Genesis of Cburcbes 
 
 IN THK 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND 
 
 \ 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
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BE? 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVfSF.nY OF 
 CAUFORNIA ^ 
 
Cbe <3enesis of Churches* 
 
TIMM'I'V rill KCll. MIW ^()KK. 
 
Ccnesis of Churches 
 
 IN 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 IN NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 AM) T H I-; 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 3attic$ Croil. 
 
 Author ov "The Missionakv I'roulem" : 
 
 "Thk Nohle A.RMY or Martyrs, Etc. 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 John Lovell & Son, Printeks. 
 
 Foster Brown & Cumi-any, Publishers, Montreal. 
 1907. 
 
Entered according to Act ol Parliament, in the year one thousand nine hundred 
 and seven, by John Lovell & Son, Limited, in the office of tbe Minister of Agri- 
 culture and Statistics, at Ottawa. 
 
^., 
 
 n 
 
 C7 
 
 TO 
 
 HIS GRACK THE MOST REVEREND 
 
 IRandall ^bcmas 2)avicIson^ 
 
 primate ttf nil (^u^lnub auii jHetritpnlitnu, 
 
 WHOSE RECENT VISIT TO CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA — THE FIRST VISIT OF THE HIGHEST 
 DIGNITARY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND 
 TO AMERICA — WAS THE OCCASION 
 OF UNPRECEDENTED IN- 
 TEREST TO 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF THE NEW WORLD, 
 
 THESE PAGES ARE, 
 
 WITH VENERATION AND RESPECT, 
 
 DEDICATED. 
 
 724 
 
[preface* 
 
 The writer of these pages does not aspire to enter The 
 domain of Church History. His endeavour has l.i-en only 
 to ascertain as accurately as possible the origin, and. in a 
 general way, the progress, to a limited extent, of the 
 churches and congregations herein dealt with. 
 
 In prosecuting his investigations, he has derived in- 
 formation from many sources. Elaborate Church Histo- 
 ries have been carefully studied, and a large amount of 
 periodical literature laid under tribute. The -Schaff-Her- 
 zog Encyclopedia," ^^ew York, 1888, in four volumes, edit- 
 ed by the late Dr. Philip Schaff, has furnished nui.h of ihe 
 Information respecting churches in the Cnited States: ■a\u\ 
 Castell Hopkins' "Encyclopedia <.f Canada," Toronto, 
 1898, in five volumes, has been useful in what api.ertains 
 to the Canadian Churches. The historical sketches in 
 both of these standard authorities were contributed by 
 well-known and well-informed representative n.inist.'rs of 
 the respective denominations. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgements, more fully s.-l foiih in 
 the appendix, are due to a very larg.- number ..f n.inisters 
 
Preface. 
 
 and laviiirii in ilic liiiled Stales and ('ana«la wlio riiinish- 
 ed till' aiitlHd- with nuR-h valuable local iufoiination. l»v 
 which side-lights have been thrown on the subject in 
 hand, and also on Uindi-ed t«)i»ics, such as the references to 
 some of the early jnoneers of Christianity in this country, 
 th<' fonndiny: of Missionary Societies and Sunday Schools, 
 and the important, if not always palatable subject of 
 Stafisticft. Without the aid of these friends, so kindly 
 given, this work, such as it is. could not have been under- 
 taken. To one and all of tlicni we can only express our 
 deep gratitude, and ask them to accept our cordial thanks. 
 Most (»f the illustrations have been selected with a 
 view to showing some of the best tjpes of the various 
 stales of church architecture on this continent. A few of 
 them, on the other hand, are deemed chieHy interesting 
 fi<»Mi the historical associations with which some of the 
 ohler churches are distinguished. It is confidently hoped 
 that the excellence of the pictures will go far to compen 
 sate for the manifold imperfections of the letter-press, 
 of which none can be more acutely sensible than 
 
 thf: aitiioij. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Roman Catholic Church . . 
 Protestant Episcopal Church 
 Congregational Church . . . 
 
 Baptist Church 
 
 Lutheran Church 
 
 Dutch Reformed Church . . 
 German Reformed Church . 
 Presbyterian Churches . . . 
 United Presbyterian Church 
 Eliot and the Mayhews . . 
 
 rAGK. 
 
 17 
 25 
 41 
 4G 
 49 
 51 
 53 
 57 
 73 
 76 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Methodist Churches 78 
 
 The Friends and Hebrews ... 85 
 
 The Mennonites 90 
 
 The Unitarian Church 92 
 
 The Universalist Church .... 95 
 
 The Latter Day Saints 96 
 
 The Salvation Army 98 
 
 Christian Scientists 101 
 
 Sunday-schools 103 
 
 Christian Endeavour Societies . 106 
 
 IN NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 The Church of England . . . . m The Methodist Church 113 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church . . 115 The Presbyterian Church .... 114 
 The Congregational Church . . 115 The Diocesan Synod 114 
 
 IN THE DO.MINION OF CANADA. 
 
 PAtiK. PAGE. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church . 123 Methodist Churches united . . 263 
 
 The Church of England .... 145 The Baptist Church 266 
 
 Church of England unified . . .1X7 Tlie Congregational Church . . 277 
 
 The Presbyterian Church . . . i;t5 The Lutlician Church .... 282 
 
 North American Indians . . . ISS Tlie Hebrews 283 
 
 Presbyterian Union 240 The Salvation Army 285 
 
 Alliance of Refd. Churches . . 241 Diversity of Creeds 288 
 
 The Methodist Church 24r. Fedemtion of Cluirches .... 289 
 
 Bcrniiida. Methodists in ... . 253 ,\( Uiiowit'dut'nicnls 295 
 
lLLUSTKATIO^'S. 
 
 Trinity, New York Front Notre Dame, Montreal .... 133 
 
 St. Patrick's Cath., N. York . . 10 St. James Cathedral, Montreal . 137 
 
 Baltimore R. C. Cathedral ... 21 R. C. Cathedral. Victoria, 15. C. 143 
 
 Oldest Church in America ... 24 St. Panl's Church, Halifax ... 147 
 
 Jamestown Old Ch. Tower ... 24 St. George's Church, Halifax . . 151 
 
 Trinity Church, Boston .... 31 Dutch Church. Halifax 151 
 
 Tacoma. oldest bell-tower ... 33 Temple Church. London .... 155 
 
 Great Cathedral. New York . . 37 Fredericton Cathedral 159 
 
 Old South Church, Boston ... 40 Anglican Cathedral, Quebec . . 1G4 
 
 Broadway Tabernacle NY... 43 Anglican Cathedral, Montreal . 1G9 
 
 Baptist Church, Buffalo .... 47 St.- George's Cath. Kingston . . 174 
 
 Reformed Church. Washington 50 St. James' Cath.. Toronto . . . ITS 
 
 First Pres. Ch., New York . . 54 New Westminster Cathedral . . 185 
 
 Brick Church, New York ... 5S Mohawk Church, Brantford . . 191 
 
 First Pres. Ch., Philadelphia . G2 Kildonan Church. Manitoba . . 191 
 
 New York Presbyterian Church C2 St. Gal)riel Church, Montreal . . 1!M 
 
 Pittsburgh First Pres. Ch. . . . G7 St. Andrew's Church, Montreal 210 
 
 Westminster Ch., Minneapolis . 71 St. Paul's Church, Montreal . . 218 
 
 Tennent Church, N. Jersey ... 75 St. Andrew's Ch., Toronto . . . 225 
 
 Covenant Ch., of. Washington . 79 Knox C'n., Winnipeg 231 
 
 St. Paul's Metho. Ch., N. York . 83 !• irst Ch.. Victoria. B. C. . . . 234 
 
 Jewish Temple, New York ... 88 St. Andrew's Ch.. Victoria, B. C. 237 
 
 King's Chapel, Boston 93 St. Stephen Ch., Winnipeg . . 242 
 
 Christian Scientist Ch., Boston lOO Preaching in the Klondike . . 243 
 
 Newfoundland. R. C. Cathedral 110 Centenary Ch., St. John. N. B. 250 
 
 Newfoundland Anglican Cath. . 110 St. James' Metho. Ch.. Montreal 256 
 
 Arms of the Dominion .... 118 Metropolitan Ch., Victoria, B. C. 258 
 
 St. Dunstan Cath., P. E. I. . . . 122 Metropolitan Ch.. Vancouver, 
 
 The Basilica. Quebec 127 B. C 2G4 
 
 Victoires Chapel, Quebec . . . 129 Baptist Ch., Toronto 274 
 
 Tadousac Chapel, Que. 129 Great Seal of Canada 292 
 
•flntroduction. 
 
 lu this comprehensive volume — uniciue in its scope 
 and treatment — the author has laid his fellowmen under 
 renewed obligation by bringing together in these pages 
 a mass of interesting information to be found nowhere 
 else: and he wields a facile pen. 
 
 It is now foi'tj'-seven years since he first entered the 
 field of authorship. Based on his prize Essay on the 
 county of "Dundas/' his volume bearing that title was 
 published in 1861. It had for its chief aim the encourage- 
 ment of agriculture in the historic District in which he re- 
 sided, and the elevation of the ideas and aspirations of the 
 farming community. This was before the days of Agricul- 
 tural Colleges, and the i)!ienomeual success of this first 
 venture Avas demonstrated by the fact that the Board of 
 Education for Upper Canada acquired the greater part of 
 a large edition for distribution as prizes in the public 
 schools! This led the way, which has been somewhat fol- 
 lowed elsewhere, but which all patriotic citizens would 
 like to see followed more generally throughout the Domin- 
 ion — to the composition of monographs preserving me- 
 morials of the early history of each county while some of 
 the early settlers are still alive 
 
 Our Author, however, did not in that worlc confine 
 himself to matters local, but went farther nfleld. enibi-ac- 
 ing a sketch of the early settlquient of Auicricii. and of 
 Canada in ]);ut icular. The studies thus indulged in seem 
 
Introduction. 
 
 to have delermiiied, iu a incasnrc, tlu* direct ion lakni l»y 
 his subsequent literary efforts, giving his mind a l>ias to- 
 wards History, which U'd to the i»iil)li( at ion of his 'Mis- 
 sionary Problem," "The Noble Army of Martyrs.' -The 
 History of Steam Navigation " and other books. lit- lias 
 written a great deal, of great value, but as things gn at 
 present iu ('aiiada. it is not likely iliai lie has made nioney 
 by the jiroduct ions of his jx'ii. lie has. however, achieved 
 a far higher result — he has done umch io enhance •"the 
 public good.'- 
 
 One of his publications iu the early sixties of last cen- 
 tury was the compilation of a ••Ilisi(»rical and Statistical 
 Account of the Presbyterian Church of Canada iu ccuinec- 
 tion with the Church of Scotland," all the congregations 
 of which he had visited in ])erson. as Agent fttr that 
 Church, obtaining the luaterials for his work on the spot, 
 thus jti-eserving uiiicli iulei-est iug and valuable ecclesias- 
 tical infornuition. This undt-rtaking still further tended to 
 indicate what direction his future stiulies should take, and 
 this liook of Oknksis is the full fruition of his literary la- 
 Ixdirs iu tliis behalf. It was a large task he set himself 
 w lieii he determined to trace the (trigiu and progress of the 
 several Christian dencuniuat ions in all Noiili America — a 
 task that might seem appalling to many a Nounger man. 
 i'>ut there is evidence everywhere of an entliiisiasm which 
 is n(»t always given to anihi>i-s of less niatnre years. 
 
 'i'lie writer apologizes for the failnre ot his eyesi<:lit. 
 Tradititui has it that Sophocles, when lie was about the 
 same age. composed his "(hiHinis <il ( 'iihunis." perhaps his 
 tiiiest play, to prove that he was no doiaid. when the 
 
introduction. 
 
 charge of incompetency to manage his estate was made 
 against him by his own son; and so this volume demon- 
 strates that whatever dimness may have come to the au- 
 thor's eyes, his natural force otherwise has not abated. 
 The difficulty has been to keep the volume within the 
 limits the author had assigned to it. It would have been 
 easy for him to obtain materials that would swell the book 
 to triple its size, and many other church edifices and con- 
 gregations than those embraced would have fittingly found 
 a place in it. But it will be conceded that if a selection had 
 to be made, good judgment has been shown in making it. 
 Pre-eminence, of some sort, worthy of mention, all had 
 that are included, and the law of proportion has been well 
 observed in the amount of illustration and space given to 
 the genesis of the several religious denominations of the 
 continent. 
 
 The catholicity of the volume is one of its special 
 charms. Its impartiality is clear, like that of Virgil in his 
 great Epic when he resolved "Tros Tj/riusque multo discri- 
 mine Agetur' — All should be treated with equal justice. 
 No one could gather from the book that its author is a 
 Presbyterian Elder, and was for twenty years editor of a 
 denominational magazine. Even when so employed he 
 was wont to speak of other churches in the language of 
 charity; and that he impressed with his catholicity the 
 numerous correspondents with whom he had to communi- 
 cate in order to obtain the information contained in his 
 book is manifest from the response he received and the co- 
 operation he secured. 
 
 Luckilv for himself and for the common weal, Mr. 
 
Introduction. 
 
 Croil did iiol luake Ibe mistake ineii in llieir advauciug 
 years have soiuetiines made, of cherishing a dream of de- 
 lightful idleness after being released from the exactions 
 of business. W litn retiring from regular work, h«* lias iij» 
 to old age kejtt his sympatlietic interest in all'airs alive, 
 and found occupation congenial to himself and useful to 
 others. In no way could he have used his talents and 
 means to better purpose than in writing for 'the public 
 good." Mellowed by the spiritual experience of fourscore 
 and six years, prejudices, if he ever had any, laid aside 
 under the intluence of the lengthening shadows, in this 
 survey of llie religious realm of the continent, he has 
 recognized the fact that after all the fear of (lod is the 
 main thing in human life. He chose a tit theme for con- 
 templation and treatment at the a])pr<)ach of sunset and 
 the evening star. 
 
 A word must be added regarding the manner in 
 which the artists and printers have done their share of 
 the work. The illustrations, taking them as a whole, are 
 of a very high order. They greatly embellish the book and 
 readers generally will linger over them with interest. 
 Then the Messrs. Lovell have excelled themselves as to 
 the wnri<iii;iiishi|) 1liey have ]»iii «»ii the \<»liinir. which may 
 truly he ciiaracleri/ed as dr Iti.rr, whelher regard be had 
 to the (piality of tlie paper or of Ihe type employed in its 
 makeup. 
 
 KOIIKKT rA.MI'lJKLL. n.D. 
 
 St. CJAHltlKI, AfANSK, 
 
 MoNTUKAi,, .Inlv Isl. I'.tdT. 
 
Churches in the Ulnited States 
 
CORRIGENDA. 
 Page 55, for Wertz's Congregation, read Wcniz's. 
 Page 130, second last line, for 1639 read 1659. 
 Page 156, for Knights of St. John read Knights Templar. 
 
£e$t me forget. 
 
 Let it be mentioned that the tliirteen Anj;lo-Ameri- 
 can Colonies declared their Independence at Philadelphia 
 on the 4th of July, 1776, at which time the entire popu- 
 lation was scarcely' three millions; that the Independence 
 of the American Kepublic was acknowledged by the Bri- 
 tish Government in the treaty of 1783; and that the 
 existing constitution of the United States went into oper- 
 ation on March 4th, 1789, by the inauguration of ( Jeneral 
 George Washington as President. 
 
 It may be added that the original thirteen states have 
 now increased to forty-five in number, with seven "Terri- 
 tories"' awaiting promotion ; that the continental popu- 
 lation of the United States, as ascertained by the census 
 of A.D. 1900, was 76,303,387; including 8,840,789 negroes, 
 266,760 Indians, 119,050 Chinese, and 85,986 Japanese. 
 At the present time the entire population is <^stimated 
 to be from eighty to eighty-five millions. 
 
 The American decennial census does not tabulate tlie 
 statistics of the churches, but from other reliable sources, 
 it is estimated, approximately, that the number of min- 
 isters of all denominations in the United States is about 
 160,000; of churches, 208,000; and of communicants, 32,- 
 284,000. 
 
 Of the twenty-six Presidents of the United States,* 
 five were Episcopalians, viz.— Washington, 1789 and 1792; 
 W. H. Harrison, 1841; John Tyler, 1841; Zacharv Tavlor, 
 1849; C. A. Arthur, 1881. Five were Presbyterians,— 
 Andrew Jackson, 1829 and 1832; James K. Polk, 1845; 
 James Buchanan, 1857; Benjamin Harrison, 188!); (Jrover 
 Cleveland, 1885 and 1893. Four were Mt-thodists,— An- 
 drew Johnson, 1865; General Grant, 1869 and 1873; R. B. 
 Hayes, 1877; William McKinley, 1897. Two were Con- 
 gregationalists,— John Adams, 1797; John Quincey Ad- 
 ams, 1825. Two belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, 
 —Martin Van Buren, 1837, and Theodore Roosevelt, 
 1901. Millard Fillmore, 1850, was a Unitarian; .James A. 
 Garfield, 1881. was a member of the Church of the Dis- 
 ciples. 
 
 * See "Journal of the Presbvterian Historical Societv." 
 Philadelphia. Vol. III. \k 356. 
 
■lit i' ■•' itt '■ 
 
 •' VV }■■■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 ST. IWrilKKS CATllKhUAl^. M'-NV V«»KK. 
 
Cbe Roman Catholic £burcl). 
 
 FROM A.D. 15G5. 
 
 HE Genesis of this Church in the United States is 
 not easily ascertained: it is probable, however, 
 that its history commences with the Spanish set- 
 tlement of Florida in the year 1505, when St. Augustine, 
 the oldest city in this country, was founded. The Catho- 
 lics of that time are known to have been subject to the 
 Bishops of Santiago de Cuba, founded in 1574, and so con- 
 tinued till the erection of tlie See of Havana in 1787. 
 
 The Cliurch in its government is divided into 
 dioceses, under archbishops and bishops appointed by 
 the Pope, and deriving Apostolic succession from coji- 
 secration by other lawfully constituted bisho])s. In its 
 origin it was formed by the extension of the dioceses of 
 Seville and Rouon. and the vicariates ajiostolic of Eng- 
 land and London. 
 
 The nucleus of the British Colcny in Maryland was the 
 body of English settlers, some two hundred in number, 
 who came oversea in l(»r.4 wilh Lconai-d Calvert, ;i brother 
 of the first Lord Baltimore, and who acted as his lieutenant 
 till his death in 1047. George Calvert, the first Lord Balti- 
 
18 eburcbcs in the Untud States of ifmcrica. 
 
 mere, who obtainod a grant of all the U'iritory now in- 
 cluded in the State of Maryland, bad before that time 
 embraced the Konian Catholic faith. He died in 1G32, 
 before the deed was lefjally executed, and th<* charter was 
 issued in the name of his son Cecil, or Cecillius, in whom 
 was vested the government of the colony. The charter 
 exiilicitly guaranteed the civil and religious liberties cf 
 the colonists, and their ex('iii]iiion lioni Mn^lish iaxaii(»n 
 forever. Bancroft, the historian, says that "Cecil Calvert 
 deserves to be ranked among the most wise and benevolent 
 lawgivers of all ages. He was the tirst in the history of 
 the Christian world to seek for religious security and X)eace 
 )»y the enact ing of just ice. and not by the exercise of 
 power — recognizing the rightful equality of all (.'hristian 
 sects." This great man died in 1070. As time went on. 
 the tide of immigration from England gradually increasi-d 
 in volume, and the Protestant jtopulation correspondingly 
 increased in imnibers and inlluence, so that during nearly 
 the whole of the Colonial period the Komau Catholics 
 fell into disrejtute. and were subjected to like severe re- 
 strictions and disabilities as i>revailed in England in the 
 eigliteenlii cent my. l'\»r many years tiiey were f(»rbi(l- 
 deii lo Ituild cliiirclies. nnd liieir woisliip was conducted 
 in small chapels, under the s;iiiie roof ;is the residence 
 of the priest. So sevei-e were the l;i\\s ill many of the 
 colonies, the testimony of a Koiiian <";Hli(»lic could not 
 
 be used ill the colllls of Jlislice. l'>Ut (llirillg i'lisliop (';||- 
 
 roll's iiMiiiiil»eiicy. and largely iliioiigli his |inideiii a«l 
 ministration and inlliience. these exiiciiie measures wei'e 
 greatly modified. With the iiisi it iit ion of the lve|Miblic 
 
Cbe Roman eatbolic gburcb. 19 
 
 in its present form, and the suhsi^'ciuent How of imnii};rii- 
 tion from Ireland and Germany, the Church entered on 
 a new era of its history and made very rapid progress. 
 
 The oldest Koman Catholic body of population in the 
 United States is to be found in New Mexico; they are of 
 Spanish and Indian origin; the white portions of the 
 people are descendants of the first settlers, who occupied 
 The country about the year 1580, who, though expelled 
 about a century later, soon afterwards returned. The 
 seven thousand expatriated Catholic Aoadians, who re- 
 fused to take the oath of allegiance to the British Govern- 
 ment in 1755, were scattered in poverty over the then 
 thirteen colonies, chiefly in Louisiana and Maryland, 
 where some of their descendants can still be identified. 
 Kentucky was largely settled by Catholics from Mary- 
 land. The Church there was organized by the Rev. Father 
 Badin Nerinckx, and Bishop Flaget, with the English 
 Dominicans. The French priests of Kentucky frequently 
 visited the old French settlements in Indiana, Illinois, 
 and Michigan, as well as the Catholics in Boston and 
 those scattered throughout New England. 
 
 In New York, a few Catholics settled during the pro- 
 ]»rietorship of James II. as Duke of York, but under sub- 
 sequent rulers they disappeared — penal laws preventin-^ 
 the entrance of priests. Pennsylvania was more liberal. 
 Catholics were among the earliest settlers there, and the 
 ]iriests sent to them succeeded in winning over some 
 Protestants. When the German immigration began in 
 Pennsylvania, many of the newcomers were Catholics, 
 whose priests visited New Jersey and New York before 
 the Revolution. 
 
:i«» Cburcbcs in ibc United States of America. 
 
 All the I'i-<'ii(li ( ";it holies ill North AiiH'iic;! uciH' at 
 first siilijcci to tln' jiiiisdiction of Hisiiop Laval, of (Juf- 
 hc'c, whose See intiiidrd the I'-i-cndi sett IciiH'iits fiuiii 
 Maino to Louisiana. The llii-zlish ('alh<»liis. on the oilier 
 liaiid. were subject l(» the lluiilish \'i(ars-Ai»ostolic. until 
 ilie K«'V. .Tolin <'airoll. D.D.. was ajutointed llie lii-st Vrv 
 lert-Ai)ostolic of the United States, in 1784. Di-. Carroll 
 was l>oi-n in ^laryland in 1735; he was ordained to the 
 Idiesihood al Liej^c; Avas appointed ^'iear-A])ostolic of 
 the lioiiian ]lieiai-ehy in 17S(;. and was consecrated in 
 lOnjiland, the first Konian Catholic Bishop of Baltimore, 
 in 1781), when his See included the whole of what is uow 
 the Ignited States of America. He became Archbishop 
 in IS]."), and in that yeai- he died, December ;ird. in the 
 eightieth j-ear of his age. 
 
 Among the eminent jn-elates since Dr. Carroll's time 
 may be mentioned Archbishops Spalding, of Baltimore; 
 Hughes, of Xew York; and Henri, of Milwaukee; Bishops 
 England, ol' ( "harleston. and Urule, of N'incennes; Arch- 
 bishoji Keiiiiek. <»f I'.altiniore; IJisliop Cheverus. <d" Boston, 
 and liisliojt I'laget, of Bardstown and Louisville. To these 
 should be added, as facile jiritirips in his day. the late 
 Cardinal Me('|oskey. id' New ^'ol■U. who became l'.isho|t of 
 Albany in IMT. Are|il.islio|i of New York in ISGL and 
 was ci-eated I Ik- tirst Aimiican Cardinal by Tins IX in 
 1X7."). an<l received the Ke«l Hat from Leo Nil! in 1S78 
 Cjiidinal McCloskey enjoyed the !('S|iee( id" Proteslanls 
 and Calholies alike, and did iiiuch for the extension of his 
 chinih. Iinh r liiiii I In- ehnrches in New ^'o!•lv increased 
 rroiii se\eiit\ to one hiiiidfed and sexeiilv. ami the inim 
 
w 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 Eh 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
2- Churches in the United States of America. 
 
 Ix-r of clergy from a liiiiuli-cd and lifiy to f(»ur liundriMl. 
 This distinguislicd i)i(dato was born in lirooklyn in 1810. 
 and died in New ^'oik in lNsr». In i1k' following yoar. 
 l>r. .lanifs (lilihons. A idibisliop (»f llniiiniore since 1877. 
 was created a Cardinal. His KmincnLO is the autlior ot 
 ••Tlio Faith of Our l-'athns" (New "^'ork. 1S74) wliicli lias 
 ivaohrd a very large cirenlation. It was not until tht- 
 year ISKI ihai liisli(i|is were ajtpointed in ilosiun. New 
 ^'ork. riiiladel|iliia and I'.ardsiown. Keunicky. 
 
 The niosi iini>ortant t heol<»gi(al seminaries are tho>-« 
 in IJaltimore. founded in 17!l]. at l*;mmitishurg, Mary- 
 land; at Troy. N.Y.; one neai- .Mih\auke<'. Wis.; one at 
 Cape (lirardeau. Missoui'i; ami one at Niagara Falls. 
 Besides these there are innunieralile educational institu 
 tions conducted by tlie \ai'ious societies — the .lesuits. 
 tlie Kedemplorists. the llenedid ines. the l'ranciscan>. 
 etc.. etc.. to which must b(^ added many ((tiixcnis, schools. 
 Iu»s|»itals. asylums and other chariiable and beiievcdenr 
 establisliments. 
 
 Missions .'imong the North American Indians have 
 existed from the earliest colonial perio<l. Hundreds of 
 Catholic |uiests have lo.s( their lives in ellorls to conx'eri 
 Hie Indian tiii»es. and the woric is siill mainiained wilh 
 charactei-isi ic assiduity. ItuI Hiere is no distinctively 
 Foreign Mission Society, as we undeistand the term, in 
 the I'niti'd Stales. Ner does I iiere seem to be any or 
 g;ini/.ed elToi-l to reach the Negroes of tile South, many 
 of uIkuii. liow<'\ei-, are cared for by loiaj societies, and 
 chiefly by 'Tlie Sisters (d" l'rovi«h'nce" — a community of 
 c<dored women who have huig been in charge of <'atholic 
 Scliools. 
 
the Roman Catholic Cburcb, 23 
 
 The fonndalions of llic fii'st ciillKHli'al were laid iu 
 P>altiinoi-e in iSIMi. by Uisiiop Carroll; it \\as coinidctcd 
 in 1821, and consecrated by Archbislio]) llayley in \SH). 
 No fliui-cli in tlie United States has witnessed so many 
 consecrations of bisliops and oi-diuations of pi'iests, as 
 have taken phice in tliis catliedral; of the 1,256 priests 
 ordained by Arclibishoji (iibl>ons. ."iSO received holy or- 
 ders witliin its walls, and tliree prelates were invested 
 with the insignia of cardinalate rank beneath its dome. 
 At the celebration of the centenary of this venerable 
 fabric, in 1000, there were present no fewer than thirteen 
 archbishops, eiohty-six American bisho}»s. and vast num- 
 bers of the clergy. St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, 
 built of white marble, is one of the most striking eccle- 
 siastical edifices in America. 
 
 In IDOl the Roman Calholic Cliurcli in the Tnited 
 States was reported to have l.'>,-422 regular ministers, 
 11,005 churches and a total membership of 11,887,317; 
 but in the absence of any government returns or other 
 authoritative data, these figures must be regarded as only 
 an approximate estimate of the Church membership 
 which is held to include all who have been ba]>tized in 
 the Roman Catholic faith, or who attend its worshij) more 
 or less regularly. (See Srliaff-Hcrzof/, vol. III., p. 2.0G2, 
 et seg.) 
 
 Each archbishopric, with the diocese of the suffra- 
 gan bishops, forms an ecclesiastical ]»rovince. On the 
 vacancy of a see, the archbishop and bishops of the jiro- 
 vince select three ]»riests, whose names are sent to Rome, 
 and from that list the Pope usually chooses one, who is 
 appointed to the vacant see. 
 

 TlIF, OLD riirUCII TOWKU AT jAMHi^TOWN. 
 
 St. Lt'Kk's. Isi.K ••1' \Vi<;iir fuiNiv. 
 Till-; OLIU'.S'I' ClMKril IN A.MI'.KH'A 
 
the Protestant episcopal Cburcb. 
 
 FROM A.D. 1577, 
 
 T is claimed that the first Church of Kiighiiid ser- 
 vice in the United States was held by Sir Francis 
 Drake's chaplain at Drake's P>ay, California, in the 
 year 1577, and it is known that a clergyman of the Anj^li- 
 can Church accompanied Sir Walter Kaleigh, in his tin 
 ^successful attempt to colonize Virginia two years later, 
 and that he baptized an Indian chief, and also Virginia 
 Dare, the first white Christian born in America. 
 
 The Rev. B. F. De Costa, rector of St. John the 
 Evangelist's Church in New York, writing in the Schatt- 
 Herzog En., pages 716-748, gives a full and interesting 
 account of the origin of this church, and confirms its 
 claim to priority. The work of colonization was coui- 
 menced both in Virginia and in New England in the 
 year 1607. We learn from Encyclopedia Britaunica, that 
 under the auspices of the "London Com])any," the first 
 permanent settlement of the P^nglish was made al 
 Jamestown, Virginia, in May, 1607, by a ]»arty unchu- ihe 
 leadership of the famous Captain .lolin Smith, who lia<l 
 for his chaplain the Kev. Kobert Hunt — "the fii'st of a 
 line of faithful ministers by whom the (Jospel was 
 preached in America, as in the ( 'liurcli of England." The 
 first i)lace set apart for ])ublic Avorship was a lent nia(h' 
 of old sails, with unhewn trees for seals. The jnilpit 
 r(^nsisted of a bar of wood miiled to two liccs; it was 
 
Lc. Churches in the United States of Jlmerica. 
 
 used niilil :i lilllc lo^i' clinrcli Wiis Imill. wliicli was Imnn-.l 
 wlicii lit tit- iiioi-t' lliaii a vrar <>l<l. :iih1 was rrjilatrd l»_v 
 Lord Dclawaic in Hild l.y a wooden Iniildin.u— sixty f<-fl 
 hy t wcniy lour frd — wliicli was d(siroy<'(l durinji lli«' 
 r.a<(»n Hcbellioii in KiTC. In Hi:'.- ili<' conjirc'ial ion had 
 so increased 1lial a liricU clnn'cli was hnill in an adjoin 
 in^- district, which came to be known as Si. Iaike'> 
 (Minrch. in the Isle of Wi^lit jtafish. Tliai huildinj: 
 Seems to ha\(' hecn oc( ii|(i<'d continuously I'oi- imhlic \\<>r 
 shij) lip t(» the yeai- \S:\{\, when it was used li\ an llpisco 
 jKilian iniiiistei- at a man-ia^c ceremony* After femain 
 inii nnoccupied hy its owiiefs fctr more than half a c«'n- 
 lury. alxMil the year 1S!I() it was restored, and services 
 are now held rej^ularly in it. hy the rect(»r (»f Sniit hliehl. 
 St. I^nUe's seems to 1m' umpiest ioiuihly the ohh'st I'ro- 
 lestanl Chiircli editice. still in nsi', on the Continent of 
 A merica. 
 
 .\notlier parish named Mi(hlle IMantation isui»se- 
 (pieiiily Williamshurji) was also laid out in \iV.V2. about 
 si.x miles from -lameslown. The lirst chnrch greeted at 
 this p(tinl was c(»nipleted in \i\s:\. and (b'dicated by Hev. 
 K(»wland .Irtms. -lanuary (itli. 1(IS4 ••bein^^ ye Mjiiidiany. 
 That huildinj: beinii' found inadequate f<ir the use of the 
 jtarish. a <-ommodious brick cliui-ch was elected on tiie 
 same site in 171."). wlii(li still survives and is known as 
 llnihiii ('Ininli. in \\ illiamsliur^. N'ir^inia. Interest in 
 this \cnerahle fahric has lecenily heeii revived hy the 
 olVer of His .Majesty. Kin^ l-ldward \1I.. i.> |. resent a Ibbh 
 
 * Spp Friiiik 1,1'sjio's Siiiuhiy .M:ii:;:i/.iiii>, ISSf., p. 270. 
 
Cbe Protestant episcopal Cburcb 27 
 
 to the oliui'th. "which will (•oiiiiiicinoralc Ihc three huu- 
 dredth anniversary of the establishnieiit of Kiifiiish civili- 
 zation with the Kiijilish Chuicli at Jainestowii. and is 
 given to Brnton as tlie successoi- of Ihe clini-ch at James- 
 town, and the Court Churcli of Colonial N'irjiiiiia.'" Rev. 
 Wm. A. R. Goodwin, Rector of Brnton Church, to wlioni 
 we are indebted for this information, states tluit the Brn- 
 ton Cliurcli lias been longer in continuous use than any 
 other p]piscopal Church in America. lie adds that the 
 name w^as given to the parish in honor of Thomas Lud- 
 well, who, according to the inscription on his tombstone, 
 was born in Brnton, Somersetshire, England, and died in 
 1678. 
 
 In this connection it is remembered that Captain 
 John Smith, the founder of the colony at Jamestown, 
 was born in Lincolnshire in 1579; that he was captnred 
 by the Indians, and condemned to death by Bowhattan; 
 that he owed his life to the intervention of the chiefs 
 daughter, Pocahontas, and that he became the i»rincipal 
 person in the colon}'. To complete the romance, it is 
 added that Pocahontas was converted to Christianity, 
 and was married to John Rolfe, an English gentleman. 
 Parson Hunt was a son of Rev. Robert Hunt, Vicar of 
 Reculver, Kent, and was educated at Trinity Hall. Cam- 
 bridge. He was chosen, with the approval of Archbishop 
 Bancroft, to accompany the first settlers to Virginia. The 
 expedition sailed from Blackwall, December 19th. 1G06, 
 and after a tempestuous voyage of over four months, 
 they sighted land on the 26th of April. On ^lay 13th, 
 they landed at the head of what is now called Delaware 
 
28 eburcbes in tbe United States of America. 
 
 Biiv. where tliey eiicMiiiped. mid loiiiMled the Jiist Kii^'lisli 
 Colniiy in llie now United Slnles of America. On the 21st 
 of dune, ilie Holy ('<»niniiiMion was celebrated for the 
 lirsi time by En^^lishnien in America, in the little log 
 chincli that had been built through Mr. Hunt's efforts, 
 and whii h was burned in the following year, when good 
 Pastor Hunt lost all his library, 'and all he had but the 
 clothes on his back." And he did not long survive the 
 catastrophe.* 
 
 Mi-. Hunt's immediate successor at Jamestown was 
 the liev. Mr, Bike, who came o\-€r in a vessel with Sir 
 Thomas Gates and Sir George Summers, in ISIO, An old 
 cliroiiicle. referring 1o liis arrixal. has Hie following pa- 
 thetic statement: "Jle caused the bell to be rung, and 
 such as were able to crawl out of their miserable dw< lliugs 
 i-epaii-ed thither that they might join in the zealous and 
 s(iii<»\\ful prayer of their faithful minister, who pleaded 
 :n that solemn lionr for his alllicled bi-eiliren and him- 
 self, before the i.ord. their God. . . . restilenc*' and faniini' 
 at this time threatened to exterminate the .cidony. ' It 
 is doubtful if there was any native American rector ai 
 .Tamestown prior to the revolution. Subsequent to the 
 year liitill, when lln- capital was remoNcd lo Williams- 
 burg, Jamestown was a very deserted place, and the in- 
 termittent services held there were of a missionary char- 
 adf r, rendered by clergymen living elsewhere, usually 
 ill \\ illiamsbiirg. The |{ev. .lames .Madison is spoken of 
 as .nming from .hiiiies riiv raiisli. lie doiibilcss held 
 
 *See Dictionary of Nalional Hiograpliy, Loniioii. ISftl. Vol. IS, 
 p. 227. 
 
the Protestant Episcopal CHurcb. 29 
 
 services for the people left at Jamestown while rresi«k-ut 
 of the William and Mary College, of which he had l>een 
 a student. He subsequently became Bishop of Yirjiinia. 
 Mr. Goodwin, the present rector of JUniton Church. 
 Williamsburo-, Avas inducted to his charge in 1!K):'>. 
 
 Coming now' to the Xew' England t?ettlemeni. Mr. 
 De Costa describes the landing of a party of English im- 
 migrants on the coast of Maine, on August 9th, 1007, 
 when a sermon was preached and the first New Phiglan<l 
 Tlianksgiving observed. At this time a colonj- was rom- 
 nienced at the mouth of the Kennebec Kiver, where the 
 Rev. Richard Seymour regularly conducted the service 
 of the Church of England, "which was familiar to the 
 savage ear on that coast long before the arrival of the 
 Mayflower at Plymouth." Bishop Clark, of Rhode Island, 
 says that the oldest Episcopal Church in New England is 
 St. Paul's, Wickford, erected in 1707. Trinity Church, 
 Newport, R.I., which was built in 1725, ''then acknowledg- 
 ed to be the most beautiful edifice of timber in 
 America," is said to be still standing, and well preserved. 
 
 The Church of the Pilgrimage, at Plymouth, Mas- 
 sachusetts, stands to-day on the site of the one in which 
 Miles Standish is said to have worship])ed in the long 
 ago, when the faithful were summoned to matius and 
 evensong by the war-like beat of the drum, when leaden 
 bullets were accounted current coin, and when ministers 
 preached with loaded muskets leaning against the pul- 
 pit-rail, ready to ward otT an attack by the Indians, while 
 a sentinel stood at the church door to give warning of 
 their approach. 
 
3'> gburcbcs in ihe United States of Jimerica. 
 
 ►St. I'aul's (JhaiH'l, Tiinity I'arisli. t'lvcled iu 17GG, is 
 said to be the oldest church edifice in New York City. 
 Trhiitff Chwch there, an iini>ortant factor iu the history 
 of tln' Protestant Kpiscopal (Miurcli, was founded in 1G92; 
 the tiist ell mill was erect«'d on a site granted by the 
 liritisli < ioveiiniieiit in 1C1)7; this was destroyed by the 
 great tire of 177G. The next building, which was not 
 completed till 1788, stood until is:5!>, when it was pro- 
 nounred to be uns;ife. and was replacfd by the existing 
 lian<lsonie (lothic edifice. Trinity Church is said to be 
 the wealthiest ecclesiastical corporation in the Tnited 
 States. The ]>arish is an extensive one. lia\ing five or six 
 fiovirishing chapels in affiliation with the parent church, 
 wliiih has its rectoi- and ei^lit or nine assistant minis- 
 ters. It sujijxirls nunierons ]»aro(liial and industrial 
 schools, a working-men's club, an infirmary, and many 
 other benevolent and philanthropic institutions, besides- 
 contributing liberally to missionary enterprises. The 
 K<'\. William X'easey. f<tinierly a Presbyterian minister, 
 was its tirst rector. During the stormy period of the 
 revolution, many of the clergy of the Protestant Episco- 
 ]»al rlnirch a<lln'red to the Koyalist cause, and were in 
 ronse(|uen<-e driven lidni tiieir jiarislies and their jM-rson- 
 al property was conliscated. so that the close nt" the war 
 found the K|>is(op;il ('linrdi a wreck. .\nn»ng ilie miuis- 
 leis thus ostracized was I he \\t\ . <'li;ii-lcs liiglis. D.D., 
 I{e< lor of 'riinily ('liiirch. who l»ecanie the first bishop 
 of No\ ;i Scot ia in I 7s7. 
 
 TIk' annual revenues of Trinity ("hnrcli aic s;iid to 
 ex<eed .^.'OO.dOO. Tile ad.ji»ining ;;rM\eyar(l. occnpying a 
 
■H- 
 
 ^»aSn«nHi«iiiii»»"i^' 
 
 2; 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 pq 
 
 u 
 D 
 
 < 
 a, 
 
 O 
 
bii 
 
 (Churches in the Unitea States of Jlmerica. 
 
 ljirj;<* s|)a((' ill tile \crv Ikmii and ci-iiire of the businos>^ 
 i|iiart<'i' of tin* city tliittltltin^ with lunnncrcial activi- 
 ties — is coiiijuilcd to Im- worih "a mini of iii<»in*,v." Itul in 
 Icinis of its iiKoi'poial ion il <an ik'nci- lie sold, nm- laii 
 the (h-ad ol' many jiciici-al ions, who lie tiicic. he «'\ci- <lis- 
 tiirhed. until "The hist Irumiii't shall sonnd. and ihf 
 (h'ad shall be raised incoiiiij)t ildc' 
 
 Tile first Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Clnin h 
 was the Krv. Samuel Seabnry, a native of Conin-rtirui . 
 and a "raduate of Yale College, who for many years suf- 
 fered persecution for Tiis adherence to the Koyalist cause 
 and had ministered to a small con,iire<i,ation on Lonj: 
 Island. At the close of liie war, he went to Enjiland. 
 seeUinj; consecration from Dr. ^loore, then Aichhishoj) of 
 r'anterbuiy. but, owing to political complications, he was 
 unsuccessful. In his extremity lie had recourse to frientls 
 in Scotland, and on the 14th of February, 1784. in tin- 
 chapel of Bishoj) Skinner's iioiise in Ahci-decn, he received 
 consecration at the hands of three '•non jiiiin;^"' ]>relates 
 and became the iirst bisho]» in Ameiica, and held his lirsi 
 ordination service August '.'>n\. lTsr». lie died I-^'briiary 
 251 h, ITIKJ, in the sixty-seventh yeaf of liis a;^e. 
 
 Kev. William While, I ).!>.. and Kev. Samuel Trevoost. 
 D.l)., were consecrated l(isli(t|is al Lambeth in ITST. Or. 
 White was a man of icmaikable administrative ability, 
 umh'r whose wise unidaiice, diiiin;^ forty nine years, the 
 riotestaiil Episcopal ("linich became one of the most 
 honored and inllneiilial insiilutioiis in America. That 
 riiiirdi has now KMI Itishops, ."i,!!)!! clergymen. TTii.Ll'H 
 communicants, and "J,.". lii.Ts;; niembei-s. As \ei. there is 
 
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, TACOMA. 
 
34 Churches in the United States of ilmerlca. 
 
 neither Jinhltislioi) nor primate. The senior Itisliop at 
 jn-esent is the Kev. Daniel Sylvester Tutth-. of St. Louis, 
 Missouri, who presides at the triennial conventions of the 
 ('liurcli. He was consecrated the niissioiiary hisliop of 
 Utah in isr.7. Perliaps ihr ltri<ilitest ornament in this 
 church, in oni- tinu*. was the late Dr. rhillijts Itrocdis, 
 Bishop of Massachusetts, not inaptly styled. "The luince 
 of preachers" — whose sermon from the words, ''The sjdrit 
 of man is the candle of the Loi-d," — like <'aird's •■Hcli;^ion 
 in Common Life/' — winji:ed its Hij^ht around the world. 
 Trinity Church. P.oston, is held to be. without doubt, 
 architecturally, the linest and the most beautifully de- 
 corated of any church editice in New Eufrland. The con- 
 gregation was f(Minded in Ill's, and in 1T:*..~) the first church 
 was built. This was a wooden building; in 1S2S it was 
 replaced by a substantial stone structure, which con- 
 tinued to be the home of the society until it was destroy- 
 ed by the great lioston lire in isTl'. The ineseni splen- 
 did edifice was erected in 1S77. riiillips IJrooks was 
 re< tor of this church from 18(10 to 1801, when he becanu' 
 Bishop of Massachusetts, and strangers more often in- 
 quire for TMiillips Bro(d<s' church than for Trinity. This 
 eniiiieni prelale died on January L*:',rd. 1S!»::. in 1 he lifly- 
 eighth year of his age. II was I he wrih-r's privilege lo 
 hear him jtreach his famous sermon in W'eslmiusler .\b- 
 bey. on the fourth of July. Lsst). when he talke«l like a 
 father as to tin- kindly relationships that should ever 
 e.xisi between tile Kiilisli people :in(l their" ojVspring in 
 .\ nierica. 
 
 St. Paul's Clinicli. in Kent Count v. Mai-\land. waH 
 
Cbe Protestant episcopal Cburcb. 35 
 
 founded in WXi. Trinity ('lunch in Dorchester County, 
 Maiyhmd, is also one of the many early churches, built 
 of English brick. Good (^ueen Anne presented the Bible 
 and Prayer Books to this church, which are still pre- 
 served as precious relics of the olden time, as is also a 
 cushion said to have been used by Her Majesty at her 
 coronation. 
 
 One of the oldest churches in Louisiana is St. ^lartin's 
 on Bayou Teche. It was the sanctuary of refuge for the 
 exiled Acadians, and tradition persists in saying that 
 Longfellow's mythical "Evangeline" was buried under an 
 oak tree in the old graveyard. 
 
 In Tacoma, situated at the head of Puget Sound, in 
 the State of Washington, is St. Peter's Episcopal Church, 
 the oldest in the town, and claims to have had the oldest 
 bell-tower in America. The little church itself was erect- 
 ed by Bishop Morris in 1872-3, to take the place of an 
 earlier chapel built in 1777 for the use of the Indians 
 and traders, w^ho were then the only inhabitants of that 
 part of the country. The bishop found a gigantic tir tree 
 — nine feet in diameter at the base — standing upon the 
 lot that was given him as a site for his church. To remove 
 it would have taken much time and money, so he had it 
 cut off at forty feet from the ground, and utilized it for a 
 bell tower. The ivy planted at its base climbed the tree 
 rapidly, and soon enveloped it in a mass of ever-green 
 foliage, and in the end it crept into the belfry and so 
 smothered the bell as t(» render it useless; it was then 
 found that the tree was too much decayed to furnish any 
 longer a safe barn for the bell, which was removed to 
 
36 Cburcbcs In the United States of Jlmerica. 
 
 safer (Hi;iii<ms a ycai- <n- two a^u. I'.iii. as :i|i|irars in 
 (iin- illnsiiai ion. liic old ivy-eovered Iree is still there, 
 the adiiiii-alioii of anti(|iiariaas, luul an nbjcct of interest 
 to iiuiny visitors. 
 
 If not so nnnierous as sonic of the other American 
 clnirches. the Pi-otestant Episcopal surpasses them all in 
 the maintenance of its autonomy — the only offshoot from 
 it being the Ncfornicd Ki>i,scoiml Church, organized in 
 1873, which luis on its roll about one hundred ministers, 
 and ten thousand coiiminnicaiiis. The sejtaration took 
 place iu consequence of summary proceedings taken 
 against several ministers accused of fraternizing with 
 non-Episcopal churches, more particularly in the cases of 
 Rev. T. H. Tyng. -Jr.. in iSCiT. for jtreaching in a Methodist 
 church; lln- Kev. J. I*. Hubbard, for exchanging pulpits 
 with a Bai>tist minister, in 18G8, and liishop Cummins of 
 Kentucky, for jtarlaking of the Holy Communion iu com- 
 mon with vari()us ministers, during the meeting of the 
 E\;ingeli(;il Alliance in New ^'<tri<. who was condemned 
 and ostraci/.<(I for so doing, with llie result that he. along 
 with a feAV other clergymen and laymen, wilhdrew. and 
 on December 2nd, 1S7;5. organized themselves as a sepa- 
 rate church. 
 
 'i'lie IM-otestanI i'liiiscopal ("linrdi sn]»p(»ris some 
 twenly-five theological schools an«l colleges. Hs domestic 
 and For<'ign Missionai-y Society has wide i-amilicalions 
 throng]ir)ut the ruited States; in Mexico, Africa and 
 ('hina. it was the first Protestant riinrch to commence 
 missions in Japan, wliirli it did siih rit.^n. when as yet the 
 ('(licls forbidding an\ foieiuiier to set fool on the soil of 
 
CATHEDEAL OF ST. JOHN THE DIVINE. NKW YOKK. 
 
38 eburcbcs in the United States of America. 
 
 Japau, oil the pain of di-alli, had iiul \n-vn al»i-(»^Mi<Ml. The 
 pioueer missionaries were, Kev. John Lif^gins and luv. 
 C. N. Williams, who commenced work at Naj^asaki in ih»- 
 year 1857. 
 
 The oldest parish in the District of Cohimbiu is thai 
 of Fairfax, which includes Alexandria — eight niih's 
 from ^Vashington. It was founded in 1705. Christ 
 Church, Alexandria, was completed in 177:{. (leueral 
 Washington was one of its first vestrymen, and his pew. 
 marked by a silver plate, is retained as a precious relic 
 in its original form. Williin the limits of Washington 
 city, another Clnisf ('ItiircJi, erected in 1795, is the oldest 
 Episco]ial Church <'difice in th<' capital. 
 
 A (MiEAT CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of St. Jolin tin- 
 Divine, now in course of construction in N(MV York, will 
 probably be, when com]>leted, the largest, the fnn^st. and 
 the most costly cliurrh edifice on tiie (Jontiiieiii of 
 America. The corner stone of this great edifice was laid 
 in December, 1881, by the Rt. Reverend Henry C. Potter. 
 Bishop of New York, under whose auspices the work 
 was undertaken "with a view," to quote from his i)ublish- 
 ed statement, "of providing a sanctuary foi- the judy^Moi 
 citizens of New ^'ork. to which streams of iiniiiii^raiii s 
 are constantly coming in fi-oni all pai'ts <»f the world, who 
 for a while, are shut n]» to one lan^niage with which they 
 ai-e familiar — their (»\\n. l''(»r ilicm. iJien- is needed 
 S(»me jtro\isi(»ii which shall lnidjic o\cr the space between 
 their coming and their hilci' acmiisit ion of I hr tongue 
 spoken in Ainericii. So I here Inis been en^ral'led on tin- 
 
ZM Prote$tant episcopal Churcb. 
 
 39 
 
 (losigii of this catluMlrnl tlic one fciituiM', believed to be 
 absolutely uuiiine. of i»rovidiii^ seven '('iiai>els of Tongues' 
 — foi- (Jei-maiis, Swedes, Spaniards, Turks, Kalians, Ar- 
 menians and (Miinese — a i)la<<' of AV<M*.sliij) in which ser- 
 vices shall be conducted in their r<'sp 'ctive laii<;iia<:es. 
 every Lord's Day — i-eiuindiu;;' us of what broke from the 
 lips <»f the multituih* in Jerusah'Ui on the Day of Tente- 
 cost: 'Now hear we every man in our own ton<2,ue where- 
 in Ave were born the wonderful works of (Jod.'' 
 
 The exterior ]enj;th of the catlu^lral is five hundred 
 and twenty feet, and the widtli of the transept, two hun- 
 dred and ninety feet; the area is ninety-nine thousand 
 S(juare feet — exceeding considerably that of York Min- 
 ster, which is the hirgest of all the Knglish Cathedrals; 
 it is estimated to accommodate fourteen thousand ])er- 
 sons. exclusi\-e of the clioir and the s-.'ven cha]»els, and 
 Avill cost over |(;.(t(M),(HMI. Of course it is not to be com- 
 ]>ared witii St. Peter's, in Home, which cost fifty million 
 <h)]lars, and was a hundred and twcntv vears in buil(liii<i. 
 
TiiK m:n\ oij) S(M Til cm ucii. iKtsroN, 
 
eondrcddtional and Baptist gburcbes. 
 
 FROM A.D. 1G20. 
 
 CONGREGATIONALISM crossed llie Atlantic in 
 the ^'Mayflower," and landed at riyniouth, Dec- 
 II ember 21st, 1620 — an organized body, with Rev. 
 John Robinson as its pastor. It struck its roots deep in 
 the virgin soil, soon covered New P^ngland, and in course 
 of time spread over the whole laud. It used to be said 
 that there were no Congregationalists south of the Hud- 
 ^■"on River, and no Presbyterians north of it; but time has 
 clianged all that. While Boston is still the headquarters 
 (»f Congregationalism in America, it is now well repre- 
 sented in every State of the I'niou. Yale (ITOl) and 
 Andover (1807), are its best known institutions of learn- 
 ing, but it has also theological seminaries in Maine, Ohio. 
 Illinois and California. 
 
 Boston, first settled by W'hite men in 1G2:*>. is noted 
 for its many fine churches, of which the "Old Noi-tlT' is 
 the oldest, built in 1723. The ''Old South" is richest in 
 liistoric interest. The first edifice, of wood, was erected 
 in 1070; this was replaced by a substantial edifice in 1730, 
 which still exists ; it was sold not long since for |430,00(y, 
 and converted into a museum, and the present grand. 
 ''New Old South," the largest and finest Congregational 
 Church in Boston, replaced it in 1S75. Dr. George A. 
 Gordon, a native of Aberdccushii-e, Scotland, is the paa- 
 
4j Churches in the United States of :Rmerica. 
 
 tor, :iii<l ilif iiiciiil»t'rsliii> is ntilii Iniiidicd .inii lit'iv. < 'f 
 llic ollicis. the liiicst ;irc •'I'l'iii i 1 y ( 'liiirtli. ' I<mi^ jissiici- 
 ntcd wiih the iiiiinc id' riiilli|is llrooks. w li»» liccaiiic Uish- 
 <»|) (»f M!iss;iclmsciis ill JS!M. ;iiid dit'd in is'.c'.. This 
 ni;i^iiilic<'iit (dnir<di was dcdicalcd in issT. Tlic -Kin^ s 
 Clinpfd," also a jiiand Imildinj;-. was erccitd in I Ik- days 
 of Koyally — 17r)4. Aiiion^- llu- ln-itrln. sliiiiin^ lijilus <d' 
 the Congn'jj;alioi al ("lini( li iiavc been, Henry Ward Ber- 
 clicr. and Lyman IJccehcr. and Dr. Kitdiard Slorrs. of 
 ItrooUlyn; J(»s('|di ("ook, of Boston; Dr. W. M. Taylor, of 
 X«'w Vori<. and many other eminent theologians. In 
 1S!»!I ii had ~}M:VJ niinislcrs and (i2S.L':U atliicrmls. 
 
 The Anicrican Hoard of ( 'oiiiniissioners for I-'oi-ci^Mi 
 ^lissions lias lonp: hcen entirely controlled by the Con- 
 jrrejjationalisls, allli(»nj>:li originally nnch'nominalional. It 
 is one of tlw largest niissi(tnarv societies in America, 
 havinji- on its stall' live hundi'cd and srxfnty American 
 Missionaries lin liMI.*;) and a yearly income of .*<7r>(l.(M»(i. 
 Amonfj its earlier ]»rt»nioters were. Tot ion and Imreasi- 
 Mather. Timothy Dwi^^ht. donalhan Mdward.s — fallu-r 
 and son; Dr. Mdward Xoiris Kirk — a \eiy noted man in 
 his day and the \ic\. Kiifiis Anderson, \K\K. many year< 
 its indefat i<ialde secieiary. 
 
 The IJoard of l'orei}^n .Missions j-onimeneed in this 
 way: — In iSIHi. at a <;alherin<i of four students td" NA'il 
 liams ('(dleiie, under h-e of a liay stack, w heie they had 
 taken sheller Ironi a liiniider storm, one of ihem, Sanniei 
 .1. .Mills, |iro|Mtsed that I hey should atlem|ii to send t he 
 (lospel to the heathen. Two years latei several of ihi- 
 students si;^iied a |de<lj;e. I»indin<; themsehes to the lor 
 

 '4 
 'A 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 — ( 
 
44 Churches in the United States o! jlmerica. 
 
 oifjn work, slioiild it 1»«* nossildt- for llit-iii to };;o ; at a 
 subsequent ine<'tin<i; they received the assurance: "Go 
 in the name of the Lord, and we will help." On Septem- 
 ber 5th, 1810. the Board was constituted. In 1812 it sent 
 forth its first missionaries — Messrs. Judson, Hall, Newell, 
 Nott and llice. Its missions now extend to India, Africa, 
 Turkey, China, Japan, the Philippines, ]Micromesia, Mexi- 
 co, Spain, Austria, and other countries — twenty missions 
 in all, with one hundred and seventy-two ordained Ameri- 
 can ministers, three hundred and sixty-six American 
 women laborers, two hundred and ninety-nine native or- 
 dained ministers, five hundred and eiglity-nine churches, 
 and four thousand, six hundred and twenty -nine Ameri- 
 can and na1i\-e laborers. The cash i-eceijds for 1JK)«) ex- 
 ceeded one million dollars.* 
 
 Tin: BuoAiJWAY Tabeunacli: is the Mother Church of 
 Congregationalism in Greater New York. It was 
 founded in 1841, by David Dale, a layman, and a layman's 
 church it has Iteen ever since, with the professed aim of 
 "reaching the uncliurclied." The present edifice is the 
 third cliurch home of the congregation. If the exterior 
 of the new clnircli is open to criticism as a specimen of 
 classical arc liilect ure, its adajit ability, as a whole, for 
 the pui'iioses it was iuleiided to sersc. cannot be ques- 
 tioned. TJie main audiloi-iiiiu is a si»acioiis and beaiiliful 
 siilon sealed I'oi- l..~»(M) |)ersons. The great tower, or 
 '•raiisii Mouse." as it is called, i-ises t<» a height of 1!M) 
 fi'cl and is a vciilablc house of many sloi-ies or Hats, one 
 aboNc another-. |»ro\iding aiiqde accoiuniodat ion foi- 
 Die various boards of adiiiiiiist ra t i(»n. and to i-aih 
 
 NliU'ly-Sixtli Amnial U.pdii ni tlio Itoard, H istoii, I'.tOG. 
 
Congregational and Baptist Cburcbcs. ^^ 
 
 of wliicli access is had hy an elevator. The "'I'aylor ( 'lia])el,'' 
 desi.iiiied fur the use of the prayer iueetiii.i;-, is a tittiiiji- me- 
 morial of the h\te Dr. William M. Taylor who was pastor 
 of the Tabernacle from 1872 to 181)2, and whose name 
 will long be a household word in the annals of the 
 Chunh of which he was so distinguished an ornament as 
 a preacher, pastor, author, and an astute man of affairs. 
 Dr. Taylor was born in Scotland and educated in Edin- 
 burgh for the ministry of the United Presbyterian Church, 
 and in that capacity was the minister for sixteen years 
 of a church near Liverpool, England, before coming to 
 America. The dedication of the new church, in 1905, was 
 an occasion of exceptional interest, the services on Sun- 
 days and week days being continued for a Avhole month, 
 during which time no fewer than a hundred representa- 
 tive ministers and laymen took part in the proceedings, 
 including such names as those of Bishop Henry C. Pot- 
 ter of the Protestant Episcopal Church; Dr. Albert d. 
 Lyman, the patriarch of Congregationalism in New York; 
 Dr. George A. Gordon of Old South Church, Boston ; 
 Dwight Hillis, the brilliant successor of Henry Ward 
 Beecher and Lyman Abbott, of the Plymouth Church, 
 Bi-ooklyn, etc., etc. 
 
