T:V ,*■ ''^^ f*" *• ,«^J; ■if S^!7 V ^5 ... ^ SINGHALESE GRAMMAR, The parts of Grammar are Orthoepy, Orthography, Ety- mology, Syntax, and Prosody; with the meaning of which terras the student is supposed to be acquainted. ORTHOISFV. The vowel sounds hes^rd in pronouncing the following English words are all heard in spoken Singhalese ; viz. IN ENGLISH LETTERS. IN SINGHALESE LETTERS. short. long. short. long. a a 0^^^ unemphatic article) ^ Cam calm kS3© ^0^ bit beat ^^ ©65 pull pool sd gd pen »* pain G^t2^ e\^^ * mo- rose G^i)^ (S^6^^ (a) As when pronounced in a sentence, such as " Give m© a bit." (6) The one word ' morose * is an example of the same vowel sound, both short and long. B • •?».•• g / : ' .." ': : ..: .•- > ••• Orthoepy. To these may bo added the two diphthongal sounds heard in the words J and oivL in Singhalese thus — (r»e ©n(i The vowel sound, short and long, heard in cot and caught, which is formed by opening the mouth to a greater extent vertically than in pronouncing Cam and calm, is not heard in Singhalese. On the other hand, there is one vowel sound, short and long, in Singhalese which is not known in English : this is uttered by opening the mouth to a greater extent horizontally than in pronouncing Cam and calm. short, long. In Singhalese thus — cft cf^ The consonant sounds heard in pronouncing the following English words, are all heard in spoken Singhalese ; viz. surd* sonant, nasaL 1. hoy g^y ano 2* chew Jew union 3, 4:. ^ea dee no 5. pea bee me Orthoepy. In Singhal ese thus— surd. sonant. naial. 1. ^ G^crJ cpo 2. ©S tSB ^(S^e^^ 3, 9 m G>^5 4. ^ n G>^5 5. 8 ^ @ Together with the initial sounds of the following words. ray, ^ay. we, 5ee, say. she. he. 05- G^d 8 a ec^ S 3, 4. There is a distinction here, unknown in English, of two consonant sounds both surd and sonant ; formed by a different movement of the tip of the tongue. In the third it is turned back toward the palate ; in the fourth it is made to touch the upper teeth. Each surd and sonant has a rough or aspirate sound con- nected with it ; as, key aspirately khey ^ ; ^ay aspirately ^^ay « ; and so with the rest. ORTHOGRAPHV. The written characters are the short vowels, the simple consonants, and the symbols. [a] An Englishman may form some notion of these aspirate sounds by first pro- nouncing packhorse, and then attempting to make a syllable of khorse by itself; so from log-house, ghouse by itself j so beech-hill, chhill. 4: Orthography. 5 The short vowels, % f C • .^ ® a i u e o The long vowels and diphthongs are expressed by moans of symbols, as will be shewn hereafter. - 6 • The simp! le consonants • ^urds, 50/iawfs. r smooth -A ■ ^ rough smooth .^v^- rough nasals 1 ^5) ka kha CO ga gha nga 2 9 cha t5' chha ja jha nya 3 ta ^ - tha da dha na 4 ^ ta a tha ' da ^ dha ^-3 na 5 C3 pa pha ba t53 bha ma with c3. <$> e and e. 8, (53 and te, m/ ^ fr ya ra la wa sa sha ha [6] When t^ loses its inherent vowel, or is to be doubled, it is changed into w or 5959 Orthography. The Symbols. iElapilla o Ispilla^^or " Papilla^ or^ Corabua g\ Gahenukitta i Al ^ or ^ Bindu o Raibha ^ Matransi ^ Yangsi ^s Sanyaga f> Ispilla, AI, and Raibha are written above their letters. Papilla, ^da, and Matransi are written below their letters. The others are written on the same line ; — Cpmbua and Sanyaga before their letters ; JElapilla, Gahenukitta, Bindu, and Yangsi after their letters. The first ispilla [ *^ ] is joined to letters that have a tail turned back, as a), ©, © ; the second ispilla ( " ) is used with all other letters, as ^ go, w, &c. ; as S chi, ^ ki. The first papilla { ^) is joined to «53, «5, (^, ot, csd, and , 0, &c. : the second al ( ' ) is writtcu with all other letters ; such as ^, (», sa, &c, ; as .0 with al % esi with al «5 ' ^8 Initial vowels and symbols, cf is made long by aelapilla, c by gahenukitta, the other three by al ; as, a " ee oo ay 5 The peculiar vowel sound is written by adding seda to e{?; aS;, se 6 Orthography. 10 The diphthong ' i ' is expressed by writing combua before tB, and the diphthong ' ow ' by writing gahenukitta after © ; as, i ow 11 The vowel letters aro written only at the beginning of words. In the middle and at the end of words the vowel sounds are represented by symbols. 12 In the grammatical formation of words, when the vowels are changed by any rule, it is commonly from ^ to Cfx. c to ^ © to a so that cf, Cf and S) may be called primitive vowels; and ^"^f §> ^ formative vowels. 13 Use of the symbols^, iElapilla [ o ] is the symbol for ^, as «S3o ka Ispilla [ ^ or " ] is the symbol for f , as ^ khi, ^ ki ; ispilla gaeta [ "^ ] for f , as S khee, ^ kee. Orthography, 7 U Papilla r u or ^ ] is the symbol for c» as ^ ku, ^ khu ; papilla paekanea [ .^ ^, 1 for c^, as ^ koo, ^ khoo, Combua [ ^ kay. ^ Combua with aelapilla [G) o ] is the symbol for ©, as G^«3S0 ko : al added to the ajlapilla makes ©, as g^^k? ko Combua with gahenukitta [ G) •) ] is the symbol for ©•), as (^i-es)") kow. Combua doubled [ g^g^ ] is the symbol for (5>^, as G^G\^si ky. f" iEda [ t- J is the symbol for the peculiar vowel sound cft, as «)L kas ; aeda paekanea [ x, ] makes this vowel long, as •€55X, kae Al [ ^ or * 1 has two uses : first, it lengthens a vowel, as ^ ee, G^^ kay, g\q)1 hd ; secondly, when joined to a consonant that has no symbol, it suppresses the inherent vowel ; as S)«D bata, £)«5 bat. Bindu [ o ] is properly a substitute for 6; but in common writings it is substituted for all the nasals with al ; as ^ts^o for z^tsi^ ; ^o for ©©. Bindu doubled [ s ] is a symbol for ^ (al kha)^ as cp8 for cf^ akh. Raibha [ ® ] is the symbol for 010 ©5 (with «)) «kl «53t^ @®«» &f!Si') (with q) ^^ ^^ ©®(^ @^') (with ef^ g?5ffc3-e!^-G\C5D-e?^ ^^ca^a^-s^CQ'SrS Second Example. N. _^ the ele- _ ^^ , an ele- »l<^^ ? i u * Ac. 'f'^' phant ^^"^='*' phant ^.^3s r'«P^«"'« Ab. cfLc:;o-G>G5Dv2r5 cpL^^-ag-G^oo^^ cfLtg«^-G^«n^ D. epT.cDO-0 cfL(?i«D-3^-0 cft?g«i-9 i. The Genitive has the sign of, the Ablative from, the Dative to; as, ^^C336^cs5 of the son ; |j^s^c3«§0C53er5 from a son ; e^^^^O to sons, ii. The familiar vocative singular ends in t§i as ^ci«5 son, from iii. Plurals in eo are declined like singulars. Etymology. 11 iv. Those that make the Nominative plural in ^ retaia the same vowel in the other pi, cases ; as Nom. pi. cfg, Ac. ^Q^, Gen. cfg^-6^^, &c. V. The Dative plural is generally in the maritime parts heard with © instead of O ; and this has led to the custorn of writing it \vith S), thus g^jcs©, cftegS). Neuter Declension, First Example. 6^. Def. S. Tndef, PI N, and Ac. G^c»^oSJ the bank g>(^o©8(^ banks Ab. (K)9©^«^ 6>coo©9d-8@e^ D. c^ccoS)-Q G>c^9©^c) 6>coo©8d-QeQ Second Example. N, and Ac. e)o9«5 the path e)o9«5^ a path e)39«5 paths G. e)98s^«^ e)j3o)^ e>58s5-8(3 Ab. e)99^^ c)oa455^5?^ c)9a«5.8ge^ D. ©90253-0 e)99«>^c) e)53«5-9(30 i. The Genitive has the signs of, in, on, and at ; the Ab. from and with ; the Dat. fo ; as g^co93^©, of, in, on, or at, the bank ; G^KDo©^^, from or with a bank ; 6^coo-8d8e^* to banks. ii. Nouns of time have in for the sign of the Ablative, and about for that of the Dative ; as e^LcaeQ^^ in an hour ; twtfLcaO about six o'clock, iii. The following raak^ the Ablative singular in f «? like e)o3«); viz. e)co, (^153, csO, oc^C, «53©, .^S, G>9o5, cf^, eca, gd", cp?^, 8Q?5}, '^6303(5', G^co^d', >2g©5', e^j^d", (^^■H.e3'2f3, cj58e3(5'; also e» makes Ab. c,8^ ; <^cs^ Ab.G^o??^^ ; and c^oBo Ab. c«9833«3f5 J2 Etymology. 18 Formation of the Indefinite, i. Masculines change e^D final into ?5«iS, as 6>t530<^, G^^53^(S^d'«5. ii. Fenainines to f* final add c3^ or <3>c3^, as c3§, t3§c3«5 or t3§S^C3«^. iii. Neuters add «5, as ^Q<^, >^8c^^ ; g\(^qo, ocsacs^sS. Formation of the Plural of Masculines and Feminines. i. Nouns of kindred add qo, and nouns of rank add Sc^t, as cp(Sc30, pi. ^BcazQo; ^qg\^, pi. ^ae)8<5'L. Exceptions. ^'^0<^c30, e3(S^^5D3^d'o39, §^5l<^, change tfo into ©• The following make the Ablative singular in '§'50 or t5>2r5 ; viz. Nouns ending in o (that is.*ng') (except ^o, c^T'cOo, G^q6o, «a^igo, tsoeso^^o, , ^tgooo), S)e5, G^c^(§, G^^cf, 6^aod,^.<3^^5i9^, t3e^, Se^, ?5e53, 6^^«5>, i^, cfLfts:), ^t50, CD^, .e::!^, d'O, ©0, (3>^30, ^55©, «dS), a)s), e)©, •egg), ^e®* ^^> ^^> ®^^* ^^> ^^> G-^SD, S^S55C3, §*q, CpL<^, /5^'^C,d', aSd", e)e, §e» S>«)e* oe> S)o3, e:)L9, ^8, G^eoS, csol^, e)c^, i^T.:»3L, f 03, G^qe9, gS«5, |je«^> c^i^(g, t3•cG^s30^, g^d? (^cjood^, Q(5'Las:<, c3.^f:ca?o5, t^e*^> ^^d", ^osd", G^e)?^c5', t53C3<5', -ceesc^, efwig, G^ ^®<^» ^^e? ^g®®(3, 'Snee* 9<3v5^e^ ^^?P> 4^(i> Scsa, G>8d'e, 8oe3(5, ,ef WW, ^8t5, ts^Sw, §^5^60^, S^ea^en, gcse)^, e^gcoi), ^cBa^), 6>i)9Ge), ,e5^(88<^, as Ab. tS-gS^ or t^S^^a-es^— -80 the exterior, raakeg Ab. B^^, S© the back, Ab. 8(5^0«5. Etymology. 13 ii. Nouns in ^% «>9, ^o, e^* ^^^ ^' (having a vowel before these terminations) change final ^ into c> doubling the consonant ; as C^LC30 CfL«J^ 8e;^i> Q6«^^ Exceptions. ?53<^^0 pU t^Dd"^; <^«^>2no pi. <^-2^(3^5^3; i)-ag«OD P^' i)^G>«^3. iii. Nouns in <55, preceded by any vowel except (^, and nouns in cf8o, change cfo final into c » ^s iv. Nouns in f cso drop c3o ; as efgc30 cfg Exceptions. «t8c30, e)L©CsiO, ^d't§^o35, ©c3?, ^©j39, G^«5gcaff, 4^6039, ed'QcaO, ^8c30, change ^ into © ; as 23l8(?>c33. V, Masculines not included in the four preceding rules change ep into © ; as Exception !• ®e)o, ©©§ ; S(5'®o, ©(^©g ; e^^, efo^sg; (5>e)oe„ (s^sJo^S? 2. The compounds of (3^(»0c39 make G^C5D^(9 ; also •2nc37, -en 8 ; 14: Etymology, vi, Feminines add G>c3? ; as 20 Formation of the Plural of Neuters. !• Neuters ending in a double consonant with the inherent vowel, drop one ©f the consonants to form the plural ; and those that end in ^ change it into ^ : both these also change the final vowel into f or <^ ; that is to say, if the penultimate vowel be f , or t5, or cfx., the final vowel is changed into f ; otherwise it is changed into ^ ; as . 1 I tsta 8«>«) s^ f^ 8k5:00 St535g G^QQC^ oe§ s^ tSJL^ t5DL(^ G>e30^ - ^53^ «5>s Exceptions. ^d6. ^^> C<3a!G>&, ^G^, e)^©, e)(rrt), G>«>OS^rt^, c3'ar5G>3j; e;:\=5:^, C^OS", 8G>CrJ, make their plurals in Cf ; as, plural ^GQr, &c. V. Neuters ending in any single consonant with its inherent vowel (except O, ©, c3, (5", except also 8 when preceded by ep or (^) drop the inherent vowel to form the plural ; as u,^< r-t-^- , /■' Exception 1. «5)«'§^> §^ ~* ^^'^j Ct30-2^-«r*, k;] (2, make their plurals i« ^5 as plural «SJl§<:g ] also C^CSD makes pi- eo, 2. ©er, t3>20, ©Sde^ ^(3, «oe, ^'^e? *e5>Q> -agw, mak» their plural by adding B^ J as, plural QCQ©^, vi. Neuters not included in the five preceding rules form their plurals by adding 8<^ ; as Exception 1. ^^, pi- ^§ ; §©, 88 ; 8©, S© ; wo, m. 21 Genders. 