i;^""; 
 
 
 f^ \, 
 
 l«r 
 
 \^-^ . . 
 
r 
 
 "f^ 
 
 n 
 
 o^■ THK 
 
 An^' 
 
 JVo. 
 
 Division 
 
 Range ^ , 
 Shelf y^Uf 
 
 Received (fi^4^ /^yl87/ ■ 
 
 yj 
 
 u 
 
 J 
 
THE SLANG DICTIONAKY. 
 
 ran hah v 
 
 UNIVKHSITY OF|i 
 
 CALIFOKNIA. i 
 
A OADQER'8 MAP OF A BEGQINQ DISTRICT. 
 
 / 
 
 EXPUNATION OF THE HIEROGLYPHICS. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 V 
 n 
 O 
 
 NO GOOD ; too poor, and know too tauch. 
 
 BTOP,— if you have what they want» they will buy. They are pretty *'Xv," 
 (knovriug.) 
 
 GO IN THIS DIKECTION, it is better than the other road. Nothing that 
 
 way. 
 SONS, (good.) Safe for a "cold tatur/' if for nothing else. **C7uae jfour 
 
 patter" (don't talk much) hero. 
 
 COOPER'Dt (spoilt,) by too many tramps calling there. 
 
 QAMMT, (unfavourable,) likely to have you taken up. Hind the dog. 
 
 FLUMMUXSD^ (dangeroua,) sure of a month in "d^iod," (prison.) 
 
 RBLIGIOUS, but tidy on the whole. 
 
 St paye yy 
 
THE 
 
 SLANG DICTIONAEY, 
 
 OB, 
 
 THE VULGAR WORDS, STREET PHRASES, 
 AND "FAST" EXPRESSIONS OP 
 HIGH AND LOW * 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 MANY WITH THKIR ETYMOLOGY, 
 AND A FKMV WITH THEIR HISTORY TRACED. 
 
 *Babblti charminc words* which catry M much wUd-fln wrapt up In them." 
 
 — HuOTK 
 
 s 
 
 LIBRA n 
 
 UNIVKRSITV OF 
 
 CALIFOIfMA. 
 
 '^- 
 
 Ikj "Wcmb" «td Lba " Wooben Smun. —Smp. m 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN, PICCADILLT. 
 
 1869. 
 
 [100 copies printed on Lfirge Paper.^ 
 

 Oopia of this vxrrh, interleaved with finely-ruled paper, for the UH of Oum 
 who desire to collect such Slang and colloquial words as may start into exist- 
 tnce from time to lime, can b'. obtained from the pvHishtr, price 9«. 6d. 
 /J' OS 
 
 renmcD by johh cakdci hottes. picoadillt, lonxm. 
 
CAUFuuMa. 
 PREFACE. 
 
 With this work is incorporated The Dictionary of Modem 
 Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words, issued by "a London 
 Antiquary" in 1859. The first edition of that work con- 
 tained about 3000 words ; the second, issued twelve months 
 later, gave upwards of 5000. Both editions were reviewed 
 by the critical press with an approval seldom accorded to 
 smaU works of the kind. During the four years that have 
 elapsed, the compiler has gone over the field of unrecog- 
 nised English once more. The entire subject has been re- 
 surveyed, out-lying terms and phrases have been brought 
 in, new street-words have been added, and better illustra- 
 tions of old colloquial expressions given. The result is 
 the volume before the reader, which offers, for his amuse- 
 ment or instruction, nearly 10,000 words and phrases com- 
 monly deemed " vulgar," but which are used by the highest 
 and lowest, the best, the wisest, as well as the worst and 
 most ignorant of society. 
 
 Any apology for an inquiry like the present is believed 
 to be unnecessary. The philologist and the historian 
 usually find in such material the best evidences of a 
 people's progress or decline It may not be out of place 
 to say here — and I am sure he would not have objected — 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 that the late Mr Buckle took the greatest interest in the 
 subject, and that in a few instances I am indebted to that 
 gentleman for the probable etymologies of some of the 
 terms given in the Dictionary. "Many of these words 
 and phrases," he used to say, "are but serving their 
 apprenticeship, and wUl eventually become the active 
 strength of our language." 
 
 The widespread interest taken in the subject of Eng- 
 lish vulgar speech has surprised me. From almost every 
 capital in Europe I have received communications asking 
 further particulars, or informing me that scraps of their lan- 
 guage have become mixed with our street-talk ; and from 
 India, China, the Cape, Australia, and North and South 
 America I have received letters of advice or inquiry upon 
 the subject. In German magazines numerous articles have 
 appeared upon my former book ; and, at Turin, Professor 
 Ascoli has published a lengthy work upon the Lingua 
 Franca words in the speech of our lower orders, which the 
 Dictionary of Modern Slang was the first to detect and 
 make known. The Professor looks to the Lombard mer- 
 chants, who flocked to London in the days of Elizabeth and 
 James I., as the source from whence we derive this curious 
 element in our vulgar speech. I am sorry to inform him 
 that we have to thank the less dignified organ-grinders, 
 I as they are termed, for the introduction of this Italian 
 peculiarity in our street-language. 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 The short history of Cant and Slang, which precedes the 
 Dictionary, was first published in 1859, and has not since 
 been re-written, although the Dictionary, which follows, 
 has been more than trebled in size, and consequently con- 
 tains many more illustrations of the different classes of 
 colloquial speech than are given in the introduction. For 
 the general style and aim of this preliminary performance, 
 the compiler feels it necessary to offer some apology. 
 
 The more vulgar and less known Cant or secret terms of 
 the London thieves are given in the Dictionary at the foot 
 of each page. The compiler scarcely knew what to do with 
 some of the more repulsive of these words — those explana- 
 tory of thieving, &c., and which continually occur in the 
 language of low life. Their very existence is a lamentable 
 fact ; and the dry, unpoetic way they explain criminal in- 
 tentions and actions is miserable in the extreme. Crime 
 is an awkward thing to deal with, and, as in the case of 
 our own Legislature, when trying successfully to regulate 
 the punishment, and at the same time provide for the 
 reformation of criminal offenders, he found the matter a 
 singularly difficult one to manage. Slang is generally 
 pithy and amusing, whereas Cant, like our lower orders in 
 their thoughts and actions, is unrelieved by any feeUng 
 approaching to the poetic or the refined. 
 
 A few Slang and Cant words wUl be observed in the 
 plural. The compiler endeavoured, as far as possible, to 
 
Vlll PREFAGS. 
 
 give the singular number ; but in the case of some of the 
 terms he found this impossible, as he never heard them 
 used in any other form than the plural 
 
 The reader will please bear in mind that this is a Dic- 
 tionary of modem Slang, — a list of colloquial words and 
 phrases in present use, — whether of ancient or modem 
 formation. Whenever Ancient or Ancient English is ap- 
 pended to a Slang or Cant word, it is meant to signify- 
 that the expression was in respectable use in or previous 
 to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Ancient Cant indicates 
 that the term was used as a Cant word in or previous 
 to the same reign. Old or Old English, affixed to a 
 vulgar word, signifies that it was in general use as a 
 proper expression in or previous to the reign of Charles 
 II. Old Cant indicates that the term was in use as a 
 Cant word during or before the same reign. 
 
 Obsolete Slang terms are not given ; no notice, therefore, 
 has been taken of the numerous expressions that occur in 
 the play-books and other popular literature of the past 
 three hundred years, which have served their day, and 
 now form no part of our tongue. Only the living language 
 of the time has been dealt with. 
 
 Not long since the compiler purchased The History of 
 a Manchester Cadger: Narrated in his own Language, 
 price id. He was certainly somewhat surprised on open- 
 ing the pamphlet to find that it consisted of eight pages 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 of his own little book, reprinted with a few errors, and 
 without any acknowledgment of the source from whence 
 it was taken. He could from his heart recommend the 
 Manchester Cadger to reprint the Ten Commandments, 
 and study one of them, now that he has sonjewhat im- 
 proved his fortime by the first pilfer. It is said that 
 40,000 copies have been sold of tho History. H.I.ll. 
 the Prince Lucien Bonaparte very recently discovered 
 one of his privately-printed little books. The Song of 
 Solomon, in the Lancashire Dialect, being hawked around 
 the same city in the form of a twopenny edition. 
 
 The compiler will be thankful for any corrections, 
 additional examples, or words omitted. He has occupied 
 many spare hours in the formation of this Dictionary of 
 unrecognised English, and he wishes in future editions to 
 make it as perfect as possible. 
 
 Based upon the present performance, a work of a 
 similar but more extended character is in progress. It 
 will give an appropriate extract from books, serials, 
 broadsheets, or any other source which may afford 
 material illustrative of the actual employment of the 
 several Slang, Cant, and Vulgar terms in English printed 
 literature. It is believed that the work will be of con- 
 siderable value to the philologist. Further particulars 
 may be obtained of the publisher, who wiU also receive 
 subscribers' names. 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 In conclusion, the compiler begs to express his obliga- 
 tions to those correspondents who have from time to time 
 assisted him with their valuable suggestions. 
 
 J. C. H, 
 
 FICOADILLT, I«(vUae 1864. 
 
 %• The Prefaces to the compiler's previous work are 
 added, as it is believed that they mil not prove iminterest- 
 ing to tlie reader. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 
 
 DICTIONAEY OF MODERN SLANG, ETC. 
 
 If any gentleman of a studious turn of mind, who may 
 have acquired the hahit of carrying pencils and note- 
 books, would for one year reside in Monmouth Court, 
 Seven Dials ; six months in Orchard Street, Westmiaster ; 
 three months in Mint Street, Borough; and consent to 
 undergo another three months on the extremely popular 
 but very much disliked treadmill, (mlgo the " Everlasting 
 Staircase,") finishing, I will propose, by a six months' 
 tramp, in the character of a cadger and beggar, over Eng- 
 land, I have not the least doubt but that he would be able 
 t.0 write an interesting work on the languages, secret and 
 vulgar, of the lower orders. 
 
 In the matter of Slang, our studious friend would have 
 to divide his time betwixt observation and research. Con- 
 versations on the outsides of omnibuses, on steamboat 
 piers, or at railway termini, would demand his most atten- 
 tive hearing ; so would the knots of semi-decayed cabmen, 
 standing about in bundles of worn-out great coats and 
 haybands, betwixt wateriag-paUs, and conversiug in a 
 
xil PREFACE. 
 
 dialect every third word of which is without home or 
 respectable relations. He would also have to station him- 
 seK for hours near gatherings of ragged boys playing or 
 fighting, but ever and anon contributing to the note-book 
 a pure street-term. He would have to "hang about" 
 lobbies, mark the refined word-droppings of magniloquent 
 flunkeys, " run after " all the popular preachers, go to the 
 Inns of Court, be up aU night and about all day — in fact, 
 be a ubiquitarian, with a note-book and pencil in hand. 
 
 As for research, he would have to turn over each page 
 of our popular literature, wander through all the weekly 
 serials, wade through the newspapers, fashionable and 
 unfashionable, and subscribe to Mudie's, and scour the 
 novels. This done, and if he has been an observant man, 
 I wUl engage to say that he has made a choice gathering, 
 and that we may reasonably expect an interesting little 
 book. 
 
 I give this outline of preparatory study to shew the 
 reason the task has never been undertaken before. People 
 in the present chase after respectability don't care to turn 
 blackguards, and exchange cards with the Whitechapel 
 Pecker, or the Sharp's-alley Chicken, for the sake of a few 
 vulgar, although curious words ; and we may rest assured 
 that it is quite impossible to write any account of vulgar 
 or low language, and remain seated on damask in one's 
 own drawing-room. But a fortunate circumstance attended 
 
PREFACE. xm 
 
 the compiler of the present work, and he has neither been 
 required to reside in Seven Dials, visit the treadmill, nor 
 wander over the country in the character of a vagabond or 
 a cadger. 
 
 In collecting old ballads, penny mstories, and other 
 printed street narratives, as materials for a History of 
 Cheap or Popular Literature, he frequently had occasion 
 to purchase in Seven Dials and the Borough a few old 
 songs or dying speeches, from the chaimters and patterers 
 who abound in those neighbourhoods. With some of these 
 men (their names would not in the least interest the 
 reader, and would only serve the purpose of making this 
 Preface look like a vulgar page from the London Directory) 
 an arrangement was made that they should collect the 
 Cant and Slang words used by the different wandering tribes 
 of London and the country. Some of these chaunters are 
 men of respectable education, (although filling a vaga- 
 bond's calling,) and can write good hands, and express 
 themselves fluently, if not with orthographical correctness. 
 To prevent deception and mistakes, the words and phrases 
 sent in were checked off by other chaunters and tramps. 
 ' Assistance was also sought and obtained, through an in- 
 telligent printer in Seven Dials, from the costermongers in 
 London, and the pedlars and hucksters who traverse the 
 country. In this manner the greater number of Cant 
 words were procured, very valuable help being continually 
 
XIV PREFACE. 
 
 derived from Mayhew's London Labour and the London 
 Poor, a work which had gone over much of the same' 
 groimd. The Slang and vulgar expressions were gleaned 
 from every source which appeared to offer any materials ; 
 indeed the references attached to words in the Dictionary 
 frequently indicate the channels which afforded them. 
 
 Although in the Introduction I have divided Cant from 
 Slang, and treated the subjects separately, yet in the 
 Dictionary I have only, in a few instances, pointed out 
 which are Slang, or which are Cant terms. The task would 
 have been a difficult one. Many words which were once 
 Cant are Slang now. The words peig and cove are in- 
 stances in point. Once Cant and secret terms, they are 
 now only street vulgarisms. 
 
 The etymologies attempted are only given as contribu- 
 tions to the subject, and the derivation of no vidgax term 
 is guaranteed. The origin of many street-words will, per- 
 haps, never be discovered, having commenced with a knot 
 of illiterate persons, and spread amongst a public that 
 cared not a iig for the history of the word, so long as it 
 came to their tongues to give a vulgar piquancy to a joke, 
 or relish to an exceedingly familiar conversation. The 
 references and authorities given in italics frequently shew 
 only the direction or probable source of the etymology. 
 The author, to avoid tedious verbiage, was obliged, in so 
 small a work, to be curt in his notes and suggestions. 
 
PREFACE. XV 
 
 He has to explain also that a few words will probably 
 be noticed ia the Slang and Cant Dictionary that are ques- 
 tionable as coming under either of those designations* 
 These have been admitted because they were originally 
 either vulgar terms, or the compiler had something novel 
 to say concerning them. The makers of our large diction- 
 aries have been exceedingly crotchety in their choice of 
 what they considered respectable words. It is amusiag to 
 know that Eichardson used the word HUMBUG to explain 
 the sense of other words, but omitted it in the alphabetical 
 arrangement as not sufficiently respectable and ancient. 
 The word Slang, too, he served in the same way. 
 
 Filthy and obscene words have been carefully excluded, 
 although street-talk, unlicensed and un\\Titten, abounds in 
 tliese. 
 
 " Immodest words admit of no defence. 
 For want of decency is want of sense." 
 
 It appears from the calculations of philologists, that there 
 are 38,000 words in the English language, including deri- 
 vations. I believe I have, for the first time, ia consecutive 
 order, added at least 3000 words to the previous stock, — 
 vulgar and often very objectionable, but stiU terms in every- 
 day use, and employed by thousands. It is not generally 
 known, that the polite Lord Chesterfield once desired Dr 
 Johnson to compile a Slang Dictionary; indeed, it was 
 Chesterfield, some say, who first used the word humbug. 
 
XVI PREFACE. 
 
 Words, like pectiliar styles of dress, get into public favour, 
 and come and go in fashion. When great favourites and 
 universal they truly become " household words," although 
 generally considered Slang, when their origin or ante- 
 cedents are inquired into. 
 
 A few errors of the press, I am sorry to say, may be 
 noticed ; but, considering the novelty of the subject, and 
 the fact that no fixed orthography of vulgar speech exists, 
 it will, I hope, be deemed a not uninteresting essay on a 
 new and very singular branch of human inquiry ; for, as 
 Mayhew remarks, " the whole subject of Cant and Slang 
 is, to the philologist, replete with interest of the most pro- 
 found character." 
 
