WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS REMARKS FROM OBSERVATION AND EXPERIENCE GAINED DURING THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS CONTINUOUS SERVICE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY, PENNSYLVANIA. ADDRESSED TO MEMBERS OF SOCIETIES INTERESTED IN PRISON MANAGEMENT. PHILADELPHIA. PATTERSON & WHITE. C3 Copyright, 1897, by MICHAEL J. CASSIDY. 359753 PREFACE. THE Eastern State Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, has perhaps been the subject of more comment than any penal institution in the United States, or indeed in Europe. It was established in 1829. The cause is explained by reason of the method of confinement and the discipline of the system of punishment, which was original with that insti- tution. It is the only one so governed in this country, while several prisons in Europe have adopted the plan, more or less modified. It is unfortunate that misinformation or misconception, and positive ignorance, exists of the methods in practice here, even among otherwise careful and well-informed sociologists. In addition to this, the many inquiries that are constantly made as to the method of applying punitive treatment in this institution is a sufficient apology, if any be needed, for a brief statement of the principles of the administration and their practical application to the treatment of convicts sent to this institution. Positive, practical knowledge of the subject in its various phases is regarded as of some value. Theoretic and general observations, however well presented, often fail to impress the inquirers as effectively as the opinions which experience can best furnish. When the systems of convict punishment, and especially that known as "The Individual Treatment," as applied in the Eastern State Penitentiary, are discussed and explained by competent authority, before those who are expected to be familiar with the questions involved, it necessarily has the merit of authoritative statement subjected to critical examination. It is, therefore, evidence from actual practical knowledge and experience. When it is seen that the remarks contained in the extracts now pre- sented were addressed to those who were engaged in the administration of systems of convict punishment, and also on different occasions, during several years, it adds to their value, because those to whom they were addressed were competent to understand and criticise them. It will be observed from the following pages that there are many sub- jects directly connected with the imprisonment of criminals that are rarely considered. To indicate the range of these subjects and their importance in the study and decision of punitive systems, as well as the characteristics of convicts and their individual relation to crime and the adaptation of punishment to each person, these pages contain information that is of importance because not accessible in theoretic disquisitions, which are often superficial. It is practical knowledge which long experience makes veritable that will command respect. The extracts from official reports, and discussions at public meetings of men competent to understand the subjects considered, are here reproduced. - Richard Vaux. THE MEETING OF THE NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, HELD AT DENVER, COL., SEPTEMBER 14, 1895, Warden Cassidy presented a steel engraving, and the subjoined sketch of the long and brilliant service of the Hon. Richard Vaux: IN MEMORIAM. Hon. Richard Vaux died on the 22d day of March, 1895, from a cold contracted at a meeting with the committee on appropria- tions of the Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania at the penitentiary. Mr. Vaux was first appointed an inspector of the institution January /th, 1842, by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and was re-appointed again and again by the same body until 1873, after which time he was repeatedly appointed by the Governors of the State. The date of his last commission was January i8th, 1895, and was issued by Governor Daniel H. Hastings. Mr. Vaux was in continuous service as an inspector for fifty- three years, two months and fifteen days, was secretary of the board for nine years, and was its president for over forty-three years. He was president of the board at the time of his death. It was a high tribute to Mr. Vaux that he was kept continually in service for so long a time, and it was beneficial to the peniten- tiary. Anyone visiting the institution is easily convinced that as a prison it does not have its equal. Its present condition is due almost entirely to the fact that it has been managed on the same lines for so many years. Its methods have been confirmed by experience, and can safely be relied upon to produce the best possi- ble results. The life-work of Mr. Vaux is without parallel in penology for it can be truly said that the oversight and care of the Eastern Penitentiary and of its inmates was his distinctive life-work. He was an authority on penology, not only in Pennsylvania, but in Europe. That in which the Eastern State Penitentiary was differ- ent at first from any other institution is known in criminology as 5 '''* : ' WARDEN ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. the Pennsylvania system, and was the outcome of the best thought of the Quaker element in Philadelphia, headed by Robert Vaux, the father of Richard Vaux. For many years it was denounced as cruel and barbarous, tending to melancholia and insanity. Time has refuted all such assertions, and now the solitary system as practiced in this institution is commended everywhere, and is be- ing copied and put into practice in Massachusetts and elsewhere in the United States, and in many cities in Europe. The separation of prisoners into individual cells in which they work, as distinguished from the congregate in workshops, is the peculiar feature of the system. Mr. Vaux was the exponent of the system, and the Eastern State Penitentiary will never be mentioned or remembered without associating his name with it. He has stamped it with his own individuality and characteristics. To serve continuously for fifty-three years for the good and uplifting of unfortunate human beings, and that without pay, reward, or ad- vantage, is such a noble self-sacrifice that it should enshrine the name and memory of Mr. Vaux as a great benefactor of his race. CONTENTS. PAGE. lichard Vaux 5, 6 Acknowledging reception in response to the welcome of Mayor Harri- son, of Chicago, to the conference of prison officers at Chicago in 1884 9, 10 Remarks as presiding officer Chicago conference U Organization of prisons H-i.5 Prison discipline 15-17 Individual treatment 18-32 Duties of a prison warden 25, 26 Prison construction furnishing and graded prison system 32-41 Education 41, 42, 52, 53 Relation of intemperance to crime 42-44 Treatment of criminals 44-46 Prison statistics 46-48 Reformation of prisons 48-49 Religious instruction schools 49-54 Motive of imprisonment 54 Increase of crime 54 Intermediate sentence 55-57 Prison dietary, use of tobacco, etc 57-63 Prison Labor contract labor separate system 63-93 Insanity 93~96 Bertillon system for registration of prisoners 97, 98 Prisons visited in Ireland, England, France, and Belgium, and what I saw 1890 98-119 istern Penitentiary 1 19-122 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. Acknowledging Reception at Chicago, J884. THE OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE OF OFFICERS OF PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, HELD AT CHICAGO, DECEMBER 9-11, 1884, response to the welcome of the body to the city by Mayor Car- Harrison, Mr. Cassidy spoke as follows: I am sure that the gentlemen assembled here from the differ- t sections of the United States will fully agree with me in return- ing cordial thanks to his honor, Mayor Harrison, for the kind welcome he has given us to his well-governed city of Chicago. t)m the remarks his honor has made it is evident that he has been slow student of the question of crime, its causes and its preven- i. The gentlemen here represent nearly every State in the ion, and they have had more or less connection with the crimi- classes. I may say that the reputation of Chicago abroad is 9 IO WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. that