1, Sometimes the corresponding masculine and feminine names are different words ; as mas. fern, mas. fern. IG Etymology. 1i. When the feminine is formed from the masculine it is by changing final ^ into ^ ; as mas, fern. Defective Noons. Some nouns are defective in case, some in number. Defectives in case " I Monoptots.— ©(B s. & pi.; Soo s.; ©O^oQa s.; q)0«o89O9 pi.; !?»Soeo s.; S>CD0(3«5" B.; q)S)(S s,; Q^iS)B s-; «f(3N© ».; CfG^£)3 s.; Cf © s. fem.; <^pSG^c^ s, fem ; are used in the Vocative only : of these ©S, So<2f3QD and ©9 €?i8o0care used to those to whom «ng3N0^ is applied ; S)9o and ?»S)9(30 to those to whom (^^ is applied the rest to those to whom 6>O50 and -w respectively are applied. U. Diptots.— »;>2« (the knee), c3M, «5)§®, andfS^c^, have only the Nom. and Dat.; as ^t^'^^ <5^:>©. Jii. Triptots.— .e, and its compounds with Cf <; and (^e»0, also OWOCJ, ^2596 «n, ^©«d', ^8en, (? ^Q«)* ^^J^eS, f eJcsd". ^^(?c?, t5^^c3, 98c5, t^z^Q* (^S), c3c), cse, csd", CDC. c^e?, so, 8te3e3, (which have both forms). Etymology. 17 V^^^-^5 t^c-^ :^--' ^, ^ _^-,... iii, -ag.j6-.3, (5>«aoe5i9, ^^0^5, (^icS5, S^o?, QsasjJ, c^ -2^5, e)e^'«-.:>, 8gi, «s«§e5j ^^^de^j to form their femimnes change in the syllables preceding the' termination, all the primitive vowels into their respective forraatives ; as ^^sy:5^o f. <^.S5^^ Others which change the primitive vowels partially are to be found in the notes below among the irregulars. Irregular Nouns. Some nouns ai*e irregular in forming the gender, some in forming the cases. Irregulars in forming ^he gender, 6>i5:o^, f. 6>c53d' ; o^5^?<^, f. G>«sd'; ©o^?, f. St^g ; cfL<535,* f. ^L^«r5^ ; SQts:o, f. 8i,(3tS^<^ and 8i(5^«>2n ; G^cw^ato, f. G^cs33-2n<^^^ ; ®3d, f. §8^^ ; ^i<5X5>g3o, f. t3»^cJ & .'^co-^ : other plurals in ^ do not admit of the singular form. 2, Plurals in <^ & §'. — ^^^ and G^^^ do not admit the singular form;— ^ I S Gen. & Ab- CJt-G^ed & -(^QQ^ ; so s8-g-6><3d & -S^eC'SS^ ; <5^^^3-?, -G^^ & -G^qq^. Others in f & '!»' admit a Gen. & Ab. by adding ^(^ & C^c^-arJ^ as B-^ Gen. & Ab. •B<^-G>c^ & -6>c3^. D 18 Etymology. iv. Masculine irrationals in a'^9 or 8o raake their feminines by dropj^i^ng c30 or 80, which leaves the adjective form of the word, and then adding to this adjective the word G^q-sn, G>^o, or G\^^^ ; as tSdBo the he goat ^S adj. Bot^c20 the lion Qotsi adj, Also ©£)3 or ©s>GJ30'2f:o the he buffalo f^@s>»20«:io the bull ^^s>^>s50 the she goat 8o;53(3>^^8 the lioness ©(3^^^^n the she buffalo t9(3G^4'^n the cow 3. Plurals in C>» — XSi^, Q%, g<5't do not admit a singular f«rms —^^ makes Ak cr'^G^c3^ ; S^*^ Ab. gg^-S>c3^ ; ^^S^ Gen. & Ab. ■^C5-^G^d- & -'^^'^^; ^§, ^^, «3^, -e^i^^^ S, ^-fS-^t, a£<5'L, S^ :— others in <5 admit a Gen. & Ab. by addiag G^S & 6>9.2f5, as e)jd Gen. & Ab. ©3^ -C?>^ & ©3^, "^s^, Gen. & Ab. ^^ -G^9 & G^^^. 4 a. > ■' 4. P/ura/5 with any other endmss^ ^"U, <©?, C>^> <^t«5, §o, e)eaO, ^e©, i.:>G^?5D^, efSo, 8<^d'o, do not admit a singular form. ©3-<3^^ makes Ab. 9D-'3>«n«?; G^<^ Gen. & Ab. G^Q-G^c^ & 8^; ®03(?^eD3 Gen. & Ab. G^eOG>^9-S>cJ& S>c3^;— The rest add ^ for the Gen. and c5«l •r f ^ for the Ab. according to rule, dropping the last letter if it is a vowel, as «D-® -(?>g), G>^>S^ ; G^«5(^ G^€S)-6^^ -g^erS & (SQ-S^.-^^o, 6q, d'^o, ®^555o, ^(5-^30, ^d^i^o, geo, resolve o into <0 ; the others that end in o resolve it into e) as <5'o. Gen. & Ab. c^*?^, ^^n^arS, & ^^; «^ogo Gen. & Ab. «:)t£-®©, ©e)a^. ii. C30, c^, ^©, f t53«D, S5«>c3, G^cwqd', ^Qd", ©e)5^d', ^($3(3, C3153(3, ©^^(j, h*ve the genitive the same as the nonunative. Etymology. y 22 Numerals, Cardinal Substantives. fc. From one to twenty. xB^ 1 C53C3 6 t9G>«550e^ 11 ^«3WC3 IG ©q-esj 2 «)C5 7 ®e,eea 12 <;G>3«>?53 17 ^^en 3 c^O 8 ^c^'gen 13 e^essefO 18 tsi^ as ^J^e^c3 nine ^'0 Etymology. Formation of Numeral adjectives. The cardinal adjectives are formed from the substantives according to the rules given for the plural of neuters; as e^5?, adjective ^dl ; <^^rD, adj. ^>^ ; Qts^, adj, S8 ; ?53«Dg?53, adj, '<5D«jge^ ; but ©q«j5 makes adj. Qq ; t^cs, adj. (5d ; — ts^^c^, epO, and c53lO, are the same both as adjectives and substantives. In combining cardinal numbers, those which precede must be of the adjective form, and the last of all a substantive ; as, .88®^esj, twenty two; ^^e,e3 ©4803 t^«)Sdf ^o, three thousand two hundred and forty seven. But e^ in the substantive form is put before Bcscs ; as Oes) 8c3c5, a hundred; ^^ Bcs o^nel ^^n, a hundred and fifty three. By adding the suffix of affirmation S, tlie above imperfect phrases become complete sentences ; as S8©^«53S, there are twenty two ; ^^s^.c^'^ ®, ©o5, (^1, ^3:3, e)«sS, and ?5ie)o are substantives ; ©e)3^^ is an adjective ; ©©, ©ca, ef d", tsf, are demonstratives * used adjectively and substantively, (^1 means that person next to you, or that person spoken of before, being equally connected with t# and ©c3. «)2)d is frequently doubled : as «3e) ^c)o each one himself. (i) The demonstrative^ form a distinguishing singularity of the Singhalese lan- guage. C (^ corresponds exactly to the English this. The three words for that are critically distinguished ; so that it is as great a solecism to confound their sereral applications as it would be in English to confound this and that. As ©52; ^-with its derivatires) is appropriated to represent a person or thing near to the speaker ; so C^c3 (with its derivatives) is appropriated to represent a person or thing near the person spoken to ; and ^^ (with its derivatives) is appropriated to represent a person or tiling at a distance from both the persons in conversation. The fourth, t5 (with its derivatives), is appropriated to represent a person or thing spoken of before. 22 Etymology. 25 Derivative Pronoun* i. Derivatives of 6>^o5 and substitutes. eci5 fern. -sS «5^3 is used for g^o5 ; so also is the adverb ©3 (signifying there) from which appear to have come ^jga) and c©. ii. Derivatives from <^"i From (^1 comes ®^, rarely used except in books ; and from these compounded with G)W come g, and 6\^o^, ^ Also cpd' and <^i make cpd'x, Feminines :^ — qi fem cf ^ ; ^ fern e)^ ; ^©23), pi. G^©2o ; ©«:, pi. ©8o ; cf <<«s), pi. q-cTBo. Etymology. 23 iii. Those in c inake pi. c«^, and those in «50, pi. ^>*>^ ; as (^1, pi. c^ » G^@253a pi, G^©^g>^^5 ; CDi)3 himself CDg.a;5. iv. All the others add e^ 5 as 21 Declension of Pronouns. ®(2) ?»5 5. p/. 5> p/. N. 5)i) efO N. c«d5 c^«53a8 Ac. e)o ^» Ac. «:j »«)3^ G. G. Ab. Ab. D. e)8 cfCsO D. oO ©ojotsO «3DD C' 5. pL s. p/. N. «5^9^ ^^dv N. Ac. c-i c^ Ac. e5)o G. ^s:B<^t^S\<^ G. C*5>cs5 c>»^<^ Ab. 5559d't^S^CO^ Ab. . GS>QK)'^ C^G^CS3^ D. ^3)0O ^©d'-t^erSD D, 0*10 C^Q 2^ Etymology, ®@o?a3 s. p?. 6'. p/ • N. Ac« G^^oxiq G>e)oe^8o c^ c®e3 G. G>e)o£^^ 6^e)oe^)^oG^<^ c^^ c^e^s^a^* Ab. G^e)o«^0^a^s^ (^SX^^ (^©eoG^cs^^ D. G^i)oe5)c) * c©o o^e^o t3 ©•'© ®c3 q><5 5. and pL 5. a«fZ p/. I s and pL s. and pi N. 7 Ac. 5 -J 0© i 1 ^ 1 ^2n | ©8e-^ . ^8^ D. «'8 ©0 1 ©S8 ^80 The intensive e) is affixed to all the cases ; as e)S® GS(ss2^ I will go myself e)Oe) (^L?23o He struck even me The interrogatives ^.o and c^^o^ require q to be joined to their nominative cases singular, as shewn in their declen- sion ; in their other forms the suffix ^ may be joined to them or to another word in the sentence ; as «a9^ ^3^8 who said it ? C*^ •^8G^^ 0^0 255^ what did he say ? drf^:?'' " y'« -'""» '"•1 y- »-- '' ^ Etymology. 25 2S The interrogatives are used as indefinites ; as «a^^ Qc^d «J&o^r)d'4!Jc£^ Some one knocks at the door G^i)^'en^oq 8-2?§er5>sT^^o They are aeiling sometfiing e^j^D doubled is used reciprocally. The afiixes 8^#and «^§ -^^ iTKulify the signification of pro- nouns like ' ever * and * soever ' in English. The pronouns of the second and third persons form honori- fics by suffixes; as ©0 c® ®a)©e^^3fiS c®<^^ c®®^ s>o:5j a33)D - C^ C^H. ' cJ Ci^^-J c^^*^^®^ ■ eJ :!«:©t5 C"^«^^o«is>e2 t5oi)4id©^erJ®c5 C,'25^Q^^'5C5 g andcfd'x. have sufliixes like r^*i. All these make plural in or, and are declined regularly. (?iCD? is u?ed— by parents to their young children— by high caste persons speak- ing to low caste persons -by persons in anger to their equals and respectable inferiors; bat thus used it is grossly insulting. <^'^ is used by relations, •eoejG^ca by persons nearly equal, C^ej•^)■>2?:)-<3^0/ ig the least of all the acknowledgments of superiority. Those that end with ^-O^j^^t:. or 3 ^ -^e* are expressit* of the highest respect. £ 26 Etymology. VERBS. 30 Voices. There are four Voices— the Volitive, the Involiiive, the CaU'- sative and the Reciprocal. « The Volitive expresses an act willed by an animated being; as ^1 qc5' S33>s:)^3 he cleaves fire wood. g'Dj^e^ d8 John will come. The In volitive expresses a natural or accidental effect ; as ef d" e^8 c3tO(s^n39 yonder planks chap or split. e2)..o 8l§^-o the child has fallen. The Causative e-xpresscs the doing of an act by the instru- mentality of another ; as c^3 ^(^ e3(385f^Do we get firewood cleft. tSeao ^3o^c^ tBBoB he will cause John to come* The Reciprocal expresses an act which takes effbct on the agent ; as «S)e)oi) «De)o ^Qaad'^^rxs^o he healed himself. These voices may be farther illustrated thus ; V. c*^ (sdlOc3s5 g2n:) he is loosini? a knot, Inv. q<^Bo 83^b'D«xs^^ those fastenings are slipping loose. [a] A passive verb cannot be expressed in'Singhalese, but by some turn of the sen- tence J as— The man was killed by an elephant; say in Singhalese, An elephant killed Uie man.«— He was soundly beaten ; say in Singhalese, He ate a sound beating. Etymology. 37 Caus. c*! 3^0 gdf ^S-STTwrJo he is getting the fence taken away. Rec. G*! SvO gc5:os3>5r5^^o he is taking away his fence. V. c^^ ^^.^ C^*®^'^'^ ^^^^ person is making the w ater hot. 1. ©en«^ ^2o (^^s>89 ^L«5G>^o:)S^<5'^^o look it is boiling over. C. (^n ^8 (^^s^3S30<5'Q8o he has caused the miik to be boiled. R. ^1^^(^^<5)<5'C5D,3X5)3 hc has boiled his milk. 31 Moods. There are four Moods— the Imperative^ the Indicative, the Subjunctive, and the Permissive :-~to which may be added the Infinitive, the Participles, and the Verbals, The English Imperative includes the Precative ; but the Sin- ghalese does not. In English the superior says to the inferior My son, give me thy heart. and the inferior to the superior Lord, evermore give us this bread. The Singhalese requires th» latter to be differently expressed; that is by an infinitive with ^s^c5^^qS, co^cjo), ©.erDH,, or the like. In books the precative form may be the past participle with the suffix ^t-sr.B, 32 Tenses, The Tenses are Present, Past and Future ; some of which are distinguished again into Perfect, Imperfect, and Indefinite, 28 Etymology. 