THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES 
 AND ORGANIZATION 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH 
 
 STUDIES IN ADMINISTRATION 
 
 The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain 
 
 By W. F. Willoughby, W. W. Willoughby and S. M. Lindsay 
 
 The Budget 
 
 By Ren6 Stourm 
 T. Plazinski, Translator, W. F. McCaleb, Editor 
 
 The Canadian Budgetary System 
 
 By H. G. Villard and W. W. Willoughby 
 
 The Problem of a National Budget 
 
 By W. F. Willoughby 
 
 The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States 
 
 By W. F. WUloughby 
 
 Teachers' Pension Systems in the United States 
 
 By Paul Studensky (In press) 
 
 The System of Financial Administration of the United 
 States (In preparation) 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
 Principles Governing the Retirement of Public Employees 
 By Lewis Meriam 
 
 Principles of Government Purchasing 
 
 By A. G. Thomas 
 
 SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- 
 MENT 
 
 The Reclamation Service 
 
 The United States Geological Survey (In press) 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
 
 PUBLISHERS NEW YO R K 
 
INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH 
 SERVICE MONOGRAPHS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 
 No. 2 
 
 THE U. S. 
 RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND 
 ORGANIZATION 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK LONDON 
 
 1919 
 

 COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY 
 
 THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH 
 
THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 The Institute for Government Research is an association of citi- 
 zens for cooperating with public officials in the scientific study of 
 government with a view to promoting efficiency and economy in 
 its operations and advancing the science of administration. It 
 aims to bring into existence such information and materials as will 
 aid in the formation of public opinion, and will assist officials, par- 
 ticularly those of the national government, in their efforts to put the 
 public administration upon a more efficient basis. 
 
 To this end, it seeks by the thoroughgoing study and examination 
 of the best administrative practice, public and private, American 
 and foreign, to formulate those principles which lie at the basis of 
 all sound administration, and to determine their proper adaptation 
 to the specific needs of our public administration. 
 
 The accomplishment of specific reforms the Institute recognizes 
 to be the task of those who are charged with the responsibility of 
 legislation and administration; but it seeks to assist, by scientific 
 study and research, in laying a solid foundation of information and 
 experience upon which such reforms may be successfully built. 
 
 While some of the Institute's studies find application only in 
 the form of practical cooperation with the administrative officers 
 directly concerned, many are of interest to other administrators 
 and of general educational value. The results of such studies the 
 Institute purposes to publish in such form as will insure for them 
 the widest possible utilization. 
 
 Frank J. Goodnow, 
 
 Chairman 
 
 Edwin A. Alderman 
 Robert S. Brookings 
 James F. Curtis 
 R. Fulton Cutting 
 Raymond B. Fosdick 
 Felix Frankfurter 
 
 Officers 
 Robert S. Brookings, 
 
 Vice-Chairman 
 
 Frederick Strauss, 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Charles P. Neill, 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Trustees 
 
 Frank J. Goodnow 
 Jerome D. Greene 
 Arthur T. Hadley 
 Cesar Lombardi 
 A. Lawrence Lowell 
 Samuel Mather 
 Charles P. Neill 
 
 Director 
 W. F. Willoughby 
 
 Charles D. Norton 
 Martin A. Ryerson 
 Frederick Strauss 
 Theodore N. Vail 
 Charles R. Van Hise 
 Robert S. Woodward 
 
 4SS703 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 The first essential to efficient administration of any enter- 
 prise is full knowledge of its present make-up and operation. 
 Without full and complete information before them, as to 
 existing organization, personnel, plant, and methods of opera- 
 tion and control, neither legislators nor administrators can 
 properly perform their functions. 
 
 The greater the work, the more varied the activities engaged 
 in, and the more complex the organization employed, the more 
 imperative becomes the necessity that this information shall 
 be available and available in such a form that it can be readily 
 utilized. 
 
 Of all undertakings, none in the United States, and few, if 
 any, in the world, approach in magnitude, complexity, and im- 
 portance that of the national government of the United States. 
 As President Taft expressed it in his message to Congress of 
 January 17, 1912, in referring to the inquiry being made under 
 his direction into the efficiency and economy of the methods 
 of prosecuting public business, the activities of the national 
 government "are almost as varied as those of the entire busi- 
 ness world. The operations of the Government affect the in- 
 terest of every person living within the jurisdiction of the 
 United States. Its organization embraces stations and centers 
 of work located in every city and in many local subdivisions 
 of the country. Its gross expenditures amount to nearly 
 $1,000,000,000 annually. Including the personnel of the mili- 
 tary and naval establishments, more than 400,000 persons are 
 required to do the work imposed by law upon the executive 
 branch of the Government. 
 
 "This vast organization has never been studied in detail as 
 one piece of administrative mechanism. Never have the f oun- 
 
viii FOREWORD 
 
 dations been laid for a thorough consideration of the relations 
 of all of its parts. No comprehensive effort has been made to 
 list its multifarious activities or to group them in such a way 
 as to present a clear picture of what the Government is doing. 
 Never has a complete description been given of the agencies 
 through which these activities are performed. At no time has 
 the attempt been made to study all of these activities and agen- 
 cies with a view to the assignment of each activity to the 
 agency best fitted for its performance, to the avoidance of 
 duplication of plant and work, to the integration of all ad- 
 ministrative agencies of the Government, so far as may be 
 practicable, into a unified organization for the most effective 
 and economical dispatch of public business." 
 
 To lay the basis for such a comprehensive study of the 
 organizations and operations of the national government as 
 President Taft outlines, the Institute for Government Re- 
 search has undertaken the preparation of a series of mono- 
 graphs, of which the present study is one, giving a detailed 
 description of each of the fifty or more distinct services of 
 the Government. These studies are being vigorously prose- 
 cuted, and it is hoped that all services of the Government will 
 be covered in a comparatively brief space of time. There- 
 after, revisions of the monographs will be made from time 
 to time as need arises, to the end that they may, as far as 
 is practicable, represent current conditions. 
 
 These monographs are all prepared according to a uniform 
 plan. They give: First, the history of the establishment and 
 development of the service; second, its functions, described 
 not in general terms, but by detailing its specific activities; 
 third, its organization for the handling of these activities; 
 fourth, the character of its plant; fifth, a compilation of, or 
 reference to, the laws and regulations governing its opera- 
 tions; sixth, financial statements showing its appropriations, 
 expenditures and other data for a period of years; and finally, 
 a full bibliography of the sources of information, official and 
 private, bearing on the service and its operations. 
 
FOREWORD ix 
 
 In the preparation of these monographs the Iristitute has 
 kept steadily in mind the aim to produce documents that will 
 be of direct value and assistance in the administration of pub- 
 lic affairs. To executive officials they offer valuable tools of 
 administration. Through them, such officers can, with a mini- 
 mum of effort, inform themselves regarding the details, not 
 only of their own services, but of others with whose facilities, 
 activities and methods it is desirable that they should be fa- 
 miliar. Under present conditions services frequently engage 
 in activities in ignorance of the fact that the work projected 
 has already been done, or is in process of execution by other 
 services. Many cases exist where one service can make ef- 
 fective use of the organization, plant or results of other serv- 
 ices had they knowledge that such facilities were in existence. 
 With the constant shifting of directing personnel that takes 
 place in the administrative branch of the national government, 
 the existence of means by which incoming officials may thus 
 readily secure information regarding their own and other 
 services is a matter of great importance. 
 
 To members of Congress the monographs should prove of 
 no less value. At present these officials are called upon to 
 legislate and appropriate money for services concerning whose 
 needs and real problems they can secure but imperfect infor- 
 mation. That the possession by each member of a set of mon- 
 ographs, such as is here projected, prepared according to a 
 uniform plan, will be a great aid to intelligent legislation and 
 appropriation of funds, can hardly be questioned. 
 
 To the public, finally, these monographs will give that 
 knowledge of the organization and operations of their govern- 
 ment which must be had if an enlightened public opinion is to 
 be brought to bear upon the conduct of government affairs. 
 
 These studies are wholly descriptive in character. No at- 
 tempt is made in them to subject the conditions described to 
 criticism, nor to indicate features in respect to which changes 
 might with advantage be made. Upon administrators them- 
 selves falls responsibility for making or proposing changes 
 
x FOREWORD 
 
 which will result in the improvement of methods of adminis- 
 tration. The primary aim of outside agencies should be to 
 emphasize this responsibility and facilitate its fulfillment. 
 
 While the monographs thus make no direct recommenda- 
 tions for improvement, they cannot fail greatly to stimulate 
 efforts in that direction. Prepared as they are according to 
 a uniform plan, and setting forth as they do the activities, 
 plant, organization, personnel and laws governing the several 
 services of the government, they will automatically, as it were, 
 reveal, for example, the extent to which work in the same field 
 is being performed by different services, and thus furnish the 
 information that is essential to a consideration of the great 
 question of the better distribution and coordination of activi- 
 ties among the several departments, establishments and bu- 
 reaus, and the elimination of duplications of plant, organiza- 
 tion and work. Through them it will also be possible to 
 subject any particular feature of the administrative work of 
 the government to exhaustive study, to determine, for exam- 
 ple, what facilities, in the way of laboratories and other plant 
 and equipment, exist for the prosecution of any line of work 
 and where those facilities are located; or what work is being 
 done in any field of administration or research, such as the 
 promotion, protection and regulation of the maritime inter- 
 ests of the country, the planning and execution of works of 
 an engineering character, or the collection, compilation and 
 publication of statistical data, or what differences of practice 
 prevail in respect to organization, classification, appointment, 
 and promotion of personnel. 
 
 To recapitulate, the monographs will serve the double pur- 
 pose of furnishing an essential tool for efficient legislation, 
 administration and popular control, and of laying the basis for 
 critical and constructive work on the part of those upon whom 
 responsibility for such work primarily rests. 
 
 Whenever possible the language of official statements or re- 
 ports has been employed, and it has not been practicable in all 
 cases to make specific indication of the language so quoted. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER p AGE 
 
 I. HISTORY i 
 
 Irrigation Development Prior to 1880 .... 2 
 Legislation Relative to Private Irrigation Works on 
 
 the Public Lands, 1866-1901 3 
 
 Reclamation of the Public Lands by the States, 1894 
 
 to Date . ..'.... 5 
 Movement for National Construction of Reclamation 
 
 Works, 1878-1902 8 
 
 Passage of the Reclamation Act 16 
 
 Origin and Development of the Reclamation Service 23 
 
 Development of Reclamation Policy, 1902 to Date . 26 
 
 II. ACTIVITIES 33 
 
 Characteristics of Projects 33 
 
 Location of Projects 41 
 
 Designing the Project Works 47 
 
 Construction of Projects 51 
 
 Opening of Projects 57 
 
 Fiscal Management of Projects 59 
 
 Operation of Works .62 
 
 Transfer to Water Users' Association ... .64 
 
 Dissemination of Information to Water Users . . 67 
 
 III. ORGANIZATION 70 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior 71 
 
 Reclamation Commission 74 
 
 Executive and Engineering Division .... 75 
 
 Legal Division 83 
 
 Fiscal Division 86 
 
 Office of the Supervisor of Irrigation .... 86 
 
 APPENDIX . . 89 
 
 1. OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 89 
 
 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES 98 
 
 3. PUBLICATIONS . 100 
 
 4. MAJOR EQUIPMENT FOR ALL PROJECTS ON JUNE 30, 1917 103 
 
 5. LAWS 104 
 
 6. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 125 
 
 1. Total Receipts and Disbursements of Reclamation 
 
 Fund to June 30, 1917 126 
 
 2. Total Receipts and Disbursements of Reclamation 
 
 Fund to June 30, 1917, by years . . .127 
 
 3. Disbursements and Collections on Primary Proj- 
 
 ects, by Projects, to June 30, 1917 . . . 128 
 
 7. STATISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION 129 
 
 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 
 
 AUTHOR INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... . 169 
 
 GENERAL INDEX . . 173 
 
 xi 
 
THE U. S. RECLAMATION 
 SERVICE 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 HISTORY 
 
 ^s 
 
 The Reclamation Service is a civil engineering organization 
 of the federal government in the Department of the Interior. 
 Its functions are to examine, survey, construct and maintain 
 irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and distribution of 
 water for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the 
 western part of the United States. 
 
 The arid regions of the United States, as generally desig- 
 nated, include about two-fifths of its entire area, extending 
 from about the middle of the continent westerly nearly to the 
 Pacific Ocean. There are no sharply marked lines or divisions 
 between the arid and the humid areas, but there is, especially 
 near the center of the United States, a broad intermediate belt, 
 neither distinctly arid nor distinctly humid, which is called the 
 subhumid or semiarid region. This belt extends over North 
 Dakota, South Dakota, western Nebraska, and western Kansas 
 into Oklahoma and the panhandle of Texas. In years of 
 excessive moisture the subhumid region sometimes creeps up 
 toward the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, while during 
 dry years the greater part of the plains region west of the 
 Missouri becomes semiarid. 
 
 Water is available to irrigate only a small portion of the 
 total area of the arid regions. Estimates vary as to the size 
 of the area which can be irrigated. In the first annual report 
 
2 THE tf. S. 'RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 of the Reclamation Service it is stated that "under the most 
 complete system of irrigation possible it is probable that not 
 over five per cent, of the arable land can be irrigated in any 
 one of the western states." 
 
 Eor a full understanding of the origin and development of 
 the Reclamation Service and of the laws under which it oper- 
 ates, some account is necessary of the conditions surrounding 
 early private reclamation enterprises in this country, and of 
 the previous policy of the national government toward reclam- 
 ation of the public lands. This account falls under the follow- 
 ing heads : 
 
 i. Irrigation development prior to 1880. 
 y 2. Legislation relative to private irrigation works on the 
 public lands, 1866-1901. 
 
 3. Reclamation of the public lands by the states, 1894 to 
 date. 
 
 Irrigation Development Prior to 1880. Irrigation of arid 
 lands of the West dates back far before the historic period. 
 Remains of irrigation canals and distributing systems are 
 found, notably in Arizona and adjacent states, in proximity to 
 the ruins of the habitations built by the Pueblo or town-dwel- 
 ling Indians. The Spanish conquerors coming northerly from 
 Mexico enlarged the works of the natives or built new canals 
 to bring water to the fields surrounding their settlements. The 
 first English speaking people to adopt the art were the small 
 party of Mormon pioneers who, in the summer of 1847, set- 
 tled in the Great Salt Lake Valley. Their systematic reclama- 
 tion of the surrounding areas served as an object lesson for 
 larger undertakings. 
 
 In the decade 1870-1880, the practice of irrigation in this 
 country was greatly advanced by the success of several coop- 
 erative colonization enterprises in northeastern Colorado. Of 
 these the first and best known was the Union Colony at Gree- 
 ley, the organizers of which were familiar with the methods 
 employed in Utah. So successful were these colonies that they 
 
HISTORY 3 
 
 were said to have "made of northeastern Colorado one of the 
 most vigorous agricultural districts of the country/' l 
 
 There are no reliable statistics as to the extent of early irri- 
 gation development, but the available information indicates 
 that from a few thousand acres in 1850 there was steady in- 
 crease to approximately 50,000 acres in 1860, and possibly 
 200,000 acres in 1870, followed by rapid development, so that 
 approximately 1,000,000 acres produced hay and cultivated 
 crops in 1880. 
 
 Legislation Relative to Private Irrigation Works on the 
 Public Lands, 1866-1901. The peculiar conditions of water 
 supply existing in the arid region had early given rise to special 
 legislation in all of the states and territories in that region reg- 
 ulating the rights of private enterprises to the use of water. 
 In 1866, the first legislation relative to water rights on the 
 public lands was enacted by Congress. By act of July 26, 1866 
 (sec. 9, 14 Stat. L., 253 ), 2 rights to the use of water on the 
 public lands vested under local laws and customs were con- 
 firmed. 3 Although the enactment of this provision was due 
 primarily to the needs of the hydraulic mining industry, its 
 language was drawn to embrace also the use of water for 
 "agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes." 
 
 Positive action in the direction of securing irrigation of the 
 arid lands for agricultural purposes was first taken in 1875. 
 By an act of March 3, 1875 (18 Stat. L., 497), provision was 
 made for the disposition of the arid lands, termed by the act 
 "desert lands/' of Lassen County, California, to entrymen 
 who would irrigate them. 
 
 Two years later, by the so-called "desert land law" (act of 
 March 3, 1877, 19 Stat. L., 377), this policy was extended to 
 
 'Widtsoe, Principles of Irrigation Practice, p. 461. 
 
 2 Now section 2339, Revised Statutes. 
 
 3 By section 17 of the act of July 9, 1870 (16 Stat. L., 218), now 
 section 2340, Revised Statutes, all patents, preemptions and home- 
 steads allowed were made subject to such vested and allowed water 
 rights. 
 
4 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 the states of California, Oregon, and Nevada, and the terri- 
 tories of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Ari- 
 zona, New Mexico, and Dakota. The act provided for the 
 sale, at $1.25 per acre, of not more than 640 acres of desert 
 lands to any person who had filed a declaration of intention to 
 -.become a, citizen, upon condition that he irrigate the lands, 
 three years being allowed him for this purpose. "Desert 
 lands" were defined by the act to be "all lands, exclusive of 
 timber lands and mineral lands which will not, without irriga- 
 tion, produce some agricultural crop." 
 
 In 1891 (sec. 2, act of March 3, 1891, 26 Stat. L,, 1095), 
 the desert land act was extended to the state of Colorado and 
 \J was modified to permit two or more persons to "associate to- 
 gether in the construction of canals and ditches for irrigating 
 and reclaiming" their tracts under a joint plan. The provision 
 for proof of irrigation was, however, made much more severe, 
 it being required that the entryman expend, in each of the 
 three years allowed for reclamation, not less than one dollar 
 per acre "in the necessary irrigation and cultivation thereof, 
 by means of main canals and branch ditches and in permanent 
 improvements upon the land, and in the purchase of water 
 rights for the irrigation of the same." In addition, proof of 
 the cultivation of one-eighth of the land within the three year 
 period was required. 
 
 In the same act there was for the first time extended to irri- 
 V gation works a policy which had long before been adopted with 
 reference to roads and railroads through the public lands. By 
 sections 1 8 to 21 of the act there was granted "to any canal or 
 ditch company formed for the purpose of irrigation," and to 
 any individual or association of individuals constructing 
 canals, ditches or reservoirs for that purpose, "the right of 
 way through the public lands and reservations of the United 
 States ... to the extent of the ground occupied by the water 
 of the reservoir and of the canal and its laterals, and fifty feet 
 on each side of the marginal limits thereof ; also the right to 
 take from the public lands adjacent to the line of the canal or 
 
HISTORY 5 
 
 ditch, material, earth and stone, necessary for the construction 
 of such canal or ditch." 
 
 In 1901, by act of February 15(31 Stat. L., 790), the grant 
 of rights of way over the public lands for water works was 
 extended so as to include the conveyance of water for almost 
 every purpose. The Secretary of the Interior was empowered 
 "to permit the use of rights of way through the public lands, 
 forest and other reservations" and through certain national 
 parks, "for canals, ditches, pipes and pipe lines, flumes, tun- 
 nels, or other water conduits, and for water plants, dams, and 
 reservoirs used to promote irrigation or mining or quarrying, 
 or the manufacturing or cutting of timber or lumber, 1 or the 
 supplying of water for domestic, public, or any other benefi- 
 cial uses." 
 
 Reclamation of the Public Lands by the States, 1894 to 
 Date. Within a few years after the passage of the act of 
 1891, which may be regarded as the most important single 
 enactment relative to the reclamation of the public lands by 
 private enterprise, provision was made by Congress for rec- 
 lamation by public land states. By section 4 of the sundry 
 civil appropriation act of August 18, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 422), 
 commonly known as the Carey Act, the government offered to 
 contract with any of the states containing arid lands, binding 
 itself "to donate, grant and patent to the State free of cost 
 for survey or price such desert lands, not exceeding one mil- 
 lion acres in each State, as the State may cause to be irrigated, 
 reclaimed, occupied, and not less than twenty acres of each 
 lone hundred and sixty acre tract cultivated by actual settlers, 
 *vithin ten years next after the passage of this act." 
 
 Two years later, by act of June n, 1896 (29 Stat. L., 434), 
 the scope of the act was extended by providing that patents 
 should issue to a state for any particular tract of land re- 
 lights of way for canals and reservoirs for "the business of 
 mining or quarrying or of cutting timber and manufacturing lumber" 
 had already been granted by the act of January 21, 1895 ( 2 ^ Stat. 
 L., 635). ' 
 
6 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 claimed under the act "when an ample supply of water is 
 V actually furnished in a substantial ditch or canal or by artesian 
 wells or reservoirs, without regard to settlement or cultiva- 
 tion." 1 
 
 On March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 1188), Congress extended 
 the terms of this law, which had been limited to ten years from 
 the date of its original passage, so that it should remain in 
 continued operation, allowing ten years for the reclamation of 
 each body of land segregated thereunder. 
 
 In the eight years which elapsed between the enactment of 
 the Carey Act and that of the Reclamation Act, but seven of 
 the states covered by the Carey Act took any steps to take 
 advantage of its provisions. Out of the total area of 7,- 
 000,000 acres open to them for filing, these states had made 
 application for less than 1,200,000 acres. Only four of the 
 states had, however, filed their applications in approved form, 
 their applications covering less than 600,000 acres, and of 
 these only one state, Wyoming, had filed proper proofs of 
 reclamation, as required by the law, as to any of the land 
 applied for; so that the 11,321 acres patented to that state 
 constituted the whole of the net results of the Carey Act dur- 
 ing the first eight years of its operation. 
 
 In the twenty-three years from the passage of the act to 
 June 30, 1917, ten states in all made applications under the act, 
 but of these only six filed proofs of reclamation resulting in 
 patent. To these a total of slightly more than 800,000 acres 
 was patented, and of this over 520,000 acres were patented 
 to Idaho, and over 150,000 to Wyoming. Of the remaining 
 130,727 acres, 62,718 were patented to Oregon, 30,683 to 
 Montana, 25,814 to Utah, and 11,511 to Colorado. 
 
 It thus appears that but few of the states have taken ex- 
 tensive action to obtain the benefits contemplated by the Carey 
 
 1 By this act also the states were authorized to create a lien against 
 all lands reclaimed "for the actual cost and necessary expenses of 
 reclamation and reasonable interest thereon from the date of recla- 
 mation until disposed of to actual settlers," such lien to be "valid on 
 and against the separate legal subdivisions of land reclaimed." 
 
HISTORY 7 
 
 Act. During the last ten years little activity has been dis- 
 played in the construction of reclamation works under this 
 act, be^us^^f^the_fa^cjj^atjiiost of these projectsjiave been 
 financially unprofitable to the investors. 
 
 In 1912, a committee was appointed by the Secretary of the 
 Interior to report upon the historical and current conditions 
 of Carey Act projects. The report, rendered under date of 
 February 15, 1913,* states that much actual development has 
 been accomplished. The failure to accomplish still more is 
 attributed by the report to improper administratioiLof the act 
 by the states and improper management by the promoters of 
 the several projects. In particular the report criticizes the 
 segregation of lands for long periods of time at the request of 
 promoters, the segregation of lands having insufficient watex 
 supply, the underestimation ofjthe_cost_of irrigation works^ 
 carelessness and inefficiency, and in some cases dishonesty on 
 the part of state ^offiqals-in- th^ir supervision of foe wor fc O f 
 construction, improper methods of disposing of the lands, re- 
 sulting in their appropriation by speculators rather than actual 
 settlers, and the imposition of unduly burdensome water Jiates._ 
 The report concludes : 
 
 The chief obstacle in the way of Carey Act projects at 
 present is a general lack of confidence on account of past 
 failures, resulting in inability to secure financial backing. 
 When a market for Carey Act bonds is found, it is generally 
 at a price to the developing company of 80 to 85, thus making 
 the cost of money to the company at the rate of 7 per cent 
 or more on the basis of a 6 per cent bond, and in addition 
 requiring the redemption payment for the bond to be from 20 
 to 25 per cent greater than the original proceeds. The cost of 
 colonization, which is a surprisingly large item in undertakings 
 of this character ; the cost of administration during a period 
 of 20 years more or less, from the beginning of construction 
 until the last deferred payments have been made by settlers; 
 the cost for interest for the period of investigation and con- 
 1 This report was prepared by Herman Stabler, of the U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, P. R. Dudley, of the Land Office, and F. W. Hanna, 
 of the U. S. Reclamation Service, and was printed as Senate Docu- 
 ment No. 1097, 62d Congress, 3d Session. 
 
8 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 struction and until the interest on settlers' notes is sufficient 
 to offset the bond interest ; and a profit, even though small, for 
 the developing company and the people who have taken the 
 risks of the development, increase the cost of the land to the 
 settler, under even the best projects of this character, to an 
 amount in the neighborhood of twice the actual construction 
 cost. 
 
 It is evidently not possible under any scheme of financing 
 and development to remove all of these items of cost from 
 irrigated land. Under the Government projects of the Recla- 
 mation Service the items of interest and profit have been elim- 
 inated, but the costs of colonization and administration re- 
 main, in addition to the actual costs of construction. It has 
 been suggested that the same items could be reduced under the 
 Carey Act by the States lending their credit to the projects 
 and supervising their development in such manner as to assure 
 successful development under reasonable conditions. 
 
 Movement for National Construction of Reclamation 
 Works, 1878-1902. During the whole of the period covered 
 by the legislation outlined in the preceding sections for the 
 development of the arid lands by private enterprise and by 
 state action, there had been carried on, by members of Con- 
 gress, by officials of the government, and by private citizens, 
 individually and in associations, a movement for the more 
 direct treatment of the problem of reclamation by the national 
 government through the actual construction by it of reclama- 
 tion works on a large scale. 
 
 Among the earliest and most notable of those who took this 
 view was Major John Wesley Powell, who had made an ex- 
 tensive study of the relatively unknown west, his exploration 
 of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River being particularly 
 notable. His "Report on the land of the arid region of the 
 United States with a more detailed account of the land of 
 Utah, with maps," published in 1878, attracted general atten- 
 tion. Particularly noteworthy was his discussion of the 
 methods to be employed for the redemption of the arid region. 
 He stated that there were involved "engineering problems re- 
 quiring for their solution the greatest skill. ... To a great 
 
HISTORY 9 
 
 extent the redemption of all these lands will require exten- 
 sive and comprehensive plans for the execution of which ag- 
 gregate capital or cooperative labor will be necessary. Here 
 individual farmers being poor men can not undertake the task. 
 For its accomplishment a wise provision embodied in carefully 
 considered legislation is necessary." He also suggested legis- 
 lation to authorize the organization of irrigation districts and 
 of pasturage districts, providing in particular "that the right 
 to the water necessary for the redemption of an irrigated farm 
 shall inhere in the land . . . and the right to the water shall 
 pass with the title to the land." 
 
 As Director of the United States Geological Survey from 
 1 88 1 to 1894, Major Powell persistently urged suitable legis- 
 lation, and in his various writings from 1878 to 1894 he stated 
 definitely that the general government must of necessity deal 
 directly with the irrigation question. His reports were much 
 discussed by those who were interested in the development of 
 the west, and under his frequent and urgent presentations the 
 subject attracted more and more attention from year to year. 
 
 Finally, in 1888, his views, which were strongly seconded 
 by several members of Congress, were recognized by Congress 
 to the extent of the authorization of an investigation of the 
 practicability of constructing irrigation reservoirs in the arid 
 region. Several months later an appropriation of $100,000 
 was made for the work and in the next year an appropriation 
 of $250,000. 
 
 The original resolution authorizing the investigation (joint 
 resolution of March 20, 1888, 25 Stat. L., 618), is notable 
 for the clarity with which it defines the irrigation problem. It 
 reads : 
 
 Whereas a large portion of the unoccupied public lands of 
 the United States is located within what is known as the arid 
 region, and now utilized only for grazing purposes, but much 
 of which, by means of irrigation, may be rendered as fertile 
 and productive as any land in the world, capable of supporting 
 a large population, thereby adding to the national wealth and 
 prosperity ; 
 
io THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Whereas all the water flowing during the summer months 
 in many of the streams of the Rocky Mountains, upon which 
 the husbandman of the plains and the mountain valleys chiefly 
 depends for moisture for his crops, has been appropriated and 
 is used for the irrigation of lands contiguous thereto, whereby 
 a comparatively small area has been reclaimed; and 
 
 Whereas there are many natural depressions near the 
 sources and along the courses of these streams which may be 
 converted into reservoirs for the storage of the surplus water 
 which during the winter and spring seasons flows through the 
 streams ; from which reservoirs the water there stored can be 
 drawn and conducted through properly constructed canals, at 
 the proper season, thus bringing large areas of land into cul- 
 tivation and making desirable much of the public land for 
 which there is now no demand : Therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled: That 
 the Secretary of the Interior, by means of the Director of the 
 Geological Survey, be, and he is hereby, directed to make an 
 examination of that portion of the arid regions of the United 
 States where agriculture is carried on by means of irrigation, 
 as to the natural advantages for the storage of water for irri- 
 gation purposes, with the practicability of constructing reser- 
 voirs, together with the capacity of the streams and the cost 
 of construction and capacity of reservoirs, and such other 
 facts as bear on the question of storage of water for irrigat- 
 ing purposes; and that he be further directed to report to 
 Congress as soon as practicable the result of such investiga- 
 tions. 
 
 Q The sundry civil appropriation act of the same year (act 
 of October 2, 1888, 25 Stat. L., 526), seemed to give evidence 
 of an intention on the part of Congress to enter upon a com- 
 prehensive scheme of construction for irrigation works for, 
 after making appropriation for the surveys of the arid regions 
 just mentioned, it provided that "all the lands which may here- 
 after be designated or selected by such United States surveys 
 for sites, for reservoirs, ditches, or canals for irrigation pur- 
 poses, and all the lands made susceptible of irrigation by such 
 reservoirs, ditches, or canals, are from this time henceforth 
 hereby reserved from sale as the property of the United States, 
 
HISTORY ii 
 
 and shall not be subject after the passage of this act to entry, 
 settlement, or occupation until further provided by law." 
 
 Under this sweeping authority the Geological Survey desig- 
 nated as "lands made susceptible of irrigation" virtually all 
 the lands in the arid region, 1 and these lands were accordingly 
 withdrawn from entry. A widespread protest from persons 
 in the arid region, adversely affected by this action, soon made 
 itself heard and by resolution of February 14, 1889, the United 
 States Senate authorized a select committee of seven, to be 
 known as the Select Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation 
 of Arid Lands, to consider the whole subject. During the 
 months of August and September, 1889, the committee ^con- 
 ducted meetings at a number of points in the territory affected. 
 The majority of the committee, headed by the chairman, 
 Senator Stewart, severely criticized Director Powell for hav- 
 ing expended so large a portion of the funds appropriated 
 for irrigation surveys in developing general topographic maps 
 of the arid region, and for his general policy of withholding 
 from settlement all lands susceptible of irrigation until such 
 time as their disposition should be decided upon by Congress. 2 
 
 As against the course thus pursued by Director Powell 
 under the act of 1888, Senator Stewart proposed to place 
 all unappropriated waters under the control of the several 
 states and territories ; the minority of the committee, however, 
 favored the division of the arid lands into irrigation districts 
 upon the basis of natural drainage basins, entrusting a large 
 measure of the control over reclamation development to the 
 people resident within each basin. 
 
 Although neither of these proposals received favorable 
 consideration by Congress, the opposition voiced by the major- 
 
 survey upon which the action of the Geological Survey was 
 based is frequently referred to as the Powell Irrigation Survey. The 
 results of this survey were published in the annual reports of the 
 Geological Survey from 1890 to 1893 inclusive. 
 
 2 The report of the committee together with the record of the 
 hearings held by it was printed as Senate Report No. 928, 5ist Con- 
 gress, ist Session. 
 
12 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 ity report to the existing policy of reservation found legisla- 
 tive expression in an act (act of August 30, 1800, 26 Stat. 
 L-, 39i), by which the whole of the act of 1888 providing for 
 the reservation of "sites for reservoirs, ditches or canals for 
 irrigation purposes and all the lands made susceptible of irri- 
 gation by such reservoirs, ditches or canals" was revoked 
 except as to reservoir sites, the segregation and reservation 
 of which was expressly continued. In the following year, a 
 further curtailment of the policy of reservation was evidenced 
 in section 17 of the act of March 3, 1831. (26 Stat. L., 1095), 
 which provided that reservoir sites "shall be restricted to and 
 shall contain only so much land as is actually necessary for 
 the construction and maintenance of reservoirs excluding so 
 far as practicable lands occupied by actual settlers at the date 
 of the location of said reservoirs." By the same act, more- 
 over, as has been indicated in foregoing sections, the applica- 
 tion of the desert land law was extended, and rights of way 
 over the public lands were granted to irrigation companies; 
 and in 1894 the principle of state control, urged by the ma- 
 jority of the Senate committee in 1889, was recognized in 
 part, as already indicated, by the adoption of the Carey Act. 
 The apparent reaction in this act from the policy embodied 
 in the acts of 1888 and 1889 was further indicated by the 
 failure to provide any funds for the further prosecution of 
 the investigation "of the extent to which the arid region of 
 the United States can be redeemed by irrigation." In spite of 
 the lack of any express appropriation, however, the duty of 
 selecting reservoir sites for segregation still remained with the 
 Geological Survey, as already indicated, so that, in connec- 
 tion with its regular work of topographic mapping, the Sur- 
 vey continued to devote much attention to this subject. In 
 addition, in 1894, a specific appropriation of $12,500 was se- 
 cured by the Survey "for gauging* the streams and determin- 
 ing the water supply of the United States, including the inves- 
 tigations of underground currents and artesian wells in arid 
 and semiarid sections." The appropriation for this purpose 
 
HISTORY 13 
 
 steadily increased, amounting in the fiscal year 1903, in which 
 the Reclamation Act went into effect, to $200,000. Since 
 that time it has risen as high as $250,000. The data secured 
 by the surveys and investigations made under these appro- 
 priations were, and continue to be, of primary importance to 
 the Reclamation Service in all the exploratory phases of its 
 work. 
 
 The period from 1894 to 1902, the year in which the 
 Reclamation Act was adopted, was marked by a continual ex- 
 tension of the policy of encouraging itate ^and Jndiyjdual 
 reclamation development In 1895 the right of way over the 
 public lands was extended, as already indicated, to water 
 works intended for use in mining, quarrying, and lumbering. 
 In January of 1897, the occupation of reservoir sites was made 
 available to the stock-raising industry, and in the next month 
 even reservoir sites hitherto reserved by designation of the 
 Geological Survey, were thrown open to entry. In 1898 the 
 right of way acts of 1891 and 1895 were still further extended, 
 while in 1901 the general right of way act, to which reference 
 has already been made, was enacted and the policy of the 
 Carey Act was made permanent. 
 
 Though the progress of legislation during the years 1891 
 to 1901 thus had reference solely to the construction of 
 reclamation works by states and by private enterprise, the 
 advocates of reclamation by the national government had by 
 no means been idle during this period. The hearings of the 
 Senate committee in 1889 and the legislative and public dis- 
 cussion which followed their reports had served to increase 
 and strengthen the interest in the national aspects of the sub- 
 ject. In 1891, there had been held a so-called National Irri- 
 gation Congress at Salt Lake City, and while this gathering 
 had resolved in favor of the grant to the states and terri- 
 tories, in trust, of irrigable lands, there had been a strong 
 sentiment in the congress in favor of a thoroughly national 
 treatment. At a second Irrigation Congress, which was held 
 at Los Angeles two years later, the necessity for federal con- 
 
14 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 trol over streams flowing through more than one state was 
 recognized, and in the following year at the third National 
 Irrigation Congress, held at Denver, the construction and 
 maintenance of irrigation works by the national government 
 were expressly advocated. 
 
 At this time public interest in irrigation was further greatly 
 stimulated by several important public documents and investi- 
 gations. In connection with the work of the Senate com- 
 mittee, already referred to, a large amount of technical data 
 relative to water supply conditions in the arid regions had 
 been collected, and this material, published in 1893 under the 
 title "Report on Irrigation., 1893, "4 gained a considerable cir- 
 culation. About the same time were published the results 
 of the special inquiry relative to irrigation, made in connec- 
 tion with the eleventh census in 1890. In the agricultural 
 * 'venumeration for that census, the enumerators had obtained, 
 in addition to the usual facts, statements as to the area ir- 
 rigated. Circulars of inquiry were then sent to all irrigators 
 whose names appeared in the returns, and a large amount of 
 definite information was thus for the first time obtained con- 
 cerning the cost of irrigation and the conditions existing in 
 the irrigated areas. Still another document, which played an 
 important part in the education of public opinion on the sub- 
 ject of irrigation and the relation of the national government 
 thereto, was a report made by Captain Hiram M. Chittenden, 
 in November, i897. 2 This report was made pursuant to a 
 provision of the rivers and harbors appropriation act of 1896, 
 calling for "the examination of sites and report upon the 
 practicability and desirability of constructing reservoirs and 
 other hydraulic works necessary for the storage and utiliza- 
 tion of water to prevent floods and overflows, erosion of river 
 banks and breaks of levees, and to reinforce the flow of streams 
 during drought and low water seasons/' Although it thus had 
 
 reference primarily to flood prevention works, the report de- 
 
 / . 
 
 Printed as Senate Document 41, 520! Congress, 3d Session. 
 "Printed as House Document 141, 55th Congress, 2d Session. 
 
HISTORY 15 
 
 voted considerable attention to the value of dams and reser- 
 voirs in the arid region for purposes of irrigation. Further- 
 more, Captain Chittenden recommended that the government 
 itself should build, own, and operate all reservoirs and other 
 necessary works, holding the stored waters absolutely free 
 for public use under local regulations. 
 
 In 1899 the movement for national construction of irriga- 
 tion works was further strengthened by the formation of a 
 permanent association to take the place of the more loosely 
 organized annual congresses which had hitherto been held. 
 The membership of this association numbered not only repre- 
 sentatives of the arid region but also not a few eastern busi- 
 ness men and representatives of national labor organizations. 
 The active head of the association was Mr. George H. Max- 
 well, of San Francisco, and under his leadership the organi- 
 zation became very effective in disseminating information 
 concerning irrigation and in enlisting support for the measures 
 which it favored. 
 
 The effect of this widespread discussion of the reclamation 
 problem was observable in 1900 in the platforms of the three 
 leading political parties in the presidential campaign of that 
 year, the Republican, Democratic and Silver Republican plat- 
 forms all making mention of the subject. Only the last 
 named made definite declaration in favor of national construc- 
 tion, declaring it to be "the duty of the general government 
 to provide for the construction of storage reservoirs and irri- 
 gation works." The Republican platform recommended "ade- 
 quate national legislation to reclaim the arid lands of the 
 United States, reserving control of the distribution of water 
 for irrigation to the respective states and territories" ; while 
 the Democratic platform merely declared in favor of "an 
 intelligent system of improving the arid lands of the West." 
 
 The efforts of the advocates of national reclamation works 
 were powerfu^ aided by the growing conviction in the arid 
 and semiarid^Bgions of the inability of state orindividual 
 enterprise to realize the full possibilities of irrigW^ Even 
 
16 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 where interstate and international complications did not in- 
 terfere with effective action by the states or individuals, the 
 expectations entertained by those who had advocated the legis- 
 lation of the years 1890 to 1901, which has been traced, had 
 failed of complete realization. Comment has already been 
 made on the relatively meager results effected by the states 
 under the terms of the Carey Act. On the other hand, the 
 area reclaimed by private enterprise during the same period 
 had been very considerable ; 1 but it was appreciated that less 
 was to be expected from private enterprise as time went on, 
 as virtually all the opportunities for easy and inexpensive de- 
 velopment had been taken up. Moreover, although vested 
 rights had attached to a great part of the water and irrigable 
 lands, yet the rate of actual utilization was far less than neces- 
 sary for the proper growth of the arid country. 
 
 Experience had moreover demonstrated that irrigation 
 works were likely to be profitable only when those constructing 
 them owned also^the lands which were to be irrigated by 
 them, and that further private reclamation of the public lands 
 on a large scale could, therefore, be effected only by the 
 alienation to the developers of large compact areas of irri- 
 gable lands. The virtual impossibility of a procedure so 
 totally at variance with the whole public land policy of the 
 government was, however, clearly recognized; so that the 
 irrigation problem of the public lands seemed incapable of 
 solution by private enterprise. 
 
 Passage of the Reclamation Act. At the annual meeting 
 of the National Irrigation Association at Chicago, November, 
 
 a The area reported to the Census as producing crops under irriga- 
 tion more than doubled in the ten years from 1889 to 1899, the 
 acreage rising from 3,631,381 to 7,518,527. These figures are un- 
 doubtedly large and include many lands which are watered only in 
 part or very imperfectly. It is probable that by following a more 
 careful definition of the term "irrigated" the acre^e reported would 
 have been greatly reduced through the exclusion ^Bneadows watered 
 by more or less natural means and lands which received water only 
 following erratic storms. 
 
HISTORY 17 
 
 1900, definite proposals for the national construction of irriga- 
 tion works received extended consideration, a leading part of 
 the discussion being taken by Representative Francis G. New- 
 lands, of Nevada, Mr. George H. Maxwell, chairman of the 
 executive committee, and Mr. F. H. Newell, then connected 
 with the Geological Survey and later chief engineer and 
 director of the Reclamation Service. Upon the opening of 
 Congress in the following month, Mr. Newlands offered a 
 series of bills embodying the proposals favored by the asso- 
 ciation. The essential features of these bills were as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 I. The government was to construct the necessary works 
 for the reclamation of the public land and of adjacent areas 
 which had passed into private hands. 
 
 ^2. The funds expended for the construction of such works 
 were ultimately to be recovered by the government in the form 
 of charges paid by the users of the water stored by such 
 works. 
 
 3. The reclaimed lands were to be broken up into small 
 holdings. The lands still owned by the government were to 
 be alienated only to homesteaders ; as to those in private own- 
 ership, a limitation of the area under a single ownership to 
 which water would be supplied was to be imposed, and the 
 actual residence of owners on or near their lands was to be 
 required. , 
 
 Although Mr. Newlands' bills attracted wide attention, the 
 session of 1900-1901 closed without action -by the House. 
 But in the President's message of December, 1901, which 
 opened the first session of the 57th Congress, the speedy 
 enactment of comprehensive irrigation legislation was strongly 
 urged. Mr. Roosevelt, who had succeeded to the Presidency 
 in September, 1901, uon the death of President McKinley, 
 had resided in the west and was well informed on the condi- 
 tions obtaining in the arid regions. His message defines very 
 comprehensively the problem and policy of reclamation by the 
 national government. After calling attention to the need for 
 
i8 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 federal action to insure the conservation of the country's 
 forests, he declared: 
 
 The forest alone can not, however, fully regulate and con- 
 serve the waters of the arid region^ Great storage works 
 are necessary to equalise thq flow of streams and to_j>aye_the_ 
 flood jwatera. Their construction has been conclusively shown 
 to be an undertaking too vast for private effort. Nor can it 
 be best accomplished by the individual states acting alone. 
 Far-reaching interstate problems are involved, and the re- 
 sources of single states would often be inadequate. It is prop- 
 erly a national function, at least in some of its features. It 
 is as right for the National Government to make the streams 
 and rivers of the arid region useful by engineering works for 
 water storage as to make useful the rivers and harbors of 
 the humid region by engineering works of another kind. The 
 storing of the floods in reservoirs at the headwaters of our 
 rivers is but an enlargement of our present policy of river con- 
 trol, under which levees are built in the lower reaches of the 
 same streams. 
 
 The Government should construct and maintain these reser- 
 voirs as it does other public works. Where their purpose is to 
 regulate the flow of streams the water should be turned freely 
 into the channels in the dry season to take the same course 
 under the same laws as the natural flow. 
 
 The reclamation of the unsettled arid public lands presents 
 a different problem. Here it is not enough to regulate the 
 flow of streams. The object of the Government is to dispose 
 of the land to settlers who will build homes upon it. To 
 accomplish this object water must be brought within their 
 reach. 
 
 The pioneer settlers on the arid public domain chose their 
 homes along streams from which they could themselves divert 
 the" water to reclaim their holdings. Such opportunities are 
 practically gone. There remain, however, vast areas of public 
 land which can be made available for homestead settlement, 
 but only by reservoirs and main line canals impracticable for 
 private enterprise. These irrigation works should be built by 
 the National Government. The lands reclaimed by them should 
 be reserved by the Government for actual settlers, and the cost 
 of construction should, so far as possible, be repaid by the 
 land reclaimed. The distribution of the water, the division 
 
HISTORY 19 
 
 of the streams among irrigators, should be left to the settlers 
 themselves, in conformity with state laws and without inter- 
 ference with those laws or with vested rights. The policy 
 of the National Government should be to aid irrigation in the 
 several states and territories in such manner as will enable the 
 people in the local communities to help themselves and as will 
 stimulate needed reforms in the state laws and regulations 
 governing irrigation. 
 
 The reclamation and settlement of the arid lands will en- 
 rich every portion of our country, just as the settlement of the 
 Ohio and Mississippi valleys brought prosperity to the Atlantic 
 States. The increased demand for manufactured articles will 
 stimulate industrial production, while wider home markets and 
 the trade of Asia will consume the larger food supplies and 
 effectually prevent Western competition with Eastern agricul- 
 ture. Indeed, the products of irrigation will be consumed 
 chiefly in upbuilding local centers of mining and other in- 
 dustries, which would otherwise not come into existence at all. 
 Our people as a whole will profit, for successful home-making 
 is but another name for the upbuilding of the nation. 
 