 The compiler wnii be mitch obliged by the receipt of 
 
 ANY CANT, SLANG, OR VULGAR WORDS NOT MENTIONED IN THE 
 DICTIONARY. ThE PROBABLE ORIGIN, OR ETYMOLOGY, OF ANY 
 FASHIONABLE OR UNFASHIONABLE VULGARISM, WILL ALSO BE 
 RECEIVED BY HIM WITH THANKS. 
 
 PIOCADILLT, June 30, 1859. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 
 
 DICTIONAEY OF MODERN SLANG, ETC. 
 
 The First Edition of this work had a rapid sale, and within 
 a few weeks after it was published, the entire issue passed 
 from the publisher's shelves into the hands of the public. 
 A Second Edition, although urgently called for, was not 
 immediately attempted. The First had been foimd incom- 
 plete, and faulty in many respects, and the author deter- 
 mined thoroughly to revise and recast before again going 
 to press. The present Edition, therefore, will be found 
 much more complete than the First; indeed, I may say 
 that it has been entirely re-written, and that, whereas the 
 First contained but 3000 words, this gives nearly 5000, 
 with a mass of fresh illustrations, and extended articles on 
 the more important Slang terms — humbug, for instance. 
 The notices of a Lingua Franca element in the language 
 of London vagabonds are peculiar to this Edition. 
 
 My best thanks are due to several correspondents for 
 valuable hints and suggestions as to the probable etymo- 
 logies of various colloquial expressions. 
 
 b 
 
XVIU PREFACE. 
 
 One Kterary journal of high repute recommended a 
 division of Cant from Slang; but the annoyance of two 
 indices in a small work appeared to me to more than coun- 
 terbalance the benefit of a stricter pliilological classification, 
 so I have for the present adhered to the old arrangement ; 
 indeed, to separate Cant from Slang would be almost im- 
 possible. 
 
 PlocADiLLV, Marclt 15, l86a 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THK HISTORY OF CANT, OR THE SECRET LANGUAGE 
 OF VAGABONDS. 
 
 PAOX 
 
 Black and Coloured Vagabonds — Vagabonds all over Europe — Vaga- 
 bonds Universal, . . . . . -1-3 
 
 Etymology of Cant — Cant used in old times — Difference between 
 
 Cant and Slang, ...... 3-5 
 
 The Gipsies — Gipsies taught English Vagabonds — The Gipsy- 
 Vagabond alliance — The Origin of Cant — Vulgar words from 
 the Gipsy — Gipsy element in the English language — The 
 poet Moore on the origin of Cant — Borrow on the Gipsy lan- 
 guage — The inventor of Canting not hanged, . . 5 -I I 
 
 Old Cant words still used— Old Cant words with modem meanings 
 — The words " Rum " and " Queer " explained — Old Cant words 
 entirely obsolete, . . . . . .11-14 
 
 The Oldest " Rogue's Dictionakt," . . . . 14-20 
 
 "Jaw-breakers," or hard words, used as Cant — Were Highwaymen 
 educated men? — Vagabonds used Foreign words as Cant — The 
 Lingua Franca, or Bastard Italian — Cant derived from Jews and 
 Showmen — Classic words used as English Cant — Old English 
 words used as Cant — Old English words not fashionable now — 
 Our old Authors very vulgar persons — Was Shakspeare a pugi- 
 list? — Old Dramatists used Cant words — Curious systems of 
 Cant, ........ 20-26 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE HIEROGLYPHICS USED BY 
 VAGABONDS. 
 
 Mendicant Fbeemasonbt — Hieroglyphics of Vagabonds — Maps 
 used by Beggars — Account of a Cadger's Map — Explanation of 
 the Hieroglyphics — Did the Gipsies invent them? — The Mur- 
 derer's Signal on the Gallows, . . . . 1 7-32 
 
XX 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF SLANG, OR THE VULGAR LAN- 
 GUAGE OF FAST LII'F. 
 
 Slang at Babylon and Nineveh— Old English Slang— Slang in the 
 time of Cromwell, and in the Court of Charles II. — Swift and 
 Arbuthnot fond of Slang— The origin of " Cabbage"— "The 
 Real Simon Pure" — Tom Brown and Ned Ward — Did Dr 
 Johnson compile a Slang Dictionary ? — John Bee's absurd ety- 
 mology of Slang — The true origin of the term — Derived from 
 the Gipsies — Burns and his fat friend, Grose — Slang used by 
 all classes. High and Low— Slang in Parliament, and amongst 
 our friends — New words not so reprehensible as old words bur- 
 dened with strange meanings — The poor Foreigner's perplexity 
 — Long and windy Slang words — Vulgar corruptions, . 33-42 
 
 Fashionable Slanq, ...... 42 
 
 Parliamentary Slang, ...... 45 
 
 Military and Dandy Slang, ..... 47 
 
 University Slano, ...... 48 
 
 Religiods Slanq, ....... 49 
 
 Legal Slang, or Slang amongst the Lawyers, ... 52 
 
 LiTERABY Slanq — Punch on " Slang and Sanscrit," . . S3 
 
 Theatrical Slang, or Slang both before and behind the curtain, 56 
 
 Civio Slako, ....... 57 
 
 Slang Terms fob Money — Her Majesty's coin is insulted by one 
 hundred and thirty distinct Slang terms — Old Slang terms for 
 money — The classical origin of Slang money-terms — The terms 
 used by the Ancient Romans vulgarisms in the Nineteenth 
 
 Century, ... .... .«S-6i 
 
 Shopkeepers' Slang, . . . . . . f)i 
 
 Workmen's Slang, or Slang in the workshop— Many Slang terms for 
 
 money derived from operatives, .... 62 
 
 Slang Apologies for Oaths, or sham exclamations for passion and 
 
 temper — Slang swearing, ..... 63 
 
 Slang Terms fob DRnKKENNtss, and the graduated scale of fuddle- 
 
 ment and 'ntoxicatior, . ... 64 
 
CONTENTS. XXi 
 
 pias 
 DIOTIONAUY OF MODERN SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR 
 
 WORDS; many with their etymologies traced, together mth 
 
 Uluslrations, and references to authorities, . . . 65-274 
 
 Some Account of tAb Back Slano, the secret language of Coster- 
 mongers — The principle of the Back Slang — Boys and girls 
 soon acquire it — The Back Slang unknown to the Police — 
 Costermongers' terms for money — Arithmetic amongst the 
 Costermongers, ...... 275-279 
 
 Glossary op the Back Slanq, ..... 280-284 
 
 Some Account op the Rhtmino Slang, the secret language of 
 Chaunters and Patterera — The origin of the Rhyming Slang 
 — Spoken principally by Vagabond Poets, Patterers, and 
 Cheap Jacks — Patterers " well up " in Street Slang — Curious 
 Slang Letter from a Chaunter, .... 285-288 
 
 Glossary of the Rhyming Slang, .... 289-292 
 
 The Bibliography op Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Language, or 
 a list of the books which have been consulted in the com- 
 pilation of this work, comprising nearly every known treatise 
 upon the subject, • • . . . 203 -305 
 
THE SLANG DICTIONARY. 
 
r t^i 15 u A N I 
 
 UNIVKIJ.sn V OF 
 
 OAl.lKOiiMA. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF CANT 
 
 OB 
 
 THE SECRET LANGUAGE OF VAGABONDS. 
 
 Cant and Slang are universal and world-wide. 
 
 Nearly every nation on the face of the globe, polite and bar- 
 barous, may be divided into two portions, the stationary and the 
 wandering, the civilised and the uncivilised, the respectable and 
 the scoundrel, — those who have fixed abodes and avaU themselves 
 of the refinements of civilisation, and those who go from place to 
 place picking up a precarious livelihood by petty sales, begging, 
 or theft. This peculiarity is to be observed amongst the heathen 
 tribes of the southern hemisphere, as well as in the oldest and 
 most refined countries of Europe. As Mayhew very pertinently ' 
 remarks, " It would appear, that not only are all races divisible 
 into wanderers and settlers, but that each civilised or settled 
 tribe has generally some wandering horde intermingled with and 
 in a measure preying upon it." In South Africa, the naked and 
 miserable Hottentots are pestered by the still more abject Son- 
 quas; and it may be some satisfaction for us to know that our 
 old enemies at the Cape, the Kafiirs, are troubled with a tribe of 
 rascals called Fingoes, — the former term, we are informed by 
 travellers, signifying beggars, and the latter wanderers and out- 
 casts. In South America, and among the islands of the Pacific, 
 matters are pretty much the same. Sleek and fat rascals, with 
 not much inclination towards honesty, fatten, or rather fasten, 
 like body insects, upon other rascals, who would be equally sleek 
 and fat but for their vagabond dependents. Luckily for respect- 
 able persons, however, vagabonds, both at home and abroad, 
 shew certain outward peculiarities which distinguish them from 
 
2 VA a A BONDS ALL OVER EUROPE. 
 
 the great mass of lawful people off whom they feed and fatten. 
 Personal observation, and a little research into books, enable me 
 to mark these external traits. The wandering races are remark- 
 able for the development of the bones of the face, as the jaws, 
 cheek-bones, <fec., high-crowned, stubborn-shaped heads, quick, 
 restless eyes,* and hands nervously itching to be doing ;t for 
 their love of gambling, — staking their very existence upon a 
 single cast ; for sensuality of all kinds ; and for their use of a 
 CANT language with which to conceal their designs and plunder- 
 ings. 
 
 The secret jargon, or rude speech, of the vagabonds who hang 
 upon the Hottentots is termed Guze-cat. In Finland, the fellows 
 who steal seal-skins, pick the pockets of bear-skin overcoats, and 
 talk Cant, are termed Lappes. In France, the secret language of 
 highwaymen, housebreakers, and pickpockets is named Argot. 
 The brigands and more romantic rascals of Spain term their 
 private tongue Germania,} or Bobbers' Language. Rothwalsch,§ 
 or foreign-beggar-talk, is synonymous with Cant and thieves' 
 talk in Germany. The vulgar dialect of Malta, and the Scala 
 towns of the Levant — ^imported into this country and incorporated 
 with English cant — is known as the Lingua Franca, or bastard 
 Italian. And the crowds of lazy beggars that infest the streets 
 of Naples and Eome, and the brigands that Albert Smith used 
 to describe near Pompeii — stopping a railway train, and deliber- 
 ately rifling the pockets and baggage of the passengers — their 
 
 • "Swarms of vagabonds, whose eyes were so sharp as Lynx." — BuUein't Simptet 
 and Surgery, 1562. 
 
 t Mayhew has a curious idea upon the habitual restlessness of the nomadic tribes— 
 i.e.t " Whether it bo that in the mere act of wandering there is a greater determina- 
 tion of blood to the surface of the body, and, consequently, a less qxiantity sent to the 
 brain." — Lond/m Labour, vol. L, p. 2. 
 
 t Germania, probably from the Gipsies, who were supposed to come from Oermany 
 into Spain. 
 
 ( RothwaUch, from Rater, beggar, vagabond, and wdhck, foreign. See Dictionary of 
 Gij>py lan)7uage in Pott't Ziffeuner in Europa und Asien, voL il, Halle, 1844. The 
 Italian cant i« called Fmnrbesqvt, and the Portuguese. OaJao. See Franeitgut-MKhtl, 
 Iheiionnaire fTArgot, Paris, 1856. 
 
ETYMOLOGY OF CANT. 3 
 
 secret language is termed Gergo. In England, as we all know, it 
 is called Cant — often improperly Slang. 
 
 Most nations, then, may boast, or rather lament, a vulgar 
 tongue — formed principally from the national language — the 
 hereditary property of thieves, tramps, and beggars, — the pests 
 of civilised communities. The formation of these secret tongues 
 vary, of course, with the circumstances surrounding the speakers. 
 A writer in Notes and Queries * has well remarked, that " the 
 investigation of the origin and principles of Cant and Slang 
 language opens a curious field of inquiry, replete with consider- 
 able interest to the pliilologist and the philosopher. It affords a 
 remarkable instance of hng-ual contrivance, which, without the 
 introduction of much arbitrary matter, has developed a system of 
 communicating ideas, having all the advantages of a foreign 
 language." 
 
 An inquiry into the etymology of foreign vulgar secret tongues, 
 and their analogy with that spoken in England, would be curious 
 and interesting in the extreme ; but neither present space nor 
 personal acquirements permit of the task, and therefore the 
 writer confines himself to a short account of the origin of English 
 Cant. 
 
 The terms Cant and Canting were doubtless derived from 
 chaunt or chaunting, — ^the " whining tone, or modulation of voice 
 adopted by beggars, with intent to coax, wheedle, or cajole by 
 pretensions of wretchedness." t For the origin of the other 
 application of the word Cant, pulpit hypocrisy, we are indebted 
 to a pleasant page in the Spectator, (No. 147 :) — "Cant is by 
 some people derived from one Andrew Cant, who, they say, was 
 a Presbyterian minister in some illiterate part of Scotland, who, 
 by exercise and use, had obtained the faculty, alias gift, of 
 talking in the pulpit in such a dialect that 'tis said he was 
 
 • Vr Thos. Lawrence, woo promised nn Elt/mological Cant and Slang Dictionary 
 Where IS till) book 1 t Richardson' t Diclionary. 
 
DIFFESENCB BETWEEN CANT AND SLANG. 
 
 4 
 
 understood by none but his own congregation,— and not by all of 
 them. Since Master Cant's time it has been understood in a 
 larger sense, and signifies all exclamations, -whinings, unusual 
 tones, and, in fine, all praying and preaching like the unlearned 
 of the Presbyterians." This anecdote is curious, if it is not cor- 
 rect. It was the custom in Addison's time to have a fling at the 
 true-blue Presbyterians, and the mention made by Whitelocke of 
 Andrew Cant, a fanatical Scotch preacher, and the squib upon 
 the same worthy, in Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence Displayed, 
 may probably have started the whimsical etymology. As far as 
 we are concerned, however, in the present inquiry. Cant was 
 derived from chaunt, a beggar's whine ; chaunting being the 
 recognised term amongst beggars to this day for begging orations 
 and street whinings ; and chauntee, a street talker and tramp, 
 the very term still used by strollers and patterers. The use of the 
 word Cant, amongst beggars, must certainly have commenced 
 at a very early date, for we find "to cante, to speake," in 
 Harman's list of Rogues' Words in the year 1566 ; and Harrison 
 about the same time,* in speaking of beggars and Gipsies, says, 
 "they have devised a language among themselves which they 
 name Canting, but others Pedlars' Frenche." 
 
 Now the word Cant in its old sense, and Si-ANGt in its modem 
 application, although used by good writers and persons of educa- 
 tion as synonymes, are in reality quite distinct and separate 
 terms. Cant, apart from religious hypocrisy, refers to the old 
 secret language, by allegory or distinct terms, of Gipsies, thieves, 
 tramps, and beggars. Slang represents that evanescent, vulgar 
 language, ever changing with fashion and taste, which has princi- 
 
 * Dacripiion of England^ prefixed to IhlinxhtiTs ChronieU. 
 
 t The word Slano, as will be seen in the chapter upon that siibject, is purely a 
 Gipsy terra, although now-o-daya it refers to low or vulgar language of any kind, 
 other than cant Sijino and Gibbekish in the Gipsy language are synonymous; but, 
 M English adoptions, have meanings very diffennt from that given to tnom in their 
 
TEE GIPSIES. 5 
 
 pally come into vogue during the last seventy or eighty years, 
 spoken by persons in every grade of life, rich and poor, honest 
 and dishonest* Cant is old ^ Slang is always modem and 
 changing. To illustrate the difference : a thief in Cant language 
 would term a horse a prancek or a prad ; while in Slang, a man 
 of fashion would speak of it as a bit of blood, or a spanker, or 
 a neat tit. a handkerchief, too, would be a billy, a fogle, or 
 a KENT KAG, in the secret language of low characters ; whilst 
 amongst vulgar persons, or those who aped their speech, it would 
 be called a bag, a wipe, or a clout. Cant was formed for 
 purposes of secrecy. Slang is indulged in from a desire to 
 appear familiar with life, gaiety, town-humour, and with the 
 transient nicknames and street jokes of the day. Both Cant and 
 Slang, I am aware, are often huddled together as synonymes ; 
 but they are distinct terms, and as such should be used. 
 