 The pastors of Broadway Tabernacle have been: — 
 Rev. E. W. Andrews, inducted in 1841; Rev. Joseph P. 
 Thom])son, D.D., 1845; Rev. William M. Taylor, D.D., 
 1872; Rev. Henry A. Stimson, D.D., 189:'>. Rev. Charles 
 E. Jefferson, D.D., rhe ])resent incumbent, was installed 
 in 1898. The assistant pastor is the Rev. William A. 
 Kirk wood; there are six trustees, and ten deacons, and 
 924 communicants on the roll. 
 
4C Cburcbcs in m United States of JImerlca. 
 
 Tin: iiKsr I'»Ai-iisrs i.\ A.\ii:ititA nlso apjH-Mrcd in ilic 
 Massachusetts Colon v. ill HIiMi. Ihm tlicy were s(»oii driven 
 out. Some went to Jiinxle Island, and otlins to New 
 Voik and \'i]-«iinia. In Kini John Clarke, Ohadiali 
 Iljlmos ami .Inlin ('laiidall, of tlie Newport elmreli, were 
 arrested and roiii|ielled to attend public worship at a 
 meeting;: house of the "Stand'uuj Onkr." Their crime was 
 that of liolding a ndijjious service in the house of a 
 Idind man. at J>ynn. The first liaptist cliurch in I'.oston 
 was foi-med in Kiti."). The ••linjileadeis"" were aiicsied and 
 brought before the coiiiM. and commanded to desist fr<Mii 
 their scliismatic practices. Fines, imitrisonments, whip- 
 pings and lianisliment followed each other in (piick suc- 
 cession. Some kind-liearted i)eoi)le, who i»etitioned the 
 coui't to release some of the members wh(» were in ]»rison. 
 were fined for their humane eflorts on belialf cd' these 
 persecuted liajdists. who event ualiy sought an asylum on 
 an island in lloston harbour. In d(dault of jiayment id' a 
 tine of lliiriy pounds. Holmes was stripjicd of his cloth- 
 ing and adjudged thirty strokes at the whipping post, 
 where liic exernt ioiiei- did his duty, sliiking with all 
 his niiglil with a thieerorded wliiji. In 17r»."» there were 
 in the New l-lngland ('olonies. about twenty Unjiiist 
 cliniches. A little b(dore this time, a gr<at awaki-ning. 
 under Ceorge Wliiletieid and olliei-s. had s|iieatl o\er 
 the c<iiiiitr\. The re\i\al created conditions favorable 
 t(» tile r.a|»list |iriiici|des and lu-actises, and from that 
 time the r.aptisis be^an to multiply rajiidly in all the 
 
 I'rit isli A ineiican < "(d<mies. 
 
 ill mill, the Haplisl Clinich was reported to liave. 
 
DELAWARE AVENUE BAPTIST CHUKCH, BUFFALO. 
 
4s Cburcbcs in the United $taic$ of Jlmcrica. 
 
 in tlie Unil<'(l Siatrs, ;'>."». si'l miiiisici-s; r»1.4!»L: rliurcbps. 
 and 4,725,775 coinnmniciiiits. The Wwhl Ahiianac f"»r 
 1905 gives Ibo name and dates (»(" iiistitulion. of lliii" ■ 
 eight theological sciiiiiiarics, iiii(h'i- the ((niir«d of lli- 
 Baptists. Thirteen of these rank as universities, tli- 
 oldest being Brown rniversilv. in Trox idence. Bliode !■> 
 land, founded in 1704, whicli lias now a si a IV of eighiv- 
 five teachers, and an attendance of nine linndied and 
 Ihirty-five students, and in ils library are one bundrfd 
 and forty thousand volumes. The American Baptisi.s 
 have missions in India, Burmah, China, Africa, Brazil, 
 ^fexico, and Italy. The name of Adoniram .Tudson, and 
 his three wives, will always be associated with the evan- 
 gelization of Burmah. The mission begun there by .Iiid- 
 son in ISlo has since become eminently successful. When 
 sick and in prison, and the situation a])parently hopeless, 
 this grand missionary was asked: "What are the pros- 
 pects of Chrislianily in I'.nrniaii?" to which he unhesiiai- 
 ingly replied, "Ilright as the promises of (!od." 
 
 The Delaware Avenue Baptist Church in Butfalo, foi- 
 a i)icture of which we are indebted to ^fr. Co.xhead. the 
 architect, is one of the finest belonging to the denomina- 
 tion, and is the home of a large congiTgal ion. of whi. Ii 
 the Bev. (). \\ (lilTord. 1 >.!».. is the pastor. 
 
Che Lutheran ana Reformed Churches. 
 
 FKOM A.Lt. DJl'i A.M> Kil'o. 
 
 HE LVTHEKAX rilTKCH in tlic riiitcd States, 
 iinfoi-tniiately divided iuto many sects and snb- 
 seets. was originally conlcnipoiai'y Nvith the Dutcli 
 Itefornicd Clmi-cli. Its cai-Iicst i-cju-cscntalivcs canif from 
 Holland to New Voi-k in the year Kii'l. but llicy ii('\<'r 
 enjoyed liberty of worship, nor had a pastoi- of their own 
 faith until after the establishment of I'ritish i-uje. in 
 1(!(>4. The first clergyman ]»ermitted to minister to them 
 was the l\ev. Jacobus Fabricius. who arrixcd in MW.K 
 Their first place of worship was erected in HiTl — a rude 
 structure, subseijuently replaced by a more substantial 
 edittce. The second body of Lutherans came from S\\(^d- 
 eu in IGoO, and settled along the Delaware Kiver, bring- 
 ing with them a preacher named Keorus Torkillus. He 
 was succeeded by Kev. John ('ami»anius, who was tlie 
 tirst J'rotestant missionary among the American aborig- 
 ines, and who translated J^utlu'r's ('ate(diism into their 
 langiuigi — the first known publication in an Indian 
 idiom, except John Elliot's Indian Bible, in lOOl-GM. Later 
 on a \\ave of emigrants from Crernuiny set in. when 
 large numbers of Lutherans settled in the United States, 
 in many instances bringing their cleigynn^n with them. 
 As time went on. the Lutheran Church incri^ased in num- 
 Iku's and inliuence. so that in 1!MI4. thei-e were forty-two 
 
 Lutheran churches in New ^'ork citv. and in the I'liited 
 
 4 
 
<:i:irM.\\ i{i':F(n:.Mi;h ciii kcii, WAsiiixci ton. i>. ( 
 
Cbe Cutbcran and Reformed Churches. 51 
 
 States, 12,275 cluinhes, 7,:^4.*i ministers, and 1J15,1>10 
 communicants. Mucli of the orjianizat ion and <;r()wtli of 
 the churches were due to Rev. H. M. Muhlenberg, D.D., a 
 native of Hanover, who became famous as "The Patriarch 
 of the Lutheran (Jhureh in l*ennsylvania and adjoining 
 States.'' This eminent theologian arrived in 1742. and in 
 1748 the first synod was formed. Foreign Missionary 
 ■Societies were instituted in IS.SD-OO, but the operations 
 of the Lutheran Churches are mainly restricted to their 
 home fields, Enci/dopcdia Britannica, ninth edition, places 
 the Lutherans, numerically, at the head of all the Protes- 
 tant Churches in the world, giving them over forty-two 
 millions of members, mostly in (Jermany, Scandinavia, 
 and the LTnited States. 
 
 The Refokmed Church in America is the Oldest of 
 the Presbyterian family in the United States, of which 
 there are at present no less than fifteen distinct bramhes. 
 It is identical with the Dutch Reformed Church of an 
 early period, which was first organized in New Amster- 
 dam (now New York) in the year 1G23. Dr. Henry Cobb, 
 Secretary of the Board of Missions, informs us that 
 from that date till 1G2S, the settlers held their religious 
 meetings in a loft above the first horse-mill erected on the 
 Island. The old church stood for many years in the Fort, 
 on the lower extremity of Manhattan Island, and was 
 known as "the Church of the Fort." The first minister 
 was the Rev. Jonas Michaelius, who came from Holland 
 in the spring of 1G28, and began his ministry in New 
 Amsterdam w^itlr a congregation of more than fifty com^ 
 mnnicants — '•Walloons and Dutch." 
 
vi Churches in the United States of J^merica. 
 
 The secoud ( liiirih \v;is mMted in 1(»:{:'), ninl Aiin'iira's 
 oldest institute of learninj^, now known as tin- '('ollegi- 
 ate iScbool," was or^anizecl tlie same vear. The tiist 
 regular American '•('lassis"" was formed in IT.'),"), soon 
 after wliicli the Church (h-daicd itself imh'itcndent <»f the 
 "Mother Classis" in Amsterdam. The revival of I74(i. 
 resulting largely from Whitofiehrs second visit to Ameri- 
 ca, created a great awakening in all tln^ churches, and in- 
 spired the Kefornied Church with a itnweiful iniimlse to- 
 wards unity and indeix'iidence. The first sermon in Mng 
 lish was delivered in A])ril. 1T()4. by Kev. Dr. Laidley. a 
 graduate of Edinburgh Tniversity — the Holland Ian 
 guage having been solely in use for a hundred and thirty 
 years. Their hrst Hymn-book w;;s published in 17s!». 
 The first (General Synod of the Keformed Dutch Church 
 in America, convened at Albany. X.Y., in .Itine. 17M4; Dr. 
 William Linn was its hrst president; He\. Samuel Smith 
 was clerk for th(» English language, and lvi»v. Nitholas 
 Lansing, for the Dutch. It was i-esolvcvl at that meeting 
 ithat the minutes shall be kept in English, ami mission- 
 aries were appointed to visit the fr(»ntier regions, "lo 
 jiicach the Ciosjiel. administer the Loid s Sapper, baptize 
 the chihlren, ami marry peojile." At the Syn(»(l. held in 
 ]S12, '"'/'Ac IU<i(Hti<i of Scriiioiis on the Loid's Day. and- 
 other days, was denounced as a practice deiriinenial to 
 1 lie |)rogress of \ital iiiety." 
 
 'I'lie titir of the Cliiircli was changed in IStil to that 
 wliicji it now bears, but the corporation in New ^'ork 
 cit\ retains the oi-iginal naiin — "The Keformed i'roies 
 tani iniicli ("liui-cli" gi\en to ii in its original charter. 
 
Cbc Cutbcran and Reformed Churches. 53 
 
 Of its earlier miuistei's. Dr. John H, Livingston, .John 
 M. Mason, and the elder Frelinghuysen, were, jx-rhaps, the 
 most eminent; and of its mis.sionaries, Dr. John Scudder, 
 Daviji Abeel, and Henry Martyn Scudder, were held in 
 high repute. The Reformed Church has at i)resent 
 about seven hundred ministers, and ninety-three mission- 
 aries in its foreign fields — India, Japan, (Jhina and Ara- 
 bia. Dr. t^C'udder was one of the heroes of foreign mis- 
 sions; his eight sons and two grandsons became mission- 
 aries, and it is a uniciue fact in missionary history, that 
 there are no fewer than fourteen Scudders on the roll of 
 the Arcot Mission in India at the present time! 
 
 Soon after the close of the Revolutionary \\'ar, in 
 1784, steps were taken to establish a theological semin- 
 ary. Dr. Livingston was appointed its first Professor of 
 Theology — the first in America it is claimed. It was; 
 located at Flatbush, L.I., in 170C, antedating Andover 
 Seminary by ten years, and Princeton Seminary by six- 
 teen years. In 1804 it was moved to New York, and in 
 1810 finally located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. 
 More recently, theological schools have been instituted 
 at Holland, Michigan, and at Arcot in India. 
 
 The Refoumed Ueuman Church* was instituted very 
 soon after the formation of the Dutch Reformed Church. 
 The German immigration began as early as 1G84, and 
 was composed chieHy of exiles, who fied to escape perse- 
 cution in the Palatinate. Colonies were formed in Penn- 
 svlvania, Ne.w York. Virginia, and in North and South 
 
 * See Journal of Presbyterian Historical Society, 190G, page 307, 
 vt Hcq. 
 
IMICSr I'liKSUN TKKIAN ( liriJ* II. NKW VOKK. 
 
Cbc Cutbcran and Rcforttica gburcbcs. 55 
 
 Carolina. About 17;>(), one of the tirtst (Jcrnian licfonuctd 
 ministei-s in tlu' counti-y — Kev. (Jcorge .Michael Weiss — 
 had i-eitorted to tlir Sviiod of Holland that tin re wcic in 
 Anicricu many (Jennans holding to the KefoiiiK'd (N)nf('s- 
 sion. The first (iernian Kefornied minister s(^ttl((l 
 among them was John I'hillip Botdim, who came Ikmc in 
 1720, and followed, foi- a time, the calling of schoolmas- 
 ter. To him belongs tlu^ honour of organizing the first 
 congregation in I'ennsylvania. He began ministerial 
 work in 172."). in Montgomery County, with three congre- 
 gations in his circuit. He was not ordained, iio'.ve.er, 
 till 17lM>. which had involved him in serious trouble. His 
 whole work was denounced by his opponiMits as illegal, 
 and his preaching without a license. i)rt^suuiptnous; but 
 now that he was otticially recognized as regularly ordain- 
 ed, he becanu^ the most influential minisler in the 
 denomination. 
 
 Fourteen yeai-s later \\'ertz's congregation was es- 
 tablished in Worcestei- fownsliij), with Kev. -lolin (leorge 
 Alsentz for its first pastoi-, who served the congregation 
 faithfully and well till his death, in 17(;7. Since that time 
 the German Keformed Church has had a succession of 
 able ministers, nearly all of whom had a university train- 
 ing. The Mission IJoard of this church has the (»ver- 
 sight of missions in Japan and India, and among the 
 North American Indians. In its Home Mission work it 
 em])loys about a hundi-iMl missionai-ies. much attention 
 being bestowed on the large annual influx of immigrants 
 coming to America from "Fatherland. "" At the i»resent 
 time, it is credited Avith 1.12(1 ministers, 1.7(Ml chnrdies, 
 
50 Churches in the United States of America. 
 
 .111(1 lI."it;.(M)(l cliUIrli Iilcllllii'is. h l!i;iiril;iilis ;i IlUIIllM-r of 
 W('ll-p(|Uii»j»0(l 11ic(»l(»oi,;il schools .111(1 (•(»I1(';:('S. the oldest 
 :iii(l most lilKMMJlv ciidowtMl Ihiii^^ ihc Tlicojo^iicni Sciniii- 
 arv I'ouiKh'd in I.SLT) at ("jiilislc. rcim.. ;ifici\v;ii(ls n- 
 moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 
 This l»i-aiicli of the chin-ch. in coninioii wiili all the 
 Kcfoinu'd ( "hnrclics. dilVcrs from the Liilhcian rhiircli in 
 ils doctrine of the Lords Siipjier. and holds the ( 'alvinist ii- 
 doctrine of the s/tiritiKil real ]iresence of the I>o<l_v and 
 r»lood (d" ("hiist in the llolv Kucharist. for heliexcrs only. 
 It ditters from the ('hnrdi of Kn^land in holding to the 
 parity of the ministry and the presliyierial form u\' ixov- 
 <'rmnent. It ditVers. on the other hand, from the strictly 
 <'alviuistic Reformed Chnrelies in allowing freedom for 
 more moderate views on the doctrine of pi-edest inai ion. 
 The Ileidcdber^ Catechism teaches substantially the (dd 
 .\njrtisl itiian doctrine of natural de]»ra\ity. and salvation 
 by free ^race almie; but it does mil leach a decree of 
 fifnohntioii as Well as s.ihaiion — |ea\in.u room for dilVer 
 elice of views oil this mysterious subject. It iciiards the 
 children of the cliuich. beinii born (d' ('hrisiian parents 
 and ba|»ti/.ed. as imiuded in the ii>\fuani id' liface; and 
 it reipiires of its minisieis that iliey shall instruct the 
 y(Min^ in the teachinus of the catechisiu. .is the best 
 means id' prejiarin;^ tlietii for contirmal ion and their ad- 
 mission to the Lords Supjier, .-iiid to full niembeishiji in 
 the chur(li. The church provides liliir^ical foiiiis of 
 service, but il li.is al\\a\s allowed a certain dejii-ee of 
 freedom in re;:,ard to their use."" 
 
 {'I'Ikihiiis (I. AjtjiU ill StlmlJ Ih i:iiit, /*. 'iili;.\ 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Churches. 
 
 FKOM A.l>. l(i;U). 
 
 K liavc seen that the Dutch Refoniicd Cliiu'ch 
 was organized in Kii'S. About Ihat time a 
 nunibei' of I'urilan luinisti'is, '•with strong 
 h-anin^s to Presbytei-ianisni," migrated fT-oin New Eng- 
 land to the Middle States, whore thev encountered vigor- 
 ous persecutions at the hands of the eivil authorities. 
 One of these. Rev. Richard Denton, a graduate of Cam- 
 bridge, settled in Massachusetts in WM), with ]>art of the 
 congregation he had previously served in England. Rev. 
 Francis Doughty, another Puritan, claimed by some to 
 be "the Apostle of Presbyterianism in America, ' began 
 his ministry in New Amsterdam (New York) in 1G48, his 
 services being held in the Dutch Reforuu'd Chui-cli. in the 
 old fort — the place now known as Castle (Jarden.* 
 
 In IGSO. application was made to the Presbytery of 
 Laggan, in Ireland. f(tr a supjdy of niinistei-s. in res]K)nse 
 to which the Rev. Erancis Makemie. a native of Rath- 
 melton and an ordained minister, canu^ to Maryland in 
 l(js:5. fi-om which date this church is commonly consider- 
 ed to trace its origin. Makemie was a man of great 
 energy and zeal. He began his ministry in .Maryland, and 
 had his first church erected there, but he pitched his 
 
 ^ Sketch Hislorv of the Presljyterian Church in U.S.A.. by W.H. 
 Roberts, D.B.. Phihidelphia, 18S7. p. 4. 
 
Tin: I'.KKix (111 i:<ii. m:\\ ^^»KK 
 
Cbe Presbyterian eburcbes. 5 ) 
 
 moving tent in many other localities, labouring with great 
 assiduity, meanwhile combining mercantile ]»nrsnits with 
 the preaching of the (io.spel, — "•That he might not be 
 chargeable to any one." 
 
 To (jnote from Dr. Roberts" Historical Sketch: ''The 
 oldest church on Long Island, now under the care of the 
 General Assembly, is that of Southhold, established in 
 '1040. and of which thv" Rev. John A'oungs was the tlrst 
 pastor. This church was founded by a colony from New 
 Haven, Connecticut, and came into relation with organ- 
 ized Presbyterianism during the early yt^irs of the eight- 
 eenth century. It is also to be noted that the first 
 Presbyterian churches in North and South New Jersey — 
 in Newark in 1G67. in Elizabeth in IfiGS. in Woodbridge in 
 KiSO. and in Fairfield in 1680 — were from Connecticut 
 and Long Island. The church at Freehold, N. J., was 
 founded by immigrants from Scotland, in 1GJ)2. The first 
 Presbyterian congregation in Philadelphia met in 1002, 
 in the "Barbadoes Company Warehouse." In 1008. the 
 Rev. Jedidiah Andrews, a graduate of Harvard College, 
 began his ministrations in that city, and in 1701 was or- 
 dained and installed pastor of what is now the "First 
 Church." There are now more than a hundred I'resby- 
 terian churches in IMiiladelphial 
 
 The First Presbytekian Church in New Yoi-k rity 
 began as the first Christian church began, in a house. In 
 the minutes of the City Council, dated August Trh. 1717, 
 occurs the entry, that "the hcuse known as \'enoo's 
 house, situated in the eastern part of the city, is toi" be 
 the public Me<>ting House for the Dissenting Protestants, 
 
00 Churches in the United States of Jlmerica 
 
 ciilN'd J'rcsl)\ iciiiiiis." 'I'hc fiisi ilnii-cli was cPfcii^d oil 
 the coiner of Wjiiicii niid Wall Streets. Tli<- jireseut 
 splendid edifice. a1 Fiflli Avenue and Twelfth Street, wa.s 
 dedirated .lainiai y 1 1 1 ji. 1S4(». The jtresent jcistor. Hev, 
 Dr. lldward Ihinicld, is a wuriliv suct-essur of .lithn Rod- 
 g/Drs. SaTiincI .Miller. A\'. W. riiillips. William M. I'a.xlon, 
 and others, four of whom h;i\e been .Moderators of the 
 (Jeiieral Assembly. It is interesting to be told, that in 
 171!» the <Jeneral Synod (d" S<-otlaiid ordered that one- 
 tenth (»f a c<»lleri ion taken ii|» by tin- Synod of (ilas^^ow 
 and Ayr was t(» be <ii\('n to this 1-^irst Presbyterian con- 
 gregation in New York for the support of the (Jospel 
 among them." 
 
 Tin; Scoicii ('m mii in New 'S'ork was organized in 
 1750, when King (leorge II. was on the throne of Uritain, 
 an<l the Koyal Standard floated ovei- the jMiblic buildings 
 (tf the city. At that time New ^'ork was little mon- than 
 a village grouped ar(»und llie r.alleiy. with a population 
 of from eight to ten thousand, but destined to beconu' 
 the iuc1roj)olitau city of the \\est(M-n liemis]diere— the 
 second city of the globe, numbering today ;'>.sr)(l.(HM)I 
 The tirsi Scotch ('liurcli editice was a small wtiodeii one, 
 on Cedar St reet, erected soon after the formalicui of the 
 congregation. It was replaced in lT(is by a more sub- 
 stantial structure; -with its sanded lloor. sockets on ihe 
 wall for candles, and a gallery for jkis^mis of colour, it 
 c<»ul<l not Im- called palatial. Itiil liiere wi-n- stars in the 
 pulpit, for .luhu Mason. 1).1>.. and his son l>r. d<din M . 
 .Mason. Ihe i{e\. Wobeii .Macleod. and doseph .McKlro\. 
 h.h.. ihuiKh-H'il iu i1k' [uilpit of this historic editice." 
 
Cbc Pmbvterian Cburcbe$. ei 
 
 Dr. John Mason, tlio tirs! niinistci-. olliciatrd for 
 tliii-ty years; after him came McElroy, who served the 
 church for forty-five years. The third clinrcli, which 
 stood on Fourteenth Street, was erected in IS^a, and in it 
 many ini]»ortant ecclesiastic functions trans])ired. The 
 Rev. Samuel Hamilton, frcmi Belfast, was called in IST.'i, 
 and was the pastor till 11)00, when he was translalcd to 
 Louisville, Kentucky. The ]u-esent incumbent, J)r. David 
 Gourlay ^^'ylie. was inducted in 1891. The church ]U'o- 
 perty was sold in the following- year for |315,000, and the 
 present up-to-date edifice Avas dedicated in DeccMuher, 
 1894:, and is one of the finest of the west end churches. 
 
 "The lirick Church" in New York is worthy of 
 mention, not only as a good si»ecinuMi of church archi- 
 tecture, but also on account of its historical associations. 
 In 17GT the original l*resbyteriau church in New York, 
 then established on >Vall Street, finding itself in ihmmI 
 of an additional house of worship, built one (»f brick on 
 Beekmau Street, which Avas (hnlicated in 17()8 by the 
 pastor. Dr. John Kodgers. the first Moderator of the 
 General Assembly of the re-united Church in 1780. The 
 1U'\. (iardiner Spi-ing, D.D.. was called as colleague and 
 successor to Dr. Kodgers in 1810, and held the ottice 
 of pastor, with great power as u preacluM-. till his death 
 in 187.'> — the renmrkable period of sixty-three yeais! 
 Among its eminent ministers since Dr. S]>ring's death 
 have been Dr. .James ( ). Murray, of literary fame, and Dr. 
 Henry Jackson Yan Dyke, junior. The ]M-esent incumbent 
 is the Rev. William Rogers Richards. D.D. In 1S!»4 the 
 Church of the ('o\enant. which had Ix-eii (irgani/.i-d in 
 
Fiusr IM;i:si;v ri:i;iAN <'m i;<!i. riiii..\iii;i.i'iii. 
 
 S^m}'\ k\ ^ 
 
 
 ^.^A 
 
 r r •■' 
 
 'I'm; Nr.w ^lll;K l'i;i;si;\ i i:i;ia\ <"m kiii. Ni:\\ \t'i;K. 
 
Che Presbyterian €burcbe$. 63 
 
 18G2 united with the Brick Clnii-ch wiiich is now a largo 
 and influential congregation with over a tliousand com- 
 municants on its roll. The present church on 5th Avenue 
 was opened in IS.")!!, and closely resembles in outward as- 
 pect some of Sir ( Miiislophcr Wren's much admired 
 churches in London. 
 
 The First Presbytkkiax Ciiukch. in Baltimore, had 
 its beginning in a.d. 17(il, when meetings were held for 
 social and public worship in pri\ate houses. In IKJ.'J, a 
 small log church was erected, and two years later, the 
 Rev. Patrick Allison, of Lancaster County, I'a., was or- 
 dained the first pastor, and a brick church was built, 
 containing thirty-six pews. .V larger edifice took its 
 place in 178!). The present splendid edifice was dedicated 
 in 1859. Old First has become a large congregation, ful- 
 ly ecpiipped with missionary and benevolent societies — 
 the mother and grandmother of other churches. It 
 has had nine pastors in the Apostolic succession; the 
 present incumbent, the Rev. Donald Guthrie, D.D., a 
 Canadian by birth, a nephew^ of the late Principal Mac- 
 Vicar, and a graduate of the Presbyterian College, Mont- 
 real, was inducted in 1899. 
 
 The census of 1900 gave Baltimore 509,000 inhabi- 
 tants. There are upwards of thirty Presbyterian churches 
 in the city, and over seventy in the Presbytery of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Thk First Chirch. PiTTSBiuci, Pa., is a striking 
 monument of the faith and enterprise of the pioneers of 
 Presbyterianism in the West. The first apjdication to 
 I'resbytery for '•sui»plies" was lik(^ "the voice of one cry- 
 
t^4 Churches in the United States of Jlmerica. 
 
 "T '" '''<■ w iNk'iiicss." and was i<s|i(iii(l.')l lo in ITS}. 
 Its first jtasii.i-. the Kcv. SaiiiiK-l Uarr. a rH-cntimc <jf 
 the JM-('sl)vici-.\ (.(• L<.ii(l(»ii(lcir_\. li-.-laiid. was install. -d iu 
 tlie fcdJowiii-; vcar. and rciiiaiiird tour vcais. Al that 
 time, the s;'itlcis ardiiiid "Foil ritf w<m«- lew in nnnilM-r, 
 
 • oniposcd <liic||y of oMlciMs and old s.ddifis of ili.- arniv. 
 'Mnionj;- whom thcic apitcaicd lo In- Imi s( am si^Mis of ic- 
 li<:;i()us life." The ontl.vin;: rr-iions wcr<- infrsi-d \<\ 
 roaming tiilics of sava-ic Indians. The liisi jdacc of 
 \\orsliiii — a lo^ Itnildin^ — was -icctcd in 17>7. A lu-ick 
 
 • lini-fh took its itlatc in ISd."). and in \sy.\ tin- (xistin.i: 
 splcn<lid edifice was dedicated. 
 
 I'ittsbiif^ is now a ^^nat <ilv of ;;:il.(i(m inlialiiiants 
 — a city (»f many tine dini-ches. 'I'lie tiisi l'i-esli\ tei-y 
 west of the Alle>;liany Mountains was that (d' Kedstoiie, 
 erected in ITsl. 'J'he l'i-esli\ t ■! y id' I'il Ishiii-^li was foi-m- 
 ed in ISTO; it has on its i-oll lilT ministers, and has tlie 
 oxcrsi^ht <»f ei>ili1y-t liree chui-ihes. 'I'lie Kev. J-'raiicis 
 llei-on. IM).. had the longest jtastorate in tlie First 
 Church — isil ls,~)l — and to liis wise administration ilie 
 jiresenl jirospeiit.v of the conj;i-ej.,^at ion is mainly to he 
 allrihnled. His immediate successor, the Kev. William 
 .M. I'axion. I>.1).. was translated to l-'iisi rhnicli. Nrw 
 "N'oik. in 1S(»(», and in iss:> was appointed a jirofessor in 
 tile I lieolojii<ai seminary at l*rin<-elon. \\ here he iliid 
 in r.MM. Iea\iu;; a j^fand reputation as a ilie(do<iian and 
 an elo(|uent preacher. 
 
 'I'm; \\ i:si .MiNsii:i; ('m i;(ii. in Minneapolis. Minnesota, 
 is a ^oiid illustralion of the rapid ^lowth of I'resltyterian- 
 jsni in ihe I iiiied Stales. i'rom small lie;;inniii;;s in 
 
Cbc Prcsbvtcrian CburcDc$. g5 
 
 1857, it has become one of the larj^i'st coii^i-cgations in 
 the deuomiuation, possessing oik^ of the finest churcli 
 edifices. The first place of worship, erected in 18G0, 
 was twice enlarged, and in 1883, a large and handsome 
 church was erected. This was burned in 181)5, and three 
 years later the present grand building was dedicated. 
 The membership of the church is now over 1,950. In 
 these fifty years, it has had no fewer than seven pastors — 
 all men of excellent gifts. The present incumbent, the 
 Rev. John Edward Bushnell, D.D., was installed in May. 
 1901. 
 
 The Old Texxext Ciiukgh, in Monmouth County, 
 New Jersey, is a good illustration of an old-time rural 
 congregation, with an unbroken record of prosperity 
 from the beginning; indeed it has come to be regarded, 
 from a historical point of view, as one of the most famous 
 of churches in the Presbyterian denomination of the 
 United States. It was founded about the year 1692 by 
 descendants of the Scottish Covenanters, and received 
 its Royal Charter of Incorporation from King George II. 
 in 1719. Its present corporate name is, ''The First Pres- 
 bj'terian Church of the Count}' of Monmouth." 
 
 It is a singular coincidence that the county took its 
 name from the ill-starred Duke of Monmouth, who rout- 
 ed the Covenanters in the battle of Bothwell Brig" in 
 17G9, and was subsequently beheaded for high treason. 
 The first place of worship was known as the "Scots 
 Meeting House." In 1731 a church was erected, five 
 miles to the south of Scots; the present Old Tennent 
 edifice was built in 1751, and is still in excellent preser- 
 
06 Churches in the United States of America 
 
 vation. In the siirroundinji '•kirU-vard" tliL-re art/ more 
 than two tlionsand <,nav('s, and many monuments li«*ar- 
 ing (Hiaint and iMtcrest in^' rpitaplis. This tliurch lias 
 had tifteon jiastoi's in all. TIh- lii-st was the Kev. Jolin 
 Boyd, ordained in 17(l<;; ilic most famous was the Kov. 
 William Tenm-nt, Jr.. trom whom it derived its nam*-. 
 The present incumbent, Kev. Frank K. Symmrs. intluded 
 in 1890, has written a full and most interesting history 
 of the congregation. 
 
 Near by this church the famous battle of Monmouth 
 Avas fought in 1778, between (leneral \\ashington, of the 
 Americanists, and General riinton. commander-in-chief of 
 the Royalist forces. 
 
 Of the liiirly-four congri'gations in the Presbytery of 
 ^^'ashing(on City, that of llyattsville, Mil., founded in 
 1718, is the oldest. The church at (Jeorgeville, recently 
 incorporated in the City of Washington, is the <»ldesr in 
 the cai)i1al. daliui;- from 1780. The Xvir )o/7,- Aiciikc 
 Clturdt, founded in 1803, conies next. Its tirst minister, 
 Kev. James Laurie, D.I)., came from Scotland in thai year 
 and coMi inued in Hie ]»astorate for fifty years, duriiiu, the 
 \\li(»Ie (if which time lie supplemented Ills meagre salar_\ 
 by a clerkship iu the Cniled States Treasury Ollice. iMir 
 iii^ the last foni'teen years (if liis life lie Imd four succes 
 si\c ■•(•(> |);ist(ns" iissociated with him. The |M-esen( in- 
 ••"inbeiil. Hie ivev. Wallace UadclilTe, l>.i>., was inducted 
 
 in 1S!»,". This li.is I n cjilled "The (lunch of IM-esi- 
 
 denis"" many of lliese h.ivin^ worshipped tlieic. Alua 
 ham lancolns jiew. ap|M(»|»rialely labelled, is highly ven- 
 erated. Some have claimed Lincoln lo hav«' been a .Meth- 
 
FIRST CHURCH, riTTSlJURGH, PA. 
 
68 Churches In the aniicd States of ilmerica. 
 
 odist, but 1M-. Jiadclille savs iluii such was not lla- casr. 
 "Though a liod tearing man all his days, he was not a 
 communicant member of any church, but during his n* 
 sidciiic in Washington, he and his wife regularly aiii-ntl- 
 ed this church." The New York Avenue Church lias a 
 nienibei-shi]) of nearly lifteen hundred, and has Im-.-ii a 
 mother of churches. The Church of the Covvnaiit. which 
 branched off from it in 1885, has one of the finest church 
 edifices in the city, and lias twelve hundred and fifty •nm- 
 municants on its roll.* 
 
 The first Presbytery, consisting of seven members, 
 was constituted in Philadelphia in ITOG; the first Synod 
 was erected in the same city in 1717. The entire Church 
 then consisted of nineteen ministers, about forty (diurches 
 and some three thousand communicants. The first Gen- 
 eral Assembly was convened on the third Thursday of 
 May, 1780, as the highest court of the Churcdi, when the 
 original Synod was divided into four Synods, viz: New 
 Yoi-k and New Jersey, Philadelphin, Virginia, and the 
 Carolinas. The Assembly met in the Second Presbyter- 
 ian Church, Philad<d|)hia. Dr. John Witherspoon was 
 elected its first ^[oderalor. This distinguished minister 
 was l)orn in lladdingtonsliii-e, Scotland, in 17"_'LI. lie 
 graibiated liom Mdinburmh I'niversily. and was sumh' 
 time minister of Beith and l*aislev before coming to 
 America. In 1708 he wns calle<l 1*^ the i*i'esi(h'ncy of th(> 
 College of New Jei'sev. He died al Trinceion in 17'.M. in 
 his se\enl\ lliird \eai*. His brilliani lalents as a theo- 
 
 * Centennial Memorial Volunic, Fifth .\vcnuo CIiuitIi, p. ?,\. 
 
Cbe Pmbyterian Cburcbcs, 69 
 
 logian and teacher attracted a large number of students 
 to Princeton. He was one of the historic signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, a versatile genius, and a 
 voluminous writer. The basis of representation of the 
 first General Assembly was one minister and one elder 
 for every six ministers in a Presbytery; in 1808 the pro- 
 portion was one in twenty-four. The first General As- 
 sembly comprised the four above named Synods, sixteen 
 Presbyteries, 177 ministers. 111 probationers, and 419 
 churches. In 190G, after the re-union with the Cumber- 
 land Presbyterians, there were 51 Synods, 360 Presbyter- 
 ies. 9,362 ministers, 40,494 elders, 10,987 churches, 
 1,304,073 communicants, and a total constituency of near- 
 ly five million adherents. 1,269 missionaries were em- 
 ployed in the Home Mission fields, at a cost of about 
 $1,500,000; in Foreign fields there were 889 missionaries, 
 1,798 native workers and teachers, and 813 evangelists 
 and teachers — involving an expenditure for the year of 
 $1,241,821. 
 
 Under the immediate supervision of the General As- 
 sembly, there are fourteen fully equipped colleges. The 
 oldest of these is the Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 The original College of New Jersey received its charter 
 in 1746; its first president was the Rev. Jonathan Dick- 
 enson; located at first at Elizabeth, N.J., it was removed 
 to Newark, and finally established at Princeton, in 1755, 
 under the name which it now bears. It received its 
 charter in 1812, with the Rev. Archibald Alexander, D.D., 
 as its president, who held office until his death in 1851. It 
 is safe to say that Princeton has been, and still is /Mr ex- 
 
7<» Cburcbcs in tbc Unirca $mi% of Jimcrlca. 
 
 ccUencc, pi-emier of the schools of Iho prophets belonging 
 to the Presbyterian Church in the United States of Amer- 
 ica. It has given more ministers to the (Jliiinh. jjcrhajis. 
 than all the others put together. The enrolment <»f 
 students in 1005 numbered one hundred and nim*ty-twu. 
 
 The first break in the Church took place in 174."). when 
 the parties to the division became known as the *'01d 
 Side" and the "New Side," The strife arose in connection 
 with the standard of minislerial (jualiftcation. which re- 
 sulted in the formation of a Theological School by the 
 "Old Side, ' which came to be known as the "Log Col- 
 lege," while the ''Kew Side" established the New Jersey 
 College, above referred to. 
 
 The Cumberland Presbytkuian Ciiliuh originated 
 in a remarkable revival which began in Kentucky, in 
 1707, the immediate outcome of which was the urgent 
 need of more men to preach the Cospel. which was mi*t 
 l>y the a])point iiieiit of a number of men of limiied educa- 
 tion, whose only (lualificat ion for the ministry was their 
 religious enthusiasm. That might have been overlooked 
 in the course of time, had serious doctrinal difticultit's not 
 interfered. But there soon came to be manifested a 
 strong repugnance to certain ('alvinistic s|;il«Muents in 
 the Weslniiuslei' ( '((uression of |';ii|li. ill regjii'd to pr.' 
 deslinatioii, elenial re|ii<il.;i t i(»n. .iiid oilier subjects, 
 which inevilably led lo sopaial ion. and I In- lorniation of 
 an independeiii {•resbyiery in I lie Stale of Tennessee, on 
 IN-brnai-y 4(h, ISIO. S(. rapid w.is llie growlli of tin- 
 ni'W cliiiicli Ihal in llirec years" lime ilirre wcir ihrec 
 Presbyteries, and a Synod was const it nied. In \s:\{) its 
 
72 
 
 X 
 
 
 'J 
 "A 
 
 '/I 
 
 'A 
 
72 Cburcbc$ in ibe Unitea States of America. 
 
 tirsi ("ii-iirijil As>('i!ilil,v \v:is iii><l il lit id. hi T.MU llu- st;i- 
 listi.s imhiislicd in tlic Wnild A liiiiiii;ic wcpc as fidlows: 
 ^.Miiiisicis. L'.(MiC>; clmrclics. :'>.:'>(i(l; roiiiiniiiiiraiils, 2"_'4.- 
 11."!. Aflci- r<-|ii-:iiiMl nllciiipls In clTtM-t a iciiiiinn with 
 the .Motlici- Cliiucli liad tailed, iniiis of a^rccinfiil. on llu- 
 l>asis (d" tlu' standards of tiic TicsIin tciian Cliiiitli. as i-<'- 
 viscd in llMi:'. wcic al Icnjiili icaclird in r.Ml,~). and on the 
 L'4ili of .Ma\ in the follow inji' vcai- tlic ininion was oiVn-i- 
 a!ly aiinouiicf d. siniultant'oiisjy in hoiji Assemblies. A 
 <-onsid('iahl<' niinoi-ity. Iiowcvcr, of the < "ninbci-lands do- 
 (lined to be pai-ties to tlie union, and (((iistitnted tlieni- 
 s<dves anew "The Tnie ( 'ninbeidand Presbyterian 
 < liiii-i-'i." 
 
 The next seiions division took place in 1838, the re- 
 sult of «h)(t final dil1i<Milties and 1he vexed slavery qiios- 
 lion. wiiicdi led to the formation (tf the "Old Schoid" and 
 and "New S(ho«d" Assemblies. The breaeh. however, 
 was hapjiily healed by a roidial reunion in iMi'.l. A^ain. 
 in istil. on tlie brea.kin^ out of the ("i\il War. the rhnrt-h 
 became aj^itated resjx'ct in^' the jiiiisdict ion of civil and 
 ecclesiastical tribunals and shi\ery. when a separation 
 l!eiwc<n North and South totd< jdace. j-'ach has since 
 ]iiirsued the even tenor (d" its way. not vv it hstandinii re 
 jieated attempts at reconciliation, but nieanvvhile acknovv- 
 ledyinji' "I-'raiernal relationship."' ••Tin: l'i;i:si;vii:i;i.v\ 
 <"iiriaii IN iiii; I'mii;!* S'f.vnis." as the southern branch 
 is <dVi;iullv styled, has on it^ rcdls about 1 ..""iSd ministers, 
 and L'"!". (111(1 c<niiiiiunica iil s. It has missions in .Japan. 
 <'hina. Korea, .\fiica. Mexico and r.ra/.il. with 7(i (Uilaiiied 
 missionaries and I.."'i(mi coinmiinicaiils in foicii^n lields. 
 
CDe Presbyterian Cburcbcs. 73 
 
 Among its foremost ministers have been. Dr. Moses D. 
 }Ioge, of Kiclimond, Virginia; Dr. W. S. lMnni<'i-, of South 
 Carolina, and Dr. Stuart Kobinson. This Ciiui-ch has 
 two theological semiuaries — the Tnion Theological Sem- 
 inar}^ in Virginia, founded in 1821, and the Seminary of 
 the Synod of Carolina and Georgia, founded in 1824; 
 it has also a college for coloured youths, founded in 1S77. 
 
 Among the many eminent men who have wielded the 
 Moderator's gavel in the Northern Church, since Witlier- 
 spoon's time, may be named: Dr. Archibald Alexander in 
 1807 and Dr. Charles Hodge of Princeton in 184G, concern- 
 ing whom Dr. Pattou, now president of that institution, 
 says: "Dr. Hodge Avas the champion of the Church's 
 faith during a long and active life, her trusted leader in 
 times of trial, and for more than half a century the most 
 conspi<-uous teacher of her ministry." Among other pro- 
 minent divines, this Church can point to a galaxy of 
 eminent ministers — men like the late Dr. James McCosh, 
 of Princeton Seminary, and the late Dr. Philip Schaff, 
 a teacher of theology for fifty years, and the author of 
 more than sixty ehiborate books, the most valuable, per- 
 haps, of which is his "History of the Christian Cliurch." 
 in seven volumes, occupying six thousand pages. 
 
 The United Presbyterian Church in North Ameri- 
 ca is a lineal descendant of the original Secession Church, 
 organized in Scotland l)y Kev. Ebenezer Erskine and 
 others, who were exi»elled from the Church of Scotland 
 in 1733. This gave rise to the '"Associate Synod of 
 Scotland." leading up to the rival sects of the P.urghers 
 and Anti-Burghers, and finally 1o the formation of the 
 
74 Churches in the Unitea States of America. 
 
 T'nilcd l*i-»'sl»\ tcri;iii rininh df Scoi Iniid. wliiili \\;is <>i- 
 ;r;iiiiz(Ml iiiiiid jrrcat cut liiisiiisiii in \s\~. 
 
 Ill 174ll. iiiid ;i<;;iiii in 17.~»;!, jtcl il ions were si-ni t'loiu 
 Anicricans in I'ciinsv l\ ania tn llu' Assoriatc Syiind <»f 
 Scotland. )<Miuostin«i that niinistors of that body Im- sent 
 to them. Tn the latt<'i- y<'ar. Kcv. Alexander r.t'llaily 
 and Kev. Andrew Arnolj Avei-e a])iM»iiited. and i:i aciord 
 ance willi tlieii- instnicl inns I hey ininiediately ur^ani/.ed 
 the Associate Prpsl)ytei-v nl' reiinsyhania — siiliurdinaii' 
 to the Scottish Synod. In the nieantiino, the Kefornu'd 
 Presbyterian ('huicli (d' Scotland had sent Kev. J<din 
 Cnthbertson and oiiieis. wlio I'ornied the lielonned Pres- 
 liylei-ian Pi-eshytci-y of Anieiica. In 17S1.*. a nninn <»f 
 these two was (dTected. which 1()(>1< the name (d' the As- 
 sociate Kefornied Clinrch. A minority, however, dec lined 
 to enter this union, but in .May. 18r)S. all came toiiether. 
 under the name of the Iniled rresbyteiian (Mnircli of 
 North America. 
 
 Tliere is little If) dist injiiiisli this Church, in ductriiie. 
 from the larger Presbyleriiin ("hui-ch in the Inilcd Slates 
 of America. Uiil it re<.>ards it as a s'nir ijim imii that '"the 
 son^^s contained in the IJook of Psalms be suiii: in wor- 
 ship—both |iiibli<- and |iri\ale to the end i>( tin woi-hl!" 
 .\iid in sin;^iii;: (!od"s itraisc. ■•those soiij;s siionhl lie eiu- 
 ployed. lo ilic e.\(dMsi(;n (d' the de\olional iom|i()sii ions of 
 Mninsiiir< d ni<'n.'" 
 
 'I'he I liiicd |'i<-si)\ iciiaii ("iiiinli has two \\eila|' 
 pointed I heojojiicaj collciies lliat at .\eiiia. (>hio. since 
 17!il. and llie oilier at .\lle-iieny. reiinsyi\ ania. founded 
 in \S-~t. It has \ i^oiirous foreign missions in India and 
 
m 
 
 Q 
 
 M 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
TG gburcbes in the Unitca States of America. 
 
 K^vpt. The lallor coiniueiiccd in 18."i4, with hcatlciuarters 
 at Cairo, is the principal Protestant mission in the land 
 (tf the I'haraohs, and it lias Ix't-ii iMiiineutly successful. 
 In 181>!> it had liO ordained (American) missionaries, and 
 3U native, ordained in E^ypt. witli (5,183 communicants. 
 The World Almanac for l'JU5 j;l\es the general statistics 
 <»f the Church for 1904 as follows:— Ministers, 939; 
 ( liuiches, 919; communicants, 118,734. 
 
 ELIOT, AND THE NEW EXCLA^'D CUMrAXY. 
 
 FUOM A.l>. l(i.">l ANI> 1049. 
 
 In 1631, John Eliot, ''The Apostle of the Indians," 
 came from England and began his missionary labors 
 among the aborigines in ^Massachusetts, and there 
 continued his heroic Avork till his death, in ir»!>0, 
 in the eighty-sixth year of his age. Eliot reduced lln' In- 
 dian language to writing, and translated the whole I'.ible 
 into the language of ilic natives (KJGl-KJli:*.). This was 
 the first edition of Ihc Scri])tur('s ])ublish('d in Aninica. 
 
 The Mayhews of three geiieralioiis followed Mlioi on 
 the Island of .Martha's N'ineyanl. Mass.. and worked for 
 I he Indians a hnndre*! and lifly years, niiiil sraridy a 
 vestige of the I\ed Man i-eniained in all thai paiM of 
 .\nieiica. David lliainerd. sent out iiy the Sorieiy foi- 
 I'i'onioting ( "liiisi iiiii Knowledge ifonnded in i;dinlinri:h 
 in ITd'.ti landed in 171.'.. and after a brief careei- of fonr 
 years of a|»ostolic labour among the Indians in the Stnte 
 of \e\\ \'()rU and elsewhere, died in the house i\\' ,lonaili:in 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Cburcbc$. 77 
 
 Edwards in iS'ortliampton, October JJtli, 1747, in the 
 lliirtieth year of liis age. 
 
 The "New England Company," founded in London in 
 1040, "for the propagation of tlie Gospel among tlie heath- 
 en natives in or near New England and parts adjacent in 
 America," carried on its work in New England until the 
 outbreak of the Revolutionary War, assistance having 
 been given to Eliot and the Mayhews and other mission- 
 aries among the Indians. The work of the company in 
 America was administered by commissioners, among 
 whom were Eliot and the Mayhews, Increase and Cotton, 
 Mather, etc. The New England Company is still in exis- 
 tence, having its headquarters in London. It consisted 
 originally of forty-five members, including churchmen 
 and dissenters. Lord Chancellor Clarendon and other 
 noblemen were on the list. Robert Boyle was appointed 
 its first governor, and was one of its most liberal sup- 
 porters. Though not generally known, it is undoubtedly 
 true that this is the oldest Protestant missionary society 
 in the world! Its work is now chiefly, if not entirely, 
 confined to missions among the Indians in Canada, the 
 most important station, numerically, being that of the Six 
 Nation Indians on the Grand River, near Brantford, On- 
 tario, of which more hereafter. 
 
Cbe mcfbodlst Churches. 
 
 FKOM A.D. 1735. 
 
 X tlic vpar IT;}."). ,I(»liii nnd ('Iiarhs Wesley paid their 
 iiieiiiorablo visit to Goorgia, then a lirilish Colony, 
 hilt soon retui'iied to ilieir native land, sadder, but 
 wiser meu. Intercourse \\][]\ pious Moravian niission- 
 ries, on the voyaj»e out, had e.\er( ised both brothers as 
 nothing else had yet done, and convineed them that they 
 were ill ada])ted for the work lliey had \inderiaken in 
 America. "I went to convert the Indians." said John 
 Wesley, after a short stay in (Jeorgia. "but who shall 
 convert me?" Their asceticism tailed to enlist the inter- 
 est of the colonists, who recoiled from their well-meant 
 iiul niisjudg(-d methods of iiuulraiing icligion. 
 
 Their friend. George Whitetield. ilie eiiiineiii l^nglish 
 icvivalist, who visited the American colonies no fewer 
 ilian seven tinn's Itetween ITi'.T and 1770. adapted himself 
 
 10 llie situation in rauliue lashiou. Iteconiiui:. so lo sjieak, 
 ••all Ihinjis to all men." hiiniense crowds ilocked to 
 lisieii to him wherexerlie went . and many were converted. 
 
 11 is said that his pi-eadnn^ melted .lonailian I']dwards 
 lo lears. lienjamin i-'ranklin wi-nl lo hear iiim in IMiila- 
 • jelphia; iierceivin^ Ihal WhilelieUl would linish his elo- 
 i|U(iil address willi an apjieal lor money, he had resohcd 
 hefoieliand lo '^\\i- him nothing, bui as 1 he «tralor weni 
 on. |dea<liiig for an orphan asylum ai Sa\auiiah. ohl Hen 
 gi-adually began to relent. an<l condiidetl lo give what 
 
CHURCH OF THE COVENANT. WASHINGTON, D.C. 
 
80 Churches in the Uniiea States of America. 
 
 r-()](|M'is Ik- Ii:u1 in liis iMtcUrt; aiiniln-i- sli<>k<' m| <ir;ii(ii_\ 
 iiiadc liiiii resolve to <;iv(' all his silver coiu, aud tin* 
 speaker wound np with such thrilling eloiiueiice. that 
 I'^iaiiUlin actuallv enqdied his x^o<^''^*^''!^ wholiv into the 
 collection dish — <;<)ld an<l all! 
 
 Whitetield died suddenly a I NewbuiN port. New En«:- 
 land. Seideiidter 2!»th. 1770. and was buried in front of 
 the pul]>it in wlii<h he had intended to jireach on the 
 30th. (hil.v hflv-six years of a^ie: His intense, unremit- 
 tin*;: labors liad made him. prematurely, an old man. 
 
 The real pioneers of Methodism, however, in these 
 colonies, were Phillip f^mbury. Captain Webb, with Paul 
 and Barbara Jleck. mIio came from Ireland and landed 
 iu New York, August Kith. 17(J0. Temporary chapels 
 were erected for them in New York and Philadelphia 
 soon after their arrival, and vast numlters weie attract- 
 ed to the ]-ousing' servic(*s conduct<'d by them. The old 
 Si. .|olin"s ^lethodist E]tisco]tal ("hnrch in New V(trk has 
 often been called "'the cradle of American .Methodism." 
 inasmuch as the first regular "S(»cieiy" is said to have 
 been organized in it in 17(><). The lirsi church edifice was 
 dedicated in lUiS. and stood till IS.")!. \\ hen it was re- 
 placed by tile existing comiuodiiuis buildiiii^. 
 
 In 17«i!). liichard P>oardnnin and .lohn Pilmour were 
 sent out by the English Conferem-e to aid in the work, 
 and two yeai-s later, I-'raucis Asbury and Kicliard W right, 
 'i'homas Kankin and Ceorge Shadford followed a year 
 later. Societies were fornmd about this lime in various 
 pans of (he counti-y. and Methodism imicased rajiidly in 
 tl'<- .\<-\v World. 
 
Cbe maboaist Cburchcs. si 
 
 The first Confei't'iicc was hold in Phihuh'lpliia, -Inly 
 14th, ITT:). There are now seventeen branches of this 
 chnrch in the United States. Approximately, there are 
 about 40,000 ministers of all grades, 50,000 churches, and 
 more than six millions of adherents. The number of uni- 
 versities and colleges in all these branches of the Meth- 
 odist Church is past finding out, but the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, alone, has at least thirty-six. Of these, the 
 two oldest are probably Allegheny Colleg-e, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, founded in 1815, and the McKendree College, Illi- 
 nois, in 1828. Those having the largest attendance of 
 students are the North-Western University, Illinois, hav- 
 ing three hundred and two teachers, and over four thou- 
 sand students, and the Boston University, Jjlassachusetts, 
 (ISGD) with one hundred and fifty teachers and twelve 
 hundred and forty-eight students; and Denver Univer- 
 sity, Colorado (1804), with one hundred and seventy-five 
 teachers, and eleven liundred and sixteen students. 
 (These figures are taken from the World Almanac for 
 1905, pp. 303-308.) 
 
 The Methodist EnscorAL Church, South, was the 
 
 outcouu^ of an agitation over the slavery question, which 
 
 reached a crisis in 1844, when irreconcilable divergences 
 
 of opinion culminated in a mutually friendly agreement 
 
 to separate. On May 1st, 1845, the Southern Church was 
 
 formally constituted, and its first General Conference 
 
 was held in IN^ersburg, ^Mrgiuia, in ^lav following. It 
 
 has now seventeen Annual Conferences, 121 districts, 
 
 3,227 churches, and 1,014,048 adherents. It has five 
 
 Schools of the Ti-ophets. of which the largest is the Van- 
 
 
 
8-' CNrchcs in the Mm States of J^merlca. 
 
 derlfili I'liiNcrsiiv in 'rniiH'ssfc. foiiinlcd in isTiI. \vlii(]i 
 has one Inindi-cd and nine Iradicis and seven linn lied and 
 twcnt y-tlirci' sludcnls. 
 
 In all its ln-anclies, Mctliodisni lias hcen t()nsi)i«n(»us- 
 ly aj;j;r<*ssiv<' and jtrojji'ossivc. It stands \v<dl to the tiMUit 
 in missionary cntci-id-isc. Tlif Missionai-y Suciciy of I In* 
 Methodist Episcojtal <"lnirrli. fonndt-d in 1S1!». Ims mis- 
 sions in India, ('liina, .Japan. K(H-oa, Afiicji. and the ron- 
 tiniMit of Eni'opc; in Mexico and South Anici-ica. In tlu*s<- 
 ficlds it I'mplovs one hundred American missionaries, and 
 two hundred native ordained prca<hei-s. In the home 
 field it maiiilains an army of 2, .")(!() missicuiai'ies and :'...~i(iU 
 local lu-eachers. 
 
 Enihiiri/. the first Methodist preacher in Ameri<a, 
 was born in Ireland, in 17211. lie was a carpenter by 
 trade, and had been a local jMi-acher in his native coun- 
 try, lie settled lii'st in New ^'ork <ity. but did iioi liet^in 
 1o ]>rea(li until ITdli. when at the insianre of P.arbara 
 lleck, he eonimeueed servic<'S '"in his own hired house." 
 but in the follow iu<;- year, the famous "Hij;j;inj; Loft" ln'- 
 canu' tlu' jdace (d" meetinji where Anieriran Methodism 
 may be said t<> have been born. The lirsi church was 
 ei-ecled in New ^'ork in ITCS, and nexi year, the lirsi 
 missionaries sent by \\'es!ey came to the city, which had 
 tlien a p(»i»nlation of only t wenty t housaiid. Ijnbury 
 soon after iemo\ed lot'anideii. Wasliinul on <"onnt\. New 
 ^'ork, where he orj^anized a Society, worked at liis trade, 
 and |»reaclied till his <lealh. in ITT.".. 
 
 /!(r. 'I'lioiiKts CiiLt, h.i'.L.. was the tiisi Sn|ieiinl eiident 
 of the .Methodist !';pisio|.;il ('hin'ch in the liiiied States. 
 
Si-. PAri/s-Mr/nioDiST EriscorAL Church, New York. 
 
 St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church in New York is a 
 handsome white marble building erected in 1865, in the Roman- 
 esque style of architecture. Its dimensions are 146 feet in 
 length, by 77 feet in width, and it is surmounted by a graceful 
 spire 210 feet in height. This is said to have been for many 
 years the most fashionable of all the Methodist churches in 
 the city. Failing in our efforts to procure a suitable photo- 
 graph, the cut herewith is copied from a print in Frank 
 Leslie's Sunday IMagazinc in 1SS3. The old Mother Church 
 of St. Johns Episcopal Church in New York is said to be a verj' 
 fine edifice, but our efforts to procure a photograph of it also 
 proved unavailing. 
 
84 Churches in the United States of Jlnierica. 
 
 He w:is :ni Kii^lislmuiiK Ji <ir;i<ln:ito of Oxford, and some- 
 time curate of a ('ong:i'ef;ati«»ii in Somersetshire, where he 
 cMiiic iiiitliT ilic Mriliodist iiilliKMict's. ;iiid joined Wesley, 
 to wliom lie li<-c.ini(' -his rij^ht hand man, " and l>,v whom 
 he was set a])arr as suitorintcndcnt of the work in Ameri- 
 ca in 17S4. One of liis tirst olticial acts was to ordain 
 Francis Ashur.v. wlio liad been cl^'clod the first bishop. 
 But no '"jM-nt up Ttica" could bound Coke's horizon. He 
 became as nbi(iuitous as he was enthusiastic; he crossed 
 the Atlanti<- cioht ecu times at his own expense. Fie 
 founded a mission anion^ the ne^r(»es in the West In- 
 dies, and also one in the East Indies, He died at sea, on 
 a voyage to Ceylon, in his sixty-seventh year, leaving a 
 record of intense energy and fruitful laboia'. 
 
 As for Francif< Afihiiri/, it need only be said that he 
 discharged his onerous duties as bisliojt with marked abil- 
 ity. "In his unparalleled itinerancy, he |»re;i(hed some 
 sixteen thousand five hundred sermons .md navelird 
 about two hundred and seventy thousand miles, presiding 
 in no less than two liundred and iwenty-foiir Annual 
 Confei-eiices and ordaining nioi-c than four ilious;ind 
 ]»ie;irliei'sl" lie died in Xir^inia in 1S1»;. ji^^rd seventy- 
 one vear-^ 
 
Cbe Society of frienas and the Rebrews* 
 
 FROM A.D. 1560 AND 1654. 
 