33 Terminations. The terminations adapted to agree with nominatives of different numbers and persons will be learned in conjugating; the exemplar verbs, 34! Principal parts. The principal parts of a verb are two : first the Imperative ; second the Past Participle. 35 Leading words. The leadinjr words are eis^ht : viz. The tvTO principal parte, and tiix others directly formed from these; as VOLITIVE First, the first principal part. Second, the present participle in c^en or f ^en Third, the past participle in g Fourth, the second principal part. Involitive Fifth, the participle absolute in i^ Sixth, the present participle in e^n Seventh, the past participle in 0© Eighth, the past participle in c^^n Etymology. 29 36 Conjugations. The conjugations are two. They are distinguished by the vowel coming before -s^Qo in the volitive voice. The first conjugation is known by the vowel cf ; as ca^>2r)35. The second conjugation is known by the vowei ^; as ^^enSo. In conjugating a verb, recite, first, its two principal parts; secondly, its eight leading w^ords ; thirdly, its moods am) U n>es, numbers and persons, volitive ; lourthly, its mood.s and tenses, numbers and persons, in volitive. The Causative voice is conjugated exactly as the Volitive of the first conjugation. Tbe Reciproc'cil voice is conjusrated by the help of the irregular verl) cjD'2?>e5?3a ; the conjugation of which will be shewn hereafter. 37 Paradigm of the First Conjugation. «r«£)^€)D break i. Principal parts. 1 2 -25^8 e53LS ii. Leading words. 2 3 eaS-STD ^^0og G 7 ^SitO^e^S «5)L^€B 1 2 3 4 Vol. ^'3) ^ eaS-STD ^:)0og «55fc§ 6 G 7 8 InVOl. eKL^ ^SitO^e^S «5)L^€B ^-L§^ \ 30 Etymology. iii. Moods, tenses, numbers, and persons volitive. Imperative. sing, pi ist fdrm ^8 break «3£9 break 2d form «55ro3c3 break ^5:^o3^B break 8d form 4J55£)o^o break «5d©o^(c:^o bjeak 4th form ^S^nQo break » ^jQ^nQogj break . «a©§ let us break Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative esS^pQ? I ^ , ^. , t Relative ^a)<5^G-«? f I, you. he, we, they- break Present imperfect. ^K€).5O^r50 he is breaking «)8'^>eoo they are breaking «D©eex, he is breaking Present perfect. I. c I have broken ^^.lU we have broken «55©o^ex ^^ ^^^ broken «s^3^ they have broken [a] Tlie 1st and 2d ''orms are ftsed with G^SD?, the 3d with C®, the 4th with CD§ C^» In somv parts of the island *-e^^ ^9 ^<5i is used for you or he will break «i^S«5 > ^^i^ ij^eak General Affirmative «a©^-95 cp^^ you, he, they-will break Relative «aS)erSG>^ I, you, he, we, they— will break Subjunctive. Present. ^S5«d5 though I, you, he, we, they— break ^®^^',^ if I, you, he, we, they— break Past. .^t§3«5 though I, you, he, we, they-have broken • -^'S^^^,^ if L YOU, he, we, they— bave broken 32 Etymology, Permissive. f «QS)og-<5<*o or ©0^^ } let him -esjL^-S'co or -^oe^D J break Infinitive. •enQ-s^o « to break Participle. Ffcstnt Past «55^og-^3(^^^»^ 7 lot them «aL§-9oG>8c^ j break breaking broken Absolute Coatiniiative Verbals. having broken breaking and breaking First ^5)S^n39 breaking Second the breach Third ^^c^ while breaking Fourth ^^a.^S^^5:.o9 when breaking Fifth -c::>v gs^ajjoO w> en broken Sixth cssLgeoS) after having broken ^ [a] In the maritime parts tlie infinitive like tiie dative plural of nouns, is pronounc- ed with S instead of Q, and written wi^^^ to break. ErYMoLoaY. 33 iv. Moods, tenses, numbers, and persons involitive. No Imperative. Indicahve. Present imperfect. «?LG^S*->^o it is breaking of itself General affirmative ^5)iG^S)^enSo ) -. i , ^ -i. if „ , . ^^ J ( It breaks of itseli Present perfect. it is bijoken of itself Past imperfect. ^5^l§;53 it was breaking of itself Past perfect. General affirmative ^iS\^j ) .t.i /... ,^ Kelative ^.Ss^^ | '^ ^''^^ ^'^^^"^ ^^ ^^^^^^ Future. >53LG^©a f,^ ., General affirmative «3LG^Son9^ ^^^^it will break of itself Relative ^sdis^s)^^^^ 3 Subjunctive. Present, «aLS>£)«>^ though it break of itself 34 Etymology. Permissive. Past. e55L§^^ though it be broke of itself «5).SlJ>e^5<§^o if it be broke of itself «ssL§ n^^o they are drawing cf^^M. he is drawing Present perfect. 2!^fi^° I ^^ve drawn ^^^o'-r we have drawn ^ilq^x. ^^^ ^^^^ drawn efL<^g they have drawn Past indefinite, cftG^^g we drew^ General affirmative c&i^^ 7 i u ^u j Relative ^.l^l I, you. he. we. they-drew Past imperfect, ^il^^^L ^^ ^^'^s drawing <^^|^^^e^ *^^^ ^^*'® drawing Future. ^I^^o ^ ®^^^^ ^^^^^ 'T?'^*^^!! we shall draw Etymology. y «?? ? you or bo will draw > ^4«5 V . 37 you or they will General affirmative cf^'gnSd cpt^? you, he, they — will draw Relative cf^{j>,sv:^ I, you, he, we, they — will draw Subjunctive, Present, c^^«:d5 though I, you, he, we, they—draw cf^-G^«D^«^,-6^ci3^o if 1, you, he, we, they— draw Past. cfLep«5 though I, you, he, we, they— drew c^l4-e^e^«5,-6^q^o ii I, you, he, we, they— drew Permissive. ^^^^^-^^orSo^^ 7 J j^j ^ c?t|g-9o^a^ 7 let them c^i^-^50 when having drawn ^r,^<^^ after having drawn iv. Moods and tenses, involitive. No Imperative. Indicative. Present imperfect. ^LG)q^^:f^o it is drawing itseJi' General affirmative e?L^^^89 / .^ , . ,^ Relative t^c^Xg^^^ 5 '^ "^'^'"^ '^''^*^ Present perfect. it has drawn itself Past imperfect. General affirmative epLg«ar>» ^ Relative cflgG^^i Future* Genejral affirmative i^i.G^q^:iSo^-^t- Relative cfis>^G^e?3^ it was drawing itself it drew itself it will draw itself Etymology. 3? Subjunctive. Present. cftG>^«D?55 though it draw itself tft©<^-s^oc5,-e^5^o it' it draw itself Past. ^ig^neJ though it drew itself ^z^-9-snod^,-G>er,l€:o if it drew itself Permissive. Infinitive. ^r,:?-©a?>^o,-e9DG>9 ? ^t9q^.O to draw itself let it draw itself Participles. Present epLv^c^^ Past ^1 Absolute "^'1 Continuative eft^ cfL^ « drawing itself drawn of itself having drawn itself drawing and drawing itself [a] The above are direct forms of the verb ; that is, such as a person uses when in conversation with another person ; if what has been then said be to be recited after- wards, there will generally be a modification of the verb ; thus, if a man should say CCP-O 9<:^^Sts(^ ■■j::irir> esJtf2Ss^j and it were repeated, the recited form would be :^,1 ®«532n89, ?^^<5'^n89, e53e53:c5'^33, 8^0(5'«:)Sa, Qe.d'erDSs, cgcg(5'.2n93, (^^6 -enSo. 8cs)2n8a, ©ag^sne^Qo, ^c3«^8o, 8c3'en85, gc3e^8a, have two principal parts j as 1 2 ^ z^x.c^-K(^^ 8^3 _ ^ 8c©(^ ^^ §onant is doubled, or 9o, G^cS«^o^9, e(3o§^f:8?. change (^, into J>oO 5 as 1 2 also <^ vS^anSo makes 2 pr. part ^ ""-L [cl e^^d*, ffge, C<«<^, ^q^e, C^^e, ??95^e?, 6V«SJ9^e?ef, retain the middle vov\el in the second principal part ; as 1 2 but ttie five lattier verbs sometimes change the (^ into f according to rule ; as 1 2 Etymology. 43 42 Leading words. The first leading word is the first principal part, and the fourth leading word is ihe second principal part. The j^ccond and third leading words are formed from the first principal part by changing, in me lir>>i conjugation, cp into cf«^ and ^jf^<~^ ; in the mcoiuI, q ^"^<^ 1'^^ **^Jd ^z^ (chang- ing also in the thud leadirig word the vowel ef inio c^\) ; as 12 3 i. Conj. Cij^ ^sjS'erj ^s^S^ot^ ii. Conj. V^a ^?r ^^S •' l^^ ^?^ ^^^2 The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth leading words are formed liom the fourth (tlidt is Irom the 'Jd. pr. part) hy changing final (^i of the first conjugation, and final ^ of the second (dropping one of the double consonants) into §', tB^en^ f £© and ^^^ ; as 4 5 7 8 i. Conj. «3i.g «ai.9 JssitG^S)-en ^n or cftG^^^sn. 6th. All that have €8 in their termination are from the seventh leading word ^s^l^©© or ^l§€B. 7th. All that have c^ io ^^^if termination are from th« eighth leading word e53L§«:> or cpLg^en. 8th. The rest are from the fifth €at8 or ept^. ' It must be observed that if any leading word of a verb be irregular, the words derived from it follow its irregularity ; and that if a leading word be wanting, all those that would be derived from it are wanting too. Etymology. 45 Deponent, Reponent, and Common Verbs. Some verbs have an invoJitive but no volitive voice; as 8lsnc)«^8o fall : these may be called Deponents, Some in the volitive form have an involitive signification ; as Bd^Bo being out of season : these may be called Reponents, And some have in the volitive form both significations ; as eocsenQD clear [ground], also clear up or become fine ; these may be called Common Verbs, Reponent verbs have five Leading words. Paradigm of a Deponent, Slg^OwSo fall i. Principal parts. 1 ii. Leading words. 12 3 4 8l3 0oGn0«^ 8lo€8 0Lg«^ iii. Moods and Tenses. Imperative. ®^^«° fall I'^^L. fall Ql©0§ let us fall 46 ErVMOLOGY. Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative 8t-0^8o , ^ they^fall Relative 8l3nO*,v>^ >j > > ^ j Present imperfect. 8t6^0«v5:? , • r IT BtG^O^^f^o they are falling ^ , . _ "^ he IS falling ^ * Present perfect, ?-^^^®° I have fallen ||^^| we have fallen Past indefinite, General affirmative 8 §^0 , , they-fell Relative c;/c]3>^-:i '^ ' ' ^ Past imperfect. ^^:-f ?^" ( he was falling f!;^ '^ ^' ( they were 8La^^x3 acj^? L « Future, 8t-0..3^3C2, ^ gh^jj j.^jj 8lc 8^^e^§ we shall fall |:g8 you or they .ill full ^l^ you or they .ill fall Ex^O^^ he will f »ll ^ic^^^^eP they will fall General affirmative SL'-^y^B-c^i^'^ yon, he, they— will fall Relative aL^OG>«-oi 1, yuu, he, we, ihey— will lall Etymology* 47 Subjunctive. Present C ^06^O«>«55 though T, you, he, we, they— fall lQ-LGsQ'G\^.Of^,-S)^^€io if I, you, he, we, they— fall - J atg^nrf though 1, you, he, we, they— fell (^ ^t9-G>en^<^,-S^'2rD54o,-©8os>8 fall IJSSl^tthemfaU Infinitive. S-t^O^erSO to fall Participles. Present 8tG^0'^n Past Absolute Continuative 8l8 falling fallen having fallen falling and falling Verbals. First Second QK^O-enQo the falling the falling J H 43 Etymology. Third Slg^O^ while falling Fourth 9ts^c)-^o3^^5S30 when falling F'ft'' tM^tl «hcn having faHeu ^Sixth 8c2^.02) after having fallcQ 45 RepoaonU Exemplar 9d'<^So be out Of season i. Principal parts. 1 2 I ii. Leading words. 12 3 4 5 Q ., . k^^^^;„^ ^.,f ^r ^«c.^r.», Kelative 8do^.5^ S '* '' ^^^^"^^"^ «"^ of season ■'. " , — — — . . . ,m . . . [«] This word itself is out of use ; but others in use are formed froi» ii. Etymology. 49 Present imperfect. ^ 8d'«7^3 it is going out of season Present perfect. S^^E^ ^ it is gone out ofseasoa ■ OcVO ° Past indefinite. General affirmative ©cd-ot? ^^ j^ jg ^^^ ^j. season llelative £)v S Future. 8(558 e2O90 7 «:io-enSQ 13 G^^-^95 2 <^.in8o 8 c5o-e?:D3 H 0d'-er.85 3 c3-e:)3o 1) S:o'-e--83 15 G^So-^So 4 e^eoSo ^ ■ . . 