7 9-flowered ; flowers mostly awnless. 
 
 Meadows and fields. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. . June. %. Culm 12 
 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, smooth, shining, somewhat rough near 
 the end. Spikelets 12 20, alternate, forming a spike about 6 inches long. In- 
 troduced, probably from England, where it is esteemed as a valuable grass for 
 the agriculturalist. Perennial Darnel. Rye-grass. 
 
 2. L. temulentum Linn. : annual ; spikelets as long as the glumes, much 
 compressed, 5 7-flowered ; flowers as long as the rigid awns. 
 
 Fields. N. Eng. and Penn. July. .Culm about 2 feet high, terete, 
 scabrous above. Leaves lanee-linear, rough on the margins. Spikelets much 
 compressed. The seeds are said to be poisonous. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 Bearded Darnel. 
 
 51. TRITICUM. Linn. Wheat or Wheat Grass. 
 
 (From the Latin trilum, rubbed or ground ; because the seed is thus prepared 
 for food.) 
 
 Spikelets distichously imbricate, sessile on the teeth of the 
 rachis, 3- many-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, opposite. 
 Paleae lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned 
 at the summit. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate. Flowers 
 spiked. 
 
 1 . T. repens Lirtii. : root creeping ; spike distichous, compressed ; spike- 
 lets about 5-flowered, distant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute ; glumes lan- 
 ceolate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Agropyron repens Torr. Fl. 
 
 Fields and meadows. N. S. W. to Miss. June Aug. Tj.. Root or rhi- 
 zoma jointed, proliferous. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves lance-linear, some- 
 what scabrous. Spike 3 5 inches long. A very troublesome weed. Intro- 
 duced from Europe. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass. 
 
 2. T. caninum Linn. : root fibrous ; spike distichous, compressed ; spikf- 
 lets about 5-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, 3 5-nerved, acute ; lower palea 
 awned. Agropyron caninum JR. ($ S. 
 
 Fields. Penn-Yan, N. Y. Dr. Sartwett. Del. Muhl July, <$. Culm 
 2 3 feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Best distinguished from the preceding by 
 its fibrous root. Introduced from Europe. Fibrous-roofed Wheat-grass. 
 
GRAMINACRjK. 451 
 
 52. ELYMUS. Linn. Ly me Grass. 
 
 (From &VHDS, a name given by the Greeks to the panic-grasses, because they 
 grew abundantly about hlyma, in Greece. Hook. Fl. Br.) 
 
 Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 7-flow- 
 ered, the upper flowers imperfect. Glumes 2, nearly equal, 
 subulate, rarely 1 or wanting. Paleae 2, lanceolate, subcoria- 
 ceous ; the lower one usually awned. Spike simple. 
 
 1. E. Virginicus Linn.: spike erect, dense; spikelets in pairs. 2 3- 
 flowered, the flowers nearly smooth ; glumes lanceolate, nerved, as long as 
 the spikelets. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. and Mass, to Geor. W. to Mich, and Ark. July, 
 Aug. %. Culm 3 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, scabrous, 
 deep green. Spike 3 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 
 
 Virginian Lyme-grass. Wild Rye. 
 
 2. E. Canadensis Linn.: spike rather spreading, nodding at the ex- 
 tremity ; spikelets in pairs, 3 5-flowered ; flowers hairy ; glumes lanceo- 
 late-subulate, awned, conspicuously nerved. E. glaucifolius and Philadel- 
 phicus Willd. 
 
 River banks. Subarct. Amer. to Del. W. to Miss. Aug. %. Root creep- 
 ing. Culm 3 4 feet high, erect. Leaves broad- linear, flat, somewhat rough. 
 Spike 6 8 inches long, at length nodding. Canadian Lyme-grass. 
 
 3. E. villosus Muhl. : spike loose, somewhat nodding ; rachis and flow- 
 ers hispid-pilose ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 3-flowered ; glumes linear, 
 hairy-ciliate, 2 3-nerved. E. ciliatus Muhl. 
 
 Banks of streams. N. Y. and Mass, to Virg. July. ^.Culm 23 feet 
 high, rather slender, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat pubescent above ; 
 the lower sheaths hairy. Spike 2 3 inches long, at length spreading and some- 
 what nodding. Hairy Lyme-grass. 
 
 4. E. Hystri.v Linn.: spike erect; spikelets in pairs or ternate, distant, 
 diverging, about 3-flowered ; flowers awned ; glumes minute or wanting. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. <$.. Culm 24 feet high, 
 erect, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, often glaucous. Spike 4 6 inches 
 long, at length spreading so as to resemble an apothecary's bottle washer. 
 
 Bottle-brush Grass. 
 
 5. E. strialus Willd. : spike erect ; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, 
 hispid ; glumes linear, nerved, awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. 
 
 Shady woods. Mass, and N. Y. to Virg. W. to Mich, and Ark. June. ^ 
 Culm 8 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough 
 above, sheaths smooth. Spike somewhat spreading, the rachis pubescent. 
 
 Striated Lyme-grass. 
 
 53. HORDEUM. Linn. Barley. 
 (An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.) 
 
 Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones often 
 abortive, each 1 -flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second 
 flower. Glumes 2, ne*arly equal, collateral, lance-linear, flat, 
 awned. Paleae 2, the lower with a long awn ; the upper 2- 
 keeled, obtuse Spike simple. 
 
452 GRAMINACE^E. 
 
 H.jubatum Linn. : lateral flowers abortive, neutral ; bristles of the glume 
 and lower palea 6 times as long as the flowers. 
 
 Marshes. Subarct. Amer. to Mass. W. to the Platte River. June. (g). 
 Culm 2 feet high, simple, smooth, slender. Leaves rather short, rough on the 
 margin. Spike 2 3 inches long. Wild Barley. Squirrel-tail Grass. 
 
 XI. RoTTBffiLLE-as. Spikekts I- or 2- rarely 3-flowered, seated in 
 an excavation of the rachis, either solitary or in pairs, with one pedicel- 
 late and often blighted. One flower of each %-flowered spikelet imper- 
 fect. Glumes 1 2, sometimes wanting, ?nostly coriaceous. Palecc 
 membranaceous, rarely awned. 
 
 54. TRIPSACUM. Linn. Sesame Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek rpt/?w, to grind ; but the application is obscure.) 
 Monoecious. STERILE SPIKELETS in pairs on each joint of the 
 rachis, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flow- 
 ers each with 2 palaee. FERTILE SPIKELETS solitary, as long 
 as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 paleae ; the outer or 
 lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. Spikes 
 solitary, or digitate in twos or threes. 
 
 T. dadyloides Linn. : spikes 2 3, aggregated or digitate, sometimes sol- 
 itary ; sterile flowers above, fertile at the base. 
 
 Meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss, and Ark. July, Aug. %.Culm 
 erect or oblique, 4 6 feet high, somewhat compressed. Leaves large, often 3 
 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spikes usually 2 3, 
 rachis articulated. T. mcmostachyon Willd. is a mere variety with a single 
 spike. The value of this grass for fodder, seems to have been greatly overrated. 
 
 Sesame-grass. Gama-grass. 
 
 XII. ANDROPOGONEJE. Spikelets S-flowered ; the lower flower al- 
 ways imperfect, on a bearded pedicel. Palea mostly hyaline. 
 
 55. ANDROPOGON. Linn. Beard Grass. 
 
 (From the Greek avep, a man, and Truy wv, a beard ; in allusion to the hairy 
 flowers.) 
 
 Lower flower staminate or neutral, the glumes and paleae 
 often very minute or wanting. Upper flower perfect. Glumes 
 awnless. Palese 2, shorter than the glumes ; lower one mostly 
 awned. Flowers in panicles or spikes. 
 
 * Flowers in panicles. 
 
 1. A. nutans Linn. : panicle terminal, oblong, branched, at length nod- 
 ding ; lower flower a mere pedicel, without valves ; outer glume of the per- 
 fect flower covered with brownish hairs ; awn contorted. A. avenaceum 
 Mich. 
 
 Sandy sterile fields. Throughout the U. S. Aug. Oct. 1\.. Culm 3 6 
 feet high, simple, terete. Leaves a foot or more long, glaucous. Panicle loose, at 
 first erect, at length nodding. Nodding Beard-grass. Indian-grass. 
 
GRAMINACE^E. 453 
 
 ** Flowers in spikes. 
 
 2. A. scoparius Mich. : spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, 
 in pairs ; lower flower neutral, awned ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; 
 awn twisted. A. purpurascens Willd. 
 
 Old fields and road sides. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. %. 
 Culm about 3 feet high, with lateral scattered branches. Leaves flat, some- 
 what hairy. Spikes on a flexuous rachis, often purple. 
 
 Purple Bear-grass. Brown-grass. 
 
 3. A. furcatus Muhl.: spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours; lower 
 flower staminate, awnless ; awn of the perfect flower somewhat contorted. 
 
 Rocky grounds. N. Y. and Mass, to Car. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. %. 
 Culm 34 feet high, simple or somewhat branching. Leaves flat; the lower 
 very long. Spikes about 3 inches long, 3 5 or more at the summit of the culm. 
 
 Forked Beard-grass. 
 
 4. A. macrourus Mich. : spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal 
 fastigiate panicles ; lower flower a mere rudiment without valves ; perfect 
 flower monandrous, the awn straight. 
 
 Swamps, especially near salt water. N. Y. and Mass, to Flor. Sept., Oct. 
 1\.. Culm 3 feet high, much branched towards the top. Leaves roughish ; the 
 lower long. Spikes very numerous, in large clustered panicles, partly concealed 
 in the boat-like sheaths. Many-spiked Beard-grass. 
 
 5. A. Virginicus Linn. : culm somewhat compressed ; sheaths smooth ; 
 spikes short, 2 3 from each sheath, in slender fascicles, lateral and termi- 
 nal ; lower flower a mere pedicel without glumes ; perfect flower monan- 
 drous, the awn straight. A. dissitiflorum Mich. 
 
 Dry swamps. N. Y. and Mass, to Flor. Sept. 'Zj-. Culms about 3 feet high, 
 somewhat cespitose, with short branches above. Leaves a foot or more in 
 length, the lower hairy on the upper surface. Spikes partly concealed in sheaths. 
 
 Virginian Beard-grass. 
 
DIVISION II. 
 FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 PLANTS DESTITUTE OF PROPER FLOWERS ; AND PRODUCING 
 SPORES, INSTEAD OF SEEDS. 
 
 CLASS I. FERN-LIKE PLANTS. 
 
 Flowerless plants, with a stem having a vascular system and 
 for the most part with distinct leaves or fronds. Spore-cases 
 (the coverings of the spores, sometimes called theccs or cap- 
 sules), axillary, radical or dorsal, one or many-celled. 
 
 ORDER CXLVIII. EQUISETACEJS. HORSE TAILS. 
 
 Fructification in terminal cones or spikes composed of peltate 
 scales attached to a central axis, and bearing on their inner sur- 
 face several cases or thecse, which contain the spores. Spores 
 oval grains, wrapped round with 'a pair of highly elastic elaters, 
 which uncoil themselves when dry. Leafless herbaceous peren- 
 nial plants. Stems hollow -and jointed, either simple or with 
 whorled branches, and furnished at the joints with toothed 
 sheaths. Stomates arranged longitudinally on the cuticle, 
 which contains a large quantity of silica. 
 
 EQJJISETUM. Linn. Horse Tail. 
 Character same as that of the order. 
 
 * Fertile stems simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones. 
 1. E. arvense Linn. : sterile stems erect or assurgent, roughish, with 
 12 14 furrows, the branches 3 4-angled and ascending ; teeth of the 
 sheaths ovate-acuminate, subsquarrose ; fertile stems simple, erect ; the 
 sheaths large, loose, remote. 
 
EQ,UISETACE,E. 455 
 
 Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the N. W. Coast. April, May. 
 1J-. Sterile starts 10 15 inches high, with whorls of ascending branches, which 
 are either simple or somewhat divided. Fertile stems 6 8 inches high, with 
 brownish or purple sheaths. Spikes oblong, obtuse ; the scales at first approxi- 
 mated, at length more open. Field Horse-tail. 
 
 ** Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification at the same lime 
 with the branches. 
 
 2. E. sylvaticum Linn. : sterile and fertile stems both branched, about 
 12 furrowed; branches compound, curved downwards; sheaths loose, 
 deeply cleft into several broad-lanceolate membranous teeth. 
 
 Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. and Ohio. June, July. 7j . Stems 12 18 
 inches high ; the sterile ones usually taller and more slender. Sheaths divided 
 into 8 17 teeth or leaves, whose points are connected in 2 4 or more lobes. 
 Spike oblong. Wood Horse-tail. 
 
 3. E. palustre Linn. : stem deeply grooved, roughish, 7 8-angled ; 
 branches whorled, simple, gradually shorter upwards; sheaths distant, cut 
 at the apex into 6 10 fuscous teeth. 
 
 Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Virg. June. Ij.. Stetns 12 18 inches high, gen- 
 erally with simple erect whorled branches. Sheaths mostly with 7 9 teeth. 
 Spike an inch long, slender and blackish. A variable species. 
 
 Marsh Horse-tail. 
 
