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UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES 
 
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THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 READY THIS DAY 
 THE NEW NOVEL 
 
 By Mr. F. Marion Crawford 
 
 THE WHITE SISTER 
 
 It is a mingled pleasure and pain to find that in his last work this "prince of story tellers" was 
 still able to hold his readers in a world whose people have been real folk to us for a quarter of 
 a century. We are again in Rome; Ippolito Saracinesca, whom we knew in Corleone, is now 
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 more "papist than the Pope. By the author of "Saracinesca/' "Sant' Ilario," "Paul Patoff," etc. $T.SO. 
 
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 Miss Glasgow's special field has hitherto been Rich- 
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 By the author of "The Deliverance," etc. 
 
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 Evening Post, Chicago 
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 book 
 
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 Dr. Edward T. Devine's new book 
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 Robert Y. Hayne and his Times 
 
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 The Psychology of Thinking 
 
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 POETRY OF THE PEOPLE 
 
 Edited by CHARLES MILLS GAYLEY, Professor of 
 
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 MARTIN C. FLAHERTY, Assistant Professor of 
 
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 A collection of poems illustrative of the history 
 
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 EURIPIDES IPHIGENI/V AMONG THE 
 TAURIANS 
 
 Edited by ISAAC FLAGG, Associate Professor of 
 
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 HELPS TO THE READING OF CLASSICAL 
 LATIN POETRY 
 
 By LEON JOSIAH RICHARDSON, Associate Professor 
 of Latin in the University of California. 
 
 GINN AND COMPANY - - Publishers 
 
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THE INDEPENDENT 
 
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 AVE you in your 
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VI 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
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 School 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 MISS BUTTS'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
 
 Offers a healthful, happy home, with the best advantages 
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 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 Andover Theological 
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 CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 A professional training school for Christian 
 ministers, with a three years' course of study 
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 Unexcelled library facilities. The iO2d year 
 begins Sept. 30, 1909. 
 
 Catalogues and information upon request. 
 
 THE DIVINITY SCHOOL 
 of HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 UNSECTARIAN UNIVERSITY PRIVILEGES 
 
 Elective courses leading to the University degrees 
 of S.T.B., A.M , and Ph.D. Students paying the 
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 courses offered in the Graduate School of Arts and 
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 Mass. 
 
 ROGERS HALL SCHOOL 
 
 FOR GIRLS 
 
 Faces Rogers Fort Hill Park. Beautiful 
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 Thorough preparation for Bryn Mawr 
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 MRS. E. P. UNDERBILL, M. A., Principal 
 LOWELL, 
 
 Mount 
 
 Ida 
 
 School 
 
 FOR GIRLS 
 
 On the Summit of Mount Ida 
 
 6 Miles 
 from Boston 
 
 Advanced, Elective, General 
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 History, Literature, Eng- 
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 Piano, Voice, and Violin with 
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 Certificate to Vassar, Smith, 
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 EXAMINATION. 
 
 Domestic Science. Gymna- 
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 Resident Nurse. 
 
 Illustrated Tear Book. 
 7O Summit Street 
 
 Home Study Courses 
 
 John F. Genung, Ph. D. 
 Professor of English. 
 
 Our school offers an oppor- 
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 Our tuition rates are so low 
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 of expense. 
 
 Write today for a free copy 
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 HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL, s $n% 8 .?d, P M. c . e ;. 
 
 117 A 11 A u 
 
 TT /ID/in 
 
 $6 and $ 7 - B y s 12 to 
 
 is. Do you know about the 
 best school for boys in New England? Send for booklet. 
 Box 141, Waban. Mass. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE SOMES SCHOOL 
 
 Offers boys superior teaching; an ideal home and free out- 
 door lift-. Personal instruction. Unusual advantages for 
 young boys. $600. 
 
 President Eliot, of Harvard, says of Mr. Somes's .boys: 
 "I know no better evidence of the good quality of a second- 
 ary school than these young men have supplied." Dean 
 Emerson, of Dartmouth, says: "All the prizes in Classics 
 were won the past year by students who fitted under your 
 instruction." For Catalogue, address 
 
 ALBERT SOMES, A.M., Aurora, N. Y. 
 
 THE DR. HOLBROOK SCHOOL, Ossining, N. Y. 
 
 Preparatory School for Boys. Established 1866. Situated 
 on Briar Cliff, 500 feet above sea level. Satisfactory ref- 
 erences as to character are necessary for enrollment. For 
 illustrated catalogue, address 
 
 THE DR. HOLBROOK SCHOOL, Ossining, N. Y. 
 
TtTit INDEPENDENT 
 
 Vll 
 
 16th Summer Session, 1909. 
 June 28 August 20 
 
 University of Michigan 
 
 Regular session of the University offering more than 275 Courses in Arts, Engineering, Medicine, Law, Pharmacy, 
 and Library Methods. Increased facilities for graduate work. Delightful location. Expenses low. For particulars 
 address, EDWARD H. KRAUS, Secretary. 803 Oakland Ave.. Ann Arbor. Mich. 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 NEW JERSEY, Bordentown-on-ihe-Delaware. 
 
 MILITARY INSTITUTE. Our firs*; aim 
 j s to make s trong, manly, successful men 
 
 physically, mentally, morally. College and business preparation. 
 
 Catalogue. Summer camp in Ontario woods, Can.vda. Rev. T. H. 
 
 LANDON, A.M., D.D., Prin. Lient.-Col. T. D. LANDON, Com. 
 
 OHIO 
 
 Lake Erie College 
 
 and Conservatory of Music 
 
 Standards of scholarship those of the leading colleges 
 with emphasis upon care of health, the cultural value of 
 beautiful surroundings and the training of women as teachers 
 and home makers.* The fiftieth anniversary, was celebrated 
 last year by sn increase in endowment and equipment. 
 Board' and tuition, $300. 
 
 Two pipe organs, 20 pianos, course of artists recitals. 
 Director of Conservatory, Harry Clyde Brooks, Mus. B. 
 MARY EVANS, Litt. D., President, Box I, Painesville, Ohio. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Chestnut Hill Academy 
 
 St. Martins, Chestnut Hill, Pa. 
 
 A boarding school for boys in the elevated and attractive 
 
 country north of Philadelphia. Catalogues on application. 
 
 J. L. PATTERSON, Headmaster. 
 
 PENNA. Concordville, Delaware Co., Box. 62. 
 MAPIFWnnn An Ideal Home for Boys. 48th year. 
 IwtrlJjff VVW Beautiful and healthful location, in the 
 country, near Phlla. Fine gym. All out-door games. 
 Fishing and bathing. No tobacco. No hazing. Special 
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 cipal's wife. Entire cost, with or without instruction, 
 from June 4 to Sept. 16, $110. Fall term begins Sept. 1(5. 
 J. SHORTLEDGE, A. M. Yale, Prin. * 
 
 URSINUS COLLEGE 
 
 COLLEGEVILLE, PA. 
 
 (24 miles from Philadelphia) 
 
 REV. A. EDWIN KEIGWIN, D. D., President. 
 
 TWENTIETH ANNUAL SUMMER SESSION 
 
 Opens June 21, 1909. 
 FORTIETH ACADEMIC YEAR 
 
 Begins September 16, 1909. 
 Address GEORGE LESLIE OMWAKE, Dean. 
 
 PLAYWRIT1NG 
 
 TAUGHT BY MAIL 
 
 Plays constructed under 
 supervision of the faculty 
 by means of written lec- 
 tures dictated to each student personally. Send for the 
 free essay on this Greatest of Arts. 
 
 INSTITUTE OF THE DRAMA, Easton, Pa. 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 STUART HAUL 
 
 Formerly Virginia Female Institute, Staunton.Va. 
 
 Church School for Girls. Primary, Intermediate and Col- 
 lege Preparatory. Regular and elective courses. Native 
 French teacher. School located in far-famed "Valley of 
 Virginia." Travel School abroad. Gymnastics; ample 
 grounds for athletics. 66th session opens Sept. 23rd. 
 For catalogue, address 
 
 MARIA PENDLETON DUVAL. Principal. 
 
 Af\ A do fir* i/ ls valuable in proportion to its in- 
 **I1 **geniy fluence. If it merely hears of v* 
 
 cancles and tells ff^j. A Is something, but if it is asked to 
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 ommends you, that is more. Ours 
 C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 Offers 425 courses by 200 instructors for the Sum- 
 mer Quarter in THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS of 
 Arts and Literature, Ogden School of Science. 
 THE COLLEGES Undergraduate Colleges of Arts, 
 Literature and Science. THE PROFESSIONAL 
 SCHOOLS Divinity, Law, Medicine, and Education. 
 The Summer Quarter is one of the regular quarters 
 of University work. The courses are the same in 
 character, method and credit value as in other 
 parts of the year. 
 
 1st Term June 21-July 28. 2nd Term July 29-Sept. 3 
 
 (Autumn Quarter begins October 1) 
 
 Detailed information on request. 
 
 The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 
 
 SUMMER CAMPS 
 
 CAMP OSSIPEE'Lake Ossipee) 
 
 A SUMMER CAMP AND WINTER TUTORING SCHOOL 
 
 A modern equipped outing and athletic camp for boys. 
 Cottages for sole use of parents. Large farm, stables 
 with saddling and driving horses; private tutoring sum- 
 mer and winter if desired. Appointments made in New 
 York. H. B. YOUNG, Boston Athletic Association, 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 CAMP ALGONQUIN 
 
 Asquam Lake, N. H. A select camp for Manly 
 Boys. Twenty-fourth season opens June 26th. 
 Personal supervision, outdoor life, tutoring. For 
 circulars address EDWIN De MERITTE, 815 
 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 SYLVANIAWASSEE 
 
 A Select Maine Camp for Boys 
 
 Numbers limited. Personal supervision by experienced 
 men. Field, water and forest sports. Booklet. J. E. 
 DEMEYER, Supt. of Schools, Egypt, Mass. 
 
 CAMP WINNECOOK 
 
 a Summer Camp for 
 Boys at Lake Winiu'- 
 cook, Maine. Canoeing. 
 mountain climbing, athletic and aquatic sports. Tent life 
 among the pines. 7th season. Illustrated booklet. 
 HY. L. RAND, Prin. C. A. Daniels School, Maiden, Mass. 
 
 CAMP WONPOSET, 
 
 An ideal vacation camp for young boys. Splendid 
 climate. Plenty of wholesome fun, fishing, boating, and 
 all the other sport boys love. Send for booklet to 
 
 ROBERT TINDALE, 31 East yist St., New York. 
 
 DINE ISLAND CAMP, Belgrade Lakes, Me. Exceptional 
 * equipment. Councilors of character and experience. 
 Exploration trips on land and water. Athletics. Canoe- 
 ing. Sailing and motor-boating. Black bass fishing. Moun- 
 tain climbing. Schooner-yacht for ocean cruise. Tutoring. 
 Camp limited to 25 select boys. References required. 
 Eugene L. Swan, tf.D.. 418 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
Vlll 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Another Little Journey ." World 
 
 with Mrs. Beckwith. Party limited to ten. Leaves X. V. 
 June 26th, returning Sept. 4th, costing $600, and visit- 
 ing The Azores, Gibraltar, Italy, The Italian Hill Towns, 
 Italian Lakes, Switzerland, Germany, the Rhine, France 
 and England. Address 
 
 MRS. C. A. BECKWITH, New Rochelle, N. Y. 
 
 99H Tnnr All North Europe, including 
 
 MR lOUr. Mldnlght S un and Russia, 
 June 22 to Sept. 2. $500 to $575. 
 
 REV: RAY ALLEN, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 
 n TD ADI? Send for booklet. Best 
 fjUIiUrlj way to see Europe at 
 
 ^^^MiM^HB moderate cost. 
 J. P. Graham, IDEAL EUROPEAN TOURS 
 Box 1055-A Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 THE 
 
 IDEAL 
 
 WAY 
 
 
 Naples to London, $250. 
 British Isles Tour, $205. 
 
 Berlin Vienna Athens Rome Paris London, $450. 
 S. H. LONQLEY, - 314 Main Street. Worcester, Mass. 
 
 EUROPE A Traveling Chautauqua 
 "Without the crowd; not size but quality. 5 tours, interested in 
 everything worth while. THE CHAUTAUQUA TOURS, Appleton. Wis. 
 
 SHORT VACATION TOURS 
 
 Bureau of University Travel, 10 Trinity PI., Boston. 
 
 HEALTH IN THE HILL TOPS 
 
 of Orange, Sullivan, Ulster, and Delaware Counties, 
 N. Y., on the 
 
 NEW YORK, ONTARIO & WESTERN RAILWAY 
 
 SUMMER HOMES in a region of absolute HEALTH 
 
 AT MODERATE COST. 
 
 2,000 feet above the sea; pure air, pure water, pure milk, 
 no malaria, no mosquitoes. Three Hours from New 
 York recommended by physicians; send 8 cents to the 
 undersigned, jr call and get free at offices below the 
 SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED BOOK, "SUMMER 
 HOMES," of 140 pages. It gives a list of Hotels, 
 Farms, and Boarding Houses, location, rates of board, 
 attractions, etc. Information Uureau, 425 Broadway, 
 N. Y. 
 
 IN NEW YORK 141, 425, 1354 Broadway, 245 Co- 
 lumbus Ave., 2798 3d Ave., in West i2Stb St., 182 $tb 
 Ave. Ticket offices, Desbrosses and West 42d St. fer- 
 ries, 56 Beaver St. 
 
 IN BROOKLYN 4 Court St., 479 Nostrand Avs., 
 390 Broadway, The Eagle Information Bureau. 
 
 May 29th, 3oth, and ^ist, excursion tickets at re- 
 duced rates will be sold, giving an opportunity of per- 
 sonally selecting a summer home and also enjoying a 
 day's fishing in this delightful region. Tickets good re- 
 turning May 30-31 or June i. 
 
 J. R. DUNBAR, 
 Gen'l Pass. Agent, 56 Beaver St., N. Y. 
 
 HILR5MHINT5 
 
 c/br YOXIP \S\immer Outing 
 
 VACATION IAND 
 
 WRITE TO-DAY 
 
 for a copy of 
 
 NEW ENGLAND 
 
 VACATION 
 
 RESORTS 
 
 FREE FOR THE ASKING. 
 Every Vacationist and Tourist 
 shou.d have a copy at once. 
 
 Tells you Where to Go, 
 Where to Stay, What to 
 
 See, and gives alldet ils as 
 to costs and accommoda- 
 tions. Address 
 
 "VACATION" 
 
 Passenger Dept. 
 North Station 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 IlNE 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 Cape Breton 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Best country on earth for 
 summer outing, rest and recreation combined. Climate 
 delightfully cool. Scenery grand. Trout and salmon 
 fishing excellent. Steamers "Halifax" and "A. \V. 
 Perry" are of the ocean-going type, have large promenade 
 decks, splendid staterooms, and are perfectly adapted for 
 the comfort of patrons. Sailings once a week till last 
 of June, then three times. All rates are low. Send for 
 colored map and booklets. A. W. PERRY, Gen. Mgr., 
 No. 74 Commercial Wharf, Boston. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 SWITZERLANDS 
 
 ALASKA -YUKON- PACIFIC 
 
 EXPOSITION Seattle June 1 to October 16, 1909 
 Via The Canadian Rocky Mountain National Park 
 
 Pre-eminent Natural Grandeur. A paradise for Mountaineers, Naturalists, Geologists, 
 and Minerallurgists. Most delightful place in the world for a vacation. 
 Hole 
 
 Spleadid Hotel Accommodation. Luxurious Tram Service. 
 
 Write for copy of "Challenge of the Mountain*." 
 
 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY 
 
 ROBERT KERR, Passenger Traffic Manager 
 .. Department "B" 
 
 wl'/ MONTREAL, CANADA 
 
 :'*?$. <. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Hudson River Day Line 
 
 The Most Charming Inland Water Trip on the American Continent 
 PALATIAL STEEL STEAMERS 
 
 "Hendrick Hudson" 
 "Albany" 
 
 "Robert Fulton" 
 "Mary Powell" 
 
 Leave Brooklyn (Annex) 8.00 A. IvI. I Leave Ne\v York, W. 4zd St 9.00 A. M. 
 
 Leave New York, Desbrosses Street 8.40 A. M. | Leave W. lagth Street 9.20 A. M. 
 
 South Bound, Leave Albany 8.30 A. M. 
 Service begins from New York, Thursday, May 27th; from Albany, Friday, May 28th. 
 
 ALL SERVICE, DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY. 
 Landings* Yonkers, West Point, Newburgh, .Poughkeepsie, Kingston Point, Catskill, Hudson and Albany. 
 
 Direct Connecting Trains on Wharves for all Points In Catskllls. 
 
 Saratoga* and Lake George. With Easy Connections, Tickets Sold and 
 
 Baggage Checked for all Points. East. North and West 
 
 TICKETS VIA "DAY LINE" ON SALE AT ALL OFFICES. 
 See Time Tables for Ideal One Day and One-Half Day Outings from New York 
 
 Send 6 cents for a copy of Summer Excursion Book 
 F. B. HIBBARD. Gen. Pass. Agent Desbrosses Street Pier. New York City 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENT "Mary Powell" (Kingston boat) service opens May 24th, leaving Desbrosses Street 1.45 P. M.; 
 W. 42d Street, 2.00 P. M.; W. \2g\\i Street, 2.20 P. M. On June 28th the Day Line Steamer "Albany" will 
 resume the Special Service to Poughkeepsie and return, leaving New York landings one hour later than the regular 
 morning boat; making a triple seri-ice to Poughkeepsie and intermediate landings. See Time Tables. 
 
 PANAMA RAIL ROAD COMPANY 
 
 PANAMA RAIL ROAD STEAMSHIP LINE 
 
 Between New York and the Canal 
 Zone (Isthmus of Panama), con- 
 necting at Panama with steamers for Pa- 
 cific Ports of Panama, Colombia, Ecua- 
 dor, Peru, Chili, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, 
 Honduras, Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico 
 and North Pacific Coast Ports of the 
 United States. 
 
 S. S. " COLON," 5,700 Tons 
 S. S. " PANAMA," 5,700 Tons 
 
 I S. S. " ALLIANCA," 3,000 Tons 
 I S. S. " ADVANCE," 2,700 Tons 
 
 Having superior accommodations for passengers and equipped with Wireless outfits. 
 Steamers leave every six days from Pier 67 North River, foot West 27th Street. 
 General Offices, No. 24 State Street. 
 
TH INDEPENDENT 
 
 
 2,000,000 Acres of 
 Fish and Game Preserve 
 
 A woodland paradise for the 
 fisherman and camper, 2,000 feet 
 above sea level. 
 
 Algonquin 
 National Park 
 
 of Ontario 
 
 Speckled trout, salmon trout 
 and black bass abound in the 
 1,200 lakes and rivers of this vast 
 territory. 
 
 Camp out and rough it; or, if 
 you prefer, good hotel accommo- 
 dations make it an ideal sum- 
 mering place for tourists. 
 
 A beautifully illustrated publi- 
 cation, which gives careful de- 
 scription, maps, etc., sent free on 
 application to 
 
 G. W. VAUX, 917 Merchants Loan 
 & Trust Bldg., Chicago 
 SB, 290 Broadway, New York 
 
 Washington St. Boston 
 SON, 506 Park Bldg., Pittsburg 
 
 W. E. DAVIS, Pass. Traffic Manager 
 
 MONTREAL 
 
 G. T. BELL, Gen'l Pass. & Ticket Agt. 
 MONTREAL 
 
 MS 
 
 The Best Place 
 
 to spend your vacation is the place that offers every 
 kind of recreation and sport a place where you can 
 paddle, sail, swim, motor, ride, golf, hunt, fish or just 
 y be lazy, as the mood strikes you. 
 
 Send 1 cents in stamps for the NEW 1 909 Lackawanna 
 Vacation Book. 
 
 "MOUNTAIN AND LAKE RESORTS" 
 
 It contains 110 pages of description and information with numerous 
 illustrations. It tells the best place to g-o, how to get there, cost 
 of railroad fares, the best place to stay, with lists of hotels, boarding 
 houses, and rates, etc. Address 
 
 George A. Culfen, 
 
 Qeneral Passenger Agent Lackawanna Railroad 
 Department 25, 90 West St., New York City. 
 
 [aekawatna 
 
 Railroad 
 
 Crouch 
 
 Fitzgerald 
 
 TRUNKS, TRAVELING 
 BAGS AND CASES 
 
 177 Broadway 
 
 Above Cortlandt St 
 
 154 Fifth Avenue 
 
 N. W. cor. 20th St. 
 
 723 Sixth Avenue 
 
 Below 42d St. 
 
 Wardrobe Trunks 
 
 MIDLAND RAILWAY 
 
 BEST ROUTE in the OLD COUNTRY for 
 
 COMFORTABLE TRAVEL, PICTURESQUE 
 SCENERY AND RFSTAURANT SERVICE 
 
 Peak of Derbyshire, Yorkshire Inland 
 Spas, Scotland, North of Ireland, Etc. 
 
 Apply to Midland Railway, Derby, England, or 
 
 THOS. COOK & SON, 245 & 1200 Broadway. 
 
 For freight Information apply to 
 
 THOS. MEADOWS & CO., 
 91 New St. and 9 Beaver St., N. Y. 
 W. GUY GRANET, General Manager, Derby. 
 
XI 1 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Hotels 
 
 Hotel Cumberland 
 
 NEW YORK 
 S. W. Cor. Broadway at 54th Street 
 
 Near 50th St. Subway and 53d St. Eletatad and accasslbla to 
 all surface Unas. 
 
 Ideal Location. 
 
 Near 
 
 Theatres, Shops and 
 Central Park. 
 
 NEW AND 
 FIREPROOF 
 
 STRICTLY FIRST CLASS 
 
 Hardwood Floors 
 
 and Oriental Rugs 
 
 European Plan 
 
 10 minutes walk 
 to 20 Theatres 
 
 Transient Rates, 
 
 $2.5* with Bath, 
 
 and up. 
 
 Restaurant Unexcelled 
 Prices Reasonable 
 
 Send for Booklet. 
 HARRY P. STIMSON, Formerly with Hotel Imperial. 
 R. J. BINGHAM, Formerly with Hotel Woodward. 
 
 HOTEL MARTINIQUE 
 
 ALL OUTSIDE ROOMS 
 
 Broadway and 33d Street 
 
 New York City 
 
 Rooms. $2.0O per day and up 
 
 Room and Bath, $3.00 per day and up 
 
 Parlor, Bedroom and Bath, $-5.00 per day and up 
 
 HOTEL ST. DENIS 
 
 EUROPEAN PLAN 
 
 Broadway and llth Street 
 
 New York City 
 
 Rooms $1.00 and upward 
 WX1. TAYLOR &. SON. Inc, 
 
 CHALFONTE 
 
 AND 
 
 ATLANTIC CITY 
 
 the one suggests the other ; 
 one of the world's most 
 famous resorts ; one of the 
 world's most attractive resort 
 houses. 
 
 Write for reservations to 
 
 The LEEDS COMPANY 
 
 ALWAYS OPEN ON THE BEACH 
 
 HOTEL 
 EMPIRE 
 
 BROADWAY & 63rd St. 
 
 [Lincoln Square] 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 
 A Family and Transient Hotel 
 
 OF THE BEST CLASS 
 In the very center of everything worth while 
 
 CAFE and RESTAURANT NOTED for excellent cook- 
 ing, efficient service and moderate prices. 
 
 Rooms with detached bath $1.50 per day and up 
 
 Rooms with private bath 2.00 ' 
 
 Parlor, bedroom and bath 3.50 ' 
 
 Send for Free GUIDE TO NEW YORK. 
 W. JOHNSON QUINN, Proprietor. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Brlarcllff Manor, N. V. 
 
 BRIARCLIFF LODGE 
 
 A Resort Hotel of Higb Quality 
 
 Will open May ist with superior accommodations for 
 three hundred guests. Thirty miles from New York. 
 New garage, golf links. Best of service. 
 
 DAVID B. PLUMER, Manager. 
 Represented at 5*6 East 46th St., New York. 
 
 HOTEL BRUNSWICK 
 
 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 
 EUROPEAN and AMERICAN PLANS 
 
 /"\N the Coast of Maine Midway between Portland and 
 
 ^ Rockland. Always cool; excellent fishing, boating, 
 
 and bathing; large airy rooms; terms $7 and $8 per week. 
 
 THE MORTON HOUSE, Round Pond, Me. 
 
 LOUR LODGE 
 
 DIgby, Nova Scotia 
 
 Is the place for those seeking REST, RECRE- 
 ATION and RECUPERATION. Write for 
 illustrated booklet to 
 
 A. W. BROWN, Lour Lodge, Digby, N. S. 
 
 EUROPEAN 
 
 THE BELLEVUE 
 HOTEL 
 
 The moSt distinguished house of old reputation. In 
 unique position. All modern improvements. Rooms and 
 apartments with private bath and toilette attached. 
 R. RONNEFELD, Gen. Manager. 
 
 DRESDEN 
 
 FRANZENSBAD, 
 
 KOPP'S HOTEL, KONIGSVELLA 
 and Villa Beau-sefour 
 
 Mineral mud baths; American comforts; motor garage; 
 headquarters of Golf Club; Patronized by Royalty and best 
 
 society. 
 
 HOTELS 
 
 IN EUROPE 
 
 Brochure describing most desirable 
 hotels all over Europe. Free. The 
 Chautauqua Tours, Appleton, Wis. 
 
 E 
 
 ASTON SANITARIUM 
 
 Select class of nervous and mental patients received. 
 25 years' experience; late first Assistant Physician In 
 Middletown, N. Y., State Hospital; visit before de- 
 ciding. C. SPENCER KINNEY, M. D. t Eaeton, Pla. 
 
 II7ITF1VT II I Write to Steuben Sanitarium, Hor- 
 IwHr, 1 nell > N - Y -. for free booklet de- 
 ll 11UI1 AEJLI scrib i ng all the advantages of this 
 
 splendid institution. Perfect hygiene and beautiful sur- 
 roundings. 
 
 Authors Seeking a Publisher 
 
 Should communicate with tb 
 Cocbrtne Publishing Co., 888 
 Tribune Building, New York 
 City. 
 
 MEDAL OF HIGHEST AWARD 
 
 lf * JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 
 
 Add TONE to Your Stationery in 
 
 the OFFICE, BANK, SCHOOL 
 or HOME by using only the 
 Washburne Patent Adjustable 
 
 Uf\ V PAPER 
 U.IV FASTENERS 
 
 There is genuine pleasure in 
 their use as well as Perfect Se- 
 curity. Easily put on or taken 
 off with the thumb and finger. 
 
 Can be used repeatedly and "the}) always mark- " Made ol 
 brass, 3 sizes. Put up in brass boxes of 1 00 Fasteners each. 
 Handsome. Compact. Strong. No Slipping, NEVER ! 
 
 All Stationers. Send lOc for sample box of 50, assorted. 
 Illustrated booklet free. Liberal discount to (be. trade. 
 
 |The 0. K. Mfg. Co. Dept.4, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 m 
 
 MMTELS 
 
 W*H.JACKSON COMPANY 
 
 Union Sq.JfQrth~29.179&. 
 
 The 
 
 ire Hills Sanatorium 
 
 Established Thirty-one Years. 
 
 For the exclusive treatment of cancer and all other forms 
 of malignant and benign new growths (except those in the 
 stomach, other abdominal organs, and the thoracic cavity), 
 
 With the Escharotic Method 
 
 (without resorting to surgical procedure). < 
 
 Ask your family physician to make a personal investigation. 
 This institution is conducted upon a strictly ethical basis. 
 Complete information given upon request. Address, 
 
 L WALLACE E. BROWN, M. D. 
 NORTH ADAMS, MASS. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 REAL ESTAT E 
 
 Desirable Country 
 Property 
 
 FOR SALE OR RENT 
 
 THE BERKSHIRE HILLS 
 
 JAMES O'BRIEN 
 
 Gleaner Block, Lee, Mass. 
 
 SPLENDID OPPORTUNITY 
 
 To purchase at sacrifice price, elegant estate of 112 
 acres, 20 miles from Boston. Mansion house, 16 rooms, 3 
 bathrooms, hot water and steam heat, hardwood floors, 
 electric lights everything equal to any city residence 
 beautiful lawns shaded by magnificent trees. Also 14-room 
 house, modern conveniences and 8-room cottage. New 
 stable cost $8,000, cow barn 65 tie-ups, icehouse, toolhouses, 
 wagon sheds, two silos, modern hygienic dairy, poultry 
 plant for 3,000 chickens. Near station, electrics pass. 
 Owner's change of residence offers unusual chance to 
 acquire at a bargain this fine property. Photos shown and 
 particulars given by W. E. THAYER. 52 Elm St.. Boston. 
 
 INGLESIDE BUNGALOW 
 
 NEW MILFORD. CT. 
 To rent from June 19th to September 19th 
 
 Beautiful hill country, large grounds, athletic fields, 
 spacious house, broad piazzas, all modern conveniences, 
 perfect and abundant water supply, electric light, open 
 fireplaces. May be seen at any time. For particulars 
 address MRS. W. D. BLACK, New Milford, Ct. 
 
 FARMS AND COUN- 
 TRY HOMES NEAR 
 
 Virninia WASHINGTON 
 
 Wlltjlllla Loudoun and Fairfax 
 County Stock Farms a Specialty. 
 A. H. BUELL Real Estate Broker, Herndon, Fairfax Co., Va. 
 
 SEND FOR NEW SPRI NG LI ST 
 
 Highland Lake, Winsted, Ci. f fc a p r , '&. 
 
 room furnished cottage on shore, acre woodlands, near 
 hotel. DR. WOLFE, Succasunna, N. J. 
 
 trriD ClAY F 1 . II - room cottage with all modern 
 * "^ JrmMjlj improvements, nicely furnished, at 
 Westbrook, Conn., directly on the shore. Price $5,000. 
 A go-acre farm near Gardiner Lake, Conn., house and 
 barn, sheds, etc. Price $1,000. Inquire of CHARLES 
 REYNOLDS, Middletown, Conn. 
 
 Northern 
 
 COUNTRY ESTATES 
 
 Farms and Village Properties 
 
 FOR SALE BY 
 
 MOORE & WYCKOFF 
 
 546 Fifth Avenue New York City 
 
 Telephone, 1262 Bryant Corner 45th Street 
 
 Illustrated Pamphlet on Country Estates sent free 
 on application to subscribers of The Independent 
 
 FARMS FOR SALE 
 
 400-acre farm, five miles west of Norfolk, Conn.; good 
 house and barns; cuts about 100 tons; price, $8,000; also 
 80-acre farm (fine land); 9-room house and barns, includ- 
 ing stock and full equipment; five miles from Derby, 
 Conn.; 2 hours New York; price, $5,000. 
 
 FRED, T. ROLFE 
 
 ANSONIA. CONN. 
 
 Furnished Houses, Residential 
 Places and Building Sites. 
 
 For further particulars, apply to 
 
 F\ E. GREEIM, Real Estate 
 
 New Canaan - - Connecticut 
 
 r-LOSE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA at Charlottesville. 
 ** (12,000 population.) 150 acres fertile, gently rolling 
 land, adapted blue grass, clover, timothy, wheat and fruit. 
 Attractive residence, standing in grove original forest 
 trees; commanding situation; superb mountain views; ample 
 outbuildings. Nice orchard and vineyard. Good roads; 
 choice school and social advantages. Age owner, reason 
 selling. Price, $6,500. Send for details to BOX 282, 
 Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 WEONA PARK 
 
 Bungalow Plots for sale in heart of Hudson Highlands, 
 40 miles from New York on West Shore Road. Numerous 
 springs of purest water, superb views, river and mountain. 
 Cool nights thru the Summer. No Mosquitoes. Cottages 
 to rent. $100 for season. Prices of lots low. Write for 
 Illustrated Circular. F. H. CARTER, 52 Wall St. 
 
 FOP *iAI F Fifty acres of land. Fifteen hundred feet 
 l vi\. OrtUL above sea level. House suitable for sum- 
 mer boarders. Beautiful view twenty miles, river, valley, 
 mountains. C. E. McKINNEY, 122 Maple St., Athens, Pa. 
 
 THOMAS F. LEAMAN 
 
 Camps, Cottages, Yachts 
 
 Broker for Maine and 
 New Hampshire 
 
 85 Market Street, Portland, Maine 
 
 LYME, CONN. 
 
 To let, old Colonial house, 15 rooms, and two cottages 
 of 13 and 11 rooms, all with modern improvements and 
 fully furnished. Address 
 
 MRS. E. E. SALISBURY, New Haven, Ct. 
 
 TO RENT FOR THE SUMMER -?ffi; 
 
 sey. Twelve room house, completely furnished. Large 
 verandas, attractive location, shade and fruit trees, garden, 
 stable and garage. Eight minutes walk from station. 
 Can be had from June 1st to October 1st. Terms reason- 
 able. Address JOHN MOODY, Room 517, 35 Nassau 
 Street. New York. _ 
 
 FOR RENT Island with fine trees in Thousand Islands. 
 near Alexandria Bay. Furnished cottage, six bed- 
 rooms; plumbing (new). Small motor boat and row Boat. 
 $350 for summer. Address F. A. M., 94 York Square, 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 xv 
 
 Petfect 
 
 Toilet 
 
 calls/or 
 
 HAND 
 
 SAPOUO 
 
 IT Joes all that other soaps do and adds exhilaration. No other 
 toilet soap is like it in composition or in action. The vegetable oils 
 and nne flour of silex work wonders in i 
 cleansing, enlivening and health-renew- 
 ing the skin in a manner that chemical 
 action could not approach. From baby's 
 delicate skin to the needs of the hath it 
 has no eaual. Prove it for vourself. 
 
 HAND 
 SAPOLiO 
 
 FOR 
 
 yourse 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 FEEDING THE SCALP 
 
 ^/l Little Sermon on Soap 
 
 DULL, lustreless Hair denotes a starved Scalp, when it does not denote a dirty one. 
 Glossy, lustrous, flexible Hair denotes a healthy, well-nourished Scalp, as well as a 
 cleanly one. 
 Thousands of people who are very fastidious about washing their hands and faces, 
 and about taking a Bath every day, do not wash their Hair even once a month. 
 
 And surely the Hair is much more likely to collect dust, dirt, perspiration, and worn- 
 out Cuticle than either the face or the body. 
 
 Surely the accumulation of these forms of dirt must breed Bacteria and attract Disease- 
 Germs more than any other common source of contagion. 
 
 So that dull, lustreless Hair is a very unpleasant sign to the initiated. 
 
 It is also as unnecessary as it is unpleasant. 
 
 Because Cleanliness and Nutrition will bring lustre to any Hair that is living. 
 
 v v N 
 
 But Cleanliness is too often secured at the expense of Nutrition. 
 
 Many well-intentioned people not only starve their Scalps for want of sufficient Skin- 
 food, but parch out the little remaining Nutrients stored up in its cells, by the use of Caus- 
 tic Soaps. 
 
 These Soaps are successful enough in cleaning the Scalp, because their excess of Alkali 
 cuts not only the accumulated dirt in the Hair, but also cuts out all its Natural -Oils its 
 supply of Nourishment. 
 
 The use of Alkali in Soap, you know, is to cut its Fatty Oils so that it will Saponify 
 and lather freely. 
 
 An ex-cess of Alkali makes easy washing, but it also parches the Scalp or Skin, and 
 replaces none of the dirty Oils it cuts out with a nourishing supply of Clean Oils and Nu- 
 trients. 
 
 Many alleged "Hair Growers" help on this "drying-out" process till the Scalp scales, 
 the Hair grows dull and lustreless, brittle, fine, and falls out gradually to the Stage of Bald- 
 ness. 
 
 The Scalp has then been finally starved. 
 
 Well, what to do? you ask. "* "* "* 
 
 Feed it while cleaning it. 
 
 Disinfect it from Bacteria while you feed and clean it. 
 