10 €o-e-)8o 16 oo>2r5-^nSo 5 s-^ao 11 tSiO'^enJo 17 <^^-^3o () C5:o-s^- The theme (that is the first principal part) of each of these is Ihe syllable which precedes «eoco ; as esi, q, &c ; c^o, >aDo, &c.; ^, 6^e^, &c.; c^^erS, &c. The Tnvolitive (when there is one) is formed from the second principal part of the Causative \oice. .esi'S^Qo eat i. Principal parts. 1 2 ii. Leading words* I 2 3 4 5 6,7 B ^ ' ^«-j ^0^ ^n, «55i-9 Js^itc^S'Sn c^ii^^g^ «at^^o Etymology. 53 iii. Moods and Tenses Volitive. Imperative. sing. pi -sag let ufi eat Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative ^s^e^So > ^ i. >. ^u Relativo ^=^^^ '' y°"' •»"' ^^' they-eat Present imperfect tsiff^o ^^ .^, eating *3i«3^o they arc eatinff Present perfect, Z^io it have eaten ^^^^ we have eaten *=f^ he has eaten "^'^ ] ^^fy have ^o^c^ ^si02^\Qo i eaten Past indefinite, «ax,G^8§ we ate 5^ Etymology. Past imperfect. ^ he was eating -^"^a^ they were eating Future, ^f^^f^ I gj^a]j gj^t ^(?5z^§ we shall eat «jo8 ) «ao8<^ «Da > you or he will eat «5)«5 they will eat General affirmative ^3^|^9^ e^ t<9 j^ they-will cat Relative ^y^s^iS^ j > > ^ Subjunctive, Present, ^GN«55^o y though I, you, he, we, they— eat Permissive. «,o^.G>^o or aoG>S J j^j "^'^f '^^i^ let them eat Infinitive. .^>^0 * to eat ETyMOLOOY. Participles. Present «ss'er5 eating Past eaten Absolute having eaten Continuative ^''f\ eating and eating Verbals. • First ^.sn8a eating Second ^5)xe) eating Third ^<^ while eating Fourth ^a-ertcT^^noO when eaten Fifth ■^5:XG^«S30O when having eaten Sixth «a-H.8oe) after having eaten iv. Moods and tenses involitive. No Imperative. Indicative. ^ m Present, Imperfcrt a55LG>?)«>«03 i General affirmati\e ^5^I^G^^«^ to > it is getting eatea Kelative «5)L<3>8G>or>er^ ) Perfect it has been eaten 6 Etymology. Past. Imperfect «35l§<^ General affirmative eatg^o llelative ^s>^^?^ it was being eaten it has been eaten Future. Indefinite General affirmative «3LG>S>eri0o cfL^ Y llelative ^L(*N3(5>'en«f5 J V if Wtl I it will be eaten Subjunctive. Present, tboush it be eaten o] if'' be eateii Permissive. ?oV let It ^«/€)^GN^o ^ let it be eaten Infinitive, €53Lef?8 to be eate» Participlrs. Present Past bein^ eaten eaten Absolute Continuative «j3l8 «5jl9 Etymology. 57 Verbals. First Second Third Fourth J&SiLC\Qc^ being eaten and eaten while beins eaten «5)l(5^^^G^«JoO when being eaten «atg^6>«ao0 when having been eaten «5)og^J2) after having been eaten ^«n83 burn i. Principal parts. 2 2 ii. Leading words. 3 4 5 iii. Moods and Tenses. No Imperative. Indicativk. Past indefinite. General affirmative ^^89 > j^ j^ burning- Relative qG^8r3«5 3 • 58 Etymology. Present imperfect. ^^y^o it is burning; Present perfect, ^^Q it has been burnt Past indefinite. General affirmative ^^80 > .^ ^ Kelative ^^6\v y Future, Subjunctive, ^9 ^83^o5 if it be burnt Etymology. 59 Permissivb, let it be burnt Infinitive, ^^O to be burnt Participles. Present <^ burning Past q^ 3 burnt Absolute e.eo having been burnt Contiuuative ^^ burning and burning « Verbals. - First ^'CnSo burning Second burning Third ^^ while burning Fourth ^^^nG^«5SoO when burning Fifth ^•»t6N«aoO when having been burnt Sis^th 2n8o go i. Principal parts. 1 C9 <^C9 C9 6 ii. Leading words. c3«an C3ee© 3 . . > Volitive« ^C3 3 6 7 8 c3L(5>8^o c3l8©© caig'jn Involitivcs Imperative, sing. t5(3C30 go C3f) go e3§ let us go Indicatite. Present indefinite. General affirmative o8«n9o ") j^ y^^ j^^^ ^^^^ they— go Relative css^^xrt > Etymology. 61 Present imperfect. c3^o^o jj^ .g -J c3>ao^o they are going Present perfect. ^6^c3o I am gone ' <^s>cs§ we are gone e(5e€) he is gone s5(3G^e©5 they are gon« Past indefinite. General affirmative «Bc3 > j , thev— went Relative c^<3^d > i. yo«» "e, we, tney went Past imperfect. ^„q^ he was going ^oj^xgo ^'^'^ ^"* 8*""^ Future. ^^^'^^ I shall go c3^s;<«^§ we shall go C308 C508?^ csa he will go c3»5 they will go Cd^^ c3 ^^'^' they- went Permissive. sing. pi. Infinitive. c3>e;^0 to go Participles. Present csen going Past ^^^QQ gone Absolute fj°^^ having gone Continuative ^^^° ^«'^° going and going Etymology. 68 Verbals. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth going while he was going when he was going when he was gone after he was gone The Involitive is regular from the causative. Q-er.So put i. Principal parts. ii. Leading words. 4.5 6 2 8 e^eo e^S3 e^ e^9 et^Q^ e^S©© qi^^ iii. Moods and Tenses. Imperative, sing, ^08c3 put e§ let us put K eo3c39 (5^80(30 put 64 Etymology, Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative (^,$nBo } t i .t . .Relative q^^^ I, you, ho, we, they-put * Present imperfect, e*^' he is putting e^^o they are putting Present perfect, ^"^o I have put ^^IL we have put ^ he has put ^^- they have put Past indefinite. . , (3\,G^8§ we put General affirmative ex8o > y „^„ , ^ „,^ .1 «« «„<■ Relative e-^c^© 1 ^' ^^"' ^'^' "^ ^' they-put Future. cs^^s^^ T shall out Q^^^^ we shall put e<^ he will put e^ they will put Etymolocy- 65 General affirmative e^^^ ^^^ you, he, they— will put Relative e^^^^^ y<>"> ^^> they— will put Subjunctive, i e«)s5 though I, you, he, we, they— put C (5^0«5 though T, you, he, we, they— have put ''''' I tlttlt "• I' y«"' •"'' ''"' th^y-h^ve put Permissive, c^M 'G^co or e/OG^c; ^ (3h.-s>4o or e/OG^ SlfS? '«''•>- p«' Infinitive, e^:o to put \RTICIPLES. r- Present e^ Past Absolute putting put having put . Continuative ^ ||^ putting and putting 66 Etymology. Verbalsj. ' First putting Second e^ while he was putting Third e^^«5>50 when he was putting Fourth 0itG>C53Oc) when it was put Fifth ex.80 S) after it w as put iv. Moods and tenses involitive. No Imperative. Indicative, • Present imperfect. General affirmative «' ^|^^' ) .^ .^ ^^.^^ ^^^ llelutive q-lG^^^ Perfect. (3t8€© it has been put Past imperfect. etSi-sB it was being put General affirmative e^f)^o \ Relative e^^^^ 3 it was put Etymolooyi 6T Future. Indefinitb. General afErmative qlg^SS f .. .„ , Relative ets^^«,So ,l«^ it will be put 'i Subjunctive. Present. though it be put if it be put Permissive, at8©©5>4o^ let it be put Infinitive. ecG^8«f50 to be put Participles. Present Past being put having been put 68 Etymology. Absolute Continuative IDUt being pat and put "V Verbals. First Second Third Fourth 8«^8o cause to become The volitive voice of the verb Q^nSo is not used alone ; but it is added to verbs, as we have seen, to iorni the Causative voice; its involitive voice g>8«^93 to cause ourselves to be, to become, to 6e, is of very frequent use, G^Ssnto become Leading words. 1 2 3*4 8 G^Bvi . G>88© g«n or c©c30 pL become G>8oaG@o becoD (Si8§ let us become Etymology. 69 Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative G^9^n93 i , , ., Present frnperfcct. ^I^Te ^"^ '^ becoming ^©^^o they are becoming g(?^o Ia«^^^come i^s^.^g ^ ^ve are become G>3e© , . ■ sissies? ,. . Past indefinite. eieneral affirmative ^g^^o 7 ^ ^ ^ ^^ they-bccom® Relative g5>^-> w > ^ ^ j Past imperfect. 1^1^ V he was becoming f^ .^^^ > they were becotning Future. ^^^^ I shall become s^9^^i we shall become 70 Etymology. <^® <, ( you or he will become '^^'^ f f" °' ^'''^ '''" 6^^S r -^ i become General affirmative GN3en3oc^o^you,he»we,they— willbecome • Relative 6>8s>v5^ I, you,he,we, they — will become Subjunctive. though I become if I become though I become if I become Permissive, il g€nG>4( 6^0©8'^ao ^ let him become let them become Infinitive. €^8^0 to become Participles. Present Past 5g^ becoming become EtYMO LOGY. 71 Absolute Continuative Verbals. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth having become becoming and becoming as G^0•f5G^^55o8 §-^'^C5508 (T^S^inc'o is much used in conjunction with the root of a noun to form a vvrb in ihe iiivuliii\e voice, as, cp^?>c)«^33 become seized ; nud in this case the corresponding volitive voice is formed by the same root joined tu ^d^So, as i^'^e^<^^&o seize. ero^srsDa plough i. Principal parts. 1 . 8 C5DJ esD-H. ii. Leading words. 1 2 3 4 .5 6 '539 «39'8f^ ?£o3 tsi\* tgi^Q <5DX(5>3«rt t! 7 L TJ Etymology, iii. Moods and Tenses volitivc. Imperative, sing, pU ^^^^ plough , ^ plough t»o§ let us plough Indicative, Present indefinite. General affirmative «ao^n8o } ^ ,,., , ^ ,„^ ., i^ , , Relative ^,g>^ | I, you, he, we, ihey-plough Present imperfect. sing, pL ^' *^' he is ploughing ^'*»*=° *^y ^'■*' ploughing Present perfect. S^8o I have ploughed ^^^^ we have ploughed Z%q^ ^*^ ^^^ ploughed ^Il^^eo ^^.^y ^^^^ ploughed Etymology. 78 Past indefinite. «sxG^8§ we ploughed General aflfirmative ?f^x,9o > , , ,. , , , Relative ^xG>a J ^' y^"' ^^' ^^' thcy-ploughed Past imperfect. «>^^^ ^^ ^^^^ P^^"S^^^"? ts^^e^^QO they were ploughing Future.- "^'"^^ I shall plou-h ^-o^^^g we shall plough \ WO© ?-,o3s5 55^08 you or he will plough tr.O'd you or they will plough General affirmative c^o^nc o<^l€] > u ^u mi i t. ilelativc f»D..^ J 5 ^^"' ^^' they«.will plough Subjunctive. C e50?55?55 though T, yon, he, we, they—plough Present X ?!ro:5>«. 55 .^ , , ,, , , < c^os^ after having ploughed Etymology. 75 iv. Moods and tenses involitivc. [ndicativk. Present imperfect. General affirmative ^.^ ^^^^^ (. jt ig being ploughed Relative c^xoc^ «n«rj > Perfect. ^^f^-- ] it has been ploughed Past imperfect. i»xg^ it was being ploughed Past indefinite. General affirmatii*e ^^?^r^ ] it was ploughed Relative tr-xgcr^ J *' & Future. KJKG^©8 ?.„.:, General affirmative a^ } 76 Etymology, Subjunctive, Present tsi-^e^Qis)^ ^ Permissive, Infinitive. though it be ploughed if it be ploughed let it be ploughed ^ C5xG>8^2J^O to be ploughed Participles. Present Past Absolute C5DX.G>8e^ ©9 being ploughed being ploughed 1 ZIoqo ^^'"^S bceji ploughed Continuative J ^^g^S^^ hein^ ploughed and ploughed Verbals. First Second es-ttG^Qc^ while ploughing sax^G^Q-enG^ 35300 when ploughing Etymology. 77 Third ^"^ISf-.^ '^ when having ploughed Fourth C3^.§^o^J after having ploughed _ c^oesi^o, ^r:o^8o, eo^8o, e)o'ao3o, OoenSo are conjugated like CRO'anSo. t^'Sn^o come 1. Principal parts. 1 2 9d ii. Leading words. 1 2 3 4 5 r> 7 8 O ^en — -er), t98 t$G>3'2n ^§€8 e§y} 1, you, he, we, thcy-came Past imperfect. fM , . epc^-e^ they were coming ^ he was coming ^ ^ v^ ^ Future. ersaejsa, , , „ t9(2fiKffi§ we shall come >-r-) £ gjjj^ii come — t— tta tsa > you, he— will come e^ /-you, they— will come Etymoloov. n Subjunctive. Permissive. Zl^^B let him come Infinitive. Participles. Present Past Absolute Continuative Vbrbals. First though he come If he come though he came if he came ?I;X let them come to come comlDg come having come ^1 f^^^ coming and:commg M 80 Etymology. Second coming Third fB^ while coming Fourth t9^?