 4. E. limosum Linn. : stem smooth, with 16 21 striae, sometimes simple; 
 branches nearly erect, simple, short ; teeth of the sheaths short, rigid, dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Virg. W. to Wise. June, July. 1\.. 
 Stems 2 3 feet high, erect, simple, or with a few whorls of branches at the top. 
 Sheaths numerous, appressed, usually with 17 20 brownish or blackish teeth. 
 Spike oblong, scarcely an inch in length. Easily distinguished from the preceding 
 by the structure of its stem and by its teeth. Smooth Swamp Horse-tail. 
 
 *** Stems simple or branclied only at base. 
 
 5. E. hyemak Linn. : stems numerous, simple, naked, erect, very rough ; 
 sheaths short, blackish at the base and apex, with about 14 20 very small 
 obtuse finally deciduous teeth. 
 
 Wet woods and marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss, and Ken. June, July. 
 Ij.. Stems 1 2 feet high, naked, furrowed, pale and somewhat glaucous green. 
 Sheaths 2 4 lines long, the teeth deciduous. Spike ovoid, blackish. The cuti- 
 cle abounds in silica, and the stems are well suited for the polishing of hard 
 woods and the metals. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass. 
 
 6. E. variegatum Schleich. : stems several, usually decumbent or assurgent. 
 simple or only branched at the base, rough, filiform, with 4 8 striae; 
 sheaths with membranaceous lanceolate teeth, blackish at the base. 
 
 Wet sandy places. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. July. 1J.. Stems 612 inches 
 long, several from the same root. Sheaf hs blackish, consisting of about seven 
 4-keeled persistent teeth. Spike ovoid, blackish, smaller than in the preceding. 
 
 Variegated Rough Horse-tail. 
 
 7. E. scirpoides Mich. : stems cespitose, much branched from the root, 
 ascending, naked, filiform, rough ; sheaths blackish, with a few awned 
 teeth. E. variegatum Torr. Comp. E. variegatum var. minus Hook. 
 
 Wet rocky places. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. and N. Eng. 1J-. Stems in dense 
 tufts, 4 8 inches long, very slender. 5 6-angled. Sheaths minute, blackish, 
 
456 FILICES. 
 
 with 3 6 subulate whitish awned teeth. Spiltes ovoid capitate, 2 3-lines 
 long, blackish. Torr. N. Y. Fl. The smallest of the genus. 
 
 Smallest Rough Horse-tail. 
 
 ORDER CXLIX. FILICES. FERNS. 
 
 Fructification only of one kind on the same individual. 
 Spore-cases sometimes in distinct spikes or racemes, but usu- 
 ally collected into clusters of various shapes, (sori,) arising 
 from veins on the under surface of the leaf or frond ; either 
 pedicellate, with the stalk passing round them in the form of an 
 elastic ring, or sessile and destitute of such a ring ; and either 
 naked, or covered with an involucre, (indusium.) Spores very 
 minute. Leafy plants, producing a rhizoma which is mostly 
 creeping, but sometimes arborescent. Fronds coiled up before 
 expansion, simple or variously branched and divided. 
 
 I. POLYP ODE2E. Spore-cases stalked, furnished with an articulated 
 elastic more or less complete ring, opening transversely and irregularly. 
 
 1. POLYPODIUM. Linn. Polypody. 
 
 (From the Greek TroXvj, many, and irovs, rro<Jo?, afoot; from the numerous feet- 
 like branches of the root-stock.) 
 
 Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the lower surface 
 of the frond. Indusium none. 
 
 * Frond pinnatifid. 
 
 1. P. vidgare var. Americanum Hook. : frond smooth, deeply pinnatifid; 
 segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the upper ones becoming 
 gradually smaller ; sori large, distinct. P. Virginianum Willd. 
 
 Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. Rhizoma creep- 
 ing, clothed with brownish chaffy scales. Fronds 6 10 inches long, U 2 inches 
 wide, growing in thick patches ; segments mostly alternate. Sori large, in 
 double rows on the back of each segment, at first distinct and yellowish, at 
 length in contact^ and dark colored. According to Torrey, the American plant 
 differs from the European only in the fronds being narrower and more oblong, 
 the segments more distant, and the sori nearer the margin. 
 
 Common Polypody. 
 
 ** Frond bipinnatifid. 
 
 2. P. liexagonapterurn Mich.: stipe smooth; frond bipinnatifid, slightly 
 pubescent, the lowest divisions deflexed ; segments lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, 
 crenate or toothed ; the lowest pairs adnate-decurrent, connected by an ob- 
 long somewhat hexagonal wing ; sori minute. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. %. Stipe 12 15 inches long, slender, 
 smooth. Frond triangular in its outline, the base 69 inches wide, and often 
 exceeding the length. Sori very small, roundish, distinct, marginal, in 1 3 
 rows. Winged Polypody. 
 
FILICES. 457 
 
 3. P. Phegopteris Linn. : stipe pubescent, somewhat chaffy; frond bi- 
 pinnatifid, the two lower divisions deflexed ; segments linear-lanceolate, 
 obtuse, entire, ciliate, the lowermost ones adnate-decurrent ; veins hairy ; 
 sori solitary, marginal. P. connectile Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. 1].. Stipe 6 10 inches 
 long, minutely pubescent and a little chaffy. Frond triangular, 35 inches 
 long. Sort minute, mostly 4 on each segment. Identical with the foreign plant, 
 and differing from the preceding chiefly in its smaller size, pubescent stipe, and 
 more closely approximated pinnae. Beech Polypody. 
 
 *** Frond ternate, bipinnate. 
 
 4. P. Dryopteris Linn. : frond ternate ; the divisions bipinnate, spread- 
 ing and deflexed ; segments oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate ; sori mar- 
 ginal, at length confluent. P. calcareum Smith. Nephrodium Dryopteris 
 Mich. 
 
 Wet woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. July. 1\.. Rhizoma black, creeping and 
 slender. Stipe 6 12 inches long, erect, slender, smooth. Frond 4 6 inches 
 wide, triangular, of a light green color. Sori small, light brown. 
 
 Three-branched Polypody. 
 
 2. ONOCLEA. Linn. Sensitive Fern. 
 (An ancient Greek name, applied to this genus.) 
 
 Sterile frond deeply pinnatifid ; the segments sinuous or pin- 
 natifid, with reticulated veins. Fertile frond bipinnate, small ; 
 the segments contracted, with their margins revolute, forming 
 a general involucre and resembling berries. Sori 4 6, con- 
 fluent. Indusium lateral, cucullate, thin and membranaceous. 
 
 0. sensibilis Linn. : sterile frond pinnate ; pinnas lanceolate, acute, la- 
 ciniate, upper ones united at base ; fertile frond bipinnate, with the seg- 
 ments recurved and globosely contracted, resembling a compound spike. 
 
 var. obtusiloba Torr. : fertile frond deeply bipinnatifid ; segments obovate, 
 very obtuse ; the margin slightly recurved. O. oblusilobala Schk. ? Pursh. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Flor. July. 1\.. Stipe 8 12 inches long, angular, a 
 little chaffy at the base, elsewhere smooth. Sterile frond 8 12 inches long, 
 triangular, deeply pinnate, smooth. Fertile frond 3 6 inches long, nearly erect ; 
 the contracted and somewhat triangular-globose segments smoothish, dark brown, 
 resembling berries in two-rowed unilateral spikes. The var. obtustlobata is quite 
 rare, and is said by Torrey to have been hitherto obtained in only three local- 
 ities. In one of these it was found growing on the same root with the common 
 variety. Sensitive Fern. 
 
 3. ASPIDIUM. Swartz. Shield Fern. 
 
 (From the Greek o<rjrf , a shield ; in allusion to the form of the indusium.) 
 Sori roundish, scattered. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the 
 centre, or reniform and fixed at the sinus. 
 
 * Frond pinnate. 
 
 1. A. acrostichoides Swartz: stipe and rachis chaffy; frond pinnate; 
 pinns linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat falcate, mucronate-serrulate, au* 
 
 20 
 
458 FILICES. 
 
 riculate at base on the upper side, subsessile ; the uppei ones smaller and 
 only fertile ; son at length confluent. Ncpkrodium acrostichoid.es Mich. 
 
 var. incisum Gray : segments unequally and incisely toothed ; sori mostly 
 distinct. A. Schweinitzii Beck Dot. 1st Ed. 
 
 Rocky and low shady places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June Aug. *2J.. 
 An erect fern 12 18 inches high, growing in clusters. Stipe short, pale, and 
 with the rachis very chaffy. Frond lanceolate, very acute or cuspidate, pale 
 green. Sori rather large, in a single or double row, at length confluent and 
 covering the whole lower surface of the terminal leafets. Indusium orbicular. 
 Var. incisum, has been found in Oneida county, N. Y., by Gray, and near Phil- 
 adelphia by Schweinitz. Terminal Shield-fern. 
 
 ** Frond pinnate-pinnatijid. 
 
 2. A. Thelypleris Swarlz : frond pinnate ; pinnse mostly opposite, linear- 
 lanceolate, sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones longer ; segments ovate- 
 oblong, rather acute, the margin slightly crenulate, revolute when in fruit; 
 sori small, a short distance from the margin, contiguous, at length conflu- 
 ent. Poli/podiam Theh/pteris Linn. 
 
 Wet woods and swamps, ("an. to Del. July. 1\.. Stipe about a foot long, 
 smooth and naked. Frond 6 12 inches long, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
 deep green and delicate. Sori between the margin and midrib of the segments, 
 at length confluent arid usually covering their whole under surface. Indusium 
 orbicular-reniform. Marsh Shield-fern. 
 
 3. A. Noveboracense Willd. : frond pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 
 sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually smaller ; segments ob- 
 long, obtuse, entire, ciliate; sori minute, nearly marginal, distinct. A. 
 tJielypteroides Swa.rtz. Nepkrodium thelypteroides Mich. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. r t\.. A fern about as large as the pre- 
 ceding, but of a more rigid habit. Stipe smooth or slightly pubescent. Frond 
 pale green ; the segments linear-oblong and sometimes a little acute. Sori in 
 two rows. Indusium orbicular-reniform. Perhaps not distinct from A. The- 
 lypleris. New York Shield-fern. 
 
 4. A. cristatum Swariz: stipe nearly naked; frond pinnate, (nearly bi- 
 pinnate,) lanceolate, somewhat rigid ; pinnse somewhat cordate, oblong, 
 deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, doubly serrate : sori near the 
 midrib. A. Lancastricnse Spreng. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Del. ; rare. July. 1\.. Stipe stout, somewhat chaffy, 
 varying from tawny to brown. Frond 1J 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate in its 
 outline, bright green; lower pinnse broad at the base. -Sori middle-sized, dis- 
 tinct, dark brown, mostly in two rows, usually on the upper half of the frond. 
 
 Crested Shield-fern. 
 
 5. A. Goldianum Hook. : frond pinnate, broad-ovate ; pinnse deeply pin- 
 natifid, lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong, subacute, somewhat fal- 
 cate, mucronate-serrate ; sori in two rows near the midrib on the lower 
 segments. A. Filix mas Pursh not of Wittd. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Del. July. '4- Fern 1* 3 feet high, with the stipe 
 somewhat chaffy. Frond 6 12 inches wide, yellowish-green. Resembles A. 
 cristatum more than any other s-pecies, but can at once be distinguished by the 
 broader frond, by the form of the pinnse, which are never broader at base, and 
 by the narrower and slightly falcate segments. Goldie's Shield-fern. 
 
 *** Frond bipinnate. 
 
 6. A. marginal* Swarlz stipe chaffy ; frond bipinnate ; pinnae lance- 
 
FILICES. 459 
 
 olate ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decurrent, the lower ones 
 nearly distinct ; son nearly marginal, distinct. Nephrodium marginale 
 Mich. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. 1\.. Fern 12 18 inches high. Stipe 
 stout, chaffy, especially near the root, with large tawny scales. Frond ovate- 
 oblong, smooth, bluish-green, the upper part only fertile. Sori middle-sized, 
 one at each notch in the segments. Indusium peltate-reniform. 
 
 Marginal Shield-fern. 
 
 7. A. dilatatum Swartz : stipe chaffy ; frond bipinnate ; the pinnules 
 oblong, distinct, deeply and incisely pinnatifid ; segments mucronate-ser- 
 rate; sori minute, distinct, in a double row about the middle of the pinnules. 
 A. intermedium MM. A. spinulosum Pursh. Nephrodium cristatum Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. 1\. Stipe 612 inches long, pale 
 brown, chaffy with thin brown scales. Frond 1218 inches long, ovate-Ian 
 ceolate in its outline, varying in the divisions of the pinnce, sometimes almos* 
 tripinnate ; serratures of the segments cuspidate or sharply acuminate. Son 
 rather small, numerous, somewhat in two rows, brownish. Indusium umbilicatt! 
 in the centre. Dilated Shield-fern. 
 
 8. A. aculeatum Swartz: stipe and rachis chaffy; frond bipinnate; 
 pinnules ovate, somewhat falcate, slightly petioled, mucronate-serrate, ob- 
 liquely truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, obtusely cuneate 
 on the lower, upper ones fructiferous. ( Torr. N. Y. FU.} 
 
 White mountains, N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Mountains of Essex county, 
 N. Y. Aug. 7J.. Stipe 2 6 inches long, and with the rachis clothed with 
 chaffy lanceolate-subulate scales. Frond 1% 2 feet long, of a rigid texture, 
 broad-lanceolate in its outline. Sori rather large, 6 8 on each pinnule, near 
 the middle. Indusium reniform-peltate. Prickly Shield-fern. 
 