it is the best police governed city in the United States. The mayor here is said to be the chief of police; and there can be no government so good as a one-man government, when the man has power to enforce his views, and is the right man for the office, which proves to be the fact in the case of Chicago. No city has more need of good government in this respect than Chicago. Chicago is a large city. Everything is large connected with it. Its hotels are both extensive and magnificent; its streets are large and wide; and the buildings are spacious and high. Everything is big and spread out. It is a great railroad center, and conse- quently it is a crime-class center. I was going to say that there is no city in the United States which has the same amount of facilities for the centralization, transportation, and distribution of the crime- class throughout the country, as Chicago. New York is a crime- class center. Their facilities for organizing robberies into differ- ent sections of the country is perhaps greater than those of Chi- cago. The police of New York are organized on an entirely dif- ferent basis. The mayor of New York is not the chief of police, the government of the force is in the hands of a board of police commissioners. No city in the country has as much actual service performed by its chief magistrate as the city of Chicago. This meeting of prison officers, as I understand it, is for the purpose of an exchange of views in regard to the treatment of a class of people who make up prison populations, and the treatment of juvenile offenders so as to prevent them from becoming a part of the crime-class. Many of those present will probably take di- rectly opposite views of the subjects discussed and the methods of accomplishing what they desire; but their aims and objects are the same. I can only say that, from the kind welcome we have received, and the ample facilities that have been afforded us by the proprie- tors of the hotels and the citizens of Chicago, that all efforts we shall make in the direction of benefiting society will be attributed to the fact, as his honor has just said, that everything great that is to be done in the country now must be done in Chicago. The old order of things has been entirely reversed. Wisdom was sought in the East, and all wisdom was supposed to come from there; but it is not the Star of the East the wise man follows now, he must go westward, and follow the evening star. WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. II AT THE CONFERENCE OF OFFICERS OF PRISONS AND REFORMA- TORIES, HELD IN THE ClTY OF CHICAGO, DECEMBER 9-1 1, 1884, r. Cassidy was chosen president, and, on taking the chair, made the following brief address : Gentlemen and Fellow-Workers in the Same Vineyard: I do not know how to begin; and the important part in all matters that are undertaken in life is in the beginning. But I thank you for this consideration, which is entirely undeserved. If I were to make any apologies for inability or other disqualification, I would simply be following the old routine in such matters. All I can say and ask of you is that you will extend the same indulgence to me that you do to your prisoners who lack the ability to perform all that is required of them. Any errors that I may make will be entirely errors of judgment and inability, and I expect your indulgence in these matters. There is a large amount of work to be done, and I would ask gentlemen to confine themselves, as nearly as possible, to the subjects that come before the conference. Subjects will be submitted covering the whole ground of the management, disci- pline, and improvement of prisoners, and there will be abundant opportunity for the expression of every form of opinion in relation thereto. Without wasting any more time, let me ask you now to roceed to business. Organization of Prisons* IT THE CONFERENCE OF OFFICERS OF PRISONS AND REFORMA- TORIES, HELD AT CHICAGO, DECEMBER 9-11, 1884, Mr. Cassidy, being president of the meeting, was, contrary to the usual custom, and by special request of the conference, prevailed upon to open the discussion on the topic of "Organization of Prisons." His remarks were as follows: It is unusual for the chair to take part in discussions ; but this is the beginning, and all things that are done, if they are done well at all, have to be commenced right. The difficulty in this matter is in the ability of the performer to begin as he ought to. There is no part of the business of prison-keeping as important as the selec- 12 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. tion of the people who are to do the work. More ability and ca- pacity are required for a prison-keeper than for almost any other business in life. Mechanical trades are taught and acquired by habit, t^Nhere individuals are subjected to discipline, it requires a study and capacity that few men possess. There are so many things required that it is difficult to find one now able to cover the whole ground. Adaptability is one of the important essentials of prison officers. There are many men who are qualified for almost any business of life that they adopt; but take them out of that busi- ness, and put them into another, and, lacking ability for that call- ing, they make a failure. Prison-keeping should be made a voca- tion, not a mere employment, as you would hire an individual to do some work for you. But there are many outside issues entering into the appointment of prison officials, that those who have the appointments to make feel embarrassed in making proper selec- tions. The guards in a prison are supposed to be nothing more than guards occupying a position somewhat similar to sentries in an army, standing on their po-sts. Their business is presumed to have very little to do with prison-keeping. It is the general impression that wardens of prisons are generally selected for what ability they possess at the time of their appointment. Frequently, however, their ability does not enter into any of the reasons why they are appointed. Their employes are very often selected for them with- out any regard to the positions they are required to fill. One general source of complaint is that politics interferes with the employment of people connected with prisons. That is perni- cious, in every sense of the word. While every man in this coun- try ought to take an active interest in the government, the fact of his taking such an active interest, and adhering to the principles of any of the political organizations, should not interfere in any way with the transaction of his business. Because an individual may have preferences, or fixed principles, in regard to government, should be no disqualification for his being an efficient prison offi- cer. But that is not the evil. The evil is that men are assigned to positions in prisons simply because some one of political influ- ence wishes to find a place for them. That practice is wrong. There should be no test of a prison employe other than a test of his honesty and adaptability for the work. It is a fallacy to believe that you can take a man from off the streets and make him a ,_ " WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 13 prison-keeper. In all prisons there should be grades of officers. The first grade should be that of the least important service, as far as the treatment of individuals is concerned. The men in that grade should be regarded as on trial, for there is no way to ascer- tain a man's fitness but by experience in the business he is engaged in. If he is capable of intelligently performing the work to which he is first assigned, he may be taught other parts of the business he will be expected to perform in the future; so that, when a va- cancy occurs, you have a man on hand to fill it. The appointment of those people should be entirely in the control of the chief officer of the prison, without any interference by outside authorities. All wardens are held responsible for the care and management of their prisons, and they should not be held responsible for mistakes that arise through the incompetency of persons sent them by politi- cians or others having influence in the State. The public demands that a warden should be efficient, and that he is the proper author- ity to run the