UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION CONCERNING AMERICA. LETTER RAFAEL SANCHEZ, WRITTEN OX BOARD THE CARAVEL WHILE RETURNING FROM HIS FIRST VOYAGE. PUBLISHED AT BARCELONA, MAY, 1493. CHICAGO: THE W. H. LOWDF.RMILK Co. .893. ^ tvl inucntie epiftola Criftofert ie pofl$ i^adibUe tJifcelti :iit mare Undi* cu.perueni:vbi plurima0 'JnfutomnmneriB babitatas bomimb^ refperuqua^ oim p felU ciflimo 'iftege nof!ro:p:ecoriio celebmto t ve ]CilU0 e^tenlietcotradicente nemine pofleflio* n^.accepupjimecp earumtoiui Saluatoziano meitimpofui (emus fret 9 auplto) tarn adbac .^am vero ?ndt I 0ttiUKb*nrn vocant.m*? etiivnl quana nouo nomine nuncupaui.tfuti|peaUam 3nm lam Senrte4*arie Oeeptiois-aliam wamalia3 lb?fabellamaUa Ifobanam.'r fie ce reliquisaffellari iufli. jgUiaptimu C eJn* fulam qua Dudd 3obaium vocari oixi agmli muettujcta er' littud Occident^ verfu* aliq u J^ rulum pzocetTi:tam(^ earn magna nullo repcr to fine muemtvt non infulamtfed cotin entem bata? pjouinciS eflTecrediderimmullatamf vid fa ognda mumripiaue in manrimi'0 fit a co finibiiKpieter aliquot vicoa-t p:edia ruftica: cum quozu mcolielooui neq uibamtquare ft* mul ac no VEdebant furripiebat fugam * ijSto 0reoU'ebar vltraje]ciih'man0 altquam me vzbe* vilUfuetnuenturum* 2>emq5 videnscp Ion0e admodum .p^rcfTis: nibilnouiemergebat :et buiufmodi via noa ad 6epr entrio ncm t>efere baranpfc fu^eze ejcoptabam:terris eten(m re $nabatbwma:ad auilrumc^erfltm vetoed tendere:necmmu0 venri ftagitantibuc fucee* t>ebatcoflituf ahos no operiri fuccrfTus:et fie retrocedensad poatum quend*5 quern ftgna* ueramfttmreuerfustTnde t)uoaboie0er no* Uriain terram miff .qui inue(ligarent:eitet ne TRejc meapioutnat/nbcfue atique.tbit per treB Dice ambuUHjtt fnuenerutlpiij.que t>icta5^bana i alie ibidem iufule lbecmulti0atq5 tutiflfu randts poztib 9 : e drcudata.multi majtimi ^ falttbzeebaitc interfluut fluu^ .multi quocp et eminetiflimi in ea fiuit montee. j@mee be infu le funt puUerrune i vorijs oiftinae figurie: p* me: ? maxima arbo ^ vartetace (Idem lamb en tiilplene:q0nil$folij9p2iuari credo :quip- pevidieaeita viretc^atcpoecowa: ecu mm -afeaio i bifpania folet ec:q?;alie flowteetalie fructuofe^lie i alio ftatutf m vnmfcuiuf(p q li tatcvi$ebat:$*rriebftt pbilomenat'raly pafle ree varij ac InumernmefeTBouc&fe q ipe per eas DcambulabaSunt pt erea in oioa infuU 3foban*fept? velocto palm*? genera: ritare ? pulcbzitudie Cqueadmodu cetere ofo aito:e8yfceite/fruoufq5)nf a* facile epwerat 6ut * imrabilespinVagri/'z pzata vafttffima/ varfcaucs/wienttlia/variaq} metattatferro ejcepto /Jn ea aut quSlbifparta fupza mpm* nucupan : ma jctmi f unt moresa c pulcri: vafta rum/ncmoaa/ carnpi feradlfimi/fen/ pactfcp * codendte edifTcijsaptiirtmi^pztuii inbac in fulacdmoditas: ipflantiaflunimu copiafalu bzirate admtrta boiimq nid quie viderit: ere* twlitate fugatlbuiii0arboie5pafcua ^frudf multum (ib Uiis ?obane oifFerut* Ibccpterea Ibtfpana triuerfo aromatie genere/ auro/ me* taUifq?abundat*ctii' quideiofmalta^ quad ego vtdi: tqua? cognitionebabeoticole vtri ufcp fetus nudi feme incedut : queadmodum Ito frondeue alt: autbombicino velo: da opermt:q$(pe ftbi ad id negocij parasite rent bi ome0 (vt fupw fip) quocutu^ genere ferri.rarent tarmie: vtpote ftbi ignottenecad ea fut apti.n5pp^ coagie uefotmitatl (eft flflt bn fo:matt)f3 qz fit t timidi acplent formtdine* 0eftit tn,p armis arudineefole gartaau quay baftile ^dda ligneft ficcfi ^in mucro fepe euenit cfi mtfertm two0 vel tri0 bomtnes ejrmeis ad aliquas villasrvt cu eay ioquere* air incolteexijfle agmSglomeratii e ^fndia: et vbi noftroe oip:opmquare vtdebat:fugam celeriter arripuiflTe: t>efp2eti6 a patre Ifbens z ec6t^a.^boc^6 a mipiam eozu bamnd aliqd vei iniuria illata fuerit nmmo ad quofcu cp ap puii i cjbu0 cu vcrbu faccre potui: quic4d ba bfba fum elar^it 9 :pannualia(^ gmulta:nulla mibt facta verfuratfcd funtitaturapauidi ac timiduJCcre^ vbi fe cernut tutoatoihi metu re pulfo; funt ad mo du fi'inplice0ac bone fi deit t in omibu0quebabentliberalifrimi:roganri $ poiTidctinftciafnemo:qumiprinoadidpp* fcendum inuiiat.4fcar inm erga oe0 a more p^ fcferut:t>at queqjmagrta ^j pariii0* minima l^ re nibiioue ptenti: c^o attit ^pbibw ne tarn mi ntma * nuUi'pcij bifcet>arcnf:rtfuntlanci0/ parapfldii /vitnc^ fragmcta/jtej daui/ligule/ quan$ fi bocpoteratadipifritvidcbaf