 4. WOODSIA. Brown. Woodsia. 
 (Named in honor of Joseph Woods ; an English botanist.) 
 Sori globose. Indusium more or less globose or cup-shaped, 
 seated under the sorus, and at length cut at the margin into 
 numerous often capillary segments. Spore-cases globose, pedi- 
 cellate. 
 
 1. W. ttvensis Brown : frond lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae oblong, obtuse, 
 deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obscurely crenate, the under surface as 
 well as the rachis and stipe chaffy. W. Ilvensis and rufidula Deck Bot. 
 1st. Ed. Polypodium Ilvense Swartz. 
 
 Rocky banks of streams, Subarct. Amer. to Car. June. 7J.. Fern 4 6 
 inches high, growing in dense tufts. Fronds 2 4 inches long, the under surface 
 clothed with rusty scales; pinnce about 12, alternate. Sori small, near the 
 margin of the segments, at length confluent. Indusium surrounding the slightly 
 pedicellate spore-cases, the margin cut into numerous capillary segments. 
 
 Oblong-leaved Woodsia. 
 
 2. W. hyperborea Brown, : frond lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-cordate, 
 incisely pinnatifid, covered with chaffy hair beneath ; segments rounded, 
 unequal. Polypodium hyperboreum Swartz. 
 
 In clefts of rocks. Can. and on the higfc mountains of Perm, and Virg 
 Pursh. July. 7|. Resembles the preceding, but is sometimes quite small, and 
 differs in having the pinnae as well as the segments more rounded and less deeply 
 
460 FILICES. 
 
 pinnatifid, except at their base, where the bottom pair of segments are often so 
 deeply separated as to form two little pinnules. Rounded- leaved Woodsia. 
 
 3. W. obtusa Torr. : stipe and rachis somewhat chaffy ; frond lanceolate, 
 somewhat bipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; divisions pinnate or deeply 
 pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed ; sori mostly solitary 
 on each lobule of the segments, and near the sinus. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.} 
 W. Perriniana Hook. <$ Grev. Alsophila Perriniana Spreng. Aspidium 
 obtusum Willd. 
 
 Rocky banks. Can. to Car. ; rather rare. July. 2J.. Fern 8 12 inches 
 high. Stipe 2 3 inches long, straw-colored, chaffy. Frond covered with 
 a minute glandular pubescence ; the divisions ovate-oblong. Sori small, at 
 length almost confluent. Indusium hemispheric, at length opening at the top 
 with an irregular lobed margin. Dr. Torrey states that the Alsojihila Perrini- 
 ana was described by Sprengel from specimens sent by him, which were placed 
 by mistake in a collection of plants brought from the West Indies by M. Perrin. 
 
 Obtuse Woodsia. 
 
 5. CISTOPTERIS. Bernh. Bladder Fern. 
 (From the Greek Kiffrtj, a box, and nrtpis, a fern..} 
 Sori roundish. Indusium inserted by its broad cucullate 
 base at the under side of the sorus, opening by its lengthened 
 free extremity which points towards the apex of the segment. 
 
 1. C. fragiiis Bernh. frond bipinnate ; pinnae ovate-lanceolate ; pinnules 
 ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments toothed ; rachis winged. 
 Aspidium fragile Swartz. A. tenuc Willd. Nephrodium ienue Mich. 
 
 Moist rocks. Arct. Amer. to Ver. Mass, and N. Y. June, July. 1\. Fern 
 6 14 inches high, growing in tufts. Stipe slender, dark colored and a little 
 chaffy at base. Frond delicate, deep green ; pinnules somewhat variable in 
 their shape and divisions. Sori large, pale, mostly solitary, near the margins of 
 the segments. Indusium forming a sort of cup or hood. Brittle Bladder-fern. 
 
 '2. C. bulbifera Bernh. : frond bipinnate, lanceolate, attenuate at the 
 upper part ; segments opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower ones pin- 
 natifid ; rachis bearing bulbs ; sori minute. Aspidium buttnferum Swartz. 
 Nep/irodium bulbiferum Mich. 
 
 Shady rocks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio ; common. July. 7J.. Fern some- 
 times 2 feet or more high, growing in tufts. Stipe smooth, pale. Frond nar- 
 row, smooth, green, much elongated and often bending over at the end. Rachis 
 bearing greenish somewhat flattened bulbs, which are about the size of a pea. 
 
 Bulb-bearing Bladder-fern. 
 
 6. ASPLENIUM. Linn. Spleenwort. 
 
 (From the Greek a, privative, and <nrA^, the spleen ; from its supposed medici- 
 nal virtues.) 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, oblique, scattered. Indusium of the 
 same shape, superficial, arising from the lateral veins, and open- 
 ing longitudinally on the side towards the midrib. 
 
 * ^Frond pinnate. 
 I. A. angustifolium Mich. : frond pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, ere- 
 
FILICES. 461 
 
 nate-serrulate, somewhat repand ; the base truncate on the lower side, 
 rounded on the upper. 
 
 Moist woods. Can. to Mats, and N. Y. July. %. Fern 12 feet high, 
 erect. Sterile fronds forming a circle with the fertile ones smaller and central. 
 Sort oblong-linear, diverging like veins from the midrib, at length confluent. 
 Indusium vaulted, thick. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. 
 
 2. A. ebeneum Willd.i frond pinnate; pinnae sessile, lanceolate, some- 
 what falcate, serrate, auriculate on the upper side of their base ; stipe and 
 rachis smooth and shining, dark purple. A. trickomoiwides Mich. A. po- 
 lypodioides Muhl. 
 
 Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. 1\.. Fern 812 inches high, erect. 
 Stipe very smooth, dark purple or nearly black. Frond lance-linear in its out- 
 line, pale green, smooth. Sori in short diverging lines, arranged in a double 
 row along the midrib of the pinnae, at length confluent. Indusium thin and 
 membranaceous. Ebony Spleenwort. 
 
 3. A. Trichomanes Linn. : frond pinnate ; pinnae obliquely oval or round- 
 ish-obovate, subsessile, crenate, cuneate or cuneate-truncate at base ; stipe 
 and rachis smooth, shining, very dark purple. A. melanocaulon Wittd. 
 
 Shady rocks. Can. to Car. July. 1\.. Fern 4 8 inches high, growing in 
 dense spreading tufts. Stipe slender, smooth and shining, blackish-purple. 
 Frond lance-linear in its outline, dark green. Sori 2~ 6 on each pinna, linear- 
 oblong, at length nearly oval. Common Rock Spleenwort. 
 
 ** Frond pinnate-pinnaiifid. 
 
 4. A. thelypteriffides Mich. : frond pinnate ; pinnae sessile, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, denticulate- 
 serrate. 
 
 Shady banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. 1\.. Fern 12 feet high. 
 Stipe smooth, straw-color, slightly chaffy. Frond oblong-lanceolate, pale glau- 
 cous green ; pinnce long, numerous, distinct. Sori oblong and oblique, forming 
 two rows, one on each side of the partial rib, at length almost confluent. 
 
 Thelypteris-like Spleenwort. 
 
 *** Frond bipinnate. 
 
 5. A. Ruta muraria Linn. : frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate at 
 the top ; segments rhomboid-cuneate, obtusely denticulate at the extremity. 
 
 Limestone rocks. N. Y. to Car. ; rare. July. 7^. Fern 2 4 inches long, 
 growing in tufts. Frond ovate, spreading, smooth, rather rigid, glaucous green. 
 Sort linear-oblong, slightly oblique, at length of a darker color and confluent. 
 
 Wall-rue Spleenwort. 
 
 6. A. montanum Willd. : frond smooth, bipinnate ; pinnules oblong- 
 ovate, pinnatifid ; segments 2 3-toothed at the apex. A. Adiantum ni- 
 grum Mich. 
 
 Mountain rocks. Bethlehem, Penn. to Car. Schweimtz. July. 7J. Fern 
 48 inches high, growing in tufts. Frond having a narrow outline, mostly bi- 
 pinnate, but more or less divided according to its size. Sort linear, at length 
 confluent. Differs from the foreign A. Adiantum nigrum in being much smaller, 
 and in having the segments more obtuse. Mountain Spleenwort. 
 
 7. A. Filix fcemina Bernh. : frond bipinnate ; pinnules linear-oblong ; 
 segments oblong-lanceolate, incised-serrate, the serratures 2 3-toothed; 
 son oblong, at length lunate and recurved. Aspidium Filix foKmina and 
 
462 PILICES. 
 
 asplenwides Swartz. A. angitstum, Willd. Nephrodium Filixfamina and 
 asplenwides Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July. Q.Fern 12 feet 
 or more high, smooth. Stipe tawny. Frond with an outline varying from ob- 
 long to broad-lanceolate, variously divided and subdivided. Sori small, one on 
 each segment of the pinnules, inserted laterally into its minute midrib, oblong 
 and straight, at length by the pushing back of the indusium becoming kidney- 
 shaped and appearing nearly round, but always remaining distinct. 
 
 Female Spleenwort. 
 
 7. ANTIGRAMMA. J. Smith. Antigramma. 
 
 (.From the Greek avri. like, and ypappa, writing ; in allusion to the appearance 
 of the sori.) 
 
 Sori linear, unilateral, mostly approximated in pairs and 
 facing each other, scattered. Indusium linear ; one margin 
 free. 
 
 A. rhizophyUa, J. Smith : frond lanceolate, somewhat crenate, (rarely 
 sinuate,) auriculate-cordate at base; the point very long, attenuate and 
 often rooting. Asplenium rhizophyllum Willd. 
 
 Wet rocks. Can. to Car. ; rather rare. July. 1}.. Fronds several from the 
 same root, 6 or 8 inches long and half an inch to an inch wide at the base, 
 gradually tapering, with a long and linear point which is bent to the ground 
 and often takes root, the base often hastate or conspicuously auricled ; veins 
 forked, reticulated. Sori often approximating in pairs and sometimes confluent. 
 
 Walking Fern. 
 
 . .*- ;!.rj.f ??-<? f***-! 
 
 8. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith. Hart's Tongue. 
 
 (Thus named from the resemblance which the lines of fructification bear to 
 the insect called Scolopendra.") 
 
 Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves. Indusium double, 
 occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, opening inwards, 
 as it were, by a longitudinal suture. 
 
 (S 1 . qfficinarum Smith : frond simple, oblong-ligulate, entire, cordate at 
 base. Asplenium, Scoiopendrium Linn. 
 
 Limestone rocks along Chittenango Creek, near the Falls, N.Y. ; abundant 
 Torr. July. 1\. Fern 12 20 inches high, growing in thick tufts. Stipe rathei 
 short, chaffy. Frond 8 15 inches long, 1 2 wide, bright green, pale beneath. 
 Sori linear, "6 9 lines long, oblique to the midrib, confluent in pairs. 
 
 Common Hart's Tongue. 
 
 9. WOODWARDIA. Smith. Woodwardia. 
 (In honor of Thomas J. Woodimrd, an English botanist.) 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, distinct, parallel with the ribs of the 
 frond on either side. Indusium superficial, vaulted, separating 
 towards the rib. 
 
 1. W. angustifolia Smith : sterile frond pinnatifid, with lanceolate slightly 
 serrulate segments ; fertile frond pinnate ; pinnae linear, entire, acute. W, 
 onodeoides Willd. Onoclea nodulosa Mich. 
 
FILICES. 
 
 463 
 
 Swamps. Can. to Flor. ; rather rare. Aug. Q. Fern 1 2 feet high, grow- 
 ing in tufts, smooth except at the lower part of the stipe. Frond lanceolate, 
 tapering at the top ; the veins of the sterile one much reticulated. Sori 3 4 
 lines long, at length nearly covering the back of the pinnae. Indusium involute. 
 
 Narrow-leaved Woodwardia. 
 
 2. W. Virginica Sicartz ; sterile and fertile fronds similar, very smooth, 
 pinnate ; pinnae sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid. W. lia.nisteriana Mich. 
 Doodia Virginica JPresL 
 
 Swamps. N. Y. and Mass, to Geor. July. '4- Fern about 2 feet high, 
 growing in tufts, smooth. Stipe brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate in its outline, 
 light green, with the segments rather obtuse and a little incurved. Sori in in- 
 terrupted double lines near the midrib of the pinnae and segments. Indusium 
 revolute. Virginian Woodwardia. 
 
 10. PTERIS. Linn. Brake. 
 (From the Greek irrer,v, a plume or feather ; in allusion to the form of the frond.) 
 
 Sori marginal, linear, continuous or interrupted, forming a 
 transverse receptacle which connects the apices of the veinlets. 
 Indusium linear, narrow, occupying the margin of the frond ; 
 the inner side free. 
 
 1. P. aquilina Linn. : frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; pinnules 
 linear-lanceolate, lower pinnatifid, upper undivided ; segments oblong, ob- 
 tuse. P. cor data Pnrsh. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. Ij.. Stipe I 2 feet long, angular, 
 smooth, light brown, divided into large opposite branches. Frond 12 or 3 feet 
 in diameter, bi-triternately divided, spreading, dull green ; some of the pinnules 
 with only a single lobe, and appearing auricled. Sori uninterrupted, resembling 
 a thickened russet edging. One of our largest ferns. Common Brake. 
 