 To the Gipsies beggars and thieves are undoubtedly indebted 
 for their Cant language. The Gipsies landed in this country 
 early in the reign of Henry VIII. They were at first treated as 
 conjurors and magicians, — indeed, they were hailed by the popu- * 
 lace with as much applause as a company of English theatricals 
 usually receive on arriving in a distant colony. They came here 
 with aU their old Eastern arts of palmistry, fortune - telling, 
 doubling money by incantation and burial, — shreds of pagan 
 idolatry; and they brought with them, also, the dishonesty 
 of the lower caste of Asiatics, and the vagabondism they had 
 acquired since leaving their ancient dwelling-places in the East 
 many centuries before. They possessed, also, a language quite 
 distinct from anything that had been heard in England, and they 
 claimed the title of Egyptians, and as such, when their thievish 
 wandering propensities became a public nuisance, were cautioned 
 
 • " The vulgar tongue consiata of two parts : the first is the Cant Lanjifuage; the 
 laecond, those burlesque phrases, quaint allusions, and nicknames for persons, things, 
 and places, which, from long uninterrupted usage, are made classical by presciiptiou." 
 — t»Vose"» IH'iiionary OJ' Oit Vulgar Tongue, ist edition, 178^. 
 
6 THE GIPSY VAGABOND ALLIANCE. 
 
 and proscribed in a royal proclamation by Henry VIII.* The 
 Gipsies were not long in the country before they found native 
 imitators. Vagabondism is peculiarly catching. The idle, the 
 vagrant, and the criminal outcasts of society, caught an idea 
 fi-om the so-called Egyptians — soon corrupted to Gipsies. They 
 learned from them how to tramp, sleep under hedges and trees, 
 to tell fortunes, and find stolen property for a consideration — 
 frequently, as the saying runs, before it was lost They also 
 learned the value and application of a secret tongue; indeed, aU 
 the accompaniments of maunding and imposture, except thieving 
 and begging, which were well known in this country long before 
 the Gipsies paid it a visit, — perhaps the only negative good that 
 can be said in their favour. 
 
 Harman, in 1566, wrote a singular, not to say droll, book, 
 entitled, A Caveat for commen Cvrsetors, vulgarly called Vaga- 
 bones, newly augmented and inlarged, wherein the history and 
 various descriptions of rogues and vagabonds are given, together 
 with their canting tongue. This book, the earliest of the kind, 
 gives the singular fact that within a dozen years after the landing 
 of the Gipsies, companies of English vagrants were formed, places 
 of meeting appointed, districts for plunder and begging operations 
 marked out, and rules agreed to for their common management 
 In some cases Gipsies joined the English gangs ; in others, 
 English vagrants joined the Gipsies. The fellowship was found 
 convenient and profitable, as both parties were aliens to the laws 
 and customs of the country, living in a great measure in the open 
 air, apart from the lawful public, and often meeting each other 
 on the same by-path, or in the same retired valley ; — ^but seldom 
 intermarrying, or entirely adopting each other's habits. The 
 common people, too, soon began to consider them as of one 
 family, — all rogues, and from Egjrpt. The secret language 
 spoken by the Gipsies, principally Hindoo, and extremely bar- 
 
 * "Outlandish people calling themselves ^^^fta?i«." 1530. 
 
THE ORIGIN OF CANT. 
 
 barous to English ears, was found incomprehensible and very 
 difficult to learn. The Gipsies, also, found the same difficulty 
 with the English language. A rude, rough, and most singular 
 compromise was made, and a mixture of Gipsy, Old English, 
 newly-coined words, and cribbings from any foreign, and there- 
 fcwe secret language, mixed and jumbled together, formed what 
 has ever since been known as the canting language, or ped- 
 LAEs' FRENCH ; or, during the past century, st Giles's geeek. 
 
 Such was the origin of Cant ; and in illustration of its blend- 
 ing with the Gipsy or Cingari tongue, dusky and Oriental from 
 the sunny plains of Central Asia, I am enabled to give the 
 accompanying list of Gipsy, and often Hindoo, words, with, in 
 many instances, their English adoptions : — 
 
 Gipty. 
 
 BAMBOOZLE, to perplex or mis- 
 lead by hiding. Modem Qipsy. 
 
 BOSH, rubbish, nonsense, offal. 
 Gipsy and Persian. 
 
 CHEESE, thing or article, "That's 
 the CHEESE," or thing. Qipsy and 
 Hindoo. 
 
 CHIVE, the tongxie. Gipiy. 
 
 CUTA, a gold coin. Danvhian 
 Gipsy. 
 
 DADE, or Dadi, a father. Gipsy. 
 
 DISTARABIN, a prison. Gipsy. 
 
 GAD, or Gadsi, a wife. Gip^. 
 
 English. 
 
 BAMBOOZLE, to delude, cheat, or 
 make a fool of any one. 
 
 BOSH, stupidity, fooUshness. 
 
 CHEESE, or cheesy, a first-rate or 
 very good article. 
 
 CHIVE, or CHIVET, a shout, orloud- 
 tongued. 
 
 COUTEB, a sovereign, twenty shil- 
 lings. 
 
 DADDY, nursery term for father.* 
 
 STUEABIN, a prison. 
 
 GAD, a female scold ; a woman wh« 
 tramps over the country with a 
 beggar or hawker. 
 
 GIBBERISH, rapid and unmeaning 
 
 GIBBERISH, the language of Gip- 
 sies, synonymous with Slanq. 
 Gipsy. 
 
 • In those instances, indicated by a *, it is impossible to say whether or not wo are 
 Indebted to the Gipsies for the terms. Dad, in Welsh, also signifies a father. Cur is 
 stated to be a mere term of reproach, like ** Dog," which in all European languages 
 has been applied in an abusive sense. Objections may also be raised against Gad and 
 
8 
 
 VULGAR WORDS FROM THE OIPST. 
 
 Gipsy. 
 
 ISCHUR, SoHUR, or Chdh, a thief. 
 
 CHpsy and Hindoo. 
 LAB, a word. Gipsy. 
 LOWE, or LowR, money. Gipsy 
 
 and Wallachian. 
 MAM I, a grandmother. Gipsy. 
 
 MANQ, or Mauno, to beg. Gipsy 
 
 and Hindoo. 
 MORT, a fee woman, — one for 
 
 common use amongst the male 
 
 Gipsies, so appointed by Gipsy 
 
 custom. Gipsy, 
 MU, the mouth. Gipsy and Hindoo. 
 MULL, to spoil or destroy. Gipsy. 
 PAL, a brother. Gipsy. 
 PANE, water. Gipsy. Hindoo, 
 
 PAWNEE. 
 
 RIG, a performance. Gipsy. 
 ROMANY, speech or language. 
 
 Spanish Gipsy. 
 ROME, or RoMH, a man. Gipsy 
 
 and Coptic. 
 
 ROMEE, a woman. Gipsy. 
 SLANG, the language spoken by 
 
 Gipsies. Gipsy. 
 TAWNO, little. Gipsy. 
 TSCHIB, or JiBB, the tongue. 
 
 Gipsy and Hindoo. 
 
 English. 
 CUR, a mean or dishonest man. 
 
 LOBS, words. 
 
 LOWRE, money. Ancient Cant. 
 
 MAMMY, or Mamma, a mother, 
 formerly sometimes used for 
 grandmother. 
 
 MAUND, to beg. 
 
 MORT, or MoTT, a prostitute. 
 
 MOO, or Mtjn, the mouth. 
 MULL, to spoil, or bungle. 
 PAL, a partner, or relation. 
 PARNEY, rain. 
 
 RIG, a frolic, or " spree." 
 ROMANY, the Gipsy language. 
 
 RUM, a good man, or thing. In the 
 Robbers' language of Spain, (partly 
 Gipsy,) BUM signifies a harlot. 
 
 RUMY, a good woman or girl. 
 
 SLANG, low, vulgar, unauthorised 
 language. 
 
 TANNY, Teent, Uttle. 
 
 JIBB, the tongue ; Jabber,* quick- 
 tongued, or fast talk. 
 
 Here, then, we have the remarkable fact of several words of 
 pure Gipsy and Asiatic origin going the round of Europe, passing 
 into this country before the Reformation, and coming down to 
 ua through numerous generations purely in the mouths of the 
 people. They have seldom been written or used in books, and 
 simply as vulgarisms have they reached our time. Only a few 
 
 • jABBEa, I am reminded, may be only another form of gabber, gab, very common 
 In Old English, from the Anglo-S-'xon, o.ebban. 
 
rULOAR WORDS FROM FHE GIPSY. g 
 
 are now Cant, and some are household words. The word jockey, 
 as applied to a dealer or rider of horses, came from the Gipsy, 
 and means in that language a whip. Our standard dictionaries 
 give, of course, none but conjectural etymologies. Another word, 
 BAMBOOZLE, has been a sore diflSculty with lexicographers. It is 
 not in the old dictionaries, although extensively used in familiar 
 or popular language for the last two centuries ; in fact, the very 
 word that Swift, Butler, L'Estrange, and Arbuthnot would pick 
 out at once as a telling and most serviceable term. It is, as we 
 have seen, from the Gipsy ; and here I must state that it was 
 Boucher who first drew attention to the fact, although in his 
 remarks on the dusky tongue he has made a ridiculous mistake 
 by concluding it to be identical with its offspring, Cant. Other 
 parallel instances, with but slight variations from the old Gipsy 
 meanings, could be mentioned ; but sufficient examples have 
 been adduced to shew that Marsden, the great Oriental scholar 
 in the last century, when he declared before the Society of Anti- 
 quaries that the Cant of English thieves and beggars had nothing 
 to do with the language spoken by the despised Gipsies, was in 
 error. Had the Gipsy tongue been analysed and committed to 
 writing three centuries ago, there is every probability that many 
 scores of words now in common use could be at once traced to its 
 source. Instances continually occur now-a-days of street vulgar- 
 isms ascending to the drawing-rooms of respectable society. Why, 
 then, may not the Gipsy-vagabond alliance three centuries ago 
 ha^e contributed its quota of common words to popular speech 1 
 
 I feel confident there is a Gipsy element in the English lan- 
 guage hitherto unrecognised ; slender it may be, but not, there- 
 fore, unimportant. 
 
 " Indeed," says Moore the poet, in a humorous little book, 
 Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress, 1819, "the Gipsy language, 
 with the exception of such terms as relate to their own pecuHar 
 customs, differs but little from the regular Flash or Cant ian- 
 
lO BORROW ON THE OIPST LANOUAGB. 
 
 guage." But this was magnifying the importance of the alliance. 
 Moore knew nothing of the Gipsy tongue other than the few Cant 
 words put into the mouths of the beggars in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's Comedy of the Beggar's Bush, and Ben Jonson's Masque 
 of the Gipsies Metamorphosed, — ^hence his confounding Cant with 
 Gipsy speech, and appealing to the Glossary of Cant for so-called 
 " Gipsy" words at the end of the Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew, 
 to bear him out in his assertioa Still his remark bears much 
 truth, and proof would have been found long ago if any scholar 
 had taken the trouble to examine the " barbarous jargon of Cant," 
 and to have compared it with Gipsy speecL As George Borrow, 
 in his Account of the Gipsies in Spain, eloquently concludes his 
 second volume, speaking of the connexion of the Gipsies with 
 Europeans : — " Yet from this temporary association were pro- 
 duced two results : European fraud became sharpened by coming 
 into contact with Asiatic craft ; whilst European tongues, by im- 
 perceptible degrees, became recruited vnth various words, (some 
 of them wonderfully expressive ) many of which have long been 
 stumbling-blocks to the philologist, who, whilst stigmatising them 
 as words of mere vulgar invention, or of unknown origin, has 
 been far from dreaming that a little more research or reflection 
 would have proved their affinity to the Sclavonic, Persian, or 
 Eomaic, or perhaps to the mysterious object of his veneration, 
 the Sanscrit, the sacred tongue of the palm-covered regions of 
 Ind; words originally introduced into Europe by objects too 
 miserable to occupy for a moment his lettered attention, — the 
 despised denizens of the tents of Roma." 
 
 But the Gipsies, their speech, their character — bad enough, as 
 all the world testifies — their history, and their religious belief, 
 have been totally disregarded, and their poor persons buffeted and 
 jostled about until it is a wonder that any trace of origin or na- 
 tional speech exists in them. On the Continent they received 
 better attention at the hands of learned men. Their language 
 
THE INVENTOR OF CANTING NOT HANGED. 1 1 
 
 was taken down, their history traced, and their extraordinary 
 customs and practice of living in the open air, and eating raw 
 or putrid meat, explained. They ate reptiles and told fortunes 
 because they had learnt to do so through their forefathers centu- 
 ries back in Hindostan ; and they devoured carrion because the 
 Hindoo proverb — " That which God kills is better than that hilled 
 hy man"* — was still in their remembrance. Grellman, a learned 
 German, was their principal historian, and to him we are almost 
 entirely indebted for the little we know of their language.t The 
 first European settlement of the Gipsies was in the provinces ad- 
 joining the Danube, Moldau and Theiss, where M. Cogalniceano, 
 in his Essai sur les Cigains de la Moldo- Valachie, estimates them 
 at 200,000. Not a few of our ancient and modem Cant and 
 Slang terms are WaUachian and Greek words, brought in by these 
 wanderers from the East. See Cotjtek, Deum, Boung, (Harman,) 
 hOWR, &c. 
 
 Gipsy, then, started, and partially merged into Cant ; and the 
 old story told by Harrison and others, that the first inventor of 
 canting was hanged for his pains, would seem to be a fable, for 
 jargon as it is, it was, doubtless, of gradual formation, like all 
 other languages or systems of speech. The Gipsies at the pres- 
 ent day all know the old Cant words, as well as their own tongue, 
 — or rather what remains of it. As Borrow states, " The dialect 
 of the English Gipsies is mixed with English words." { Those 
 of the tribe who frequent fairs, and mix with English tramps, 
 readily learn the new words, as they are adopted by what Har- 
 man calls " the fraternity of vagabonds." Indeed, the old Cant 
 is a common language to vagrants of all descriptions and origin 
 scattered over the British Isles. 
 
 * This very proverb was mentioned by a young Gipsy to Crabb, a few years ago. — 
 Qipsie!^ Advocate, p. 14. 
 
 + I except, of course, the numerous writers who have followed Grellman, and based 
 their researches upon his labours. 
 
 t Gipsies in Sptmi, vol. i., p. 18. 
 
12 OLD OANT WORDS STILL USED. 
 
 Ancient English cant has considerably altered since the first 
 dictionary was compiled by Harman in 1566. A great many 
 words are unknown in the present tramps' and thieves' vernacular. 
 Some of them, however, bear stiU their old definitions, while 
 others have adopted fresh meanings, — to escape detection, I sup- 
 pose. " Abraham-mak" is yet seen in our modem sham abka- 
 HAM, or PLAY THE OLD SOLDIEE — i. «., to feign sickness or dis- 
 tress. " Autum" is still a church or chapel amongst Gipsies; and 
 " BECK," a constable, is our modem Cant and Slang beek, a pohce- 
 man or magistrate. " Bene," or bone, stands for good in Seven 
 Dials and the back streets of Westminster; and "bowse" is our 
 modem booze, to drink or fuddle. A " bowsing ken " was the 
 old Cant term for a public-house ; and boozing ken, in modem 
 Cant, has precisely the same meaning. " Bufe " was then the 
 term for a dog, now it is buffer, — frequently applied to men. 
 " Cassan " is both old and modern Cant for cheese ; the same 
 may be said of " chattes " or chatts, the gallows. " Cofe," or 
 cove, is still the vulgar synonyme for a man. " Drawees " was 
 hose, or " hosen," — now applied to the lining for trousers. 
 " Dudes" was Cant for clothes ; we now say dudds. " Flag" 
 is stUl a fourpenny-piece ; and " fylche" means to rob. " Ken" 
 is a house, and " lick" means to thrash ; " peancer " is yet 
 known amongst rogues as a horse ; and " to peig," amongst 
 high and low, is to steal. Three centuries ago, if one beggar 
 said anything disagreeable to another, the person annoyed would 
 say, " STOW you," or hold your peace ; low people now say, stow 
 IT, equivalent to " be quiet" " Teine" is still to hang; " wyx" 
 yet stands for a penny. And many other words, as wiU be seen 
 in the Dictionary, still retain their ancient meaning. 
 