^6^^5)oO when coming Fifth ^G^^5)^0^ when having come Sixth cfoSoe) after having come The Involitive is regularly formed from the Causative. -V 1 G^q^^O ^ give i. Principal parts. ii. Leading words. 2 1 2 3 4 5 e 7 8 O^ G\q^ ^3 ^^ G^^S (?>^G^8^ G\^QtB Gl'^g^O Imperative. iii. Moods and Tenses volitive. pi. give me ^ca(SQo G)q% let US give give give me Etymology. 81 Indicative. Present indefinite. General afl^rmativo g^ ^^ o I ^ ^ they-give Present imperfect. G^c«o«:»o I . . . ©e^-o^o they are giving JD. he IS giving ^ j o • Present perfect. ^ - ° 1 have given 5 ^ls^ ^^'^^ ^^^'® 8^^^*^ 11^^^ he has given ||^^^^ they have given Past indefinite. General affirmative e^^>^) > t u xu Kdative 16>^1 T,you,he,we,they-gavc I Past imperfect |aqx.^®^^^^§^^'^^^ l^^e^ they were giving Future. G^eJ^=t^^^ Isjjgll^j^g G^^^^<^ we shall give I c^e^S > you, he— will giv« <^^^ Oq^M^ ? you, ^ will I 83 ErvMOLoor. General a^j»^hre ..^,.^ | ,,„, ,,, ,,,^,^,,.,1 g,,. SUBJUNCTITE, Present. G^y°»'he.we,.hey-gire g«>af3;5 though I, you, hc,wc,they— gave Pebhissivk. Infinitive. 6N<^«?^0 to give Participles. Present * G\^€p giving Past 1% gave Absolute having given Continuativc giving and giving Etymoloo r. RBALS. First (S>q^8D giving Second giving Third ^oe) after having given 83 Indicative. iv. Moods and Tenses involitive. Present imperfect. General affirmative G^qG^^encb >it being given llclative G^^G^£)G>«n«f5) Perfect esqt^ it has been given Past imperfect. (3>-9c£i«^3 Relative 41-^^ U was given Indefinite. Future. General affirmative G^^G^a^o9^?fL« i'*^ will be given Relative G>c^6>8s><5\y5 ) . Subjunctive. Permissive, Infinit^ive, Participles. Present Past Absolute Continuative Verbals. First Second Third Fourth ETYMOLOgT, Present. ^© (?\(^8 being given and given 0^G>8i^ while being given 0^G^^^^n(^«SJoO when being given ^9^^^-^® when having been given 6^^§^r:o© after having- been given Etymology. g5 6><5'-^8o is conjugated like o8 6^e36^8«n 6^c3£€)9 G^2:;§'an iii. Moods and Tenses volitive. Imperative, sing, pL oSo§ let us drink Indicativk. Present indefinitCo General affirmative G^Sa^o8o j j^ they-drink ' lltlalive G>©03^<5>5^ J^> ' ' J Present imperfect. 6^®^^?>^^ . . J • 1 • 6>«)0'a:>ej^o they are drinking (^ao^x. heisdnnkmg gg ETYMOLOOy, Present perfect. pi sing. 5° I have drunk ' JL we have drunk 59 he has drunk ~ |Lxp, they have drunk Past indefinite. ©G^8§ we drank General affirmative J8o t you, we, they—drank Relative ^3^© Past imperfect. 1^^ he was drinking |^^^^, they were drinking Future. ^^'^ 1 shall drink ^®'^^ ''' ^''" '""'' G>a?8 ) . , 6nS58?55 7you,.they-will 6 ©oa > you, he—will drink G^a^o^S > ^^^^j^ General affirmative G^So^Qoeft^ ^^ jj^^ they— will drink ^ Relative G>S)o(5^<5>5^ Subjunctive. « . Present. , <5^©o«3?55 though I, you, h^, \ve, they-drink G^Sos^c59?55 j^^j you, he, vre, they— drink Etymology. 87 ©^«5 though r, J oil, he, we, they— drar.k S^IjI in,yon.hc,we.thcy-drank Primitive. sing, P^- ©coG^^<^ Infinitive. Participles. Present Past Absolute Continuativc SN«)3^0 to driiik 6>So>en drinking drunk having drunk r G^ft.0^^ drinking and drihking Verbals. First 6^cLO'^n^o drinking Seoond drinking Third e^QiOC^ while drinking Fourth N when drinking 88 Etymology* Fifth i^gs^es^oO when having drunk Sixth ^g3oe) after having drunk iv. Mpods and Tenses invtlitive. No Imperative. Indicative. Present imperfect. General affirmative (?'e3S^S)e8©E) it has drunk in Past imperfect. G^csg^ • it was drinking in General affirmative <3^e5a^^no , . Relative g>«|3.^ '^ ^'^""^ ^» Future. Indefinite. 6>t3'?©8 \ General affirmative (^^^dS . f ^ j,i ^^-^^ ^^ Relative 0e3(?N8G>«^«r1 5 Subjunctive. Present. <->^. a5N8«5)dS thouofh it drink in Etymology G^a0^G^o5?3(?0^ while drinking: in G>?3SN8«:is>e5)oO when drinking in ^^9"®^^^® when having drunken in e3g^r53S after having drunken in £0 Etymology, 1 CO oD.«o«^^8o take i. Principal parts. 2 CDS3 63 ii. Leading words. 2 4 iii. Moods and Tenses volitive. Imperative. take ^ ^ft, let us take Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative cq ^o j^ they~tak# Etymology. 91 Present imperfect. sing, pi- co^o^j he is takin*' c«^>^o they are taking Present perfect, «^^o 1 have taken oo^g we have taken Past indefinite. (5D^«)«5 though I, you, he, we, they —took <«s^««5«o '^ ^' y°"' ''*''''*^' they-took Infinitivb. 1 • to take Participles. ^ • Present co-so^^ taking Past taken Absolute having ' Etymology. Continuative < cf dooeo cp(5'c50'an taking and taking Verbals. , First (»>?r«o3o taking Second taking Third while taking Fourth Ce^^r^^.«oO When taking Fifth when having taken • Sixth (K>cy5)oe> after having taken • <^^f>^8o know i. Principal parts. I 2 ^^ — 93 1 9 ii. Leading words. 3 4 5 6 7 8 — — ^L^ qL(3>«en'en <;t.^©0 ^t^'SJ^ 91 Etymology. iii. Moods and Tenses Tolitive. Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative e^o«^3o , i 1.1 Relative qo^^ I, you, he, we, they-know Present in^pcrfect. ^e^x. "^ Js knowing Present perfect. c-f^jo I am aware of ^^§ wc are aware of Future. ^^T) you, he— will know <>£fjl?«5 y'bu, they— will know General affirmative ^^-^e^Soi^i^ you, ho, they — will know Relative ^6^<5V5^ I, you, he, we, they — will know Subjunctive. Present. q^^?^ though f, you, he, we, they— know ?SSSo in, you, he, we, thcy-know Participles. Present q^s$:>^ knowing Etymology. Absolute ci,.^ , . , ' Continuative ^t^:) <^l<51 knowing and knowini^ 95 Verbals. First Second Third Fourth knowing knowing ^^>e?5S^^9JoO when knowing The involitive voice is regularly formed from the leading words. «f ^:>^8o sit, be. i. Principal partau s ii. Leading words. a s 3 4 5 6 7 s f>ar5 f>^>^ — G^ f^a ^<^3>9^ ^.25^§€)0 f^§^ o 96 Etymology. iii. Moods and Tenses volitive. Imperative, sitig, pL f(^§ let as sit Indioativb. Present indefinite. Present imperfect. f^*'! heisgitting t*^° they are sitting Present perfect. e^o Ihavesitten c^§ we have sitten Past indefinite, '''=""'' £a7vrSS I,yo„,he,we,they-sit Past imperfect. SS.^9oeft^ you, he, they— will sit Relative f G><5^ I, you, he, we, they —will sil Subjunctive, Present. . ^<^«3?^ , though I, you, he, we, they— sit ll^r^So ifI,you,he,we,they~sit <-^.»>^«a though T, yon, he, we, they— sat C(^-^:^.o^ if I you^ i^e^ ^^e, they— sat Permissive. pi. C^G^q(^o or c^^^1(^3 let them sit Infinitive ^o sitting Past C^ sat Absolute having sitten Continuative « <^'^^^ %^^^ sitting and sitting Verbals. First f Aoe-)83 sitting Second sitting • Third f^'ei5S^e5)oS > when sitting Fifth C«^S^«550O when having sitten Sixth (^'«:>50oS after having sitten Kegiprocal Voice. The Reciprocal voice is formed by the Absolute contracted Participle, as aaEo compounded with co«:>«o8d. Reciprocal Imperative ^aSoco break and take Indicative present es^Boco ^rsenSo [, you, he, we, they — break and take past «5)©oca<3v5)o I, you, he, we,' they — broke and took Etymology. 99 Verbs Irregular, with Hypermonosyllable Themes. ^sid^Q^o is irregular, as follows : — First, it has two second principal parts both irreguhirly formed. Second, it slioru ns t^.e prn'ilt of the third leadinj? word: which irreirulariri(a aie ca.ried through aJl parts of the verb derived from these. Third, it is irregular in the absolute and thfe continuative participles. Fourth, of the two second principal parts fSiQ has formed from it the General affirm, ah < a. id the Relative forms of the Volitive Indicative Past Int'cfinite ;— these two forms may, and all the other derived forms must, be from ^esjd'L ^c5'4^8o make, do. i. Principal parts, I 2 ii. Leading words. I 2 s 4 od ^2S5d'LG^9§ v«re made Past* iraperlcct. ^ he was making ^^,^ "^ they were makmg Future. ^(Sr^s^ j ^^^jj ^^j^^ «a<^.«3^<5^g we shall mak« ^da J ycu, he-will make ..^«5 { ^Hl makT General affirmative ^d'^ntoepL^ you, he, they — will make Hclative ^(Ss'Sys^ I, you, he, we, they — will make SUBJUNOTIVE. Present. ■^c$'o3<^ though r, you, he, we, they — make Past. «r»e«5 though T, you, he, we, they—made Permissive. Etymology. sivg, pU (^^6-L'Gsc^O'OX Bos© let him make - ^ »^ o ^0©! let them make Infinitive. JSSid^^ to make Participles. Present «5)d'*20 making Past ^(3 made Absolute having made Continuative making and making Verbals. First ^s-d^nto making Second making Third ^(^c^ whilG made Fourth . when made Fifth 6^^5:d'M„G^«aoc) when having made 5ixth after having made Etymology, * 103 iii. Moods and Tenseji involitive. Indicative. Present indefinite. General affirmative G^^s)G\snz)o it is being made Relative G>^55G^<5*G^4f^y^ Present perfect. ^^1^ it has been made v Past imperfect. ®«)d^L^ it was being made Past perfect. General affirmative s^^d'os^n^ , • Relative G>^sy<^te>^ - it was made Future. General afiSnnative <^^s>rfS f . yj ^ ^^ Relative 6>«)(?i(5'(?»«n«5 J Subjunctive. Present. (5\tsi being llS^eoS having been made 6)JdSi8 G^^55§ being made and made 0«5)(?«d'«^9o being made aesiG^d^ while it is being made Third Fourth Fifth Etymology. 105 6^s5iG'd^snG\^sioQ when being made «55o8- when having been made G^sKd'i ^c3, ©c3, Qd", e:>t5D, sfJoS, 23©, ®S5, g^* oD<^, have no causative. 3. q^SidS), 8^, ^B«5D, 88, e30), a^, 8^, «s>l^, ^^efJ, ^e), cfc3, tfDc3, ^d", ij88, G^<^e3, Btsi, q^, (S^, S^, cs^, 8^, 8<^, f ©, csog, 6>^6, €kB, cpci^, eacJiS), (^C3c3, esescs, G\^oScs, es^ctf, e^gc3, G^^<;d', 8c^d', gOod", c<^e, ^8«, csoc^Jese?, 'ef:>tcB8, sn8o, G^^oBai'SnQo, ^sn§cs ersSo, 6^.(3gc3eo8o, have no second principal part. * All these verbs should be read with «^8o added; thus, for «^«9 read «3«aeo8o ; for 88 read 88^1)89. ** Etymology. IQI^ f^Ltsit and a)LC55L. (it) is cpto3«^ though there be ^L^8 there being cf l€5 the existing = the real, the true cf L3^o he to^whom it is =: the rightful owner c^tG^ cannot ©tdtS being unable 52 Particles. Of the three following lists, the first is of Adverbs and Conjunctions ; the second of Postpositions ; the third of Post positive nouns. I ]08 Etymology, Adverbs and Conjunctions. cftS why es>253<^ , ^olQcj again efoc3 . ' ^eno(3>?53o?55 or ^ I again ^e. GpG^o3 ^ C2)a yes f«jO very ^<5'l until ©^x. why ^^ what then «dQ still, yet t^ao not like to have ^ ° after that ^5)o9 then ^^§^5 nevertheless Postpositions. ts^^o I through the 88^ by the agency of ^s^tasS along S^o J fault of ro V with C^^«co for the sake of ^^ S through ^eo I by means of V wit Sd't© against Postpositive Nouns. ^5g9 ) 6^^^^ ^ stead, ^-oom, 8c)«> the exterior cwoco f proximity 1^(388 J place ^(js;) / cftege the interior ft3^(^ C® the upper part ^C5Doa 5 quarter ^^^^ rear c^O the under part ^0(5" road SO the back the side of a de- ^ fined space ^ • Etymology, 109 53 Prefix and Suffixes. Prefix. The negatire prefix ^en is made vocal by various vowels ; as «j3^.2n9o make ^ants^^^oSo not make 8Ld'§ guilty ^.ad^ not guilty ^69^2!rS able ^g63'2r5 not able ^oG^^2^S will know Gs&^qG\^ \Vill not know €$o«J gotten G^5^>oeD«5 not gotten SI of afiirmation 0, 1 cf ^ of reciting ^ recitation Suffixes. ^ ) c3 > of simple interrogation tsa ) G^e, honorific interrogation B^ interrogation implying affirmation C31. ^ interrogation implying nega- C3LC3 3 fion 110 Etymology. e) intensive ^ conjunctive suffix C with an affirmative, implies a makeshift : repeated 8s5 < with a negative, corresponds* to ' neither ' followed ( by * nor ' cfL^ of potentiality t$^ vocative ^ signifying during, while 5)l«:j8 precative 8t!5D>ef?G>el honorific SYNTAX. ADVERTISEMENT. As this Grammar is compiled for the use of Englishmen in learning Singhalese, it is proposed to compare the two languages as to their Syntax ; shewing where they agree and where they differ. syntax- Nouns. 