 The necessary foundation has already been laid for the in- 
 auguration of the policy just described. It would be unwise 
 to begin by doing too much, for a great, deal will doubtless be 
 learned, both as to what can and what can not be safely at- 
 tempted, by the early efforts, which must of necessity be partly 
 experimental in character. At the very beginning the Gov- 
 ernment should make clear, beyond shadow of doubt, its 
 intention to pursue this policy on lines of the broadest public 
 interest. No reservoir or canal should ever be built to satisfy 
 selfish personal or local interests, but only in accordance with 
 the advice of trained experts, after long investigation has 
 shown the locality where all the conditions combine to make 
 the work most needed and fraught with the greatest useful- 
 ness to the community as a whole. There should be no ex- 
 travagance, and the believers in the need of irrigation will most 
 benefit their cause by seeing to it that it is free from the least 
 taint of excessive or reckless expenditure of the public moneys. 
 
 Whatever the nation does for the extension of irrigation 
 should harmonize with and tend to improve the condition of 
 those now living on irrigated land. We are not at the starting 
 point of this development. Over two hundred millions of 
 private capital has already been expended in the construction 
 
20 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 of irrigation works and many millions of acres of arid land 
 reclaimed. A high degree of enterprise and ability has been 
 shown in the work itself, but as much can not be said in 
 reference to the laws relating thereto. The security and value 
 of the homes created depend largely on the stability of titles^ 
 to water, but the majority of these rest on the uncertain foun- 
 dation of court decisions rendered in ordinary suits at law. 
 With a few creditable exceptions, the arid states have failed 
 to provide for the certain and just division of streams in times 
 of scarcity. Lax and uncertain laws have made it possible 
 to establish rights to water in excess of actual uses or neces- 
 sities, and many streams have already passed into private own- 
 ership, or a control equivalent to ownership. 
 
 Whoever controls a stream practically controls the land it 
 renders productive, and the doctrine of private ownership of 
 water apart from land can not prevail without causing en- 
 during wrong. The recognition of such ownership which has 
 been permitted to grow up in the arid regions, should give 
 way to a more enlightened and larger recognition of the rights 
 of the public in the control and disposal of the public water 
 supplies. Laws founded upon conditions obtaining in humid 
 regions, where water is too abundant to justify hoarding it, 
 have no proper application in a dry country. 
 In the arid states the only right to water which should be 
 recognized is that of use. In irrigation this right should attach 
 to the land reclaimed and be inseparable therefrom. Granting 
 perpetual water rights to others than users, without compen- 
 sation to the public, is open to all the objections which apply 
 to giving away perpetual franchises to the public utilities of 
 cities. A few of the Western states have already recognized 
 this and have incorporated in their constitutions the doctrine 
 
 of per 
 TEe 
 
 rpetual state ownership of water. 
 icrThave f( 
 
 "benefits whicKnave followed the unaided development 
 in the past justify the nation's aid and cooperation in the more 
 difficult and important work yet to be accomplished. Laws 
 so vitally affecting homes as those which control the water 
 supply will only be effective when they have the sanction of 
 the irrigators; reforms can only be final and satisfactory when 
 they come through the enlightenment of the people most con- 
 cerned. The larger development which national aid insures 
 should, however, awaken in every arid state the determination 
 to make its irrigation system equal in justice and effectiveness 
 
HISTORY 21 
 
 that of any country in the civilized world. Nothing could 
 be more unwise than for isolate^mnmunities to continue to 
 learn everything experimentaIIy,"Tnstead~of~profiting by what 
 is known elsewhere. We are dealing with a new and mo- 
 mentous question, in the pregnant years while institutions are 
 forming, and what we do will affect not only the present but 
 future generations. 
 
 Our aim should be not simply to reclaim the largest area of 
 land and provide homes for the largest number of people, but 
 to create for this new industry the best possible social and 
 industrial conditions ; and this requires that we not only under- 
 stand the existing situation, but avail ourselves of the best ex- 
 perience of the time in the solution of its problems. A careful 
 study should be made, both by the nation and the states, of the 
 irrigation laws and conditions here and abroad. Ultimately 
 it will probably be necessary for the nation to cooperate with 
 the several arid states in proportion as these states by their 
 legislation and administration show themselves fit to receive it. 
 
 Under the stimulus of the vigorous message of President 
 Roosevelt and of his personal interest, the principal one of the 
 series of reclamation bills, which had been reintroduced by 
 Mr. Newlands at the opening of the session, was passed by 
 both houses of Congress and became law on June 17, 1902. 
 
 By the terms of the act, 1 the Secretary of the Interior 
 was authorized to locate and construct irrigation works, in- 
 cluding artesian wells in sixteen states and territories, embrac- 
 ing all of the United States west of the first tier of states west 
 of the Mississippi, except Texas. The funds for the construc- 
 tion of these works were to be obtained from the sales of 
 the public lands in those states and territories, the Secretary 
 being directed "so far as may be practicable and subject to 
 the existence of feasible irrigation projects to expend the 
 major portion of the funds arising from the sale of public 
 lands within each state and territory . . . within the limits 
 of such state or territory." Prior to the beginning of the 
 surveys for any contemplated irrigation works, the Secretary 
 was authorized to withdraw from entry "any public lands 
 
 1 The text to the act is printed in Appendix 5, p. 103. 
 
22 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 believed to be susceptible of irrigation from said works" and 
 thereafter such lands were to be subject to entry only under 
 the provisions of the homestead laws, in tracts of not more 
 than 160 acres; but the Secretary of the Interior was further 
 authorized to limit the area of entries to such acreage as in 
 his opinion might be "reasonably required for the support 
 of a family upon the lands in question." The Secretary was 
 further authorized to impose upon all lands, including those 
 already in private ownership, which might be irrigated by the 
 waters of the project, a proportionate part of the cost of 
 the construction of such project, and to fix the number of an- 
 nual installments, not exceeding ten, in which such charges 
 should be paid and the time the payments should commence. 
 All these items the Secretary was further required to announce 
 publicly upon his determination that any irrigation project 
 was practicable. The Secretary was further authorized to 
 operate and maintain all reservoirs and irrigation works con- 
 structed until repayments had been made "for the major por- 
 tion of the lands irrigated from the waters" of such works, 
 whereupon the management and operation of the works, but 
 not the reservoirs, was to pass to the owners of the irrigated 
 lands, to be maintained at their expense under the supervision 
 of the Secretary. Entrymen upon lands to be irrigated were 
 required to reclaim at least one-half of the total irrigable 
 area of their entries for agricultural purposes. With refer- 
 ence to land in private ownership, it was provided that no 
 right to the use of water for such land was to be sold for 
 a tract exceeding 160 acres to any one land owner, nor unless 
 such land owner was an actual bona-fide resident or occupant 
 of such land. 
 
 Novel as were the substantive policy and the method of 
 financing provided by the act, the wide discretion vested in the 
 Secretary of the Interior in the determination of the methods 
 to be used in carrying out the intent of the act was equally 
 novel. Not only was he entrusted with complete and sole 
 responsibility for locating and passing upon the practicability 
 
HISTORY 23 
 
 of projects, but with reference to the actual construction it 
 was provided merely that "eight hours shall constitute a day's 
 work" and that "no Mongolian labor shall be employed," 
 all matters of organization and procedure being left entirely 
 to the Secretary. He was, moreover, authorized to acquire, 
 by purchase or by condemnation, "any rights or property" 
 necessary for carrying out the act. 
 
 Origin and Development of the Reclamation Service. 
 
 Within a few weeks after the passage of the Reclamation 
 Act, the Secretary of the InterioV, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, 
 upon the recommendation of the Director of the Geological 
 Survey, Charles D. Walcott, ordered the creation of an or- 
 ganization to be known as the Reclamation Service, to be un- 
 der the jurisdiction of the Director of the Geological Survey 
 but not to be a part of the Survey. 
 
 In the preceding section account was given of the appropria- 
 tion by Congress, in 1888 and 1889, of $350,000 for surveys 
 of the arid regions by the Geological Survey, and the ap- 
 propriations to that service, beginning in 1894 and increas- 
 ing yearly, for gauging streams and determining the water 
 supply of the United States. In the expenditure of the funds 
 thus appropriated there had been created in the Geological 
 Survey a Division of Hydrography. The staff of this 
 division, composed of men familiar from long experience with 
 the conditions of the arid regions, was now used as the nucleus 
 for the new Reclamation Service. The chief of the division, 
 Frederick Haynes Newell, whose activities in connection with 
 the enactment of the Reclamation Act have already been re- 
 ferred to, was appointed head of the Service, with the title 
 of Chief Engineer, and his assistants also were largely drawn 
 from the hydrographic division. 
 
 For about five years after its establishment, the Reclama- 
 : ion Service remained under the direction of the Director 
 }f the Geological Survey. On March 9, 1907, it became an 
 ^dependent service, subject to control only by the Secretary 
 
24 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 of the Interior. The action by the Secretary effecting this 
 change was based upon recommendations made by the Director 
 of the Geological Survey, who gave it as his view that "the 
 principal need at the present time is that of establishing a 
 somewhat more direct personal contact between the Director 
 of the Reclamation Service and the Secretary of the Interior 
 and the cutting out of intermediate steps which are believed, 
 through the experience of several years, to be unnecessary and 
 to serve rather to delay than to expedite public business." 
 
 F. H. Newell, Chief Engineer of the Service, was appointed 
 Director of the new independent service. Mr. Newell' s place 
 as Chief Engineer was rilled by the promotion of Arthur 
 Powell Davis, Assistant Chief Engineer. 
 
 On December 13, 1913, by an order of the Secretary of 
 the Interior, the Director of the Service was relieved of re- 
 sponsibility for the general administrative oversight of the 
 Service and for making recommendations upon questions of 
 policy to the Secretary, these functions being vested in a 
 body to be known as the Reclamation Commission. This 
 body was ordered to be composed of the Director of the 
 Service (as chairman), the Chief Engineer, the Chief Coun- 
 sel, the Comptroller, and the Supervisor of Irrigation. With- 
 in the division of the administration entrusted to him, each 
 member of the Commission was responsible only to the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior. In December, 1914, the Chief of Con- 
 struction was made a member of the Commission. 
 
 After about a year and a half of operation under this 
 system the Secretary of the Interior, on May 6, 1915, re- 
 duced the membership of the Commission to three, the posi- 
 tions of Director and Chief Engineer being consolidated and 
 Xthe Supervisor of Irrigation and the Chief of Construction 
 being dropped from the Commission. 
 
 The volume of work carried on by the Service during its 
 fifteen years of existence has varied widely. Most of the 
 first year was spent in organization and planning work. On 
 March 14, 1903, however, less than one year after the passage 
 
HISTORY 25 
 
 of the act, six major projects were approved, and a few months 
 later, on August 28, 1903, construction was begun on the first 
 of these, the Truckee-Carson Project in Nevada. In 1904, 
 five additional projects were authorized; in 1905, nine; in 
 1906, four, and in 1907, one. Since that time but one major 
 
 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN WESTERN PART OF UNITED 
 
 STATES 
 
 project has been authorized, and three minor projects located 
 on Indian reservations have been undertaken. In addition, 
 no less than fifty-three additional reclamation schemes have 
 been examined and preliminary surveys made. These are 
 known as "secondary projects," and will form the basis for 
 any future construction work which may be undertaken by the 
 Service. 
 
26 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 To date the Service has initiated and brought to various 
 stages of completion, twenty-six separate projects. Of these 
 fifteen have been practically completed in all their units, ten 
 have been partially completed, and one is still in the first stage 
 of construction. The work to date has involved the con- 
 struction of one hundred large storage and diversion dams, 
 about eleven thousand miles of canals and distributaries, and 
 some thousands of minor and auxiliary structures. 
 
 The cost of the work thus far completed is nearly $125,- 
 000,000. The total area irrigable by these works is about 
 3,000,000 acres. To date slightly less than half of this acre- 
 age has been provided with water, while less than a third is 
 under cultivation. The value of the crops produced on these 
 lands in 1917 is estimated at $52,000,000. 
 
 r-'v*. 
 
 Development of Reclamation Policy, 1902 to Date. The 
 basic policy enacted by the Reclamation Act of 1902 has per- 
 sisted without change up to the present time. In several re- 
 spects, however, the provisions of the original act have been 
 modified. In what follows only the most important of these 
 changes are noted. 
 
 Very early in the application of the act, it became evident 
 that a more comprehensive policy must be adopted than had 
 been formulated in the act, relative to the inclusion of privately 
 owned lands in reclamation projects. In the framing of the 
 act, provision had been made for the imposition of a propor- 
 tionate part of the cost of the construction of projects upon 
 the private lands which might seek the use of the water fur- 
 nished by such projects. It had not, however, been thought 
 necessary to provide for any form of security for the pay- 
 ment of such charges, as was provided in the case of the 
 public lands in the project, for it was assumed that the private 
 lands in a project would in no case bear any large proportion 
 to the public lands. It was pointed out that there were up- 
 wards of 400,000,000 acres of arid land belonging to the 
 
HISTORY 27 
 
 United States and that there was a water supply adequate for 
 40,000,000 acres. 
 
 In point of fact, however, individuals and corporations had 
 been very active in the selection of and acquisition of title to 
 tracts located along or adjacent to the streams, so that there 
 were few large compact bodies of irrigable land which were 
 not cut into by private ownership or within which entrymen 
 had not already taken up the choice spots. When, therefore, 
 the task devolved upon the engineers of the Reclamation 
 Service of selecting the areas to be irrigated, they were able 
 to find few locations in which it was possible economically to 
 irrigate large bodies of public land without at the same time 
 irrigating considerable tracts in private ownership. 
 
 Thus, on the Truckee-Carson Project in Nevada, where the 
 first construction was undertaken, the lands chosen for reclam- 
 ation were in the desert beyond the bounds of the Central 
 Pacific Railroad land grant and so remote and apparently 
 worthless that individuals had not entered upon them to any 
 great extent. Yet even here, the best lands were privately 
 owned. 
 
 Moreover, in some of the cases where the limitation of the 
 benefits of the project to public lands was practicable, it would 
 have necessitated the absorption into the project of water 
 courses which were already in either actual or prospective 
 use by settlers in the vicinity. Thus, in the Salt River Valley 
 of Arizona there were great tracts of vacant public lands 
 which might be reclaimed, but their reclamation would directly 
 or indirectly have forced a large part of the resident popula- 
 tion to abandon their partly cultivated lands. Because of this 
 condition, Secretary of the Interior Hitchcock, acting under 
 instructions from President Roosevelt, finally concluded to 
 permit the stored water to be devoted to the privately ownedyL v 
 lands instead of using it for irrigating adjacent tracts of pub- 
 lic land. 
 
 So large was the proportion of the irrigable area in private 
 ownership found to be, that it was considered indispensable 
 
\ 
 
 28 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 that proper security be obtained for the payment of construc- 
 tion charges by such settlers as should desire the inclusion of 
 their lands in the project. Under the conditions such security 
 would naturally take the form of a mortgage on the lands. 
 On even the smaller projects, however, the number of settlers 
 already holding lands which could profitably be drawn into 
 the project might number several hundreds; in the larger 
 projects, as in the case of the Salt River Valley in Arizona, 
 several thousands were involved, many of them non-resident. 
 
 The difficulty, if not the impracticability or even impos- 
 sibility of dealing with each of these widely scattered owners 
 was obvious ; and the Reclamation Service therefore developed, 
 in cooperation with citizens' organizations in the arid regions, 
 an expedient which finds no express warrant in the law the 
 organization of the landholders within the boundaries of a 
 project into a so-called water users' association, which should 
 give to the government a collective mortgage on the private 
 lands to be benefited by the project as security for the pay- 
 ment of the construction charges assessed against those lands. 
 
 The development of the principle of water users' associa- 
 tions has made possible the application of the Reclamation 
 Act to large areas which must otherwise have been denied 
 its benefits. Of the twenty-six projects initiated to date by 
 the Service, no less than twenty-three have required the for- 
 mation of a water users' association. 
 
 In 1905 the scope of the Reclamation Act was extended 
 to a portion of the state of Texas to permit the construction 
 of a project in New Mexico on the Rio Grande. In the fol- 
 lowing year, the provisions of the act were extended to the 
 whole of the state of Texas. In 1908, following the pas- 
 sage of a number of special acts for the reclamation of the 
 lands allotted to various Indian tribes, a^general act was 
 passed authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to enter into 
 any arrangement or agreement with Indian tribes for the 
 reclamation of lands allotted to them under the general allot- 
 ment act. 
 
HISTORY 29 
 
 At the time of the passage of the Reclamation Act it was 
 assumed that if the government built the reservoirs and the 
 main line canals, the land owners, following the precedents 
 of the pioneer, would build the remaining minor works. This 
 was found to be impracticable unless the government super- 
 vised operations and furnished the necessary supplies and a 
 part at least of the machinery and capital. To meet this 
 situation, a novel fiscal expedient was devised. Agreements 
 were entered into with the water users' associations on the 
 several projects for the performance by their members of 
 portions of the construction work, the association receiving 
 in return the right to issue to its members so-called "coopera- 
 tive certificates," to the amount of the work done. The man- 
 ner in which these certificates were made available for the 
 payment of land and construction charges may be seen from 
 the following official explanation : 
 
 Section 4 of the reclamation act states that the charges made 
 against any farm unit shall be estimated with a view of re- 
 turning to the reclamation fund the estimated cost of con- 
 struction of the works and shall be apportioned equitably. 
 This equitable apportionment can be secured if the holder of 
 the farm unit presents to the Secretary certain jights^ of prop- 
 erty, which is a desirable part of the system. By accepting 
 this right of interest the Secretary is enabled to reduce equit- 
 ably the charges against a particular parcel of land. 
 
 This exchange of values or equitable apportionment is en- 
 tirely independent of the collection of cash charges. These 
 by law are placed in the hands of the Land Office. The trans- 
 action as regards equitable exchange must be completed in such 
 a way that the Land Office is called upon to take cognizance 
 only of the cash payment, and not of the details of the re- 
 duction of charge due to this equitable apportionment. 
 
 All matters of acquiring rights or property as part of the 
 construction of the complete irrigation system are made by the 
 officers of the Reclamation Service, and are completed in such 
 a manner or at such times as will enable the Land Office to 
 consider the cash payments as a separate transaction. 1 
 
 Reclamation Service: Cooperative Certificates, Issue and Use 
 by Associations of Settlers and Water Users (1908), p. 6. 
 
30 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 It should be noted that the cooperative certificates were not 
 currency nor were they evidence of liability on the part of 
 the government. By their use there was made possible a 
 quick "turn over" or exchange of values without the necessity 
 of cash payments from the Treasury, followed by the collec- 
 tion of an equivalent amount from the settlers. 
 
 The plan for the issue of cooperative certificates was ap- 
 proved by the Secretary of the Interior, James R. Garfield, 
 on February 21, 1908, and was put into effect directly there- 
 after. They were quite widely and successfully used until 
 1910, when their issue was stopped in accordance with a 
 decision of the Attorney General that the procedure was with- 
 out explicit warrant of law. 
 
 In place of these cooperative certificates or equivalent book- 
 keeping methods of transfer of credit, it was considered ad- 
 visable by Congress to make available a larger amount of 
 money than was in sight in the Reclamation Service fund. 
 The original act limited the funds to the proceeds from the 
 disposal of public lands and there was some impatience with 
 the rate of progress imposed by such limitation. Accord- 
 ingly, by act of June 25, 1910, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 was authorized to transfer to the credit of the reclamation 
 fund such sums not exceeding $20,000,000 as were deemed 
 necessary to complete the projects or to protect the water 
 rights, with the proviso that all sums so transferred should be 
 reimbursed to the Treasury from the reclamation fund, be- 
 ginning five years after date of the first transfer and at the rate 
 of 50 per cent, of the annual receipts to the reclamation fund. 
 As a matter of fact, it was found that there was not as great 
 a necessity for utilizing this money as had been anticipated 
 by its advocates because, under existing conditions of settle- 
 ment and of labor, it was not practicable to push construction 
 at a rate greatly exceeding the regular income of the reclama- 
 tion fund. A certain length of time was necessary for the 
 utilization of the works already built. Hence, it was not 
 
HISTORY 31 
 
 until over four years later that the first advances were made 
 on account of the $20,000,000. 
 
 In 1906 the sale of surplus power developed on any project 
 had been authorized and in 1911 this policy was extended to 
 permit the sale of surplus water to private or state reclamation 
 works. Restrictions were, however, imposed to assure the 
 beneficial use of such water by the projects buying it. 
 
 Important changes in the fiscal policy relative to reclamation 
 works were effected by the so-called Reclamation Extension 
 Act of August, 1914. To meet the difficulty experienced by 
 many of the settlers on the projects in meeting the require- 
 ment of the law, that construction charges be repaid within 
 ten years, the act granted twenty years for the payment of all 
 charges still unpaid, and provided that on all entries there- 
 after made twenty years should be allowed for repayment, no 
 charges whatever, other than the initial charge, being required 
 during the first five years. 
 
 By the same act, definite authority was conferred upon the 
 Secretary of the Interior to impose charges for operation and 
 maintenance an authority long exercised without express 
 legislative warrant. 
 
 On the other hand, the Reclamation Extension Act of 
 1914 imposed a serious limitation on the power which had 
 theretofore been vested in the Secretary of the Interior in 
 the selection of new projects or units for construction. By 
 the original Reclamation Act, as has been stated, the power 
 of selection had been vested solely in the Secretary, subject 
 only to the fiscal limitations of the reclamation fund. By the 
 act of June 25, 1910, which, as already seen, provided for 
 advances to the reclamation fund for the completion of pro- 
 jects already begun, it had been further provided that new 
 projects should be begun only on the direct order of the Presi- 
 dent. By the Reclamation Extension Act of 1914, it was 
 now provided that the Secretary of the Interior should submit 
 to Congress, in his estimates for the next fiscal year, detailed 
 estimates of the cost of the extension and completion of exist- 
 
32 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 ing projects and units thereof, and of the construction of new 
 projects; and it was expressly provided that after July i, 
 1915, no expenditure should be made out of the reclamation 
 fund except in pursuance of appropriations made by Con- 
 gress. In the sundry civil appropriation act of March 3, 
 I 9 I 5 (38 Star.., 859), this policy was accordingly put into 
 effect, definite appropriations being made for each of the 
 projects then being carried forward by the Service. The 
 same method has been followed for the fiscal years 1917 and 
 1918. In none of these three acts has appropriation been 
 made for any new project, unless the proposed Lawton, Okla- 
 homa, work be thus considered. 
 
 In one other important respect the act of 1914 tended 
 toward the limitation of the operations of the Service. The 
 Reclamation Act had provided that when the construction 
 charges applicable to the major portion of the lands on a 
 project had been repaid to the reclamation fund, the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior might turn the management of the irriga- 
 tion works over to the owners of the lands irrigated, but that 
 the management and operation of the reservoirs and the works 
 necessary for their protection should remain in the govern- 
 ment. By the Reclamation Extension Act, however, the 
 Secretary was authorized to turn over to local control "the 
 care, operation and maintenance of all or any part of the 
 project works." , \. 
 
CHAPTER II ^ f 
 ACTIVITIES 
 
 The manifold operations of the Reclamation Service may 
 not properly be regarded as distinct and separate lines of 
 activity. They are merely parts of a single activity the 
 reclamation of arid lands in the west by means of irrigation 
 works. In what follows, therefore, the characteristics of the 
 several types of reclamation projects the physical conditions 
 encountered and the nature of the works required to over- 
 come them are first outlined under the head "Characteristics 
 of Projects." Account is then given of the specific activities 
 involved in the initiation, construction, and management of 
 the projects. 
 
 Characteristics of Projects. The primary works embraced 
 in an irrigation project may be regarded as being made up 
 of two parts those works, such as dams, canals and tunnels, 
 required to bring the water to a suitable point on the area 
 to be irrigated; and those, consisting chiefly of ditches, re- 
 quired to carry it from that point to the several farms and 
 tracts in the area. Beyond this there lie, of course, the small 
 channels on each farm, which distribute the water over its 
 surface for its final absorption by the soil. These last works 
 are, however, not properly regarded as part of the project 
 proper, being the concern chiefly of the individual whose land 
 they supply and are not in practice constructed by the Service. 
 The works required for bringing the water to the irrigable 
 area constitute, it is needless to state, far the major problem 
 of the Service. The primary physical factor determining the 
 nature of such works is the adequacy of the available natural 
 water supply for the requirements of the area. If the sup- 
 
 33 
 
34 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 plies naturally present in the water courses and lakes be 
 adequate to the requirements of the lands at all seasons, there 
 will be needed merely suitable diversion works designed to 
 bring these waters from their natural courses or^ beds to the 
 area to be irrigated. More generally, however, in the arid 
 regions the natural flow of the water courses during the 
 farming season is extremely meager or is too irregular to 
 permit reliance being placed upon it. There is thus necessi- 
 tated for the utilization of these waters the construction of 
 works for the storage of the excess and unseasonable flow 
 for use during the times of drought and need. 
 
 Diversion Wjorks. Examples of projects with a practically 
 unlimited supply, requiring only diversion works for their 
 utilization, are those along the larger rivers, as the Yuma 
 Project in southern Arizona and adjacent portions of Cali- 
 fornia, watered by the Colorado River of the West ; the North 
 Dakota Pumping Project, which draws upon the Missouri 
 River, and the Huntley and Lower Yellowstone Projects in 
 Montana, supplied by the Yellowstone River. The Klamath 
 Project in Oregon is essentially in the same category as these 
 river projects, except that its supply is drawn from a large 
 natural lake before the escape of the water to the Klamath 
 River into which the lake naturally discharges. 
 
 In some cases the natural elevation of the waters is such 
 as to make possible their diversion to the lands to be irrigated 
 by the construction merely of suitable canals or tunnels. Thus, 
 among the river projects above mentioned, the supply of the 
 Huntley Project is drawn off by means of a tunnel whose 
 floor is below the low- water surface of the river ; and a similar 
 solution was achieved in the Klamath Project, just mentioned. 
 In most cases, however, even though the natural supply be 
 sufficient in quantity, its elevation above the valley lands to 
 which it is desired to bring the water is insufficient, so that 
 it becomes necessary to raise the water and thus give it suf- 
 ficient head to flow out into the canals built along the valley. 
 
ACTIVITIES 35 
 
 This is the situation in the case of all the river projects above 
 named, except the Huntley Project. 
 
 In the case of all of the projects but one, the raising of the 
 water is effected by means of a darn. Because of the large 
 and irregular flow of the rivers supplying these projects, these 
 ' 'diversion dams," as they are called, must be built to with- 
 stand great floods and at all times to safely pass over the crest 
 large volumes of water. A large and expensive overflow dam 
 or weir in the main stream is, therefore, the most striking 
 feature of each of these projects. 
 
 In the case of the North Dakota Pumping Project, how- 
 ever, the elevation and fall of the Missouri River were not 
 adequate to permit raising the water by a diversion dam, and 
 the installation of a pumping plant was, therefore, resorted 
 to. To supply the power plant the Service mines its own 
 coal at Williston, owning and operating the mine. 
 
 Projects deriving their water from adequate natural sup- 
 plies and requiring only diversion works for their utilization 
 are in the same class as most of those built in earlier days 
 by individual and corporate efforts. Indeed, even before the 
 passage of the Reclamation Act, private enterprise had already 
 seized upon most opportunities of this kind. It is to be 
 expected, therefore, that in the future there will be relatively 
 still fewer projects of the type built. In connection with some 
 of the direct diversion projects already constructed more- 
 over, although the natural supplies are now adequate at all 
 seasons to the demands made upon them, the fuller develop- 
 ment or extension of the irrigable area supplied may make 
 necessary the construction of storage works. Those reclama- 
 tion projects which depend for water upon the storage of 
 floods or of winter flow may, therefore, be considered as the 
 more typical projects of the arid region, and they are steadily 
 increasing in importance both as to number and size. 
 
 StorageJWorks. The size and character of the dams re- 
 quired to effect the storage of an adequate supply of water 
 
36 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 vary widely from project to project, depending upon the 
 nature of the reservoir sites available. 
 
 In a few cases a storage reservoir already exists in the 
 \shape of a lake located at the headwater of a river. Here 
 it has been possible to increase the storage capacity of the 
 lake basin by means of relatively small and inexpensive dams. 
 The most striking case is that of Lake Tahoe on the Truckee- 
 Carson Project, where a low dam built across the narrow 
 outlet of the lake greatly increased the storage capacity. 
 Comparable conditions are found on the Yakima Project in 
 Washington. On the Minidoka Project in southern Idaho, 
 on the other hand, the increase of the storage capacity of 
 Jackson Lake had to be supplemented by the creation of an 
 artificial lake, known as Lake Walcott, at the head of the main 
 canal. 
 
 The more usual conditions, however, are those where arti- 
 1 ficial bodies of water are created in depressions or valleys 
 which in the natural state contained little and in some cases 
 no water. The greater number of projects built by the gov- 
 ernment are of this character. 
 
 Where the valley or depression whose outlet is to be closed 
 is the bed of a stream, special difficulties are usually met with 
 respect to the foundation of the dam. Throughout the arid 
 region the streams have, as a rule, filled up their beds above 
 the old bed rock with accumulated debris from 50 to 100 
 feet or more in depth. Under these conditions masonry 
 structures are very expensive if not impracticable, and earthen 
 dams must generally be resorted to. The development of a 
 type of earthen dam which, while economical to construct, 
 will be water-tight and can carry maximum floods in its spill- 
 ways has thus been one of the key problems of the Service. 
 
 Instances of earthen dams are found in the Boise Project 
 in southern Idaho, where the rim of a broad depression has 
 been completed by building several long, low earthen dams; 
 the Truckee-Carson Project where storage of a supplementary 
 supply on Carson River is effected by an earthen dam provided 
 
ACTIVITIES 37 
 
 with a large concrete spillway over which excessive floods 
 may pass, and the Umatilla Project in Oregon where the flood 
 flow from the river of that name is stored by a large earthen 
 dam built out on what was formerly a dry desert. Perhaps 
 the most notable of the earthen dams is that on the Belle 
 Fourche Project in South Dakota comparable in height and 
 length with the Gatun dam at Panama, though much thinner 
 in cross section. 
 
 Where, however, solid rock is found at reasonable depth 
 beneath the surface, it is possible to build dams of apparently 
 greater stability and of more imposing character. Chief 
 among these is the Roosevelt dam in Arizona controlling 
 water for the Salt River Project. The magnitude and pic- 
 turesque location of this structure built of masonry appeal 
 to the imagination and cause it to be popularly regarded as 
 typifying the enterprises of the Reclamation Service. It was 
 made possible not only by the solid rock found beneath the 
 river channel, but by the excellent material for building found 
 in adjacent cliffs. Similar conditions existed on the North 
 Platte River in central Wyoming where, at what is known 
 as the Pathfinder site, the stream had cut through granite 
 walls, permitting large masses of masonry to be economically 
 quarried, and a high wall to be built in the narrow canyon. 
 
 It more often happens, however, that the rock available 
 for construction of a dam is of inferior quality, and with 
 modern methods and machinery it can be more economically 
 crushed to small size, mixed with sand and cement, and then 
 poured into place to form a monolithic structure. This con- 
 dition makes possible the organization of a steady working 
 force and a routine comparable to that of a manufacturing 
 establishment, in which the raw materials are prepared, mixed, 
 and put into place systematically during three 8-hour shifts 
 every day and for weeks, months, or years in succession with 
 hardly a break. There results a higher economy than is pos- 
 sible under the less systematic methods of quarrying and de- 
 livering large stones of irregular shape and strength. 
 
38 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 The concrete dam is, therefore, next to the earthen dam, 
 the structure which is of most importance in present and fu- 
 ture development. It is well typified by the East Park dam 
 on the Orland Project in California, which is built on the 
 arch plan so that the water behind it forces it more firmly 
 against the side walls. Larger and more striking, however, 
 is the Arrowrock dam on the Boise River, the highest in the 
 world, the crest being g^ feet above bedrock. It is built 
 of rubble concrete and on the arch plan. Comparable with 
 this in size and importance is the Elephant Butte dam across 
 the Rio Grande in New Mexico, about 150 miles north of 
 the Mexican border. It is likewise built of rubble concrete 
 but in a straight line. 
 
 The forms of diversion works employed in conveying stored 
 water from the reservoir to the lands to be irrigated do not 
 differ in essentials from those employed for diverting natural 
 supplies. Both tunnel and canal structures are employed. 
 Such canals or tunnels in some cases begin directly at the 
 reservoir, in others use is made, for a greater or less distance, 
 of the bed of the stream across which the dam is constructed. 
 A striking example of such use is found in the case of the Salt 
 River Project in Arizona where the water stored by the Roose- 
 velt dam is permitted, as needed, to flow through the im- 
 passable and almost unknown canyons for forty miles, emerg- 
 ing at the edge of the desert valley where the task of diver- 
 sion is taken up by artificial works. 
 
 Distributing Systems. The works for storing or diverting 
 water are usually built of such mass and material as to be 
 almost indestructible and the cost of maintenance is relatively 
 insignificant. The distributing system which takes the water 
 to each and every irrigated farm and field requires, especially 
 during the irrigation season, continual manipulation and over- 
 sight and frequent cleaning and repairs. 
 
 The character of the distributing system is dictated by the 
 topography or slope of the fields. If the irrigable area is a 
 
ACTIVITIES 39 
 
 plain with gentle slope, it may be possible to lay out a system 
 and build the hundreds of miles of smaller canals and ditches 
 with great economy on straight lines and later maintain these 
 with the minimum of labor. If, however, as on the Umatilla 
 Project in Oregon, the ground is rolling, the distributing canals 
 must be built to follow as far as possible the leading ridges 
 and cross from one high point to another either by flumes 
 elevated in the air or by pipes buried beneath the surface. 
 Thus canals and ditches cross and recross each other at differ- 
 ent levels and the system of distribution is not only very 
 expensive to build but difficult to maintain. 
 
 Drainage Systems. In all irrigation projects drainage is as 
 essential as is a sewage system in a city having an abundant 
 water supply and for the same reason, namely, the necessity 
 of disposing of waste or surplus water. The need for drain- 
 age is not always immediately apparent, but in course of time 
 the country becomes saturated and unless drainage is resorted 
 to the excess water not only appears on the surface of the 
 low grounds but brings up the alkaline salt, forming a crust 
 on the surface and destroying nearly all useful vegetation. 
 
 The natural drainage of the several projects varies greatly, 
 the need for the construction of drainage works varying cor- 
 respondingly. Illustrative of projects having excellent na- 
 tural drainage is the North Platte Project in Nebraska and 
 Wyoming where the lands lie in a long narrow strip in the 
 valley bordering the natural channel and are watered by a 
 single main canal which roughly parallels the river. From 
 this main line canal smaller laterals take out water each in 
 successive order and the excess or seepage escapes to the river 
 channel. 
 
 In contrast to this are the conditions where the irrigable 
 area is out on a broad plain and consists of a compact group 
 of farms lying in a broad belt running away from the stream. 
 Here the seepage water does not have a quick or immediate 
 outlet toward the main stream. Such, for example, is the 
 
40 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Minidoka Project in Idaho, or the Salt River Project in Ari- 
 zona. Under these conditions the question of drainage becomes 
 particularly difficult and important. 
 
 For most of the reclamation projects, drainage systems have 
 been outlined and in part constructed. Where the lands are 
 nearly level, as on the north side of Snake River on the 
 Minidoka Project, Idaho, large expenditures are necessi- 
 tated. This area, originally a dry sandy plain, has been so 
 generously supplied with water that it has accumulated in 
 every depression and valuable fields have been injured. Deep 
 drains have been provided and arrangements made to pump 
 out some of the excess water from the depressions to which 
 it can be led by gravity flow. Similar conditions exist on the 
 older part of the Boise Project in Idaho and on the Rio 
 Grande Project in New Mexico and Texas. 
 
 Anomalous drainage conditions are found on the Shoshone 
 Project in Wyoming. Although the slope of the land is quite 
 noticeable, being nearly 20 feet to the mile, and the surface 
 soil is underlaid with thick beds of gravel, the water has not 
 passed out through the gravels, much to the surprise of agri- 
 cultural experts. Swampy areas have been formed even on 
 the slopes and to relieve these a drainage system has been 
 laid out in accordance not with the surface but the subsurface 
 conditions, which are responsible for the peculiar situation 
 described. 
 
 The leading characteristics of the various types of reclama- 
 tion projects having been described, account will now be given 
 of the specific activities involved in the initiation, construc- 
 tion, and management of those projects, grouped under heads 
 corresponding in the main to the several stages commonly 
 followed in the realization of a particular project. These 
 are: 
 
 1. Location of project. 
 
 2. Designing of project. 
 
 3. Construction of project. 
 
ACTIVITIES 41 
 
 4. Opening of project. 
 
 5. Fiscal management of project. 
 
 6. Operation of works. 
 
 7. Transfer to water users' association. 
 
 8. Dissemination of information to water users. 
 
 Location of Projects. As has been pointed out in the pre- 
 ceding chapter, the Secretary of the Interior was, by the origi- 
 nal terms of the Reclamation Act, authorized to locate the 
 works constructed under the act. The location by Secretary 
 of 'the Interior Hitchcock of the twenty-five projects author- 
 ized between 1902 and 1907 was, in fact, determined by him 
 with the concurrence of President Roosevelt. 
 
 Jn 1910, as already stated, the direct order of the Presi- 
 dent was made necessary for the location of any new project, 
 and in 1915 Congress in effect reserved to itself the right 
 to locate projects in future by adopting the policy of making 
 annual appropriations for specific projects. 
 
 Since the adoption of this policy, however, Congress has 
 authorized the construction of no new projects. It is con- 
 sequently not practicable to give any accurate account of the 
 procedure which would now be followed by the Service in lo- 
 cating a new project, in pursuance or in expectation of an 
 authorization by Congress. Instead there can T)e given only 
 a statement of the procedure which was followed by the 
 Service in the years prior to the enactment requiring con- 
 gressional authorization. 
 
 The first step in that procedure was the selection of a par- 
 ticular area as probably susceptible of irrigation. The pub- 
 lic lands in this area were thereupon withdrawn from entry. 
 Detailed examination of the area for determination of the 
 practicability of its reclamation was then made and recom- 
 mendation forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior ac- 
 cordingly. Upon favorable consideration of the recommenda- 
 tion by the Secretary, authority to proceed with the design 
 and construction of the works was issued by him. 
 
42 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 The selection of irrigable areas depends not only upon 
 considerations relating to the adequacy of the water supply, 
 the feasibility of storing and conducting it, and to the suit- 
 ability of the soil for agriculture, but also upon certain legal 
 or artificial conditions of title to land and water, state lines, 
 and other factors. 
 
 The climate in nearly every part of the arid region, except 
 on the higher mountains, is suitable for the production of some 
 kind of valuable crop; the soil, although differing in value 
 in each locality, is of such quality throughout the arid region 
 that with care and skill it can usually be rendered sufficiently 
 productive to justify cultivation by irrigation. Thus, climate 
 and soil are given consideration, but they are so generally 
 found to be good or fair that few, if any, projects are re- 
 jected or seriously modified on account of them. 
 
 Market conditions or distance from centers of population 
 constitute an important consideration in the selection and 
 growth of a project. Each large irrigation enterprise pro- 
 jected at a remote point has been connected with the outside 
 world by railroad routes so that if there is discovered a large 
 body of land susceptible of irrigation, there has been usually 
 little delay in entering upon the construction on the ground 
 that it is remote from markets. Experience has shown that 
 by the time crops were produced some one railroad or more 
 often two competing roads have been built crossing the re- 
 claimed lands. 
 
 The more vital points considered in the selection of the 
 project and in the planning of works are the limitations which 
 grow out of the quantity or location of water supply. Data 
 regarding water supply, upon which was based the initial 
 selection of irrigable areas by the Reclamation Service in the 
 several years following the passage of the Reclamation Act, 
 had already been collected in large measure by the Geological 
 Survey, partly in connection with the so-called Powell Survey 
 carried on under the appropriations of 1888 and 1889, partly 
 under the regular water resources appropriations and, in large 
 
ACTIVITIES 
 
 43 
 
 measure, as a part of the regular topographic and geologic 
 mapping of the country. In addition, there was available 
 a considerable amount of data which had been obtained by 
 corporations or individuals as preliminary to the possible 
 construction of private irrigation works, as well as by state 
 engineers in connection with the construction of irrigation 
 works under the Carey Act. In Nevada and western Cali- 
 fornia a number of surveys had been made by Representative, 
 later Senator Francis G. Newlands, of Nevada, whose activity 
 in securing the enactment of the Reclamation Act has already 
 been referred to. 
 
 The work of topographic mapping and of investigation of 
 water resources is still being carried on by the Geological 
 Survey for the arid regions, as for the other sections of the 
 country, and the results of these investigations will doubtless 
 be made use of by the Reclamation Service in the preliminary 
 selection of additional irrigable areas, should it be decided to 
 enter upon the construction of new projects. 
 
 In the initial selection of irrigable areas the choice of pro- 
 jects was governed less by the question of ease or cheapness 
 of work than by the expressed desire on the part of public 
 men that the Reclamation Service should confine its efforts 
 as largely as possible to those works which for one cause or 
 another could not readily be built by corporate effort, namely, 
 those involving interstate or international relations or legal 
 complications which put them beyond the reach of either 
 private or state enterprise. Lands which might be reclaimed 
 were being held out of use by the fact that their reclamation 
 depended upon cooperation between states or upon use of 
 interstate streams. For example, the lands now embraced in 
 the North Platte Project in Nebraska could be irrigated only 
 by water stored in Wyoming, much of which originates in 
 Colorado; but the officials of the latter state claimed the right 
 to hold or divert all water which occurs in that state even 
 though under natural conditions it flows across the boundaries 
 and is needed elsewhere. Similarly, the project on the lower 
 
44 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Rio Grande was made possible only by a treaty with Mexico, 
 and the St. Mary-Milk River canal was built following the suc- 
 cessful negotiation of a treaty with Great Britain on behalf 
 of the Canadian interests. 
 
 Reference has already been made, in the preceding chapter, 
 to the attempt made, in the first selection of projects, to give 
 preference to those consisting mainly of public lands and of 
 the reasons for its abandonment. 
 
 The conclusion having been reached by the Reclamation 
 Service that a given area offered a possible location for a 
 reclamation project, recommendation was made to the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior that the public lands in that area be with- 
 drawn from entry under the public land laws. 
 
 Up to the time that the lands are actually withdrawn the 
 work must necessarily be somewhat confidential in character 
 in order to prevent enterprising individuals from seizing upon 
 pieces of land which might be needed in the development of 
 the system. Many a desirable irrigation project has been 
 blocked or heavily burdened by speculators obtaining posses- 
 sion of land necessary for the prosecution of work. When, 
 however, the lands have been withdrawn and there is no longer 
 necessity for secrecy, the plans may be (Disclosed and sub- 
 mitted to searching scrutiny. 
 
 Withdrawal of Lands. The withdrawal of the public lands 
 in the irrigable area from entry is effected through the Gen- 
 eral Land Office. The lands withdrawn are designated as 
 having been withdrawn under either the "first form" or the 
 "second form." Lands withdrawn under the "first form" 
 are withdrawn absolutely, on the ground of their being re- 
 quired for the irrigation works and subsidiary structures. 
 Those withdrawn under the "second form" are so withdrawn 
 because they are, to quote the act, "believed to be susceptible 
 of irrigation from said works." They are withdrawn only 
 from all forms of entry other than that provided by the home- 
 stead laws, as modified by the Reclamation Act. 
 
 Withdrawal, whether under the first or second form, af- 
 
ACTIVITIES 45 
 
 fects only tracts, the ownership or control of which has not 
 already passed out of the hands of the officers of the General 
 Land Office. Claims already initiated are n^t affected. In 
 the case of relinquishment or abandonment of any of these 
 rights, however, the withdrawal automatically takes effect. 
 
 When it is definitely established by the engineers of the 
 Reclamation Service that any of the lands withdrawn will 
 not be required for construction, operation or maintenance, 
 or that they cannot be irrigated under the project, such lands 
 are restored to public entry. 
 
 Preliminary survey of the lands withdrawn is next made. 
 In this examination careful attention is given not merely 
 to the topographic and hydrographic features of the area, 
 but to the climatic conditions (especially the temperature and 
 rainfall, frosts, and the character of the soil), to the factors 
 affecting transportation, and to vested rights in and claims to 
 lands and the use of waters. 
 
 The detailed data regarding available water supply are 
 obtained almost wholly from the United States Geological 
 Survey, one of the functions of that service being, as already 
 stated, that of investigating the water resources of the United 
 States, including the measurement of stream flow. The facts 
 gathered by it are used by the Reclamation Service in de- 
 termining whether the water within a drainage area was suf- 
 ficient for the successful cultivation of the lands to be in- 
 cluded within an irrigation project. 
 
 Formation of Water Users' Associations. In the initial 
 selection of projects, the examination of the situation existing 
 with respect to the ownership of the irrigable area revealed, 
 in many cases, the necessity of obtaining for the government 
 a mortgage upon the lands in private ownership as security for 
 the repayment of the construction charges. This was accom- 
 plished, as explained in the preceding chapter, by the forma- 
 tion of water users' associations. 
 
 Although the form of agreement adopted by the twenty- 
 two water users' associations in different parts of the country 
 
46 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 varied in accordance with local needs, in virtually every case 
 each person joining such organizations agreed 
 
 (1) to turnover to the management of the association all 
 water which he had heretofore appropriated, to be adminis- 
 tered in connection with the additional water supply furnished 
 from the government irrigation system; 
 
 (2) to make his former water rights, as well as the gov- 
 ernment water rights, appurtenant to the land irrigated; 
 
 (3) to pay the construction charges which might be im- 
 posed by the Secretary of the Interior pursuant to the Rec- 
 lamation Act; 
 
 (4) that such charges should be a lien on the land, which 
 the association might enforce; 
 
 (5) to dispose of the lands he owned in excess of 160 
 acres, that being the maximum area under single ownership to 
 which water might be supplied under the Reclamation Act. 
 