 As specimens of those words which have altered their original 
 Cant signification, I may instance " chete," now written cheat, 
 Chete was in ancient cant what chop is in the Canton-Chinese, 
 — an almost inseparable adjunct Everything was termed a 
 
CHANGES IN MEANINGS OF OLD CANT WORDS. 1 3 
 
 CHETE, and qualified by a substantive-adjective, which shewed 
 ■what kind of a chete was meant ; for instance, " ceashino- 
 CHETEs" were teeth ; a " moffling-chete," a napkin ; a " grunt- 
 INGS-CHETE," a pig, &c., (fec. Cheat now-a-days means to defraud 
 or swindle, and lexicographers have tortured etymology for an 
 original — but without success. Escheats and escheatours have 
 been named, but with great doubts; indeed, Stevens, the learned 
 commentator on Shakspeare, acknowledged that he " did not 
 recollect to have met with the word cheat in our ancient writers."* 
 Cheat, to defraud, then, is no other than an old Cant term some- 
 what altered in its meaning,+ and as such it should be described 
 in the next etymological dictionary. Another instance of a 
 change in the meaning of the old Cant, but the retention of the 
 word, is seen in " cly," formerly to take or steal, now a pocket ; 
 — ^remembering a certain class of low characters, a curious con- 
 nexion between the two meanings will be discovered. " Make " 
 was a halfpenny ; we now say mag, — make being modern Cant 
 for appropriating, — " convey the wise it call." " Milling" stood 
 for stealing, it is now a pugilistic term for fighting or beating. 
 " Nab" was a head, — low people now say nob, the former mean- 
 ing, in modern Cant, to steal or seize. " Pek" was meat, — we 
 still say peckish, when hungry. " Peygges, dronken Tinkers or 
 beastly people," as old Harman wrote, would scarcely be under- 
 stood now ; a PEIG, in the 19th century, is a pickpocket or thief 
 " Quiee," or QUEEE, like cheat, was a very common prefix, and 
 meant bad or wicked, — it now means odd, curious, or strangfe ; 
 but to the ancient Cant we are indebted for the word, which 
 etymologists should remember.J " Eome," or eum, formerly 
 
 *Shakfl. HentylV., part ii., act ii., 8cene4. 
 
 t It is easy to see how cheat became synonymous with **fraud," when we rememhor 
 that it was one of the most common words of the greatest class of cheats in the 
 country. 
 
 } I am 1-eminded by an eminent philologist that the origin of queer is seen in the 
 fft7?ian QUER, cro'iked, — hence "odd." I agree with this etymology, but still have 
 reason to believe that tlie word was first used in this country in a Cant sense. Is it 
 
14 OJ^D CANT WORDS ENTIRELY OBSOLETE. 
 
 meant good, or of the first quality, and was extensively used like 
 cheat and queer, — indeed as an adjective it was the opposite of 
 the latter. Rum now means curious, and is synonymous with 
 queer; thus, — a " EUMMY old fellow," or a " queer old man." 
 Here again we see the origin of an every-day word, scouted by 
 lexicographers and snubbed by respectable persons, but still a 
 word of frequent and popular use. " Yannam" meant bread ; 
 PANNUM is the word now. Other instances could be pointed out. 
 but they will be observed in the Dictionary. 
 
 Several words are entirely obsolete. " Alybbeg " no longer 
 means a bed, nor " askew " a cup. " Booget,"* now-a-days, 
 would not be understood for a basket ; neither would " gan " 
 pass current for mouth. " Fullams" was the old Cant term for 
 false or loaded dice, and although used by Shakspeare in this 
 sense, is now unknown and obsolete. Indeed, as Tom Moore 
 somewhere remarks, the present Greeks of St Giles's, themselves, 
 would be thoroughly puzzled by many of the ancient canting 
 songs, — taking, for example, the first verse of an old favourite — 
 
 " Bing out, bien Morta, and toure and toure, 
 Bing out, bien Morts, and toure ; 
 For all your duds are bing'd awast ; 
 The bien cove hath the loure." + 
 
 But I think I cannot do better than present to the reader at 
 once an entire copy of the first Canting Dictionary ever compOed. 
 As before mentioned, it was the work of one Thomas Harman, 
 a gentleman who lived in the days of Queen Elizabeth. Some 
 
 noentioned anywhere as a respectable term before 1500? If not, it had a vulgar or Cant 
 introduction into this country. 
 
 * lioooET properly signifies a leathern wallet, and is probably derived from the loi* 
 Latin BU1.OA, A tinker's budget is from the same source. 
 
 t Which, litenilly translated, means — 
 
 " Go out, good girls, and look and see. 
 Go out, good girls, and see ; 
 For all your clothes are carried away. 
 And the srood man has the money." 
 
THE ' OLDEST "SOO UES" DICTION A RY." 15 
 
 writers have remarked that Decker "■ was the first to compile a 
 Dictionary of the vagabonds' tongue; whilst Borrow, f and 
 Thomas Moore, the poet, stated that Eichard Head performed 
 that service in his Life of an English Rogue, published in the 
 year 1680. All these statements are equally incorrect, for the 
 first attempt was made more than a century before the latter 
 work was issued. The quaint spelling and old-fashioned phrase- 
 ology are preserved, and the reader will quickly detect many 
 vulgar street words, old acquaintances, dressed in antique garb. J 
 
 ABRAHAM-MEN be those that fayn themselves to have beene mad, 
 
 and have bene kept either in Bethelem, or in some other piyson a 
 
 good time. 
 ALYBBEG,a.heAA.e. 
 ASKEW, a cuppe. 
 AVTEM,&chmc\ia. 
 
 A UTEM MORTES, married women as chaste as a cowe. 
 BAUDTE BASKETS bee women who goe with baskets and capcases on 
 
 their armes, wherein they have laces, pinnes, nedles, whyte inkel, and 
 
 round sylke gyrdels of all colours. 
 BECK, [Beek,] a constable. 
 BELLY-CHETE, apron. 
 BENE, good. Benar, better. 
 BENSHIP, very good. 
 BLETINO CHETE, a calfe or sheepe. 
 BOOGET, a travelling tinker's baskete. 
 BORDE, a shilUng. 
 £0 WW, a purse. [Fncstc, pong ; Wallachian, 'pxva^; see note, page 11 .] 
 
 The oldest form of this word is in Ulphilas, FUQQS ; it exists also in 
 
 the Greek, Trovyyfj, 
 BOWSE, drink. 
 BOWSING-KEN, an alehouse. 
 
 BUFE, [buffer, a man,] a dogge. , 
 
 BYNGE A WASTE, go you hence. 
 
 * Who wrote about the year 1610. 
 
 t Qipgiei in Spain, vol. i., p. i8. Borrow ftirther commits himself by remarking 
 that " Head's Vocabulary has always been accepted as the speech of the English 
 Gipsies." Nothing of the kind. Head professed to have lived with the Gipsies, but 
 in reality filched his words from Decker and Brome. 
 
 t Tile modem meanings of a few of the old Cai.t words are Eiven within br.inket«. 
 
l6 THE OLDEST "SOOUEir DICTIONARY^ 
 
 CACKLINGCHETE, a coke, [cock,] or capon. 
 
 CASS AN, [cassam,] cheese. 
 
 CASTERS, a cloake. 
 
 CATETH, " the vpright Cofe cateth to the Eoge," [probably a shortenuig 
 
 or misprint of Canteth.^ 
 CHATTES, the gallowes. 
 
 CHETE, [see what has been previously said about this word.] 
 CL Y, [a pocket,] to take, receive, or have. 
 COFE, [cove,] a person. 
 COMMISSION, [mish,] a shirt. 
 COUNTERFET CRANKE, these that do counterfet the Cranke be yong 
 
 knaves and yonge harlots, that deeply dissemble the falling sickness. 
 CRANKE, [cranky, foolish,] falling evil, [or wasting sickness.] 
 CRASHINO-CHETES, teeth. 
 CUPFEN, a manne. [A cuif in Northumberland and Scotland signifies a 
 
 lout or awkward fellow.] 
 DARKEMANS, the night. 
 DELL, a yonge wench. 
 DEWSEA-VYLE, the countrey. 
 DOCK, to deflower. 
 BOXES, harlots. 
 DRA WERS, hosen. 
 DUDES, [or dudds,] clothes. 
 FAMBLES, handes. 
 
 FA MBLING-CHETE, a ring on one's hand. 
 FLAGG, a groat. 
 
 F RATER, a beggar wyth a false paper. 
 FRESHE-WATERMARINERS, these kind of caterpillers counterfet 
 
 great losses on the sea : — their shippes were drowned in the piayne 
 
 of Salisbury. 
 FYLCHE, to robbe ; Fylchman, [a robber.] 
 GAGE, a quart pot. 
 CAN, a mouth. 
 
 OtSNTRY COFE, a noble or gentle man. 
 GENTRY-COFES-KEN, a noble or gentle man's honse. 
 GENTRY MORT, a, nohleOT gentle woman.. 
 GERRY, excrement. 
 GLASYERS, eyes. 
 GLYMMAR, fyer. 
 QRANNAM, come. 
 
THE OLDEST "ROGUES' DICTION ARY." 1 7 
 
 GRUNTINO-CIIETE, a pygge. 
 
 6YB, a writing. 
 
 GYGER, [jigger,] a dore. 
 
 HEARING-CUETES, eares. 
 
 JARKE, a seale. 
 
 JARKEMAN, one who make writings and set sealea for [counterfeit] 
 
 licences and passports. 
 KEN, a house. 
 KYNCHEN CO, [or cove,'] a young boye trained up like a " Synching 
 
 Morte." [From the German diminutive Kindschen.l 
 KYNCHING MORTE, is a little gyrle, carried at their mothers' backe 
 
 in a slate, or sheete, who brings them up sauagely. 
 LAG, water. 
 
 LAG OF DUDES a bucke [or basket] of clothe*. 
 LAGE, to washe. 
 LAP, butter, mylke, or whej. 
 LIGHTMANS, the day. 
 LOWING-CHETE, a cowe. 
 
 LOWRE, money. [From the WallacMan Gipsy word LOWE, coined money. 
 See M. Cogalnioeano's Essai sur les Cigains de la Moldo- Valachie,] 
 
 LTJBBARES, — " sturdy LMarea," country bumpkins, or men of a low 
 
 degree. 
 L YB-BEG, a bed. 
 L YOKE, [lick,] to beate. 
 LYP, to lie down. 
 LYPKEN, a house to lye in. 
 MAKE, [mag,] a halfpenny. 
 MAROERI PRATER, a hen. 
 
 MILLING, to steale, [by sending a child in at a window.] 
 MOFFLING-CHETE, a napkin. 
 MORTES, [motts,] harlots. 
 MYLL, to robbe. 
 MYNT, gold. 
 NAB, [nob,] a heade. 
 NABCHET, a hat or cap. 
 NASE, dronken. 
 NOSEGENT, a nunne. 
 PALLYARD, a borne beggar, [who counterfeits sickness, or incurable 
 
 sores. They are mostly Welshmen, Harman says.] 
 PARAM, mylke. 
 
t8 THE OLDEST "ROGUES' DICTIONARY.' 
 
 PAT RICO, a priest. 
 
 PATRICOS KINCHEN, a pygge, [a satirical hit at the church, Patrico 
 meaning a parson or priest, and Einchen his little boy or girl.] 
 
 PEK, [peckish,] meat 
 
 POPPELARS, porrage. 
 
 PRAT, a buttocke. 
 
 PRATLINOCHETE, a toung. 
 
 PRA UNCER, a horse. 
 
 PRIGGER OP PRA UNCERS be horse-stealers, for to prigge signifieth in 
 their language to steale, and a Prauncer is a horse, so being put 
 together, the matter was playn. [Thus writes old Thomas Harman, 
 who concludes his description of this order of " pryggers," by very 
 quietly saying, " I had the best gelding stolen out of my pasture, that 
 I had amongst others, whyle this book was first a printing."] 
 
 PR YGGES, dronken Tinkers, or beastly people. 
 
 Q.UACKING-CUETE, a drake or duck. 
 
 QUAROMES, a body. 
 
 QUIER, [queer,] badde. [See what has been previously said about this word.] 
 
 Q UTER CRA MPRINGES, boltes or fetters. 
 
 QUIER CUE FIN, the iustice of peace. 
 
 QUYER-KYN, a pryson house. 
 
 RED SHANKE, a drake or ducke. 
 
 ROGER, a goose. 
 
 ROME, goode, [now curious, noted, or remarkable in any way. Rum is the 
 modem orthography.] 
 
 ROME BOUSE, [rum booze,] wyne. 
 
 ROME MORT, the Queene, [Elizabeth.] 
 
 ROME VYLE, [or Rum-viUe,] London. 
 
 RUFF PECK, baken, [short bread, common in old times at farm-houses.] 
 
 RUFFMANS, the woods or bushes. 
 
 SALOMON, an alter or masse. 
 
 SKYPPER, a bame. 
 
 SLATE, a sheete or shetes. 
 
 SMELLING-OEETE, a nose. 
 
 SMELLINGCHETE, a garden or orchard. 
 
 SNOWT FA YRE, [said of a woman who has a pretty face or is comely.] 
 
 STALL, [to initiate a beggar or rogue into the rights and privileges of the 
 canting order. Harman relates that when an upright man, or initiated 
 first-class rogue, " mete any beggar, whether he be sturdy or impotent, 
 he will demand of him whether ever he was 'stalled to the roge' or no. 
 If he say he was, he will know of whom, and his name yt stalled him. 
 And if he be not learnedly able to shew him the whole circumstance 
 
 X 
 
THE OLDEST "ROO UES" DICTION A RT." 1 9 
 
 thereof, he will spoyle him of his money, either of his best garment, if 
 it be worth any money, and haue him to the bowsingken : which is, 
 to some typplinghouse next adjoyninge, and layth there to gage the 
 best thing that he hath for twenty pence or two shillings : this man 
 obeyeth for feare of beatinge. Then dooth this upright man call for a 
 gage of bowse, which is a quarte potte of drink, and powres the same 
 vpon his peld pate, adding these words, — I, 0. P., do stalle thee, W. T., 
 to the Roge, and that from henceforth it shall be lawf ull ioj thee to 
 cant, that is, to aske or begge for thi lining in al places." Something 
 like this treatment is the popular idea of freemasonry, and what 
 schoolboys term "freeing."] 
 
 ST AM PES, leggea. 
 STAMPERS, shoes. 
 
 STA VLINO-KEN, a house that will receyue stollen waretk 
 STAWLINGE-KENS, tipplmg-houses. 
 STOW YOU, [stow it,] hold your peace. 
 STRIKE, to steale. 
 STROMMELL, strawe. 
 
 SWADDER, or Pedler, [a man who hawks goods.] 
 THE HIGH PAD, the highway. 
 THE RUFFIAN CLT THEE, the devil take thee. 
 TOOEMANS, [togg,] a cloake. 
 TOQMAN, a, coate. 
 TO BOWSE, to Aiiaiie. 
 TO CANTE, to speake. - 
 TO CLT THE GERKE, to be whipped. 
 TO COUCH A HOGSHEAD, to lie down and slepe. 
 TO CUTTE, to say. \Cut it, cut it short, &c., are modem slang phrases.] 
 TO CUT BENE WHYDDES, to speake or give good words. 
 TO CUTTE QUYER WHYDDES, to giue euil words or euil language. 
 TO CUT BENLE, to speak gentle. 
 TO DUP YE OJGER, [jigger,] to open the dore. 
 TO FYLCHE, to robbe. 
 
 TO HEVE A BOUGH, to robbe or rifle a boweth, [booth.] 
 TO MA UNDE, to aske or require. 
 TO MILL A KEN, to robbe a house. 
 TO NYQLE, [coition.] 
 