 Wash it twice a week with Soap that is overflowing with bland, soothing, nourishing 
 "Sweet-Oil" characteristics, preserved and sterilized by a Skin-specific prescribed the world 
 over by Physicians. Wash it with 
 
 RESINOL SOAP 
 
 which is a Pure Soap, having an excess of Fatty Oils in it instead of the usual excess of 
 Alkali, a condition rendered possible by the fine antiseptic qualities of "Resinol." 
 
 \^ v^ \^ 
 
 This Resinol what is it? 
 
 It is Anodyne, Antiseptic, Healing. Soothing, and has the marvelous effect of Con- 
 trolling "Hypenemia" or excess of blood circulation and Congestion in the Skin. 
 
 This means that "Resinol," when incorporated in Soap, not only cleans but cools the 
 Scalp, frees it from Germ-life, heals any irritation, and brings a delightful Soothing Sensa- 
 tion of Repose, Cleanliness, and Well-being while generously feeding the pores with its Nu- 
 trients. 
 
 Try Resinol Soap for two months and see how lustrous, soft, healthy, clean and free 
 from scurf your Hair will become. 
 
 Observe that Resinol Soap is not a "Hair Grower," but a Scalp and Skin Nutrient and 
 Stimulator, which makes Hair grow only where it should grow by assisting, and not by 
 forcing, Nature. 
 
 Its creamy, soothing, healing, antiseptic lather, and its delightful odor, make it ideal. for 
 Toilet. Bath, Shaving or Baby's bath, as well as for Hair-washing and Scalp-feeding. 
 
 Resinol Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. 
 
VOL. LXVI NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MAY 6, 1909. 
 
 Copyright, 1909, by THE INDEPENDENT. 
 
 No. 3153 
 
 Survey of the World 
 
 Attorney General 
 The Governments wickers J ham was the 
 
 Trust Policy guest o f th= members 
 of the bar of New York at a dinner in 
 that city, on the soth ult. The speech 
 made by him on that occasion, concern- 
 ing the policy of the Department of Jus- 
 tice with respect to the enforcement of 
 the Anti-Trust law and certain other 
 statutes, is regarded as one of much sig- 
 nificance and weight. It is asserted that 
 his statement had been approved in man- 
 uscript by President Taft and the Cabi- 
 net. He said: 
 
 "You all know that the attitude of a very 
 large part of the business community toward 
 some of the laws enacted by Congress was 
 prior to six or seven years ago one of indif- 
 ference when not of hostility. There was a 
 prevailing impression that many of the laws 
 dealing with economic subjects had been 
 passed to be pointed to with pride rather than 
 to be enforced. 
 
 "Then there came a rude awakening. The 
 last Administration set to work with vigor, 
 with energy, which was accompanied at times 
 with newspaper clamor, to enforce these laws. 
 Business men who eight years ago had not 
 read the Sherman anti-trust law today know 
 it by heart, and .railroad men and shippers 
 alike have an intimate personal acquaintance 
 with the interstate commerce act. No Ameri- 
 can business man can today truthfully say that 
 he does not know that it is a crime for a rail- 
 road to give or a shipper to accept a rebate 
 from the established interstate rates. 
 
 "The work of the present Administration is 
 none the less important than was that of the 
 last in continuing to enforce the laws of the 
 country and in endeavoring to effectuate the 
 intent of the people speaking thru Congress, in 
 preventing the things which the people have 
 come to believe to be inconsistent with the wel- 
 fare of the republic, but the methods which 
 were necessary to awaken the business com- 
 munity to a recognition of the existence and 
 vitality of these laws are no longer essential. 
 
 "It may be, it probably is. true that in the 
 movement to impress upon the whole business 
 world the meaning and force of certain laws 
 
 and the necessity of attention and obedience to 
 them, some suits were instituted and some 
 prosecutions commenced without sufficient con- 
 sideration and without adequate cause. When 
 such conditions are found to exist the present 
 Administration will not hesitate to withdraw 
 the suits or dismiss the prosecutions. Such 
 action must not, however, be taken as any indi- 
 cation of an intention by the Administration 
 to abandon in the slightest degree the vigor- 
 ous, impartial enforcement of ^he law or to 
 undo in any degree the splendid work of the 
 last Administration." 
 
 We had heard frequently of late, he con- 
 tinued, from representatives of certain 
 business interests cries of "Let us have 
 peace!" and "Let us alone!" The price 
 of peace was obedience to law. "Thos? 
 who honestly try to keep the law need 
 not fear prosecution." He was aware 
 that there was uncertainty as to the pre- 
 cise scope and meaning of the Sherman 
 Anti-Trust law: 
 
 "I should be the last to authorize the insti- 
 tution of a criminal proceeding against men 
 who without intent to violate the law have 
 nevertheless acted in technical contravention 
 of an extreme and most drastic construction 
 of that enactment. But certain of the princi- 
 ples underlying that law are assuredly now un- 
 derstood, and any attempt made at this time 
 with the present construction of that law 
 agreed upon by all the higher courts to com- 
 bine in the form of a trust or otherwise with 
 the obvious intention of restraining commerce 
 among the States or of creating a monopoly 
 of an important part of that commerce would 
 evidence such deliberate intention to break the 
 law as to justify and compel the Government 
 to use all or any of the remedies given by law 
 adequate to prevent the accomplishment of 
 such purpose and to punish the attempt." 
 
 It was to be hoped, he said m conclu- 
 sion, that at an early day the Supreme 
 Court would authoritatively define the 
 full scope and effect of the Sherman act. 
 If that court should give to it- "a con- 
 struction as far reaching as some of the 
 Judges of the Court of Appeals in this 
 
938 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Circuit gave in the tobacco case, Con- 
 gress may so amend the act as to except 
 from its provisions the ordinary agree- 
 ments which are the necessary result of 
 healthy business conditions, while still 
 effectively prohibiting the creation of 
 those far-reaching monopolies which are 
 believed to be incompatible with the 
 wholesome growth and progress of the 
 republic." The present Administration 
 had the subject under consideration with 
 a view of submitting to the next Con- 
 gress proposed amendments to the act. 
 Joseph H. Choate presided at the din- 
 ner, and the remarks with which he in- 
 troduced Mr. Wickersham were not re- 
 garded as complimentary to the latter's 
 predecessor or to Mr. Roosevelt's Ad- 
 ministration. Said he : 
 
 "Under $Ir. Wickersham, justice will not be 
 administered as a burlesque and a travesty. 
 You will see no corporation fined $29,000,003 
 as the result of an ill-advised demand, only to 
 be reversed and to be regarded as a travesty. 
 There will be no encroachment of the Execu- 
 tive upon the judiciary, no criticism of the 
 one by the other at intervals. He will demon- 
 strate once more that ours is a Government of 
 laws and not of men. He will defend the 
 Constitution. He has been a corporation law- 
 yer, a defender of institutions which twelve 
 months ago were everywhere condemned. It 
 is quite time they had their innings." 
 
 Among those present were about fifty 
 Judges of the Federal or State courts" 
 
 Restitution by n * te r st Suit 
 the Sugar Trust b / the Government, the 
 American Sugar Re- 
 fining Company (or Sugar Trust) was 
 recently found guilty of defrauding the 
 Treasury by a device attached to the 
 scales which determined the weight of 
 the company's imported raw sugar, on 
 which duties are paid. The penalty fixt 
 by the verdict in that suit was $134,116. 
 The Government at once set out to col- 
 lect from the Sugar Trust about $2,250,- 
 ooo more, alleging that the Treasury had 
 been defrauded of this sum, at least, by 
 the false weighing of cargoes not in- 
 volved in the suit which we have men- 
 tioned. On the 2Qth, the* Sugar Trust 
 cally admitted the justice of the 
 and settled with the Gov-nrnent 
 
 n cash ' 
 
 It appears from the statement of these 
 attorneys that there was a prospect that 
 the Government's claim would be raised 
 to $3,000,000, and that proceedings for 
 forfeiture of- the sugar fraudulently 
 weighed would have increased greatly 
 the sum to be paid. The Trust abandons 
 its protest and gives up its right to ap- 
 peal. This settlement has been approved 
 by the Attorney-General and the Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury. It does not, how- 
 ever, restrain the Government from 
 prosecuting criminally the officers of the 
 Trust, or the employees, who were guilty 
 of these frauds. They will be prose- 
 cuted vigorously, it is asserted by attor- 
 neys representing the Government, and 
 earnest efforts to bring them to justice 
 
 will be made. The same company, or 
 
 Trust, has been sued by the City of New 
 York for taking water from the public 
 mains by means of pipes running into 
 the refineries and having no meters at- 
 tached. It has offered to settle by the 
 payment of a sum which the city author- 
 ities will not accept. They demand 
 $230,000. The fine of $1,808,753 im- 
 posed upon the Waters-Pierce Oil Com- 
 pany in the suit of the State of Texas 
 against that company for violation of 
 the Anti-Trust law has been paid. Offi- 
 cers of the company carried the money 
 in an automobile from a bank to the 
 State Treasurer's office in Austin. 
 
 Tanff Rates m 
 the Senate 
 
 -s 
 
 by advice of the Trusts counsel. 
 
 The most interesting in- 
 ddcnt duri kst week ^ 
 
 taHff debate ifl ^ Sen _ 
 
 ute was the introduction, on Friday, of 
 the Finance Committee's amendments 
 relating to maximum rates, a customs 
 court, and the employment of investiga- 
 tors by the President. In the early part 
 of the week Mr. Bailey spoke for sev- 
 eral hours in support of an income tax, 
 urging that the weight of taxation 
 should fall upon wealth rather than upon 
 poverty, and asserting that a reduction 
 of the tariff rates by one-third would 
 leave enough to insure a legitimate 
 profit to protected industries. He sug- 
 gested that labor mi^ht be protected by 
 restricting immigration. Mr. Overman 
 offered an amendment increasing the 
 h^ad tax on immigrants to $12. On the 
 28th, during a discussion of the duties 
 
SURVEY OF THE WORLD 
 
 on lumber, the declaration of last year's 
 Democratic platform (for free lumber, 
 wood pulp and print paper) was repu- 
 diated by several Southern Democrats. 
 Mr. Bacon, of Georgia, said the plat- 
 form had been drafted over night by a 
 few men and did not represent the senti- 
 ment of the party. Mr. Fletcher, of 
 Florida, argued for the retention of the 
 present duty on lumber. This was also 
 the position of Mr. Simmons, of North 
 Carolina. It is said that about one-half 
 of the Democrats will vote for a lumber 
 duty as high as the one now imposed. 
 Mr. Nelson, of Minnesota, who severely 
 criticised the Senate bill and preferred 
 that lumber should be on the free list, 
 was willing to compromise on a duty of 
 $r per thousand feet. The commit- 
 tee's plan for maximum rates provides 
 for much higher duties than were indi- 
 cated in the bill past by the House, 
 which for convenience may be called the 
 Payne bill, while the Senate committee's 
 revision is commonly called the Aldrich 
 bill. The Payne maximum was an addi- 
 tion of 20 per cent., or one-fifth, of the 
 ordinary or minimum duty. But the 
 Aldrich bill would add to the ordinary 
 duty 25 per cent, ad valorem. This 
 would multiply some of the ordinary 
 rates by two, or even by three, for a 15 
 per cent, rate would be increased, not to 
 1 8 per cent, (as in the House bill), but 
 to 40 per cent. Inspection of the Senate 
 committee's table of average rates under 
 the Aldrich bill shows that duties would 
 be increased as follows : Chemicals, from 
 28.21 per cent, to 53.21 ; glassware, from 
 48.70 to 73.70; metals, from 31.08 to 
 56.08; sugar, 65.30 to 90.30; agricultural 
 products and provisions, 32.25 to 57.25 ' 
 cotton goods, 47.14 to 72.14; silk goods, 
 60.76 to 85.76. Of course, the rates so 
 increased would in most cases be pro- 
 hibitory. The reported amendment pro- 
 vides that these maximum rates shall go 
 into effect upon imports from all coun- 
 tries automatically on March 3ist, 1910, 
 but the President is empowered to give, 
 by proclamation, then or thereafter, the 
 ordinary rates to any foreign country if 
 he is satisfied that the country in ques- 
 tion imposes no export duty on goods 
 sent to the United States, and does not 
 discriminate, directly or indirectly, 
 against imports from the United States. 
 
 There is no provision for any concession, 
 on our part, of a rate lower than the 
 ordinary Aldrich duty. It is also pro- 
 vided that in the application of maxi- 
 mum rates a duty of 10 cents a pound 
 on tea, and one of 5 cents on coffee, may 
 be imposed. Ihe committee also pro- 
 poses the establishment of a Customs 
 Court of Appeals, composed of five 
 judges (salary, $10,000), which is to 
 have exclusive appellate jurisdiction to 
 review decisions of the Board of General 
 Appraisers, and whose decisions are to 
 be final. For this court there is to be 
 appointed an Assistant Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, with a deputy and four attorneys. 
 The committee was asked to provide for 
 a permanent advisory tariff commission. 
 Its amendment merely authorizes the 
 President to secure information for his 
 use and for Congress by employing such 
 persons as may be required to make 
 thoro investigation concerning domestic 
 
 and foreign products. Foreseeing the 
 
 enactment of maximum and minimum 
 rates, the State Department has given to 
 the several foreign countries with which 
 we have commercial agreements notice 
 of our intention to terminate them. 
 Advocates of an income tax have ascer- 
 tained, it is said, that a majority for 
 such a tax cannot be obtained in the Sen- 
 ate. It is understood that Mr. Aldrich 
 needs a few votes for the committee's 
 bill. Some predict that they will be pro- 
 cured by certain concessions in rates. 
 The number of Republican insurgents 
 who demand revision downward is said 
 to be about eighteen. 
 & 
 
 At the convention of 
 Labor Questions anthracite coal miners, 
 
 on the 28th nit., the 
 agreement made by their representatives 
 in conference with the mine owners was 
 approved by unanimous vote, and on th< j 
 29th it was signed. The term of it is 
 three years. It is identical with the 
 agreement which expired on March 3ist, 
 except that the following provisions have 
 been added : 
 
 (i.) The rates which shall be paid for new 
 work shall not be less than the rates paid un- 
 der the Strike Commission award for old work 
 of a similar kind or character. 
 
 (2.) The arrangement and decisions of the 
 conciliation board permitting the collection of 
 dues on the company property and the posting 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 of notices thereon shall continue during the 
 life of this agreement. 
 
 (.3.) An employee discharged for being a 
 member of a union shall have a right to appeal 
 his case to the conciliation board for final ad- 
 justment. 
 
 (4.) Any dispute arising at a colliery under 
 the terms of this agreement must first be taken 
 up with the mine foreman and superintendent 
 by the employee, or committee of employees, di- 
 rectly interested, before it can be taken up with 
 the conciliation board for final adjustment. 
 
 (5.) Employers shall issue pay statements 
 designating the name of the company, the name 
 of the employee, the colliery where employed, 
 the amount of wages, and the class of work 
 performed. 
 
 An impression prevailed among the min- 
 ers that no further concessions could be 
 obtained, and that renewal of the old 
 agreement would probably prevent a re- 
 duction of wages. It is expected that 
 there will be less work at the mines for 
 some weeks to come, because the compa- 
 nies have about ro,ooo,ooo tons of coal 
 
 on hand. -The strike of employees in 
 
 the carrying trade on the Great Lakes is 
 now in force, and it involves about 30,000 
 men. The controversy began with the 
 refusal of the marine engineers to sign 
 contracts in which there was an open-shop 
 
 clause. In Pittsburg, the threatened 
 
 strike of the street railroad employees has 
 been averted. The demand for higher 
 pay was withdrawn, and the company 
 will make a more satisfactory arrange- 
 ment of work hours. Carpenters, 
 bricklayers and painters in Montana are 
 on strike for an increase of wages. 
 
 j* 
 
 An election is soon to 
 LCS ' n , take place in Newfound- 
 Newfoundland land / and the . canvass 
 
 has been a lively one. Sir Robert Bond, 
 formerly Premier, has been making ad- 
 dresses in villages along the coast. It 
 was recently reported that he had been 
 quietly negotiating with the Dominion 
 Government to bring about confedera- 
 tion of the island with the Dominion. 
 This report excited the sharp hostility 
 of many voters. When Sir Robert, on 
 the 3Oth ult., approached Western Bay 
 in a small steamship, intending to make 
 an address at that place, he was met by 
 a party of residents, who came out in a 
 boat and warned him not to land. He 
 insisted, however, upon going ashore. 
 He was permitted to ascend the steps 
 leading up to the floor of the pier, but 
 when he reached the top he was seized by 
 
 those who had assembled there, was 
 kicked and was then thrown headlong 
 into the sea, where he nearly drowned 
 before rescuers lifted him into a small 
 boat, which carried him back to the 
 steamship. The campaign has been one 
 of much bitterness. At Western Bay a 
 majority of the residents are supporters 
 of Sir Edward Morris, leader of the 
 party in opposition to Sir Robert Bond. 
 
 The British Budget 
 
 Confronted with the 
 necessity for meet- 
 ing a deficit of $80,- 
 
 000,000, caused chiefly by the adoption 
 of old age pensions and the demand for 
 a greater navy, the British Government 
 has been obliged to seek out new sources 
 of revenue. The new budget presented 
 by the Chancellor of the Exchequer to 
 the House of Commons on April 2Qth 
 will arouse strong opposition from the 
 moneyed classes, because it is devised to 
 throw upon them the burden of the in- 
 creased taxation. The budget speech by 
 Mr. Lloyd-George occupied four and 
 one-half hours. The sitting had to be 
 suspended for half an hour in the midst 
 of it for the Chancellor to recover his 
 voice. Mr. Lloyd-George congratulated 
 the country on the decrease of revenue 
 from one of the sources, that is, the con- 
 sumption of liquor due to the growth of 
 temperance sentiment. On the naval 
 question he admitted the necessity of 
 greatly increased expenditures for de- 
 fense, but stated the Government refused 
 to incur the enormous expenditure advo- 
 cated by the Opposition unless there was 
 manifest need for it. "We cannot afford, 
 great nation as we are, to build navies 
 against nightmares." There must also 
 be an extension of the old age pension 
 system and a measure for state insurance 
 against unemployment. The treasury 
 would be called upon to contribute a mil- 
 lion dollars to supplement the compulsorv 
 contributions of the working classes for 
 this purpose. Legislation must be enact- 
 ed for the encouragement of small agri- 
 cultural holdings and the reclamation of 
 waste land. A system of afforestation 
 would be started by an appropriation of 
 $1,000,000. To provide for the in- 
 creased expenditure, the amount appro- 
 priated for the sinking fund would be re- 
 duced by $15,000,000. The income tax 
 would be unchanged on earned incomes 
 
SURVEY OF THE WORLD 
 
 941 
 
 below $15,000. Fourteen pence to the 
 pound would be imposed upon incomes 
 above that. Persons whose incomes are 
 less than $2,500 a year would have an 
 abatement of $50 for each child undei 
 sixteen years of age. The super-tax of 
 six pence in the pound, making a total of 
 one shilling, would be placed on all in- 
 comes over $25,000. Death duties would 
 also be increased. Estates of 5,000 value 
 would pay 4 per cent. ; those of 20,000, 
 6 per cent. ; 40,000, 7 per cent. ; 70,000, 
 8 per cent. ; 100,000, 9 per cent. ; 150,- 
 ooo, 10 per cent. ; 200,000, u per cent. ; 
 400,000, 12 per cent.; 600,000, 13 per 
 cent. ; 800,000, 14 per cent. ; and above 
 1,000,000, 15 per cent. The extra yield 
 was expected to be $63,850,000. Auto- 
 mobiles will be taxed for the maintenance 
 of highways. A six horse-power motor 
 car will pay two guineas and one of sixty 
 horse-power or over forty guineas, with 
 others in proportion. A tax of four cents 
 a gallon is placed on gasoline, with a re- 
 bate for commercial motors. Doctors' 
 cars would pay only half rates. The 
 stamp duties on the transfer of real estate 
 would be increased from one-half to i 
 per cent. Stock exchange transactions 
 and bonds would pay I per cent. Leg- 
 acy and succession duties were to be 
 raised from 3 to 5 per cent, when the 
 beneficiary is a brother or sister, and^ to 
 10 per cent, where there is no relation- 
 ship. The cost of liquor licenses would 
 be increased to $50 in small villages and 
 to $175 in London. A tax of three pence 
 on the pound would be imposed upon all 
 receipts from the sale of liquor. The 
 tax on spirits would be increased, while 
 that on beer would remain unchanged. 
 Eight pence on a pound is added to the 
 tax of manufactured tobacco. Tea and 
 sugar, being accounted by Mr. Lloyd- 
 George necessities of life, will bear no 
 additional burden. The unearned incom- 
 ings due to the increase of land values 
 will be taxed 20 per cent. Labor ex- 
 changes would be established in England 
 at a cost of $500,000 to the Government. 
 
 Abdul Hamid 
 Deposed 
 
 The Y Un S Turks t have 
 
 aga . m . met . a P er P lexm g 
 crisis with promptness 
 
 and decision. On April 27th, Abdul 
 Hamid was dethroned and his younger 
 brother, Mohammed Rechad, made Sul- 
 tan. The deposition was duly effected 
 
 according to the forms of Moslem law by 
 a fetwa or legal decision by the Sheik-til - 
 Islam in response to the following hypo- 
 thetical question : 
 
 "What becomes of an Imam who has de- 
 stroyed certain holy writings and who has 
 seized property in contravention of the Sheri. 
 who has committed cruelties and ordered the 
 assassination or imprisonment of exiles with- 
 out justification by the Sheri, who has squan- 
 dered the public money ; who, having sworn to 
 govern according to the Sheriat, has violated 
 his oath; who by gifts of money has provoked 
 internecine bloodshed and civil war, and who 
 is no longer recognized in the provinces?" 
 
 "Answer of the Sheik-ul-Islam: 'He must 
 abdicate or be deposed.'" 
 
 The notification was conveyed to Abdul 
 Hamid at 3 p. m. by a committee of two 
 officials, two deputies and two senators. 
 
 . ENVER BEY, 
 Leader of the Young Turks. 
 
 As they entered the Yildiz Kiosk they 
 looked to their arms, fearing an outburst 
 of murderous rage from the Sultan. He 
 was brought out from the Harem care- 
 lessly dressed, pale and trembling. As 
 soon as he was informed of the fetwa he 
 begged for his life, and when assured 
 that his life was not in danger he pro- 
 tested that he had deserved better treat- 
 ment from the nation, that he had de- 
 fended his country against the Greeks, 
 that he had kept his oath to support the 
 constitution, that he had refused to sign 
 many death sentences, and even spared 
 the life of his brother Mohammed and 
 treated him well. "Any other Sultan," 
 he said, "would have had him killed.'' 
 Finding the committee reticent and in- 
 
The Navy from the Business Standpoint 
 
 BY REAR ADMIRAL CASPAR F. GOODRICH 
 
 [The following article is the substance cf 
 before the Business Men's Association of II a 
 most progressive and able officers of the Na*. y 
 EDITOR.] 
 
 THE naval appropriations have risen 
 from comparatively insignificant 
 beginnings until they have reached 
 the not inconsiderable sum of 130 odd 
 millions of^ dollars per annum. The 
 only real and justifiable object of this 
 large expenditure is the efficiency of the 
 fleet, something which must appeal to 
 every true American. It is, however, 
 altogether right that our business men 
 should insist upon knowing whether 
 those sums are wisely and economically 
 disbursed. In a general way I hope to 
 satisfy your anxiety under this impor- 
 tant head. 
 
 Speaking broadly, the naval appropria- 
 tion covers three fields : First, the actual 
 maintenance and operation of the fleet ; 
 second, the supplies for the fleet ; third, 
 the construction and repair of the fleet, 
 including the installation of its armor, 
 armament and equipment. There is a 
 fourth field, to which I shall recur later. 
 
 As to the first, I think but little ground 
 can be found for adverse criticism. The 
 scale of pay and wages being higher in 
 this country than abroad, each unit, 
 whether ship or man, must and does 
 coct more than the corresponding unit in 
 foreign navies. An exception should be 
 made in the case of the higher officers, 
 who receive less pay and fewer allow- 
 ances than is the case, for instance, in 
 t^e British service. On the other hand, 
 the iunior officers are much more liber- 
 ally compensated than those abroad. An- 
 
 944 
 
 an address delivered last week, Thursday, 
 
 rtford, Conn. Admiral Goodrich is one of the 
 
 and what he says is of much importance. 
 
 other item of increased expense is the 
 superior quality of our navy ration, a 
 matter rather for congratulation than 
 complaint. Ill-nourished troops are not 
 good fighters. As Napoleon said, "An 
 army marches on its belly." Ships of 
 ihe same horse power burn practically 
 the same amount of coal, no matter un- 
 der what flag they move. Herein we are 
 better off than our neighbors, whose fuel 
 cannot be had on terms as favorable as 
 our own. 
 
 The question involved in- the second 
 field, that of supplying the fleet with the 
 thousands of items needed by the mod- 
 ern man-of-war, has been solved in a 
 way which must compel the admiration 
 of even the most critical man of affairs. 
 At New York, for instance, our pur- 
 chases amount to between twenty and 
 thirty millions of dollars a year. In 
 spite of a very rigid inspection and the 
 holding of contractors to strict compli- 
 ance with specifications, which almost, if 
 not quite, represent the standard of ex- 
 cellence, I believe that it may be claimed 
 th?t the navy buys as advantageously as 
 and possibly more advantageously than 
 anv other concern in the market. One 
 reason for this good standing is that 
 supplies are inspected with the utmost 
 promptness : miscellaneous articles which 
 require no prolonged test are either ac- 
 cepted or refected within twenty-four 
 hours of delivery, and the public bills 
 covering these purchases, made out at 
 
THE NAVY FROM THE BUSINESS STANDPOINT 
 
 once, are sent to the disbursing agent, 
 who, without even the formality of a 
 receipt, mails to the contractor the full 
 face of his account in a check on the 
 treasury of the United States. It is not 
 in the least an uncommon occurrence for 
 a business house to receive its cash in 
 
 Certain articles, such as cement, which 
 has to undergo a rather long test, metals 
 whose physical characteristics have to be 
 determined, or tool steel, india rubber, 
 cloth, etc., that have to be chemically 
 analyzed, are necessarily subject to slow- 
 er payment, but the fault, if fault there 
 
 ADMIRAL GOODRICH. 
 
 forty-eight hours after making delivery. 
 The result of this system is that firms 
 are only too anxious to quote their low- 
 est figures. It is no small thing for a 
 house to know that it can get its money 
 almost by return mail. Can the same be 
 said for the houses which you gentlemen 
 represent ? 
 
 be, lies in the nature of the things them- 
 selves and not in our business methods. 
 It would abundantly repay any one to 
 look in at the New York Navy Yard, go 
 thru its great storehouse, handling the 
 multitudinous variety of objects, rang- 
 ing from a needle to an anchor, and in- 
 cluding stationery, books, metals of all 
 
946 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 kinds, cordage, chinaware, etc. ; in short, 
 practically everything except millinery. 
 I think one would be amazed at their 
 \ariety and at the magnitude of the 
 operations of this great depot, from 
 which emanate most of the goods past to 
 our shops. He would also be struck by 
 the excellent order and the evidence of 
 rigid accountability at all points. 
 
 The third division of the allotment ot 
 public funds is one which has recently 
 and justly attracted widespread public 
 attention. Certain phases I may not 
 touch upon, but in the main the wisdom 
 of the policy inaugurated by our last 
 Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Xewberry. 
 and continued by his successor, Mr. 
 Meyer, cannot be denied. Mr. Xew- 
 berry found a condition of affairs in our 
 navy yards which was the result of 
 methods in vogue many years, for which 
 some justification was possible, but only 
 when considered from an individual and 
 perhaps selfish point of view. 
 
 To tell the whole storv would absorb 
 too much time. I shall only venture to 
 sketch in a very hasty and imperfect 
 manner some of the salient features. 
 
 We must hark back to the organiza- 
 tion of the Navy Department when seek- 
 ing the cause. By statute, the business 
 of the navy is divided among certain 
 offices, called bureaus, in such a manner 
 as the Secretary may think desirable. 
 Certain of these bureaus were intimately 
 associated with work at navy yards. 
 First, was the Bureau v of Yards and 
 Docks, whose province may be described 
 as the real estate, comprising buildings, * 
 roads, wharves, dry docks, etc., for the 
 care, maintenance and repair of which 
 this bureau is alloted funds by Congress. 
 It has its own corps of employees, some 
 peculiar to itself, such as masons, brick- 
 layers, teamsters, etc. Others, however, 
 could be quite generally employed. Such 
 were carpenters, joiners, painters, 
 patternmakers, machinists, blacksmiths, 
 etc. The next bureau is that of Con- 
 struction and Repair, whose duties relate 
 to the building and repairing of ships. 
 It is not necessary to enlarge to such an 
 audience as this upon the vast number 
 of trades called upon in this varied and 
 extensive duty. Peculiar to itself, of 
 course, were the shipwrights, yet it, too, 
 
 had carpenters, joiners, plumbers, black- 
 iiiiitns, painters, machinists, etc. The 
 next bureau is that of Ordnance, charged 
 with the construction of guns and car- 
 riages and the making of shell and bat- 
 tery accessories in its great gun shop at 
 the Washington Navy Yard, inferior to 
 none extant either in size of plant or in 
 quality of production. This bureau had. 
 at every navy yard, a certain number of 
 machinists, blacksmiths, patternmakers, 
 carpenters, etc., besides specially trained 
 ordnancemen, who had to do with the 
 handling and installing of things peculiar 
 to ordnance. The fourth bureau, that 
 of Steam Engineering, has for its do- 
 main the propelling machinery of vessels. 
 \\ ith its variety of shops at each yard it, 
 too, had carpenters, joiners, pattern- 
 makers, a foundry and blacksmith shop, 
 machinists, painters, etc. The last is the 
 Bureau of Equipment, which deals with 
 many of the matters which go to the fit- 
 ting out of ships, particularly the elec- 
 tric installation, so that it, too, had at 
 the yard its own machine shops and 
 foundry, its machinists, patternmakers, 
 blacksmiths, carpenters, joiners, etc. 
 
 It thus appears that there was a great 
 multiplication of plant and in many 
 cases as many shops of one kind as there 
 were bureaus. For example, at New 
 York, we had five carpenter shops, five 
 joiner shops, five blacksmith shops, five 
 machine shops, five paint shops, etc., re- 
 quiring an adequate staff at each to di- 
 rect its operations. It was held by those 
 who favored this plan that, as each 
 bureau was responsible for the proper 
 expenditure of its appropriation, it must 
 exercise complete control of the neces- 
 sary plant and personnel. The logic of 
 this induction is open to question. Such 
 a scheme does not exist, so far as I am 
 aware, in any private industrial estab- 
 lishment. I am not alone in believing 
 that, if such were the case, the corpora- 
 tion, when sought for, would be found 
 in the hands of a receiver, and that it is 
 due to the taxpayers of this country that 
 the Government work should be con- 
 ducted with the utmost economy. 
 
 In one respect, this last remark is sub- 
 ject to qualification. The navy yards are 
 simply the instrumentality by which the 
 fleet is kept in good order. For this 
 
THE NAVY FROM THE BUSINESS STANDPOINT 
 
 947 
 
 reason their plants must be extensive 
 enough to meet the demands of a sudden 
 emergency, which is but another way of 
 saying that frequently many tools lie idle 
 waiting for a call, and that for pure mili- 
 tary reasons navy yards cannot compete 
 with concerns which depend for financial 
 success upon running as much as is hu- 
 manly possible at full blast. 
 
 The condition I have briefly sketched 
 was extremely repugnant to Mr. New- 
 berry, who, as a manufacturer of large 
 experience, could not approve a mani- 
 festly and unpardonably wasteful sys- 
 tem. To put things on a better basis, he 
 exercised his wide powers with a moral 
 courage which should command uni- 
 versal admiration, and directed that 
 shops of the same nature should be con- 
 solidated, and the whole mechanical work 
 at the yards concentrated in a manufac- 
 turing department under one head, sub- 
 ject, of course, to the general and mili- 
 tary control of the commandant, who is, 
 as he ought to be, the representative on 
 the spot of the Secretary of the Navy 
 and the several bureau chiefs. This was 
 taken in the face of the most powerful 
 opposition. For example, the local poli- 
 ticians, however strenuous for economy 
 elsewhere, could not but clamor for large 
 disbursements in their own districts. 
 Furthermore, the move diminished the 
 prestige of the bureau chiefs, and, by 
 eliminating many sinecures and by in- 
 stituting keen competition side by side 
 among employees of the same trade, with 
 retention in slack times as the reward 
 for the greatest skill and industry, the 
 volume of discontent was notably in- 
 creased. 
 
 The saving to the Government, or, 
 better said, to the people, is as yet solely 
 a matter of estimate. The new plan has 
 been in operation too short a time - to 
 yield the figures necessary to a fair com- 
 parison. The gain in rapidity of work 
 is self-evident. Where several sets of 
 men, working independently, were for- 
 merly employed on parts of the same 
 general job, often having to wait for 
 each other to get out of the way, one 
 central direction keeps only those men 
 busy for whom there are space, time and 
 material. 
 
 It would, I am confident, be quite 
 
 within the bounds of moderation to hope 
 that the new order will give the navy a 
 new battleship each year without calling 
 for special appropriations. 
 
 The new administration at Washing- 
 ton is known to be determined to reduce 
 its budget to the lowest practical figure 
 and to Hold its officials to a rigid econ- 
 omy. Its attitude toward the economics 
 of the navy is shown in selecting, as Mr. 
 Newberry's successor, a gentle man 
 skilled in affairs, who has demonstrated 
 his value in every post to which he has 
 hitherto been summoned. At present he 
 is wisely keeping his judgment in sus- 
 pense, in order to be guided by facts and 
 net by fancies. If navy yard reorganiza- 
 tion cannot prove its worth by the event, 
 then a return to the old regime will be 
 in order. Personally, I have no doubt 
 that, while making such changes in de- 
 tails as time shall show to be necessary, 
 Mr. Meyer will be glad to adopt the 
 present system in its broad outlines and 
 to add to it features drawn from his own 
 experience. In this heavy and impor- 
 tant task I beg that he have the hearty 
 support of such associations as yours, 
 which do not begrudge so essential a 
 branch of the Government as the navy 
 the most liberal appropriations, but which 
 deprecate the spending of a dollar except 
 for full value received. 
 
 To fulfill my promise at the beginning 
 of these remarks, I should invite your 
 attention to the fact that the navy has to 
 bear the blame for the spending of large 
 sums of money from which it derives no 
 benefit. The eight hour day, the grant- 
 ing of leave with pay for fifteen days a 
 year to workmen, and Saturday half 
 holidays on pay, calculated to cost hun- 
 dreds of thousands of dollars annually, 
 comprise a weighty handicap in the race 
 with outsiders. If we also refer in 
 bated breath to the navy yards and 
 shore stations which in a business way 
 are wholly unnecessary, we shall per- 
 ceive abundant reason for saying that 
 when the business men of this land in- 
 sist upon having a naval establishment 
 conducted on business principles, the 
 navy, the real navy, will be relieved of 
 the reproach sometimes urged, that it 
 makes an extravaeant and indefensible 
 drain npcn the public purse. 
 
 BROOKLYN NAVY YAKI>. 
 
The Outlook in Turkey 
 
 BY GEORGE WASHBURN, D.D., LL D. 
 
 [This srticje, written the day before the deposition of the Sultan, gives an inside view 
 of the Turkish situation in the present crisis. Dr. Washburn, as our readers will remember, 
 was president of Robert College, Constantinople, from 1877 to 1903 and is one of the 
 world's recognized authorities on the politics of Southeastern Europe. EDITOR.] 
 