 In some cases 89 acres was set as the maximum. 
 
 
 
 The form of organization which has hitherto been adopted 
 for water users' organizations is that of a corporation, each 
 member holding stock therein in proportion to the acreage 
 of irrigable land owned by him. 
 
 Authorisation of Project. Upon the completion of the pre- 
 liminary survey and, where necessary, of negotiations with 
 the water users' association, recommendation was made, where 
 warranted, to the Secretary of the Interior that the project 
 be declared practicable. Of the seventy-nine irrigable areas 
 which were examined by the Service during the years 1902- 
 1907, only twenty-five were recommended to the Secretary 
 as then practicable for irrigation. The remainder have been 
 designated "secondary projects" and some of them will doubt- 
 less form the basis for future operations of the Service, should 
 the initiation of new projects be decided on by Congress. 
 
 Upon approval by the Secretary of the recommendation of a 
 project as practicable, authorization was issued to the Director 
 of the Service to proceed with the preparation of the plans 
 and with the construction of so much of the works as seemed 
 warranted by the condition of the reclamation fund. 
 
ACTIVITIES 47 
 
 Of the twenty-six primary projects constructed by the 
 Service, all but one were authorized during the administra- 
 tion of President Roosevelt, and the Secretary of the In- 
 terior in every case conferred with him prior to issuing au- 
 thorization. 
 
 Designing the Project Works. The Service has not, for 
 several years past, been called upon to design any new proj- 
 ects, but it has been necessary from time to time to design 
 new units or extensions of existing projects. The prepara- 
 tion of plans and specifications may, therefore, be regarded 
 as one of the current activities of the Service. 
 
 Selection of Reservoir Sites. On the typical project, the 
 selection of a reservoir site is commonly the controlling fea- 
 ture of the design and to it attention must first be given. 
 Within each upland or mountainous area from which water 
 might be had there are commonly a number of possible reser- 
 voir sites. The preliminary reconnaissance usually reveals 
 these, but not even the most experienced engineer can readily 
 decide which is preferable. The relative value of the several 
 alternatives presented can be determined only by obtaining 
 data concerning the capacity of the reservoirs and their loca- 
 tion with reference to the available supply. For example, the 
 best reservoir site may be so high in the mountains that it 
 cannot receive sufficient water, while a smaller and more ex- 
 pensive site may be found lower down but so limited in capacity 
 as not to hold all of the available supply. A large reservoir 
 may have an expensive dam site or a basin of small capacity 
 may possess an excellent dam site. There are almost innumer- 
 able conditions which must be taken into account, and to 
 give proper weight to each of these it is necessary that there 
 be made surveys of sufficient detail to show the capacity of 
 the various sites, the ability to fill them, and the character 
 of the dam sites and other necessary adjuncts. 
 
 After a general study of various possibilities has been fin- 
 ished, selection is made of the one or two reservoir sites 
 
48 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 which appear to be most favorable. It is then necessary to 
 make more detailed examinations to verify the assumptions 
 made, and t* ascertain with great exactness not only the con- 
 tents of the reservoir for various heights of water but, more 
 than this, the exact size and shape of the site upon which it 
 is proposed to build a dam. There is usually quite a range 
 of practicable locations as, for example, the dam may be 
 placed a few hundred yards higher up stream with possibly 
 greater length or lower down on a better foundation, the 
 larger cubical contents of the dam in one locality balancing 
 certain advantages of depth to foundation or material avail- 
 able at another spot. 
 
 The detailed surveys at the various proposed dam sites are 
 usually made on a scale of 100 feet to the inch, more or less, 
 and with contour interval of from two to five feet, dependent 
 upon the steepness of the sides. Explorations of the under- 
 ground conditions are also made either by open pits or shafts, 
 or by deep holes put down with a diamond drill which re- 
 covers the core, or by some of the ordinary forms of well 
 drill. A study of the records of these drillings furnishes facts 
 usually sufficient to reveal the relative advantages and disad- 
 vantages of the alternative locations and enables a selection 
 to be made from among them. 
 
 Preparation of Detailed Topographic and Land Map. Be- 
 fore laying out the distributing system, it is necessary that 
 there be available a detailed map, not only of the topography 
 but of the boundaries of the several tracts of public and pri- 
 vate land within the irrigable area, as well as of township, 
 quarter-section, and meander lines. 
 
 A topographic map is prepared of the grounds about the 
 headworks of each important main canal and is continued 
 in a narrow belt along the line of the proposed canal and 
 out to the irrigable lands. This drawing is made in suffi- 
 cient detail to permit the "paper location" of the works by 
 study in the local office; in other words, instead of the actual 
 survey and location on the ground of each of the several alter- 
 
ACTIVITIES 49 
 
 nate lines, the map is so prepared as to permit exact compari- 
 son of the various suggested lines and grades. For example, 
 it may seem that a main canal with rapid fall and narrow cross- 
 section can be built more economically than a canal with less 
 slope and a wider section. To ascertain whether this is actu- 
 ally the case a paper location is made, and this may be fol- 
 lowed, if the map is sufficiently accurate, by a computation of 
 quantities, all being done at far less cost than by separate 
 surveys in the field. 
 
 In addition to the detailed maps of the main canal lines, 
 a topographic map is prepared of all the irrigable lands to 
 which the distribution system is to be built. This map is 
 made on a scale of from 400 to 1000 feet to the inch, with 
 contour intervals at vertical distances of from five to ten feet. 
 On it is indicated, also, the character of soil, studies of which 
 have in the meantime been made by the experts of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture, and other important features. By 
 means of this map it is possible to locate the branches of the 
 proposed distribution system. 
 
 On the broad undulating surface of the irrigable lands 
 there are frequently available numerous alternatives for the 
 location of the canal system. Sometimes there is found a 
 series of leading ridges which limit the method of laying out 
 the distribution system, but, in other cases, there is a gentle 
 slope which permits distributaries to be carried in any one of 
 several directions. Here again considerations must be carefully 
 balanced between steep narrow canals and very gently graded 
 distributaries of larger cross section. Consideration must also 
 be given to the method and cost of ultimate operation and 
 maintenance of the works. In the private canals built by the 
 pioneers the first consideration was economy of construction; 
 the ultimate cost of keeping up the works was given little 
 thought. In the enterprises of the Reclamation Service, how- 
 ever, where there are ample funds to cover the first cost, a 
 larger consideration is given to the cost of the resultant meth- 
 ods of handling the water. 
 
50 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 In connection with the topographic mappings, careful at- 
 tention is also given to the exact location of the boundaries 
 and corners of the farms and tracts within the project. This 
 work in many cases has disclosed errors in the location of ex- 
 isting fences. It has been necessary, as a rule, to reestablish 
 the old corners of the vacant public lands and, in some cases, 
 to call for an entirely new survey and subdivision. The en- 
 suing complications have often been extremely vexing, espe- 
 cially where groups of settlers have taken up lands whose 
 exact boundaries were unknown and where re-survey has dis- 
 closed conflicting claims and overlapping areas. It is, of 
 course, frequently impracticable to lay out a distributing sys- 
 tem until these difficulties have been adjusted. 
 
 Preparation of Plans and Specifications. The preparation 
 of plans is done, as far as practicable, upon the ground itself, 
 in contradistinction to having a mass of notes sent to a central 
 office to be worked up. It is believed that no matter how 
 carefully prepared field notes and comments may be, there 
 are always some conditions which, although well known to 
 the man in the field, cannot be imparted in their full signifi- 
 cance to the designer at a distance. It is believed to be far 
 more economical to bring the designer to the work than to 
 bring the work to some central office. 
 
 Specifications, however, are worked up mainly in the Wash- 
 ington office in order that there may be uniformity. Stand- 
 ard specifications are now in use for the great majority of 
 items. In the development of these standards during the 
 early days of the Service's work, the preliminary drafts were 
 submitted for criticism to men experienced in contracting, 
 both from the government standpoint and from that of the 
 contractors themselves. As a basis, all of the existing forms 
 which could be obtained were considered, and these were modi- 
 fied or adapted to the use of the Reclamation Service as far 
 as practicable. 
 
 For the projects first undertaken there were few, if any, ex- 
 isting precedents in the way of executed works of character 
 
ACTIVITIES 51 
 
 similar to those to be built. It is true that under the terms 
 of the Carey Act private enterprise had already started upon 
 canal systems of considerable size, but most of these were of 
 a character hardly suitable to form a model for work by the 
 government. The older structures were usually of wood and 
 were temporary in character, having been erected with the 
 idea that by the time these had decayed, the owners would be 
 in such financial condition as to be able to replace them with 
 more permanent material. In each such case, due to shortage 
 *of funds and to the large interest charges, it was necessary 
 to build as cheaply as possible. The investors, as a rule also, 
 were concerned mainly with getting water to the lands at the 
 earliest possible date, so that these might be sold and the re- 
 sponsibility of the works transferred to other hands before 
 they became seriously impaired by age. 
 
 -In the case of the government, however, there were rela- 
 tively large funds available, and no difficulties to be met with 
 reference to interest charges or profits to the investor. It 
 was found more economical in the long run to build perma- 
 nent structures of concrete and steel than to use wood. Be- 
 cause of this fact, as above noted, it was necessary for the en- 
 gineers of the Reclamation Service to act as pioneers as re- 
 gards permanent construction. When the first works were 
 undertaken, shortly after the passage of the Reclamation Act 
 in 1902, there were relatively few figures available as to the 
 actual cost of similar structures, and little was known of 
 the difficulties of work of this kind under the conditions ob- 
 taining. It was thus necessary to make assumptions regarding 
 the probable cost of materials and of labor at future periods 
 and at remote places, many of which were afterwards found 
 to be erroneous. 
 
 Construction of Projects. Authorizations to proceed with 
 the construction of particular units or portions of a project 
 are made by the Secretary of the Interior, and, since 1915, 
 within the limitations of the appropriation annually made by 
 
52 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Congress for such project. Such appropriations are made 
 upon the basis of estimates submitted by the Secretary to 
 Congress in the Book of Estimates; and a regular procedure 
 is in force in the Service for collecting annually from the 
 several project engineers estimates of the cost of construc- 
 tion on their projects during the ensuing fiscal year. Al- 
 though these estimates are presented to Congress in great de- 
 tail, the precise portion of the project and character of the 
 work to be done on it being specified, the appropriation grant- 
 ed by Congress is in the form of a lump sum for each project, 
 covering continuation of construction, operation and mainte- 
 nance. In addition, the Secretary is authorized to transfer 
 not more than 10 per cent, of the appropriation for any 
 given project to other projects. A considerable discretion, 
 therefore, still remains in the Secretary, or in effect, in the 
 Director of the Service, in determining the speed with which 
 and direction in which construction shall be carried forward. 
 Upon the receipt of authorization to proceed with con- 
 struction, determination is made as to whether the several 
 sections of the work can be constructed more economically 
 by contract or by the Service directly through its own forces. 
 The contract method is employed for all ordinary construc- 
 tion where the character and amount of the work to be done 
 can be definitely anticipated and described. Where, however, 
 a piece of construction involves many uncertainties and is 
 liable to interruption by floods, the Service does the work 
 itself. The construction of the foundations of dams, where 
 the character of the rock which may be found in the river 
 bed cannot readily be ascertained in advance, is an example 
 of the kind of construction commonly done directly by the 
 forces of the Service. The reasons for the adoption of this 
 policy of direct employment by the Service were well stated 
 by the Director of the Service in a hearing before the Com- 
 mittee on Arid Lands in 1910. Instancing a type of con- 
 struction work which was liable to sudden destruction by 
 flood, he said : "An experienced business man must figure on 
 
ACTIVITIES 53 
 
 a considerable profit as an offset to the risk he runs of having 
 his investment destroyed by a sudden flood. . . . If the con- 
 tractor is lucky he makes a big bonus; and if he is unlucky 
 the government practically assumes the risk and the loss. The 
 contractor fails and we have a lawsuit on our hands." 
 
 Construction by Contract. In planning for the letting of 
 contracts for construction, the attempt is made, where the 
 nature of the work permits, as in the case of long canals and 
 distributing systems, to divide the job into units small enough 
 to be undertaken by local persons with limited capital, in 
 some cases even by a farmer or group of farmers who may 
 own the necessary teams and tools. Even in these cases, 
 however, large contracting firms are usually invited to submit 
 bids for any or all of the units. In some cases the farmers 
 because of their location and other facilities are able to un- 
 derbid the outside contractor; in other cases where the work 
 is especially heavy, the professional builder has the advan- 
 tage. 
 
 Prior to the receipt of bids, the widest possible publicity 
 is sought. Advertising is placed in local papers and in cur- 
 rent periodicals generally seen by contractors, posters are 
 displayed in prominent places and letters are sent to all the 
 contractors whose addresses can be obtained and who are 
 likely to be interested in the work. In addition, every possible 
 effort is made to discover in advance the conditions which 
 will be met on the work and thus make it easier for the 
 bidders to form a correct judgment as to the cost of the work 
 to be performed. In cases where the prospective work was 
 located at points difficult of access, wagon roads have been 
 built so that the contractor could visit the locality and could 
 ascertain very closely the cost of bringing in men and mate- 
 rial, and in all cases the contractor has been required to make 
 such visit before submitting his bid. Ground of doubtful 
 quality has been opened and rock quarried to exhibit the 
 quality of the material to be handled. 
 
 Sealed bids are received and opened publicly at the time 
 
54 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 and place named in the advertisements. Suitable officers 
 are designated to form a board which opens the bids in the 
 presence of bidders and others interested. The bids, which 
 are usually called for on a unit basis, are then studied, and 
 a recommendation made as to the award of the bid to the 
 best and usually the lowest bidder. Where all bids are recom- 
 mended for rejection, or where the lowest bid is not accepted, 
 the reasons are required to be given, and evidence presented 
 in such form as to meet the criticism of rejected bidders or 
 other persons. Especially in the early stages of the work, 
 great care was necessary in the award of contracts as there 
 were -a number of firms formed for the express purpose of 
 bidding on reclamation work, many of which were composed 
 of persons without experience in construction, who were ob- 
 sessed with the idea that all government contracts were profit- 
 able. 
 
 All of the contracts provide that in case of failure to exe- 
 cute the work properly and within the required time, the United 
 States can declare the contract forfeited, take over the un- 
 finished work, together with the plant and equipment, and 
 finish the work at the cost of the contractor. Occasionally, 
 it is found necessary to contract for the performance of 
 certain work without competitive bidding. This is done 
 only on the express authorization of the Secretary of the In- 
 terior. 
 
 Work done by contractors is regularly inspected by the en- 
 gineers of the Service. The problem of inspection of con- 
 tract work was discussed by the Director of the Service in 
 1910 before the Committee on Arid Lands. He stated: 
 
 When the contracts are awarded and work begun the next 
 matter of prime importance is to secure good inspection and 
 to hold the contractor to the faithful performance of the terms 
 of the contract. That is where the main difficulty of the con- 
 tract lies, in getting good inspectors who will exercise com- 
 mon sense and will hold the contractor to full performance 
 of what he agreed to do. Many contractors apparently have 
 
ACTIVITIES 55 
 
 an idea that in working for the government they should not 
 be held to the exact letter and spirit of the specifications, but 
 that they may do what they consider a good job. There is no 
 discretion in such matters, and a contract once signed, it is our 
 business to see that it is fully carried out. 
 
 Construction by the Service. The instances in which the 
 Service itself carries on the construction work have already 
 been described. 
 
 In carrying on work by government forces it has been found 
 advisable to follow as nearly as possible the methods em- 
 ployed in connection with contract work. Plans and specifi- 
 cations are prepared. An engineer of the Service is put in 
 charge of the work, and another is detailed to act independ- 
 ently as inspector. The engineer in charge is required to keep 
 records similar to those kept by contractors, and from these 
 the supervising engineer is able to ascertain whether the cost 
 is being kept within that at which bids were or might have 
 been received. 
 
 In connection with the direct carrying on of construction 
 work by the Service, mention should be made of the operation 
 by the Service of plants at several of its projects for the 
 manufacture of the cement used in construction. Of these 
 the largest was the cement plant operated at Roosevelt, Ari- 
 zona, in the construction of the Roosevelt dam on the Salt 
 River Project. The total cost of construction and operation 
 of this plant was over a million dollars, and a saving of 
 approximately $600,000 over the lowest cost for delivery from 
 outside sources was effected. 
 
 Sand cement plants were also operated on the Elephant 
 Butte, Truckee-Carson, and Boise Projects. The total net 
 saving to the Service by the operation of these three plants 
 is computed at approximately $562,000. 
 
 Similarly, several small coal mines have been opened and 
 operated to supply fuel for construction purposes under con- 
 ditions where there happened to be outcrops of coal near 
 localities where work was going on and where it was cheaper 
 
56 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 to procure fuel in this way than to haul it from some distant 
 railroad point. The largest undertaking, however, is that of 
 the permanent mine opened and operated in connection with 
 the Williston Project in North Dakota. 
 
 Activities Incidental to Construction. In connection with 
 some construction jobs, whether carried on by contract or 
 by government forces, the Service finds it desirable to oper- 
 ate various types of enterprise and services for the benefit 
 of the men employed in construction. Thus it has in the past 
 operated messes, hospitals, mercantile stores and recreational 
 facilities. 
 
 Because the work of the Reclamation Service is situated in 
 remote places in the western part of the United States, it is 
 necessary to operate messes at which to supply the men with 
 wholesome food. These messes are operated on practically 
 a cost basis, the men are furnished three meals a day at 
 the rate of j2jcents a meal or 75jcenis_a__day. When more 
 than fifty men eat at the messes, a steward is placed in charge, 
 as a rule, and is held responsible for their management. The 
 operation of messes netted the Reclamation Service $103,- 
 209.11 to June 30, 1917. 
 
 During the construction work on a project where the em- 
 ployees, largely transient laborers, are quartered in a central 
 camp remote from towns, it is usually necessary to make 
 provision not only for camp sanitation but also for surgical 
 or hospital facilities. To meet these needs, the Reclamation 
 Service establishes a hospital and employs a physician and 
 nurses. The charge for this service is $i to $1.50 a month 
 and is deducted from the men's pay and credited to the 
 hospital fund. The hospital operations netted the Reclama- 
 tion Service $26,836.33 to June 30, 1917. 
 
 Mercantile stores are established by the Reclamation Serv- 
 ice in central camps for the purpose of expediting the work 
 of the Service, but primarily to supply necessaries so that the 
 laborers will not be tempted to leave the work and go to the 
 nearest town for the purchase of supplies regularly needed 
 
ACTIVITIES 57 
 
 by them. These operations netted the Service $338,541.00 to 
 June 30, 1917. 
 
 The operation of amusement enterprises was forced upon 
 the Service because of the difficulty of keeping competent 
 men on the works, especially where these were located at re- 
 mote points. Under the eight hour provision of the reclama- 
 tion law no man may be allowed to work more than eight 
 hours in one day. In a camp out on the desert or among 
 mountains miles from other inhabited localities the opportuni- 
 ties for effectively spending the resultant leisure hours are 
 limited. Under these conditions the most strenuous efforts 
 are needed to keep alcoholic liquors out of camp and to main- 
 tain orderly communities. Some outlet for energy must be 
 provided and experience has shown in the case of contractors 
 camps similarly situated that it is a matter of economy to 
 provi<|* harmless amusements such as those advocated by the 
 industrial department of the Y. M. C. A. Accordingly, ar- 
 rangements have been made with the latter to provide skilled 
 men to organize these activities. The small expense incurred 
 is amply justified because of the demonstrated fact that in the 
 end higher efficiency and economy are produced by keeping 
 on the job the skilled men and those who have been trained 
 to work together in well organized gangs. The amusement 
 provided has sometimes taken the form of moving picture 
 shows, accompanied by the sale of cold soft drinks in the hotter 
 countries or by pastry and confectionery in the northern lati- 
 tudes. Closely associated with these have been other facilities 
 intended for the families of the workmen ; for example, school 
 rooms have been provided, the teacher being employed usu- 
 ally by the county school board. 
 
 Opening of Projects. Upon the completion of the con- 
 struction of the project or of a self-sufficient unit of the proj- 
 ect, the Service proceeds to test and season the works and 
 to reduce any seepage which may be disclosed. When satis- 
 factory conditions are obtained, the delivery of the water to 
 
58 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 the irrigable lands is begun and gradually expanded until it 
 reaches a point where the project or unit is thought to be 
 ready for formal opening. 
 
 The charges made for the use of water during this transi- 
 tion period to those already owning land within the project 
 are known as "rental" charges, being thus distinguished from 
 the regular "operation and maintenance" charges, which are 
 imposed when the project is formally opened by public no- 
 tice. "Rental charges" early arose out of the necessities of 
 the case and were imposed without specific legislative au- 
 thorization, but by the act of August 13, 1914 (section n), 
 the Service was expressly empowered to impose such charges. 
 
 The formal opening of the project or unit is announced by 
 public notice issued by the Secretary of the Interior. By the 
 provisions of the Reclamation Act (section 4, as modified by 
 section 5 of the act of June 25, 1910), this public notice is 
 required to state 
 
 1. The lands to be irrigated. 
 
 2. The date when water is to be applied. 
 
 3. The limit of area per entry. 
 
 4. The charges per acre to be made. 
 
 5. The number and times of installments in which pay- 
 
 ment is to be made. 
 
 By "limit of area per entry" is meant the limit of area 
 which will be permitted to be taken up by a single individual 
 under the homestead laws on the public lands embraced within 
 a reclamation project. The determination of this limit is 
 made by the Secretary of the Interior, subject only to the 
 restriction that it shall not be less than 10 1 nor more than 
 1 60 acres. Within these limits the Secretary of the Interior 
 is empowered to fix the "limit of area per entry, which limit 
 shall represent the acreage which, in the opinion of the Sec- 
 retary, may be reasonably required for the support of a family 
 upon the lands in question." Under this authority each 40 
 
 1 In the original act this lower limit was 40 acres ; the present pro- 
 vision was enacted in 1906 (act of June 27, 1906, Section i). 
 
ACTIVITIES 59 
 
 acre tract is examined and the limit set for that particular 
 tract according to its fertility and irrigability. In the case 
 of privately owned lands the limits of 80 acres or 160 acres 
 are usually allowed. 
 
 On projects or units begun since the act of June 25, 1910, 
 the public lands within a project become open to entry only 
 upon the issuance of public notice by the Secretary, after the 
 water supply system is for practical purposes already in op- 
 eration. On projects begun prior to that time, however, under 
 the provisions of the original Reclamation Act, the public 
 lands within a project, not deemed to be necessary for the 
 irrigation works, remained open to homestead entry from the 
 very beginning of the project. As a result, frequently much 
 of this land was entered previous to the issuance of public 
 notice. Upon such notice, announcing the limit of area per 
 entry, it became necessary generally for the entryman to re- 
 duce the size of his entry to conform to the limit fixed. 
 
 The limits of area per entry, which have been fixed by the 
 Secretary of the Interior, vary from 10 acres in Arizona and 
 California to 160 acres in Montana or other cold areas, the 
 average being about 60 acres. The disposal of the public 
 lands within an irrigation project remains throughout under 
 the control of the General Land Office, and it is the duty of 
 that bureau to enforce the limit of area per entry imposed by 
 the Secretary. 
 
 Fiscal Management of Projects. The General Land Of- 
 fice administers the disposal of the public lands within recla- 
 mation projects, but the Reclamation Service itself collects 
 the charges imposed upon such lands for the construction of 
 the irrigation works and for the maintenance and operation 
 of the works. 
 
 By the original act, construction charges were required to 
 be paid to the receiver of the local land office of the district 
 in which the land was situated. All operation and mainte- 
 nance charges were, however, paid to the project manager or 
 
60 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 his representative. By act of August 12, 1912, the Secretary 
 of the Interior was authorized to appoint fiscal agents on the 
 several projects to receive all payments, and this was promptly 
 done. 
 
 Payment of Construction Charges. The Reclamation Act 
 provides that the "charges which shall be made per acre upon 
 the land entries, and upon the lands in private ownership 
 which may be irrigated by the waters of the said irrigation 
 project . . . shall be determined with a view to returning 
 to the reclamation fund the estimated cost of the construc- 
 tion of the project." 
 
 The construction charges per acre upon the projects com- 
 pleted to date by the Service vary from $22 to $93. Large 
 variations are in some cases found between different portions 
 of the same project, as in the case of the Minidoka project 
 in Idaho where the charges on the several areas as devel- 
 oped in succession were $22, $30, $49, $56.50 and $57.50, the 
 pioneers or those first coming and taking up the heavier bur- 
 den of development paying less than those who arrived later 
 after the roads, railroads, towns, and schools had been estab- 
 lished. 
 
 - Prior to the passage of the Reclamation Extension Act of 
 August 13, 1914, the law required repayments in ten annual 
 installments. By that act, the period of repayment has been 
 extended to twenty years. Moreover, after an initial payment 
 of 5 per cent, there is a five year period during which no pay- 
 ments are to be made; for five years thereafter the annual 
 installment required is but 5 per cent, and for the remaining 
 ten years it is 7 per cent. The purpose of this plan is of course 
 to enable the settler in the earlier years to use all of his capital 
 in cultivating his lands to bring about maximum production. 
 
 The requirement of an initial payment is intended as a 
 test of the financial ability of the prospective entryman, and 
 also of his intention actually to work the land; for it has 
 been found by experience that where no advance charge was 
 required, large numbers of individuals without experience or 
 
ACTIVITIES 61 
 
 money made entries of irrigable lands merely for the purpose 
 of selling relinquishments, often holding the land out of use 
 for a considerable period. It was expected, moreover, that 
 by reason of his advance payment the entryman would acquire 
 a financial interest such as would insure his continued good 
 faith and increase the probability that he would utilize the 
 land. 
 
 It should be noted that the Reclamation Extension Act, 
 in addition to thus revising the plan of repayments as to lands 
 subsequently subjected to the Reclamation Act, extended re- 
 lief to the settlers on projects already initiated, many of whom 
 had experienced difficulty in meeting the charges, by providing 
 that all balances of construction charges still unpaid should 
 be paid in twenty annual installments, the first four of 2 per 
 cent each, the next two, 4 per cent, and the remaining four- 
 teen, 6 per cent. 
 
 Operation and maintenance charges, although not men- 
 tioned in the original Reclamation Act, have been imposed 
 from the very beginning of operation under the act. By act 
 of August 13, 1914 (sec. 5), the imposition of such charges 
 was specifically authorized, and it was further provided that 
 "such charge shall be made for each acre- foot of water de- 
 livered; but each acre of irrigable land, whether irrigated 
 or not, shall be charged with a minimum operation and 
 maintenance charge based upon the charge for delivery of not 
 less than one acre-foot of water." 
 
 Operation and maintenance charges average about $i per 
 acre or when computed on the basis of water used they run 
 from 50 cents to 75 cents per acre-foot, the number of acre- 
 feet required for cultivation varying of course on the several 
 projects and from season to season. These charges are ap- 
 plied equally to public lands entered under the terms of the 
 Reclamation Act, and to lands within the project already in 
 private ownership. 
 
 The repayment of construction charges is secured, as re- 
 spects the public lands entered after the commencement of 
 
62 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 the project, by the provision that "a failure to make any two 
 payments when due shall render the entry subject to cancella- 
 tion, with the forfeiture of all rights under this Act, as well 
 as of all moneys already paid thereon." As to private lands 
 embraced in an irrigation project, security is obtained by the 
 mortgage of the private water users' association, to which 
 reference has already been made. 
 
 Under authority conferred by the act of February 21, 1911, 
 surplus water may be sold under contract to state or private 
 irrigation projects. The act provides that "in fixing the 
 charges under any such contract for impounding, storing, or 
 carrying water for any irrigation system, . . . the Secretary 
 shall take into consideration the cost of construction and 
 maintenance of the reservoir by which such water is to be 
 impounded or stored, and the canal by which it is to be 
 carried, and. such charges shall be just and equitable as to 
 water users under the Government project." The sale of 
 surplus water may be made under the act only "for the pur- 
 pose of distribution to individual water users by the party 
 with whom the contract is made;" and it further provides 
 that the charge for the use of water made by such party shall 
 not be "in excess of the charge paid to the United States ex- 
 cept to such an extent as may reasonably be necessary to cover 
 cost of carriage and delivery of such water through their 
 works." 
 
 Operation of Works. On the engineering side the prob- 
 lem of operating irrigation works consists in so regulating 
 the flow of water as to deliver to the highest point to be irri- 
 gated, at the proper season, a supply of water adequate to the 
 needs of the crop. In addition, on the projects of the Recla- 
 mation Service it is necessary to deliver to each person having 
 a right to water a definite amount. It, therefore, becomes 
 necessary to have measuring devices of some kind in all dis- 
 tributaries and in all farm turnouts. 
 
 As stated by the Director of the Reclamation Service in 
 
ACTIVITIES 63 
 
 his annual report for 1914, no well recognized standard of 
 practice has yet been developed in connection with the prob- 
 lems of operation and maintenance. It is of great importance, 
 not merely for the benefit of the government reclamation 
 projects but for that of other large systems built by private 
 capital, that good standards be established. An important 
 step toward such systematization of the management has been 
 taken by the Reclamation Service in the issuance of what is 
 known as the Use Book or Manual of Operation and Main- 
 tenance, defining such practices as are now generally accepted. 
 
 To secure efficient operation it has been found necessary 
 to install records of delivery of water and systems of cost 
 keeping similar to those maintained during construction. Ac- 
 curate statistics are also kept to determine the cost per acre of 
 land actually irrigated, per acre of land to which the irriga- 
 tion system is ready to supply water, and per acre-foot of 
 water stored, carried, and distributed. As the effectiveness 
 of different designs or types of structures and ditches is de- 
 termined largely by operation and maintenance costs, these 
 cost-records are of great value in the design of future works. 
 
 Record is kept also of the amount of water delivered to 
 each farm and its relation to crop production, thus facilitat- 
 ing the beneficial operation of the works. 
 
 In the operation of irrigation works, it was at first assumed 
 that if the government employees took charge of the reser- 
 voirs and main line canals the irrigators would attend to the 
 distribution works themselves and thus reduce the number of 
 paid employees and consequently the annual cost, in this re- 
 spect following the custom of the pioneer private canals. It 
 was found, however, that with the heterogeneous population 
 brought in from all parts of the country with differing nation- 
 ality, religion, and experience, it was impracticable at first to 
 secure unity of action and fairness of distribution of water 
 among the smaller groups. For example, on a long sandy 
 lateral where considerable care is necessary in order to force 
 water to flow down to the farms at the lower end, the ma- 
 
64 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 jority of the land owners living near the upper end would 
 not exert themselves or limit their supply in favor of their 
 neighbors living miles away at the far end, who, in turn, 
 complained that they did not receive water at the right time 
 or in sufficient amount and consequently could not make pay- 
 ment. Thus, to insure the repayment of the charges, if for no 
 other reason, the Reclamation Service was forced to gradu- 
 ally take over the operations even of the smaller laterals and 
 see to it that water was delivered to each and every farm 
 instead of to groups of farmers. 
 
 As indicated in the preceding chapter, on certain of the 
 projects pumping installations are necessary to insure an ade- 
 quate supply of water, and the operation of these pumps and 
 of the hydro-electric plants, which generate the power for their 
 operation, constitutes one of the major activities of the Serv- 
 ice. The operating methods employed differ in no essential 
 respect from those followed in commercial practice. 
 
 As already stated, in connection with the Williston Project 
 in North Dakota a mine is owned and operated by the Service 
 for supplying the coal used in the generating plant. 
 
 Transfer to Water Users' Association. As has been 
 noted, provision was made in the original Reclamation Act 
 for the eventual operation by the irrigators themselves of 
 the irrigation works constructed under the act, and the Sec- 
 retary of the Interior was authorized to transfer the opera- 
 tion of the works to "the owners of the land irrigated . . . 
 under such form of organization and under such rules and 
 regulations as may be acceptable to the Secretary of the Inte- 
 rior." The act provided, however, that such transfer might 
 be made only after the "payments required by this act are made 
 for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the waters 
 of any of the works." With the passage of the Reclamation 
 Extension Act, however, which extended the time for payment 
 of construction charges from ten to twenty years, it was pro- 
 vided that the transfer to a water users' association might be 
 
ACTIVITIES 65 
 
 made in the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior "when- 
 ever any legally organized water users' association or irriga- 
 tion district shall so request." 
 
 The original act contemplated the transfer to the water users 
 only of the canals, and provision was made for the perma- 
 nent operation of the reservoirs by the Reclamation Service, 
 it being provided that "the title to and the management and 
 operation of the reservoirs and the works necessary for their 
 protection and operation shall remain in the government until 
 otherwise provided by Congress." The same section of the 
 Reclamation Extension Act which provided that the transfer 
 to water users might be made at any time in the discretion 
 of the Secretary, also removed the limitation on the transfer 
 of reservoirs by providing that the Secretary might transfer 
 to a "water users' association or irrigation district the care, 
 operation, and maintenance of all or any part of the project 
 works, subject to such rules and regulations as he may pre- 
 scribe." 
 
 Rules for the transfer of works to water users' associa- 
 tions have been prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 The substance of these rules is contained in the following sec- 
 tions : 
 
 Action under this provision of the law will be taken by 
 means of a written contract with the water-users' association 
 or irrigation district, as the case may be. 
 
 Each such organization desiring the transfer of the care, 
 operation, and maintenance of the project, or any part there- 
 of, shall make application therefor to the Secretary of the In- 
 terior through the Director of the Reclamation Service, who 
 will submit the same to the Reclamation Commission for 
 recommendation thereon to the Secretary. Such application 
 shall be based upon a certified copy of resolution of the gov- 
 erning board of the organization presenting the same, request- 
 ing the transfer, and shall be accompanied by a statement 
 showing that the laws of the State and the charter powers 
 of the organization authorize the acceptance of the duties 
 resulting from such transfer. The statement shall contain 
 appropriate reference to statute provisions, regulations and 
 
66 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 charter powers in relation thereto. In any case the applica- 
 tion may be approved and contract authorized conditional upon 
 further satisfactory showing being made that the taking over 
 of the operation and maintenance by the organization has been 
 submitted to all the water-users affected and approved by a 
 majority vote of all voting, provided at least three-fifths ( 3 / 5 ) 
 of all water-users affected vote, otherwise by a majority of 
 all water-users affected. 
 
 Except where the organization is an irrigation district a 
 good and sufficient bond shall be given to the United States 
 for the faithful performance of all duties required by law 
 under the contract. Such bond shall be subject to approval 
 by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the necessity for im- 
 partial control of the irrigation works to insure an equitable 
 distribution of the water among the several users, and to the 
 difficulty that has been found in achieving that type of control 
 under any form of local management. There has usually 
 been manifested a tendency for one man of influence to obtain 
 an undue share of water or for the majority to neglect the 
 rights of the minority in the distribution of the supply. 
 
 For this reason the successful operation of any plan of 
 local control involves an extended process of education of the 
 members of the prospective association. The Reclamation 
 Service has, therefore, encouraged the development of water 
 users' associations on projects as soon as possible after their 
 opening. Each owner of irrigable land, by virtue of his own- 
 ership, becomes a member of the water users' association and, 
 as such, is urged to become interested in all that concerns the 
 future of the project. As far as practicable these men are 
 kept informed of general conditions through bulletins and 
 through the local press, with the idea of gradually bringing 
 them to the point where they will be able to work together as 
 a unit and to take control of the distribution system. 
 
 On many of the projects there has been impatience on the 
 part of water users to obtain control of the works because of 
 a natural belief that they could operate them more economical- 
 
ACTIVITIES 67 
 
 ly and satisfactorily. At the same time the officials of the 
 Reclamation Service have been equally desirous of turning 
 over the rather troublesome and vexatious work of water 
 control to responsible men selected by the water users. With 
 the approach of the time when the Service is ready to turn 
 over the works to local control, however, reluctance on the 
 part of the water users to assume such control is encountered. 
 Up to the present time two water users' associations, on the 
 Salt River Project in Arizona, and on the Minidoka Project 
 in Idaho, have taken over the management of the works from 
 the Reclamation Service. In the case of the Minidoka Proj- 
 ect the form of organization adopted has been that of an irri- 
 gation district formed under state law. 
 
 Water users' associations may also enter into contract and 
 be appointed special fiscal agents of the United States to col- 
 lect the construction and operation and maintenance charges 
 and all penalties in accordance with section 7 of the act of 
 August 13, 1914. It is provided, however, "that no water 
 right applicant or entryman shall be entitled to credit for any 
 payment thus made until the same shall have been paid over 
 to an officer designated by the Secretary of the Interior to 
 receive the same." 
 
 Dissemination of Information to Water Users. From 
 the beginning of its operations the Reclamation Service has 
 conceived it to be its duty to assist the water users on its proj- 
 ects in every way practicable. The development of its activi- 
 ties in this direction has been the natural outcome of its duty 
 of determining the limit of area per entry on the several 
 projects and units. This has necessitated the collation of a 
 great deal of valuable data relative to the local soil, crop, and 
 market conditions. In addition, in connection with the rec- 
 ords kept of the delivery of water on the several projects, to 
 which reference has already been made, much useful informa- 
 tion is obtained. The project manager, moreover, is gener- 
 ally chosen from among the engineers who were engaged in 
 
68 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 the construction of the project works and is, therefore, in 
 possession of detailed information regarding local conditions. 
 It has thus resulted that the water users on the government 
 projects have come to depend very generally upon the judg- 
 ment of the project managers in a great variety of matters 
 and so to require an assistance and guidance which, although 
 not contemplated in the law, are found to be essential to ulti- 
 mate success. 
 
 In this work the project manager was assisted from time 
 to time by experts detailed or transferred from the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, and during the years immediately follow- 
 ing the passage of the Reclamation Act, in 1902, it was as- 
 sumed and so stated in official publications that the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture would take a larger and larger share in 
 furnishing advice with regard to cultivation of crops and quan- 
 tity of water to be used. Experiment stations were estab- 
 lished on many of the projects and demonstration farms start- 
 ed, but it was found that the problems were so complicated 
 that scientifically accurate data were not available in time to be 
 of immediate service to the early settlers. As a result, it not 
 infrequently happened that through some accident or undiscov- 
 ered cause the crops on the demonstration farms were not 
 such as to afford encouragement. Occasionally, indeed, a set- 
 tler without experience and resources would obtain better re- 
 sults than did the expert with all facilities apparently at his 
 command. Because of these conditions the demonstration 
 farms were generally discontinued. In 1913 the Secretary 
 of the Interior created the position of Supervisor of Irrigation 
 and designated an experienced irrigator to fill the position, 
 with orders to "advise and counsel with water users as to the 
 best practice of irrigating and cultivating irrigated lands, the 
 development of markets, and all questions affecting the welfare 
 of settlers and water users." 
 
 The Service also publishes a monthly bulletin known as the 
 Reclamation Record, which is devoted to the interests of irri- 
 gators, and which is distributed free of cost to all water users 
 
ACTIVITIES 69 
 
 on its projects. Begun in 1905 as hectographed sheets and 
 distributed as a means of keeping the field employees of the 
 Service informed of its operations, the Record, first printed 
 in 1909, has had a steady growth in size, circulation and 
 value. At present each issue usually occupies forty-eight pages 
 and has a circulation of about 17,000. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 ORGANIZATION 
 
 The plan of organization of the Reclamation Service is 
 similar to that of the more highly developed construction 
 companies. In working out the details preliminary to adopt- 
 ing this plan, studies were made of many existing corpora- 
 tions, and advice was had from experts and chartered ac- 
 countants in public and private employment. The peculiar 
 requirements of existing law and the limitations of govern- 
 mental regulations necessitated some departure from ordinary 
 business procedure, and the wide distribution of the field 
 work, combined with seasonal variations and accidents of 
 drought and flood, necessitated provision for a greater elas- 
 ticity than is ordinarily found in government organizations. 
 
 The size of the force employed by the Service has varied 
 widely in the several stages of its operations. The first year 
 of its existence was consumed principally in planning work, 
 which required a relatively small force. With the beginning 
 of design and construction, however, the staff of the Service 
 increased rapidly, mounting steadily from 1902, when it num- 
 bered but 20, to 1913, when no less than 8,000 employees, in- 
 cluding day laborers, were on its rolls. Today, with most 
 of the primary projects completed or near completion, the 
 employees of the Service number approximately 4,000, in- 
 cluding laborers. 
 
 As previously pointed out, the manner in which this large 
 force of employees is organized is left by the Reclamation Act 
 wholly to the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior, nor 
 have subsequent enactments in any way limited this discretion. 
 
 70 
 
ORGANIZATION 71 
 
 The sundry civil appropriation act for the fiscal year 1918, 
 although making specific allotment for each of the projects 
 controlled by the Service, makes specific provision for the title 
 or salary of no single employee. 
 
 In one important respect the reclamation law and its amend- 
 ments do indeed control the organization of the Service. 
 They impose upon the Secretary himself the duty of determin- 
 ing various specific matters, such as the limit of area per 
 entry on each project, the construction charges to be imposed, 
 etc. In effect, therefore, these provisions make the Secretary 
 of the Interior himself an integral part of the Reclamation 
 Service, and he is here so considered. 
 
 Aside, however, from the functions specifically imposed by 
 law upon the Secretary, the present organization of the Serv- 
 ice is determined, as to its main features, by an order of the 
 Secretary of the Interior issued on November 22, 1915. By 
 this order, four chief divisions of administration are created, 
 the Executive and Engineering Division, the Legal Division, 
 the Fiscal Division and the office of the Supervisor of Irriga- 
 tion ; and the heads of the first three divisions are constituted 
 a board with general supervisory power. 
 
 In the following, the functions exercised by the Secretary 
 of the Interior will first be considered. This will be followed 
 by a discussion of the Reclamation Commission and then of 
 the four administrative divisions in the order above named. 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior. The functions specifically 
 vested in the Secretary of the Interior by the Reclamation Act 
 and its amendments may be listed as follows : 
 
 i. Withdrawal of lands. 
 
 1. To withdraw from entry public lands required for irri- 
 gation works. To restore to public entry any of the 
 lands so withdrawn when such lands are no longer re- 
 quired for such works. (Act of June 17, 1902, Sec. 
 
 3.) 
 
 2. To withdraw from entry, except under the homestead 
 laws, any public lands believed to be susceptible of irri- 
 
72 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 gation from said works. (Act of June 17, 1902, Sec. 
 
 30 
 
 3. To withdraw from public entry any lands needed for 
 town-site purposes in connection with irrigation proj- 
 ects, not exceeding 160 acres in each case. (Act of 
 April 16, 1906, Sec. i.) 
 
 4. To withdraw from other disposition and reserve for 
 country parks, public playgrounds and community cen- 
 ters such tracts as he may deem advisable, not exceed- 
 ing 20 acres in any one township in each reclamation 
 project. (Act of October 5, 1914, Sec. i.) 
 
 2. To acquire rights necessary for construction. 
 
 1. To acquire any rights or property for the United States 
 by purchase or by condemnation under judicial process. 
 (Act of June 17, 1902, Sec. 7.) 
 
 2. To make any arrangement or agreement in reference 
 to the irrigation of irrigable lands included in allot- 
 ments made to Indians. (Act of April 30, 1908, 35 
 Stat. L., 85.) 
 
 3. To prescribe conditions of settlement on projects. 
 
 1. To determine the limit of area per entry. (Act of 
 June 17, 1902, Sec. 4.) 
 
 2. To require the reclamation and cultivation of one- 
 fourth of the irrigable area within three full irrigation 
 seasons, and of one-half the irrigable area within five 
 full irrigation seasons. (Act of August 13, 1914, 
 Sec. 8.) 
 
 3. To fix the construction charges to be imposed upon the 
 lands reclaimed. (Act of June 17, 1902, Sec. 4.) 
 
 4. To fix the date when operation and maintenance charges 
 shall become payable. (Act of August 13, 1914, Sec. 
 6.) 
 
 5. To designate the terms and the maximum price at 
 which the owners of private lands within a project 
 shall dispose of lands in excess of the area which he 
 shall deem sufficient for the support of a family upon 
 the lands in question. (Act of August 13, 1914, Sec. 
 
 12.) 
 
 6. To subdivide into town lots any lands withdrawn for 
 town-site purposes, and to direct the appraisal and sale 
 of such lots. (Act of April 16, 1906, Sees, i and 2.) 
 
 4. To regulate the use of water. 
 
ORGANIZATION 73 
 
 1. To furnish water upon projects prior to giving public 
 notice of the construction charge. (Act of August 13, 
 1914, Sec. n). 
 
 2. To make general rules and regulations governing the 
 use of water. (Act of August 13, 1914, Sec. 8.) 
 
 3. To contract for the delivery of water supply with the 
 proper authorities of towns established on town sites 
 reserved on reclamation projects, or of other towns or 
 cities in the immediate vicinity of irrigation projects, 
 which shall have a water-right from the same source 
 as that of the project. (Act of April 16, 1906, Sec. 
 
 40 
 
 4. To contract for the impounding, storage and carriage 
 of excess water with irrigation systems operating under 
 the Carey Act and with individuals, corporations, asso- 
 ciations and irrigation districts organized for or en- 
 gaged in furnishing or distributing water for irriga- 
 tion. (Act of February 21, 1911, Sec. I.) 
 
 To appoint fiscal agents. 
 