 TO NYP A BOUNG, [nip, to steal,] to cut a purse. 
 TO SKOWER THE CRAMPRINOES, to weare boltes or fettew. 
 ' TO STALL, to make or ordam. 
 TO THE RUFFIAN, to the Devih 
 
20 "JAWBREAKERS" USED IN CANT. 
 
 TO TOWRE, to see. 
 
 TRYNINO, [trine,] hansing. 
 
 TYB OP THE BUTERY, a goose. 
 
 WALKING MORTE, womene, [who pa<i8 for widows.] 
 
 WAPPINQ [coition.] 
 
 WHYDDES, wordes. 
 
 W YN, a penny. [A correspondent of Notes and Querlet suggests tie con- 
 nexion of this word with the Welch gwtn, white — i. e., the white 
 silver penny. See other examples under Blunt, in the Dictionary ; 
 cf. also the Armmican, " owbnhek," a penny.] 
 
 YANNAM, bread. 
 
 Turning our attention more to the Cant of modem times, in 
 connexion with the old, we find that words have been drawn 
 into the thieves' vocabulary from every conceivable source. Hard 
 or infrequent words, vulgarly termed crack-jaw, or jaw-breakers, 
 were very often used and considered as Cant terms. And here it 
 should be mentioned that at the present day the most inconsistent 
 and far-fetched terms are often used for secret purposes, when 
 they are known to be caviare to the million. It is really laugh- 
 able to know that such words as incongruous, insipid, interloper, 
 intriguing, indecoi-um, forestall, equip, hush, grapple, &c., &c., were 
 current Cant words a century and a half ago ; but such was the 
 case, as any one may see in the Dictionary of Canting Words 
 at the end of Bacchus and Venus* 1737. They are inserted not 
 as jokes or squibs, but as selections from the veritable pocket 
 dictionaries of the Jack Sheppards and Dick Turpins of the day. 
 If they were safely used as unknown and cabalistic terms amongst 
 the commonalty, the fact would form a very curious illustration 
 of the ignorance of our poor ancestors. One piece of information 
 is conveyed to us — i.e., that the "knights" or "gentlemen of the 
 road," using these polite words in those days of highwaymen, 
 were really well-educated men, — which heretofore has always 
 
 * This is a curious volume, and is worth from one to two gumeas. The Canting 
 Dictionary was afterwards reprinted, word for word, with the title of Tlu. Scoundnlg 
 IHctionary, in 1751. It was originally published, without date, about the year 1710 by 
 Bw E., under the title of a Dictionary of the Canting Crew. 
 
VAGABONDS USED FOREIGN WORDS AS CANT. 21 
 
 been a hard point of belief notwithstanding old novels and 
 operas. 
 
 Amongst those Cant words which have either 'altered their 
 meaning, or have become extinct, I may cite lady, formerly the 
 Cant for "a very crooked, deformed, and iU-shapen woman;"* 
 and HAEMAN, " a pair of stocks, or a constable." The former is 
 a pleasant piece of satire, whilst the latter indicates a singular 
 method of revenge. Haeman was the first author who specially 
 wrote against English vagabonds, and for his trouble his name 
 became synonymous with a pair of stocks, or a policeman of the 
 olden time. 
 
 Apart from the Gipsy element, we find that Cant abounds in 
 terms from foreign languages, and that it exhibits the growth of 
 most recognised and completely-formed tongues, — the gathering 
 of words from foreign sources. In the reign of Elizabeth and of 
 King James I., several Dutch, Spanish, and Flemish words were 
 introduced by soldiers who had served in the Low Countries, and 
 sailors who had returned from the Spanish Main, who, like " mine 
 ancient Pistol," were fond of garnishing their speech with out- 
 landish phrases. Many of these were soon picked up and adopted 
 by vagabonds and tramps in their Cant language. The Anglo- 
 Norman and the Anglo-Saxon, the Scotch, the French, the 
 Italian, and even the classic languages of ancient Italy and 
 Greece, have contributed to its list of words, besides the various 
 provincial dialects of England. Indeed, as Mayhew remarks, 
 English Cant seems to be formed on the same basis as the Argot 
 of the French and the Roih-Sprcec of the Germans, — partly meta- 
 phorical, and partly by the introduction of such corrupted foreign 
 terms as are likely to be unknown to the society amid which the 
 Cant speakers exist. Aegot is the London thieves' word for 
 their secret language; it is, of course, from the French, but that 
 matters not so long as it is incomprehensible to the police and 
 
 • Bacchus and Venus, 1737 
 
22 THE LINOUA FRANCA, OR BASTARD ITALIAN. 
 
 the mob. Booze, or bouse, I am reminded by a friendly corre- 
 spondent, comes from the Dutch buysen. Domine, a parson, is 
 from the SpanisL Donna and feeles, a woman and children, 
 is from the Latin ; and don, a clever fellow, has been filched 
 from the Lingua Franca, or bastard Italian, although it sounds 
 like an odd mixture of Spanish and French ; whilst dudds, the 
 vulgar term for clothes, may have been pilfered either from the 
 Gaelic or the Dutch. Feele, a daughter, from the French ; and 
 FROW, a girl or wife, from the German — are common trampjf 
 terms. So are gent, silver, from the French Argent; and viai, 
 a country town, also from the French. Horeid-horn, a fool, is 
 believed to be from the Erse ; and gloak, a man, from the Scotch. 
 As stated before, the Dictionary will supply numerous other 
 instances. 
 
 The Celtic languages have contributed many Cant and vulgar 
 ■words to our popular vocabulary. These have come to us through 
 the Gaelic or Irish languages, so closely allied in their material 
 as to be merely dialects of a primitive common tongue. This 
 element may be from the Celtic population, which, from its ancient 
 position as slaves or servants to the Anglo-Saxon conquerors, has 
 contributed so largely to the lowest class of our population, and 
 therefore to our Slang, provincial, or colloquial words ; or it may 
 be an importation from Irish immigrants, who have undoubtedly 
 contributed very largely to our criminal population. 
 
 There is one source, however, of secret street terms, which in 
 the first edition of this work was entirely overlooked, — indeed, 
 it was unknown to the editor until pointed out by a friendly 
 correspondent, — the Lingua Franca, or bastard Italian, spoken 
 at Genoa, Trieste, Malta, Constantinople, Smyrna, Alexandria, 
 and all Mediterranean seaport towns. The ingredients of this 
 imported Cant are many. Its foundation is Italian, with a mix- 
 ture of modern Greek, German, (from the Austrian ports,) Spanish, 
 Turkish, and French. It has been introduced to the notice of 
 
CANT DERIVED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. 23 
 
 the London wandering tribes by the sailors, foreign and English, 
 who trade to and from the Mediterranean seaports, by the swarms 
 of organ-players from aU parts of Italy, and by the makers 
 of images from Eome and Florence, — all of whom, in dense 
 thoroughfares, mingle with our lower orders. It would occupy 
 too much space here to give a list of these words. They are all 
 noted in the Dictionary. 
 
 "There are several Hebrew terms in our Cant language, 
 obtained, it would appear, from the intercourse of the thieves 
 with the Jew fences, (receivers of stolen goods ;) many of the Cant 
 terms, again, are Sanscrit, got from the Gipsies ; many Latin, got 
 by the beggars from the Catholic prayers before the Eeformation ; 
 and many, again, Italian, got from the wandering musicians and 
 others ; indeed, the showmen have but lately introduced a 
 number of Italian phrases into their Cant language."* The 
 Hindostanee also contributes several words, and these have 
 been introduced by the Lascar sailors, who come over here in the 
 East Indiamen, and lodge during their stay in the low tramps' 
 lodging-houses at the east end of London. Speaking of the 
 learned tongues, I may mention that, precarious and abandoned 
 as the vagabond's existence is, many persons of classical or refined 
 education have from time to time joined the ranks, — occasionally 
 from inclination, as in the popular instance of Bamfylde Moore 
 Carew, but generally through indiscretion and loss of character, t 
 This wUl in some measure account for numerous classical and 
 learned words figuring as Cant terms in the vulgar Dictionary. 
 
 In the early part of the last century, when highwaymen were 
 by all accounts so plentiful, a great many new words were added 
 to the canting vocabulary, whilst several old terms fell into disuse. 
 
 ■ Mayhew'9 London labour and the London Poor, vol. iii., No. 43, Oct. 4, 1851. 
 
 t Mayhew (vol. i., p. 217) speaks of a low lodging-house "in which there were at 
 one time five university men, three surgeons, and several sorts of broken-down 
 clerks." But old Barman's saying, that "a wylde Roge is he that is bortie a roge,"' 
 will perhaps explain this seeming anomaly. 
 
24 OLD ENGLISH WORDS USED AS CANT. 
 
 Cant, for instance, as applied to thieves' talk, was supplanted by 
 the word flash. In the North of England, the Cant employed by 
 tramps and thieves is known as " the gammy." It is mainly 
 from the old Gipsy corrupted. In the large towns of Ireland 
 and Scotland this secret language is also spoken. All those 
 words derived from " the gammy " are inserted in the Dictionary 
 as from the " North Country." 
 
 A singular feature, however, in vulgar language, is the reten- 
 tion and the revival of sterling old English words, long since 
 laid up in ancient manuscripts, or the subject of dispute among 
 learned antiquaries. Disraeli somewhere says, " The purest 
 source of neology is in the revival of old words" — 
 
 " Words that wise Bacon or brave Rawleigh spake ; " 
 
 and Dr Latham honours our subject by remarking that "the 
 thieves of London are the conservators of Anglo-Saxonisms." May- 
 hew, too, in his interesting work, London Labour and the London 
 Poor, admits that many Cant and Slang phrases are merely old 
 English terms which have become obsolete through the caprices 
 of fashion. And the reader who looks into the Dictionary of the 
 vagabond's lingo, will see at a glance that these gentlemen were 
 quite correct, and that we are compelled to acknowledge the 
 singular truth that a great many old words, once respectable, and 
 in the mouths of kings and fine ladies, are now only so many 
 signals for shrugs and shudders amongst exceedingly polite 
 people. A young gentleman from Belgravia, who had lost his 
 watch or his pocket-handkerchief, would scarcely remark to his 
 mamma that it had been boned — yet bone, in old times, meant, 
 amongst high and low, to steal. And a young lady living in the 
 precincts of dingy but aristocratic May-Fair, although enraptured 
 with a Jenny Lind or a Eistori, would hardly think of turning 
 back in the box to inform papa that she (Ristori or Lind) " made 
 no BONES of it" — ^j'et the phrase was most respectable and well- 
 
OLD ENGLISH W0BD8 NOT FASHIONABLE NOW. 25 
 
 to-do before ft met with a change of circumstances. " A crack 
 article," however first-rate, would, as far as speech is concerned, 
 have greatly displeased Dr Johnson and Mr Walker — yet both 
 CRACK, in the sense of excellent, and crack up, to boast or 
 praise, were not considered vulgarisms in the time of Henry 
 VIIL Dodge, a cunning trick, is from the Anglo-Saxon ; and 
 ancient nobles used to "get each other's dander up" before 
 appealing to their swords, — quite flabergasting (also a respect- 
 able old word) the half score of lookers-on with the thumps and 
 cuts of their heavy weapons. Gallavanting, waiting upon the 
 ladies, was as polite in expression as in action ; whilst a clergy- 
 man at Paule's Crosse thought nothing of bidding a noisy hearer 
 " hold his GAB," or " shut up his gob." Gadding, roaming about 
 in an idle and trapesing manner, was used in an old trans- 
 lation of the Bible ; and " to do anything gingerly" was to do 
 it with great care. Persons of modern tastes will be shocked to 
 know that the great Lord Bacon spoke of the lower part of a 
 man's face as his gills. 
 
 Shakspeare, or, as the French say, " the divine WUliam," also 
 used many words which are now counted as dreadfully vulgar. 
 "Clean gone," in the sense of out of sight, or entirely away; 
 " you took me all a-mort," or confounded me ; " it won't fadge," 
 or suit, are phrases taken at random from the great dramatist's 
 works. A London costermonger, or inhabitant of the streets, 
 instead of saying, " 1 11 make him yield," or " give in," in a 
 fight or contest, would say, "I'U make him buckle under." 
 Shakspeare, in his Henry the Fourth, (Part ii., act i, scene i,) has 
 the word; and Mr Halliwell, one of the greatest and most indus- 
 trious of living antiquaries, informs us that " the commentators 
 do not supply another example." How strange, then, that the 
 Bard of Avon and the Cockney costermongers should be joint 
 partners and sole proprietors of the vulgarism 1 If Shakspeare 
 was not a pugilist, he certainly anticipated the terms of the prize 
 
96 CURIOUS SYSTEMS OF CANT. 
 
 ring— or they were respectable words before the prize ring was 
 thought of — for he has pay, to beat or thrash, and pepper, with 
 a similar meaning ; also fancy, in the sense of pets and favourites, 
 — pugilists are often termed the fancy. The cant word prig, 
 from the Saxon, priccan, to filch, is also Shakspearian ; so indeed 
 is PIECE, a contemptuous term for a young woman. Shakspeare 
 was not the only vulgar dramatist of his time. Ben Jonson, 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, Brome, and other play-writers, occa- 
 sionally put Cant words into the mouths of their low characters, 
 or employed old words which have since degenerated into 
 vulgarisms. Crusty, poor tempered ; " two of a kidney," two 
 of a sort ; LARK, a piece of fun ; ltjg, to pull \ bung, to give or 
 pass ; PICKLE, a sad plight ; fetimp, to mock, are a few specimens 
 casually picked from the works of the old histrionic writers. 
 
 One old Enghsh mode of canting, simple and effective when 
 familiarised by practice, was the inserting a consonant betwixt 
 each syllable: thus, taking g, "How do you do?" would be 
 " How^f do^f youg dog 1" The name very properly given to this 
 disagreeable nonsense, we are informed by Grose, was Gibberish. 
 
 Another Cant has recently* been attempted by transposing the 
 initial letters of words, so that a mutton chop becomes a cutton 
 mop, a pint of stout a «tint of pout ; but it is satisfactory to 
 know that it has gained no ground. This is called Marrow- 
 skying, or Medical Greek, from its use by medical students at the 
 hospitals. Albert Smith terms it the Gower Street Dialect. 
 
 The Language of Ziph, I may add, is another rude mode of 
 disguising English, in use among the students at Winchester 
 College. Some notices of this method of conveying secret infor- 
 mation, with an extensive Glossary of the Words, Phrases, Customs, 
 &c., peculiar to the College, may be found in Mr Mansfield's 
 recently-published School Life at Winchester College. 
 
 * "Before 1848." a correspondent writes. 
 
ACCOUNT 
 
 HIEROGLYPHICS USED BY VAGABONDS. 
 
 One of the most singular chapters in a History of Yagabondism 
 would certainly be " An Account of the Hieroglyphic Signs used 
 by Tramps and Thieves." The reader may be startled to know- 
 that, in addition to a sacred language, the wandering tribes of 
 this country have private marks and symbolic signs with which 
 to score their successes, failures, and advice to succeeding beggars ; 
 in fact, that the country is really dotted over with beggars' finger- 
 posts and guide-stones. The assertion, however strange it may 
 appear, is no fiction. The subject was not long since brought 
 under the attention of the Government by Mr Hawlinson.* " There 
 is," he says in his report, "a sort of blackguards' literature, and 
 the initiated understand each other by Slang [Cant] terms,, by pan- 
 tomimic signs, and by hieroglyphics. The vagrant's nark may 
 he seen in Uavant, on corners of streets, on door-posts, on house-steps. 
 Simple as these chalk-lines appear, they inform the succeeding va- 
 grants of all they require to know; and a few white scratches may 
 say, ' Be importunate,' or ' Pass on.' " 
 
 Another very curious account was taken from a provincial 
 newspaper, published in 1849, and fcrwarded to Notes and 
 Queries,-^ under the head of Mendicant Feeemasonry. " Per- 
 sons," remarks the writer, " indiscreet enough to open their 
 purses to the relief of the beggar tribe, would do well to take a 
 readily-learned lesson as to the foUy of that misguided bene- 
 
 • ifr Rawlinson'i KepoH to tht Generai Board of SeaUh, Paruh of Savant, Hamp- 
 thirt. t Vol. v., p. 3ia 
 
28 HIEROQLYPHICS OF VAGABONDS. 
 
 volence which encourages and perpetuates vagabondism. Every 
 door or passage is pregnant with instruction as to the error com- 
 mitted by the patron of beggars ; as the beggar-marks shew that 
 a system of freemasonry is followed, by which a beggar knows 
 whether it will be worth his while to call into a passage or knock 
 at a door. Let any one examine the entrances to the passages in 
 any town, and there he will find chalk marks, unintelligible to 
 him, but significant enough to beggars. If a thousand towns 
 are examined, the same marks •will be found at every passage 
 entrance. The passage mark is a cypher with a twisted tail : in 
 some cases the tail projects into the passage, in others out- 
 wardly ; thus seeming to indicate whether the houses down the 
 passage are worth calling at or not. Almost every door has its 
 marks : these are varied. In some cases there is a cross on the 
 brick work, in others a cypher : the figures i, 2, 3, are also used. 
 Every person may for himself test the accuracy of these state- 
 ments by the examination of the brick-work near his own door- 
 way — thus demonstrating that mendicity is a regular trade, 
 carried out upon a system calculated to save time, and realise the 
 largest profits." These remarks refer mainly to provincial towns, 
 London being looked upon as the tramps' home, and therefore 
 too FLY, or experienced, to be duped by such means. 
 