 2. P. atropurpurea Linn. : frond pinnate or subbipinnate ; lower divisions 
 ternate or pinnate ; segments lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, obliquely trun- 
 cate or subcordate at base. Platyloma airopurpurea J. Smith. 
 
 On rocks. N. Y. to Car. July. %. Stipe, 2 4 inches long, dark purple, 
 terete, slender, roughish-pubescent. Frond 4- 8 inches long, grayish-green. 
 Sori conspicuous, linear and marginal. Indusium membranaceous, often undu- 
 lately crenate. Purple-stalked Brake. 
 
 3. P. gradlis Mich. : frond lanceolate ; the sterile pinnate, with pinna- 
 tifid divisions and a few broad-ovate obtuse segments ; the fertile bipinnate, 
 with linear-oblong acute slightly crenate segments. Cheilantkes gracilis 
 Spreng. AUosurus gracilis J. Smith. 
 
 Moist rocks. Can. and N. Y. ; rare. Aug. r l\.. Stipe 1 3 inches long, 
 dark brown and shining. Frond 2 4 inches long, smooth, membranaceous. 
 Sori approximated. Indusium membranaceous. Smaller and more delicate 
 than the preceding. Abundant on the rocks near Whitehall, N. Y. 
 
 Slender Brakf. 
 
 11. ADIANTUM. Linn. Maiden Hair. 
 (From the Greek aXeaj/roj, dry ; its surface repelling moisture.) 
 
 Sori oblong or roundish, marginal. Indusium membranaceous, 
 arising from the reflexed margin of distinct segments pf the 
 frond, opening along the lower or inner side. 
 
464 FILICES. 
 
 A. pf datum Linn. : frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments dimidiate, 
 triangular-oblong, or somewhat rhomboid ; the upper margin incisely lobed 
 and serrate ; sori somewhat lunate. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss, and Louis. July. 9.J.. A delicate 
 and graceful fern 1 2 feet high, easily known by its long slender black highly 
 polished stipe, and its pedate nearly horizontal frond. Maiden-hair. 
 
 12. CHEILANTHES. Swartz. Cheilanthes. 
 
 (From the Greek %<Aoj, a lip, and avOo$, a, flower; in allusion to the labiate 
 form of the indusium.) 
 
 Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the frond. 
 Indusium of distinct membranaceous inflexed scales, opening 
 inwards. 
 
 C. vestita Willd. : frond bipinnate, hairy on both sides ; pinnules pinna- 
 tifid ; segments rounded, oblong, very entire ; stipe and rachis hairy. 
 
 Rocky banks. Penn. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. 1. Fern 
 6 8 inches high, covered with long brownish hair. Stipe somewhat rigid. 
 Frond lance-oblong in its outline. Sori at length contiguous or crowded. 
 
 Hairy Cheilantkes. 
 
 13. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith. Filmy Fern. 
 
 (Prom the Greek v^v, a membrane, and <t>XAoi/, a leaf; in allusion to the tex- 
 ture of the frond.) 
 
 Sori in separate spots on the the margin of the frond. Spore- 
 cases inserted upon a narrow receptacle, within a 2-valved indu- 
 sium which is of the same texture as the frond, opening above. 
 
 H. ciliatum Smith : frond pinnate ; lower divisions larger ; upper ones 
 gradually smaller, pinnatifid ; segments linear-obtuse, bifid, ciliate, hairy 
 on the veins ; stipe and rachis winged and ciliate. Tiichomants ciliatum 
 Swartz. 
 
 Trunks of trees in shady places. Penn. and Virg. 1\.. Pursh. 
 
 Ciliate Filmy-fern. 
 
 14. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Willd. Ostrich Fern. 
 
 (From the Greek orpou0dj, an ostrich, and irrefus, a fern ; on account of the 
 fancied resemblance to the plumes of that bird.) 
 
 Fertile frond contracted ; the margins revolute, forming a 
 general involucre. Sori round, confluent, naked ; the pedicels 
 of the spore-cases cohering at the base, forming an elevated 
 thickened receptacle. 
 
 <S. Germanica Willd. : sterile frond pinnate ; pinnse pinnatifid, sessile ; 
 segments entire, rather acute, lower ones elongated. S Pennsylvanica 
 Willd. Onocka Struthiopteris and nodulosa Schk. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. ; lather rare. July. TJ.. Sterile 
 fronds 23 feet high, forming circular tufts. Fertile fronds central, much 
 
F1LICES. 465 
 
 smaller than the sterile, but having a thicker stipe ; segments incurved and filled 
 with the confluent son'. Common Ostrich-fern. 
 
 15. DICKSONIA. L'Herit. Dicksonia. 
 (In honor of James Dickson, an English botanist.) 
 Sori small, roundish or dot-like, distinct, marginal. Indit- 
 sium coriaceous or membranaceous, formed in part of the lobule 
 of the frond and of the proper indusium more or less united, 
 2-valved or entire, sometimes cup-shaped. 
 
 D. pilosiuscula Wiltd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnse lanceolate, sessile ; pin- 
 nules decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid; segments incised-toothed ; sori 
 solitary, minute ; indusium cup-shaped. D. pundiloba Hook. Nephrodium 
 punctilobum Mich. Aspidium punctilobum, Willd. 
 
 Moist shady places. Can. to Virg. ; common. July. l^.. Frond 15 20 inches 
 high, lance-oblong, somewhat hairy, pale yellowish-green and rather delicate. 
 Stipe and rachis somewhat hairy, pale green. Sori solitary, minute, near the 
 divisions of the segments. Hairy Dicksonia. 
 
 II. OSMUNDEJE. Capsules destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated 
 with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. 
 
 16. OSMUNDA. Linn. Flowering Fern. 
 
 (Etymology uncertain.) 
 
 Spore-cases subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate or wrin- 
 kled, half 2-valved, in terminal paniculate racemes, or clustered 
 on the contracted frond. Indusium none. 
 
 1. O. Claytoniana Linn.: frond pinnate; pinnae pinnatifid; segments 
 oblong, entire ; some of the intermediate pinnae fertile. O. interrupta 
 Mich. 
 
 Low wet grounds. Can. to Virg. ; common. June. 7J.. Stipe nearly smooth, 
 6 8 inches long. Frond 18 24 inches long, linear-oblong in its outline ; pinna 
 mostly opposite, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contracted into pinnate clusters of 
 dark brown spore-cases. Interrupted Flowering-fern. 
 
 2. O. spectabilis Linn. : frond bipinnate, fruit bearing at the summit ; 
 pinnules lance-oblong, nearly equal at the base, subpetiolate, serrulate ; 
 raceme large, decompound, smooth. O. regalis Mich. 
 
 Moist meadows and thickets. Can. to Flor. July. "11-. Fern 34 feet high, 
 smooth, grayish-green, with numerous spreading branches. Raceme terminal, 
 48 inches long. Smaller and of a more rigid texture than the foreign O regalis, 
 and also differing from it in having the pinnules distinct and without the auricle 
 on the lower side. Flowering-fern. 
 
 3. O. cinnamomea Linn. : sterile frond pinnate ; pinnae elongated, pin- 
 natifid ; segments ovate-oblong, entire ; fertile frond bipinnate ; pinnae con- 
 tracted, and with the stipe woolly. 
 
 var. frondosa Torr. : frond leafy below, fruit-beanng at the summit ; 
 stipe less woolly. O. Claytoniana Conrad not of Linn, (according to 
 Torr.} 
 
466 F1LICES. 
 
 Low grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug. 11. Fern sometimes 45 feet high, 
 in large bundles or circles. Fertile fronds usually central, less numerous than 
 the sterile, with the pinnae much smaller and covered with dense clusters of 
 ferruginous or cinnamon-colored spore-cases. Var. frondosa has been found in 
 a few localities in the state of N. Y. I am doubtful whether it may not still 
 *urn out to be a distinct species. Woolly Flowering-fern. 
 
 17. LYGODIUM. Swartz. Climbing Fern. 
 (From the Greek Auyjj, a twig ; in allusion to its twining habit.) 
 Spore-cases sessile, ovate, in 2-ranked little spikes, which 
 issue from the margin of the frond, radiate-striate, or wrinkled, 
 opening on the inner side from the base to the summit. Indu- 
 sium scale-like, covering each spore-case. 
 
 L. palmatum Swartz : stem flexuous and climbing ; fronds conjugate, 
 cordate, palmate, 5 7-lobed, the lobes entire and obtuse ; terminal ones 
 contracted and fruit-bearing, forming a compound panicle. Hydroglossum 
 palmatum Willd. Cteisium paniculatum Mich. 
 
 Low woods. Mass, and N. Y. ? to Car. ; rare. July. 7J-. Stem climbing, 
 3 4 feet long, smooth and slender. Petioles alternate, forked at a short dis- 
 tance from the stem, and supporting two leaves or fronds, which are deeply lobed, 
 light green above and paler beneath. Fertile fronds variously divided into 
 small linear segments with the son in two imbricated rows. Climbing-fern. 
 
 18. SCHIZEA. Smith. One-sided Fern. 
 
 (From the Greek o^i^w, to split ; in allusion to the cloven appearance of the 
 spikes.) 
 
 Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Spore-cases with 
 radiating furrows at the top, somewhat turbinate, bursting lat- 
 erally, sessile. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed 
 margin of the spikes. 
 
 pusiUa Pursli : frond simple, linear-compressed, tortuous ; spikes few, 
 conglomerated at the summit of a long slender stipe. & tortuosa Muhl. 
 
 Sandy moist grounds. Near the Academy in the town of Yates, Orleans 
 county, N. Y. T. E. Wetmore. Near Quakers' Bridge. N. J. Aug. Tj.. A 
 very small fern, with numerous cespitose/rowds, which are about 2 inches long. 
 Stipe 3 5 inches long, filiform, with a few brownish secund spikes. It has 
 been found in Newfoundland and in the Falkland Islands, but the only inter- 
 mediate localities known are those above noticed. One-sided Fern. 
 
 III. OPHIOG LOSSES. Spore-cases roundish, l-cetted, adnate at the 
 base, coriaceous, opaque, destitute of a ring, sometimes connate, half 2- 
 vahed. Vernation straight. 
 
 19. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn. Adder's Tongue. 
 
 (From the Greek o<^j, a serpent, and yAwa-era, a tongue ; in allusion to the ap- 
 pearance of the spike.) 
 
 Spore-cases roundish, smooth, 1-celled, 2-valved, opening 
 transversely, forming a compact 2-ranked linear spike. Indu- 
 sium none. 
 
 20* 
 
LYCOPODIACE^:. 467 
 
 1. O. vulgatum Linn. : root fibrous ; spike cauline ; frond simple, ob- 
 long-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulate. 
 
 Low moist woods. N. S. ; rare. June. '1J-. Stipe smooth and succulent, 
 63 inches high, bearing about the middle a single entire subsessile frond. 
 Spike about an inch long, on a slender peduncle. Common Adder's-tongue. 
 
 2. O. bulbosum Mich. : root bulbous ; spike cauline ; frond subcordate, 
 ovate, somewhat obtuse. O. crotaloptioroides Walt. 
 
 Low sandy grounds. N. J. to Car. ; rare. May. Tj.. Stipe 6 inches high. 
 Frond 1 1J inches long and an inch broad, reticulate. 
 
 Bulbous Adder's-tongue. 
 
 20. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz. Moonwort. 
 (From the Greek 06rpv$, a bunch of grapes ; in allusion to the fructification.) 
 
 Spore-cases subglobose, 1 -celled, 2-valved, distinct, smooth, 
 sessile along the margin of a compound pinnate rachis, opening 
 transversely. Indusium none. 
 
 1. B. simplex Hitchcock: scape with one frond above; frond ternate, 
 pinnatifid ; segments roundish, cuneate, obovate, entire or somewhat 
 incised. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. N. Y. and Mass. June. %.. Scape seldom more than 
 4 or 5 inches high. Frond solitary, from a torn membranaceous sheath, divided 
 into 3 or 4 unequal segments or pinnatifid ; the segments often much cut. Spike 
 pinnate. Small Moonwort. 
 
 2. B. lunarioides Swartz : scape bearing the petioled frond near the base ; 
 frond smooth, 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid ; segments obliquely lance- 
 ovate, crenulate; spike bipinnate. B . fumarioides and obliquum Willd. 
 Botrypus lunarioides Mich. 
 
 Moist low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. June. %. Scape 6 15 
 inches long, smooth or slightly hairy. Frond triangular in its outline, petioled, 
 but often more compound ; segments lunate, crenulate. Spore-cases in double 
 rows on the pinnules, which are very narrow and without teeth. B. dissectum 
 Muhl. is nothing more than a variety, with the frond more dissected and the 
 segments narrower. Tatt Moonwort. 
 
 3. B. Virginicum Swartz : somewhat hairy ; scape bearing the frond 
 near the middle ; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid : segments ob- 
 tuse, incisely toothed ; spike bipinnate. B. gracile Pursh. Botrypus Vir- 
 ginicus Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. May July. C 2\.. Scape 1018 or 20 inches 
 high. Frond 3-parted or ternate ; the divisions 46 inches long, broad-ovate or 
 somewhat deltoid in their outline and again variously subdivided ; segments 
 acutely 2 6- toothed. Spike oblong, loose, brownish. 
 