 1. To designate bonded fiscal agents. (Act of August 
 9, 1912, Sec. 4.) 
 
 2. To appoint a water users' association as fiscal agent. 
 (Act of August 13, 1914, Sec. 7.) 
 
 6. To transfer to a legally organized water users' associa- 
 tion or irrigation district at its request, the care, opera- 
 tion and maintenance of all or any part of the project 
 works subject to such rules and regulations as he may 
 prescribe. (Act of August 13, 1914, Sec. 5.) 
 
 7. To enter into contracts with an organization formed by 
 the owners of the lands within a project or project unit, 
 providing that the organization will maintain and use 
 lands reserved for country parks, public playgrounds 
 and community centers for the purposes prescribed. 
 
 8. To lease for a period not exceeding ten years, giving 
 preference to municipal purposes, any surplus power or 
 privilege which will not impair the efficiency of the irri- 
 gation project. (Act of April 16, 1906, Sec. 5.) 
 
 9. To perform any and all acts and make such rules and 
 regulations as may be necessary and proper for the 
 purpose of carrying the provisions of the Reclamation 
 Act into full force and effect. (Act of June 17, 1902, 
 Sec. 10.) 
 
74 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Recommendation to the Secretary for action upon all of the 
 matters mentioned is usually made by the Reclamation Com- 
 mission. He is advised upon such recommendation and upon 
 all engineering matters in connection with the Reclamation 
 Service by a consulting engineer, who has this as his sole 
 function. 
 
 In addition to the functions enumerated, the Secretary ex- 
 ercises the power of appointment of all the chief officers and 
 employees of the Service, including the Director. 
 
 Reclamation Commission. From 1907 to 1913, the ad- 
 ministrative direction of the entire Service was vested solely 
 in a Director, who was responsible directly to the Secretary 
 of the Interior. On December 13 of that year, however, as 
 already stated, the Secretary- of the Interior ordered that 
 "Subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, the 
 control, direction, and management of the service shall here- 
 after be vested jointly in the following officers : The director, 
 the chief engineer, the chief counsel, the comptroller, the 
 supervisor of irrigation. 
 
 "The officers named shall constitute a board for the purpose 
 of considering all questions of administrative policy and man- 
 agement, and recommending action thereon, to the Secretary 
 of the Interior, but no act of said officers or of said board 
 shall be of force or effect unless the same is in pursuance of 
 authority previously given by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 For convenient reference said board shall be known as the 
 reclamation commission." 
 
 In December, 1914, the position of Chief of Construction 
 was created and he was made a member of the Commission. 
 
 By order of May 6, 1915, the positions of Director and Chief 
 Engineer were consolidated under the title of "Director and 
 Chief Engineer" and the Supervisor of Irrigation and the 
 Chief of Construction were relieved of membership on the 
 Reclamation Commission. The membership of the Commis- 
 sion was thus reduced to three. Shortly after and during the 
 
ORGANIZATION 75 
 
 greater part of 1916, the Comptroller was busy with other 
 matters and was granted leave of absence at intervals until 
 June 30, 1917, when he resigned. Thus the Commission has, 
 in fact, consisted of two members, the Director and the Chief 
 Counsel, these officers alternating much of the time in the 
 Washington office and in the field. 
 
 The function of the Commission is defined in the order of 
 the Secretary of the Interior of May 6, 1915, above referred 
 to, as being "to determine matters of general policy and rec- 
 ommend appropriate action thereon to the Secretary of the 
 Interior." The order further provides that "no action of 
 members individually or collectively shall become effective 
 unless the same is in pursuance of authority previously given 
 by the Secretary of the Interior." Because of the conditions 
 above described there has usually been available in Washing- 
 ton only one member of the Commission, and even when 
 both members are in the office the determination of matters 
 of general policy consists in the acquiescence of one or the 
 other officer in the letter or memorandum prepared by his 
 colleague. In practice the Director refers important letters 
 to the Chief Counsel if the latter is available for consulta- 
 tion, otherwise he proceeds without further delay the Com- 
 mission having a theoretical rather than an actual existence. 
 
 Executive and Engineering Division. The functions of 
 the Executive and Engineering Division are not defined in 
 the order of November 22, 1915, except as they may be in- 
 ferred from the paragraphs defining the duties of the Direc- 
 tor and Chief Engineer, who is the head of that division. So 
 regarded, the functions of the division may be said to include, 
 as indicated by its title, all administrative functions not vested 
 in the three other divisions, and all engineering matters rela- 
 tive to the investigation, construction, operation and main- 
 tenance of projects. 
 
 Matters of the first class are handled through the main 
 office of the Service at Washington. Matters of the second 
 
76 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 class are handled through a branch office at Denver, known 
 as the Office of the Chief of Construction, which is subordi- 
 nate to the Director and Chief Engineer. In each office the 
 force is organized into a number of subdivisions. The heads 
 of these subdivisions in the Washington office report directly 
 to the Director and Chief Engineer; those in Denver report 
 in the first instance to the Chief of Construction. 
 
 The several primary units of the Executive and Engineering 
 Division are therefore as follows : 
 
 1. Office Proper of the Director and Chief Engineer. 
 
 2. Administrative Offices (Washington, D. C.). 
 
 1. Office of Chief Clerk. 
 
 2. Accounting Division. 
 
 3. Reclamation Settlement Division. 
 
 4. Engineering Division. 
 
 5. Editorial Division. 
 
 6. Fiscal Inspectors. 
 
 3. Office of Chief of Construction (Denver). 
 
 Office Proper of the Director and Chief Engineer. The 
 Director and Chief Engineer is appointed by the Secretary 
 of the Interior and receives a salary of $7,500 per annum. 
 
 By the Secretary's order of November 22, 1915, already 
 cited, the Director and Chief Engineer is made "the execu- 
 tive officer of the Service." By the same order, however, he 
 is specifically denied control of the legal division of the Serv- 
 ice, and of the Comptroller, and inferentially as well of the 
 Supervisor of Irrigation. It would appear, therefore, that the 
 words "executive officer of the Service" are applicable to his 
 functions as thus limited, only in that he is the most impor- 
 tant of the three executive officers of the Service created 
 by the order, the portion of the organization placed under 
 his control being far larger and more basic than are those 
 placed under the control of the other offices. 
 
 The order vests the Director and Chief Engineer specifi- 
 cally with control over "all employees engaged in investigat- 
 ing, constructing, operating and maintaining projects" and 
 
ORGANIZATION 77 
 
 over "all employees of the Washington office except the Legal 
 Division and the Comptroller." 
 
 In addition to the function of supervision over the general 
 administrative and the engineering units of the Service thus 
 vested, the Director and Chief Engineer is specifically charged 
 by the order with the duty to ' 'issue all instructions required to 
 carry out approved policies and for executing the necessary 
 work through the executive office at Denver," and to "control 
 an administrative examination of all accounts in Washing- 
 ton," and he is empowered "to sign any contracts and make 
 any commitments authorized by the Secretary of the Inte- 
 
 rior." 
 
 Office of Chief Clerk. Under the office of the chief clerk 
 are included all of the sections having to do with the general 
 business activities of the Service. 
 
 This includes : 
 
 1. Office Proper of the Chief Clerk. 
 
 2. Appointment Section. 
 
 3. Purchase and Supply Section. 
 
 4. Mails and Files Section. 
 
 5. Stenographic Section. 
 
 6. Messengers. 
 
 7. Janitor, Elevator, and Watch Service. 
 
 Accounting Division. All accounting work of the Service, 
 including that of the field offices, is coordinated under a chief 
 accountant. The accounting accuracy of the project accounts 
 is insured by appropriate controlling accounts in the Wash- 
 ington office. The accountants stationed in the several field 
 offices are, however, under the direction of the officers in 
 charge of those offices. 
 
 The work of this division is divided into the following sec- 
 tions : 
 
 1. Office Proper of the Chief Accountant. 
 
 2. Administrative Examination of Disbursing Accounts. 
 
 3. Administrative Examination of Revenue and Repay- 
 ment Accounts. 
 
78 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 4. Bookkeeping, Costkeeping, and Statistical Section. 
 
 5. Transportation Section. 
 
 6. Special Fiscal Agent (Disbursing Officer). 
 
 Reclamation Settlement Division. The function of the 
 Reclamation Settlement Division is to disseminate informa- 
 tion relative to the reclamation projects, in order to encourage 
 the settlement and development of the reclaimed lands. For 
 this purpose newspaper and magazine articles are prepared 
 relative to the agricultural and business opportunities on proj- 
 ects, and cooperative relations are maintained with the water 
 users' associations, the immigration agents of the states, rail- 
 road companies, and others, with a view to securing compe- 
 tent settlers for the lands. 
 
 Because of the value of photographs of the reclamation 
 projects in the publicity work referred to, the Settlement 
 Division has charge also of all the photographic work done 
 by the Service. That work has, however, a value quite apart 
 from its utilization for publicity. In all operations of this 
 kind it is highly desirable to have photographs of the original 
 condition of the ground or of structures which are to be re- 
 moved, repaired, or modified; also of the progress made by 
 contractors engaged in difficult work. By having such photo- 
 graphic records in connection with drawings and manuscript, it 
 is possible to avoid many misunderstandings and to prevent 
 litigation arising. 
 
 Engineering Division. The engineering work carried on in 
 the Washington office is divided into two sections, known as 
 the Technical Section and the Drafting Section. The Tech- 
 nical Section has for its duty the review and standardization 
 of specifications and plans, the preparation of engineering ar- 
 ticles for engineering and other publications, the tabulation 
 of engineering statistical data, and other matters of engineer- 
 ing detail. The Drafting Section has for its duty the mainte- 
 nance and reproduction of all maps, drawings, plates, survey 
 records, and so forth arising from the work of the Service. 
 
 Editorial Division. The editor handles all matters relating 
 
ORGANIZATION 
 
 79 
 
 to the publication of the Reclamation Record, a monthly pub- 
 lication; and edits the annual reports of the Service, and 
 other reports and material preparatory to their publication. 
 
 Examiners of Accounts. Three examiners of accounts are 
 employed to inspect and audit the accounts maintained in the 
 several project offices and to advise those offices as to the 
 methods of keeping such accounts. Prior to July i, 1917, 
 this work was under the direction of the Comptroller, irregu- 
 larities noted by the inspectors being reported by them to 
 the Comptroller, who brought them to the attention of the 
 Director and Chief Engineer for rectification. Upon the po- 
 sition of Comptroller becoming vacant, on the date mentioned, 
 the three examiners of accounts were placed directly under 
 the jurisdiction of the Director and Chief Engineer. 
 
 Office of^Chief of Construction (Denver). The Chief of 
 Construction is thV field executive of the Director and Chief 
 Engineer. He is appointed by the Secretary of the Interior 
 and receives a salary of $6,000 per annum. He has imme- 
 diate supervision over the management and execution of all 
 work in the field; his office is located at Denver. 
 
 The duties of the Chief of Construction are thus defined 
 in the order of the Secretary of the Interior, dated November 
 22, 1915: 
 
 The Chief of Construction shall represent the executive offi- 
 cer in the field and shall have charge of the Denver Office and 
 all employees engaged in the construction, operation, and 
 maintenance of the projects and works incident thereto. He 
 shall report to the Director and Chief Engineer, and, subject 
 to the latter's general approval, shall adopt the measures nec- 
 essary to execute the approved plans and policies. 
 
 The Chief of Construction thus has under his control an 
 office force located in the Denver office, and a field force 
 stationed on the twenty-six projects. 
 
 The sections of the office force, stationed at Denver, are 
 as follows: 
 
8o THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 1. Office Proper of Chief of Construction. 
 
 2. Engineering Section. 
 
 3. Disbursing Section. 
 
 4. Purchasing Section. 
 
 5. Consulting Engineers. 
 
 In the Office Proper of the Chief of Construction are two 
 Assistant Chiefs of Construction. 
 
 The so-called Engineering Section is in fact composed of 
 four coordinate engineering sections, headed by an electrical 
 engineer, a designing engineer, a drainage engineer and an 
 office engineer respectively. The electrical engineer advises 
 the Chief of Construction on mechanical and electrical engi- 
 neering matters and supervises the design and examination of 
 plans submitted for approval of permanent mechanical and 
 electrical installations. The designing engineer supervises the 
 designing and drafting done in the Denver office and acts in an 
 advisory capacity in the examination of all plans and designs 
 submitted for approval with the exception of mechanical and 
 electrical work. The drainage engineer advises the Chief of 
 Construction on drainage matters and acts in an advisory 
 capacity to the project managers on drainage problems. The 
 office engineer assists the Chief of Construction on engineer- 
 ing details, examines contracts and specifications, and super- 
 vises the inspection of materials purchased under contract. 
 
 The Disbursing Section has to do with the disbursement of 
 moneys for purchases made through the Denver office arid 
 the payment of payrolls and other vouchers transmitted to 
 the Denver office for payment. 
 
 The purchasing agent supervises all purchases and transfers 
 of property made through the Denver office. 
 
 The work of a Cement Testing Section which supervised 
 the testing and shipping of cement, formerly a part of the 
 Denver organization, was transferred recently to the Bureau 
 of Standards of the Department of Commerce. 
 
 In addition to the above organization, a staff of consulting 
 engineers is retained, and where considered necessary the 
 
ORGANIZATION 81 
 
 Chief of Construction calls upon these engineers to act individ- 
 ually in an advisory capacity on special engineering questions 
 submitted to them or with boards of engineers appointed to 
 make recommendations regarding engineering features of 
 reclamation projects. 
 
 The field organization of the executive and engineering 
 branch embraces, as above stated, twenty-six projects. 
 
 During the initial stages of the Service's work, the engineer 
 in charge of each separate field party or project reported to 
 the Chief Engineer (located at the Washington office) ; but 
 as the number of enterprises increased it became impossible 
 for the Chief Engineer to give personal attention to all details. 
 There were accordingly created six districts, each with a su- 
 pervising engineer in charge who reported to the Washington 
 office and acted as the immediate representative in the field 
 of the Chief Engineer. With the completion of the larger 
 structures the number of districts was reduced to three, the 
 engineer in charge of a district being designated senior engi- 
 neer instead of supervising engineer. In 1916 the area was 
 again divided and four senior engineers' divisions were estab- 
 lished, known as the Central, Southern, Northern, and Pacific 
 Divisions. The senior engineer in charge of each division had 
 duties in addition to that of supervision of his district; the 
 senior engineer in charge of the Central Division acting also 
 as assistant to the Chief of Construction, and each of the 
 other three senior engineers acting also as a project mana- 
 ger. These territorial divisions have recently been abolished, 
 and each project manager now reports direct to the Chief of 
 Construction. 
 
 The projects, arranged alphabetically by states, are as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 STATE PROJECT OFFICE 
 
 Arizona Salt River Phoenix, Ariz. 
 
 Arizona-California Yuma Yuma, Ariz. 
 
 California Orland Orland, Cal. 
 
 Colorado Grand Valley Grand Junction, Colo. 
 
 Colorado Uncompahgre Valley Montrose, Colo. 
 
82 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 STATE PROJECT OFFICE 
 
 Idaho Boise Boise, Idaho 
 
 Idaho King Hill King Hill, Idaho 
 
 Idaho Minidoka Burley, Idaho 
 
 Montana Huntley Huntley, Mont. 
 
 Montana Milk River Malta, Mont. 
 
 Montana Sun River Fort Shaw, Mont. 
 
 Montana-North Dakota Lower Yellowstone Savage, Mont. 
 
 Nebraska-Wyoming North Platte Mitchell, Neb. 
 
 Nevada Truckee-Carson Fallen, Nev. 
 
 New Mexico Carlsbad Carlsbad, N. Mex. 
 
 New Mexico Hondo Carlsbad, N. Mex. 
 
 New Mexico-Texas Rio Grande El Paso, Tex. 
 
 North Dakota N. Dak. Pumping Williston, N. Dak. 
 
 Oklahoma Lawton 1 
 
 Oregon Umatilla Hermiston, Ore. 
 
 Oregon-California Klamath Klamath Falls, Ore. 
 
 South Dakota Belle Fourche Newell, S. Dak. 
 
 Utah Strawberry Valley Provo, Utah 
 
 Washington Okanogan Okanogan, Wash. 
 
 Washington Yakima Yakima, Wash. 
 
 Wyoming Shoshone Powell, Wyo. 
 
 J Work on this project has been postponed until after the war. 
 
 On each project is a project manager in responsible charge. 
 It is his duty to direct the work in all its phases, including 
 the operation and maintenance of completed portions of the 
 systems. The project manager has an office force and a field 
 force. The office force has for its duties the planning of the 
 construction work, the planning of water deliveries for the 
 project as a whole, the compilation of records of deliveries, 
 the collection and disbursement of money, and the office cor- 
 respondence. The field force has for its duties the actual con- 
 struction involved in building physical features of the proj- 
 ects, and after construction the proper distribution of the water 
 and the maintenance of the irrigation works. Members of 
 the office force frequently assist in the inspection of field work. 
 The size and the detailed duties of these forces will necessarily 
 vary with the extent and conditions on each project. 
 
 The field force employed for the operation of the works is 
 usually drawn from the working force which built the canals 
 and is thus composed of men who had become thoroughly 
 acquainted with all the details. In any system of earth works 
 
ORGANIZATION 83 
 
 there are so many things out of sight that it is not safe to 
 trust such works in the hands of men who do not know their 
 past history or the methods used in their construction. 
 
 If the system consists of several large canals, each is in 
 charge of a superintendent who, in turn, has under him two or 
 more water masters, each in charge of large subdivisions. At 
 the head of the system, near the gates which control the 
 outflow of water from the reservoir or at the inflow to the 
 canals, is located a gate tender who, with his family, resides 
 at the spot so that some competent person is always available 
 to be reached by telephone and to manipulate the gates. At 
 convenient points along the principal canals are located vari- 
 ous canal riders known in the southwest as "zanjeros," the 
 duty of each being to ride daily 20 miles or more of the canal, 
 see that it is in good condition, and open or close the water 
 gates leading from the main canal into the laterals and, from 
 these, to the farmers' distributing systems. These men usu- 
 ally need two horses for use on alternate days, or are pro- 
 vided with motorcycles or light automobiles to facilitate the 
 work. The men are paid from $75 to $90 per month, depend- 
 ing upon their experience, the difficulty of the work, facilities 
 in the way of lodging and transportation furnished to them, 
 and the number of months employed. In the northern states, 
 where the irrigation season is short, many of them are kept 
 busy only during the summer and seek other occupations dur- 
 ing the remainder of the year. It is, however, difficult to get 
 back on the work the good men for the summer season and, 
 hence, it is frequently necessary to furnish employment to 
 these men in some other line on the project throughout the 
 year. 
 
 Legal Division. The work of the legal branch embraces 
 the acquisition of water rights and rights of way, and the 
 purchase of land, the examination of titles, the preparation 
 of public notices, the interpretation of laws and rules, and all 
 other legal matters arising out of the work of the Service. 
 
84 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 The legal branch is organized in the following units: 
 
 1. Office Proper of the Chief Counsel. 
 
 2. Law Section. 
 
 3. Land and General Section. 
 
 4. District Offices (nine in number). 
 
 Office Proper of the Chief Counsel. The Chief Counsel 
 is the chief law officer of the Service and is a member of 
 the Reclamation Commission. He is appointed by the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior and receives a salary of $6,000 per annum. 
 
 In the order of November 22, 1915, the Secretary states 
 that 
 
 The Chief Counsel, as the head of the legal division, shall 
 conduct all investigations involving the legal rights and priv- 
 ileges of the Service, and will control all employees of his 
 division. 
 
 As a member of the Commission the Chief Counsel assists 
 in matters of administration. In testimony before the sub- 
 committee of the House Committee on Appropriations, in 
 charge of the sundry civil appropriation bill for 1916, he 
 stated that probably half of his time is taken up with work 
 that cannot be termed legal work. 
 
 Lazv Section. The Law Section looks after strictly legal 
 matters and has for it's duty the preparation of opinions upon 
 the numerous legal questions continually arising. 
 
 Land and General Section. The work of the Land and 
 General Section is chiefly along administrative lines, including 
 the withdrawal and restoration of lands and routine exami- 
 nation of contracts, examination and amendment of farm unit 
 plats, etc. This section also handles much of the routine cor- 
 respondence of the Washington office of the Service. 
 
 District Offices of the Legal Division are maintained at nine 
 points in the west for the purpose of handling legal matters 
 arising out of the construction and maintenance of the several 
 projects, such as negotiations for the purchase of land, the fil- 
 ing, purchase and adjustment of water rights, and the prepara- 
 
> ORGANIZATION 85 
 
 tion of construction contracts, public notices, and agreements 
 with water users' associations; and of furnishing legal advice 
 to the field forces of the Executive and Engineering Division. 
 Each office is in charge of a District Counsel who, in addition 
 to the work just mentioned, frequently assists the United States 
 attorneys in the preparation and trial of cases involving the 
 Service. 
 
 The location of these field offices, together with the projects 
 or other assignments within the jurisdiction of each District 
 Counsel is given below : 
 
 1. Denver, Colorado. 
 
 1. Office of the Chief of Construction. 
 
 2. Organization of Irrigation Districts. 
 
 3. Contracts. 
 
 2. Montrose, Colorado. 
 
 1. Grand Valley Project, Colorado. 
 
 2. Uncompahgre Valley Project, Colorado. 
 
 3. Strawberry Valley Project, Utah. 
 
 3. El Paso, Texas. 
 
 1. Rio Grande Project, New Mexico-Texas. 
 
 2. Carlsbad Project, New Mexico. 
 
 3. Hondo Project, New Mexico. 
 
 4. Los Angeles, California. 
 
 1. Salt River Project, Arizona. 
 
 2. Yuma Project, Arizona-California. 
 
 3. Orland Project, California. 
 
 4. Truckee-Carson Project, Nevada. 
 
 5. Titles. 
 
 5. Portland, Oregon. 
 
 1. Umatilla Project, Oregon. 
 
 2. Klamath Project, Oregon-California. 
 
 6. Yakima, Washington. 
 
 1. Yakima Project, Washington. 
 
 2. Okanogan Project, Washington. 
 
 7. Boise, Idaho. 
 
 1. Boise Project, Idaho 
 
 2. Minidoka Project, Idaho. 
 
 3. King Hill Project, Idaho. 
 
 4. Jackson Lake Enlargement, Wyo. 
 
86 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 8. Helena, Montana. 
 
 1. Black feet (Indian) Project, Montana. 
 
 2. Flathead (Indian) Project, Montana. 
 
 3. Fort Peck (Indian) Project, Montana. 
 
 4. Huntley Project, Montana. 
 
 5. Milk River Project, Montana. 
 
 6. Sun River Project, Montana. 
 
 7. North Dakota Pumping Project, North Dakota. 
 
 8. Lower Yellowstone Project, Montana-North Da- 
 kota. 
 
 9. Shoshone Project, Wyoming. 
 
 9. Scottsbluff, Montana. 
 
 1. North Platte Project, Nebraska- Wyoming. 
 
 2. Belle Fourche Project, South Dakota. 
 
 Fiscal Division. The Fiscal Division was created by order 
 of the Secretary on December 13, 1913, and was continued by 
 the order of November 22, 1915. By that order its function 
 was defined to be "the inspection of all fiscal practices and 
 accounts," the Executive and Engineering Division being en- 
 trusted with the "administrative examination of accounts," 
 and with the actual keeping of the accounts. The nominal 
 head of the Fiscal Division was for about three years 1913 to 
 1916 the Comptroller who, as already stated, was by the same 
 orders designated a member of the Reclamation Commission. 
 The Fiscal Division had, however, but a short life as an inde- 
 pendent division of the Service, as the Comptroller was granted 
 successive leaves of absence during a great part of 1916 
 and 1917, finally resigning on June 30, 1917. The several 
 examiners of accounts under his jurisdiction were on the 
 latter date transferred to the Executive and Engineering 
 Division, reporting directly to the Director and Chief 
 Engineer. 
 
 The Fiscal Division has, therefore, no longer any real ex- 
 istence, and mention is made of it in this place only because 
 it is recognized as an independent division in the Sec- 
 retary's order of November, 1915, which has not yet been 
 rescinded. 
 
, ORGANIZATION 87 
 
 Office of the Supervisor of Irrigation. The position of 
 Supervisor of Irrigation was created by the Secretary of the 
 Interior by his order of December 13, 1913. By the order 
 of November 22, 1915, he is directed to "advise and counsel 
 with water users as to the best practice of irrigating and cul- 
 tivating irrigated lands, the development of markets, and all 
 questions affecting the welfare of settlers and water users," 
 and to "consult and cooperate with the experts of the Agricul- 
 tural Department that are assigned to the projects, and advise 
 the executive officer of the Reclamation Service regarding all 
 irregularities in the operating departments of the respective 
 projects that may come to his notice through inspection or 
 otherwise." 
 
 The Supervisor of Irrigation maintains his office at Billings, 
 Montana, where he is assisted by a secretary. He is appointed 
 by the Secretary of the Interior and receives a salary of $21 
 a day and expenses when engaged on Reclamation Service 
 work. He has visited most of the projects at intervals of 
 several months, held popular meetings with the irrigators, 
 urged the extension of area planted to alfalfa, and better 
 farming methods in general, and is a monthly contributor to 
 the Reclamation Record on subjects relating to better farm- 
 ing. 
 
APPENDIX 1 
 OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTE 
 
 The Outlines of Organization have for their purpose to make 
 known in detail the organization and personnel possessed by the 
 several services of the national government to which they relate. 
 They have been prepared in accordance with the plan followed by 
 the President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency in the 
 preparation of its outlines of the organization of the United States 
 government. 1 They differ from those outlines, however, in that 
 whereas the Commission's report showed only organization units, the 
 presentation herein has been carried far enough to show the per- 
 sonnel embraced in each organization unit. 
 
 These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means of 
 making known the organization of the several services. If kept 
 revised to date by the services, they constitute exceedingly important 
 tools of administration. They permit the directing personnel to see 
 at a glance the organization and personnel at their disposition. They 
 establish definitely the line of administrative authority and enable 
 each employee to know his place in the system. They furnish the 
 essential basis for making plans for determining costs by organiza- 
 tion division and subdivision. They afford the data for a considera- 
 tion of the problem of classifying and standardizing personnel and 
 compensation. Collectively, they make it possible to determine the 
 number and location of organization divisions of any particular kind, 
 as, for example, laboratories, libraries, blue-print rooms, or any other 
 kind of plant possessed by the national government, to what services 
 they are attached and where they are located, or to determine what 
 services are maintaining stations at any city or point in the United 
 States. The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present 
 series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified statement of 
 the technical and other facilities at the disposal of the government. 
 The present monographs will then furnish the details regarding the 
 organization, equipment, and work of the institutions so listed and 
 classified. 
 1 House Doc. 458, 62d Cong., 2d Sess. 19122 vols. 
 
 89 
 
THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 
 OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 June 30, 1917 
 
 Note: The names of the divisions of the Service appearing in this 
 outline are of two classes those corresponding to distinct organ- 
 ization units, and those used merely as convenient group names to 
 designate a group of related but independent organization units. 
 The name of each organization unit proper is followed by the title 
 of the head of the unit, except where the title is self-evident. 
 
 No. Salary Rate 
 
 1. Secretary of the Interior 
 
 Consulting Engineer to the Secretary of the 
 
 Interior I $ 5,000 
 
 2. Reclamation Service Proper Reclamation Com- 
 
 mission (*) 
 I. Reclamation Commission 
 
 Director and Chief Engineer, Chairman 
 Chief Counsel 
 
 Comptroller (Position vacant) 
 . Executive and Engineering Division 
 Director and Chief Engineer 
 
 1. Office Proper of the Director and 
 
 Chief Engineer 
 
 Director and Chief Engineer I 7,500 
 
 Private Secretary I 1,800 
 
 Stenographer I 1,200 
 
 2. General Administrative Offices 
 
 i. Office of Chief Clerk 
 
 1. Office Proper of Chief Clerk 
 
 Chief Clerk i 2,100 
 
 Stenographer i 1,440 
 
 2. Appointment Clerk I 1,560 
 
 3. Purchase and Supply Sec- 
 
 tion Purchasing Agent 
 
 Purchasing Agent i 1,800 
 
 Asst. Purchasing Agent 1,680 
 
 Stenographer and Clerk i>44<> 
 
 Storehouse Clerk 1,080 
 
 Asst. Storehouse Clerk 900 
 
 840 
 
 Wrapper 480 
 
 4. Mails and Files Section 
 
 Clerk in Charge 
 Clerk in Charge i 1,980 
 
 *This term was used in the original order creating this body that of 
 December 13, 1913. The revised order now in force that of November 
 22, 1915 does not contain any specific designation for the commission. 
 
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 File Clerk 
 Assistant File Clerk 
 Index Clerk 
 Mailing Clerk 
 
 5. Stenographic S e c t i o n 
 Stenographer in Charge 
 Stenographer in Charge 
 Stenographer 
 
 6. Messengers 
 
 Messenger 
 
 
 7. Janitor and Watch Force 
 
 Janitor 
 Charwoman 
 Watchman 
 
 2. Accounting Division Chief Ac- 
 countant 
 
 1. Office Proper of Chief Ac- 
 
 countant 
 Chief Accountant 
 
 2. Administrative Examination 
 
 of Disbursing Accounts 
 Chief of Section 
 Clerk 
 
 Administrative Examination 
 of Revenue and Repay- 
 ment Accounts Chief 
 of Section 
 Chief of Section 
 Bookkeeper 
 
 
 
 
 4. Bookkeeping, Costkeeping 
 
 and Statistical Section 
 Head Bookkeeper 
 
 Head Bookkeeper 
 
 Bookkeeper 
 
 Clerk 
 
 5. Transportation Section 
 
 Chief of Section 
 Chief of Section 
 
 1,680 
 
 1,500 
 
 900 
 
 480 
 
 1,620 
 1,380 
 1,320 
 1,080 
 1,020 
 1,000 
 3 pd 
 
 540 
 480 
 
 i-75 
 75 
 720 
 
 2,700 
 
 1,920 
 1,620 
 1,440 
 1,380 
 
 1,920 
 
 1,680 
 1,440 
 1,260 
 i, 080 
 
 1,020 
 
 1, 800 
 
 1, 680 
 
 1,440 
 
 480 
 
 2,220 
 
THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Freight Rate Clerk 
 
 
 Stenographer 
 Clerk 
 
 6. Special Fiscal Agent 
 3. Reclamation Settlement Division 
 Statistician 
 
 1. Office Proper of Statistician 
 
 Statistician 
 
 2. Settlement and Publicity 
 
 Section Assistant Stat- 
 istician 
 
 Assistant Statistician 
 Settlement Agent (Chi- 
 cago) 
 Stenographer 
 
 Clerk 
 
 > 
 
 Colorist 
 
 3. Photographic S e c t i o n 
 
 Photographer 
 Photographer 
 Assistant Photographer 
 , 4. Engineering Division Engineer 
 in Charge 
 
 1. Office Proper of Engineer 
 
 in Charge 
 Engineer in Charge 
 
 Assistant Engineer 
 i) 
 
 Stenographer and Clerk 
 
 2. Drafting Section 
 
 Draftsman in Charge 
 
 Assistant Map Printer 
 Apprentice Draftsman 
 
 5. Editor 
 
 6. Examiners of Accounts 
 
 Examiner of Accounts 
 
 
 
 (/ * 3. Field Establishment Chief of Con- 
 struction 
 
 i. Office Proper of Chief of Con- 
 struction (Denver, Colo.) 
 Chief of Construction 
 Assistant Chief of Construc- 
 tion 
 
 Office Engineer 
 Assistant Engineer 
 Consulting Engineer 
 Stenographer 
 
 1,500 
 1,440 
 1,200 
 1,020 
 i, 800 
 
 3,300 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,320 
 
 900 
 
 840 
 
 480 
 Piece work 
 
 1,020 
 600 
 
 2,520 
 
 ',680 
 ,320 
 
 ,800 
 ,680 
 ,620 
 ,140 
 600 
 540 
 2,400 
 
 2,160 
 
 2,100 
 
 6,OOO 
 4,500 
 
 3,000 
 1,920 
 3,600 
 1,260 
 
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 93 
 
 Chief Clerk 
 Appointment Clerk 
 Costkeeper 
 
 Bookkeeper 
 
 
 File Clerk 
 
 Assistant File Clerk 
 Stenographer 
 Timekeeper 
 Telephone Operator 
 Messenger 
 
 2. Central Offices (Denver, Colo.) 
 I. Engineering Offices 
 
 1. Electrical and Mechani- 
 
 cal Engineering Sec- 
 tion Electrical Engi- 
 neer 
 
 Electrical Engineer 
 
 
 Assistant Electrical En- 
 gineer 
 
 Mechanical Draftsman 
 
 
 Under Clerk 
 
 2. Designing Engineering 
 
 Section Designing 
 Engineer 
 
 Designing Engineer 
 Assistant Designing En- 
 gineer 
 
 )> 
 
 Draftsman 
 
 3. Drainage Engineer 
 
 4. Consulting Engineers 
 Consulting Engineer 
 
 Junior Clerk Steno. 
 Business Offices 
 I. Purchasing Section 
 Purchasing Agent 
 Purchasing Agent 
 Purchasing Clerk 
 Clerk 
 
 2,160 
 1,440 
 1,680 
 1,680 
 1,380 
 1,620 
 
 840 
 i, 080 
 40 pm 
 5opm 
 
 600 
 
 I 
 
 3.900 
 
 I 
 
 2,760 
 
 I 
 
 2,040 
 
 I 
 
 1, 800 
 
 3 
 
 1,560 
 
 i 
 
 QOO 
 
 i 
 
 3,900 
 
 4 
 
 1,920 
 
 4 
 
 1,440 
 
 i 
 
 1,140 
 
 i 
 
 3,900 
 
 4 
 
 25 pd 
 
 3 
 
 20 pd 
 
 i 
 
 i8pd 
 
 i 
 
 14 pd 
 
 i 
 
 2,520 
 
 i 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 2,400 
 
 
 1, 800 
 
 
 1,260 
 
 
 I,20O 
 
 2 
 
 1,140 
 
 
 1, 080 
 
 
 1,020 
 
 
 000 
 
 
 660 
 
94 
 
 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Clerk 
 Messenger 
 
 2. Disbursing Section-Dis- 
 bursing Officer 
 Disbursing Officer 
 Ass't Disbursing Officer 
 
 Clerk 
 M 
 
 Messenger 
 Projects 
 
 1. Salt River Project 
 
 (Arizona) 
 
 2. Yuma Project 
 
 (Arizona-California) 
 
 3. Orland Project 
 
 (California) 
 
 4. Grand Valley Project 
 
 (Colorado) 1 
 
 1. Office Proper of Pro- 
 
 ject Manager (Grand 
 Junction, Colo.) 
 
 Project Manager 
 
 Stenographer 
 
 2. Office of Chief Clerk ' 
 Chief Clerk 
 Special Fiscal Agent 
 
 Clerk 
 > 
 
 Storekeeper 
 Timekeeper 
 
 3. Engineering Division ( i ) 
 Assistant Engineer 
 
 Junior Engineer 
 Foreman 
 
 Subforeman 
 
 3 pd 
 
 480 
 
 1,920 
 1,560 
 1,320 
 i, 080 
 540 
 
 2,400 
 1,140 
 
 i, 800 
 
 1,260 
 
 1,320 
 
 i, 080 
 105pm 
 95 pm 
 90pm 
 
 2,160 
 i, 680 
 1,620 
 1,500 
 1,380 
 145 pm 
 nopm 
 4.00 pd 
 3.92 pd 
 3.40 pd 
 
 J The organization of this project is presented in detail for purposes of 
 illustration. The organizations of the remaining projects do not differ 
 essentially from that presented. 
 
 *The outline given includes only such employees as are employed fairly 
 regularly throughout the year. During the months that construction 
 work is practicable and during the operating season, the forces of the 
 projects are materially increased in the number of gate tenders, ditch- 
 riders, water distributors, mechanics and laborers, and of engineers, in- 
 strumentmen, surveymen, clerks, storekeepers, timekeepers, shop clerks 
 and the like. 
 
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 95 
 
 Machinist Foreman I 
 
 Blacksmith 2 
 
 Instrumentman I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Transitman i 
 
 2 
 
 Levelman 2 
 
 Rodman 3 
 
 Chainman i 
 
 4. Operation and Mainte- 
 nance 1 
 
 Supt. of Irrigation 
 Superintendent 
 Gatetender 
 Ditchrider 
 
 4,25 pd 
 4.00 pd 
 125 pm 
 nopm 
 
 80 pm 
 100 pm 
 
 90 pm 
 
 90 pm 
 
 70 pm 
 
 70pm 
 
 1 5opm 
 150pm 
 90pm 
 I05pm 
 100 pm 
 85 pm 
 90 pm 
 60 pm 
 
 Watchman 
 j> 
 
 5. Uncompahgre Valley Pro- 
 
 ject (Colorado) 1 
 
 6. Boise Project (Idaho) 
 
 7. King Hill Project (Idaho) 
 
 8. Minidoka Project (Idaho) 
 
 9. Huntley Project (Montana) 
 
 10. Milk River Project 
 
 (Montana) 
 
 11. Sun River Project 
 
 (Montana) 
 
 12. Black feet Project 
 (Indian Project) (Montana) 
 
 13. Flathead Project 
 (Indian Project) (Montana) 
 
 14. Fort Peck Project 
 (Indian Project) (Montana) 
 
 15. Lower Yellowstone Project 
 
 (Montana-No. Dakota) 
 
 1 6. North Platte Project 
 
 ^ (Nebraska- Wyoming) 
 
 17. Truckee-Carson Project 
 
 (Nevada) 
 
 18. Carlsbad Project 
 
 (New Mexico) 
 
 *The outline given includes only such employees as are employed 
 fairly regularly throughout the year. During the months that construc- 
 tion work is practicable and during the operating season, the forces of 
 the projects are materially increased in the number of gate tenders, ditch- 
 riders, water distributors, mechanics and laborers, and of engineers, 
 instrumentmen, surveymen, clerks, storekeepers, timekeepers, shop clerks 
 and the like. 
 
96 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 19. Hondo Project 
 
 (New Mexico) 
 
 20. Rio Grande Project 
 
 (New Mexico-Texas) 
 
 21. North Dakota Pumping Pro- 
 
 ject (North Dakota) 
 
 22. Lawton Project , 
 
 (Oklahoma) 
 
 23. Umatilla Project (Oregon) 
 
 24. Klamath Project 
 
 (Oregon-California) 
 
 25. Belle Fourche Project 
 
 (South Dakota) 
 
 26. Strawberry Valley Project 
 
 (Utah) 
 
 27. Okanogan Project 
 
 (Washington) 
 
 28. Yakima Project 
 
 (Washington) 
 
 29. Shoshone Project 
 
 (Wyoming) 
 
 3. Legal Division-Chief Counsel 
 7 i. Office Proper of Chief Counsel 
 
 Chief Counsel ' i $ 6,000 
 
 Private Secretary I 1,320 
 
 2. Central Offices (Washington, D. C.) 
 
 1. Law Section Acting Chief 
 
 Counsel 
 
 Acting Chief Counsel I 2,760 
 
 Legal Examiner I 2,000 
 
 i i, 680 
 
 " " i i, 600 
 
 Stenographer i 960 
 
 2. Land and General Section 
 
 Counsel 
 
 Counsel i 4,5 
 
 Legal examiner i 2,280 
 
 " i 1,920 
 
 i 1,560 
 
 i 1,560 
 
 Draftsman i i,5 
 
 Stenographer i 1,380 
 
 3. Field Establishment Assistant Chief 
 
 Counsel 
 
 1. Office Proper of Assistant Chief 
 
 Counsel (Denver, Colo.) 
 
 Assistant Chief Counsel I 2,400 
 
 Legal Examiner I 1,620 
 
 Junior Engineer i 1,320 
 
 Chief Clerk i 1,080 
 
 2. District Offices 
 
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 
 
 97 
 
 i. Denver, Colorado District 
 
 Counsel 
 District Counsel I 
 
 Stenographer 
 Messenger 
 
 2. Montrose, Colorado Dis- 
 
 trict Counsel 
 District Counsel 
 
 3. El Paso, Texas District 
 
 Counsel 
 
 District Coun.se! 
 Stenographer 
 Stenographer and Law 
 
 Clerk 
 
 4. Scottsbluff, Neb. District 
 
 Counsel 
 
 District Counsel 
 Assistant District Counsel 
 
 5. Los Angeles, Cal. District 
 
 Counsel 
 District Counsel 
 
 Assistant District Counsel 
 Stenographer 
 
 L 
 
 6. Provo, Utah District Coun- 
 
 sel 
 District Counsel I 
 
 7. Boise, Idaho District 
 
 Counsel 
 
 District Counsel I 
 
 Stenographer I 
 
 8. North Yakima, Wash. Dis- 
 
 trict Counsel 
 
 District Counsel . I 
 
 Stenographer I 
 
 9. Portland, Oregon District 
 
 Counsel 
 
 District Counsel I 
 
 Stenographer I 
 
 10. Helena, Montana District 
 
 Counsel 
 
 District Counsel I 
 
 Chief Clerk I 
 
 Stenographer I 
 
 4. Office of the Supervisor of Irrigation (Bil- 
 lings, Montana) 
 
 Supervisor of Irrigation I 
 
 Chief Clerk and Secretary I 
 
 2,400 
 i, 800 
 2,700 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 420 
 
 1,920 
 
 2,400 
 1,400 
 
 1,260 
 
 2,820 
 2,040 
 
 3,000 
 2,580 
 2,520 
 1,320 
 
 1,200 
 1,020 
 
 1,800 
 
 2,940 
 1,260 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,200 
 
 6.50 pd 
 1,140 
 
 2,760 
 1,500 
 i, 080 
 
 21 pd 
 2,100 
 
APPENDIX 2 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTE 
 
 The Classifications of Activities have for their purpose to 
 list and classify in all practicable detail the specific activities 
 engaged in by the several services of the national government. 
 Such statements are of value from a number of standpoints. 
 They furnish, in the first place, the most effective showing that 
 can be made in brief compass of the character of work per- 
 formed by the service to which they relate. Secondly, they 
 lay the basis for a system of accounting and reporting that will 
 permit the showing of total expenditures classified according 
 to activities. Finally, taken collectively, they make possible 
 the preparation of a general or consolidated statement of the 
 activities of the government as a whole. Such a statement will 
 reveal in detail, not only what the government is doing, but the 
 services in which the work is being performed. For example, 
 one class of activities that would probably appear in such a 
 classification is that of "scientific research." A subhead under 
 this class would be "chemical research." Under this head 
 would appear the specific lines of investigation under way and 
 the services in which they were being prosecuted. It is hardly 
 necessary to point out the value of such information in plan- 
 ning for future work and in considering the problem of the 
 better distribution and coordination of the work of the govern- 
 ment. The Institute contemplates attempting such a general 
 listing and classification of the activities of the government 
 upon the completion of the present series. 
 
 98 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES 99 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES 
 
 1. Survey and examination of irrigable areas 
 
 1. Reconnaissance 
 
 2. Preliminary Survey 
 
 3. Examination of Reservoir Sites 
 
 4. Detail surveys and preparation of topographic 
 
 maps 
 
 2. Design of reclamation works 
 
 3. Construction of reclamation works (including hydro- 
 
 electric and steam power plants, etc. ) 
 
 1. Construction by force employed by the Service 
 
 2. Construction by contractor under supervision 
 
 of Service 
 
 3. Operation of messes, stores, hospitals, etc. 
 
 4. Determination of limit of area per entry 
 
 5. Operation and maintenance of irrigation works (includ- 
 
 ing hydro-electric and steam power plants, etc. ) 
 
 6. Operation and maintenance of coal mines, railroads, tele- 
 
 phone, and transmission lines 
 
 7. Imposition and collection of charges (for construction, 
 
 water-rights and power) 
 
 8. Dissemination of information to water users and prospec- 
 
 tive settlers 
 
 1. In regard to terms and conditions of settlement 
 
 on projects 
 
 2. In regard to agricultural problems of arid and 
 
 irrigated lands 
 
 9. Research into action of alkali on concrete. 
 
APPENDIX 3 
 PUBLICATIONS 
 
 Regular Publications. The only publications regularly issued by 
 the Reclamation Service are its annual report and the monthly 
 periodical known as the "Reclamation Record." 
 
 Annual Report. This report gives general information regarding 
 the work of the Service during the fiscal year to which it relates, 
 giving a brief history of construction and operation of each project. 
 In addition, the later reports contain an appendix largely devoted 
 to statistical data. The fifteenth report contains a history of the 
 construction of each project from the beginning of work to June 
 30, 1916. A limited number of the annual reports are distributed 
 free by the Service. The reports are also sold by the Superintendent 
 of Documents at prices varying from 20 to 30 cents for paper 
 binding and from 80 cents to $1.25 for cloth. 
 
 Reclamation Record. The Reclamation Record is issued monthly 
 and usually contains about 48 pages. It gives an account of the 
 construction, operation, and maintenance work of the Service, and 
 contains many illustrated articles of interest to the water users on the 
 projects and to others having to do with irrigation matters. The 
 Record is sent free to all water users on the projects and to a 
 selected list of other individuals. To others the price is 50 cents a 
 year, payable in advance. Subscriptions are received by the Recla- 
 mation Service. 
 
 Occasional Publications. From time to time the Service publishes 
 pamphlets, books and maps incidental to its work. These are de- 
 scribed below under the following heads : 
 
 1. Reports of Investigations. 
 
 2. Information for water users and for prospective settlers on 
 
 Reclamation projects. 
 