 HE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, or "Quakers," first 
 visited America in 1650, when Mary Fisher and 
 Ann Austin arrived in Boston from Barbadoes, 
 whither they had gone to preach the Gospel in the pre- 
 ceding year. Charged with holding "very dangerous, 
 heretical and blasphemous opinions,'' they were incar- 
 cerated in the common goal, their books were burned, 
 and their persons searched, to discover signs of witch- 
 craft: so says Thomas Chase, LL.D., President of Haver- 
 ford College, in the Schaff-Herzog Enycclopedia, vol. I, 
 page 839. These pious women were sent back to Bar- 
 badoes, but others of the same faith continued to arrive 
 in New England, where four of their number sealed their 
 testimony by death on the gallows, in 1660-61. In the 
 latter year, a yearly meeting was instituted on Rhode Is- 
 land, which has been kept up until the present time. 
 George Fox, the founder of the Society in England (in 
 162-4), made an extended visit to America in 1671-73, but 
 the most important event in the early history of the So- 
 ciety was the settlement of Pennsuylvania by the distin- 
 guished philanthroj.ist, William renn— the life-long 
 champion of the Quakers — and a large number of his 
 co-religionists in the year 1682. In 1690 it is said that 
 there were ten thousand Quakers in the American colon- 
 ies. About the vear 1827, the Society in America was 
 
^^ Churches in the United States of Jlmehca. 
 
 divided iiiio two sections — Ihc •"( )it liodox," ;iiid ilie 
 "llicksite." The lar«j:e uuiubers who setth'd in IMiiladcl 
 phia gave rise to the familiar name often a]»|died to it — 
 "The City of Bi*otliei-ly Love." While adhering rh)sely to 
 their primitive forms of worship and diseii>line. the 
 (inakers liere are no longer distinguished from other citi- 
 zens hy tile lir«)a<l-lti-immed liat and the (piaini drai» coat, 
 but tlieir meetings are still ( liaraeterized by silence, medi- 
 tation and self-examinati<Mi. Exhortation is only in- 
 dulged in when the Spirit moves the worshipi)er to give 
 expression l(» his inmost thoughts and ]»ionipt ings. The 
 Society of Friends has training colleges at llaveiford. 
 Penn.; Kichmond, Indiana; Wilmington. Ohio, and Osca 
 loosa, Iowa. In the World Almanac, tln*y are ilnis 
 listed: — l,:i~A ministers; l.OJK^ churches; 11(;,555 communi 
 cants. 
 
 THE llKr.RKWS. 
 
 If it is aski'd, "When did the rtrst wandering -h'W 
 rest the sole of his foot on American soil?" — it must he 
 replied, thai the <|nestioii is more easily asked than 
 answered. The il.~i(iili Aiinixcisary of the Landing uf the 
 Hebrews, held in New ^'ork in No\('nd)er, l!M)r». has tend- 
 ed to thi'ow some light on this somewhat oltscnre page of 
 Church History. 
 
 "It is known beyond a dnubi."" says "The New ^'(»rk 
 Herald," of .\"u\ einlter I'Cdli. 'thai there were at least live 
 Hebi-ews with ('(diindms on his voyage of discovei-y — the 
 interprelei-, the doctor of the lleet. the snrg«'on. ami two 
 sailors. The lirst resident, lioweNcr, whose name has 
 
Cbe Bebrews in Jlmcrlca, s? 
 
 been preseived, was Jacob Barsimson, from Holland, on 
 July Stli, l(;r)4, followed in the same year by a band of 
 refno-ees from Brazil, twenty-three in number, who landed 
 in New Amsterdam (New York) in September of that 
 year." They had been denied religious liberty in Brazil, 
 and were subj(Mt to disabilities as grievous in the asylum 
 to which they had fled. The old governor, Peter Stuyve- 
 sant, threatened and stormed, so that the immigrants' 
 condition became pitiable in the extreme, and the little 
 company disbanded; only a remnant remained; some 
 wiMit to Holland; sonu^ to the West Indies, and others to 
 Newport, Rhode Island, then tht most important port 
 of North America. Rev. Louis Meyer, the well-known 
 journalist, says that these Newport Jews erected the first 
 synagogue upon Noith Anu-rican soil, in 1058. The New 
 Amsterdam Jews organized the Shearith Israel congrega- 
 tion in 1082, and had a svnagogue erected in 1090. The 
 first German Jews landed in Philadelphia near the end of 
 the seventeenth century, and they pride themselves on a 
 continuous record in that city since 1782. Among the 
 leading Rabbis now living, the Rev. H. Pereira Mendes is 
 the head of the largest synagogue in New York, and one 
 of the most prominent of the orthodox rabbis in the TTnited 
 States. Rev. P.. Telsenthal and E. li. Hirscli, of Chicago, 
 and Rev. R. Rohler and David Pliillijisoii of Ciuciiiiiaii. 
 are rejH-esentative rabbis of the Refoi-med Churcli. There 
 is an Orthodox Jewish Theological College in New York, 
 and a Reform S(»minary (called the Hebrew Union Col- 
 lege) in Cincinnati. 
 
 During the war of In(lei»eu(leu((', -lews contributed 
 
Cbe Bebrews in America. 89 
 
 their full (iiiota of iiicii ;iii(l money towards the re- 
 volutionar}' party, and under llie stars and stri])es they 
 increased proportionately with the development of the 
 counrry in numbers, wealth and influ(uice, enjoying all 
 the ri<;hts of Amei-ican citizenship and the blessings of 
 religious liberty, and they have ever been ready to make 
 any sacrifice that patriotism demanded of them. At the 
 present time, the number of Jews in the United States is 
 computed to be about l,r)(MI.(l()0. of whom 800,000 are re- 
 sident in the cities of New York and IJrooklyn. There are 
 upwards of 500 rabbis and 580 synagogues in the Tnited 
 States. 
 
 Dr. Isadore Sing(^r, editor of the Jewish Encyclope- 
 dia, tells us there are more Jews in New York city 
 to-day than there ever were in Jerusalem in its palmiest 
 days, and they are increasing rapidly. For every twenty 
 Jews that die, thirty-five are born, and the stream of im- 
 migration shows no al)atement. The JeAvish j)oi»ulation 
 in >sew York is no longer confined to the slum districts; 
 it asserts itself on Broadway and Fifth Avenue, and other 
 ipiarters of fashionable resort. The largest department- 
 al stores in the city are owned by Jews. In all the pro- 
 fessions the rt^slless Jew comes to the front — on the 
 Bench and at the J>ar, in the schools and colleges, and 
 on the stage. Beginning, as he usually does, as a pedlar 
 or huxter, or as a dealer in "old clo','' oi' cheap jewelry, 
 by dint of incessant industry, perseverance and closest 
 economy, many have become millionaires, who frecpient 
 their cosily clubs. The value of their holdings in real 
 estate amounts in the aggi-egate to hundreds of mil- 
 
90 CDurcbcs in the United States of Jlmerica. 
 
 lions. It is est iiiuiicd fliai in trn vcai-s" tinic New York 
 will conlain a inillicui and a half of the Hebrews. (See 
 ••3I(('lnres Magazine"" lor January, IDOT.j 
 
 THE MENNOMTES. 
 
 I'uo.M A. i». His:*. 
 
 The Mennoiiites and Tunkers, or Dnnkards. as they 
 are sometimes called, have many ]»<>ints »»f resemblance 
 to each other in doctrine and polity, but they have 
 no ecclesiastical relationship. The former take their 
 name from one, Menno Simons, a Koman Cailiolir 
 priest, born at Witmarsum in the Netherlands in 
 1491', who left his mother church owing to hav- 
 ing adopted divergent views respecting infant bapiism. 
 and becanre leader of a party of Anabaptists who by tln-ii- 
 fanaticism incurred the delei-niined ojijiosii i(»n of ilie 
 Catholic and Liitiiei-an churclies. and subjected lin-ni- 
 selves to persecniiou, imprisonment and confiscation of 
 property. Many (d' these people sought refuge in America 
 where their first settlement was founded at Germauiown. 
 neai- lMiihi(lel|tliia. in Kis:;. At the present tinu' ihey 
 have congregations in (ierniany. i-'rauce, Switzerland, 
 Russia and Norlli America. In tiie Iniied Stales i hey 
 are comjiuted to number :!()(), Odd adherents, and in <'ana 
 da, ;{().s:52. 
 
 The 'i'nnkers ai-<' (d" <ieinian origin, daliiig lioni 
 ]T()S. 'I'liey take the 15il)h' as theii- creed witliout any 
 formuhited confession of faith. 'IMieii' ministers leceive 
 no sahiry; tlicy object to taking oat lis or t<» engage in 
 
Cbe IUcnnonites In Jlmcrlca, 91 
 
 war; tliey practise triune, adult baptism, the caudidate 
 kneeliuj; and being plunged headforemost under the 
 water. They came in a body to America in 1719, settling 
 at Germantown, where they built a church, and chose 
 Peter Becker, a weaver, to be their minister. Gradually 
 they found their way into the Southern and Western 
 States and into Canada. In the States they number 
 about IIG.OOO, and in Canada about 1,000. Of both sects 
 it may be said they ai'(^ peaceable, industrious people, and 
 not undesirable settlers. 
 
 Wherever the INIennonites have settled, they have dis- 
 tinguished themselves by the simplicity of their habits 
 and honesty of all their dealings. But looking down upon 
 all knowledge as merely secular and profane wisdom, they 
 consider theology not only as something superfluous, but 
 even as something pernicious. Consequently, they stand 
 to-day where they stood in the sixteenth century, and doc- 
 trinal development is entirely out of the question. Their 
 frequent branching off into minor individual divisions 
 must not be considered a token of a specially rapid de- 
 velopment. (See Schaff-Herzoff, Vol. II, p. 1172.) 
 
UnitdrUn and Other gburcbes. 
 
 KItOM A.I».. 1717. 
 
 II K Unitarian Clmrcli traces the history of its 
 (list iii(ti\c belief l(» a verv eai-ly |»eri(»(l. basing 
 its rhiiiii to orthodoxy on the recorded words of 
 the Foun(h*r of (Miristianitv. — "Hear () Israel: the Lord 
 our (Jod is one Lord" (Mark 1'2:'2{)); and in John 10:30, 
 *'I and my Father are one." It is well known that in the 
 Reformation times, as well as in after yeai-s, T'nitarians 
 have sutt'ered martyrdom for their faiili. The eminent 
 divine. Dr. Kbenezer Gay, of llingham, Massachusetts, or- 
 dained in 1717, was probably the tiist rnitarian ]>reacher 
 ill America. In ISdl the riyuKiuth ("hnrcli. (he oldest 
 of the puritan faith in the Inited Stat<'s, declared itself 
 to be I'nitariau, and the cult spread rapidly in New 
 England. liut by far (he most learned and eniimMit theo- 
 logian of this church was tlu- Kev. William Kllery 
 f'hanuiiig, I).!)., who was boi-n a( Ne\\]>oi(. Kho<le Island, 
 in 1780, and dii'd at Ueiiniugtou. N'eiiiiout. in 1S1l>. of 
 whom it was said that *'he behmged lo the order of ("liris- 
 lians ciilled I 'iiitarians. but he l>elouged still more to the 
 Clniich I iiix crsjil." In iSIC! he was oidaiiied |)astor (»f a 
 Protestant ("ahinistic chiii-ch in Koston. but he soon af- 
 terwards allied himself with (he so called "liberal parly" 
 ami became tli<- acknowledged head and fcu'emost ieadei- 
 of the riiKaiiaii ('liurch. '•!io( only in .\merica but 
 ( lii-oii^lioiil the world." Ill .Ma\. IS'J."). the A iiieiicaii 
 
uLiJj&ijiJi 
 
 KIN(}S' CHAPEL, BOSTON. 
 
91 Churches In the United States of America. 
 
 I'liitariaii As.sociai ion was t'ltiindcd iu llostou. and in 
 1S05 the National Initaiian Coiifcronce was iuaugiirat- 
 !■(! in New \t)\]< cit.v. 
 
 The ''King's Chapel" in Boston deserves more than 
 a jiassing notice botli on account of its nni(iue st.vlc of 
 architecture and ils romantic and clicckcred liistory. 
 Tlie first E]tis(i»|t.il dinicli in llosion was civctrd <>n the 
 silc (»f the exist iu;^- ciiaiM-l in 1he yeai- l(;s!l. It was a 
 Avooden building and was repLiced by the somewhat 
 austere-looking present edifice in 1740-54. Its rough 
 stone extei-ior gives it a kind of solemn grandeur be- 
 liiring Ihe place (»f woisliiji of (he old <-olonial <lig- 
 iiiiaries. Three I-]nglisli kings contril)u(ed to its decoi-a- 
 lions and furnishing, and here was set up the first organ 
 in New England. The vice-regal court and tlie officers 
 of the army and navy always attended ilie s(M*vices in 
 this chnrcli. and the g(t\<'inor had a sjM'cial ]m'\v i'esei-\iMl 
 for liini A\lii(]i was distinguished by its su]»eiioi' adorn- 
 ment. Allien the Bi'itish army evacuated Boston in 1T7G, 
 the rector fled Avilh the communion ])late to Halifax, 
 and services were discontinued foi- severiU years. In 
 I'S'?, the ''Society," at Ihe instance of Dr. .lames Free- 
 man r|;ii'ke Itlie l-ec|ol-|. |-eino\-ed fl<ini the Hook of 
 <'oniinon i'rayer all references to I lie Trinity, or the 
 heity and woiship of Christ, and fi-oni that time King's 
 ("liapel became dist ind ixcly I'nitarian. and so continues 
 to I liis day. 
 
 In 17S!» W'asliington attended sei-\ ices lieie and. it 
 is said, <<»nt i-ihuted live guineas toward the fund fc»r 
 erecting the ponderous jjortico at the from entrance. 
 
tbc Unitaridn and Universalist Cburcbes. 05 
 
 lu the burial grounds attaclioJ to the chapel lie the re- 
 mains of many of the early governors, divines, and other 
 prominent colonials. (See f'<cJiaff-Hor.zo</, Vol. III., ]). 
 2421.) 
 
 The Uniiarians have two distinctively theological 
 colleges — one rt Cambridge, Mass., and another at 
 Meadsville, Penn. In 11)04 they had 540 ministers, 452 
 chnrches, and 71,000 communicants. The number of 
 Unitarians in Canada is about 2,500. 
 
 The TJnivers'alist Church holds as its distinguish- 
 ing feature that ''all souls will finally be saved; that 
 evil is temporary; that good is permanent and will 
 achieve a complete and perfect triumph in the Divine 
 econoni}'." The denomination traces its origin to the 
 Rev. James Relly, a London preacher of the eighteenth 
 century, one of whose disciples, John Murray, came to 
 America in 1770. Through his efforts and with the 
 assistance of a few others w^ho entertained similar views, 
 cliurches were organized at several important points in 
 the New England and Middle States. The founder of 
 Universalism, how^ner, as it now exists, is commonly 
 attributed to the Rev. Hosea Ballon, the sou of a poor 
 Baptist minister, who struggled hard for an education. 
 He entertained views that differed widely from those of 
 Mr. ^Murray, and wrought out a system of theology 
 whifh he proclaimed ''with a vigour and earnestness," 
 it is said, "which have not been surpassed by any Am- 
 erican preacher of the denomination of the nineteenth 
 century — "' (E. II. Ca])en, president of Tufts College, 
 Mass.) He began to preach in 1702 and settled down in 
 
'•^ Churches in the United States of America. 
 
 llosloii ill islT. \\1h'Ii lie foiiiidtMl tln' 'I'liivcrsMlist 
 M;iji;iziii<'.'" II<' died llicic in ls,"»L'. I'lMlrr liis siij)i'r- 
 \ isioii I 'iii\ ri'salisin entered u|m)Ii ;i new e|iiii|i and 
 spread raj»idl\. It has a nuiiiher of tlieulojiical srlmols 
 and collej^es. In 11M)4 it was d'oditcMl with 7;^»4 ministers, 
 TS(i ( lini-( lies, and ."i.'i.H^S coiiininnicants. The number <>f 
 I'nix'ei-salists in (anada. according; to the census cd' r.>''»l, 
 was 2,589. 
 
 THE MOK^rox r'TTT'Krn. 
 
 From 1830. 
 
 The Church of tiik Lai'ii:!: Dav Sainis. conmionlv 
 known as ^loi-mons. liad for his founder an unpriuriph'd 
 impostor namod Joseph Smiili. horn in llie State 
 of Vermont in 1805. The family were hy oecu]ia- 
 liii "dijffjers of hidden treasures." In 1Sl*7 .lost-jdi 
 jjave out lliat he had a re\(dalion from hea\en 
 which led jo Ihe discovery of certain u'ddeii jdales 
 concealed under jiround and coNCfed with iiiys 
 1eri(Mis cliaracters. A so-called translation t>f ilie 
 hieroj;ly|»hics. incorjioraled with scra|»s (d" hisioix aiul 
 extracts fnuii the r.ihje constituted "The l'.(»ok (d' Mor- 
 mon" — the text l(o<»i< <d' tile fia I I'lii i t y. The dtdiision 
 "locdc." and ;^a\(' rise to Ihe new religion which was 
 foniially or^^anixed April (I. ls;!(). in the house of one of 
 *'J(M*"s" c<Ul fi'dera I es at I'^ayetle. Seneca < "o.. New ^ <»ik. 
 In the followiii^i ye.-ir lieadi|ua it ers were eslaldished at 
 Kiillaiid. (diio. with a hiaiich in .lackson <'o.. Missouri. 
 A lemple was erected, a store opened, and a lianiv es 
 
Cbe norman Cburcb. 97 
 
 tablished at Kirtland. Very soon the bank failed: 
 Joseph & Company were pronounced to be swindlers, and 
 fled the country in disgrace. They removed to Missouri 
 where for a time they seemed to flourish, but in 1839 
 they were driven out, their property was confiscated and 
 Smith was imprisoned, though he managed to escape. 
 They came to Illinois, purchased a tract of land, planned 
 the city of Nauvoo upon a large scale with broad 
 avenues and spacious squares, but the only buildings 
 Avorth mentioning that materialized were a huge temple 
 and the prophet's palatial mansion. The temple was an 
 imposing structure of hewn stone, built entirely by 
 voluntary labour and fitted up internally after the pat- 
 tern of the historic temple of Jerusalem. 
 
 In June, 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother Hyram 
 were foully murdered by a mob in the jail at Carthage, 
 near Nauvoo, and Brigham Young, the senior apostle, 
 reigned in his stead. He was a man of greater ability 
 than Smith. 
 
 This unblushing champion of polygamy was for- 
 mally married to twelve wives and had ever so many 
 more "sealed to him as spiritual wives.'' Yet, by force 
 of character, he came to exercise unlimited power over 
 his followers. At the end of five years, Illinois said 
 they must go hence. In September, 1846, the exodus 
 commenced, and after a journey of eleven hundred miles 
 in the depth of winter, over a dreary wilderness, the 
 advance party, headed by Young, reached the great Salt 
 Lake Valley and founded the settlement which is still 
 the home of the Mormon Church. In 1850, Brigham 
 
 7 
 
98 Churches In the Unitca States of Wmcrlca. 
 
 Young became governor of tlie Territory . In tli;it year 
 the Federal Govei-nnient sent an army to Ltali. thinking 
 to frighten the Mormons into decency, but the campaign 
 ended in a farce. During nearly thirty years, Brigliam 
 ruled ^viili despotic sway 100,000 jjeople. He died in 
 1877. I'laii was admitted as a State of tlie rninn in 
 181)0, and all liope of solving the Mormon proliiem has 
 now been abandoned. Xolwilhsianding what has bL-en 
 said regarding the leaders of the movement, it would be 
 a mistake to denounce all Latter Day Saints as imposicrs 
 and fanatics. Among them are to be found many earn- 
 est and devout people. The number of Mormons in the 
 United States in IJHH was estimated to be 342,000 and in 
 Canada, by the census of 1001, G,890. 
 
 THE SALVATION ARMY. 
 From A.D., 1877. 
 
 This remarkable development of what Ihe writer of 
 Effc Homo would call ''The Knthusiasni of lluiuanity" was 
 begun in the east end of London, by the Jiev. William 
 P.ootli. a minister of the Methodist Clninli who wilinlrew 
 from the connection in 18(11, and in 187(1 organized ilie 
 "Army" of which lie is the acknowledgiMl "(Jeiieral." and 
 the opeialions of which are now spread owv the whole 
 world. 
 
 It commenced woi-k in Thiladelphia in 1877. under 
 the leadershi]) of "Major" .Mooi-e, avIio was succeeded by 
 "Commandanls" Smith and r.allington liooth, ''Consul" 
 Booth Tinker, and Miss Kva Booth — the General's sec- 
 
the Salvation jffrmy, 99 
 
 oiul y(»uui;('st (Inui^iitcr, who is now at tin- Iic-id of jilVaii's 
 ill the United States. In 1SS:> it liad titty stations in 
 the United States. In 1!)()4: it had 2,:{(J1 "oftieers," mr> 
 churches, and 25,00!) communicants. It takes its name 
 from the methods emjdoyed in carrying on its worlc. It 
 is broadly evangelical in its leaching. It docs not seek 
 to draw people from existing churches, but directs its 
 chief energies to the reclamation of the masses who lie 
 outside of religious influences. Its methods are marked- 
 ly sensational, accompanied by much beating of drums, 
 and other noisy demonstrations; but it has caught the 
 ear of those whom it was designed to reach, and that 
 it has done much good in England has been frankly ac- 
 knowledged by the King on the throne and by bishops 
 and ministers of all the churches. A division occurred 
 in its ranks in the United States in 1896 when a counter 
 movement — "The Volunteers of America" was inaugur- 
 ated on similar lines by Ballington Booth, a son of the 
 English General. It is largely a charitable institution, 
 and much attention is bestowed on criminals in State 
 prisons and jails, and the inmates of hospitals and 
 asylums. It has headquarters in most of the principal 
 cities in the United States. It has some thirty chief 
 staff officers, and a large number of subordinate workers. 
 
 The following clipping from a New York newspaper 
 of date 29th January, lOOG, may serve to indicate some 
 of the methods employed by the Salvation Army to 
 catch the ear of the masses, and to enlist the sympathies 
 of the "classes" in the uplifting of their poorer brethren:— 
 
 "Dressed in rags. Miss Eva Booth, commander of the 
 
'A 
 
 o 
 
 ■fi 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 '■J 
 
 •fi 
 
Cbe Salvation flrmy, loi 
 
 Salvation Army, spoke for two hours in Carnegie Hall 
 last niglit on Army work in London. The toes of lier 
 stockinged feet protruded through a pair of slippers 
 which were tied with strings, and a yellow handkerchief 
 was about her throat. The sleeves of her dress were so 
 worn that both elbows were plainly seen every time she 
 made a gesture. Much of the time she had part of her 
 audience in tears. The hall was packed, and hundreds 
 of persons were sent away, although more than one thou- 
 sand were permitted to stand." 
 
 As for General Booth, in his 77th year it may be 
 said of him as of the old Hebrew prophet, "His eye was 
 not dim, nor his natural force abated." He appears to 
 be as alert as he was twenty-five years ago. He is ever 
 on the wing — visiting his people in all lands; proclaiming 
 every where "the acceptable year of the Lord," liberty 
 to sin-laden captives, and preaching the Gospel of a free 
 and full pardon to every repentant sinner. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST. 
 
 From A.D., 1867. 
 
 This Church originated in the mind of Mrs. Mary 
 Baker C Eddy, of Boston, about the year 1807. Mrs. 
 Eddy was born at Bow, New Hampshire. In her early 
 years, she resided at Lynn, Mass., where she entered 
 upon an independent study of the Bible and reached 
 certain conclusions which were embodied in a book 
 entitled ''Science and Health with a Key to the Scrip- 
 tures." This work explaining ]Mrs. Eddy's religious sys- 
 
102 Cburcbes in the United States of America. 
 
 leiu was iniblislK'd in l^T.'). hi issi llu- .Nhissaclnisctts 
 Metapbj'sical Collej^c was (tpciicd in r>(»sioii. in wliich 
 (Inrinj^ seven years four tliitusand siudi-nls wt-rc lau^lit 
 the elements of Cliristian Science. .Mrs. Kddy l»e(anie 
 pastor of the First Church of Christ Scientist in Boston 
 in 1879. A revised edition of her book (now in its 
 3G8th thousand) contains a snnnnary <d' liei- maturer 
 views of "tlie divine art of liealin;^." "("hristian 
 Science," says Mrs. Eddy, "acknowledfjes the Bible to be 
 the inspired Word of God and our sutticient guide to 
 eternal life; it holds that Christ Jesus is the Son of 
 (!od. and the Savioui- of men ; it luaiiiiains that I lie 
 divine j)riiicij)le of healing is provable in the personal 
 exjM'rience of every seeker of truth, and that the physical 
 healing of Christian Science results now. as in Jesus" 
 time, from the operation of diviiK- idincipjc. before which 
 sin and disease lose their reality in liiinian conscious- 
 ness, and so disapi)ear as naturally and necessarily as 
 darkness gives place to light." 
 
 In the treatment of sickness and disease the ("liris- 
 tioii Scientist does iiol employ medicine. IIioul;Ii if he 
 fails lo (le^;tl■oy an agonizing |iaiii he may pei-mit a 
 medical |tiacl il ioner l<» administer anaest liei ics lein 
 ])orarily. Siirgei-y is left lo the surgeon. Sole reliance 
 is jilaced on piayer and absolute Iriisl in llie etlicacy of 
 the (li\ine |»riiici|i|e of healing e.\eni|ililied by ('hrist 
 and II is disci|iles. ••'I'lie facl thai pain caiiiiol exist when 
 there is no mortal mind to feel it is a proof that the so- 
 called mind makes its own |iain thai is its own bidief 
 ill pain.'" iTage l.~i;',.) 
 
Cburcb of Cbri$t, Scientist 103 
 
 This Cburcli lias no regular order of ministers; its 
 religious services are conducted by ''Readers" — usually 
 a man and a woman — elected by tbe congregation for 
 a term of three years. Tbe system bas made rapid pro- 
 gress in tbe United States, where there are now up- 
 wards of 635 churches and 259 ''societies," not yet fully 
 organized under the State laws; of these there are in 
 Canada 24 churches and 8 societies. Tbe work began 
 in Montreal in 1889, and the first church was erected 
 there in the year 1900. The first church in Toronto was 
 dedicated in 1896. Christian Science bas also its or- 
 ganizations in England, Scotland and Irebmd, in Aus- 
 tralia and Germany. The actual number of members in 
 full standing is about 75,000, but the number of "fol- 
 lowers" more or less identified with the movement is 
 not far short of a million. The great headquarters' 
 edifice, recently erected in Boston at a cost of two mil- 
 lion dollars, has added visibility to the movement, and 
 indicates that the cult has come to stay. 
 
 THE SUNDAY SCHOOL IN AMERICA. 
 From A.D., 1791. 
 
 Of all the agencies that have been employed for pro- 
 moting the interests of the churches of Christendom, 
 none have been more useful than the Sunday school — 
 sometimes called ''the Nursery of the Church." 
 
 The modern Sunday school owes its origin to Robert 
 Raikes, an English philanthropist, who inaugurated the 
 movement at (iloucester in 1780. The first Sund.ay 
 
104 Cburcbcs in tbe Unitea States of Jlmerlca. 
 
 school 8(>(io1y in the liiitt-d Stalos was loruu-d in I'iiila- 
 (Iclphia. nndci- I Ik- Icadci-sliij. of Bishop White, of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, in January, ITUl. As with 
 the Raikes' system, it employed paid teachers and its 
 special aim was to provide religious instruction for the 
 children of the poorer classes, not omitting to minister 
 to their temporal wants in the matters of food and 
 clothing. Schools of this kind were coinmenced in New^ 
 York in 1SU3. In 1808, the f^vangelical Society for pro- 
 moting Sunday schools in rhiladeli»hia was largely in- 
 strumental in securing the services of voluntary teachers. 
 
 The American Sunday School Union was formed in 
 1824. its object being to concentrate the ettorts of local 
 societies throughout the whole country, to promote the 
 circulation of religious literature, and an endeavour "to 
 ]»lant a Sunday school wherever tliere is a jiopnlat ion." 
 In its first jear there were reported to be 321 auxiliaries, 
 1,150 schools, 11,295 teachers, and 82,697 scholars. In 
 190G the corresponding ligures in the United States were 
 —139,817 schools, 1.419.807 leadiers, and 1 l.l!t:;..V.il 
 scholars. The number for the wliole world, so far as 
 could be ascertained by llie Secretary of the World's 
 (Jonvent ion, in that year were, 2(10. !>05 Sunday schools, 
 2,414,757 teachers, and 23.442.998 scholars. 
 
 Conventions held in tlie dilVerent Slates imparled 
 moment mil lo the movement and i)aved the way for 
 National and Inlei-nalional Oonventions, in which for*'- 
 most niinistei's and laymen from all qnaiMers (»f the 
 globe met and discussed Sunday school nielhods and 
 created an eiillmsiasm in regai'd to fni-eign mission work 
 
Cbe Sunday School in America. 105 
 
 such as had never before existed among the young people 
 of the churches. A World's Convention was held in 
 London in 1862, when valuable suggestions by the most 
 experienced Sunday-school men and women were made 
 in regard to the best methods of conducting Sunday- 
 school classes and of imparting religious instruction 
 generally. In 1872 the adoption of the International 
 series of Uniform Lessons was inaugurated. This was 
 followed by the multiplication and spread of Sunday- 
 school literature in the form of lesson helps for teachers 
 and scholars, weekly and monthly magazines entirely 
 devoted to this subject, and even to a series of books 
 published annually by noted authors who made this 
 branch of study their life-work. 
 
 Of all the conventions none exceeded in interest that 
 held in London in 1880, to celebrate the centenary of the 
 establishment of the Sunday school at Gloucester. Ke- 
 presentative delegates from the United States, Canada, 
 Britain and the Continent of Europe assembled in larg^e 
 numbers, continued in session for eight days, and drew 
 from their treasures things new and old in an interesting 
 and instructive manner. London was profuse in its 
 hospitality. None who were present at that convention 
 will soon forget the reception at the Guild Hall, the 
 f^e at the Albert Hall, where 12,000 voices united in 
 sacred song, nor the unveiling of the Raikes' monument 
 on the Thames embankment by the Venerable Earl of 
 Shaftsbury, nor the great assemblage at Lambeth Palace, 
 w^here 25,000 children with banner and song were in- 
 spected by Royalty, nor the luncheon in the historic hall 
 
Kic (Zburcbes in the United States of Jlmerica. 
 
 given to llie delegates by His Grace the Archbishop of 
 Canicibiiry. nor the farewell gatheriiij; in Spiirgeou's 
 TalMMiiiK Ic. wlicre 3, Odd joined in the (.'ommimiou ser- 
 vice, and at Mr. Spurgcon's suggestion joined hands in 
 an nnl»roken chain from the floor to the platform, and 
 from the platform to the galleries, while they sang 
 Cowper's Hymn, — "There is a Fountain filled with blood, 
 drawn from Emmanuel's veins." 
 
 The largest Sunday school in the United Siau-s is 
 that of Bethany Presbyterian Church in rhiladdphia, 
 founded by the Hon. John Wanamaker in 18r)8, and of 
 which he is still the superintendent. In the school i»ro- 
 I»er there are over 4,000 members, and including its two 
 branch schools, the number reported in 1006 was 5,708 
 teachers and scholars. As we shall see presently the 
 first Sunday school in Canada was founded in Halifax, 
 N.S.. in 1783. 
 
 Tin: "Yor.NG People's Society of Christian E.v- 
 DKAVui u" is another religious organization that demands 
 a passing notice. H was founded in I'^ebruary. ISSl, by 
 Kev. l"'iaii(is K. ('\;ivkr. D.j).. a Congregational iiiinisier 
 in Portland. Maine. In its constitution it is declared to 
 be international and undenominational. Its motto is 
 "Vov Christ and the Church," and its aim is to make 
 young people of both sexes loyal and atti\e members of 
 
 t licit- lesperl i\ (' cli II ItIk-S. In N(»\ eiilliei-, jlHII. lliele had 
 
 been I'onned »;i,S()l branch societies with a total iiieni- 
 bersliiji of ;;,SSS,L*1(), chielly in the liiilfd Slates and 
 Canada. In 18!M), following ilie e.\aiii|ile of the Melho- 
 
Voung People's Societies. h't 
 
 Jist F.piscopal Cliurcli in the T'nited States, steps were 
 takeu to organize the youth of the Methodist Church in 
 Canada in a society to be called the "Kpwoith lA'a^uc," 
 the declared object beino- "to unite the young- people of 
 That church in Christian fellowship and service." The 
 growth of the Epworth League has also been jtheno- 
 lucnally rapid, although in many instances the ground 
 was preoccupied by the Christian Endeavour Society. 
 
 It cannot be doubted that there is an element of danger 
 in connection with these Young People's Societies, — either 
 that they may degenerate into mere social clubs, with an 
 occasional literary entertainment (as Dr. Sutherland puts 
 it), or that the Society may become, so to speak, a kind of 
 iiHiivriuin in imperio, claiming exemption from pastoral 
 oversight or other ecclesiastical interference. In many 
 cases, it is felt that the young ix'ople of the churches 
 know little or nothing at all about the missionary work 
 of their own church, and are oftcui led to divert their con- 
 tributions into other channels than their own. To meet 
 these conditions, the Methodist church of Canada has 
 specially impressed upon its p]pworth League the para- 
 mount claims of missionary enterprise; and this has led 
 to the formation of "The Young People's Forward ^love- 
 ment for ^lissions," wiiich has already assumed larg'e pro- 
 l>ortions. The principles of systematic and ]»ro]»ortionate 
 giving for missionary purposes has in this way been de- 
 velo|)ed and become the source of a large annual revenue, 
 "with the prospect of steady increase for nniny years to 
 come." 
 
Ipart 1F1I. 
 
 1ln Hslandtof IRewfoundland 
 
Roman ('atikilii' ( 'Aiiii:i>KAi.. Si. •Idiixs. .\i:\\ imim.i.ami. 
 
 A.\«iM«AN ('ATllKliKAL, Si'. .l(UI.\"s, N i: U It (T M 'I.A M •. 
 
ncwfoundliind "" 
 
 FROM A.D., 1527. 
 
 Ills large island that guards tlic approach to 
 the St. Lawrence, has a population of about -21,- 
 000, composed chief!}' of members of the Church 
 of England, the Roman Catholic and Methodist Churches. 
 Having changed owners more than once, it was finally 
 ceded to Great Britain by the French in 1713. 
 
 Eev. B. F. DeCosta, writing in l^chaff-Hcrzofj, says 
 that the first known clerical representatiA-e of the Church 
 of England in America was the Rev. Albert de Prato, a 
 learned mathematician and a Canon of St. Paul's, Lon- 
 don, who visited Newfoundland in August, 1527. Judge 
 Prowse informs us that Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived in 
 the harbour of St. John's in the year 1583, accompanied 
 by a band of two hundred and fifty followers from D<'von- 
 shire, with the view of founding a British colony, and 
 that on landing he read the Royal Patent authorizing 
 him to take possession of Newfoundland and to exercise 
 jurisdiction over it; that twig and sod were presented to 
 him in feudal fashion, and that in the name of Queen 
 Elizabeth he solemnly annexed the Island to the British 
 Empire. On the 5th of August, as directed by Gilltert, 
 the Church of England service was conducted for the 
 
 * The History of Newfoundland, by D. W. Prowse, K.C-, of 
 St. John's: London, 1895; Newfoundland our Oldest Coloxv, by 
 Rev. Moses Harvey, LL.D., of St. John's: Boston. 1883. 
 
112 Cbe Churches in ncwfoundland. 
 
 first tinio in Si. Jnlms harbour, and a proclaiuauou nnms 
 issufd that thf Church of Eughind by Uiw established 
 should be the accepted form of relij^ion in the New 
 Colony. The banner of Knjiland was tln*n hoisted on a 
 fiagstalT and the ceremony was completed. 
 
 A sad sequel to these proceedin<!;s was the tragic 
 death of the founder of Britain's first colony. On the 
 voyage home in the ''Squirrel" — a litth? cockel-shell of 
 ten tons — they were overtaken by a violent storm. The 
 crew of the ''Golden Hind' Avhich had kept as near as 
 l)0ssible to the ''Sciuirrel'' during the gale, saw the gal- 
 lant Knight sitting calmly on deck, with a book before 
 liiui and heard him say to his companions, — "Cheer up, 
 lads! we are as near heaven at sea as on hind." When 
 the curtain of night shrouded the little bark, she ami 
 lu'r crew disa])])eared beneath the dark billows of the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Church of England scrv ices arc said l»» have been 
 held at Conception r>ay as early as the year Hill.', bin 
 the first resident Anglican clergyman seems to have 
 been the Kev. Erasmus Stourton, by some styled a 
 ''Puritan Divine," who came here in Kill, and lel'i in 
 Kills. wIm'Ii he became chaplain to tli<' Earl of Albemarle. 
 A small woo<len cliiircli was erected in St. John's in the 
 year 17(1(1. by Ke\ . .lolin .laekson. a mililarv cliaidain who 
 be<ame a missionary of I lie S. K. <;. A larger churi-h 
 was built in IT'JO. and a much liner one in ITTill. Mr. 
 .Jackson, it is said, "'was burdened with a family of ei^ht 
 helpless childi-en. and snlVered gieal hardships." but 
 happily for him and (hem. he returne<l to I'^ngland in 
 
CDe eburcbes In newfoundUnd. na 
 
 1700, .and was presented to a good living bj' Queen Anne. 
 In 1730, an Anglican cliui-eli was erected at Bonavista, a 
 small town on the east coast, by the Rev. Henry Jones, 
 who in ll'M reported his congregation to be ''in a tlour- 
 ishing condition." The first Anglican church at Har- 
 bour Grace was erected in 1784; it was burned in 1832, 
 and the building of the present edifice was commenced 
 in 1835. 
 
 The First Methodist church is claimed to have 
 been built at Harbour Grace, in 1770, by Lawrence 
 Caughlan, the pioneer of Methodism, who arrived in 1765. 
 So popular was he in the community, the Episcopalians 
 requested the S. P. G. that he should be appointed their 
 minister. He accordingly went to England to receive 
 ordination; on his return the church in question was 
 erected: but it was for the Church of England I and. when 
 he left Newfoundland in 1773, the magistrates of Har- 
 bour Grace took possession of the church, read prayers, 
 and preached on alternate Sabbaths with the intention 
 of holding the building until the arrival of Caughlan's 
 successor. It is probably more correct to say that the 
 first Methodist church in Newfoundland was built, by 
 one, John Stretton, a well-to-do layman, at his own ex- 
 pense, in 1788. 
 
 In 1787 Newfoundland became part of the then new 
 See of Nova Scotia, but it is not recorded that the first 
 Bishop Inglis ever visited the Island. Twenty years 
 later, it was visited by Bishop Stanser, and in 1827, Dr. 
 John Inglis, the third Bishop of Nova Scotia, made his 
 first visit. The first Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland 
 
 ft' 
 
114 Che Cburcbcs in ncwfoundland. 
 
 w;is i>r. Aulii-t'v Ccctrjir S|mii.<'I-. ;i jiiMiidsuii (.f 1 lit- sec- 
 ond Duke »»f .M;nlli()r(»n-;li. who was consocratcd in 1S39, 
 when Xr\vf(Min(ll:in<l liccanio a separate Sec, with tlie 
 Boinnidas under its care. It was IMshop Spencer who 
 laid the foundation of the sph-ndid Cathedral. desi<(ned 
 by Sir Gilbert Scott, that was destroy.-d in the jjreat 
 fire of 1802. llr also tuunded Ihe (Jneens ('(.ll.-ue Theo- 
 logical Institution in 1842. Dr. Spencer was succeeded 
 by Bishop Field, whose episcojyate continued for thirty- 
 two years. The juesent Bishop. Kt. Rev. Llewellyn 
 Jones, D.D., succeeded in 1878; durinji his rvqimc the 
 Cathedral was all but coni]>leted when the disastrous 
 fire made it a ruin, but now the work of restoration is 
 far advanced, on a trrander scale even than that of the 
 original. 
 
 The P^piscopalians in Newfoundland declined to 
 enter the Union of the Anglican Synods u[ the Dominion, 
 consummated in 181)3. The Diocesan Synod of New- 
 foundland exercises all the functions of independent 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction in all matters atlecting the 
 ("Inu'ch of England in this Colony. 
 
 Tin: FiKST I'lti'-sisviKKiAN "in K< 11 was erected at 
 St. Jf)hn's in 1843. Its first minister was the l\ev. Donald 
 Allan Fraser, a native of Mull, Scotland. He came hei-e 
 in 1842, and founded the congrejial i(»ii in r(»nne<iion wiih 
 llie ('htii-cji of Scnihiiid. lie dietl in ISJ."). A second 
 Presbyterian congr«'gat ioii was tnniied in 1848, by those 
 who sym])alhi7-ed with iIm' I'lce Church of Scotland; by 
 iheiii. a cjiurch was biiili in 18.")2. with Be\ . Moses liar 
 \ey for llieir iiiiiiisier. lie had c(»me from Ireland 
 
Cbe Cburcbes in ncwfounautid, ^is 
 
 years before aud established bis fame as an author, a 
 politician, and an astute man of affairs, and during 
 many rears was an influential member of the community. 
 In 1876, both churches were destroyed by fire, the two 
 congregations then united, and in 1878 a large and hand- 
 some church was erected; this also fell a prey to the 
 flames in 1892 and was speedily replaced by the existing 
 fine edifice, bearing the ancient motto, — "'Nee Tamen Con- 
 sumehatiu:" Dr. Harvey died in 1901; the present incum- 
 bent is the Key. Andrew Robertson, D.D., formerly of 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 Congregationalism in Newfoundland dates from 
 1775, when a church was founded by Rev. John Jones, 
 formerly a soldier in the Artillery, who became an 
 Evangelist, and went to England for ordination. He 
 remained pastor of the church for twenty-one years. 
 He died in the year 1800, aged sixty-three, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. Ruttan Morris in 1801, and from that 
 time on by a succession of godly men, up to the present 
 day. There are now at least two other Congregational 
 churches on the Island and several Mission Stations. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church was founded in the 
 year 1623, by Sir George Calvert (afterwards Lord Bal- 
 timore), a native of Yorkshire, who had received from 
 the Crown a patent conveying to him the lordship over 
 the whole of the southern peninsula of the island ; in- 
 effectual attempts, however, to induce settlers to locate 
 in this country led him to turn his attention to a sunnier 
 clime, where he became the founder of the City of Bal- 
 timore, Maryland, in the United States. In the year 1689 
 
116 Cbe gburcbcs in ncwfoundland. 
 
 the Catholic Bishop of (Quebec visitt-d riaceutia. Ni-\v- 
 fouiidland, then in the occupation of the French, and 
 brought with him several priests of th<' Franeiscan 
 Order. In the meantime a Koman Catholic church had 
 been erected, in 1GG2, and in the same year a chapel was 
 erected at Bouavista. During many years the Komuu 
 Catholics laboured iiiidci- disabilitit-s. whidi. however, 
 came to an end in 1784, when liberty of conscience and 
 the free exercise of their religion were granted to all the 
 inhabitants of the Islands. In that year the Roman 
 Catholic Church was publicly organized by the appoint- 
 ment of Dr. O'Donnell as Prefect Apostolic by I'ope Pius 
 VI. In 1796 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic and 
 Bishop. In 1856 Newfoundland was divided into two 
 dioceses and Dr. Dalton became the first Bishop of Har- 
 bour Grace. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Cathedral in St. John's, optn. d 
 for worship in 1850, is a noble structure, occupying a com- 
 manding site overlooking the city and the harboui-. It 
 is built in the form of a Latin Cross — 2'M feet long and 
 180 feet in width at the transepts, and is richly orna- 
 mented with statuary and paintings. Its two massive 
 towers are 138 feet in height. Adjoining the Cathedral 
 are the P^piscopal residence, the Catholic college, and 
 the convent and schools. It was one of the few public 
 buildings in Si. .lohn's that survived (lie disasiioiis ton 
 flagratiou of 1893. 
 
Ipart 1HI1I. 
 
 Hn the 2>ominlon of Canada 
 
Arms of the Dominion. 
 
Dominion Statistics, etc., for ms 
 
 The System oe (Joverxmext established in Canada 
 under the Imperial Act of 1867, is a Federal Union (the 
 first of the kind in the British Empire), having a Central 
 Government controlling matters essential to the general 
 welfare and development of the whole Dominion; and 
 local provincial governments having the control of mat- 
 ters appertaining to their defined jurisdictions. 
 
 The chief executive is vested in the Sovereign, in 
 whom is also vested the chief command of the Militia, 
 and of all the naval and military forces in Canada. His 
 Majest}^ is represented by a Governor General, appointed 
 by the King in Council, usually holding office for a term 
 of five years, and whose salary of £10,000 sterling is paid 
 by Canada. The Governors General since Confederation 
 have been as follows: — ■ 
 
 Appointed Appointed 
 
 Viscount Monk 1867 Lord Stanley of Preston . . 1888 
 
 Lord Lisgar 1868 Earl of Aberdeen 1893 
 
 Earl of Dufferin 1872 Earl of Minto 1898 
 
 Marquess of Lorne 1878 Earl Grey 1904 
 
 Marquess of Lansdowne . . 1883 
 
 There are nine organized Provinces in all, and a 
 large area of Territories in the Northwest awaiting de- 
 velopment. The provinces entered the Confederation in 
 the following order: — 
 
 Quebec in 1867 British C()lumV)ia in . . . . 1S71 
 
 Ontario do Prince Edward Island . . 1873 
 
 Nova Scotia do Alberta 1905 
 
 New Brunswick do Saskatcliewan do 
 
 Manitoba 1870 
 
120 Dominion Statistics. 
 
 The total population of tin- Doiiiiiiioii as ascertained 
 bv Tile census of 1901 was 5,371,351. The principal re- 
 ligious denominations numbered as follows: — 
 
 Roman Catholics.. .. 2,22.8,979 Lutherans 92,394 
 
 Methodists 91G.SG2 Mennonites 30,832 
 
 Presbyterians 842,301 Congregationalists .. 28,283 
 
 Church of England . . G80,340 Jews 16,432 
 
 Baptists 316,714 Greek Catholics . . . . 15,468 
 
 The total number of churches was 11/J43; of com- 
 munirants. 2,20!),3})2; the number of Sabbath-schools was 
 8.470: of officers and teachers, 75,846, and of Sunday- 
 school scholars, 046,455. 
 
 It is computed that at the present time the popula- 
 tion of Canada is considerably more than six millions. 
 
 All the Governors General since Confederation were 
 members of the Church of England. excei)ting the Earl of 
 Aberdeen, who is an Elder in the I'resbyterian Church of 
 Scotland. 
 
 By the Imperial Act of 1791. commonly called "The 
 Constitutional Act," one seventh part of all the (/rown 
 lands in Canada were reserved for the benefit of a Pro- 
 testant Clergy. I'p to the year 1820 the Anglican 
 Church had received whatever emoluments arose fr(uu 
 the sales of these lands on the grfunid that it claimed to 
 be the Church by law established in Canada. This gave 
 rise to the ju-olracled and vexe<l "Clergy Reserve" agita- 
 lion. ^'ielding to i»ul)lic |»i-essui-e. the ('anadian Coxci-n- 
 ment. with the a|»|)i-o\al of the Hritish I'arlianient, in 
 ]S,~)4. enacted a statnte i*enio\ ing all semblance of con- 
 nection between <'liiirc|i and Stale, which could oiiI\ be 
 dfUU' by buying otV the claims of cxislin^ ministers. 
 Sime that lime, all the I'roiesiani cimrclics in Cana«la 
 have lieen jdaccd on an e(|iial fooling in llie eye of the 
 law, and entirely <lependen( for their support on llie 
 voluntary contributions of the people. 
 
ST. IH NSTAN ( "ATI I Kl HiA I.. ( 1 1 A i:i.< >TTI;T( )\\ \. T. i:. I, 
 
Cbe Roman Catbolic CburcD. 
 
 In the Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia, New 
 Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. 
 
 FROM A.D., 1G04. 
 
 HE first attempt to found a colony in these pro- 
 vinces was made by De Monts who had been 
 appointed Governor General of the French pos- 
 sessions in North America, extending from Virginia to 
 Hudson's Bay. De Monts was himself a Huguenot and 
 Calvinist, who, it is said, was allowed the free exercise 
 of his religion wath the strange proviso that he should 
 endeavour to covert the aborigines to the Catholic 
 faith! He sailed from Havre de Grace in March, 1604, 
 bringing with him a band of emigrants who were chiefly 
 Koman Catholics and had for their chaplain a secular 
 priest named Nicolas Aubry. After exploring the Bay 
 of Fundy they landed on the island of St. Croix in Pas- 
 samaquoddy Bay, New Bruncwick, where a fort and a 
 chapel were built. The chapel was a very primitive 
 structure, the supporting pillars of which w^ere living 
 trees. 
 
 Here then we have the date of the first place of 
 worship erected in the Dominion of Canada, and of the 
 arrival of the first resident Christian Missionary. Dur- 
 ing their first wretched winter on the island thirty-six 
 of the immigrants died of scurvy: the priest also died, 
 and the disheartened remnant removed to "The Acadian 
 land on the shores of the Basin of Minas," where they 
 
124 Churches in the maritime Provinces. 
 
 foiUMlcd r«trt lioyalc mow Annaixdisi wliirli aftor many 
 vicissitudos bocanie the seat of (Jovcrnmeiit during the 
 French refjiwe, and here a church was erected in 1008. 
 In l<ii;{ and aj^aiii in l(i:i(>. Kccollet (Franciscan) mis- 
 sionaries came to Acadia, and at a hitcr period Jesuit 
 priests* who ])lantod missions among the Indians and 
 Frcndi colonists. Iiishoi)s Laval and St. \'allicr of Que- 
 bec took a deep interest in these missions and the latter 
 visited tlieni in pei-son to find that "the Indians were 
 nearly all converted." Father Petit became the first 
 Vicar-General of Acadia in 107G, but up to 1817 all the 
 Catholics in the Maritime Provinces were subject to Que- 
 bec. 
 
 In the meantime things had not gone well with the 
 Catholics in Acadia. During many years the work of the 
 missionaries was carried on amid great difficulties. Dire 
 feuds had existed between them and the Huguenots, 
 many of whom had sought a refuge in Acadia from the 
 persecutions in France, which culminated in the massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew's day. In 175.") took place the deporta- 
 tion of Acadians, to the number of seven or eight thou- 
 sand, fi-om llieir juinieval fei'tile valleys on tli«' Pasin of 
 Minas lo the uiiw liojesoiiie regions of Koiiisiana — so 
 patlir(i( ally jmrtrayed by Longfellow in his "Kvan- 
 gejim ■■ — a measure of extreme severity only justified by 
 theii- ]>ei-sistent disloyalty to the British (Jovernment and 
 frciiiiciil acts of iiisuliordiiial ion. wliicli made tlicir re- 
 mo\al a jtolilical and military necessity. And tlic ex- 
 isten«-e of lli(»sc who icniaincil in No\a Scotia was «'ni- 
 
 • See Ganicriu's History. Vol. I. p. 75. 
 
Tn Prince Edwara Island. 125 
 
 bittered by an Act of the P^o^ incial Government passed 
 in 1759 for the utter suppression of popery. 
 
 About this time the rising tide of immigration 
 brought many Catholics from Scotland and Ireland, soon 
 after which churches, schools, colleges and convents 
 multiplied in all directions, and many fine cathedrals 
 even were erected. A church indeed had been built in 
 Prince Edward Island as early as 1721-3 and another at 
 Louisburg, Cape Breton, in 1759. Prince Edward Island 
 had been erected into a diocese in 1829, with Rt. Rev. 
 B. Angus McEachern for its first Bishop. He died in 
 1835, and was followed by Bishop B. D. McDonald, and 
 Bishop Mclntyre who died in 1891. St. Dunstan's 
 Cathedral in Charlottetown was built in 1898. While as 
 yet they had no minister of their own Church on the 
 Island, we are told that the Presbyterians brought their 
 children for baptism either to the Catholic priest or the 
 Church of England minister, both of whom were highly 
 esteemed by all classes in the community. In 1783 the 
 laws prohibiting the public worship of the Roman Catho- 
 lics in Nova Scotia had been repealed, and in the ^ follow- 
 ing year a small wooden church was erected in Halifax. 
 The chronicler of the time says that the frame of this 
 building was raised "in presence of a great concourse 
 of gentlemen and other people." The Cathedral of St. 
 Mary's with its handsome fa^-ade and spire of white 
 granite, was opened for worship in 1829. Halifax became 
 a Roman Catholic diocese in 1842, and the Metropolitan 
 See of the three Maritime Provinces in 1852, when Dr. 
 William Walsh became the first Archbishop of Nova 
 
120 Churches In the maritime Provinces. 
 
 S((»ti;i. which iiirliich's in its jurisdid ion the JJi'rniiulrtS 
 and tlic .Magdalen Ishinds. Dr. Walsh was sufcoeded by 
 Ai-(ld»isli(»]) Conindlv in 1S.")!». 1 n-. llannan in isTT. and 
 by in-, ('((int'lins ( ) IJricn in 188^; the present incumbent, 
 :\Iosi K<'\. !•:. .1. McCaiiliy, fuiancrly Kector of St. Mary's, 
 ■\vas consecratt'd in T.KXJ. 
 
 The diocese of Frederiilon. N.U.. was erected in 1842 
 Willi ihe Kt. Kev. AVilliani Didlard as its first bishop. 
 It was subdivided into the diocese of St. John and 
 ('hat ham in 1800, when Kt. Rev. John Sweeny became 
 bishop of St. John, The See of P'astern Nova Scotia 
 was Transferred from Arichat to Antigonish in 1885 
 when Kt. Kev, John Cameron, formerly coadjutor 
 bishojt of Arichat, became the first bishoji of Anli^onisli, 
 by whom a splendid cathedral was erected. 
 
 Tliere are now five Catholic dioceses in llust' i»ro- 
 vincfs, ser\rd by o\-er .".00 jn-icsts; by the census of 1901, 
 Ihe number of Koman Catholics in the Maritime Pro- 
 vinces was 810,072, out of a total poi)ulation of 893,053; 
 in r.»0(), tlu.' jiopiilat ion of the (Mty (»f Halifax was es- 
 liniatcd to be about 4."), 000, fully oih-qiiarter of which 
 iminbri- were lueinbers of the Koinan ('atholic ("huich. 
 
THE BASILICA, QUEBEC. 
 
In the Province of Quebec. 
 
 ACQUES CAKTIEK <»ii liis second voyage of dis 
 covci'v in 15;{5 was accoiuiianicd l»y two Catliolic 
 chaplains, but the first missionaries wLo came to 
 s);i\ were the Kecollet Fatlieis. who came to Canada with 
 Champlain in the year 101."). These wei*- tlie Superior, Jean 
 D'Olbeau, Denis Jamay, Joseph le Carou, and a lay brother 
 Pacifi<iue Duplessis. Jamay remained in Quebec whence he 
 served Three Kivers, Caron was assijjned to the Huron 
 country, and D'Olbeau to Taihuisac. wliei-e he conducted 
 the offices of the Church in a rude cabin with a kind of 
 chapel attached to it. In the following; year, a Hecolh't 
 Friar, Paul Iluet, said mass at Tadousac in a c]ia]iel 
 made of foliage, whilst two sailors stood near him wav- 
 ing green branches to keep the mosquitoes away. 
 
 It is recorded in the annals of Quebec that the first 
 church erected in this province was built by Champlain 
 in the lower town of the Ancient Capital, in the year 
 1615, and that it was destroyed alon^ with <»iher build- 
 in*rs in the siege of 1(»L*!>. Traces of ( 'liamiilain's later 
 chui-ch, in the Upper town, are still to be lound in relics 
 of the foundation walls of the cha]»el built in H5:',:{. to 
 connnemorate the recovery of Quebec from the English, 
 and which was named the •'('ha|telle de Hecouvrance." 
 'IMiis clnircli was destroyed liy lire in Hl|(l. 'I'lie second 
 chuicli in this ](rovinc«' was that bnili by the Kecollet 
 I'^'atliers on the St. t'harles I\iver opposite Sta<lacona. as 
 the ancient capital was I lien called. Th«' corner stone 
 
Church of ^Xotre Dame des N'lCTomES, Quebec. 
 
 The Old Chapel oe Tadousac. 
 
130 Churches in the Province of Owcbec. 
 
 was laid l»y Fallicr I >( )ll>. an. .hiii.- -. liijd. mimI it was 
 coiiscci-atcd May ITt, Hi:!!, and naiiifd •Ndirc l>aiiif dt'S 
 Aiijics." l*r«'\inus Id that, liuwcvci-. a t tiii|M»rar\ rlia|.<-| 
 lia<i licfii in use in tlir lli»s]»i<c nf N(»tif Daiuc dcs V'lr- 
 to! res. 
 
 Tlic liist(»ric little clini-cji <»!' \oh-r Ihniit tics Mclainft, 
 now standing in the l.owci' Town of (2uclicc. is daiini'd 
 1o lif tlic very (ddcst clinnli in Canada, m-xt lo the 
 Basilica — dating;' from the year K'iSS. h was partially 
 destroyed durinj^' Wolfe's siep' of (^uclicc in ITTiii. I>ut 
 was snl>s<M|n('nt ly rchnill on its old walls. Tlic /V/r of 
 Nolle Dame dc la X'ictoirc was cstaldislKd on <>iIo1m-i- 
 7, 10!)0, lo cominemorale llic defeat of the British inva- 
 ders under General lMiii)])s, and was annnally obsei-ved 
 by the Freneli inhabit ants in nienioiy of what they le- 
 pu-ded as a niiracnhtus inteiposii ion of IM-ovidence* in 
 theii- favour, iiem-e the nann- wlii<h it still l>ears. 
 
 The . Jesuits" .Mission in the Sa^nenay <listri(i was 
 eoninienced in .May. Hill, l.y l<^iiliei' I'aul I.- Jeniie. 
 Fadiei- de (Juen. and the celehiated 1 nt<'i|trelei- Mar- 
 ^*'l''''- iiiid the work lie<;nn \>\ them was eoniinin-d fi>i- 
 l.tO .\cars by a snrcession of missionaries "who increa^ 
 injily exei-cised the most arduous apostolate.' In Ki.'.*;. 
 the <;overnoi-, Jean de Lau/on. in Ih.' nann- of the rt.m 
 |»any of One Hundred Associates. ^r;,v,. the desnits a 
 l>iec(' of jaml at Tadousac on which lo build a chui-<h. a 
 
 |.l-iesls house and for a <cmete|-y. They WeUI lo woll, 
 
 •'• •""■'■ :<"•' '!'"■ projected buildin-s were c jileid in 
 
 "'•••'• 'I''"- Chni-cji was the liisi in the pio\ince. Imili ,,' 
 slom-. It was destroyed |,\ lic- in \(U\:k and rebnili in 
 
Cbe Roman MMk ^burcb in Quebec, ist 
 
 1()71. Tlio ])i('S('iit (•]ia])el at Tadousac, built in 1747, has 
 been in coiitiiiuous use all tlicsc years, for alllioiigh a 
 ]ar<;(' new parish cliurch has recently IxH-n erected, once 
 a year, on St. Anne's Day, the priest ascends the altar of 
 tlie old church in which so many generations have knelt, 
 and the whole ])arish tlocUs to the rustic sanctuary to 
 join in the ceremony of the mass.* The belfry still con- 
 tains the old bell that w^as sent from France in 1647, and 
 that has summoned the faithful to prayer for mor(^ than 
 250 years. 
 