1 Deflnites and Indefinites. There is a general correspondence in the two languages as to the use of definites and indefinites; as. Bring a hoe C«J^6(3«^ g^c5dg>^qo Where is the hoe you broke c^ '^-^ C^^SO ^^^ Exceptions. ' 1. In speaking of any individual of a genus, the English uses the indefinite and the Singhalese the definite; as, This is a pulonga"^ (s'SSOQ^^. Go not near a 2. The Singhalese admits of an indefinite being joined to a posses&ive pronoun, which the English does not; as, S>^ qSq37 Cpi'd ^30^ G^ Ja5(S\«^-2^ ToD g«DO —This is the son of a relation ofours» 3. The words C3e)^2n and §C5<^, signifying onli/ or meret mast be put in the indefinite; as, Mere knowledge is insufficient— ^t'2rJG53i/^e) ^ ' c)^ 4. ^noiAtfr is rendered by ^^"2^ with an indefinite; the other hy epo^asj with a definite; the rest by f ^^©5 with a plural ; as. Give me another knife— 's^^-SS^B (53 c5 ^ ^c3o ; Bring the other horse,— 'f<-^S-a)3 CfelcJcao G^C5^3-"en^ The rest are lost,— c?^<55 tS'oo <5:.i,<5:f;«^o, 5. iSTo must be resolved into not a, as, He has no relation— G*^^ -rSTH.G^ ^J36>-S1 If4: Syntax, 2 Singular and Plural. The two languages correspond in this respect ; as, Both the mother and children came cf S©«5 ^<5'l®8oc5 ef>83 Exceptions. 1. When you join another person to yourself in speaking, both must be put in the plural; as, You and I are of the husbandry cast— ^®@0 Cp8 (SC5D0CO*<5' c35oE)o. Hence it is that 35 having become ambiguous as a sign of the plural, words that commonly have :^0 for their plural sometimes take cDo L to avoid the ambiguity : as» This is the assistance truly I receive from my nephews — ^Jx-er.O t)o L6^•?0e)(^OC) CpB 6^^2>^ 3. In speaking of the parts of the body of which there are two or more, — as the eyes, the teeth,— the Singhalese uses the singular, where the English has the plural j a», CpLt!J^l.G^^(?^'^^^®'.^^n■'< His eye* do not discern appearances; tliat is, he cannot —One cannot break this with one's teeth. 4>. Words expressing the substance universally— as, gold, silver, water, oil, &Cf d^o, S^(, Q^gd', G>6id, &C —have a plural form and construction in Singha. lose J as, G>®8o (?^«jd<^_is this oil > Syntax. 115 3 Cases. There is a two-fold division of the rules for determining the case of a Singhalese noun. To the first belong those sentences in which the correspondifig English noun has no preposition before it ; to the second, thote in which the English noun has a preposition before it. Case I. Without Prepositions in English. Vocative and Nominative. Where the sentence is not idiomatical in either language, the Vocative and Nominative cases correspond ; -as. Come here, (my) son G^S(?'t53 Bd" |y^«5 We do not wish it e?3 2f^ie)€j entis^x, 7 Much vexation has happened G^5)oG^e5:o?) efo^g(^ (5\8€)© Life wastes away cfo^ Q8s^^<^y^'^ Accusative. The noun which receives the action of a \oIitive or causa- tive verb is put in the accusative in both languages ; as. Do you know yon man ? ^6 ©^^sso efg«D^n8o- Someone is bursting yon door ^%^ ^<^ (?>et,^ ^O^enSo Do not do unjust things ^"3^ c^^e)^ s^emosicSB Make that (brat , cry © jbo efS)3 Genitive. The English Genitive is rendered by the Singhalese Geni- tive; as, This mans goods are cheap (?>© §<6?5:os^co S)g (^oq^S Excoption. The Nominal adjective k often put for the genitive ; as, This is a white ants hill— 5>i)?:i (^B r^^io. 116 Syntax. Dative, i. When an English active verb is made into Singhalese by an involitive verb, or a suffix, the nominative is turned into a Dative; as, He received favour ©cgO 8tS0 ql^'Sth How many children have you? c^O c^dtG^Ql ■^S3^c. oO^er^So, cf^^enSo, 8^^2080, generally govern a dative of animates ; but an accusative, or even two accusatives of inanimates ; as, SO c>t^£o He, she, or they— flogged me €)9 c5Di,«38o He, she, or they— beat me ^o'ug C3e«^®^ BarJiing cinnamon [I, he, she, they] cannot set ^30-3 ^i) ©<35§«:)0 This has befallen me along of you ©Q e)o G^^^80 c55 5^ «s)0(?c3 25^(30 He did suit and service for me ii. A noun joined with another signifying: multitude, measure, or number, also with Qos^cjS or 8©rf must be put in the accu- sative whatever English preposition be used ; as, ©-j^e^^ <558c3«5 A company of men tsiO(§ K^gSaS A hoondoo o/rice , ©tsD, govern the ablative; as, He or they put (it, or them, or him) ; tit o/the city ^Q8^ 80«5 «n^ e)0 ^^^ eJ^^ Give me;,art© ^C&8s^<02r5 g 8©a OtaqS. 118 Syntax. Genitive. i. The noun signifyins: ' the place where * is put in the Geni- tive, whatever Eiigliah preposition be used ; as. Put it in the sun cf^s^S €^ai^^^ There is a pimple on your back c^^ 9^& ^^a^ ^s^c3.»>«:d How raany canoes are at the <5^«do§?33>^ ®<5'z, ^c^esS ^G^dfe^ ferry The bullcck rubs himself at a tod'es^o (^^asi efics;) C(3^s:«?50 tree That clinir is leaning against cfd" ^§8 s^e^G^3^ Qi/^oo ^G^c5 the door -^xjdo He jumped info the sea § ^4 ^^'2f>2^5 ii. A noun with the English sign of (signifying belonging to) must be put in the Genitive ; as. Open the door o/the room (3>ooS g\c^<^ t^id^a Dative. i. Nouns in acquisition or the contrary are put in the Native; as, 6\©e5) <|>dt^8935D e)0(S When this is worn out it is for me s^e^daaQ cf cga«5 «5l^«5 I have made a bolt/or a door ii. Passive participles govern a dative ; as, ©ts^^-e^O ef^8 Being caught hy a fowler Syntax. 119 iii. Comparatives governs Dative ; as, <^^©3559 ^^(^^siB ©25) That Is WOFSC than this iv. The noun to which motion is made is put in the Dative ; as, (»!KdO 03^ Let us go to the river 6^© GJ3C530 caG^^nej^ Shall 1 go up this tree ? cf d cpgcsoO 8(rq4 «5)©^ Who shot aMhat elephant? Exceptions. The following nouns after words of motioa are ^t in the accusative. 1. The Appellatites OOO^cJ", ^9<5', <5, Q^f^ed* (?^^"^09S^©, t9g(?>cJ, CB, with theplurals 2. The Proper Names ^'^^n, 6>CS3O0^S, CS^<^> ^K><^, S^<^> 3?g^eo <^y e3;(59, ^,^^-a§«:!3i)?r(g, with all those that end in (^S, «^©, S)S, G>«35©, «)<5', G>?s)oO, t]?>3r 6^->)5d'SN(^ ; as, B^c^, a These proper names take a plural form after verbs of motion "^O^^Svt?, ■dS(2@ ^.^^, do.-c^?'^, C30«^s5^<5•, ^q^o^n^), e) <5>5?a(5'e) ; as. Letus goto Madampay 5)j^©C50 c3g : also the names of places ending in ^,- C5, (except e)L5^.3; ; e (except SSWLe and those in ^6) ; ©(^ (except '^^^C^) and Q ; as. Let us go *o Ratmaidna, to Calanyy to £bmegal, to GaUe, to Negombor^^ €)eoo, ,^Le^% ^cfc^KcoC^, («0e, ^C5D§, c3§ - «,« ^^mes ISO Syntax, V. Verbs of fearing and of anger govern a Dative ; as. ©ofloO zs^Bq S)c3 e)0 <^g«^o Who is afraid of him ? He was angry loith me vi. The period of time about which an event happens i» put in the Dative ; as. e)0 BdtS 8e3e32550 (f>L 1 am about twenty It is about five (o'clock) Ablative. All nonns havings English prepositions before them not in- cluded in the preceding rules must be put in the Ablative ; as^ By what means did [you] come? ^i)o^^ ^s^B I came on foot I came in a ship By what road did [you] come ? 1 came by land Come through that door-way Can one plough with calves It was broke by you [that is unintentionally] I will come in ten or fifteen days The oil leaks/rom this lamp Inquire not o/ him If [you] ask [it] of him, [he] will give [it you] What is this ring made of?— Of silver ©K3G^C5^e^ f (^d(5>8odJ 6>48 Exceptions. I saw [him] take (it) in (his) hand cpo.8 cd,k>5^3o gS^ L«» (th«m) make iiyn their own way C^ »^^ taL^csO K)e^g9o(3N8^ Syntax. , 121 57 Numerals. i. When numbers are predicated of animate nouns, the sub- stantive s^^(S>'2J>2n<^i)& ing §G>3«^9o Exception. Instead of S>^'en Kings take «o5g9. Nobles '^C30(^, Priests «Oe) ; to, Five kings dt^Bdl, 53e(J«»5g0«5 STAn-c noblemen ^QG^Q^Q'i «g^ G>5?0(3«5 Four prieste C^^^^'^^^G^ CK)Oj<^ «rie)«5 ii. The Cardinal adjective requires its substantive to be in the singular ; as. The two worlds <3><5^e^8 Three years <8«^ ©^(^c^ Pronouns, 58 • , Substitutes for (he Relative. There are two ways of supplying the place of the Relative. i« By a participle ; as, ^ He who receives these words, e55 ^-s^^wo© will be happy «5S^i) q«) 8^g>8©c5dl«-j (^3>5^:5'c>^©3 Qt^gsn self concerning: this mutier ^^t5:)0 c^s^S' ^deib? ep.^ shall be imprisoned ii. By the relative form of the verb ; as. Those that go to thit place t^cj^enO c3(3>er5^ 8353®^(?\.ef^^ are few This, which has happened, is s>©§s^.'£f3 «:)g<«^c5^'^ 8«5 e)8 QtSft? ever erai^jL He cannot eat any thing G>£)o-eo (?>^c3^ 8«5 «fllish Active, 1. A reciprocal verb cannot bo rendered by a simple voli- tive ! it must be either compounded with c53«>5^3o, ot it must be an involitive ; as, / He stnutted h\mfie]f ^n0 ^'^^oJ cf^'^ ^tgioocaexsj* I occasioned myself /o lose e)o^e80 e)®® tSL© 8:?crJ «5)LG^«G>er%5^ ent^sst The dew wetted me to-day e)i) cf ^ 3(5^eo«o>2r5 s>od§©9 English Passive. These are rendered in Singhalese as follows ; First method — Render the passive by a volitive, make th© object governed by it, and put the agent (if expressed^ in tho nominative; as. Last night one of our bullocks 6>e5)o3{3>c3«S <5^6>c3 <5t c^G>c?c53tf was devoured by a cheta ©esj^S <5d^o8 All four of us who went to <^«!g>^ G^(»^d'0 c53j3 «^8 ca«> their house, were abused dGse^tnoOi) Sl«:ws^3 Second method — Turn the passive into a verbal substantive governed by «b«^8o ; the English nominative becoming the Singhalese nominative and the agent ( if expressed) in the ablative. 1 never was thumped by him Se) (^G>G53«f^c^3 as^x. t5^«5 , What shame can there be in cfd'LG^«>50^ §G^^^J>*^«5 GN^o-ag J^ one who is thumped by this cs^n t9a33oO G\q>o<&^ ^tdb^q that and anothre Syntax. 125 Third method— Express the passive by a volitive in the Infiuitive governed by (^c36>^«n8o ; as, Many relics and images have cfa 83e^ a)o^^c3g^^«^ Those letters were never re- t^ ggD e3^5^8e3s>c3gG^^ .erj:. ceived tssL All we banished men d£^n^^SiG^c3^^ cf8 ea^i)(3>qefii) 62 The Moods. The PotentiaU The affirmative potential may be rendered by the word|3dc> «^, or by the affix cfx.