eis put cerrima mudi poffidere iocalia. Sccidit enim quedatn nauita : rantu auriportdu* babuiiTe $ vna Ijgula : qua n fut tre0 aurei folidi : ^1it alio0 ,p altjs 111102(0 pcijtp^tim^ bUnqm0 no Wt 4c<5d petebat veditozrputavncia cii mi a t>uas auri: vt trigita t qdragita bcmbic! portdo:quaipuanouera"rotarcuum/ampbo qjbeftie coparabat.qd quia miquu fane erat: vetu(:t>ediqjetsmiUta pulcra i grata 4 meca tulera nullo iterueniete pmunvt eoamibi fa* cili* pcihare:fteret< jrpicole:^ vt ITntVioni in amoae erga 'ifUgciftegina pzincipefqj noftrod ct vniucrfflsgetes Ibifpamctac fhideat gcjre* re i coaceruarcteaqj nobistradere 4b'ipi af^ 1 fluut inofmagnopc idigcm^*lHullabij noaut ydolatnaiimo firmiffimc creddt 0^5 vim: o^ pottta:oia oeniqjbona cflfe i celo: mecp mdc cut bie nauib^i: nautif Dcfcedtfre:at3 B aio vb( fiii fufceptu* poft$ metu repuleratTBccfunt fegricsaut rudestqumfummt ac gfpicaciein^ ^boiee qui tranffretat mrt iU6:n6 fine admirattSc vmufcumfqjrei rationc rcdduntt fcdnu$ viderunt gente0vcftttas:ne(& nauesj bmot Cc0o flatim at q? ad mare il\6 guenue p:i ma infula quofda ^ndos ytolenter arhpui: 4 edifc eret a nobfB :* noegiter oocerent ea:4^ ipfi in bifce partibua cognittone babebant . et e^votofuccefTitmabremnoeipocti bij noa: turn 0eftu acilgntetum verbis intelUjcerunt . magno^p nobtsftiere emolumftoveniunt mo meed tft qui'femp putant me oefiluiffe e celo $1110 Diu nobifcii verfati fitcrint bodies ver* f enf . t bi ertnt prirm: $ i < mu0 nundaba'ttajij oetntepe alijs 'elata voce tncfte0.tgiemte venire i videbiti0 0te0 etbe rea0. ^uaobzl ta femie m viri: ta impubere* q5 adalti:tam itittene0$1ene0: dpoftta fcnntt fine paulo ante ^ccpta mos certatim vtfebgt magmit^rftipate caterua altjadbu/ altjspo turn afferentib:marfo cu amoze ac beniiioU* tia mcrcdibilt.lbab3 vnaqueq; tnfula nuiitae fcapbaefolidi lignit t r? an0ufta0:l(m0ttudine tn ac foama no(m0 biremi b fimj lea: curfu aut veletio:e0/!fU0unf remt0 tantumodo. fipam quedifunt magnet queda parue: queda i me> ^io punf in longitudinem ad miliariaa1l)crr r vt ab bi0 5^ vefoo mecu. ?ndi0 gcepirqui omi^baa caller iiifula.l3tfpane vero ambit 9 maioj'eft totalb ifpania a coiogna vf qj a d font? rabid it foincqs facile ar0uifoquart(l ei*lat^o6ipe p rtt&\int& occidemiain ott'ent?traieci:mili ccata ttd fpernida in qtta % ft alia? olm vt wj:i ^ muictiffinio ^cge nf o folenn iter poflTeffio* nemaccepi:earuq5imperiu cictoHrsipeni^ to^ co mitti f :i opcmunt ozi tn locot at^ omi In cro i comertio pdccenti: cumfdi magnevillc : pcculiartteraccep(ibiq5arcemquanda5 gere c^emplotu(fi:quemodoiam oebcteffe pactaan qua bof ea qui n ecdfarij font vtfl: cu cHtt a rm o? gen ere: t vltra an nil victu opomi no relic] *9te quidi carauella: t,p alij0pitrue ritate inert dibile.Sut cm getee ille amabiles admodu ibenigne: eo gnRej: pdVcmsmefra tretnfuum mei gUwabaf . ir fi ammu reuoca renr.'ibta cj LarcemanfewtnocereveUntine queunquia armifi caret:nudi icedum mmiu timiduideo m'ctiarcem tenftc0: outajratpfit tota ea infula mitlo itbi imminente mTchmiite (oilmodo le^c^ quaaoedim^acregimf n6 ejc ccdat)fadlc petmcrc.Jn ornib* bi0mfuLi0Tt intell^u quifcpvni tm piu0i acquieicit :$ter pzincipcfl aut regeBtcjbue vigfnti babere h'c$ famine magi0$ vin labomrc videnfmec be itc potui mtelUgere an babeat bona pp: :' a: vi di em qd vn^ babcbat alij6ipaitiri:pf tint oa pe/ obfonia/ abmoulBullii apft eoemonltp repert: vt ptericp ejciftimabant: fed bof e& m&* jgne reueretie atqjbemgnoe^lBecfunthi^rive lut etbiope,babft crine0plano0ac oemiflbs no t>egunt vbi radio7u folaria cmicat caloz* p magna natp bic eft foli^ vebementia:ppterea ^ abecjnoctialt linea mftat vW videtur/gra* t>u0fe^ -rvigintf ijtmontiii cacumimb^ ma^ rimu $ viget frig 9 :f3id ^drm modemnf 5n# t)i: ttt loci pfaetudiettft re# calidiffima^ 4b f requeter t lujcuriqfe vefcunf p:eadio ?taxp tnoftra altq no vidimecp ec^alicubt babut co 0nmcmem:ercepta quadas infula Cbartenff* cupata : que fecunda ej: foifpana in Undiam tranrtretatibua ejrifht.quamgensquedama ffnmmi* babita fcrodoz mcolir . bi came bu* mana vefcunf* toabent p:cdiai birem ui gene ra plunma:qiubu0 in omnes ?ndica0mfuUi0 cuejj pnt mineo longoe crtnee. t tunf arcub* et fpiculia arundinei:fiiri^(^ o- giefum mo2attt0nifi quanta me coegerut v6: tupjeter^ m viUalttatiuuari0:5ii arccm. con* oere ituta omia effe