 The first Ronmn Catliolic bishop in Canada was 
 His (Iraee Francois de Laval, Ahhc dc Montigny, a scion 
 of the illustrious House of Montmorency, a man of emin- 
 ent ability and scholarship, who wielded vast influence 
 in the civil as well as the ecclesiastical affairs of the 
 colony — ''making and unmaking its Governors at his 
 will." He was ai)pointed Bishop of Quebec, by Pope 
 Clement X., in 1G74 — his jurisdiction extending from La- 
 brador to Louisiana. He had been made Vicar-Apostolic 
 of Xew France in 1058, and arrived in Canada in the 
 following year. In 1003 he founded the Theological 
 seminary which was the precursor of the famous univer- 
 sity in Quebec which bears his name. The death of 
 Bishop Laval, which occurred in 1708, in the SOth year 
 of his age, deprived New France of one of its most 
 eminent men. "For many j-ears the saintly prelate had 
 been unable to discharge the entire duties of his oflBce 
 which had been assigned to ^\. de St. Vallier, but he had 
 
 "Pay de Tadousac," by J. Edmund Roy 1S89. 
 
VV2 Churches in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 iirxcr ceased lo lake a deej* interest in I la- spiiilnal wel- 
 fare of tlie Colon V. When he bejjan his episcopate the 
 C'liurch in Canada was in its infancy, and without any 
 form of orjianizat i(tn. and it reipiii-ed a tirni hand to 
 <'stablish authority in a new country when discipline was 
 unknown, so that I. aval inevitably canu* into fonilict 
 with various (dements of op])osi1ion. Im]>artial history, 
 however, admits thai he was the one man of his time who 
 could successfully establish the Koman Catholic ("hurch 
 in Canada, and the perfection of the organization which 
 he left at his death is sutticieut justification for his modes 
 of procedure." (See (^nchcc Under Two Flags, 1003, by 
 A. G. I)ouj>hty, and X. 1-]. Dionne. librarian of the Lejjis- 
 lature of Quebec.) 
 
 It goes without saying that, nowadays. Bishop Laval 
 would be accounted an extremist — intolerant of all 
 forms of religion other than Ids own. His successor, St. 
 Vallier, was also a very emineni man. Ihongh <ast in a 
 dilferent mould, lie was conspicuously the i)atron of 
 charities and missions. Laval having resigned in KISS. 
 St. ^"allier was in that year consecrated in Paris the 
 second ]>isliop (»f (Jnebec. He di<'d in ITL'7. nunh re- 
 gretted. 
 
 Ij) to the time of the conquest. Hkmc li;id been in 
 all six bishops of (Quebec. The ]>res(^nl inciindtent, the 
 Most Keverend Archbishop Louis Xa/.aire I'.egin, D.j).. 
 is a ('anadian by birth, who became i'>islio|) of Cliicontimi 
 in ISSS. In ISHI he was a|i|>ointcd ('oadjuioi' to His 
 I'lminence ('ardinal Taschereau, by whom he was in\est- 
 ed with the administration (»f the diocese in ISIM. Arch 
 
XOTliK DAMK I'AKI^U riUKril. .MOXTKKAL. 
 
a^ Churches in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 bishop TMsclicrcau was. in sonic i-cs]n'(ts. tnw of ilic iiiosi 
 <listiiij:nisluMl of tlic Koiiian Catholic prelates in ('aua<la. 
 lie was ordained to the jiricsihood in ls4L'. and was soon 
 afiiT a|tpninic(l suiieiioi- of (2"'''"''' ^^eniinarx'. and redor 
 ttf La\ai rnivcisity in \SVA). lie was created the tiisi 
 Canadian Cardinal in ISSCi. and received the iint;i( rhtt- 
 prdii from Ilic l*o]><''s Iniml in tin* f<dlo\\inj; year, ('ar- 
 dinal Taschcican died April IL'. lS!tS. in tiie TlMh year <>f 
 his aj;(\ 
 
 The lirsl parish clnirch ()f (Quebec, both as i-e<;ards 
 anticpiity and rank, is the ('athedi-al of Nuiki: Da.mi: i>i; 
 I. A I'aix. so-callod to coniinemorale the peace coiiclnded 
 with the lro(|Uois Indians. The fonndations of this line 
 old edilice wel'e laid (Ml Se)»tend»er L':t. 1<I47. b\ KeV. 
 Father llierosnu', snjtcrioi- of liie .Missi(»n. and ('hevali«'r 
 <h' Monlinajiiiy. the then C.oxcrnoi- <iein'ral. The first 
 mass was celclnated in it in l<».~>0; it was consecrated by 
 r.islio|i Laval in KKKi. iMirin;^ the sie;^** ctf (^)uebec the 
 Cathedral was damaged by <annon balls and shells, and 
 since that time lias \inderj;(>m' many "restorations" and 
 enlar^cnieiils; bnt it still retains its identity, and has 
 lieen f(»i- nioi-e than l\\(» and a half cent iiik s a silent wit 
 ness of wonderful changes in ("liurcli and Sl;iif in Can 
 ada and on the ('ontineni of America, li is now I'ld feet 
 in length, and !M feet in width. The interior is the 
 admiration <d' all visitors, on account (d its architectural 
 propoilions. its riili paint iiii;s and other ^Dititiiirs. In 
 till' Sanctuary cd' the ("alliedral lie the remains of nearly 
 all the bislio|ts of (Jtn'bec. {){' the cures and canons of 
 llie old nfi'mic. ami <d" s(une ei^lit hundred laviueii and 
 
Roman Catbolic eburcb in Quebec. 135 
 
 Avonieii bcloiifiing to the hvHl families of (Quebec. The 
 carhcdi'nl was erected as a minor Basilica in 1S74. 
 
 In the City of Quebec, having a popuhition of about 
 70.000 souls, there are now nine Koman Catholic parish 
 clinrches, four others in charge of chaplains, and thir- 
 tet^n chapels attached to convents and other religious in- 
 stitutions but all open to the public. 
 
 Coming now to Moxtueal, we find that a wooden 
 chapel was hastily constructed by Maisonneuve within 
 the fort which he erected on first landing on the Island 
 of Montreal in 1642. The chapel was consecrated that 
 same year by the Superior of the Jesuits, the site of the 
 future City of Montreal being also consecrated by him 
 on that occasion. The Indian name of the place was 
 riotiki (now Hochelaga). As time went on this chapel 
 was enlarged to meet requirements. Two years later, 
 the Hotel-Dicu was founded by Madame de Bouillon and 
 Mademoiselle Mance as a hospital for the sick, and had 
 a chajjel connected with it from the first — a stone edifice 
 in the Tuscan style of architecture which stood on St. 
 Paul street until 1S61, when the convent and its accessor- 
 ies were removed to another part of the city. ,. 
 
 The XoTKK Dame Parish Church, founded in 1071, 
 stood in the centre of Notre Dame street in what is now 
 called the Place iV Amies; it was completed in 1092, and 
 there it remained until the present parish church was 
 ojM'ned for worship in 1821). The original church was 
 built of stone with a tower and belfry and a high-pitched 
 roof covered with tin. as were nearly all the buildings 
 in Montreal at that time. It was dedicated to the Virgin 
 
136 Churches in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Mary and was decuu'd a haudsuinc edilict- in its day. Imt 
 is far surpassod in size and jjrandonr by the jtresent 
 clnii'th (»f llic same name, wliiili a<<«>nini<tdat<'S ;in an- 
 dience of 10,000 i>ei'Sons. Its twin lowers arc L*:*() feet 
 high and in one of tlieni tlierr is the largest hell in Am- 
 erica, weighing 20.100 pounds. The r>nxsi:r»»rns rmia-H 
 was founded with impressive eerenioiiy in HiT;'.: it was 
 destroyed by fire in 17r)4 and its re-erection completed 
 in 1775. The Kkcollet Chuuch founded in lOim, though 
 now a tiling of the past, is still remembered with gra- 
 titude as having opened its do(»rs i(» Anglicans and 
 Presbyteiians before either of these had churches of 
 their own. and it is re];ited that tlie g(M»d IJecoHet 
 Fathers declined to receive any pecuniary remuneration 
 for the concession, but were induced by the Presbyterians 
 to accept a present of twe hogshead (d" Sjianish wine, 
 containing sixty gallons each, along \\ith a box of wax 
 candles. This ("Innch and ilic .Moiuisiery attached to it 
 stood on St. Helen street until the year 180G, when an 
 old, time-honoured landmark disai>i>eared. The Church 
 gave place to the exigeticies of commeice and was taken 
 down. Most of the congregation at that lime were Irish 
 Catholics who became coniiectiMJ with the splendid new 
 St, Patimck ('iiritcii. seated for ."i.tKio ]»ei-st>ns. 
 
 Of tlie many splendid churches in .M<inireal. next to 
 the Parish ("Inii-cli of Nolle hanie. tin- ("liiiich ,,f ihc 
 Jesu ami Si., lames' Caihrdial are |mt|i:i|,s i he most 
 imp(»sing; the former. opeiK-d in isi;.",. luoU the place of 
 llie (dd .Fesiiits' ChajM-l. erecic<| in HIKLVM. and that was 
 burned in isii;;. The laiier. desi-ned i.i I.e a lepliea of 
 
< 
 
 --H 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
138 Churches in m Province of Quebec. 
 
 St. rclfi's. Kdiiic. (Ill :i siiKillcr s;ilr. is. iiitcrnallv, a 
 iiia^iiilirciii t'diiicc: it wms (iin'iird fur \\t»rslii|( in Ism 
 and will cosl wlini r(tiii|il(l(';l alioiil sl'..~)(I1I.(MIii. Tin* 
 liislnips (if .Mdiit leal line hccii .M<;i-s. .lean .1. Lailimic. 
 J).l).. in iS.Ui; l;^iiacc I'.diii^cl. l».l>.. in 1S4<I; and l-ldward 
 Cliai-lcs I'aliic. I ).!).. in lS7(i wlm liicanic tiic lirsi 
 Ai"clil»isli(>|i (if .Moiii leal, and was siiccct'dcd in ls!t7 tiy 
 llic jircsi'iit A rtiil»isliii|i. ilic .M(»sl lies. I.diiis rani Na|i(i- 
 leoii lliiiclicsi, h.h.. wild was l»din in .Mdntical in \s"). 
 and is iicid in lii^li csiinialifin liv liis fclidw ciii/.cns df 
 all dciiiiiiiiiiat ions. Tlici-c arc imw in llic I'rovincc of 
 (^iiclicc *.( didccscs. Ll a iciiliisjidps. 7 liislidps. ;ind alxiut 
 l!.(M)() cjcrji > iiicii. iiiclndiii;^ pidlcssdi s and Icaclici-s in llic 
 collcjics. 
 
 Tlic Scniinarv of Si. Snljiicc. adjdininj; llic Parish 
 ("linicli. was Idiindcd in l(i.~i7. and is now (Uic of ilic last 
 «»t' lIic did landniarks in .Mdiilrcal. .\ iMiriidn dl' lln- 
 di-i^inal stni; inrc still exists, tlicn^lil alnidsi hidden Irdiii 
 A icw liy Ndire haiiic and dtlicr niddein buildings: Inil 
 in the cdiirs:' of years many (it her cdncilional iiistini- 
 lidiis hived oil 11(1111 the parent stem, scnic of 'ilieiii far 
 c\ccc(liii<i in si/.c and spleiiddiir ihit fidiii w liiili they 
 siiraiiji: diie df i liese /,(/ \l(ii.s(iii (li I'rrlrrs cdiiinidiih' 
 kiidwn as the •'.Jesuit ('dlle-ic" is a nia^^niticeiii edilice. 
 occii|iyiii;i a line site ii; the west end df li.e citx. and 
 liaviii^ ample aecdiiiniddat ion f(ir ii|i\\ards t>\' n ilidiisMiid 
 
 St lldelil s. 
 
In Ontario and tbe nortb-mcst. 
 
 II K first Roman Cutliolic clnn-cli in tliis ]»i'ovince 
 was founded at i^andwich, in tlie county of Es- 
 sex, in 17(57. wIkmi Fatlici- Potici' was cure orp'.ir- 
 isli i)i-it'st. Ar a later jxMiod il was taken in charge bv 
 Kev. p]dniund Uiiikc who in iSlS was ai)i»ointed Vicar- 
 AjMistolic of ]S'ova Scotia, 
 
 The next Catliolic setth-nicnt took phice in the 
 county of Glengarry in 1780, when a band of immigrants 
 from tlie West Highhinds of Scothind, numbering .")!'<) 
 souls — depopuhiting nearly a whole parish — having 
 sailed from Loch Nevis on the 29th of June, in the ship 
 ''Mi-Donald,'" reached (Quebec on September 7, bringing 
 with them their ]>riesi. The Kev. Alexander .Macdonuell, 
 ScoTus. On iheir arrival in (Jlengariy, they immediately 
 founded the i>arish of St. Kaphael's and built their first 
 church, known in its day as the "Blue Chapel," in the 
 latver part of 17S() or early in the following year. Their 
 jiriest died at Ladiine. cii ruulc lo Montreal in May, 180o. 
 At That time ihere were only iu I'pjx'r ('anada one stone 
 and two wooden churclu's of The denomination, and two 
 (■lei-;;yiiie:i. A ft el' ,i slioi-t interval another ])arty of 
 S<-oTTish Iligiilandcis ariived. led by another Rev. Alex- 
 auth-r Mardomicll — a man ^really l»clo\-ed — who in 18-0 
 Avas appointed \'i(ai-A]»osi olic of l])]>('r Canada, and 
 r.isliop ill lsi!(;. with his seal ai Kingston: and this is said 
 to have been the first ("atliolic diocese established in a 
 British colony with tlie coii(iirren<-e of iln- IJritish (iov- 
 
uo Churches in the Province of Ontario. 
 
 ernnnMit. Fallici- M;u(l(»nii<-ll wiis t;iiiiiliiirlv callrMl 'A 
 pillar of tlu' cliui-cli and a hnhvark <»f tlic throne." He 
 died in Scotland in 1840. in his siMli year, and in isci his 
 remains were Itrou^ht lt> Kingston, and liiii-i<-d in the 
 lionian Cat Indie Cathednil. 
 
 A ]\onian Catholic mission for tlu^ benefit of the In- 
 dians had been established al Si. Kej:is on the sonth side 
 of the St. Lawremc before 17S(). and the few Catholirg 
 among the T". K. L(»ya]isjs who had settled in Clentiarrv 
 in 178;*.. and had died before 1T8G, had been buried at Si. 
 Kegis. The priest at that time in St. K<'gis was also a 
 Macdonnell; he had been educated at the Scots College 
 iA A'aladojid. in Spain, and was a brolhei- of two (,'ap- 
 tains in I he Kings Koyal Keginieiii of New \'ork. Sr. 
 Fi.n.n'an's rAUisii CiniiCH at Alexandria, a stately edifice 
 of cut stone, was dedicated in 1885, by Bishop Cleary. of 
 Kingston, assisted by the ]>astor — yet another Alexandn- 
 Macdonnell, l>.l). — who was conseci-aied liie liisi bishup 
 of Alexandria in ISIMI. when St. l-^iimairs became his 
 ('athedrai. (Ileiigarry. from ils lii-st setilenieiii and np 
 to the l»i('s<iil liiiH'. has Ikm-ii chiejly ]»eoj)ied Ity Koman 
 C'atholies and i'resltyleiians. and lliere is no indiraiion 
 I hat tlieir will be any greai change in this respe:-t for 
 a long time to come. 
 
 The liisl cohiiiy of Irish Catholics was formed in 
 and .iioiiik! I'crlh. (Mil., in 181.';"); others about the same 
 lime ( ailie lo I he count \ nf relerboioilgh. l\\ a bull id' 
 Tope (iregoly X\l.. dalcd heom I icp 17. IMI, (he diocese 
 
 of TorcMilo was separated from iliai of Kingston, iis liisi 
 bishop being KM. Ivew Michael Power, !>.!>., who was 
 
Roman MM\t eburcb in Ontario. m 
 
 consecrated in May, 1842. lie died in 1S47. Since that 
 time, the Roman Catholic Church made rapid progress 
 in (')ntario under such able administrators as the Arcli- 
 bislioi)s Cleary, Lynch and Walsh. The last named had 
 been Bishop of London, Ont., since 1868, and was ap- 
 pointed Archbishop of Toronto in 1889. He died in Tor- 
 onto, July 31, 1898. A handsome monument recently 
 erected to his memory in London testifies to the high 
 appreciation of his services entertained by his co-reli- 
 gionists. 
 
 There are now in Ontario eight dioceses, three arch- 
 bishops, five bishops, and upwards of five hundred clergy- 
 men. The census of 1901 gives Ontario 390,355 Roman 
 Catholics, out of a total population of 2,182.917. 
 
 IX THE xorthwp:st territories. 
 
 In the X'orthwest Tkkkitouies the Roman Catholic 
 Missionaries were first afield as early as 1090, when two 
 French priests began a mission to the Indians in Rupert's 
 Land. In 1731 Father Messager, a Jesuit, was chaplain to 
 a band of French explorers. Again, in 173G came Father 
 Aulneau with another exploring party who were attacked 
 by a band of Sioux and massacred to a man. Nothing far- 
 ther seems to have been attempted till 1818, when two 
 priests from Quebec, Revs. X. I>. Provencher, and Severe 
 Desmoulins, arrived at Red River. In 1822 'SI. Trovencher 
 was consecrated bishop, under the title of l)ishop of 
 Juliopolis, with authority over Hudson's P»ay and Xorth- 
 west Territories, wlicic lir continued his arduous labours 
 for twenty-two years, having ten assistants at different 
 times, of whom M. Deniers became bisho]) of Vancouver 
 
u2 Churches in the nortb-Ulest Ccrrltorics. 
 
 Island. Ill lsr)(» the ciiiiiK-in Fatlu'i- Tatlu- was appoiiitt-d 
 (•(ladjiilor wiili ri-ovciiilicr. who died in IS.'):'. at St. IW'ni- 
 facc iWiiiiiiiM'ui. wlirir he had cn-cted a lint- rathcdral, 
 llir Iwiii spiles (»r which rising t(» a height of l.jO feet 
 f(tuhl be srcii from a ^it-al disiaiico. l^iihcr Tarh(i siic- 
 ccedt'd IJishop l*ro\ t'lichoi- in 1S.")4. and ostahlishid his 
 throno .at St. Bonifaci'. winio In- cif'ciod a si one <atht- 
 dral lo i-c])hicc tiic oi-iy,inal wooden one whidi was 
 destroyed by tire, also a liishop's i'alace. niid oilur large 
 and handsome buildings. To him Father \iial (iraiidin 
 was appointed co-adjiilor and su(cess(»r. J>isliop Tathe 
 \\as jxir cnrlk'nee the Konian Catholic Ajxistle of the 
 >s'<»rili-\\rst — a iiiaii oi ^irat abiliiy. /.cal and administra- 
 tive cai)aeity. held in hijih esteem by ail classes of the 
 people, whose inHiieiice for j;()od ^\as cocxieiisivi' with 
 his vast diocese, and far bejoud it. lie ditMl .June '2\, 
 1894. 
 
 ]'"'ather Demers was appointed bish(»p of Jlritish Col- 
 umbia in 1S47, thoiioh he did iiol rejich \'i<toria till 1S.~)"J. 
 The only ("aiholic settlers al that lime on \';inconvei- 
 Island weic :i number of l-'remh Canadians em|iloyed by 
 the Ilndsdiis r.ay C(»mi>any. The line ('ailiedral in \'ic- 
 toria was eiccied in ISIH. IJishop Tadie was |iiomoied 
 to be ai-chbishop and met r(i|i(»lila n in isTl. 
 

 tllll 
 
 St. Axi>i;i:\\'s K. C. ( 'atiiiidkai.. N'ictouia. 15. < 
 
 The Cathedral of Our I.ady of the Holy Rosary in Vancouver is also 
 a very fine building ; and at many other points in the >'orth-\Vest there 
 are large and substantial tdifices testifj'ing to the material and moral ad- 
 vancement of the country and the people. In 1858, Jlr. Hopkins tells us, 
 Father LaCom be founded the Mission of St Albert's, nine miles west of Ed- 
 monton which has become the largt-st and most prosperous Mission in the 
 North- West When it began the place was simply an Indian camping- 
 ground, but now it is the seat of a Vishopric, with its palace, cathedral, 
 uunBer3', and other large buildings — the Cathedral being a very handsome 
 frame structure. 
 
Tliis cut of what purports to be the Uomiuiou Anus, coiitaininR the 
 Arms of five Provinces, viz.; Nova Scotia, New Urunswick, (Quebec, Onta- 
 rio, and yaiiittl)a, ^eenis to l-.ave been published without llie indorsation 
 of the I oniiiiion Government, the Anus and great seal of wliicli are fully 
 
 <lesciil t<l in tin- Appendix. 
 
Cbe CburcD of Cngland in Canada. 
 
STATISTICS. 
 
 Tin; (ii:M:uAi, Synod comprises :ill I lie Diocesau 
 SviKxls ill ilic I )(»iiiiiii(iii, and is coiiipuscd uT all the 
 Itisliojts with clciical and lay dclcjiatcs apitointcd liy the 
 i-cspcclive Synods in equal ininiheis. and ni<'<'is »|iiadi-en- 
 nially — the whole niiinlMM- is ahoni '2-7t. There are two 
 Ecclesiasti<- provinces, viz.. thai (tf ("anada. and of Ku- 
 pert's Land, each haviiij; an aniiliishop. Thci-e is one 
 •■primate"' for all ('arnnla. 
 
 The nnniber of dioceses in <"anada is 24 
 
 The number of l»islioj)s -2 
 
 The number of cler<i\nien is about I,:i00 
 
 J»apti/ed members of the Church {\>i'V census 
 
 1!)01) 7.V).;Ui. 
 
 Number of Canadian ministers in foreijiu tields. 1 I 
 
 Female missionaries in foreign lields (imludinj; 
 
 wives) I'o 
 
 Contributions for Canadian missions (I'.M),')) f Kk^.O-jM 
 
 "Conlributions for Foreijiu missiims (IIM).")! .. 44.8^0 
 Contributions for all clinrch ]nir]K)ses illior)).. l.T')!),.!?!* 
 
 Number of Theolo<iical colleges, ei^ht. as follows: — 
 
 T'niversity of Kinj^'s Collejie. \\'indsoi-. N.S.. incor 
 porat( d in 1789. 
 
 T'niversity of I'ishop's Collej;e. T.ennoxville. (Juebec. 
 f(»unded. 1S4;'>. 
 
 Trinity Collej^c. Toroiil(». incorporated by Koyal 
 Charter. 1X52. 
 
 iluroii C(dle;4c. L<tndon. Out., founded. 1S(!;{. 
 
 SI . .bdin's ( "(dleiic W iiinipeii, Man., foiimled iSiKI. 
 
 Wycdill'e Collejie, Toroiilt*. (Mit.. incori»oraled IST'.K 
 
 Montreal Diocesan ('(dlej^c. incor|M>i a(ed. \S~U. 
 
 Kmmanuel College, riilice .\lbeit. N. W . T.. ISSO. 
 
 * The foreign missions of the church aii' in .laimii. Cliiiia, Africa, 
 Persia. India. PalestiiiP and Sontli .Viiicrica. In these flclds, 
 nine female missionaries aie supported or aided b.v the Wo- 
 men's Auxiliar.v .Missionar.v Societ.v. Thi- missionaries in Can- 
 adian fields are undei' tlieir respective Bishops. l>nt uiants are 
 made to all the .Missionary Dioceses b.v the .Missionary flixiety 
 of tile Clniicii at laruc. 
 
m 
 
 'A 
 
 'A 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 72 
 
 J/2 
 
In the maritime Provinces. 
 
 KUOM A.D., 1749. 
 
 T is iMMoi-dcd Ili;il a tlimcli was built Ity tin- Ficndi 
 at Annaiiolis lioyal. and (irdicatcd to Sto. Anne 
 in 17(>;{, wliicli was ultimately appropriated by tin- 
 English, and that services of the Church of Enjiland 
 v.ere held in this Church by Ihe Kev. John Harrison, in 
 171(1. r»ul the history of the Aiij:li<an ('huicli pi-opt'ily 
 begins with the year 1741).* 
 
 On the L'lst of Jun<\ 174!), the Hon. Edward Coru- 
 wallis, whom the King had appointed (Jovern(tr of \ >\a 
 Scotia, landed in Chebucto Bay, the Indian name of what 
 is now Halifax haibonr. with a party of ;*,.7<>() English 
 settlers, among whom wei-e three missictnaries of th" 
 S.P.G., namely,— Rev. William Tutty, .M.A., of Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge, formerly curate of the ]>aiisli of All 
 Saints, in Hertford; Ke\. William .\iiwyl, 15. A., of t he 
 diocese of Cliester, a naval cha]»lain who could sjteak 
 b(»tli English and Welsh; and Kev. dean Haptiste Moreau. 
 formei-ly ])iioi' of the Abbey at Urest. who was able to 
 minister in three languages. Mr. Tutty, who was at the 
 liead {>[ the iiiissi(»ii. could olViciate in i'luglish, |""'rencli 
 
 * "The YEAR HOOK of St. Paul's parish Chiu-ch, Halifax, for 
 1906," is prefaced by an historical statenieii t. evidently (•onM)ile(l 1)\ 
 "one who knows," in which there is not only an interostinj; ac- 
 count of the formation of the conKrcKiilion. hut also some useful 
 data conceruiuf? the Genesis of the ("hurch of Ku,i;land on the 
 American Continent. 
 
tbe eburcb of England in Canada. 149 
 
 and (rprman. In 1752 the Rev. John Breynton, D.D., 
 one of H. M. chaplains at the siege of Louisburg, came 
 to assist Mv. Tutty, and became the first rector of St. 
 Paul's Church in the following year. Since then there 
 have been seven rectors in this historic church, namely 
 — Dr. Robert Stanser, afterwards the second bishop; Dr. 
 John Inglis, the third bishop. Archdeacon Willis, Dr. 
 George W. Hill, Dr. Charles Hole, Rev. Dyson Hague, 
 and Dr. W. J. Armitage, the present rector, appointed in 
 1897. 
 
 The first service was held on the 21st of Jun(^ — the 
 day on which the city was founded, and in the open air. 
 Soon after this the Governor gave the use of his drawing- 
 room for divine worship, and the Holy Communion was 
 first administered in Government House. 
 
 St. Paul's Church was erected by the pious muni- 
 ticcnce of His Majesty King George II., who is styled in 
 the Deed of Endowment "The Royal Founder," and the 
 Church was designated ''A Royal Foundation, and of 
 Exempt Jurisdiction." In explanation of this term the 
 late Mr. Justice J. Norman Ritchie and other authorities 
 gave their opinion that if St. Paul's had been an ordinary 
 parish the grant of pew-rents in the Deed of 1700 would 
 have been illegal, as it infringed upon the rights of the 
 ordinary (or bishop). But St. Paul's was then a "Free 
 Chapel" and exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordin- 
 ary under whose control it would otherwise be according 
 to PJnglish law. Though never accorded llie dignity of 
 a cathedral, ex('e])t by courlesy. St. I'aul's had ihus the 
 unique distinction of being classed as a "Royal ("liajtel," 
 
150 gburcbcs in the Dominion of panada. 
 
 as was A\'<'shiiiiist('r Ahbev, wliich Dean Ilradlcv, in his 
 liistorv of tlic AblM'v. says is "<'iitii-('ly iiul<'|><'iHl«'nt <>f 
 Ei»isc()|)al contiol." There is now a second "Hoyal 
 Cliapel" in Canada — the MohawU ('liurch at Ili-ani f<>id. 
 whicli was recojinized hy Kin^ 1-Mward in I'.Hil as •"His 
 Majesty's Chajiel of the Mcdiawks." 
 
 Tlie buihiiiij; materials of St. raiil's ChiU'.li. con 
 sistin^ of oal; and jiine, weic hi-onjiht from I?ost<»n. al- 
 i-eady fi'amed. and tlie foundations were hiid <>n .liiiie i:'.. 
 1750, and thoujili not then completed the bnildinj; was 
 opened for worshij* on September 2. For a nnndier of 
 years the services were con<lncted in Enj^lisli. French 
 and (lerman, and in IKiT in the ]anjina<:c of the Micmac 
 Indians. It is worthy of iiicnti(»n that the ••j'roiestanl 
 Dissenters" met rej^nlarly for worshi]) in St. Paul's, 
 under their f>wn minister, uutil a lueet in<;-honse was 
 built. The rimrch has been ^neatly enlar<ied and re- 
 modelled, but the ori;;iiial franicwori; still exists in ex- 
 cellent ]»reser\al itui. It is certaiuly the oldest Troii-s- 
 tant Church in the honiinion. and is now seated foi' l!.<hi(I. 
 The coujLjjregation is by far the laij:<'st iu the .Maiiiiuie 
 l*ro\iuces. Its Sniulay school, fouuded liy Dr. Ilreynlou 
 in 17s:'., is the (d<lesi ou the .Xmerican couiiiienl. and lias 
 l,(KiO teachers and scholars on the loll. 
 
 There is ]irobably no .hunh on this side of I he 
 Atlantic, tlh- walls ai' which are so thickly c(»\('red with 
 mural tabids of such historic interest as are to l>e found 
 in (dd St. Taul's. 'i'he bells in (he litwer were imported 
 from London in isiil. and llie iirsi or<;an was obtained 
 from a Spanish prize ship in 17(i.~i. 
 
THE LITTLE DUTCH CHURCH, HALIFAX. 
 
 ST. (iKoiMii: s, THi: uorxi) cnriiciL malikax. 
 
152 Cburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Tlic ('linicli oT MnjilaiKl in Nova Sroiia was jtro- 
 olaiiiird l(» he (lie ('liiircli li_v law cslalilislit-il in 17."t!l. 
 Prolcsiaiits (lissciil iii^- froiii it. however, wlicilicr <"al- 
 vinists. Lilt litians, (^nakcrs, or oilicrs, were arcordcil 
 free libeily of conscience in conductin.ii their i'cli;:,ioiis 
 services; Imi dnriiii; a nuinher cd' vears tiieii- niinisiers 
 wei-e n(»t permit led to ceielM-ale Ilia ii-ia>i(', and ('ei-lain 
 hiyinen were a|i|M>iiited l»y ^^oxciiiiiieiii for their relief, 
 to ]>erforni tlie cereniony. A similar jiractice prevaili-d 
 ill New foundland nnlil a coni|)araliv<d\- recent period. 
 
 The Kt. I{e\. Charles lii.iilis. \}.\>.. was conse<raled 
 at Laniheth, Au<>nst ll!. ITST. the lirst liishop of No\a 
 Scotia, wlien llie See ]»ractically iiicliid<"d the wlude (d' 
 Urilish "North America, lie was the lirst rroiesiaiii 
 liislioj) ajtjtoiiiled to a llritish c(doii\. i>r. in^^lis was a 
 iiali\'e of lr(daiid. who <ame to America in his youth, was 
 sometime a missionary l(» the liHliaiis in the .Mohawk 
 N'alley in the Slate of New \'oik. and liecanie lerlor of 
 'I'rinily <'liiii(li in New ^'ol•k city. wImm-i' iiis h>yaliy in 
 the Koyalisi cause involved hiui in iroiilile. so that he 
 had lo lea\(' the colliilry. 'I'his elllilielll prelate died ill 
 iSKi, in the Siliid year id' his a^c. His successors in the 
 Diocese (d' No\a Scotia were. K'olierl Sianser. !>.!>.. iSKi- 
 1S24: .lohu in-ilis. DM., son of liie liisl l.ishop. ISlT. lsr»0; 
 llild.erl r.inney. h.h.. is.")! ISST; h^redeiicU Coiirlney. 
 h.l)., ISSS l!l(l|. :ind rhiieiidun kanil. Woir.ll. h.C.I... 
 formerly of Kiiijiston. (>iil.. in lIMtl. 
 
 The next two .\ii;^liiaii ehnrclies erciied in i'anada 
 ill (dirnlioinj^icji I nrdi'l- seem lo have lieell St. .lolins 
 • 'hiircli. al Liini'iiimr^. N.S.. and lie '-Lillle iMiich 
 
Cbc ghurcD of eitglana lit Caitaaa. 153 
 
 <'liurcir' in Ilalifiix. Tlic foniicr was creeled by the 
 (lovemmont in 17r)4, for the nse of the Episcopalian set- 
 llers in the couiily of Lnnenburj^'. As in the case of St. 
 rani's, the building materials were brought from Bos- 
 Ton. Mr. Nash, of Lunenburg, informs us that this an- 
 cient edifice has been added to on both sides and on end. 
 and is now "a tine large church in excelh-nt preservation, 
 and regularly in use." 
 
 '"The Little Dutch Church" has an interesting his- 
 tory.* In July. 1750, a party of 312 German Lutherans 
 arrived in Halifax l»y the ship '"Anne." The greater part 
 of them was sent to Lunenburg, some were located at 
 Dartmouth, where an attack was made upon them by the 
 Indians and a number of them were killed and scalped; 
 a few were settled outside the city limits and formed a 
 little colony, known as Dutch Town. Aided by private 
 subscriptions and a small grant from the Government, 
 a meeting-house 2U feet by 20 was erected in 1755. It 
 was used at first as a school-house in which religious 
 services were couducted on Hie Sal)bath by the '•Dominit'"'; 
 hiter, a steeple, 45 feet in height, was added and it 
 became known as the Chapel of St. (Jeorge, and was 
 und(M' the jurisdiction of St. Taul's — the parish church. 
 Dr. Breynton, the rector of St. I'aul's, gave su h help 
 as he could, ba])ti7.ing, marrying, and burying the dead. 
 The rulers of the congregation were "p]lders," two or 
 three in number; the most im])ortant of these was on(^ 
 
 * Written by Dr. Francis Partridge, Rector of St. George's 
 Churcli, in the Transactions of the Halifax Historical Society, May^ 
 1885 
 
io4 Churches in the Dcminion of Canada. 
 
 \\illi;Mii Scliw.iri/., •".i ]>ill;ii- nf llir rlnircli." Tlic sdiool- 
 iiiiisirr o(ii lifiy sliilliii<^s ;i i|ii:irl<-r tor rinjiiiij; ili<- licll 
 ;iii(! IcjMlinji tin- siii>iiii;^. ;iii<i two iiiid six pciiii' t'oi" nn 
 lix-kiiiii- tile ;:;ili' ;il i'\ci-\ tuiii-r;il. .M;iii> of tin- cjiriy 
 Lnllici-iiis nrc hiii-icd ImuciiIi iln- clnircli mid in lln" 
 ;id joiiiiii": }^r;i\ ryjird. 
 
 The tii-st stilled iiiiiiisici- of llic lililc (Iniicli. in 17>4. 
 Wits licv. Mr. llonsal. a Loyjilisi rct'iiL;*'!' tr(»iii Niw N'mk. 
 wlio (»tTici;ilcd i-c<:iul;ii-iy in I lie ( ifi-iii;iii l;ni.i:ii;iiic lili Ids 
 dcjitli ill ITli'.t. Ai tlnil linn- the coiiiiic^iilion had lar;r<*- 
 ly increased, more ilian oiie-lialf lieinii I'.nuli^^li. ainl ilu- 
 (lenuans wlio siir\i\('d were mostly inclined to \\i" 
 (l\uvrh of Mn^land: litis led 1o I lie erection (d' SI. dniiiii'-f 
 as a sejtarale ]»;iiisli and the hiiildinj:' of the '•Koimd 
 Chiirch' in the year ISIHI. F.ni the Lilih- iMiidi ('hnich 
 still siir\i\-es in j;(iod j»reser\ at ion and is iiii:lily prized 
 as an amient landmark and the mot her ( liiirdi of the 
 ])in'ish. The Ivoiind rMmi-(di \iH\k its nnnsiial shape at 
 the snji^^cstioii (d' Mis Koyal Highness the hiike (d" Kent 
 — the father of (Jiiecn X'icioria — who was at tliii time 
 < 'onimander in ciiicd' of ihc (iarrison. 'riii»ii<ili only a 
 wooden hiiildin^ and de\oid n\' emhellishniciit . it is an 
 intei'est injj,- s|M'cinien of chiircli architecture, de-^i.uiied lo 
 t'liiliody some ctf the features cd' the old churches in I'liiii:- 
 laiid. I reeled \,\ liic ('iii-adeis in iiiiilalion ef ihc llojy 
 
 Seplilchre in delll'Mlem. ( M' lliese. perlnits. the Temple 
 
 rhnrcli. in L(»ndoii. is the iii<tsl attractixe. || was Imilt 
 so loii;^ a^o as IIS.") A.h.. and has reccnily heeii reslort-d 
 at ^reat co^l. ( >ii its niarlde tluop are to lie seen I he 
 prostrate liiiiin-s in lironzr. (d' a nnmlpcr .d' I he Knights of 
 
THE TEMPLE CIirKClI. ().\ THE INNER TE.Ml'LE 1-ANE. (>EF 
 FLEET STKEET. LONDON, EXCLAND; DATLNO 
 
 FHo.M A. 1).. nsr>. 
 
1=^6 Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 St. .loliii. in (litTticiil ;il lit ndrs. hut :ili with ci-u^s.d l.-^s. 
 
 r>lll tile I-oUIkI of tile 'r('III|tlc (Mllll-fll M(t\\ (»lll_V serves ;IS 
 
 the veslilinlc of (lie •cliuir"" — a larjic i-criiinjiiiiai- <'«liliie 
 ill wliicli the ]»ul»lic services arc coiulr.ctcd. and wliirii 
 opens only t<» \isit<iis on the |ireseniat ion of m lUmlnr's 
 Order. St. (!eoi<:fs is ]»ei-h:i|ts ilie only roiiii;! clmi-ch in 
 Canada, hnl the extei-i<»i- of llie railianieni Lil»iary in Ot- 
 tawa l»eais a \('i-y rh»se resenihiance to the round of the 
 TiMnple < "hiirch. 
 
 Tile (iarris(»ii rha]i;-l was hiiill U>\- tiie n<e of the 
 military in ISfii. St. laikes. soinelinies railed the • Tro- 
 Cathedral" was erected in 1S4S. and was coniidelely de- 
 stroyed hy tire in liMMi. when slejis were taken by I'.isliop 
 ^^'orrell for the election of a cathedral in kee|»in.i; with 
 the historic ti-adilions of the diocese, 'riiere are now 
 fifteen Anglican ("hni-ches in Halifax and its snluii-lts. and 
 110 clerjiynien in the l)io<-ese of No\a Scotia, which in 
 (diides Prince Kdward Island and Cape IJreton. 
 
 In I'kim i: Ki'Wai;i> Isi.ami, the first resident clergy- 
 man of the ("Inircli of I]n;^land was th- I\e\creml Tlco- 
 plndns I >esl»iisay. who was sent l»y the I'.ireni Church 
 in Mnjiland as rector of St. raiil's Church. Charloile- 
 town, lie arrived in 177.~i and look uji his residence at 
 a jdace called ('o\e Head, alioul 1.") miles from his 
 church, and rode in on Salur<la_\s f(U- hi^ Saldiath ser 
 vices, "'riie wickedness of I Ih' liiy (in which a niililaiy 
 (larrison had lieeu est iildishedi. and the ipiiei of I he 
 country was (he reason (d' his iiiral rlioice." .Mr. hes 
 r.risay was a lilieral minded mm of kiiidl. dispo -iit ion. 
 and an e\ an;:elir:i I |ireaclier. 'The ('liurcli had lieen Iniilt 
 
Cbe gburcb of Ettglana in ganada. 157 
 
 cliioHy by the British ( iovcnuueiit. on ncconiit of tlie 
 (Jari-ison stationed tluM-e. In it Mr. DoslJrisay continued 
 to officiate until his death in 1S2.'}. There ai-e now two 
 Anj^lican cliurches in Cliarlottetown, and allojicther 
 twenty-one eonj;rej;ati<)ns of the Church of Kn^hind on 
 the Island. 
 
 King's College at Windsor was founded in ITST, by 
 pecuniary grants from the Jiritisli Governnient and the 
 provincial chest, and received its Royal charter in 1802, 
 in virtue of which its governors were empowered to make 
 statutes subject to the approval of the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury', who was its constituted patron. One sta- 
 tute provided that "No member of the Universit}' shall 
 frequent the Komisli ^lass, or the meeting-houses of Pres- 
 byterians, Bajitists, or Methodists, or the conventicles 
 or places of worship of any other dissenters from the 
 Church of England." Another statute provided that 
 ^'No degree was to be conferred till the candidate had 
 subscribed the thirty-nine articles of the ('hnrch of Eng- 
 land." These restrictions, breathing the spirit of th>i 
 times, have long since been annulled, but King's College 
 has always remained a distinctively Episcopalian Institu- 
 tion. 
 
 IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Dean Raymond of St. John informs us that the first 
 Anglican clergyman to visit New lirunswick was the 
 Rev. Thomas Wood, at one time vicar of St. Paul's 
 Church, Halifax, and afterwards of Annapolis. On July 
 2, 1709, he preached to the English settlers where St. 
 
156 Churches in the Dominion of Canada 
 
 .lolm i\\\ now sI:iihIs :iimI It.i jil izcil four tliil<ln'ii in lli<- 
 iiioi-iiiii^: ill lilt' ;itl('iii<>i»ii lie held sci\ i<r tor I Ik- Indiiiiis, 
 whose hilijiilJl^r he iciicw. Miid li:i|)l i/.i-d :iii lli»li;ili '/wh 
 ;iii(l ill tlic cvcniiiu III- i)it';nliiMl |(» ilir I'lcmli in tlicir 
 own l;iii^u;i^f. Alioiii tiiis tiiiic llu- K<'\-. .loliii K:i<^lrson 
 jilso condiicnMl Aii^liran scrx irrs. liaviiij: his ht';i(l:|\i;ir- 
 Icrs ill ohl l-'oit ( "iinilM'rhind Ironi IKi'.t !•» alioiii iTS'.t. 
 Tlir lirsl rcsi(h'nl clfr^viiian is said to ha\o h 'rii tho 
 Kcv. .I(din llcardshx , a nali\(' of Connt'it inn wlio caiiit' 
 hoi-c willi the liisl coiitin^t'nl (d' ihc liiihd l-'jiiidn- 
 Loyalists. .Ma.v IS. 17s;',. The lirsl ( hiinh rmlrd li.v llic 
 T'. K. Loyalists was a wooden slnicliire L'S fl. liy I'll fi.. 
 whieh was used Un i he ("oiiits ^>\' dust ice and 'i'owii Coiiii 
 eil nieetin^^s as W(dl as for (li\ine worship. After the 
 erect i«»n of Trinity ("liiirch. ITS'.) III. ii was used fiu- s<uiie 
 years by the .Methodists, and siihseipu'iit ly l»y I he llap- 
 tists. In St. rauls ^'eal• i*.o(dv it is slated that 'Crinity 
 <'hiir(li. St. .I(din. was the tirsi .\njiili(an (liiirrh in that 
 <-ity. oi»ened for winship (»n <"hiistiuas hay. 1771. iiiidei- 
 Ives. .Mather I'.yles. |).|).. fcuiiieriy <d' St. rauls. Halifax, 
 and I he (lariison ("hapel tlu'ie. lie was a New Mn^^land 
 rcdiijice (d' a distinguished family. (This lirsl churili was 
 huriied soon after its erection. i 
 
 'i'liiMiN ('iirKcii. !\inj:slon. is now the tddesi (hiiich 
 edilice in the |)r(»\iiice; ••ji was raised." says hi-aii Kay- 
 niond. "on the L'7tli of .Iiiih'. 17S!l. and i-; yet in an ex- 
 cellent slate <d' |(reser\ a t ion." In St. .Marks rhuridi. 
 West niorcdand. he adds, there is a li<dl helieMd lo ha\e 
 Iteeii in use in an idd .\cadiaii ('liapel wiiji ijiis inscriji 
 tioii. '".Sd lloiiui-iiii |»ei: feci! |'\ .M. ilros. a Kocheforl. 
 17;;4." 
 
CHRISTCHURCH CATHP:i)RAL. FREDERICTON, 
 NEW BRUXSWICK. 
 
160 Cburcbes in the Dominion of Canada, 
 
 Tile lirst liislioji of the Anuli'Mii ('Inucli r<si(!<'ii( in 
 lliis |ii(t\ iiicc \v;is the Kl. K<-\ . .lolin .Mcdlry. I>.I>.. biH'ii 
 ill ].<»ii(l(Mi. ls(l4. and conscnaUMl ai l.aiiilMih in Ma \ . 
 lS4r». Wlicii r.islio]) Oxrndcii. (if .Mninrral. rcsijrnrd in 
 IST'.I. I M-. .Mrdicy Itcranir t lif .M il r< i|m.I it a n. which ••lliic 
 lic held lill his dcatli in ls!f_'. in the ssili y.-ar of his a;^»-. 
 Ihc {\7}\h oi his ministry, and tin- 4S||| t\\ his cinscoiiatt . 
 The Cathedral \vhi<h In- had cri'dcd in Frrdrriiton ix. 
 next to that of QucIm-c. the ohlcsl in any J'.rilish rni(»iiy. 
 It is a <:»'ni of archilccnirf; hc<;un in istTi. ii was con- 
 secralrd in is.'):'.. Tlie present liisho]). lit. Kcv. II. 'rully 
 Kinj^don. 1 ).!>.. was elected coadjutor l<» Dr. .Medley in 
 ISSl, and on his death became the liead of the diocese. 
 There are now 71 cler<iymen in llie diocese. In 1!»(>1 the 
 number of adlierents ^iven by liie census of that year 
 was 41. TOT. out of the entire j»oi»nlalion of the iii(»\ime. 
 (;80,34G. 
 
 Tin-: r.MVi-.KsiTY oi' !N'i;w Buu.nswick traces its ori^iin 
 to the year 1T8G, when the Executive Council made a 
 •irant of L'.dOd acres of land near I-^riMleiict on. toward^ 
 the maintenance of a Provincial Academy oi Arts and 
 Sciences. In ISliS, by Royal diarter. it was named 
 "Kinji's C«dle<::e," and fnun time to lime if received 
 grants from the ]iro\incial chest. It l(M)k the name it 
 now bears in ISC.K. I'ntil the year ISb"). the members of 
 llie ('olle^c ("onncil iind liie |irofessors were retiuired lo 
 Ite members (d' tli<' rinirch of l-ln^land. and to subscribe 
 to tile Ihirlyninc aiMiiJes. bnt in that year all i'eli;;ionN 
 tests were abolished save in the case of the |u<d'essor^ 
 of theology. Il has now a leaching stall' of sexen jiro 
 fessors. anil an animal income of aboni ."<1 L',.'"il)l). 
 
In ibe Province of Quebec 
 
 FROM A.D., 1759. 
 
 N St. Paul's Year Book, aforesaid, we are told that 
 the fiist services of the Church of England in 
 Lower Canada were held by chaplains of the Brit- 
 ish army, fourteen in number, who accompanied General 
 Amherst's expedition to the St. Lawrence in ITilO, and 
 that the Kev. Dr. Ogilvie, a friend of Bishop Inglis, who 
 was chaplain to the Mohawk Indians, at General Am- 
 herst's death took charge of the congregation at Mont- 
 real in 17G0, that the parish of Montreal was set apart 
 in 17G3, and that the parish of Quebec, under Dr. Brooke, 
 dates from 1760. 
 
 Mr. Fred. C. Wurtele, K.C., in his lecture read before 
 the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, March 
 10. 1891, gives a full and most interesting account of 
 the formation of the first Church of England congrega- 
 tion in the City of Quebec, together with a detailed ac- 
 count of the erection of the Anglican Cathedral, and 
 other valuable ecclesiastical memoranda, on which the 
 following notes are chiefly founded. 
 
 His Majesty King George IH, of pious memoiy, at 
 his own expense, had a church erected for the English 
 settlers in the ancient capital of Quebec. This fine 
 edifice, named "The Cathedral Church of the Holy 
 TiiiMTV AT (2ri:i:i:('," was completed and consecrated in 
 1S(I4. The congregation had the use of the Rccollet 
 Koiiian Catholic church for thirty-seven years prior to 
 
 11 
 
i(j2 e^urcl)c$ in the Dominion of C^anada. 
 
 llic (ipi'iiiiij^ uT ilifii' uwii cliurcli! As sliowiiiji tin* j:uu<l 
 feeling subsist iii^ Ix'twccii Calliolics and Protestants in 
 these early days, and wliidi still exists. .Mr. Wurlele 
 quotes the following advertisement which aitpcared in 
 the ''Quebec Uazette' of May 21, 17G7: — "On Sunday n".\t, 
 divine service, according to the use of the Church of Kng 
 land, will l»c held at llic JJcccdlet "s ("Inncli. and coiii iiiuf 
 for the siiiiiiiicr season. Iteginning soon at'ler elexcn. Tin- 
 drum will beat each Sunday soon after half an hour past 
 ten, and the Recollet's bell will ring to give notice of the 
 English service, the instant their own is ended." 
 
 In 1793 the i)rovinces of Upper and L<twer Canada 
 were erected into a diocese of the Chui<li ot Knizland — 
 called the Bishopric of Quebec — and on the reconinifuda- 
 tion of the Bishop of Linccdn, Dr. Jacob .Mountain was 
 consecl-ated "J.,ord IMshojt n\ (^nehec"" by tiie A niibisliop 
 of Canterbury, July 7, 171»0. Another version of the 
 story is, that Dr. Mountain, who at that time was pre- 
 sented at Court, being asked by the King to suggest the 
 name of a suitable minister who would go to Canada to 
 fill the oHice, promptly replied "Please your ^lajesty. say 
 niil(» this nionnlain *i-eino\(' hence nnio yt>nd<T place and 
 it shall remove." Be that as it may. alter a v(»yag»- of 
 thirteen weeks. Dr. Mountain, accompanied by niemlMis 
 of his family — thirteen ^Mountains in all: ai-ri\rd in 
 Quebec, November 1, 17l>;;.* This emimnt prflale was 
 
 ♦ The party consisted of IMsliop .Muunliiin. lii.s wife and four 
 cliildren, his sister-in-law and two sisters, his elder brother. Dr. 
 Jehoshaphat, Rector of Peldon, Essex, with his wife and one dauRh- 
 ter. and his son. Rev. Salter .leliosliai)hat Mountain. M. A., who 
 was tin- niKli()i)"s cliaijlniii, and .snbsc(|ii('n(l.v liccaiue llic {{ettdi- of 
 Cornwall. 
 
Cbe gHurcb of Etidlana in e^nada. ica 
 
 a doscciulant (tf tlic Jliimiciiots ((he laiiiily uame oi'i^iu- 
 ally bciii^- tliat of Jc MoiihrHjnc). At llie time of lii.s coii- 
 scci-at ion, he Wiis immIoi- of St. Aiidi-ow's Clmrcli. Xorwicli. 
 Diu-iiij; tlio lliii-ty-two yoai-s of liis episcopate he was 
 greatly beloved, and the Anglican Church in Canada 
 greatly increased, lie Ix^gan his labours with only nine 
 clergymen to assist hini, viz., six in Lower Canada, and 
 three in T]>])er Can;uhi ; hve of Ihese were missionaries 
 of the S. 1*. (i. ; the remaining four were paid by Govern- 
 ment. There was no church, no episcopal residence, no 
 parsonage, but the good Bishop overcame all these diffi- 
 culties and others of a more serious kind. Dr. Mountain 
 died on the IGth of June, 1825, at the age of 70 years; 
 at that time there were sixty-one ministers and two arch- 
 deacons in the diocese. An obituary notice of Bishop 
 Mountain which appeannl in the "Christian Remem- 
 brancer," London, shortly after his death, referred to his 
 ability, diligence and success in terms of highest com- 
 mendation, and characterized him as ^'a preacher who 
 has never, in modern times, been surpassed." 
 
 Bishop Mountain was succeeded by the Hon. and 
 Rev. Charles James Stewart, D.D., third son of the 
 seventh Earl of Galloway, who was consecrated by the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth Palace, on the 
 1st of January, 182G. The Bishop was installed in the 
 Cathedral on the 4tli of June, 1820, and he will long be 
 remembered as one who discharged the duties of his 
 high calling with distinguished ability till his death in 
 1887, when Dr. (leorge Jehoshaphat ^lountain, son of 
 the first Bishop, who had been appointed co-adjutor wiili 
 
(\\'nii:in:.\i. oi' tiiI'; \\n\.\ rKiMiN. (jri;i'.i:c 
 
Cbe gburcb of englatia in Canaaa. u;5 
 
 Hisli<>i> Slcwiirt, bccaiiic liis successor. No hisliop ever 
 laboiU'cMl witli <;i-('a1('i- dili^ciicc and success. Il<' was 
 pi'p-eniineiit Iv a iiiissionarv bislioj). wliose (dlicial \isila- 
 tioiis exleiided finiii I lie .Magdalen Islands and Liltradoi' 
 in the Kast, to llie Ked I\i\-er Setth'nienl in the West. 
 He founded the I'niversity of liisiioi's ('(ii,li;<;i: at Len- 
 noxville. He died in lS(i;> in the T:ii-d veai- of his age. 
 The Kev. .lames ^\^ ^^'illianls, a native of Hauls. England, 
 was eh'cled the fourth bishoj) of Quebec, and was con- 
 secrated by IJishop Fulford, the Metropolitan. The pre- 
 sent bish()]», the Kt. Rev. Andrew Hunter Dunn, D.D.. 
 was born in Essex, Enghmd. in 1839, and was consiM-ratcMl 
 by ISisho]) IJond in 18!>2. The centennial sermon of the 
 Catlunli-al in (Quebec was deli\'ei'ed in August, 11)04, by 
 Di'. Kandall Davidson, the Archbislioj) of Canterbury, 
 who was on a visit to America, by special permission of 
 King Edward, this being the tii'st occasion on which it 
 is known that an Archbisho[» of Canterbury had crossed 
 the Atlantic. His (Jrace commented on the fact thit the 
 Cathedral of (Quebec is the oldest Church of England 
 cathedral in the world, outside of the IJritish Isles: 
 There are now seventy-tive cdergTmen in this diocese. 
 
 Among the many illustrious persons who have wor- 
 shipped in, or visited, Hiis historic cathedral, may b ' 
 mentioned His Royal Higliness Hie Prince of Wales, in 
 ISdO. when he i»resented the caHiedral with a l)eautiful 
 <-o]iy of the Rible. Dean Stanley ]treached in this cathe- 
 dial in ISTS; Archdeacon Farrar- and Canon Wilberforce 
 conducted services in ISSl, also the Rt. Rev. (\ V. Mv- 
 Ilvaine. P>isho]> of Ohio, and otlier dignitaries of the 
 Church in the Cnited States. 
 
166 Churches in the Dominion of e^tnaad. 
 
 The ComniuuHni [ilatc, consisting of iwcUc massive 
 l>iecos of solid silver, enil)osse(l witli iln- Koval Aims. \v;is 
 the special gift of the Kiii^. A <hinic of cinlit Im-IIs was 
 imported from London, in ls:',(i. at a cost t»t' sii.siHi. and 
 were runj!,- for the hrst lime on Octtdicr (tf that vear. 
 when Lord Aylmer took the oaths of onice as ad- 
 ministrator of the Government of Lower Canada. With 
 in the cathedral are nnmerons mnral tablets to tiie 
 memory of i»ioiiiiiiciU citizens and ]»ul)lir mm. imludin.u 
 the Dnke of Richmond, (ioveiner-t leiieral cd" Canada, who 
 died in 1819; General Peter llnnter, lieutenant-j^^overuor 
 of Upper Canada, in ITDl) ; the tirst two hisliops of Qne- 
 bee, and many distinguished naval and military (dticers. 
 
 There are now upwards of seventy-live clergymen in 
 the Diocese of Quebec. 
 
 Christ Ciiiiuii ix ^Iontki:al is commonly said to 
 have been founded in 1814. the year in which its first 
 cliiii-ch edifice was opened foi* worship, r.ni regular ser- 
 A ices had been comnien<-ed as early as 17(ii», by Kev. 
 David Charbrand Delisle. one of three Swiss missionaries 
 Sent to Canada shortly after the conciuest, in the vain 
 h(»]»e of converting the I'lcmli to the IM-otestant Faith. 
 Foi' twenty years I lie sei-\ ices wei-e coiidiicied in the 
 liccollet's Koman ("atiiolic ('iinrcli. and snlisciiuenl ly in 
 llh' clia|»ei of Ilie .b'suits" t'ollege. wliicli was liunied in 
 isii;;. Tiiis li'd I lie Anglicans to dccidr on having a 
 cliurcli ol" llicii- own; while this was in inogicss I lie con 
 gr«»gation of (hrisi rinirch worshipped for eh-xen years 
 in St. (labiiel Slicel rpesby tciian ("liiirch. so llial the 
 .\iiglicans lia<l been indeblcd lo oilier tieiiominal ions dni' 
 
Cbe eburcb of Englana in eanada. i67 
 
 inji- the long period of forty-eight years! Scarcity of 
 funds delayed the completion of the fine church erected 
 on Notre Dame street towards which the Imperial Gov- 
 ernment voted i4,()0(). Mr. Delisle, the first rector, was 
 succeeded by Rev. James Tunstall, by Rev. Jehoshaphat 
 ^fountain, D.D. (in 1810), Rev. John Leeds, Rev. John 
 Bethune (in 1820), and by Canon Norton in 1884. Dr. 
 Mountain was consecrated at Lambeth, February 14, 
 18:'>C. as co-adjutOr with Bishop Stewart, under Ihc title 
 of Bishof) of Montreal, and on the death of his su])erior 
 presided over the Diocese of Quebec. 
 
 Christ Church, which had been officially known as 
 ''the Protestant Parish Church of Montreal," was created 
 a cathedral by Royal Letters I'atent in 1850. The Notre 
 Dame Street church was burned in 1856, which led to 
 the erection of the present Cathedral on St. Catherine 
 Street — admitted to be the finest specimen of ecclesias- 
 tical architecture belonging to the Church of England in 
 Canada. Dr. Francis Fulford, of an ancient Devonshire 
 family, who previous to his coming to Canada had been 
 minister of Curzon Chapel in the parish of St. George's, 
 Hanover Square, London, was consecrated Bishop of 
 ]\rontreal in 1850. In 1850 he was appointed, by royal 
 letters patent, ''Metropolitan Bishop in this Province," 
 and as such became the head of the Anglican Church in 
 Canada. He was in every respect a great man — ''a 
 bright ornament of the Church, and an eloquent preach- 
 er." The new Cathedral was opened for worship, Nov- 
 ember 27, 1860. The architect was ^Mr. F. Willis, of Salis- 
 bury, England. Bishop Fulford died in 1868, and was sue- 
 
168 gburches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 cceded bv llic Kev. Asbioii OxciideUj i>.iJ., who ivliied 
 in 1878. Ou the 25th of Jauuai-y, 187'J. the Kev. \Villiam 
 Boud, D.I)., was consecrated Bishop ot .Montreal, by 
 Bishop Medb'v, of Fredei'ictou; in 1!»U1 he was ek-cted 
 .Vi'chbishop, and in 1!MI4 lie iKM-anic J'riiiiatc of all Can- 
 ada, iu succession to the lale Aiclibishop Machray. (»f 
 Kupei-t's Laud.* 
 
 Dr. Bond died on October I), lllOO. in the 'JL'nd y^ar 
 of his age, and was succeeded, as Bishop cd" .Monneal, by 
 Rev. Jas. Carniichael, D.D., the coadjutor bishop and rec- 
 tor of St. George's Church. On January following, the 
 Rt. Rev. A. Sweatnian, D.D.. Lord l*>ish(»p of Toronto, 
 was elected Archbisln»p. ami Primate of all Canaibi. 
 