prison. Where you invest a man with that responsi- bility, authority must follow. The two cannot be separated. The persistent individuals who seek appointment for their friends are not responsible for any occurrence that may take place in prison. The warden is the responsible party, and he ought to have entire authority over the men who are to do the work. Any mechanic who has been trained to a business requires tools with which to do his work. He ought to be capable of putting his tools in order, provided that the tools are of such a character that they can be kept in order. If he is given a tool that will not bear repairing, or that he cannot put in order, it is impossible for him to do his work as it should be done. It is just so in regard to prison officers. If men are selected who have not the capacity, and cannot be taught to do the work, it is useless to continue with that kind of tools. I think a training-school for prison officers is very desirable. I would suggest that, at the close of each day, the officers of the prison should be assembled in the warden's office, or some other apartment, and be instructed by the warden as to the manner in which the work ought to be done; the relations they hold toward the prisoners, and the relations they hold toward the authorities. Instruction of that kind will make efficient officers, provided they have the adaptability. The question of pay is a matter of consider- able importance. The more efficient, and those longest in the ser- vice, should receive the highest compensation. Those in the lower 14 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. grade, when first employed, should receive the lowest compensa- tion; and as they are promoted, and their capabilities developed, they can be advanced in pay, so as to cover the ground of the smallest salary in the beginning. When it is generally understood that their continuance in service depends on their fidelity and effi- ciency, and that they cannot be removed except for good cause, they will all take greater interest in their work. When a prison officer arrives at a stage where his salary is, say $900 per annum, he is receiving what would be the interest on a capital of $15,000. He has just that much capital invested in his position. Now, any man who has his capital invested in railroads, real estate, or any other ventures, is continually anxious about its safety. It would be so with the prison officer, if his tenure of office was secure. His great care would be to so perform his duties as to render his position secure, or to keep his capital safe. Until such a system, or something similar to it, is adopted, the prisons of the country will suffer to a more or less extent. With regard to the inmates, it requires time and experience, study and thought, and adaptability, to manage them rightly. The training of the prison officers is a very important matter. It requires very little time, and you have all your men at once before you. They are brought face to face; they hear authoritatively what is required of them; there is no conflict of action. One can- not say, "Well, I did not know that; I never heard it before." It secures a uniformity of action, and consequently prevents many errors that are commonly made by prison officers. In the employ- ment of prison officers, the necessary qualifications should be in- quired into. Age is an important question; no one should be taken on trial who is over thirty years old. Previous employment should be looked at. All prison officers should be mechanics of some kind. Mechanics are just as easily procured as other men, and their knowledge of the people is better than that of the ordin- ary men you find in no permanent business. Besides, there are matters about a prison that always require the attention of per- sons who have a knowledge of mechanics. If you have such per- sons around you, you can always perform all the work you have to do in a prison without running after outside help. Mechanics who have been brought up to a trade are generally a better class of men. Their temptations to crime and vice have not been so great as those of others who have been living promiscuously and en- THE WARDEN. WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 15 staged in any business they could find to do. The best evidence of that is that skilled mechanics do not get into State's prison as a general thing. When they do, it is generally for crimes against the person. That is the best evidence that people who are educated to labor do not drift into the criminal class. Many of them become worthless and dissipated, and will go to the extreme of poverty through dissipation, and then get into the county jail or house of correction as vagrants, and afterward recover and go back to work. They do not go on the road as professional thieves. There are few persons having a knowledge of mechanics among professional thieves. There is rarely ever a mechanic among the gang who engage in bank robberies. It is difficult for them to find a man to do the mechanical part of their work ; and the man is generally en- titled to the largest share of the booty when it is got. As a gen- eral thing, those gangs have to go outside of their own company for a mechanic. Mechanics do not make up any part of prison population, and they make the best prison officers when they have sufficient time for training. The system of political changes should never be applied to prisons in any State. There are enough other positions, coming under the head of political appointments, to meet the legitimate demand of those seeking such employment; and the prison should be left alone and outside the pale of political preferment. Prison Discipline, NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, HELD AT DETROIT, MICH., OCTOBER 20, 1885. The subject of Prison Discipline being under discussion, Mr. Cassidy was called upon to preside, and upon taking the chair made the following remarks : I can assure you that however we may differ in methods, in our aims we are one. The increase of efficiency and the elevation of the character and capacities of prison officers we all have at heart. Less than two years ago, under the direction of the Prison Association of New York, an informal meeting of prison officers was convened at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in that city. For the l6 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. first time many of us met, without any personal knowledge of each other, without any preparation or even an idea of what was ex- pected to be accomplished by the project, nor did the directors of the association know what would be the result of the bringing together of persons of whom they had no knowledge beyond the fact of their connection with prisons throughout the United States. The conference was continued for several days, and was pro- ductive of such good results that another meeting was determined upon, and a general invitation was extended to all officials of pris- ons and reformatories in the United States to a conference which was held in Chicago, in December, 1884. The proceedings of both meetings have been published. Much information was imparted as to the management of the dif- ferent institutions represented, benefiting all who participated in the conference. All the special interests, industries, and vocations throughout the country are having annual conferences for their mutual interest and benefit, and the advancement of the interests in which they are engaged. The management of prisons and reformatories, the care of thousands of individuals in the several institutions, is of as much importance to the community as any other public interest. The selection, education, and training of prison officers is as much a public necessity as the training of railroad officials and employes who are advanced through the lower grades of yard men and train hands until they become competent for the higher positions. The safety of the lives and property of the people doing business with railroads, and the interests of the company owning the roads, de- mand that the employes, from the lowest to the highest, shall be competent and efficient, and to be so they must have a special edu- cation to this end. All the various professions, trades, and