^ ; as. Any one can make it like that ®^«>02) «3^^H) esioOdSf^dS-^ If so you can subsist pretty t5G>c55«^^ c3^cd©<^^5^0§'2Oh.^ well The Subjunctive. Phrases with 'if are sometimes rendered as in the Paradig^m of the verb, and sometimes by the conjunction «^1 and some other part of the verb ; as. If you plough to-morrow, send c»5 cf^«Jo^«5^G^'^Qo?55 ef^e) he will be there to-day c3o8 If I had met with him in my c^d'ta ^o3t<^ cst^g^noxV)© «d anger, I should have flogged e^^o him If it had been fully ripe would g>k50<^8 esttSooe^© «)8 «\e)s^w it be thus, think you ? 9)osi.B 126 m SVntax. 63 The Tenses. The Present imperfect. The present imperfect is used when the person or thin^ spoken of is present to one of the senses ; as. The oil is leaking from this oW oos^««5^5 sn or f^^^y^ is at the beginning of the phrase, though the thing spoken of be present, the General affirmative forati must be used ; as, Look here this vein is puffing up Ce)^-->«:) S^© ^en':,-&' f g 5>c523«^Sf The Past imperfect. The past imperfect is used when the p» r.son or thing spoken of was present tu the senses at the time rekrred lo ; as. When I was coming he was e)^) tOc^ ^*i e)2rj9 Some fish had been caught in qtQiSi i)od c^'k^g^Qc^o ^g^ a net Words under the same tense. The use of the Relative form of the verb is according to th« follow ijig rules. Syntax. , 127 The Relative form is to be used, First, in a Negative sentence : second, with the Interroga- \ live suffix q not joined to the verb itself : third, with a simple interrogation of the future tense without the suffix : fourth, with a suffix of affirmation in the same sentence ; as. That one yonder is not he ^6 f g^^5^ (^i (?e^G^9 How shall I get to know ^ea e)i) ^Lxy7GoG>^r«r^G>«53o^(»D that ? e)^ Shall I send another mes- ©e^^ <»9e3€^83c3«5 ^8^^^^^ sage to see ? It was I that went ^ cSs>o3 e)e)a The forms in the present perfect derived from the third leading word, generally imply some cleverness, strength, or ill luck, or fraud, in the performance of the act. I have served that person a e)i) ^^s^lO 6>(5do«j Sl^^S h^d shrewd turn So Hendrick has done his work 6>c5D^a55 cpd" t53c5>^«jg«^S)«5 § before yon clever fellows ^a^ds^^Q^ (^G>a5 8tc?>^ ^dB He has lost me about ten ^i e)8 c3«3oco ^?5dc3«550 Qog^^ Rix-dollars. cfe^«^«)^3 65 Rules for the use of the Verb substantive. There are chiefly five ways of rendering the verb substantive into Singhalese; — 128 Syntax. First way — by four Verbs. When the manner or place of being is predicated by the verb substantive, it must be rendered by one of the four verbs, SB^efiSo and f«>«^9o, applicable to animate nominatives j •5§5(?»S)>2q8o and €^G^c3'enBo, to inanimates. I was sick yesterday e)e) <5''6^dl Gi(3©o ^8c30 Toraicha is asleep c»«)ot©©c30 >£^c,cs3«n ^^9 There is a pimple on your back ^G^^ Bs^b W^q^sS -^s^ca^o^ot) That (thing) was in this man's t^5) §^2!^x6>cj3 f (^^^eJ^ ^g^^ waist cloth Second way— by 8 and f . B is taken after a vowel, as, ^end'ao— «^<^«5)S ; ^ after a consonant, as, G\q^i^ — (?>^«5)^ The verb substantive is to be rendered by one of the above affixes. 1. When an adjective or abstract substantive is predicated of a noun. ^. When an indefinite substantive is predicated of a pronoun, 3. When the verb substantive precedes an oblique case ; as. If it is bad, it is bad for ^erbd'-o-en© e5)o©«5 -ent^^jS every one This is like a polpnga § 6^e^e<5o«g «s)od'.20o8«8 matter That I still have some hold c3^«do «58e) es^en cf(Ei33i88>a?^ of life, is by your medieine s>«5 c(^^^ si^s^«5>^ Syntax. 129 Third way — by juxtaposition. The verb substantive coupling a pronoun with a Singhalese definite is rendered by juxtaposition. It is a monkey * C*^ ®S^ That is lead ©Bo ^'hich are the objects of sense, but not present to the senses though there be no uncertainty ; 3. When enough is expressed or implied ; as. This one is about the size of gj cD^G^e^^ ^^^ '^^^ a cat There is at my house the same e)3^cJ5 G>co^<5'd5 ®c3 (5^d'^ epi»^ sort of cloth The breadth of this leaf is G^© s^^ao(?l<^ ^ec ^^^ enough Fifth way— by (r©«o8o. The verb substantive is to be rendered by some tense of 6>0 «:)8o when it can be explained by becoming or growing ; as. Yon people are off from yon eftft-o cfo^^ efw^^Qs^SQS place t ♦For this being definite in Singhalese, see rule for Definite and Indefinite, Exception 1 t This implies that the speaker did not see how they remoyed. 130 Syntax. 66 Negatives. i. Negative Imperative. A prohibition of authority is expressed by the negative and the Imperative : a i)rohibition of wish or desire is expressed by tS^a aijd the inGnitive ; as. Do not throw^ XhdiX away ©^ [myj lad Do not go, tilll come e)i) ^«eo^(5 c3«2r5S).t5oo ii. Negative Indicative* A declatory negative with a verb not substantive, is ex- pressed by ^^i^u or ^>^(^B with the Relative form of the verb ; as, I never went there in my life ©e) «a9c,8«5 f5©:)L It is not that, that I speak of ®e) 4jSc3'^(3>^ t§^ e^^s^B iii. Negative Potential, The negative potential is rendered by Stc^DL ; as. You cannot go that way ©G>b-3oj3-2rSS) q)lS5dl iv. Negative with the Verb Substantive. First manner— With one of the four verbs (tB3eo3o, &c.) The negative with the substantive verb is expressed by ^tc5^t and one of the four verbs ^8ai5So, f^eto^S^ ^^s^S)anSa, Syntax. 131 ^^e^ca-^Qo, 1. When a habitual stato is negatived. 2. With a past imperfect* ti. yMth a future ; as, That creature is never at any (••n ^5)Bc,8»5 &iis)sp <|)^s>«5 time in a tree ^shl^dl They were not In the trunk df6o s^£3c)83>d5 ^Dg>«^ "eoLtsDL He will not then be long in t»c?>e5D«i© <^*) ©L8a5>cJ ©o3 8:. that office g>© iS8.er?G>^ «nL?5Dc/ Exception. The negative past imperfect with an animate nominative may be expressed by ^2riLK)L only ; as, As I was coming, your bot/ was not on e)e) O^f <^S^^ ^5550(c^9 OOi^e) the bridge ^© enHQL Second manner — with G^^eo^^. When the corresponding affirmative sentence would require anLtfi3L Third manner — with «DLt53L or s>>20?>8 only. In all other cases the verb substantive with a negative is to be rendered by ^s^lssdl or G^'sne^B only ; if the negative is absolute ^tjl^sdl is to be used ; when a correlate affirmative is expressed or implied g>«:)G^9 is to be used ; as, He is not here, c*) 6\^s\^ ^snttsiv 132 Syntax. This (animal) is not like a g g\^oq8 polonga That is not my uncle t^ cf s^d 'i)92)o G^^no^B Before too, he was not very f exad'sS (^n Bt© ?5DS3:>«r3«5G>«^ clever e© Interrogations. Interrogations are of two kinds: they either express a simple inquiry ; or they imply some thing more than an inquiry. Simple Interrogations. i. Past imperfects change '&^o affirmative into ^8 for the interrogative ; 8o into 8S) ; but for the interrogative singuiar change ^8 into ^cs, and Qo into d'-cs, © into ®c3, and cf and f into t9S ; as. Assertion. Interrogation, When I came away those peo- Were those people well when pie were in good health you came away ? They said something about Did they say anything about you me? (^^c^L^arj «55od'5r;o8.2s5 i)o«sj8«s5 £^, by changing final f into cf . Third, f with any other consonant, that is 8, 8, &c, by adding c3 ; as. It is good G\t^o^8 Is it good ? oc»og>^S Tliat is one of the articles I Is that one of the articles you spoke of spoke of? That is finer than this Is that finer than this ? They are still poor Are they still poor ? What you have done is right Is what you have done right?" 134 Syntax, As I was coming he was mak- As you came was he making ing the fence the fence ? It was breaking Was it breaking 1 iv. Words in cp (not past imperfects) add cs ; as. You told [me] to say so Did I tell [yon] to say so ? If so do not bring it Must it not be brought then ? V. In other cases of simple interrogation the suffix <^ is to be used, as it may in many of the examples to the preceding rules; as. Is that my fault ? t^«5) e)G>cf3 8l<55^«5^ Interrogations with additional meaning. \i. The relative form of the verb used interrogatively (with- out any suffix or word of interrogation) implies a request for consent; as, **• 6>® <»?5D.9 c3S^^^ Shall I go up this tree ? The suffix ac5 Did he go yesterday ? [It is known that he is gone ; the inquiry is as to the time of going.] ^'Si^BcSq cBsNc5 Is he gone to Kandy? [The person's going is known, the inquiry is as to the plac«,] viii. The suffix G^d^ is used in inquiring of a superior; or else it expresses a state of doubt ; as, «)§^3?5D^25^?df(50 833^0 catsi Does your honor set out e2^(5^3«:>3o^e, soon? ee)Q!^«:)^ t^o?5^^csiL3 One can't plough with calves, can one ? (S^^er)(?le53S^«2n^55 e:iL^G^«5ioc) f If one have no one else, one ^o JS8«TS^«^6^^e^^ cp6>«53^ most send by such as on« -*Bo90^;0 ^8Si t9t3oc3-K. ha^ ? 6^a)^eS d^«s cBgss^sjoO 6>«no^L Very well! if you go, shall I o^c3L(S not find it out, think you ? xii.^The w^ord e^^s^i or <^zsio8 is an interrogative of place; the former being used on the coast, the latter in the interior ; as, ^-iG^d s^Lxr.l ' Where is the pitcher ? xiii. The word eptS and e)^^ are interrogatives of the cause ^ or reason of an act; as, i)0 cfSi^L^s^e qta Why did you call for me ? €^^ 8g<^ 0'^^3^e)^s^qS) q)l8cs They say that when they ask- •j^Do*3. — e)G>»3 you said you could not, — Me ? XV. When nesfatives are used interrogatively ^^ must be turned into e:)^«5, and G^«^G^9 into G^ Are there not two pounds here ? cf d'n. !^s)63)^ns)c)8 Js not that (animal) ours ? 68 • ^ Recitations. When a person relates that which he heard another say, he may do it directly in the very words, or indirectly in some form which the language has adopted for such recitations ; thus in English, if I hear a person say "I will come instantly/' and 1 have to repeat what I heard, I may recite directly,— "He said, I will eome instantly;" or indirectly,—" He said that he would come instantly." i. An imperative recited indirectly is expressed by the infini- tive or by a form in tsS derived from die infinitive ; as. Original, ^ Recitation, ^ ' SScs^Sa^B, j he told me to go 188 , Syntax. ii. Present perfects asserting, must, when recited, be changed into the past General affirmative ; as, I have snapped your gun re- You say yon snapped my gun peatedly ; but it does not repeatedly and it did not go go off off, vviiat do you call this? Last niaht a cheta ate up one Is this the skin of thc'bullock of our bullocks that the tiger, tlicy say, ate up last night ? The betel knife your uncle The knife you gave that day is gave me that day is lost lost, he says, iii. Futures of the first person when recited are expressed by .fhe Present General affirmative with ca ; as. Now then I willgo * This person says he will go. iv. Futures plural in ^ are recited bj removing the al. Which is in effect adding final ^ ; as, eip^ «f:o®89s5 cc5?8 t$^ cpc "ario' 9of^ G^?550 t^«5^ (^i They will come to-morrow They will come to-morrow, if not to day he says, if not to-day * Literally—Having gone I will com*. SirKTAX, 139 y. Future's in tB and words in ^^ (not first Futures); and words in f joined to any consonant but ^, «:, -en, and cs, being recited add c3 ; as, Ifyougonear that bull, you If you go near that bull you will have a lesson will have a lesson, they say No more, they say Jo t9ao Now then no more If there were a hundred there If there were a hundred, there would not be enough would not be enough, they say Vi. An assertion made by 8 joined to a masculine in ef for fp is recited by ^cc, joined to a neuter in efoc3 for t^ is recited by ^c:; in others it is recited by ^98; also involitives in 'sB are recited J^y t93 ; as, ^1 e)c5D 9e3 (?