 St. George's Chukcii was founded in IS4J. The 
 cliurcli edifice is one of the finest of tin- many fine An- 
 glican churches in .Montreal. Its first rector was the 
 Rev. W. P. Leach, wlio was ordained t(t the ministry nf 
 the Churcli of Scotland in \S:V.\. Me came to Tiinada in 
 that year and joined the Church of ilngland in ISf'J. 
 Tlie next i-ecfor. Kev. .lames ( ".irniiciiael. \K\K. was (<>- 
 a<ljut<M- with Archbishop Ilond sini-e I'.iuj. lie and IJe\. 
 J. P. Dnnionlin and late \li-\ . l-'.dward Sullixan c;ime 
 from Ireland in 1858 — all three lo become bishops! The 
 first Si. (leorge's clmrdi was on St. .loseph siicet. open- 
 ed for worshij) June :»(». jsi:;. The present church was 
 opened October I), ISTO; its rectors since \)\\ |,c;ich"s re- 
 tirement lia\e been. Archliishup Ilond. (he hite r.isho|» 
 
 * AinonK tile, historic tiejisiircs of Christ ('luni-li. saiTfdiy iire- 
 served, is the beautiful coijv of Kinj; .Tames' ver.'^ioii of the Hible, 
 presented to the Cathedral by II, U. H. the Prlnee of Wales (.now 
 KiuK Mdward Vil.) on the occasicui of his visit to .Montreal in 1S60. 
 
CHKIST CHUKCH CATHEDRAL, MO^'TIiKAL. 
 
170 (Zhurcbcs in the Dominion of e^nadd. 
 
 S)illi\;iii. :iii(l liicii llisliop ( 'aniiiclKit'l. 'riii- ci;!!;;!-!-;::!- 
 tion of SI. Jaiiicn the Apostle was originally part of St. 
 Stephen's, Griffintown. In 1803, a site for a new clniirli 
 was given l»y Messrs. l*liilli]»s and Matka.v. on St. Cathe- 
 rine street, on which the juesent beautiful Gothic (Mlifice 
 was (I'cctcfl. lis icriur. ('anon Kllcgood, began his 
 minis) ly in Montreal in 1S4!», and ^'ne'cr has changed, 
 nor wished to change liis place." In all iliere are n">\\ 
 I wenly I liree Anglican cliui-ches. and four missions, in 
 Montreal and immediate suburbs, and in the diocese there 
 are 120 clergymen. A full account of neai-ly all the 
 Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in ilie city is 
 to Ix' found in Sandhams "Monti-eal. past and present,'' 
 ]iublished in 1870. 
 
 liefore leaving Quebec province, it may be added 
 that a mission was commenced at Sorcl, a small village 
 on the light bank of the St. Lawrence. 4.") miles below 
 ^Montreal, in the year 1784, liy the Kev. .luhn i>tily. in 
 an old s|(»re-house turned pro Iciii \u\o a place of v.'or 
 ship. The wctoden church erected in 1700 is supposed 
 to ha\(' been iiiexl to the Moliawk Church at Hrantfordi. 
 the first in old Canada. The |»reseni biick church, on 
 the same site, was built in ISH'; the s;inie old bell is still 
 in use ili:it \\;is in the liisi church 
 
 About the (■]]*] of the eighteenth cenfury a church 
 was also eiecicd ;ii SI. Aiithcir's \u the Cttunty of Argen 
 leuil. of which Ihe fnsl incunibeiit was the lve\ . Kichartl 
 r.radlord. .M.A.. a niissiima ly fmui l.imdtui. The exist- 
 ing church I heie was built in iS'Jd; the lii'sl rector of 
 this piirish w.is the Kev. .losejih .\bbiilt. father of the 
 
Cbe Cburcb oT englana in Canada. 
 
 71 
 
 hite Sir .loliii C Abbott, wlio succeeded Rt. Hon. Sir J<tliii 
 A. Macdonald, as I'rime Minister of Canada in ISIH, and 
 who died in IS!).-,. The bell of tliis church is much older 
 than the bnihlinji' itself, bearinti,- on it the date of IT.")'.) 
 —memorable in the annals of Canada; it is claimed to 
 1)(- the oldest in use in any Protestant church in the 
 Dominion, but the old New Brunswick l)ell (see jiage 71) 
 antedates it bv a quarter of a century. 
 
 Our chief authorities for these notes on the Church 
 of Enjiland are these writers in Castell Hopkins' Ency- 
 clopedia: — Very Rev. Francis l*artridge, D.I)., Dean of 
 Fredei'icton, Xew Bruusvrick; The Yen. Henry Roe. D.I).. 
 Archdeacon of Quebec; Tlu^ Right Rev. A. Sweatman. 
 D.D., Lord Bishop of Toronto (now Primate of all Can- 
 ada); The Rev. William (Mark. LL. D., D. C. L., of Trinity 
 <N)llege. Toronto, and the Vow. Archdeacon Richardson of 
 St. John's Rectory, London. Out. 
 
 Dr. Partridge narrates the steps taken by the British 
 L(U-ds of Trade and ])lantations to provide religious in- 
 stinct ion for th(^ early settlers in Nova Scotia by liberal 
 grants of land, and by ai>i)lying to the S. P. O. for cle'gy- 
 men and school-masters. Di'. Roe refei-s to the strange 
 ]»roject adoi)ted by the Colonial Office in the early days of 
 the English settlers in Quebec — that of aiming at a whole- 
 sale conversion of the French Canadians to the Protestant 
 Faith! which, as we have aln^ady stated. ])roved to be a de- 
 ceptive inir(i(/r. Dr. Sweatman and Professor Clark con- 
 tine themselves to indicating the rise and ]n*ogress of the 
 i'hurch of England in T'pjier Canada, which, prior to the 
 Declaration of American Inde])end('uce. was an unknown 
 region, covered for the most i)art with inqx'netrable 
 forests. Archdeacon Richardson contribuled local infor- 
 mation as well as some valuabh' hints, in regard to the 
 <'hurch of England in Canada, an admirable history of 
 which he has just published. 
 
Tn the Province of Ontario 
 
 li;n.\I A.l»., \~T)\\. 
 
 WV. lirsi s('i-\ ices of the ("linrrli of lln^ilaiul in 
 Ippci* (';iii;m1;i were coiKlurlrd Itv U 'V. I>l'. 
 
 (►^ilvi<'. rliaiihiiii In llic .Moliiiwk Imliiiiis. in iT.'i'.t. 
 Tlic liislory <»f llic ("lini-di. how . \<'i-. iiroprrlv Ix-iiins ;il 
 Kinji^stoii. associated \\\\\\ ilic name <»l llic l{c\. .Ions 
 Stiaut, ]).!).. wlio lias liccn aplly si \ led •■ilic l-'atlc-r and 
 Foundei' of llic Aii^lic;in ('linicli in ()nlaiio." Horn in 
 IN'iinsyhania. Dr. Slnail was lln- son of a rii^id l'i-csli\ 
 Icrian. who conlraclcd a liking for ihc sisicr chni-cli ami 
 ^vcn( to l']njiland for ordinalion. lie \\;is cniidoycd for 
 sonn' years as a inissi(»iiarv lo i he Indians of i he Mohawk 
 \'allcy in tlie Slale of New ^dl•k. and caicc wiili Iheni 
 lo Canada in llie year ITs:',; for sonu- tiiin- he ilineialed 
 oxer Ihc whitle (d' rp|ier <"anada ,i:i\in;^ s|ie(i;il aih-n 
 lion to the Indian sci l lenient s. lie seilled down at 
 Kinjiston in ITss. ;ind died there in isil. w^.-i] (i7. lc;i\inj: 
 iM'hind him a ^rand re|inta I ion. The tirsi Aiiiilican 
 clinrch in this hist<iric town was Imili in ITI'L' a \er\ 
 modest wooden sirncinre. forty feel lon;^. thirty feet 
 \\'\^\i'. and Iwchc feel froni thxn- to ceilini:. it was en 
 lar^<-d frcnn linn- to linie nmil Is-JT. when it was rc|.l;i(ed 
 liy a stone cdilicc. \\|ii(|i uns also enlarged in IMM: it 
 was fashioned crnriform. and was siirmoiinied li\ a 
 nolde dome. On .January 1. Is'.ill. ii w ;is desi ro\ .-d l.\ lire 
 and on .Inly I. !!»(l(l. i he i-cslored St. ( ;i-oi!.;i;s •■('Ann;- 
 
eburcbes in the Dottilnion of Canada. 173 
 
 dual" was re-opeDed for Avoisship. Dr. Stuart was, of 
 eoiii-s(\ tlio tiist rector of St. (Icorjic's; be was succeeded 
 bv bis son, Arcbdeacon (leorj'e O'Kill Stuart, formerly 
 rector of St. James' Cburcb, Toronto, wbo was a familiar 
 figure in Kingston for many years. 
 
 ^Yben tbe large diocese of Toronto was divided, the 
 Rev. Jobn Travers Lewis, of St. Peter's Cburcb, Brock- 
 ville, was unanimously elected tbe first Bisbop of Ontario, 
 and was consecrated to that office by Bisbop Fulford, of 
 Montreal, at Kingston, March 25, 1862, and Kingston be- 
 came tbe seat of tbe See. Dr. Lewis was a native of the 
 Emerald Isle; be was only thirty five years old when be 
 became a bishop. He was one of the most learned and 
 eloquent of Canadian divines. He was appointed ]\Ietro- 
 politau in 1S!»3, and Arcbbisbop of Canada in 1894. He 
 retired from active service in 1891), and died at sea, ^lay 
 4, 1901, in his 76th year, 
 
 Tbe "Ontario Churchman,"' of September, 190."), tells 
 US that tbe congregation of tbe Holy Trinity, Cornwall, 
 is one of the oldest in tbe province, ba^ang bad wardens 
 and a church house as early as 1787. Bishop Sweatman 
 in "Hopkins' Encyclopedia," volume II, states that Corn- 
 wall was made a parish in 1801, with the Rev. J. T. Rudd 
 as its minister. Mr. Rudd was a missionary sent here 
 by tbe S. P. G. Rev. John Strachan, D.D. (afterwards 
 Bishop of Toronto), was the first rector of Trinity 
 Cbnrcb. Cornwall, and in 180;") tbe first church was built, 
 which stood till 1869. when tbe corner-stone of tbe 
 ^fenwri(ll Cinirch was laid with masonic honours. Dr. 
 Strachan remained rector until 1812, when be was trans- 
 
eburcbcs in tbe Dominion of Canada. n5 
 
 lated to York (now Toronto). llo was snccocdcd in 
 Cornwall by Rev. Halter .lolioshajjliat Mountain, a 
 nophcw of liislio]) .lacohb Mountain, who died in 1S:'>(). lie 
 was the father of Canon Mounlnin, cnirrihi.s r<Mtor of (he 
 Church of the Good Shepherd in Cornwall East. Other 
 rectors of Cornwall were Messrs. Williams, Arrhhold. 
 and Lindsa}', until 1840, when Kev. Henry I'atton, D.U., 
 a very distinguished man — afterwards Archdeacon of 
 Ontario — was appointed rector. During his incumbency 
 the Bishop Strachan Memorial Church was mainly built. 
 Six years later Canon Preston became the rector. He 
 was succeeded by Canon Pettit, in whose time the new 
 church was consecrated Avitli imposing ceremony. It is 
 one of the finest parish churches in the province. Dr. 
 Pattou died while Rector of Belleville in 1874. 
 
 The first and the only Anglican church in the County 
 of Glengarry was erected recently near Lancaster, by 
 the widow and family of the late John ^Nlaclennau, in his 
 life-time an (dder in the American I'resbyterian Church. 
 Montreal. 
 
 Prior to 1825, a church had been erected at Prescott. 
 of which the Rev. Robert Blakey was the first minister. 
 The present rector is Rev. Herbert B. Patton, a son of 
 the ai»ove-named rector of Cornwall, who was installed 
 in 181K"). The present church there was erected in 18Gi). 
 The little "Blue Church" is the oldest place of worship 
 in the historic County of Grenville. being two miles above 
 the town of Prescott, Out. It stands as a centi'c-piece 
 to a burial ground over 12.") years old. The ground was 
 originallv granted to the Anglican Church (>\ I lie Crown. 
 
176 Cbe eburcb of England in eanaJa. 
 
 luit tlic rcllK'Irl V lias Imm'II I'lfi- lo all ci-crds. Tln' 
 
 iliurdi was fomidtMl |iii<»i- to iSiTt, hut was l)iiiiiitl in 
 later vcars and i» stored. \'civ near to the ( Inirdi is 
 the i^i'avc of I'.arltara iloik. foiiudi-r id' .Mot liodisni in 
 Canada (horn IT.'U — died 1S(I4|. and of lit-r liushand. Tani 
 Hock, died 1T!>5. Tlicir graves ai-e inaiked hy modest 
 slabs of marble. 
 
 The lii-st Anglican <liui-t]i edilice in <)irA\v.\ was 
 CJirisl Clnnch, ercM-ted in 1S:52, and <-onsecra1ed hy I'.isliop 
 Stewart, of Quebec in the followinj;- year. It is now the 
 Cathedral. The late dohn S. Lander was the inueh 
 esteemed rector of this church durinji forty three years 
 —1857-1890. The Diocese of Ottawa was constituted in 
 1896, when the Kl. Kev. Charles Hamilton. D.]).. was 
 installed the (irst bishoj). Dr. Hamilton had been Ilishop 
 of Niaj;ai'a since ISS."). Thei-e are ten Anglican churches 
 in the city, and seven moic in the immediate suburlts; 
 in the diocese there are seventy-two clergymen of the 
 < "liurch of England. 
 
 I.N ToKoNTu. a parish was lirst established in ISOI, 
 and jdaced under the charge (d" lve\. (ieoige n'Kill 
 Stuart, son of the ifector of Kingston. He conducted 
 the services (d" I lie ("liuicli of I'lngland. in <Io\eniment 
 House, jx'uding Hie election (d' a church. The lii-st place 
 <d" worslii|» was erected in 1S(I:;; it could scarctd\ be call- 
 ed a church -a meet ing Ikmisc rather a wo<»den building 
 ."lO ft. hy 10 fi.. |(»caied in ;i clcai-ing of I lie primeval 
 foi-esi, and surroundi-d h\ stumps. It was remodelled 
 and enlarged in isjs. .\ large and suitstantial edilice, 
 named Sr. .I.\\ii:s < 'a tiiki'Icai., was erected on the same 
 
Cbc CDurcb of Cnglana in Canada. n? 
 
 site ill lS:n; this was buiiied in 1S:51), rebuilt, and again 
 destroyed by fire in 1841); two years later the present 
 stately Cathedral was o]>ened for worship. Kev. George 
 O'Kill Stuart was the tirst rector of St. -lames Church. 
 Dr. John Strachan followed in 1812; other eminent rec- 
 tors liaA'e been. Dean Grassett, who held and adorned 
 that office many years; Dr. Duinoulin (now Bishop of 
 Niagara), and the late Dr. Sullivan, formerly Bishop of 
 Algoma. In 1839 Dr. Strachan was consecrated the first 
 Bishop of Toronto, by Archbishop Howley, of Canter- 
 bury, with the whole of Upper Canada for his diocese. 
 This eminent prelate died in 1807, in the 90th year of 
 his age, and was succeeded by Dr. A. N. Bethune, a son 
 of the founder of Presbyterianism in Montreal and Glen- 
 garry. The present bishop, Rt. Rev. Arthur Sweatman, 
 D.D., was elected the third Bishop of Toronto in 1879, 
 and has since administered the affairs of his large diocese 
 with conspicuous ability. Next to St. James' Church, 
 in the order of time, was Trinity Church, Toronto, in 
 184:3, its first rector being Rev. Wm. B. Ripley, M.A. 
 (Oxon). 
 
 The late Canon Sanson was a notable figure in the 
 Church History of Toronto. He had been G2 years in 
 the ministry of the Church of England, during fifty-two 
 of which he was Rector of Trinity Church, King Street 
 East. When he came to Toronto there were only four 
 Anglican churches in the city; now there are 421 Canon 
 Sanson was a native of Edinburgh, and originally a Pres- 
 byterian. He was a learned man. a sound theologian, 
 and one of the most lovable of men. There are now 
 about 190 clergymen of the Church of England in the 
 
 12 
 
ST. JAMES' CATllKhlJAL. TOUONTO. 
 
tbe Cburcb of englana in Canaaa, 179 
 
 Diocese of Toronto, and ovt-i- ()0(l in the Trovince of On- 
 tario. 
 
 Bishop Straclian, as all the world knows, was a 
 Scotr-hman. and was educated at the University of St. 
 Andrew's with a view to entering the ministry of the 
 Established Clinrch of Scotland. He arrived in Canada 
 in December. 17!)0. and spent some years engagcHl in 
 teaching a school in Kingston. Chiefly through the in- 
 tiuence of Dr. Stuai-t, the rector of that ]iarisli, and other 
 surrounding influences, Dr. Strachan decided to join the 
 Church of England. He was ordained to the priesthood 
 in 1804, by Bishop Mountain, and began his ministry at 
 Cornwall, where he combined teaching with his other 
 duties and had among his pupils many lads who after- 
 wards became celebrated in various professions and 
 avocations. He himself attained great celebrity. He 
 was appointed a member of the Executive Council of 
 Upper Canada in 1818, and for nmny years was facile 
 princeps in the councils of both Church and State; and 
 to the end of his days retained his pronounced Aber- 
 donian accent in a fine state of preservation! 
 
 The first church in Hamilton was Christ Church, 
 erected in 1836, and rebuilt in 1876. Tlie first rector of 
 this Church was the Rev. John Gamble Geddes. There 
 are now eleven Episcopalian churches in Hamilton. St. 
 Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral was erected about 
 is.jo. Hamilton is situated in the Diocese of Niagara, of 
 wliich Dr. John Philip Dumoulin w^as appointed the third 
 bishop in 189G. The See House and Cathedral are in 
 Hamilton; there are 80 clergymen in the diocese. One 
 of the oldest Anglican parishes in Ontario is at Niagara- 
 
180 Churches in the Dominion of Canaaa. 
 
 (•iillic-Lakc. wlicrr ilir Kcv. Jvolint Addison was ai*- 
 poiiiled tlic lirst rcclur in J71>1'. The sci-\ ices WfiH- li»dd 
 in the Indian Council House. /</. Marie's Clnnili, Nia- 
 gara, was erected in 1804. 
 
 The tirst church in i.oNDox was SI. J'ltnl's. erected 
 in 1S:{5, of which Kev. Dr. rx'ujaniin Cronvn was tlie lirst 
 rector. This building was destroyed by lire in 1S44. and 
 was soon i-ej>laced by tiie jireseni brick sii-uciure. which 
 was the lar<j;est church cdilice west uf Toronto, at the 
 time it was buill. Dr. Cronyu was consecrated tlie tirst 
 liishop of Huron, at Lambeth, October -S, b'*'~)T — liis idec- 
 tion to that office by the clerjjiy and h»it_\ of the di(»ccse 
 beinj*- tlie lirst Lpiscoital eh'cti<»n in ('anathi. all prexious 
 a])|M)inl nieiits emanated frtnn the ('rown or ( "anlei bury. 
 St. I'aul's Church now became the i'athedral. Dr. Cro- 
 nyu was a nadmirable administrator; he died in isTl. 
 in the TOtli year of his age. In \S1:\ the •'.Memorial 
 ("huich'' was erected by the mend)ers of his family, flis 
 immediate successor was the Kev. Israel lieUmuih. D.D., 
 "an Israelite, indeed," born at ^^'al•sa^^, roland. \\h(» em- 
 braced the Christian Faith in 1S41. During the iweUe 
 years of his l»ishojtric Dr. lleliniuiii did a great deal 
 for the advancement of education, lie retired in iSSj, 
 and was ai>jM)inted Sullfagan I'.ishop of Kipon. lie died 
 at Weston-supei'-mare, .May .".1. I'.Hll, in his sist >ear. 
 The third J{ish(»]» of lluron was Kev. .Maurice S. llild- 
 win, D.D., a Canadian by birth and edinaiiiui. He died 
 in 1!MH al the age of (;s years. The present bishop. Kt. 
 l{ev. Da\id Williams. \).\K, is a Welshman. Thei-e ai-e 
 now eight .\iiglic;iii cliur<lies in Lomhui. and l.'iLl clergy- 
 men in the I >iocese of 1 1 iiroii. 
 
manitoba, tbe DortH-wcst ana Brltlsb eoluttibia 
 
 R. George Bryce, author of "The Great Hudson's 
 Bay Goiii]>auy," informs ns tliat a settlement was 
 founded in Manitoba, by the Earl of Selkirk, in 
 ISll. with emigrants from Sutherlandshire, Scotland, and 
 that the earliest missionaries were stationed at St. Boni- 
 face near Fort Garry, by the Roman Catholic Church in 
 181S, when a small church and school-house were erected. 
 In 1820 the Rev. John West, M.A.. was sent out from 
 England to "lonely Fort Garry," on the Red River, which 
 at that time, and for a good many years later, was a 
 straggling settlement of shacks and log houses with not 
 more than 200 inhabitants, but which has since blossom- 
 ed into Winnipeg, the premier city of the West, with 
 upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, and increasing yearly by 
 leaps and bounds. Mr. West left in 1823, and early in 
 that year an Anglican cliurch was erected where St. 
 John's Cathedral now stands — a very modest little 
 wooden structure it was. In 1849 the Rev. David An- 
 derson was consecrated at Canterbury, the first Bishop 
 of Rupert's Land, in a vague sort of way extending from 
 Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean. After fifteen years 
 of faithful service he returned to England, and was suc- 
 ceeded by the late Dr. Robert Machray who was conse- 
 crated at Lambeth, by the Archbisho]* of Canterbury. June 
 24, 18G5. The new bishoji. avIio cnuie to be I^uown as 
 ''The Apostle of Rnjiei-t's Land." was a native of Aber- 
 
182 Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 dcon, and Avas oiclaincd l<> the priesthood liv tin- I'.isliop 
 of Ely in 1865. One of his first official ads before hav- 
 ing Englan<l %\;is to ordain to the priesthood Ke\. W. ('. 
 Bompas, whose splendi<l missionary <areer as i'>isli<»p of 
 Scdkirk terminated by his death in 1!K)G. 
 
 Bishop Maehray was a man of rare adminisi lat ive 
 ability, beloved by his derj^y and highly respected by 
 all ei-e(Mls and (lasses in the Noil li-west . In ls74 he was 
 elected Metropolitan of Knperl"s Land, and on the 
 Union of the An<;lican Chnrches in ]SU:\, the Ar(hl»isliop 
 became the Primate of all Canada. He died in Winnipeg; 
 March 0. 1!>()4, in his T^rd year, and the Kl. Kev. T. V. 
 Matheson, D.D., now reigns in his stead as Archbishop 
 of the Ecclesiastical I'rovince of Knperts J.,and, com- 
 prising the Dioceses of Kupert's Land, .Aloosonee, Sas- 
 katchewan, Athabaska, Qn'Appelle, Mackenzie Kiver, 
 Calgary, Selkirk and Jveewatin. 
 
 In the Northwest Tekritokies, — Owing to their 
 magnitude, only the briefest reference can here be made 
 to the work of the Church of England in these vast lields. 
 It is truly i)henomenal. Take, for example, the Diocese 
 of Saskatchewan. As originally const it iited, it had an 
 area of 420,000 S(iuare miles — larger than that of the «!er 
 man Empire! Here Bishop .bdm McLean laboured un<ler 
 the auspices of the S. V. <i. for fourteen years, till his 
 death in iSSd, ha\ing encountered all iiianiier (»r hard- 
 ships. 
 
 Perhaps the m(»st formidable ditticulties and hard- 
 ships lia\e l»eeii (iKoiiiil ei'ed in the MacUen/.ie Kiver 
 diocese, under the snperinlendence of IJishop l{omi»as. 
 
tbe eburcb oT EngUna in gdnaaa* iss 
 
 Bishop Keeve, too, and his heroic wife, who were sent 
 here by the C. M. S., have toiled faithfully for many 
 years in these high latitudes. The Venerable Arch- 
 deacon Macdonald has lived and laboured on the verjic 
 of the Arctic circle for more than forty years, and is 
 there still, for aught I know, in regions the remotest from 
 civilization — the nearest to the North Pole of any Chris- 
 tian missionary. The Rev. Isaac O. Stringer (now 
 Bishop of the Missionary Diocese of Selkirk), and his 
 wife spent ten years on Herschel Island in Hudson's Hay, 
 ministering to the Esquimos and the crews of whaling 
 ships, where an arctic winter reigns for eight months, 
 and even in summer Herschel Island is held in the cold 
 embrace of numerous ice-bergs. And yet Bishop Loft- 
 house, of Keewatin, who has built churches with his own 
 hands, who has tramped hundreds of miles on snow- 
 shoes, waded ice-cold waters, fought blizzards, and often 
 spent days without food, speaks jauntily of "those happy 
 days" during which he ministered to the isolated dwellers 
 in the far north.* 
 
 For more than half a century the Church of England 
 has been actively engaged in providing religious instruc- 
 tion not only for the new settlers who are peopling so 
 rapidly these North Western Territories and British 
 <'olumbia, but also for the numerous roaming tribes of 
 Indians in the remote districts. In the prosecution of 
 
 *An admirable account of all these missions in the North-west 
 is given by Mrs. Lennox Mills (wife of Bishop Mills) in the April 
 number of the Canadian chnrrli Maf/azinr in 1898. 
 
184 gburcbcs in the Dominion of €anaaa. 
 
 tlu'ir boiu'ticcnt work, if the iiiissi<»nai-ics have ciiruimt- 
 oi-fd iiiaiiv liaidsliips and tlisroui-ajfcniciits. they liav«* 
 been amply rcwaidcd l»y llic im-asinc df sinccss tliat lias 
 rnlhtwcd tlicii- sclt-dciiyiiiji lalmiiis. in llius ((tiil rilmi iiii: 
 to lay secmvly the foundations of nationality in this part 
 of tho Dominion wliich is so often described as possess- 
 ing "illiniitabh' possibilities." 
 
 Many stories, humorous or pathetic, have been lohl 
 of the adventures of i»ioneer missionarit-s in the North 
 west. The following incicb'tit in the ex]»erienc<^ of the 
 late Bishop ^Maclean is still remembered in the \\'est as 
 having been frequently described by himself. Arriving 
 after a long day's journey at the litunc of a rrcshytriian 
 Settler, he was readily accorded a hearty weh-onie and 
 shelter for the night. \\'hile I he evening meal was being 
 ]U-e|»ared, the IJishoj* made kind en(|uiries about the 
 family. On leai'uing that some of the rhildren had not 
 been baptized, he went on to say that. •*he would conduct 
 family worship before retiring to rest, and W(»uld baptize 
 the children in the morning." To which the canny Scot 
 rejilied. — '-We'll be verra glad lo line the worshiji. but as 
 to ilie bajtlee/in o' the bairns, we niann jnisi wait till 
 a regular ordained nieenisiei- comes this \\a.\!' 
 
 IX I'.IMTISII con .Mi;iA. 
 
 SI. (lioii/r's. I he lirsl Anglican Olniich in N'icioria. 
 was erected in ]s:u). \\>y ihf K'r\. Kduard ( 'rid^.-. who 
 is now I'lislioji of I he Kejoinied {•",pisc(»p;i| (hiii-cli ill 
 r.iilisli ( ■oliimliia. lie an'i\ed as chaplain lo the lliid 
 son's I'.ay ("oinpaiix in is."t.'.. This ('liui-iji bicanie (he 
 

 X 
 
 I— I 
 
 I— f 
 
 "A 
 
 
180 eburcbcs in tbc Dominion of Cianada. 
 
 Aiij-liciin ( "atlicdial of today. Tliioiiuh tin- -ifiit-rosiiv 
 of the late ISai-oncss liiii-dctt-Contts ilir Hcv. (icoi-p- 
 Hills was apixiintcd llif iiionccr IJishop of tlit- ('linr«li 
 of Kn<;laii(l in IS,"")'.*, and (lis(liar«:i-(l the (liilics of his 
 otiicc with <.ii-cat tidclity and success for i'.-'i ytais. lit- 
 died in 1S!»;{, in tlic TTfli vear of liis a;:t'. and was sui- 
 ct'odod in that year liy llic Kcv. ^^'. \\il(<i< I'cnin. I >.!>.. 
 the jn-cscnt bisiioj). Kcv. .lanics Stains was apiiointcd !>> 
 tlic S. l\ (1. its lirst niissioiiaiy l<» the Indians in Bfitisli 
 ("olmnbia in 1S4!>. In 1S57 a mission to tiu- Indians in 
 the ncijiiibovliood of Fort Simpson was comnioncod by 
 a layman, A\'illiain Duncan, sent lien- Ity I he ( ". .M. S. at 
 the instance of Cajitain .1. < '. I'rcvosl. K.N. This mis 
 sion took the name of the Mctlakalitia Mission, the dc- 
 volojimcnt of which was jdionomcnal and highly loman 
 tic. r|»<»n an island in the Alaskan Tciritory thoic has 
 jii-own njt an n|»-to-dat<' Indian town, with a church seated 
 for o\-er 7(10 iiers(»ns that has been styled •■the Wesimins 
 ter Abbey (»f Alaska." 
 
 .\t New West minstei'. beautifully situated (Ui the 
 l-'rasei- Ki\er. ///r Callinlnil Cliiircli o/ tin Unli/ 'J'riiiitii i^ 
 the third rhurch <m the ]ii'esent site. The first was built 
 in is.")!*, when the Ke\. .bdui Sheepshanks. I ).{).. now 
 ltisho|» (d" .Norwich. l<]nj;land, was the iminnbeni. Ii was 
 a small wooden buildin;^. and was imrned in ISii.'i. The 
 seeoiul church was an un|irett'nt ions stone structure 
 which was ei-eclcd in iStlT. in llic ^reai liie which swept 
 away a lar;;e portion of the cily in lS!tS. the bnildin;: was 
 badly injured, only the walls and the lower bcin;: left 
 standing;', iiut it was speedily reimili and enlarj^ed, and 
 
Cbe gburcb of Englana in ganada. ist 
 
 was consecrated free from debt in 1902. The peal of hells 
 given by the late Baroness Bnrdett-Coiitts, in ISOT, with 
 the exception of one bell, was destroyed in the conriaj^ra- 
 tion. The Prayer Books in use in the chancel were a gift 
 from the Dean of Westminster, London, and were for many 
 years used in Westminster Abbey. Some of the altar or- 
 naments were made out of wood from Henry the Fifth's 
 Chapel in the Abbey. The east windows are a memorial 
 to the late Bishop of the Uiocese — "who died a martyr to 
 his deep sense of duty," and was followed in ISO.j by the 
 present incumbent, the Right Rev. John Dart. D.D., 
 D.C.L. As may be judged from our illustration, the little 
 cathedral is a conspicuous ornament of what is still fondly 
 called ''The Royal City" — once the Capital of British Co- 
 lumbia. Numerous fine Anglican churches are now to 
 be found all over the i)rovince in which the Church 
 of England is the most numerous of the Protestant de- 
 nominations. The number of Anglican ministers em- 
 ployed in carrying on the missionary work in British 
 Columbia and the North-west in lOOG was 327. 
 
 On July 30, 1005, the Protestant Cathedral of the 
 Redeemer — the first Anglican Cathedral of the Nortli- 
 w^est — w'as dedicated at Calgary, by Rt. Rev. Cyprian 
 Pinkham, D.D., assisted by Bishop Morrison, of Iowa, 
 U.S.A. The Bishop of Calgary is also Bishop of Sas- 
 katchewan. 
 
 In September. 1893, the Provincial Synods of the 
 Church of England in Canada met in General Synod for 
 the first time, in Toronto, embracing within its jurisdic- 
 tion all the dioceses of the Dominion, which has greatly 
 
188 Cburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 jidflcd 1o ihc jii-owth ;iii<l iiilliiriic.- nf tin- ('Inircli, ami 
 Ims Itccii «'S]»(M-iiilly condncivt' to I In- cxiiaiisiou of its 
 lliiiiir and F<»i-<M<iii .Missionaiy activities. 
 
 THE AP.OKirMXKS OF NORTH AMKTUrA. 
 
 A l»i-icf I'ctcrciicL' may lie iiiadi' to tlic N'urili Am- 
 oiicaii Indians, and (lie clforts which have Ikmmi niach' t<> 
 ■ bi-inu- them nnch'i- the inllucnccs of (Miristianif.v. From 
 the n']t(»rt of llio Fnilcd States llnieaii <>t' Indian AlTairs 
 for 1!MI4. we learn thai tlu' total nnniher of 1 hese altori- 
 jjines was 270. .">44 — shewinp,- an increase of -l."J71 dnriug 
 the decade. They are most nnmeroiis in "The Indian 
 Territory" (r)2.r)00). and in the States of Alaska, .\rizona. 
 and Sonth Dakota. In New Yoi-k State, wlu re f(trmerly 
 so nunierons. there are now ."i.iir)?. and in reimsyh ania. 
 only l.(;;^0. It is said that 9S.2(M) of the Indians now 
 wear citizen's dress, and i{2.S40 do so in part ; 4(».()44 aii' 
 able to read, ami ."iT.OOO conld carry on an ordinary con- 
 versation in JMi^lisli. The total expeiidii are of tin- Fe- 
 deral Ooxcrnnient in lichalf of the Indians in the year 
 1004 was |10,4:{S,:{r)(».* lint we have failed to tind any 
 statistics as 1o the resnlts from missionary etVoiis hy 
 llir ("lii-istian clinrdies of the I'liited States. 
 
 In Canada, the I )e|iart nicnt of Indian AtTairs reitorts 
 for r.KM a total Indian |to|inlat i(»n of 107. UTS. dixidcd as 
 fcdlows:— In (Mi(ai-io. 21.1!tl; in (2n<-l.cc. ll.U'.i: in the 
 Mai-itime Trovim-es. :{.!)84; in .ManitoliM and the Noitli 
 west T<'rrilories. 2 1.:!:! I; in r.rilish <'olnmlti;i, 2r».2;'>4; out 
 
 Thr Wiiihl MiiKiniic, p. IfiO. 
 
Cbe gburcb of england in ganaaa. is9 
 
 side of Treaty Limits, l!2,0S4. *Tlie iiumbci' of day-siliools 
 for tlio Indians is 228, of boardin<>- schools, 40, and of 
 industrial schools, 24; in all those tbere is a total enrol- 
 ment of l),8To Indian youths. The expenditure from 
 parliamentary appropriations for 1894 was |1,0T!>.T81, 
 and from other sources (sales of land, etc.j, $4,701), mak- 
 ing in all, 11,402,009. 
 
 As regards religious beliefs, the Canadian Indians 
 are divided as follows: — Roman Catholics, ^4,915; Church 
 of England, 14,758; Methodists, 11,177; Presbyterians, 
 1,409; other Christian creeds, 1,G61; 11,269 are still 
 pagans. 
 
 In the Eastern Provinces, missions to the Indians 
 were begun by Recollet (Franciscan) priests as early as 
 1,013, and by Jesuit priests from Quebec a few years 
 later. In Quebec Province, as already mentioned, the 
 first missionaries were also the Kecollets, in 1(J15. 
 
 Two French priests commenced a mission to the In- 
 dians of Kuijert's Land in 1731. The Church of England 
 was the first to establish missions for the Indians in 
 British Columbia and the Hudson's Bay settlements. 
 Ever since 1849 there has been a succession of heroic mis- 
 sionary bishops of that Church in the North-west Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 The Presbyterians sent their first missionary to the 
 Indians of Manitoba and the Xorth-west in the person of 
 Rev. James Xesbit, in 18G2. The Methodists commenced 
 similar work at York Factory and Norfolk House about 
 1847. 
 
 tStdtisticaJ Year Book of Canada^ p. 701. 
 
ijo ghurcbes in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Till-: MoilAWK CHUKCII NKAK I'.KA NTFnKI >. 
 
 KUKl'TKI) IX ITS."). 
 
 This is I he oldest cliurfl) in Oiilaiiu. IScfort- the 
 Kt'vuliilioiiarv war, the Mohawk Indians livrd in the 
 ]»i-('scnt State of New ^'o^k. wlit-i-c ilicy had a cIiuitIi 
 hnilt lor iIkmh Ity tho IJritish ( Jovci-ninini. and to 
 which was sent a Coininnnion scrviir of sihcf. and :i 
 liibh'. ]ii-('SiMit<'d l»y (^nccn Anno in ITli'. Tin- fornn-r 
 is insci-ibcd with tin- Royal Aims, and ■•Tlh- <',ift 
 of llor Majesty Ann. l»y the <iiace of <'iod. of C.ieat 
 1',1-ilain. I'lance and Ireland, and Her ]»lantations in 
 Xorth America, (incen. 1o ll<-r linlian ('ha|)el of th- 
 Mohawks, 1712." The IJihIe is inscribed -To Her Ma- 
 jesty's Church of the .Mohawks. 1711*.'' 
 
 AN'heii. |liiiin,ii the l\e\'olnt ionary war. Hie followers 
 of ('a]>tain Joseiih tiranl were coiii|ielled. thi-ouj>ii their 
 loyalty to the British Crown, 1o leave their homes in the 
 Moliawk Valley, and send their families to <"anada. a 
 j)ledj(o was j^iven. that as soon as (he war was over, they 
 sliould be restored, at the expense of the Government, (o 
 Hie condition they were in before Hie conlest bey;an; and 
 in A|)ril. 1770, (Jeneral Ilaldimand promised to ratify 
 the pledfje ''as soon as the haj.py lime should come." At 
 the close <»f the war. the (io\(Miinicnt set apart a tract 
 "•" '=""' •»" "i«' l':i.v of (Juinte for the Six Nation Indians, 
 I'lit under the inlliieiice of Seneca and otlie-s. Urant 
 ••'^'^•••l I'oi- .-in aMotnient on tli<- (Iraiid Kivei-. which was 
 iiianted. and here a church was ereded bv Hie Hovern 
 
The Mohawk Cnrucii, near Bhaxtfouk. 
 
 Mnr^fr Slln^^i '^^^ '^1 i^l 
 
 KiLDONAN Church, Manitoba. 
 
102 Churches in the Dcminloit of Canada. 
 
 nn'iil (>r Kiii^ (;<'oi-M(. Ill ill iTsri. t(ir ilic use i>\' tli- In- 
 dians. 
 
 l>in-iiin the war. ilii- sihcr ( 'niiiiniiiiidii service aii:l 
 
 I'lilde alxixe liielil iolled li:i(| heeii Idllied liy tin- llnliilllS 
 I'ol- satVly. These were now recoNeled ;lllil as llie iiia- 
 
 jniiiy uf llie l»aii«l settled willi I'.iMiit oil liii- (iraiid 
 ]{ivcl'. the r.ilde and loin- piercs of (•tjlllll 11 11 i<tll service 
 wcl-e ltl'(»ll<ilit 1t» tilis cliiircli ;tlld ai*e slill ill <;()nd prc- 
 soi'vatiuii. \\ lien a cliiiich was Imili on tlir IJay of 
 (^nintc. llic oilier three jtieces of the service were given 
 1(» it. The .Mohawk Church also contains tabh'ts, bear- 
 ing in jiohl letters. The Apostles ("reed. The Lord's 
 rr;iyer and the Ten ('oiiiiiiaiidnieiit s in the .Mohawk Ian 
 giiage; a bell, and the Koyal coat of arms weic sent out 
 from Englaud by the Government in ITsd. \\ hen the 
 writer visited this historic little wdodeii chiiich some 
 years ago. In- found the ]»ews furnished with the r.ooi< of 
 ("oninioii J'layer printed in the .Mohawk laiii^uage. 
 
 Although this was the lirst rrotesianl church in 
 either rjtper or Lower Canada, it had no regular minis- 
 ter in charge during the first foily years of its e.xistence. 
 Lieut. Hall, who visiled it in ISHI. records that ''the ser- 
 vices wcie at that time conducted by .Vakmn — ;i gray- 
 headed .Mohawk, who had touched his (hecks and fore- 
 head with \erniillioii. in honour of Sunday, and who woi» 
 a siii|>lice. :iiid iifeaclied."' In ISI';;. Tin \<ir i'lnilmn] 
 ('oiii /laiii/. of which nieiilioii has elsewhere been made 
 assumed th)' charge of the Six Nation .Mission, and in 
 ^S\1T} sent out the lve\'. William ll(»ugli as superinleiideiil . 
 At this lime two schools were established near the 
 
€be eburcb of England in ganada. u^ 
 
 Mohawk village, and a pai-sonage built. Mr. Hough was 
 follow^ed bj' Rev. Robert Lugger from 1827 to 1837. and 
 by the Venerable Archdeacon Nelles from the latter date 
 to 1884. The present incumbent is the Rev. R. Ashton 
 (since 1885), to Avhom we are indebted for these notes 
 and the accompanying jjicture of the church. 
 
 The Methodist Church established a mission to these 
 Mohawk Indians in 1822, which is still in existence, and 
 has been attended with gratifying success. It is stated 
 in Castell Hopkins' ''Encyclopedia" Vol. II, p. Sli, that 
 the Rev. William Case, a Methodist minister, procured a 
 translation of St. Luke's Gospel into the Mohawk lan- 
 guage in 1825 — said to be the first portion of the Bible 
 given to the Indians of Canada. 
 
 Since 1869 the chapel has been kept in good repair; 
 a larger church having meanwhile been built for the 
 Indians some eight miles distant, the old building is now 
 used as a chapel for the ''Mohaw^k Institution" in which 
 there are one hundred Indian pupils. Its doors are open 
 every Sundaj' to all who wish to attend the services, and 
 many avail themselves of the privilege. 
 
 The building was consecrated by the Bishop of Que- 
 bec in 1830. In 1904, in response to an application to 
 King Edward VII, His Majesty was pleased to ordain 
 that hencefortli it shall be known as ''His Majesty's 
 Chapel of the Mohawks" — an honour hitherto appertain- 
 ing, on this continent, it is believed onl}- to St. Paul's 
 Church, Halifax, and in earlier days perhaps to the 
 ''King's Chapel," Boston. 
 
 13 
 
194 Churches in'thc Dominion of Canada. 
 
 ■VtUg:|-3-J3-'i-Jna '!;^'aH-« 1 
 
 OLD ST. (lAIJUIEL ("Iiri{('ll. MONTKKAl. 
 
 In this yoiinR country, not many churrli edifices liavc oulliveil a ccnUity. 
 Th» old St. Ga')riel Street Cluircli, however, had its centennial celebration 
 in 1902, an 1 in !>;()'< the consrc^ation littinKly observed the fortieth anni- 
 versary of the Induction of their present minister, the Reverend Robert 
 Campbell, D.I)., who occupies the important position of senior clerk of tlie 
 r.eneral Assembly of the.I'resbyteii;in Church in Canada. 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Cburcb in Canada. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 The General Assembly which meets annually is 
 composed of one sixth of the ministers on the rolls of 
 Presbytery, and an equal number of ruling Elders; it 
 comprises eight Synods and sixty Presbyteries. 
 Number of ordained ministers in 1905, includ- 
 ing professors, missionaries and agents . . 1,543 
 
 Number of Ruling Elders S.328 
 
 Number of communicants 241,511 
 
 Number of Canadian ordained missionaries in 
 foreign fields including those to Indians and 
 
 Chinese in Canada 56 
 
 Number of unordained missionaries 13 
 
 Number of women missionaries in foreign 
 
 fields 74 
 
 Missionaries in Canadian Home Mission ser- 
 vice. 707 
 
 Number of adherents as per census of 1901.. 842,301 
 
 Contributions for Home Missions, 1905 . . . . |155,044 
 
 " for Foreign ISIissions, 1905 . . . . 212,278 
 
 '' for all church purposes, 1905 . . 3,080,173 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY'S THEOLOGICAL COLLEGES. 
 
 At Halifax, Nova Scotia, founded in that city in 1848, 
 but tracing its origin to the Pictou Academy in 1820. 
 
 The Presbyterian College, Montreal, founded 1865. 
 
 Queen's University at Kingston, founded by Royal 
 Charter, 1841. 
 
 Knox College, Toronto, founded, 1844. 
 
 Manitoba College, Winnipeg, in 1875. 
 
In tbe maritime Provinces 
 
 ii;<»M A.i>.. 1751. 
 IN NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 II K first ''Protestant Disseuting Meeting House," 
 soc.'illcd, Avas erected in Halifax, aided I>y tIk^ 
 Jiii]i('rial authorities, in IT.")!. As in tlir rase uf 
 St. Paul's, the building material was brought from Bos- 
 ton, already framed. The majority of the congregation 
 were Congregationalists from New England, though a 
 considerable number were Presbyterians from Scotland 
 and Ireland. The first minister who officiated statedly, 
 for four years, was the Rev. Aaron Cleveland, an ances- 
 tor of Grover Cleveland, ex-president of the I'nited 
 States. It was at first called "Mather's <'hurch," in 
 honour of the distinguished divine Cotton Mather. 
 
 For a number of years its pulpit was supplied by 
 ministers from New England; the last of these was the 
 Kev. John Syconibe, a Congregat ionalist . in lT»i!». In 
 1784 it became distinctively Presbyterian, Avhen the Kev. 
 Thomas Russell, a licentiate of the Presbytery of I'aisley, 
 Scotland, began his pastorate of three years. Mr. 
 Russell was lost at sea wln-n crossing the Allaniic. The 
 • liange of (lesigiial i(»n was not alVecleil wiilidiii xiolml 
 opposition, but eventually their dilVcrences were settled 
 by a compromise; 'Mho Scots conc<'ded the use of Watt's 
 Hymns according to the wont uf the congregation up to 
 that tiin<'." 
 
the Presbyterian Cburcb in Canada. 197 
 
 ;Mi'. Russell was succeeded by Rev. Andrew Brown. 
 D.D., a graduate of Edinburgh University, and some time 
 Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres in Edinburgh. He 
 was minister of St. Matthew's, 1787-1795, and was fol- 
 lowed by Rev. Archibald Gray, D.D., an alumnus of 
 King's College, Aberdeen, who died in 1826. It is worthy 
 of remark, as shewing the friendly spirit of the time, that 
 during Dr. Gray's illness public worship was maintained 
 in St. Matthew's Church by the rector and curate of St. 
 Paul's Episcopal Cliurch, the late Dr. Inglis, afterwards 
 P>ishop of jS'ova Scotia, and Dr. Twining, who officiated 
 alternately, morning and evening, every Sabbath for 
 more than a year. It is also remembered that St. Paul's 
 congregation worshipped in St. Matthew's while their 
 own church was undergoing repair. 
 
 The Rev. John Scott, a licentiate of the Presbytery 
 of Jedburgh, was the minister for 40 years — 1826-1866. 
 Rev. T. Jardine was co-ordinate minister, 1857-1861. In 
 1863 Rev. George M. Grant w^as appointed colleague and 
 successor to Mr. Scott (who died in February, 1866), and 
 continued in the pastorate until 1877, when he became 
 Principal of Queen's University, Kingston. Rev. Robert 
 Laing. M.A., was inducted in 1878, and on his appoint- 
 ment as President of the Ladies' College, Halifax, the 
 present incumbent, the Rev. Thomas Fowler, M.A., form- 
 erly of Loudoun, Ayrshire, became minister of this his- 
 toric church, June I, 1891. 
 
 The original wooden church edifice was burned on 
 January 1, 1857, and the commodious brick church of to- 
 day was opened for worship in October, 1859. It thus 
 
1^8 eburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 ai)i)<';ii-s that tlic oldest Aiif^licaii iliuiih ami llie oldest 
 IMcsbytciian conjii-cjiation in ihe Doiniiiiou had ibeir 
 origin almost simultaneously in Halifax 157 years ago. 
 
 St. Andrew's Chuk(^ii. Halifax, was founded in 1^18; 
 Rev. John Martin was its minister thirty years. Vxuk 
 Street Church, organized in 1842, had Kev. V. (1. Mao- 
 gregor, D.D., as its pastor, twenty-five years. Chahner's 
 Church, founded in 1812, was closed in 190."). when Dr. 
 John Macinillan had been its minister, twenty years. Fort 
 ^[osse^/, dating from 1871, had Dr. K. F. Burns for its 
 minister eleven years. Dr. McKuight was minister of »s7. 
 Jatncs Cliiircli, Ihirtmoutli, eleven years; that congregation 
 was organized in 1829. , 
 
 Among the pioneers of Presbyterianism in Nova 
 Scotia were Kev. .lames .Mcdregor, D.D., Kev. Thomas 
 McCulloch, D.D., and Dr. .lohn Keir. Dr. McGregor 
 landed at Halifax in 17SG, and thence i-ode on horseback 
 to Pictou through a wilderness of woods guided by the 
 "blaze" on the forest trees. He laboured with aintstolic 
 zeal for 44 years and died in 1830 in his 71st year. I>r. 
 McCulloch, a native of Kenfrewshire, Scotland, was a 
 man of marked ability, who for 40 years took a lea<ling 
 part in the educational > and ecclesiastical allairs 
 of the province. He came to IMclou in isoi where in 
 addition to his ministerial work In- founded the Pk.toi; 
 Academy which in ISiM) berauie the lirst Tresbyterian 
 Theologi<-al Semiuary in ("auada. 
 
 Dr. .loliu Macmillaii. of Halifax, informs us that a 
 cliurcli for iIk- Scottish Presl(\ teriau selilrrs iu the 
 
tbc Presbyterian (Zburcb in Canada. 
 
 199 
 
 neighborhood of Trnro was erected in 17G7, and that the 
 Rev. Samuel Kinloch, a licentiate from the ''Bnrohcr" 
 Synod, of Scotland, having arrived at Trnro in the pre- 
 vious year, ministered there with much acceptance for 
 three years when he returned to Scotland, and was 
 ordained minister of the Abbey Close Church, Paisley, 
 where he died in ISOS. This appears to have been the 
 earliest exclusively Tresbyterian church in the province. 
 But the first Presbyterian preacher seems to have been 
 Rev. James Lyon, a graduate of Princeton, N.J., ordained 
 in 1764, who was sent here by the Presbytery of New 
 Brunswick, N.J., about the end of that year, and remain- 
 ed for several years in the province. The next Presby- 
 terian minister in these parts was the Rev. James Alur- 
 doch, a native of Ireland, who was sent here by the 
 "Antiburgher" Synod, and arrived in Halifax towards 
 the close of 1760. He preached for a short time in the 
 Protestant Dissenters' church there, and then went to 
 Horton, on the Bay of Minas. In the year 1709. in the 
 55th year of his age. and the 33rd of his ministry; he 
 was drowned in the Musquodoboit River. 
 
 Sir John W. Dawson, the eminent geologist and 
 Principal of McGill University, Montreal; the Rev. Geo. 
 M. Grant, C.M.G., many years Principal of Queen's Uni- 
 versity, Kingston, Ont.; the Rev. D. M. Gordon, D.D., its 
 ]»resent l'rincii»al; Dr. George Patterson, F.R.S., the well- 
 known historian, and other celebrated Canadians, were 
 all natives of IMctou county, wliich has given more min- 
 isters to the Presbyterian Church than any other in the 
 Dominion. 
 
-0'^ Churches in the Dominion of (Canada 
 
 Cominjj back to Ijinonbuij;, a church was crcctoil in 
 1709. by tho Protestants of tlio Kcfornicd Faitli settled 
 in this ncijjhbouilKxxl. Tills was <l(»n<* without ;;ov(*rn- 
 ment assistance, but aid camo from (Icrniiniv; tho dele- 
 gates sent there returned with some money and with a 
 communion service, which is still in use. This church, 
 frequently added to and remodelled, is still in jjood pre- 
 servation. Its first minister was liruin liomcas Cominjro. 
 a sturdy fisherman, without any classical or theolo<ri<'al 
 education, but who was well versed in the S-riplures. 
 As there was then no rejj^ular Presbytery in existence 
 in the province, in accordance with a petition from uj»- 
 wards of sixty families of the Reformed Church, ajtplica- 
 tion was made to Messrs. Lyon and Murdoch, and to two 
 Conjjregational ministers. ^lessrs. Sycombe, of Chester, 
 and Phelps, of ("ornwallis. to unite in ordaining Mr. 
 Comingo to the pastorate, liy this unicjui* self-constitut- 
 ed Presbytery he was accordingly set apart to the minis- 
 try on July 3, 1770. The ordination took jilace in the 
 Dissenters' Meeting House, Halifax, in presence of Lord 
 William ('amjjbell. (Governor of the ])rovince, and repre- 
 sentatives of different denominations. This was the 
 first ordination of a Presbyterian minister in the nonun- 
 ion of Canada, and was followed by a long and fruitful 
 pastorate. Mr. Comingo's service's were conducted 
 wholly in the Ciernnin language, lie was forty six years 
 old when thus ordained, an<l his ministi-y lasted for fifty 
 years! He died in ,Iannar.\, ISiMK aged !»7 years, ills 
 success(»i" was I{e\. Adam .Mi>scliell, a iialise of (lermany. 
 and a graduate (»f tlie rni\ersii\ nf Heidelbei i^. In I7tll> 
 
Cbe PmbytcrUn Cburcb in Canada, 201 
 
 it is said that there were nine Protestant Dissenting 
 churches in Nova Scotia, six of which became Presby- 
 terian and two Congregational, so these two denomina- 
 ti(fns had a connnon cradle here. 
 
 In 1820, the Rev. Gavin Lang and Kev. Dngald Mac- 
 Kichan were sent as missionaries to Nova Scotia, by the 
 Glasgow Colonial Society. INIr. Lang ministered only 
 two years at Shelburne, when he returned to Scotland 
 and was presented to the parish of (xlassford in Lanark- 
 shire, where he died in 1800, in the 78th year of his age. 
 Three of his sons became ministers of the Church of 
 Scotland. John Marshall is now the Principal of Aber- 
 deen University, James Paisley is minister of the Abbey 
 Church, Stirling, and Gavin, sometime of St. Andrew's 
 Church, Montreal, is minister of the Second Charge, In- 
 verness. A grandson, Cosmo Lang, is now the Bishop 
 of Stepney, London, England. 3Ir. MacKichan remained 
 in Xova Scotia till 184G, when he became minister of 
 Daviot in Scotland. 
 
 THE PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE, HALIFAX. 
 
 This school of the prophets claims priority at a date 
 earlier than any other Presbyterian College in the 
 Dominion, its oldest branch having been founded in 1820, 
 when a theological department was instituted by Dr. 
 Thomas McGullocli in the old Pictou Academy from 
 which its first theological students graduated in 1824. 
 Dr. McCulloch came to Dalhousie College, Halifax, in 
 1838, as professor of Theology, and continued his labours 
 
202 Cburcbes in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 till his dcaili in 1S4;'.. iiiid was siircccdcd by In-. .lulm 
 Keir, of I'riiicctown. rriiicc Edward Island. In 1S48 
 the teachinj; of th«'olo«ry was transferred t<» West River, 
 Pictou ((Minly. and iatt-r in Ti-ino. At llu- tiiiir td" the 
 I'nion, when all denominational ditlorencfs disapjH'afed, 
 the Collojjc Avas ostaldishcd at Halifax, where snilable 
 bnildings were erected and an endowment fund seoired. 
 under the oversight of Pi-incipai MdCni^lii. who died in 
 1894. In the same year Professor Allan INtliok was 
 apj>ointed Principal; (»n his retiring in 1!M)4. the present 
 ]*rincipal. Kev. Kobert A. l<\ilconer. D.D.. was installed. 
 Since its inception the Halifax <'ollej;e has not only 
 educated three-fourths of the ministers in the Maritime 
 Provinces, but a large nunibei' of its graduates have gone 
 to mission fields at home and abroad — some of iliem. alas! 
 to join "The ]S'oble Army of Martyrs." 
 
 IX NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 The first Pi-esliyteri;ni chiii-ch in Ihe City of Si. 
 Jidm was that of SI. A inh-cir's. lonmled in ISl.". The 
 wooden church ei-er(ed ;il thai time w.is accounted 
 a handsome shiicinic in its day. It was sealed 
 for 650 |ieis(»ns. and w.is enlarged to hold .i tlious;ind. 
 TJie congpegat i(»n was an inllnenliiil om- and its snltse- 
 quent history has been one of continuous ]»ros|)ei-ity. The 
 old kirk vjinished in a whirlwind of tire. .Inne L'T. 1S77. and 
 was imnie<li;itely rcphiied by I he presmi line iirick 
 edifice. .\ II lli;il feniains to recall the fateful da\ is the 
 solid sihcp comnMinioii ser\ice pieseiitecl b\ the Marl 
 
Cbe Presbyterian eburcb In Canada 203 
 
 and Countess of Dalhousic (the Earl being at that time 
 Governor of Nova Scotia), the silver collection plates, 
 and the portrait of its first minister, the Rev. George 
 Burns, D.D., one of eij^iit sons, four of whom became 
 ministers of the Church of Scotland, and all of whom 
 joined the Free Church in 1848. The longest pastorate 
 Avas that of Rev. William Donald, D.l)., a native of 
 Bantt'shire, a man greatly beloved, who was inducted in 
 1849, and who died in 1871, in his (j3rd 3'ear. Other 
 ministers of this historic church were Revs. Robert Wil- 
 son, Andrew Halket, R. J. Cameron, William Mitchell, 
 Thomas C. Smith, L. G. Macneill, and now Rev. David 
 Lang, 
 
 St. Andrew's Church, Chatluuu, was also erected in 
 1815, by members of the United Presbyterian Order, 
 whose first minister was the Rev. William Thompson. 
 