p?ouidu^ue t ft majria et inaudita fuiu : multo tame maiora fozent (I naueamibm ratio erigi't fubuenifrent^nt multiiac mirabile tx>cnec nflri meriti0co2 f[u piemri ac rdigiom: quia cfltou* manudcofequi no poterat intelUcmaidbua^ nid conceffit puiinus. Solet em oeue^ uo^fu oeiqwqjfuapceptaDiUgfitteriltimpoffibili* bus ejraudiretvt nobie ( pfttia pttgit: ec vt 0efta funt fie b:cuiter enar* 4foontifpalu(i) 3amnullalbiTpam0tdlu0addedatriupbi0: fctcp parutn tantie virib^/ozbta erat* iBuitc longe (Eoisregio t>ep:enfafub rndis* ^luctura eft tttulos 30ettce magne"tuo0. ^Inde reperton mcrito referenda Colubo i6ratia:f3fummo eft maio: babeda t>eo: @.ui vmceda parat noua rcjgna vi Inc^ fftn$< Scq? fimul fo:tem paeflat t eflV piunu fcrnad'rejcbTfpama ranatat TRANSLATION. LETTER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, the great benefactor of tbe present age, con- cerning the newly discovered islands of India upon tbe Ganges, upon which enterprise be was despatched eight months since by the in- vincible Sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella; directed to Don Rafael Sancbe^, Treasurer of their most Serene Highnesses. Translated from the Spanish into Latin by Leandro de Cosco, April 25, 1493, first year of the pontificate of Alexander VI. As I know you will take pleasure in hearing of the success of my undertaking, I have determined to send you an account of the occurrences of my voyage and discoveries. Thirty-three days after my departure from Cadiz I arrived in the sea of India, where I discovered many islands, inhabited by innumerable people. Of these I took posses- sion in the name of our fortunate monarch, with public proclamation and colors flying, no one of- fering any resistance. I named the first of these islands San Salvador, thus bestowing upon it the name of our holy Saviour, under whose protection I made the discovery. The Indians call it Gua- nahanyn. I gave also a new name to the others, calling the second Santa Maria de la Concepcion, the third Fernandina, the fourth Isabella, the fifth Juana. In the same manner I named the rest. Arriving at the one last mentioned, I sailed along the coast toward the West, discovering so great an extent of land that I could not imagine it to be an island, but the continent of Cathay. I did not, however, discover upon the coast any large cities, all we saw being a few villages and farms, with the inhabitants of which we could not obtain any communication, they all flying at our approach. I continued my course, still expecting to meet with some town or city, but after having gone a great distance, and not meeting with any, and find- ing myself proceeding toward the North, which I was desirous to avoid on account of the cold, and, moreover, meeting with a contrary wind, I deter- mined to return to the South, and, therefore, put about and sailed back to a harbour which 1 had before observed. At this place I sent two men into the country to see if the king or any cities were to be found. These returned in three days, having discovered a great number of towns, but all of them small, and without any government. In the meantime I had learned from certain Indians whom I had taken here that this country was an island. I returned along the coast to the east, a distance of three hundred and twenty-two miles, which brought me to the extremity of the island. Here I discov- ered to the East another island, fifty-four miles from Juana. I gave it the name of Espanola, and coasted along the island to the North as at Juana I had proceeded to the East, a distance of five hundred and sixty-four miles. All these islands are very fertile. That of Juana abounds in safe and capacious harbours, which surpass in excel- lence all I have ever seen elsewhere. It is watered by a great number of large and pleasant rivers, and contains many high mountains. These islands are of a beautiful appearance, and present a great diversity of views. They may be traversed in any part, and are adorned with a great variety of exceedingly lofty trees, which to appearance never lose their foliage, for I saw them as verdant and flourishing as they exist in Spain in the month of May, some covered with flowers, others loaded with fruit, according to their differ- ent species and their season of bearing, the whole offering a