 THE Turkish mind does not work as 
 ours and it is very difficult, even 
 for one who has lived in Con- 
 stantinople for fifty years in close rela- 
 
 MEHEMMED RECHAD EFFENDI 
 
 (MOHAMMED V), 
 The new Sultan of Turkey. 
 
 tions with the people, to predict from 
 one day to another what is likely to hap- 
 pen. It is generally the unexpected 
 which happens. The bloodless revolution 
 of last July was unique in the history of 
 Turkey or of the world. The counter- 
 revolution of April 1 3th was equally 
 surprising, and nothing could have been 
 more unexpected than to see a Turkish 
 army once more besieging and capturing 
 Constantinople, while the population 
 turned out to see the battles as Ameri- 
 cans would go to see a football game, 
 while in another part of the Empire thou- 
 sands of Christians were being mas- 
 
 948 
 
 sacred in the name of the prophet and 
 this Only a few months after the people 
 of different races and religions all over 
 the Empire had been embracing one an- 
 other and rejoicing together over the 
 proclamation of an era of liberty, jus- 
 tice, equality and fraternity. 
 
 The only thing that we can do in view 
 of such anomalies is to try to under- 
 stand, from our point of view, the 
 
 ABDUL HAMID II, 
 
 The deposed Turkish Sultan. 
 
 causes of these events. We can see that 
 the revolution of last July was a revolt 
 of patriotic and enlightened Turks who 
 could no longer endure the unmitigated 
 tyranny of the Sultan and who, having 
 won over the army in Macedonia, hoped 
 to save the Empire from destruction by 
 substituting for the autocracy of the 
 
THE OUTLOOK IN TURKEY 
 
 949 
 
 Sultan a liberal constitutional govern- 
 ment. For some months it appeared to 
 the outside world that they had not only 
 carried the people with them, but that 
 the Sultan himself had been transform- 
 ed and was in sympathy with the new 
 order of things. Then like a thunderbolt 
 out of the clear sky came the counter 
 revolution of April I3th, the reaction in 
 Asia Minor and the terrible massacres 
 there and in Syria. It seemed that the 
 Sultan had regained all his power and 
 that the Young Turks had utterly failed 
 to establish any real control over the 
 Government. 
 
 It is evident that, in some measure, 
 they had failed, and that they had been 
 overconfident of their power to surmount 
 the obstacles which stood in their way. 
 The chief obstacle was the Sultan, a 
 past master in intrigue, having the sym- 
 pathy and support of all the fanatical 
 and reactionary forces and all the agents 
 who had been his partners in the plunder 
 of the Empire, surrounded by troops 
 ready to die for him, and possest of an 
 enormous private fortune, with which he 
 knew how to buy support. They could 
 not have believed in his conversion, but 
 they failed to discover his secret plot- 
 ting against them. .Until he is removed 
 
 from the scene they can never be secure. 
 Next to the Sultan himself the great- 
 est obstacle in the way of the Young 
 Turks and one which they fully appre- 
 ciated, was the work which the Sultan 
 had done in destroying the old-establish- 
 ed civil hierarchy of the Empire the 
 administration of the government by the 
 Grand Vizier, the Ministers and the of- 
 ficials appointed by and responsible to 
 them not a very perfect, but a trained 
 and established civil service. He trans- 
 ferred the authority from the Porte to 
 the Palace and gradually the officials in 
 the provinces became simply the agents 
 of the Palace Camarilla the natural en- 
 emies of anything like constitutional 
 government, and knowing no other law 
 than the orders of the Palace. When 
 the Young Turks came into power they 
 could find good men to fill the highest 
 offices in Constantinople, but it was im- 
 possible for them to replace the vast 
 army of officials in the provinces and the 
 government bureau in Constantinople by 
 trustworthy men. Even when changes 
 were made the new officials, who were 
 bound to abandon the old arbitrary meth- 
 ods, had little influence. The people 
 fancied that liberty meant the abolition 
 of all government. The Young Turks 
 
 THE OLD SULTAN TAKING A CEREMONIAL DRIVE. 
 
950 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 found themselves without tools to work 
 with. 
 
 Another obstacle in their way was the 
 foundation of an opposition party, which 
 called itself the Liberal Union and pro- 
 fessed to be more liberal and constitu- 
 tional than the Committee of Union and 
 Progress, the recognized leaders of the 
 
 Turks is the fact that many of the peo- 
 ple of Turkey of different races and re- 
 ligions, each for reasons of its own, do 
 not desire to see a strong centralized gov- 
 errment at Constantinople. The Arabs, 
 the Kurds, the Albanians, are Moslems, 
 most of them, but they have thoughts of 
 independence or autonomy, as have the 
 
 SKRASKIERAT IN CONSTANTINOPLE, 
 Where meeting took place which resulted in the proclamation of Mohammed V ;is Sultan. 
 
 Young Turks. This new party was 
 made up of a variety of elements, Mos- 
 lem and Christian, and was patronized 
 by Kiamil Pasha. It attacked the Com- 
 mittee of Union and Progress in its 
 newspapers and in Parliament with a vio- 
 lence which almost exhausted the vitu- 
 perative vocabulary of the Turkish lan- 
 guage, and it played into the hands of 
 the Sultan by so disturbing public opin- 
 ion as to make his coup de main pos- 
 sible a result which some of its mem- 
 bers could not have foreseen or desired. 
 The Greeks were especially active in 
 this party and the Levant Herald was 
 one of its organs. 
 
 A general difficulty for the Young 
 
 (Irccks, AniHMiians and Bulgarians. 
 ( hily one-fifth of the population is 
 Turkish. The Young Turks hoped to 
 conciliate all these conflicting interests by 
 a liberal, constitutional form of govern- 
 ment, where the rights of all would be 
 equally respected. At first there seemed 
 to be a general response to this promise 
 in the more important parts of the Em- 
 pire, but all the old race hatreds seem 
 to have revived in full force from Al- 
 bania to Arabia. 
 
 In view of all these obstacles to be 
 overcome we cannot but ask what hope 
 there is of the final success of the Young 
 Turks. At the time of writing it is not 
 certain what is to become of Sultan 
 
THE OUTLOOK IN TURKEY 
 
 Abdul Hamid. As long as he lives he 
 will be a source of trouble, but it may 
 be reduced to a minimum if he is shut up 
 in the palace where he held his deposed 
 brother a prisoner for twenty-five years. 
 The new Sultan can never inherit his 
 power. This obstacle out of the way, 
 I think that the outlook for a constitution- 
 al government in Turkey is still hopeful, 
 altho we may wait long before we see 
 it firmly established. We cannot ex- 
 pect the Turks to do better than we did, 
 and our record of the years from 1783 
 to 1789 is very humiliating, however 
 proud we may be of the Constitution 
 which came out of it. 
 
 The Young Turks are genuine patriots 
 with unbounded faith in their principles. 
 Many of them are men of high charac- 
 ter and great ability. They have an army 
 that can be depended upon. Their 
 march on Constantinople and overthrow 
 of the counter-revolution in eleven days 
 after its apparent triumph was a mili- 
 tary achievement as brilliant as anything 
 in Turkish history, and the discipline of 
 the army was marked in the perfect 
 security of life and property in Con- 
 stantinople. They have also succeeded 
 in organizing a Parliament which seems 
 capable of accomplishing its purposes. I 
 see the Constantinople papers and have 
 read the daily reports of the sessions 
 from the beginning. The Chamber of 
 Peputies represents all parts of the Em- 
 
 pire and all races, but the majority is 
 Turkish and a still greater majority is 
 Moslem. Among these are a large num- 
 ber of the Ulema, the religious function- 
 aries. As in all parliaments, there has 
 been too much oratory and some stormy 
 debates, but on the whole it has shown 
 a remarkable knowledge of the real 
 needs of the Empire and the nature of 
 free representative government as seen 
 thru Turkish eyes. There have been 
 frequent appeals to English and French 
 precedents and certainly an honest ef- 
 fort to put an end to the autocracy and 
 make the Parliament the real governing 
 power. It compares very favorably with 
 the parliaments of the neighboring states. 
 It is to be hoped that the party calling 
 itself Liberal Union will profit by its ex- 
 perience arid become nothing worse than 
 a loyal, parliamentary opposition party, 
 and when once the Sultan is out of the 
 way it will be possible for the Young 
 Turks to gradually organize an honest 
 and capable civil service thruout the 
 Empire and thus secure the protection of 
 life and property. It will take long to 
 restore the prosperity of the country, but 
 as it comes it will do much to put an 
 end to the more violent manifestations 
 of race hatreds. So that, notwithstanding 
 all that has happened and all the ob- 
 stacles which still remain to be over- 
 come, I am still hopeful for the future 
 and still believe in the Young Turks. 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
E= 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 by EDWIN . SLOSSON 
 
 WHEN Dean Berkeley, disgusted 
 at an age and clime barren of 
 every glorious theme, set out for 
 the new world to found the university 
 which should inaugurate the Golden 
 Age, he had fixed upon Bermuda as its 
 site, apparently because its sunshine, 
 beauty and tropical luxuriance attracted 
 his imagination. Finding his dream, for 
 which he had sacrificed his fortune, was 
 impracticable, he did the next best thing, 
 which, as often happens, proved to be 
 very much better. He helped along other 
 colleges. He had much- to do with the 
 founding of Columbia and the University 
 of Pennsylvania, but Yale was his favor- 
 ite. To it he gave his library and his 
 land, and the roll of the Berkeleyan schol- 
 arship at Yale bears the names of twelve 
 college presidents. 
 
 As the course of empire took its way 
 westward it bore with it Berkeley's in- 
 fluence, and, what is unusual, his name. 
 
 On the hills overlooking the Golden 
 Gate, where climate and scenery are most 
 like those he had desired for his Utopian 
 university, the College of California was 
 founded by Yale men whose ideals he 
 had helped' to form and who hoped that 
 here his prophecy would find its nearest 
 fulfilment. 
 
 Great individuals are apt to be the 
 offspring of mixed parentage. So are 
 great institutions. The University of 
 California derives its origin from the 
 union of a new England classical relig- 
 ious college and a Morrill Act school of 
 agriculture and mechanic arts. It takes 
 after both sides of the house, according 
 to Galton's law. This combination of 
 qualities that are quite diverse and of- 
 ten antagonistic gives the institution a 
 unique attractiveness. I know of no 
 other university which cultivates both 
 mechanics and metaphysics with such 
 equal success, or which looks so far 
 
 GREAT AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES. This is the fifth of a series of articles on the present 
 condition and future prospects of the larger universities of the United States by one of the 
 editors of THE INDEPENDENT. The dates of publication of these articles are as follows : 
 
 1 Harvard University Jan. 7th, 1909 8 
 
 2 Yale University Feb. 4th, 1909 9 
 
 3 Princeton University March 4th, 1909 10 
 
 4 Stanford University April ist, 1909 n 
 
 5 University of California May 6th, 1909 12 
 
 6 University of Michigan May 27th, 1909 13 
 
 7 University of Wisconsin July ist, 1909 14 
 
 952 
 
 University of Minnesota. . . .Aug. 5th, 1909 
 
 University of Illinois Sept. 2d, 1909 
 
 Cornell University .Oct. 7th, 1909 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. Nov. 4th, 1909 
 Johns Hopkins University. . .Dec. 2d, 1909 
 
 University of Chicago Jan. 6th, 1910 
 
 Columbia University Feb. 3d, 1910 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 953 
 
 into space, and, at the same time, 
 comes so close to the lives of the 
 people; or which excavates the tombs of 
 the Pharaohs and Incas while it is invent- 
 ing new plants for the agriculture of the 
 future. 
 It must not be assumed that this happy 
 
 so violent in the early years of the union 
 that the friends of both parties urged a 
 divorce, and if it had not been for the 
 legal impediments it would have been 
 accomplished. Those who are interested 
 in the history of the strife, which indeed 
 is not uninstructive, may find abundant 
 
 BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, 
 President of the University of California. 
 
 marriage of dissimilar colleges was ef- material in the reports of legislative in- 
 fected without trouble. Quarrels were vestigation committees, and the crossfire 
 
954 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 of pamphlets, petitions and speeches. 
 Some hint of it may be derived from 
 reading an editorial in the Atlantic 
 Monthly for July, 1874, which deplores 
 the 
 
 "bold effort made openly and persistently by 
 farmers' granges .... that blacksmithiiv; 
 
 and carpentry as well as plowing should b: 
 
 "Fo 
 averted." 
 
 taught." "Fortunately the danger has been 
 
 "Many persons wonder why the friends of 
 the University of California prefer State aid 
 plus State interference, rather than private 
 generosity minus State interference." 
 
 The University of California chose 
 the better part, that is, both. In accept- 
 ing State aid it has not forfeited private 
 generosity, and, on the whole, it has not 
 suffered more from State interference 
 than rival institutions have from patron- 
 istic interference. Fortunately, the 
 danger referred to was not averted. I 
 wish that the writer of the Atlantic edi- 
 torial could have been with me when I 
 went thru the new granite palace 
 constructed by private generosity at a 
 cost of $800,000, the Hearst Memorial 
 Mining Building, and saw in it a 
 room filled with models of timbering 
 and another with forges and anvils. 
 "A mining engineer would lose the re- 
 spect of his men," said Professor Christy 
 to me, "if he could not sharpen and tem- 
 per a drill as well as any of them." That 
 reminded me of another significant re- 
 mark coming from the University of Cal- 
 ifornia. In the early days of agricultural 
 research, which were not many years 
 ago either, Professor Hilgard was under 
 
 THE GREEK 
 
 fire in some convention because he ad- 
 vocated the usefulness of soil analysis 
 which he was one of the first to employ. 
 '"Why," exclaimed one of his critics, "a 
 farmer can pick up a lump of earth' and 
 by squeezing it and smelling of it tell 
 more about what it will grow than an 
 agricultural chemist can find out with 
 his test tubes." "Possibly," retorted 
 Professor Hilgard, "but is a man 
 entitled to be called an agricultural chem- 
 ist if he cannot tell at least as much about 
 a lump of earth by squeezing and smell- 
 ing as any farmer can?" 
 
 In 1877, ten years before the Hatch 
 Act had established experiment stations 
 in all the other States, Professor Hilgard 
 reported the beginning of the scientific 
 development of the agricultural resources 
 of California. If the millions that the 
 Government has paid out for such in- 
 vestigations had all been as wisely spent 
 as his first appropriation of $250, the 
 United States would have been many 
 times richer than it is. All of the im- 
 portant lines of work that have been de- 
 veloped since are represented in this re- 
 port of nearly a generation ago, lectures, 
 institutes, correspondence, experimental 
 farms, seed introduction and analysis of 
 water, fertilizers, alkali and soils, the 
 last including a feature whose value the 
 world was slow to recognize, the physi- 
 cal analysis according to the size of the 
 soil particles. Last year the agricultural 
 department published 70,000,000 pages of 
 literature for the instruction of the 
 farmers of the State and wrote 15,000 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 955 
 
 THEATER. 
 
 personal letters in answer to their inquir- 
 ies. 
 
 Looking back on the fight of forty 
 years ago we can see that both parties 
 were right in their fundamental con'en- 
 tions, and we can rejoice that both have 
 succeeded in realizing their aims, with a 
 completeness that they could not antici- 
 pate, in the present University of Cali- 
 fornia. The classical party had reason to 
 charge the grangers with being preju- 
 diced against literary studies and narrow 
 in their ideas of education. On the other 
 hand, the grangers were right in insist- 
 ing that the State ought to provide a 
 different kind of training from either the 
 old-fashioned college or sort of agricul- 
 tural college which had been conceded 
 to them. They refused to be satisfied 
 with an agricultural education which 
 took agriculturists and turned them into 
 teachers and lawyers and clerks, which 
 lowered the standing of the occupation 
 it was intended to elevate by continu- 
 ally drawing the brightest boys from the 
 farms and preparing them for the city. 
 
 An indignant member of the Board of 
 Regents in a hearing before an investiga- 
 ting committee of the Legislature at that 
 time demanded of his agricultural op- 
 ponents "Do you wish us to teach your 
 sons to plow and harrow, to peg shoes or 
 set up steam engines?" 
 
 This has been answered, as rhetorical 
 questions are apt to be, in a way unan- 
 ticipated by the querist. I* do not find 
 any Professor of Shoe-pegging in the 
 faculty list, tho possibly that subject is 
 
 taught in the affiliated Wilmerding 
 School of Industrial Arts, but the stu- 
 dents not only set up steam-engines, but 
 design and make them, and a 75o-acre 
 farm has recently been purchased at 
 Davis in order to give them a chance to 
 plow and harrow. 
 
 So much for the junior partner of the 
 firm, the Morrill Act college of agricul- 
 ture and mechanic arts. How about the 
 senior partner, the College of California, 
 whose prestige and property were gener- 
 ously, tho with many misgivings, turned 
 over to the State in 1869. Fearful, and 
 not without reasons, lest the College they 
 had labored so hard to create should be 
 swamped in a polytechnic institution of 
 low grade the authorities of the College 
 had it stipulated in the charter that their 
 classical course should be taken over and 
 maintained unbroken as the "College of 
 Letters" of the new State university. 
 Theymeglected, however, to provide any 
 legal assurance that the supply of stu- 
 dents for that course should be kept up. 
 If the University should cease to give 
 courses in Latin and Greek leading to the 
 degree of A.B. it would be in danger of 
 forfeiting its site on the Berkeleyan hills, 
 now immensely valuable, but what would 
 happen if there should be no candidates 
 for the A.B. degree not even a lawyer 
 can tell. Of such a catastrophe there is 
 no danger altho the number of classical 
 students is falling off both relatively and 
 absolutely. The College of Letters in 
 1900-1 had 13.55 P er cent - f the under- 
 graduate body ; in 1907-8 it had 5.05 per 
 
956 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 cent. The explanation commonly given me, 
 that "the boys are being crowded out by 
 the girls," will not apply here, if it does 
 anywhere, for the classical departments 
 are losing girls faster than they are los- 
 ing boys. In the five years 1903-4 et seq. 
 the number of classical young men fell 
 off 42 per cent, and the number of young 
 women 44 per cent. And since in Har- 
 vard, Yale and Princeton a similar fall- 
 ing off among the Greeks is observable 
 in spite of vigorous efforts to check it, 
 I think it would be just as well if the 
 classicists should lay aside the argu- 
 ment of feminine encroachment to be 
 used only in emergencies, and direct their 
 attention to the more real causes of the 
 decline, with a view to finding out how 
 they can extend the influence of the 
 thought and spirit of ancient Greece to 
 a generation which has an unconquerable 
 aversion toward its language. 
 
 The course of empire cannot be check- 
 ed or diverted by faculty action. In the 
 latest presidential report I see that Pro- 
 fessor Ferguson had 10 students in the 
 History of Athenian Democracy, while 
 Professor Moses had 44 in Latin-Ameri- 
 can History. Professor Allen's class in 
 the Iliad numbered 31 ; Professor Fryer's 
 in the Chinese Language numbered 54. 
 Ten students were beginning Thucydides 
 under Dr. Linforth and fifteen were be- 
 ginning Japanese under Mr. Kuno. The 
 class in Sanskrit was small, four stu- 
 dents, only one more than in Herodotus, 
 but a boom in Sanskrit may be expected 
 when Pacific transportation improves. 
 
 The University of California has thus 
 inherited only the good traits of both 
 parents, and eliminated their bad ones. 
 It has escaped from the bonds of the tra- 
 ditional curriculum which some would 
 have imposed upon it and has found 
 outside a larger humanism than they 
 dreamed of. It has become something 
 far different from the congeries of trade 
 schools, which others wanted, and has 
 developed new forms of vocational 
 training, both more practical and more 
 theoretical than they thought possible. 
 The majority of the undergraduates are 
 now in neither the classical nor vocational 
 groups, but in the social science courses 
 leading to the degree of B. L., and in the 
 natural science courses leading to B. S. 
 Both these colleges remain rather stable 
 
 in proportional size, the former compris- 
 ing about 42 per cent, of the undergrad- 
 uate body and the latter about 8.5 per 
 cent. This large middle class keeps the 
 institution from separating into two 
 camps as at Yale. Then at the head of 
 this whole university of sixteen colleges 
 there is a philologist who has outgrown 
 philology, who has done his share of 
 root digging, but has not been made 
 near-sighted by it, who is "Greek mind- 
 ed" in the true sense of the word, not 
 merely because he knows more than the 
 ancient Greeks did about their language, 
 but because he is a man of the world and 
 a politician (also in the true sense of 
 the word). The fact that he was two 
 years ago asked to become president of 
 the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 
 ogy, which has nothing Greek about it 
 except its name, is not only a compli- 
 ment to him, but an indication of a bet- 
 ter feeling than used to prevail between 
 the rival educational movements. 
 
 At the University of California I 
 found several things that seemed to me 
 signs of a coming together of the right 
 and left wings of the faculty. In me- 
 chanical, mining, civil and chemical en- 
 gineering courses of four as well as five 
 years are given, requiring, respectively, 
 144 and 1 60 units of work, the extension 
 of time being made to permit the inclu- 
 sion of more cultural studies. It shows 
 how little importance is nowadays at- 
 tached to degrees, that the same degree. 
 B. S., is given for five as for four years' 
 work. Professor Gayley repeats his in- 
 spiring course on the great books of the 
 world for the benefit of the engineering 
 students. The Greek department does 
 not disdain to let some light shine upon 
 the barbarians. Dr. Linforth gives a 
 popular course on Greek literature in 
 translation, as Professor Murray does at 
 Stanford. 
 
 It seemed to me that there was in the 
 University of California more unity than 
 was to be expected in so large, complex 
 and diversified an institution, that there 
 was in the faculty an unusual degree of 
 harmony, or at least of mutual compre- 
 hension and respect for each other's 
 ideals. I may be altogether wrong in 
 this, for such chance impressions are 
 unreliable, but I hope I am not, and I 
 have sufficient confidence in its correct- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 957 
 
 ness to suggest two possible causes of it, 
 two factors which have always been 
 rather prominent in California, but con- 
 spicuously lacking in most State uni- 
 versities. I refer to the artistic and to 
 the philosophical tendencies of the insti- 
 tution. The former chiefly find ex- 
 pression now in the musical and dra- 
 matic activities connected with the 
 Greek theater, and in the architectural 
 scheme of the campus. As an indica- 
 tion of the literary impulse it is suffi- 
 
 stead of securing him an appointment, 
 and if they had been handed in as Sopho- 
 more themes they would have come back 
 marked "D minus" on account of their 
 numerous barbarisms, solecisms and im- 
 proprieties. 
 
 For the philosophical impulse the uni- 
 versity owes much to Prof. Joseph Le 
 Conte, one of the original faculty, occu- 
 pying the settee of "Geology, Natural 
 History and Botany." His devotion to 
 his specialty, geology, did not prevent 
 
 SENIOR SEAT, NORTH HALL. 
 
 cient to say that in 1870 Bret Harte 
 was elected "Professor of Recent Liter- 
 ature and Curator of the Library and 
 Museum" at the highest salary paid, on 
 the strength of having written "The 
 Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The 
 Heathen Chinee." He did not accept, 
 preferring New York and London. One 
 wonders what effect it would have had 
 on his work if he had. I mention it 
 merely because the production of these 
 two little masterpieces would have de- 
 barred him from most universities in- 
 
 him from considering the human and 
 popular aspects of the science. He 
 frankly championed the cause of Dar- 
 winism when that was perilous to a pro- 
 fessor, but instead of meeting intoler- 
 ance with contempt he provided in his 
 "Evolution and Religious Thought" a 
 modus vivendi very much needed in this 
 great crisis of the nineteenth century. 
 
 There are two organizations of in- 
 structors and advanced students in the 
 university devoted to the discussion of 
 philosophical questions, and this year 
 
958 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 they have practically exchanged sub- 
 jects. The Philosophical Union, com- 
 posed chiefly of professional philoso- 
 phers and humanists, is taking up the 
 sciences, and in successive meetings 
 calling before it representatives of 
 each science to explain its fundamental 
 concepts. The Kosmos Club, largely 
 men of science, is devoting the year to 
 the study of pragmatism, which, if not a 
 philosophy, is nearer to being one than 
 any that scientists have hitherto been 
 willing to accept. 
 
 President Jordan says "the pressure 
 
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 of higher education to the square inch 
 is greater in California than in any 
 other State." Perhaps the unit is 
 wrongly chosen, for California is a 
 large State, but otherwise the state- 
 ment is probably correct. The same, 
 might be said of literary activity. I un- 
 derstand that the offer of a prize by a 
 New York magazine for the best story 
 brings more manuscripts from California 
 than from any other State, even Indiana. 
 
 If California is to live up to its scen- 
 ery and its climate it must develop its 
 own characteristic art form, adapted to a 
 new environment. We should expect it 
 to be something grandiose and spectacu- 
 lar, a larger and more comprehensive 
 combination of all the fine arts. It seem? 
 to me that California is most likely to 
 produce a school of open-air dramatists. 
 The sunlight has recently come into our 
 paintings, but it is still shut out of the 
 theater. This art would, I imagine, be 
 a development of the pageant in which 
 the poet and the musician and the col- 
 orist would have a better opportunity for 
 the display of their powers than ever be- 
 fore, but the choragus would be greater 
 than them all. It would be suited to the 
 Western spirit, for it would be a more 
 democratic form of art than any we 
 have now in a double sense, for it could 
 be seen, heard and comprehended by 
 more persons, and in the performance 
 masses of people would play the parts 
 formerly assigned to individuals, to gods 
 first, heroes next and stars now. 
 
 The development of the "High Jinks," 
 of one of the San Francisco clubs, into an 
 open-air opera, with the mountains and 
 sky for backdrop, giant redwoods and 
 granite rocks for properties, and all out- 
 doors for spectacular effects, is an indi- 
 cation of the direction of the Californian 
 artistic impulse. At the University there 
 are many manifestations of the same 
 tendency. The annual pa jama parade 
 is sloughing off its vulgarity and be- 
 coming more elaborate year by year, 
 without losing its carnival spirit. In 
 the student plays at the Greek theater 
 the chief feature has come to be the 
 "mob," and this is drilled with the great- 
 est care and costumed without regard to 
 expense. The enthusiasm and effective- 
 ness shown by the students who form 
 this mob or chorus suggest that it has 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 959 
 
 been a mistake to leave to mercenary 
 "supes" so important a part. When the 
 first Sanskrit play seen in America was 
 produced here the students at their own 
 initiative brought up an elephant from 
 San Francisco, to walk twice across the 
 stage of the Greek theater in the pro- 
 
 10 
 
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 I90t 
 
 TOTAL. LETTERS AND SCIENCE. 
 
 ~ MED. DENT. ANDPHARM. ENGINEERING. 
 
 LAW. GRADUATE. 
 
 4&R. AND COM V SUMMER SESSION. 
 
 THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN THE UW- 
 VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FOR THE LAST 
 TWENTY YEARS. 
 
 cession. This year Professor Van Dyke's 
 poetical drama, ''The House of Rim- 
 mon," was staged with like elaborate- 
 ness, under the direction of a professor 
 who had studied Assyriology in Berlin 
 and taken his advanced work in Semitics 
 in an Arabian tent. It might have been 
 expected that the Princeton boys would 
 have been the first to bring out "The 
 House of Rimmon," but the Triangle 
 Club prefers comic operas like "The 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS AT THE UNI- 
 VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1907-08. 
 
 Duchess of Bluffshire" as better fitted to 
 their tastes and talents. 
 
 In all the universities I visited there 
 is a strong dramatic movement, but in 
 no other does it take so wide a range in 
 time and space as at the University of 
 California. Here is the record of the 
 student activities in the last year or two : 
 "The Little Clay Cart," a Sanskrit 
 drama ; Aeschylus's "Eumenides" ; 
 "Samson," a spectacular Biblical play; 
 "Abraham and Isaac," a fourteenth cen- 
 tury mystery; "Thersites," a sixteenth 
 century drama; ''The Merry Wives of 
 Windsor"; Ben Jonson's "Hue and Cry 
 after Cupid"; Pinero's "Trelawney of 
 the Wells"; the Junior farce and the 
 Senior extravaganza ; not to specify the 
 plays given by the German, French and 
 Spanish clubs. 
 
 The women students take an active 
 part in university dramatics, both as 
 authors and actors. The Junior farce 
 and part of the Senior extravaganza 
 mentioned above were contributed by 
 women in open competition. The co- 
 educational universities have in this field 
 a great advantage over institutions like 
 Princeton, Pennsylvania and Yale. The 
 Yale Dramatic Association, for exam- 
 ple, is ambitious and conscientious, but 
 cannot hope to achieve artistic success 
 so long as it is hampered by the conven- 
 tions of the Elizabethan and Japanese 
 stage. Boys may do very well in such 
 roles as Rosalind and Viola, but to at- 
 
960 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 tempt the impersonation of the modern 
 women of Ibsen, Pinero and Shaw puts 
 too much of a strain upon their histrionic 
 genius. The marvel is not that they 
 do it well, but that they can do it at 
 all. The action of the Harvard Dra- 
 matic Club this year in introducing Rad- 
 cliffe students into their plays shows a 
 commendable disposition to break with 
 traditionalism. 
 
 The building of the Greek theater has 
 done much to promote the musical and 
 dramatic interests of the University of 
 California. It is the largest of its kind 
 in the world, seating seven or eight thou- 
 sand, every one of whom can see and 
 hear perfectly. What this means can be 
 appreciated by those universities which 
 have auditoriums of inadequate size 
 or of impossible audition on account of 
 the echo. The Greek theater is built of 
 concrete, at a cost of $50,000, the gift 
 of William Randolph Hearst. It is lo- 
 cated in a wooded, semicircular dell, 
 reached by a steep and winding path, 
 and is most effective at night, when the 
 scena is lighted by the reflected glow of 
 the electrics, the tall, dark trees rise 
 around like pillars supporting a lofty 
 dark blue dome. But sometimes the 
 roof leaks. 
 
 Once a year interclass games are held 
 in the classical style. Each of the four 
 men who represent a class contest in all 
 events, running, jumping and throwing, 
 and the prize is a laurel wreath. This 
 is good so far as it goes, but it is too 
 purely imitative. What we need in art 
 and athletics is a renaissance,, not a re- 
 vival. I suggested last month that the 
 love of the beautiful and the love of the 
 strong .which in this age of specialization 
 are rarely cultivated together, might be 
 united, especially in California, in some 
 new form of out-door sport which should 
 be both spectacular and competitive. I 
 was convinced of the need of such a rev- 
 olution when I went into the Harmon 
 gymnasium and saw several hundred 
 young men, standing as closely as pos- 
 sible m a hot, steamy, sweaty, carbona'ted 
 atmosphere, simultaneously going thru 
 a long series of muscular exercises, right 
 biceps contracted so many times, left 
 ditto, right sartorius flexed, etc., etc., 
 monotonous, mechanical, stupefying 
 drudgery, when just out of doors were 
 
 hills and plains bathed in California sun- 
 light and swept by Pacific winds. No 
 doubt the system of muscular exercises 
 was ingeniously devised to bring into 
 use in due turn every one of the four 
 hundred, but I know that most of them 
 are employed in a quick climb up to the 
 big C on the crest of the hill. I tried it. 
 
 California, isolated from the other 
 States, can control its own athletic pol- 
 icy, and the two universities by mutual 
 agreement have adopted the Rugby form 
 of football in place of the American 
 game. There is great diversity of opin- 
 ion as to the respective merits of the 
 two games. The students of Stanford 
 are now quite reconciled to the change. 
 The students of the State University 
 would prefer the old football. Perhaps 
 the fact that Stanford has usually beaten 
 the State University may have something 
 to do with the feeling. The Stanford 
 boys have beaten the British at their own 
 game, holding the championship of the 
 Pacific Coast by defeating the Vancou- 
 ver fifteen, and they are now ambitious 
 to compete with England and Australia. 
 The Rugby is a more open and spectacu- 
 lar game, using a wider field and giving 
 more chance for individual initiative, but 
 it has little advantage in respect to 
 roughness. Injuries are just about as 
 frequent as in the old game, but are less 
 apt to be serious. 
 
 Military drill is required of all male 
 students in the Freshman and Sopho- 
 more years at the University of Califor- 
 nia, as at all State universities which re- 
 ceive the national grants. About the 
 value of this opinions also vary. The 
 anti-militarists object to it, of course, on 
 principle, others think it takes up too 
 much time and attention with little ben- 
 efit to the student or advantage as a 
 training for martial service. But, on 
 the other hand, it gives an out-door 
 physical exercise, tho not of the best 
 kind, and the two years' training in 
 spruceness, conformity and swift obedi- 
 ence is good for the somewhat crude and 
 undisciplined material received by the 
 State universities. More important yet, 
 perhaps it strengthens the feeling of obli- 
 gation, of duty owed to the community, 
 which is the most striking difference in 
 the atmosphere of the State and endowed 
 universities. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 961 
 
 In California it has another advantage 
 in bringing together, shoulder to shoul- 
 der, students of many different nationali- 
 ties. On the parade ground I saw a Jap- 
 anese putting another of the same race 
 thru the manual of arms, and I took a 
 snapshot of four Chinese cadets who may 
 in the future ta'ke an important part in 
 the regeneration of their country. I 
 was told a pleasant incident of a Chinese 
 student who had risen to the rank of 
 lieutenant, altho he was afterward re- 
 duced for some trivial mistake. One 
 day as he was drilling his company of 
 American cadets he had a visit from his 
 family, his mother in full Oriental cos- 
 tume of embroidered silk and his two 
 sisters in fashionable American attire. 
 Without any embarrassment or affecta- 
 tion he gave his company "place rest" 
 while he turned away to pay his respects 
 to his mother and greet his sisters, and 
 then returned to his drilling. At Har- 
 vard a young instructor told me that it 
 was a great mistake to let the Chinese 
 come to the university, that we were giv- 
 ing them arms to use against us. I. did 
 not hear such sentiments in the Uni- 
 versity- of California or in Stanford, tho 
 no doubt I might have. Considering the 
 intensity of race prejudice on the Coast, 
 it seems to me rather remarkable that 
 the two universities should show com- 
 paratively little of it. Anti-Sinicism does 
 not appear to be any stronger in the Cal- 
 ifornian universities than anti-Semitism 
 in Princeton, Pennsylvania and Colum- 
 bia. It is an indication of good feeling 
 that a Japanese millionaire, the potato 
 king of California, recently sent in a 
 check to pay for fitting up a room 
 in the students' infirmary. There were 
 registered last year in the University of 
 California ten students from China, as 
 many from Japan and fourteen from 
 India. 
 
 I do not mean to convey the impres- 
 sion that there is no prejudice against 
 Asiatics in the University. Intolerance 
 is the common failing of young people 
 everywhere, and the Californian stu- 
 dents are not free from this form of it. 
 It has even given rise to disorders on the 
 campus. The Asiatics are contemptu- 
 .ously referred to as "Skibbies," and are 
 subjected to various slights which will 
 not give them a favorable opinion of 
 
 American standards of democracy and 
 equality. There is a Cosmopolitan Club 
 at Stanford, but none at the State uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The treatment they receive from both 
 their instructors and their fellow-stu- 
 dents is, on the whole, better than might 
 be expected under the circumstances. 
 Every effort should be made to keep the 
 University free from racial discrimina- 
 tion and antagonism, for its future very 
 largely depends upon close relations with 
 Asia. Here will be found the commer- 
 cial, industrial and educational opportu- 
 nities for usefulness and profit, and the 
 University of California is in the best 
 position to take part in it, to buckle the 
 belt of civilized nations around the globe. 
 If, by any untoward event, it should lose 
 its hold on the East or the West, the duty 
 would fall on other universities. As the 
 universities most likely to become for- 
 midable competitors of California in this 
 new field I would suggest Chicago, Har- 
 vard, Cornell and Illinois. 
 