 •^'Greenock Church" at St. Andrew's, N.B., was open- 
 ed in 1824. It w^as so called in honour of Mr. Scott, of 
 Greenock, Scotland, who contributed £5,000 towards its 
 erection. The church was considered at the time "a 
 magnificent achievement" gorgeously finished internally 
 with maliogany and bird's-eye maple, and having a very 
 large carved greoi oak placed on the front of the steeple. 
 The lofty pulpit has two flights of circular stairs in 
 genuine old orthodox fashion. Colonel Gray, anotlier 
 Scottish worthy, provided the organ. The first minister 
 of this unique church was the Rev. Alexander :N[aclean, 
 D.D., of Rothsay, Scotland. In this year also a Presby- 
 terian church was erected at Cape John, Pictou county. 
 It was burned in the great fire of 1819. At Maclcnnan's 
 
'^' * Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Moniilaiii in sniiir titimlv ;i li-aiiu- cliunli \v;is Imill in 
 l.SKi. of wliicli Kfv. l>oii;il(l Alhui Frascr lat'i.-iwanls «>f 
 St. Jolm's. Ni'wlOiiiHllaiHl. was llic tii-si |tasioi-. 
 
 Si. .lames" ('Imnli, \(in-iisll(. was iirarly (•(tiii|»l<'t<'(l 
 in l:?ijr), wlu'ii it was dcstroyt-d by the j^ivat tire of Mira 
 inifhi that broke out on October 1, that '"dark day" in 
 which tlir Hourishing town of Newcastle was reduced to 
 a Ilea]) <»f ashes, hundreds of niih^s of country hiid waste, 
 and. NNorsr Ihan all, by whirh ](»() jx-rsons lost their lives. 
 The second church was completed in isi'Il. Its tirst 
 minister was Kev. James Souter, M.A., from Aberdeen- 
 shire. Kev. Wm. Henderson was inducted in 1844. and 
 dieil in istis. Succeeding ministers were: Finlay H. Mac- 
 donald, James Anderson, Wm. Aitken, and Henry Arnott. 
 In Fuederictox, N.B., St. Paul's — the first church — 
 was oi)ened in IS'M. The first stated pastor was l>r. 
 Birkmyre who was sent here by the Glasgow Colonial 
 Society and was inducted in 1832. He returned to Scot- 
 land in 1841. Rev. John M. Brooke, D.D., a graduate of 
 Edinburgh Fniversity, was inducted in 1848. He died in 
 January. 1SS2. in the 81st year of his age, the oldest of 
 the Kirk of Scotland ministers then in Ihe Maritime Pro- 
 \inres. Hex. A. J. M<»watt succeeded Dr. Itrooke till 
 18U1, when he came to Erskine (Muirch, Montreal. 
 
 (\\ri: I!ki;i<i\ Island was first colonized by the 
 J'''ieiic|i, and it remains of i-ecord, how, afiei- a seige of 
 foity-eighl days. (In- foit at Loiiislmrg (the (iibraliar of 
 North Americai siii rendered to immortal Wolfe in I i .~»S. 
 wliiii the defenders to Ihe number of six thousand were 
 sent piisoners of wai- to l-'nglaml. 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Gburcb in Canada. 205 
 
 The first ri-esbytcrian services iu Cape Breton were 
 coudueted on shipboard in the French hmguage by 
 Huguenot chaplains. The first services iu English were 
 held out of doors by Kev. Samuel Moody, senior cliaplain, 
 with a New England expedition against Louisburg in 
 17-45. The first Gaelic service is supposed to have been 
 held by Rev. Robert Macpherson, of the Eraser High- 
 landers, in June, 1758. Eorty years later. Dr. James 
 Mc(}regor of I*ict(;u county, made his first visit to (Jape 
 Breton. In 1802 Rev. Alex. Dick visited the Island; he 
 was ordained as minister of Douglas, Nova Scotia, iu 
 1803. This was said to be the first ordination of a Pres- 
 bj'terian minister by a regularly constituted Presbytery 
 in the Dominion of Canada. While he was in Cape Bre- 
 ton, the first emigrant ship was nearing its shores, arriv- 
 ing August 16, 1802, with 21)9 passengers. In all, over 
 twenty-five thousand Scottish Highlanders and Islanders 
 settled in Cape Breton, all of them being either Presby- 
 terians or Catholics. 
 
 In 1812 John Gwynn, an American refugee, settled 
 at Cape North, and was probably the first preacher of 
 the Gospel in these wilds. He owned a vessel in which 
 he traded and when in port he held meetings for prayer 
 and reading the Scriptures. The first Presbyterian 
 minister resident in Cape Breton was the Rev. Norman 
 Macleod, ''for thirty years the prophet, priest and king 
 of Cape Breton Northland," who, when nearly seventy 
 years of age, sailed with a ship-load of his people for New 
 Zealand, where in a sunnier clime he founded a settle- 
 ment and ministered to his congregation till his death 
 
206 CburcDcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 in 180r». Kev. ^\■illii^ll Miller, ordained by the Anti- 
 lini'glier IM-esbvtery of I'iclou, was ajipointed to Maboii 
 in 1821, and wronght hard for forty years. The invinc- 
 ible Rev. Donald ^lacDoiiald spent two years here before 
 beginning his wonderful campaign in P. E. Island. From 
 time to time, a number of ministers were sent to Cape 
 r.reton by the Edinburgh Ladies' Association, among 
 whom were Revs. Farquharson, Murdoch Stewart, 
 John Tiunn, and Hugh McLeod. who lived to see his Olst 
 year, and died in 1804. Of the Rev. Peter ^Nfaclean it was 
 said. "SO great was his popularity, at one of his com- 
 munion services there were 200 boats in the Bay. and 
 500 horses tied in the woods."* There are now 34 Fres- 
 byterian congregations in r'a]»e Breton, and a number of 
 mission stations. In the three Maritime Frovinc(^s 1her<^ 
 are upwards of 270 Presbvterian ministers. 
 
 IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 This jd'ovince had fre(|uently been visited l>y Dr. 
 McGregor, of Pictou, from the year 171>7. until the 
 settlement of Rev. Peter (Jordon, at St. Peters in 1S04, 
 who was the tiisl re.>-id<*nt Presbyterian ministei- on 
 the Island, and for whom a churcli was ererted the 
 same year. He died in 1800. The first church in B('lfa>it 
 was Iiiiilt at Point Prim about 180(;, for Mr. Macaulay. 
 He came with the Earl of Selkirk, who iu LSO;i brought 
 out almost 8(10 immifji'ants. chieflv from the Hiirhlands 
 
 Rev. T. C. .lack, D.D., in "The Hlue nainier." October, 1905. 
 
tbe Pmbytcrian Church in Canada. 207 
 
 of Scotland, and to whom Mr. ^lacaulay ministered for 
 some years. The third church was built at Prlnvdown in 
 ISUT. To this charge Rev. Jolm Keir was inducted in 
 1810, and for a number of years he conducted a school 
 of theology there. He succeeded Dr. McCulloch as pro- 
 fessor of Divinity in Dalhousie College, Halifax, where 
 he died in IS.IS. Kev. John Maclennan, from the Kirk of 
 Scotland, began his successful ministry' of 2(> years at 
 Belfast in 1823, and had a church erected in 1821. 
 Among other noted pioneers on Prince Edward Island 
 were Eev. R. S. Patterson at Bedeque in 1826, and Rev. 
 Hugh Dunbar, at Cavendish, and new London, in 1827. 
 The old St. James' Church in Clutrloticlown w'as erected 
 in 1826; the present handsome edifice was built in 1880. 
 Its first pastor was Rev. James Mcintosh, ordained by 
 the Presbytery of Tain, Scotland, who was inducted in 
 October, 1830, and was succeeded by Messrs. Angus Mc- 
 Intyre, Robert McNair, William Snodgrass, Thomas Dun- 
 can, Kenneth Maclennan, and T. Fullertou. the present 
 incumbent. There are now 31 Presbyterian congrega- 
 tions on the Island. The first Presbytery of P. E. Island 
 was formed October 11, 1821; Dr. John Kier was its first 
 moderator. 
 
 A remarkable man in his day was the Eev. Donald 
 MacDonald, a native of Perthshire. Ordained in 1816 
 by the Presbytery of Abertarf, he came to Nova Scotia 
 in 1821. and after two years' residence in Cape Breton, he 
 came to I'rince PMward Island and began the evangelistic 
 work with which his name is identified. He bore no 
 commission from anv church, though all along claiming 
 
208 eburcbcs in tbc Dominion of (Zanadd. 
 
 1o 1m' ;i iiiinisicr oi' ilic ("Imnli of SidiIhihI. Ih- i-uro^ 
 nixed ii(» ccrlcsijisl ical jniisditi inn. bni \v;is a law uiilu 
 liiniscir. Ilr oij^ani/j'd as in;mv a^ I liirit'cii cdiijin'jra- 
 lioiis and had cIiuicIk's Iniiil for cacii. In f\civ disirid 
 lie a|»]»oint('d ddcis w iio ronduclcd s<-r\ ires in lln-ii- i-c- 
 spcclivL* i»arisli«'s. wliiic he liinisi-lf suiM-rinlciidcd tlio 
 wliolc work, {trcacliinji ex «'r_\ w here wiiii apostolic zeal 
 and a directness of utterance lliat made liini a terror to 
 evil-doei-s. Multitudes Hocked to hear him and were liehl 
 spell-bound hy his homely elocpieuce. "His audiences 
 would uuccuisciously become uuifjuetiz-efl. con\icted. and 
 swayed at the speaker's will. Some would cry ahuul in 
 ecstacies; some fell prostrate in teiror. while others ,!L;a\e 
 vent to tlu'ir emotions by cla|>pinjn- tlieii- hands in wild 
 gesticulations, or drop down as if dead." "The luinis- 
 tei*"' had the oversight of over live thousand adherents. 
 A vast concourse of people followed his remains to the 
 grave. As the great procession moxcd thi-ough i he 
 ccumlry. ;^rou|»s (tf old nit n and women were seen weeji- 
 ing. ami even children, sobbing, as if they had lost a 
 father. He died on the 25th of February, 1S(;7, in the 
 Soth year of liis age, and fifty-first of his ministry; and 
 the ANork he inaugurated still goes on. on the same in- 
 dependent lines, yet mnninally under the auspices of the 
 ChurLh of Scotland. 
 
 To this fair Island belongs the lnmonr of sendinu tin- 
 first Presbytei'ian missionary i(» the heathen fnun an> 
 l'>rilish Colony, in the jterson of Ke\. .John (ieddie. some 
 lime minister of ('axendisii. who was (k'signated a mis 
 si(uiar\ to the Sonlh Sea Islands in ISlCi. NN'esi minslei' 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Cburcb in Canaaa. 209 
 
 Abbev cau sIil'w uo graudci' tribute to the meinorv of its 
 heroes than the tablet erected to the memory of Johu 
 Geddie on tlic Avail of tlu' clim-cli in .Vnoityum, in the 
 New Hebrides, on which is inscribed these words: — 
 "When he came here in 1848 there were no Christians ; 
 when he left in 1872, there were no heathen." Geddie 
 died at Geelong, Australia, December 14, 1872, aged 57, 
 
 Dr, Geddie was a very small man, the minister of a 
 V(^ry small congregation of one of the ver}- smallest 
 church organizations in the very smallest province of the 
 Dominion; and perhaps it may have been said of him as 
 was said of St. Paul — that ''his speech was contempti- 
 ble"; nevertheless, he did a great work. ''The people 
 which sat in darkness saw a great light.'' Through the 
 instrumentality of courageous and self-denying mission- 
 aries, prophecy is being fulfilled: ''As truly as I live, all 
 the earth shall be filled with the glory of the Lord.". . . . 
 "Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine 
 inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy 
 possession."'. . . . ''For the mouth of the Lord hath spoken 
 it." 
 
 14 
 
ST. AM)i;i;\\ s rill i:<ii. .mon tki-ial 
 
Tn the Province of Quebec, 
 
 FROM A.D., 1765. 
 
 EV. GEOpCriE HENRY, a military chaplain at 
 the time of the conquest, was the first to unfurl 
 the blue banner of Presbyterianism in this pro- 
 vince. His stated ministry commenced in the ancient 
 capital in the year 176.5. He presided in public worship 
 for the last time, June 30, 1793. He died on the 6th of 
 July, 1795, aged 86 jears. Until the year 1807, the con- 
 gregation worshipped in a large room in the Jesuits' bar- 
 racks, and thereafter they met in the lower room of the 
 Court House. In 1808 His Excellency, Sir Jas. H. Craig, 
 made over by letters patent the parcel of ground on 
 which St. A}i(lrac\s Church now stands to certain trustees, 
 and the building was opened for divine service on St. 
 Andrew's Day, 1810, Succeeding Mr. Henry, the minis- 
 ters of this congregation have been: — Rev. Alexander 
 Spark, D.D., inducted in 1781; Rev. James Harkness, 
 D.D., in 1820; Rev. John Cook, D.D., in 1835. Dr. Cook 
 died July 10, 1892, in the 87tli year of his age, and the 
 48th of his ministry in Quebec. He was many years 
 Principal of Morrin College, Quebec, and was elected the 
 first Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presby- 
 terian Church in Canada, 1875. 
 
 St. John's Congregation, Quebec, was founded in the 
 year 1800. It was originally ''Independent'' in its con- 
 stitution, and was for some years supplied by a minister 
 
212 ghurcbcs In the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 from the Uuited States. A churcli was erecU-U in ISIO. 
 In 1829 the congrogation became connected with the 
 Church of Scotland, and Kcv. John Clugston was ordain- 
 ed to the pastorate, lie returned to Scothmd in 1844, 
 wlien the congregation joined the Canada Presbyterian 
 (Free) Church, and took the name of Ghaliiicr's Chunh. 
 
 In 178G a stone church was erected at Berthier, by 
 tlie Hon. James Cuthbert, Seigneur of the district, in 
 memory of Catherine, his spouse. Cuthbert came from 
 Castle Hill, Invernesshire, Scotland. The church was 
 named St. Andrew's and was the first Protestant Chun-h, 
 so far as is known, in Lowci- Canada. TIk' services w<'re 
 conducted by a Presbyterian clergyman who lived in the 
 Seigneur's family as tutor; hence the inference some- 
 times drawn that the building might be regarded as a 
 private chapel for the religious instruction of the re- 
 tainers and dependants of the Lord of the Manor. 
 
 Presbyterian services were commenced in Montreal 
 h\ the Rev. John Bethune, a retired chajjlain of the 84th 
 Regiment, on March 12th, 178G. Mr. Bethune removed 
 to Williamstown, Glengarry, in 1787, and was succeeded 
 in Montreal by Rev. Jolin V(»ung from llie Inited Slates. 
 On September 18, 1791, he dispensed llie Holy Com- 
 munion to Presbyterians in the Recollot's Roman 
 Catholic church, and on October 7, 1792, the Sf. Guhviil 
 Street Presbyterian Church was opened for divine woi 
 sliij). Having sei\ed its day and generation well, it was 
 ac(iuii"ed by the city corpoi-alion and by tlieni deimtlished 
 in October, 1903, in the llltli year <.f its nge. The con 
 gregation had meanwhile purchased a chiii'ch on Si. 
 
tbe Fmbytcrian gburcb in gattada. 213 
 
 Catherine street wliicli was used for tbe first time, Aug- 
 ust 2, 1886. The liistory of this church and its numerous 
 offspring has been written by Dr. Robert Campbell, the 
 present minister, in a volume of 800 pages, containing a 
 A'ast store of infornmtion respecting the rise and pro- 
 gress of Presbyterianism in Montreal, 
 
 St. Andrew's Church was the first offshoot from old 
 St. Gabriel Street in 1803. Dr. Alexander Mathieson, a 
 licentiate of the Presbytery of Dumbarton, Scotland, was 
 minister of this congregation forty-four years, and was 
 looked up to as the ''Corypheus" of the Church of Scot- 
 land in Canada to the end of his days, and St. Andrew's 
 is now the only congregation in the Province of Quebec 
 which retains its connection with the Mother Church in 
 Scotland. The present incumbent, the Rev. James 
 Edgar Hill, D.D., a graduate of Edinburgh University, 
 and some time minister of St. Paul's Church, Dundee, 
 Scotland, was inducted in 1882. The first church edifice 
 was completed in 1807; the second, erected in 1851, was 
 destroyed by fire in 1869, and restored in the following 
 year. Though finely situated on Beaver Hall Hill, it has 
 become almost a "down-town" church, but it still ranks 
 high as one of the best specimens of church architecture 
 in Canada, resembling in some of its aspects the famous 
 Salisbury Cathedral, which is accounted the noblest ex- 
 pression of the early English Gothic in Britain. The 
 American Presbyterian congregation branched off from 
 St. Andrew's in 1822; their first church was erected in 
 1826; their first minister was the Rev. Joseph S. Christ- 
 mas, during four years, who was succeeded by a number 
 
214 (Churches in the Dominion of (Canada. 
 
 of eminent .\ni<*ric;in luiiiisii is. Tlic present s|taci<tus 
 church was erected in liUJo. The congregation is still 
 under the jurisdiction of the Presbytery of New York. 
 Dr. Robert Johnston, the present incunibent, was in- 
 ducted in 1903, and is the first Canadian pastor. 
 
 St. Paul's Ciiuuch, another offshoot from St. Oabriel 
 Street, was founded in 1833 by Kev. Edward Black. D.D., 
 a native of Galloway, Scotland. The first church edifice 
 was opened for worshi]) in 1834: the present ehurdi. in 
 1868. Dr. Black died in 1845, and was followed in the 
 pastorate by Dr. Kobert McfJill, Dr. William Snodgrass, 
 Dr. John Jenkins, and now by Dr. James Barclay, for- 
 merly of St. Cuthbert's Church. p]dinburgli. 
 
 Kxox Chukch. in the direct line of succession from 
 St. Gabriel Street, erected its first place of worshi[> in 
 18G5, and has had a succession of able ministers. The 
 present pastor. Rev. James Fleck. D.D., was inducted to 
 the charge in 187G. P]kski.\i: ('iirucii was foiimlitl in 
 June, 1833, by the Kev. ^Villiam Taylor, D.D.. a minister 
 of the United Presbyterian (Munch in Scotland, whose 
 pastorate continued till liis death in 187G. The succeed- 
 ing ministers were: — Dr. .1. .Munro Gibson, now of St. 
 John's Wood Cliurcli. London, l-ji^iand, the late l>r. -las. 
 S. Blacl<. Ke\-. Louis Jl. -Jordan. U.!*.. and now Rev. A. 
 J. ^lowall. 1>.1>.. f(»rm(rly of I'l-cdciidoii. New Unins- 
 wick. 
 
 ( 'iti:s<i:N'r S'i'i!i:i;r ("iii kch was louinlcd in 1>I1 Ity in- 
 dividuals ill sympathy with tiie l-'i-ee ("inii-cji paiiy in 
 Sco(lan<l. Tile present editice was comjdeled in ls~S. 
 ])in'ing its tirsi scncii y<'ars its pulpit was supplied by a 
 
Cbe Presbyterian gburcb In ganaaa. 215 
 
 succession of deputies from the Free Church of Scothind. 
 Dr. Donald Frasei', afterwards of Mary-le-bone Presby- 
 terian Chuich. London, was ordained and inducted to tliis 
 charge in 1851, and was translated to Inverness, Scot- 
 land, in 185!). Kev. 1). H. MaeVicar, D.D., was inducted 
 in 18G1, Dr. R. F. liurns in 1870, Dr. A. P.. ^Nlackay in 1871), 
 and Rev. John Mackay, B.A., in September, 11I02. 
 
 There are now twenty-seven Presbyterian con<ire<;a- 
 tions and ten missions in Montreal and its imnuMliate 
 suburbs. 
 
 Montreal was founded in l(i42 by Paul Chomody de 
 Maisonneuve, "a devout Christian, an able statesman and 
 a valiant soldier," to whom the King of France granted 
 the island on which it stands "for purposes of civiliza- 
 tion." On his arrival he determined to found a colony at 
 this place, "even if every tree were an Iroquois." He 
 sprang ashore and fell on his knees, joined his followers 
 in songs of thanksgiving, and said to those around him: — 
 "You are a grain of mustard seed that shall rise and grow 
 till its branches overshadoAV the earth"! Thus cradled 
 in religion, Montreal became the great commercial capital 
 of the Dominion, and a city of many splendid chui'ches: 
 so numerous that ^Nlark Twain said of it that "one could 
 not throw a brick-bat without breaking a church win- 
 dow;" while another visitor declared that "he could not 
 walk the streets of Montreal without treading on the 
 shadow of a church.'' 
 
Tn ibc Province of Ontario. 
 
 FItOM A.I)., IT.So. 
 
 T STAMF()K1>, uviiv Niajinia F;ills. u small con- 
 gregation of rrisbvtci'iaus had bi en fornieii as 
 early as the year 1783, and ii church scmmus to 
 have been erected for them in ITIU. This was indbiibly 
 the first Presbyterian ( liiuch editiee in I'pper Canada. 
 The Kev. John Dunn, a licentiate of the Piesbytery of 
 (llasgow, stationed at Niagara, held services at Stamford 
 for some two years, beginning in 17!I4. Mr. iMmn abiiint- 
 ly relinquished his jiastoral duties and entered into busi- 
 ness. While so engaged, the vt'ssel in which he sailed 
 (the "Speedy."' cari\ving 10 gunsi, foundered in Lake 
 Ontario in the year ISO.'*, when all on board jx'rished. 
 
 The Rev. Daniel Ward Fast man. a licentiate of the 
 Moi-ris county Associated Presbytery. New ^'o^k State, 
 began his ministry at Stamford and neighbouring districts 
 in July, 1801, and continued his apostolic labours, even 
 after he became totally blind, till his <leath in ISC..".. In 
 the earlier years of his ministry lie was almost alone, 
 seldom seeing a minister of any denomination. tra\clling 
 long distances lo fulfil his appointments; on one occasion 
 he ro«le TO miles to (dliciate at a funeial. In course of 
 lime oilier ministers came from tin- rniicd States, anil 
 in IS.'K; there was formed the rresbyiciy of Stamfoid. of 
 \\liicli Mr. I'lastman was a member. Tliis Trrslivterx was 
 in ecclesiastical connection with the .Associate lu-t'ornied 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Cburcb in Canada. 217 
 
 Chui'eli of tlie United States, and aftei'waids merged in 
 the ''United Synod of Upper Canada," wliicli united with 
 the Presbyterian Churcli of Canada iu connection with 
 the Church of Scotland in 1840. 
 
 Associated with Mr. Eastman were two other noted 
 Presbyterian pioneers: Kev. Jabez Collver, 171);M818, 
 and Kev. Kobert McDowall, 1798-1841. Collver came 
 from Xew Jersey to Canada, at the solicitation of Gov- 
 ernor Simcoe, and settled in the county of Norfolk, on 
 a tract of land of 1,000 acres, granted him by the Govern- 
 ment. His ordination would perhaps not be considered 
 valid to-day, for he was an uneducated man, but he was 
 a devoted Christian, possessed of great force of charac- 
 ter. He at once organized a congregation near his home- 
 stead, but the most of his time was given to itinerating 
 in remote localities. He walked or rode on horseback 
 until roads were opened, when he constructed a "sulky" 
 with his own hands. It consisted of a pair of old waggon 
 wlieels with two poles stuck into the axle tree for shafts, 
 across which he placed a rude seat kept in place by ropes 
 or withs. A huge cow-bell fastened to the neck of the 
 old mare gave warning of his approach, and invited the 
 colt to follow, lie received no pay for his services, but 
 was content to share the frugal fare of the settler and 
 to sleep on a shakedown on the floor or in the loft of tho 
 backwoodsman's shanty. This rare old pathfinder and 
 pioneer died in 1818, aged 80 years. 
 
 :>r(r)owall was sent to Canada in 1708, as a mis- 
 sionary t(. the U. E. Loyalists, by the Dutch Reformed 
 Church iu the United States, and for several years was 
 
# 
 
 k5' 
 
 ■,ri\ 
 
 ST. i»Ari;s (iMK'H am> mansi:. montki-.a 
 
Cbe Prc$l5ytcrl4n gburcb in Canada. 219 
 
 the only I'resbyterian minister in the cenli-al part of 
 Upper Canada. Tliongli nominally settled at Fredericks- 
 burgh, on the Bay of Quinte, his parish had no bonnd.s; 
 he traversed a large section of conntry at a lime when 
 travelling facilities were of a very primitive description; 
 but he could swim, paddle a canoe. ri<le on horseback, 
 and where a horse couhl not go, he could walk. As 
 shewing that his labours liave not been forgotten, tlie 
 centenary of his arrival in Canada was celebrated in 
 1898 with great enthusiasm, when testimony to his faith- 
 ful services was rendered by the Lieut.-Governor of the 
 province. Principal Grant and others. Mr. McDowall 
 died in 1S41, in the T4th year of his age. 
 
 In the early forties, a remarkable man began his 
 dazzling career at Simcoe and Gait ; this was John 
 Dyer, a sailor, who posed as an evangelist for several 
 years, an orator of high degree, and a popular preacher; 
 he built churches and drew crowded audiences, and was 
 licensed to preach the Gospel by the Presbytery of 
 Hamilton in 1846. Poor Dyer came to grief, and his 
 licence was withdrawn! Like a meteor, he shone bril- 
 liantly for a little while, and meteor-like, he disappeared; 
 no man knoweth of his sepulchre to this day; it is sup- 
 posed that he resumed his avocation at sea, and that he 
 went down into the sailor's grave. 
 
 In 1804. a church was erected at Nvictirk tnow 
 Niagara), on a plot of four acres granted by the Govern- 
 ment. It cost £G25 and was adorned with a lofty steeple. 
 In the first year of the war of 1812, this (liurcli was 
 burned. The present substantial brick chui-ch was 
 
-^^ ghurcbcs in the Dominion of ganadd. 
 
 erectod in I8;il. In oarly days, Newark was the scat of 
 Govenimont for L'ppor Canada and dnring the war the 
 kirk was nscd as an hosjiital. The first l*arlianirnt at 
 Newark is memorable for ha^in<; jtassed an act by whieli 
 slavery was abolished in this province. That was in 
 1793. In 1784, the nnmber of slaves retnrned lor the 
 Districts of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal was 304. 
 TIk- tirst minister (»f this Newark cliurcli was ilic Kcv. 
 John Dunn, already referred to. who was succeeded by 
 Rev. John Burns, a minister of the Associate Synod of 
 Scotland, whose ministry here and in adjoining districts 
 commenced in 1804, and ceased with his death in 1822. 
 ]\Ir. Burns had the uni(|ue experience of beinji made a 
 prisoner of war. and of "preaching for six months with 
 great acceptance" 1o his cai^tors, under the protecting 
 aegis of the ''Stars and Stripes.''* Later ministers at 
 Niagara were the Rev. Robert McGill. 1 >.!).. and Rev. J. 
 B. Mowatt, D.D. 
 
 The County of GLEXGARnv, in the old Eastern Dis- 
 trict of Tapper Canada, was the cradle of Presbyterianism 
 in that part of the province, w'hich was first settled by 
 U. E. Loyalists in 1783, and by Scotch Highlanders— 178G- 
 1S14. The former were nntstly Presbyterians and the 
 latter chiefly Roman Catholics, who dei)opulated nearly 
 a whdh' ]»arish when they left their native land, as has 
 already been mentioned. 
 
 The Kev. John r.<'llinne. the jtinneer (»f rresl»y|erian- 
 isiii ill Mdiil leal, beiiaii his iiiiiiistrx at WiHiniiislinni in 
 
 ♦ See Gregg's History of the Presbyterian Churcli, p. 1S2. rt srrj. 
 
Cbe Presbyterian Cburcb in Canaaa. 221 
 
 ITST, and very soou had cLiue-lies erected at W'illiauis- 
 town, Cornwall, Lancaster and Summerstown. The 
 first church at Cornwall was erected in ITST; it was used 
 during some years for holding the Courts of Assize; Mr. 
 Bethune preached in it at intervals of four or five weeks 
 up to the time of his death which occurred in 1815, in 
 the 66th year of his age, and the 44th of his ministry. A 
 handsome monument Avas erected to his memory, at 
 Williamstown, by his six sons, two of whom took orders 
 in the Church of England; Alexander Neil succeeded Dr. 
 Strachan as Bishop of Toronto, and John was for many 
 years the highly respected Dean of Montreal. 
 
 The wooden church at AMlliamstown was burned, and 
 the present quaint but commodious stone church there 
 was erected in 1812. The Rev. John MacKenzie, from 
 Fort Augustus, Scotland, began his fruitful ministry here 
 in 1818. He died in 1855, in the 05th year of his age. At 
 Lochiel, the first church was erected in 1706, during the 
 ministry of Rev. John Maclaurin from Breadalbane, Scot- 
 land. In the same year a wooden church was built at 
 Lancaster, which was replaced by a substantial stone 
 edifice during the ministry of Rev. Thomas Macpherson. 
 In 1804, a church was built at Martintown by a small 
 body of Congregationalists, and was acquired by the 
 Presbyterians in 1811. Their first pastor was Rev. Alex- 
 ander Fletcher; during the incumbency of his successor, 
 the Rev. Archibald Connell, a very fine stone church was 
 erected, which was destroyed by fire in 1906. 
 
 At North Williamsburg, the Lutherans and the Pres- 
 byterians jointly built St. Peter's Church in 1827. 
 
■21-2 c;burcbe$ in ibe Dominion of Canada. 
 
 In OsnabiiicU. county <A' Slornioni. I'l-csbylci-iau.s and 
 Lutherans unitedly built a >vooden church in 179."), in 
 which tlicy held services alternately for a numb 'r of 
 years. Tlie fust ministers who officiated statedly in this 
 church were llie Kev. Samuel Schwerdfejjer, a Lutheran, 
 and Kev. .T(din Ludew ij; BroelHe. a I'resbyterian, both 
 of whom preached in the German language exclusively. 
 Their stipends were small, never exceeding one Iniudred 
 dollars per annum, and often much less. A later minis- 
 ter is said to have supplemented his scanty income "by 
 ]>ed(l]ing ribbons, trinkets and fancy goods." The <»ld 
 church, scarcely to be distinguished from a burn, con- 
 tinued in use till 1857; the handsome brick church wliich 
 took its place was opened for worshi]» in 1S.~»S; and old 
 things passed away. 
 
 Tiio first l*resbyteri;in church in KixtisroN. named 
 St. Andrcir's, ^^■as erected in ISl'l*. ininiedialely after the 
 arrival of the Kev. .lohn Barclay from King's Kettle, 
 Scotland. That edifice was destroyed by fire in 1S8S. and 
 was replaced by the present Gothic structure, dedicated 
 in 1890. The site for the earlier church was granted by 
 11. M. George 111. In it many nolablc functions have 
 transpired; not the least iui|ionaul was tiu' constitut i<»u 
 of the first Syn(»d of the Kresbylerian Church of Canada 
 in connection with the Church of Scotland, in 18:>1. M'". 
 r.aiclay died in iSLMi. ami was succeeded b\ l)\\ John 
 -Machar. a nali\(' of llrecliin. who \\as (utlaiiied lo this 
 iliar;^e by I lie I'i'esbylery of Md iiiini r;^h. and who •i-an 
 his godly race" in Kingston foi- '.\7> years. Tlw present 
 incundieni is ihe |{ev. danu'S .MacUie, l)..l), ftirmerh of 
 
Cbe Prcsbyurian Cburcb in Canada. 223 
 
 Dalbeatie, Scotland. There are now six cIiiucIk'S in 
 Kingston and suburbs. Queen's University has given 
 added importance to the "Limestone City," whicli is also 
 the seat of the Koyal Military College, and of St. Mary's 
 Roman Catholic Cathedral which was connnenced build- 
 ins: in 184:5. 
 
 QUEENS UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This ^'School of the Prophets" received its honoured 
 name from good Queen Victoria, by Royal Letters Patent, 
 dated October 16, 1841. The charter provides that ''no 
 religious test or qualification shall be required of its 
 students, save only that persons admitted to any degree 
 of Divinity shall make such and the same declarations 
 and subscriptions as are required of j)ersons admitted to 
 any degree of Divinity in our University of Edinburgh." 
 In 1878. the classes in Queen's were thrown open to 
 women, and a considerable number of the fair sex have 
 availed themselves of the privilege, including several 
 who graduated in medicine. In all, about twenty-seven 
 hundred have graduated from this University — in the 
 various faculties of Theology, Medicine, Arts, Law, and 
 Applied Science. The number of professors and lec- 
 turers in the different departments is about seventy-five, 
 and of students enrolled in 1907, over one thousmd. 
 
 The first Principal of Queen's was the Rev. Thomas 
 Liddell, D.D., formerly of Edinburgh, who opened the 
 first Session in March, 1842, with eleven students. The 
 succeeding principals were Dr. John Machar, of Kingston, 
 
224 Churches In the Dominion of ganaaa. 
 
 Jiiid Dr. Julia Cook, ul' (2ii''bff, '"/ intniin : l>r. \\'iiii;iMi 
 Lcitcli. of Moiiimnil. Scotlaiul. in \ST)U: 1 M-. William Snod- 
 <:rass. foiim-ilv (»f St. raul's ("liinrli. .Miintrt'al. in l><il: 
 In-, (icorjic Mnni-o (iraiil. of Halifax, N.S., in 1877: In-. 
 Daniel Miner (Jordon, also a Nova Scotian, was iusialled 
 in VM'S. Sir Sandford Fleming, K.C.M.d.. has been chan- 
 cellor of the University since 1S80. Large additions havi- 
 from time to time been made to the college biildings, 
 and now the P^ndowment Fund is being increased to one 
 million dollars. Among the honorary graduates of Qm-eiis 
 are the late Duke of Argyll, the Marquess of Lorne, Lord 
 Stanley of IM-eston, the Karl and Conntess of Aberdeen. 
 Lord Minto, ILK. 11. the Dnke of Voi k and ("ornwall. Karl 
 Grey, Lord Dundonald, the late Sir dolm A. ALicdoiiald. 
 Sir Oliver Mowat, Sir ^Vilfrid Laurier, Lord Stralhcona. 
 and Andrew Carnegie— the donor of |100,UU0 towards the 
 P^ndowment Fund (»f (2ueen's. 
 
 The lirst Presbyterian church was erected in Tuu- 
 OXTO at the sole exjtense of Mi-, dessc Ketchum. a 
 wealthy merchant Avho came from the State of New Yoik 
 in 1709. It was opened for worship Febnuiry IS, ISl'J, 
 was named Kiid.r Chiircli. and in course of limc Hi.- 
 congregation became the largest in the province. This 
 clinrch was burned in 184S. and was soon r.-placed by a 
 much larger one. Its first minister was IJcv. James 
 Harris who came fi-om (he Kmerald Isle in IS'JO. and was 
 oi-daiiied the j»asioi- in 1S2;!. He i-esigned in 1S44, and 
 died ill ls7;; in his Sdih yeai-. lie was followed by Dr. 
 HolM-rt I'.iirns, of Paisley. Scotland, the valiant champion 
 of the Free rinircli in Canada. The next ]tastor was 
 
15 
 
22G Cburcbcs in tbe Dominion of panada. 
 
 Kev. Alexamlci- To]))), D.D.. foriiicily of Klj^iii. llie tirst 
 minister presented to a Scottish parish by Her Majesty 
 Queen Victoria. Dr. Topp took a leading part in the 
 negotiations for tlie Union of 1875, and was elected 
 moderator of the second General Assembly of the United 
 Clmrch. He died, suddenly, in 1879, and was succeeded 
 by the Rev. Henry Martyn Parsons, D.D., of Buffalo, 
 N.Y., who retired in 1900, soon after which the ''down- 
 town" churcli was sold for a valuable consideration and 
 a new "West-end" cliurrli was erected. 
 
 St. Anduew^'s Church in connection with the Church 
 of Scotland was opened for worship June 9, 1831. It 
 originated with members of the I^egislative Assembly 
 then convened in Toronto, among whom were the Hon. 
 William Morris, of Perth, Sir Francis Hincks, Mr. Lyon 
 Mackenzie, and Chief .Justice .Maclean. Kev. William 
 Rintoul, from England, was the first to preach within iis 
 walls. The garrison of York, consisting of the 7!Mli 
 Highlanders, composed his first congregation. .Mr. 
 Rintoul resigned in 1834, and was succeeded by Rev. "SV. 
 T. Leacli, a licentiate of the Presbytery of Haddington. 
 Mr. Leach and Rev. AVilliaiii liitchie, of Newmarket, 
 joined the Church of England in 1841*, and for so doing 
 both were solemnly d<'[)osed by the IM'esbytery of Tor 
 onto! Rev. John IJarclay, !>.!).. from .\yrsliire. was pas- 
 tor of St. Andrew's Church from ISli! to 1870. when Rev. 
 Danit'l James Macdonnell. a native of Kat hurst, N.lt., 
 formerly of Peteiboi-ougli. was inducted, and immediate 
 steps Were lakdi for- I lie erection of ;i s|>len(lid new 
 cliurcli, which lii'c;iiiic ihr centre of a large and iiilliicn 
 
Che Prcsbvterian gburcb in Canada 227 
 
 tial coiigrefiution. Mr. Macdonuell died in 181)G, aged 53, 
 after a brilliant ministry in Toronto of 20 years. There 
 are now more than thirty Presbyterian churches in Tor- 
 onto. 
 
 In 1828 the first Presbyterian church in Ottawa 
 was built in a few days by a band of workmen engaged 
 in the construction of the Rideau canal locks, tempora- 
 rily out of employment. The first minister of this church 
 in Bytown, as it was then called, was the Rev. John 
 Cruikshank, a native of Banffshire, in 1829. Dr. Alex- 
 ander Spence was the incumbent for 20 years — 1848-1868. 
 He was followed b}^ the Rev. D. M. Gordon, now principal 
 of Queen's College at Kingston, during whose incum- 
 bency the present fine church was built, in 1874. Dr. W. 
 T. Herridge, the present pastor, was inducted in 1883. 
 
 Rev. Alexander Gale, a native of Aberdeenshire, was 
 called to Hamilton, and founded St. Andrew's congrega- 
 tion in 1833. He preached in the Court House until the 
 first church was built in 1834, and remained in Hamilton 
 till 1846, when he engaged in professorial work till his 
 death in 1854. The first church was thrice enlarged, and 
 in 1857 the present stone building was completed at 
 a cost of 156,000, and adorned with a stone steeple 206 
 feet high — at that time the only stone steeple in British 
 North America. At the time of the Union of the Pres- 
 byterian Church, a minority of the congregation, led by 
 the then minister. Rev. Robert Burnet, declined to enter 
 The union and built another church, which they named 
 St. Andrew's. So to avoid confusion the name of the 
 original church and congregation was changed to that 
 
228 eburcDcs in tbe Dominion of Canada. 
 
 of '"St. riiiil's. ' 'riicic aic now sc\cii i'rrslix idian 
 (•liurchcs in this city. 
 
 A well-known lady in llaniilton nevtM- tired of ivlat 
 iii^ how. ill her yoiinycr days, she actually stood on the 
 toinnost j)iiin;.cle of the steeple of St. Andrew's church. 
 ^^ hen interest in her story had ri-achcd a climax, Mrs. 
 B. explained that while the workmen were preparing; to 
 hoist the top-stone to its place, she hapi em-d that way 
 and expressed her interest in w-hat was htjnii done, when 
 the foreman invited her to step on to the stoiu-. which 
 she did amid the plaudits of the crowd who had assem- 
 bled to witness the completion of the spire. 
 
 At Brantfoud, many 3'ears ago, the first Presbyte- 
 rian minister was the Rev. David Stott, sent here by the 
 Colonial Committee of the Church of Scotland. He suc- 
 ceeded in building a very small wooden chunh, too small 
 even for his small congregation, and whicli was soon 
 afterwards sold to a congregation of negroes, wiio iie\er 
 paid for it. The Episcojialians ha\ing built a new 
 church, their old one was purchased by the I'resbyli-iians 
 for |;jOO; but the conditions of sale recjuired that it 
 should be removed to another site; the building being 
 large, that cost a lot of money, and a long lime to do it; 
 Si) long, indeed, was the old (■linrcji a lieiiig dragged 
 IhrcMigh tile streets, for some weeks a itioverli was rife 
 in I'lfant ford, that the I'resbyteiians were bringing their 
 church t<» e\('iy man's doorl 
 
 The liist rresbyterian cliur*!! in L«im..>\ was l)niii 
 in IS,*',.'), for liie Ue\-. William Proinlfool. a missionary 
 sent I0 Canada b\ (he Secessjun ("liurcli of Scotland, who 
 
Cbe Pmbyterlan Cburcb in Canada. 229 
 
 instituted a Theological Seminary in tliis city, and did 
 a great deal of pioneer work in what was then deemed 
 the far-west of Canada. This eminent minister died in 
 1851, and was succeeded as minister of the First Church, 
 by one of his sons, the Rev. John J. A. Proudfoot, D.D., 
 who in addition to his pastoral work lectured for 34 
 years in Knox College, Toronto. Presbyterianism is well 
 represented at the present time by the seven churches of 
 London. 
 
 Time would fail to tell of all the pioneers of later 
 times who ''wrought righteousness" and laid the founda- 
 tions of Presbyterianism in desolate places. The briefest 
 reference to a few of them must suffice. 
 
 In response to a petition from the settlers in the 
 counties of Lanark and Renfrew — largely composed of 
 discharged soldiers and half-pay officers — The Rev. 
 William Bell was sent to Perth, by the Associate Pres- 
 bytery of Edinburgh, with a guaranteed stipend from the 
 British Government of one hundred pounds sterling per 
 annum. He arrived in 1817, and laboured zealously till 
 his death in 1857. He had many strange stories to tell 
 of the difficulties and hardships he encountered. He 
 found the new country to be ''a moral as well as a nat- 
 ural wilderness." So tedious was travel in those days, 
 it took him nearly a whole week to come from Montreal 
 to Perth! But he lived to see many large and flourishing 
 congregations in that part of the country. 
 
 Rev. Archibald Henderson was another of the minis- 
 ters sent to Canada by the Associate Synod of Scotland. 
 He commenced his ministrv among the settlers in the 
 
230 (Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 county of .Vi'gciitcuil, l.owrr ("an;i(l;i. in 1818. haviujr liis 
 headquarters at the viUago of St. Andrew's. He, too, 
 came .subsidized by the British (Jovernment witli flOO 
 a year for life; and Ik- lived lon^. foi' lie died in •laimary, 
 1877, in the 93rd year of his age, and the OTth of his 
 ministry. TTe was a faithful and devoted pastor. IJefore 
 his death he had the joy of liis life by taking part in the 
 union of the I'resbyterian Churches in 18T."), when the 
 descendants of the IJnighei- and AniilMugher foi-^ot iheir 
 differences and joined heart and hand with hitthren of 
 the Free Church and the old Kirk of Scotland. 
 
 When the Rcr. Williain Mair came from Scotland, and 
 was inducted to the charge of Chathnni, Quebec, so late 
 as 1833, there w<'re then no churches in that part of the 
 country, and he used to deline tlie IxmiikIs of his ])arisli 
 as being ''achteen miles fronting on the (Mtawa iiivfr. 
 and as far back as I can win." It was not long liefore 
 he had two substantial stone clinrdies erected, but while 
 tliey were being bnill. lie received lit lie or nothing from 
 his people in the shape of stipend. After a life of self- 
 d«'nial sudi as few miriisters nowailays are called on to 
 experience, he rested from his laltonrs in ISGO. The Itrr. 
 Alexainhi- MaiiiL an Alierdonian. was ordained by the 
 Presbj'tery <»f Aberdeen, and in 1SK» was indnded at 
 PdkriiJnnn as tin* minister (tf no less ilian live townships, 
 eacli ten miles s(|iiare! And he li\ed lo reap the fruits 
 of his early labours in the sat isfac lion of seeing chur<-hes 
 built, and large c(»ngrega t ions organized in each of (hem. 
 
KXUX ClILUCll, WlNMl'lCO 
 
 The first churcli of this name — a small wooden building — was erected in 
 1872. The late Dr. James Robsrtson was elected its first minister in 1S74. 
 Rev. D. I\I. Gordon, D D., succeeded Dr. Robertson in 1SS2. The present in- 
 cumbent, Rev. F. B. DuVal, D.D., formerly of Toltdo, Ohio, was inducted in 
 18SS. The handsome stone edifiee shewn in our cut was opened for worship, 
 August 17th, 1SS4, 
 
In manitoba, the northwest ana British eciumbia.* 
 
 Ill-; Sclkiik sciilcis (if 1811-1814 w.'iv clii.'lly 
 IMcslfVteiians. During- forty loiij;- yrai-s «»f jri'cat 
 ardsliijts. Ilicsc children of llic mists availed 
 1 ln'iiiscl\('S of ilic s('i-\ ices of the Cliiircli of Kiij;land. 
 tlioujjh longing iiicaiiwliilr for a niinisici- of llicii- own 
 jn'i-suasion. oftrii inoniisod to tlnMii. For srvcr.il years, 
 .James Sutherland, an Klder of the KirU. conducted ser- 
 vices and was authorized to marry and hapii/e; l»ul 
 hy whose aulhorily is not known, lie U'ft the Colony 
 in isis. In ISol the jteople's wisii wj'.s j^ratihed, when the 
 Ktv. John IJlack, a native (»f I >unifiiesshire. was sent to 
 them by tlie Presbyterian ('hur<h of Canada. Mr, Black 
 had no (Jaelic. but he soon foun<l his way to the hearts 
 of the ])eoplo; on om* day upwards of three hundred of 
 them bade adieu to the ('hurch of l^n^land and jiiaced 
 t lieiiisehes uiiih'r his ministry. It was not lon_u before 
 h«' had a little church, a school-house, and a nninse 
 erected at Kil(b>nan — so named after the parish in the 
 Highlands of Scotland, from wliirli musi of the Selkirk 
 settlers canic; and thus was laid the foundation of Pres 
 byterianism in the inairic |)id\ince. I M-. IJlack died in 
 b'^SL*. The iillh' stone cliui-cli has passed its jubilee and 
 is still in ^(kmI |irescr\ a t i<»n. an*l used for \\orshi|i; in 
 the well kept adjoining kirkyard lie the lemains <•!' not 
 a few (»f the missionary piou'-eis of the West, amoiii; 
 
 * "Manitoba, its Infancy, Crowtli and Pieseiu Condition." by 
 Rev. George Bryce, I).!).. 1.1. I)., l.imdon. 1SS2. 
 
Che Presbyterian Church in Canada. 233 
 
 Avlioin wci-e the K<m-. James Noshit, the first missionary 
 sent by the Canada I'resbyterian Church to the Red 
 River settlement, and also to labour among- the Indians. 
 Here too, at his own request, was laid to rest Dr. James 
 Robertson, aptly styled "The Apostle of Home Missions 
 in the Northwest." 
 
 Since the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 in 188G, wonderful changes have taken place; churches, 
 schools and colleges have arisen all over the land, and 
 lumdreds of ministers of all denominations are providing 
 religious instruction for the people; where but a few 
 years ago was a vast wilderness, the habitat of the Red 
 Indian, the fur-trader, and the butfalo, i)rovinces have 
 been created with all the acessories of local government — 
 ]irovinces larger in area than many European States, sur- 
 passing them all in fertility, and destined to become the 
 homes of millions. Winnipeg has already become not 
 only the great commercial emporium of the "West, but 
 an important educational and ecclesiastical centre as 
 well. It is the seat of four well-equipped theological 
 colleges — St. Boniface (Roman Catholic), the ^lanitoba 
 Colleg-e (Presbj'terian), St. John's (Episcopal), and Wes- 
 ley College (]\[ethodist). All these are affiliated in 
 friendly alliance with the University of Manitoba, found- 
 ed in ISTT; thus presenting "the unique spectacle," as 
 Dr. Bryce puts it, "of bishops, and Presbyterian elders, 
 j)riests and presbyters, blended together in the most har- 
 monious manner.'' There are now said to be fifteen Pres- 
 byterian cliuiches in AVinuipeg, and in the Presl)ytery 
 of Winnipeg, forty-six ministers on the roll, and 01) m"s- 
 sion stations. 
 
i'ii:s'i' i'i;i;si',N riiKiAN ciii i:< ii. \ h |(»im.\. i;. < 
 
the Pre$bytcrian Church in Canada. 235 
 
 IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 For the following notes I am largeh' indebted to 
 Kev. D. MacRae, clerk of the Presbytery of British Colum- 
 bia, and more particularly to Rev. Alexander Dunn's very 
 complete account of "Presbyterianism in British Columbia 
 in Early Days," published at New Westminster in 1005; 
 the more valuable as Mr. Dunn's residence of thirty years 
 in this province constitutes him the only person living who 
 is in a position to give all the information therein related, 
 himself being a spectator and an actor in most of the 
 scenes which he describes. Mr. Dunn (retired), now re- 
 sides at Whonnock, B.C. 
 
 In January, 1861, the Rev. John Hall, commissioned 
 by the Colonial Committee of the Presbyterian Church 
 in Ireland, arrived in Victoria and organized the "First 
 Church" — so called to this day. The first place of wor- 
 ship was erected in 1803, crowned with the Scottish 
 thistle. This church was destroyed by fire in 1883. and 
 was immediately replaced by the existing edifice. In the 
 meantime, the Colonial Committee of the Church of Sct>t- 
 land had sent its first missionary to British Columbia, 
 the Rev. James Nimmo, who arrived in 1863. He was 
 in no way, however, connected with First Church. He 
 remained but a short time in Victoria and was transferred 
 to British Guiana. In 1805 the Church of Scotland 
 appointed the Rev. Thomas Somerville to succeed 3Lr. 
 Hall. He naturally desired to have the congregation 
 organized in connection with the Kirk; an iiilluential 
 minority, however, objected to this, with the result that 
 Mr. Somerville withdrew from First Church, and found- 
 ed another congregation, named St. Andrew's. This 
 
236 eburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 iiii-niil (lisash-r [m ihc limc liciii^ lo ilif niln-i- cliiil-cb, 
 which i-('iiiiiiii('(l v;i(aiit. save tr»i- (iccasioiial jmlpit supply, 
 for nine years, until March, LSTii, \vhen Dr. John Keid, 
 an Knjilisli Congregationalist, became the pastor till 
 Ajtiil. issi. In 1SS4, the Fii-st <"1imi(1i congregation re- 
 solved to become connected with tlie I'resbyterian Church 
 in Canada, and in Angnst of that year the Rev. Donald 
 Fraser, formerly of Pi-iceville, Ontario, was inducted by 
 the Presbytery of Toronto. During his incumbency new 
 life Avas infused into the old congregation which now 
 ranks high among the churches of liritish rolumbia. 
 Mr. Fraser died in 1801, and was succeech-d by Dr. John 
 Campbell, the ]iresent pastor, in 1S!I2. 
 
 -Mr. Soiiicr\il]e i-eturiied to Scotland in ls7((. and was 
 succeeded in St. Andrew's Church, by the Kev. Simon 
 McGregor, whose first eight years in tlie ministry were 
 spent among the HighlancbM's of IMctou county, Nova 
 Scotia. In the meantime, the l\ev. Robi. .Famieson had 
 been sent to New Westminster by the Presbyterian 
 Chuich of Canada, in 1S02. On his arrival in \'ictoria. 
 Mr. .McCrregor found <»n]y tliice Presbyterian ministers 
 in all liritish Cobimbia; two of these soon after returned 
 t(» Scotland. leaving himself and Mr. .lamieson to look 
 afiei- the interests <»f ri-esbyteriauism in a province lia\- 
 iiig an area of KlO.Odd siiuare miles! 
 
 Ill ls7."i. .Mr. .McOregor went to Scotland, and in !•<' 
 s|«uise to his appeal four ministers were seiii out. and 
 the sum of il.O(H) jier anniiin was voted towards the 
 maintenance and e.xleiision of the work in Hritisli Colum- 
 bia. Sliorth after their arrival, the lirsi rresli\tei'\ of 
 
St. Andukw's Ciiuuch, ^'l("^oInA, B. C. 
 Rev. W. Leslie Clay, B.A., Minister. 
 
23S Cburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 British rolmiihia w;is instituted. Scj»t«MiilM-r 1. IsTo. The 
 "sederunt" was: Simon McGregor, moderator: \"\'illiam 
 Clyde, clerk; George ^[urray, Alexander Dunn, and A. 
 15. Niilndson. the last i\\<) named heing then ami tliere 
 oidained. Mr. Jamieson. with the consent of the Can- 
 adian chuicli. identilied himself with the new l'i-esl)yt«'rv, 
 lint not tinding the alliance congenial (to put it mildly), 
 he soon withdrew and conlinm-d in isolation at N<"W 
 Westminster until the Presbytery of Columbia was 
 erected by the Canadian Church in ISSII. (d" which he 
 became the first moderator. 
 
 Mr. McGregor returned to Scotland in 1881, and be- 
 came minister of the i)arish of Appin. lie was followed 
 in St. Andrew's Church, Victoria, by the Hex. Robert 
 Stephen until 1887, when the congregation voted itself 
 into union with the Canadian Church, and obtained for 
 its minister the Rev. Patrick Macfarlane Macleod, form- 
 erly of Toronto, and later of Tooting, England. During 
 his incumbency — 1888-1893 — a hands(Mne new church was 
 erected at a cost of about f50,0t)0. The withdrawal of 
 Mr. Stephen from the pastorate of St. Andrew's Church 
 proved to be the beginning of the end of the jurisdiction 
 of the ;Nrolher Church. One by one. llie old Kirk minis- 
 ters resigned their charges, until every congregation in 
 the province had fallen into line with the Presbyterian 
 Church in Canada, and all with the api>roval of the 
 <"|iurcli that had senl them here. Tlie only one of I lie 
 S|(;ti-|an band wlio I'emaiiied in \'anc(»uver Island under 
 tile old Kirk to I lie end of Ills days was Ihe Kev. .lanu'S 
 <"liristie. When liis congregation at Wellington camt^ 
 
Cbe Pmbvtcrlan Cburcb in Canada. 28!) 
 
 into union with the Canadian thui'cli. In 18D0, having 
 then reached an advanced age, he thereafter lived in re- 
 tirement in Victoria, v^'here he died in 1902. 
 
 In course of the events which led up to the erection 
 of the first Presbytery of the Canadian Church in British 
 Columbia there were two important factors. The first 
 was the official visit of Dr. Cochrane, the enthusiastic 
 convener of the Home Mission Committee, who came 
 away impressed with ''the greatness of the opportunity, 
 and the magnitude of the work to be accomplished, if the 
 growth of Presbyterianism was to keep pace with the 
 rapid increase of population and the development of the 
 material resources of the country." The other great 
 factor was the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 to Burrard's Inlet in 188G, and the construction of branch 
 lines in various directions, without which it "would have 
 been impossible to have undertaken the work, as has been 
 done. I 
 
 The first church in New Westminster was erected 
 in 18G2, during the incumbency of Rev. Robert Jamieson. 
 The first in Vancouver, in 1885; it went up in smoke in 
 the conflagration that swept the ambitious little city out 
 of existence in 1887. In the New Vancouver there are 
 already five Anglican, five Presbyterian, and five Metho- 
 dist churches, not to speak of Baptist, Roman Catholic, 
 and other denominations. 
 
 So much for the genesis of Presbyterianism in Brit- 
 ish Columbia. Suffice it to add that there are now four 
 Presbyteries in that jtrovince, with one hundred minis- 
 ters enrolled, and that in addition to the organized con- 
 
LMo Churches in the Dominion of Canada 
 
 ;^i"»'<i;it i<tii ilici-c ;ii<- iiti\ mission st;ll:"ll•^ i-.i riv jnor ir- 
 j;nl;ir sii|ipl\ i)\' i<'li;^i(ins scix ices hy ilic I'n-shv iciv. 
 
 'I'liis riimili. wliicli ciiificd on fonii^n mission woik- 
 in 1S4S, lias now sniicsstnl missions in India. <'liina. 
 -Japan, Korea, the ^scw llelii'idcs islands in the Sunili 
 •soas. in Trinidad, and also to the North American In- 
 dians and the Chinese in Canadti. Not including the 
 wives of missionaries, thei-e are in all \ i"> Canadians cm- 
 ployed in these missions, and a lar^e nnmlter «d' native 
 nssislants. 
 
 T'NION OF THE rilTrvriTKS. 
 
 At Montiuoal, on tlu' loth of Jnne. 1S7."», the four 
 Presbyterian Churches then in Canada were united under 
 the name of "Tut: Pui:sbyti:iua.\ Ciiriaii in Canai>.\.' 
 These w<'re (1) ''The I'resbyterian Church in (/anada in 
 connection with the Church of Scotland;'" (2) "The Can- 
 ada Presbyterian Church;"' (3) ''The Presbyterian Chun h 
 of the Lower Provinces of British North America;"' (li 
 "The l*r<*sby(eiian Church of the Maritime Provinces in 
 coniu'ction with the Church of Scotland." 
 
 The moderators of these churches, respectively. w1h» 
 signed the Deed of Union were: — Priuripaj Snodgrass. oi 
 (Queen's College. Kingston; I'rincipal ("avi-n. of Knox 
 Church. Toronto; hr. \\ <i. .M.( licgoi-. of Halifax. an<l 
 lve\. <Ieorgc .Miniro (Irani, of Halifax. Mr. .lolin Cook. 
 of (Jiieltec. was ap|)ointed Mie tirsi modi'iMior of ihc I'l-es- 
 hy leria n < 'liiircli in ( "aiiada. 
 
 At that lime i1m" toial numlier of Tresliv lerian minis 
 
Jllliance of Reformea Cburcbes 241 
 
 ters in Canada was csliniatcd to he (kU; of elders, 3.(J.j(J; 
 of congregations, 1,008, and of commnnicantS; 90,653. 
 Twenty-one ministers declined to enter the nnion, viz., 
 twelve in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and nine 
 in the Maritime Provinces. At the present time there 
 remain out of the union only one in Ontario and one in 
 the Province of Quebec. 
 
 THE ALLIANCE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES. 
 
 This organization, popularly known as ''The Pan- 
 Presbyterian Council," may be said to liave originated in 
 the minds of Dr. McCosh, of Princeton, N.J., and Dr. W. 
 G-. Blaikie, of Edinburgh, in 1870. Definite action was 
 taken in 1873, when at a meeting of the Evangelical 
 Association, held in New York, a committee was ap- 
 pointed to bring the subject before the Presbyterian 
 Churches throughout the world. The proposal met witli 
 general approval, and in 1875 a conference was held in 
 London, attended by nearly one hundred delegates, when 
 a constitution was prepared and adopted, and arrange- 
 ments made for holding the first meeting of "The Gen- 
 eral Council of the Reformed Alliance" in Edinburgh, 
 which met accordingly on July 10, 1877. It is remem- 
 bered that the late Dean Stanley invited the delegates 
 to a conversazione in the Jerusalem Chamber, West- 
 minster Abbey, and in reply to the thanks accorded him 
 for his courtesy, with his usual ]>leasantry expressed the 
 hope that the Episcopalian Church would be able to hold 
 
 10 
 
L'42 
 
 Jllllance of Reformed Churches 
 
 its own "ajiiiiiist tlic iiiij^lily ajiciirics which ihc Pi-cs- 
 bytei'ians had now at woik." 
 