 Virginian Moonwort. Rattlesnake Fern. 
 
 ORDER CL. LYCOPODIACE^E. CLUBMOSSES. 
 
 Fructification axillary or spiked, composed .of 1 3-celled 
 sessile spore-cases containing either minute powdery matter, or 
 grains of larger size. Moss-like plants, with creeping or pros- 
 trate stems and imbricate leaves, the axis abounding in annular 
 
468 LYCOPODIACE^l. 
 
 vessels ; or stemless plants, with erect subulate leaves and a 
 solid corm. 
 
 1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn. Club Moss. 
 
 (From the Greek At>w, a wolf, and :rov?, n-ojoj, afoot ; on account of a supposed 
 resemblance in the appearance of some species.) 
 
 Spore-cases all of one kind, 1 -celled, reniform, somewhat 
 didymous, opening transversely at the apex or rarely at the 
 
 * Spore-cases in spikes. 
 f Spikes pedunculate. 
 
 1. L. davatum Linn. : stem creeping, with ascending branches ; leaves 
 scattered, numerous, subulate-linear, incurved and hair-pointed; spikes 
 mostly in pairs, cylindric, pedunculate ; scales ovate, acuminate, erosely 
 denticulate. L. tristachyum Pursk. ? L. integrifolium Goldie. 
 
 Dry woods. Can. to Del. W. to Mich. July. Ij.. Stem closely trailing 
 on the ground, several feet long, rooting and throwing up fertile branches 2 6 
 inches long. Leaves 3 4 lines long, light green, entire or minutely denticulate. 
 Spikes usually in pairs, sometimes 1, rarely 3 or 4, yellowish, erect. Peduncles 
 25 inches long. Common Club-moss. 
 
 2. L. complanatum Linn. : stem trailing ; branches erect or ascending, 
 dichotomously and pedately subdivided, with the branchlets flattened and 
 spreading ; leaves 4-rowed, the marginal ones connate and diverging at the 
 apex, the middle rows distinct and appressed ; spikes 2 4, cylindric, on a 
 long common peduncle. 
 
 Woods and thickets. Arct. Amer. to Car. ; common. July. 1J.. Stem 28 
 feet long, procumbent or sometimes shorter and nearly erect, variously branched. 
 Leaves short, 4-rowed, those on each margin broad at the base and somewhat 
 spreading, those of the middle row smaller and closely pressed to the flattened 
 sides of the stem. Spikes about an inch long. Flattened Club-moss. 
 
 ff Spikes sessile. 
 
 3. L. inundatum Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping ; fertile branches soli- 
 tary, erect, with a single oblong sessile and leafy spike at the extremity ; 
 leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, curved up- 
 wards. L. Caroiinianum Dig. 
 
 var. afapecuroides Tucfarman : fertile branches elongated ; leaves linear- 
 subulate, sparingly ciliate-denticulate at the base. L. alopccuroides Linn. 
 
 Swamps and wet sandy margins of ponds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. July, 
 Aug. '4-- Stem long, creeping close to the ground, yellowish-green. Fertile 
 \ranches subradical, 2 lO^inches high. Sterile branches short, flaccid. Leaves 
 varying from entire to conspicuously denticulate. Spites 6 lines to an inch or 
 nore long, leafy. Marsh Club-moss. 
 
 4. L. annotinum Linn. : stem creeping, very branching ; branches 
 iscending, 2 3-forked, the branchlets simple; leaves in about 5 rows, 
 inear-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate at the apex, spreading ; spike soli- 
 wary, oblong-cylindric, sessile. 
 
LYCOPODIACE^E. 469 
 
 var. montanum Tuckerman : low ; leaves in 4 rows. L. sabinafolium 
 Beck Dot. 1st. Ed. 
 
 Rocky and mountain woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Miss. July. '2J.. 
 Stem often several feet in length, sending up ascending branches which are 
 6 8 inches high. Leaves rigid, light green, those of the stem shorter. Spike 
 about an inch long. I concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. Tuckerman, that 
 L. sabincefolium ol the previous edition is an alpine variety of this species. 
 
 Interrupted Club-moss. 
 
 5. L. obscurum Linn. : stem erect, much branched near the summit ; 
 branches alternate, subdivided, erect, or somewhat spreading ; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, in 4 6 unequal rows, spreading ; spikes 1 3, sessile. L. den- 
 droideum Mich. 
 
 Shady woods. Can. to Car. July 1\.. Stem 6 9 inches high, bushy near 
 the summit, the branches dichotomously subdivided. Leaves entire, those of 
 the lateral rows longest. Spikes sometimes solitary, but occasionally 4 or 5, 
 about 2 inches long, somewhat tapering at the summit. Ground Pine. 
 
 6. L. selaginoides Linn : stem filiform, creeping ; branches few, ascend- 
 ing, simple ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, somewhat spreading, ciliate-den- 
 ticulate ; spike solitary, sessile, leafy. 
 
 Wet hill sides. Can. and N. S. ? July. %. Fertile branches 24 inches 
 high, nearly erect, yellowish-green, with, the leaves larger than those of the 
 sterile ones. Spike about an inch long. Lesser Alpine Club-moss. 
 
 ** Spore-cases axillary, scattered. 
 
 7. L. lucidtdum Mich.: stem 2 3-forked, the branches ascending; 
 leaves in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, acute, spreading or 
 reflexed. 
 
 Moist shady woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. 1|.. Stem mostly prostrate, 
 the branches 8 12 inches high. Leaves longer than in any of the preceding, 
 dark green and shining. Spore-cases subreniform or semi-circular, pale yellow 
 sessile in the axils of the leaves about an inch from top of the branches. 
 
 Shining Club-moss. 
 
 8. L. Selago Linn'. : stem erect, fastigiate, dichotomously branched ; leaves 
 in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, imbricate, rigid. 
 
 Alpine summits. White Mountains N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Whiteface 
 Mountain and Mount Marcy, N. Y. Arct. Amer. July. %. Stem 3 8 inches 
 high, rigid, with the branches of the same thickness from the top to the base. 
 Leaves 3 5 lines long, dark green, shining, rigid. Spore-cases in the axils of 
 the leaves, reniform, yellowish. Fir Club-moss. 
 
 2. SELAGINELLA. Spring. Torr. Selaginella. 
 
 (The diminutive of Selago.} ^ 
 
 Spore-cases of two kinds, 1 -celled ; some filled with minute 
 powdery matter, and opening at the apex ; others containing 
 1 4 rarely 6 globose-angular grains. 
 
 1. & rupestris Spring: cespitose. with ascending stems ; leaves crowded, 
 imbricate, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, with a hair-like point at the tip ; spikes 
 terminal, sessile, acutely quadrangular. Lycopodium mpestre Linn. 
 
 Rocks and hill sides. Can. to Car. July, Aug. Tj.. Plant grayish-greeu. 
 Stems I 3 inches long, much branched. Leaves ending in hairs, which aiv* 
 
470 MARSILEACE^E. 
 
 the summits of the branches a whitish appearance. Spikes 3 6 lines long, 
 square and scarcely distinguishable from stem below. Spore-cases mostly with 
 larger grains. Small Rock Club-moss. 
 
 2. & apus Spring : cespitose ; stems flaccid, creeping, flat ; leaves in 4 
 rows, not auricled ; those of the lateral rows roundish-ovate, oblique and 
 spreading ; the intermediate ones on the upper side of the branches smaller, 
 appressed; spikes dense, leafy. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.} Lycopodium apodum 
 Linn. L. albidulum Pursh. 
 
 Wet rocky places. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. (D? A small pale green 
 moss-like plant. Stems numerous, 1 4 inches long, with somewhat flattened 
 branches. Leaves small, membranaceous. Spikes terminal, 24 lines long, 
 with the larger spore-cases at the lower part. Resembles <S. Helvetica of Europe. 
 
 Moss-like Selaginella. 
 
 ORDER CLI. MARSILEACE^E. PEPPERWORTS. 
 
 Fructification enclosed in indusia or involucres of two kinds ; 
 the one clustered and stalked, or crowded confusedly without 
 stalks, and distinct from the second, or mixed with it, or in con- 
 tact with it ; the other, simple oval bodies, sometimes having a 
 terminal nipple, from which germination uniformly proceeds. 
 Stemless plants, creeping or floating. Leaves usually petioled, 
 sometimes sessile and scaly, occasionally destitute of lamina and 
 rolled up in vernation 
 
 1. AZOLLA/JUw Azolla. 
 
 (Said to be derived from the Greek a&>, to dry, and aXAt^r, to destroy ; it being 
 quickly killed by dryness.) 
 
 Reproductive organs in pairs, attached to the stem and 
 branches, one above the other, concealed in a membranaceous 
 indusium. Capsules? of each pair either difform in which 
 case the lowest one is oblong-ovoid, the upper globose or both 
 of either kind ; the upper half generally tinged with red. The 
 oblong-ovoid capsule opens by circumcision ; the globose one has 
 a rugose surface from the pressure of the secondary capsules. 
 (Griffith, Lind. Vey. King.} 
 
 A. Caroliniana Willd: leaves 2-ranked, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
 preading, reddish beneath. 
 
 Lakes and slow flowing streams. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. ; rare in the 
 N. S. (J). A small plant floating on water, and somewhat resembling a Jun- 
 germannia, dark green, pinnately branched. Leaves less than half a line 
 long. Sterile indusia solitary or in pairs at the base of the much larger ste- 
 rile ones. Carolinian Azolla. 
 
MARSILEACEvE. 471 
 
 2. SALVINIA. MichelL Salvinia. 
 (In honor of Salvini, an Italian professor.; 
 
 Reproductive organs near the root solitary, or in racemes of 
 3 5, covered with brown rigid hairs. Upper ones of each ra- 
 ceme filled with innumerable spherical bodies, brownish and 
 reticulated ; lower ones more oblong, containing 6 18 larger 
 oblong-ovoid, brown and reticulated bodies, on short stout com- 
 pound pedicels. (Griffith, in Lind. Veg. King.) 
 
 S. natans Willd. : leaves elliptic, subcordate, obtuse, with fascicles ot 
 hairs above. Marsilca natans Linn. 
 
 Lakes and still waters. Can. and Western N. Y. Pursh. Leaves opposite, 
 2-ranked, fine green. Floating on water like a Lemna. Floating Salvtnia. 
 
 3. ISOETES. Linn. Q,uill-Wort. 
 
 (From the Greek t^os, equal, and eroj, the year, or evergreen.) 
 
 Spore-cases membranaceous, oblong, 1 -celled, not opening, 
 imbedded in the dilated base of the frond. Spores globose or 
 slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles which 
 traverse the capsule. 
 
 /. riparia Engelman : emersed rhizoma small (orbicular ?) ; leaves slen- 
 der, soft, yellowish-green ; sheaths short (longer than broad) ; spores neatly 
 and minutely farinaceous and reticulated. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1847.) 
 
 In ponds and wet shady places. Banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. 
 Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July, Aug. 1L|.. Root or rhizoma 4 or 5 
 lines in diameter. Fronds numerous, 46 inches long, (Engelm.), 4 12 or 15 
 inches, (Darlingt.}, linear subulate, somewhat like the leaves of a Juncus. 
 Fructification oval-oblong, membranaceous, imbedded in the swollen base of the 
 frond. According to Professor Brauri, I. lacustris has hitherto been found only 
 in middle and northern Europe. See Sill. Jour. Jan. 1847. 
 
 Mud Quill-wort. 
 
INDEX 
 
 OP THE 
 
 ORDERS AND GENERA, 
 
 WITH ACCENTS. 
 
 The Orders are printed in small capitals ; the Genera in Roman ; and 
 the Synonyms in Italic. The figures which occur after the letter s, also 
 refer to the Synonyms of the Genera and Species. 
 