 3. Manual of the Service. 
 
 4. Engineering Publications. 
 
 5. List of Publications. 
 
 Reports of Investigations in Cooperation with States. The Re- 
 clamation Service has made a number of investigations of proposed 
 irrigation projects in cooperation with the states. It has published 
 reports of its investigations in the case of the following projects : 
 
 California : 
 
 Iron Canyon project 
 Pit River Basin 
 Lower Pit River project 
 
 100 
 
PUBLICATIONS 101 
 
 Oregon : 
 
 Deschutes project 
 
 Ochoco and Crooked River investigations 
 Silver Lake project 
 John Day project 
 
 Rogue River Valley and Willamette Valley projects 
 Malheur and Owyhee projects 
 Harney and Silver Creek projects 
 Warner Valley and White River projects 
 
 These reports include a discussion of the water supply, storage, 
 stream flow, flood control, reservoirs, dams, canals and distribution 
 systems, water power development, estimated costs, irrigable area, 
 rights of way, alkali, seepage, drainage, crops and crop values. These 
 reports are distributed free by the Service. 
 
 Information for Water Users and for Prospective Settlers on 
 Reclamation Projects. The publications of this kind fall under two 
 heads, those giving information relative to the terms and conditions 
 of settlement on the projects and those treating of the agricultural 
 problems encountered on arid and irrigated lands. 
 Under the first head may be listed: 
 
 1. General Reclamation Circular. This circular includes a 
 compilation of all of the laws and regulations relating to the 
 reclamation of arid lands by the United States, especially apply- 
 ing to Reclamation Homestead entries, and water right appli- 
 cants and regulations thereunder. It does not contain the gen- 
 eral homestead law, most of which also applies to Reclamation 
 Homestead entries. This circular is distributed free by the 
 Service. 
 
 2. Settlement Pamphlets. These pamphlets are intended to 
 give specific information as to the local conditions on each of 
 the reclamation projects, such as size of farms, climate, altitude, 
 water supply, soils, cost of clearing lands, crops, markets, etc. 
 A general illustrated pamphlet is issued covering all the projects 
 and a separate pamphlet is also issued for each of the projects 
 with few exceptions. These pamphlets are distributed free by 
 the Service. 
 
 ^^3. Topographic Maps of Irrigation Canals. These maps are 
 sold by the Service at prices ranging from 50 cents to $2.00. 
 
 4. Organization of Water Users' Associations. This is a 
 pamphlet issued by the Reclamation Service for the information 
 of water users. It makes suggestions as to the articles of in- 
 corporation and form of organization. This pamphlet is dis- 
 tributed free by the Service. 
 
 Under the head of general information relative to the prob- 
 lems of farming on arid and irrigated lands, the Service has to date 
 issued several pamphlets treating of such matters as the capital 
 required by the irrigator, the prices, values and profits of irrigated 
 lands, production cost and returns from farm animals, etc. These 
 pamphlets are distributed free by the Service. 
 
 Manual of the Reclamation Service. This manual, which covers 
 
102 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 the laws, rules, regulations, and practices of the Service, is published 
 in loose-leaf form in two volumes, volume one relating to the ad- 
 ministrative, engineering, legal and operation and maintenance work 
 of the Service and volume two to the accounting procedure. Each 
 volume of the manual is sold by the Service at $3.00 with the binder. 
 Engineering Publications. The Service has issued from time to 
 time a variety of publications designed to make available to the engi- 
 neering profession the technical data and practices developed by it 
 in the course of its work. These publications may be listed under the 
 following heads: 
 
 1. Hydraulic and Excavation Tables. 
 
 2. Tables for Reenforced Concrete. 
 
 3. Measurement of Irrigation Water. 
 
 4. Specimen Field Notes and Plats. 
 
 5. Special Drawings. (These drawings cover such topics as 
 sluicing gates, types of cylinder dams, types of movable dam 
 crest, etc.) 
 
 6. Standard Designs. 
 
 7. Standard Specifications. 
 
 8. Specifications and Drawings. 
 
 9. List of Engineering Articles. 
 
 The list of engineering articles is supplied free. All other engin- 
 eering publications in the above list are sold by the Service at prices 
 ranging from 10 cents to $1.00. 
 
 List of Publications. From time to time the Service has issued in 
 pamphlet form a list of all the publications issued by it. The latest 
 list is that published in August, 1916, and is supplied free by the 
 Service. A revised list is in process of printing. (Jan. 1918). 
 
APPENDIX 4 
 
 MAJOR EQUIPMENT FOR ALL PROJECTS ON JUNE 30, 1917 
 
 Air compressors 24 
 
 Automobiles 168 
 
 Boats 43 
 
 Boilers 78 
 
 Cableways 7 
 
 Cars, standard gage 221 
 
 narrow gage 390 
 
 concrete 85 
 
 Carts, dump 63 
 
 other 123 
 
 Concrete mixers 85 
 
 Derricks, stiff leg 41 
 
 guy 31 
 
 Dredges 2 
 
 Drills, diamond 9 
 
 well 8 
 
 air and steam 138 
 
 electric 8 
 
 Engines, gasoline 107 
 
 steam 79 
 
 Excavators, dragline .... 22 
 
 other 10 
 
 Graders, electrical 28 
 
 elevating 7 
 
 Graders, road ,. ; . 23 
 
 Electrical plants 14 
 
 Horses and mules 1185 
 
 Hydraulic rams 13 
 
 Locomotives, elec 9 
 
 steam 26 
 
 Motorcycles 40 
 
 Motors, electric 121 
 
 Pile drivers 28 
 
 Plows 505 
 
 Pumps 346 
 
 Rock crushers 15 
 
 Scrapers, fresno 902 
 
 slip 1270 
 
 wheel 368 
 
 Sleighs and sleds 68 
 
 Spring wagons & buggies 185 
 
 Sprinklers 3 
 
 Steam shovels 12 
 
 Traction engines 1 1 
 
 Wagons, dump 123 
 
 hvy. freight . . . 262 
 
 light freight ... 263 
 
 103 
 
APPENDIX 5 
 LAWS 
 
 1902 Act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388) An act appropriating 
 the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in cer- 
 tain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation 
 works for the reclamation of arid lands. (The Reclamation 
 Act) 
 
 That all moneys received from the sale and disposal of public 
 lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, 
 Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, 
 South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, 1 beginning with 
 the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, 
 including the surplus of fees and commissions in excess of allow- 
 ances to registers and receivers, and excepting the five per centum 
 of the proceeds of the sales of public lands in the above States set 
 aside by law for educational and other purposes, shall be, and the 
 same are hereby, reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special 
 fund in the Treasury to be known as the "reclamation fund," to be 
 used in the examination and survey for and the construction and 
 maintenance of irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and 
 development of waters for the reclamation of arid and semiarid 
 lands in the said States and Territories, and for the payment of all 
 other expenditures provided for in this act: Provided, That in case 
 the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands other than 
 those realized from the sale and disposal of lands referred to in 
 this section are insufficient to meet the requirements for the support 
 of agricultural colleges in the several States and Territories, under 
 the act of August thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, entitled 
 "An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the 
 more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the bene- 
 fit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, established under the 
 provisions of an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen 
 hundred and sixty-two/' the deficiency, if any, in the sum neces- 
 sary for the support of the said colleges shall be provided for from 
 any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized 
 and directed to make examinations and surveys for, and to locate 
 and construct, as herein provided, irrigation works for the storage, 
 diversion, and development of waters, including artesian wells, and 
 to report to Congress at the beginning of each regular session as to 
 the results of such examinations and surveys, giving estimates of 
 
 *See below act of June 12, 1006, extending this act to the State of 
 Texas. 
 
 104 
 
LAWS 105 
 
 cost of all contemplated works, the quantity and location of the 
 lands which can be irrigated therefrom, and all facts relative to the 
 practicability of each irrigation project; also the cost of works in 
 process of construction as well as of those which have been com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall, before giving the 
 public notice provided for in section four of this act, withdraw 
 from public entry the lands required for any irrigation works con- 
 templated under the provisions of this act, and shall restore to public 
 entry any of the lands so withdrawn when, in his judgment, such 
 lands are not required for the purposes of this act ; and the Secretary 
 of the Interior is hereby authorized, at or immediately prior to the 
 time of beginning the surveys for any contemplated irrigation works, 
 to withdraw from entry, except under the homestead laws, any public 
 lands believed to be susceptible of irrigation from said works: 
 Provided, That all lands entered and entries made under the home- 
 stead laws within areas so withdrawn during such withdrawal shall 
 be subject to all the provisions, limitations, charges, terms, and con- 
 ditions of this act; that said surveys shall be prosecuted diligently 
 to completion, and upon the completion thereof, and of the necessary 
 maps, plans and estimates of cost, the Secretary of the Interior shall 
 determine whether or not said project is practicable and advisable, 
 and if determined to be impracticable or unadvisable he shall there- 
 upon restore said lands to entry; that public lands which it is 
 proposed to irrigate by means of any contemplated works shall be 
 subject to entry only under the provisions of the homestead laws in 
 "tracts of not less than forty 1 nor more than one hundred and sixty 
 acres, and shall be subject to the limitations, charges, terms, and 
 conditions herein provided: Provided, That the commutation pro- 
 visions of the homestead laws shall not apply to entries made under 
 this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That upon the determination by the Secretary of the 
 Interior that any irrigation project is practicable, he may cause to 
 be let contracts for the construction of the same, in such portions or 
 sections as it may be practicable to construct and complete as parts 
 of the whole project, providing the necessary funds for such portions 
 or sections are available in the reclamation fund, and thereupon he 
 shall give public notice of the lands irrigable under such project, 
 and limit of area per entry, which limit shall represent the acreage 
 which, in the opinion of the Secretary, may be reasonably required 
 for the support of a family upon the lands in question; also of the 
 charges which shall be made per acre upon the said entries, and 
 upon lands in private ownership which may be irrigated by the 
 waters of the said irrigation project, and the number of annual 
 installments, not exceeding ten, in which such charges shall be paid 
 and the time when such payments shall commence. The said charges 
 shall be determined with a view of returning to the reclamation 
 fund the estimated cost of construction of the project, and shall be 
 apportioned equitably: Provided, That in all construction work eight 
 
 *See below act of June 27, 1906, Sec 1, authorizing Secretary of the 
 Interior to establish a minimum of ten acres. 
 
io6 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 hours shall constitute a day's work, and no Mongolian labor shall be 
 employed thereon. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the entryman upon lands to be irrigated by such 
 works shall, in addition to compliance with the homestead laws, 
 reclaim at least one-half of the total irrigable area of his entry for 
 agricultural purposes, and before receiving patent for the lands 
 covered by his entry shall pay to the Government the charges appor- 
 tioned against such tract, as provided in section four. No right 
 to the use of water for land in private ownership shall be sold for a 
 tract exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to any one landowner, 
 and no such sale shall be made to any landowner unless he be an 
 actual bona fide resident on such land, or occupant thereof residing 
 in the neighborhood of said land, and no such right shall permanently 
 attach until all payments therefor are made. The annual install- 
 ments shall be paid to the receiver of the local land office of the 
 district in which the land is situated, and a failure to make any 
 two payments when due shall render the entry subject to cancella- 
 tion, with the forfeiture of all rights under this act, as well as 
 of any moneys already paid thereon. All moneys received from the 
 above sources shall be paid into the reclamation fund. Registers 
 and receivers shall be allowed the usual commissions on all moneys 
 paid for lands entered under this act. 
 
 Sec. 6. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and 
 directed to use the reclamation fund for the operation ^and mainte- 
 nance, of all reservoirs and irrigation works construed under the 
 provisions of this act: Provided, That w"hen the payments required 
 by this act are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated 
 from the waters of any of the works herein provided for, then the 
 management and operation of such irrigation works shall pass to 
 the owners of the lands irrigated thereby, to be maintained at their 
 expense under such form of organization and under such rules 
 and regulations as may be acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior : 
 Provided, That the title to and the management and operation of the 
 reservoirs and the works necessary for their protection and opera- 
 tion shall remain in the Government until otherwise provided by 
 Congress. 
 
 Sec. 7. That where in carrying out the provisions of this act it 
 becomes necessary to acquire any rights or property, the Secretary of 
 the Interior is hereby authorized to acquire the same for the United 
 States by purchase or by condemnation under judicial process, and to 
 pay from the reclamation fund the sums which may be needed for 
 that purpose, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney General of the 
 United States upon every application of the Secretary of the Interior, 
 under this act, to cause proceedings to be commenced for condemna- 
 tion within thirty days from the receipt of the application at the 
 Department of Justice. 
 
 Sec. '8. That nothing in this act shall be construed as affecting 
 or intended to affect or to in any way interfere with the laws of any 
 State or Territory relating to the control, appropriation, use, or 
 distribution of water used in irrigation, or any vested right acquired 
 thereunder, and the Secretary of the Interior, in carrying out the 
 
LAWS 107 
 
 provisions of this act, shall proceed in conformity with such laws, 
 and nothing herein shall in any way affect any right of any State 
 or of the Federal Government or of any landowner, appropriator, 
 or user of water in, to, or from any interstate stream or the waters 
 thereof: Provided, That the right to the use of water acquired 
 under the provisions of this act shall be appurtenant to the land 
 irrigated and beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the 
 limit of the right. 
 
 Sec. 9. [Repealed by section 6, act of June 25, 1910, 36 Stat., 
 
 835.] * 
 
 Sec. 10. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized 
 to perform any and all acts and to make such rules and regulations 
 as may be necessary and proper for the purpose of carrying the 
 provisions of this act into full force and effect. 
 
 1905 Act of February 8, 1905 (33 Stat., 706) An act authorizing 
 the use of earth, stone and timber on the public lands and 
 forest reserves of the United States in the construction of 
 works under the national irrigation law. 
 
 That in carrying out the provisions of the national irrigation law, 
 approved June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, and in con- 
 structing works thereunder, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby 
 authorized to use and to permit the use by those engaged in the con- 
 struction of works under said law, under rules and regulations to be 
 prescribed by him, such earth, stone, and timber from the public 
 lands of the United States as may be required in the construction 
 of such works, and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized 
 to permit the use of earth, stone, and timber from the forest re- 
 serves of the United States for the same purpose, under rules and 
 regulations to be prescribed by him. 
 
 1905 Act of March 3, 1905 (33 Stat., 1032) An act to provide 
 for the covering into the reclamation fund certain proceeds 
 of sales of property purchased by the reclamation fund. 
 
 That there shall be covered into the reclamation fund established 
 
 J The repealed section reads as follows: 
 
 "That it is hereby declared to be the duty of the Secretary of the 
 Interior in carrying out the provisions of this act, so far as the same 
 may be practicable and subject to the existence of feasible irrigation 
 projects, to expend the major portion of the funds arising from the 
 sale of public lands within each State and Territory hereinbefore named 
 for the benefit of arid and semi-arid lands within the limits of such State 
 or Territory: Provided, that the Secretary may temporarily use such par- 
 ticular State or Territory hereinbefore named as he may deem advisable, 
 but when so used the excess shall be restored to the fund as soon as 
 practicable, to the end that ultimately, and in any event, within each 
 ten-year period after the passage of this act, the expenditures for the 
 benefit of the said States and Territories shall be equalized according to 
 the proportions and subject to the conditions as to practicability and 
 feasibility aforesaid." 
 
io8 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 under the act of June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, known 
 as the reclamation act, the proceeds of the sales of material utilized 
 for temporary work and structures in connection with the operations 
 under the said act, as well as of the sales of all other condemned 
 property which had been purchased under the provisions thereof, 
 and also any moneys refunded in connection with the operations 
 under said reclamation act. 
 
 1906 Act of April 16, 1906 (34 Stat, 116) An act providing for 
 the withdrawal from public entry of lands needed for town- 
 site purposes in connection with irrigation projects under the 
 reclamation act of June 17, 1902, and for other purposes. 
 
 That the Secretary of the Interior may withdraw from public 
 entry any lands needed for town-site purposes in connection with 
 irrigation projects under the reclamation act of June seventeenth, 
 nineteen hundred and two, not exceeding one hundred and sixty 
 acres in each case, and survey and subdivide the same into town 
 lots, with appropriate reservations for public purposes. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the lots so surveyed shall be appraised under the 
 direction of the Secretary of the Interior and sold under his direction 
 at not less than their appraised value at public auction to the highest 
 bidders, from time to time, for cash, and the lots offered for sale 
 and not disposed of may afterwards be sold at not less than the 
 appraised value under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Interior may prescribe. Reclamation funds may be used to defray 
 the necessary expenses of appraisement and sale, and the proceeds 
 of such sales shall be covered into the reclamation fund. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the public reservations in such town sites shall be 
 improved and maintained by the town authorities at the expense of 
 the town; and upon the organization thereof as municipal corpor- 
 ations the said reservations shall be conveyed to such corporations 
 by the Secretary of the Interior, subject to the condition that they 
 shall be used forever for public purposes. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior shall, in accordance 
 with the provisions of the reclamation act, provide for water rights 
 in amount he may deem necessary for the towns established as 
 herein provided, and may enter into contract with the proper authori- 
 ties of such towns, and other towns or cities on or in the immediate 
 vicinity of irrigation projects, which shall have a water right from 
 the same source as that of said project for the delivery of such 
 water supply to some convenient point, and for the payment into the 
 reclamation fund of charges for the same to be paid by such towns 
 or cities, which charges shall not be less nor upon terms more 
 favorable than those fixed by the Secretary of the Interior for the 
 irrigation project from which the water is taken. 
 
 Sec. 5. That whenever a development of power is necessary for 
 the irrigation of lands under any project undertaken under the 
 said reclamation act, or an opportunity is afforded for the develop- 
 ment of power under any such project, the Secretary of the Interior 
 is authorized to lease for a period not exceeding ten years, giving 
 preference to municipal purposes, any surplus power or power privi- 
 
LAWS 109 
 
 lege, and the moneys derived from such leases shall be covered 
 into the reclamation fund and be placed to the credit of the project 
 from which such power is derived: Provided, That no lease shall be 
 made of such surplus power or power privilege as will impair the 
 efficiency of the irrigation project. 
 
 1906 Act of June 12, 1906 (34 Stat, 259) An act to extend the 
 irrigation act to the State of Texas. 
 
 That the provisions of the act entitled "An act appropriating the 
 receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States 
 and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the re- 
 clamation of arid lands," approved June seventeenth, nineteen 
 hundred and two, be, and the same are hereby, extended so as to 
 include and apply to the State of Texas. 
 
 1906 Act of June 27, 1906 (34 Stat., 519) An act providing for the 
 subdivision of lands entered under the reclamation act, and 
 for other purposes. 
 
 That whenever, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior, 
 by reason of market conditions and the special fitness of the soil 
 and climate for the growth of fruit and garden produce, a lesser 
 area than forty acres may be sufficient for the support of a family on 
 lands to be irrigated under the provisions of the act of June seven- 
 teenth, nineteen hundred and two, known as the reclamation act, 
 he may fix a lesser area than forty acres as the minimum entry and 
 may establish farm units of not less than ten nor more than one 
 hundred and sixty acres. That wherever it may be necessary, for the 
 purpose of accurate description, to further subdivide lands to be 
 irrigated under the provisions of said reclamation act, the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior may cause subdivision surveys to be made 
 by the officers of the Reclamation Service, which subdivisions shall 
 be rectangular in form, except in cases where irregular subdivisions 
 may be necessary in order to provide for practicable and eco- 
 nomical irrigation. Such subdivision surveys shall be noted upon 
 the tract books in the General Land Office, and they shall be paid 
 for from the reclamation fund: Provided, That an entryman may 
 elect to enter under said reclamation act a lesser area than the mini- 
 mum limit in any State or Territory. 
 
 I9 o8 Act of Apr. 30, 1908 (35 Stat., 70) An act making appro- 
 priations for the current and contingent expenses of the 
 Indian Department, for fulfilling treaty stipulations with 
 various Indian tribes, and for other purposes, for the fiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1909. 
 
 That in carrying out any irrigation project which may be under- 
 taken under the provisions of the act of June seventeenth, nineteen 
 hundred and two (Thirty-second Statutes, page three hundred and 
 eighty-eight), known as the reclamation act, and which may make 
 possible, and provide for, in connection with the reclamation of other 
 lands, the irrigation of all or any part of the irrigable lands hereto- 
 
no THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 fore included in allotments made to Indians under the fourth section 
 of the general allotment act, the Secretary of the Interior be, and 
 he hereby is, authorized to make such arrangement and agreement in 
 reference thereto as said Secretary deems for the best interest of 
 the Indians: Provided, That no lien or charge for construction, 
 operation, or maintenance shall thereby be created against any such 
 reserved lands: And provided further, That to meet the necessary 
 cost of carrying out this legislation the Secretary of the Interior is 
 authorized to expend, out of the sum appropriated in this act for 
 irrigation, an amount not exceeding $13,000. 
 
 1910 Act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat, 835) An act to authorize 
 advances to the "reclamation fund," and for the issue and dis- 
 posal of certificates of indebtedness in reimbursement there- 
 for, and for other purposes. 
 
 That to enable the Secretary of the Interior to complete Govern- 
 ment reclamation projects heretofore begun, the Secretary of the 
 Treasury is authorized, upon request of the Secretary of the Interior, 
 to transfer from time to time to the credit of the reclamation fund 
 created by the act entitled "An act appropriating the receipts from 
 the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories 
 to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid 
 lancis," approved June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, such 
 sum or sums, not exceeding in the aggregate $20,000,000, as the 
 Secretary of the Interior may deem necessary to complete the said 
 reclamation projects, and such extensions thereof as he may deem 
 proper and necessary to the successful and profitable operation and 
 maintenance thereof or to protect water rights pertaining thereto 
 claimed by the United States, provided the same shall be approved 
 by the President of the United States ; and such sum or sums as may 
 be required to comply with the foregoing authority are hereby appro- 
 priated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated : 
 Provided, That the sums hereby authorized to be transferred to the 
 reclamation fund shall be so transfer red *only as such sums shall be 
 actually needed to meet payments for work performed under existing 
 law: And provided further, That all sums so transferred shall be 
 reimbursed to the Treasury from the reclamation fund, as herein- 
 after provided: And provided further, That no part of this appro- 
 priation shall be expended upon any existing project until it shall 
 have been examined and reported upon by a board of engineer 
 officers of the Army, designated by the President of the United 
 States, and until it shall be approved by the President as feasible 
 and practicable and worthy of such expenditure; nor shall any por- 
 tion of this appropriation be expended upon any new project. 
 
 Sec. 2. That for the purpose of providing the Treasury with funds 
 for such advances to the reclamation fund, the Secretary of the 
 Treasury is authorized to issue certificates of indebtedness of the 
 United States in such form as he may prescribe and in denominations 
 of $50, or multiples of that sum; said certificates to be redeemable 
 at the option of the United States at any time after three years from 
 the date of their issue and to be payable five years after such date, 
 
LAWS in 
 
 and to bear interest, payable semiannually, at not exceeding three per 
 centum per annum; the principal and interest to be payable in gold 
 coin of the United States. The certificates of indebtedness herein 
 authorized may be disposed of by the Secretary of the Treasury at 
 not less than par, under such rules and regulations as he may pre- 
 scribe, giving all citizens of the United States an equal opportunity 
 to subscribe therefor, but no commission shall be allowed and the 
 aggregate issue of such certificates shall not exceed the amount 
 of all advances made to said reclamation fund, and in no event shall 
 the same exceed the sum of $20,000,000. The certificates of in- 
 debtedness herein authorized shall be exempt from taxes or duties 
 of the United States as well as from taxation in any form by or 
 under State, municipal, or local authority; and a sum not exceeding 
 one-tenth of one per centum of the amount of the certificates of 
 indebtedness issued under this act is hereby appropriated, out of any 
 money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay the ex- 
 pense of preparing, advertising, and issuing the same. 
 
 Sec. 3. That beginning five years after the date of the first advance 
 to the reclamation fund under this act, fifty per centum of the annual 
 receipts of the reclamation fund shall be paid into the general fund 
 of the Treasury of the United States until payments so made shall 
 equal the aggregate amount of advances made by the Treasury to 
 said reclamation fund, together with interest paid on the certificates 
 of indebtedness issued under this act and any expense incident to 
 preparing, advertising, and issuing the same. 
 
 Sec. 4. That all money placed to the credit of the reclamation 
 fund in pursuance of this act shall be devoted exclusively to the 
 completion of work on reclamation projects heretofore begun as 
 hereinbefore provided, and the same shall be included with all other 
 expenses in future estimates of construction, operation, or mainte- 
 nance, and hereafter no irrigation project contemplated by said act 
 of June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, shall be begun unless 
 and until the same shall have been recommended by the Secretary of 
 the Interior and approved by the direct order of the President of 
 the United States. 
 
 Sec. 5. [Amended by act of Feb. 18, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 917), and 
 then by act of Aug. 13, 1914, Sec. 10, below] * 
 
 1 The original section read as follows : "That no entry shall be here- 
 after made and no entryman shall be permitted to go upon lands re- 
 served for irrigation purposes until the Secretary of the Interior shall 
 have established the unit of acreage and fixed the water charges and the 
 date when the water can be applied and made public announcement of 
 the same." 
 
 The act of Feb. 18, 1911 added the following proviso: "Provided, that 
 where entries made prior to June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten, 
 have been or may be relinquished in whole or in part, the lands so re- 
 linquished shall be subject to settlement and entry under the homestead 
 law as amended by an Act entitled 'An act appropriating the receipts 
 from the sale and disposal of the public lands in certain States and Terri- 
 tories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid 
 lands,' approved June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two (Thirty- 
 second Statutes at Large, page three hundred and eighty-eight);" 
 
H2 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Sec. 6. That section nine of said act of Congress, approved June 
 seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An act appro- 
 priating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in 
 certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works 
 for the reclamation of arid lands," is hereby repealed. 
 
 IQII Act of Feb. 2, 1911 (36 Stat., 895) An act to provide for the 
 sale of lands acquired under the provisions of the reclamation 
 act and which are not needed for the purposes of that act. 
 
 That whenever in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior any 
 lands which have been acquired under the provisions of the act of 
 June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two (Thirty-second Statutes, 
 page three hundred and eighty-eight), commonly called the "re- 
 clamation act," or under the provisions of any act amendatory thereof 
 or supplementary thereto, for any irrigation works contemplated by 
 said reclamation act are not needed for the purposes for which they 
 were acquired, said Secretary of the Interior may cause said lands, 
 together with the improvements thereon, to be appraised by three 
 disinterested persons, to be appointed by him, and thereafter to sell 
 the same for not less than the appraised value at public auction to 
 the highest bidder, after giving public notice of the time and place 
 of sale by posting upon the land and by publication for not less 
 than thirty days in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity 
 of the land. 
 
 Sec. 2. That upon payment of the purchase price, the Secretary 
 of the Interior is authorized by appropriate deed to convey all the 
 right, title, and interest of the United States of, in, and to said 
 lands to the purchaser at said sale, subject, however, to such reserva- 
 tions, limitations, or conditions as said Secretary may deem proper: 
 Provided, That not over one hundred and sixty acres shall be sold 
 to any one person. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the moneys derived from the sale of such lands shall 
 be covered into the reclamation fund and be placed to the credit of 
 the project for which such lands had been acquired. 
 
 1911 Act of Feb. 13, 1911 (36 Stat, 902) An act to authorize the 
 Secretary of the Interior to withdraw public notices issued 
 under section 4 of the reclamation act, and for other pur- 
 poses. 1 
 
 That the Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, with- 
 draw any public notice heretofore issued under section four of the 
 reclamation act of June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, and 
 he may agree to such modification of water-right applications hereto- 
 fore duly filed or contracts with water users' associations and others, 
 entered into prior to the passage of this act, as he may deem advis- 
 able, or he may consent to the abrogation of such water-right appli- 
 cations and contracts, and proceed in all respects as if no such notice 
 had been given. 
 
 1 Popularly known as the Curtis Act, being so named for Senator 
 Charles Curtis, of Kansas. 
 
LAWS 113 
 
 IQII Act of Feb. 18, ign (36 Stat, 917) An act to amend section 
 5 of the act of Congress of June 25, 1910, entitled "An act to 
 authorize advances to the 'reclamation fund/ and for the 
 issue and disposal of certificates of indebtedness in reim- 
 bursement therefor, and for other purposes." 
 
 That section five of an act entitled 'An act to authorize advances 
 to the 'reclamation fund/ and for the issue and disposal of certifi- 
 cates of indebtedness in reimbursement therefor, and for other pur- 
 poses," approved June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten 
 (Thirty-six Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and thirty-five), 
 be, and the same hereby is, amended as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 5. That no entry shall be hereafter made and no entryman 
 shall be permitted to go upon lands reserved for irrigation purposes 
 until the Secretary of the Interior shall have established the unit 
 of acreage and fixed the water charges and the date when the water 
 can be applied and make public announcement of the same: Pro- 
 vided, That where entries made prior to June twenty-fifth, nineteen 
 hundred and ten, have been or may be relinquished in whole or in 
 part, the lands so relinquished shall be subject to settlement and 
 entry under the homestead law as amended by an Act entitled 'An 
 act appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of the 
 public lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of 
 irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands/ approved June 
 seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two." (Thirty-second Statutes at 
 Large, page three hundred and eighty-eight). 
 
 IQII Act of Feb. 21, 1911 (36 Stat., 925) An act to authorize the 
 Government to contract for impounding, storing, and carriage 
 of water, and to cooperate in the construction and use of 
 reservoirs and canals under reclamation projects, and for other 
 purposes. 1 
 
 That whenever in carrying out the provisions of the reclamation 
 law, storage or carrying capacity has been or may be provided in 
 excess of the requirements of the lands to be irrigated under any 
 project, the Secretary of the Interior, preserving a first right to 
 lands and entrymen under the project, is hereby authorized, upon 
 such terms as he may determine to be just and equitable, to contract 
 for the impounding, storage, and carriage of water' to an extent not 
 exceeding such excess capacity with irrigation systems operating 
 under the act of August eighteenth, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 four, known as the Carey Act, and individuals, corporations, asso- 
 ciations, and irrigation districts organized for or engaged in furnish- 
 ing or in distributing water for irrigation. Water so impounded, 
 stored, or carried under any such contract shall be for the purpose 
 of distribution to individual water users by the party with whom 
 the contract is made : Provided, however, That waters so impounded, 
 stored, or carried shall not be used otherwise than as prescribed by 
 law as to lands held in private ownership within Government re- 
 
 1 Popularly known as the Warren Act, being so named for Senator 
 Francis E. Warren, of Wyoming. 
 
H4 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 clamation projects. In fixing the charges under any such contract 
 for impounding, storing, or carrying water for any irrigation system, 
 corporation, association, district, or individual, as herein provided, 
 the Secetary shall take into consideration the cost of construction and 
 maintenance of the reservoir by which such water is to be impounded 
 or stored and the canal by which it is to be carried, and such charges 
 shall be just and equitable, as to water users under the Government 
 project. No irrigation system, district, association, corporation, or 
 individual so contracting shall make any charge for the storage, car- 
 riage, or delivery of such water in excess of the charge paid to the 
 United States except to such extent as may be reasonably necessary 
 to cover cost of carriage and delivery of such water through their 
 works. 
 
 Sec. 2. That in carrying out the provisions of said reclamation act 
 and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior is authorized, upon such terms as may be 
 agreed upon, to cooperate with irrigation districts, water users' 
 associations, corporations, entrymen or water users for the con- 
 struction or use of such reservoirs, canals, or ditches as may be 
 advantageously used by the Government and irrigation districts, 
 water users' associations, corporations, entrymen or water users 
 for impounding, delivering, and carrying water for irrigation pur- 
 poses: Provided, That the title to and management of the works 
 so constructed shall be subject to the provisions of section six of 
 said act : Provided further, That water shall not be furnished from 
 any such reservoir or delivered through any such canal or ditch 
 to any one landowner in excess of an amount sufficient to irrigate 
 one hundred and sixty acres: Provided, That nothing contained in 
 this act shall be held or construed as enlarging or attempting to 
 enlarge the right of the United States, under existing law, to control 
 the waters of any stream in any State. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the moneys received in pursuance of such contracts 
 shall be covered into the reclamation fund and be available for use 
 under the terms of the reclamation act and the acts amendatory 
 thereof or supplementary thereto. 
 
 191 1 Act of Feb. 24, 1911 (36 Stat., 930) An act to amend an 
 act entitled "An act providing for the withdrawal from public 
 entry of lands needed for town-site purposes in connection 
 with irrigation projects under the reclamation act of June 
 17, 1902, and for other purposes/' approved April 17, 1906. 
 
 That section five of an act entitled "An act providing for the with- 
 drawal from public entry of lands needed for town-site purposes in 
 connection with irrigation projects under the reclamation act of 
 June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, and for other purposes," 
 approved April sixteenth, nineteen hundred and six, be amended so 
 as to read as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 5. That whenever a development of power is necessary for 
 the irrigation of lands, under any project undertaken under the said 
 
LAWS 115 
 
 reclamation act, or an opportunity is afforded for the development 
 of power under any such project, the Secretary of the Interior is 
 authorized to lease for a period not exceeding ten years, giving 
 preference to municipal purposes, any surplus power or power 
 privilege, and the money derived from such leases shall be covered 
 into the reclamation fund and be placed to the credit of the project 
 from which such power is derived: Provided, That no lease shall 
 be made of such surplus power or power privileges as will impair 
 the efficiency of the irrigation project: Provided further, That the 
 Secretary of the Interior is authorized, in his discretion, to make such 
 a lease in connection with Rio Grande project in Texas and New 
 Mexico for a longer period not exceeding fifty years, with the 
 approval of the water users' association or associations under any 
 such project, organized in conformity with the rules and regula- 
 tions prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior in pursuance of 
 section six of the reclamation act approved June seventeenth, nine- 
 teen hundred and two." 
 
 1912 Act of Apr. 30, 1912 (37 Star.., 105) An act for the relief of 
 homestead entryrnen under the reclamation projects in the 
 United States. 
 
 That no qualified entryman who prior to June twenty-fifth, nine- 
 teen hundred and ten, made bona fide entry upon lands proposed 
 to be irrigated under the provisions of the act of June seventeenth, 
 nineteen hundred and two, the national reclamation law, and who 
 established residence in good faith upon the lands entered by him, 
 "Shall be subject to contest for failure to maintain residence or make 
 improvements upon his land prior to the time when water is available 
 for the irrigation of the lands embraced in his entry, but all such 
 entrymen shall, within ninety days after the issuance of the public 
 notice required by section four of the reclamation act, fixing the 
 date when water will be available for irrigation, file in the local 
 land office a water-tight application for the irrigable lands embraced 
 in his entry, in conformity with the public notice and approved farm- 
 unit plat for the township in which his entry lies, and shall also file 
 an affidavit that he has reestablished his residence on the land with 
 the intention of maintaining the same for a period sufficient to enable 
 him to make final proof: Provided, That no such entryman shall be 
 entitled to have counted as part of the required period of residence 
 any period of time during which he was not actually upon the said 
 land prior to the date of the notice aforesaid, and no application for 
 the entry of said lands shall be received until after the expiration of 
 the ninety days after the issuance of notice within which the entry- 
 man is hereby required to reestablish his residence and apply for 
 water right. 
 
 1912 Act of Aug. 9, 1912 (37 Stat., 265) An act providing for 
 patents on reclamation entries, and for other purposes. 
 
 That any homestead entryman under the act of June seventeenth, 
 nineteen hundred and two, known as the reclamation act, including 
 
n6 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 entrymen on ceded Indian lands, may, at any time after having com- 
 plied with the provisions of law applicable to such lands as to resi- 
 dence, reclamation, and cultivation, submit proof of such residence, 
 reclamation, and cultivation, which proof, if found regular and satis- 
 factory, shall entitle the entryman to a patent, and all purchasers 
 of water-right certificates on reclamation projects shall be entitled 
 to a final water-right certificate upon proof of the cultivation and 
 reclamation of the land to which the certificate applies, to the extent 
 required by the reclamation act for homestead entrymen: Provided, 
 That no such patent or certificate shall issue until all sums due the 
 United States on account of such land or water-right at the time of 
 issuance of patent or certificate have been paid. 1 
 
 Sec. 2. That every patent and water-right certificate issued under 
 this act shall expressly reserve to the United States a prior lien on 
 the land patented or for which water right is certified, together with 
 all water rights appurtenant or belonging thereto, superior to all 
 other liens, claims, or demands whatsoever for the payment of all 
 sums due or to become due to the United States or its successors in 
 control of the irrigation project in connection with such lands and 
 water rights. 
 
 Upon default of payment of any amount so due title to the land shall 
 pass to the United States free of all encumbrance, subject to the 
 right of the defaulting debtor or any mortgagee, lien holder, judg- 
 ment debtor, or subsequent purchaser to redeem the land within one 
 year after the notice of such default shall have been given by pay- 
 ment of all moneys due, with eight per centum interest and cost. 
 And the United States, at its option, acting through the Secretary 
 of the Interior, may cause land to be sold at any time after such 
 failure to redeem, and from the proceeds of the sale there shall be 
 paid into the reclamation fund all moneys due, with interest as herein 
 provided, and costs. The balance of the proceeds, if any, shall be 
 the property of the defaulting debtor or his assignee : Provided, That 
 in case of sale after failure to redeem under this section the United 
 States shall be authorized to bid in such land at not more than the 
 amount in default, including interest and costs. 
 
 Sec. 3. That upon full and final payment being made of all 
 amounts due on account of the building and betterment charges to 
 the United States or its successors in control of the project, the 
 United States or its successors, as the case may be, shall issue upon 
 request a certificate certifying that payment of the building and 
 betterment charges in full has been made and that the lien upon the 
 land has been so far satisfied and is no longer of any force or effect 
 except the lien for annual charges for operation and maintenance: 
 Provided, That no person shall at any one time or in any manner, 
 except as hereinafter otherwise provided, acquire, own, or hold 
 
 1 This proviso was amended by Act of Feb. 15, 1917, below, to read : 
 "Provided, That no such patent or final water-right certificate shall issue 
 until after the payment of all sums due the United States on account of 
 such land or water right at the time of the submission of proof entitling 
 the homestead or desert-land entryman to such patent or the purchaser to 
 such final water-right certificate." 
 
 V 
 
LAWS 117 
 
 irrigable land for which entry or water-right application shall hav 
 been made under the said reclamation act of June seventeenth, nine- 
 teen hundred and two, and acts supplementary thereto and amenda- 
 tory thereof, before final payment in full of all installments of 
 building and betterment charges shall have been made on account 
 of such land in excess of one farm unit as fixed by the Secretary 
 of the Interior as the limit of area per entry of public land or per 
 single ownership of private land for which a water right may be 
 purchased respectively, nor in any case in excess of one hundred 
 and sixty acres, nor shall water be furnished under said acts nor 
 a water right sold or recognized for such excess; but any such 
 excess land acquired at any time in good faith by descent, by will, 
 or by foreclosure of any lien may be held for two years and no 
 longer after its acquisition; and every excess holding prohibited as 
 aforesaid shall be forfeited to the United States by proceedings 
 instituted by the Attorney General for that purpose in any court of 
 competent jurisdiction; and this proviso shall be recited in every 
 patent and water-right certificate issued by the United States under 
 the provisions of this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized 
 to designate such bonded fiscal agents or officers of the Reclamation 
 Service as he may deem advisable on each reclamation project to 
 whom shall be paid all sums due on reclamation entries or water 
 rights, and the officials so designated shall keep a record for the 
 information of the public of the sums paid and the amount due at 
 any time on account of any entry made or water right purchased 
 under the reclamation act; and the Secretary of the Interior shall 
 make provision for furnishing copies of duly authenticated records 
 of entries upon payment of reasonable fees, which copies shall be 
 admissible in evidence, as are copies authenticated under section 
 eight hundred and eighty-eight of the Revised Statutes. 
 
 1914 Act of Aug. 13, 1914 (38 Stat., 686) An act extending the 
 period of payment under reclamation projects, and for other 
 purposes. (Reclamation Extension Act.) 
 
 That any person whose lands hereafter become subject to the terms 
 and conditions of the act approved June seventeenth, nineteen 
 hundred and two, entitled "An act appropriating the receipts from 
 the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories 
 to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid 
 lands," and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, here- 
 after to be referred to as the reclamation law, and any person 
 who hereafter makes entry thereunder shall at the time of making 
 water-right application or entry, as the case may be, pay into the 
 reclamation fund five per centum of the construction charge fixed 
 for his land as an initial installment, and shall pay the balance 
 of said charge in fifteen annual installments, the first five of which 
 shall each be five per centum of the construction charge and the 
 remainder shall each be seven per centum until the whole amount 
 shall have been paid. The first of the annual installments shall 
 
n8 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 become due and payable on December first of the fifth calendar 
 year after the initial installment: Provided, That any water right 
 applicant or entryman may, if he so elects, pay the whole or any 
 part of the construction charges owing by him within any short- 
 er period: Provided further, That entry may be made whenever 
 water is available, as announced by the Secretary of the Interior, 
 and the initial payment be made when the charge per acre is es- 
 tablished. 
 
 Sec. 2. That any person whose land or entry has heretofore 
 become subject to the terms and conditions of the reclamation law 
 shall pay the construction charge, or the portion of the construction 
 charge remaining unpaid, in twenty annual installments, the first of 
 which shall become due and payable on December first of the year in 
 which the public notice affecting his land is issued under this act, 
 and subsequent installments on December first of each year there- 
 after. The first four of such installments shall each be two per 
 centum, the next two installments shall each be four per centum, 
 and the next fourteen each six per centum of the total construction 
 charge, or the portion of the construction charge unpaid at the 
 beginning of such installments. 
 
 Sec. 3. That if any water-right applicant or entryman shall fail 
 to pay any installment of his construction charges when due, there 
 shall be added to the amount unpaid a penalty of one per centum 
 thereof, and there shall be added a like penalty of one per centum 
 of the amount unpaid on the first day of each month thereafter so 
 long as such default shall continue. If any such applicant or entry- 
 man shall be one year in default in the payment of any installment 
 of the construction charges and penalties, or any part thereof, his 
 water-right application, and if he be a homestead entryman his entry 
 also, shall be subject to cancellation, and all payments made by him 
 forfeited to the reclamation fund, but no homestead entry shall be 
 subject to contest because of such default: Provided, That if the 
 Secretary of the Interior shall so elect, he may cause suit or action 
 to be brought for the recovery of the amount in default and pen- 
 alties; but if suit or action be brought, the right to declare a can- 
 cellation and forfeiture shall be suspended pending such suit or 
 action. 
 
 Sec. 4. That no increase in the construction charges shall here- 
 after be made, after the same have been fixed by public notice, except 
 by agreement between the Secretary of the Interior and a majority 
 of the water-right applicants and entrymen to be affected by such 
 increase, whereupon all water-right applicants and entrymen in the 
 area proposed to be affected by the increased charge shall become 
 subject thereto. Such increased charge shall be added to the con- 
 struction charge and payment thereof distributed over the remaining 
 unpaid installments of construction charges: Provided, That the 
 Secretary of the Interior, in his discretion, may agree that such 
 increased construction charge shall be paid in additional annual 
 installments, each of which shall be at least equal to the amount of 
 the largest installment as fixed for the project by the public notice 
 theretofore issued. And such additional installments of the increased 
 
LAWS 119 
 
 construction charge, as so agreed upon, shall become due and 
 payable on December first of each year subsequent to the year 
 when the final installment of the construction charge under such 
 public notice is due and payable: Provided further, That all such 
 increased construction charges shall be subject to the same condi- 
 tions, penalties, and suit or action as provided in section three of 
 this act. 
 
 Sec. 5. That in addition to the construction charge, every water- 
 right applicant, entryman, or land owner under or upon a reclamation 
 project shall also pay, whenever water service is available for the 
 irrigation of his land, an operation and maintenance charge based 
 upon the total cost of operation and maintenance of the project, or 
 each separate unit thereof, and such charge shall be made for each 
 acre-foot of water delivered; but each acre of irrigable land, whether 
 irrigated or not, shall be charged with a minimum operation and 
 maintenance charge based upon the charge for delivery of not less 
 than one acre-foot of water: Provided, That whenever any legally 
 organized water users' association or irrigation district shall so 
 request, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in his 
 discretion, to transfer to such water users' association or irrigation 
 district the care, operation, and maintenance of all or any part of 
 the project works, subject to such rules and regulations as he may 
 prescribe. If the total amount of operation and maintenance charges 
 and penalties collected for any one irrigation season on any project 
 shall exceed the cost of operation and maintenance of the project 
 during that irrigation season, the balance shall be applied to a 
 reduction of the charge on the project for the next irrigation season, 
 and any deficit incurred may likewise be added to the charge for the 
 next irrigation season. 
 
 Sec. 6. That all operation and maintenance charges shall become 
 due and payable on the date fixed for each project by the Secretary 
 of the Interior, and if such charge is paid on or before the date when 
 due there shall be a discount of five per centum of such charge; but 
 if such charge is unpaid on the first day of the third calendar month 
 thereafter, a penalty of one per centum of the amount unpaid shall 
 be added thereto, and thereafter an additional penalty of one per 
 centum of the amount unpaid shall be added on the first day of each 
 calendar month of such charge and penalties shall remain unpaid, and 
 no water shall be delivered to the lands of any water-right applicant 
 or entryman who shall be in arrears for more than, one calendar year 
 for the payment of any charge for operation and maintenance or 
 any annual construction charge and penalties. If any water-right 
 applicant or entryman shall be one year in arrears in the payment of 
 any charge for operation and maintenance and penalties, or any part 
 thereof, his water-right application, and if he be a homestead entry- 
 man his entry also, shall be subject to cancellation, and all payments 
 made by him forfeited to the reclamation fund, but no homestead 
 entry shall be subject to contest because of such arrears. In the 
 discretion of the Secretary of the Interior suit or action may be 
 brought for the amounts in default and penalties in like manner as 
 provided in section three of this act. 
 