 The P](linl»iii'j4li <'(»Mn(il. wliich pinxcd t(» he a snc- 
 cess. 1»cv(»ih1 ihc most san^^iiinr cxiu'cia I inns, was fol- 
 lowed, at int('i-\als of aliont tour years, by simihu' nieet- 
 injj.s — in lMiiladeli»liia, 188U; in Jlelfast, 1884; in London, 
 1888; in Toronto. 1802; in Ghiso;ow. 189(5; in Washiujjton, 
 1899, and in Li\ei]»ooI in liilM. The ninili Council of the 
 Alliance is ajipointed to meet in New ^'ork in l!Mis. IJev. 
 Georf;e 1). Matthews, D.D.. t»f London, l-liiiiland. is the 
 General Secretai-y of the Alliance; liev. ^\■illiam K. Rob- 
 erts, D.l)., LL.L).. is Secretary of the AN'estern Section, in- 
 cluding: the T'.iited Slates of America and Canada. 
 
 Sr. Sri:i'iii;N's ("in itiii, W inmi'i:*;. 
 
 1{|;V. < 'll.MM.I.S W. (iultlMiV. r...\.. "liAl.ril CoNNni;." PaSIOIJ. 
 
Cbe metbodist Cburcb in Canada 
 
CDc lUctbcaist eburcb in Canada 
 
 STATISTICS, 1906. 
 
 245 
 
 The General Conference, meeting (luadrennially, con- 
 sists of one-twelfth of the ordained ministers and an 
 equal number of laymen, elected by the annual Con- 
 ferences. The chief officer is the General Superintendent 
 whose term of office is eight j^ears, eligible for re-election 
 at the expiry of his term. 
 
 Rev. Albert Carman, D.U., is General Superintendent 
 
 SINCE 188.3. 
 
 There are thirteen Annual Conferences, including 
 •Japan. 
 
 The number of ministers is 1,811 
 
 Number of local preachers 2,416 
 
 Number of members in full communion . . . . .317,717 
 
 Total number of adherents by census of 1901. 93.5,000 
 
 The number of Sunday-schools (1906) 3,552 
 
 Officers and teachers in Sunday-schools . . . . 24,-558 
 
 Number of scholars in Sunday-schools 274,306 
 
 The number of churches is 3,616 
 
 Universities, colleges and theological schools 27 
 
 Missionaries in Home Fields 350 
 
 Missionaries to Indians and Chinese in Canada 43 
 
 Missionaries abroad (16 being Canadians) .... 54 
 
 Contributions for all church purposes (1906).. .f 3,774,1.55 
 
 Theological Colleges. 
 
 Mount Allison University, Sackville, N.B., founded 
 1843. Dr. David Allison, President. 
 
 Wesleyan Theological College, Montreal, founded 
 1873. Dr.'w. I. ^hou\ Principal. 
 
 Victoria University, Toronto, incorporated 1836. Dr. 
 y a than id Bunra.<ih, Chancellor. 
 
 Wesley College, Winnipeg. ^Man., incorporated, 1877. 
 f>r. J. ir. k^parling. Principal. 
 
In the maritime Provinces 
 
 FltUM A.I>.. 1 (7(1. 
 
 HE cxiMilsidii (»f tile Aradians from Nova Scoiia 
 It'ft many tracts of land in llu- lirlici- aj^ricnl- 
 lural districts niitcnant('<l. In 17.~S Cioxcrnoi' 
 
 Lawrc-ncc held onl indncciiicnis to the inhabitaul.s of 
 New England to come and laUe possession of these lands, 
 and snbsequently issued a lu-oclamai ion j;naranteein;^ full 
 religions liberty to all \vli(» sh(»uld accejit tlie invitation. 
 with the result that a large nunilK*r availed tliems«'l\es 
 of the oiler and settled in Nova Scotia. Annnig these 
 were n few .Methodist families. The lirst Meiln»dist 
 family coming fiom Knglaiid is said to liasc been that 
 of Stephen Kead — grandfather of liev. dohn Head, some- 
 time pastor of the (Irafton Street Church in Halifax — 
 who came from YorUshii-e in 1770. Others followed from 
 the same ([uarler during the li\t' following years — mosilv 
 Methodists — among whom were iw<» pious lavmen. ('has. 
 Dixon and William Wells, who were xcrv helpful lo 
 Methodism in lis early years in No\a Seoiia. 
 
 Among the second party of emigrauis from ^'ol•k• 
 shire was Wii.i.iam r>i..\ii<. then aboin lifieen vears of 
 age, <d' Meihodisl parenlagi-. whose lamilv settled at 
 Amherst. AImmii ihis lime a i-emaikable religious re- 
 vi\al swept o\cr the .Maritime rro\inces. laigely through 
 the preaching of ;i vwimg e\angelisl, ilenrv .\lline. a 
 natis'e <d' .New i;ii;^laiid. and a < 'oniii-eua l iona lisi . who. 
 
Cbe metbotlst Cburcb in Canada. 247 
 
 when twenty years old came A\itli liis jtarents to Fal- 
 mouth. This yonn*;- man commenced his evan<i<distic 
 itinerancy in 1T7(!, which he continued with unabated 
 enthusiasm and success until his death, eight years later. 
 Young Black when nineteen came under the spell of the 
 awakening, was converted, and devoted himself to 
 preaching the Gospel with apostolic zeal. To him is 
 attributed the honour of being the pioneer Methodist 
 missionary in these provinces. So extensive and accept- 
 able were his kibours, he came to be familiarly styled 
 "Bishop Black,'' wherever he went. In the summer of 
 1780 he went forth into the several i)rovinces ]»roclaim- 
 ing the way of life to all classes. He opened corre- 
 spondence with John Wesley-, who encouraged him in his 
 work. In 1789, Black and the brothers James and -lohn 
 Mann were formally ordained to the office of the ministry 
 at the Conference in rhiladeli)hia, and returned to Nova 
 Scotia, priding themselves on having their credentials 
 attested by two such eminent men as Thomas Coke and 
 Francis Asbury. In 1800, Mr. lilack visited England 
 and returned with four young ministers — Joshua Mars- 
 den, James Lowry, Thomas Olivant, and William I'.ennett, 
 who contributed largely to the develo[»ment of the 
 Methodist Church in the Maritime Provinces. In 1702 
 Black commenced preaching in a hired building in Hali- 
 fax, from which the congregation was s\imniarily ejected 
 
 * The chief authority for these notes on Metho.isni in the 
 Maritime Provinces is Dr. T. W. Smith's "Methodism in Eastern 
 British America" ; 2 volumes Halifax 1890. 
 
24S gburchcs in tbc Dominion of panada. 
 
 by its hostile ownci-; tliis led to tlif erect ion uf ilic lirst 
 Mctliodist cliiinli (»|k'iic<1 l<»r woisliip in >s<>\ ciiiber of 
 tliJil ycai-. In I lie :il»sen«e (»!' Mr. I'.lack. who was 
 then in IJaltiniore, in correspondence with Dr. Coke 
 — who would have him appointed overseer of the ^letho- 
 dist work in the NW^st Indies — the lirst service Avas con- 
 ducted by Rev. \\'iHiani .lessop, an emineiii American 
 divin(\ who ]>rea<]ie(l from C.enesis lit: 1':': — "The sun was 
 risen upon the eartli when Lot entered into Zoar." What 
 more appropriate name could in the circumstances be 
 given the new buildinj^ Avhich was to the coufrrcfjation 
 like a city of refuge, than "Zoai-""? So it was muned, 
 and the place from which they had been driven was by 
 expressive contrast styled Sodom! 
 
 Zoar was considerably enlarged in ISir.. and until 
 1834 was the only Methodist Church in Halifax. In 1S52, 
 the Grafton Street Church was dedicated, and ii may 
 be said to be the immediate successor of Zoar. inasmuch 
 as most of those who had worshi]i]»ed in the old etlitice 
 became members of (Jrafton Slr<M't Cliui-cli. Zoar. how- 
 ever, continued to be used seveial years longer for reli- 
 gions ])iir])oses and was eventually sold to r.islio|) llinney, 
 of the Anglican riinrch. \\\\\ the r,ninswi<k Street 
 Cliurcli was an earlier branch of Zoai- than Crafton 
 Street. It was ojiened for worshi|) September II. 1S:U, 
 and is now the oldest and largest .Methodist (Mnirch in 
 Halifax, being seated for I.L'IKI persons, and in its 
 younger days acc(»nnte<l a very liandsoni ■ edih e. In 
 1834. Asiatic cholera was claiming many \ictinis in llali 
 fax; among these was the now Ncnerabk' and \eneraie<l 
 
Cbc mctboaist Cburcb in Canada. 249 
 
 William Black, who died just fivo days before the opsn- 
 ing of the new church, in the 74tli year of his age, and 
 the 45th of his ministry — dating from his ordination. 
 
 IN TRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND CAPE BRETON. 
 
 Mr. Black first visited P. E. Island in 1783, when he 
 preached several times at Charlottetown and St. Peters. 
 His second visit was in 1794, when he received a warm 
 welcome from the Governor of the Island, and Mr. Des- 
 brisay, the Anglican rector, and from the resident Meth- 
 odists, among whom was one Joshua Newton, the col- 
 lector of customs and an indefatigable lay preacher. 
 The second lay evangelist on the Island was Thomas 
 Dawson, who came from Ireland in 1801, a non-commis- 
 sioned officer in the army, under Lord Cornwallis, who, 
 after providing a comfortable home for his family, was 
 moved by the spiritual destitution of the scattered set- 
 tlers to enter upon a course of labours which proved too 
 much for his powers of endurance and which terminated 
 with his death in 1804. 
 
 A third lay ]»reacher was Joseph Avard who came 
 to the Island in 1806 from the Channel Islands with a 
 party of seventy-three persons who settled at IMurray 
 Harbour. During many years the Methodists in Prince 
 Edward Island were wholly dependent on the services of 
 lay evangelists. The first ordained minister to visit thorn 
 seems to have been the Rev. John Hicks who arrived 
 from England in 181.5, and preached his first sermon in 
 the church erected at Munay ITnrboui-. in August 
 of that year. In the following year he preached in the 
 
14 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 '_j 
 
 'J 
 
Cbe lllctbodist eburcb in Canada. 251 
 
 uiifiiiislKHl eliureli at Cliarlottetowii. From that time the 
 supply of religious services by the Methodists on the 
 Island, though often intermittent and inadeiiuate. has 
 been on the whole fairly well maintained and at the pres- 
 ent time there are about twenty ordained ministers on 
 the roll. 
 
 In Cape Breton, the earliest Methodist workers were 
 also laymen. John Watts, a devout Methodist soldier, 
 came to Sydney in 1789, with a detachment of the 24th 
 Regiment, and was eminently helpful. Twenty-two years 
 later, William Charlton from the United States began 
 a mission at Gabarus Bay. So successful was he. at his 
 suggestion the Rev. Hibbert Binney, rector and military 
 chaplain at Sydney, visited Gabarus in 1819, and bap- 
 tized sixty-two persons of all ages — pending the arrival 
 of a Methodist minister from England. Somewhat later, 
 ministers were stationed at Hawkesburv and Margaree. 
 
 IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Rev. Abraham John Bishop, a native of the Isle of 
 Jerse}', came to St. John, in September. 1791, and during 
 the following winter visited Fredericton and Nashwaak. 
 In 1792, the church in St. John which had been vacat('<l 
 by the Episcopalians was purchased by tlu' .Methodist 
 Society, now numbering eighty members in St. John. 
 Mr. Bishop's ministry in this province was brief, for at 
 the end of two years of fruitful service he was appointed 
 by Dr. Coke, sui)erintendent of missions in the \N'est 
 Indies. But the work lie had begun so well was vig( ur- 
 
252 Cburcbes in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 ou.slv followed up by "JJislH*]) r.lack.' Dun iiii M<Coll, 
 Jamos Mann, and other entlmsiastic labourers. IJishop 
 had soon discovered that the majority of the U. E. Loy- 
 aiisis who sell led here ill laijic nuiiibrrs ill 1783 adhered 
 to the Church of England in preference to joining the 
 Metliodists, whose ministers were subjected to many 
 grievous disabilities, to as hite a time as 1834. In spite, 
 however, of the disadvantages under which they labour- 
 ed, the Methodists persevered and llie field of tlieir opera- 
 tions gradually exi»anded. In 1807. the cnurch in St. 
 John ]>roved to be too small, a great addition having 
 been made to the congregation under the ministry of 
 Joshua Marsden, one of the four ministers IJhick brought 
 from England in 1800. In 1808, a larger and much finer 
 church was dedicated in St. John, by Rev. .William Ben- 
 nett, and again, in 1838, the corner stone of the Iteau- 
 tiful ''Centenary Church"* was laid — a lasting monu- 
 meni. it was lioped, to ]\Iarsd(Mi and Feiguson. an«l other 
 eniiiieiit jtioneer ministers who had preache<l here with 
 surpassing e]o(|uence; but, alas I This noble structure 
 fell a ]»i'ey to the flames wliicli destroyed a large i)ortiou 
 of Si. John ill 1S77; but out ((f tlie nslies of the burned 
 building soon arose liic s|tli'iidid edilice seen in our 
 illustration. 
 
 For some years the Frc<lciicton ^Methodists met for 
 wfMslii|i ill 'liic (liiiicli that was in the house" of Hun- 
 can and Mary IMair. This good man gaxc a site for a 
 small cliiiicli wliicli was rcjilaccd by a larger one in 
 
 * The year ll'.V.i is jijeiu'rall.v considtToil to l)o tlie oporli or 
 Metliodisin in lOiiKlaiid. 
 
Cbc metboaist gburcb in Canada. 253 
 
 1832, and this in time gave place to the gracetul struc- 
 ture which still adorns the capital of New Brunswick. 
 
 We learn from Mr. Howard Trueman's book, "The 
 Chignecto Isthmus and its first settlers," Toronto, 1002, 
 that the first Methodist church in Canada was erected 
 at Pointe de Bute, near Sackville, N.B., in the year 1788. 
 The site of this edifice was deeded to John Wesley and 
 his successors, by one, William Chapman, on the payment 
 of five shillings. The first pastor of this church was the 
 Eev. James Mann, a versatile genius, who came from 
 New York in 1783, with the U. E. Loyalists. He taught 
 school for two years at Liverpool, N.S., meanwhile pre- 
 paring himself for the ministr}-. In 17SG, at the call of 
 Freeborn Garretson, a famous preacher then in Nova 
 Scotia, Mann became an evangelist, and three years later 
 was ordained to the ministry along with William Black 
 in Philadelphia, and became one of the ablest ministers 
 in the Maritime Provinces. The first Methodist church 
 was commenced by Duncan McColl, at »S'^. Stephen, N.B., 
 in 1790; the first log church was built at Nashioaak, in 
 1798. Among others who left their mark on Canadian 
 Methodism were the three Barrys, Freeman Garretson, 
 Dr. ]Mathew Eitcliey, Dr. Young, William Temple, and 
 the Truemans and Allisons, of Sackville fame. 
 
 The Bermudas, which now constitute a District of 
 the Nova Scotia Conference, was visited in 1748, by 
 George Whitefield, who received a heart}' welcome from 
 the Governor and members of the Council, though in the 
 
25i Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ilicn slalc <»r tliilijis lie \v;is linl pcnilille-d to ocellpv til"' 
 jnilpits ul" tin- f'siiiltlislird cliurcli: but lu' held sorvicos in 
 lln- n]M'ii nil-, in lialls. and in the Sr(»is rn-slix iciiau 
 "Clirisi ('liiiirli" at Warwick, wliicli still exists, and in 
 its <.iallci-y iiia.v In seen tlic ((Id-fashiened i)ul]»it used l>y 
 W'liilclicld. This is said to be tlie oldest Tresbyterian 
 clnirili in ilic Jli-itisli <'(»loiiics and is supiiliid liy niiiiis- 
 tei-s of the rhiiich of Scotland. The Presbyterian 
 Clmi-ch at llaiiiiitnii is in connection with the I'rcsby- 
 Icriaii rhurcli in ("aiiada. There ai*e sonic Iwelve Melli- 
 odisi cimichcs in the r.crnnwlas. one half <d' wliicli are 
 nndci- tin- siii)ervisiou of the t'anadian (leneral Con- 
 ference. The coninion jteojde beard \\'hiteli(dd gladly, 
 and on liis leaving JJermuda he was presented "with more 
 than i,'l(i() for the Orphan Asylum at Savannah, in which 
 he was deeply interested. 
 
 This ojKMied the way some years later for -John 
 Stephenson wh<> comiiK-nced his career of li\in«i martyr- 
 dom in 177!>. lie was soon placed under the ban of the 
 civil authorities and subjected to line and imprisonment. 
 For many years visitors eould read on the cedar Moor of 
 his cell, the inscription cut by the jtrisoncr: — ".li»lin 
 Stc|»lM'iison, .Methodist missionary, was im|irisoned in this 
 jail six iiionilis. and lined lifty pounds, for preaciiing the 
 (Josjtel of -iesiis Christ, to Afi-ican l)lacks and capti\t' 
 nejii-oes, St. (ieorj;(''s, Kerniiida. .lime, isoi." ('|inii his 
 liberalioii Ste|)|i<-nson found the iiieiiibei-s of his llocU 
 generally laillifiil to their |ir»d'ession.* lie reiiinied lo 
 Ircdand in IsOL'. and died there in ISp.t. 
 
 ♦ Sinilir.s .Mciluxiisiii, Vol. I. p. l lit ,/ nn/. 
 
Che metbodist CDurcb in etmaaa. 255 
 
 The first Methodist rroviiicial Conference in Novti 
 Scotia was held in Halifax, October 10, 178G; the minis- 
 ters attending it were Messrs. John and Jam?s Mann, 
 James Oliver Cromwell, ^\'illiam 15huk, Freeborn Oarret- 
 son and A\'illiam Grandin. They reported 1510 members 
 in Nova Scotia, From that time the Church has made 
 steady progress. There were in 11)05, 251 Methodist 
 ministers in the three Maritime Provinces. The number 
 of adherents given in the Dominion Census of IDOL was 
 106,865. 
 
 IMOUNT ALLISON UNIVERSITY, 
 
 At Sackville, N.B,, was founded in 1813, by Charles 
 F. Allison, a member of a Scotch-Irish family, that set- 
 tled at an early period in the history of the province in 
 Cornwallis, N.S. This gentleman purchased a suitable 
 site at Sackville, and erected buildings for an academy, 
 at a cost of some four thousand pounds, to hi placed 
 under the management of the Methodist Conference, and 
 further contributed a sum of |100 annually for ten years 
 In 1854 the Ladies' College was instituted. The univer- 
 sity proper was subsequently incorporated under a char- 
 ter from the Provincial Legislature. In it there are eight 
 professors, and 22 other teachers. Dr. David Allison is 
 President of the Universitv. 
 
^««%: 
 
 |1 ?« ' |5t 
 
 i--" I- 
 
 r TV- 
 
 ST. .lA.MKS; MKTlKHHSr rill IJCll. .\1« )N'IKi;.\ L 
 
Tn fbe Province of Quebec.^ 
 
 FROM A.D., 1780. 
 
 CCOEDIXG to Muistcr, tlie missionary historian, 
 Methodism was introdnced into Lower Canada 
 by Commissary Tiitt'ey, an officer in H. M. 44th 
 Regiment, who held the first service in Quebec in 1780, 
 and continued to do the work of an evangelist until the 
 close of the war in 1783, when the regiment was disband- 
 ed and Tuffey returned to England. The first missionary 
 in the Eastern Townships seems to have been the erratic 
 Lorenzo Dow in 1790, who, like the proverbial vapour, 
 appeared for a little time and then vanished away. 
 Eccentric though he was to the verge of ''daftness," he 
 made a number of converts, but at the end of two years, 
 in a fitful mood he set sail for Ireland, and was heard 
 of no more. A congregation was formed at Phillipsburg 
 in 180G, when one, Francis Brown, was licensed to preacTi 
 and brother ]^Iicah Townsend to ^'exhort." Rev. Henry 
 James presided at tlie initial meeting. The existing 
 church was opened for worship in 1819; still in good pre- 
 servation, it is believed to be the oldest Methodist Church 
 in the Province of Quebec. 
 
 *CiiiKF AT'TiroKiTiEs: "Methodism in Canada," by Rev. Alexander 
 Sutherland, D.D.. 1903; the "Cyclopedia of Methodism in Can- 
 ada." by Rev. George H. Cornish^ LL. D., 2 Volumes, 1881 and 
 1902. 
 
 17 
 
258 gburcbcs in the Dominion of CanadJ 
 
 Tlif lirsl Mftliodisl clmrcli in .Moiiinal \\;is ficctcd 
 in 1807, the second, in isi'l. tiic third was th.- hirge 
 edifice on ^>t. James Street in whicli many imiiurtant 
 anniversary and missionary meetings were hrkl. It was 
 here that Dr. Jenkins delivered his famous course of lec- 
 tures on the "Douay" liible: Here l>r. (leoi-ge Donjilas, 
 "the old man elo(|Uent." and Dr. Lacliian Taylor. I>r. 
 John Potts, and other eminent ministei-s jioiired fniih 
 ''torrents of eloiiuence;" and liere Dr. Morley IMmshon 
 delivered some of his most hrilliant lectures. But the 
 exigencies of business sounded the death-knell of this 
 historic church, and in its stead the present uptown St. 
 James Church was opened for worshiji in ISSii. which 
 maybe styled the Cathedral of Methodism in Canada. 
 There are now twenty Methodist churches in Montreal. 
 In the Province of Quebec there are 1*75 ministers, ami 
 over 42,000 adherents. 
 
 Mi:rii()itisi .Mi:ri;(ji'(ii.i iA\ <"iiii;«ii. \' ic i . .i;i \. \\.i\ 
 
In Ontario and tbe ncrtb-(Um. 
 
 FROM A.D., 1786. 
 
 r the first, and for many years, Methodism in 
 Ontario had to contend with strenuous opposi- 
 tion in high places, and was subjected to many 
 disabilities. It was stigmatized by reproach and con- 
 tempt and debarred many of the privileges of citizenship. 
 The Methodists were not allowed to hold lauds for places 
 of worship, nor for the burying of their dead, nor had 
 they the right to solemnize matrimony even among their 
 own people. During the long struggle that ensued for 
 equal rights there arose a powerful advocate in the per- 
 son of the Kev. Dr. Egerton Eyerson, to whom the 
 Methodist Church owes perhaps more than to any other 
 individual. The son of a United Empire Loyalist, he 
 was himself as loyal to his king and country as he was 
 to the Church of his choice, and his name will go down 
 to posterity as the founder of the admirable system of 
 public instruction in Upper Canada. Dr. Ryerson cham- 
 pioned the Methodist cause and eventually conquered in 
 the fight. In the pages of the ''Christian Guardian," the 
 weekly organ of the Church, he forged the polished 
 shafts employed to combat and counteract the machina- 
 tions of the "Family compact" of these early days that 
 would fain have buried Methodism and Presbyterianism 
 in a common grave. He was also instrumental in secur- 
 ing the appointment of Dr. William ^[orley Punshon as 
 
260 (Churches in the Dominion of ganaaa. 
 
 president of the (Jeueral Couieieute iu IbUT, Dui'iug his 
 stay of five years in Canada, Dr. Tunslion, by bis uu- 
 livalled pulpit and platform oratory, "Lis comprehensive 
 giasp (»f alVaiis and skill in guiding conuexional in- 
 terests, secured for Methodisni a degree of inliuence 
 beyond anything it had previously attained." Punshou 
 died in London, April 14, 1881, aged 57. It seems like 
 the irony of fate that this Church, notwithstanding the 
 disadvantages that attended its early history, iu couise 
 of time became numerically the largest of all the I'ro- 
 testant denominations iu the Dominion! 
 
 The first of the pioneers in Ontario was Major 
 George Neal, an ollicer in a British regiment thai had 
 served in the revolutionary war. He came to the Niagara 
 frontier in 178G, and received an officer's grant of land, 
 and was no sooner settled in his new home than he began 
 to preach to his neighbours with great earnestness and 
 success. Two years later, there came from the L'liiii-d 
 States two other Irishmen, Lyons and McCarty, both of 
 whom laboured as evangelists for some years, but the 
 first accredited ministers in Upper Canada were William 
 Losee and Darius Dunham. Both of them came from 
 the United States; both of them might have been railed 
 "Sons of Thunder," for they were not mealy-mouthed, 
 nor afraid to tell the imjienitent, without circumlocution, 
 that they were going headlong lo perdition. The lattt-r, 
 li-oiii his (Iriniiitiatory style of i>rea<-hing, came to be 
 kiKtwii uiicicvcr lie Wfiil as "Scolding iMiiiliam." Tliev 
 worked liaiiiioniously t(>gether unlil separati'd by a siii- 
 gulai-lv loiiianlic incident. l*>otli. it seems, had set tlicir 
 
Cbe metboaist gburcb in Canada. 261 
 
 affections uj)ou a young lad}- of rare personal attractions, 
 and, strange to say, scolding Dnnliam won the prize, 
 which so upset Losee that he became quite unfitted for 
 his work and left the countr3^ At a later period the 
 work begun by Losee and Dunham was followed up by 
 two grand men whose services to Methodism will not be 
 soon forgotten: these were Joseph Sawyer, and Nathan 
 Bangs, D.D., who, amid man}' difficulties, continued to 
 work with great enthusiasm till the end of their days. 
 
 The first Methodist church in Upper Canada was 
 erected on the south shore of Hay Bay, in the township 
 of Adolphustown, two miles above the town of Prescott, 
 in 1792, at a cost of £108 Halifax currency. Mr. Losee 
 was the first to preach in it. This place became the 
 centre of a busy hive associated with the names of Losee 
 and Dunham, of Barbara and Paul Heck, and the Emburys 
 who instituted the first ''class-meeting" in old Canada, 
 In the graA^eyard adjoining the little "Blue Church" in 
 Hay Bay, Paul Heck and his wife lie buried side by side. 
 Mr. Caswell of the Methodist Publishing House, Tor- 
 onto, informs us that the oldest existing Methodist 
 church in Ontario is the Conger church, two miles from 
 Picton, that it was built in 1809, and is still in good 
 repair; during the last two years it has been out of use, 
 but it is expected to be reopened early in 1909, when it 
 will have completed its first century. 
 
 The first Methodist church in Toronto was built on 
 King Street, in 181G. The Metroi)olitan Church, a fine 
 edifice, erected at a cost of $150,000, and seated for about 
 2,000, was opened for worshi]) Ai)ril 1, 1872. The min- 
 
262 Cburcbcs in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 utcs of the last ConfeiM'iicc show iliirty-ono MctlKulist 
 chni'clios within the city limits of Toronto, and live or 
 six more in the immediate sulnuhs. Professor Cornish 
 states that Rev. Robert Corson was the first Methodist 
 preacher in London, Ontario, in 1S2.*1. and the Rev. 
 William Ryerson. the first in Hamilton, in 1835. There 
 are now nine Methodist churches in Hamilton; the saiiif 
 number in London; in Ottawa there arc five, and four in 
 Kingston. 
 
 The tirst District Conference in ()nlario was iirld at 
 Elizabeth! own in 1817. Victoiua Uxiveusity was re- 
 moved from Cobonrg- to Toronto, in 18!)l'. It occupies 
 a fine site in t^uet'n's Park, is amply endowed, and has 
 a large staff of professors in Arts and Theology. H was 
 incorporated in ls:j(!. Rev. Dr. N. Uurwnsh is Ciiaiicellor 
 and professor of Systematic Theology, Di. Sm hii nnd, 
 the missionary secretary, states that the first Methodist 
 church in The Xoi'thwest, for the work among the whites, 
 was the little church erected at Fort Garry in 1871. with 
 Rev. Crcor^c Vouug for its first uiissionary. 
 
 The pioneer missionaries among the Indians in the 
 Northwest wei-e Robert F. Rundle. "William Mason, -las. 
 Evans. Thomas Iluilburt. Thomas W'oolsey. and (ieorge 
 McD<»iig;ill. 'I'lie hist natiied. wh<t was su|)erintendcnt 
 of missions in the \':ille\ of the Saskatilit-u ;iii, had 
 a church erected near Edmonton in isTl, and sonn- years 
 later fell a martyr 1o duty and |»eiished in a blizzard on 
 the plains in ls7(!. When his body was discovered, it was 
 found that he h:i<l delilx-ralely hiid himself out to die 
 with iiis liiinds crossed o\i'r his chest — the frozen ground 
 
Cbe meibodfst gburcb In Canada. 263 
 
 for his coftin and a snow-wreath for liis winding-sheet. 
 The work among the Indians coninieneed in 1840, either 
 at Norway House or at York Factory on Hudson's Bay. 
 There were 1,086 Methodist ministers in Ontario in 
 1905, and GG6,63G adherents in 1901; in Manitoba and 
 the Northwest. 350 ministers and 92,117 adherents; in 
 British Oolumbia. 05 ministers and 25,021 adherents. 
 
 THE T'XION OF THE METHODIST CHURCHES. 
 
 This was eonsummated at Belleville on September 
 5th, 1883, when, after a debate of five days — the keenest 
 on record — the ITnion was effected by a vote of 123 to 
 38. The op]>osition had been fierce, but when the result 
 of the vote was made known the minority gracefully 
 accepted the situation. "The long and exciting struggle 
 was over; the era of division and estrangem'^nt was 
 ended; the (^ra of union had come."* Dr. John A. Wil- 
 liams (the leader of the Opposition) was chosen Pre- 
 sident of the first United General Conference; Dr. S. D. 
 Rice and Dr. .Vlbert Carman were apjiointed General 
 Snperintendents; the most important meeting in the his- 
 tory of the M(4hodist Church in Canada was brought to 
 a close, and, thenceforth, peace and concord reigned 
 throughout the ('hurch from ocean to ocean. 
 
 Since the death of Dr. Rice, Dr. Carman has been 
 the sole Genei-al Su|>ei-intendent of the ^lethodist Church, 
 and he still fills that responsible offi -e with marked 
 
 *Dr. Sutherland's Methodism in Canada, 1903: pp. 346-350. 
 
w 
 
 -it 
 
 >^2^ 
 
tbe nietbodist Cburcb in Canada. ^65 
 
 ability. Associated with liini in the adiuinistratiou of 
 the business of tlie Church are Rev. John Potts, D.D., 
 the general secretarj- of Education, and Kev. Alexander 
 Sutherland. D.D., lieneral secretary of Foreign Missions 
 — a very strong triumvirate. 
 
 The mission in Japan commenced in 1873, and that 
 in West China in 1891. Si)eaking at the General Con- 
 ference in Montreal, in 1!»0G. Dr. T. Hiraiwa, President 
 of the Annual Conference in Japan, stated that many of 
 his countrymen were inclined to favour Christianity, but 
 one of the chief difficulties they had to encounter was 
 the diversity of sects undia' which it was represented in 
 Jaj>an; there had been no less than fifty different denom- 
 inations in the field. Jai)an, he said, was a unit in re- 
 spect of its national institutions and the i)eople could 
 not understand why Christianity assumed so many 
 diflerent forms. Some years ago the seven branches of 
 the Presbyterian Church had united, under the name of 
 the ^'Church of Christ in Japan." and now it was pro- 
 posed to unite all the ^lethodist Missions in one native, 
 self-governing Ceneral Conference. 
 
Cbc Baptist Church. 
 
 ruoM A. I>. l".")!'. 
 
 II K first iiK'iition iiindc «»f Rajttists in Novn Scotia 
 occuis ill a rrpori hy licv. .1. 15. Mdicau, a mis- 
 sionary of The S. ]'. Ci. at J.mu'uburj;; in 17.j3, in 
 Avliich lit' says, — •'Aiiioii<i; the (Iciiiiau and French «*nil- 
 <;raiits who settled at Luiienl)ni-<; in IT')!*, only tifty-six 
 families are left : many of the peojtle had been cariied otT 
 l»y a terrible epidemic; these families were composed of 
 Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians and Anabaptists. " 
 Thoufih nothing is recorded of them in history, the Ana- 
 baptists doubtless became identified with the pioneer 
 Ra])tists in Nova Scotia who were of New Knulaiid origin. 
 In 17(51 Kev. Ebenezer Moulion. dcstciidani n\' a dis- 
 tinjjuished Ba])tist family in Massachusetts, came to Nova 
 Scotia and with a i)arty of immijirant.'; settled at (Miebo(|ue 
 in Yarmouth county, where he took ui» 7.~0 acics of hind. 
 l>uriii;i his slay in Nova Scotia he visited Horton and 
 ( 'oriiwallis. and under his \ i;^(uii(»us i>reaching iliei-e bei^an 
 a revival of religion which e.xlemled o\ei' all that part of 
 the country, lie bajtlized a number of the c<Miverts and 
 orj^auized some (»f them into a ciiunli which imluded 
 
 *Histor.v of the Baptists in the Maritime Provinces," by Rev. Ed- 
 ward M. Siiunders, Halifax. 1902: "The Baptist Historical Year 
 Booiv," Toronto. 1900: "The Baptist Calendar and Remem- 
 branccM- for the 20th Continy;' l).v Mr. E. O. White, Tonuito. 
 1901. 
 
Cbe Baptist eburcli in gunaaa. 26? 
 
 others who had been sprinkled in int'.mcv. An ajjjed hxdy 
 residing in Horton is reported to have said that ''The 
 Lord sent Mr. Monlton to Horton, and the devil drove him 
 away." This probably referred to the opposition lie en- 
 countered from those who were strongly prejudiced 
 against him as a Baptist. Five of those who were bap- 
 tized by Mr. Monlton lived to see a Baptist Church or- 
 ganized at Horton, in 1778. Among the Baptists living 
 at Horton at that time was an Englishman named Nicho- 
 las Pierson, who was contemptuously spoken of as ''an 
 ignorant shoemaker," but who, nevertheless, was the 
 means of establishing the Horton and Cornwallis Church, 
 the oldest Baptist Church in the Maritime Provinces. Mr. 
 Pierson resigned his charge at Horton and removed to 
 Hopewell, New Brunswick, in 1791. 
 
 One, Daniel Dimock, was made a ruling elder in the 
 Newport and Falmouth "New Light Church"' organized by 
 Henry Alline. Though never regularly ordained, he was 
 authorized to administer the ordinances. He had been 
 immersed at Newport by the Rev. John Sutton, an evan- 
 gelist from New England whose name is closely identified 
 with the early history of the Baptist Church in Nova Sco- 
 tia. His father had lived at Mansfield, Connecticut, and 
 had been subjected to the ordeal of the ^'whipping post" 
 and imprisoned, for no greater crime than holding meet- 
 ings for religious services apart from the standing (Pres- 
 byterian) order of the times. The Dimocks, father and 
 son, had come to Falmouth, Nova Scotia, in 1760, and in 
 the following year settled at Newport where some years 
 later the father was bai>tized by the son! In Armitage s 
 
268 Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 TTistoi'v of the Baptists (p. 911>i it is stated that thirteen 
 ]{ii]tiists witli Nathan ^lason as their pastor, from Massa- 
 chusetts, settled at Sackville where they remained <'i^^ht 
 years, when tliey returned to the T'nited States in 1771. 
 
 Other anihui-it ics incline to the ojtinion that the Bap- 
 tist riinich was not orj^anized in these provinces till after 
 the a]»pearance of Alline. who was liimself a C<»ni:re^a- 
 tionalist, and that after his death in 17S4, owing doubt- 
 less to tlie difficulty of procuring Congregational minis- 
 ters from the States, the congregations founded liy him 
 were composed of Baptists and Congregationalists coni- 
 liined. But there is no doubt that from this time the 
 liaptists made rapid progress in the maritime provinces. 
 Mr. Saunders, in an appendix to his History, has brief 
 biographical sketches of some .^."O ministers who have 
 contributed to the growth of the Church, prominence be- 
 ing assigned to Dr. E. A. Crawley who became a profes- 
 sor in the Acadia College; the Bev. Edward Planning, of 
 Koman Catholic ]>a rentage, who was <»ne of the founders 
 of the llorlon Academy and the Acadia College; the Rev. 
 Samuel ^lacleod, of Brince Edward Island, a Scottish 
 Ilighlandei- and a ]>reacher of extraordinary i)Ower in his 
 native Ciaelic. "honoured, loved and revered by all who 
 came within tiie range of his iiitlneiue;" an I ih- lve\. 
 diaries 'ru|ip('r. :i iiali\i' of <'orn\vaHis 'A |irince among 
 men; as ju-eaclier. ]iastor, teaiher, student and writer he 
 was successful: though self-taught he mastered Latin, 
 CIreek. II<'bre\\. Sviiac. (lerman. i'rencli, lialian. Spanish, 
 Portuguese and tour other languages!" lie was baptized 
 in \'<\Tt: ill the following \car lie was or<lained an esangel- 
 
Cbe Baptist gburcD in Cianaaa. 269 
 
 ist; travelling the length and breadth of the Province, 
 he preached with great power till his death in 1881, in 
 the 87th j^ear of his age. Dr. Tupper was an ardent pro- 
 moter of the temperance cause and for some years was 
 editor of the ''Baptist Missionar}- Magazine.'' lie was 
 twice pastor of the church at Amherst, where his second 
 son, Sir Charles, was born in 1821. Sir Charles became 
 a successful medical practitioner in Halifax; he entered 
 public life in 1855, as M. P. for Cumberland county: "was 
 appointed High Commissioner for Canada in London, in 
 1884; became Prime Minister of Canada in 18DG. He was 
 created a Baronet of the United Kingdom in 1888, and is 
 said to be sole survivor of the 'Fathers of the Confedera- 
 tion.' " , 
 
 Mr. Johnson, late Dominion Statistician, says that 
 the oldest Baptist Church in Canada is at Sackville, New 
 Brunswick, and that it was erected in 1TG3, the year in 
 which Acadia and New France became permanent pos- 
 sessions of the British Crown. Governor Lawrence of 
 Nova Scotia, he says, soon after the peace of Paris (1703) 
 issued a proclamation ottering full religious and civil 
 liberty to all who desired to become resid(Mits of Nova 
 Scotia, in which Province New Brunswick was then in- 
 cluded, and that a company of Baptists from Massachu- 
 setts took advantage of the offer, went to Tantramar, as 
 Sackville was then called, and secured a large grant of 
 land. 
 
 The Free Baptist denomination in Nova Scotia was 
 begun early in last century by Revds. James Crowell, 
 Asa McGray, Hugh Norton and other earnest and elo- 
 
270 (Zburcbcs in the Dominion of Canaaa. 
 
 (Hii'iit iiM'ii who (>ri';iiia!«'d giciit revivals wlier«'\<*r ihvy 
 went, liy the Liiioii of the Free Baptists with the Regu- 
 lar Baptists in 1905, this denomination became one of the 
 lar<i»'st of ihc I'idtestaiii cliiirchcs in ihe Maritime Prov- 
 iiir.s. iiiiiiiltt riii^, aicording to the census of 1901, 170,184, 
 exceeded (»iily by the Presbyterians who numbered 17G.- 
 4!K{. The Komau Catholics, however, headed the list with 
 :;(n.(i7L' adherents. 
 
 Tlic Oraiiville Street rhurch in Halifax was found- 
 ed in 1828 and at that time the Baptists awakened to the 
 necessity of establishing training schools for tlieir minis- 
 ters. Their first successful effort in that direction was the 
 founding of the Horton Academy, under the presidency 
 of Kcv. Edward Planning. At ilie end of the second ^'ea^, 
 it had an attendance of fifty pupils, among whom were 
 young men having the ministry in view. In 1830 a semin- 
 ary was o]»en<'d at Fredericton, N.B.. having a depart- 
 ment for young \\()men as well as for young men. Rev. 
 F. W. Miles and Mrs. Miles wei'e apjtoiiiied principals of 
 the male and female departments respectively. The insti- 
 lulion began with an attendance of seventy students: pu- 
 pils from all denominations were admitted on an ecjual 
 footing, and for a number of years the I'^redeiicton .\(;ul- 
 emy had a very successful history. In 1S1!> the jtolicy of 
 having one college for the three provinces, and an .\cad- 
 emy for each, was subseiiuently adojited. The Aiatlia I'ni 
 versity ai \\(»ll'eville. N. S.. was incorjiorated in ISIO. The 
 Ke\. Th(»nias 'i'rotter. |).1>.. is I'l-esideut. and uiidei" him 
 iliere is a large sialV of I'rofessoi-s in .\rts and Meta- 
 pli \ sics. 
 
Cbe Baptist gburcb in Canada. 271 
 
 The Baptist Association of Nova Scotia met for the 
 first time in June, 1800. The "Free Baptist Church," 
 which was tlie outcome of unions at different times with 
 early branches of the Baptist family, became distinctively 
 known by that name in 1837. At its union with the Regu- 
 lar Baptists in 1906, its membership was about 25,000. 
 
 ]\rr. K. (). White of Toronto states in his Bdptist 
 Calendar for 1901— upon what seems to be indisputable 
 authority — that the honour of sending the first mis- 
 sionary from Canada to the heathen abroad belongs to 
 the Baptists of Canada. He says, ''Before Carey sailed 
 from England for India, David George sailed from Hali- 
 fax for West Africa on the 10th of December, 1792, and 
 the Mission founded by him at Sierra Leone has been 
 maintained by the English and American Baptist Mis- 
 sionary societies ever since with encouraging success." 
 George had been doing the work of an evangelist in Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick for several years before he 
 went to Africa. "Governor Clarkson of Sierra Leone, writ- 
 ing to Dr. Rippon, of London, said he believed David 
 George to be one of the best men in the colony. 
 
 L\ THE rRovixcE OF QuEBEo, the earliest Baptist pi- 
 oneer was a young man named William Marsh, of a V. E. 
 Loyalist family, who was baptized in 1792 or '93, and was 
 ordained March 2, 1796. He laboured continuously in 
 the Eastern Townships— farming and shoemaking for his 
 support— until 1825 when he removed to Whitby, Ontario, 
 where he died in 1843. The first congregation was formed 
 at Hallville, near the Vermont border, in 1794. Others 
 followed soon. The oldest existing church is believed to 
 
272 Churches in the Dcminion of ganadd. 
 
 have been eivcted at Abbotts ruriiers, in the cuuuiy of 
 Missisquoi, in the year ITD'J. It is still nsed for W(»rship. 
 Its first settled pastor was Jedediali Hibbard. The tirst 
 churtli in Mmii ri;i I was ttiM-iicd fur worship on St. Il»*leu 
 Street on (September L'uth, 1831. by the Kev. John <;il- 
 mour. a native of Aberdeen, "a man of excellent culture, 
 sound judy;ment and truly apostolic spirit." This church 
 was abandoned in 18G0 when a more commodious edifice 
 took its place, which in turn was replaced by a larger one. 
 There are now six JJaptist rluurhes ami four mission sta- 
 tions in Montreal, the newest and linest church being that 
 on Dorchester street, opened for worship in 1"JU3 by the 
 pastor, Kev. Joseph L. Gilmour. J>. I)., a grandson of tlie 
 founder of the congregation, who has recently been ap- 
 pointed Professor of I'astoral Theology and llomiletirs in 
 the McMaster University, Toronto. 
 
 ly OXTAKIO AM> THK XOKTII W IIST. 
 
 Among the l.oyalisls who cami' to rpi>er Canada at 
 the close of the American War. only a very few were 
 liaptists, but I hey must have been made of good siulV, 
 for the denomination grew and increased rapidly. Tradi- 
 tion asserts that a congregaiion was organized at IJeaiiis- 
 \illc. ill l/iiiculn eniiiily. as early as iTTi'.. That a church 
 edifice was creeled tli<-re in 17:m;. wiili Kev. William 
 Holmes for ils paslor is wtii aiil lieiH iiated. This cliiirdi 
 gi-eallv lloinislied during ilie tirsi half of i he \\H\\ cen- 
 tnr\. with .Jacub lleain as its leading nieinber. and ii !•<• 
 canie the ni.ither clmiMli of many oihei-s in the Niagara 
 
Cbe Baptist gburcb in Ci^nada. 273 
 
 district. The oldest Baptist eoiigregatiou in Eastern On- 
 tario originated in 1785 through the preaching of one, Reu- 
 ben Crandall, a voinig evangelist from the United States. 
 The society was forniallv organized in 17D8 when a little 
 log church, 12 x 1(1 feet, was raised in Haldiman Town- 
 ship; the first stated pastor Avas Kev. Peleg Card, in 1818. 
 .V church was also founded at Harlem, cuonty of Leeds, 
 in 1803, by Abel Stevens, a U. E. Loyalist, who was 
 ordained its first pastor in 1801. 
 
 In 1815 a number of Baptist families came from 
 Perthshire, Scotland, and settled in the Ottawa valley. In 
 the following year they organized themselves into a con- 
 gregation with headquarters at Breadalbane, so called 
 from the district of that name in Scotland whence they 
 came. Their leaders, thirteen in number, were all ''Macs," 
 with the exception of one Campbell and one Stuart. Some 
 of them were staunch Calvinists and others pronounced 
 Arminians, and, Scotch-like, they agreed to differ, but in 
 1829 they united in a call to Rev. William Eraser of In- 
 verness, Scotland, who became their beloved minister for 
 nineteen years, after which he removed to Kincardine. 
 Among the ''Fathers" to whom the Baptist cause was 
 greatly indebted in its early years in Canada there were 
 some very eminent men. One of these was John Edwards, 
 converted under the Haldanes' ministry in 1790, who 
 came to Canada in 1822. Long before his ordination in 
 1831, he was known throughout Canada and in Britain as 
 one of the most successful i)reachers of his time. It was 
 through his infiuence that John Gilmour of Aberdeen 
 came to this country; and his coming meant a great deal 
 
 11 
 
I'.Ai'Tis'r nil Kcii. .i.\K\ IS s'rK:;i:'i\ tokonto. 
 
€bc Baptist gburcb in Canada. 275 
 
 to the denomination. Tlie Kev. Kubei-t Alexander Fyfe, 
 D.D., was another tower of strength in the Baptist 
 Church. Born of Scottish parentage in the province of 
 Quebec, he was educated for the ministry in the United 
 States and ordained in 1842. Commencing his ministry in 
 Perth, he was soon after called to Toronto. He became 
 Principal of the Woodstock College in 1860. As a pastor, 
 educationist and administrator, he had no superior, and 
 when he died in 1878, it was felt that the Baptist church 
 had lost ''one of the ablest ministers the Denomination 
 had produced." 
 
 The first church in Toronto was erected on March 
 Street in 1832, with a capacity for sixty people. Dr. Fyfe 
 became pastor of this church in 1844, and again in 1855 to 
 1860, when he went to Woodstock College. In 1848 the 
 Bond Street Church was opened for worship; this gave 
 place, in 1875, to the Jarvis Street Church, which is re- 
 garded as the mother of the twenty-two churches now in 
 the city. It cost |103,000, of which |60,000 was given by 
 Senator MacMaster and his family. The MacMaster 
 University was founded in 1880, by the munificence of 
 Senator MacMaster who not only defrayed the cost of the 
 splendid building but bequeathed a million of dollars for 
 its endowment. Mrs. MacMaster also gave |38,000 to 
 found the Moulton Ladies' College. The College at Bran- 
 don, Manitoba, founded in 1890, is the only other Theo- 
 logical institute of the Baptist Church in Canada. It was 
 virtually the gift of Mr. and Mrs. William Davies of 
 Toronto. 
 
 The Canadian Auxiliary to the American Baptist Mis- 
 
-•*^ Churches in the Dominion of (Canada. 
 
 sionary Union was inslitiiU-d at the sugj^cstiou of Dr. 
 Fyfe in ISOG. and in the followiug year its first mission- 
 aries, Ml', and Mrs. Timpauy, joined the Telugu mission 
 in India. Tiic Cocanada mission, an independent Canadian 
 enterprise, was inaugurated in 187:J. In March of that 
 year, Mr. and Mrs. John McLaurin took possession of the 
 new field and laid the foundations of one of the most suc- 
 cessful missions in India. The Home Mission Board sent 
 its first missionary, Rev. A. McDonald, to Manitoba in 
 1873. ^Yinnipeg was then a village of 500 or GOO inhahi- 
 tants, and in it there was but one Baptist. At the end of 
 27 years there were 75 churches in the Northwest with a 
 membership, in 1000, of 1,200. In 1871 a beginning was 
 made in British Columbia: the tirst liaptist chnicli in 
 that province was dedicated in \'ictoria, in Jannaiy. is77, 
 the Rev. ^^'illiam Carnes was the pioneer pastor. So<»n 
 after this, churches were founded at New Westminster, 
 A'ancouver, and other strategic points, so. that in lit'teru 
 years' time there were eighteen chnrclu-s in British Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 There are now some 450 ministers in ^^'estern Cana- 
 da, and 250 in the Maritime provinces, with a total con- 
 st it nency (l)y the census of 1001) of 31t;,714 r.aptisis in 
 Canada. There are six Baptist churches in llaiiiiltdn. live 
 in London, four in Ottawa, and two in Kingston. 
 
 The liaplists have always been noted for their mis- 
 sionary enteiprise. They sui)port missions elTectively in 
 India. I'.iii iii;i li and Sunlli America. 
 
Cbe eongreddfional ana Cutberan gburchcs* 
 
 FROM A. D. 17G5. 
 
 m 
 
 OME would claim that tlie so-called "Mather's 
 Church" in Halifax, afterwards named by the 
 Presbyterians St. Matthew's, was the mother 
 church of Canadian Congregationalism. That church, as 
 already explained, was erected by the aid of the Govern- 
 ment in 1751 and officially designated "The Protestant 
 Dissenting Meeting House," and was designed for the use 
 of all the Protestants outside of the Church of England by 
 law established. 
 
 As early as 1765 Congregational churches had been 
 formed in Nova Scotia at Cumberland, Onslow, Fal- 
 mouth, Liverpool, Chester, and at other points in charge 
 of ministers from New England. Some years later a 
 ''New Light" dawned through the preaching of a young 
 man, Henry Alline, a native of Newport, Ehode Island, 
 who when a boy came with his parents to reside at Fal- 
 mouth, N. S. He formed a number of societies which he 
 superintended with great assiduity and enthusiasm, but 
 not always with discretion, till his death in 1784, when 
 these societies came under the charge of some of his con- 
 verts — young men of no special training for the ministry — 
 and eventually, with few exceptions, became connected 
 with the close communion Baptists. The year 1776 proved 
 to be a crucial time in the experience of the older congre- 
 gations, for it saw them severed from their home Church 
 
278 Churches in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 in Xew England, wlicncc tbey had obtained an eduoated 
 ministry; of the original churches only a remnant re- 
 mained true to Congregationalism, and to this day their 
 numbers are conii»ai-alivL'ly few in the Maritime provinces. 
 In thi; IMjovinci: of Quebec, the congregation of 
 Rock Island, in the county of Htanstead, claims to be the 
 oldest member of this denomination, tracing its origin to 
 the year 179G, when a few families, descendants of Pil- 
 grims and I'uritans from Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
 shire, crossed the United States boundary line in search 
 of homes for their large families; and huig before they 
 had any minister placed over them, faithful deacons sum- 
 moned them to worship in the log barn of Captain Israel 
 Wood, where they were visited at intervals by l\ev. James 
 Hobart of Berlin, Vermont, for a number of years. In 
 1810 the Rev. Luther Leland, of Derby, Vt., gave part of 
 his time to the cause in Stanstead, and during six years 
 held services in an old school-house. The church was 
 regularly organized in ISlC*; in the following year ihe 
 Rev. Thaddeus Osgood became pastor and preached in a 
 liuilding known as the "Old I'nion Meeting-house." From 
 lirst to last there has been a succession of si'venieen 
 ministers, the longest pastorate being that of Rev. R. V. 
 Hall, who held the jort for sixte('ii years; I lie next longest 
 being that of Rev. (\. Kllery liead, who preached his last 
 sermon hei-o on the last Smiday of May. IS!*.', and who 
 was succeeded by the Ke\. William K. Il:ir\ty in June 
 following. 
 
 The exist iiiii cliiircli rdilice was ei-ectcd in ISTfl. since 
 which time large additions ha\e been made to the ukmu- 
 
Cbe Congregational Cburcb in Canada. 27J 
 
 bei'sbip, and the centenary of tlie establislinient of the 
 first religious community of the "Congregational way" in 
 what was formerly known as Upper and Lower Canada 
 was appro])riately and (Mitlmsiastically celebrated in No- 
 vember. 1900. 
 
 In the city of Quebec, work was begun by Rev. Mr. 
 Benton from the United Statics in 1801, when a congrega- 
 tion was formed. In the third year of his pastorate Mr. 
 Benton became involved in difficulties with the city au- 
 thorities which resulted in his arrest and imju-isonment. 
 and a fine of fifty pounds! 
 
 With a narrow-mindedness characteristic of the 
 times, Mr. Benton had been refused the use of the legal 
 church register, without which no minister could lawfully 
 discharge some of the most important duties of his office. 
 In a pamphlet entitled ''Law and Fact," Mr. Benton indig- 
 nantly protested against the injustice that had been done 
 him. and for so doing he was made to sutler. He served 
 the term of his imprisonment, while some friends in Scot- 
 land paid the fine. In 1820, this congregation became con- 
 nected with the Church of Scotland and is now known as 
 ''Chalmers' Church." In 181(). a congregation was formed 
 at Slanstead whicli is one of the oldest of the Congrega- 
 tional churches in Eastern Canada. Other congregations 
 were soon after established in the Eastern Townships 
 with such ministers as Rev. John Jackson at Bronie, Rev. 
 A. J. Parker at Danvil](\ and Rev. E. J. Sherrill at Eaton. 
 In lS?>(i, Sherbrookc and Lennoxvillc were united under 
 the Rev. James Rob(Utson. wlio was succeeded by the late 
 Archibald Dufi'. D. 1). These were all ministers of marked 
 abilitv. 
 
280 (Churches in tbe Dcminion of Canada. 
 
 TIm- lirst ( "(»iij;iT^;ilinii;il clmicli in .M<iiiin';il \v;is in- 
 stituted l»_v Hev. Kichard Miles, a ictui in'<l niissiunMi-v fi-oni 
 Affiea. in IS'.ll, auil was the l»c^innin«i of "ZiDn ( liiiiili.' 
 l<nig associated with the name of Henry Wilkes. D.D., 
 Avlio died on the ITtli of Novenihei-, isst;. in the 81st year 
 of his ay:e and Ihe r)4th of his ministry, lie was admitted- 
 ly the m(»st eminent divine of his demtininai ion in Cana- 
 <la. Avhose career touched the history of con^re^alional- 
 ism at every point and made him '^The patriarch and 
 ajtostle of conjjrojjationalism in this cotmtry."* Among 
 those who succeeded Dr. Wilkes in Montreal, such names 
 readily occur as Rev. Charles Chapman. J. F. Stevenson, 
 D.D.. Kev. F. H. flailing, and Professor \Narriner. There 
 are now six Congregational churches in .Montreal, of 
 which Fmmanm'l Church, formed in IST."). is numerically 
 tlie largest, having for its pastor Rev. Hugh IVdley, B.A., 
 
 *Dr. Wilkes was an Enslishnian by l)iith, a Scotchman by educa- 
 tion, and a Canadian by adoption. Born in Birmingham in 
 1805; came to Canada in 1S20; was six years in business in 
 Montreal; studied for the ministry at Glasgow University and 
 Dr. Wardlaw's Theological Academy; was licensed as an evan- 
 gelist in l.S;!2; ordained pastor of Albany Street Church, Edin- 
 burgh, in 18:i;5; began his Canadian ministry in the sm;ill church 
 erected for Mr. Miles in Montreal in 1836. 
 
 It was on the 9th of June, 1853, that Alessandro Gavazzi, the cele- 
 brated Italian orator, reformer and evangelist, lectured in Zion 
 church on Popeiy and Free Speech. The church was densely 
 packed, and an excited crowd was gathered outside. Before the 
 lecture was concluded, disturbance began, shots were exchanged, 
 and the meeting broke up hastily. Anticipating trouble, the 
 military had been called out; the Riot Act was read by the 
 Mayor, when some one — nobody could ever tell who— gave or- 
 ders for the troops to lire, anil this they did witli deadly effect, 
 for several were killed ami many were maimed t'tir iifi'. 
 
the (Zottdregational gburcb In Canaaa* 281 
 
 formerly of Wiinii})eg, Manitoba, to whom we are largely 
 imlebted for these notes on the Congregational Church in 
 Ontario and Quebec. 
 
 The Theological College, founded in Toronto in 1839, 
 was removed to ^Montreal in 1SG4 and took the name of 
 the Congregational College of British North America — • 
 since then altered to ''The Congregational College of 
 Canada." It is well equipped with a competent staff of 
 professors and lecturers. Rev. E. M. Hill, D.D., is the 
 principal and professor of practical theology. The pre- 
 vious principals were Dr. Lillie, Dr. Wilkes. Dr. J. F. 
 Stevenson, Dr. Barbour and Dr. J. H. George. 
 
 Ix Ontario, the first congregation was founded at 
 Fronie, near St. Thomas, by Rev. Joseph Silcox in 1819. 
 The first church in Toronto was opened in 1831; it was 
 burned in 1855. Among the leading Congregational minis- 
 ters in that city have been Rev. John Roaf, *'the cham- 
 jjion of religious liberty and reform;" the Rev. Joseph 
 Wild, D.D., the renowned sensational preacher, who dur- 
 ing many years attracted and held immense audiences;" 
 and the Rev. Heu de Bourck — famed for his eloquence, 
 his zeal and success in the erection of churches in many 
 localities. There are now seven churches in Toronto. In 
 course of time, congregations were organized in London, 
 Hamilton, Brautford, Cobourg, Kingston, and other places 
 in Ontario, and at Winnipeg and Brandon, Manitoba, and 
 Vancouver and Victoria in British Columbia, and in New- 
 foundland {ichich see). There are in all Canada about 100 
 Congregational ministers, 110 churches, 10,000 communi- 
 cants, and 30,000 adherents. 
 
282 (Zburcbes in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Ill llic year IsO^, apiilicat inn was made liy the in-oplo 
 of BrocTcv'iUe to the London Missionary Society ihule- 
 pendont) for a minister. Rev. AVilliani Smart, a Congre- 
 gationalist, was sent to iliciii and «-oiiiiM('n»('d his labnurs 
 in 1811. A church was erected and opened for worship 
 January 19th. I'^IT. For thirty-eight years ]Mr. Smart 
 continued his minisiry here and preached in all the set- 
 tlements between Cornwall and Kingston, a distance of 
 KM) miles. He liecaiiie a member of the I'liiird Syimd uf 
 Upper Canada at its formation in 1831 and along with 17 
 others joined the Synod of the Kirk in 1840. and was one 
 of the dissentients in 1844 when the Canada I'resbyierian 
 Church (in sympathy with the Free Chureh of Scetlandi 
 was formed. Amid many discouragements, Mr. Smaris 
 labours were attended with a large measure of sueeess. 
 He died, September 0th. 18TG. in the 88th year of his age 
 and the (iOth of his ministry, lie is often spoken of as 
 the founder of the Sabbath School in Canada, but. as we 
 have seen, that lioiiour beleiigs to St. rani's Anuliean 
 church in Halifax. It was in Brockville. in the year 1830, 
 that the late Rev. Peter Colin Campbell, Princiiial of 
 Aberdeen t'niversity, commenced his ministerial careei-. 
 I 
 
 TllK LlTIlllliAX (III K»ll. 
 