vocations in which people are engaged require a special training before efficiency is at- tained. To take people out of the ordinary walks of life without any special training or adaptation and place them in positions of teachers, directors, custodians, and disciplinarians of individuals under punishment for crime, is as absurd and as injurious to the public interest, as well as that of prisoners, as to commission doc- tors, lawyers, or mechanics without preliminary special qualifica- tions. WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 17 Yet prison officials through all grades are largely perhaps generally selected for some personal or political reason wholly irrelevant to the question of qualification. Prison reform is the principal object of this conference. By that is generally understood the reform of prisoners, the selection of the best system, and surely it ought also to mean reform in the mode of selecting prison officers. The only way to reform any criminal class is to teach them to appreciate the value of industry. Make labor a duty. Labor is not a punishment in any sense, anywhere, or under any condition of circumstances. One of the usual sentences of the Court, or a part of the sentence, is "imprisonment at hard labor." It was a great mistake on the part of the lawmakers who enacted that labor should be a penalty for crime. The drones of society do nothing, and to make labor a punishment for crime was either a mistake of thoughtlessness or ignorance. In the institution with which I am connected labor is the essential element in the reform training of the individual, and through it he becomes accustomed to habits of industry, proficient in the use of tools, is made to feel that he has ability within himself for the earning of an honest livelihood; is "coached" and urged not driven to develop these, until many go out fair workmen to begin a new and better life, to their own benefit and that of the community. The severest punishment in our institution is the deprivation of labor. The very first thing we do to an unruly prisoner is to take the tools and material away from him. Labor is a privilege. Many of the prisoners have earned considerable amounts by their labor, and when their work is taken from them, as a punishment, the cost of their daily keep is charged against their surplus earn- ings. Under the operation of this rule there are few infractions of s prison laws, and these few quickly repent and make terms with the | authorities to begin work. But our subject is more directly prison punishments. There is no subject connected with prisons that has been so much talked j about as punishments, and scarcely one of which there is so little of actual truth known to the community at large. Since the Prison Association of the United States has been collecting the wardens and officers of the different institutions together, far more information has been developed on this subject than in all the years previous. l8 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, HELD AT DENVER, COL., SEPTEMBER 14, 1895. INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT. Mr. Cassidy, as president of the Chicago conference, where were discussed at great length, prison construction, discipline, sys- tems, etc., in which he contended for a better understanding of the system administered at Philadelphia, in adjourning the conference, said: As the time has arrived to adjourn this conference without day, I would like to express my thanks to you all, collectively and individually, for the great kindness I have received at your hands, and for the indulgent manner in which you have borne with me in discharging the duties of chairman. During our meeting no un- kindness of spirit has been evinced, but many friendships have been formed that otherwise would not have taken place. Prison people have the reputation of being hard-hearted, cruel men; but their intercourse with each other here has not proved that to b( the fact. I am very much pleased to know that when we go froi here there is not a ruffle of unkindness in the breast of any one us. I extend to you all a cordial invitation to visit the Easter Penitentiary at Philadelphia, at any time you can make it conveni- ent to do so, any day of the month, any day of the week, any time, day or night, or Sundays. In conclusion, I would say that, while I like the congregation that is assembled here, I still love them individually. The subject of Prison Discipline being under discussion, Mr. Cassidy spoke as follows: It would seem to me, from the tone of these papers, that each prison warden made a system of his own, and the whole put to- gether would result in no system at all. Discipline has been con- fined almost entirely to the prisoner, and it has been go-as-you- please for the officers. The most important part of the manage- ment of a prison is with reference to the subordinate officers. Their selection is of the utmost importance. Application is made to the warden of the prison, if he is the authority for the employ- ment of the individuals, in writing. The application must be in the handwriting of the individual making the application, and it must state his age, business, residence, his former occupation, if a mechanic his trade. The applications are put on file, and when WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. IQ a vacancy occurs the warden looks over the applications and sends for the individual and that is the end of the business. He is then employed in the lowest grade of service as night watchman. There may be ten, more or less, according to the size of the prison and the number of inmates. They receive $650 a year. They are on duty from 7 P.M. to 7 A.M., one-half outside in the yard and one-half inside. The half outside pass through the center when the overseers remain all night, so that the safety of the prison is known within at least half an hour. Time tell-tales do not answer the purpose, because if you have those things the officer will attend to his tell-tale if he neglects everything else. Supervision is the proper word. That is the principal guide and the principal safety of prisons. When a vacancy occurs in any of the departments, in the making of shoes or wood work or iron work or anything of that sort, the night watchman you deem most capable for that is placed in that division and he gets $800 a year. When he has been five years in the service he gets $900. That is about as long as any of them remain, though fre- quently there are several of that status. In that way you secure in- telligence, but they require to be drilled and taught. Prison-keep- ing is not a business that anyone can pick up, it is a vocation and unless there is an inducement for a man to enter the service and remain in it and improve they are of no use. Every Monday night all the officers of the prison assemble in the warden's office, and then they get whatever instructions it is necessary for them to have in reference to any of the duties that they may be required to per- form. There is then no misunderstanding. They can never say, "I did not know that," or "I was never told that." That method brings the men face to face, and if there has been any misconduct some of them will be shaky and generally it comes out. Misde- meanors in officers cannot be hidden as a general rule. No recom- mendation or outside influence has any force whatever in the em- ployment of individuals in prison. Any trivial offense committed in shops would have to be taken charge of immediately, but where they are treated as individuals, and there is no other prisoner to be damaged the treatment may be different. It must be known that a man cannot violate rules without notice being taken of it. It keeps the prison secure from many things that prisoners do in other prisons. Penalties? 