 A'bies, 340, 341 
 Abutilon, 56 
 Acalypha, 312 
 
 A'lnus, 
 Alopecurus, 
 Alsine, 
 
 326 
 420 
 
 48 
 
 Antigramma, 
 Antirrhinum, 
 Any'chia, 
 
 Page 
 462 
 260 
 52 
 
 ACANTHA'CEJE, 286 
 
 Alsophila, 
 
 460 
 
 Apdrgia, 
 
 205 
 
 A'cer, 60 
 
 Althae'a, 
 
 55 
 
 A'pios, 
 
 87 
 
 5.61 
 
 ALTINGTA'CE.E, 
 
 333 
 
 Aplectrum, 
 
 345 
 
 ACERA'CEJE, 60 
 
 AMARANTHA'CE-E, 
 
 295 
 
 APOCYNA'CEJE, 
 
 231 
 
 Acerdtes, 234 
 
 Amaranthus, 
 
 295 
 
 Apocynum, 
 
 231 
 
 Achillea, 194 
 
 AMARYLLIDA'CE^E, 
 
 354 
 
 AdUIFOLIA'CEJE, 
 
 227 
 
 5. 193 
 Acnida, 298 
 
 Amary'llis, 
 Ambrina, 
 
 354 
 
 297 
 
 Aquilegia, 
 A'rabis, 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 Aconitum, 13 
 
 Ambrosia, 
 
 184 
 
 s. 2S 
 
 ,32 
 
 A'corus, 383 
 
 Amelanchier, 
 
 104 
 
 ARA'CEJB, 
 
 381 
 
 Actae'a, 13 
 
 Ammannia, 
 
 115 
 
 A'rachis, 
 
 79 
 
 Actinom6ris, 188 
 
 A'mmi, 
 
 133 
 
 Aralia, 
 
 140 
 
 Adiantum, 463 
 
 Ammophila, 
 
 434 
 
 ARALIA'CEJE, 
 
 140 
 
 Adi'ke, 315 
 
 Ammyrsine, 
 
 220 
 
 A'rbuhis, 
 
 214 
 
 Adluinia, 23 
 
 Amorpha, 
 
 78 
 
 Archangelica, 136, 
 
 137 
 
 JEschynomene, 79 
 
 Ampelopsis, 
 
 62 
 
 Archemora, 
 
 137 
 
 ^E'sculus, 62 
 
 Amphicarpaea, 
 
 86 
 
 A'rctium, 
 
 204 
 
 jEthusa, 134 
 
 ANACARDIA'CE^E, 
 
 71 
 
 Arctostaphylos, 
 
 214 
 
 Agalhy'rsus, 210 
 
 Anagallis, 
 
 292 
 
 Arenaria, 
 
 49 
 
 Agave, 355 
 
 Anchusa, 248, 
 
 250 
 
 5.50 
 
 Agrimonia, 100 
 
 Andromeda, 
 
 215 
 
 Arethusa, 
 
 349 
 
 Agropy'ron, 450 
 
 s. 215, 
 
 217 
 
 ft 
 
 349 
 
 Agrostemma, 47 
 
 Andropogon, 
 
 452 
 
 Argemone, 
 
 20 
 
 Agrostis, 430 
 
 1 
 
 437 
 
 Arictznum, 
 
 353 
 
 s. 420,430,43 1, 432,433 
 
 Anemone, 
 
 5 
 
 Arisae'ma, 
 
 381 
 
 Aira, 438 
 
 s. 
 
 5,6 
 
 Aristida, 
 
 428 
 
 s. 445, 446 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 136 
 
 Aristolochia, 
 
 309 
 
 Alchemilla, 106 
 
 Anona, 
 
 15 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA'CEJE, 
 
 308 
 
 Aletris, 376 
 
 ANONA'CE-E, 
 
 15 
 
 A'rnica, 
 
 198 
 
 Alisma, 379 
 
 Antennaria, 
 
 197 
 
 Ardnia, 104, 
 
 105 
 
 s. 378. 
 
 A'nthemis, 
 
 193 
 
 Arrhenatherum, 
 
 439 
 
 ALISMA'CEJE, 377 
 
 s 
 
 J93 
 
 Artemisia, 
 
 194 
 
 A'llium, 363 
 
 Anthopogon, 
 
 437 
 
 A'rum, 381, 
 
 382 
 
 Allosunis, 463 
 
 Anthoxnnthum. 
 
 437 
 
 Arnndo, 434, 
 
 435 
 
474 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 A'sarum, 309 
 
 Page 
 Briza, 445 
 
 Centaurella, 240 
 
 ASCLEPIADA'CEJE, 232 
 
 s. 443, 444 
 
 Centrosema, 77 
 
 Asclepias, 232 
 
 Bromus, 448 
 
 Cephalanthus, 150 
 
 Ascy'rum, 59 
 
 Buchnera, 266 
 
 Cerastium, 50 
 
 Asimina, 15 
 
 Bunias, 24 
 
 Cerasus, 91 
 
 Asparagus, 364 
 Aspidium, 457 
 
 Bupleurum, 134 
 
 5.90 
 
 CERATOPHYLLA'CKJE,!^ 
 
 s.460 
 Asplenium, 460 
 
 CABOMBA'CEJE, 18 
 Cacalia, 109 
 
 Ceratophy'llum, 114 
 Cercis, " 90 
 
 5.462 
 
 CACTA'CE^E, 123 
 
 Chseropbyilum. 139 
 
 A'ster, 162 
 
 Cactus, 123 
 
 5.133 
 
 s. 169, 170, 171 
 
 Cakile, 24 
 
 Cheilanthes, 464 
 
 Astragalus, 78 
 Atheropogon, 436 
 Atragene 4 
 
 Calamagrostis, 433 
 s. 421 
 Calla, 382 
 
 5.463 
 Cheiranthus, 31 
 Chelidonium 21 
 
 A'triplex, 298 
 
 5.382 
 
 5. 20 
 
 A'tropa, 256 
 
 Calliopsis, 187 
 
 Chelone, 261 
 
 Avena, 439 
 
 s. 188 
 
 5.261 
 
 s. 438, 439, 440 
 
 Callitriche, 113 
 
 CHENOPODIA'CEffi, 296 
 
 Azalea 219 
 
 Calopogon, 350 
 
 Chenopodium, 296 
 
 s. 218, 219 
 
 Caltha, 10 
 
 ChimdpkiLa, 225 
 
 Azolla, 470 
 
 CALYCANTHA'CE^S 106 
 
 Chiogenes, 223 
 
 
 Calycanthus, 107 
 
 Chionanthus 229 
 
 
 Caly'pso, - 44 
 
 Chironia, 239 
 
 Baccharis, 180 
 
 Calystegia, 245 
 
 5.240 
 
 s. 181- 
 
 Gamelina, 26 
 
 Chlora, 239 
 
 Ballota, 283 
 
 Campanula, 211 
 
 CMoris, 436 
 
 BALSAMINA'CE;E, 65 
 
 s.212 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 173 
 
 Baptisia, 73 
 
 CAMPANULA'CE^:, 210 
 
 Chrysocoma, 174 
 
 Barbarea, 28 
 
 CANNABINA'CEJE, 316 
 
 Chrysopsis, 173 
 
 Bartdnia, 240 
 
 Cannabis, 316 
 
 5. 168, 169, 171 
 
 Bdrtsia, 269, 270 
 
 CAPPARIDA'CE^J, 33 
 
 Chrysosplenium, 126 
 
 Batschia, 248 
 
 CAPRIFOLIA'CE.E, 144 
 
 Chri/sostemma, 188 
 
 Benzoin, 306 
 
 Caprifolium, 147, 148 
 
 Cicendria, 240 
 
 BERBERIDA'CE-E. 16 
 
 Capsella, 25 
 
 Cichorium. 204 
 
 Berberis, 16 
 
 Cardamine 29 
 
 Cicuta, 132 
 
 Betula, 325 
 
 Cdrduus, 202, 203 
 
 Cimicifuga, 13 
 
 s. 326 
 
 Carex, 403 
 
 Cineraria, 200 
 
 BETULA'CEJE 324 
 
 Carpinus, 327 
 
 Cinna, 429 
 
 Bidens, 190 
 
 5.327 
 
 Circaj'a, 111 
 
 Bigelowia, 174 
 
 Carya, 336 
 
 Circium, 202 
 
 Bignonia, 242 
 
 CARYOPHYLLA'CE^:, 44 
 
 Czssus, 63 
 
 BIGNONIA'CE.E, 241 
 
 Cassandra, 215 
 
 CISTA'CEJE, 34 
 
 Biotia, 162 
 
 Cassia, 89 
 
 Cistopteris, 460 
 
 Blephilia, 273 
 
 Cdssiope, 215 
 
 Cistus, 35 
 
 Blitum, 299 
 
 Castanea, 331 
 
 Cladium, 399 
 
 s. 296 
 
 Castilleja, 269 
 
 Claytonia, 120 
 
 Boehmeria, 316 
 
 Catalpa, 242 
 
 Clematis, 4 
 
 Boltonia, 172 
 
 Caulinia, 385 
 
 Cledme, 34 
 
 Bootia, 100 
 
 Caulophy'llum, 17 
 
 C16thra, 216 
 
 BORAGINA'CE^:, 247 
 
 Ceanothus, 70 
 
 CUnopodium, 274, 277 
 
 Botry'chium, 467 
 
 CELASTRA'CE^;, 68 
 
 Clintonia, 358 
 
 Botrypus, 467 
 
 Celastrus, 69 
 
 Clitoria, 76 
 
 Bouteloua, 436 
 
 Celtis, 335 
 
 Cnicus, 201 
 
 Brachydy'trum, 429 
 
 Cenchrus, 427 
 
 5. 202, 203 
 
 Brachystemnm, 275 
 
 Centaurea, 200 
 
 Cw *y/''w, 135 
 
 Brascnia, 18 
 
 1.201 
 
 dmleatu, 25 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 475 
 
 Page 
 Calestina, 158 
 
 Page 
 Cyperus, 388 
 
 Page 
 Eclipta, 181 
 
 Collinsia, 260 
 
 s. 388, 391 
 
 ELJEAGNA'CEJE, 306 
 
 Collinsonia, 276 
 
 Cypripedium, 352 
 
 ELATINA'CE*:, 52 
 
 Comandra, 308 
 
 
 Elatine, 53 
 
 Colnaropsis, 95 
 
 
 Eleocharis, 391 
 
 Comarum, 100 
 
 
 Elephantopus, 155 
 
 Commely'na, 377 
 
 Dactylis, 446 
 
 Eleusine, 435 
 
 COMMELYNA'CE.K, 376 
 
 Dalibarda, 97 
 
 Elodea, 60 
 
 COMPO'SITJE, 154 
 
 Danlhonia, 440 
 
 s. 342 
 
 Comptonia, 324 
 
 Datura, 256 
 
 E'lymus, 451 
 
 CONI'FER.K, 337 
 
 Daucus, 138 
 
 EMPETRA'CEJB, 309 
 
 Conioselinum, 135 
 
 Decodon, 116 
 
 Empetrum, 310 
 
 Conium, 139 
 
 Delphinium, 12 
 
 Epigae'a, 217 
 
 Conoclinium, 157 
 
 Dentaria, 27 
 
 Epilobium, 107 
 
 Conosty'lis, 364 
 
 Desmodium, 80 
 
 Epipdctis, 350 
 
 Convalldria, 358 
 
 Didnthera, 286 
 
 Epiphagus, 358 
 
 CONVOLVULA'CEJE, 244 
 
 Dianthus, 44 
 
 EQUISETA'CE^:, 454 
 
 Convolvulus, 245 
 
 Diapensia, 247 
 
 Equisetum, 454 
 
 Cony'za, 170, 180, 181 
 
 DIAPENSIA'CE^:, 247 
 
 Erechtites, 198 
 
 Coptis, 11 
 
 Dicentra, 22 
 
 ERICA'CE^, 213 
 
 Corallorhiza, 344 
 
 Dicksonia, 465 
 
 Erigenia, 131 
 
 Coreopsis, 187 
 
 Didy'tra, 22, 23 
 
 Erigeron, 171 
 
 CORNA'CEJE, 142 
 
 Diervilla, 147 
 
 s. 180 
 
 Cornus, 142 
 
 Digitaria, 423 
 
 ERJOCAULA'CE;E, 370 
 
 Cory'dalis, 23 
 
 s. 435 
 
 Eriocau'lon, 370 
 
 Corylus, 332 
 
 Diidtris, 376 
 
 Eriophorum, 396 
 
 Cosmanthus, 254 
 
 Diodia, 151 
 
 s. 396 
 
 Crantzia, 130 
 
 Dioscorea, 356 
 
 Erodium, 65 
 
 CRASSULA'CE^;, 121 
 
 DIOSGOREA'CK^:, 355 
 
 Erophila, 25 
 
 Cratae'gus, 102 
 
 Diospy'ros, 227 
 
 E'rvum, 85 
 
 Crotalaria, ^js.- 73 
 
 Diplachne, 448 
 
 5,85 
 
 Crotonopsis, 311 
 CRUCI'FERJE, 23 
 
 Diplopappus, 170 
 
 Ery'ngium, 131 
 Ery'simum, 
 
 Cryosdnthes, 353 
 
 Diplostepkium, 111 
 
 5. 28, 32 
 
 Cry'psis, 420 
 
 DIPSACA'CEJE, 154 
 
 Erythrae'a, 239 
 
 Cry'pta, 53 
 
 Dipsacus, 154 
 
 Erythronium, 362 
 
 Cryptotae'nia, 133 
 Cteisium, 000 
 
 Dirca, 307 
 Discopleura, 133 
 
 ESCALLONIA'CK^;, 128 
 Euc/iroma, 269 
 
 Cucubalus, 45, 46 
 
 Dodecantheon, 289 
 
 Eupatorium. 158 
 
 CUCURBITA'CEJE, 117 
 
 Dolichos, 87 
 
 s. 158, 161 
 
 Cunila, 276 
 
 Doodia, ' 463 
 
 Euphorbia, 312 
 
 s. 277 
 
 Doronicum, 198 
 
 EUPHORBIA'CR.!:, 310 
 
 Cuphea, 116 
 
 Draba, 25 
 
 Euphrasia, 269 
 
 Cupressus, 339 
 CUPULI'FER^E, 326 
 
 Draca'na, 358 
 Dracocephalum, 280 
 
 Euthdmia, 179, 180 
 Evonymus, 68 
 
 Cuscuta, 246 
 
 s. 281 
 
 E'xacum. 240 
 
 CUSCUTA'CK^. 246 
 
 Drosera, 41 
 
 > 
 
 Cy'amus 18 
 
 DROSERA'CBJS, 41 
 
 
 Cymoidium, 344. 345 
 
 DRUPA'CE^E, 90 
 
 Fagus, 332 
 
 350 
 
 Dry'as. 93 
 
 s. 332 
 
 Cyndncfium, 235 
 
 Dulichium, 388 
 
 Fedia, 153 
 
 Cy'nodon, 435 
 
 
 Ferula, 136 
 
 Cynoglossum, 251 
 
 EBENA'CEJE, 227 
 
 Festuca, 436 
 
 Cynosurus. 435 
 Cy'nthia, 205 
 
 Echinocy'stis 118 
 Echinospermum, 250 
 
 5.443,444,448 
 Filago, 197 
 
 s. 204 
 
 j&ts >.v s. 251 
 
 FI'I.ICES, 456 
 
 CYPERA'CEJE, 387 
 
 E'chium, 249 
 
 Fimbristy'lis, 397 
 
4/0 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 Floe'rkia, 66 
 
 Harpaly'ce, 208, 209 
 
 Hypericum, 57 
 
 Fragaria, 98 
 
 Hedeoma, 276 
 
 s. 60 
 
 Frasera, 238 
 Fraxinus, 230 
 
 Hedera, 63 
 Hedy'otis 149 
 
 Hypopithys, 226 
 Hypoporum, 403 
 
 Friesia, 311 
 
 Hedy'sarum, 82 
 
 HYPOXIDA'CEJE 355 
 
 Fuirena, 398 
 Fumaria. 22 
 
 s. 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 
 Heledstnim, 168, 171 
 
 Hypoxis, 355 
 Hyssopus, 280 
 
 5. 22, 23 
 
 Helenium, 1 92 
 
 
 FCMARIA'CEJE, 22 
 
 Helianthemum, 34 
 
 
 