120 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 Sec. 7. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, 
 in his discretion, to designate and appoint, under such rules and 
 regulations as he may prescribe, the legally organized water users' 
 association or irrigation district, under any reclamation project, as 
 the fiscal agent of the United States to collect the annual payments 
 on the construction charge of the project and the annual charges 
 for operation and maintenance and all penalties: Provided, That 
 no water-right applicant or entryman shall be entitled to credit for 
 any payment thus made until the same shall have been paid over to 
 an officer designated by the Secretary of the Interior to receive the 
 same. 
 
 Sec. 8. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized 
 to make general rules and regulations governing the use of water 
 in the irrigation of the lands within any project, and may require 
 the reclamation for agricultural purposes and the cultivation of one- 
 fourth the irrigable area under each water-right application or entry 
 within three full irrigation seasons after the filing of water-right 
 application or entry, and the reclamation for agricultural purposes 
 and the cultivation of one-half the irrigable area within five full 
 irrigation seasons after the filing of the water-right application or 
 entry, and shall provide for continued compliance with such require- 
 ments. Failure on the part of any water-right applicant or entry- 
 man to comply with such requirements shall render his application or 
 entry subject to cancellation. 
 
 Sec. 9. That in all cases where application for water right for 
 lands in private ownership or lands held under entries not subject 
 to the reclamation law shall not be made within one year after the 
 passage of this act, or within one year after notice issued in pur- 
 suance of section four of the reclamation act, in cases where such 
 notice has not heretofore been issued, the construction charges for 
 such land shall be increased five per centum each year until such 
 application is made and an initial installment is paid. 
 
 Sec. 10. That the act of Congress approved February eighteenth, 
 nineteen hundred and eleven, entitled "An act to amend section five 
 of the act of Congress of June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and 
 ten, entitled 'An act to authorize advances to the reclamation fund 
 and for the issuance and disposal of certificates of indebtedness in 
 reimbursement therefor, and for other purposes/ " be, and the same 
 hereby is, amended so as to read as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 5. That no entry shall be hereafter made and no entryman 
 shall be permitted to go upon lands reserved for irrigation purposes 
 until the Secretary of the Interior shall have established the unit 
 of acreage per entry, and water is ready to be delivered for the 
 land in such unit or some part thereof and such fact has been 
 announced by the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That where 
 entries made prior to June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten, 
 have been or may be relinquished, in whole or in part, the lands so 
 relinquished shall be subject to settlement and entry under the 
 reclamation law." 
 
 Sec. II. That whenever water is available and it is impracticable to 
 
LAWS 121 
 
 apportion operation and maintenance charges as provided in section 
 five of this act, the Secretary of the Interior may, prior to giving 
 public notice of the construction charge per acre upon land under 
 any project, furnish water to any entryman or private landowner 
 thereunder until such notice is given, making a reasonable charge 
 therefor, and such charges shall be subject to the same penalties and 
 to the provisions for cancellation and collection as herein provided 
 for other operation and maintenance charges. 
 
 Sec. 12. That before any contract is let or work begun for the 
 construction of any reclamation project hereafter adopted the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior shall require the owners of private lands there- 
 under to agree to dispose of all lands in excess of the area which 
 he shall deem sufficient for the support of a family upon the land 
 in question, upon such terms and at not to exceed such price as 
 the Secretary of the Interior may designate; and if any landowner 
 shall refuse to agree to the requirements fixed by the Secretary of the 
 Interior, his land shall not be included within the projects if adopted 
 for construction. 
 
 Sec. 13. That all entries under reclamation projects containing 
 more than one farm unit shall be reduced in area and conformed to 
 a single farm unit within two years after making proof of residence, 
 improvement, and cultivation, or within two years after the issuance 
 of a farm-unit plat for the project, if the same issues subsequent 
 to the making of such proof: Provided, That such proof is made 
 within four years from the date as announced by the Secretary of the 
 Interior that water is available for delivery for the land. Any 
 entryman failing within the period herein provided to dispose of the 
 excess of his entry above one farm unit, in the manner provided by 
 law, and to conform his entry to a single farm unit shall render his 
 entry subject to cancellation as to the excess above one farm unit: 
 Provided, That upon compliance with the provisions of law such 
 entryman shall be entitled to receive a patent for that part of his 
 entry which conforms to one farm unit as established for the project : 
 Provided further, That no person shall hold by assignment more than 
 one farm unit prior to final payment of all charges for all the land 
 held by him subject to the reclamation law, except operation and 
 maintenance charges not then due. 
 
 Sec. 14. [Amended by Act of July 26, 1916, below] * 
 
 Sec. 15. That the Secretary of the Interior is' hereby authorized 
 to perform any and all acts and to make such rules and regulations 
 as may be necessary and proper for the purpose of carrying the pro- 
 visions of this act into full force and effect. 
 
 Sec. 1 6. That from and after July first, nineteen hundred and 
 fifteen, expenditures shall not be made for carrying out the purposes 
 
 1 The original section read as follows : That any person whose land 
 or entry has heretofore become subject to the reclamation law, who desires 
 to secure the benefits of the extension of the period of payments pro- 
 vided by this act, shall, within six months after the issuance of the first 
 public notice hereunder affecting his land or entry, notify the Secretary 
 of the Interior, in the manner to be prescribed by said Secretary, of his 
 acceptance of all of the terms and conditions of this act, and thereafter 
 his lands or entry shall be subject to all of the provisions of this act. 
 
122 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 of the reclamation law except out of appropriations made annually by 
 Congress therefor, and the Secretary of the Interior shall, for the 
 fiscal y^ar_nineteen^ hundred^nd^sixteen, and annually thereafter, 
 injthe regtilar~BooK of EstimatesTsuBniit to Congress estimates of 
 the amount of money necessary to be expended for carrying out any 
 or all of the purposes authorized by the reclamation law, including 
 the extension and completion of existing projects and units thereof 
 and the construction of new projects. The annual appropriations 
 made hereunder by Congress for such purposes shall be paid out of 
 the reclamation fund provided for by the reclamation law. 
 
 1914 Act of Oct. 5, 1914 (38 Stat., 727) An act to authorize the 
 reservation of public lands for country parks and community 
 centers within reclamation projects, and for other purposes. 
 
 That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized 
 to withdraw from other disposition and reserve for country parks, 
 public playgrounds, and community centers for the use of the resi- 
 dents upon the lands such tracts as he may deem advisable not 
 exceeding twenty acres in any one township in each reclamation 
 project or the several units of such reclamation projects under- 
 taken under the act of June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two, 
 known as the reclamation act. 
 
 Sec. 2. That subject to the provisions hereinafter contained every 
 such tract of land so set apart shall be supplied with water from the 
 Government irrigation system, the cost thereof to be charged to the 
 remaining lands of the projects as a part of the construction charge 
 of such project, and shall be maintained and used in perpetuity by 
 the people upon said reclaimed lands for a pleasure park, public 
 playground, and community center. 
 
 Sec. 3. That for the purpose of carrying out and effecting the 
 objects of this act the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to 
 enter into a contract with the organization formed by the owners 
 of the lands irrigated within said project or project unit pursuant 
 to section six of the act of June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and 
 two, stipulating and providing that the organization will maintain 
 and use such of the lands so reserved for the purposes prescribed in 
 this act as such organization may desire, and that upon failure to so 
 maintain and use such lands, or in the event that same shall be per- 
 mitted to be used or occupied for other purposes than those stipulated 
 in this act, the control of the lands shall revert to the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4. That any of such lands not contracted for in accordance 
 with the provisions of section three of this act within ten years 
 from the time water is available for the same, or sooner, if the 
 Secretary of the Interior may deem it desirable, shall be disposed 
 of in accordance with the public-land laws applicable thereto, and 
 the proceeds from the disposition of lands reverting to the United 
 States under the provisions of this act, and from sales of water 
 rights, shall be covered into the reclamation fund and placed to the 
 credit of the project wherein the lands are situate. 
 
LAWS 123 
 
 1915 Act of Mar. 4, 1915 (38 Stat, 1215) An act for the relief of 
 homestead entrymen under the reclamation projects of the 
 United States. 
 
 That any person who has made homestead entry under the act of 
 June seventeenth, nineteen hundred and two (Thirty-second Statutes 
 at Large, page three hundred and eighty-eight), for land believed 
 to be susceptible of irrigation which at the time of said entry was 
 withdrawn for any contemplated irrigation project, may relinquish 
 the same provided that it has since been determined that the land 
 embraced in such entry or all thereof in excess of twenty acres is 
 not or will not be irrigable under the project, and in lieu thereof 
 may select and make entry for any farm unit included within such 
 irrigation project as finally established, notwithstanding the pro- 
 visions of section five of the act of June twenty-fifth, nineteen 
 hundred and ten, entitled "An act to authorize advances to the 
 reclamation fund," and so forth, and acts amendatory thereof: 
 Provided, That such entryman shall be given credit on the new entry 
 for the time of bona fide residence maintained on the original entry. 
 
 1916 Act of July 26, 1916 (39 Stat., 390) An act to amend section 
 14 of the reclamation extension act approved August 13, 1914. 
 
 That section fourteen of an act entitled "An act extending the 
 period of payment under reclamation projects, and for other pur- 
 poses," approved August thirteenth, nineteen hundred and fourteen, 
 be amended so as to read as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 14. That any person whose land or entry has heretofore 
 become subject to the reclamation law, who desires to secure the 
 benefits of the extension of the period of payments provided by 
 this act, shall, within six months after the issuance of the first 
 public notice hereunder affecting his land or entry, notify the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, in the manner to be prescribed by said Secre- 
 tary, of his acceptance of all the terms and conditions of this act, and 
 thereafter his lands or entry shall be subject to all of the provisions 
 of this act: Provided, That upon sufficient showing the Secretary 
 of the Interior may, in his discretion, permit notice of acceptance of 
 all the terms and conditions of this act to be filed at any time after 
 the time limit hereinbefore fixed for filing such acceptance shall have 
 expired, conditioned, however, that where the applicant for such 
 acceptance is in arrears on construction charges he shall at the time 
 of acceptance pay such installments of the construction charge as 
 he would have been required to pay had he accepted this act within 
 the time limit hereinabove fixed, plus the penalties that would have 
 accrued had he so accepted, and such applicant shall thereafter be 
 upon the same status that he would have been had he accepted the 
 provisions of this act within the time limit hereinabove fixed, and 
 thereafter the lands or entry of any such persons so filing such notice 
 of acceptance shall be subject to all the provisions of this act." 
 
124 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 1917 Act of Feb. 15, 1917 (39 Stat., 920) An act to amend section 
 one of the act of August 9, 1912, providing for patents on 
 reclamation entries, and for other purposes. 
 
 That the proviso to section one of the act of August ninth, nine- 
 teen hundred and twelve, (Thirty-seventh Statutes, page two hundred 
 and sixty-five), entitled 'An act providing for patents on reclama- 
 tion entries, and for other purposes," be amended to read as follows : 
 
 "Provided, That no such patent or final water-right certificate shall 
 issue until after the payment of all sums due the United States on 
 account of such land or water right at the time of the submission of 
 proof entitling the homestead or desert-land entryman to such patent 
 or the purchaser to such final water-right certificate." 
 
APPENDIX 6 
 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTE 
 
 Statements showing appropriations, receipts, expenditures, and 
 financial data for a series of years constitute the most effective 
 single means of exhibiting the growth and development of a service. 
 Due to the fact that Congress has adopted no uniform plan of appro- 
 priations for the several services and that the latter employ no 
 uniform plan in respect to the recording and reporting of their 
 receipts and expenditures, it is impossible to present data of this 
 character according to any standard scheme of presentation. In the 
 case of some services the administrative reports contain tables show- 
 ing financial conditions and operations of the service in considerable 
 detail; in others financial data are almost wholly lacking. Careful 
 study has in all cases been made of such data as are available, and 
 the effort has been made to present the results in such a form as will 
 exhibit the financial operations of the service in the most effective 
 way that circumstances permit. 
 
 125 
 
126 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
 
 TABLE i 
 
 
 TOTAL RECEIPTS or DISBURSEMENTS OF 
 
 RECLAMATION FUND TO JUNE 30, 1917 
 
 Receipts 
 
 Sales of public lands 
 
 Audited $91,890,082.85 
 
 Not yet audited 
 
 (estimated) . . *i,30o,ooo.oo 
 Sale of town site 
 
 lots 333,163.37 
 
 Rio Grande Dam 
 
 appropriation . . . 1,000,000.00 
 Advances to Re- 
 clamation fund 
 
 (Act of June 25, 
 
 1910) 17,000,000.00 
 
 Collections 
 
 Construction 
 charges 4,796,724.91 
 
 Operation and 
 maintenance 
 charges (in- 
 cluding tem- 
 porary water 
 rentals) 7,191,291.14 
 
 Sale of power 
 and light 1,303,5*6.97 
 
 Misc. sales 2,064,727.04 
 
 Misc. services... 1,619,856.36 
 
 Transportation re- 
 funds 338,424.02 
 
 Forfeiture by bid- 
 ders and con- 
 tractors 82,758.71 
 
 Over disburse- 
 ments 39,96345 
 
 From Indian Ser- 
 vice 2,993,333.69 
 
 Expenditures 
 
 Primary projects. $119,533,642.57 
 Secondary projects 1,004,109.34 
 Indian projects. .. 2,907,137.11 
 Miscellaneous . . . 4,479,881.63 
 Rio Grande Dam 1,000,091.78 
 
 Total $128,924,862.43 
 
 Balance in Recla- 
 mation Fund, 
 July 30, 1917 . . 
 
 1,928,980.08 
 
 Total $132,153,842.51 
 
 *Deduct sales of 
 public lands not 
 yet audited and 
 not taken into Re- 
 clamation Fund. . 1,300,000.00 
 
 Total $130,853,842.51 
 
 Total $130,853,842.51 
 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 127 
 
 TABLE 2 
 
 TOTAL RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF RECLAMATION FUND 
 TO JUNE 30, 1917, BY YEARS 
 
 Fiscal 
 Years 
 
 Total 
 Receipts 
 
 Total 
 Disbursements 
 
 1901 
 
 $ 3,144,821.91 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 4,585,520.53 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 8,714,238.97 
 
 $ 269,094.47 
 
 1904 
 
 6,826,964.43 
 
 i,5i343i- 22 
 
 1905 
 
 4,806,854.24 
 
 3,767,921.78 
 
 1906 
 
 5,189,261.13 
 
 7,107,715.90 
 
 1907 
 
 9,072,116.16 
 
 12,533,916.06 
 
 1908 
 
 9,961,608.88 
 
 11,800,025.12 
 
 1909 
 
 8,519,891.76 
 
 10,390,401.84 
 
 1910 
 
 8,810,880.56 
 
 10,050,736.30 
 
 1911 
 
 8,239,361.71 
 
 9,556,33i-62 
 
 1912 
 
 8,127,551.68 
 
 11,663,199.00 
 
 1913 
 
 6,115,810.61 
 
 8,791,905-27 
 
 1914 
 
 9,717,890.35 
 
 10,437,940.81 
 
 1915 
 
 14,177,564.75 
 
 14,213,172.90 
 
 1916 
 
 8,518,265.80 
 
 8,805,940.21 
 
 1917 
 
 6,325,239.04 
 
 8,023,129.93 
 
 Total $130,853,842.51 $128,924,862.43 
 

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APPENDIX 7 
 STATISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION 
 
 STATISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION, JUNE 30, 1917 * 
 
 LANDS 
 
 Estimated area of projects on completion- 
 Estimated area to which service was pre- 
 pared to supply water 
 
 Acres Farms 
 
 3,072,795* 62,451 
 
 1,797,811 37,7i9 
 1,395,939 29,134 
 (597,63i) (12,724) 
 (778,308) (16,410) 
 
 Acre-feet 
 9,193,800 
 
 Miles 
 401 
 66s 
 1,678 
 7,226 
 
 Under contract 
 
 Water rights 
 
 Rental contracts, etc. 
 
 Reservoir capacity available 
 
 CANALS, DITCHES, AND DRAINS 
 
 Canals over 800 second-feet capacity 
 Canals 301 to 800 second-feet capacity 
 Canals 50 to 300 second-feet capacity. . . . 
 Canals less than 50 second-feet capacity . . 
 
 Total canals .... 
 
 9,970 
 
 Waste-water ditches 
 
 456 
 
 575 
 149 
 
 Drains, open . . . ... 
 
 Drains closed 
 
 Total 
 
 1,180 
 
 Grand total 
 
 11,150 
 
 94 
 141,987 
 
 Cubic yards 
 2,083,376 
 9,818,103 
 i,i55,763 
 
 TUNNELS 
 
 Number 
 
 Length, feet 
 
 STORAGE AND DIVERSION DAMS 
 
 Masonry 
 
 Earth 
 
 Rock fill and crib .... 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 13,057,242 
 
 
 1 Includes data on Indian projects. 
 3 Including areas furnished temporary water supply. 
 
 129 
 
130 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 DIKES AND LEVEES 
 
 Length and volume. 
 
 Miles 
 94-5 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 4,430,190 
 
 CANAL STRUCTURES 
 
 Costing over $2,000 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Wood 
 
 902 
 1,866 
 7,946 
 
 13,754 
 
 i34 
 430 
 4,794 
 51,617 
 
 Costing $500 to $2,000 
 
 Costing $100 to $500 
 
 Costing less than $100 
 
 Total . . 
 
 24,468 
 
 56,975 
 
 BRIDGES 
 
 Steel 
 
 Number 
 
 Length 
 
 104 
 412 
 4,966 
 335 
 
 Feet 
 7,002 
 11,924 
 108,226 
 4,i74 
 
 Combination. . . 
 
 Wood 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Total 
 
 5,817 
 
 131,326 
 
 CULVERTS 
 
 Concrete 
 
 1,654 
 i,346 
 920 
 3,068 
 
 80,371 
 48,977 
 44,339 
 69,346 
 
 Metal 
 
 Terra cotta 
 
 Wood 
 
 Total 
 
 6,988 243,033 
 
 Linear feet 
 556,9i8 
 239,400 
 1,046,770 
 33i,38o 
 
 PIPE 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Metal 
 
 Terra cotta (tile) .... 
 
 Wood 
 
 Total 
 
 2,174,468 
 
 FLUMES 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Number 
 
 Length 
 
 76 
 674 
 1,679 
 
 Feet 
 14,870 
 142,084 
 362,134 
 
 Metal . ... 
 
 Wood 
 
 Total 
 
 2,429 
 
 519,088 
 
 
STATISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION 
 
 CANALS LINED 
 
 Length, miles 
 
 
 Concrete Wood 
 
 296.9 4.1 
 
 79 
 566 
 26 
 67 
 446 
 
 BUILDINGS 
 
 Offices 
 
 . . .number 
 
 Residences 
 
 do... 
 
 Power plants 
 
 do 
 
 Pumping stations 
 
 do 
 
 Barns, storehouses, etc. . 
 
 do 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1,184 
 
 WELLS 
 
 Number and depth 
 
 
 Number Depth 
 
 Feet 
 3Qi 34,583 
 
 Miles 
 902 
 
 83 
 2,822 
 442 
 
 47,36i 
 
 Cubic yards 
 
 133,043,727 
 8,882,812 
 
 7,859,995 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS 
 
 Roads 
 
 Railroads 
 
 
 Telephones 
 
 
 Transmission lines 
 
 
 POWER DEVELOP 
 
 Water and steam 
 
 ED 
 
 horsepower. . 
 
 EXCAVATION 
 
 Class i, earth 
 
 Class 2, indurated material. 
 
 
 Class 3, rock 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 149,786,534 
 
 RIPRAP 
 
 cubic yards . . 
 quare yards. . 
 cubic yards . . 
 barrels 
 
 1,527,920 
 749,395 
 2,942,775 
 2,741,763 
 
 PAVING s 
 
 CONCRETE 
 
 CEMENT 
 
 
 
APPENDIX 8 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 EXPLANATORY NOTE 
 
 The bibliographies appended to the several monographs aim to list 
 only those works which deal directly with the services to which they 
 relate, their history, Activities, organization, methods of business, 
 problems, etc. They are intended primarily to meet the needs of 
 those persons who desire to make a further study of the services 
 from an administrative standpoint. They thus do not include the 
 titles of publications of the services themselves, except in so far as 
 they treat of the services, their work and problems. Nor do they 
 include books or articles dealing merely with technical features other 
 than administrative of the work of the services. In a few cases 
 explanatory notes have been appended where it was thought they 
 would aid in making known the character or value of the publication 
 to which they relate. 
 
 After the completion of the series the bibliographies may be 
 assembled and separately published as a bibliography of the Adminis- 
 trative Branch of the National Government. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Bibliographies I- 6 
 
 Official publications 7-118 
 
 Unofficial publications: Books and pamphlets 119-159 
 
 Unofficial publications: Periodicals 160-165 
 
 Periodical articles general 166-306 
 
 Periodical articles projects (by states) 37-393 
 
 Manuscripts 394-406 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 
 
 1 U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Library. List of references to 
 
 publications relating to irrigation and land drainage. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1902. 181 p. (Its Bulletin no. 41) 
 
 [1,778 titles, arranged in an author list, periodical list, and sub- 
 ject index] 
 
 2 Office of experiment stations. Organization, work, and 
 
 publications of irrigation investigations. [Washington, Govt. 
 print, off.] 1909. 12 p. 
 
 ^ Reclamation service. Index. First to tenth annual re- 
 
 ports of the Reclamation service. (In its Tenth annual 
 report, 1910/1911.) Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. p. 
 251-90. 
 
 132 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 133 
 
 4 U. S. Reclamation service. List of engineering articles [relating 
 to the work of the Service] With index, no. 1-4. Washing- 
 ton, Govt. print, off., 1915-1918. 
 
 [Reprinted from the I2th, i4th, 15th and i6th annual reports 
 of the U. S. Reclamation service] 
 
 5 Publications of the United States Reclamation ser- 
 vice ... for sale by the U. S. Reclamation service, Wash- 
 ington, D. C., December, 1917. [Washington, D. C., 1917] 
 85 p. (List of publications no. 4) 
 
 6 Reports and bulletins relating to the work of the 
 
 Reclamation service. (In its Publications. Washington, 
 1917. p. 47-56) 
 
 ["Annual reports, Secretary of the interior; Annual reports and 
 Water-supply papers of the Geological survey; General land 
 office bulletins ; Bureau of mines bulletins ; Department of agri- 
 culture : Bureau of plant industry, Bureau of soils, Office of pub- 
 lic roads and rural engineering; Smithsonian reports separates; 
 National geographic magazine separates"] 
 
 OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS 
 
 7 Beadle, John B. Progress in reclamation of arid lands in the 
 
 western United States, . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 1916. p. 467-488. (Smithsonian institution. Publication 
 2401) 
 
 ["From the Smithsonian report for 1915." "Continuation of papers 
 printed in the Smithsonian reports for 1001, pp. 407 to 423; 
 1003, pp. 827 to 841; 1904, PP- 373 to 381; 1907, pp. 331 to 345; 
 1910, pp. 169 to 108," by F. H. Newell.] 
 
 8 Greely, Adolphus W. Report on the climate of Colorado and 
 
 Utah, with particular reference to questions of irrigation and 
 water storage in the arid region . . . Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1891. 70 p. ([U. S.] 5ist Cong., 2d sess. House. 
 Ex. doc. no. 287) Serial no. 2868 
 
 9 Hinton, Richard J. Irrigation in the United States'. A report 
 
 prepared . . . under the direction of the commissioner of 
 agriculture. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1887. 240 p. 9 pi. 
 ([U. S.] 49th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Misc. doc. no. 15) 
 Serial no. 2450 
 
 10 Irrigation in the United States. Being a 2d ed. of Miscel- 
 laneous document no. 15, Forty-ninth Congress. Washington, 
 Govt. print, off., 1890. 386 p. 
 
 [Sist Congress, ist session. Senate. Report 928, pt. 6. Revised 
 edition prepared by order of the United States Senate Special 
 committee on irrigation and reclamation of arid lands] 
 
 11 Newell, Frederick H. Proceedings of first conference of engin- 
 
 eers of the Reclamation service, with accompanying papers . . . 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1904. 361 p. (U. S. Geological 
 survey. Water-supply and irrigation paper no. 93) 
 
 [Conference held at Ogden, Utah, September 15-18, 1003] 
 
134 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 12 Newell, Frederick H. Proceedings of second conference of en- 
 
 gineers of the Reclamation service, with accompanying pa- 
 pers . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1905. 267 p. (U. S. 
 Geological Survey. Water-supply and irrigation paper no. 
 146) 
 
 [Conference was held at El Paso, Tex., November 14 to 18, 1904, 
 and adjourned to Washington, D. C, where it was continued 
 from January 9 to 14, 1905] 
 
 13 Progress in reclamation of arid lands in the western 
 
 United States. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1911. p. 169- 
 98. (Smithsonian institution. Publication 2019) 
 
 [From the Smithsonian report for 1910. See also Beadle, John 
 
 B. Progress in reclamation of arid lands ] 
 
 14 The public lands and their water supply. Extract from the 
 
 sixteenth annual report of the Survey, 1894-95 . . . Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1895. P- 457-533- illus. 
 
 15 Newlands, Francis G. Development of the West. Articles on 
 
 western topics, entitled: "Watering the desert," "National 
 irrigation as a social problem," and "Dry farming." Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1914. 16 p. ([U. S.] 63d Cong., 2d 
 sess. Senate. Doc. 588) Serial no. 6596 
 
 16 The Reclamation service and its work. Remarks . . . 
 
 in the Senate of the United States, July 31, 1912. Washing- 
 ton, 1912. 16 p. 
 
 17 Storage reservoirs the arid-land question. Speech . . . 
 
 in the House of representatives, Wednesday, January 9, 1901. 
 Washington [Govt. print, off.] 1901. 30 p. 
 
 18 U. S. Board of army engineers on reclamation projects. Fund 
 
 for reclamation of arid lands. Message from the President 
 of the United States transmitting a report of the Board of 
 army engineers in relation to the reclamation fund . . . 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1911. 197 p. (6ist Cong., 
 3d sess. House. Doc. 1262) Serial no. 6022 
 
 [Report submitted to the Secretary of the interior. Signed (p. 
 19) John Biddle . . . W. C. Langfitt . . . Wm. W. Harts . . . 
 
 C. W. Kutz . . . H. Burgess . . . This Board made an inspection 
 of nearly all the projects from July 28 to Oct. 22, 1910. Public 
 hearings were held on each project. The cost of this inspection 
 to the Reclamation fund was $15,988.09] 
 
 19 Bureau of the census. Irrigation. (In its Twelfth census 
 
 of the United States: 1900. Agriculture. Part II. Crops 
 and irrigation. Washington, 1902. p. 797-880) 
 
 20 Irrigation and irrigated crops. (In its Thirteenth 
 
 census of the United States . . . Abstract of the census. 
 Washington, 1913. p. 421-32) 
 
 21 Irrigation in the United States: 1902. Washing- 
 ton, Govt. print, off., 1904. 92 p. (Bulletin 16) 
 
 [Prepared under the supervision of Le Grand Powers, chief 
 statistician for agriculture, by Clarence J. Blanchard of the 
 Geological survey, cf. p. 5] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 
 
 22 U. S. Census office, nth census, 1890. Report on agriculture 
 
 by irrigation in the western part of the United States at the 
 eleventh census: 1890. [By] F. H. Newell, special agent. 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1894. 336 p. 
 
 ["Appendix. Data concerning water supply" : p. 285-324] 
 
 23 Congress. Joint committee to investigate Interior depart- 
 ment and Forest service. Investigation of the Department 
 of the interior and the Bureau of forestry. Hearings . . . 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1910. 7 v. 
 
 [Includes testimony of F. H. Newell, Arthur P. Davis and others 
 concerning the work of the Reclamation service. See Index in 
 last volume] 
 
 24 House. Committee on appropriations. Reclama- 
 tion service. Hearings before subcommittee of House com- 
 mittee on appropriations ... in charge of permanent appro- 
 priations. Sixty-third Congress, second session. Washing- 
 ton, Govt. print, off., 1914. 387 p. 
 
 25 Reclamation service, 1916. Hearings before 
 
 subcommittee of House committee on appropriations . . . 
 in charge of sundry civil appropriation bill for 1916. Sixty- 
 third Congress, third session. Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 
 I9I5- 339 P- 
 
 26 Sundry civil bill, 1917. Hearings before sub- 
 committee of House committee on appropriations ... in 
 charge of sundry civil bill for 1917 on appropriation for the 
 Reclamation service. Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 72 p. 
 
 27 Sundry civil bill, 1918, hearings before sub- 
 committee in charge of sundry civil appropriation bill, 1918, 
 on appropriation for Reclamation service. Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1917. 96 p. 
 
 28 Committee on expenditures in Interior dept. Re- 
 port in the matter of the investigation of the Salt and Gila 
 rivers reservations and reclamation service . . . Washing- 
 ton, Govt. print, off., 1913. 736 p. plates, fold, maps, diagrs. 
 (62d Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 1506) Serial no. 6339 
 
 [Includes Hearings, in Phoenix, Ariz., Apr. 23-May 2, 1912. 
 "Views of the minority," signed, F. W. Mondell, Chas. H. Burke: 
 P- 735-736] 
 
 29 Committee on irrigation of arid lands. Adminis- 
 tration of the Reclamation act. Hearing, Feb. i-u, 1910. 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1910. 59 p. 
 
 30 Appropriation bill for fiscal year ending June 
 
 30, 1916. Hearings ... on the bill making appropriations 
 out of the Reclamation fund for the Reclamation service for 
 the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. Dec. 16, 17, 18, 21 and 
 
 31, 1914, and Jan. 4, 5, 6 and 8, 1915. Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1915. 242 p. 
 
 [Issued in two pamphlets, consecutively paged] 
 
136 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 31. U. S. Congress. House. Committee on irrigation of arid lands. 
 Extending provisions of reclamation act to Hawaii. [Hear- 
 ing, Jan. 22, 1909, on H. 25141. Washington, 1909] 14 p. 
 
 [Statements of F. H. Newell and G. B. McClellan] 
 
 3 2 Extension of period of payment under recla- 
 mation projects. Hearings ... on H. R. 13921 . . . Feb. 
 28 [Mar. 28] 1914. [Pt. 1-2] Washington, Govt. print. 
 off., 1914. 27, 16 p. 
 
 33 Garden City project (Correspondence) no. I 
 
 Hearings ... on S. 6784, a bill providing for the relief 
 of the Garden City (Kansas) water users' association . . . 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1913. I pam. (16 p.) 
 
 34 Garden City (Kansas) project. Hearings . . . 
 
 on S. 221, an act for the relief of the Garden City water users' 
 association . . . April n, 1914. Washington, Govt. print, 
 off., 1914. 16 p. 
 
 35 Hearings . . . relating to projects for the ir- 
 rigation of arid lands under the national irrigation act and 
 the work of the division of irrigation investigations of the 
 Agricultural department in connection with irrigation of arid 
 lands . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1905. 159 p. (58th 
 Cong., 3d sess. House. Doc. no. 381) Serial no. 4832 
 
 36 Hearings . . . relating to the reclamation 
 
 work of the government under the national irrigation act. 
 April 16 to 30, 1906. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1906. 
 246 p. 
 
 37 Hearings . . . February i, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 
 
 n, 1909, relating to present condition of the reclamation proj- 
 ects, returns to the fund, organization and methods of work 
 of the Reclamation service. Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 1909. 144 p. 
 
 38 Hearings . . . April 23; June I and 8, 1910. 
 
 Relating to proposed legislation, present condition of recla- 
 mation projects, returns to the reclamation fund, business 
 methods of the Reclamation service, success of settlers. 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1910. 189 p. 
 
 39 Hearings . . . Relating to proposed legislation, 
 
 present condition of reclamation projects, success of settlers, 
 returns to reclamation fund, crops, etc. January 27, Febru- 
 ary 3 and 8, 1912. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 253 p. 
 
 40 Irrigation in Nebraska. Hearing on H. J. 
 
 res. 315 relating to irrigation projects in the state of 
 Nebraska. Aug. 13, 1914. Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 
 iQH. 35 P- 
 
 41 Irrigation projects. Hearings . . . Feb. 24, 
 
 1912. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 26 p. 
 
 [Statements of Carl Hayden, John P. Orme and others] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 
 
 42. U. S. Congress. House. Committee on irrigation of arid lands. 
 Irrigation projects. Hearings . . . concerning proposed 
 changes in the reclamation law. [H. R. 20490] Feb. 23, 1912. 
 no. 2. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. p. 27-36. 
 
 43 Irrigation projects. Hearings. Statement of 
 
 Mr. James T. Whitehead, of Mitchell, Neb. March 2, 1912 
 [on H. R. 20490] Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 24 p. 
 
 44 Irrigation projects. Hearings . . . Town site 
 
 improvements. Mar. 13, 1912. no. I. [H. R. 10443] Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 26 p. 
 
 [Statements of P. P. Wells and W. D. Buchholz] 
 
 45 Irrigation projects. Town site improvements. 
 
 no. 2. Hearings . . . on H. R. 10443 an d o n H. R. 22873. 
 April 20, 1912. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 18 p. 
 
 [Statements by Mr. Mondell, Mr. F. H. Newell and others] 
 
 46 Proposed irrigation projects. Hearings . . . 
 
 April 15, 1916. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 34 p. 
 
 47 Reclamation of arid lands . . . Report [with 
 
 views of the minority. To accompany H. R. 9676. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1902] 18, 17 p. (57th Cong., ist 
 sess. House. Rept. 794) Serial no. 4402 
 
 [A bill appropriating the receipts from sale and disposal of public 
 lands in certain states and territories to the construction of irri- 
 
 ition works for the irrigation of arid lands, cf. [pt. i, p. i] 
 he Majority report strongly urged the passage of the bill ; the 
 Minority report declared it to be unconstitutional and imprac- 
 ticable] 
 
 48 Stimulation of food production under reclama- 
 tion projects. Hearings ... on H. R. 2913 a bill to 
 stimulate the production of food upon private and public 
 lands within the reclamation projects and for other pur- 
 poses . . . April 16, 1917. Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 1917. 25 p. 
 
 49 Stimulation of food production . . . Report. 
 
 [To accompany H. R. 4431] [Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 1917] ii p. (65th Cong., ist sess. House. Rept. 107) 
 
 50 Title for homesteaders on reclamation proj- 
 ects. Hearings ... on H. R., 23242 . . . May n, 1912. no. 
 i. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 5 p. 
 
 51 To promote the reclamation of arid lands on 
 
 the public domain. Hearings . . . on H. R. 262. Feb. 26, 
 1916. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 28 p. 
 
 52 Committee on public lands. Hearings . . . relat- 
 ing to the reclamation and disposal of the arid public lands 
 of the West. January 11 to 30, 1901. Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1901. 135 p. illus. 
 
 [Statements of Mr. Newlands, Mr. Maxwell, Mr. Newell, and 
 others ] 
 
138 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 53 U. S. Congress. House. Committee on ways and means. Recla- 
 mation bonds. Hearings before the Committee on ways and 
 means of the House of representatives, 6ist Congress, 2d ses- 
 sion, on H. R. 18398, H. R. 19079, H. R. 21893, an d S. 5705, 
 February 5, March 8, 10, n, 14, 15, 17, 28, 30, 1910. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1910. 265, 26^-2,6^ p. 
 
 54 Select committee on irrigation. Hearings before 
 
 the Select committee on irrigation, House of representatives, 
 Fifty-first Congress, on the general subject of irrigation in 
 the United States [February 6 to April 24, 1890] Washing- 
 ton, Govt. print, off., 1890. 38, 134 p. 
 
 55 Senate. Committee on irrigation and reclamation 
 
 of arid lands. Corbett tunnel claims, Shoshone project, Wy- 
 oming. Hearing ... on S. 4862, a bill authorizing , . . the 
 Secretary of the interior to investigate and settle certain 
 accounts . . . Feb. 29, 1912, April 27 and Mar. 4, 1912. Wash- 
 ington, Govt print, off., 1912. 18, 26, 19 p. 
 
 56 Flood waters of the Rio Grande. Hearing be- 
 fore a subcommittee . . . on S. J. res. 183; a joint resolution 
 for control and distribution of the flood waters of the Rio 
 Grande. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1915. 41 p. 
 
 57 Government aid through district organizations. 
 
 Hearings ... on S. 1922, a bill relating to the reclamation of 
 arid, semi-arid, swamp, and overflow lands through district 
 organizations, and authorizing government aid therefor. 
 March 28-31, 1916. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 
 132 p. 
 
 58 Issue of certificates by water users' associa- 
 tions . . . [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1908] 17 p. (6oth 
 Cong., ist sess. Senate. Doc. 507) Serial no. 5269 
 
 [Statement of F. H. Newell, director of the Reclamation service] 
 
 59 Private irrigation projects, Carey act. Hear- 
 ing ... on private irrigation projects, Carey act. [Jan. 15, 
 1912] . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 34 p. 
 
 [Statements of Mr. Samuel H. Hays, Boise, Idaho, and Mr. L. C. 
 Hill, supervising engineer, United States Reclamation service] 
 
 60 Report ... on the investigation of irrigation 
 
 projects ... (To accompany S. Res. 324) Washington, 
 Govt. print, off., 1911. 917 p. (6ist Cong., 3d sess. Senate. 
 Report 1281) Serial no. 5846 
 
 6 1 Salt River irrigation project Arizona. Hear- 
 ing ... on Salt River irrigation project, Arizona. Febru- 
 ary 29, 1912 . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 24 p. 
 
 [Statement of J. P. Orme and Daniel P. Jones] 
 
 62 Suggestions for report of Senate Committee 
 
 on irrigation. By Francis G. Newlands. [Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1911] 20 p. 
 
 63 Select committee on irrigation and reclamation of 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 
 
 arid lands. Report of the special committee of the United 
 States Senate on the irrigation and reclamation of arid 
 lands . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1890. 6 v. illus. 
 (5 ist Cong., ist sess. Senate. Rept. 928) Serial no. 2707-8 
 
 [CONTENTS. pt. i. Report of committee and views of the 
 minority. pt. 2 (vol. I). The Northwest. pt. 3 (vol. II). The 
 Great Basin region and California. pt. 4 (vol. III). Rocky Moun- 
 tain region and Great Plains. pt. 5 (vol. IV). Statements by 
 Director Powell and other officers of the U. S. Geological survey. 
 Consular reports. General report on irrigation in United States. 
 Miscellaneous papers. pt. 6. Irrigation in the United States. By 
 R. J. Hinton . . . being a 2d ed. of Misc. doc. 15, 49th Cong., 
 2d sess.] 
 
 64 U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Truckee-Carson-Lake Tahoe proj- 
 
 ect. Letter from the Secretary of agriculture, transmitting, 
 in response to House resolution no. 270, information relating 
 to Truckee-Carson-Lake Tahoe project . . . Washington 
 [Govt. print, off.,] 1912. 160 p. (62d Cong., 2d sess. House. 
 Doc. 451) Serial no. 6321 
 
 65 - Dept. of the interior. Demonstration farms. Letter . . . 
 
 transmitting a copy of a communication from the Secretary 
 . . . submitting an estimate of appropriation for establishment 
 of demonstration farms in connection with the various recla- 
 mation projects. [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1905] 9 p. 
 (59th Cong., ist sess. House. Doc. no. 213) Serial no. 4986 
 
 66 -- Expenditures on irrigation projects in Indian reser- 
 
 vations, cost account of all moneys, from whatever source 
 derived, expended on each project on Indian reservations, 
 allotments, and lands, fiscal year 1916. Dec. 7, 1916. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 13 p. (64th Cong. 2d sess. 
 House. Doc. 1451) Serial no. 7241 
 
 67 -- General reclamation circular, approved May 18, 
 
 1916. Laws and regulations relating to the reclamation of 
 arid lands by the United States. Washington, Govt. print. 
 off., 1916. 72 p. 
 
 68 -- Reclamation projects. Letter from the Secretary 
 
 of the interior, transmitting information in compliance with 
 Senate resolution of February 10, 1910, as to the amount of 
 money required to finish reclamation projects now under con- 
 sideration, and the amount of money expended upon each of 
 the projects, etc. . . . [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1910] 
 31 p. (6ist Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Doc. 376) Serial no. 
 
 69 -- Waters of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Letter 
 from the Secretary of the interior, transmitting . . . orders 
 and regulations of the Interior department touching use, ap- 
 propriation, or disposition for irrigation of the waters of the 
 Rio Grande and its tributaries in Colorado and New Mexico 
 . . . [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1911] 21, 197 p. (62d 
 Cong., ist sess. House. Doc. 39) Serial no. 6117 
 
140 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 [Fund for reclamation of arid lands. Message from the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, transmitting a report of the Board of 
 army engineers in relation to the reclamation fund. (Reprint 
 from House doc. no. 1262, Sixty-first Congress, third session) : 
 p. 1-197] 
 
 70 U. S. Dept. of the interior. Carey act committee. Carey act 
 projects. Report of a committee appointed by the Secretary 
 of the interior to make an investigation into and report upon 
 the history and present condition of the Carey act projects . . . 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1913. 22 p. (62d Cong., 3d sess. 
 Senate. Doc. 1097) Serial no. 6365 
 
 [Signed: Herman Stabler, P. R. Dudley, F. W. Hanna, Carey act 
 committee.] 
 
 71 Central board of review. Report of the Central 
 
 board of review on the Carlsbad project, New Mexico. Rec- 
 lamation record, July, 1916, v. 7: 298-308. 
 
 72 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 Shoshone project, Wyoming. Reclamation record, Oct., 1916, 
 v. 7: 463-9. 
 
 73 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 Belle Fourche project, South Dakota. Reclamation record, 
 Dec., 1916, v. 7: 549-5- 
 
 74 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 Salt River project, Arizona. Reclamation record, Jan., 1917, 
 v. 8: 14-21. 
 
 75 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 Rio Grande project, New Mexico-Texas. Reclamation record, 
 Feb., 1917, v. 8 : 82-6. 
 
 76 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 Uncompahgre Valley project, Colorado. Reclamation record, 
 March, 1917, v. 8: 127-32. 
 
 77 Report of the Central board of review on the 
 
 North Platte project, Nebraska-Wyoming. Reclamation rec- 
 ord, April, 1917, v. 8: 179-83. 
 
 78 Engineer dept. Preliminary examination of reser- 
 voir sites in Wyoming and Colorado. Letter from . . . the 
 Chief of Engineers, together with a report from Captain 
 Chittenden of a preliminary examination made by him of 
 certain reservoir sites in the states of Wyoming and Colo- 
 rado. [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1897] II0 P- illus. 
 55th Cong., 2d sess. House. Doc. no. 141) Serial no. 3666 
 
 [Captain Hiram M. Chittenden recommended that the govern- 
 ment acquire full title and jurisdiction to any reservoir site which 
 it might improve and full rights to the water necessary to fill the 
 reservoir; also that it should build, own, and operate the works, 
 holding the stored waters free for public use under local regu- 
 lations] 
 
 79 San Carlos irrigation project, Arizona. Report to 
 
 the secretary of war of a board of engineer officers, United 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 
 
 States army, under Indian appropriation act of August 24, 
 1912, on the San Carlos irrigation project, Arizona . . . 
 Washington [Govt. print, off.] 1914. 168 p. (63d Cong., 2d 
 sess. House. Doc. 791) Serial no. 6755 
 
 80 U. S. General land office. Laws and regulations relating to 
 
 the reclamation of arid lands by the United States. Approved 
 April 29, 1912. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1912. 39 p. 
 (Circular no. 102) 
 
 81 Geographical and geological survey of the Rocky Moun- 
 tain region. Report on the lands of the arid region of the 
 United States, with a more detailed account of the lands of 
 Utah. With maps. By J. W. Powell . . . Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1878. 195 p. 3 fold. maps. (45th Cong., 2d sess. 
 House. Ex. doc. no. 73) Serial no. 1805 
 
 [The first scientific study of irrigation as an economic problem] 
 
 82 Geological survey. Report of progress of stream 
 
 measurements for . . . 1901-1905 . . . Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1903-06. 35 v. (Water-supply and irrigation paper 
 no. 75, 82-85, 97-100, 124-135, 165-178) 
 
 [Reports for 1896-1900 were published in pt. 4 of the i8th-22d 
 annual reports of the Geological survey, supplemented by "Opera- 
 tions at river stations," issued in the series of Water-supply and 
 irrigation papers. Later reports issued under title : "Surface 
 water supply", etc. (Water supply paper no. 201-214, 241-252, 
 261-272, 281-292, 301-312, 321-332, 351-362, 381-393)] 
 
 83 Report on Soda Lakes investigation, Truckee-Car- 
 
 son project, near Fallen, Nev., by Charles H. Lee, consulting 
 engineer, and W. O. Clark, assistant geologist, United States 
 Geological survey. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. p. 
 657-706. 
 
 84 Laws, statutes, etc. An act appropriating the receipts 
 
 from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain states 
 and territories to the construction. of irrigation works for the 
 reclamation of arid lands and subsequent acts pertaining 
 thereto. Washington [Govt. print, off.] 1911. up. 
 
 85 A bill to promote the reclamation of arid and swamp 
 
 lands of the United States, and for other purposes. [Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1916] 9 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. 
 S. 7487) 
 
 [Introduced in the House of representatives, Dec. 2, 1916, by Mr. 
 Smith of Idaho, and in the Senate by Mr. Chamberlain of Oregon, 
 Dec. 20, 1916. Reprinted in Irrigation age, Feb. 1917, v. 32: 
 59-60; also in Reclamation record, April, 1917, v. 8; 165-7.] 
 