2O WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. There is no law about penalties. You can make no prison rule about penalties. I was surprised at the friend from Kentucky stating his utter abhorrence at giving bread and water. Why, there is divine authority for that. "Thou shalt earn thy bread by the sweat of thy face." The man who does not earn any bread is 'not entitled to a great deal. Besides it is the most reasonable and sensible way of treating a person. He has time to think over his condition, and he knows the remedy. All he has to do is to send for authority and confess. There are commutation laws and good time laws that take off so much of 'the original sentence, under the arbitrary authority of the prison warden. They may be of service in a congregate prison, but they are of no practical use in an individual prison. In all my time I know of but one who has been deprived of the commutation law. It is a compromise to assist the prison officers in keeping order in shops, but is of no use for the treatment of a man difficult to manage. Many good men will lose their temper, while others who do not lose their temper get the benefit of the commutation law, and others who are far better do not get it. In shops it is necessary to act peremptorily to take the prisoner out and inflict what punishment you choose. Sometimes the fault is caused by others round him, and he con- siders it injustice that they all do not get the same. The discipline of prisoners is summed up in punishment, in training, in means of improvement. So much work or that is the penalty. Accord- ing to the returns made by prison officers there is no prison sys- tem only such as the prison officers choose to invent. The Penn- sylvania system is a system. It matters not who is in charge the system will go on just the same. The warden does not deserve any credit, because the system is a fact by itself. It will go on all the time. There has never been any outside interference of politics or politicians or others in the establishment of the corps of managers in the Pennsylvania prisons. We have heard a good deal about politicians. Politics are as necessary as business. Men enter politics for business. So far as honesty is con- cerned, they will average with the business or manufacturing peo- ple of the country. Manufacturers take all sorts of short cuts to cheat one another or other people. The politician takes advantage of his opponent to get ahead of him. Every man ought to be a politician more or less, so long as he does not interfere with his WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 21 neighbor. Every man ought to stand up and be counted. But politics should never enter into prison management. No one, be- cause he is a member of the Legislature, should have the right to interfere with the staff. Insanity is one of the bugbears generally advanced by theo- rists, who know nothing about it, as a danger from the individual system. At one time the Charlestown prison was considered the best managed under the Auburn system, and statistics were kept there for ten years in comparison with the Eastern Peniten- tiary of insanity developed in prison, and the statistics were largely against Massachusetts. There is nothing in these theories. All intelligent people who have been decent before they come to prison much prefer to be alone. Our cells are large, eight by sixteen, and eleven feet high, and we have been compelled to put two in a room. People come to prison who are not criminals, never were, and never will be. It is not fair to treat them as if they were of the criminal 'class. Bank embezzlers, clerks who lived too fast and that is largely on the increase bank presidents, cashiers, heads of insti- tutions, all of that sort come to prison, and it is not fair to treat them like the fellow that comes from the slums. They must all keep clean, and those who have tidy habits can do it. They have water in their rooms, and a bath once a week. They have a water closet, electric light and meals served in their rooms without any extra charge. Any one who will take up the subject of the different treatment of people in prison, and will give the Pennsylvania sys- tem a fair share of their intelligence will naturally come to the con- clusion that it is the only satisfactory treatment of individuals for crime. There are so many new things that come up in prison discipline and in prison science that interfere with somebody else. We get up commutation laws. That is an interference with au- thority. Now they have got up the indeterminate sentence law. That is a compromise with crime. It is a dangerous procedure in any civilized country to go behind the authority of the properly constituted court, for in the court is the only safety of the citizen. If the determination of the court can be altered promiscuously life is not safe. If there were power to go behind the Supreme Court of the country it would destroy the whole ramification of our gov- ernment, and the power to go behind the ordinary court has the same effect. The indeterminate sentence and the parole are being 22 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. introduced in this country in the management of criminals as though they were something new. It is not new. It is not an American patent. The patent right was taken out years ago in Ireland by Sir Walter Crofton and Mr. McConochie. They had all the means they wanted. They did not have to ask for appro- priations, but the whole thing wore itself off. The great prison is abandoned entirely, and we take up the idea and launch it out as a brand-new American idea and apply to the patent office for a patent. Q. Don't your officers ask you to deal with individual cases? A. Always. There is no case that is not reported to the war- den. The warden has no private office. His private office is in the center, that he may know what his officers are doing. It is necessary that he should be convenient to his officers, for the first five minutes is the most important time, often. Q. How many prisoners have you? A. 1358. Q. How many cells? A. 780. Q. That is nearly two men in a cell? A. Yes. Q. Do I understand you, that you have abandoned the sepa- rate system? A. No. Q. You have not cells to keep them separate? A. No; to our regret. That is not the fault of the system. It is the fault of the State. Q. Doesn't that show that the State does not believe in the system? A. Not at all. The doubling up of prisoners is pernicious, but it is better to put two together than to put twenty together. Q. How many do you have return? A. We have the usual number of returns. Q. Is there any difference in that between your prison and a congregate prison? A. I think not; the best I could ever make out in reclaiming the crime class people is four per cent. Q. Don't you consider that it is worth more to reform men, than just to keep them out of mischief? Is that your idea? You simply keep them in a cell without any attempt to reform them? WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 23 A. What do you mean by reform? Does one individual re- form another? The word reform has gone into uselessness by the frequency of its application. I know of no movement of reform that has not been pernicious in the end. The reformed politician is the worst man possible, often a vagabond and a scoundrel that could not get a standing in the general community. TESTIMONY BEFORE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MAY 13, 1897. Q. How often do the overseers report to you? A. Whenever it is necessary; whenever an occurrence takes place. Q. Do you have any daily or morning and evening reports? A. I have no fixed time for reports. A prison warden ought to be where he can be got to, at any time, for a report from any of his officers. Q. Are you certain that these men report to you all cases that you should know about, as to the prisoners being unruly or in bad condition, mentally or otherwise? A. There is no doubt about that, because if one did not re- port a matter the other would, and they would report the delin- quent for not having done it. Q. Are these overseers kept constantly upon the same cor- ridor, or are their places of duty changed? A. Sometimes I make a change, not very often. When they get accustomed to their people it is not well to change them. They understand those to whom they have become accustomed better than others would. I have made changes; I have changed the whole all around for no other reason than to make a change. I do not know that any particular result came from it. Q. Does it require any special aptitude or qualification in a man to take care of or handle prisoners as they come in day by day? A. Undoubtedly it does. A qualification that we require is that the man