 Helianthus, 188 
 
 Modes, 383 
 
 
 5. 185 
 
 K;x, 227 
 
 Galactia, 77 
 
 Heli6psis, 185 
 
 s. 228 
 
 Galatella, 169 
 
 Helleborus, 12 
 
 ILLECEBRA'CE.K, 51 
 
 Galega, 77 
 
 s. 11 
 
 Impatiens, 65 
 
 Galeopsis, 282 
 
 Helonias, 366 
 
 I'nula, 181 
 
 Galium, 151 
 
 s. 366 
 
 s. 173, 174 
 
 Gaultheria, 214 
 
 Hemerocallis, 363 
 
 Ipoma'a, 245, 246 
 
 s. 223 
 
 Hemianthus, 263 
 
 IRIDA'CE^, 353 
 
 Gaura, 108 
 
 Hemicarpha, 399 
 
 Fris, 353 
 
 Gaylussdcia, 221 
 
 Hepatica, 6 
 
 Isanthus, 271 
 
 Genista, 74 
 
 Heracleum, 138 
 
 Isnardia, 110 
 
 Gentiana, 236 
 
 Herpestis, 262 
 
 Isce'tes, 471 
 
 GENTIANA'CEJE, 236 
 
 s.264 
 
 Isolepis, 398 
 
 GERANIA'CE-K, 63 
 
 ffisperis, 31 
 
 I'tea. 128 
 
 Geranium, 64 
 
 Heteranthera, 369 
 
 I'va, 185 
 
 5. 65 
 
 Heuchera, 127 
 
 5.185 
 
 Gerardia, 266 
 
 Hibiscus, 55 
 
 JefFersonia, 17 
 
 Gcuin, 94 
 
 Hicdrius, 337 
 
 JUGLANDA'CEJE, 335 
 
 s. 100 
 
 Hieracium, 207 
 
 Juglans. 336 
 
 Gillenia, 93 
 
 Hierochloa, 437 
 
 s. 336, 337 
 
 Glaux, 291 
 
 HIPPOCASTANA'CEJE, 62 
 
 JCNCA'CEJE, 371 
 
 Glechoma, 280 
 
 Hippopha, 306 
 
 JUNCAGINA'CE^:, 379 
 
 Gleditschia, 88 
 
 Hippuris, 113 
 
 June us, 372 
 
 Glyceria, 444 
 
 Holcus, 421 
 
 5.372 
 
 Gly'cine, 87 
 Gnaphalium, 196 
 
 s. 437, MG, 449 
 Honckenya, 50 
 
 Juniperus, 338 
 Justicia, 286 
 
 s. 197 
 
 Hordeum, 451 
 
 
 Gonolobium, 235 
 
 Hottonia, 290 
 
 
 Gonolobus, 235 
 
 Houstonia, 149, 150 
 
 Kalona, 217 
 
 Goodyera, 351 
 
 Hudsonia, 36 
 
 Koeleria, 445 
 
 GHAMINA'CEJB, 418 
 
 Hiimulus, 317 
 
 Krigia, 204 
 
 Gratiola, 262 
 
 Hydrangea, 129 
 
 s. 205 
 
 GROSSULAHIA'CEJE, 124 
 
 HYDRANGEA'CE^E, 128 
 
 Kuhnia, 156 
 
 Gymnocladus, 89 
 
 Hydrastis, 6 
 
 Kyllingia, 391 
 
 Gymnopogon, 437 
 Gynandropsis, 33 
 
 HDYROCHARIDA'CEJE, 
 342 
 
 s. 391 
 
 Gi/r6mia, 359 
 
 Hydrocotyle, 130 
 
 LABI'ATJE, 270 
 
 
 s. 131 
 
 Lachnanthes, 376 
 
 Habendrio,, 346, 347, 
 
 H^droglossum, 466 
 
 Lactuca, 205 
 
 348, 349 
 
 Hydropeltis, 18 
 
 5.210 
 
 HJEMODORA'CE.E, 376 
 
 HYDROPHYLLA'CEjE, 252 
 
 Lamium, 281 
 
 Halenia, 237 
 
 Hydrophy'llum, 252 
 
 Lappa, 203 
 
 HALORAGA'CE^:, 111 
 
 Hymenophy'llum, 464 
 
 Ldrix, 340 
 
 HAMAMELIDA'CEJE, 141 
 Hamamelis, 141 
 
 Hyoscy'amus, 257 
 Hyoseris, 204 
 
 Lathyrus, 85 
 LAURA'CEJE, 305 
 
 Hamiltonia, 308 
 
 HYPERICA'CE*, 57 
 
 Laurus, 3*^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 477 
 
 Lech6a, *! 
 
 Page 
 Ly'chnw, 47 
 
 Mitella, jSff 
 
 Lecontia, 382 
 
 LYCOPODIA'CEJE, 467 
 
 Moehri'ngia. 50 
 
 Ledum, 220 
 
 Lycopodium, 468 
 
 Mollugo, 47 
 
 s.220 
 
 5.469 
 
 Momordica, 118 
 
 Leersia, 419 
 
 Lyco'psis, 250 
 
 Monarda, 272 
 
 LEGUMINO'SJE, 
 
 Lycopus, 270 
 
 5. 274 
 
 Lei'ophy'llum, 220 
 
 Lygodium, 466 
 
 Moneses, 225 
 
 Lemna, 384 
 
 Lsi/onia, 216 
 
 Monniera, 262 
 
 LENTIBULARIA'CEJE, 287 
 
 Lysimachia, 291 
 
 Monotropa, 226 
 
 Leontice, 17 
 
 LYTHRA'CEJE, 1 14 
 
 MORA'CEJE, 317 
 
 Ledntodon, 206 
 
 Ly 'thrum, 115 
 
 Morus, 317 
 
 Leonurus, 281 
 
 5. 116 
 
 Muhlenbcrgia, 429 
 
 Lepachys, 187 
 
 
 5. 430, 431, 433 
 
 Lepidium, 26 
 Leptandra, 266 
 Leptdnt/ius, 369, 370 
 
 Magnolia, 14 
 MAGNOLIA'CEJE 14 
 Maldxis, 343, 344 
 
 Mulgedium, 210 
 Mydgrum, 26 
 Myosotis, 250 
 
 Lespedeza, 83 
 
 Mdlope, 54 
 
 5.251 
 
 Leucanthemum, 194 
 
 Mdlus, 105 
 
 Myrica, 324 
 
 Leucothoe, 215 
 
 Malva, 54 
 
 MYRICA'CEJE, 323 
 
 Liatris, 156 
 Ligusticum, 136 
 
 MALVA'CEJE, 54 
 Mari'scus, 391 
 
 Myriophy'llum, 112 
 My'rrMs, 139 
 
 5. 135 
 
 Marrubium, 283 
 
 
 Ligustrum, 229 
 
 Marsi'lca, 471 
 
 Nabalus, 208 
 
 LILIA'CEJE, 361 
 
 MARSILEA'CEJE, 470 
 
 NAIADA'CES;, 384 
 
 Li'lium, 361 
 
 Marty'nia, 242 
 
 Ndjas, 385 
 
 Limnanthemum, 241 
 
 Maruta, 193 
 
 Nap&'a, 56 
 
 Limnetis, 436 
 
 Meconopsis, 20 
 
 Nardosmia, 161 
 
 Limoddrum. 344 
 
 Medeola, 359 
 
 Narthecium, 375 
 
 5. 345 
 
 Medicago, 74 
 
 s.366 
 
 Limosella, 264 
 
 Megastdchya, 443 
 
 Nasturtium, 30 
 
 LINA'CEJE, 53 
 
 Melampy'rum, 270 
 
 Naumbergia, 292 
 
 Linaria, 259 
 
 MELANTHA'CEJE, 365 
 
 Nectris, 66 
 
 Lindernia, 263 
 
 Melanthium, 365 
 
 Negundo, 61 
 
 Linnse'a, 149 
 
 s. 365, 367 
 
 NELUMBIA'CE/E, 18 
 
 Linum, 53 
 
 MELASTOMA'CEJE, 116 
 
 Nelumbium, 18 
 
 Liparis, 343 
 
 Lippia, 285 
 
 Melica, 445 
 
 Melilotus, 74 
 
 Nemopanthes, 228 
 Nemophila, 253 
 
 Liquidambar, 334 
 
 Melissa, 277 
 
 Neottia, 351 
 
 s.324 
 
 Melothria, 118 
 
 Nepeta, 280 
 
 Liriodendron, 15 
 
 MENISPERMA'CEJE, 16 
 
 5. 274 
 
 Listera, 350 
 
 Menispermum, 16 
 
 Nepkrodium, 457,458, 
 
 Lithospermum, 248 
 
 Mentha, 271 
 
 459, 460 
 
 5.248,249,252 
 
 Menyanthes, 241 
 
 Nicandra, 256 
 
 Lobddium, 72 
 
 5. 241 
 
 Nicotiana, 256 
 
 Lobelia, 212 
 
 Menziesia, 216 
 
 Nuphar, 19 
 
 LOBELIA'CEJE, 212 
 
 5.217 
 
 Nymph'a, 19 
 
 LOGANIA'CEJE, 235 
 
 Mertensia, 251 
 
 5. 19 
 
 Loisileuria, 220 
 
 Mesptius, 103 
 
 NYMPHJEA'CEJE, 19 
 
 Lolium, 450 
 
 Micromeria, 277 
 
 Ny'ssa, 307 
 
 Lonicera, 147 
 
 Micropetalum, 48 
 
 
 Lophanthus, 279 
 
 Microstylis, 344 
 
 O'akesia, 310 
 
 Lophi'ola, 364 
 
 Mikania, 160 
 
 Obeliscdria. 187 
 
 LORANTHA'CEJE, 143 
 
 Mi'lium, 422 
 
 Obwne, 298 
 
 iMdwigia, 110, 111 
 Lupi'nus, 88 
 
 s.428 
 Mimulus, 261 
 
 Obolaria, 3T 
 
 CEnanthe, 15 
 
 Luzula, 372 
 
 Mitchella, 150 
 
 (Enothera, KM; 
 
4/0 INDEX. 
 