 But it is misleading to speak of "com- 
 petition" between universities when they 
 are merely rivals for a nominal or nu- 
 merical priority. As well say that two 
 fishermen are competing when they are 
 angling from the same dock. There are 
 just as good fish in the sea as ever were 
 caught, and plenty of them. The best 
 instance of this is California. No other 
 State offers such opportunities for high- 
 er education, two first-class universities 
 open to both sexes without any tuition 
 fee. It is no wonder that the friends 
 of the State University felt some appre- 
 hension of the effect of the founding of 
 Stanford. Here was a limited field, for 
 it is hard to draw students westward, 
 even from Detroit to Ann Arbor, from 
 Omaha to Lincoln, or from Kansas City 
 to Lawrence. Here was a university, re- 
 ceiving insufficient support from the 
 State, forced to do much work of high- 
 school grade, having only a few hundred 
 students, with its buildings getting old 
 and shabby and little prospect of getting 
 better ones. Query, what would be the 
 effect of opening within thirty-five miles 
 of it another free university with new 
 and beautiful buildings and an endow- 
 ment of unprecedented magnitude? 
 Whatever the effect may have been, the 
 University of California has now four 
 
962 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 times as many students, and of higher 
 grade; it is well supported by the State, 
 and receives generous gifts from private 
 sources and has started on a more ambi- 
 tious building program than any other 
 university in the country. It would be 
 absurd to say that this is altogether due 
 to Stanford. The university would in any 
 case have grown and prospered, as all 
 the other State universities have done. 
 But it is safe to say that its normal 
 growth and prosperity have been very 
 materially accelerated by the presence of 
 its so-called rival, and that in no respect 
 has it been injured or impeded. 
 
 The University of California has had 
 a hard struggle to provide room and in- 
 structors for the students who have 
 crowded to it in such rapidly increasing 
 numbers. The end of the struggle is not 
 yet in sight. An additional building af- 
 fords no more relief than another sub- 
 way in New York. The new architec- 
 tural scheme is designed to accommodate 
 five thousand students, but there are 
 likely to be ten thousand before it is 
 completed. The old buildings cannot be 
 torn down, as the new ones are put up, 
 for they are as indispensable as before. 
 The chemistry building, for example, 
 proliferates in vain; the added cells are 
 at once filled to overflowing. The old 
 carved black-walnut desks are still in use 
 and new desks are put around the open 
 court between the buildings, not a bad 
 arrangement in a mild climate, and in a 
 study where draftiness is good for the 
 health. The instructors are as over- 
 worked as laboratories are overcrowded. 
 One man, with a part-time assistant, has 
 charge of sixty students in quantitative 
 analysis. 
 
 Like Stanford and the State universi- 
 ties in general, the University of Califor- 
 nia places little dependence upon en- 
 trance examinations, but admits by cer- 
 tificates from accredited schools. Only 
 about eight students a year are admitted 
 wholly by examination. At the end of 
 the half year students who have failed 
 to make satisfactory grades in half their 
 work are "flunked out." There are now 
 147 secondary schools on the accredited 
 list, and they are judged as factories are 
 judged, by the character of their prod- 
 uct. The average grade of the first 
 term's work of entering students for a 
 
 series of years serves as a basis of com- 
 parison for the different preparatory 
 schools. Tested in this way the private 
 schools, which supply about n per cent, 
 of the total number of students, make a 
 very poor showing compared with the 
 public schools. For the last seven years 
 the percentage of students from the pub- 
 lic high schools doing work of first and 
 second grades there are five grades 
 was 51.52, while the corresponding per- 
 centage for the private schools was 
 37.83. Of the students from the public 
 schools, 13.84 per cent, failed in their 
 first term's work. Of the students from 
 the private schools, 25.07 per cent, fail- 
 ed. The records of examination and 
 class work in Harvard, Yale, Princeton 
 and Pennsylvania show that the same is 
 true in the East, where the private 
 schools have been long established and 
 held in high esteem. Since there are 
 so many conspicuous examples of gov- 
 ernmental inefficiency and wastefulness 
 it is worth while calling attention to the 
 fact that in the field of secondary edu- 
 cation public management has proved to 
 be more efficient and economical than 
 private enterprise. It is sometimes 
 argued in behalf of the private schools 
 that they receive an inferior grade of 
 material and therefore are not able to 
 turn out so good a product in spite of 
 greater expenditure per individual an:l 
 more personal attention. I do not know 
 how much weight to give this plea, but 
 whatever the cause it is evident that a 
 university which would get the highest 
 quality of students must keep a close 
 connection with the public high schools. 
 Michigan was the first to conceive the 
 idea that the public school system of a 
 State should be a unit, with no decided 
 break in the educational ladder from the 
 primary grade to the graduate school of 
 the university, but California adopted 
 and extended the plan. Each accredited 
 secondary school, public and private, was 
 visited every year by university profes- 
 sors representing different departments. 
 This practice was an important factor in 
 the development of the excellent high 
 school system of the State, and the reflex 
 influence on the university was not less 
 beneficial. As the number of high 
 schools increased at the rate of more 
 than five a year for the last twenty-five 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 963 
 
 years, the visitations became a heavy ex- 
 pense to the university and a burden to 
 the faculty, so President Wheeler has 
 abandoned the system. This may be 
 necessary, but it is unfortunate. The 
 university needs it, if the high schools 
 do not. A single examiner, however ef- 
 ficient and well qualified, cannot do so 
 much good as the various professors, for 
 the inspection and accrediting, which 
 were the ostensible occasion of the visits, 
 were less valuable than the mutual un- 
 derstanding and spirit of co-operation 
 resulting from the acquaintance between 
 men working in the same department in 
 the secondary school and the university. 
 No averaging of grades can take the 
 place of this personal knowledge of each 
 other's difficulties and ideals. Just as the 
 chief purpose of the -examination system 
 in the university is not to find out how 
 much the students have learned, but to 
 make them learn more, so the chief pur- 
 pose of the inspection system is not to 
 find out whether the secondary school is 
 worthy of the privilege of sending stu- 
 
 dents to the university, but to make the 
 university more worthy to receive them. 
 
 But the statistical study of grades 
 made by the Examiner of Schools* for 
 the purpose of keeping a check on the 
 work of the preparatory schools brings 
 many other interesting points. One is that 
 there has been no falling of? in the av- 
 erage grade of scholarship in the enter- 
 ing students for the last seven years. In 
 several other universities I heard the 
 complaint: "The high schools are send- 
 ing us poorer material every year of 
 late." It seems that in California at least 
 this is not the case. 
 
 The examiner finds that the average 
 grade of the first year students in the 
 College of Letters (classical course) is 
 higher than in the College of Social Sci- 
 ence (main liberal arts department), and 
 that in the Technical Colleges it is lower 
 than in either of the others. The exam- 
 iner assumes that this indicates that 
 poorer work is done in the technical col- 
 
 *Biennial Report of the President, November, 1908, 
 pp. 118-141. 
 
 CHINESE CADETS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
964 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 leges than in the others, and he suggests 
 the following reasons : That the work of 
 these colleges may be intrinsically much 
 more difficult than in the Colleges of 
 Letters and Social Science; that the pu- 
 pils from the high schools are too imma- 
 ture or are not properly prepared ; that 
 the recent popularity of technical careers 
 has drawn many lacking the natural abil- 
 ity for such work; lastly, that the large 
 percentage of women, who, as a rule, 
 make better marks than men, may have 
 
 That women students do as a rule get 
 superior grades is undeniable, but I am 
 inclined to believe that this is due more 
 to their faithfulness to daily duties than 
 to any superiority in natural ability. 
 This, however, may be due to masculine 
 prejudice on my part. They are certain- 
 ly less apt to indulge excessively in out- 
 side activities, or, if they do, they do net 
 allow them to interfere with their class 
 work. Another point often overlooked 
 is that college women as a rule enjoy 
 
 cKaSsfcr * 
 
 FRESHMEN CADETS DRILLING BEFORE CALIFORNIA HALL. 
 
 raised the average for the other colleges 
 "to an abnormal hight." 
 
 University catalogs and annual re- 
 ports make very entertaining reading on 
 account of the delightful naivete of some 
 of their expressions, such, for example, 
 as the word ''abnormal" in the above sen- 
 tence. I have often heard male students 
 express the opinion that the scholarship 
 and industry manifested by their femi- 
 nine competitors were abnormal, but I 
 did not expect to find this view of it of- 
 ficially endorsed. 
 
 better health than college men. This is 
 brought out by the infirmary statistics in 
 this same California report. During the 
 year 40 per cent, of the men and 35 per 
 cent, of the women were excused from 
 classes on account of illness during the 
 year 1907-08. The male students lost on 
 the average 4.8 days apiece from illness 
 and the female students 2.0 days apiece. 
 A marked line of distinction is being 
 drawn at the University of California be- 
 tween the first and last halves of the col- 
 lege course. All work in the Lower 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 965 
 
 Division must be completed before the 
 student passes into the Upper Division, 
 and the Junior Certificate, which is 
 granted at that point, is required for ad- 
 mission to the four years' medical 
 course. Eventually much of this Lower 
 Division work will probably be done in 
 the high schools or small colleges. The 
 graduate school has been strengthened 
 by the new State law which requires all 
 high school teachers to have taken a year 
 or more of graduate work in a university 
 belonging to the Association of Ameri- 
 can Universities, or at least a half year 
 of such work in addition to a half year 
 of advanced study in a normal school. 
 Stanford and the State University are 
 the only institutions on the Coast belong- 
 ing to the Association, and the nearest 
 eligible institution outside the State is 
 the University of Minnesota, 1,500 miles 
 to the East. This law brings to both 
 universities a desirable class of students, 
 earnest and practical, altho not necessari- 
 ly candidates for higher degrees. 
 
 Altho the California universities are 
 ambitious to develop their graduate 
 schools, yet it is common for the pro- 
 fessors to advise their students to go to 
 the Atlantic universities for their ad- 
 vanced work, in order to get a broader 
 education. The Harvard and Yale alum- 
 ni associations of California provide 
 scholarships of two or three hundred 
 dollars for graduates of Stanford or the 
 State University who wish to study in 
 these institutions. These are very gen- 
 erously printed in the University cata- 
 log. The universities of the East might 
 well reciprocate and send some of their 
 students to the universities of the Pacific 
 Coast, both for broadening their views 
 and for special lines of work, such as 
 Oriental and Spanish-American history 
 and biological and anthropological re- 
 search, in which they offer unique oppor- 
 tunities. One of the reforms most need- 
 ed in our collegiate system is greater 
 freedom of migration, and the University 
 of California has already shown a dispo- 
 sition to go more than half-way in fa- 
 cilitating this. At present the percentage 
 of undergraduate intrants born in the 
 State is about 58 and slowly increasing, 
 with the rise in the proportion of the na- 
 tive born population and in the local 
 prestige of the University. 
 
 Altho it takes only a few minutes more 
 to go to Palo Alto than to Berkeley from 
 San Francisco, yet the State University 
 draws its students much more largely 
 from the metropolis, and altho Palo Alto 
 is less than thirty-five miles south of 
 Berkeley as the aeroplane flies, the young 
 people from the southern part of Cali- 
 fornia show a preference for Stanford. 
 This in itself makes a certain difference 
 in the character of the student body. It 
 may be necessary to remind the Eastern 
 reader that the people of northern and 
 southern California regard themselves as 
 distinct in their physical, psychical, so- 
 cial and religious characteristics as do 
 the people of Connecticut and South 
 Carolina or of England and Italy; and 
 with as good right, too, for they are as 
 many miles apart. The existence and im- 
 portance of this difference are frequent- 
 ly impressed upon the stranger, but it 
 would be rash in him to attempt to char- 
 acterize it, lest in trying to be fair to 
 each he should offend both. Stanford 
 has a much larger number of students 
 from the eastern part of the United 
 States than the State University. 
 
 The University of California is to be 
 classed with the metropolitan universities 
 like Chicago, Columbia, Pennsylvania 
 and Harvard, and thus takes on a differ- 
 ent character from Yale, Princeton and 
 Stanford. A sail across the bay and a 
 trolley ride up the hill, running up to 
 about forty minutes, brings the student 
 from San Francisco to the campus. At 
 present about 7 per cent, of the under- 
 graduates doing work at Berkeley come 
 over daily from the city, but this element 
 tends to increase. Of the rest of the stu- 
 dents about 80 per cent, live in Berkeley 
 and 10 per cent, in the contiguous suburb 
 of Oakland. The University, like most 
 of the State universities, maintains no 
 dormitories; consequently the fraternity 
 system has developed to supply the need 
 of student homes. There are 21 Greek 
 letter fraternities and 9 sororities, beside 
 14 house clubs for men and 6 for wo- 
 men. The house clubs differ from the 
 fraternities chiefly in being non-secret 
 and less permanent. In many cases they 
 develop into fraternities by applying to 
 one of the national organizations for a 
 charter when they get a congenial lot of 
 fellows together. 
 
966 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Being practically in a city, the Uni- 
 versity of California is in some degree 
 relieved of the responsibility for the be- 
 havior of students, which, as we saw last 
 month, has been the cause of consider- 
 able .difficulty at Stanford, where there 
 is not even a village organization. Be- 
 side this, an efficient and smoothly run- 
 ning system of student control has been 
 developed within the last few years at 
 Berkeley, and has accomplished some 
 much needed reforms. The faculty 
 Committee of Student Affairs boasts of 
 its idleness. It meets once or twice a 
 year, apparently more for the purpose of 
 maintaining its statutory existence than 
 for any more serious object. 
 
 The center and symbol of this under- 
 graduate self-government is Senior Hall. 
 This is to be found hidden away in 
 Strawberry Canyon, which is the bed of 
 a traditional creek running all the way 
 down thru the campus in order to pro- 
 vide opportunity for several picturesque 
 bridges. Passing over one of these and 
 under a Shinto torii, and dodging the 
 limbs of the live oaks that look dead in 
 the daylight, but jostle you most rudely 
 in the dark, you see a cabin made of red- 
 wood logs, and if it is Thursday even- 
 ing you will hear the Senior Sing. Here 
 are discussed and settled, not merely the 
 problems of the universe at large, but 
 also, what is more important, of the Uni- 
 versity in particular. 
 
 The inner circle is the Society of the 
 Golden Bear, composed of twelve men 
 elected at the end of their Junior year, 
 who add to their number, when they be- 
 come Seniors, three or more of their own 
 class. There are also several honorary 
 faculty members, including the presi- 
 dent, elected for life. The aim is to in- 
 clude in the Golden Bear representatives 
 of various departments, and the leaders 
 in all branches of student activity, ath- 
 letics, journalism, debating, dramatics, 
 even scholarship. This society is 
 secret, keeps no record of its conclu- 
 sions, and takes no official action in 
 university affairs, but is able from the 
 character of its membership to initiate 
 movements and to mold public opinion 
 without the extent of its influence being 
 fully realized by the students generally. 
 It is not, however, under an ostentatious 
 taboo, like the Yale Senior societies. 
 
 The official body having charge of un- 
 dergraduate discipline is the Student 
 Control Committee, composed of Seniors 
 and, by something more than a coinci- 
 dence, chiefly of members of the Golden 
 Bear. This committee is appointed by 
 the President of the Associated Stu- 
 dents, of which body all students, men 
 and women, paying the annual dues of 
 one dollar, are members. The women 
 have a similar organization devoted to 
 their own affairs. A movement to dis- 
 franchise them from the general asso- 
 ciation on the ground that they had a 
 separate organization was defeated by a 
 heavy vote. The offices, in the Associ- 
 ated Students, are in practice confined 
 to men. 
 
 It would be easy, of course, to bring 
 theoretical objections against the system 
 of self-government in California. One 
 might doubt the wisdom of putting one 
 class in control of the other three and 
 of granting extensive and indefinable 
 powers over their fellow students to a 
 secret and irresponsible society. One 
 might question what would happen if the 
 faculty, president and trustees found it 
 necessary to take some action in decided 
 opposition to undergraduate opinion, 
 such, for example, as the abolition of in- 
 tercollegiate athletic contests. One 
 might venture to predict that there will 
 come in California, as there has in other 
 universities, a time when public spirit 
 and the sense of responsibility will de- 
 cline,, and the Student Control Commit- 
 tee come to be composed of men of no 
 character or of bad character instead of 
 the capable and representative students 
 who have hitherto composed it. But this 
 is only another way of saying that Cali- 
 fornia has not discovered any automatic 
 safety device that will insure student 
 self-government against the evils that be- 
 set self-government outside universities. 
 The only superiority I can see in the Cal- 
 ifornian system over those in some other 
 universities is that it works. This, how- 
 ever, is an advantage of sufficient im- 
 portance to outweigh any theoretical ob- 
 jections. The students in authority seem 
 to have followed a policy of conservative 
 reform rather than of radical idealism. 
 They have not adopted the honor system 
 of examinations, but have materially cur- 
 tailed the amount of cheating. Estab- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 967 
 
 Hfc 
 
 SENIOR HALL. 
 
 lished customs of disorder, such as haz- 
 ing, rough-housing and rushing, have 
 been abolished or reduced to compara- 
 tively innocuous forms. In place of 
 hazing, a certain mild pennalism is im- 
 posed on Freshmen, such as t serving re- 
 freshments, moving the grand stand, etc. 
 The class rush, formerly rather a brutal 
 affair., has been done away with, and as 
 Ihe sign of its abolition and the seal of 
 the perpetual treaty of peace between the 
 warring classes a gigantic "C" has been 
 laid in concrete on the highest hill of the 
 campus, visible across the bay and for 
 miles down the valley. The University 
 of Utah boys have put a "U" that is still 
 bigger on a mountain near Salt Lake, 
 but it does not mean any more. Every 
 year the Sophomores with great cere- 
 mony turn over the guardianship of the 
 C to the Freshmen, who keep vigil over 
 it around a camp fire all night and 
 pledge themselves to protect it against all 
 comers, especially against Stanford stu- 
 dents armed with an ax and a can of car- 
 dinal paint. 
 
 A Californian custom that could be 
 
 adopted by many other universities, mtich 
 to the improvement of their looks, is 
 Labor Day, when all the students turn 
 out to beautify the campus. It is like a 
 scene from a Utopian romance, the 
 wageless workers, ready to do anything 
 useful, each according to his ability, all 
 duly co-ordinated and directed by vol- 
 unteer experts ; the civil engineers super- 
 intending the grading of roads and cut- 
 ting of new paths; the arboriculturists 
 the planting and trimming of trees and 
 shrubbery; a season of general cleaning 
 up, clearing out and putting to rights ; a 
 working day of socialistic brevity, for 
 shortly after noon the boys are called 
 from their labors to a bean feast pre- 
 pared by the girls in the gymnasium, and 
 the afternoon and evening are spent in 
 sports and merrymaking. The value of 
 the work done last Labor Day is esti- 
 mated at $2,800, but the greater gain to 
 the university in the development of an 
 interest in the looks of the campus can- 
 not be calculated in dollars. The only 
 fault to be found with Labor Day as an 
 institution is that it has been placed on 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 a most unfortunate date, the most unfor- 
 tunate date, February 2Qth. 
 
 The University of California has been 
 rather backward in the development of 
 its professional schools. There are five 
 of these located in San Francisco; The 
 Institute of Art, the Hasting College of 
 the Law, the College of Medicine, the 
 College of Dentistry, and the California 
 College of Pharmacy. They are still in 
 the transitional stage, loosely affiliated, 
 chiefly supported by fees and not largely 
 attended. The plan for the future seems 
 to be to establish gradually at Berkeley 
 
 those who ought not to be deprived of 
 all chance of professional training be- 
 cause they cannot give six or eight or ten 
 years to it. Of this dilemma California 
 takes both horns, sticking one in Berke- 
 ley and the other in San Francisco. 
 
 The first two years of the medical 
 course have now been transferred to 
 Berkeley, giving an opportunity to estab- 
 lish a university hospital at San Fran - 
 cisco. The new Boalt Memorial Hall of 
 Law will be built on the Berkeley cam- 
 pus. 
 
 Another movement that should be 
 
 THE HEARST MEMORIAL MINING BUILDlXti. 
 
 schools of medicine, law, architecture, 
 etc., of a thoroly university character, 
 keeping the San Francisco institutions 
 as auxiliary schools, carrying one or two 
 years of the course or giving instruction 
 adapted to students living in the city 
 who are not able to take a long and ad- 
 vanced course. That is, California is 
 confronted like the other State universi- 
 ties, with the dilemma of raising its 
 standards to meet the modern demands 
 for a wider culture and more thoro 
 training in the professions, and at the 
 same time of providing for the needs of 
 
 mentioned here, altho it is independent 
 of the university, is the development of 
 centers of religious thought at Berkeley. 
 The Roman Catholics have founded 
 there Newman Hall, an admirable stu- 
 dents' club and much more than that. 
 The lecture courses given in it on religion 
 and philosophy are of as high character 
 as those of the university. The various 
 Protestant denominations are establish- 
 ing theological seminaries at Berkeley in 
 co-operation with each other, avoiding 
 as much as possible the duplication of 
 chairs and utilizing the instruction of the 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 960 
 
 State University for the secular 
 branches, including Latin, Greek and 
 Hebrew. Similar movements are on 
 foot in other States. The old days of 
 rivalry, antagonism and distrust between 
 the denominations and the State univer- 
 sities have evidently gone by, and we are 
 entering upon a new era of mutual help- 
 fulness, whose possibilities we can only 
 dimly foresee. 
 
 The belief is still prevalent in certain 
 sections of the country that the State 
 universities while they may do excellent 
 work in utilitarian lines, can never do 
 anything in the higher branches of schol- 
 arship and scientific research. The Uni- 
 versity of California shows how far this 
 view is from the truth. The branch of 
 science for which it is most distinguished 
 is the least utilitarian of them all, as- 
 tronomy. For its practical purposes as- 
 tronomy requires no more apparatus 
 than a three-inch telescope and a clock. 
 Even a 36-inch objective like that of the 
 Lick Observatory discovers nothing 
 likely to be of the least practical benefit 
 to this planet. James Lick bequeathed 
 $700,000 to provide the University of 
 California with the biggest telescope in 
 the world, located on Mount Hamilton, 
 about fifty miles south of San Francisco, 
 but this sum was not sufficient for an 
 adequate endowment of its \vork so the 
 State has to provide about $20,000 a year 
 for running expenses and improvements. 
 Besides this, the University keeps up an 
 observatory at Berkeley equipped for re- 
 search as well as instruction. 
 
 The list of the publications of the Uni- 
 versity of California shows how far they 
 are from being confined to utilitarian 
 subjects. Among them are six volumes 
 in American archeology and ethnology, 
 three in botany, one in classical philol- 
 ogy, one in economics, one in entoirrl- 
 ogy, two in education, four in geology, 
 one in pathology, one in philosophy, 
 three in physiology, two in Semitic 
 philology, four in zoology, three in 
 Graeco-Roman archeology, one in Egyp- 
 tian archeology, and twelve in astronomy. 
 
 Of course, only a minor part of the 
 work of the faculty is published directly 
 by the University, most of it appearing 
 in the usual periodicals. In the last bi- 
 ennial report about fifty-three per cent., 
 of the faculty are reported as having 
 
 contributed to the literature of their re- 
 spective departments. From this list one 
 would judge that about thirty-three per 
 cent, of the faculty were engaged in re- 
 search in natural science and ten per 
 cent, in philological or other humanistic 
 lines. The proportion of productive 
 scholars, therefore, seems to be about 
 twice as great as in the faculties of Yale 
 and Stanford. Of course, I am neces 
 sarily leaving out of consideration the 
 all-important question of the relative 
 quality of the contributions to knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 It used to be thought that State uni- 
 versities could not expect private bene- 
 factions of any considerable value, but 
 this also has been disproved, first and most 
 conspicuously by California, which, it 
 used to be said not long ago, had re- 
 ceived more gifts than all the other State 
 universities put together. This state- 
 ment is doubtful now for the Universities 
 of Vermont and Virginia, as well as many 
 others, have been generously treated of 
 late, and when the University' of Wiscon- 
 sin comes into the Vilas bequest it will 
 rival California in endowed wealth. 
 Philanthropists everywhere are coming 
 to realize that donations to public insti- 
 tutions are likely to be more permanent, 
 more widely useful and more generally 
 appreciated than private foundations, and 
 the town libraries, city museums and art 
 galleries, and State universities are be- 
 ginning to benefit by this realization. 
 
 Of the benefactions received by the 
 University of California those of Mrs. 
 Phoebe A. Hearst, a member of the 
 Board of Regents, have been most varied 
 and continuous. Besides supporting many 
 scientific and archeological researches, 
 she has furnished the funds for the archi- 
 tectural plans of the University and for 
 two of its first buildings. Ten years ago 
 the Regents invited the architects of the 
 world to compete in designing a har- 
 monious building scheme providing for 
 the future development- of the Univer- 
 sity, without regard to the existing build- 
 ings on the campus. The total cost of 
 the competition was about $160,000, and 
 the first prize was won by M. Emile 
 Benard, of Paris. 
 
 This international architectural compe- 
 tition was worth all it cost, perhaps not for 
 the actual value of the Benard plans in 
 
9/o 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 themselves, but for the publicity it gave to 
 the ambitious ideals of the University 
 and for the impulse it gave to the move- 
 ment for harmonious collegiate architec- 
 ture all over the country. The portfolio 
 of prize designs was distributed freely 
 to other universities, and on many a 
 campus we find indications, sometimes 
 amusingly or pathetically futile, of an 
 attempt to realize its grand conceptions. 
 Even to the campus of California the 
 plans of M. Benard were not very closely 
 adapted and by the time they are put into 
 stone there will not be much left of them 
 except the general scheme of arrange- 
 ment. Notwithstanding that a plaster 
 relief map of the campus was sent to 
 Paris and the winning architect later 
 came in person to locate the buildings, 
 the plans do not fit the ground, and the 
 axis of the whole has had to be shifted. 
 Not even the second building, the new 
 mining building, could be placed where 
 he had designated, for it would have in- 
 volved a fill of sixty-five feet on one 
 corner. It shows how American uni- 
 versities look to European eyes thit 
 the dominant note of the scheme 
 which M. Benard elaborated in de- 
 tail was a spectacular dome intend- 
 ed as a sort of Hall of Triumph 
 to the greater glory of athletics. It 
 would have done very well as a Hotel de 
 Ville at Lyons, or a 'Palace of Peace at 
 The Hague, but no one would have sus- 
 pected it of being a university or of be- 
 longing in America, least of all in Cal- 
 ifornia. The supervising architect, Pro- 
 fessor Howard has abandoned this feat- 
 ure altogether, putting a drill ground in 
 its place, and in drawing the plans for the 
 other buildings has given them some 
 touches of originality and indigenous- 
 ness in varying degrees. Thus tho the 
 new law and library buildings will ad- 
 here rather closely to classical lines, Cal- 
 ifornia Hall, which is used for classrooms 
 and administrative offices is somewhat 
 less conventional, the new Hearst Mining 
 Building shows still greater individuality 
 and the future Agricultural Building will 
 be decidedly novel as befits the State. 
 The three buildings of the Greater Uni- 
 versity, so far constructed are here il- 
 lustrated so the reader may judge them 
 for himself. I liked the design of the 
 Mining Building best, except for some 
 
 details. It is handsome from all side', 
 and cleverly adapted to its peculiar pur- 
 poses, as in the treatment of the central 
 hall, sixty-four feet high, with a five-ton 
 traveling crane running its entire length 
 of 120 feet, and in the rows of tall chim- 
 neys for the furnaces ; but I must confess, 
 altho it may expose my ignorance or 
 lack of taste, that I do not see any ar- 
 tistic or utilitarian justification for the 
 two columns and entablature that are 
 stuck in the large windows. 
 
 The new library, of which we present 
 on the cover an original drawing made 
 from the architect's sketch for it is not 
 yet completed, will cost over a million 
 dollars, half paid by the State and half 
 from the bequest of Charles F. Doe. It 
 is much needed for the present building 
 is painfully inadequate for 200,000 vol- 
 umes and those who want to read them. 
 The latest important addition to the li- 
 brary is the unique collection of Herbert 
 Hume Bancroft on Western and Span- 
 ish-American history. This contains 
 about 50,000 books and twice as many 
 manuscripts, and was recently purchased 
 by the University for $150,000. What- 
 ever may have been Bancroft's deficien- 
 cies as a historian he performed an in- 
 valuable service to history in getting 
 hold of the letters and journals of the 
 pioneers of California, and of the records 
 of the Spanish whom they displaced. 
 There are sixteen students now working 
 over this rich material. 
 
 The most interesting building to me 
 was not one of the new million dollar 
 palaces, but a chalet of rough pine boards 
 just across Strawberry Canyon, for this 
 is the laboratory of Professor Jacques 
 Loeb, one of the few scientists that the 
 outside world is not willing to let alone. 
 But such unheard of things as hatching 
 sea-urchins that have a fatty acid for a 
 father will get into the papers, however 
 carefully concealed "in the obscurity of 
 a learned tongue" such as German or 
 technical English. I found Professor 
 Loeb happier than in Hull Court at the 
 University of Chicago, for here he has 
 fewer reporters and an ocean full of ex- 
 perimental material. He wants no mar- 
 ble or granite palace ; he wants only 
 room and salt water, with partitions 
 movable to suit the exigencies of the ex- 
 periment, for his physiology is not a 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 971 
 
 static subject. He showed me an ex- 
 periment. It looked easy. I could have 
 done it myself if I had' thought of it. 
 Into a glass of sea water he put some 
 minute marine animals and then sensi- 
 tized them to light by a dash of carbon- 
 ated water from a siphon. As promptly 
 as at a word of command they all headed 
 toward the electric bulb like a herd of 
 cattle toward a watering trough. I 
 wondered whether some reagent could 
 not be discovered that would induce such 
 photo-tropism, such an eagerness for the 
 light, in a crowd of human beings. Car- 
 bon dioxid does not seem to work that 
 way on people in a lecture room. I 
 merely mention the matter here to re- 
 serve the field for future investigation. 
 
 Leaving the physiological laboratory I 
 went on up the hill, past a building full 
 of clattering machinery, the realm of 
 "the scholar in overalls," on up the steep 
 winding path thru the tall trees to the 
 barren brow of the hill whereon is the 
 big C. Here I was 900 feet above the 
 ocean and could look over the tops of 
 the trees and the two cities of Oakland 
 and Berkeley, out across the bay where 
 lies the city of San Francisco. To the 
 left I could see far down the valley 
 hemmed in by mountains, among them 
 Mount Hamilton, the site of the Observ- 
 atory. Straight in front was the Golden 
 Gate, ever open and inviting westward 
 toward the Far East. 
 
 I was reminded that the Gate opened 
 in as well as out when I saw a young 
 man sitting in the glare of the afternoon 
 sun on the bare and dusty hillside. I 
 thought he was asleep, but as I came 
 closer I found he was reading a San- 
 skrit book; Vedantic philosophy, he 
 courteously informed me. I squatted at 
 his feet like a disciple before his guru, 
 while he gave me a first lesson in yoga 
 practices, drawing diagrams in the sand 
 with a broken twig to illustrate the theory 
 of the four selves and to show how all 
 paths led to absorption in the All. It 
 was surprising to find the Absolute here 
 established, serene and unshaken, assert- 
 ing its old time prerogatives of unity and 
 infinity just as if Prof. William James 
 had not visited the campus only a few 
 months before. 
 
 I inquired if he were not homesick. 
 
 The philosopher is equally at home in 
 all lands, he replied, also demonstrating 
 it geometrically. He was obstinately un- 
 complaining, still I gathered the impres- 
 sion from the conversation that there 
 were times when self-denial ceased to be 
 a virtue and became a painful necessity; 
 that when the crops in India failed and 
 the ryots could not pay their penny or 
 two a year to the Swadeshi fund, the 
 Hindus in America had to practice more 
 abstinence than yoga required. The In- 
 dian students are mostly sent to this 
 country by the Scientific Industrial As- 
 
 A HINDU STUDENT ON THE HILLSIDE. 
 
 sociation of Calcutta to study agriculture 
 and manufacturing 1 in order that they 
 may achieve the economic independence 
 of their country. There also seems to 
 be a desire to get them out of British 
 influence and into a more democratic at- 
 mosphere. Every campus, as I have 
 said, thinks it has the most democratic 
 atmosphere in the world. I wonder what 
 the Orientals think about it. It is worth 
 considering now that they are looking to 
 us for help in the development of their 
 civilization. There is a new form of 
 university coming, which is foreshad- 
 owed in California. Greater and more 
 influential than a State or a national uni- 
 versity will be the international university 
 of the future. 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
RELIEF MAP OF THE COMPLETED CANAL, 
 Showing the line of the canal, the Panama Railroad, the locks and the artificial lake. 
 
 The Construction of the Canal 
 
 BY GARDNER RICHARDSON 
 
 [This is the third article in our series on the Panama Canal written by cur special 
 representative. The first appeared in our issue of April isth, the second on April 22d, 
 and a fourth will follow next week. EDITOR.] 
 
 A LOCK canal across the Isthmus 
 of Panama is promised by Jan- 
 uary ist, 1915, thirty-one years 
 after the French first broke ground and 
 eleven years since, the American occu- 
 pation. The first plan of the French 
 called for a sea-level canal, and it was 
 only after the enormous difficulty and ex- 
 pense of the undertaking became appar- 
 ent that a change to a tentative lock plan 
 was made in 1887. When the first French 
 company failed in 1889, a total of $265,- 
 000,000 had been spent. The New 
 French Company excavated in a desul- 
 tory way for fifteen years, confining their 
 work largely to the Culebra Cut, and 
 making their excavation serviceable for 
 either a lock or sea-level canal. The 
 New French Company removed a total 
 of only about 7,000,000 cubic yards, an 
 amount which the Americans now take 
 out in two average months. 
 
 The rate of excavation has increased 
 enormously since the Americans began. 
 In one month the amount of earth now 
 removed is double the amount taken out 
 during the entire year of 1905. "All 
 Records Broken" is a frequent headline 
 in the Canal Record, the official organ 
 of the Canal Commission. The issue 
 for April 7th, 1909, announces the ex- 
 cavation for March as 3,880,000 cubic 
 yards, establishing a new high record. 
 Of this amount 2,353,000 cubic yards 
 
 972 
 
 were removed by steam shovels, and i,- 
 527,000 by dredges. The excavation 
 made for outside construction work, and 
 not directly in the Canal prism is not in- 
 cluded in these figures. If this work were 
 added, the total for March would be over 
 4,000,000 cubic yards. March is one of 
 the most favorable months for establish- 
 ing a record, as the rainfall is then at the 
 minimum. It has been said, however, 
 that there are two seasons in Panama, 
 one the rainy season, and the other the 
 wet. At all events, during a supposedly 
 dry month we witnessed a tropical rain- 
 storm that would have been designated 
 as a cloudburst in the United States. 
 
 The following table gives the figures 
 for the total excavation up to the present 
 time: 
 
 AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION IN CUBIC YARDS ON 
 
 THE PANAMA CANAL. 
 
 Excavation by French companies.. 81,548,000 
 Excavation by Americans : 
 May 4 to Dec. 31, 1904. . 243,472 
 
 Jan. i to Dec. 31, 1905.. 1,799,227 
 
 
 
 Jan. i to Dec. 31, 1906. . 4,948,497 
 
 Jai^it^Dec^ 31, 1907. .15,765,290 
 Jan. T to Dec. 31, J^38 j _ 1 37.o7a8/ 
 Jan. i to March 31, 1909. 9,953.767 
 
 69,781,140 
 
 Total excavation 151,329,140 
 
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANAL 
 
 973 
 
 President Taft has exprest the wish 
 that the Panama Canal be completed bv 
 March 4th, 1913. The members of the 
 Isthmian Canal Commission feel that the 
 tentative date of January 1st, 1915, can 
 be bettered, but the completion of the 
 Canal during President Taft's present 
 administration will be a difficult task. 
 The excavation can be finished unless un- 
 foreseen difficulties arise. The present 
 state of this branch of the work is shown 
 in the following table : 
 
 AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION IN CUBIC YARDS NEC- 
 ESSARY TO COMPLETE THE CANAL. 
 
 Estimate of excavation to be done 
 
 by Americans 174,666,595 
 
 Excavation made to March 31, 1909. 69,781,140 
 
 Amount remaining 104,885,455 
 
 At the present rate, not taking account 
 of the steady increase in the monthly 
 records, the actual work of excavation 
 can be finished in the three years. The 
 determining feature in the completion 
 
 THE OLD FORTRESS AT PORTO BELLO. 
 This was an important town in early Spanish days, but was destroyed by Henry Morgan, the privateer. 
 