must be a mechanic of some sort, that he must have followed a mechanical pursuit or some one of the general trades that are in vogue in the community. Q. For what reason do you require that he shall be a me- chanic? A. Mechanics are a better class of people than those who are 24 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. making their living on their wits. They have been brought up to habits of industry, and the others have not. Q. Is there ever any trouble between the overseers and the prisoners in consequence of which the overseers are compelled to use force? A. Certainly. There is in every prison. I do not pretend to say we do not use force when necessary, and just as much force as is necessary, to accomplish the object, no more. Q. To what extent are they to use force? A. With any means that may be in their power at the time. There is a club hanging up at the head of the block, if there is any disturbance, and the prisoner makes a fight, he must be subdued. There is no other way to do it. If a man attacks you in the street you have to do the same thing. But no force is used but that which is absolutely necessary, and when the object is accomplished that force ceases. A scalp cut does not hurt anybody. There have been four officers killed in this institution. Three were killed in my time, murdered outright. Yes, there has never been a pris- oner killed nor one seriously injured in the whole history of the in- stitution. It would be simply ridiculous to say that a convict prison with twelve hundred people in it, with the different vicious elements that control in that number of people of a certain class, can be controlled by moral suasion alone. There is one element of discipline to be found in every other prison I ever knew or heard tell of, which we do not have here. Q. What is that? A. Powder. There is not a firearm on this ten-acre lot. Q. Then you have no deadly weapons? A. We have no deadly weapons. No officer is armed in any way. Q. Have you any cells with rings in the floor. A. No, sir. Q. Is there much trouble at night time, among the prisoners, by their becoming unruly? A. No, sir. The general trouble is that they disagree among themselves. There is a good deal of trouble in finding another place to put one. After he disagrees with another we have to put him in some place else. Sometimes they fight and hurt one an- other before we can get them out and separated, but that don't occur very often. WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 2$ Where extracts are made under the caption "The Warden's Annual Report" those reports were the yearly official reports of the Warden to the Board of Inspectors of the Eastern State Peniten- tiary. Duties of a Prison Warden, NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, TORONTO, CANADA, SEPTEMBER 12, 1887. Remarks by Mr. Cassidy : The warden is the executive officer of the administration. The ird of directors is the administration. There must be some supervising power behind the warden to control him as well as to invest him with authority. Of what use would a board of directors be if they should delegate all power to the warden? In the Eastern Penitentiary the warden is elected every six months, and just as often his conduct comes before the board necessarily for special review. That is a part of our system. No man in any government should be invested with absolute, unanswerable power. He must have some controlling power be- hind him, or the ordinary human being is likely to go astray or get too large. In his position as executive his authority must be absolute, but there must be a power that controls him. To invest an individual with absolute power, with no one to consult, puts that person in a very precarious position. All individuals are sub- ject to errors of judgment, and I would not wish to be clothed with any such responsibilities. The most essential thing in prison government is supervision, from the warden down to the latest reception. Whenever that is neglected the whole machinery is in danger. Bolts and bars, high walls and any mechanical appliances that may be invented, will not keep men in prison who are adepts at getting out. There is no stronger or safer prison in the country than the Eastern Peniten- tiary, so far as its structure is concerned. Men can work their way out of it. Nothing keeps them in but supervision. All employes, no matter how long their service or what engaged in, are better for supervision. Supervision is the most essential thing in a prison. No one is capable of this supervision but the one in authority, who is the warden. This authority is delegated to him by the directors, 26 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. who in turn supervise him. It is right that they should. No mat- ter how honest or capable he may be, supervision will do him no harm. All the details of the prison, from the purchase of a box of matches to the largest contracts, should be under the direct super- vision of the warden. He should see every individual prisoner un- der his charge at least once a week, and should be personally famil- iar with the treatment prisoners receive from their overseers. There is no time when a prisoner desires to see the warden that he ought not to go and see him. He will thus give himself apparently much unnecessary labor, but only by such practice can he make himself entirely familiar with every detail in the institution, which is so necessary that he may justly administer the rules made by the board of directors. All prisons have a ruler. The directors are the governing power. Unless the warden is willing to submit to supervision, how can he expect others to obey him? Individual Treatment* FROM WARDEN'S ANNUAL REPORT, 1882. The opinion generally entertained in regard to the situation of the prisoners in this institution is that they are kept in solitary con- finement and not permitted to see any one but their overseer; while, on the contrary, the inmates of this prison have more inter- course with proper persons from the outside world than any other prison in this country. They are permitted to see and converse with their family, however numerous they may be, once in three months, and oftener, if necessary, and other persons whom the inspectors deem proper to admit; the Grand Jury of Philadelphia County every month; the sheriffs of different counties bringing prisoners visit all the prisoners from their respective counties each time they come; the moral instructor visits the prisoners continuously; they can have the pastor of their own choice, of any church, to visit them at all times; the warden sees and converses with each and every one in the prison at least twice in each month; the overseers are in con- stant intercourse with them; the overseer in this prison has the entire wants of the prisoner in charge to provide for, instruct in his work, serve his meals, provide the clothing, all of which brings him WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 27 in constant communication with the prisoners; the school teacher and librarian are constantly teaching the illiterate or serving out and taking in books, which duties make these visits continuous. ANNUAL REPORT, 1884. Under remarks concerning National Prison Conference, held in Chicago, December, 1883. During the discussion of general subjects, when any alteration in the Congregate system was suggested, it was towards Individ- ual treatment; the separation of the young from old offenders, classification, or some distinctive treatment other than the general plan. The more I hear on the subject of the treatment of prison- ers, the more fully I am convinced that the individual consideration of each is most likely to accomplish the best results. We are ail "individuals," and distinctive in most of the attributes belonging to us. ANNUAL REPORT, 1887. From remarks in Report of the Annual Meeting of the Prison Association, held in Toronto, September, 1886. Many of the supposed theoretical objections that have been attributed to "the Individual Treatment system" vanish on investiga- tion of the methods pursued in the administration of it. It strikes the intelligent mind as something valid. It is a known system; no guesswork about it. The individual you have; he is something you can know and investigate. You can form an opinion of him, with some certainty of its being correct. Of a congregation or a mass of people you can know but little, with a view to the treatment of any of them, morally or physically. The more the system of personal treatment for crime and its cause is discussed, it becomes more reasonable and better understood. FROM WARDEN'S ANNUAL REPORT, 1889. The individual prisoner, when not surrounded by associates, whose ridicule is more powerful than his better nature, is more susceptible to reformatory influence than in the presence of those who look upon obedience to the demands of authority as cowardly weakness. Consequently, any severe punishment by this method of treatment is unnecessary. There are bad men and men who are dangerous when aroused to anger, in this as there are in all prisons. 2& WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. Many who have no scruples of conscience, and ever ready to en- gage in any violation of law, whose whole life has been criminal, and will boast of any outrageous act they may have been engaged in, and have no regard for the life or property of others, may be managed and directed generally by being separated and treated as one man. Persons confined in prisons convicted of crime have been taken out of society because they failed to comply with the laws established for its government, and are placed in another condi- tion where they must obey the laws and rules laid down to govern them. The humanitarian sentimentalist and theoretical writers on the subject of criminal treatment would have the whole nature of indi- viduals changed by simply applying their sentimental excuses for the criminal acts that caused the inmates of prisons to be where they are, but have no sympathy for the honest persons wronged by the convict. Warden Nicholson, of Detroit, Mich., who is one of the ablest managers of criminals engaged in the work, well says in his annual message of this year: "There is no secret how to properly care for convicts. We have reached that condition of rational development where reason must take the place of effusive exhibitions of sentiment, and prac- tical methods suited to the exigencies of the case supersede the fanciful schemes pushed forward as reform measures. The Gospel unadorned will dictate to an unwarped conscience all that is need- ful in any case." NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT DENVER, COLORADO, SEPTEMBER 14-18, 1895, WARDEN CASSIDY PRESIDING. Chairman Cassidy said that he felt that he ought to say that he did not agree with any one present on any subject. I come from the old Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It was the first Commonwealth established on this Continent that came without any entanglements with it. It was a grant from Charles II., to William Penn as personal property. It was never a colonial prop- erty subject to the crown. William Penn was a peculiar man, and belonged to a peculiar set of people. His influence has existed up WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 2Q to the present time in the State. The Eastern Penitentiary was founded by Robert Vaux, who was a believer in the faith and views of William Penn, commonly known as Quaker, but better ex- plained as plain Friend. The corner-stone was laid in 1821, and it was opened in 1829. Robert Vaux was the first inspector ap- pointed. Thus the individual treatment was established, and from that day to this it has been carried out. It has .been modified, but the idea of the separation of the crime class from others, and the treatment of them as individuals has been continued uninterrupt- edly, and those who have had the management of it are entirely satisfied, after sixty-seven years of routine work in the same line of thought and management, that it is the only philosophical and common sense treatment of people convicted of crime. There are no two people alike. No two children in the same family are alike, and they are not susceptible to the same treatment. It guar- antees that a man shall go out as good as he came in, or it is his own fault. He loses nothing by association. It is not fair for the State to degrade any one if he has committed crime. The pun- ishment of the law is sufficient for personal degradation. There are men who go to prison who, so far as personal honesty and truth are concerned, are as good as any man persons who have committed crimes against persons. They should not be degraded by shaving the head and eating between a five-point burglar and a black man. It is not fair treatment. There is no prison treat- ment that will reclaim a man outside of individual treatment. That is the conclusion we have come to after an experience of sixty-seven years. The law that made the government of the Penitentiary in 1829, was that it should be governed by five in- spectors, who elected a warden, a doctor and a clerk, subject to good behavior. The law required no interference with the warden in his employment of people, and there never has been any inter- ference up to this time. There was never a shadow of inclination to connect it with politics in any way. We have no objections to politicians. Every man ought to take an interest in politics and stand up and be counted, but it should not interfere with matters like this. Q. Then you have two laws that are not applicable to both prisons. A. "All discord" is "harmony, when right well understood." Pennsylvania is a peculiar State, and the Friends were a peculiar 3O WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. people. They were the first to inaugurate the idea of the ameliora- tion of the condition of people in prisons. A society for that pur- pose was in existence before the Revolutionary War, and is contin- ued to the present time. I do not agree with all the new theories advanced by the modern scientist on these penal questions. They get so much confused. It is impracticable to carry out their theo- ries of indeterminate sentences, paroles, etc. Those were played out in Ireland long ago. It is truly an Irish method; liberty under restraint. It was exploded long ago. But there is no State that has been more interested in its violators of law than Pennsylvania. There is no reason why a man should not be reclaimed whether he is a first or a third offender. While there is life there is hope. Our system gives every man a chance. After he has gone through the fifth or the tenth sentence he goes out and his opportunity for getting employment if he is industrious, is just the same as any laboring man in Philadelphia who is looking for work. He is not known to convicts. No one can blackmail him. It relieves that difficulty about discharged prisoners. Q. Do you use any labor-saving machinery? A. That belongs to another question. There has not been a word said about labor-saving machinery. You go and fill your prisons with the most improved machinery and work against the laboring man outside. The free individual is entitled to some con- sideration. The State has no right to interfere with him in his labor, nor to run all sorts of improved machinery against him. Let the man outside use the machinery, and let the man inside use his hands. A man becomes a part of the machine when he works with it. The State has no right to make machines out of its prisoners. Q. I understand that under your constitution you have one prison on the solitary plan, and one where the men are confined in cells at night, by day work collectively in the shops. Is there a separate law for that? A. The original law covered both, but the Western people were impregnated with the idea of making money and making it fast, and the directors let the warden have his way, and so things go on as they do in all congregate prisons. Q. Then you have two penitentiaries, and one law for one and no law for the other? A. Yes, that is true. WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 31 A Delegate. The only law which causes the difference be- tween the two prisons, is in three words that the inspectors shall have the privilege of assembling the convicts for "labor, learning, and worship." Q. Then they have that privilege at Cherry Hill? A. No, sir; and they don't want it, and would not ask for it. They would have to get a law for it. TESTIMONY BEFORE