 
 Oldenldndia, 150 
 
 Page 
 Phacelia, 253 
 
 PORTULACA CEJE, 
 
 ^9 
 
 OLEA'CEJE, 229 
 
 s. 253, 254 
 
 Potamogeton, 
 
 386 
 
 Omalotheca, 197 
 
 PhaLdngium, 375 
 
 Potenti'lla, 
 
 98 
 
 ONAGRA'CEJE, 107 
 
 Phalaris, 421 
 
 Pothos, 
 
 383 
 
 Onoclea, 457 
 
 PkarbUis, 245, 246 
 
 Prendntkcs, 208, 209 
 
 s. 464 
 
 Phaseolus, 87 
 
 Primula, 
 
 289 
 
 Onopordon, 201 
 
 Phleum, 421 
 
 PRIMULA'CEJE, 
 
 289 
 
 Onosmodium, 249 
 
 Phlox, 243 
 
 Prinos, 
 
 228 
 
 Ophioglossum, 466 
 
 Phragmites, 434 
 
 
 s.228 
 
 O'pkrys, 345, 350, 351 
 
 Phry'ma, 285 
 
 Prosartes, 
 
 368 
 
 Oplismenits, 426 
 
 Phyllanthus, 311 
 
 Proserpinaca, 
 
 111 
 
 Opori'nia, 205 
 
 Phyllodoce, 216 
 
 Prunella, 
 
 278 
 
 Opuntia, 123 
 
 Ph/salis, 255 
 
 Prunus, 
 
 90 
 
 ORCH'IDA'CE-S:, 343 
 
 Physostegia, 281 
 
 
 5.91 
 
 O'rchis, 346 
 
 Phytolacca. 300 
 
 Psdmma, 
 
 434 
 
 s. 345,346,347,348,349 
 
 PHYTOLACCA'CE^:, 300 
 
 Psilocarya, 
 
 401 
 
 Origanum, 275 
 
 PLANTAGINA'CEJE, 293 
 
 Ptarmica, 
 
 193 
 
 Ornithogalum, 364 
 
 Pingui x cula, 287 
 
 Ptelea, 
 
 68 
 
 O'rnus, 231 
 
 Pinus, 339 
 
 Pteris, 
 
 463 
 
 OROBANCHA'CE^E, 257 
 
 Piptdtkerum, 428 
 
 Pterospora, 
 
 226 
 
 Orobanche. 257 
 
 PlSTtA'CEffi, 384 
 
 Pulmondria, 
 
 252 
 
 s. 258 
 
 Pisum, 86 
 
 Purshia, 
 
 249 
 
 Orontium, 383 
 
 Plantago, 293 
 
 Pycnanthemum, 
 
 274 
 
 Oryzopsis, 427 
 
 PLATANA'CEJB, 333 
 
 Py'rola, 
 
 224 
 
 Osmorhi'za, 139 
 
 Platanthcra, 346 
 
 PYROLA'CEJE, 
 
 224 
 
 Osmunda, 465 
 
 Platanus, 333 
 
 Pyriddria, 
 
 308 
 
 O'strya, 327 
 
 Platii'loma, 463 
 
 Py'rus, 
 
 104 
 
 Otopky'lla, 267 
 
 Pluchea, 180 
 
 Pyxidatttkera, 
 
 247 
 
 OXALIDA'CEJE, 66 
 
 PLUMBAGINA'CE^E, 293 
 
 
 
 Oxalis, 66 
 
 Poa, 440 
 
 Quercus, 
 
 327 
 
 Oxycoccus, 223 
 
 s. 444, 445, 446 
 
 Q,ueria, 
 
 52 
 
 Oxydendrum, 214 
 
 Podaly'ria, 73 
 
 
 
 Oxy'ria, 305 
 
 Podophy'llum, 17 
 
 RANUNCULA'CE^: 
 
 , 3 
 
 
 PODOSTEMA'CE^E, 113 
 
 Ranunculus, 
 
 7 
 
 Paderota, 266 
 
 Podostemum, 1 14 
 
 Raphanus, 
 
 33 
 
 Panax, 141 
 
 Pogonia, 349 
 
 Rensselaeria, 
 
 382 
 
 Panicum, 423 
 
 - 5.349 
 
 RHAMNA'CEJE, 
 
 70 
 
 s. 423, 426, 427 
 
 Polani'sia, 34 
 
 Rhamnus, 
 
 70 
 
 Papaver, 21 
 
 POLEMONIA'CE.33, 243 
 
 Rhexia, 
 
 117 
 
 PAPAVERA'CEJE, 19 
 
 Polemonium, 244 
 
 Rhinanthus, 
 
 268 
 
 Parietaria, 316 
 
 s. 254 
 
 Rhododendron, 
 
 218 
 
 Parnassia, 41 
 
 Poly'gala, 42 
 
 
 5.218 
 
 Parthenium, 183 
 
 POLYGALA'CEJE, 42 
 
 Rhodora, 
 
 218 
 
 Paspalum, " 422 
 
 POLYGONA'CEJE, 300 
 
 Rhus, 
 
 71 
 
 Passiflora, 119 
 
 Polygonatum, 359 
 
 Rhynchospora, 
 
 399 
 
 PASSIFLORA'CEJE, 119 
 
 Poly'gonum, 301 
 
 Ri'bes, 
 
 124 
 
 Pastinaca, 137 
 
 Poly'mnia, 182 
 
 Ricinus, 
 
 311 
 
 Pdvia, 62 
 
 Poly podium, 456 
 
 Robi'nia, 
 
 78 
 
 PEDALIA'CE*;, 242 
 
 x. 458, 459 
 
 Rochelid, 
 
 251 
 
 Pedicularis, 268 
 
 Polypogon, 433 
 
 Rosa, 
 
 101 
 
 Peltandra, . 382 
 
 POMA'CEJE, 102 
 
 ROSA'CEJE, 
 
 92 
 
 Pennisetum, 426, 427 
 
 PONTEDERA'CE^E, 369 
 
 RUBIA'CEJE, 
 
 149 
 
 Penthorum, 122 
 
 Pontederia, 369 
 
 Rubus, 
 
 95 
 
 Pentstemon, 261 
 
 Populus, 322 
 
 
 5.98 
 
 Peplis, 53 
 
 Porcelia, 15 
 
 Rudbcckia, 
 
 186 
 
 Phaca 79 
 
 Portulaca. 120 
 
 s. 
 
 187, 189 
 
INDEX. 
 
 479 
 
 Ruellia, 286 
 
 Page 
 
 Sesuvium, 123 
 
 Page 
 Styrdndra, 358 
 
 Rumex, 304 
 
 Setaria, 426 
 
 Subularia, 27 
 
 s. 305 
 
 Shepherdia, 306 
 
 Sueda, 297 
 
 Ruppia, 386 
 
 Sibbaldia, 100 
 
 Swertia, 238 
 
 
 Sicyos, 118 
 
 s.238 
 
 Sabbatia, 238 
 
 Sida, 55 
 
 Sympkoria, 148, 149 
 
 Sagina, 47 
 
 Siegesbeckia, 192 
 
 Symphoricarpus, 148 
 
 s.52 
 
 Sieversia, 94, 95 
 
 Symplocarpus, 383 
 
 Sagittaria, 378 
 
 Silene, 45 
 
 Sy'mphytum, 249 
 
 SALICA'CE-SE, 318 
 
 Silphium, 182 
 
 
 Salicornia, 299 
 
 Sinapis, 33 
 
 
 Salix, 319 
 
 S-son, 131,133 
 
 Talinum, 120 
 
 Salsola, 299 
 
 Sisy'mbrium, 32 
 
 Tanacetum, 195 
 
 5.297 
 
 s. 29, 30, 31 
 
 Taraxacum, 206 
 
 Salvia, 272 
 
 Sisyrinchium, 354 
 
 Taxus, 341 
 
 Salvinia, 471 
 
 Sium, 133 
 
 Tecoma, 242 
 
 Sambucus, 144 
 
 s.137 
 
 Tephrosia, 77 
 
 Samolus, 292 
 
 SMILA'CEJE, 356 
 
 TETRAGONIA'CE^: 122 
 
 Sanguinaria, 20 
 
 Smilacina. 357 
 
 Teucrium, 284 
 
 Sanguisorba, 106 
 
 s.358 
 
 Thalictrum, 4 
 
 SANGUISORBA'CEJE, 105 
 
 Smilax, 356 
 
 Tkdspia, 135 
 
 Sanicula, 131 
 
 Smy'rnium, 132,133,136 
 
 Thaspium, 135 
 
 SANTALA' CEJE, 307 
 
 SOLANA'CEJB, 254 
 
 Tfiesmm, 308 
 
 Saponaria, 46 
 
 Solanum, 254 
 
 Thlaspi, 24 
 
 Sarothra, < 59 
 
 Solea, 40 
 
 5.26 
 
 Sarracenia, 22 
 
 Solidago, 174 
 
 Thuya, 338 
 
 SARRACENIA'CEJE, 21 
 
 Sonchus, 206 
 
 THYMELA'CEJE, 307 
 
 Sassafras, 306 
 
 5. 210 
 
 Thy'mus, 275 
 
 SAURURA'CEJE, 318 
 
 Sophora, 73 
 
 Tiarella, 127 
 
 Saururus, 318 
 
 Sorbus, 105 
 
 Tilia, 56 
 
 Saxifraga, 125 
 
 Sparganium, 380 
 
 TILIA'CE-E, 56 
 
 SAXIFRAGA'CEJE, 125 
 
 Sparganophorus, 156 
 
 Tillse'a, 121 
 
 Sedndix, 139 
 
 Spartina, 436 
 
 Tipularia, 345 
 
 Scheuchzeria. 380 
 
 Specularia, 211 
 
 Tofieldia, 366 
 
 Schizea, 466 
 
 Sperffula. 52 
 
 Tradescantia, 377 
 
 Schce'nus, 388, 399 
 
 5.49 
 
 Trichelosty'lis, 398 
 
 Schollera, 370 
 
 Spergiddstruni 48 
 
 TnchoMoa, 433 
 
 Schwalbea,' 268 
 
 Spermacoce, 151 
 
 Trichodium, 431 
 
 Scirpus, 394 
 
 Spigelia, 235 
 
 Trichomaties, 464 
 
 5. 391, 392, 393, 394, 
 
 Spirae'a, 92 
 
 7Yichophorum ) 396 
 
 . 397, 398 
 
 s.93 
 
 Trichostema, 283 
 
 SCLERANTHA'CE;E, 121 
 Scleranthus, 121 
 
 Spiranthes. 350 
 Stachys, 282 
 
 Tricuspis, 446 
 Trientalis, 290 
 
 Scleria, 402 
 
 Staphylea, 69 
 
 Trifolium, 75 
 
 Sclerolepis, 156 
 
 STAPHYLA'CE^E, 69 
 
 Triglochin, 379 
 
 Scolopendrium. 462 
 
 Statice, 293 
 
 TRILLIA'CEJE, 359 
 
 Scrophularia, 260 
 
 Stellaria, 48 
 
 Trillium, 360 
 
 SCROPHULARIA'CEJE, 258 
 
 Stendctis, 172 
 
 Triosteum, 146 
 
 Scutellaria, 278 
 
 Stipa, 428 
 
 Triphora, 349 
 
 Sedum, 122 
 
 5.433 
 
 Tripolium, 169 
 
 Selaginella, 469 
 
 Streptopus, 368 
 
 Tripsacum, 452 
 
 Selinum, 135 
 
 s.368 
 
 Trisetum, 439 
 
 Senecio. 199 
 
 Strophostyles. 87, 88 
 
 5.439 
 
 5. 198, 199 
 
 Struthiopteris, 464 
 
 Triticum, 450 
 
 Sericocarpus, 170 
 Serptcufa, 342 
 
 Stylophorum, 20 
 Stylosanthes, 79 
 
 Trollius, 11 
 TROPJEOLA'CKJE, 66 
 
480 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Turritis, 
 
 P 1! 
 
 Vaccinium, 
 
 Page 
 221 
 
 VITA'CEJE, 
 
 Page 
 62 
 
 
 5.28 
 
 5. 
 
 216, 223 
 
 Vitis, 
 
 63 
 
 Tussilago, 
 
 161 
 
 Valeriana, 
 
 153 
 
 
 
 
 5.161 
 
 VALERIANA'CEJE 
 
 153 
 
 Waldsteinia, 
 
 95 
 
 Ty'pha, 
 
 381 
 
 Valerianella, 
 
 153 
 
 Windsoria. 
 
 446 
 
 TYPHA'CEJE, 
 
 380 
 
 Valisneria, 
 
 342 
 
 Woodsia, 
 
 459 
 
 
 
 Veratrum, 
 
 367 
 
 Woodwardia, 
 
 462 
 
 Udora, 
 
 342 
 
 
 s.367 
 
 
 
 ULMA'CE^, 
 
 334 
 
 Verbascum, 
 
 259 
 
 Xanthium. 
 
 183 
 
 U'lmus, 
 
 334 
 
 Verbena, 
 
 284 
 
 Xerophy'llum 
 
 366 
 
 UMBELL,I'FER.E, 
 
 129 
 
 
 5.285 
 
 Xylosteum, 
 
 148 
 
 Uniola, 
 
 449 
 
 VERBENA'CE^;, 
 
 284 
 
 XYRIDA'CE^E, 
 
 371 
 
 
 5.443 
 
 Verbesina, 
 
 192 
 
 Xy'ris, 
 
 371 
 
 Uralepis, 
 
 440 
 
 Vernonia, 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 Uraspermum, 
 
 139 
 
 Veronica, 
 
 264 
 
 Zannichellia, 
 
 385 
 
 Urtica, 
 
 314 
 
 
 5.266 
 
 ZANTHOXYLA'CE^, 
 
 67 
 
 5. 
 
 URTICA'CEJE, 
 
 315, 316 
 314 
 
 Viburnum, 
 Vicia, 
 
 144 
 
 84 
 
 Zanthoxylum, 
 Zanthoriza, 
 
 67 
 14 
 
 Utricularia, 
 Uvdria, 
 
 287 
 15 
 
 Vilfa 
 
 5.85 
 432 
 
 Zapania, 
 Zenobia, 
 
 285 
 215 
 
 Uvularia, 
 
 367 
 
 ViUdrsia, 
 
 241 
 
 Zizania, 
 
 419 
 
 
 5.368 
 
 Viola, 
 
 36 
 
 Zizia, 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 5.40 
 
 Zostera, 
 
 385 
 
 VACCINIA'CEJE, 
 
 220 
 
 VlOLA'CEjE, 
 
 36 
 
 Zygadenus, 
 
 365 
 
 
 
 Viscum, 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 

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