974 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 date is the construction of the locks and 
 dams at Gatun. 
 
 This is a gigantic project, and figures 
 alone do not convey the change that must 
 be brought about to build what is prac- 
 tically an artificial mountain, a mile and 
 a half long and a third of a mile wide at 
 the base. This great barrier will form 
 a lake no square miles in area, and 
 80 feet deep in a considerable portion. 
 The area to be flooded contains several 
 villages, that are to be transported bodily 
 to higher ground. The building of the 
 locks will require 3,500,000 cubic yards 
 of concrete, the largest piece of masonry 
 constructed in modern times. 
 
 The rock taken from the Canal prism 
 is not of a suitable quality to be used in 
 the concrete work. Most of the rock is 
 an argillacious sandstone, and the small 
 amount obtainable of harder formation 
 would be expensive to sort out and trans- 
 port by rail from Culebra to Gatun, a 
 distance of almost thirty miles. This sit- 
 uation has led to one of the most inter- 
 esting supplementary pieces of work un- 
 dertaken by the Commission. 
 
 About twenty miles from the Cristobal 
 entrance of the Canal, on the Atlantic 
 Coast, is situated the historic town of 
 Porto Bello. The old fortresses, cap- 
 tured by Henry Morgan, and the Spanish 
 
 THE SINKING OF AN EMBANKMENT AT GATUN. 
 
 It was this settling at Gatun that caused such unfounded alarm. The depression has been filled in, with no 
 
 further sinking. 
 
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANAL 
 
 975 
 
 
 THE SITE OF THE LOCKS AT GATUN. 
 The excavation has been completed and the masonry work will soon be started. Each lock is 1,000 feet long. 
 
 convent still stand, overgrown by weeds 
 and surrounded by the squalid thatched 
 huts of the native village. Porto Bello 
 is the best natural harbor in that section 
 of the Caribbean Sea, and has a depth of 
 from five to fifteen fathoms. At the en- 
 trance of the harbor two natural but- 
 tresses rise sheer up from the water's 
 edge, and it is from these that 2,000,000 
 cubic yards of crushed stone will be 
 brought to Gatun. The rock here, a 
 massive andesite, is well suited for con- 
 crete, while the quantity is practically un- 
 limited ; enough, in fact, not only for the 
 work at Gatun, but also for a break- 
 water at the Atlantic entrance of the 
 Canal. This breakwater will be con- 
 structed of large squares of rock, trans- 
 ported from Porto Bello in barges and 
 sunk in Limon Bay. An exploration by 
 means of borings justifies an estimate of 
 20,000,000 cubic yards of good rock 
 available at the quarry. Other consider- 
 ations in selecting Porto Bello were that 
 the rock could be sent from the quarry 
 
 to the crusher and from the crusher to 
 the barges by gravity. 
 
 An expensive machine shop is also be- 
 ing installed, and it is hinted unauthori- 
 tatively that the United States will re* 
 tain possession of Porto Bello perma- 
 nently as a coaling and naval station. If 
 this plan is in view rare foresight is 
 shown, for the harbor is unexcelled, and 
 is in a region where suitable harbors are 
 a rarity. 
 
 From an engineering point of view, by 
 far the most interesting section of the 
 work is at Gatun. In the construction 
 of the great dam, three features are 
 prominent the building of the rock toes, 
 the placing of the impermeable core or 
 hydraulic fill, and the construction of the 
 spillway. The rock toes have been laid 
 to furnish a solid foundation and pre- 
 vent any possible slipping. The core of 
 the dam will not be made of loose ma- 
 terial excavated from the Canal prism, 
 as the seepage in that case would be con- 
 siderable. The material will be. chiefly 
 
976 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 a mixture of clay and sand pumped in 
 by hydraulic machinery. The laying of 
 the concrete in the spillway has been 
 started. The work to be done is the 
 lining of the channel that runs from the 
 point where the regulating works will be 
 built to the north toe of the dam, a dis- 
 
 large to accommodate a considerable fleel, 
 and docks and warehouses will doubtless 
 be built along the new water front. What 
 was formerly a tropical jungle will be- 
 come a thriving seaport, where the goods 
 of all nations will be handled. 
 
 The work at Culebra, which is the 
 
 IN THK DAYS OF THE FRENCH. 
 
 This unusual photograph was taken on February i, 1889, and shows a group of French engineers enjoying 
 
 holiday in Panama. 
 
 tance of 1,200 feet. Thru this channel, 
 which will be 285 feet wide and ten feet 
 above sea level, the Chagres River will 
 be diverted within a year. The Gatun 
 Lake will then be allowed to rise and 
 take its place in the world's geography. 
 Gatun will undoubtedly be the most 
 important place on the Canal line, after 
 the completion of the work. In addi- 
 tion to the necessity of a permanent force 
 to operate the locks, there will probably 
 be a harbor of some importance at this 
 point. In preference to docking at Colon, 
 ocean vessels will go thru the locks and 
 dock in fresh water at Gatun. The fresh 
 water destroys the barnacles and sea- 
 weed that gather with great rapidity on 
 all vessels in tropical waters. There 
 will be an anchorage at Gatun sufficiently 
 
 backbone of the Isthmus, is progressing 
 satisfactorily. In round numbers 29.000.- 
 ooo cubic yards had been taken out by 
 the Americans up to April ist, 1909, and 
 there are still 47,000,000 cubic yards re- 
 maining. The following table gives the 
 complete figures for the amount of ex- 
 cavation still to be done in the different 
 divisions : 
 
 RECORD OF EXCAVATION IN CUBIC YARDS ON THE 
 PANAMA CANAL. 
 
 Amount 
 remaining. 
 
 25,135,600 
 47,068,015 
 
 6,557,045 
 26,124,795 
 
 Amount 
 excavated. 
 
 Atlantic Division 17,941,711 
 
 Central Division 
 
 Culebra 29,724,280 
 
 Other points .... 6,445,153 
 
 Pacific Division 15,669,996 
 
 Grand total 69,781,140 104,885.455 
 
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANAL 
 
 977 
 
 Two of the locks on the Pacific side 
 are to be located at Pedro Miguel. At 
 this point in the valley of the Rio Grande, 
 the Canal will drop from the 85-foot 
 level of Gatun Lake to the 55-foot level, 
 the first step of the descent to sea level 
 that will be completed at Miraflores, 
 where twin locks are to be built between 
 the converging hills. The final plan on 
 which the French worked included a lock 
 at Pedro Miguel, and some excavating 
 was done at this point, but the American 
 plan involves an additional excavation of 
 1,200,000 cubic yards. Compared with 
 the great barrier at Gatun, the Pedro 
 
 While the breakwater on the Atlantic 
 side will be constructed of specially pro- 
 cured rock, an extensive system of break- 
 waters will be built on the Pacific side 
 of material taken from the Canal prism. 
 The proximity of La Boca to Culebra ad- 
 mits the transportation of material to 
 tidewater at small expense. The chan- 
 nel runs out from the mainland into Pan- 
 ama Bay, a distance of five miles, and to 
 lessen the silting up of this channel, a 
 breakwater is being built from La Boca 
 to Naos Island, a distance of two and 
 one-half miles. This breakwater is a 
 long embankment of earth and rock ex- 
 
 ANOTHER PHOTOGRAPH TWENTY YEARS OLD. 
 This was taken on October 15, 1888, and shows the stage of the work reached by the French at Culebra. 
 
 Miguel dam is small, but it involves a fill 
 of over a quarter of a million cubic yards, 
 and is being constructed as carefully as 
 the Gatun Dam itself. Instead of the 
 hydraulic fill that will form the imper- 
 meable portion of the Gatun Dam, a dry- 
 clay core is being placed in the dam at 
 Pedro Miguel. Over 20,000 cubic yards 
 of this fine, yellow clay will be carefully 
 packed in the center. 
 
 cavated from the Culebra Cut, and 
 dumped from a trestle that reaches out 
 toward the island in advance of the rap- 
 idly lengthening fill. The tide sweeps 
 along the coast with great force, and in 
 addition to preventing the channel from 
 silting up, the breakwater may in the 
 course of time become enlarged to a con- 
 siderable peninsula. At all events, a rail- 
 road will be built on the embankment to 
 
9/8 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 connect Naos Island with La Boca, and 
 docks can be located along the break- 
 water if the facilities at La Boca prove 
 inadequate. 
 
 In addition to the breakwaters, a large 
 area at La Boca, which is three feet under 
 water at high tide and a mud flat at 
 low tide, is being filled in to a hight of 
 fifteen feet above the high-tide mark. This 
 improves the health and appearance of 
 the locality, and what is more important 
 furnishes valuable land for terminal and 
 warehouse purposes where it is most 
 needed. 
 
 The question of the relative merits of 
 
 essential details. The final choice be- 
 tween a sea-level and an 85-foot-level 
 lock canal was made in 1906. The de- 
 ciding advantages of the lock canal were 
 the decreased cost and the shorter time 
 required. The advocates of the sea-level 
 canal fear the possible destruction of the 
 locks by earthquake, accident or the dy- 
 namite of an enemy. The objections 
 to a sea-level canal are the difficulty of 
 controlling the Chagres, and the fact that 
 locks cannot entirely be avoided in any 
 case, as the difference in tides between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific would necessi- 
 tate a tidal lock in a canal built at sea- 
 
 THE NORTHERN END OF THE CULEBRA CUT, 
 Showing the lowest level reached in this section. There is still a distance of about ninety feet to go. 
 
 a lock and sea-level canal has occupied 
 the minds of the world's most expert en- 
 gineers, and as many as eighty different 
 plans have been presented, all varying in 
 
 level. The total cost to the Americans 
 to complete the present lock canal is es- 
 timated at $297,766,000. The estimate 
 for a sea-level canal is $477,601,000. 
 
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANAL 
 
 979 
 
 These figures do not in either case in- 
 clude the $40,000,000 paid to the French 
 company and $10,000,000 paid to the Re- 
 public of Panama. 
 
 The present Commission is using 
 
 prism. It was raised again last Novem- 
 ber and was repaired, with plates dug 
 out of the mud at San Pablo, and fitted 
 with machinery from an old dredge at 
 Gorgona, left on the banks of the 
 
 ., 
 
 A LIDGERWOOD UNLOADER AT WORK. 
 The advantage of unloading a train of cars by this steam plow over m mual labor is enormous. 
 
 every effort to economize. The cost of 
 material and labor is worked out in the 
 most careful detail and published in the 
 Canal Record. The French machinery 
 is used to the utmost extent. As an il- 
 lustration, the floating of the old French 
 ladder dredge "Marmot" is an interesting 
 example. The hull of the dredge had 
 been erected by the French and anchored 
 at La Boca. Before the machinery was 
 installed work was suspended and the 
 hull abandoned. Early in the American 
 occupation it was sunk in the old French 
 Canal, to get it out of the way. A change 
 in plans made it necessary to raise the 
 hull and sink it again outside the Canal 
 
 Chagres by the French. Within a month 
 it will be at work in the Pacific entrance 
 of the Canal, doing the excavation, for 
 which it was designed twenty-five years 
 ago. 
 
 One thousand pounds of old French 
 scrap iron have been forwarded to the Di- 
 rector of Mints at Philadelphia to be used 
 in making medals for employees who have 
 a record of two years' consecutive serv- 
 ice on the Isthmus. Up to January ist, 
 1909, about 2,400 medals had been 
 earned and it is estimated that the num- 
 ber of medals to be earned in the future 
 will aggregate about 500 a year. Medals 
 earned by employees who have died sub- 
 
9 8o 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 sequently will be delivered to their heirs. 
 These medals will be prized more than 
 the public at large might believe, for to 
 many men they represent two years of 
 hard work, under trying conditions, and 
 a share in an enterprise of international 
 importance. The awarding of these med- 
 als reminds one of the erection of the 
 statue of Columbus at Cristobal, as a 
 tribute to de Lesseps and the French thru 
 the efforts of Empress Eugenie, who was 
 then an exile in England. 
 
 Many of the facts and figures in this 
 article are taken from the Canal Record, 
 and, in this connection, it is well to say 
 a word of praise for this publication. It 
 has been the object of repeated attacks 
 and criticisms by the Senate and the 
 House, who claim it is an expensive lux- 
 ury and an improper Government ac- 
 tivity. 
 
 The Canal Record, however, binds 
 the forces at Panama together in a man- 
 ner otherwise impossible, and is account- 
 able in a large measure for the esprit de 
 corps among the employees. The report 
 on the work of the individual steam shov- 
 els and dredges causes a friendly rivalry 
 among the crews. The publication of 
 
 social notes, baseball league standings 
 and letters from employees are all of in- 
 terest and of assistance in keeping the 
 different points on the line in touch with 
 each other. The monthly report in de- 
 tail of the progress of excavation, show- 
 ing a steady advance, is encouraging to 
 the men and shows them they are not 
 working on a task whose margin fades 
 forever when they move. 
 
 President Taft, speaking at New Or- 
 leans on February I2th, said there were 
 many who favored a sea-level canal and 
 many who favored a lock canal, and 
 neither faction would give up their views 
 after a decision had been made. But it 
 was necessary to build some sort of a 
 canal, and build it at once. If a con- 
 tinual change of plan's were made, there 
 never would be any canal at all. Presi- 
 dent Taft is right. Nothing is more dis- 
 couraging than a fire in the rear, and 
 the men at Panama are working with 
 their whole hearts and souls to accom- 
 plish the greatest engineering enterprise 
 of centuries. If the men now in charge 
 are left unhampered and undisturbed 
 ships will be crossing from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific in five years. 
 
 Glove and Hand 
 
 BY MARY A. P. STANSBURY 
 
 TEARS, dearest, here within my arms ! 
 
 What ill-winged shape has fluttered nigh 
 To vex your peace with vague alarms? 
 
 You "fear lest one of us may die!" 
 
 But listen! Here's your glove, a bit 
 Of silk-mesh sweet with breath of you, 
 
 Creased daintily the flesh to fit, 
 Where slipped the slender fingers thru, 
 
 Yet, when you came to me today, 
 
 And I would kiss your hand like this 
 
 You drew the glove off, smiling, "Stay," 
 You said, "let the hand feel the kiss !" 
 
 Sweet, do you read my riddle right? 
 
 Lo, this fair body, a live web 
 Of netted tissues, rose and white 
 
 As the free pulses flow and ebb 
 
 In broidered veins, with sinuous swell 
 Of muscles strong and fine, with grace 
 
 Of motion, and all charms that dwell 
 Within the blossom-tinted face, 
 
 What is it but a glove upon 
 The hand the spirit by so much 
 
 Defrauding insight of its own, 
 And subtly dulling touch on touch ? 
 
 And shall some dream of fleeting breath 
 Shake the calm patience of that love 
 
 Which waits beyond the door of death 
 The clasp of souls without the glove? 
 APPLETON, Wis. 
 
Literature 
 
 Cyclopedia of American Agri- 
 culture 
 
 IF the farmer should attempt to keep, 
 up with the literature of his occupation 
 as the doctor, minister and lawyer are 
 supposed to he would not get enough 
 outdoor exercise to keep him in good 
 health. In the new volume of Bailey's 
 Cyclopedia of American Agriculture* 
 there is a list of 437 agricultural period- 
 icals now published in the United States. 
 Every State, territory and insular pos- 
 session has one or more experiment sta- 
 tions, each of which must publish at 
 least four bulletins a year and usually 
 
 er, has been sifted by experts and 
 brought into compact form, without, 
 however, making it so condensed as to 
 be dull reading. It is bulky enough as 
 it is. Each of the four volumes con- 
 tains 600 to 700 pages, measuring jV 2 
 inches by 10. But it is well arranged 
 and divided into chapters, sections and 
 paragraphs, with separate heads so one 
 can turn directly to the subject he is 
 interested in without even reference to 
 the index. The cuts, of which there are 
 more than two thousand, are just where 
 they are wanted, little line drawings 
 stuck in the text, illustrating just one 
 point apiece' and no more. Besides these, 
 
 APPEARANCE OF AN IRRIGATION DITCB AN IRRIGATION DITCH TEN YEARS AFTER 
 WHEN FIRST COMPLETED. COMPLETION. 
 
 From Bailey's "Cyclopedia of American Agriculture." 
 
 publishes two or three times that num- 
 ber. Then there are the voluminous pub- 
 lications of the national Department of 
 Agriculture, besides State reports, pro- 
 ceedings of conventions, farm notes in 
 the country papers, and books. No won- 
 der most farmer's protect themselves 
 against this flood of printed pages by 
 refusing to read at all. 
 
 Here is where the usefulness of the 
 present work comes in. This immense 
 mass of material, wherein what is -really 
 original and valuable is hard to discov- 
 
 *CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. A popu- 
 lar survey of agricultural conditions, practices and 
 ideals in the United States and Canada. Edited by 
 L. H. Bailey. Vol. I, Regions, soils, farm, plans and 
 atmosphere. Vol. II, Crops. Vol. Ill, Animals. 
 Vol. IV, Farm and community. New York: The 
 Macmillan Co. Per vol., $5.00. 
 
 there are a hundred full page halftones. 
 The only improvement one would sug- 
 gest in the way of illustration would be 
 a few color plates where they are really 
 needed, and the free use of diagrams 
 and other graphical methods of present- 
 ing statistics. 
 
 The list of contributors is practically 
 a roll of the leading American investiga- 
 tors. It is hard to think of a prominent 
 name that is missing. About 150 men 
 have collaborated and as many more as- 
 sisted in the preparation of each volume. 
 Their contributions have been welded 
 together with such skill that there is 
 comparatively little repetition or conflict, 
 but the cross references should be more 
 numerous. 
 
 981 
 
982 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 The work follows the evolutionary 
 order, minerals, plants, animals, man, 
 beginning with the farm and ending with 
 the farmer. The last volume deals with 
 the economics and sociology of farm life, 
 with such questions as why there are 
 thousands of abandoned farms in New 
 England, how much commission the 
 middleman has a right to, in how far 
 cooperation is practical, within what lim- 
 its is intensive farming a paying prop- 
 osition, and how to keep farm accounts. 
 Considerable space is devoted to agricul- 
 tural education and to the elevation of 
 country life thru traveling libraries, 
 reading courses, telephones, and free 
 delivery. The volume concludes with 250 
 brief biographies of leading American 
 agriculturists of the past. 
 
 This cyclopedia should be put at the 
 head of the list of books to be bought 
 by every public library having a farming 
 constituency. The smaller the library the 
 more important that it should have it, 
 for it would require many other volumes 
 to take its place. It also is a useful ref- 
 erence work for school libraries in town 
 and country. 
 
 # 
 
 Crawford's Last Novel 
 
 IN these days when everybody writes 
 whether they know how or not it gives 
 one a pleasurable sense of relief to come 
 upon the work of a practised hand. We 
 may not understand the cause of the dif- 
 ference but we feel it just as we feel 
 the difference when an experienced 
 motorman replaces a green hand on a 
 trolley car. Marion Crawford wrote 
 forty volumes and yet the world sorrows 
 because it can have no more from his 
 pen. Of what other novelist could this 
 be said? Since 1882, when "Mr. Isaacs" 
 appeared, the taste of the public has 
 changed several times. Schools of fic- 
 tion have come and gone, but Crawford 
 always remained in favor. There are 
 two reasons for his continued popular- 
 ity: he always had a story to tell and 
 he knew how to tell. He was a born 
 story-teller, and, what is more rare, a 
 trained one. He takes an open, naive 
 delight in his power. In The White 
 Sister*, for example, at the end of the 
 fifth chapter the clouds seemed to be 
 
 *THE WHITE SISTER. By F. Marion Crawford. 
 New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.50. 
 
 clearing away and Angela and Giovanni 
 were likely to marry and live 
 "happily for many years, because they were 
 suited to each other in all ways and were 
 possessed of excellent constitutions. If all this 
 had happened, their story would have little 
 interest except for themselves, or as an exam- 
 ple for young couples; and it is a deplorable 
 fact that there is hardly anything so dull and 
 tiresome in the world as a good example." 
 
 After this little explanation to the reader 
 why he cannot let the course of true love 
 run smooth the author proceeds to put 
 the couple thru thirteen chapters more 
 of separation and torture, mental, moral 
 and physical, before bringing them to- 
 gether at the last. The story is the thing 
 
 F. MARION CRAWFORD, 
 
 Author of "The WTiite Sister." Born August 2, 1834. 
 Died April 9, 1909. 
 
 and he is not going to allow it to be 
 spoiled for anybody's happiness. 
 
 Another characteristic of Crawford's 
 style is his extreme clarity and simplicity 
 of diction. He has been accused of be- 
 ing melodramatic, and so he is if that 
 means the use of dramatic coincidences 
 and violent catastrophes. In this novel 
 a man is killed by an automobile, two 
 more are shot, a dynamite magazine is 
 blown up, a will is stolen, and the theft 
 confessed in delirium, the heroine is in 
 turn a princess and heiress, an outcast 
 and a foundling, a nun and a wife ; the 
 hero is a slave five years in Africa and 
 has his arm amputated; all this and 
 much more of the kind happens that we 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 983 
 
 must not disclose, yet it has not the 
 faults of melodrama. The characters are 
 not wooden, but very lifelike and spon- 
 taneous in their actions, and the lan- 
 guage is never theatrical. In the most 
 dramatic moments the style is as plain, 
 straightforward and unpretentious as 
 ever. He just tells what happened. In 
 The White Sister he defends his ob- 
 jective method indirectly by a criticism 
 of the psychological novelists. Possibly 
 he had in mind George Moore's "Sister 
 Teresa." 
 
 "An accomplished psychologist would easily 
 fill a volume with the history of Angela's soul 
 from the day on which she learned the bad 
 news till the morning when she made her 
 profession and took the final vows of her 
 order in the little convent church. But one 
 great objection to psychological analysis in 
 novels seems to be that the writer never gets 
 beyond analyzing what he believes he himself 
 would have felt if placed in the 'situation' he 
 has invented for his hero or heroine. Thus 
 analyzed Angela Chiaromonte would not have 
 known herself, any more than those who knew 
 her best, such as Madame Bernard and her 
 aunt the Princess, would have recognized her. 
 I shall not try to 'factqrise' the result repre- 
 sented by her state of mind from time to time; 
 still less shall I employ a mathematical process 
 to prove that the ratio of dx to dy is twice x, 
 the change in Angela at any moment of her 
 normal growth. What has happened must be 
 logical, just because it has happened; if we do 
 not understand the logic, that may or may not 
 be the worse for us, but the facts remain." 
 
 & 
 
 The Story of My Life. By Ellen Terry. 
 New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. 
 $3-50. 
 
 Miss Ellen Terry is to be congratu- 
 lated upon the vivacity of her recollec- 
 tions ; they possess a rare quality of 
 varying mood that is charming because 
 temperament finds itself so closely allied 
 with intellect. These are more than 
 reminiscences ; they are likewise reflec- 
 tions upon people, upon acting, upon 
 the artist's life in general. Since 18556 
 Miss Terry has been intimate with 
 the stage, and her life connects the 
 era of Tom Taylor and Charles Reade 
 with 'that of Ibsen and Bernard 
 Shaw; her remembrances of Charles 
 Kean, of her meeting with Henry 
 Irving in December, 1867, of the Ly- 
 ceum, days, have the advantage over a 
 mere chronicle in the fact that her ob- 
 servation is of no casual order. There 
 are lights and shadows in this "autobiog- 
 raphy" a very human account that is 
 
 surprisingly free from prejudices, con- 
 sidering the life with which it deals ; it 
 is poetically vivid, sometimes incisively 
 so. It is whole-souled and frank, espe- 
 cially when it sounds the note of self-criti- 
 cism ; it is interesting reading, altho it is 
 rambling, which means that it is form- 
 less. Miss Terry is sound in her criti- 
 cisms, altho she overestimates the inevit- 
 ableness of Irving's interpretations; her 
 comparisons, for instance, of Duse and 
 Bernhardt are little short of excellent 
 criticism; they are impressionistic. On 
 all matters relating to the world behind 
 the curtain she is eminently safe to fol- 
 low, more so than any recent "raconteur" 
 of the stage. In fact, this book, with its 
 adequate illustrations, if rightly read, 
 would awaken many a stage-struck girl, 
 altho in no respect does it forsake devo- 
 tion to the theater. Miss Terry has had 
 her literary associations, and she has not 
 lost the value of knowing such men as 
 Tennyson, Rossetti and Burne-Jones, in 
 the flattery of the moment. Her experi- 
 ences have left their personal mark ; they 
 have this advantage over those of Clara 
 Morris, published several years ago, that 
 whereas the former have real substance 
 the latter are largely fiction in their total 
 effect. 
 
 
 
 The Standard of Living Among Working- 
 men's Families in New York City. By 
 Robert Coit Chapin, Ph. D. New York: 
 Charities Publication Committee. $2.00. 
 
 There is a growing study in this coun- 
 try of the cost of living. New York City 
 has been made the basis of two detailed 
 studes within recent years. Mrs. L. B. Bo- 
 lard, two years ago, published a volume 
 based on two hundred family budgets of 
 families in the neighborhood of Green- 
 wich Village, in the Southwestern section 
 of New York City. The present volume is 
 based on 391 families living in Various 
 parts of Greater New York. Professor 
 Chapin has done a most^thoro piece of 
 work, and he deserves the commendation 
 of students of the subject for the very 
 careful workmanship he has shown in 
 putting together in readable, compact, 
 accessible shape the mass of data gath- 
 ered by his investigators. The work is 
 the result of an investigation pursued 
 under the auspices of a committee of the 
 New York State Conference of Charities 
 and Corrections, Professor Chapin act- 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 ing as secretary of the Committee. It was 
 subsidized by the Russell Sage Found- 
 ation. The attempt was made to find 
 families of "normal composition and 
 moderate size." The incomes of the 
 greater part were between $600 and $i,- 
 100, but there were included some as 
 low as $400 and some over $1,100. ''An 
 income of $900 or over probably permits 
 the maintenance of a normal standard, 
 at least so far as the physical man is con- 
 cerned." This is Professor Chapin's con- 
 clusion as to an average family for New 
 York City. A family falling below that 
 is liable to suffer deterioration. He says 
 "almost every family in the $600 and 
 $700 groups shows some manifest de- 
 
 light on a matter most important to our 
 social welfare. There is attached a re- 
 port on the standard of living among 
 workingmen's families in Buffalo by John 
 R. Howard, Jr., based on an investiga- 
 tion of 100 families. 
 
 Siena. The Story of a Medieval Commune. 
 By Ferdinand Schevill. New York: 
 Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50. 
 
 In spite of the unceasing and over- 
 whelming flood of literature on Italy 
 there is room for such a book as this, 
 which is neither a volume of snap-shot 
 impressions nor a dry compilation of 
 archeological monographs, but a well-di- 
 gested, well-balanced and well-written 
 
 "GUIDORICCO DA FOGLIANO," 
 By Simore Martini (in the Palazzo Publico). From Schevill's "Siena." 
 
 ficiency." Assistant Professor Frank P. 
 Underhill, of Yale, calculated the food 
 values of food materials purchased by the 
 families, a number of the schedules hav- 
 ing been submitted to him. His conclu- 
 sion was that twenty-two cents per clay 
 was the lowest sum which could be ex- 
 pended for an adult man in order to give 
 him full normal sustenance. Professor 
 Chapin points out that one-third of the 
 $600 families spent less than this sum, 
 and must, therefore, be underfed, if the 
 calculation as to the sustaining power of 
 the food materials is correct. There is 
 some difference of opinion as to this. 
 Nevertheless, such a study throws great 
 
 story of the city from its origin to its 
 overthrow in the sixteenth century. The 
 author seems equally at home in discuss- 
 ing the religious spirit which found its 
 highest expression in St. Catherine, the 
 civic spirit which brought a commune out 
 of factional groups of nobles, clergy, 
 merchants and artisans, and the artistic 
 spirit which adorned the medieval sky- 
 scrapers and striped churches. Altho Mr. 
 Schevill has sufficient enthusiasm for his 
 city to do it justice yet he does not fall 
 into the common error of exaggerating 
 its achievements or of insisting upon the 
 admiration for every obscure artist or 
 author. 
 
LITERATURE 
 
 985 
 
 Literary Notes 
 
 . . . .Witliiu its modest limits, Mr. Jesse Lynch 
 Williams Mi: Cleveland: A Personal Impres- 
 sion is a welcome, a useful, and an informing 
 little volume, giving a suggestive glimpse of 
 the man behind the President. (Dodd, Mead, 
 50 cents). 
 
 The edition of The Works of fames 
 
 Buchanan, comprising his speeches, state pa- 
 pers, and private correspondence, collected and 
 edited by John Bassett Moore, reaches, in Vols. 
 V and Vl, recently issued, the years 1841-46. 
 (Lippincott, $5.00). 
 
 ....A sizable volume of some 500 -pages 
 contains a new edition of The Life and Letters 
 of Lord Macaulay, first issued in this country 
 by its present publishers in 1875, in two vol- 
 umes, and printed, it would appear, from the 
 original plates.. (Harper's, $1.50). 
 
 ....One of the latest contributions to a li- 
 brary of amazing proportions in many lan- 
 guages is Edward L. Andrew's Napoleon and 
 America, an "outline of the relations of the 
 United States to the career and downfall of 
 Napoleon Bonaparte." Mr. Andrews believes 
 that American disregard of the Continental 
 blockade was the proximate cause of the Rus- 
 sian campaign and Napoleon's downfall, a 
 somewhat bold theory. (Mitchell Kennerley, 
 $2.00). 
 
 ....The progress which wireless telegraphy 
 has made in the last few years is traced in a 
 new edition of A. E. Kennedy's book on the 
 subject, which we welcomed in 1906. The au- 
 thor has brought this new issue entirely up to 
 date, adding to it whatever is worth saying at 
 the present moment on the subject of still an- 
 other service of science to practical life, wire- 
 less telephony. The new book is therefore 
 called Wireless Telegraphy and Wireless Tele- 
 phony. For the benefit of those unfamiliar 
 with the series of "Present Day Primers" to 
 which it belongs, it may be said that the book 
 is written for the general reader as well as 
 for the technical student. (Moffat, Yard, 
 $1.00). 
 
 ....The Lincoln centenary has left in its 
 wake some minor publications that call for but 
 brief comment. First of these is Ida M. Tar- 
 bell's Father Abraham, told in the homely style 
 that has become so intimately associated in our 
 imagination with the great President, and, be 
 it added, told admirably well. The spirit of 
 the popular memory of Lincoln is reflected in 
 this little book, which is good reading for the 
 young. (Moffat, Yard, $1.25). Mr. James 
 Creelman's Why We Love Lincoln fills accept- 
 ably its mission as a brief centenary survey of 
 his life and career. It sounds the proper note, 
 and does it with conviction. (Outing, $1.25). A 
 lecture on Abraham Lincoln, by Brevet Brig.- 
 Gen. Benjamin Rush Cowen, an appreciation 
 rather than recollections by the official in 
 charge of the Lincoln funeral cortege, who, 
 moreover, in the course of his career, had been 
 in personal contact with him, has been put be- 
 tween covers. (Cincinnati : Robert Clarke Co., 
 $1.00). An Anthology of the Epigrams and 
 Sayings of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Francis 
 
 D. Tandy, contains all the winged words that 
 have become familiar to us, and many more, 
 less well known, but well worthy of being mad'' 
 thus readily accessible. (New York: Francis 
 D. Tandy Co., 75 cents.) 
 
 Pebbles 
 
 MATRIMONIAL advertisements are not the 
 exclusive privilege of the emancipated Western 
 woman. The newest civilization of Japan has 
 also assimilated them, with improvements. 
 Here is a specimen : 
 
 >: I am a very pretty girl. My hair is as 
 wavy as a cloud. My complexion has the bril- 
 liancy and softness of a flower. My expres- 
 sion 'is as noble as the leaf of the weeping wil- 
 low, My brown eyes are like two crescents of 
 the moon. 
 
 "I have enough worldly goods to pass hap- 
 pily thru life with my husband, hand in hand, 
 gazing at the flowers by day and the moon by 
 night. If this should meet the eye of a man 
 who is intelligent, amiable and of good ad- 
 dress, I will be his for life, and repose with 
 him later in a tomb of red marble." Dundee 
 Advertiser. 
 
 THE popular after-dinner speaker rose to 
 respond to a toast. 
 
 "Gentlemen," he said, "the unexpectedly flat- 
 tering manner in which your toastmaster has 
 introduced me this evening reminds me of a 
 story which strikes me as being appropriate to 
 the occasion. By the way, how many of you 
 have heard the story of the Pennsylvania 
 farmer and the young wolf he bought for a 
 'coon dog ; ? Will those who are familiar with 
 it from having listened to it half a dozen times 
 or more please raise their hands?" 
 
 An overwhelming majority of his auditors 
 raised their hands. 
 
 "Thanks, gentlemen," he said. I shall not 
 inflict it upon you." 
 
 With their rapturous applause still ringing 
 in his ears, he sat down. 
 
 He made the hit of the evening. Chicago 
 Tribune. 
 
 HE was a naughty little brother, but little 
 brothers very often are naughty on such occa- 
 sions. 
 
 His sister's suitor was awaiting patiently in 
 the drawing-room, and Tommy, who was en- 
 tertaining him. opened fire with : 
 
 "Are you going to propose to my sister to- 
 night?" " 
 
 "Why, I er , er what do you mean?" 
 asked the young man uneasily. 
 
 "Oh, nothing," was the reply. "Only if you 
 are, don't think you are going to surprise her. 
 At dinner just now she gave me and my little 
 brother a quarter each to go to bed at half- 
 past seven. She's hung four Cupid pictures on 
 the parlor wall, moved the sofa over in the 
 darkest corner, got ma and pa to go calling 
 next door, shut the dog in the cellar, and been 
 practising- 'Because I Love You' on the piano 
 all the afternoon. You'll get her all right, but 
 if she tries anything on about it's being so 
 sudden, just tell her it's all bunkum !" Wash- 
 ington Post. 
 
Entered at New York Post Office as Second Class Matt, r 
 
 Publisher, Clarence W. Bowen 
 130 Fulton Street - - - New York 
 
 A WEEKLY MAGAZINE. FOUNDED IN 1848. 
 One Year, $2.00. Single Copies, 10 Cents. 
 
 Single copies over six months old 25 cents. Postage 
 to any foreign country in the Universal Postal Union, 
 $1.79 a year extra; to Canada, $1.00 extra. Subscrip- 
 tions will be received for other periodicals, and club- 
 bing rates will be granted as low as offered by any 
 responsible usenc.v. 
 
 Order for the change of an address should be re- 
 ceived two weeks before change is to take effect. The 
 old .-is well as the new address should be given. 
 
 For the convenience of our subscribers we will send 
 on receipt of publisher's price any book reviewed or 
 advertised in onr columns. 
 
 Volumes of The Independent are completed at 
 the end of December and June, and a full index Is 
 furnished free on application. Neat binders holding 
 in book form thirteen current issues will be furnished 
 for 45 cents. 
 
 If the numbers comprising any semi-annual volume 
 are returned to us prepaid in good condition with $1.50 
 we will bind the volume in handsome and substantial 
 half buckram and deliver it free anywhere in the United 
 States. 
 
 We are always glad to receive articles for examina- 
 tion, but writers desiring the return of their manu- 
 scripts, If not accepted, should send a stamped and ad- 
 dressed envelope. We cannot, however, even so, hold 
 ourselves responsible for their return. Authors should 
 preserve a copy. 
 
 Advertising rates will be furnished on application. 
 
 Trusts and the Government 
 
 MR. TAFT, with the aid of the learned 
 attorneys in his Cabinet, will strive to 
 improve the machinery by . which the 
 laws against combinations and rebating 
 -are enforced, and to prepare needed 
 amendments to the Anti-Trust law which 
 Congress and the people will accept. To 
 improve the machinery, a new distribu- 
 tion of the duties of the Interstate Com- 
 merce Commission and of parts of two 
 Departments is required. This is not 
 an easy task, but amendment of the 
 Sherman act is a much more difficult one. 
 That law should be modified, but public 
 opinion opposes any relaxation of its 
 severity. 
 