spectacle of great beauty. The night- ingale and countless other birds were singing, although it was the month of November when I visited this delightful region. There are, in the island of Juana, six or eight sorts of palm trees, superior to those of our land in height and beauty, and this superiority is likewise observable in the other trees as well as in the herbs and fruits. Here are to be seen the most beautiful pine trees and the most extensive fields and pastures, a great variety of birds, several sorts of honey, and many kinds of metal, with the exception of iron. In the island named Espanola there are lofty and beauti- ful mountains, large cultivated tracts, woods, fer- tile fields, and everything adapted to the purposes of agriculture, the pasturage of cattle, and the erection of houses. The excellence of the har- bours here, and the abundance of the streams which contribute to the salubrity of the climate, exceed imagination. There is a considerable di ference between the trees, fruits, and fields of this island and those of Juana, but here are found divers sorts of precious drugs, gold, and metals. The inhabitants of both sexes, in Espanola, and all the other islands which I saw or heard of, go naked as they were born, all except a few females who wear at the waist a green leaf, a portion of cotton, or bit of silk, which they manufacture for this pur- pose. As I before remarked, they possess no iron, and they neither use nor are acquainted with weapons, to the exercise of which indeed they are not at all adapted, not by reason of any corporal defi- ciency, as they are very well shaped, but on ac- count of their great timidity. Instead of arms they have canes dried in the sun, to the largest ends of which they fix a piece of wood sharpened at the end ; of these, however, they have not the courage to make much use. I have in many in- stances sent two or three of my men to their towns to communicate with the inhabitants, when the Indians would tumultuously rush out, and seeing our people drawing near, run away with such haste that the father would abandon his child and the child his father. This timidity was not owing to any violence or injury we of- fered them, as I was in the practice of making presents of clolh and other things to all the natives whom I met, but arose from their natural mildness and want of courage. Notwithstanding this, as soon as they have thrown aside their fear, and consider themselves in safety, they are very in- genuous and honest, and display great liberality with whatever they possess. They never refuse to give any thing away which is demanded of them, and will even themselves entreat an acceptance of their property. They exhibit a great friendship towards every one, and will give whatever they have for a trifle or nothing at all. I forbade my men to purchase any thing of them with such worthless articles as bits of earthenware, fragments of platters, broken glass, nails, and thongs of leather, although when they got possession of any such thing they valued it as highly as the most precious jewel in the world. In this manner of bartering, a sailor has acquired for a leather strap or piece of rope, gold to the amount of three sueldos. Others have obtained as much for a matter of still lower value. For new Spanish coins they would give any thing asked of them, as an ounce and a half or two ounces of gold, or thirty or forty pounds of cot- ton. Thus they would trade away their cotton and gold like idiots, for broken hoops, platters and glass. I prohibited their traffic on account of its injustice, and made them many presents of useful things which I had carried with me, for the purpose of gaining their affection, in order that they may receive the faith of Jesus Christ, be well disposed towards us, and be inclined to submit to the King and Queen, our Princes, and all the Spaniards, and furthermore that they may furnish us with the commodities which abound among them and we are in want of. They are not idolaters, but believe that all power and goodness is in heaven, and that I had pro- ceeded from that place with my ships and men ; under this notion they received me at my first arrival as soon as they had banished their fear. They are not stupid and indolent, but acute and sagacious. Those of them who navigate the