 The only other notice of the hieroglyphics of vagabonds that I 
 have met with is in Mayhew's London Labour and the London 
 Poor* Mayhew obtained his information from two tramps, who 
 stated that hawkers employ these signs as well as beggars. One 
 tramp thus described the method of WOEKING+ a small town. 
 "Two hawkers (PALst) go together, but separate when they 
 enter a village, one taking one side of the road, and selling 
 different things; and so as to inform each other as to the 
 character of the people at whose houses they call, they clmlk ceiiain 
 marks on their door-posts." Another informant stated that " if 
 
 * Vol. i., pp. ai8 and 247. f See Dictioimry. 
 
ACCOUNT OF A CADGERS MAP. 29 
 
 a PATTEEEE * has been crabbed (that is, offended) at any of the 
 CRIBS, (houses,) he mostly chalks a signal at or near the door." 
 
 Another use is also made of these hieroglyphics. Charts of 
 successful begging neighbourhoods are rudely drawn, and sym- 
 bolical signs attached to each house to shew whether benevolent 
 or adverse.t " In many cases there is over the kitchen mantel 
 piece " of a tramps' lodging-house " a map of the district, dotted 
 here and there with memorandums of failure or success." J A 
 correct facsimile of one of these singular maps has been placed as 
 a frontispiece. It was obtained from the patterers and tramps 
 who supplied a great many words for this work, and who have 
 been employed by me for some time in collecting Old Ballads, 
 Christmas Carols, Dying Speeches, and Last Lamentations, as 
 materials for a History of Popular Literature. The reader will 
 no doubt be amused with the drawing. The locality depicted is 
 near Maidstone, in Kent; and I am informed that it was prob- 
 ably sketched by a wandering scree ver§ in payment for a 
 night's lodging. The English practice of marking everything, 
 and scratching names on public property, extends itself to the 
 tribe of vagabonds. On the map, as may be seen in the left- 
 hand corner, some traveller § has drawn a favourite or noted 
 female, singularly nicknamed Three-quarter Sarah. What were 
 
 • See Dictionary. 
 
 t Soiuetimes, as appears from the following, the names of persons and houses are 
 written instead. ** In almost every one of the padding-kens, or low lodging-houses 
 in the country, there is a list of walks pasted up over the kitchen mantel-piece. Now 
 
 at St Albans, for instance, at the , and at other places, there is a paper stuck 
 
 up in ejich of the kitchens. This paper is headed * Walks out of this Town,' and 
 underneath it is set down the names of the villages in the neighbourhood at which a 
 beggar may call when out on his walk, and they are so arranged as to allow the cadger 
 to make a round of about six miles each duy, and return the same night. In many 
 of these papers there are sometimes twenty walks set down. No villages that are in 
 any way "gammy" [bad] are ever mentioned in these papers, and the cadger, if he 
 feels inclined to stop for a few days in the town, will be told by the lodging-house 
 keeper, or the other cadgers that he may meet there, what gentlemen's seats or 
 private houses are of any account on the walk that he means to take. Tlie names of 
 the good houses &re not set down in the jiaper fur fear of the police." — Mayhew. voL 
 L, p. 418. t Maylmw, vol. i., p, 218. ( See DicUoiiatj. 
 
30 EXPLANATION OF THE HIEROQLTPHICS. 
 
 the peculiar accomplishments of this lady to demand so uncom- 
 mon a name, the reader will be at a loss to discover ; but a 
 patterer says it probably refers to a shuffling dance of that name, 
 common in tramps' lodging-houses, and in which "| Sarah" 
 may have been a proficient. Above her, three beggars or hawk- 
 ers have reckoned their day's earnings, amounting to 13s.; and 
 on the right a tolerably correct sketch of a low hawker, or coster- 
 monger, is drawn. "To Dover, the nigh way," is the exact 
 phraseology; and "hup here," a fair specimen of the self- 
 acquired education of the tribe of cadgers. No key or explana- 
 tion to the hieroglyphics was given in the original, because it would 
 have been superfluous, when every inmate of the lodging-house 
 knew the marks from their cradle — or rather their mother's back. 
 Should there be no map, in most lodging-houses there is an 
 old man who is guide to every " walk" in the vicinity, and who 
 can tell on every round each house that is "good for a cold 
 tatur." The hieroglyphics that are used are : — 
 
 X NO GOOD ; too poor, and know too much. 
 
 f^y. STOP, — If you have what they want, they will buy. They are 
 ' "T pretty "fly," (knowing.) 
 
 -v GO IN THIS DIRECTION, it is better than the other road. 
 
 — ^ Nothing that way. 
 
 /\ BONE, (good.) Safe for a "cold tatur," if for nothing else. 
 ^ " CJieese your patter " (don't talk much) here. 
 
 ^7 COOPEKD, (spoilt,) by too many tramps calling there. 
 
 □ GAMMY (unfavourable,) like to have you taken up. Mind the 
 dog. 
 
 Q FLUMMUXED, (dangerous,) sure of a month in "quod" (prison. j 
 ^ RELIGIOUS, but tidy on the whole. 
 
 Where did these signs come from, and when were they first 
 used ? are questions which I have asked myself again and again, 
 whilst endeavouring to discover their history. Knowing the 
 
DID THE GIPSIES INVENT THEM? 3 1 
 
 character of the Gipsies, and ascertaining from a tramp that they 
 are well acquainted with the hieroglyphics, " and have been as 
 long ago as ever he could remember," I have little hesitation in 
 ascribing the invention to them. And strange it would be if 
 some modern Belzoni, or Champollion, discovered in these 
 beggars' marks fragments of ancient Egyptian or Hindoo hiero- 
 glyphical writing ! But this, of course, is a simple vagary of the 
 imagination. 
 
 That the Gipsies were in the habit of leaving memorials of the 
 road they had taken, and the successes that had befallen them, 
 there can be no doubt. In an old book, The Triumph of Wit, 
 1724, there is a passage which appears to have been copied from 
 some older work, and it runs thus : — " The Gipsies set out twice 
 a year, and scatter all over England, each parcel having their 
 appointed stages, that they may not interfere, nor hinder each 
 other ; and for that purpose, when they set forward in the 
 country, they stick up loughs in the way of divers kinds, according 
 as it is agreed among them, that one company may know which 
 way another is gone, and so take another road." The works of 
 Hoyland and Borrow supply other instances. 
 
 I cannot close this subject without dravring attention to the 
 extraordinary fact, that actually on the threshold of the gibbet 
 the sign of the vagabond is to be met with ! " The murderer's 
 signal is even exhibited from the gallows; as a red hand- 
 kerchief held in the hand of the felon about to be executed 
 is a token that he dies without having betrayed any professional 
 secrets."* 
 
 Since the first edition of this work was published, the author 
 has received from various parts of England numerous evidences 
 of the still active use of beggars' marks and mendicant hiero- 
 glyphics. One gentleman writes from Great Yarmouth to say 
 
 * ifr iawlintm't Report (0 the Oaieral Soard 0/ HeaUh, Parith of Hatant, Bamp- 
 thire. 
 
32 HOW A CLEROTMAN EVADED BEQGASS. 
 
 that only a short time since, whilst residing in Norwich, he used 
 frequently to see them on the houses and street comers in the 
 suburbs. From another gentleman, a clergyman, I learn that he 
 has so far made himself acquainted with the meanings of the 
 signs employed, that by himself marking the characters □ 
 {Gammy) and {Flummuxed) on the gate posts of his parson- 
 age, he enjoys a singular immunity from alms-seekers and cadgers 
 on the tramp. 
 
 In a popular constable's Guide, giving the practice of justices 
 in petty sessions, I have recently met with the f jUowing inter- 
 esting paragraph, corroborating what has just been said on the 
 hieroglyphics used by vagabonds : — 
 
 " Gipsiea follow their brethren by numerous marks, such as strewing 
 handf uls of grass in the day time at a four lane or cross roads ; the grass 
 being strewn down the road the gang have taken ; also, by a cross being 
 made on the ground with a stick or knife — the longest end of the cross de- 
 notes the route taken. In the night time a CLEFT stick is placed in the 
 fence at the cross roads, with an arm pointing down the road their com- 
 rades have taken. The marks are always placed on the left-hand side, so , 
 that the stragglers can easily and readily find them." * 
 
 From the cleft stick here alluded to, we learn the origin and 
 use of ^-, the third hieroglyphic in the vagabond's private list 
 
 * Suuwdou's MogMraU't Auitlant, iSja, pi 444. 
 
" AU ridiculont words make their first entry into a langiuige by familiar 
 phrases ; / dare not answer for these that they mil not in time be looked 
 upon at apart of our tongue." — Addison's Spectator. 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF SLANG, 
 
 OR 
 
 THE VULGAR LANGUAGE OF FAST LIFE. 
 
 Slang is the language of street humour, of fast, high, and low 
 life. Cant, as was stated in the chapter upon that subject, is 
 the vulgar language of secrecy. They are both universal and 
 ancient, and appear to have been the peculiar concomitants of 
 gay, vulgar, or worthless persons in every part of the world at 
 every period of time. Indeed, if we are to believe implicitly the 
 saying of the wise man, that " there is nothing new under the 
 sun," the "fast" men of buried Nineveh, with their knotty and 
 door-matty-looking beards, may have cracked Slang jokes on the 
 steps of Sennacherib's palace ; and the stocks and stones of 
 ancient Egypt, and the bricks of venerable and used-up Babylon, 
 may, for aught we know, be covered with Slang hieroglyphics, un- 
 known to modern antiquaries, which have long been stumbling- 
 blocks to the philologist ; so impossible is it at this day to say 
 what was then authorised, or what vulgar language. Slang is as 
 old as speech and the congregating together of people in cities. 
 It is the result of crowding, and excitement, and artificial life. 
 Even to the Classics it was not unknown, as witness the pages of 
 Aristophanes and Plautus, Terence and Athenaius. Martial, the 
 epigrammatist, is full of Slang. When an uninvited guest 
 
34 OLD ENGLISH SLANG. 
 
 accompanied Lis friend, the Slang of the day styled him his 
 UMBRA ; when a man was trussed, neck and heels, it called him 
 jocosely quadeupus. 
 
 Old English Slang was coarser, and depended more upon 
 downright vulgarity than our modern Slang. It was a jesting 
 speech, or humorous indulgence for the thoughtless moment, or 
 the drunken hour, and it acted as a vent-peg for a fit of temper 
 or irritability ; but it did not interlard and permeate every de- 
 scription of conversation as now. It was confined to nicknames 
 and improper subjects, and encroached but to a very small extent 
 upon the domain of authorised speecL Indeed, it was exceed- 
 ingly limited when compared with the vast territory of Slang in such 
 general favour and complete circulation at the present day. StiU, 
 although not an alarming encumbrance, as in our time. Slang 
 certainly did exist in this country centuries ago, as we may see 
 if we look down the page of any respectable History of England. 
 Cromwell was familiarly called OLD NOix, — just the same as 
 Bonaparte was termed boney, and Wellington conkey, or 
 NOSEY, only a few years ago. His Legislature, too, was spoken 
 of in a high-flavoured way as the barebones, or rump Parlia- 
 ment, and his followers were nicknamed roundheads, and the 
 peculiar religious sects of his protectorate were styled puritans 
 and QUAKERS.* The Civil-War pamphlets, and the satirical hits 
 of the Cavaliers and the Commonwealth men, originated numer- 
 ous Slang words and vulgar similes in full use at the present 
 moment. Here is a field of inquiry for the Philological Society, 
 indeed I may say a territory, f )r there are thirty thousand of 
 these partisan tracta Later still, in the court of Charles II., 
 the naughty ladies and the gay lords, with Rochester at their 
 head, talked Slang ; and very naughty Slang it was too ! Fops, 
 in those days, when "over head and ears" in debt, and in 
 
 ' This tarm, with a singular literal downrightness, which would bo remarkable In 
 aiiy other people ttian the French, ie translated br them «• tlia «act of TrembUvx$. 
 
SWIFT AND ARBUTHNOT FOND OF SLANO. 35 
 
 continual fear of arrest, termed their enemies, the bailiffs, 
 PHILISTINES* or MOABiTF.s. At a later period, when coUars were 
 worn detached from shirts, in order to save the expense of 
 washing — an object it would seem with needy "swells" in all 
 ages — they obtained the name of jacobites. One half of the 
 coarse wit in Butler's Hudibras lurks in the vulgar words and 
 phrases which he was so fond of employing. They were more 
 homely and forcible than the mild and elegant sentences of 
 Cowley, and the people, therefore, hurrahed them, and pronounced 
 Butler one of themselves, — or, as we should say, in a jojrful 
 moment, " a jolly good feUow." Orator Henley preached and 
 prayed in Slang, and first charmed and then swayed the dirty 
 mobs in Lincolu's-Inn-Fields by vulgarisms. Burly Grose men- 
 tions Henley, with the remark that we owe a great many Slang 
 phrases to him. Swift, and old Sir Eoger L'Estrange, and 
 Arbuthnot, were all fond of vulgar or Slang language ; indeed, 
 we may see from a Slang word used by the latter how curious is 
 the gradual adoption of vulgar terms in our standard dictionaries. 
 The worthy doctor, in order to annihilate (or, as we should say, 
 with a fitting respect to the subject under consideration, smash) 
 an opponent, thought proper on an occasion to use the word 
 CABBAGE, not in the ancient and esculentary sense of a flatulent 
 vegetable of the kitchen garden, but in the at once Slang sense of 
 purloining or cribbing. Johnson soon met with the word, looked 
 at it, examined it, weighed it, and shook his head, but out oi 
 respect to a brother doctor inserted it in his dictionary, labelling 
 it, however, prominently " Cant;" whilst Walker and Webster, 
 years after, when to cabbage was to pilfer all over England, 
 placed the term in their dictionaries as an ancient and very 
 respectable word. Another Slang term, gull, to cheat, or dektie, 
 sometimes varied to gully, is stated to be connected with Jie 
 Dean of St Patrick's. Gull, a dupe, or a fool, is often use' by 
 
 * Swift alludes to this term in his AH afPolitt Conversation, p. 14. 173S 
 
,^6 THE REAL SIMON PURE. 
 
 our old dramatists, and is generally believed to have given rise to 
 tlie verb ; but a curious little edition of Bamfylde Moore Carew, 
 published in 1827, says that to gull, or gully, is derived from 
 the well-known Gulliver, the hero of the famous Travels. How 
 crammed with Slang are the dramatic works of the last century 1 
 The writers of the comedies and farces in those days must have 
 lived in the streets, and written their plays in the public-houses, 
 so filled are they with vulgarisms and unauthorised words. The 
 popular phrases, " I owe you one," " That 's one for his nob," and 
 " Keep moving, dad," arose in this way.* The second of these 
 sayings was, doubtless, taken from the card-table, for at cribbage 
 the player who holds the knave of the suit turned up counts " one 
 for his nob," and the dealer who turns up a knave counts " two 
 for his heels." 
 