 86 Laws relating to the reclamation of arid lands by 
 
 the United States. Washington [Govt. print, off.] 1911. 40 p. 
 
 87 Office of experiment stations. Organization, work, and 
 
 publications of irrigation investigations. [Washington, Govt. 
 print, off.] 1909. 12 p. 
 
142 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 88 U. S. Office of irrigation inquiry. [Report on irrigation. 1893] 
 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1893. 4 v - * n l - (5 2< i Cong., 
 ist sess. Senate ex. doc. 41) Serial no. 2899 
 
 89 President, 1001-1000 (Roosevelt) [Remarks on reclama- 
 tion of arid lands ... in message of Dec. 3, 1901] (In 
 Compilation of the messages and papers of the Presidents. 
 New York, n. d. v. 15: 6655-8) 
 
 90 Reclamation service. Annual report. 1902 date. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1903 date. 
 
 ["The First annual report of the Reclamation service, dated Nov. 
 29, 1902, gave a brief description of the location and condition of 
 the arid public lands and summarized the history of the national 
 irrigation movement, the laws recognizing irrigation, and the 
 conditions of the work of reclamation in the various states and 
 territories. 
 
 The Second annual report took up the general discussion of 
 the reclamation law, reciting decisions of the Secretary of the 
 Interior concerning it, and described in detail the work begun, 
 showing in particular what had been accomplished in 1903. 
 
 The Third and later reports continue a description of the work 
 begun and operations carried on during the calendar year; to- 
 gether with the Reclamation act and acts of Congress affecting 
 operations thereunder. 
 
 The Eleventh report presents a review of the conditions existing 
 at the time of the passage of the Reclamation act, the operations 
 and results accomplished during the decade, and mention of the 
 lessons taught thereby. 
 
 The Fifteenth report contains a history of the construction of 
 each project from the beginning of work to June 30, 1916."] 
 
 91 Bulletin of information for the Committee on ap- 
 propriations of the House . . . 64th Congress. Tour of in- 
 spection and examination of reclamation projects, June I to 
 July 15, 1915. Washington, Gov. print, off., 1915. 36 p. 
 [Suggestions for reclamation trip] 
 
 92 Discussion of projects from the Thirteenth annual 
 
 report together with detail estimates of work to be ac- 
 complished with the money recommended for appropriation 
 for the fiscal year 1916 compared with expenditures during 
 the fiscal year 1914. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1915. 
 500 p. 
 [Handbooks of the Reclamation service] 
 
 93 Instructions for accounting and fiscal affairs, 1909. Wash- 
 
 ington, Gov. print, off., 1909. 2 v. 
 
 94 Instructions to operation employees. Truckee-Carson project, 
 
 Nevada. 1908. 19 p. 
 
 95 Instructions under act approved July 26, 1916, providing for 
 
 acceptance of terms of reclamation extension act. [1916] 
 
 3 P- 
 
 96 Manual of field accounting. Washington, 1907. 95 p. 
 
 97 Manual of the United States Reclamation service. (Ed. of 
 
 1917) A. P. Davis, director . . . Washington [Govt. print, 
 off.] 1917. 566 p. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 
 
 98 Measurement of irrigation water, [n. p.] 1913. 59 p. 
 
 99 Operation and maintenance use book. Washington, 1914. 
 
 192 p. 
 
 [Deals with the operation and maintenance of completed works, 
 delivery of water, and relations between the water users and 
 operating force. A later edition of the "use-book" was published 
 in the Manual (1917) p. 324-66] 
 
 100 U. S. Reclamation service. Irrigation projects of the U. S. 
 
 Reclamation service . . . National reclamation of arid lands. 
 
 [Washington, Govt. print, off., 1915] [24] p. 
 101 Irrigation revival. [Suggestions by F. H. Newell 
 
 to the members of the Interstate Irrigation Commission. Mar. 
 
 10, 1915. Washington, 1915] 9 p. 
 102 Organization of water users' associations, 1913. 
 
 Washington, Govt. print, off., 1913. 31 p. 
 103 Proposed work on reclamation projects during fiscal 
 
 year 1918 with estimates of appropriation. Washington, Govt. 
 
 print off., 1916. 70 p. 
 104 Questions and answers relating to the Reclamation 
 
 act and its operations. Approved by the acting secretary of 
 
 the interior, September 21, 1909. Washington, Govt. print. 
 
 off., 1909. 30 p. 
 105 Reclamation record . . . Washington, 1908 date. 
 
 [Jan.-April 1008 have title: The monthly bulletin of the United 
 States Reclamation service. "This journal gives an account of the 
 construction, operation and maintenance work of the Service and 
 contains illustrated articles of interest to water users and to 
 others having to do with irrigation matters."] 
 
 106 Salt River project, Arizona. Limiting irrigable 
 
 area of land. Jan. 15, 1914. [Wash., Govt. print, off.] 1914. 
 64 p. 2 charts. 
 
 107 Wind River project, Wyoming . . . report ... on 
 
 the Wind River, Wyoming, project. Dec. 18, 1916. Wash- 
 ington, Govt. print, off., 1917, 90 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. 
 House. Doc. no. 1767) Serial no. 7240 
 
 U. S. Reclamation service. [United States Reclamation service 
 in cooperation with state of California] 
 
 108 California. Engineer dept. California cooperative work. . . . 
 United States Reclamation service in cooperation with state 
 of California. Report on Pit River basin, by the Reclamation 
 service office at Portland, Oregon. E. G. Hopson, supervis- 
 ing engineer, O. W. Peterson, engineer. April, 1915. [Sac- 
 ramento] California state printing office, 1915. 140 p. 
 
 109 Cooperative investigations in California . . . U. S. 
 
 Reclamation service in cooperation with the Northern Cali- 
 fornia irrigation association. Report on Lower Pit River 
 project . . . July, 1915. Washington, Govt. print, off., 1915. 
 
 55 P- 
 
 no Cooperative investigations in California . . . U. S. 
 
 Reclamation service in cooperation with Iron Canyon project 
 
144 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 association. Report on Iron Canyon project . . . and Report 
 by Board of review . . . Nov. 1914. 147 p. illus., maps. 
 U. S. Reclamation service. [United States Reclamation service 
 in cooperation with state of Oregon] 
 
 in Oregon State engineer. Deschutes project . . . Portland, 
 1914. 147 p. maps. 
 
 112 Harney and Silver Creek projects, irrigation and 
 
 drainage . . . [Denver, Smith-Brooks press] 1916. 91 p. 
 maps. 
 
 113 John Day project, irrigation and drainage . . . 
 
 [Portland, Portland printing house company] 1916. 185 p. 
 maps. 
 
 114 Malheur and Owyhee projects, irrigation and drain- 
 age . . . [Denver, Smith-Brooks press] 1916. 201 p. maps. 
 
 115 Ochoco project and Crooked River investigations 
 
 . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1915. 98 p. 49 pi., fold, 
 map. 
 
 116 Rogue River Valley project and Willamette Valley 
 
 investigations . . . [Denver, Smith-Brooks press] 1916. in 
 p. maps. 
 
 117 Silver Lake project, irrigation and drainage. [Port- 
 land, Ore., Independent printing co.] 1915. 179 p. maps. 
 
 118 Warner Valley and White River projects (irriga- 
 tion and drainage) . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 1916. 
 
 123 p. maps. 
 U . o. 
 
 119 U. S. Signal office. Irrigation and water storage in the arid 
 
 regions. Letter from the Secretary of war, transmitting a 
 report of the chief signal officer of the army, in response to 
 House resolution dated May 23, 1890, relating to irrigation 
 and water storage in the arid regions . . . Washington, Govt. 
 print, off., 1891. 356 p. 37 fold, maps, 6 charts. (5ist Cong., 
 2d sess. House. Ex. doc. no 287) Serial no. 2868. 
 
 [CONTENTS. Report on the climatology of the arid regions of 
 the United States, with reference to irrigation, by A. W. Greely, 
 chief signal officer, U. S. army. Appendices, 1-64. (Charts and 
 tables of precipitation and temperature) 65-67. Reports on 
 climate of Arizona, New Mexico, California and Nevada, by 
 W. A. Glassford.] 
 
 UNOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS 
 
 120 American society of irrigation engineers. Transactions, v. I 
 
 Denver [1894 ] 
 
 121 Bartlett, Dana W. The better country, . . . Boston, Mass., The 
 
 C. M. Clark publishing co. [1911] 554, [7] p. 
 
 [Describes the U. S. Reclamation service as an agency for the 
 making of a "Better country"] 
 
 122 Blanchard, Clarence J. Home-making by the government, an 
 
 account of the eleven immense irrigating projects to be opened 
 in 1908. Reprinted from the National geographic magazine, 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 
 
 April, 1908. Washington, D. C, Press of Judd & Detweiler, 
 inc., 1908. p. 250-87. illus. 
 
 123 Blanchard, Clarence J. Millions for moisture, an account of 
 
 the work of the U. S. Reclamation service. Reprinted from 
 the National geographic magazine, April, 1907. Washington, 
 D. C, Press of Judd & Detweiler, inc., 1907. p. 217-43. illus. 
 
 124 Brown, Hugh A. Inoculation of the field force of the United 
 
 States Reclamation service with anti-typhoid vaccine. [1913] 
 
 8 p. 
 
 [From "The American practitioner," April, 1913] 
 
 125 Typhoid inoculation in the Reclamation service. Phila- 
 delphia, J. B. Lippincott co., ci9i6. 4 p. chart. 
 [Reprinted from International clinics, v. 2, series 26.] 
 
 126 Chamber of commerce of the United States of America. The 
 
 story of irrigation, being the civilization of the desert. Wash- 
 ington, D. C., 1916. 8 p. (Special bulletin, Nov. 24, 1916) 
 [Statement is made that "the most far-reaching, scientific, *and 
 comprehensive method of irrigation is that undertaken by the 
 Federal government under the authority of the Reclamation act 
 of June, 1902"] 
 
 127 Davis, Arthur P. Engineering work of the United States 
 
 Reclamation service. (In Pan American scientific congress. 
 Proceedings of the second . . . congress, Washington, D. C., 
 Dec. 27, I9i5-Jan. 8, 1916. Washington, 1917. v. 3: 283-92) 
 
 128 Irrigation works constructed by the United States gov- 
 ernment. New York, John Wiley and sons, 1917. 413 p. 
 illus. 
 
 [The Chief engineer of the U. S. Reclamation service gives engi- 
 neering descriptions of the various projects undertaken by the 
 Service, for the benefit of the engineering profession. Reviewed 
 in Engineering-news-record, Nov. 15, 1917, v. 79: 939-40] 
 
 129 Foley, Frank. Suggestions for the irrigation of western lands 
 
 to procure employment and homes for the laboring people of 
 the United States. [Chicago, 1894] 20 p. 
 
 130 Gray, Edward D. McQueen. Government reclamation work in 
 
 foreign countries; compiled from consular reports and of- 
 ficial documents. Washington, Govt. print: off., 1909. 115 p. 
 
 131 Grunsky, C. E. Irrigation enterprise in the United States. (In 
 
 International engineering congress, 1915. Transactions . . . 
 San Francisco, 1915. v. 2. Waterways and irrigation, p. 
 342-70. Paper no. 34) 
 
 132 Harding, Sidney T. Operation and maintenance of irrigation 
 
 systems. New York, McGraw-Hill book co., 1917. 271 p. 
 
 illus. 
 
 [Extensive references to work of the Reclamation service] 
 
 133 International engineering congress, San Francisco, 1915. Trans- 
 
 actions. San Francisco, Cal., 1916. 12 v. in 13. 
 [Vol. 2 is devoted to the subject of irrigation] 
 
146 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 134 International irrigation congress. Official proceedings. 1st to 
 
 2ist congresses, 1891-1914. Salt Lake City [etc.] 1891-1914. 
 
 [Mr. William E. Smythe was the prime mover in organizing the 
 National irrigation congress. The discussions at these congresses 
 helped to formulate a national irrigation policy. "The papers are 
 published nearly every year and contain addresses by officials of 
 the Reclamation service and others. The last issued is for the 
 2ist Congress, at Alberta, Canada, October, 1914, and includes 
 402 pages."] 
 
 135 Irrigated lands in the United States. Descriptions of all 
 
 reclamation service projects their location, acreage, cost of 
 water rights, suitable crops, markets, railroad facilities and 
 principal towns. Complete list of government irrigated lands 
 and Carey act projects. Many important private irrigation 
 enterprises. St. Paul, Minn., Webb publishing company, 1911. 
 66 p. 
 
 136 James, George W. Reclaiming the arid West; the story of 
 
 the United States Reclamation service. New York, Dodd, 
 Mead and co., 1917. 411 p. illus. 
 
 [The author characterizes the achievements of the Reclamation 
 service as the most beneficial governmental work of all his- 
 tory] 
 
 137 Lewis, A. D. Irrigation and settlement in America . . . Pre- 
 
 toria, The government printing and stationery office, 1915. 
 258 p. illus. (incl. plans, diagrs.) 19 pi. (incl. maps) 
 
 [Description of principal irrigation projects of the Reclamation 
 service, by the Circle engineer, Irrigation department, Union of 
 South Africa. Reviewed in Engineering news, June 15, 1916, 
 v. 75: H36] 
 
 138 Mead, Elwood. Irrigation institutions; a discussion of the 
 
 economic and legal questions created by the growth of irri- 
 gated agriculture in the West . . . New York, The Macmil- 
 lan company, 1903. 392 p. illus., diagrs. (Half-title: The 
 citizen's library of economics, politics, and sociology, ed. by 
 R. T. Ely) 
 
 139 Mieir, William O. A possible method of reclamation for the 
 
 arid West . . . [Westminster? Col., 1909] 21 p. 
 
 140 Minidoka and Southwestern railroad company and Utah con- 
 
 struction company, appellants. [Action concerning the right 
 to build and operate a railroad through a reclamation project 
 without consulting the government.] Brief for the United 
 States. Washington, Govt., print, off., 1914. 47 p. (In the 
 Supreme court of the United States, October term, 1914. No. 
 
 19) 
 
 141 National association of agricultural implement and vehicle man- 
 
 ufacturers. Committee on arid lands and irrigation. Report 
 of Committee on arid lands and irrigation, presented at the 
 annual meeting of the National association of agricultural 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 
 
 implement and vehicle manufacturers held at Chattanooga, 
 Tennessee, November 16, 17, 18, 1904 . . . [n. p., 1904?] 48 p. 
 
 [Committee: C. G. Rowley, O. V. Dodge and U. G. Orendorff. 
 Committee thinks the bulk of irrigation development in the west 
 will be found to be under private projects; it does not, however, 
 oppose national aid] 
 
 National irrigation congress. See International irrigation con- 
 gress. 
 
 142 Newell, Frederick H. Conservation and use of waters in the 
 
 reclamation of arid lands through governmental agencies. 
 (In International congress of applied chemistry. Original 
 communications, Washington, 1912. v. 24: 131-41) 
 
 143 Electrical features of the U. S. Reclamation service [and 
 
 discussion] (In American institute of electrical engineers. 
 Proceedings. 1914-1915, v. 33: 1583-98; v. 34: 675-9) 
 
 [Experience shows that it is practicable for the government to 
 build and operate plants and sell the power at cost] 
 
 144 Irrigation in the United States . . . Rev. ed. New York, 
 
 T. Y. Crowell & co. [01906] 433 p. illus., LXVIII pi. 
 
 [Includes information about the Reclamation service] 
 
 145 Irrigation management; the operation, maintenance and 
 
 betterment of works for bringing water to agricultural lands 
 . . . New York [etc.] D. Appleton and company, 1916. 306 p. 
 
 ["The early chapters of this book were prepared as separate 
 articles and printed in substance at least in various engineering 
 publications." Pref.] 
 
 146 Making homes in the desert. (In The Conquerors. 
 
 Cleveland, O., 1917. p. 16-36) 
 
 147 The Reclamation service. (In History making, the story 
 
 of a great nation. Boston, ci9io. p. 188-90) 
 
 148 Newlands, Francis G. Address to the people of Nevada on 
 
 water storage and irrigation, 1890. 19 p. 
 
 [This pamphlet (maps, diagrams) is now out of print. It marked 
 the beginning of Senator Newland's earnest work in Congress for 
 legislation leading to reclamation of arid lands] 
 
 149 Nimmo, Joseph. Uncle Sam's farm. The reclamation of the 
 
 arid region of the United States by means of irrigation . . . 
 Washington, Gibson bros., printers, 1890. 43 p. 
 
 [From Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper of November 16, 
 November 23, November 30, and December 7, 1889. Thanksgiving 
 series of 1889. Reviews various plans for reclamation of arid 
 lands] 
 
 150 Patten, John. A plan for increasing the humidity of the arid 
 
 region and the utilization of some of the great rivers of the 
 United States for power and other purposes. Communicated 
 to the National irrigation congress, Ogden, Utah, September 
 
148 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 12, 1903 . . . [New York, The Blanchard press, 1903] 19, 
 [i] p. 7 fold. maps. 
 
 151 Price, Charles R. Irrigated lands of United States, Canada and 
 
 Mexico . . . Los Angeles, Cal., Scenic America publishing 
 co., 1908. 71 p. illus. 
 
 [Describes 28 federal reclamation projects] 
 
 152 Smith, Chester W. Construction of masonry dams . . . 1st ed. 
 
 New York [etc.] McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1915. 
 279 p. 
 
 [Includes description of dams built by U. S. Reclamation service. 
 This book was reviewed in the Engineering record, Feb. 13, 1915, 
 v. 71 : 210] 
 
 153 Smythe, William E. The conquest of arid America. (New 
 
 and rev. ed.) ... New York, The Macmillan company, 1905. 
 360 p. 
 
 [Excellent account of reclamation projects and other irrigation 
 works] 
 
 154 Teele, Ray P. Irrigation in the United States; a discussion of 
 
 its legal, economic and financial aspects . . . New York and 
 London, D. Appleton and company, 1915. 252 p. 
 > 155 Tracy, Francis G. Private irrigation enterprise compared with 
 government reclamation. . . . Washington, Govt. print, off., 
 1912. 23 p. ([U. S.] 62d Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Doc. 869) 
 
 156 Union Pacific railroad company. Irrigation. Its history, 
 
 methods, statistics and results. Land irrigated along the Union 
 Pacific system ... St. Louis, Woodward & Tiernan printing 
 company, 1894. 124 p. map. 
 
 [By Benjamin H. Barrows. Of historical interest] 
 
 157 Van Hise, Charles R. Irrigation (In his Conservation of 
 
 national resources in the United States. New York, 1915. 
 p. 185-207) 
 
 158 Whinery, Samuel. Public works, national, state and municipal. 
 
 (In Cyclopedia of American government, New York, 1914, 
 v. 3: 113-6) 
 
 [Includes account of the Reclamation service] 
 
 159 Wilson, Herbert M. Irrigation engineering . . . 6th ed., rev. 
 
 and enl. New York, J. Wiley and sons, 1909. 625 p. illus., 
 diagrs. 
 
 [Contains bibliographies. Chapter XX, p. 564-89, devoted to 
 Reclamation service] 
 
 UNOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS: PERIODICALS 
 
 160 Forestry and irrigation, v. 8-13, v. 14, no. 1-8, Jan. iox)2-Aug. 
 
 1908. Washington, The American forestry association [1902- 
 08] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 149 
 
 Official organ of the National irrigation association from Jan. 
 1902-April, 1904. The Association was organized by George H. 
 Maxwell, in 1897. 
 
 161 The Irrigation age. Denver and Chicago, 1892-1902. 
 
 Founded by William E. Smythe, one of the earliest advocates of 
 irrigation in this country. 
 
 162 Irrigation, the only magazine published within the arid lands 
 
 exclusively devoted to the earth's greatest industry, v. I, 
 v. 2, no. i ; Nov. 1909-May 1910. San Francisco, Cal., O. E. 
 Chancy, 1909-10. 2 v. in i. illus. 
 
 163 Maxwell's talisman. A journal of construction and social edu- 
 
 cation. Chicago, The Guild of the Talisman [etc.] 1906-1913. 
 Edited by George H. Maxwell. Devoted, in part, to irrigation, 
 drainage, and reclamation. 
 
 164 The National advocate. Devoted to the reclamation of the arid 
 
 public domain by the construction of state and national irri- 
 gation works, and to the creation of rural homes as national 
 safeguards, v. 1-4, Jan. 1897-1899. San Francisco, The Na- 
 tional advocate publishing company [1897-1899] George H. 
 Maxwell, editor, 1897-1898. 
 
 165 National land and irrigation journal; devoted to reclamation 
 
 by irrigation, drainage, conservation, v. 1-6, v. 7, no. i ; Dec. 
 1909- Jan. 1913. Chicago, The H. O. Shepard company [etc.] 
 1909-13. 7 v. in 3. illus. monthly. 
 
 [Absorbed the Irrigator in July 1911. Merged into Irrigation age] 
 
 Reclamation record. See Official publications. U. S. Reclama- 
 tion service. Reclamation record. 
 
 PERIODICAL ARTICLES GENERAL 
 
 166 The army and the Reclamation service. Outlook, June 4, 1910, 
 
 v. 95: 244-6. 
 
 167 Ashbaugh, S. S. Elements of strength and weakness of the 
 
 government side of an irrigation case. Reclamation record, 
 Nov. 1914, v. 5 : 407-8. 
 
 1 68 Barri, J. G. Why irrigation projects fail. Moody's magazine, 
 
 June, 1911, v. ii : 423-8. 
 
 [By a member of the General engineering syndicate, who says 
 that "in the majority of cases the basis of most of the figures 
 made for a proper water-supply has been a supposed normal pre- 
 cipitation without reference to the actual experience of people 
 who have lived for years in the district. Local traditions ought 
 to be carefully considered"] 
 
 169 Beadle, J. B. Doing the work of the United States govern- 
 
 ment. Government irrigation. Export American industries, 
 May, 1917, v. 18: 61-6. 
 
 [Illustrations and brief summaries of construction results of 
 Reclamation service] 
 
150 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 170 Bien, Morris. Legal problems of reclamation of lands by irri- 
 
 gation. American academy of political and social science. 
 Annals, May, 1909, v. 33: 180-92. 
 
 171 Blackmar, F. W. Economics and politics of the Reclamation 
 
 service. Forum, July, 1906, v. 38: 131-8. 
 
 [A brief, critical study of the nature and effect of the Reclama- 
 tion acts] 
 
 172 The mastery of the desert. North American review, 
 
 May, 1917, v. 18: 61-6. 
 
 [Irrigation one of the great aids in the mastery of the desert] 
 
 173 Blanchard, C. J. The call of the west. Homes are being made 
 
 for millions of people in the arid west. National geographic 
 magazine, May, 1909, v. 20: 403-37. 
 
 [Illustrated description of reclamation projects] 
 
 174 Epitome of national reclamation. American forestry, 
 
 June, 1914, v. 20: 393-402. 
 
 175 Harnessing the public water power. Scientific American, 
 
 April 5, 1913, v. 108: 310-11. 
 Ma 
 
 176 Making the desert bloom ; how U. S. Reclamation service 
 
 is developing our waste regions. Scientific American, Mar. 
 4, 1916, v. 114: 242. 
 
 177 National homemaking. Paper trade journal, June 3, 1915, 
 
 v. 60: 46-52. 
 
 [Opportunities afforded by Reclamation service] 
 
 178 Blanchard, C. J. National reclamation of arid lands. Ameri- 
 
 can geographic society. Bulletin, April, 1906, v. 38: 209-23. 
 
 [Illustrated description of the various projects] 
 
 179 Object-lesson in irrigation. Review of reviews, June, 
 
 1905, v. 31: 701-4. 
 
 180 The spirit of the west; the wonderful agricultural de- 
 velopment since the dawn of irrigation. Natural geographic 
 magazine, April, 1910, v. 21 : 333-60. 
 
 [Excellent illustrated account of results of reclamation work] 
 
 181 Uncle Sam in the movies. American forestry, April, 
 
 1915, v. 21 : 532-40. illus. 
 
 [Work of the Reclamation service as shown in films at the 
 Panama-Pacific exposition] 
 
 182 Winning the west ; an account of the marvelous progress 
 
 of our Reclamation service in reclaiming the desert. National 
 geographic magazine, Feb. 1906, v. 17: 82-99. 
 
 183 Borah, W. E. Bond issue for reclamation . . . Independent, 
 
 Nov. n, 1909, v. 67: 1064-65. 
 
 184 Burr, E. W. The advantages of irrigation district organization 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 
 
 in private and government work. Reclamation record, Jan. 
 1916, v. 7: 26-30. 
 
 185 Burr, E. W. Efficiency of irrigation districts in government 
 
 reclamation work supplemental laws required in relation 
 thereto. Reclamation record, Nov. 1914, v. 5 : 408-10. 
 
 186 Changed reclamation service. Engineering record, July 31, 
 
 1915, v. 72: 125. 
 
 [Placing the Reclamation service in the "pork-barrel class". Com- 
 mission management substituted for that of the Director; loss 
 to the government of engineers whose knowledge and initiative 
 were invaluable] 
 
 187 Cole, D. W. U. S. R. S. project manager's duties denned. 
 
 Engineering record, July 22, 1916, v. 74: 108. 
 
 [As an engineer, as a diplomat, as a fiscal agent] 
 
 188 Wherefore the project manager. Reclamation record, 
 
 July, 1916, v. 7: 312-4. 
 
 189 Coman, Katharine. Some unsettled problems of irrigation. 
 
 American economic review, March, 1911, v. i: 1-19. 
 
 [Reviews the operations of the Desert land act (1877), the Carey 
 act (1804), and the Reclamation act (1902), and the problems 
 connected therewith] 
 
 190 Compensation for injured government employees. Reclamation 
 
 record, Oct. 1916, v. 7: 449-54. 
 
 [Text of Federal employees' compensation act, approved Sept. 7, 
 
 1916. "This new act is an advantage to the service in regard 
 to the funds for the payment of such claims, because under the 
 former act of May 30, 1008, the compensation provided therein is 
 paid from the Reclamation fund"] 
 
 191 Conference of irrigation managers at Bozeman, Mont. Engin- 
 
 eering news, Nov. 7, 1912, v. 68: 864-5. 
 
 [Describes first of a series of 1912 conferences of operation and 
 maintenance men] 
 
 192 Conference of irrigation managers at Boise, Idaho. Engineer- 
 
 ing news, Nov. 14, 1912, v. 68: 891. 
 
 [Describes second of a series of 1912 conferences of irrigation 
 managers] 
 
 193 Co-operative activities for reclamation projects. Reclamation 
 
 record, Sept. 1914, v. 5: 310-12. 
 
 194 Co-operative fire insurance by U. S. Reclamation service. 
 
 Engineering record, July 9, 1910, v. 62: 30-1. 
 
 [Explanation of manner in which the work is conducted] 
 
 195 Cost keeping system of the U. S. Reclamation service. Engin- 
 
 eering record, July 10, 1909, v. 60: 47-9. 
 
152 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 [An accurate account of the cost of all its work is kept by the 
 Reclamation service] 
 
 196 The cost of irrigation works per acre supplied with water 
 
 (tables incl. U. S. R. S.) Engineering news, May 15, 1913, 
 v. 69: 1008-9. 
 
 [Tables giving cost of private irrigation projects, Carey act irri- 
 gation projects and U. S. reclamation projects] 
 
 197 Cost to the U. S. Reclamation service of draining over irrigated 
 
 lands. Engineering and contracting, Jan. 6, 1915, v. 43: 2. 
 
 [Editorial with table of costs, all projects] 
 
 198 Cowhick, O. G. Administrative matters relating to construction 
 
 contracts of the Reclamation service. Reclamation record, 
 Feb. 1915, v. 6: 72-3. 
 
 199 Davis, A. P. Comparative cost of public and private projects. 
 
 Engineering news, Jan. i, 1914, v. 71 : 47-50. 
 
 [Reply to John E. Field's article in Engineering news of Aug. 
 21, 1913, which claims that private enterprises cost about one- 
 half that of government enterprises] 
 
 200 Power development reclamation service projects. Rec- 
 lamation record, June, 1916, v. 7: 262-4. 
 
 [Address delivered at the 29th general meeting of the American 
 electro-chemical society, Washington, D. C, Apr. 27, 1916] 
 
 201 Power possibilities of federal irrigation projects. Engin- 
 eering news, May n, 1916, v. 75: 875. 
 
 202 Reclamation of arid west by federal government. Ameri- 
 can academy of political and social science. Annals, Jan. 1908, 
 v. 31 : 203-18. 
 
 203 Dean, W. H. The drama of the desert. Technical world, 
 
 April, 1915, v. 23: 169-72. 
 
 [Home-making with the aid of the Reclamation service] 
 
 204 The master movie-maker. Technical world, Jan. 1915, 
 
 v. 22 : 730-32, 788. 
 
 [Describes the work of H. T. Cowling, chief photographer of 
 the Reclamation service, who has taken 18,000 feet of film, staged 
 upon numerous irrigation projects throughout the west] 
 
 205 [Debate] Resolved, that arid and swamp-land reclamation can 
 
 be undertaken more advantageously by government activity 
 than by private enterprise. Debate between Hon. Will R. 
 King, chief counsel of the U. S. Reclamation service, and Hon. 
 Carroll B. Graves, of Seattle, Washington, at the Interna- 
 tional irrigation congress, El Paso, Texas, Oct. 1916. Recla- 
 mation record, Feb.-Mar. 1917, v. 8: 74-81; 118-26. 
 
 [Published also in Irrigation age, Feb.-Mar. 1917, v. 32: 54-8; 
 70-76. Covers fully both sides of the question as to whether 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 
 
 the reclamation of our arid and swamp lands may be worked 
 out more advantageously under federal or private control] 
 
 206 Draper, W. R. Irrigation: how the federal government is re- 
 
 claiming arid land. Independent, May, 28, 1908, v. 64: 
 1172-78. 
 
 207 Dugger, J. B. Reclaiming the desert. Collier's, Aug. 3, 1912, 
 
 v. 49: 29. 
 
 208 Egleston, W. J. Accumulation of evidence of beneficial use 
 
 of water before adjudication suit is filed and after decree 
 entered. Reclamation record, Oct. 1915, v. 6: 469-72. 
 
 209 Farrell, F. D. Demonstration work on reclamation projects. 
 
 Reclamation record, Sept. 1915, v. 6: 414-6. 
 
 [Work of the office of demonstrations on Reclamation projects 
 in the Department of agriculture] 
 
 210 Field, J. E. Cost of reclamation service and other irrigation 
 
 projects in Colorado. Engineering news, Aug. 21, 1913, v. 
 7o: 348-55. 
 
 [Tables and conclusions as to relative cost of government vs. 
 private enterprises] 
 
 211 Finney, E. C. Hydroelectric power development on public 
 
 lands in relation to irrigation. Reclamation record, Oct. 1914, 
 v. 5 : 364-6. 
 
 212 Fletcher, Robert. U. S. irrigation work in the Northwest. 
 
 Engineering news, Nov. 14, 1912, v. 68: 892-901. 
 
 [Long illustrated article] 
 
 213 Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. Commonwealth out of a desert. Crafts- 
 
 man, Mar. 1908, v. 13: 644-52. 
 
 214 The Reclamation service; our greatest agency for home- * 
 
 making. Craftsman, Jan. 1909, v. 15: 454-65. 
 
 215 Spending $1,500,000,000 to make a desert bloom. Har- 
 per's weekly, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 51 : 158-61. 
 
 216 Fortier, Samuel. The present stage of irrigation development 
 
 and a forecast for the future. Engineering and contracting, 
 Dec. 13, 1911, v. 36: 645-6. 
 
 [Address by chief of irrigation investigations, Dept. of agricul- 
 ture] 
 
 217 Gardner, Gilson. Is Uncle Sam turning socialist? Technical 
 
 world, June, 1913, v. 19: 532-8. 
 
 [Shows excellent results attained by Reclamation service, and 
 affirms that a new form of government may be evolved] 
 
 218 Gillette, Edward. Reclamation service from the viewpoint of 
 
 the settler. Irrigation age, June, 1916, v. 31: 119-21. 
 
 219 Gillette, Edward. Rural credits necessary if irrigation enter- -, 
 
 prises are to succeed. Engineering record, Dec. 25, 1915, 
 v. 72: 789-90. 
 
154 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 [Irrigators have insufficient capital, which is absorbed in break- 
 ing land, leaving little for stock and equipment] 
 
 220 A government coal mine [at Williston, N. D., in connection with 
 
 the pumping irrigation project in North Dakota] Reclama- 
 tion record, Jan. 1914, v. 5: 9-10. 
 
 221 Government forces arbitrating Colorado water-rights disputes. 
 
 Engineering record, Nov. 15, 1913, v. 68: 549. 
 
 ["Dispute over water rights between the U. S. Reclamation 
 service and the State of Colorado to be arbitrated by commis* 
 sion of three expert engineers"] 
 
 222 Government mine at Williston, N. Dak. (editorial) Coal age, 
 
 May 16, 1914, v. 5 : 813. 
 
 [A small mine or "country bank" operated by the Reclamation 
 service] 
 
 223 Graves, Carroll B. [Argument of Hon. Carroll B. Graves, of 
 
 Seattle, Washington, in a debate with Hon. Will R. King, on 
 the subject of reclamation] See title: Debate. Resolved, etc. 
 
 224 Great activity in the U. S. Reclamation service (proposed ex- 
 
 penditure of $23,000,000 in 1914) Engineering news, Feb. 
 12, 1914, v. 71 : 376. 
 
 225 Harding, S. T. Pumping plants of the U. S. Reclamation ser- 
 
 vice. Journal of electricity, Aug. i, 1917, v. 39: 108-10. 
 
 226 Helburn, J. W. The Eden makers, some remarkable things 
 
 the United States reclamation service is doing. American 
 illustrated magazine, Mar. 1906, v. 61 : 493-505. illus. 
 
 227 Henny, D. C. Federal vs. private irrigation. Engineering 
 
 news, Jan. 15, 1914, v. 71 : 120. 
 
 ["Comparison is made between the cost of private and of govern- 
 ment irrigation." Factors affecting the cost are analyzed. De- 
 sirable changes in Reclamation law are indicated] 
 
 228 Holt, L. M. How the reclamation service is robbing the settler. 
 
 Overland, Nov. 1907, n.s.v. 50: 510-12. 
 
 [This article "presents the cause of a great number of farmers 
 who have settled upon the public domain"] 
 
 229 How to pay for reclamation. Outlook, May 7, 1910, v. 95 : 7-8. 
 
 230 An important Reclamation service decision (editorial on O. 
 
 and M. changes) Engineering news, July 17, 1913, v. 70: 
 125-6. 
 
 [Decision of U. S. Supreme court establishes legality of main- 
 tenance charge of the irrigation works which supply water] 
 
 231 Independent opinion on the Reclamation service. Engineering 
 
 news, Nov. 13, 1913, v. 70: 987-88. 
 
 [Editorial with extensive quotations from H. T. Cory's paper 
 before American society of civil engineers] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 
 
 232 King, Will R. [Argument of Hon. Will R. King, chief counsel 
 
 of the Reclamation service in a debate with Hon. Carroll B. 
 Graves, on the subject of reclamation] See title: Debate: 
 Resolved, etc. 
 
 233 Irrigation districts. Reclamation record, Sept. 1916, v. 
 
 7: 404-6. 
 
 234 Lane, F. K. Economic preparedness, our natural resources and 
 
 how they are being developed. Scientific American, Mar. 4, 
 1916, v. 114: 237. 
 
 235 Our paternal uncle ; how Uncle Sam helps those who help 
 
 themselves. Sunset, Sept. 1914, v. 33: 512-18. 
 
 236 Settlers with small farms most successful on United 
 
 States reclamation projects. Engineering record, Dec. 9, 
 1916, v. 74: 705-6. 
 
 ["Secretary Lane gives increases in areas irrigated, value of 
 crops and number of homes settlers' success depends on cost 
 of capital"] 
 
 237 Leighton, M. O. Engineering construction by the United States 
 
 Reclamation service. Journal of the New England water- 
 works association, June, 1906, v. 20: 127-51. 
 
 [Information concerning the great water-supply installations 
 west of the Mississippi for the purposes of irrigation] 
 
 238 Lemenager, H. V. Government's great storage dams. Amer- 
 
 ican review of reviews, June, 1908, v. 37: 689-98. 
 
 239 An improved system of lettering maps and drawings. 
 
 Engineering news, July 18, 1907, v. 58: 60. 
 
 [Methods of the U. S. Reclamation service] 
 
 240 Library of irrigation data. The Contractor, Sept. 15, 1915, 
 
 v. 22: 33. 
 
 [Extract from Reclamation record concerning the library in the 
 Washington office of the Reclamation service] 
 
 241 Littlepage, Mrs. Louella. Women and women's clubs on the 
 
 projects. Reclamation record, July-Aug. 1914, v. 5: 261-2. 
 
 [This article includes a partial list of project women's clubs. 
 It is the first of a series of similar articles, published each month 
 in the Reclamation record for "project women and their in- 
 terests".] 
 
 ^242 Lundgren, Leonard. Rights of way for irrigation works across 
 government land. Western engineering, Feb. 1916, v. 7: 61-2. 
 
 [Legal phases of the question] 
 
 243 ] McKinney, J. M. Administrative relations between the Wash- 
 
 ington office and the field force. Reclamation record, May, 
 1915, v. 6: 222. 
 
 244 Mead, Elwood. Government aid to irrigation in United States' 
 
 and Australia. Engineering news, July 30, 1914, v. 72 : 234-6. 
 
156 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE { 
 
 [In continuation of the discussion of "What is the matter with 
 irrigation" begun in the editorial columns of the issue of Engi- 
 neering news for June 12, 1913] 
 
 245 Mead, Elwood. Irrigation in America and Victoria ; lessons to 
 
 be learned. Engineering record, Aug. 22, 1914, v. 10: 220-1. 
 
 [Elwood Mead, a well-known American engineer, in charge of 
 extensive irrigation development in Victoria, writes of the fac- 
 tors that have made for success in Australia] 
 
 246 The solution of the land question. New Republic, April 
 
 29, 1916, v. 6: 348-9. 
 
 ["Efforts now being made to correct perversion of benefits and 
 to make the reclamation act a real opportunity for the landless 
 homeseeker"] 
 
 247 Morton, O. P. Water-right litigation. Adjudication or so- 
 
 called determination of the relative rights to water upon a 
 stream system. Reclamation record, June, 1915, v. 6: 273-8. 
 
 248 Murphy, D. W. Cost keeping in the U. S. Reclamation service. 
 
 Engineering news, Sept. 8, 1910, v. 64: 250-3. 
 
 [Account of the system with illustrative forms] 
 
 249 Murphy, D. W. The operation and maintenance of irrigating 
 
 projects. Engineering record, Aug. 5, 1911, v. 64: 170-1. 
 
 [Account of a field of work new, in some respects, to engineers] 
 
 250 Newell, F. H. Classification of expenditures for irrigation 
 
 work. Engineering and contracting, Mar. I, 1916, v. 45: 
 201-4. 
 
 251 Electrical features of the U. S. Reclamation service [with 
 
 tables] (In American institute of electrical engineers. Pro- 
 ceedings, 1914. New York, 1914. v. 33: 1583-98) 
 
 ["The operations of the Reclamation service are of interest to 
 electrical engineers not only in novel developments and applica- 
 tions of power, but also as illustrating the efforts of the fed- 
 eral government in the construction of works of general public 
 utility"] 
 
 252 The human element in irrigation management. Western 
 
 engineer, Feb. 1915, v. 5: 330-4. 
 
 [Difficulties of the irrigation manager in dealing with water 
 users] 
 
 253 Irrigation manager and his legal problems. Journal of 
 
 electricity, power and gas, Aug. I, 1914, v. 33 : 95-100. 
 
 [Comprehensive treatment of the water situation in the western 
 states, particular stress being laid upon the economic use of 
 water as the determining factor in its assignment. Illustrations 
 of speculation evils which have occurred under the desert land 
 and Carey acts and of their elimination under the Reclamation 
 act] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 
 
 254 Newell, F. H. The manager of an irrigation project. Western 
 
 engineering, Sept. 1914, v. 5: 116-18. 
 
 [Some of the problems an irrigation manager has to solve] 
 
 255 Organizing a civil engineering corps for the Reclamation 
 
 service. Engineering news, July 21, 1904, v. 52: 58-60. 
 
 256 Reclamation of the arid west. Science, May 5, 1911, 
 
 n.s.v. 33: 681-4. 
 
 2 57 Reclamation of the West. National geographic maga- 
 zine, Jan. 1904, v. 15: 15-30. 
 
 [Address before the National geographic society. Illustrated] 
 
 258 The Reclamation service. National magazine, June, 
 
 1909, v. 30:280-1. 
 
 259 The Reclamation service. Popular science monthly, Dec. 
 
 1904, v. 66; 106-16. 
 
 260 Reclamation, the work of the government in providing 
 
 irrigation for arid and hitherto useless lands in the west. 
 Outlook, Aug. 25, 1906, v. 83: 933-41. illus. 
 
 261 Ten years of government irrigation work: a review of 
 
 the activities and experiences of the U. S. Reclamation ser- 
 vice since the passage of the Newlands act. Engineering 
 record, Feb. i, 1913, v. 67: 128-30. 
 
 262 The United States Reclamation service, (organization 
 
 and progress) Engineering news, June 15, 1905, v. 53: 610-1. 
 
 263 The U. S. Reclamation service in the arid west. Engi- 
 
 neering news, Nov. 26, 1903, v. 50: 485-6. 
 What I am trvinsr to do. World's 
 
 264 What I am trying to do. World's work, Feb. 1913, v. 
 
 25- 396-9- 
 
 265 Work of the United States Reclamation service. Jour- 
 nal Franklin institute, July, 1907, v. 164: 29-42. 
 
 [Explains the provisions of the Reclamation act and gives an 
 illustrated account of the work in progress] 
 
 266 Newlands, Francis G. A handsome tribute to the U. S. Recla- 
 
 mation service. Engineering news, Mar. 10, 1910, v. 63: 
 283-4. 
 
 [Opposes putting any limitation upon the discretion of the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior in management of Reclamation service] 
 
 267 O'Donnell, I. D. The purpose of operation and maintenance 
 
 conferences. Reclamation record, March, 1917, v. 8: 107-8. 
 
 268 Our gigantic irrigation work. Country calendar, June, 1905, 
 
 v. i : 117-18. 
 
 269 Page, A. W. Real conquest of the west. World's work, Dec. 
 
 1907, v. 15: 9691-704. 
 
 270 Palmer, Frederick. The service that makes the desert bloom. 
 
 Extraordinary achievements and remarkable organization of 
 the United States Reclamation service. Hampton's magazine, 
 June, 1911, v. 26: 699-712. 
 
158 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 271 Project history library notes. Reclamation record, Mar. 1916, 
 
 v. 7: 106. 
 
 [Statement concerning library of the engineering section of the 
 Washington office, which contains 2000 books and pamphlets, 
 including about 600 volumes of histories of the various pro- 
 jects.] 
 
 272 Reclamation and home-making; symposium. Scientific Ameri- 
 
 can, Aug. 12, 1911, v. 105: 144-8. 
 
 273 Reclamation and the east. Outlook, June 20, 1908, v. 89: 393-4. 
 
 [Charges the government with unequal distribution of benefits] 
 
 274 Reclamation of the arid lands of the west. Scientific American, 
 
 Dec. ii, 1909, v. 101 : 428-9. 
 
 x 275 Reclamation put in the pork barrel. Sunset, Sept. 1914, v. 33: 
 456-8. 
 
 276 Reclamation service has unique library. Engineering news, 
 
 Oct. 21, 1915, v. 74: 787. 
 
 ["In the Engineering section of the Washington office a library 
 of over 500 volumes of histories, specifications, engineering in- 
 vestigations, cost data, etc., of the various projects under con- 
 struction and being operated by the Reclamation service. Many 
 of these volumes are in manuscript and often illustrated with 
 photographs." From Reclamation record, Sept. 1915] 
 
 277 Reed, V. States should help reclamation work. Irrigation age, 
 
 Jan. 1916, v. 31: 119-21. 
 
 278 Roddis, E. E. Water rights of the United States. Reclama- 
 
 tion record, Sept. 1915, v. 6: 423-4. 
 
 279 Roosevelt, Theodore. Two great undertakings. [Reclamation 
 
 and forest services of the U. S.] National geographic maga- 
 zine, Nov. 1906, v. 17: 645-7. 
 
 280 Ruhl, A. Those who wait; the Reclamation service vs. private 
 
 enterprise. Collier's, Jan. 22, 1910, v. 44: 22-23. 
 
 281 Ryan, W. A. The extension bill. Its terms more liberal than 
 
 other countries grant. Reclamation record, April, 1914, v. 5 : 
 113-18. 
 
 [Summary of what other countries are doing for their settlers 
 and farmers] 
 
 282 Scathing arraignment of Reclamation service agitation, report 
 
 of Central board of review. Engineering record, July 15, 
 1916, v. 74: 66-67. 
 
 [The first issued report of the Central board of review supports 
 contention that the bulk of agitation proceeded from speculators 
 and not from the farmers] 
 
 283 Shall the irrigation settlers be given relief? Engineering rec- 
 
 ord, Nov. 27, 1915, v. 72: 650-1. 
 
 [Considers proposition to give settlers further relief in addition 
 to the 2O-year extension law] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 
 
 284 Smythe, W. E. The triumph of national irrigation. American 
 
 review of reviews, July, 1904, v. 30: 49-51. 
 