>?5?0d'8 He is a pestilent rogue (^1 e)^ 8e9 G>t5D055c3 ^Sojo^o^-j:?^ ^8o I have a great regard for that person There is no paddy but mine here There is no paddy but his there, he said. 140 I heard the same Syntax. Did not you say that day you had heard the same ? vii. Assertions in ^, €^, •^, being recited, change final 2r:o?55 G^qqQes If nothing happen, lean com« ^er? ^«x,^ in two days 6^?a3^(3!^5^s^e^sG^^S e)i) g^i^O Were not you by, when I gave - iSioQ 6^q^^ — ^o^Q<:siGer^.^>B^ the money to this man? — er3^ • Why not, to be sure 1 was ? 69 Construction of English phrases Jhat have the conjunction And, The word 'and' may couple sentences, or verbs, or other ^ words. U2 Synta3^, i. * And/ coupling sentences has in general no correspondt ing word in ^^^inghalese, the construction is sueh as not to require it. f (o(soa)t6c(S\^^oO gG>«xno?^(?ic (I) will ask and try, and if (I) fissfx^ get (it) (you) shall Lave it ii. When* and* couples verbs, however- many, having the. same nominative case, the last Engli&h verb is r< ndered by a Singhalese verb of the proper voice, mood, tense, and termination ; and all the preceding English verbs by absolute participles without any conjunction Go you and ask for those 6>«>555 6^c»o^>2^5 cpd' ^t^3«5fd thi? gs (I) told you of, and (50oo«^ cf <$■ GDG^cd 2?o6?55 (^^<^ pick the cocoa nuts from yon eoco^n cfiS^'5 6^^q(S ^^csoqo tree, and go home ancZ put «g§d'0 8d* them by ; then come to the paddy field iii. When 'and' couples nouns or particles it is rendered by applying the suffix «5 or S to all the coupled words, the first as well as the following ones : t^8«5 G^^^«5 epd'o ^(503 ^ Take away those and these c^q«5 ^?sdOc3 Q}ve9«o «ssLe)^ To-day and to-morrow, I am ^9e3«9 ^(^B-^ unable : I can, any other day you like 9 ^(i^d'o ©>o r, and tippily Sitting a/?rf standing f d" C5Dq Sun and mov n High and h>vv Beiore and behind Yesterday and the day before Learned and unlearned C© ^<2) • Above.awrf beJow Undu and mung (kinds of pnlse) Help and assistance Fever and headai he cd§d Cooking and dressing Hoirs and low Is Stakes and roots C<^'^9 c5^iSe^ Stiles Cf/?ri stilettos * <^ci t'j •Jail/ wf/sho t (^e? i)«)'5D T.I II and larger ^ tfe5) s^«5i Ihat and this f^6\^d^ C3\5)(3>«^d5 From that time and up* to thig* t9«)«Q <»>eJ«53es7 That place and this place Syntax. U^ tS^css^-f s>e)3>C5D«r5 ©a e)88o ©a) (3^e)oa) ©•i3 BLsaea earaSe^o 8|']c5*Le ■assdJ ^3)S)^(^ «35<^ e)(3(3 Opposition and contentions From that time and up to this Coming and going Disparagement and disgrace That side and this The other world and this Thence a7id hence Tliere and here There and here Polish and hnrritsh Thither a/jc? hither I^Ocit and b.irge Sunshine and rain Aching and bursting Obedient and disobedient Pillows and mats Swords a?ic? scymitars Pingos and poles Bill-hooks and hoes Ugly and beauteous Pingo loads and sacks ( of presents) Rice gruel and rice ^Mountains and hills Blind and lame Pillars and poles Eating and drinking Dirt and rubbish Spinning cotton awcZ stuffing cotton Cutting and hacking Lazy and diligent Affairs and business 146 Syntax. :^8 C5L^ Milk and honey -agd'L^o Sx.Bd' Young awd tender (cocoanuts) <^Q C53og Spittle and snot C5^-?53O<^(®03 fe)G^(c^5 Brats and d.gs 6>^530S S>^^g Boys a?ul girls ^8^ ^coS)«i Cramming and drinking ^■5tgo ^(^S«5 Cakes and rice-inilk «at8g 6^^:e'@ Eatables arid drinkables 6>2550e5 ®C:50(^. Jacks and cocoa-nnts 553t5D ©,5df Turmeric and pepper «§e5(^ ep^esd ' Merit and demerit ^5)L'3 6^«»og Cough and phlegm ®Dt53 gor cgen ^cg^ •Kind and unkind coe, e^e*^ Stinks and perfumes c«x-^ 95© Females and males cosn^ SqB Reckonings and accounts 6>C^ ^gQ House and precinct c<:.e) c^d Village a/7cZ land cno c^o Villages and lands cB^ ^S^eQ3©0 Areka cutters and lime box CS^<5't <5D0^<^ Grandeur aiid haughtiness (^L esd'L Awe and reverence cgdt G^^S)^8<3^C35 Teachers and parents CQ(§ QQ)odB Stones aiid pebbles c5Dd §d Stones and roots C53(2e^ q)S&^ Flowing a?id ebbing: t?:L(J_i) a)te5i) Flood and tbb SYNTAX. 147 ^^lBo e)(cx3o Disciples a?2rf youngsters Tree and L uV Trets a/?c? pi uits Cupper and l>r.)ss Palmyra and ja.fi mny Palnjyra leaf and t&lpat leaf Oil and cocoa-nuts Oil and lamps Sesainum and mung Sorrow awe? joy Long and broad Clubs and bludgeons Seen and unseen Length and bigness Flesh and fish . " Daughters and children Both hands and feet Bows and arrows Giving and taking Given and not given Known a7id unknow n Give and take Winning a?id losing Things and matters Water a?id fuel Gods and budus IPucl and w ater Fuel and herbs Fuel and tire Iligbteous and unrighteous Child and spouse Children and spouses Bread fruit and cocoa ixuifi 148 Syntax, G>©oe:j «S5« Litters awe? palankeens Celestial and terrestrial gods Divine and holy Tigers and bears Dancing and drumming Justice a?2(i judgments Aunt and uncle ChJef and secondary Cobras and polongas Ships and vessels Kinsmen and brethren Our party aud the other party Plates and cups Boxes atid trunks Cubs and whelps -bairns and bantlings Literate and illiterate Books and leaves Merit and &in Honey a/zrf jajrgory Herbs and plants Family and household Families and household* Knives and billhooks Well and unwell Goods and chattels Rice and betel Fries and roasts Budu and holiness Drinking and eating Fear and doubt Lies and leasings Betel and tobacco Syntax. U9 <5Ne)G>^o8 s?<5'G>(3o8 C3«S)S) c3^^ d'G^^ d'te,9 Betel and areka Dogs awrf cats Pearls and je\\c\s Friendly and unfriendly Friends and foes Modeliars and mohandirams Ways and paths Bags and mats Flowers «/2d lamps This world and the next Mother and parents Fish and flesh Koad and ferry Flies and gnats Demon and demons Iron and cutlery Demoniac and elfish Just and unjust Going and coming Little harvest and irreat Companions and friends Strong drink awd spiiituous liquors Kigbts and days Tiio country and villages The coimlry and passes Unlucky and lucky days Silver a/ic? gold Ache and pain Savour and sweetness Big a/zcZ little Handsome and ugly Shame and bashfulness 150 Syntax. 6>gS C^ Sickness and sorrow g ^Q Sticks and staves ee5 Blood rt//d flesh e-e^^eg <^5»^@ Darts awcZ spears gc3c35 a^L Sod"!. WLc^" Bod «3)d'-eQ8o Faithful rtwcf faithless Doubt and fear Pans a/ic/ pots To-morrow and the day after Jackets and waist cloths Shape and colour Women arul men Beast and serpent Aoiiiial and animals Cold and wind Whit- andy-dck Good and had AVhite and red Evenhamled and uneven handed Ladle and bearer Lime and areka nut Soft sugar aw(/ candied sugar Lion, tiijer, 8cc. Wholesome and unwholesome Good and b^d Truth artd falsehood Clever and stupid Phlegm and wind 'Gentle and en>y Thieves and enemies O \. and yoke of oxea Itch and rash Eipe jacks and unripe Make ti^ht and strong Kaw rice and boiled rice Pots and pans Heaven and bliss Brothers and sister* 152 Syntax GNC»o<^ G^Q)o(St Shamming and lying ?s5Sc3 K3^^ Strenjith and force t55«5'c5D8 ^coQ Across awe? along C^es® ffceog I'hlcgm anrf mucus I 4 The Singhalrse-arf* arcnstorarcj also to add to the end of a ^\urd a mere expletive ul a similar sound ; viz» 5pS<^ C5§(^ • EMidnulement cfoi) G>c^© ( Icvcrnrss cfod't e)cd'L Exchanging epj^.a e)o«^a Trouble, toil epcj s>"5^8 Menial service (to Bndu) cp^L ©od'i. Upholding (a weak person) q»'^i^(§ Entanglement f 5^0 Qq(50 Ha\ing begged C^^^ B'S3 Amies, harlequinades C»(c530 Having (loosely) attached ©Q (3>e)ae — ©(3 (^^e)^89(5 Folly cosJo ts^QTsSio — c53e)o ^«)o Journey cg#^ os^-ef5 Kindness ©ag e)og Politeness, good behaviour ©5G>5' 83G>3' Assentation C^t5'«s5^ 2)D2^?g Arrogance CD^ S^ Strictness, severity cx^'tsD Sd'ta Anger cRd© ^^© Rank, condition «>d* Qd^ Pushing ^CQ tsc^— ^S5D ^tsD Mihchief, trickery 4a g}6d * Clatter, bustle Syntax. 153 ^C5 ac5 sag C3fi«5^ 8c50 e?(3 ^ So ^o €30.35)538) Teeth N ame and place of abode Debts I)v in^ JBehaviour Fruits Grumbling- Rent Righteousness luiportant, weighty Birden ol child bearing Weddinof feasts Sabinisr'iveness Open halls Remembrance Bulkiness Trouble With all possible exertion Jjookini; a«^quint Neighhoiiihood Without bounds Scoldinj;, advice Penalties Growth, increase Inquiries of a person's cir- cumstances Supporting Brawling Attendance, assisting the sick Shivered to atoms Trafficking 154 Position. 9SQ e3«D(3 Diligence *D^ C30<^ Panting, breathing isSS ^^ssicS^nBo Get, procure ^§d ^§d Copartnership C5^ 6>c3^ Having scrvitched 5?^c) (2) for now a days ii brings ^^csiJen ^im^3:s9 (1) e)e) no profit to those wh^ prac- dc^ tf itic^iScso tise it (1) I did not go for my own (2) ©§e:^G>i5 Q<^csZd&^ ^aeo prufit, (2) but for theirs Ses (1) gs^aS ^z^ci^.^G\^0 ^ (1) He v^jluntarily suffored,(2) (2) ^3 e-.oc^^ 6^^.0(?8er6«oe» that we might not perish (I) '^^ ^oiLe)i.c<5^H»53e) 8^8 (1) I must go to (lay, (-2) even (2) ^QG>8«j*:)0 A cobra capel is gliding into a while am's hill ©eaesoO q^«J 2noe53d'o Put not your hand near tlie owl cp^O G^t$D^(5'L6^«:>^'^e6 6^«J0S^«3^ There is much danger to lis a) q>^<3^S Irom thieves c^Eo S)LCi^q<5^^r)<5^ «r5x* These cannot be fried ii. The pronoun frrqucntly requires the first place, drawing with it the words with which it may be connected. e^e) t38^ ^t5c53£e^«5 G^cniQ® 1 have often gone to Colombo <^.?>e3«en en foot e)3^o5 ef^^ &'-^o^ «aS)c,8 co There is no felling how much <^S) ?53l8 I cannot g«ve the article you c3^ ^.-H. asked of me e)0 (^s^S)af5 e^^'«^^^«^"^ <^^^^ Do you remember what you <2Q e)«3 2o3 €f(.«) have to pay me iii. The Genitive case must precede the word on which it flepends ; as. The head man of this village o© (»5^© gg3->t^c3« The door of the room 6>cr»<9 (^c^(S iv. The Accusative must come aftei* the Nominative ; a^. Last night a cheta ate one of g^ y^i^T^a-asS <5''C^c5 (56 ^:^S ^