 The influence of the prevailing public 
 sentiment upon Congress was shown by 
 the report of the Senate Judiciary Com- 
 mittee last winter, that the statute ought 
 not to be changed. That report is hos- 
 tile to the recommendations which, in all 
 probability, the President will submit for 
 the amendment of the law. It is not 
 realized by a majority of our people that 
 a strict and universal enforcement of the 
 Sherman act, as it has been interpreted 
 and applied by the courts, would pro- 
 foundly disturb the legitimate business 
 
 986 
 
 of the country, subjecting to prosecu- 
 tion and punishment a great number of 
 persons whose operations have been ben- 
 eficial rather than harmful. 
 
 In his remarks at a dinner in New 
 York last week, Attorney General Wick- 
 ersham spoke of the President's purpose, 
 and of the need of amendments which 
 would "except from the provisions of 
 the law the ordinary agreements which 
 are the necessary result of healthy busi- 
 ness conditions." In that address. .Mr. 
 \Yickersham, defining the policy of the 
 Administration, did not propose any re- 
 treat from the position taken by Mr. 
 Roosevelt : 
 
 "The work of the present Administration is 
 none the less important than was that of the 
 last in continuing to enforce the laws of the 
 country and in endeavoring to effectuate the 
 intent of the people, speaking thru Congress, in 
 preventing the things which the people have 
 come to believe to be inconsistent with the wel- 
 fare of the Republic ; but the methods which 
 were necessary to awaken the business com- 
 munity to a recognition of the existence and 
 vitality of these laws are no longer essential." 
 
 He did say, however, that some "suits 
 were instituted and some prosecutions 
 commenced without sufficient considera- 
 tion and without adequate cause," and 
 he gave notice that proceedings in such 
 cases would be discontinued. He 
 found it necessary to be frank, altho he 
 might appear to be criticising his prede- 
 cessor and Mr. Roosevelt. Perhaps it 
 would have been better to withhold that 
 criticism and to permit the statement of 
 reasons to accompany and explain the 
 action to be taken. He gave notice that 
 he should not authorize the criminal 
 prosecution of men who, without intent 
 to violate the Sherman act, have taken a 
 course technically at variance with an 
 extreme and most drastic construction 
 of the statute. If the men in question 
 do not wrong the public by such tech- 
 nical violation of the law, the public will 
 not condemn his policy. 
 
 Some who have read the report of Mr. 
 \Yickershanvs remarks in connection 
 with the accompanying report of what 
 was said by the gentleman who presided 
 at the dinner, may have been uncon- 
 sciously led by the speech of that gentle- 
 man (Mr. Joseph H. Choate), who in- 
 troduced and eulogized the Attorney- 
 General, to ascribe to the latter's address 
 a reactionary tendency which it really 
 
EDITORIAL 
 
 987 
 
 did not exhibit. Mr. Choate's unfavor- 
 able opinion of President Roosevelt's 
 policy and of the course pursued by 
 Attorney-General Bonaparte was quite 
 plainly perhaps too plainly exprest, 
 and we do not see how the expression 
 of it could have been enjoyed by Mr. 
 Bonaparte's successor. 
 
 Mr. Choate pointed out that Mr. Wick- 
 ersham had been "a corporation lawyer, 
 a defender of institutions which twelve 
 months ago were everywhere con- 
 demned," and he added that "it was 
 quite time that they [the corporations] 
 had their innings." It is true, as Mr. 
 Choate also said, that corporation law- 
 yers are deservedly eminent in their pro- 
 fession, but the corporations which en- 
 gage the Attorney-General's attention 
 are those which violate the laws. On the 
 day before this dinner Mr. Wickersham 
 had approved a settlement by which the 
 Sugar Trust restored to the Government 
 more than $2,000,000 which had virtu- 
 ally been stolen by means of fraudulent 
 weighing machines. Mr. Choate re- 
 cently appeared in court for the defense 
 in a suit in which this Trust, or corpora- 
 tion, and a railroad company were prose- 
 cuted by the Government for rebating, 
 and his defense was not successful. We 
 are confident that he does not think such 
 corporations are now to "have their in- 
 nings" because Mr. Wickersham is at 
 the head of the Department of Justice, 
 jl 
 
 The Humanists and the Scientists 
 
 IN the article on the University of 
 California in this issue, as well as in 
 previous articles of the series, attention 
 is called to the tendency of the rival fac- 
 tions of college faculties to come togeth- 
 er and forget their traditional rivalry. 
 There is arising a new spirit of mutual 
 toleration and comprehension and a dis- 
 position on both sides to moderate ex- 
 clusive and exaggerated claims and to 
 join forces for the promotion of modern 
 education. 
 
 The old warfare between science and 
 classics is practically over. The old 
 weapons are still flourished occasionally 
 but merely from habit. The former pug- 
 nacious zeal and dogmatism is lacking. 
 This is not so much because the classi- 
 
 cists have been defeated as it is because 
 the scientists have been triumphant. 
 There is widely prevalent in tech- 
 nological as well as in literary depart- 
 ments, a feeling of disappointment at the 
 results of a generation of scientific train- 
 ing, a feeling that science has had its 
 chance now and has not ''made good." 
 Spencer's tract on "Education," and 
 Huxley's simile of life as a chess game 
 played against Nature, are as unanswer- 
 able as ever but they are not so convinc- 
 ing as formerly. The men now coming 
 out of our laboratories and shops, do not, 
 to say the least, stand head and should- 
 ers above their mates in the humanistic 
 departments. They are not so distin- 
 guisht by their broadmindedness, toler- 
 ance, practicality, truthfulness, logical 
 power and freedom from superstition and 
 like infirmities, as to demonstrate the in- 
 trinsic superiority of scientific training. 
 Whether or not it has been proved that 
 the advantages to be gained by the study 
 of science are the same as, or equal to, 
 those derived from the study of the clas- 
 sics, it has been undeniably demonstrated 
 that the evils resulting from poor teach- 
 ing of the sciences are the same and quite 
 as great as those produced by poor teach- 
 ing of the classics. That is, the subject 
 matter of science does not in itself have 
 any magic power to make it practical, to 
 prevent the student from falling a victim 
 to an instructor's dullness or laziness. All 
 the ancient evils which the advocates of 
 the new learning so vigorously criticised 
 in the old are to be found too often in 
 classes devoted to the most novel and 
 utilitarian of subjects, that is the aloof- 
 ness from life, the memorizing instead of 
 thinking, and the cheating the pupil into 
 the belief that he is gaining valuable in- 
 formation when he is only learning new 
 words. 
 
 Of course, it is not fair to expect re- 
 formers to keep their promises. They 
 never can "deliver the goods." It is 
 doubtful if any reform would be zealous- 
 ly enough propagated to carry it thru or 
 strenuously enough opposed to prevent it 
 if advocates and opponents were not de- 
 luded into the belief that it would make 
 more of a change in human affairs than 
 it ever does. It may also be argued that 
 science has not had a fair chance because 
 
9 88 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 its teachers have not had the real scien- 
 tific spirit. That is true but beside the 
 question. Everybody will agree that zo- 
 ology, as taught by an Agassiz or Hux- 
 ley, is an Inspiring and profitable study, 
 but the question is whether zoology as 
 taught by the ordinary high school teach- 
 er is better than Latin as taught by a 
 man of the same caliber. 
 
 The humanists must hot interpret the 
 dissatisfaction with the results of scien- 
 tific training as indicating that they are 
 to be reinstated in their ancient rights 
 and privileges. A restoration of the 
 Bourbons, if they have forgotten nothing 
 and learned nothing, would be followed 
 by another revolution. But they may 
 find in it an opportunity to co-operate 
 with their disillusionized colleagues of 
 the opposite wing of the faculty in found- 
 ing a new education which shall have the 
 advantages of both. 
 
 The humanists were eternally right in 
 maintaining that the proper study of 
 mankind is man. They lost ground when 
 they departed from this principle and 
 acted upon the idea that the proper study 
 of mankind is words. The scientists won 
 their cause by showing that a study is 
 not necessarily devoid of educational 
 value because it has a practical bearing 
 on modern life. We are disappointed in 
 them when they desert their winning 
 colors and act upon the assumption that 
 the ultimate ideal of humanity is a math- 
 ematical formula. If the two parties can 
 be kept to their respective ideals there 
 would be little conflict between them and 
 a few mutual concessions would bring 
 them together. The classicists should 
 concede that the human race extends be- 
 yond the Mediterranean basin and that 
 there are other avenues of approach to it 
 than half a dozen books in Greek and 
 Latin. The astronomer should be re- 
 quired to teach that man is the center of 
 the universe and that the sun, stars and 
 comets really revolve around our earth, 
 however convenient it may be for him to 
 adopt temporarily an extra-terrene stand- 
 point for the purpose of calculating their 
 orbits. The zoologist may devote his life 
 to the anatomy of the South Sea sea- 
 urchin but he should be able to tell \\liv 
 he is doing it. The editor of a scientific 
 series should do as the editor of a daily 
 does, hand back the manuscripts to their 
 
 authors marked "H. I." with a blue pen- 
 cil, this meaning to a reporter "run 
 human interest into your story." 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 
 THE Wonderful Year gives us now 
 another centennial, that of the birth of 
 our own Dr. Holmes. He is one of that 
 marvelous company of poets that, as pro- 
 fessors, made Harvard College famous 
 fifty years ago. Nowhere have we the 
 like of them in this degenerate day. But 
 why should we call this degenerate which 
 fills the literary gap with astronomers 
 and engineers and inventors? Emerson's 
 squirrel replied well to the mountain who 
 had called him ''little prig": 
 "You no doubt are very big, 
 But I count it no disgrace 
 To occupy my place. 
 If I'm not a big as you 
 
 You are not as small as I, and not half so spry. 
 I'll not deny you make 
 A very pretty squirrel-track. 
 Talents differ: things are well and wisely put. 
 If I cannot carry forests on my back 
 Xc-ither can you crack a nut." 
 Surely so: Emerson and Longfellow 
 and Holmes and Lowell could not build 
 a Brooklyn Bridge or a Gatun Dam, or 
 invent the telephone or the electric light. 
 Those were too hard nuts for them to 
 crack. 
 
 The Harvard trinity were all very hu- 
 man men, every one lovable, flawless in 
 their thoughts and sweetened by the af- 
 fections that make life beautiful. They 
 differed, nevertheless. Longfellow was 
 so like other men, with no special 
 quality, except, as each sentiment and 
 feeling was developed or idealized, 
 men called him commonplace, because 
 sentiment and feeling are common, and 
 need only to find some one who can ex- 
 press them. Lowell added sparkling 
 humor ; and Holmes bubbling wit. They 
 were all, as became college professors of 
 their day, thoro scholars, but scholars in 
 the way of their day. which could all be 
 extracted from or put into books, words, 
 thoughts ; nothing concrete, brick or 
 stone or steel. 
 
 But Holmes's department was not lit- 
 erature but medicine, which in his day 
 was one of the three exclusively learned 
 professions. He earned his salary by 
 teaching a physically useful art; but 
 
EDITORIAL 
 
 989 
 
 he won his fame by what he was not 
 paid for, by breaking into literature, and 
 particularly by his shrewd wit, which be- 
 came extravagant in some of his poems, 
 but was tempered often by a tender touch 
 of mirthful sympathy and sometimes by 
 a philosophical or even scientific flavor 
 which, as in the "Professor at the Break- 
 fast Table," added a new variety to 
 authorship. Who of the elder generation 
 can forget the delight with which in 
 1858 he read the eagerly awaited num- 
 bers of the new Atlantic Monthly no 
 pictures then needed to float it contain- 
 ing these serial papers, which were the 
 articles first devoured, even before those 
 by Lowell and Longfellow in prose .or 
 verse? And it is on these that Holmes's 
 fame will chiefly rest. Nobody reads his 
 learned medical papers now ; but his 
 table-talks are a permanent addition to 
 English literature. 
 
 But before that he had delighted the 
 children as well as their parents with his 
 poems, apparently so easily dashed off, 
 and yet so choicely worded, and so 
 funny ! Even still they cling to memory 
 such as 'The Kaytdid" : 
 
 "Did Katy love a naughty man, 
 Or kiss more cheeks than one? 
 
 I warrant Katy did no more 
 Than many a Kate has done." 
 
 Or the "One Hoss Shay" : 
 
 "How it went to pieces all at once, 
 All at once and nothing first, 
 Just as bubbles do when they burst. 
 End of the wonderful one-hoss shay. 
 Logic is logic that's all I say." 
 
 Or "The Last Leaf": 
 
 "I know it is a sin 
 For me to sit and grin 
 
 At him here, 
 
 But the old three-cornered hat, 
 And the breeches and all that 
 Are so queer. 
 
 "And if I should live to be 
 The last leaf upon the tree 
 
 In the spring, 
 
 Let them smile as I do now 
 At the old forsaken bough 
 
 Where I cling." 
 
 And he gave the same measure of fun 
 to the "dear unmarried aunt" who 
 would 
 
 "Curl her wintry locks 
 In. such a springlike way." 
 
 And yet the most famous of all his 
 poems, one spouted on every school plat- 
 form, had in it not a tone of wit, only 
 
 the passion of patriotism. We can yet 
 repeat "Old Ironsides": 
 "Ay, tear her tattered ensign down ! 
 
 Long has it waved on high. 
 And many an eye has danced to see 
 
 That banner in the sky; 
 beneath it rung the battle shout, 
 
 And burst the cannon's roar ; 
 The meteor of the ocean air 
 
 Shall sweep the clouds no more 
 
 "Oh, better that her shattered hulk 
 
 Should sink beneath the wave ; 
 Her thunders shook the mighty deep, 
 
 And there should be her grave. 
 Nail to the mast her holy flag, 
 
 Set every threadbare sail, 
 And give her to the god of storms, 
 
 The lightning and the gale." 
 When another century shall have past, 
 not then will these three Cambridge poets 
 have ceased to be remembered and re- 
 peated. Yes, and we will also save a 
 niche in our memory for our Bells and 
 Edisons, for we have not quite forgotten 
 Morse and Henry. 
 
 A Good Man 
 
 WE have occasion many times a year 
 to make the obituary mention of great 
 men and women. This is fitting and due, 
 altho we would prefer to write of living 
 men and issues. If ever it is desirable, 
 however, to take space to eulogize the 
 dead, it is surely so in the case of Samuel 
 J. Barrows, whose death from pneumonia 
 occurred in this city a week ago. 
 
 Here was a man who, for more than 
 forty years of active life, has fought on 
 the firing line of progress, asking only 
 how he might serve his fellowmen, seek- 
 ing no social approbation or personal 
 gain, simply a modest, efficient, great- 
 hearted American devoted to the com- 
 mon good. Born and brought up on the 
 East Side of New York City, he was a 
 living refutation of the proposition that 
 a modern city cannot produce a great 
 man. After returning from the Civil 
 War he prepared himself to become a 
 Unitarian minister. After a brief term 
 in the pastorate he was called to the edi- 
 torship of the chief organ of his denom- 
 ination, The Christian Kc^isfcr, which ho 
 controlled with fidelity and ability for 
 nearly twenty years. It was during a 
 vacation in Europe that he was nominat- 
 ed without his knowledge for Congress. 
 As soon as he was notified by cable he 
 
990 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 returned to Boston and entered so en- 
 thusiastically into the campaign that con- 
 trary to general expectation he was 
 elected. 
 
 While he was in Congress he was the 
 special Washington correspondent of 
 THE INDEPENDENT, and he used to send 
 us weekly letters signed "Floor Corre- 
 pondent." Even till the time of his 
 death he was a frequent contributor to 
 our columns, often in the editorial pages. 
 President McKinley was greatly imprest 
 with his ability and nominated him for 
 Librarian of Congress when his term in 
 the House was about to expire. Before 
 the nomination had been confirmed by the 
 Senate, however, Mr. Barrows wrote a 
 semi-humorous interview with himself in 
 his Washington letter, telling what he 
 would do if made Librarian. This gave 
 a handle to a few of the little minds in 
 the Senate and they held up his confirma- 
 tion until Congress adjourned without 
 action. The next Washington letter Mr. 
 Barrows sent us was signed "Floored 
 Correspondent." 
 
 He was quickly engaged by the New 
 York Prison Association as its Secretary, 
 which office he held till his death. He 
 represented the Government officially on 
 several occasions at prison co-igresses 
 and he w r as especially interested in the 
 great international prison congress that 
 is to be held in this country soon, and 
 was planning to spend this summer : n 
 South America in its behalf. Mr. Bar- 
 rows was one of the leading penologists 
 in this country, and he has probably done 
 more than any other American to pro- 
 mote the probation system and inde- 
 terminate sentence, and, in general, to 
 change our prisons from brutalizing dun- 
 geons to great reformatory institutions. 
 
 He was the first man in this country to 
 join the Interparliamentary Union, ami 
 those who know put his services to the 
 cause of international peace second to 
 those of no other American. He was a 
 master of a dozen languages, some of 
 which he studied after he was sixty years 
 old. He once learned Hungarian simply 
 to make a public address in Budapest. 
 In meetings of Greeks he spoke in their 
 modern tongue. Tho he and his no less 
 remarkable wife had but two children of 
 their own, their home was the only one 
 known to many orphans. It was no un- 
 
 common thing in their family for chil- 
 dren of the white, yellow, red, brown and 
 black races to sit down to dinner to- 
 gether. Mr. Barrows had no race, class, 
 sex or religious prejudice. One if his 
 last articles in . THE INDEPENDENT told 
 how he wished the churches were so 
 broad that he could join them all, Catho- 
 lic, Jew, Presbyterian, Unitarian, Episco- 
 pal, etc. He belonged to all the more 
 important philanthropic and charitable 
 societies of New York. Why should he 
 be expected to hold fellowship in only 
 one church? 
 
 Perhaps the saddest thing about Mr. 
 Barrows's death was that his devoted wife 
 was in Russia at the time on an* errand 
 of mercy no less an undertaking than 
 to attempt to prevail on the autocracy to 
 liberate from jail that noble prisoner, 
 Madame Breshkovsky. Their home life 
 was ideal. They married first and got 
 their education afterward, tho they are 
 the kind of people who never cease learn- 
 ing. When Mrs. Barrows wanted to 
 take a course in medicine in Europe Mr. 
 Barrows earned the money for both. 
 When Mr. Barrows went thru the theo- 
 logical seminary Mrs. Barrows supported 
 him with her pen. For nearly fifty years 
 this devoted pair havi- worked with and 
 for each other, ever cheerful, ever fresh 
 for new service, ever the inspiration and 
 despair of their fellow workers. They 
 have had no time to make money, no in- 
 clination for the conventional social pleas- 
 ures, when so much was waiting to be 
 done. But when the Russian revolution 
 and famine came they were the ones who 
 first stretched the hand of brotherhood 
 across the ocean from America. And 
 many a heartsick prisoner and motherless 
 boy whom they have befriended are pray- 
 ing for them these days. 
 
 Xo prettier story can be told than that 
 when Mr. Barrows was in Congress and 
 the tariff bill was up for discussion. A 
 high duty was about to be put on a prod- 
 uct manufactured in a certain little Euro- 
 pean town. The whole town was en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of this prod- 
 uct, which was its sole means of liveli- 
 hood. Mr. Barrows recounted his ex- 
 periences in that little town on his vaca- 
 tion during the previous summer, show- 
 ing how happy and prosperous all the 
 people were as a result of their ability to 
 
EDITORIAL 
 
 991 
 
 sell their goods in the American market. 
 He begged Congress not to bring ruin 
 ind desolation on them, even if it would 
 enable some infant industry in America 
 to compete with them. His eloquence 
 won the day and the duty was cut off. 
 
 Not a famous man, as fame goes, not a 
 rich man as riches are counted, yet Sam- 
 uel J. Barrows was on the whole the best 
 type of man it has been our privilege to 
 know. 
 
 Jl 
 
 Safeguarding Opportunity 
 
 IT takes a startling bit of news, like 
 the publication of the new British budget, 
 to make the average intelligent man in 
 the United States realize how far behind 
 some of the countries of Europe our own 
 nation is in the evolution of politico-eco- 
 nomic policy. An exceptionally well in- 
 formed minority of students, publicists 
 and journalists of course understand the 
 situation, and voters of less than average 
 intelligence are satisfied to go on believ- 
 ing that ever since the fourth of July, 
 1776, this country has achieved the only 
 progress on this planet worth talking 
 about. The multitude, of average intelli- 
 gence and information, hold the balance 
 of power, and it is a good thing that now 
 and then something compels them to "sit 
 up and take notice" of the rest of the 
 world. 
 
 We do not wish to intimate that a cer- 
 tain backwardness of the United States 
 in matters of public policy is discreditable 
 to us as a nation. European nations are 
 trying experiments which to us seem rad- 
 ical because the increasing economic 
 pressure upon the middle and working 
 classes compels their governments to do 
 something. In America the pressure is 
 increasing, but it has not yet reached the 
 European degree of intensity. We still 
 have an enormous amount of cheap land, 
 and the occupation of the farmer is on 
 the whole more profitable than it was 
 twenty-five years ago, while the farmer's 
 life is being made, if not as agreeable as 
 it was seventy-five years ago, at least 
 more attractive than it was a generation 
 ago. 
 
 The underlying question governing 
 both American and European public pol- 
 icy* is the question of opportunity. So 
 long as nature and freedom provide and 
 
 safeguard opportunity, we have little de- 
 mand for public or other collective action 
 for relieving distress, ''elevating the 
 masses," or assisting the average man to 
 find employment or to provide for his old 
 age. The demand for these things comes 
 \vhen population has become dense and 
 society has become complex, and when 
 corporate organizations control natural 
 resources and the industrial opportuni- 
 ties. Then the question arises : How- 
 shall the average man be protected ? Shall 
 we take our chances under merely re- 
 strictive legislation, and multiply the laws 
 and ordinances forbidding the captains 
 of business to do this and do that? Shall 
 we try the socialistic experiment, and 
 convert the dominant means of produc- 
 tion into collective property subject to 
 collective control? Or shall we take a 
 middle course, and thru governmental 
 agency provide such protective measures 
 for the masses as insurance against sick- 
 ness and unemployment and pensions for 
 old age, and supplement these measures 
 by generously planned schemes for a na- 
 tional development of agricultural lands, 
 forests, waterways and so on? 
 
 It is possible that these three policies 
 are broadly correlated with three stages* 
 of development, and that some day or 
 other the great nations of the world will 
 work out a successful scheme of com- 
 monwealth co-operation, the details of 
 which seem to us, in this present age, 
 both vague and difficult. That possibil- 
 ity we consign to our posterity. For the 
 time being, it does seem to be in a gen- 
 eral way true that the policy of restrict- 
 ive control which we are trying to work 
 out in the United States, and the policy 
 of safeguarding economic life and oppor- 
 tunity which Germany, Belgium, France 
 and now England are committed to, are 
 respectively the policies of nations that, 
 on the one hand, have not, and on the 
 other hand have, arrived at experiences 
 of the more intense degrees of economic 
 pressure. If this is true, we may expect 
 to see American policy in the course of 
 time follow along the lines that are now 
 being blazed by such experiments as the 
 new British budget. 
 
 The feature of such policies that per- 
 haps will prove to be best worth watch- 
 ing is the broad application of the insur- 
 ance idea. Insurance is perhaps the sirri- 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 plest and most easily managed method of 
 creating a collective guarantee for the 
 benefit of an individual. All human life 
 is contingent upon a cert'iin compromise 
 between the communistic and the indi- 
 vidualistic principles. The public safety, 
 for instance, is based upon a communistic 
 give and take. Every individual, in ex- 
 change for his own security, takes his 
 chance of being called upon to risk his 
 life for the general defense. Insurance 
 is an application of this communistic prin- 
 ciple, subject to luck. The insured con- 
 tribute to the general fund from which 
 those individuals upon whom bad luck 
 falls are reimbursed. That this principle 
 should be taken up by a commonwealth 
 or nation, and so broadened out as to 
 make the entire community safeguard 
 each individual against the more intoler- 
 able calamities of life, such as ruinous 
 loss by illness or accident, unemployment 
 and a pauper old age, is theoretically 
 quite as reasonable as that the entire com- 
 munity should, in like manner, guarantee 
 the safety of each individual on a com- 
 munistic or insurance basis against do- 
 mestic disorder, or invasion by a foreign 
 foe. 
 
 Is the policy practically workable as 
 well as theoretically reasonable? The 
 American people will watch with a good 
 deal of interest the English experiment 
 to determine this point. 
 
 
 Dreadnoughts and Airships 
 
 AUSTRIA proposed to build four 
 Dreadnoughts. That affrighted Great 
 Britain, for it seemed equivalent to add- 
 ing so many Dreadnoughts to the Ger- 
 man navy, and would require Great Brit- 
 ain to build four additional and then one 
 more. Now we have the report of the 
 decision of the Austrian Government to 
 build seven Dreadnoughts, which will 
 probably require Great Britain to add 
 nine to her program, or give up her rule 
 that her navy must more than match the 
 combined navies of any two Powers, ex- 
 cepting the United States. 
 
 This burden is intolerable, not for 
 Great Britain only, but also for all the 
 other nations, us included, that are tak- 
 ing part in this ruinous competition. So 
 good luck to the inventors of airships 
 
 that can be employed for military puf- 
 poses. 
 
 For there is a fair likelihood that air- 
 ships will make war so horrible that it 
 will cease to be possible. Let us con- 
 sider what military airships could do. 
 
 Remember that when once perfected 
 an airship will be not very expensive. 
 For five or ten thousand dollars one 
 could be equipt that would carry half a 
 dozen men, and travel fifty miles an 
 hour. A thousand could be built for the 
 expense of one Dreadnought. Now let 
 us suppose a fleet of them, starting off 
 one night from the French coast, 150 
 miles, for London, or from the English 
 coast for. Paris, with the purpose of 
 dropping dynamite bombs on the city, or 
 on the military camp of the enemy. It 
 would be utterly impossible to prevent 
 it, and it would be perfectly possible for 
 the attacking party to escape. No de- 
 fending fleet of airships could intercept 
 them. 
 
 The only relief would be a "gentle- 
 men's agreement," a treaty of war, be- 
 tween the two nations at war, that they 
 would not use airships to drop explo- 
 sives, but only for scouting purposes. 
 Hut in war everything is fair, and The 
 Hague laws of war are meant to relieve 
 the mere atrocities" that are of minor 
 concern. If airships could give success 
 they would be used. To drop an explo- 
 sive from an airship on a camp or a 
 cruiser is no worse than to shoot a bomb 
 from a cannon. We are making cannon 
 bigger and battleships huger just so that 
 they can do more damage, the more dev- 
 ilish the better. As the game is being 
 played out to its limit, we may see the 
 time come when that limit is reached, 
 and the very excess of destructiveness 
 will defeat its own purpose. 
 
 We do not yet know what the age of 
 aerodromics will bring forth. Just as 
 the steamboat and the locomotive have 
 utterly changed our conditions of civil- 
 ization, so the airship may create a new 
 era. It may even break down the eco- 
 nomic line of division between the Re- 
 publican and the Democratic party by 
 making it well nigh impossible to collect 
 tariff duties either for protection or rev- 
 enue. At least smuggling would be 
 vastly easier and its prevention very "dif- 
 
EDITORIAL 
 
 993 
 
 ficult, except for heavy and bulky goods. 
 We presume the time will come in a very 
 few years when any well-to-do family 
 can have its airship as it now has its 
 horse and carriage or its automobile. 
 The automobile may become as obsolete 
 as the old chaise and the cariole are be- 
 coming. 
 
 We move . fast in these days. The 
 whole revolution, which includes the 
 railroad, the telegraph, the telephone, the 
 bicycle, the automobile, the wireless tele- 
 graph, and now the airship, has come 
 within the lifetime of a man of seventy. 
 This last invention will have its own 
 achievements; and if one of them is the 
 suppression of war, and the driving of 
 nations to arbitration, it will be the great- 
 est of all the inventions of a century. 
 Thus science, even against its intention, 
 serves the ideal purpose toward which 
 humanity blindly or consciously moves. 
 
 j* 
 Mohammed V 
 
 LAST week we were able to record with 
 great satisfaction the end of the counter- 
 revolution in Turkey and the overthrow 
 of Abdul Hamid. This week we report 
 the removal of Abdul Hamid by force to 
 Salonika, where he will be tried by court- 
 martial and probably condemned to 
 death, the crowning of his successor as 
 Mohammed V, and the end of the massa- 
 cres in the Cilician region. 
 
 While more than two hundred of the 
 conspirators who created the counter- 
 revolution have been executed summari- 
 ly, we doubt very much if it is the pur- 
 pose to put the late Sultan to death. 
 There are present uses for him alive. 
 
 It is surprising that he did not escape 
 while he could. He had his private yacht 
 at the dock behind his palace, and he 
 could have fled to a foreign vessel. That 
 he did not do it we lay less to his cour- 
 age than to his cowardice. He could not 
 make up his mind to the effort. His long 
 habit of waiting, which has given him the 
 reputation of astute political skill, failed 
 this time to succeed. 
 
 The deposed Sultan is believed to have 
 deposited many millions of wealth in 
 Europe. Whatever lands or other pri- 
 vate property he has acquired in Turkey 
 can be confiscated to the State, and there 
 
 is said to be much of it ; but what is hid- 
 den away in Berlin or Paris or London 
 cannot be reached. This the present 
 Government wants and needs. He is said 
 to have offered an immense sum for the 
 privilege of his choice of residence. We 
 take it that this court-martial and threat 
 of death is meant as a means .to squeeze 
 his money out of him rather than his 
 blood. He will thus be deprived of his 
 resources for financing another revolu- 
 tion, and be practically imprisoned for 
 the rest of his life in a comfortable but 
 secure palace, where he can grieve and 
 mope like Bonaparte at Saint Helena and 
 have plenty of time allowed to review his 
 life and repent of his sins. Meanwhile 
 the wealth which he disgorges can be in 
 part expended -in alleviating the distresses 
 of those made widows and orphans by the 
 massacres in the region of Adana. 
 
 And this directs attention to the obli- 
 gation of the new Turkish rulers, of Mo- 
 hammed V and his advisers, as also of 
 the other more civilized Powers, to see to 
 it that this massacre be the last which the 
 Christian people of Turkey shall suffer 
 from the hands of fanatical Turks. We 
 believe that the Young Turkish regime 
 has the best will in the world to prevent 
 the recurrence of these outrages ; and the 
 Christian Powers also have the right and 
 duty to put pressure on the Porte to see 
 that this is done. We of the United 
 States have under the law of nations no 
 right of interference in the domestic con- 
 cerns of Turkey ; but this does not mean 
 that we have no right of protest and pres- 
 sure. Indeed, we have more right. Had 
 we a naval force in the neighborhood, 
 and had a massacre occurred within reach 
 of our men or our guns, we would have 
 had the right which the law of mercy 
 imposes, to interfere by way of protec- 
 tion, just as for a less cause we have in- 
 terfered in the affairs of our neighbors 
 nearer home, and as we interfered a few 
 years ago in Peking. But in this case 
 the nearer nations have the nearer duty. 
 We would have the President make it 
 known at Constantinople that those who 
 have instigated the late atrocities must 
 be punished. That is the best insurance 
 against repetition. The negligent vali at 
 Adana, the commander of the troops, and 
 those chiefly guilty of inciting the massa- 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 cres should be punished as severely and 
 summarily as were those guilty at Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 And now what must be done for the 
 sufferers left destitute by the death of 
 their husbands and fathers and the de- 
 struction of all their property? For the 
 present they must be cared for by char- 
 ity. We in this country have before this 
 cared for many hundreds of Armenian 
 orphans. There are two channels thru 
 which such aid can be given, and these 
 are one. They are the International Red 
 Cross and the American Board and its 
 allied agencies, such as the orphan relief 
 society under the care of Miss Wheeler, 
 at Worcester, Mass. But whatever the 
 agency receiving the money, those who 
 are entrusted to expend it will be the 
 missionaries of the American Board on 
 the field. There may be jealousies be- 
 tween Armenians and Protestants in 
 Turkey, but when danger comes, by the 
 thousands they all flock to the missions 
 for protection. There they are with 
 friends and feel safe. And there will be 
 found the honest administration of re- 
 lief. To be sure, the Turkish Govern- 
 ment ought to assume this burden, but 
 it has an empty treasury and no credit, 
 and its first duty is to secure safety and 
 punish the guilty. If later it can give 
 relief, that should be entrusted not to 
 native agents, Turkish or Armenian, but 
 to the Red Cross, with which, we believe. 
 Turkey is officially allied. 
 
 In an article in this issue of THE IN- 
 DEPENDENT, President Washbnrn gives 
 his hopeful comments on the late situa- 
 tion. He anticipates a regenerated Tur- 
 key under Mohammed V. With a set- 
 tled and progressive government there 
 may be expected a phenomenal change 
 in Turkey. The sick man of Europe 
 will be cured. The nations will no 
 long-er be hovering like vultures around 
 bis bed. readv to tear the carcase. Mil- 
 lions of wealth will seek investment. The 
 facilities of agriculture, manufacture 
 and transportation will speedily develop. 
 Turkey mav well become one of the 
 most flourishing- as it is one of the most 
 beautiful and bv nature most highly 
 sifted of lands. Its history will be be- 
 fore it. and not all behind it. The world 
 o-ives its welcome to Mohammed V and 
 its hone that with him begins a new era 
 for Turkey and for Islam. 
 
 ... It is not at all unlikely that the 
 _f ntlsh end of the present Liberal Brit- 
 ish Government is near at 
 hand. It will fall not on Welsh dises- 
 tablishment, or educational reform, or 
 an Irish Parliament, but on the budget. 
 With the present appearance of things, 
 when it appeals to the people it will be 
 beaten and free trade will go too. The 
 trouble is that this Government is too 
 honest. It wants to make its income 
 meet the national expenses, and not pile 
 up a war debt in time of peace. The 
 people would have old-age pensions, and 
 the Government yielded, and always the 
 pensions cost more than was expected. 
 We have learnt that lesson. Then the 
 people will have a procession of Dread- 
 noughts as playthings, and Dreadnoughts 
 are fearfully expensive. These must be 
 paid for in taxes, and taxes are pro- 
 posed. But the people don't want to be 
 taxed any more. They don't want to 
 pay the piper. Mr. Asquith gives them 
 their toys and taxes, very heavy taxes 
 on incomes and graduated death duties. 
 To be sure, it is the rich men that will 
 pay the, taxes, or their estates will, but 
 that is what they don't like. They are 
 making a fearful noise about it now, and 
 some of our American papers evidently 
 have Tory correspondents who make the 
 worst of it. When Mr. Balfour comes 
 into power again we shall see the end 
 we fear, of the great free trade policy 
 under which Great Britain has been most 
 prosperous and has increased wonder- 
 fully her manufactures and commerce. 
 It will not be because Great Britain is 
 tired of free trade, but because she is 
 tired of seeing her taxes. She will want 
 to pay them unwittingly, and the rich 
 men will persuade the poor men that the 
 latter must pay their share, and they will 
 listen and obey : for Carlyle says that 
 those south of the Tweed are mostly 
 fools. Then we shall have the whole 
 world separated into camps surrounded 
 each by tariff walls. And each can be 
 taxed without seeing it. Will it be 
 better? 
 
 je 
 
 A Turn- About In l8 /5< a work pub- 
 
 of the Index lisne(1 at Perugia under 
 
 the name of Carlo Pao- 
 
 letti,. advocating the cult of Mary's Pure 
 
 Blood, was put upon the Index. It is an 
 
 open secret that the nom de plume is that 
 
EDITORIAL 
 
 995 
 
 of Cardinal Pecci, afterward Leo XIII 
 As Pope he bothered not his head about 
 removing the book from the Index. He 
 had the works of Galileo and a few more 
 taken off, but his own remained and is 
 still on the Index of Pius X, published in 
 1907. The book was over-devout. Jusi 
 lately two books of another zealot have 
 been banned. They are the writings of 
 the Jesuit Barbier, who, since the expul- 
 sion of the religious orders, styles him- 
 self "L'Abbe." He is among the most 
 devoted and prolific defenders of Ultra- 
 montanism in 'France. He is more papal 
 than the Pope. But he overshot the 
 mark in singling out for his attacks 
 Mons. Piou, the wealthy founder of the 
 Action Liberate Popjtlairc a still-born 
 Catholic party. It was this gentleman 
 who went to Rome and persuaded Pius 
 X and Cardinal Del Val that the Catho- 
 lics, under his banner, would win in the 
 general elections which followed the dis- 
 solution after separation. He proved a 
 prophet lacking inspiration and if himself 
 elected he sits in the Chamber of Depu- 
 ties as the representative of the most 
 illiterate department of France. Now 
 L'Abbe Barbier never wearies of nag- 
 ging Piou. His first two attacks, "Cos 
 de Conscience' and "Rome et I Action 
 Liberale Populaire," are purely political 
 writings, to which Rome gave no heed. 
 It would not do for the Index to blacklist 
 nowadays French books exclusively po- 
 litical. The Abbe just overshot the mark 
 when he wrote "Le Progres du Liberal- 
 ismo Catholique en France sous le Papc 
 Leon XIII" and "Les Democrates chrc- 
 tiens et le Modernismc." Here he ven- 
 tured into fields partly historic, partly po- 
 litical, partly philosophic; and the Index 
 put both under the ban. He is over- 
 orthodox. Nevertheless, his writings are 
 thoro, well documented, and'give an en- 
 larging inner view of the ups and downs 
 of political Catholicism in France. "Save 
 me from my friends, and I will take care 
 of mine enemies/' L'Abbe Barbier may 
 well exclaim. 
 