 [Portraits of Messrs. Hitchcock, Newell, and Walcott] 
 
 285 Steward, W. G. Some methods of measuring irrigation water 
 
 practiced by U. S. Reclamation service. Engineering and con- 
 tracting, Aug. 21, 1912, v. 38: 215-7. 
 
 [Delivery of irrigation water to users requires quick and ac- 
 curate measurement] 
 
 286 Stoutemyer, B. E. Irrigation districts: their relation to the 
 
 Reclamation service. Reclamation record, Oct. 1914, v. 5: 
 361-3- 
 
 387 Suggested itinerary for engineers desiring to visit reclamation 
 service projects. Engineering news, Feb. 18, 1915, v. 73: 
 363-4. 
 
 288 Swanton, W. I. Engineering reference library. Pacific builder 
 
 and engineer, Feb. 1916, v. 7: 64. 
 
 [United States Reclamation service library] 
 
 289 Excavation done by U. S. Reclamation service. Engin- 
 eering record, July n, 1914, v. 70: 58. 
 
 [Diagram shows comparative excavation done by the Reclama- 
 tion service, the Panama Canal, and the New York State Barge 
 Canal] 
 
 290 Synopsis of hearings on the present status of reclamation pro- 
 
 jects. Engineering and contracting, June 10, 1914, v. 41 : 
 671-3. 
 
 [Hearings showed need for closer supervision by Congress over 
 the expenditures of the Reclamation service] 
 
 291 Taylor, E. S. The relation of district counsel to project set- 
 
 tlers. Reclamation record, Feb. 1915, v. 6: 69-71. 
 
 292 Ten years of government irrigation work; review of activities 
 
 and experiences of U. S. Reclamation service since passage of 
 Newlands act. Engineering record, Feb. I, 1913, v. 67: 128-30. 
 
 293 Ten years of government irrigation work. Scientific American 
 
 Supplement, Mar. i, 1913, v. 75: 142-3. 
 
 294 Twenty million dollars for reclamation. Outlook, Jan. 14, 1911, 
 
 v. 97' 5 2 - 
 
 [Summary of recommendations made by the Board of army 
 engineers in its report to the President] 
 
 295 The United States Reclamation service. Scientific American, 
 
 Aug. 12, 1911, v. 105: 102-6. 
 
 [Special articles by the engineers of the projects] 
 
 296 The United States Reclamation service: symposium. Scientific 
 
 American supplement, Aug. 12, 1911, v. 72: 102-6. 
 
160 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 297 Vrooman, Frank. Uncle Sam's romance with science and soil. 
 
 Arena, Jan. 1906, v. 35 : 36-46. illus. 
 
 298 Webster, N. E. jr. Discussion of methods of financing irriga- 
 
 tion developments. Engineering and contracting, Feb. 14, 
 
 1912, v. 37: 188-9. 
 
 299 Irrigation finance. Engineering record, Dec. 30, 1911, 
 
 v. 64: 765-6. 
 
 [Outlines faults in present system and suggests better methods] 
 
 300 Welding the organization together. Engineering record, Oct. 
 
 3, 1914, v. 70: 366-7. 
 
 [Editorial with reference to enlarged scope of "Reclamation 
 record"] 
 
 301 Weymouth, F. E. Federal power development incidental to 
 
 reclamation work. Electrical review and western electrician, 
 Nov. 7, 1914, v. 65: 915. 
 
 [Points out some of the good and bad features of federal de- 
 velopment] 
 
 302 What the U. S. Reclamation service has accomplished. En- 
 
 gineering record, Sept. 12, 1914, v. 70: 296. 
 
 [Resume of results accomplished to June 30, 1914] 
 
 303 Willard, Lucius. Human side of engineering (camps at Arrow- 
 
 rock, Elephant Butte, and Yakima) Pacific builder and 
 engineer, July 17, 1915, v. 20: 21-3. 
 
 [Work of the Human engineer (particularly the Y. M. C. A. 
 worker) in the construction camps] 
 
 304 Willey, D. A. What conservation means to the nation's pro- 
 
 gress and prosperity. Putnam's, Dec. 1909, v. 7: 259-70. 
 
 [After interviews with Senator Newlands. Includes account of 
 work of Reclamation service] 
 
 305 What irrigation is doing for the west. Moody's maga- 
 zine, Mar. 1908, v. 5 : 246-53. 
 
 306 Wright, H. Government as a homemaker. World to-day, 
 
 Feb. 1906, v. 10 : 156-63. 
 
 PERIODICAL ARTICLES PROJECTS (By STATES) 
 ARIZONA 
 
 307 Blanchard, C. J. Great work of irrigation in the west ; story of 
 
 the town of Roosevelt. Travel, Aug. 1907, v. 12: 482-84. 
 
 308 Blighton, F. Uncle Sam, lawbreaker. Everybody's, April, 
 
 1913, v. 28: 434-42. 
 
 [A story about the Roosevelt dam and charges of mismanage- 
 ment by the Reclamation service] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 
 
 309 Davis, A. P. The Salt River project. Engineering record, 
 
 June 20, 1900, v. 57: 768-9. 
 
 310 Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. Reclaiming the desert: the Salt river 
 
 valley of Arizona. Craftsman, Mar. 1909, v. 15: 696-706. 
 
 311 A government cement making plant. Engineering news, Feb. 
 
 25, 1904, v. 51 : 177-8. 
 
 [The Tonto cement plant installed by the Reclamation engineers 
 for use in constructing the Tonto dam in the Salt River Valley] 
 
 312 Heard, D. B. Construction [of the Roosevelt dam, Arizona] 
 
 World today, Oct. 1906, v. n: 1103-05. 
 
 313 Our cement mill. Independent, Jan. 30, 1908, v. 64: 261-62. 
 
 [For use in making the Roosevelt dam] 
 
 314 Roosevelt irrigation dam in Arizona. Scientific American, Dec. 
 
 16, 1905, v. 93: 476. 
 
 315 Government cement plant at the Roosevelt dam, Arizona. 
 
 Engineering news, Aug. 24, 1905, v. 54: 208. 
 
 [Complete cement plant used in building the great Roosevelt dam 
 200,000 barrels of cement required for the work] 
 
 316 Willey, D. A. The great Roosevelt irrigation dam. Scientific 
 
 American, July 4, 1908, v. 99: 10-11. 
 
 317 Carter, O. C. S. The government irrigation project at Roose- 
 
 velt dam, Salt River, Arizona. (In Franklin institute. Jour- 
 nal, Jan. 1907, v. 163: 277-301) 
 
 ARIZONA-CALIFORNIA 
 
 318 Arizona (Ter.) District court (Marie opa County) In the 
 
 District court of the third judicial district of the territory 
 of Arizona . . . Patrick T. Hurley, plaintiff, the United 
 States of America, intervenor, against Charles F. Abbott and 
 4800 others, defendants. Before Chief Justice Kent . . . 
 Decision and decree. Filed March ist, 1910. Printed by Salt 
 River Valley water users association. Phoenix, Ariz., Phoe- 
 nix printing co. [1910]. 80 p. 2 fold. maps. 
 
 319 Cory, H. T. Yuma irrigation project of the U. S. Reclamation 
 
 service. Engineering and contracting, Dec. 18, 1912, v. 38: 
 696-9. 
 
 320 Cost review board proposed for Yuma irrigation project. Engi- 
 
 neering record, May 8, 1915, v. 5: 604. 
 
 [To apportion construction cost and charges to water users] 
 
 321 Holt, L. M. Reclamation service and the Imperial Valley. 
 
 Overland, Jan. 1908, n. s., v. 51 : 70-5. 
 
 322 Laguna dam. Engineering news, Feb. 9, 1905, v. 53: 146. 
 
 323 Lawson, L. M. The Yuma Valley railroad. Western engineer- 
 
 ing, Feb. 1916, v. 7: 72. 
 
 324 Lippincott, J. B. Yuma reclamation project. (In Smithsonian 
 
 institution. Annual report, 1904. Washington, 1905, p. 
 383-8) 
 
162 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 325 Building the rolling-crest dam across Grand river. [Grand 
 
 Valley project] Engineering news, July 13, 1916, v. 76:60-4. 
 
 326 Chapman, A. Watering the Uncompahgre Valley in Colorado. 
 
 Review of reviews, Aug. 1909, v. 40: 177-82. 
 
 327 Dinsmoor, W. P. J. The Gunnison tunnel. Mine and quarry, 
 
 Sept. 1909, v. 4: 315-9. 
 
 328 McConnell, I. W. Gunnison tunnel of the Uncompahgre Valley 
 
 project. Engineering record, Aug. 28, 1909, v. 60 : 228-33. 
 
 [Records completion of longest irrigation tunnel in the world] 
 
 329 Marsh, Barton W. The Uncompahgre Valley and the Gunni- 
 
 son tunnel; a description of scenery, natural resources, prod- 
 ucts, industries, exploration, adventure, &c. Montrose, Colo., 
 Marsh and Torrence, 1905. 151 p. 
 
 330 Page, A. W. Running a river through a mountain. World's 
 
 work, Sept. 1907, v. 14: 9322-30. 
 
 [Construction of Gunnison tunnel] 
 
 331 Parsons, E. The Gunnison tunnel. World today, Aug. 1905, 
 
 v. 9: 872-75. 
 
 332 Rolker, A. W. and Willey, D. A. Heroes of the Gunnison 
 
 tunnel. Everybody's, Oct. 1909, v. 21 : 505-16. 
 
 333 Teichman, F. Large roller-crest dam, Grand valley project, 
 
 Colorado. Engineering news, July 6, 1916, v. 76: 1-4. 
 
 [Details of design of largest steel roller-crest dam in the United 
 States] 
 
 334 Wilhelm, A. Great Gunnison irrigation project. Scientific 
 
 American supplement, Sept. 18, 1909, v. 68: 184-5. 
 
 [Account of the completion of the irrigation system in the Un- 
 compahgre Valley] 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 335 Arrowrock dam, Boise irrigation project. Engineering record, 
 
 Feb. 22, 1913, v. 67: 214-5. 
 
 [General description (illustrated) of the highest dam in the 
 world] 
 
 336 The Arrowrock dam, highest in the world [Boise project] 
 
 Cement and engineering news, Oct. 1915, v. 27: 214. 
 
 337 Bache, Rene. Government runs railroad to build biggest dam. 
 
 Technical world, May, 1912, v. 17: 311-14. 
 
 [Boise Arrowrock railroad] 
 
 338 Blanchard, C. J. Minidoka irrigation project. Engineering 
 
 record, Mar. 2, 1907, v. 55: 244-6. 
 
 339 The Minidoka project, south side unit. Reclamation 
 
 record, Jan. 1917, v. 8: 23-5. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 
 
 340 Bliss, G. H. Organization of irrigation operation and main- 
 
 tenance force and its training. Engineering and contracting, 
 May 6, 1914, v. 41 : 535-7. 
 
 [Discussion by the Project manager at Boise, Idaho] 
 
 341 Clawson, Ray R. Messhouse management at Arrowrock dam 
 
 [Boise project] Engineering news, June 24, 1915, v. 73: 
 1201-3. 
 
 [Description of messes of sufficient capacity to accommodate 800 
 to 900 men. Illustrated] 
 
 342 The contractor's plant and methods used on the Minidoka irri- 
 
 gation project. Engineering record, June 22, 1907, v. 55: 
 733-5. illus. 
 
 343 Dibble, Barry. A government hydroelectric power system. 
 
 Reclamation record, April, 1914, v. 5: 131-3. 
 
 [To furnish power for pumping water in the Minidoka project] 
 
 344 - Operation of Minidoka reclamation project. Journal of 
 
 electricity, power and gas, July n, 1914, v. 33:25-30. 
 
 [Brief description of the power development, details of operating 
 results. Valuable data on the use of electricity for summer 
 camping and winter heating] 
 
 345 Dille, F. M. The Minidoka national bird reservation, Idaho. 
 
 Reclamation record, Dec. 1916, v. 7: 564-5. 
 
 346 Fortier, Samuel and Bixby, F. L. Minidoka Dam. (In U. S. 
 
 Office of experiment stations. Bulletin 249, part II. Wash- 
 ington, 1912, p. 57-64) 
 
 347 Gaylord, J. M. An irrigation pumping system, the Minidoka 
 
 hydroelectric project. Electrical review, Sept. 9, 1911, v. 59: 
 503-6. 
 
 [Pumping system for 50,000 acres of land in the Minidoka 
 project] 
 
 348 A government built, owned, and operated railroad. Journal of 
 
 electricity, power and gas, April 18, 1914, v. 32: 339. 
 
 [Reprint from Reclamation record. Boise Arrowrock railroad] 
 
 349 Lowell, J. H. The Boise project. Reclamation record, Nov. 
 
 1915, v. 6: 517-8. 
 
 [Speech delivered at the dedication of the Arrowrock dam, Oct. 
 4, 
 
 350 Mayhew, A. B. Construction camp at Arrowrock dam. [Boise 
 
 project] Engineering record, Aug. 2, 1913, v. 68: 116-8. 
 
 [How necessities and amusements are provided for 1400 work- 
 ers located 200 miles from Boise, the nearest city] 
 
 351 Paul, C. H. Arrowrock dam [Boise project] Engineering 
 
 news, June 6, 1912, v. 67: 1061-5. 
 
 [The Construction engineer describes his work] 
 
164 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 352 Paul, C. H. Arrowrock dam . . . [Boise project] the highest 
 
 dam in the world. Engineering and contracting, Aug. 21, 
 1912, v. 38: 218-9. 
 
 353 A solution of the construction camp clubhouse problem. Engin- 
 
 eering and contracting, Aug. 18, 1915, v. 44: 118. 
 
 [Editorial reference to work of the Y. M. C. A. at Arrowrock 
 camp, Boise project] 
 
 354 Weymouth, F. E. Government projects as they are in Idaho. 
 
 Pacific builder and engineer, April 20, 1912, v. 13: 329-31. 
 
 [A summary of the Minidoka, the Payette, Boise and the Fort 
 Hall projects] 
 
 355 Where the Reclamation service stands high. Sunset, Oct., 1915, 
 
 v. 35 : 6 54-6. 
 
 [Chorus of praise from settlers on the Boise project] 
 
 MONTANA-NORTH DAKOTA 
 
 356 Conway, J. S. The Lower Yellowstone project. Irrigation 
 
 age, July, 1907, v. 22: 269-71. 
 
 [Great undertaking in Montana and North Dakota which means 
 the reclamation of 66,000 acres of arid land and the construction 
 of a canal 70 miles in length] 
 
 357 Savage, H. N. Montana reclamation under the government. 
 
 Pacific builder and engineer, Mar. 29, 1913, p. 202-3. 
 
 [Review of irrigation work within the state] 
 
 NEBRASKA- WYOMING 
 
 358 Branch, L. V. Pathfinder dam and reservoir, Wyoming, with 
 
 reference to the catchment area and its water supply. Monthly 
 weather review, May, 1910, v. 38: 736-9. 
 
 359 Coulter, W. S. Reclamation of the North Platte valley. Popu- 
 
 lar science monthly, April, 1907, v. 70: 372-77. 
 
 360 "Deming, W. C. Irrigation projects in Wyoming. Independent, 
 
 May 9, 1907, v. 62: 1079-85. 
 
 361 North Platte irrigation projects and associated units. Irrigation 
 
 age, Sept. 1916, v. 31 : 160-70. 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 362 Bennett, H. I. Truckee-Carson reclamation project. Scientific 
 
 American, Sept. 1916, v. 93: 216-17. 
 
 363 Brown, E. Truckee-Carson reclamation project. Scientific 
 
 American supplement, Sept. 16, 1905, v. 60 : 24829-30. 
 
 364 Cole, D. W. Lahontan dam, Truckee-Carson irrigation project, 
 
 Nevada. Engineering news, April 22, 1915, v. 73: 758-62. 
 
 [Illustrated description by the Project manager] 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 165 
 
 365 Forbes-Lindsay, A. W. Reclaiming the desert : the transforma- 
 
 tion of arid lands into farms and homes: the quickening of 
 Nevada. Craftsman, Feb. 1909, v. 15: 573-84. 
 
 366 Hardesty, W. P. Truckee-Carson project . . . Engineering 
 
 news, Oct. 18, 1906, v. 56: 391-401. 
 
 [Excellent description of interest to engineers] 
 
 367 Leonard, A. V. The Lahontan dam. [Truckee-Carson pro- 
 
 ject] Cement and engineering news, Feb. 1914, v. 26: 40-1. 
 
 [Pictures of the dam, one of the most impressive engineering 
 structures of the Reclamation service] 
 
 368 Oddie, Tasker L. What the Reclamation service has done for 
 
 Nevada. (In Conference of western governors. Proceedings, 
 Salt Lake City, June, 1913. Denver, [1913] p. 66-70) 
 
 369 Tillinghast, F. H. Lahontan dam, Truckee-Carson irrigation 
 
 project. Engineering and contracting, Feb. 12, 1913, v. 39: 
 189-96. 
 
 [Technical description] 
 
 NEW MEXICO-TEXAS 
 
 370 Campbell, J. L. Two theories of government, the Rio Grande 
 
 reclamation project (letter) Engineering news, Dec. 22, 
 1910, v. 64: 693-4. 
 
 [Includes "Editorial reply." Criticism of new conservation 
 policies of the government, with special reference to the Salt 
 River and Rio Grande projects] 
 
 371 Coghlan, R. R. Elephant Butte reservoir [Rio Grande project] 
 
 to serve 233 years. Engineering record, Sept. 16, 1916, v. 74: 
 349- 
 
 [Based upon a weight of silt in the dry state experimentally 
 determined at 92.34 Ib. per cubic foot] 
 
 372 The manufacture of sand cement on the Rio Grande 
 
 project. Reclamation record, March, 1916, v. 7: 119-20. 
 
 [Account of cement plant at Elephant Butte] 
 
 373 Davis, A. P. Address of ... director and chief engineer of 
 
 the Reclamation service, at the dedication of the Elephant 
 Butte dam. [Rio Grande project] N. Mex., October 19, 1916. 
 Reclamation record, Dec. 1916, v. 7: 554-6. 
 
 [History of the project] 
 
 agle dam and reservoir 
 news, Aug. 18, 1910, v. 
 
 [Describes chief features of the Rio Grande project] 
 
 374 Eagle dam and reservoir, Rio Grande project. Engineering 
 news, Aug. 18, 1910, v. 64: 167-8. 
 
i66 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 375 Elephant Butte dam. Engineering record, May 17, 1913, v. 67: 
 
 557-8- 
 
 [Storage dam across the Rio Grande] 
 
 376 Link, H. B. Cooperation under the Elephant Butte project 
 
 [Rio Grande project] Reclamation record, Oct. 1915, v. 6: 
 459-62. 
 
 377 Woehlke, W. V. The taming of the Rio Grande. Sunset 
 
 magazine, Jan. 1916, v. 36: 39-41, 88-89. 
 
 [Historical account of Dr. Nathan Boyd's work in securing the 
 construction by the government of the Elephant Butte dam] 
 
 OREGON 
 
 378 Hopson, E. G. Oregon settlers on the reclamation projects. 
 
 Pacific builder and engineer, Mar. 29, 1913, p. 195-8. 
 
 [The economic problems of the hypothetical occupant of Kla- 
 math and Umatilla] 
 
 379 State and federal cooperation in irrigation work. Engin- 
 eering record, Dec. 20, 1913, v. 68: 685-6. 
 
 ["How $100,000 jointly subscribed, is to be spent by the Recla- 
 mation service and the State of Oregon"] 
 
 380 Lewis, J. H. Irrigation projects in Oregon outline of several 
 
 developments now under consideration. Engineering and 
 contracting, May 31, 1916, v. 45:496-7. 
 
 [Deschutes project, Ochoco project, John Day project, Malheur 
 project, Owyhee project] 
 
 381 Newell, H. D. Multiple-arch diversion dam at Three Miles 
 
 Falls, Oregon. Engineering news, May 27, 1915, v. 73: 
 1009-12. illus. 
 
 382 State and federal cooperation in irrigation and power in Ore- 
 
 gon. Engineering record, Nov. 2, 1912, v. 66: 499. 
 
 [Recommends that the state and Congress should vote an equal 
 amount in bonds for development of irrigation, etc.] 
 
 OREGON-CALIFORNIA 
 
 383 Blanchard, C. J. The Klamath country. Reclamation record, 
 
 Nov. 1916, v. 7: 508-11. 
 
 [Comparison of the country before and after government irriga- 
 tion] 
 
 384 What the great Klamath project means. Sunset, Sept. 
 
 1906, v. 17: 207-14. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 385 Anderson, D. H. The Belle Fourche irrigation project in 
 
 western South Dakota. Irrigation age, July 1908, v. 23: 
 
 264-71- 
 
 ["Homes for thousands in a delightful country"] 
 
 386 Patch, W. W. The Belle Fourche irrigation works, South 
 
 Dakota. Engineering news, Feb. 22, 1906, v. 55: 210-12. 
 
 UTAH 
 
 387 Forest, Newton. The great irrigation project at Strawberry 
 
 Valley. Scientific American, Mar. 29, 1913, v. 108: 288-9. 
 
 388 McFall, L. Utah's great irrigation tunnel. Technical world, 
 
 Dec. 1912, v. 18: 485-87. 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 389 Baldwin, E. H. Kachess dam on the Yakima River in Wash- 
 
 ington. Engineering record, Jan. 27, 1912, v. 65: 101-2. 
 
 390 Blanchard, C. J. Yakima project, Sunnyside and Tieton units. 
 
 Reclamation record, Dec. 1916, v. 7: 559-62. 
 
 [Description of the project] 
 
 391 Hopson, E. G. The Tieton Canal [Yakima project] (with 
 
 discussion) American society of civil engineers. Transac- 
 tions, Mar. 1911, v. 71: 158-91. (Paper no. 1181) 
 
 [Discussion by Messrs. Sheley, Dunham and Hopson] 
 
 392 Swigart, C. H. Washington projects under U. S. reclamation. 
 
 Pacific builder and engineer, Mar. 29, 1913, p. 187-91. 
 
 [Engineering, water charges and productivity of projects and 
 units in division] 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 393 Graves, J. H. The great Shoshone dam. Case and comment, 
 
 April, 1917, v. 23: 892-6. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS 
 
 -394 Abstract of results of conference held by Hon. Franklin K. 
 Lane, Secretary of the interior, with representatives of the 
 Water users' associations and other interested bodies, be- 
 ginning at i p. m. on May I, 1913, and continuing each day 
 thereafter from I to 6 p. m. [until May 17, 1913] v.p. 
 
 395 Boise operation and maintenance conference. Reports of 1st 
 
 to 5th conferences, 1911-1916. 5 v. 
 
 396 Gunn, Richards and company. Department of the interior. 
 
 Compilation of reports no. 01 to 055 inclusive. Oct. I, 1907. 
 134 I- 
 
i68 THE U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE 
 
 [The original report entitled "Organization and methods of the 
 Department of the interior" may be found at the Department of 
 the Interior. Considerations of the Reclamation service in this 
 report are, on the whole, favorable] 
 
 397 U. S. Reclamation service. Accounting procedure in accounting 
 division, showing what accounts are kept, reports received, 
 how they are checked, the use made of them and their dis- 
 position. Mar. 7, 1911. 28 1. 
 
 398 First to third annual reports on the operation and 
 
 maintenance of reclamation projects. 1910-1912. 3 v. 
 
 [Later reports are found in the Annual reports of the Reclama- 
 tion service] 
 
 399 Index of circulars, memoranda, instructions, etc. 
 
 Oct. i, 1902 Apr. 30, 1911. 145 1. 
 400 Instructions governing field accounting on the Kla- 
 
 math project. July 15, 1900. 9 1. [and exhibits] 
 401 Operation and maintenance discussions 1912-13. 
 
 A-B, D-H, J-0, Q-S. v.p. 
 402 Proceedings of the first annual conference of chief 
 
 clerks (accountants) held at Helena, Montana, Nov. 19 to 22, 
 
 1912. 334 1. 
 
 403 Standard forms for contracts. 1913. 135 1. 
 
 404 Northern division. Operation and maintenance 
 
 conference, Powell, Wyoming, Nov. 10-13, 1909. 199 1. 
 405 Northern division. Operation and maintenance 
 
 conference, Helena, Montana, Dec. 14, 15, 16, 1911. 300 1. 
 406 Washington division. Operation and maintenance 
 
 conference, annual meeting, North Yakima. 1910. 149 1. 
 407 Willcocks, Sir William. Report on inspection of reclamation 
 
 projects, made May 22 to June 25, 1914. (On file in Depart- 
 ment of the Interior) 
 
 [In addition to the manuscripts mentioned above which are to 
 be found in the Institute for Government Research, attention is 
 called to the following volume which forms an index to material 
 in the reference library of the Engineering division of the Wash- 
 ington office of the Reclamation service: "Feature histories and 
 project histories", a manuscript list of several hundred volumes 
 of "reports compiled by project rnanagers concerning the various 
 activities on the projects during the calendar year. These re- 
 ports are in manuscript, arranged alphabetically by state, then 
 by project. The reference library and data are at the service 
 of engineers and others interested in irrigation"] 
 
AUTHOR INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 [The arable numbers refer to items, not to pages.] 
 
 Agricultural implement manufac- 
 turers, 141 
 
 American society of irrigation 
 engineers, 120 
 
 Anderson, D. H., 385 
 
 Arizona (Ter.) District court f 
 
 318 
 
 Ashbaugh, S. S., 167 
 
 Bache, Rene, 337 
 
 Baldwin, E. H., 389 
 
 Barri, J. G., 168 
 
 Bartlett, D. W., 121 
 
 Beadle, J. B., 7, 169 
 
 Bennett, H. I., 362 
 
 Biddle, John, 18 
 
 Bien, Morris, 170 
 
 Bixby, F. L., 346 
 
 Blackmar, F. W., 171-172 
 
 Blanchard, C. J., 21, 122-123, 173- 
 
 182, 307, 338-339, 383-384, 
 
 390 
 
 Blighton, F., 308 
 Bliss, G. H., 340 
 Borah, W. E., 183 
 Boyd, Nathan, 377 
 Branch, L. V., 358 
 Brown, E., 363 
 Brown, H. A., 124-125 
 Buchholz, W. D., 44 
 Burgess, H., 18 
 Burr, E. W., 184-185 
 
 California. Engineer dept. r 108- 
 110 
 
 Campbell, J. L., 370 
 Carey act committee, 70 
 Carter, O. C S., 317 
 Chamber of commerce of the 
 
 U. S., 126 
 Chapman, A., 326 
 Chittenden, Hiram M., 78 
 Clark, W. O., 83 
 Clawson, R. R., 341 
 Coghlan, R. R., 371-372 
 Cole, D. W., 187-188, 364 
 Coman, Katharine, 189 
 Conference of engineers, 11-12 
 Conway, J. S., 356 
 Cory, H. T., 231, 319 
 Coulter, W. S., 359 
 Cowhick, O. G, 198 
 
 Davis, A. P., 23, 127-128, 199-202, 
 
 309, 373 
 
 Dean, W. H., 203-204 
 Deming, W. C, 360 
 Dibble, Barry, 343*344 
 Dille, F. M,, 345 
 Dinsmoor, W. P. J., 327 
 Dodge, O. V., 141 
 Draper, W. R., 206 
 Dudley, P. R., 70 
 Dugger, J. B., 207 
 
 Eggleston, W. J., 208 
 
 Farrell, F. D., 209 
 Field, J. E., 210 
 
 169 
 
170 AUTHOR INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Finney, E. C., 211 
 Fletcher, Robert, 212 
 Foley, Frank, 129 
 Forbes-Lindsay, C. H., 213-215, 
 
 3io, 365 
 
 Forest, Newton, 387 
 Forestry and irrigation, 160 
 Fortier, Samuel, 216, 346 
 
 Gardner, Gilson, 217 
 Gaylord, J. M., 347 
 Gillette, Edward, 218-219 
 Glassford, W. A., 119 
 Graves, C. B., 205, 223, 232 
 Graves, J. H., 393 
 Gray, E. D. M., 130 
 Greely, A. W., 8, 119 
 Grunsky, C. E., 131 
 Gunn, Richards and company, 
 396 
 
 Hanna, F. W., 70 
 Hardesty, W. P., 366 
 Harding, S. T., 132, 225 
 Harts, W. M., 18 
 Hayden, Carl, 41 
 Hays, S. H., 59 
 Heard, D. B., 312 
 Helburn, J. W., 226 
 Henny, D. C., 227 
 Hill, L. C, 59 
 Hinton, R. J., 9-10, 63 
 Holt, L. M., 228-321 
 Hopson, E. G., 378-379, 39* 
 
 International engineering con- 
 gress, 133 
 International irrigation congress, 
 
 134, 150 
 Irrigation, 162 
 Irrigation age, 161, 165 
 Irrigator, 165 
 
 James, G. W., 136 
 Jones, D. P., 61 
 
 King, W. R., 205, 223, 232-233 
 Kutz, C. W., 18 
 
 Lane, F. K., 234-236, 394 
 Langfitt, W. C, 18 
 Lawson, L. M., 323 
 Lee, Charles H., 83 
 Leighton, M. O., 237 
 Lemenager, H. V., 238-239 
 Leonard, A. V., 367 
 Lewis, A. D., 137 
 Lewis, J. H., 380 
 Link, H. B., 376 
 Lippincott, J. B., 324 
 Littlepage, Mrs. Louella, 241 
 Lowell, J. H., 349 
 Lundgren, Leonard, 242 
 
 McClellan, G. B., 31 
 McConnell, I. W., 328 
 McFall, L, 388 
 McKinney, J. M., 243 
 Marsh, B. W., 329 
 Maxwell, G. H., 52, 163 
 Maxwell's Talisman, 163 
 Mayhew, A. B., 350 
 Mead, Elwood, 138, 244-246 
 Mieir, W. O., 139 
 Minidoka railroad co., 140 
 Mondell, F. W., 28, 45 
 Morton, O. P., 247 
 Murphy, D. W., 249 
 
 National advocate, 164 
 National land and irrigation jour- 
 
 nal, 165 
 Newell, F. H, 11-14, 22, 23, 31, 
 
 45, 52, 58, 101, 142-147, 250- 
 
 265 
 
AUTHOR INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 
 
 Newell, H. D., 381 
 
 Newlands, F. G., 15-17, 52, 62, 
 
 148, 266 
 Nimmo, Joseph, 149 
 
 Oddie, T. L, 368 
 O'Donnell, I. D., 267 
 Oregon. State engineer f in 
 Orendorff, U. G., 141 
 Orme, J. P., 41, 61 
 
 Page, A. W., 269, 330 
 Palmer, Frederick, 270 
 Parsons, T., 331 
 Patch, W. W., 386 
 Patten, John, 150 
 Paul, C. H., 351-352 
 Powell, J. W., 81 
 Powers, Le Grand, 21 
 Price, C. R., 151 
 
 Reclamation record, 105 
 Reed, V., 277 
 Roddis, E. E., 278 
 Rolker, A. W., 332 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, 89, 279 
 Rowley, C. G., 141 
 Ruhl, A., 280 
 Ryan, W. A., 281 
 
 Savage, H. N., 357 
 Smith, C. W., 152 
 Smythe, W. E., 134, 153, 284 
 Stabler, Herman, 70 
 Steward, W. G., 285 
 Stoutemyer, B. E., 286 
 Swanton, W. L, 288-289 
 Swigart, C. H., 392 
 
 Taylor, E. S., 291 
 Teele, R. P., 154 
 Teichman, F., 333 
 
 Tillinghast, F. H., 369 
 Tracy, F. G., 155 
 
 Union Pacific railroad co., 156 
 U. S. Board of army engineers, 
 
 18, 138 
 
 Bureau of the census, 19-22 
 Congress. Joint committee 
 [on] Interior department, 
 
 23 
 
 House. Committee on ap- 
 propriations, 24-27 
 Committee on expendi- 
 tures, 28 
 Committee on irrigation, 
 
 29-51, 54 
 Committee on public lands, 
 
 52 
 Committee on ways and 
 
 means, 53 
 
 Senate. Committee on irri- 
 gation, 55-63 
 
 Dept. of Agriculture, i, 64 
 Dept. of the Interior, 65-77 
 Engineer department, 78-79 
 General land office, 80 
 Geographical survey, 81 
 Geological survey, 82-83 
 Laws, statutes, etc., 84-86 
 Office of experiment stations, 
 
 2,87 
 
 Office of irrigation inquiry, 88 
 President (Roosevelt), 89 
 Reclamation service, 3-6, 90- 
 
 118, 397-406 
 Signal office, 119 
 
 Van Hise, C. R., 157 
 Vrooman, Frank, 297 
 
 Webster, N. E., Jr., 298-299 
 Wells, P. P., 44 
 
172 AUTHOR INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Weymouth, F. E., 301, 354 
 Whinery, Samuel, 158 
 Whitehead, J. T., 43 
 Wilhelm, A., 334 
 Willard, Lucius, 303 
 
 Willcocks, Sir William, 407 
 Willey, D. A., 304-305, 316, 332 
 Wilson, H. M., 159 
 Woehlke, W. V., 377 
 Wright, H., 306 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Accounting Division, 77-78 
 Activities, 33-69 
 
 classification, 98-99 
 Administration, cost under Carey 
 Act, 7 
 
 work of Chief Counsel, 84 
 Administrative offices, 75, 76 
 Agricultural Department, 49 
 
 advice to water users, 68, 87 
 Alfalfa, on projects, 87 
 Amusement enterprises, 57 
 Annual reports of service, 100 
 Appointments, by Secretary, 74 
 Appropriation Act, 1918, 71 
 Appropriations, new projects, 41 
 
 water supply investigations, 
 
 9-12 
 
 Arid lands, I, n, 26 
 Arrowrock dam, 38 
 Artesian wells, 21 
 Attorney General, decisions, 30 
 Authority for construction, 21, 
 
 41, 46 
 Automobiles, use, 83 
 
 Belle Fourche project, 37 
 Bids, 53-54 
 
 Boise project, 36, 40, 55 
 Bonds, 66 
 
 Canal riders, 83 
 Canals, 33, 38, 83, 101 
 Carey Act, cost of administra- 
 tion, 7 
 cost of colonization, 7 
 
 Carey Act, provisions, 5-6 
 
 results, 6-8, 16 
 Carey Act bonds, 7 
 Carey Act committee, report, 7 
 Carson River, storage dam, 36 
 Cement plants, 55 
 Cement Testing Section, 80 
 Census report on agriculture by 
 
 irrigation, 14 
 Central division, 81 
 Charges for water right. See 
 
 Water-right charges 
 Chief Clerk, 77 
 Chief of construction, 74, 76, 79- 
 
 83 
 
 Chief counsel, 75, 84 
 Chief engineer, 74, 75, 76-77, 81 
 Chinese labor excluded, 23 
 Chittenden, H. M., Report on 
 
 reservoir sites, 14-15 
 Climate, 42 
 Coal mines, 55 
 Colonization enterprises, 2 
 Comptroller of service, 75, 79, 86 
 Construction charges, payment, 
 
 3i, 59-6i 
 
 Construction rights, 72 
 Construction work, 51-57, 82 
 
 by contract, 53-55 
 
 by the service, 52, 55 
 
 estimates, 31, 32, 52 
 
 statistics, 127-129 
 Consulting engineers, function, 
 
 74, 81 
 Contracts, 52, 53-55, 84 
 
 173 
 
174 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Cooperative certificates, 29-30 
 Cooperative work with states, 
 
 1 00- 1 01 
 
 Cost of construction, 26 
 
 Cost keeping, 63 
 
 Crops, all projects, value, 26 
 
 Dams, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38 
 Davis, A. P., 24 
 
 Democratic platform of 1900, 15 
 Demonstration farms, 68 
 Denver office, 76, 79-83 
 Desert land acts, 3-4 
 Desert lands, definition of, 4 
 Designing engineer, 80 
 Designing project works, 47-57 
 Director and chief engineer, 74, 
 
 75, 76-77 
 
 Disbursing section, 80 
 Distributing systems, 38-39 
 District counsel, 85 
 District offices of legal division, 
 
 84-85 
 
 Ditches, 33 
 
 Diversion dams, 26, 33, 34, 35 
 Drafting section, 78 
 Drainage, 39-40 
 Drainage engineer, 80 
 
 East Park dam, 38 
 Editorial division, 78-79 
 Eight hour day, 23, 57 
 Electrical engineer, 80 
 Elephant Butte dam, 38, 55 
 Employees, number, 70 
 Engineering division, 78 
 Engineering publications, IOI- 
 
 102 
 
 Engineering section, 80 
 Engineers of the service, 51, 78, 
 
 80, 81 
 Equipment, all projects, 102 
 
 Examiner of accounts, 79 
 Executive and engineering divi- 
 sion, 75-83 
 Expenditures from reclamation 
 
 fund, 32, 124-125 
 Experiment stations, 68 
 Extension Act of 1914. See Re- 
 clamation Extension Act. 
 
 Farm management, 68, 87, 101 
 Farm units, 58, 84 
 Field organization, 81, 82, 85 
 Financial management, 59-62 
 Financial statements, 123-126 
 Fiscal agents, appointment, 73 
 Fiscal division, 86-87 
 Flood prevention, 14, 35 
 Functions of service, I 
 
 Garfield, J. A., 30 
 
 Gate tender, 83 
 
 Geological survey, 10, n 
 directs Reclamation service, 23 
 stream gauging work, 12 
 water supply investigations, 12, 
 42,43 
 
 History of service, 1-32 
 
 Hitchcock, E. A., 23, 27, 41 
 
 Homestead laws, 22, 58 
 
 Hospital service, 56 
 
 Huntley project, 34 
 
 Hydroelectric plants. See Power 
 plants. 
 
 Hydrography division in Geologi- 
 cal survey, 23 
 
 Indian lands, 28 
 
 Information for settlers. See 
 
 Publicity work. 
 Inspection of contract work, 54- 
 
 55 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 175 
 
 Irrigable area, estimate, 1-2, 26 
 
 selection, 42-44 
 Irrigation, reports on, 14 
 Irrigation canals, Mormon pio- 
 neers, 2 
 
 Pueblo Indians, 2 
 
 remains in Arizona, 2 
 Irrigation congresses, 13-17 
 Irrigation development, prior to 
 
 1880, 1-3 
 
 Irrigation districts, 65, 67, 81 
 Irrigation surveys. See Surveys. 
 
 Jackson Lake, storage capacity, 
 36 
 
 Klamath project, 34 
 
 Land and general section, 84 
 
 Land office, 29, 44, 59 
 
 Land purchase, 83 
 
 Land titles, 83 
 
 Lassen County, Cal., irrigation, 3 
 
 Law section, 84 
 
 Laws, reclamation, text of, 103- 
 122 
 
 Lawton project, 32 
 
 Legal division, 83-86 
 
 Location of projects, 41-47 
 authorized by Congress, 41 
 authorized by President, 31, 41 
 
 Lower Yellowstone project, 34 
 
 Manual, reclamation, 63, 101 
 Markets, 42, 87 
 Maxwell, G. H., 15, 17 
 Measuring water, 62 
 Mercantile stores, 56 
 Mess houses, 56 
 Minidoka project, 36, 40, 60, 67 
 Missouri River, elevation, 35 
 Mormons, irrigation works, 2 
 Motorcycles, use, 83 
 
 Newell, F. H., 17, 23, 24 
 Newlands, F. G., irrigation bills 
 
 in Congress, 17, 21 
 irrigation surveys, 43 
 North Dakota pumping project, 
 
 34,35 
 
 North Platte project, 39, 43 
 Northern division, 81 
 
 Office engineer, 80 
 Opening of projects, 57-59 
 Operation and maintenance, 62- 
 64,82 
 
 charges, 31, 58, 61, 67 
 
 local control, 32, 64-67 
 
 manual, 63 
 
 organization of service, 23, 70- 
 
 97 
 outline, 89-97 
 
 Pacific division, 81 
 Pathfinder dam, 37 
 Photography work of the service, 
 
 78 
 
 Plans of irrigation works, 50 
 Policy, changes, 26-27, 3 J -3 2 
 Powell, J. W., 9 
 criticized by congressional 
 
 committee, n 
 
 Report on land of the arid re- 
 gion, 8 
 
 work for reclamation, 8-9 
 Powell Irrigation survey, n, 42 
 Power plants, 64 
 President of the U. S., message, 
 
 17-21 
 
 orders for new projects, 31, 41 
 Private enterprises, legislation, 
 
 3-5 
 
 water rights, 3-5, 35 
 Private land, in reclamation pro- 
 jects, 26-27 
 
176 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Project manager, 67-68, 82 
 Projects, 25, 26 
 characteristics, 33 
 list of, 81-82 
 primary, disbursements and 
 
 collections, 126 
 secondary, 25, 46 
 Property and rights, 29 
 Public land sales, for reclama- 
 tion fund, 21 
 
 Public lands, withdrawal from 
 entry, 10, n, 21, 41, 44-45, 
 
 7i. 84 
 
 Public notices, 58, 59, 83 
 Publications of service, 100, 102 
 Publicity work, 78, loi 
 Pueblo Indians, irrigation works, 
 
 2 
 
 Pumping plants, 64 
 Purchasing Agent, 80 
 
 Railroads, 42 
 
 Receipts of Reclamation Fund, 
 
 124-125 
 
 Reclamation Act of 1902, modi- 
 fications, 26-28 
 
 passage of, 16-23 
 
 provisions, 21-22 
 Reclamation bills, 17, 21 
 Reclamation circulars, 101 
 Reclamation Commission, 24, 65, 
 
 74-75 
 Reclamation Extension Act of 
 
 1914, 31, 61 
 Reclamation Fund, 21, 30, 32, 
 
 124-125 
 Reclamation Record, 68-69, 79> 
 
 100 
 Reclamation work, by federal 
 
 government, movement for, 
 
 8-16 
 by private enterprises, 3-5 
 
 Reclamation work, by states, 5-8 
 Recreation on projects, 56 
 Repayment of construction. 
 
 charges, 61 
 
 Republican platform of 1900, 15. 
 Reservoir sites, Chittenden's re~ 
 
 port on, 14-15 
 reserved, 12 
 selection, 11-12, 47-48 
 Reservoirs, investigation author- 
 ized by Congress, 9 
 Right of way, 4-5, 12, 13, 83 
 Rio Grande project, 28, 40, 44 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, 27, 40, 47 
 extract from message, 17-21 
 Roosevelt dam, 37, 55 
 
 St. Mary-Milk River canal, 44 
 
 Salt River, Ariz., 27 
 
 Salt River project, 28, 37, 40^ 
 
 67 
 
 Sanitation of camps, 56 
 Schools on projects, 57 
 Secretary of the Interior, an- 
 nounces opening of projects, 
 
 58 
 
 appoints chief officers and em- 
 ployees, 74 
 approves bonds, 66 
 functions vested in, 71-74 
 imposes operation and main- 
 tenance charges, 31 
 locates and constructs irriga- 
 tion works, 21, 41, 51 
 order of Nov. 22, 1915, 71 
 power to select new projects 
 
 limited, 31 
 submits estimates of cost of 
 
 projects, 31-32, 52 
 Seepage and drainage, 39 
 Select committee on irrigation 
 and reclamation of arid 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 177 
 
 lands. Report and hearings, 
 ii 
 
 Settlement conditions, 72 
 Settlement division, 78 
 Settlement pamphlets, 101 
 Shoshone project, drainage, 40 
 Snake River, 40 
 Soil, 42, 49 
 Southern division, 81 
 Specifications, made in Washing- 
 ton office, 50 
 Statistics of construction, 127- 
 
 129 
 
 Stewart, W. M., n 
 Storage dams, 15, 26, 36 
 Belle Fourche project, 37 
 Boise river project, 38 
 Carson River, 36 
 North Platte project, 37 
 Orland project, 38 
 Rio Grande project, 38 
 Salt River project, 37 
 Umatilla project, 37 
 Storage works, 35-38 
 Supervisor of Irrigation, 68, 74, 
 
 86-87 
 
 Surplus power, sale, 31 
 Surplus water, sale, 31, 62 
 Surveys of arid regions, appro- 
 priation for, 10 
 report on, 8 
 Surveys of public lands, 45 
 
 Tahoe Lake, 36 
 Technical section, 78 
 Topographic maps, n, 12, 43, 
 
 101 
 
 preparation, 48-50 
 Transfer of credit, 30 
 Transfer of works to owners oi 
 
 land, 32, 64-67 
 Treaty with Great Britain, 44 
 
 Treaty with Mexico, 44 
 Truckee-Carson project, 25, 27, 
 
 36, 55 
 Tunnels, 33, 34 
 
 Umatilla project, 37, 39 
 
 Union Colony, Greeley, Colo., 2 
 
 Use book. See Manual. 
 
 Walcott, C. D., 23 
 Walcott Lake, 36 
 Washington office, 75 
 Water, use of, regulated, 72 
 Water delivery, plans, 82 
 
 records, 63, 82 
 Water masters, 83 
 Water-right charges, 58, 62 
 on private lands, 26-28 
 security for, 28, 45~46, 62 
 Water rights, law, 3, 22, 83, 84 
 Water supply, i, 3, 14, 27 
 data, 4 2 -43 45 
 elevation, 34 
 investigations by Geological 
 
 survey, 12, 43 
 Water users, information for, 67- 
 
 69 
 
 Water users' associations, coop- 
 erative certificates, 29-30 
 form of agreement, 46 
 mortgage, 45 -46, 62 
 organization, 28, 45, 66, 101 
 transfer of 'works to, 65 
 Weirs. See Diversion dams. 
 Williston coal mine, 35, 55, 64 
 Williston power plant, 35, 64 
 Withdrawal of lands. See Pub- 
 lic lands. 
 
 Yakima project, 36 
 Yuma project, 34 
 
 Zanjeros. See Canal riders. 
 (1) 
 
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