LEGISLATIVE INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE, AT THE PENITENTIARY MAY 13, 1897. Warden Cassidy being interrogated, in answer to the several questions, said: Q. What particular system exists here in the confinement and treatment of prisoners? A. The individual system. The aim and object of that sys- tem is to have the prisoner treated individually. Each case is studied, its peculiarities noted, and the prisoner treated as his case warrants. We do not propose to treat them all alike. There are no two people alike. If you undertake to treat these people all alike, in a mass, you may as well give every one who comes in here a primer or a copy of Shakespeare's works to read. Q. Are there cases here of what is commonly known as soli- tary confinement, where a prisoner is kept entirely by himself? A. No, sir; there never was such a thing here. Q. What is the least number you put in a cell? A. One. That is not solitary confinement. An occupant of a cell has communication with the people who come to the prison, except the convicts. Q. Are you ever compelled to put them in irons, or to place them in dark cells or dungeons? A. We have no mechanical appliances for punishment of any sort. Q. You have none of any kind? A. We have none of any kind; nothing but what you see. We have no dark cells. Q. Have you any padded cells in which you put people? A. No. Sometimes we remove the furniture from a cell; leave it entirely bare, and leave the man in it. That is one method of punishment. 32 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. Q. Have you any dungeons? A. We have neither dungeons nor padded cells. In other prisons they have them to show visitors, but we have none here. Q. Do you make any distinction, as to the confinement of a prisoner, when he is reported to you as insane or feigning insan- ity? A. Yes. Q. What distinction do you make in the treatment of such prisoners? A. Sometimes we take them out all day and have them worked outside, in the yard. Q. All day? A. -All day. Until we determine what it is. It is a difficult matter to determine a case of insanity in a prisoner. I doubt the ability of any one to do so on sight. It requires time, study, and thought about it. Q. You regard reformation as one of the purposes of im- prisonment, do you? A. Yes, the basis of all imprisonment should be reformation of the criminal and protection to society. Q. You think, then, that the prisoners here are encouraged to feel that there is something in life left for them, do you? A. They are encouraged to feel that they are men; that any one of them is a man as I am, and they are treated that way; that is, we meet them fair and square as men. Prison Construction. NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION, ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT ATLANTA, GA., NOVEMBER, 1886. Upon the topic of Prison Construction, Mr. Cassidy spoke as follows : Prison construction, like everything else, to be done well, should be begun at the beginning. You cannot do anything right unless you begin right. Beautiful sites and picturesque landscapes are of no use for a prison. When you look for a site, you must look for the soil first. Get soil that is adapted to take in water and drainage. It requires loose gravel or sandy soil. Clay won't do. When you commence your structure, get ground enough. In a ;. . ' ~iijj ^ I-;N CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. 37 asked Mr. Cassidy whether it was as easy to know personally 1000 men as it is 600; whether the reformation of the prisoners is the object of the prison, and whether their reformation is a possibility? In response to these questions Mr. Cassidy said: There are good reasons why the maximum should be 600. Five hundred ought to be at most what should be in any one prison, but under no conditions should they admit more than 600. Six hundred people of the kind that make up a prison population is quite enough in one place, and is quite as much as one person can attend to, and attend to all the requirements, and wants, and needs, and a great many things that are not needed besides to keep his attention employed all the time. Six hundred is as much as he can look after. Cost should not enter into the question of prison- keeping. The prison should be conducted as economically as pos- sible, but the mere question of cost, a dollar or two here and there at the sacrifice of everything else, should not be taken into account. Some of the men require treatment they could not possibly get where they are massed together, and the warden of a prison should see and know every prisoner he has. If you put 1400 or 1000 prisoners together, it is a little cheaper for light and fuel, and that is about all the difference in cost. Q. The difference is still greater in officers? Not so much, because in most of the prisons of the United States there are no officers; there are guards. They are not re- quired to have any intelligence whatever, only to stand guard. The moral character of the prisoners should be cared for, and there is only one way to do it, and that is by one man. The warden ought .to be held responsible by the people who put him in the position. There should be nothing between him and his busi- ness; we cannot separate responsibility from authority. Ff you insist on a man being responsible for anything, you must give him authority to attend to it himself; then he cannot say, "My deputy did this," and "This enforces the contract made with Tom Jones," or somebody else, etc. Where a warden is made responsible for le entire administration of the prison, 600 is just as much as he in attend to. Gentlemen, I am a Democrat, but I tell you there is no government that was ever made as good as a one-man gov- -nmont, provided you have got the man. 38 WARDEN CASSIDY ON PRISONS AND CONVICTS. Prison Construction and Furnishing* i REMARKS MADE UPON THIS SUBJECT AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NATIONAL PRISON ASSOCIATION IN FEBRUARY, 1884, BY MR. CASSIDY. I think it is clear, from what I have heard from the gentlemen from almost every section of the country, that the entire prison structure of the country is defective, some of it terribly bad, and this subject is the most important one that has been selected for prison people, because the structure of the prison is, as the primary school, the beginning. One part of the subject is not stated here on the programme, the sites where the prisons should be built. The nature and character of the ground is one of the most import- ant things in the consideration of the prison. The beginning is the most important part of anything, gentlemen ; if we do not begin right, you always have trouble to go back to some starting-point that is near right; but as long as you begin right, you have no trouble in rearing your structure. Any one that is acquainted at all with the structure of buildings will know that the beginning is the most important part of it, for alterations cause very much in- convenience. My early education was that of a carpenter and builder. Graded Prison System* Is IT DESIRABLE? SHOULD CLASSIFICATION DEPEND UPON AGE OR UPON CRIMINAL RECORD? Upon this topic, at the annual meeting of the National Prison Association, held in New York, February, 1884, Mr. Cassidy said: Mr. Chairman: The question now seems to be between grad- ing and herding. Which is the best? It is pretty generally ad- mitted, I think, by all the gentlemen, that the prison structure is very defective; that is the beginning, and I am inclined to think it has been pretty generally accepted that the prison systems of the country are very defective. Hence they are reaching out for something that will take the place of herding. It is proposed to introduce grading. If mankind were possessed of the knowledge of the thought and actions of other individuals, then, possibly, grading might be effective. It is difficult to get individuals of the NINTH BLOCK. 254 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, 16 ft. high. 50 Rooms, 18 x 8 ft., 12 ft. high. THIRD BLOCK. 368 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, 16 ft. high. 20 Rooms, 12 x 7 ft. 6 in., 14 ft. high. 12 Rooms, 25 x 8 ft., 14 ft. high. 8 Rooms, 20 x 17 ft., 14 ft. high. be j= c JD ^ I" I " wj w" 8 I 3 S pq