 Jt 
 
 There is trouble in the Disciple camp. 
 A pastor of distinction in Chicago has 
 proved to be a believer in the higher crit- 
 icism, and he does not believe that every 
 word in the Bible is historically true. He 
 is not sure of Jonah or the Flood, so 
 
 there are those who want to turn him 
 out. But how can it be done ? The Dis- 
 ciples have grown to be over a million 
 and a quarter of communicants, with no 
 machinery of ecclesiastical courts and no 
 creed. They have no standard but the 
 Bible, and no articles by which to inter- 
 pret it. Their very principles of con- 
 glomeration which brought many Ish- 
 maelite fragments of other bodies to- 
 gether was liberty of interpretation. It 
 is a courageous principle, which allows 
 truth and error to wrestle, with no fear 
 that truth will be worsted in the strug- 
 gle. We presume that room will be kept 
 for historical criticism and those who ac- 
 cept it. 
 
 <* 
 
 Very curious is the sociological phe- 
 nomenon we now see in France of em- 
 ployees of the public service hi France 
 leaders in strikes against the nation which 
 employs them. It raises serious ques- 
 tions as to how docile workers would 
 be in a socialistic state. Would we have 
 just as many strikes if the nation con- 
 trolled all sources of production, and by 
 its chosen leaders assigned to each his 
 work and his wages? Would they be 
 any better satisfied, or would the strikes 
 and boycotts be just as bitter as they now 
 are, or as the disturbances have been in 
 France, where the cities were lately : n 
 darkness and the mails stayed undistrib- 
 uted ? 
 
 Jl 
 
 The proposal of Mississippi to put the 
 name and portrait of Jefferson Davis on 
 the silver presented to the battleship 
 which bears the name of the State is not 
 only in bad taste, but to do it would be 
 an insult to the officers who would use it. 
 We may properly bury the past and fra- 
 ternize most amicably, but it is not amica- 
 ble to flaunt secession in a Union ship of 
 war. Such a service should not be ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 # 
 
 Sabotage is one of those new foreign 
 words that have not yet got into the dic- 
 tionaries. It is the reverse of the strike ; 
 it is staying in and injuring the product 
 or the machinery. The last French ex- 
 ample is that of the postal clerks, who 
 have sent to Tokyo the personal mail of 
 their hated M. Simyan, Under-Secretary 
 of Posts. 
 
FINANCIAL 
 
 The New Rock Island President 
 
 RICH A KM A. JACKSON has been elected 
 president of the Rock Island Company, 
 the corporation which controls the roads 
 of the Rock Island railway system, to 
 succeed Robert Mather, who recently re- 
 tired from this office to become chairman 
 of the board of the Westinghouse Elec- 
 tric and Manufacturing Company. Mr. 
 Jackson is fifty 
 years old, and was 
 lx)rn at Richmond, 
 Ind. He was edu- 
 cated in the Rich- 
 m o n d public 
 schools, at Earl- 
 liam College, and 
 at the ' University 
 of Virginia, hav- 
 ing been gradu- 
 ated at this uni- 
 versity in 1879, 
 with the degree 
 of LL. B. For 
 several years he 
 was prosecuting 
 attorney of 
 Wayne County, 
 Ind. In 1902 he 
 became connected 
 with the Rock 
 Island system, and 
 since 1904 he has 
 been general solic- 
 itor and first vice- 
 president of the 
 Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific 
 Railway Company, 
 having succeeded 
 Mr. Mather in 
 those offices, as he 
 
 now succeeds him in the presidency of 
 the controlling corporation. 
 
 pH 
 Trade and Industry 
 
 SIGNS of improvement were seen last 
 week in the condition of the steel trade. 
 Prices are now turning upward. On the 
 27th, the Corporation added $i per ton 
 to its prices for bars, plates, and struc- 
 tural shapes. On the 28th the most pow- 
 erful of its competitors followed suit. In 
 both cases this action was due to large 
 orders. This is the first upward move- 
 
 K I CHARM A. JACKSON 
 
 ment in the steel trade since an open 
 market was declared, with a sharp cut- 
 ting (| f prices, -in the middle "t I'rhni- 
 arv. The Curp; ulimi's report (pub- 
 lished on the 27th) for the March quar- 
 ter was much better than had been ex- 
 pected. Net earnings ($22,921,000) were 
 below those of the preceding quarter, 
 of course, but wer^ still much above tho^e 
 of the first and second quarters of 1908. 
 and steady prog- 
 re s s by months 
 was shown, altho 
 the open market 
 was declared i n 
 the middle of the 
 quarter. Mar c h 
 earnings exceeded 
 those of February 
 by $320,000, de- 
 spite the cutting. 
 An impression pre- 
 vails that in this 
 important imlustry 
 the corner has 
 been turned. Re- 
 c e n t imports of 
 crude materials 
 for manufacturers 
 have been very 
 large. Postal re- 
 ceipts for March 
 in fifty large cities 
 exceeded those of 
 March a year ago 
 by 141^ per cent. 
 Capital incorpora- 
 tions for April 
 were $181,000,000. 
 against $105,000,- 
 ooo in March. Se- 
 vere and unseason- 
 able weather has 
 
 delayed seeding and restrained retail 
 trade, but the prevailing sentiment is 
 optimistic, and marked improvement 
 after settlement of the tariff controversy 
 is generally expected. 
 Jl 
 
 . . . .The Merchants' National Bank, 
 whose capital stock is $2,000,000, now 
 has a surplus and undivided profits 
 amounting to $1,665,181, an increase 
 since February 5th of $76,997. The de- 
 posits, which on February 5th were 
 $26,921,070, are now $31,060,587,^11 in- 
 crease of $4,139,517. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 MAKE YOUR^BEDJ 
 
 orv arv 
 
 easy 
 
 and sleep- 
 tempting mat- 
 tress. We have been making 
 mattresses for over 50 years and the 
 result of our experience is given in our 
 handsome i44_-page book, "The Test of Time" 
 mailed free. Send for it and learn all- about the 
 
 Ostermoor 
 
 Mattress 
 
 of an Ostermoor dealer or by express, 
 prepaid, when no dealer can supply 
 
 
 Compressing: the Ostermoor 
 
 sheets 
 
 by hand 
 
 m .1 i I i 
 
 It is easy for you to get the genuine. 
 
 We ship you a full size mattress, 4 ft. 6 in. wide, 
 6 ft. 3 in. long, weight 45 Ibs., direct by express pre- 
 paid, same day your check for $15 is received by us. 
 Made in two parts, 50 cents extra. Smaller sizes, 
 smaller prices. Beware of imitations. The Ostermoor 
 label is sewn on end of the genuine. See that it is there. 
 OSTERMOOR & CO., 106 Elizabeth Street, New York 
 
 Canada : Alaska Feather and Down Co. , Ltd. , Montreal. 
 
 CAREFUL and THOROUGH 
 INVESTIGATION 
 
 c 
 
 H 
 U 
 R 
 C 
 H 
 
 of the AUSTIN ORGAN will 
 reveal the fact that it is an in- 
 strument of the finest possible 
 type. 
 
 We have placed organs in 
 over Two Hundred and Fifty 
 Churches, Concert Halls and 
 Other Notable Buildings 
 throughout the country, and we 
 gladly refer any prospective pur- 
 chasers to these organs as to the 
 satisfaction they are giving. 
 
 Our descriptive book "M.," 
 fully explaining the advantages 
 of our Universal Air Chest sys- 
 tem, sent on request. 
 
 
 R 
 G 
 A 
 
 N 
 S 
 
 AUSTIN ORGAN COMPANY 
 
 HARTFORD : CONNECTICUT 
 
 FUR STORAGE 
 
 C. G. GUNTHER'S SONS 
 
 Furs and Fur -lined Garments, Rugs, 
 Robes, etc., received for storage and in- 
 sured against loss or damage by Moth, 
 Fire or Theft. 
 
 Articles stored with us receive the 
 same care and attention as our own 
 goods. 
 
 Charges for alterations and repairs 
 made during the summer are materially 
 lower than at other times. 
 
 184 Fifth Avenue, New York 
 
 Eighty -eight years' experience in the care 
 of furs 
 
 Telephone, Gramercy 3260 
 
XV111 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 READING NOTICES 
 
 GENUINE MENNEN'S BORATED TALCUM TOILET 
 POWDER 
 
 Mennen's Berated Talcum Powder lays claim to being 
 the most perfect powder on the market both in mater 
 and method of manufacture. It is tne oldest of Talcum 
 Powders put up for general use and has established 
 itself on its merits in every quarter of the civilized world. 
 
 The woman who buys Mennen's for toilet use or any 
 other purpose may rest assured that she is getting t 
 nurest and most perfect powder that chemical knowledge 
 can originate or skill manufacture. 
 
 There is a difference in Mennen's and those who nave 
 once used it are quick to appreciate that this difference 
 is a difference of superiority which is easily perceived m 
 comparison with any other powder. 
 
 Some people may say: The same ingredients are open 
 to everybody, why can't others get the same results and 
 produce a perfect powder? 
 
 Ask the woman who is famous for her cake why Mrs. 
 Brown working from the same recipe can't produce lh<;- 
 same article. She has the same ii.gredients, the same di- 
 rections for making and yet she cen't make good cake. 
 It is this knack, this touch of skill and genius which 
 makes the difference betweefi all original productions and 
 imitations. It is this same genius which makes Mennen s 
 original Talcum Powder superior to every other. Adv. 
 
 CASUALTY COMPANY OF AMERICA 
 
 Owing to the resignation of Andrew Freedman, Lyman 
 A. Spalding was last week elected chairman of the board 
 and general counsel of the Casualty Company of Amer- 
 ica. Edwin W. DeLeon, first vice-president and^ general 
 manager, was elected president to succeed Mr. Spalding. 
 Edward L. Hearn, second vice-president, was elected 
 vice-president and general manager to succeed Mr. De- 
 Leon John E. Connelly was elected treasurer and 
 Nicholas W. Muller, secretary. The Casualty Company 
 of America has received in premiums since organization 
 $6,617,545.12. The losses paid since organization are 
 $2,389,668.97. The capital and surplus of the company 
 is $761,313.26 and the total assets $1,846,643.49. The 
 Audit Company of New York, of which E. T. Ferine is 
 president and F. C. Richardson, secretary, has audited 
 the accounts of the Casualty Company of America. 
 
 THE JOYS OF WALKING. 
 
 There is something very attractive about a bird flying 
 thru the air. He does it so easily and so capriciously, 
 and yet he keeps himself withal under such perfect con- 
 trol. Something approaching bird flying lies in the wear- 
 ing of the O'Sullivan Heels of Live Rubber. They im- 
 part a springiness to the step that is somewhat analogous 
 to flying. Those who have never tried the O'Sullivan 
 Rubber Heels can have no adequate idea of the ease im- 
 parted by them to the act of walking. Shoes with these 
 rubber heels on them look just the same as ordinary shoes, 
 but the effect is very different. If you have never 
 tried the O'Sullivan Heels, suppose you have a pair ap- 
 plied to your walking shoes, and note the result. One 
 trial will convince you of their delightful quality. Your 
 snoemaker can supply them, but be sure he does not give 
 you something "Just as good." 
 
 A "NATIONAL PIN-MONEY LEAGUE" 
 
 Has been formed by prominent business women in New- 
 York City. The object of the league is to offer sugges- 
 tions and to render practical assistance to every one 
 wishing to earn money at home. Send us 10 cents, al-o 
 your name and address in full and we will send you at 
 once over 80 suggestions for home work of all kinds, 
 any one of which, if carefully carried out, will give you 
 an assured income of from $5 to $50 a week. No 
 canvassing; unquestionable references furnished. Address 
 the secretary of the National Pin-Money League, Dept. 9, 
 Bloomfield, N. J. 
 
 COUNTRY ESTATES 
 
 Did you ever dream about owning your own home out 
 in the country somewhere? Almost everybody has done 
 just this. If you are one of those who are interested in 
 the country-home idea, in a farm or in village property, 
 you will be interested in the booklet, entitled "Country 
 Estates." as issued by Moore & Wyckoff, 546 Fifth ave- 
 nue, New York City. Fiom this book you get an idea 
 of the place that a subsequent visit may convince you is 
 just what you have been looking for all these years. 
 
 THE RED CROSS LINE TOURS 
 
 The fleet of the Red Cross Line, with weekly sailings 
 between the port of New York, Halifax, N. S., and St. 
 John's, N. F., via Long Island and Vineyard Sounds, 
 affords coastwise travelers with i-n excellent travel mc'li 
 urn. "Florizel" is a new 3,500-1011 steamer that will 1>< 
 available during the present season for the first time. 
 Halifax, belonging to the British Empire, is a gay city. 
 Nova Scotia is constantly growing in favor as a HI miner 
 resort. The picturesque St. John's and quaint New- 
 foundland may each be made a destination for those who 
 seek recreation by means of nearby sea travel. The 
 Red Cross Line has an ideal summer and autumn cruise 
 of twelve days the round trip. If interested write for 
 further details to Buwring & Co., general agents, 17 State 
 street, New York City. 
 
 THE NATIONAL RESERVE BANK 
 
 The National Reserve Bank, whose capital is $1,200,000 
 and surplus, $600,000, have moved to the City Investing 
 Building, 165 Broadway, and have large quarters on the 
 first floor. The officers of the hank are as follow.-: 
 William O. Allison, president; Erskine Hewitt, chairman 
 of board; R. \V. Jones, Jr., vice-president; T. .1. Lewis 
 vice-president; (iebrge \V. Adams, cashier, and K. I'.. 
 Minis, assistant cashier. 
 
 HOTEL MARTHA WASHINGTON 
 
 The Hotel Martha Washington, at No. 29 East Twenty- 
 ninth street, New York, is a hotel devoted to the use of 
 women. A woman traveling unattended finds a welcome 
 here that equals the welcome given to a man who regis- 
 ters at any of the regular hotels. The "Martha," as it 
 is affectionately called by its regular patrons, is almost 
 a woman's dub. The guests sit in the lobby and watch 
 the coming and going. They see their happy sisters 
 leave for various places of amusements convoyed by 
 their escorts of the other sex, whose presence in the 
 hotel for such purposes is ever welcome. The Martha 
 Washington is not like other hotels. It has an indi- 
 viduality all its own. In the summer time it also has a 
 roof garden 
 
 DIVIDENDS ANNOUNCED 
 
 Lord & Taylor, quarterly, common, 2 per 
 cent., payable May 1st, 1909. 
 
 United States Realty & Improvement Co., I 
 per cent., payable May ist, 1909. 
 
 The Nassau Bank, semi-annual, 4 per cent., 
 payable May ist, 1909. 
 
 Pacific Bank, quarterly, 2 per cent., payable 
 May ist, 1909. 
 
 General Chemical Co., common, I per cent., 
 payable June ist, 1909. 
 
 I nited States Leather Co., coupons of De- 
 bt-mare Bonds, payable on and after May ist, 
 1900. 
 
 [FIRE] 
 
 STATEMENT JANUARY 1. 19O9 
 
 CAPITAL 
 
 $I,5OO,OOO 
 
 RESERVED FOR ALL OTHER LIABILITIES 
 
 7,829,724 
 
 NET SURPLUS 
 
 5,467,353 
 
 ASSETS 
 
 14,797,077 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 xix 
 
 The Best Way to 
 the Best Place 
 
 It's the vacation way 
 to vacation land. 
 
 with stenographer, maid, barber and 
 valet is only one of several splendid 
 trains which leave Chicago, St. Louis, 
 Kansas City, Memphis and Birming- 
 ham e'very day for Colorado Springs 
 and Denver over the 
 
 One night from Chicago or St. 
 Louis ; two nights from New 
 York,! Boston or Philadelphia 
 
 Just aiT evening at the Club - for that's what 
 il's like refreshing sleep in a sweet, roomy 
 berth, and you are breathing the glorious mile- 
 high Colorado air. 
 
 Very'low excursion fares all summer 
 
 Send without delay for our eighty-page 
 illustrated Colorado book and Yellowstone 
 Park-Alaska-Yukon-Pacific folder. Free on 
 request and worthy of a place in any 
 library. 
 
 JOHN SEBASTlAN.TassengerTraffic Manager 
 4 La Salle Street Station, - - Chicago, 111. 
 
 OLD SOAKERS 
 
 Get Saturated With Caffeine. 
 
 When a person has used coffee for a number of 
 years and gradually declined in health, it is time 
 the coffee should be left off in order to see 
 whether or not that has been the cause of the 
 trouble. 
 
 A lady in Huntsville, Ala., says she used coffee 
 for about 40 years, and for the past 20 years was 
 troubled with stomach trouble. 
 
 "I have been treated by many physicians, but 
 all in vain. Everything failed to perfect a cure. 
 I was prostrated for some time, and came near 
 dying. When I recovered sufficiently to partake 
 of food and drink I tried coffee again and it 
 soured on my stomach. 
 
 "I finally concluded coffee was the cause of my 
 troubles and stopped using it. I tried tea and 
 then milk in its place, but neither agreed with me, 
 then I commenced using Postum. I had it prop- 
 erly made and it was very pleasing to the taste. 
 
 "I have now used it four months, and my 
 health is so greatly improved that I can eat 
 almost anything I want and can sleep well, where- 
 as, before, I suffered for years with insomnia. 
 
 "I have found the cause of my troubles and a 
 way to get rid ol them. You can depend upon it 
 I appreciate Postum." 
 
 "There's a Reason." Read "The Road to Well- 
 ville," in pkgs. 
 
 Ever read the above letter? A new 
 one appears from time to time. They 
 are genuine, true, and full of human 
 interest. 
 
 BECAUSE 
 
 every man or woman who selects 
 a pair of shoes or slippers in which 
 the elastic side panels are made from 
 
 HUB GORE FABRIC 
 
 has our standing guarantee that it will 
 outwear the shoe or slipper, or we will 
 put in new goring free of charge. 
 
 Look for the little heart trademark 
 on the gore in both sides of the shoe. 
 
 .Write to-day for our guarantee certif- 
 icate. 
 
 HUB GORE MAKERS 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
XX 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1860 
 
 Home Life Insurance Company 
 
 GEO. E. IDE, President. 
 
 256 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 "Under 
 the 
 
 Search- 
 Light" 
 
 Clean as a Hound's Tooth. Brooklyn Eagle. 
 
 Communicate with the Home Office or the nearest agent. 
 
 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL 
 
 We Ship on approval, without a cent 
 deposit, freight prepaid. DON'T 
 
 PAY A CENT if you are not utUfied 
 
 after uiing th<> bicycle 10 day*. 
 
 DO NOT Wt$S!!ZtSS> 
 
 at any price until you receive our late*t 
 art catalogs illustrating ever? kind of 
 bicycle, and have learned our unheard of 
 prices and mari-elous new offers. 
 
 fiFIIT ' n >* win <* TOU to 
 
 Vkn I write a postal and every- 
 thing will be lent you free postpaid by 
 return mail. You will get rnuch valuable in- 
 formation. Do not wait, write it now. 
 TIKES, Coaster-Brakes, Built- 
 np-'Wheeli and all lundries at half usual prices. 
 
 MEAD CYCLE GO. Oept D293, CHICAGO 
 REMINGTON 
 
 One machine only 
 
 in new localities to secure desirable agent. 
 Special agents' prices supplied on all makes 
 of typewriters. 
 Standard Typewriter Exchange, 23 Park Row, New York 
 
 $100 
 
 $18.75 
 
 The Best of All 
 
 Of all the schemes which prudence and foresight have 
 devised to make certain that the material things which 
 men have gathered during their life time shall be pre- 
 served for the use of their families after their death, 
 nothing approaches sound life insurance, and in all life 
 insurance nothing can excel the policies of the METRO- 
 POLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, which 
 surely and to the very uttermost provide for the preserva- 
 tion of the home. Metropolitan policies absolutely and 
 unequivocally guarantee every undertaking on the part of 
 the company; they tell their whole story on their face, 
 leave nothing to the imagination, borrow nothing from 
 hope. In a word, they require definite conditions and 
 make definite promises in dollars and cents. 
 
 AFTER SHAVING | 
 
 ONDS 
 
 I Relieves Irritation 
 
 Prevents Inflammation 
 
 Assures Comfort 
 
 IB USED BY MEN OF DISCRIMINATION EVERYWHERE 
 
 Write for interesting book. Shaving Essentials 
 
 mailed free on request. 
 LAMONT, CORLISS * CO., Sole Agents, New York 
 
 EXTRACT 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 The Selection of Silver 
 
 When purchasing table silver knives, forks, 
 spoons and fancy serving pieces it is advisable to 
 choose a pattern you know will be continued for 
 years to come. Thus the collection of an attractive 
 design may be started in a small way and added to 
 from time to time. The popular styles of the famous 
 
 tfr 
 
 ware are maintained in complete assortment so that 
 additions may be made at the collector's pleasure. 
 For over sixty years " 1847 ROGERS BROS." silver 
 has been standard in quality, durability and design. 
 Each year since the original Rogers Bros, invented 
 the electro-plating process has increased the fame of 
 this exquisite "Siber Plate that Wears." 
 
 Sold by best dealers everywhere. Send for 
 Catalogue "E-79," which describes all patterns. 
 
 MERIDEN BRITANNIA CO., Meriden, Conn., 
 
 (International Silver Co., Successor.) 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO. SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 Meriden Silver Polish^ the "Silver Polish that Cleans" 
 
 Simply Economy 
 Msed on Intelligence 
 
 FtARLINE contains the Cor- 
 rect Amount of Soap in Combina- 
 tion with Safe, Scientific Detergents 
 and is Superior to, and more Eco- 
 nomical than Powders which are 
 
 .MA HUNDRED 
 
 p Powder or Washing Powder of 
 _. when PEARLINE was Discov- 
 and Introduced by James Pyle thirty 
 ) years ago no wonder to thos< 
 11 the sort made at that time. 
 iNETY WOMEN IN EVERY 
 HUNDRED 
 
 las proved by a car^n 
 year 1 908) now use 
 ' ishing Powder of some 
 d Bad or Indifferent, 
 hose who Insist on having the Best- 
 who have the Finer more D 
 which they cannot subject 
 Cheap Powders those writ 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Sanitary Floors 
 
 Stores in which foods are sold stores in which 
 merchandise of any kind is sold schools, offices and 
 public buildings, should all have sanitary floors. 
 Dusty floors are dangerous a positive menace to 
 health, for tramping feet set the dust particles and 
 germs circulating through the air, thus increasing 
 the chances of dust poisoning and resultant diseases. 
 
 Floors can be made perfectly sanitary by treat- 
 ing them three or four times a year with 
 
 STANDARD 
 
 Floor Dressing 
 
 Tests have proved that Standard Floor 
 Dressing reduces dust nearly one hundred 
 per cent. It also keeps the air clean and 
 fresh, preserves the floors and saves labor. 
 
 Sold everywhere in barrels and cans of 
 varying sizes. 
 
 Not intended for household use. 
 
 We will prorevthe wonderful efficiency of Standard 
 Floor Dressing AT OUR OWN EXPENSE. On request we 
 will treat part of one store, schoolroom or corridor 
 floor, free of charge. 
 
 To localities far removed from our agencies, we will 
 send free sample with full directions for applying. 
 
 Ask/or our free booklet "Dust <iml Its Dangers." 
 
 STANDARD OIL-jCOMPANY 
 (Incorporated 
 
 DRESSING 
 
 Iron Railings, Wire Fences and Entrance 
 Gates of all designs and for all purposes 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED : CATALOGUES FURNISHED 
 
 Tennis Court Enclosures, Unclimbable Wire 
 Mesh and Spiral Netting (Chain Link). 
 Fences for Estate Boundaries, Industrial 
 Properties, etc. 
 
 F. E. CARPENTER CO., 
 
 253 BROADWAY 
 HEW YORK CITY 
 
 WHEEL CHAIRS 
 
 A Wheel Chair is often an 
 invalid's greatest comfort. We 
 offer over 75 styles of these 
 easy, self -propelling and Invalid's Rolling Chairs, 
 with latest improvements. Ship direct from 
 factory to you, freight prepaid, and sell 
 on THIRTY DAYS' TRIAL 
 
 Liberal Discounts to all sending for free 
 Catalogue NOW. 
 
 GORDON MFG. CO. 
 
 418 Madison Ave., Toledo, O. 
 
 f* f\ nfl an ^ upwards. 
 foil UU Complete in 
 every detail, 
 
 all ready to install in 
 
 your boat. 
 
 Made in the largest and 
 most up-to-date plfnt in 
 the world deyot.-d?r< '-isively 
 to the manufacture of 2-cycle 
 marine motors. 
 
 1 . 5 and 3 cylinder. 
 
 Write for story of lioic these 
 motors are made and catalog. 
 
 GRAY MOTOR CO. S9 Lieb St., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 High Grade Heating and Cooking Apparatus 
 
 THATCHER FURNACE CO., 110-116 Beekman Street, New York 
 
 SEND FOR CATALOGUE 
 
 HARTSHORN SHADE ROLLERS 
 
 Wood Rollers 
 
 Tin Rollers 
 
 Bear the script name of 
 Stewart Hartshorn on label 
 
 for your protection. 
 Get "Improved," no tacks required. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Eke TIKE 
 IMF LASTS 
 
 THEY RIDE EASIER 
 THEY SAVE YOUR CAR 
 THEY LAST LONGER 
 
 Motorists are awakening to the fact that REAL 
 QUALITY in an automobile tire means more than 
 long life. 
 
 It means added resiliency, saving in wear and 
 tear on your car, and increased comfort and satis- 
 faction in driving. 
 
 The old experienced driver has long known that 
 HARTFORD TIRES are to be preferred from 
 every standpoint of economy, satisfaction and com- 
 fort. 
 
 Hartford Tires 
 
 "The Tires That Last" 
 
 are pre-eminently the quality tires of the world, 
 fast arid resilient and long lived. 
 
 They are constructed of the very best materials 
 only, by advanced methods and machinery (wide- 
 ly copied) in the oldest exclusive tire factory in 
 this country, by workmen skilled through years of 
 training with us. 
 
 Our watchword is "Keep the Quality Up." 
 
 Insist on HARTFORD TIRES. 
 
 Do not accept the "just as good" kind. 
 
 THE HARTFORD RUBBER WORKS COMPANY, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 "SgSS. c s i: BST&fJSSSn L^ot^tf 
 
 P, o*n Mai n st LOS Angefes, Cal.; 542 Golden Gate \ve, San Franco" CaT; 
 Co., Portland, Ore.; Compania Mexicana de Vehiculos Electricos, City of 
 
 F. P. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
XXIV 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 YOUR FIGURE 
 
 yields itself to 
 the persuasive lines 
 of these ideal mod- 
 els the moment they 
 are fitted. 
 
 BON TON 
 
 corsets emphasize 
 the beautiful lines- 
 screening any faults 
 there may be-and 
 impart to the con- 
 tour irresistible 
 charm and grace. 
 
 AT ALL DEALERS 
 
 *3 To*12 
 
 ROYAL WORCESTER CORSET CO. 
 
 WORCESTER. MASS. 
 
 HIKERS ALSO OF 
 
 ROYAL WORCESTER 
 
 CORSETS n TO *J 
 
 AND ADJUSTO CORSETS 
 '3 AND '5 
 
 SEND FOR THE 
 1909 ROYAL BLUE BOOK 
 
 CHARMING 
 
 BON TON 
 
 MODEL 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXV 
 
 I 
 
 I Gillette Safety Razor 
 
 m. T w-^. ^ 
 
 New Pocket Edition 
 
 HERE is news in- 
 deedfor the 
 two million men who 
 shave themselves every 
 morning with the 
 Gillette Safety Razor. 
 
 Our first announcement of the latest 
 GILLETTE achievement tfte New Pocket 
 Edition the GILLETTE Safety Razor in 
 such compact form that it can be carried 
 like a card case in the waistcoat pocket, 
 or slipped into the side of a traveling 
 bag. 
 
 Same size blade as before, same prin- 
 ciple ; but neater, more workmanlike, 
 the most perfect shaving Implement in 
 the world - as compact and as beautifully 
 
 finished as a piece of jewelry and the 
 blades are fine. 
 
 If you are a GILLETTE user call on 
 some progressive dealer at once and ex- 
 amine this new razor. 
 
 If you have never used the GILLETTE 
 now is the time to get acquainted. 
 
 You can shave yourself in from two to 
 five minutes with the GILLETTE a clean, 
 satisfying shave. No stropping, no honing. 
 
 The pocket-case is of gold, silver or gun 
 metal. Plain polished or richly engraved 
 in floral and Empire desigrs. Inside the 
 pocket-case are handle and blade box 
 triple silver-plated or 14K. gold plated. 
 Prices, $5.00 to $7.50, on sale every- 
 where. 
 
 You should know GILLETTE Shaving 
 Brush a new brush of GILLETTE quality 
 bristles gripped in hard rubber; and 
 GILLETTE Shaving Stick a shaving soap 
 worthy of the GILLETTE Safety Razor. 
 
 GILLETTE SALES CO. 
 
 Caiia 'ian Office 
 
 63 St. Alexander St. 
 
 Mcntteal 
 
 614 Kimball Building, Boston 
 Boston, Montreal, London, Berlin, Paris 
 
 New York, Times Bldg. 
 Chicago, Stock Exchange Bldg. 
 
XXVI 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 PAPE'S 
 
 22 GRAIN TR1ANCULES OF 
 
 DIAPEPSIN 
 
 FOR INDIGESTION 
 
 Registered in U. S. Pat. Office 
 
 Eat your favorite 
 food without fear 
 
 FORMULA. 
 Each 22 Gr. 
 
 contains 
 
 Pepsin Pure Aseptic 
 
 Papain 
 
 Diastase 
 
 Calcium Carbon Precip. 
 
 Cascara Sagrada 
 
 Powd. Ginger 
 
 Powd Cardamon 
 
 Sugar q. *. 
 
 Oil Canada Snake Root. 
 
 Relieves Indigestion, Dyspepsia and all 
 distress from an out-of-order stomach 
 
 Large 50c cases any drug store 
 
 PAPE, THOMPSON & PAPE, Cincinnati, O., U. S. A. and Windsor, Ont., Canada 
 
 MAPLEWOOD HACKNEY STUD 
 
 PROPERTY OF 
 
 FREDERICK C. STEVENS 
 
 ATTICA, 
 
 Y. 
 
 A 
 
 NYTHING you want 
 the line of HIGH 
 
 in 
 
 CLASS CARRIAGE 
 HORSES, ready for use, can 
 always be found at the above 
 establishment. All animals 
 bred, raised and trained at 
 Maplewood. Registered 
 Hackneys for foundation stock 
 always on hand. 
 
 Send for illustrated catalogue 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 E. T. GAY, Manager 
 
 ATTICA, N. Y. 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXVll 
 
 MUNICIPAL BONDS 
 
 of the MIDDLE WEST 
 
 are preferred by many investors to Eastern securities not only for the higher average returns 
 yielded by them, but because Western communities are growing more rapidly in wealth. 
 
 We Own and Offer $2,OOO,OOO 
 
 of such investments carefully selected to meet the most exacting requirements of Insurance 
 Companies, Fraternal Orders, Banks and Individuals. Such Bonds are 
 
 Payable from Taxation 
 
 and the payment of principal and interest enforced by the machinery of the government. 
 
 Municipal Bonds are recognized by the United States, by legislation in the various States 
 and by conservative investors of all kinds as the perfect investment for those who place Safety 
 of Principal, Assurance of Income and Stability of Value before Speculative Possibilities. 
 
 We have clients in 35 States and have been dealing in Tax Bonds for twenty years, dur- 
 ing which time we have had no defaults in Principal or Interest. 
 
 Let us sent you our list of especially desirable offerings. 
 
 Address Department N. 
 
 WILLIAM R. COMFnrON COMRAIMY 
 
 JVlerciiants-Laclede 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 THE MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK 
 
 PROVIDENCE. R. I. 
 
 Capital, 
 
 Surplus Earnings, 
 
 $1,000,000.00 
 700,000.00 
 
 M. J. BARBER, Cashier. 
 
 This bank will recoivp direct from banks, manufacturers 
 and mercantile firms, checks and time Items drawn on 
 Providence, and remit upon payment in New York ex- 
 inge at a reasonable rate. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1836 
 
 KEMISK WAREMIS 
 
 Cutlery, Cooking Utensils, Crockery, Chtaa and 
 
 Glass, Fire Sets, Andirons and Fenders, 
 
 House-cleaning Articles. 
 
 BEST QUALITY ONLY 
 
 REFRIGERATORS 
 
 The Perfection of Cleanliness and Economy. 
 THE "EDDY" Our Standard Metal Lined. 
 
 " PREMIER 'Glass-Lined 
 Orders by mail receive prompt and careful attention. 
 
 130 and 132 WEST FORTY -SECOND STREET 
 
 EYEWATER 
 
 Society 
 
 IF YOU INVEST One Dollar or Five Thou- 
 sand (the limit) in The Franklin Society you 
 should know 
 
 That it is subject to strict supervision of the 
 State Banking Department; 
 
 That it can lend only on First Mortgages in 
 New York City and immediate vicinity; 
 
 That it has handled millions without ever los- 
 ing a cent of anybody's money; - 
 
 That it has maintained consistently and persist- 
 ently a Dividend Rate of Five Per Cent, per 
 annum. 
 
 Begin now. Send One Dollar or more and get 
 a mailing size pass-book or write for Booklet I. 
 
 THE FRANKLIN SOCIETY ""^"Lv^r " 
 
 FOUNDED 1888 Three Biekman St.. Cor. Park Row, NewYorkCity 
 
 5/0 
 
XXV111 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Central Trust Company 
 of Hew York 
 
 54 WALL STREET - HEW YORK 
 
 CHARTERED 1873 
 
 Capital, $1,000,000 Undivided Proiits, $15,601,021.37 
 
 Authorized to act as Executor, Administrator, Guardian 
 
 or Trustee. 
 
 A Legal Depository for Court Moneys. 
 Allows Interest on Deposits. 
 
 UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK 
 
 45-47 WALL STREET 
 
 CAPITAL, $2,000,000 SURPLUS AND UNDIVIDED PROFITS, $13, 412, 564.21 
 
 THE COMPANY ACTS AS EXECUTOR. ADMINISTRATOR, TRUSTEE. GUARDIAN, DEPOSITARY OF COURT 
 
 MONEYS, and in many other trust capacities. 
 