 In Mrs Centlivre's admirable comedy of A Bold Stroke for a 
 Wife, we see the origin of that popular street phrase, the real 
 SIMON PUKE. Simon Pure is the Quaker name adopted by 
 Colonel Feignwell as a trick to obtain the hand of Mistress Anne 
 Lovely in marriage. The veritable Quaker, the "real Simon 
 Pure," recommended by Aminadab Holdfast, of Bristol, as a fit 
 sojourner with Obadiah Prim, arrives at last, to the discomfiture 
 of the Colonel, who, to maintain his position and gain time, con- 
 cocts a letter in which the real Quaker is spoken of as a house- 
 breaker who had travelled in the "leather conveniency" from 
 Bristol, and adopted the garb and name of the western Quaker 
 in order to pass off as the " real simon pure," but only for the 
 purpose of robbing the house and cutting the throat of the per- 
 plexed Obadiah. The scene in which the two Simon Pures, the 
 real and the counterfeit, meet, is one of the best in the comedy. 
 
 Tom Brown, of " facetious memory," as his friends were wont 
 to say, and Ned Ward, who wrote humorous books, and when 
 tired drew beer for his customers at his alehouse in Long 
 
 * S«e ifotes and Qutria, vol. L, p. 185. 185a 
 
WAS DR JOHNSON WELL "UP" IN SLANG? 3^ 
 
 Acre,* were both great producers of Slang in the last century, 
 and to them we owe many popular current phrases and house- 
 hold words. 
 
 Written Slang was checked, rather than advanced, by the pens 
 of Addison, Johnson, and Goldsmith; although John Bee, the 
 bottle-holder and historiographer of the pugilistic band of brothers 
 in the youthful days of flat-nosed Tom Crib, has gravely stated 
 that Johnson, when young and rakish, contributed to an early 
 volume of the Gentleman's Magazine a few pages, by way of speci- 
 men, of a Slang dictionary, the result, Mr Bee says, " of his mid- 
 night ramblings !"t And Goldsmith, I must not forget to re- 
 mark, certainly coined a few words, although, as a rule, his pen 
 was pure and graceful, and adverse to neologisms. The word 
 FUDGE, it has been stated, was first used by him in literary com- 
 position,J although it originated with one Captain Fudge, a 
 notorious fibber, nearly a century before. Street phrases, nick- 
 names, and vulgar words were continually being added to the 
 great stock of popular Slang up to the commencement of the 
 present century, when it received numerous additions from pugil- 
 ism, horse-racing, and " fast " life generally, which suddenly came 
 into great public favour, and was at its height when the Prince 
 Regent was in his rakish minority. Slang in those days was 
 generally termed flash language. So popular was it with the 
 " bloods" of high life, that it constituted the best paying literary 
 capital for certain authors and dramatists. Pierce Egan issued 
 ■ Boxiana, and Life in London, six portly octavo volumes, crammed 
 with Slang ; and Moncrieff wrote the most popular farce of the 
 day, Tom and Jerry, (adapted from the latter work,) which, to 
 use newspaper Slang, " took the town by storm," and, with its 
 then fashionable vulgarisms, made the fortune of the old Adelphi 
 
 * He afterwards kept a tavern at Wapping, mentioned by Pope in the Ihinciad. 
 t Sportsman'! IHclionary, 1825, p. 15. I have searched the venerable magazine in 
 vaiti for this Slang glossary, 
 t This is incorrect See under Fuuge in the Dictionary. 
 
o 
 
 8 WHERE DID THE WORD "SLANG" COMB FROMt 
 
 Theatre, and was, without exception, the most wonderful instance 
 of a continuous theatrical run in ancient or modern times. This, 
 also, was brimful of Slang. Other authors helped to popularise 
 and extend Slang down to our own time, when it has taken a 
 somewhat different turn, dropping many of the Cant and old 
 vulgar words, and assuming a certain quaint and fashionable 
 phraseology — Frenchy, familiar, utilitarian, and jovial There 
 can be no doubt but that common speech is greatly influenced 
 by fashion, fresh manners, and that general change of ideas which 
 steals over a people once in a generation. But before I proceed 
 further into the region of Slang, it will be well to say something 
 on the etymology of the word. 
 
 The word Slang is only mentioned by two lexicographers — 
 Webster and OgUvie.* Johnson, Walker, and the older compilers 
 of dictionaries, give slang the preterite of sling, but not a word 
 about Slang in the sense of low, vulgar, or unrecognised lan- 
 guage. The origin of the word has often been asked for in lite- 
 rary journals and books, but only one man, as far as I can learn, 
 has ever hazarded an etymology — Jonathan Bee, the vulgar 
 chronicler of the prize-ring.f With a recklessness peculiar to 
 pugilism, Bee stated that Slang was derived from " the slangs 
 or fetters worn by prisoners, having acquired that name from the 
 manner in which they were worn, as they required a sling of 
 string to keep them off the ground." Bee had just been nettled 
 at Pierce Egan producing a new edition of Grose's Dictionary of 
 the Vulgar Tongue, and was determined to excel him in a vulgar 
 dictionary of his own, which should be more racy, more pugilistic, 
 and more original. How far he succeeded in this latter particular, 
 bis ridiculous etymology of Slang wiU shew. Slang is not an 
 English word ; it is the Gipsy term for their secret language, and 
 
 • This introduction was written in 1859, before the now edition of Worcertw, and 
 
 Nuttall's recent work were published. 
 t Introduction to Boo'b Sportsman's Dictionary, 1825. 
 
SLANG USED BY ALL CLASSES. 39 
 
 its synonjrme is gibbeeish — another word which was believed to 
 have had no distinct origin.* Grose — stout and burly Captain 
 Grose — whom we may characterise as the greatest antiquary, 
 joker, and porter-drinker of his day, was the first lexicographer to 
 recognise the word Slang. It occurs in his Classical Dictionary 
 of the Vulgar Tongue, of 1785, with the signification that it im- 
 plies " Cant or vulgar language." Grose, I may remark in pass- 
 ing, was a great favourite with the poet Bums, and so pleased 
 him by his extensive powers of story-telling and grog-imbibing, 
 that the companionable and humour-loving Scotch bard wrote for 
 his fat friend — or, to use his own Words, " the fine, fat, fodgel 
 wight" — the immortal poem of " Tam O'Shanter." 
 
 Without troubling the reader with a long account of the trans- 
 formation into an English term of the word Slang, I may remark 
 in passing that it is easily seen how we obtained it from the 
 Gipsies. Hucksters and beggars on tramp, or at fairs and races, 
 associate and frequently join in any rough enterprise with the 
 Gipsiest The word would be continually heard by them, and 
 would in this manner soon become Cant; J and, when carried by 
 " fast" or vulgar fashionables from the society of thieves and low 
 characters to their own drawing-rooms, would as quickly become 
 Slang, and the representative term for all vulgar or Slang lan- 
 guage. 
 
 • The Gipsies use the word Slang as the Anglican synonyme for Romany, the con- 
 tinental (or rather Spanish) term for the Cingari or Gipsy tongue. Crabb, who wrote 
 the QipHes' Advocate in 1831, thus mentions the word : — *' This language [Gipsy] called 
 by themsetvet Sijlno, or Gibbkrish, invented, as they think, b5 their forefathers for 
 secret purposes, is not merely the language of one or a few of these wandering tribes, 
 which are found in the European nations, but is adopted by the vast numbers who 
 inhabit the earth." 
 
 t See what the Druid says, in Silk and Scarlet, Pout and Paddock, and his other 
 sporting works, about the card-sellers, booth-men, horse-holders, cockshy-men, au^ 
 other well-known frequenters of race-courses. 
 
 X The word Slano assumed various meanings amongst costermongers, beggars, and 
 vagalwnds of all orders. It was, and is still, used to express "cheating by false 
 weights," "araree ahow," "retiring by aback door," "a watch-chain," their "secret 
 language," Ac. 
 
40 SLANG UNIVERSAL. 
 
 Arvy sudden excitement, peculiar circumstance, or popular lite- 
 rary production, is quite sufficient to originate and set agoing a 
 score of Slang words. Nearly every election or public agitation 
 throws out offshoots of the excitement, or scintillations of the 
 humour in the shape of Slang terms — ^vulgar at first, but at length 
 adopted as semi-respectable from the force of habit and custom. 
 There is scarcely a condition or calling in life that does not possess 
 its own peculiar Slang. The professions, legal and medical, have 
 each familiar and unauthorised terms for peculiar circumstances 
 and things, and I am quite certain that the clerical calling, or 
 " the cloth" is not entirely free from this peculiarity. Every 
 workshop, warehouse, factory, and mill throughout the country 
 has its Slang, and so have the public schools of Eton, Harrow, and 
 Westminster, and the great Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. 
 Sea Slang constitutes the principal charm of a sailor's "yarn;" 
 and our soldiers and officers have each their peculiar nicknames 
 and terms for things and subjects proper and improper. A writer 
 in Household Woi-ds (No. 183) has gone so far as to remark, that 
 a person " shall not read one single parliamentary debate, as re- 
 ported in a first-class newspaper, without meeting scores of Slang 
 words;" and "that from Mr Speaker in his chair, to the Cabinet 
 Ministers whispering behind it — from mover to seconder, from 
 true-blue Protectionist to extremest Radical — Mr Barry's New 
 House echoes and re-echoes with Slang." Really it seems as if 
 our boasted English tongue were a very paltry and ill-provided 
 contrivance after all ; or can it be that we are the most vulgar 
 of people ? 
 
 The universality of Slang is extraordinary. Let any person 
 for a short time narrowly examine the conversation of their 
 dearest and nearest friends, ay, censor-like, even slice and ana- 
 lyse their own supposed correct talk, and they shall be amazed 
 at the numerous unauthorised, and what we can only call vulgar, 
 words they continually employ. It is not the number of new 
 
THE POOR FOREWNERS PERPLEXITY. 4I 
 
 words that we are ever introducing that is so reprehensible, there 
 is not so much harm in this practice (frequently termed in books 
 "the licence of expression") if neologisms are really required, but 
 it is the continually encumbering of old words with fresh and 
 strange meanings. Look at those simple and useful verbs, do, 
 cut, go, and take, and see how they are hampered and overloaded, 
 and then let us ask ourselves how is it possible for a French or 
 German gentleman, be he ever so well educated, to avoid con- 
 tinually blundering and floundering amongst our little words 
 when trying to make himself understood in an ordinary conver- 
 sation? He may have studied our language the required time, 
 and have gone through the usual amount of " grinding," and 
 practised the common allotment of patience, but all to no pur- 
 pose as far as accuracy is concerned. I am aware that most new 
 words are generally regarded as Slang, although afterwards they 
 may become-aseful and resjjectable additions to our standard 
 dictionaries. Jabber and hoax were Slang and Cant terms in 
 Swift's time ; so indeed were mob and sham.* Words directly 
 from the Latin and Greek, and Carlyleisms, are allowed by an 
 indulgent public to pass and take their places in books. Sound 
 contributes many Slang words — a source t jat etymologists too fre- 
 quently overlook. Nothing pleases an ignorant person so much as 
 a high-sounding term " full of fury." How melodious and drum- 
 like are those vulgar coruscations kumbumptious, slantingdicu- 
 lar, SPLENDlFEEOtrS,t RUMBUSTIOUS, and FEREICADOUZEE. What 
 
 a " pull" the sharp-nosed lodging-house-keeper thinks she has 
 over her victims if she can but hurl such testimonies of a liberal 
 
 * North, in his Examen, p. 574, Bays, " I may note that the rabble first changed 
 their title, and were called the mob in the assemblies of this [Green Uibbon] club. It 
 was their beasts of burden, and called first mobile vulgus, but fell naturally into the 
 contraction of one syllable, and ever since is bLCOuie proper English." In the same 
 work, p. 231, the disgraceful origin of sham is given, 
 
 t It is somewhat singular that Drayton, the poet of Queen Elizabeth's time, should 
 have coined a similar word, Splendidious. The Latin, SpUndidus, however, wa» 
 probably what he meant to employ. 
 
42 rULOAR CORRUPTIONS. 
 
 education at them when they are disputing her charges, and 
 threatening to absquatulate! In the United States the 
 vulgar-genteel even excel the poor " stuck-up" Cockneys in their 
 formation of a native fashionable language. How charming to a 
 refined ear are abskize, catawampously, exflunctify, ob- 
 
 SCUTE, KESLOSH, KESOUSE, KESWOLLOP, and KEWHOLLDX ! Vul- 
 gar words representing action and brisk movement often owe 
 tlieir origin to sound. Mispronunciation, too, is another great 
 source of vulgar or Slang words — ramshackle, shackly, nary- 
 one for neither or neither one, ottomy or atomy for anatomy, 
 BENCH for rinse, are specimens. The commonalty dislike fre- 
 quently-occurring words difficult of pronunciation, and so we 
 have the street abridgments of bimeby for by and by, caze for 
 because, gin for given, hankerchek for handkerchief, bumatiz 
 for rheumatism, backy for tobacco, and many others, not perhaps 
 Slang, but certainly all vulgarisms. Archbishop Whately, in his 
 interesting Remains of Bishop Copleston, has inserted a leaf from 
 the Bishop's note-book on the popular corruption of names, men- 
 tioning among others kickshaws, as from the French, quelques 
 ch(m»; beefeater, the lubberly guardian of royalty in a pro- 
 cession, and the supposed devourer of enormous beefsteaks, as 
 but a vulgar pronunciation of the French, huffetier ; and George 
 and CANNON, the sign of a public-house, as nothing but a 
 corruption (although so soon !) of the popular premier of 
 the last generation, George Canning. Literature has its Slang 
 terms ; and the desire on the part of writers to say funny and 
 startling things in a novel and curious way (the late Household 
 Words* for instance) contributes many unauthorised words to 
 the great stock of Slang. 
 
 Fashionable or Upper-class Slang is of several varieties. There 
 is the Belgravian, military and naval, parliamentary, dandy, and 
 
 • It is nther (ingular that this populAr journal should hare contained a Imig 
 article on Slang a short time a^o. 
 
FASHIONABLE SLANG. 43 
 
 the reunion and visiting Slang. English officers, civilians, and 
 their families, who have resided long in India, have contributed 
 many terms from the Hindostanee to our language. Several of 
 these, such as chit, a letter, or tiffin, lunch, are fast losing 
 their Slang character, and becoming regularly-recognised English 
 words. Jungle, as a term for a forest or wilderness, is now an 
 English phrase ; a few years past, however, it was merely the 
 Hindostanee junkul. The extension of trade in China, and the 
 English settlement at Hong Kong, have introduced among us 
 several examples of Canton Jargon, that exceedingly curious 
 Anglo-Chinese dialect spoken in the seaports of the Celestial 
 Empire. While these words have been carried as it were into 
 the families of the upper and middle classes, persons in a hum- 
 bler rank of life, through the sailors, soldiers, Lascar and Chinese 
 beggars that haunt the metropolis, have also adopted many 
 Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Chinese phrases. As this Dictionary 
 would have been incomplete without them, they are all carefully 
 recorded in its columns. Concerning the Slang of the fashion- 
 able world, a writer in Household Words curiously, but not alto- 
 gether truthfully, remarks, that it is mostly imported from 
 France ; and that an unmeaning gibberish of Gallicisms runs 
 through English fashionable conversation, and fashionable novels, 
 and accounts of fashionable parties in the fashionable newspapers. 
 Yet, ludicrously enough, immediately the fashionable magnates 
 of England seize on any French idiom, the French themselves 
 not only universally abandon it to us, but positively repudiate 
 it altogether from their idiomatic vocabulary. If you were to 
 tell a well-bred Frenchman that such and such an aristocratic 
 marriage was on the tapis, he would stare with astonishment, and 
 look down on the carpet in the startled endeavour to find a mar- 
 riage in so unusual a place. If you were to talk to him of the 
 heau monde, he would imagine you meant the world which God 
 made, not half-ardozen streets and squares between Hyde Park 
 
44 FASHIONABLE SLANG. 
 
 Comer and Chelsea Bun House. The tM dansante* would be 
 completely inexplicable to him. If you were to point out to him 
 the Dowager Lady Grimgriffin acting as chaperon to Lady Amanda 
 Creamville, he would imagine you were referring to the petit 
 Chaperon rouge — to little Red-Eiding Hood. He might just 
 understand what was meant by vis-drvis, entremets, and some 
 others of the flying horde of frivolous little foreign slangisms 
 hovering about fashionable cookery and fashionable furniture ; 
 but three-fourths of them would seem to him as barbarous 
 French provincialisms, or, at best, but as antiquated and obso- 
 lete expressions, picked out of the letters of Mademoiselle 
 Scuderi, or the tales of CrebUlon the " younger." Servants, too, 
 appropriate the scraps of French conversation which fall from 
 their masters' guests at the dinner table, and forthwith in the 
 world of flunkcydom the word " know" is disused, and the lady's- 
 maid, in doubt on a particular point, asks John whether or no he 
 SAVEYS it ?* What, too, can be more abominable than that 
 heartless piece of fashionable newspaper Slang, regularly em- 
 ployed when speaking of the successful courtship of young people 
 in the fashionable world : — 
 
 TITARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE.— We understand that a marriage is 
 ■Wi. ARRANQED (!) betwixt the Lady, &c. &c., and the Honourable, 
 
 Arranged ! Is that cold-blooded Smithfield or Mark-Lane term 
 for a sale or a purchase the proper word to express the hopeful, 
 joyous, golden union of young and trustful hearts? Which is 
 the proper way to pronounce the names of great people, and 
 what the correct authority ? Lord Cowper, we are often assured, 
 is Lord Cooper — on this principle Lord Cowley would certainly 
 be Lord Cooley — and Mr Carew, we are told, should be Mr 
 
 * The writer is quite coiTOCt in instancinp; this piece of fashionable twaddle. Tin 
 nionj^rel formation is exceedingly amusing to a polite Parisiim. 
 t Savez-vous cela? 
 