 TiiK FiKST LrTiii:iE.\N CinucH of Ui'i'KK C.\NAi>.\ was 
 in the Township t)f Williamsburg; it was opened for wtir- 
 ship in 1700, by the Rev. Sanuud Sehwerdfegei-. who ( ame 
 
 from Alliaiiy. NA'. In course of lime it became llie 
 pro|>(ity of the rimrcli of i'liigiand. and the congrcgni ion. 
 
tbe Cutbcran eburcb in eanada, 283 
 
 under the pious ministratious of the Rev. Gerbrand Beek 
 Lindsay, became zealous members of the Anglican Church. 
 The original wooden church was carefully taken down 
 and rebuilt in more comely form, and was consecrated, 
 by Bishop Stewart of Quebec in 1836. This was replaced 
 in 1902 by the beautiful stone edifice erected at the cost 
 of some |T,000 by Mr. E. C. Whitney. In 1814, Williams- 
 burg was created a Rectory, during the ministry' of Rev. 
 Dr. Boswell, who was instrumental in building a church 
 at Morrisburg in the same Township. A second Lutheran 
 Church was erected in Matilda, county of Dundas, in 1792, 
 in which Mr. Schwerdfeger also officiated in the German 
 language. He was succeeded in 1804 by Mr. Myers, who 
 resigned in 1807, on account of "inadequate support" — a 
 very common complaint in those early days. 
 
 The number of Lutherans in Ontario, according to 
 the census returns in 1901, was 48,010, and in the Domin- 
 ion, 92,-394; the number of ministers in 1900 was 120. 
 
 THE HEBREWS. 
 
 The Dominion census of 1901 makes the total num- 
 ber of Jews in Canada to be 16,432 at that time; of these, 
 7,526 were assigned to the Province of Quebec, and 5,336 
 to Ontario. But the number has increased very rapidly 
 during the last few years. There are now in Montreal 
 alone over 21,000 Jews, so that the entire Jewish popula- 
 tion of Canada at the present time cannot be less than 
 35,000. 
 
 Aaron Hart, born in London, England, in 1724, is 
 
284 eburchcs in ihc Dcininiott of Canaaa. 
 
 sui»1)os(mI lo lia\(* been llic lirst .Icwisli settler in Canada. 
 He Avas Coniniissaiv General of the British forces under 
 Lord Amherst at the time of the conquest, and at the 
 close of the war took u]» his residence at Three Kivers. 
 About the same time a few Jews settled in Montreal, 
 where the Congre«;ation Shearith Israel was formed in 
 17G8. About 1777, the first syna<;<)<!;ue was erected by the 
 English speaking Jews in Montreal, The late Rev. Abra- 
 ham de S(»la, LL.D.. who came from London, England, in 
 1847, was for many years the minister of this congrega- 
 tion, and was appointed professor of Hebrew and Orien- 
 tal languages in McGill University in 1848 — a man of emi- 
 nent altility and foice of cliaracler. His oldest son. Rev. 
 Meldola de Sola, succeeded his father in the pastorate of 
 the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, and is admitted- 
 ly the leading Rabbi in Montreal, if not in all Canada. 
 
 The German Jews erected their first synagogue in 
 Montreal in 18r)9, having for tlu'ir Kabbi the Itev. Jacob 
 R. Cohen. There are now in Montreal six Kabbis and ten 
 svnauoirues. 
 
€be Salvation Hrmy. 
 
 HE Salvation Army is represeuted in all the prov- 
 inces of tbe Dominion. It commenced operations 
 
 in Ontario in July, 1882, under tbe direction of 
 Major Moore, and for two years its affairs were adminis- 
 tered under direction of headquarters in New York. Com- 
 missioner Coombs was '"commander-in-chief"' from 1884 
 to 1889. After him came Commissioners Adams, D. Rees, 
 Herbert Booth, and Eva Booth— 189G-19U-1. Mr. Coombs 
 is again at the head of the Army in Ontario and the 
 Western Provinces, while ''Brigadier Turner" holds a like 
 position for Quebec and the Eastern provinces. The re- 
 spective headquarters are in Toronto and Montreal. In 
 the former there are about 100 officers enrolled, and in the 
 latter about twenty-five. 
 
 The last Dominion census placed the number of ad- 
 herents in Canada at 13,919. At the present time there 
 may be twenty to twenty-five thousand, all told. That the 
 increase in numbers has not been more rapid is accounted 
 for from two causes: — (1) The lack of material to work 
 upon, i. e., the comparatively small number of the ••sub- 
 merged churchless class in Canada," for whose benefit the 
 Salvation Army, professedly, in large measure, exists. 
 (2) The overshadowing influence of the Roman Catholic 
 Church in the Province of Quebec — the only province in 
 the Dominion where the Army has been subjected to ill- 
 treatment at the hands of angry mobs, and imprisonment 
 
2SC (Churches in the Dominion of panada. 
 
 by civic authuiitii'S. Ijut the conciliatory disi»osilioii all 
 along manifested by the evangelists has triumphed over 
 all such difficulties, and their work now goes on, if not 
 al\v;iys (jnirlli/. without let or hindrance ab extra. 
 
 Sjtcaking at Montreal in March, 1907, the General 
 said that the llag of the Salvation Army flies in almost 
 every country on the globe except Russia. "Up to the 
 present time," he said, "all attempts to gain a footing in 
 that cold and mighty nation have proved a failure, and my 
 portrait is kept by the Government as that of a dangerous 
 111:111 who must be debarred!" 
 
 AVoKLD-wiDK Statistics and Endorsemknt. 
 
 The flag of the Army flies in fiftj'-five countries or 
 colonies. 
 
 There are 7,500 s<'parate and distinct societies, and 
 IT). 000 paid officers, who preach in thirty-two dillereut 
 languages. 
 
 There are 20,000 bandsmen, who receive no pay for 
 their services. 
 
 The official journal— "The War Cry"— is published in 
 twenty-two countries and in seventeen dilTerent lan- 
 guages. In all. there ai'o sixty-five periodicals published. 
 Avrckly. bi-weekly and iinuH lily, having a combined cir- 
 culation of 1.020,000 copies i>er issue. 
 
 200.000 men. women and children are fed weekly in 
 llicii- Ikmik'S of refuge; 22.000 of (h<^ poorest peojtle in the 
 worhl are kcpl Ironi starvalion. There are 125 Homes of 
 Kcscui- I'di- r;illrii woiiieii. Jnlo which 0.(MIO girls are re- 
 cei\«'d cNcrv vear. 
 
Cbc Sdlvdtion Urtny in Canada. 237 
 
 Many thousands of the unemployed working classes 
 are annually sent to the British Colonies, to earn for 
 themseh'es and families a comfortable living. 
 
 On his recent visit to the United States, General 
 Booth was the guest of President Eoosevelt and his 
 Cabinet at the White House in AVashington; and what is 
 even more remarkable, as an evidence of his world-wide 
 fame the General and his staff of some sixteen or 
 seventeen people were carried by railways in this country 
 fourteen thousand miles without ever paying a cent of 
 fare. 
 
 General Booth came to Canada, en route to Japan, at 
 the invitation of His Excellency the Governor General, 
 and was Earl Grey's guest of honour at Rideau Hall. At 
 a public meeting of the Canadian Club, His Excellency 
 said that to have the General as his guest was a privilege 
 that he would not readily forget. "General Booth," he 
 said, "was the greatest living illustration of the truth that 
 
 nothing is impossible to the man who is in earnest 
 
 I hardly know of any organization, political, religious, 
 benevolent or industrial, that has left such a deep impres- 
 sion for good upon the crust of this earth's surface. The 
 Salvation Army has done noble work in bringing hope 
 into the lives of the miserable in all parts of the world: 
 it has accomplished its purpose, and stands to-day an his- 
 torical example of disinterested enthusiasm." Higher 
 tribute than this has rarely been paid to any man living 
 in this tw'entieth century. 
 
iastssa\ 
 
 After Cbougbts. 
 
 Ill-] imiiilK'i- and variety of rclij^ious <lcnniiiiiia- 
 tioiis that have marked and marred tlie devel(»ii- 
 nieiit of Christiauity in the United States and 
 Canada is appallinji^. The World Almanac enumerates no 
 fewer than 1~)~) separate oi'<ianizatl<»ns. and the census of 
 Canada for 1001 deals with 1421 lint these by no means 
 exhaust the catalogue, for many others are group-d to- 
 gether under such headings as ''Unspecified" and '*Vari(»us 
 Sects.' As it is, Presbyterians in the United States are 
 divided into fifteen branches,* IJaptists into thirteen, 
 Methodists into seventeen, and Lutherans into twenty- 
 three I Any attemi>t therefore to treat of such a mass of 
 sectarianism in detail is hopelessly beyond the sct)pt' of 
 this humble effort. "Surely the time has come," says a 
 trenchant writer, "for a massing of the forces of Chris- 
 tianity in a combined assault on the stron^iiolds et' tlie 
 kingdom of darkness," and it may be added thai nn| one 
 lialf of the people who are the subjects of denominational 
 estrangement are abh' to give an intelligent reas(ui for 
 their estrangement. To what extent this ignorance pre- 
 \ails may be illnsi rated in the story told (»!' a New Eng- 
 land con|ile at a representative meeiing of ("hristians held 
 
 * "Journal of the Prosl)ytorian Hlstoric.il Socl(>ty," Pliiludol- 
 phia, 1900, p. 330. 
 
J^ficr-Cbougbts. 289 
 
 in New York a few years aj^o. James and Sallie were 
 sittiug- by the tireside a few eveniugs before they were 
 to be married. Putting on a very solemn face, James 
 broke au embarrassing silence by saying, — "Sallie, there 
 is something I feel I ought to say to you." Sallie's heart 
 sank, but she said, "tell me, James; what is it?'' "Sallie," 
 he said, "I don't like to, but my conscience tells me I 
 ought to." "Oh," she replied, "You can tell me anything 
 now. What is it, James?" ''Well, Sallie, to tell the truth, 
 / (i))t a t^onindiithuUst." "Is that all?'' said Sallie, drawing 
 a long breath, "I was afraid it was something dreadful. 
 Don't worry about that. You know that I have always 
 been a Universalist, but after we are married I will join 
 your church and become a sonnambulist; it won't make a 
 bit of difference." Such blissful ignorance many would 
 have to plead guilt}^ of were they required in an unguard- 
 ed moment to "gang ower the fundamentals," as the great 
 Norman ^Nlacleod was asked to do by an old pauper woman 
 in the parish of J^oudoun who belonged to the straitest 
 sect of the Covenanters. 
 
 Fkom 1*is(;aii irKioiiTS. the various branches of the 
 Protestant Church in America seem to see by faith a vis- 
 ion, distinct though still far distant, revealing a union of 
 all their scattered forces. In the meantime, the Fkdkra- 
 TioN of all the evangelical chuiches in the ruited States 
 has become a live (question, and has beeu favourably en- 
 tertained by at least thirty different denominalious. The 
 aim of the movement is "'To express the fellowship and 
 catholic unity of the Christian Church; to bring the 
 
 19 
 
290 Jirter-Cbougbts. 
 
 Christians of America into united servi<e for (.'hrisl. and 
 the v/orld; and to secure a hirj^er combined influence for 
 the Churches of ("hrist in all niattris alTecting the moral 
 and social condition of the people." 
 
 The unions that have recently taken place of various 
 cognate branches of churches in Australasia and India, 
 in Uawaii and Japan, in the Isles of the Sea, in the Unit- 
 ed States of Anici'ica and in Canada, indicate a widr- 
 spread and growing desire for closer Christian fellowship. 
 But the ]>ending negotiations for the union of churches 
 in Canada ditlering from each other in creed and admin- 
 istration marks a distinct advance in the trend of public 
 opinion; and seems to warrant the larger hope of a more 
 comprehensive union than has yet been consunnnaied. 
 By this forward movement, Canada is giving the 
 Churches of Christendom an Object Lesson more im- 
 portant, far-reaching and note-worthy llian iiny thing of a 
 like kind recorded in History since the days of the Ke- 
 formation. It indicates that members of all Trotestant 
 denominations are coming to see eye to eye and tacitly to 
 admit that the verities they hold in common are far moi-e 
 iiii|M>rtaiil (hail the (|ueslions on wiiich they dili'cr; thus 
 fon'sliadowiiig tlic good time coming when the .Nhistcr's 
 prayer for his disciples shall be fully answcicd. — "That 
 lliey iill m;iy be one'' .... "V'/r// llic irorlil xim/ l:notr that 
 IIkhi Iki.sI sent inc." 
 
 Bmtn, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
TIIK CKKAT SKAL OF CANAhA. 
 
 Tlic (Ircal Sc;il <tf ("aiiada sli<»\\s Kin^ Mdwaid cii- 
 tliroiU'd: ovci-licad is llic iiintlo. him rt nion Droif: <»ii his 
 v\<^\\{ aixl l<'i'l ai-r the anus of I lie toiii- i»i-o\ iiiccs lliai en 
 torcd into coiifcdcrat ion in lS(iT; hrncaili air ilic anus <»1' 
 tlio Dominion. The insci-iplioii rfiHlncd into l-jiulisji is 
 as follows: — 
 
 KhW'Alvl) \ll. I'..\ Ihc (irate of (iod Kin^ of I'.riiain 
 and (»f the Lands Itcvond liir Scms wliicli afc niiilri- liis 
 swav; I >('fi'iidfr of llic h'aitli. and l-;in|M'roi- of India. 
 
 In Canada, llir S.al. l!i(ll. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 I 
 CONCERNING OUR ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The design of the Armorial bearings of the Dominion of Can- 
 ada shown on page 118 was kindly furnished by Mr. Joseph Pope, 
 C. M. G., under Secretary of State at Ottawa, accompanied by the 
 following remarks: — 
 
 . "A great deal of misconception exists upon this subject. Most 
 people seem to imagine that the Arms of the Dominion must ne- 
 cessarily be composed of those of the respective Provinces, but 
 this is not the case. It is true that at Confederation the Arms of 
 the Dominion wei^e formed from those of the four then existing 
 Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 
 These Arms have never been changed. Subsequent additions of 
 Provinces to the Union made no alteration in the Dominion Arms, 
 which remain as originally granted by Royal Warrant of date 2Gth 
 May, 1868." 
 
 "It will be observed that not only has the Dominion no motto, 
 but it has neither crest nor supporters. Up to a short time ago, 
 none of the Provinces, with the exception of those above named, 
 had any regular Arms at all. They have recently received Royal 
 Warrants, granting them Arms, but this in no wise touches the 
 Dominion Shield which can only be altered by competent author- 
 ity." 
 
 The following exti'acts from the Royal Warrant granted by 
 Her Majesty Queen Victoria at the time of Confederation may have 
 some interest for those whose tastes incline to the study of Herald- 
 ic designs. 
 
 VICTORIA, Bv THE guace of god of the united kingdom of 
 GREAT BRiTAix AND IRELAND, QUEEN, Defender of the Faith, etc., 
 etc. 
 
 Forasmuch as it is Our Royal pleasure that for the greater 
 honour and distinction of the said Provinces, certain Armonal En- 
 signs should be assigned to them, KNOW YE, therefore, that We, 
 of Our Princely Grace and special favour have granted and as- 
 
294 APPENDIX. 
 
 signed, and bj' these presents do grant and assign the Armorial 
 Ensigns following, that is to say: — 
 
 For the Provi>xe of Ontario. Vert a sprig of three Leaves 
 of Maple slipped, or on a chief Argent the Cross of St. George. 
 
 For the Province of Quebec. Or on a Fess Gules between 
 two Fleur de Lis in chief Azure and a sprig of three Leaves of 
 Maple slipped Vert in base, a Lion passant guardant or. 
 
 For the Puovi.nce of Nova Scotia. Or on a Fess Wavy Azure 
 between three Thistles proper, a Salmon Naiant Argent. 
 
 For the Province of New Bruns\vick. Or on Waves a Lym- 
 phad, or Ancient Galley, with Oars in action, proi»er on a chief 
 Gules a Lion passant guardant, or as the same are severally de- 
 picted in the margin hereof, to be borne for the said respective 
 Provinces on Seals, Shields, Banners, Flags or utherwise, accord- 
 ing to the Laws of Arms. 
 
 And We are further pleased to declare that the said United 
 Provinces of Canada being one Dominion under the name of Can- 
 ada, shall, upon all occasions that may be required, use a common 
 Seal to be called the "Great Seal of Canada," which said seal shall 
 be composed of the Arms of the saidi Four Provinces quarterly, all 
 of which armorial bearings are set forth in this Our Royal War- 
 rant. 
 
 Given at Our Court ul James's, this Twenty-sixth day of May, 
 in the Thirty-first Year of Our Reign. 
 
 By Her Majesty's Command, 
 
 (Signed) BUCKINGHAM & CHANDOS. 
 
 II 
 
 OUR PHOTOGRAPHERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 In ju.sticf to tlic .Artists wlio suppiicd us witli I lie photographs 
 from which our illustrations have been made, it should be stated 
 that many of the photographs were sent by private friends witliout 
 giving any clue to the names of the artists; but thanks are teii(h»red 
 to the following parties who gave us permission to reproduce their 
 pictures, as we have done. — 
 
APPENDIX. 295 
 
 NoT>rAN AND Son Studio, Montreal. — The Fredericton Cathe- 
 dral; St. James R. C. Cathedral, Montreal; Christ Church Cathe- 
 dral, Montreal; St. James Methodist Church, and St. Andrew's 
 Church, Montreal. 
 
 George P. Hall and Son, New York. — Old Trinity Church: St. 
 Patrick's Cathedral: The Broadway Tabernacle, and the Jewish 
 Temple Emmanuel, all in New York. 
 
 O. M. Hill Studio, Halifax.— St. Paul's Church; St. George's 
 and the Dutch Church, Halifax. 
 
 The Clinedinst Studio, Washington. — Grace Reformed Dutch 
 Church, and the Church of the Covenant, Washington. 
 
 John T. Selby, Baltimore. — Roman Catholic Cathedral there. 
 
 John H. Coxhead, Buffalo. — Baptist Church there. 
 
 Ezra W. Reid. Boston. — Christian Science Temple. 
 
 Isaac Erb and Son, St. John, N. B.— Centenary Methodist 
 Church there. 
 
 The following contributed photographs accompanied with 
 valuable Historical data: — 
 
 Rev. James Morrison, D.D., Vicar-General, P. E. Island. 
 
 Rev. Napoleon Talbot, Cure of Tadousac. 
 
 Rev. George A. Gordon, D.D., of Old South Church, Boston. 
 
 Rev. Howard Duffield, D.D., First Pres. Church, New York. 
 
 Rev. Frank R. Symmes, Old Tennent Church, N. Jersey. 
 
 Rev. William R. Richards. D.D., The Brick Church, New York. 
 
 Mr. Charles F. Hoffman, St- John the Divine, Cath, New York. 
 
 Mr. W. C. Lilley, First Church, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Mr. Alfred Farlow, First Church Scientist, Boston. 
 
 Archdeacon Pentreath, New Westminster Cathedral. B. C. 
 
 Rev. Robert Campbell, D.D., St. Gabriel Street Ch., Montreal. 
 
 Rev. James Barclay, D.D., LL.D., St Pauls Ch., Montreal. 
 
 Rev. Canon Edwin Loucks, Kingston Cathedral. 
 
 Rev. R. Ashton, Mohawk Church, Brantford. 
 
 Rev. F. B. Duval, D.D., Knox Church, Winnipeg. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Hart, D.D., Kildonan Church, Man. 
 
 Rev. D. MacRae, First Pres. Church, Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Rev. R. D. Eraser, D.D., Preaching in the Klondike. 
 
 Hon. Joseph Pope, C.M.G., Arms and Great Seal of Canada. 
 
 Hon. S. H. Blake, K.C., St. James Cathedral, Toronto. 
 
 Mr. John C. Thomson, Quebec, Anglican Cathedral there. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Brown, Notre Dame de Victolres Church. Quebec. 
 
 Mr. Robt. Lawson, Jarvis Street Baptist Church, Toronto. 
 
 Mr. S. R. Hart. St. Andrew's Church, Toronto. 
 
296 APPENDIX. 
 
 Mr. William Henderson, Methodist Vancouver, B.C. 
 
 Miss Alice Allan, The Temple Church, London, England. 
 
 Mrs. H. Ault, St. Peter's Church, Taconia, Wash.. U. S. A. 
 
 Besides these, and those whose names are mentioned in the 
 body of the work — as a big sheaf of correspondence testifies — 
 while in pursuit of his investigations the writer derived much as- 
 sistance from many other ministers and laymen in the United 
 States and Canada, and from honourable women not a few, among 
 whom are: — 
 
 Rev. Morgan Dix, M.A.. New York. Rev. W. R. Harvey, Rock Island, Que. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Rainsford, New York. Rev. W. A. J. Martin, Krantford. 
 
 Rev. W. Patterson, U.D., I'hiladelpliia. Rev \V. R. Cruikshank, B A., Montreal. 
 
 Rev. \V. J. jVncieut, M.A., Halifax. Thomas Davidson, K.C, Montreal. 
 
 Rev. Robert Murray, I^I^.D., Halifax. Henry J. Morgan, Barrister, Ottawa. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Fowler, M.A., Halifax. George H. MacGillivary, Gltngarry. 
 
 Ven. Archdeacon Richardson, I^ondon. George M. Macdonnell, K.C., Kingston. 
 
 Rev. Herbert H. Palton, M.A., I'rescott James Tasker. Montreal. 
 
 Rev. \V. M. Seaborn. Sorel, (Quebec. John H. Keefe, New York. 
 
 Rev. Walter I,oucks. M.A.. Ottawa. Chas. V. Smith, Minneapolis 
 
 Rev U. Paterson, U.D.,I,achutc, Ouebec. David J. Craig. St Paul. Minnesota. 
 
 Rev. W. J. MacKay, 15.0., Toronto. John Starr, Halifax. 
 
 Kev. P. K. Dayfoot, Simcoe, Ontario. Mrs. Robert Laing, Halifax. 
 
 And these acknowledgements would be incomplete without ex- 
 pressing thanks to our enterprising and obliging publisher, Mu. 
 RoBicRT LovELL and his Staff and to the SttunUnd Ph4)to(jnivure 
 Vompuny, Montreal, for their patience with an exacting editor, and 
 for the manifest excellence of their work. 
 
 Unforeseen difficulties stood in the way of obtainin.s; all the 
 photographs we asked for. In some instances, trees and unsightly 
 telegraph poles marred the vision. In the case of Trinity Church, 
 New York, the towering "sky-scrai)er" proved to be the bug-bear, 
 and the courteous reply to our application was: — '"It is not an 
 easy thing to do, as the enormous sky-scrapers erected now on all 
 sides of the church, and alpiost concealing it from view, make it 
 impo.ssible to obtain a new and good photograph." But all hope 
 was not abandoned. As Oliver Cromwell said to the artist when 
 taking his likeness — intinl iiic, scars, irarls, urinklcs and all, — so the 
 mandate went to the i>hotographer, with the extraordinary result 
 seen in our frontispiece — a picture of Old Trinity taken fidiu the 
 rear of the chtircli and surrounded by a forest of sky-scrapers! 
 
 It was liiadvcrtcully omitted in its proijcr phue to acknuwifd.ne 
 iiid('l)te(iucss to ilKv. .1. M. Maci.kod of Vancouver, for the informa- 
 tion he furnished respecting the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and 
 I'reshytcrian C'liurclics in I'lince hMwjird Islaiid, on pages llTi, 150 
 and 20G. 
 
APPENDIX. 297 
 
 III 
 
 AS TO FROOF-READING. 
 
 What can be expected of eyes that are eighty-six years old? 
 The wearer of these eyes is long since unused to proof-reading, 
 and all he can say for himself in this regard is — Qxiod potiii perfeci. 
 With the aid of a magnifying lens he did what he could and rele- 
 gated the responsibility to younger eyes, which have done their 
 best. But there are spots in the sun. The most careful work of 
 expert proof-readers is rarely immaculate. In the first edition of 
 the Revised New Testament, printed in 1877, the utmost pains had 
 been taken to ensure absolute freedom from typographical error. 
 Was it perfect Alas! no. At the twelfth hour, a printer's error 
 was detected which caused the whole edition (foi"tunately not a 
 large one) to be cancelled, for in 1 Peter, 1, 13, this was the read- 
 ing — "Gird up the Hods of your mind!" 
 
 So we crave the gentle readers' indulgence, and ask them to 
 be just a little blind to any inaccuracies they may discover in this 
 Book of Genesis. 
 
INDEX 
 
 United States. 
 
 Page 
 
 Acadian Exiles 19 
 
 American Board of Missions .... 12 
 
 Amsterdam Classis 32 
 
 Anne, Queen 35 
 
 Associate Reformed Church . . 74 
 
 Baltimore, First Church 63* 
 
 Baptist Church 46 
 
 Barsimson, Jacob 87 
 
 Bible, Eliofs Indian 49 
 
 Booth, Miss. Eva 98 
 
 Bothwell Brig 65 
 
 Broadway Tabernacle 44 
 
 Bruton Church, Va 26 
 
 Burmah Missions 48 
 
 Calvert, Leonard and George.. 17 
 
 Catholics in U. States 20 
 
 Christian Scientists 101 
 
 Church of England, first 25 
 
 Clarke et alias arrested 46 
 
 Clergy Higher. 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons 23 
 
 Cardinal McCloskey 20 
 
 Archbishop Baylev 20 
 
 Archbishop Carroll 20 
 
 Archbishop England 20 
 
 Archbishop Bancroft (Canter- 
 bury) 32 
 
 Archbishop Henri 20 
 
 Archbishop Hughes 20 
 
 Archbishop Moore (Canter- 
 bury 27 
 
 Archbishop Brute 20 
 
 Archbishop Kenrick 20 
 
 Archbishop Spalding 20 
 
 Bishop Brooks 34 
 
 Bishop Cheverus 20 
 
 Bishop Cummins 36 
 
 Bishop Flaget 20 
 
 Bishop Morris 35 
 
 Bishop Potter 38 
 
 Bishop Prevoost 32 
 
 Bishop Seabury 32 
 
 Bishop Skinner (Aberdeen) .... 32 
 
 Bishop Tuttle 34 
 
 Bishop White 32 
 
 Clinton. General 66 
 
 Columbia. District of ZS 
 
 college.s. 
 
 Page 
 
 Allegheney 74, 81 
 
 Andover 41 
 
 Arcot Mission 53 
 
 Carolina and Georgia 73 
 
 Collegiate School 52 
 
 Jewish College 87 
 
 McKendree 81 
 
 New Jei'sey 68 
 
 Presbyterian Colleges 69 
 
 Princeton Seminary 69 
 
 Quakers 86 
 
 Roman Catholic 22 
 
 German Reformed 56 
 
 Christian Scientist 102 
 
 Theological Seminary first . . 53 
 
 Union Theo. Seminary 73 
 
 Unitarian 95 
 
 William & Mary, Va. 29 
 
 Xenia, U. P 74 
 
 Yale, Congregational 41 
 
 Congregational Church 41 
 
 Covenanters Scottish 65 
 
 Cumberland Presbyterians .... 70 
 
 Dale, David 44 
 
 Delaware. Lord 26 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 25 
 
 Eddy Mrs Mary 101 
 
 Egypt, U. P. Mission 76 
 
 Elizabeth. New Jersey 69 
 
 Eliot in New England 76 
 
 Epworth League 107 
 
 Evangeline's grave 35 
 
 Evangelical Alliance 36 
 
 Fines and imprisonment .... 46 
 
 Franklin. Benjamin 78 
 
 Frelinghuysen 53 
 
 Gates, Sir Thomas 28 
 
 General Assembly 68 
 
 George H. Rex. 60, 65 
 
 Georgeville. D. C 66 
 
 German Reformed Ch 53 
 
 Hay-stack meeting 42 
 
 Hebrews in America 86 
 
 Heck, Barbara and Paul 80 
 
30U 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pauk 
 
 Heidelberg Catechism 5G 
 
 Hierarchv R. C. Cluirch 23 
 
 Hyatlsviile. D. C tJ« 
 
 Hymn-book in 1/S9 »- 
 
 Indians, in danger of 29 
 
 Indians missions to 22 
 
 Jamestown, Virginia 25 
 
 Japan, first Prot. Mission .... :i() 
 
 Jews in New York 89 
 
 James II, Duke of York 19 
 
 Kent County, Md '^^ 
 
 Kentucky, French priests .... 19 
 
 Kentucky Revival "0 
 
 Latter Day Saints 96 
 
 Lincoln. President tiG 
 
 Louisiana 19 
 
 Ludwell, Thomas Bruton . . . . 27 
 
 Lutheran Church 49 
 
 Maryland colonized IT 
 
 Maryland Trinity Church . . . . M 
 
 Mathers in New England .... 77 
 
 Mayflower, Landing 41 
 
 Mayhews in New England .... 7(J 
 
 Martha's Vineyard 76 
 
 Methodist Church, North .... 78 
 
 Methodist Church, South 81 
 
 Mennonites 90 
 
 Middle Plantation, Va- 26 
 
 Minneapolis 64 
 
 Monmouth, Duke of 65 
 
 Nauvoo 97 
 
 Negroes, cared for 22 
 
 New England Company 77 
 
 New l'>iiglaiid settled 1*9 
 
 New Mexico 19 
 
 New|)ort, 'I'rinity Church .. .. 29 
 
 New-Side Pres. Church 70 
 
 Oldest Pell-Tower ;'.5 
 
 Oldest Missioiuirv So 77 
 
 Oldest R. C. Settlement 19 
 
 Old-School and New-School . . 71' 
 
 Oldest Protestant Church .... 21 
 
 Old South Cluircli, Boston .... 11 
 
 Parish House 44 
 
 Penn, William 85 
 
 Pennsylvania Catholics 19 
 
 Phiradelphia, l-'irst (Muirch .. .. 59 
 
 Pack 
 
 Pilgrimage, Church of 29 
 
 Powhattan, Chief 27 
 
 Pokahontas 27 
 
 Presidents, Church of 66 
 
 Presbyterian Ch. in I'. S. . . . . 57 
 
 Presbyterian Ch., South 72 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Ch . . . . 25 
 
 Psalms of David only 74 
 
 Raikes, Robert lt»:J 
 
 Raleigh. Sir Walter 25 
 
 Read Sermons 52 
 
 Reformed Church 51 
 
 Reformed German Church . . . . 5:; 
 
 Reformed Episcopal Ch- 36 
 
 Reformed i-resbytery 74 
 
 Redstone Presbytery 64 
 
 Rolfe, John 27 
 
 Roman Catholic Church 17 
 
 Roman Catholic Statistics .... 23 
 
 Quakers S5 
 
 Salt Lake Valley 97 
 
 Salvation Army 98 
 
 Smith, Captain John 25 
 
 Smith, Joseph 96 
 
 Southold, old church 59 
 
 S. P. C. K Societv 76 
 
 Standish. Miles 29 
 
 Stuyvesant. Governor 87 
 
 Summers, Sir George 28 
 
 Sunday-Schools 103 
 
 S. S. Conventions H>5 
 
 Tacoma, St. Peter's Ch 34 
 
 Tennent, Old Church 65 
 
 Tongues, Chapels of 39 
 
 Trinity Church, New York .... 3ti 
 
 Trinity Church, Boston 31 
 
 Tunkers 90 
 
 Universities, Methodist SI 
 
 Tniversity, IJrown 4S 
 
 Unitarian Church 92 
 
 Univeisalist Cluinii ^5 
 
 United I're.s Church 73 
 
 Venoo's House. N. York 59 
 
 Virginia lirsl colonized 25 
 
 Virginia. St. i^uke's Cli 26 
 
 Vohinleeis (if .\merica 98 
 
 Wananiaker. Hon. ,lohn KM! 
 
 Washington City 6ti 
 
 WasliingldU. N Y. .\ve. Cli 61! 
 
INDEX. 
 
 301 
 
 Page 
 
 Washington, Christ Ch 38 
 
 Washington, General 38,94 
 
 Webb, Captain 80 
 
 Wentz Church 55 
 
 White Bishop and S.S 103 
 
 Wiclvford, St. Paul's Ch 29 
 
 Willianisburgh, Virginia 28 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher 63 
 
 York Minster, England 39 
 
 MliVlSTEKS 
 
 Abbott, Lyman, D.D 45 
 
 Abeel, David 53 
 
 Alexander, Arch'd. DD 69 
 
 Allison, Patrick 63 
 
 Anderson, Rufus, D.D 42 
 
 Andrews, E. W^ 45 
 
 i\rnott, Andrew 74 
 
 Asbury, Francis 84 
 
 Ballon, Hosea 95 
 
 Barr, Samuel 64 
 
 Becker, Peter 91 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward 42 
 
 Bike, of .Jamestown 28 
 
 Brainerd, David 76 
 
 Boardman, Richard 80 
 
 Boehm, I. Phillip 55 
 
 Booth, William 98 
 
 Boyd, John, D.D 66 
 
 Boyle, Robt. New Eng. Co 77 
 
 Bushnell, Edward. D.D 65 
 
 Campanius, .John 49 
 
 Channing, W. Emery, D.D 92 
 
 Chase, Thomas, LL.D S5 
 
 Clarke, .las. F-, D.D 94 
 
 Clarke, Francis E., D.D 106 
 
 Cleveland. Aaron ' 196 
 
 Cobb. Henrv, D.D 51 
 
 Coke, Thomas, D.C.L 82 
 
 Cook, Joseph, of Boston 42 
 
 De Costa. B. F., D.D 25 
 
 Denton. Richard 57 
 
 Dickinson. Jonathan rn 
 
 Doughty. Francis 57 
 
 Duffield, Howard, D.D 60 
 
 Dwight, Timothy, D.D 42 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan 42 
 
 Embury, Phillip 80 
 
 Erskine, Ebenezer, M- A. . . . . 73 
 
 Pagf 
 
 Fabricius, Jacobus 49 
 
 Gay, Ebenezer, D D. 92 
 
 Geil'atley, Alex. "4 
 
 Gifford, O. P., D.D. 48 
 
 Goodwin, W. A. R., M.A 27 
 
 Gordon Geo. A-, D.D 41 
 
 Guthrie, Donald, D.D- 6o 
 
 Hall, Missionary to India . . . . 44 
 
 Hamilton, Samuel, D.D 61 
 
 Heron, Francis, D.D. 64 
 
 Hillis, Dwight, D.D- 45 
 
 Hodge, Charles. D.D 73 
 
 Hoge, Moses. D.D "3 
 
 Hubbard. J. P 36 
 
 Hunt, Robert, of Jamestown . . 25 
 
 Inglis, Charles, D.D 45 
 
 Jefferson, Charles, DD 30 
 
 Judson, Adoniram 44 
 
 Laidley, Dr 52 
 
 Laurie, James, D.D. 66 
 
 Liggins John 38 
 
 Linn, William, D.D 52 
 
 Livingston. John 53 
 
 Lyman, Albert, D.D 45 
 
 McCosh, James, D.D 73 
 
 McElroy, James, DD 60 
 
 McLeod,' Robert 60 
 
 Madison', James 28 
 
 Makemie Francis 57 
 
 Mason, John, D D 60 
 
 Mason, John M., D.D 60 
 
 Mathers, Cotton and Increase . . 42 
 
 Mendes, H- Pereira 87 
 
 Menno, Simons 90 
 
 Michaelius, Jonas 51 
 
 Mills, Samuel J 42 
 
 Muhlenberg, H. M., D.D .Jl 
 
 Murray, James, D.D 61 
 
 Murray, John 95 
 
 Newell, Missionary 44 
 
 Nott, Missionary 44 
 
 Patton, Francis L D.D- 73 
 
 Paxton. W. M.. D.D 64 
 
 Phillipson. David S7 
 
 Pilmour, John 80 
 
 Plumer, W. S.. D.D. . . . . . . . .- 73 
 
 Radcliffe. Wallace. D.D 66 
 
302 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pagk 
 
 Rankin, Thomas ^^ 
 
 Relley, James ^^ 
 
 Rice Missionary 44 
 
 Richards, \V. R., D.U Gl 
 
 Roberts. W- H., D.D. 59 
 
 Robinson, Stuart. D.D 73 
 
 Rodgers, John, D.D «1 
 
 Rohler. R 57 
 
 SchafE. Philip, D.D. 73 
 
 Scudder. John, D.D. -^'^ 
 
 Seymour, Richard 29 
 
 Shadford, George 5>0 
 
 Singer, Isadore. D.D. '^9 
 
 Smith. Samuel »^ 
 
 Spring. Gardiner, DD 01 
 
 Hinson, H. A-. D.D 45 
 
 Storrs. Richard, D.D Y 
 
 Symm'es, F. R ^6 
 
 Tavlor, W. M-, D.D 42 
 
 Teisenthal. B 87 
 
 Tennent, William 66 
 
 Thompson, Joseph P , D.D 45 
 
 Torkillus( Reorus 49 
 
 Tyng, T. H ^^6 
 
 Veasey William ^0 
 
 Van-Dyke, H. J., D.D. .. .. .. W 
 
 Weiss. George M 55 
 
 Wesley, John and Charles .... 78 
 
 Whitefi'eld, George 4G, 52, 78 
 
 Williams, C. N ^58 
 
 Witherspoon, John, D.D 68 
 
 Wright. Richard 80 
 
 Wylie. David G. D.D 61 
 
 Young. Hrigham 97 
 
 Youngs, John '>^ 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Anne. Queen ^^'^ 
 
 Albert de Prato ^ 
 
 Baltimore, Lord ll'> 
 
 Bfriniidas 1^4 
 
 Calvert. Sir (Jeorge 115 
 
 Caughlan. i>awrence 113 
 
 Congregational Clnircli 115 
 
 P.vci: 
 
 Field, Bishop 114 
 
 Fraser, Rev. A 114 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey Ill 
 
 Harbour, Grace 113 
 
 Harvey, Rev. Moses, LL D 114 
 
 Inglis. John, D.D.. Bishop of N.S. 113 
 
 Jackson, Rev. John 112 
 
 Jones, Lilewellyu, D.D., Bishop 114 
 
 Jones. Rev. Henry 113 
 
 Jones, Rev. John 115 
 
 Morris Rev. Ruttan 113 
 
 Presbyterian Church 114 
 
 Prowse, D. W., K. C Ill 
 
 Robertson, Andrew, D.D 115 
 
 Roman Catholic Church 115 
 
 Scott, Sir Gilbert 114 
 
 "Squrrell," the 112 
 
 Spencer. Aubrey Geo.. Bishop .. 114 
 
 Stanser. Bishop of N. S. 113 
 
 Stourton. Rev. Erasmus 112 
 
 Stretton. John 113 
 
 Synod of Newfoundland 114 
 
 Placentia lU; 
 
 Franciscan priests in; 
 
 O'Donnell. D.D.. Bishop IjG 
 
 Dalton. D.D.. Bishop 110 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Aaron. Indian preacher I'.*: 
 
 Abbott. Sir John ITd 
 
 Abbott's Corners 272 
 
 Aborigenes of .\merica ISS 
 
 Alexandria Bishopric lln 
 
 Alliance of Churches 2U 
 
 Allison of Sackville 253 
 
 American Pres. Church 213 
 
 Amherst. General H'l 
 
 Annai)olis Koyaic 11^ 
 
 Associates One Hundred .. .. I'.'.u 
 
 Aylmer, Lord l''(> 
 
 Baptists in Nova Scotia 2(;t; 
 
 •' t-jiifbcc 270 
 
 " North-Wi'st 272 
 
INDEX. 
 
 303 
 
 Page 
 
 Baptists in Ontario 275 
 
 Beam John 272 
 
 Belfast Council 242 
 
 Bell, old, St. Andrew's 171 
 
 Tadousac 131 
 
 " Westmoreland 158 
 
 Bermudas 253 
 
 Berthier, Que 212 
 
 Bible to Christ Ch., Cath 168 
 
 Blue Chapel, Glengarry 139 
 
 Blue Church, Grenville 175 
 
 Breadalbane 273 
 
 Bouillon, Madame 135 
 
 British Columbia, R. C 142 
 
 British Columbia, Ch., Bng. . . 184 
 
 Campbell, Lord W 200 
 
 Cape Breton 125, 204, 251 
 
 Cavendish, P.E.I. 207 
 
 Cartier, Jacques 128 
 
 Champlain 128 
 
 Chapelle Recouvrance 128 
 
 Charlottetown, P.E.I 207 
 
 Chatham, St And. Ch. 203 
 
 Chicoutimi 132 
 
 Christian Endeavor So 106 
 
 Ch. of Eng. in Nova Scotia . . 148 
 
 " P. E. 1 156 
 
 " " N. Brunswick 157 
 
 " Quebec P 161 
 
 " " Ontario 172 
 
 " Manitoba .. .,181 
 
 " " North-West .. 182 
 
 " B. Columbia .. 84 
 
 Clergy. Higher. 
 
 Anderson, Bishop 181 
 
 Baldwin, Bishop 180 
 
 Begin, Archbishop 132 
 
 Bethune, Bishop 177 
 
 Binney, Bishop 152 
 
 Bompas, Bishop 183 
 
 Bond, Archbishop and Primate . . 168 
 
 Bourget, Bishop 138 
 
 Bruchesi, Archbishop 138 
 
 Cameron, Bishop 126 
 
 Carmichael, Bishoj) 168 
 
 Cleary, Archbishop 141 
 
 Connelly, Archbishop 126 
 
 Courtney, Bishop 152 
 
 Page 
 
 Cridge, Bishop 184 
 
 Cronyn, Bishop 1^^ 
 
 Dalton, Bishop 11<J 
 
 Dart, Bishop 1S7 
 
 Davidson, Arch, of Canterbury 165 
 
 Demers, Bishop 141 
 
 DoUard, Bishop : 126 
 
 Dumoulin, Bishop 177 
 
 Dunn, Bishop 168, 165 
 
 Fabre, Archbishop 138 
 
 Fulford, Metropolitan 167 
 
 Grandin, Bishop 142 
 
 Hamilton, Bishop 176 
 
 Hannan. Bishop 126 
 
 Hellmuth, Bishop 180 
 
 Hills, Bishop 186 
 
 Howley, Archbishop (Cant.) .. 177 
 
 Inglis, Charles, Bishop 152 
 
 Inglis^ John, Bishop 152 
 
 Kingdon, Bishop 160 
 
 Lartigue, Bishop 138 
 
 Laval, Bishop 124, 131 
 
 Lewis, Archbishop 173 
 
 Lincoln. Bishop of 162 
 
 Lofthouse, Bishop 183 
 
 Lynch, Archbishop 141 
 
 Machray, Archbishop 181 
 
 McCarthy, Bishop 126 
 
 McEachern, Bishop 125 
 
 Mclntyre, Bishop 125 
 
 Maclean, Bishop 182 
 
 Matheson, Archbishop 182 
 
 Medley, Metropolitan 160 
 
 Mountain, Bishop 162 
 
 O'Donnell, Bishop 116 
 
 Oxenden, Metropolitan .. ..160, 168 
 
 Perrin, Bishop 186 
 
 Pinkham. Bishop 187 
 
 Power, Bishop 140 
 
 Reeve, Bishop 183 
 
 Sheepshanks, Bishop of Norwich 186 
 
304 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Stewart, Bishop 163 
 
 Stanser. Bisliup 152 
 
 Strachan. Bishop 179 
 
 Stringer, Bishop 183 
 
 St. Vallier, Bishop 124, 132 
 
 Sullivan, Bishop IGS 
 
 Sweatman, Primate 168, 177 
 
 Sweeny, Bishop 126 
 
 Tache, Archbishoj) 142 
 
 Taschereau, Cardinal 134 
 
 Walsh, Archbishop 125 
 
 Worrell, Bishop 152 
 
 Colleges. 
 
 Academy of Arts, N. B 160 
 
 Church of England Colleges . . 146 
 
 Congregational 281 
 
 Dalhousie College 201 
 
 Horton Academy 268 
 
 Acadia College 268 
 
 Jesuits' College. Montreal . . . . 138 
 
 Bishop's, Lennoxville 1G5 
 
 King's College, Windsor. N. S. 157 
 King's Coll., N. Brunswick . . . . IGO 
 
 Methodist Colleges 245 
 
 Presbyterian Colleges 195 
 
 Morrin, Quebec 211 
 
 Presbyterian. Halifax 201 
 
 Pictou Academy 198 
 
 St. Sulpice Seminary 138 
 
 Clergy Reserves 120 
 
 Congregational Church 277 
 
 Cornwall, early Ch. in 173 
 
 Cornwallis, (Jovernor, N. S. .. .. 148 
 
 Coutts, Baroness 186 
 
 Craig. Sir James .. . 211 
 
 Creeds, diversity of 265, 288 
 
 Crusaders, the 154 
 
 Cuthbert Seigneur 212 
 
 Davios. Mr. and Mrs 275 
 
 D^iwson. Sir J. W 199 
 
 T>o Monts. Ciovernor 123 
 
 Dionne. N E 132 
 
 nought V. A. (J 132 
 
 Douay Bible 258 
 
 Duncan. William 186 
 
 Duplessls, Paciflque 128 
 
 Page 
 
 Edinburgh Council 242 
 
 Edinburgh Ladies' Society . . . . 206 
 
 Edmonton in 1871 262 
 
 Evangeline. Longfellow's . . . . 124 
 
 Fleming, Sir Sandford . . . . • . . 224 
 
 FrederictOD. N. B 204 
 
 Galloway. Earl of 163 
 
 Glengarry 139, 175 
 
 Governors Gen. of Canada . . . . 119 
 
 Greenock Ch. St. Andrews .... 2o3 
 
 Grey, Earl, and Gen. Booth .. 287 
 
 Gwynn, John, pioneer 203 
 
 Haldiman. General 190 
 
 Halifax Churches 148. 153 
 
 156. 248. 198 
 
 Hallville, Que. 271 
 
 Hamilton, Ch. of England in... 170 
 
 Hart. Aaron, first Jew 283 
 
 Hay Bay 261 
 
 Hebrews in Canada 283 
 
 Heck Barbara and Paul 176 
 
 Herschell Island 183 
 
 Highlanders in C. B 205 
 
 Highlanders in Glengarry .. .. 139 
 
 Hochelaga founded 135 
 
 Hudson's Bay 141, 183 
 
 Huguenots in Acadia .. ..205. 124 
 
 Hunter. General Peter 166 
 
 Huron Diocese ISO 
 
 Indians in Canada 193, 188 
 
 Japan 265 
 
 Jerusalem Chamber 241 
 
 Ketchum, Jesse 220 
 
 Kingston. Ont 139. 172. 222 
 
 Labrador ICS^ 
 
 T.iawrence. Governor 246 
 
 Tiaymen. to Marry 152 
 
 Lauzon. Jean de, governor .. .. 129 
 
 London Company 125 
 
 Lutheran Church 221. 282 
 
 McKcn/ie Uiver. Diocese .. .. 182 
 
 Magdalen Islands 165 
 
 Maisonueuve 215 
 
 IVTauce Miulcmoiselle 135 
 
 Mather's Church, Halifax .. ..196 
 
INDEX. 
 
 305 
 
 Page 
 
 Metlakahtla Mission 186 
 
 Methodist Cli. in Canada . . . . 245 
 
 Moliawli Church 190 
 
 Montreal Churches ..135, 168, 212 
 
 Montmagny, Governor 134 
 
 Montmorenci 131 
 
 Mountains, Thirteen 162 
 
 Neal. Major 260 
 
 New Brunswick Churches . . . . 157 
 
 202. 251 
 
 New England Company 192 
 
 New Hebrides Mission 20? 
 
 North- West Territories 141 
 
 Oldest Protestant Church . . . . 149 
 
 Oldest Prot. Cathedral 161 
 
 Oldest R. C. Cathedral 134 
 
 Ordination, first Presbyterian . . 200 
 
 Phillipsburg, Que 257 
 
 Phipps, General 130 
 
 Pope Gregory XVI 140 
 
 Port Royale 124 
 
 Prevost, Captain 186 
 
 Population of Canada 120 
 
 Presbyterian Ch. in Canada . . 195 
 
 Prescott. Ont. 175 
 
 Prince Edward Island .. ..206, 249 
 Provinces, Union of 119 
 
 Quebec, Church of England . . 161 
 
 Quebec, Methodists 257 
 
 Quebec, Presbyterians 211 
 
 Quebec, R. Catholics 128 
 
 Red River Settlement 165 
 
 Recollets Missionaries 124 
 
 Richmond, Duke of 1C6 
 
 Rock Island Congregation . . . . 278 
 
 Rome, St. Peter's 39 
 
 Ruperfs Land 141, 181 
 
 Saguenay Mission 130 
 
 Salvation Army 285 
 
 Scientists, Christian 101 
 
 Selkirk Settlement 181 
 
 Selkirk. Lord, RE.1 206 
 
 Slavery Abolished 220 
 
 Statistics, Dominion 119 
 
 St. Regis Indians 140 
 
 Sunday-School, first 150, 282 
 
 Synod of Upper Canada .' 21 6 
 
 St. Raphael's, Glengarry 139 
 
 20 
 
 Pagk 
 
 Tadousac Mission I2s 
 
 Telegu Mission 270 
 
 Temple Church, London 154 
 
 Toronto Churches .. ..177, 244, 27.i 
 Tupper, Sir Charles . . . . '. . . . 269 
 
 U. E. Loyalists 158, 220 
 
 Union of Anglican Synods . . . . 187 
 
 Union of Methodists 263 
 
 Union of Presbyterians 240 
 
 Westminster Abbey 34, 150 
 
 Whitefield in Bermuda ' 254 
 
 Whitney builds a Church .. ..283 
 
 Winnipeg 142, 181, 276 
 
 Wolfe, General .' 130 
 
 Zoar Church, Halifax 248 
 
 Ministers. 
 
 Abbott, James 170 
 
 Addison, Robert .. ]] 180 
 
 Aitken, William ! ! 204 
 
 Alline, Henry 277 
 
 Alneau, Father " 142 
 
 Anwyl, William .. ....".'." '.[ 148 
 
 Archbold, Rector .... * 175 
 
 Armitage, Rector, LL.D. .. V. '. *. 149 
 
 Ashton, A 193 
 
 Aubrey, Secular Priest . . . ." .. 123 
 
 Avard, Joseph 249 
 
 Barbour. Principal 2S1 
 
 Bangs, Nathan. DD ' ' 261 
 
 Barclay, James. D.D. [. VA 
 
 Barclay. .John." Kingston .. ! ! 222 
 Barclay, John. D.D., Toronto .. 226 
 
 Beardsley, John 15s 
 
 Benton, of Quebec 279 
 
 Bethune. John ' 0-12 
 
 Birkmyre. D. D. ..'.'. .'. '.'. . ' .' ' 204 
 
 Black. Edward. D.D 9^4 
 
 Black. J. S.., D.D .' .' '.'. '.] 214 
 
 Black, William ' ' 240 
 
 Booth. William, General . . . . 286 
 Bradley. Dean of Westminster 150 
 
 Breynton. John. D.D 149 
 
 Boswell. Edward. D.D 283 
 
 Broeffle, J. Ludewig 222 
 
 Brooke, Dr.. Quebec 161 
 
 Brooke, John. D.D 204 
 
 Brown, Andrew, D.D 161 197 
 
 Burke, Edmund [ 139 
 
 Burns. Robert. D.D. 224 
 
306 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Uurus, R. F.. D.D lys 
 
 Burns, (Jeorge, D.D 2<j^ 
 
 Burwash. Chancellor, D D. . . . . 'J.iJ2 
 
 Campbell, John D.D SM 
 
 Campbell, Robert, DD 194, 213 
 
 Carman, Albert, D.D 2iii 
 
 Case. William 193 
 
 Christmas, Joseph 213 
 
 Clark, William, LL.D 171 
 
 Clarke, F. E-, D.D. lUG 
 
 Clement X, Pope 131 
 
 Clugston. John 212 
 
 Cohen. Jacob 284 
 
 Collver, Jabez 217 
 
 Comingo, Romcas 200 
 
 Connell Archibald 221 
 
 Cook John, D.D 211 
 
 Crawley. E. A., D.D 2G8 
 
 Delisle, David C. IGC 
 
 Desbrisay, Theophilus. D.D- .. 15f, 
 
 De Sola Abraham. LL.D 2Si 
 
 De Sola Meldola 2S4 
 
 Donald. William, D.D 203 
 
 Doty, John 170 
 
 Don.?las. George. D.D. 25S 
 
 Dnw, Lorenzo 2.^)7 
 
 Duff Archibald D.D 279 
 
 Dunbar. Hu.gh 207 
 
 Duncan, Thomas 207 
 
 Dunham. Darius 2ro 
 
 Dunn, .Tohn 21R 
 
 Dyer, John 219 
 
 Eastman, Daniel Ward 210 
 
 Edwards. John 273 
 
 Ellegood. Canon .. 170 
 
 Falconer. Principal. DD .. ..202 
 
 Farrar. Archdeacon ir..^> 
 
 Flock, James. D.D 214 
 
 Fletcher Alexander 221 
 
 Fowler, Thomas 197 
 
 Frazer Donald. DD 21.' 
 
 Eraser Donald Allan 204 
 
 Fyfo. U A. T\r) 27.'') 
 
 Oiwrzzi. .Messandro 2S0 
 
 Ceddes. .John C, 179 
 
 Ceddie. John DD 20S 
 
 Ceorgp Diivid 271 
 
 George J. U.. D D 2S1 
 
 Page 
 
 Gibson, J. M., D.D 214 
 
 Gilmour. John 272 
 
 Uilmour, Joseph, B.D 272 
 
 Gordon, D. M, Principal. D.D. 224 
 
 Grant, George M., D.D., C. M. G. 197 
 
 Grassett. Dean 177 
 
 Gray. Archibald, D.D. 197 
 
 Gunn, John 2oG 
 
 Hague, Dyson 149 
 
 Halket, Andrew 2it:; 
 
 Hall, R. V 27S 
 
 Harkness, James, D.D 211 
 
 Harris. James 224 
 
 Harrison. John 148 
 
 Harvey. Moses, LL.D. 114 
 
 Hecks, & Embury 2G1 
 
 Hiraiwa. of Japan 2Gr> 
 
 Henry. George 211 
 
 Heu de Bourcke »?1 
 
 Hierosme. Father 134 
 
 Heu de Bourcke 281 
 
 Hill, George D.D 149 
 
 Hill, James Edgar, D.D 213 
 
 Hole, Charles, D.D 149 
 
 Huet, Paul 12S 
 
 Hough, William 192 
 
 Inglis, John, D.D., Bishop .. .. 149 
 
 Jamay, Denis 12S 
 
 Jenkins, John, D.D 214, 258 
 
 Jessop William, 24n 
 
 Johnston Robert, D.D 214 
 
 Jordan. L. H. B. D 211 
 
 Keir, John, D.D 207, 19S 
 
 Kinloch. Samuel 199 
 
 Lang. David 2o:: 
 
 Lang. Gavin 2(M 
 
 Laing, Robert 19" 
 
 Lauder, Dean 17G 
 
 Leach W P.. LL.D 16S 
 
 Leitch. William. D.D 224 
 
 Leeds John 1G7 
 
 Liddell. Thomas, DD 223 
 
 Lillie. Principal DD 281 
 
 Lind.say. G. B 2S3 
 
 Lindsay Rector, Cornwall .. .. 17.'> 
 
 Losee William 2fi0 
 
 Lugger. Robert 193 
 
INDEX. 
 
 307 
 
 Page 
 
 Lyon, James 199 
 
 Lyons & McCarty 260 
 
 Machar, John. D.D. 222 
 
 Manning. Edward 268 
 
 Martin, John 198 
 
 Moulton, Ebenezer 266 
 
 Mountain, Jehoshaphat, D.D. . . 163 
 
 Mathieson, Alex., D.D 213 
 
 MacCulloch, Thomas. DD. . . . . 198 
 
 MacDonald. Donald ' 207 
 
 MacDougall. George 262 
 
 MacDowall, Robert 217 
 
 MacGregor. James, D D 198 
 
 MacGregor. P. G., D.D 198 
 
 MacKnight. Principal, D.D., . . 201 
 
 MacLaurin, John 221 
 
 MacLennan. John 207 
 
 MacLeod, Hugh 206 
 
 MacLeod, Norman D.Di. 290 
 
 MacVicar, D. H., D.D 215 
 
 Nelles, Archdeacon, D.D 193 
 
 Ogilvie. Dr 161, 172 
 
 Partridge. Francis, D.D 171 
 
 Patton H B. D.D, 175 
 
 Pollok,' Allan, D.D 202 
 
 Potts, John, D.D. 258 
 
 Punshon, W. Mosley, D.D 258 
 
 Raymond, Dean, LL.D- 157 
 
 Rice ,S. T., D.D 263 
 
 Richardson, Archdeacon . . . . 171 
 
 Roaf John 281 
 
 Robertson, James, D D 279 
 
 Roe, Henry, D.D 171 
 
 Ryerson, Egerton. D.D. 259 
 
 Sanson, Canon 177 
 
 Scott John, DD 197 
 
 Snodgrass, William, D.D. ..207. 214 
 
 Page 
 
 Stanley, Dean, D.D 165 
 
 Stephenson John 254 
 
 Stuart, Jolin, D.D 172 
 
 Stuart, George O'Kill 173 
 
 Smart, William 282 
 
 Sutherland, Alex., D.D. 262 
 
 Sycombe, John 196 
 
 Taylor, William, D.D 214 
 
 Tupper, Charles 268 
 
 Tutty, William 148 
 
 Twining Dr 197 
 
 West, John 181 
 
 Wilberforce, Canon, DD 165 
 
 Wild, Joseph D.D 281 
 
 Wilkes, Henry, D.D. 280 
 
 Willis, Archdeacon 149 
 
 Young, George 262 
 
 R0YA1.TY. 
 
 Anne, Queen of England ..113, 190 
 
 Edward Vn, Rex 26, 193, 292 
 
 George H, Rex 60, 65, 149 
 
 George HI, Rex 161, 192, 222 
 
 James H- Duke of York 19 
 
 Kent, H R. H., Duke of 154 
 
 Victoria, Regina 154, 223 
 
 Wales, H. R. H. Prince of ..165. 168 
 
 Univeesities. 
 
 Acadia 270 
 
 Mount Allison. N. B 255 
 
 Dalhousie, Halifax 201 
 
 Lennoxville, Que 146 
 
 McMaster, Toronto 275 
 
 Fredericton, King's College . . 160 
 
 Queen's Un., Kingston 223 
 
 Manitoba Un., Winnipeg .. .. 233 
 
 King's Coll.. Windsor. N.S 146 
 
 Victoria Un., Toronto 262 
 
 Note:— -1 separate Iiide.r for the Illustrations is fiiveii in the iiilra- 
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