 It allows Interest at current rates on deposits, and holds. inan:i?rs and invests money, securities and other property, 
 real or personal, for individuals, estates and corporations. 
 
 EDWARD W. SHELDON, JOHN CROSBY BROWN, WILLIAM M. KINGSLEY, 
 
 President. Vice-President. 2d Vice-President. 
 
 HENRY E. AHERN, Secretary. WILFRED J. WORCESTER, Assistant Secretary. 
 CHARLES A. EDWARDS, 2d Assistant Secretary. 
 
 TRUSTEES. 
 
 JOHN A. STKWART. Chairman of Board 
 WILLIAM H. MACY. JR., JOHN CLAEI.IN. 
 WILLIAM D. SLOAVK, JOHN J. PHELPS. 
 
 i:rsTAV H. SflTWAP,, JOHN* S. KENNEDY, 
 
 FRANK I.YMAN. D. O. MILLS, 
 
 fJEORGE F. YIETOR, LEWIS CASS LEDYARD, 
 
 JAMES STILLMAN, LYMAN 1 J. GAGE, 
 
 JOHN CROSBY BROWN, 
 W. BAYARD CUTTING. 
 CHARLES S. SMITH. 
 WM. ROCKEFELLER, 
 ALEXANDER E. ORR, 
 
 PAYNE WHITNEY. 
 EDWARD W. SHELDON, 
 PHAUNCEY KEEP, 
 OEOROE L. RIVES, 
 ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES. 
 
 T. W. STEPHENS & GO. 
 
 BANKERS 
 
 Investment 
 Bonds 
 
 2 Wall Street, New York 
 
 John Munroe & Co. 
 
 30 Pine St., New York 
 4 Post Off ice Sq., Boston 
 
 LETTERS OF CREDIT 
 
 In Sterling, Francs and Dollars for Travel in 
 this and Foreign Countries 
 
 Commercial Letters of Credit, Bills of 
 Exchange and Cable Transfers 
 
 MUNROE & CO., 7 Roe Scribe, Paris 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Guaranteed 
 Bonds 
 
 Sound 
 
 Denominations 
 $500 & $1000 
 
 Investments 
 
 to yield 5.75 per cent. 
 
 WE OFFER Subject to prior sale or advance in price without notice 
 
 $600,000 First Issue Collateral Trust, 
 Serial, Gold 5% Bonds 
 
 SECURED by wide margin of equity. 
 
 PROTECTED by Surplus Earnings amounting to more than SIX 
 TIMES the interest charges of this issue. 
 
 For Special Circular 04, giving price and full information, address Bond Department, 
 
 A. H. BICKMORE CO., Banhers 
 
 30 PINE STREET 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Bertron, Griscom 
 & Jenks 
 
 BANKERS 
 
 Land Title Building 
 Philadelphia 
 
 40 Wall Street 
 New York 
 
 INVESTMENT SECURITIES 
 
 We control and operate over twenty public 
 service corporations situated in different parts of 
 the United States. These are large, prosperous 
 companies with large earnings that are increasing 
 rapidly. The operation of these properties is in 
 the hands of well-known engineers and experts 
 connected with our organization, thus insuring the 
 most skillful and economical management. 
 
 We make a specialty of offering high-grade 
 Electric Railway, Gas and Electric Light and 
 Power securities which we own, on properties 
 which we control, and at original offering prices. 
 
 First Mortgage Bonds 
 to net from \Y* to 6% 
 
 Descriptive circulars and latest statements of 
 earnings furnished on request. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE INVITED 
 
 FISK & ROBINSON 
 
 BANKERS 
 
 Government Bonds 
 
 Investment 
 Securities 
 
 Members New York Stock Exchange 
 
 SPECIAL LIST OF CURRENT OFFERINGS 
 ON APPLICATION 
 
 NEW YORK: 35 Cedar Street 
 BOSTON: 28 State Street 
 CHICAGO: 115 Adams Street 
 
TT-TK INDEPENDENT 
 
 BONDS OF OUR COUNTRY 
 
 Conceded safest of all known investments 
 
 CITY, COUNTY, SCHOOL & DISTRICT 
 
 United States Treasury accepts them from banks for circulation or Government 
 
 deposits Sold by us for cash or on semi-annual, quarterly or monthly payments. 
 
 Adopt this systematic method of saving, better and safer than a savings bank. 
 
 DENOMINATION $100.00 UP 
 
 Correspondence invited from those having large or small amounts. Write Dept. "L" for booklet, price and method 
 
 No Speculative 
 Securities Offered 
 
 The New First National Bank 
 
 ASSETS OVER $5.000.000 
 
 Department "L" 
 COLUMBUS. OHIO 
 
 THE AUDIT COMPANY OF NEW YORK 
 
 Tlie Oldest and Foremost" 
 
 Home Office, 165 Broadway 
 
 Branches Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Pittsburg, Atlanta, Rochester. 
 
 CONFIDENTIAL AUDITS, INVESTIGATIONS, AND ENGINEERING 
 
 APPRAISALS. 
 
 THE REPORTING OF INDISPUTABLE FACTS 
 
 EDWARD T. FERINE, President 
 
 F. C. RICHARDSON, Sec'y and Treas. 
 
 J. G. WHITE & COMPANY 
 
 INCORPORATED 
 
 ENGINEERS, CONTRACTORS 
 
 43-49 EXCHANGE PLACE NEW YORK, IM. Y- 
 
 ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 
 
 Reports made on Electric Railways, Electric 
 Light and Power Properties, Steam Railways, 
 Irrigation Systems, etc., etc., for Trust Com- 
 panies, Bankers and Investors. Separate Mechani- 
 cal, Electrical, Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 
 Departments. Acts as Consulting or Supervising 
 Engineers for work embraced in any of its de- 
 partments. 
 
 OPERATING DEPARTMENT 
 
 Electric Railways, Electric Light and Power 
 Plants, Gas Works, Water Works, etc., operated. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT 
 
 Electric Railways, Electric Light and Power 
 Plants, Water Power Development, Steam Rail- 
 roads, Water Works, Gas Works, Irrigation Sys- 
 tems, etc., etc. Complete Contractor's Plant 
 available for all kinds of work. 
 
 FINANCE DEPARTMENT 
 
 Assistance given in financing meritorious enter- 
 prises. 
 
 London Correspondents: 
 
 J. G. WHITE &, COMPANY, Ltd. 
 
 9 Cloak Lane, Cannon Street, London, E. C. 
 
 Principal Philippine Office, Manila, F. I, 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXXI 
 
 HUDSON TRUST COMPANY 
 
 BROADWAY and 39th STREET 
 
 STATEMENT APRIL 28th, 1909. 
 ^RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and investments' 
 
 Cash on hand and in banks. 
 
 Furniture and fixtures 
 
 Accrued interest receivable 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital 
 
 Surplus (on market value) 
 
 Reserved for taxes 
 
 Accrued interest payable . 
 DEPOSITS 
 
 SAFE DEPOSIT VAULTS. 
 
 $2,812,090 53 
 
 1,171.354 39 
 
 13,715 26 
 
 11,303 75 
 
 $4,008,463 93 
 
 $500,000 00 
 
 670,112 00 
 
 7,184 76 
 
 228 74 
 
 2.830,938 43 
 
 $4,008,463 93 
 
 THE 
 
 INVESTMENTS 
 
 ARE LOANS UPON FARMS, COMBINING 
 
 1. A liberal rate of Interest. 
 
 2. Ample security. 
 
 3. Increasing security from the fact that the sup- 
 ply of agricultural land la not equal to the demand. 
 
 For 33 years we have sold such loans and no 
 buyer has waited a day for payment of principal 
 or interest. 
 
 THE MIDDLESEX BANKING COMPANY 
 
 M1DDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT 
 ASSETS OVER .... $6.000,000 
 
 THE 
 
 IDEAL 
 
 INVESTMENT 
 
 3NVESTMENTS that carry with them every 
 safeguard as to principal and interest usually 
 net the investor a small return. 
 With rare exceptions investments that offer 
 large returns contain a correspondingly large ele- 
 ment of risk. 
 
 THE IDEAL INVESTMENT is one that not 
 only insures the safety of the principal and the 
 return of a moderate rate of interest, but which 
 gives the principal an additional earning power 
 commensurate with the success of the business on 
 which the investment is based. 
 
 This Company deals exclusively in 
 Investments of the latter class. 
 
 Descriptive circulars will be sent on application. 
 
 The American Finance & 
 Securities Company 
 
 5 Nassau Street (Hanover Bank Building), New York 
 
 EYE WATER 
 
 A Sound 
 Investment 
 
 For Missionary 
 faying an Income for Life 
 
 We have prepared a booklet outlining the 
 plan approved by the Presbyterian General 
 Assembly by which you can obtain a good 
 income from your investment funds at the 
 same time setting the principal at work 
 along Sunday School missionary lines 
 while you live. We are offering in sums of 
 $500, $1000, and $5000 
 
 Annuity Gold Bonds 
 
 of the 
 Witherspoon Building 
 
 These bonds will discharge the mortgaged 
 indebtedness of $300,000 on the* Wither- 
 spoon Building, enabling the Board to direct 
 tne entire income therefrom to the growing 
 missionary work. Those who desire an 
 assured income for life, or parents who 
 would protect their children, will be at once 
 impressed with the unusual character of this 
 investment. 
 
 The General Assembly records its opinion 
 as follows: 
 
 "In view of the missionary character of the Board's 
 work, the absolute security of the annuity offered, 
 and the equitable and advantageous income derived 
 therefrom by the beneficiary, it is believed that 
 little difficulty will be experienced in disposing of 
 a sufficient amount of these bonds to accomplish 
 the desired result of discharging the existing encum- 
 brance upon the Witherspoon Building." 
 
 if you desire to take advantage of this 
 double opportunity, send your subscription 
 or write for a copy of the booklet containing 
 full information. 
 
 Presbyterian Board of Publication 
 and Sabbath-School Work 
 
 F. M. BRASEIyMANN, Treasurer 
 124 Witherspoon Building. Philadelphia 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 
 LINCOLN NATIONAL BANK 
 
 at New York, in the State of New York, at the close of 
 business April 28th, 1909: 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and discounts 
 
 Overdrafts, secured and unsecured.. 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure U. S. deposits 10,000 00 
 
 Bonds, securities, etc 3,804,284 " 
 
 Due from National banks (not reserve 
 
 agents) 
 
 Due from State banks and bankers ' 
 
 Advances on letters of credit 
 
 Checks and other cash items 
 
 Exchanges for Clearing House 
 
 Notes of other National banks 
 
 Fractional paper currency, nickels and cents 
 Lawful money reserve in bank, viz. : 
 
 Specie 
 
 Legal-tender notes 
 
 Redemption fund with U. S. Treasurer (5 
 
 per cent, of circulation) 
 
 . $11,553,163 17 
 1,004 36 
 740,000 00 
 
 805,890 73 
 
 94,313 31 
 
 131,231 85 
 
 99,595 28 
 
 605,185 20 
 
 35,155 00 
 
 9,705 46 
 
 3,060,162 95 
 1,082,221 00 
 
 37,000 00 
 32,000 00 
 
 Due from U. S Treasurer, other than 5 
 per cent, redemption fund 
 
 Total $22,100,913 14 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock paid in $1,000,000 00 
 
 Surplus fund 1,000,000 00 
 
 Undivided profits, less expenses and taxes 
 
 paid 270,496 69 
 
 National banknotes outstanding 719,597 50 
 
 Due to other National banks 748,656 55 
 
 Due to State banks and bankers 479.578 07 
 
 Due to trust companies and savings banks. . 901,639 01 
 
 Letters of credit issued 131,231 85 
 
 Dividends unpaid 19,636 00 
 
 Individual deposits subject to check 16,053,72808 
 
 Demand certificates of deposit 105,343 70 
 
 COUIK,-' account 300 00 
 
 Certified checks 85,036 82 
 
 Cashier's checks outstanding 29,918 87 
 
 United States deposits 10,000 00 
 
 Bonds borrowed 540,000 00 
 
 Reserved for taxes 5,750 00 
 
 Total $22,100,913 14 
 
 State of New York, County of New York, ss.: 
 
 I, CHARLES ELLIOT WARREN. Cashier of the above- 
 named bank, do solemnly swear that the above statement 
 is true to the best of mv knowledge and belief. 
 
 CHARLES ELLIOT WARREN. Cashier. 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 30th day of 
 April, 1909. 
 
 J. H. TIMMERMAN, 
 
 Notary Public No. 36, New York County. 
 Correct Attest: 
 
 WILLIAM BREWSTER, ) 
 
 HARRY J. LUCE, Directors. 
 
 THOMAS L. JAMES, ) 
 
 DIVIDENDS 
 
 THE CORN EXCHANGE BANK 
 
 New York, April 2 ist, 1909. 
 
 The Board of Directors has this day declared a quar- 
 terly dividend of FOUR PER CENT., (4%), payable 
 May ist, 1909, to stockholders of record at the close of 
 business April 24th, 1909. 
 
 F. T. MARTIN, Cashier. 
 
 GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 
 
 25 Broad Street. New York, May 1st, 1909. 
 A dividend of one per cent. (1%) has been declared on 
 the common stock of this company, payable June 1st. to 
 stockholders of record at 3 o'clock P. M.. May 24th, 1909. 
 TAMES L. MORGAN,' Treasurer. 
 
 THE NASSAU BANK 
 
 New York, April 28, 1909. 
 112th CONSECUTIVE DIVIDEND 
 
 A semi-annual dividend of FOUR (4) PER CENT, 
 was this day declared out of the earnings of the la^t 
 six months, payable, free of tax, on and after May ist. 
 1909, to stockholders of record April 30th, 1909. 
 
 EDWARD EARL, President. 
 
 REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 
 
 IMPORTERS AND TRADERS NATIONAL BANK 
 
 OF NEW YORK 
 
 at New York, in the State of New York, at the close of 
 business April 28th, 1909: 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and discounts $27,215,801 04 
 
 Overdrafts, secured and unsecured 6,754 04 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 50,00000 
 
 Other bonds to secure U. S. deposits 12.000 00 
 
 Bonds, securities, etc 136,60000 
 
 Banking house, furniture and fixtures 700,00000 
 
 Due from National banks (not reserve 
 
 agents) 1,688,483 02 
 
 Due from State banks and bankers 264,17409 
 
 Checks and other cash items 186,797 66 
 
 Exchanges for Clearing House 1,299.87402 
 
 Notes of other National banks. ._._. 832 00 
 
 Fractional paper currency, nickels and cents 4,940 00 
 Lawful money reserve in bank, viz.: 
 
 Specie 4,236,000 00 
 
 Legal-tender notes 1,876,271 00 
 
 Redemption fund with U. S. Treasurer (5 
 
 per cent of circulation) 2,500 00 
 
 Due from U. S. Treasurer, other than 5 
 
 per cent, redemption fund 90,000 00 
 
 Total $37,771,026 87 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock, paid in $1,500,000 00 
 
 Surplus fund 6,000,000 00 
 
 Undivided profits, less expenses and taxes 
 
 paid 1,409,390 82 
 
 National banknotes outstanding 47,000 00 
 
 State banknotes outstanding 5,680 00 
 
 Due to other National banks 9.978,48077 
 
 Due to State banks and bankers 1,890,436 62 
 
 Due to trust companies and savings banks.. 2,366,468 42 
 
 Dividends unpaid 4,911 00 
 
 Individual deposits subject to check 13,368,062 T.', 
 
 Demand certificates of deposit 500,00000 
 
 Certified checks 419,194 33 
 
 Cashier's checks outstanding 235,60270 
 
 United States deposits 10,000 00 
 
 Bonds borrowed 12,000 00 
 
 Reserved for taxes 23,799 48 
 
 Total $37,771,026 87 
 
 State of New York, County of New York, ss.: 
 
 I. H. H. POWELL, C*shier of the above-named bank, 
 do solemnly swear that the above statement is true to 
 the best of my knowledge and belief. 
 
 H. H. POWELL. Cashier. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 30th day of 
 April, 1909. 
 
 CHAS. E. MCCARTHY, Notary Public. 
 Correct Attest: 
 
 EDWARD TOWNSEND, ) 
 
 H. R. ICKELHEIMER, Directors. 
 
 H. C. HULBERT, ) 
 
 PACIFIC BANK 
 
 470 Broadway, New York, April 20th, 1909. 
 The Board of Directors has this day declared the reguhir 
 quarterly dividend of two per cent., payable to the stock- 
 holders on and after May 1st next. The transfer books 
 will be closed to May 1st, 1909. 
 
 S. C. MERWIN, Cashier. 
 
 The United States Leather Co. 
 
 The coupons of the Debenture Bonds of this Company, 
 due May ist, 1909, will be paid on and after that date 
 at the National Park Bank, New York. 
 
 JAMES R. PLUM, Treasurer. 
 
 6% INTEREST NET 
 
 Payable Semi-annually 
 
 Minneapolis mortgages in sums of $500 to $2.500. Serni 1 - 
 il\ Choice residence property in Minneapolis, the most pro- 
 ttivssivi ;|1H J prosperous Citv in the \ortli\vest. Some 
 facts Population in 1900. 200.000: in lltos. :'.1<UHi!i: M:mk 
 i 'I,-;, rane-es In 1908, $1,150,000,000: Building Permits in H>x. 
 $l<t.(HM'i,OOO. 25 years' successful experience without the 
 loss of a dollar to investors. Refer by permission to The 
 Independent. Write us for booklet and full information.' 
 
 THOMPSON BROS. 4 Security Bank Bldg. 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 
 NATIONAL PARK BANK 
 
 at New York, in the State of New York, at the close of 
 business April 28th, 1909: 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and discounts $83,223,94550 
 
 Overdrafts, secured -and unsecured 102,625 29 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 3,000,00000 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure U. S. deposits 1,000 00 
 
 Other bonds to secure D. S. deposits 11,000 00 
 
 U. S. bonds on hand 600,000 00 
 
 Premiums on D. S. bonds 13,469 70 
 
 Bonds, securities, etc 1,474,099 21 
 
 Banking house, furniture, and fixtures 2,567,89630 
 
 Due from National banks (not reserve 
 
 agents) 3,181,221 79 
 
 Due from State and private banks and bank- 
 ers, trust companies, and savings banks.. 664,736 15 
 
 Checks and other cash items 400,40531 
 
 Exchanges for Clearing House 9,289,370 37 
 
 Notes of other National banks 98,00000 
 
 Lawful money reserve in bank, viz..: 
 
 Specie 24,927,490 29 
 
 Legal-tender notes 808,768 00 
 
 Redemption fund with U. S. Treasurer (5 * 
 
 per cent, of circulation) 150,00000 
 
 Due from U. S. Treasurer 160,000 00 
 
 Total $130,674,027 91 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock paid in $3,000,000 00 
 
 Surplus fund 7,000,000 00 
 
 Undivided profits, less expenses and taxes 
 
 paid 2,681,441 17 
 
 National banknotes outstanding 2,943,597 50 
 
 Due to other National banks 35,885,69239 
 
 Due to State and private banks and bankers 22,981,969 08 
 
 Due to trust companies and savings banks.. 11,592,571 PO 
 
 Dividends unpaid 1,596 00 
 
 Individual deposits subject to chock 40,517,93360 
 
 Demand certificates of deposit 44,000 00 
 
 Certified checks 2,438,833 66 
 
 Cashier's checks outstanding 1,501,393 01 
 
 United States deposits 10.000 00 
 
 Reserved for taxes 75,000 00 
 
 Total $130,674,027 91 
 
 State of New York, County of New York, ss. : 
 
 I. M. H. EWER, Cashier of the above-named bank, do 
 solemnly swear that the above statement is true, to the 
 best of my knowledge and belief. 
 
 M. H. EWER, Cashier. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 29th day of 
 April, 1909. 
 
 WM. E. DOUGLAS, 
 Notary Public, N. Y. Co. 
 Correct Attest: 
 
 FRANCIS R. APPLETON, ) 
 
 AUGUST BELMONT, [ Directors. 
 
 GEO. FREDK. VIETOR. ) 
 
 CONDENSED REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF 
 
 The Merchants National Bank 
 
 Of the City of New York 
 
 At the close of business April 28th, 1909. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and discounts $17,595,06544 
 
 U. S. bonds and other securities 3,620,554 16 
 
 Banking house 995,257 34 
 
 Cash and due from banks 13,884,392 70 
 
 $36,095,269 64 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock $2,000,000 00 
 
 Surplus and undivided profits 1,665,18193 
 
 Circulation 1,369 500 00 
 
 Deposits 31,060,587 71 
 
 $36,095,269 64 
 
 I AND" in the United States, proven by 
 LAN!! native grassC9 and proven by 
 yield of wheat. It has been "farmed out" and is no 
 longer a question. Are you interested as a purchaser? 
 Are you a producer? 
 
 I have, also, just a few choice "stock ranches" close 
 to the mountains, just a few. 
 
 . J. E. WEBB, Choteau, Montana. 
 
 REPORT OF THE CONDITION OF THE 
 AMERICAN EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK 
 
 at New York, in the State of New York, at the close of 
 business April 28th, 1909: 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 Loans and discounts $23,383,242 40 
 
 Overdrafts, secured and unsecured ^*,o<i 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 5,000,000 
 
 U. S. bonds to secure U. S. deposits 
 
 Bonds, securities, etc 
 
 Banking house, furniture, and fixtures 
 
 Other real estate owned 
 
 Due from National banks, (not reserve 
 
 agents) 
 
 Due from State banks and bankers 
 
 Checks and other cash items. 
 
 24,877 59 
 00 
 
 250,000 00 
 2,184,265 24 
 1,600,000 00 
 1,045,768 69 
 
 3,663,049 88 
 339,992 19 
 24,149 58 
 
 Exchanges for Clearing House 7,100,70747 
 
 Notes of other National banks 45,00000 
 
 Fractional paper currency, nickels and cents 1,537 75 
 Lawful money reserve in bank, viz. : 
 
 Specie 3,921,79900 
 
 Legal-tender notes 1,640,000 00 
 
 Redemption fund with U. S. Treasurer, (5 
 
 per cent, of circulation) 250,000 00 
 
 Due from U. S. Treasurer, other than 5 
 
 per cent, redemption fund 208,000 00 
 
 Total $50,682,389 79 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock paid in $5,000,000 00 
 
 Surplus fund 2,250,000 00 
 
 Undivided profits, less expenses and taxes 
 
 paid 3,145,550 38 
 
 National banknotes outstanding 4,900,700 00 
 
 Due to other National banks 9,478,69157 
 
 Due to State banks and bankers 2,818,008 15 
 
 Due to trust companies and savings banks.. 795,069 44 
 
 Dividends unpaid 5,654 50 
 
 Individual deposits subject to check 19,594,84507 
 
 Demand certificates of deposit 127,11853 
 
 Certified checks 1,596,760 06 
 
 Cashier's checks outstanding 462,908 07 
 
 United States deposits 255,18217 
 
 Bonds borrowed 250,000 00 
 
 Reserved for taxes . . . . 1,901 85 
 
 Total $50,682,389 79 
 
 State of New York, Count.y of New York, ss. : 
 
 I, EDWARD BURNS, Cashier of the above-named bank, 
 do solemnly swear that the above statement is true to the 
 best of my knowledge and belief. 
 
 EDWARD BURNS. Cashier. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 29th day of 
 April, 1909. 
 
 [Seal.] ELBERT A. BENNETT, 
 
 Notary Public. Kings County. 
 Certificate filed in New York County. 
 Correct Attest : 
 
 JNO. T. TERRY, ) 
 
 J. R. MAXWELL. [ Directors. 
 
 DUMONT CLARKE, \ 
 
 THE EAST RIVER NATIONAL BANK 
 
 New York City, April 28th, 1909. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and discounts $1,148,15362 
 
 United States bonds 50,000 00 
 
 Other bonds 189.181 25 
 
 Banking house 150,000 00 
 
 Other real estate 24,265 87 
 
 Due from banks 143.351 97 
 
 Exchanges 63,515 63 
 
 Cash and reserve 495.031 32 
 
 Capital 
 
 Surplus and profits 
 
 Circulation 
 
 Due to banks 
 
 Deposits 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 $2.263,49!) 60 
 
 $250,000 00 
 
 103,947 19 
 
 50.000 00 
 
 39.782 07 
 
 1,819.770 40 
 
 OFFICERS. $2.263,499 66 
 
 VINCENT LOESER, President. 
 FREDERIC T. HUME, Vice-President. 
 ZEN AS E. NEWELL. Cashier. 
 GEORGE E. HOYER, Assistant Cashier. 
 
 Why put your money in tlie bank at 3 per cent, when 
 we can place any amount from $200 to $5,000 for you 
 at 6 per cent., and every dollar absolutely secured by 
 FIRST CLASS FARM MORTGAGES. Write for full 
 
 B. H. BONFOEY 
 
 MORTGAGE LOAN BANKER 
 
 Eatablifhed 1879 Unlonvllle. Mo. 
 
xxxiv 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 THE 
 
 T 
 
 FIDEUTT m Epun co. 
 
 1876 
 FIDELITY 
 LIABILITY 
 ACCIDENT 
 HEALTH 
 STEAM BOILER 
 ELEVATOR 
 PLATE GLASS 
 BURGLARY 
 FLY WHEEL 
 
 OF NEW YORK 
 
 GEORGE F. SEWARD, President 
 ROBERT J. HILLAS, Vice-President and Secretary 
 
 1909 
 
 This Company has been engaged in the several MINOR MISCELLANEOUS 
 LINES of insurance for THIRTY -THREE YEARS, and has built up gradually and 
 prudently A VERY LARGE CASUALTY INSURANCE BUSINESS. Its annual in- 
 come from premiums is over SIX MILLION THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOL- 
 LARS. Its business Is protected by assets of over EIGHT MILLION SIX 
 HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS, including an unearned premium reserve 
 of over THREE AND ONE-HALF MILLION, DOLLARS, and a special reserve 
 against contingent claims of over ONE MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND 
 DOLLARS. It has paid over TWENTY-NINE MILLIONS to its policy-holders 
 for LOSSES. Its constant effort is to give its clients not only INSURANCE 
 Indemnity, but prompt and effective INSPECTION and ADJUSTING SERVICES. 
 
 INSURANCE THAT INSURES 
 
 CAPITAL, $1,000,000 
 
 DUMONT CLARKE, 
 WM. P. DIXON, 
 ALFRED W. HOYT, 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 GEO. B. IDE, J. G. McCULLOUGH, 
 
 W. G. LOW, WM. J. MATHESON, 
 
 FRANK LYMAN, ALEXANDER E. ORR, 
 
 SURPLUS, $2,011,834 
 
 HENRY E. PIERREPONT, 
 ANTON A. RAVEN, 
 JOHN L. RIKER, 
 
 W. EMLEN ROOSEVELT, GEO. F. SEWARD. 
 
 Principal Offices, Nos. 97-103 Cedar Street, New York 
 
 Agents in all considerable towns 
 
 STATE MUTUAL 
 
 LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 OF WORCESTER, MASS. 
 A. G. BULLOCK, President 
 
 January 1, 1909 
 
 ASSETS $32,540,041.03 
 
 LIABILITIES 29,843.943.37 
 
 SURPLUS (Massachusetts Standard) $2,696,098.66 
 
 Cash surrender values stated in every policy, and guar- 
 anteed by the Massachusetts Non-Forfeiture law. 
 
 NEW YORK OFFICE, 220 BROADWAY 
 
 C. W. ANDERSON & SON, Gen. Agents 
 
 INCORPORATED 1851 
 
 BERKSHIRE LIFE 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 PITTSFIELD. MASS. 
 
 The definite surreiider values in cash, or paid up insur- 
 ance, guaranteed by the Massachusetts Non-Forfeiture Law, 
 in accordance with which all policies of the BERKSHIRE 
 are issued; the solid financial condition of the company; 
 its large surplus; its handsome dividends; its liberal poli- 
 cies; and its promptness in paying 11 legitimate claims, 
 make the BERKSHIRE a most desirable company for the 
 policytoolder and the agent. For circulars and rates ad- 
 dress, 
 
 JOHN H. ROBINSON, 
 
 General Agent for New York and New Jersey 
 326 Broadway. Corner Murray Street. New York 
 
 National Lite 
 
 MONTPELIER, VERMONT 
 
 Established in 1850. 
 
 Operating in 36 States. 
 
 JOSEPH A. DEBOER, Prest. 
 
 FRED A. HOWLAND, V. -Prest. 
 JAMES B. ESTEE, zd V.-Prest. 
 
 OSMAN D. CLARK, Secretary. 
 H. M. CUTLER, Treasurer. 
 
 A. B. BISBEE, Med. Director. 
 C. E. MOULTON, Actuary. 
 
 This Company held January i, 1909, and gained 
 during the past decade: 
 
 ASSETS. - 
 SURPLUS, - 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 $ 44,026,069.73 Gain. 173% 
 $ 5,279,925.70 Gain, 174% 
 $155,755,039.00 Gain, 93% 
 
 Absolute Security and Economy of 
 Management 
 
 THE LIVERPOOL 
 AND LONDON 
 
 AND GLOBE 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 NSW YORK OfFIOS, No. 4$ 
 
THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 XXXV 
 
 INSURE IN THE COMPANY OF CER- 
 TAIN ABILITY TO MEET HEAVY CON- 
 FLAGRATION LOSSES AT ANY TIME 
 IN NEW YORK. BOSTON, PHILADEL- 
 PHIA, ETC; 
 
 A CONTINENTAL POLICY COSTS 
 NO MORE THAN THAT OF THE HUN- 
 DREDS OF COMPANIES WITH LIMITED 
 RESOURCES, WHICH PROPERTY OWN- 
 ERS UNTHINKINGLY ACCEPT. 
 
 SEND YOUR STATE INSURANCE DEP'T 
 A LIST OF YOUR INSURANCE AND 
 ASK THEM TO TELL YOU THE NET 
 SURPLUS OF EACH COMPANY. 
 
 CONTINENTAL FIRE INSURANCE CO 
 
 Principal Office 
 46 Cedar Street. New York 
 
 Western Department 
 280 LaSalle Street, Chicago. 
 
 Htlantic fIDutual 
 
 flnsurance Company 
 
 ATLANTIC BUILDING, 5 1 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 Insures Against Marine and Inland Transportation 
 Risk and will Issue Policies Making Loss Pay- 
 able in Europe and Oriental Countries. 
 
 Chartered by the State of New York in 1842, 
 was preceded by a stock company of a similar 
 name. The latter company was liquidated and part 
 of its capital, to the extent of $100,000, was used, 
 with consent of the stockholders, by the Atlantic 
 Mutual Insurance Company and repaid, with a bonus 
 and interest, at the expiration of two years. 
 
 During its existence the company 
 
 has insured property to the 
 
 value of $23,353,407,439.00 
 
 Received premiums thereon to the 
 
 extent of 
 
 Paid losses during that period 
 
 Issued certificates of profits to 
 
 dealers 
 
 Of which there have been redeemed 
 Leaving outstanding at present 
 
 time 
 
 Interest paid on certificates. 
 
 amounts to 
 
 On December 31. 1908. the assets 
 
 of the company amounted to. ... 
 
 233,923,910.44 
 132,635,925.29 
 
 83,811,450.00 
 76,439,840.00 
 
 7,371,610.00 
 20,369,710.05 
 12,824,105.23 
 
 The profits of the company revert to the assured 
 and are divided annually upon the premiums ter- 
 minated during the year, thereby reducing the cost 
 of insurance. 
 
 For such dividends, certificates are issued subject 
 to dividends of interest until ordered to be redeemed 
 in accordance with the charter. 
 
 A. A. RAVEN, President. 
 
 CORNELIUS ELDERT, Vice-President 
 
 SANFORD E. COBB, 2d Vice-President 
 
 CHARLES E. FAY, 3d Vice-President. 
 
 JOHN H. JONES STEWART, 4th Vice-President 
 
 G. STANTON FLOYD-JONES, Secretary. 
 
 52-54 William Street, 
 New York. 
 
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT 
 December 31st, 1908. 
 
 Reserves and surplus for benefit of 
 
 policyholders $1,741,728 33 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Bonds $1,093,61062 
 
 Stocks f 326,011 BO 
 
 Cash in office, banks, and trust 
 
 companies 130,288 96 
 
 Premiums in course of collection, not 
 
 over 90 days 277,681 73 
 
 Interest accrued 16,228 35 
 
 Reinsurance due from other com- 
 panies 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 1'olicy-holders premium reserve as 
 
 required by New York Insurance 
 
 Department 
 
 Policy-holders loss reserve as required 
 
 by New York State law 
 
 Reserve for taxes, commissions, and 
 
 all other charges 
 
 Capital and surplus 
 
 2,822 33 
 $1.846,643 49 
 
 $693,813 75 
 286,601 32 
 
 104,915 16 
 761,313 26 
 
 $1,846,643 49 
 Premiums received since organization $6,817,545 12 
 
 Losses paid since organization $2,389,66897 
 
 Boiler, fly wheel, elevator and liabil- 
 ity inspections made since organiza- 
 tion 218,537 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 LYMAN A. SPALDING, EDWIN W. DeLEON, 
 Ch'm Board of Directors. President. 
 
 EDWARD L. HEARN, JOHN E. CONNELLY, 
 
 Vice-President. Treasurer. 
 
 NICOLAS W. MULLER, Secretary. 
 
XXXVI 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT 
 
 Health 
 Beauty 
 
 PEARS' 
 
 brings health 
 and beauty into 
 the closest 
 association. 
 
 PEARS' 
 
 means personal 
 cleanliness at 
 the smallest 
 possible cost. 
 
 Cleanliness 
 Econom 
 
 Pears' 
 
 OF ALL SCENTED SOAPS PEAKS' OTTO OF ROSE JS THE BEST. 
 
 All rightiucured" 
 
I 
 
 It will create in him a 
 
 desire for nature and the out of doors. It will 
 be for him a continual incentive to manliness 
 and self reliance. 
 
 It will afford him clean, wholesome sport 
 and exercise that will not only make him sturdy 
 in body but will train his eye make him defi- 
 nite in his judgments and quick in action facul- 
 ties he'll find most useful when he's grown up. 
 
 A Stevens is true to the mark, accurately 
 adjusted, thoroughly tested 
 
 It has a quality appearance and finish which makes a boy 
 proud to carry it. Made since 1864. More marksmanship 
 records have been won with it than with all other arms combined. 
 
 Your boy will enjoy this book 
 
 m BEARD'S "GUNS AND GUNNING" 
 
 Beautifully Illustrated by Bellmore H. Browne 
 
 An interesting and valuable volume on camping, woodcraft, habits of game 
 birds; which animals are pests and which are not, etc. Sent postpaid for 
 20c, paper cover; or 30c cloth cover, stamped in gilt. 
 
 Send for Stevens Catalog of Rifles, Shotguns, 
 Pistols learn how well made they are and how moderate in 
 price. 6 cents for postage brings it. Ask your dealer and insist 
 on the Stevens there are no substitutes. If you can't obtain, 
 we'll ship direct, express prepaid, on receipt of catalog price. 
 
 J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co., 900 Grove Street, Chicopee Falls, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
 

 To every out-door hobby, to every delight of nature, 
 to the very Spirit of Spring itself, there is an added 
 charm for those who 
 
 KODAK 
 
 Not merely for the sake of the moment's pleasure, but even more for the 
 pleasure in the years that follow, the Kodak is worth while. And it's all 
 so simple now that anybody can make good pictures. Kodak, you know, 
 means photography with the bother left out. 
 
 KODAKS, $5.00 to $100.00. 
 
 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 
 
 tgop Catalogue at your 
 dealers or by mail. 
 
 ROCHESTER. N. Y., The Kodak City. 
 
 _j 
 
Cay lor* = 
 
 PAMPHLET BINDER 
 Syroco$e,'N. Y. 
 Stockton. Calif