seas among those islands give singular accounts of what they have observed upon their voyages, but have never seen people who wear clothes, nor 8 any ships similar to ours. On my arrival I took by force from the first island a few of the Indians, in order that we might become acquainted with one another's language, and to gain a knowledge of what their country contained. These were of singular use to us, as we came to understand each other in a short time by the help of words and signs. I have them still with me, and they con- tinue in the belief that we come from heaven. This information they published wherever we ar- rived, exclaiming in aloud voice, "Come! come! and see the celestial people." Upon this call, the natives would come thronging to us, after having banished the fear which seized them at first, men, women and children, old and young, crowding the roads and bringing us victuals and drink, with the utmost affection and reverence. In every one of these islands there are a great number of canoes, each one made of a solid log, of a narrow shape, somewhat resembling our fustas, but swifter in the water; they are navigated solely by oars. They are of different sizes, the most of them containing seats for eighteen rowers. Throughout these islands there is no diversity in the appearance of the people, their manners or language, all the inhabitants understanding one another; a very favorable circumstance, in my opinion, to the design which I have no doubt is entertained by our king, namely, to convert them to the holy Christian faith, to which as far as I can perceive they are well disposed. I have said that I sailed from W. to E. three hundred and twenty- two miles along the island of Juana; from the length of this course I am confident that this island is larger than England and Scotland together, for besides the extent which I coasted there are two other provinces to the West which I did not sur- vey. One of these is named by the Indians Anam, and contains inhabitants with tails. These tracts extend to the distance of a hundred and eighty miles, as I have learnt from the Indians with me, who are well acquainted with them. The island of Espanola is as large as that part of Spain which extends from Catalonia to Fonta- rabia, which I infer from the extent of that side of it which I sailed along, being five hundred and forty miles in length. I took possession of this fine island, as I had done of the others, in the name of our invincible king ; and fixed upon a spot for a large city here, as I judged it the most favorable 10 place. I called it Navidad, and ordered the con- struction of a fortress here, which is by this time finished. At this place I left a sufficient number of men, with all sorts of arms, and a sufficiency of provisions for above a year. I also left them a caravel and expert workmen, after having secured them the friendship of the king of this part of the country. The people are a friendly and amiable race, and the king took a pride in calling himself my brother. Even if their sentiments should change, and they should become hostile towards us, they will not be able to effect any injury to those who remain at the fortress, as they are des- titute of weapons, go naked, and are very cow- ardly, so that those whom I have left there will be able to retain the whole island in subjection without any danger, if they adhere to the regula- tions with which I charged them. Each of the natives, as far as I can understand, has one wife, with the exception of the King and Princes, who are permitted to have as many as twenty. The women appear to do more labour than the men. Whether there exists any such thing here as private property I have not been able to ascertain, as I have observed that an individual II has been set to distribute to the others, in particular, food and such things. I found no ferocious, san- guinary people in these parts, as some seem to have imagined the people here to be, but they are a very mild and friendly race. Their color is not black like that of the Ethiopians. Their hair is lank and hanging down. They do not inhabit those parts where the sun's rays are very powerful, as the heat is excessive here, the latitude being ap- parently twenty-six degrees. On the summits of the mountains the cold is great, but they do not suffer any incommodity from it, by being accus- tomed to the climate, and by the use of hot meats and drinks, which they consume very prodigally. People of a monstrous description I saw none nor heard of any, except those of the island named Caris, which is the second on the course from Es- panola to India ; this island is inhabited by people who are regarded by their neighbors as exceed- ingly ferocious; they feed upon human flesh. These people have many sorts of canoes, with which they make incursions upon all the isles of India, robbing and plundering wherever they go. Their difference from the others consists in their wearing long hair like that of the women, and 12 in using bows and arrows of cane, these last con- structed, as I have already related, by fixing a piece of sharpened wood at the larger end. On this ac- count they are deemed very ferocious by the other Indians, and are much feared by them ; I think, however, these men are precisely like the others. These are the natives who go to visit the females, who are the sole inhabitants, of the island of Ma- tenin, which is the first on the route from Espa- nola to India. These women exercise none of the common occupations of their sex, but manage the bow and dart, as we are told of the ancients. They wear armour made of plates of copper, of which metal they have great abundance. I am assured by the Indians that there is another island, larger than Espanola, whose inhabitants are without hair, and who possess a greater quan- tity of gold than the others. From this island, as well as the others^ I ha^e taken some of the in- habitants to confirm the accounts which I give. Finally, to sum up the whole, and state briefly the great profits of this voyage, I am enabled to promise the acquisition, by a trifling assistance from their Majesties, of any quantity of gold, drugs, cotton, and mastick, which last article is found only in the island of Scio; also any quantity of aloe, and as many slaves for the service of the marine as their Majesties may stand in need of. The same may be said of rhubarb, and a great variety of other things, which, I have no doubt, will be discovered by those I have left at the fort, as I did not stop long at any single place, unless obliged to do so by the weather, with the excep- tion of the city of Navidad, where we made some stay to build the fort and provide the necessary securities for the place. Although the discoveries actually accomplished appear great and surprising, yet I should have ef- fected much more had I been furnished with a proper fleet. Nevertheless, the great success of this enterprise is not to be ascribed to my own merits, but to the holy Catholic faith and the piety of our Sovereigns, the Lord often granting to men what they never imagine themselves capable of effecting, as he is accustomed to hear the prayers of his servants and those who love his command- ments, even in that which appears impossible; in this manner has it happened to me, who have succeeded in an undertaking never before ac- complished by man. For although some persons 14 have written or spoken of the existence of these islands, they have all rested their assertions upon conjecture, no one having ever affirmed that he saw them, on which account their existence has been deemed fabulous. And now ought the King, Queen, Princes, and all their dominions, as well as the whole of Christendom, to give thanks to our Saviour Jesus Christ, who has granted us such a victory and great success. Let processions be ordered, let solemn festivals be celebrated, let the temples be filled with boughs and flowers. Let Christ rejoice upon earth as he does in heaven, to witness the coming salvation of so many people heretofore given over to perdition. Let us rejoice for the exaltation of our faith, as well as for the augmen- tation of our temporal prosperity, in which not only Spain, but all Christendom shall participate. Such are the events which I have described to you with brevity. Adieu. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, Admiral of the Armada of the Ocean. LISBON, March ijtb. 145938 5*41 3 UCT 3 NOV 1 3 193 TMs book is DUE on the last date stamped below mnwm Form L-9-35m-8,'28 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARD- University Research Library