PARLIAMENTARY SLANG. 45 
 
 Carey, Ponsonby should be Punsunhy, Eyre should be Aire, 
 Cholmondeley should be Ghumley, St John Singen, Majoribanks 
 Marshhariks, and PoweU should always be Poel. I don't know 
 that these lofty persons have as much cause to complain of the 
 illiberality of fate in giving them disagreeable names as did the 
 celebrated Psyche, (as she was termed by Tom Moore,) whose 
 original name, through her husband, was Teague, but which was 
 afterwards altered to Tighe. The pronunciation of proper names 
 has long been an anomaly in the conversation of the upper classes 
 of this country. Hodge and Podge, the clodhoppers of Shaks- 
 peare's time, talked in their mug-houses of the great Lords 
 Barbie, Barhelie, and Bartie. In Pall Mall and May Fair 
 these personages are spoken of in exactly the same manner at 
 the present day, whilst in the City, and amongst the middle 
 classes, we only hear of Derby, Berkley, <fec., — the correct 
 pronunciations, if the spelling is worth aught. A costermonger 
 is ignorant of such a place as Birmingham, but understands you 
 in a moment if you talk of Brummagem. Why do not Pall Mall 
 join with the costermongers in this pronunciation 1 It is the 
 ancient one.* 
 
 Parliamentary Slang, excepting a few peculiar terms connected 
 with "the House," (scarcely Slang, I suppose,) is mainly com- 
 posed of fashionable, literary, and learned Slang. When mem- 
 bers, however, get excited, and wish to be forcible, they are often 
 not very particular which of the street terms they select, pro- 
 viding it carries, as good old Dr South said, plenty of " wUd-fire " 
 in it. Sir Hugh Cairns very lately spoke of "that homely but 
 expressive phrase, dodge." Out of " the House," several Slang 
 terms are used in connexion with Parliament or members of 
 Parliament. If Lord Palmerston is known by name to the 
 
 * At page 24 of a curious old Civil- War tract, entitled, The Oxonian Antippodfs, by 
 I. B., Gent, 1644, the town is called Brummidgham, and this was the general render* 
 ing in the printed literature of the seventeenth century. 
 
46 PARLIAMENTARY SLANG. 
 
 tribes of the Caucasus and Asia Minor as a great foreign diplo- 
 matist, wten the name of our Queen Victoria is an unknown 
 title to the inhabitants of those parts — as was stated in the 
 Times a short time ago — I have only to remark that amongst 
 the costers and the wild inhabitants of the streets he is better 
 known as pam. I have often heard the cabmen on the " ranks " 
 in Piccadilly remark of the late Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 when he has been going from his residence at Grosvenor Gate to 
 Derby House in St James's Square, " Hollo, there ! de yer see 
 old DIZZY doing a stump ? " A plumper is a single vote at an 
 election — not a split-ticket ; and electors who have occupied a 
 house, no matter how small, and boiled a pot in it, thus qualify- 
 ing themselves for voting, are termed pot-wallopees. A quiet 
 WALK ovEB is a re-election without opposition and much cost. 
 A CAUCUS meeting refers to the private assembling of politicians 
 before an election, when candidates are chosen, and measures of 
 action agreed upon. The term comes from America. A job, in 
 political phraseology, is a government office or contract obtained 
 by secret influence or favouritism. Only the other day the Timei 
 spoke of " the patriotic member of Parliament potted out in a 
 dusty little lodging somewhere about Bury Street." The term 
 QUOCKEEWODGEE, although referring to a wooden toy figure 
 which jerks its limbs about when pulled by a string, has been 
 supplemented with a political meaning. A pseudo-politician, 
 one whose strings of action are puUed by somebody else, is now 
 \ often termed a quockeewodgee. The term eat, too, in allusion 
 to rats deserting vessels about to sink, has long been employed 
 towards those turncoat politicians who change their party for 
 interest. Who that occasionally passes near the Houses of 
 Parliament has not often noticed stout or careful M.P.s walk 
 briskly through the Hall, and on the curb-stone in front, with 
 umbrella or walking cane uplifted, shout to the cabmen on the 
 rank, foue-wheelee ! The term is a useful one, but I am afraid 
 
MILITARY AND DANDY SLANO. 47 
 
 we must consider it Slang, until it is stamped with the mint 
 mark of lexicographical authority.* 
 
 Military, or Officers' Slang, is on a par, and of a character, 
 with Dandy Slang. Inconvenient friends, or elderly and lectur- 
 ing relatives, are pronounced deeadful bores. Four-wheeled 
 cabs are called boundeks ; and a member of the Four-in-hand 
 Club, driving to Epsom on the Derby Day, would, using fashion- 
 able phraseology, speak of it as tooling his drag down to the 
 DERBY. A vehicle, if not a drag (or dwag) is a trap, or a cask ; 
 and if the turn out happens to be in other than a trim condi- 
 tion, it is pronounced at once as not down the road. Your 
 City swell would say it is not up to the mark ; whUst the 
 costermonger would call it wery dickey. In the army a 
 barrack or military station is known as a lobster-box ; to 
 " cram " for an examination is to mug-up ; to reject from the 
 examination is to spin ; and that part of the barrack occupied 
 by subalterns is frequently spoken of as the rookery. In dandy 
 or sweU Slang, any celebrity, from Paul Bedford, to the Pope of 
 Rome, is a swell. Wrinkled-faced old professors, who hold 
 dress and fashionable tailors in abhorrence, are called awful 
 swells, — if they happen to be very learned or clever. I may 
 remark that in this upper-class Slang, a title is termed a handle; 
 trousers, inexpressibles ; or, when of a large pattern, or the 
 inflated Zouave cut, howling bags ; a superior appearance, 
 extensive ; a four-wheeled cab, a birdcage ; a dance, a hop ; 
 dining at another man's table, "sitting under his mahogany;" 
 anything flashy or showy, loud ; the peculiar make or cut of a 
 coat, its BUILD ; full dress, full-fig ; wearing clothes which re- 
 
 * From an early period politics and partyism have attracted unto themselves quaint 
 Slang terms. Horace Waipole quotes a party nickname of Februai-y 1742, as a Slang 
 word of the day: — "The Tories declare against any further prosecution, if Tories 
 there are, for now one hears of nothing but the broad-bottom ; it is the reigning Cant 
 word, and means the taking all parties and people, indifferently, into the Minifitry." 
 Thus BKOAS-BOTTOM in those days was Slang for coaiiticn. 
 
\ 
 
 48- UNIVERSITY SLANO. 
 
 present the very extreme of fashion, "dressing to death;" a 
 reunion, a spread ; a friend, (or a " good fellow,") a trump ; a 
 difficulty, a screw loose ; and everything that is unpleasant, 
 " from bad sherry to a writ from a tailor," jeuced infernal. 
 The military phrase, " to send a man to covENTRy," or permit 
 no person to speak to him, although an ancient saying, must still 
 be considered Slang. 
 
 The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the great 
 public schools, are the hotbeds of fashionable Slang. Growing 
 boys and high-spirited young fellows detest restraint of all kinds, 
 and prefer making a dash at life in a Slang phraseology of their 
 own, to all the set forms and syntactical rules of Alma Mater. 
 Many of the most expressive words in a common chit-chat, or 
 free-and-easy conversation, are old university vulgarisms. Cut, 
 in the sense of dropping an acquaintance, was originally a Cam- 
 bridge form of speech ; and hoax, to deceive or ridicule, we are 
 informed by Grose, was many years since an Oxford term. 
 Among the words that fast society has borrowed from our great 
 scholastic (I was going to say establishments, but I remember the 
 Unen-drapers' horrid and habitual use of the word) institutions, 
 I find CRIB, a house or apartments; de.ad-men, empty wine 
 bottles ; drawing teeth,* wrenching off knockers ; fizzing, 
 first-rate, or splendid; goveenoe, or believing- officee, the 
 general term for a male parent ; plucked, defeated or turned 
 back ; quiz, to scrutinise, or a prying old fellow ; and Eow, a 
 noisy disturbance. The Slang words in use at Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge would alone fill a volume. As examples I may instance 
 scout, which at Oxford refers to an undergraduate's valet, whilst 
 the same menial at Cambridge is termed a oyp, — popularly 
 derived by the C.uitabs from the Greek, gyps, {yy-^^ a vulture ; 
 scull, the head, or master of a college ; battles, the Oxford 
 
 * TUs is more especially an amusement with medical students, and is oompantiTely 
 unknown out of London. 
 
REL1QIOU8 SLANG. 49 
 
 term for rations, changed at Cambridge into commons. The 
 term dickey, a half shirt, I am told, originated with the students 
 of Trinity College, Dublin, who at first styled it a tommy, from 
 the Greek. ro,a^, a section. Crib, a literal translation, is now 
 universal ; grind refers to " working up " for an examination, 
 also, to a walk, or " constitutional ; " hivite is a student of St 
 Begh's (St Bee's) College, Cumberland ; to japan, in this Slang 
 speech, is to ordain ; mortar-boaed is a square college cap ; siM, 
 a student of a Methodistical turn — in allusion to the Rev. Charles 
 Simeon ; sloggees, at Cambridge, refers to the second division of 
 race boats, known at Oxford as torpids ; sport is to shew or 
 exhibit ; trotter is the jocose term for a tailor's man who goes 
 round for orders ; and tufts are wealthy students who dine with 
 the DONS, and are distinguished by golden tufts, or tassels, in 
 their caps. There are many terms in use at Oxford not known 
 at Cambridge ; and such Slang names as coach, gulf, harey- 
 SOPH, POKER, or POST-MORTEM, common enough at Cambridge, 
 are seldom or never heard at the great sister university. For 
 numerous other examples of college Slang the reader is referred 
 to the Dictionary. 
 
 Religious Slang, strange as the compound may appear, exists 
 with other descriptions of vulgar speech at the present day. 
 Punch, a short time since, in one of those halt-humorous, half- 
 serious articles in which he is so fond of lecturing any national 
 abuse or popular folly, remarked that Slang had "long since 
 penetrated into the Forum, and now we meet it in the Senate, 
 and even the pulpit itself is no longer free from its intrusion." 
 I would not, for one moment, wish to infer that the practice is 
 general On the contrary, and in justice to the clergy, it must 
 be said that the principal disseminators of pure English through- 
 out the country are the ministers of our Established ChurcL 
 Yet it cannot be denied but that a great deal of Slang phrase- 
 ology and disagreeable vulgarism have gradually crept into tha 
 
50 RELiaiOUS SLANG. 
 
 very pulpits wliicli should give forth as pure speech as doc- 
 trine. 
 
 Dean Conybeare, in his able Essay on Church Parties,* has 
 noticed this wretched addition to our pulpit speech. As stated 
 in his Essay, the practice appears to confine itself mainly to the 
 exaggerated forms of the High and Low Church — the Tractarians 
 and the " Eecordites." + By way of illustration, the Dean cites 
 the evening parties, or social meetings, common amongst the 
 wealthier lay members of the Eecordite (exaggerated Evangelical) 
 Churches, where the principal topics discussed — one or more 
 favourite clergymen being present in a quasi-official manner — 
 are " the merits and demerits of different preachers, the approach- 
 ing restoration of the Jews, the date of the Millennium, the 
 progress of the ' Tractarian heresy,' and the anticipated ' perver- 
 sion ' of High-Church neighbours." These subjects are can- 
 vassed in a dialect differing considerably from common EnglisL 
 The words faithful, tainted, acceptable, decided, legal, 
 and many others, are used in a technical sense. We hear that Mr 
 A. has been more owned than Mr B. ; and that Mr C. has more 
 SEALS X than Mr D. Again, the word gracious is invested with 
 a meaning as extensive as that attached by young ladies to nice. 
 Thus, we hear of a " gracious sermon," a " gracious meeting," 
 a "gracious child," and even a " gracious whipping." The word 
 DARK has also a new and peculiar usage. It is applied to every 
 person, book, or place, not impregnated with Eecordite principles. 
 We once were witnesses of a ludicrous misunderstanding result- 
 ing from this phraseology. " What did you mean," said A. to B., 
 
 " by telling me that was such a very dark village ? I rode 
 
 over there to-day, and found the street particularly broad and 
 
 ♦ Bdinlmrgh Revitw, October 1853. 
 
 t A term derived from the Record Newspaper, the exponent of this singular section 
 of the Low, or so-called Evangelical Cliurch. 
 
 t A preacher is said, in this phraiieology, to be owned when he m&kes many con- 
 verts, and his converts are called his reau}. 
 
RELIGIOUS SLANG. 5 1 
 
 cheerful, and there is not a tree in the place." " The gospel it 
 not preached there," was B.'s laconic reply. The conclusion of 
 one of these singular evening parties is generally marked by an 
 "exposition" — an unseasonable sermon of nearly one hour's 
 duration, circumscribed by no text, and delivered from the table 
 by one of the clerical visitors with a view to " improve the 
 occasion." In the same Essay, the religious Slang terms for the 
 two great divisions of the Established Church receive some 
 explanation. The old-fashioned High-Church party — rich and 
 " stagnant," noted for its " sluggish mediocrity, hatred of zeal, 
 dread of innovation, abuse of Dissent, blundering and languid 
 utterance" — is called the high akd dry ; whilst the corresponding 
 division, known as the Low Church — equally stagnant with the 
 former, but poorer, and more lazUy inclined (from absence of edu- 
 cation) to Dissent — receives the nickname of the low and slow. 
 Already have these terms become so familiar that they are short- 
 ened, in ordinary conversation, to the dry and the slow. The 
 so-called " Broad Church," I should remark, is often spoken of 
 as the BEOAD and shallow. 
 
 What can be more objectionable than the irreverent and 
 offensive manner in which many of the Dissenting ministers 
 continually pronounce the names of the Deity — God and Lord ? 
 God, instead of pronouncing in the plain and beautiful simple 
 old English way, g-o-d, they drawl out into goede or gaude ; 
 and Lord, instead of speaking m the proper way, they desecrate 
 into LOABD or loeed, — lingering on the «, or the r, as the case 
 may be, until an honest hearer feels disgusted, and almost in- 
 clined to run the gantlet of beadles and deacons, and puU the 
 vulgar preacher from his pulpit. I have observed that many 
 young preachers strive hard to acquire this peculiar pronuncia- 
 tion, in imitation of the older ministers. What can more 
 properly, then, be called Slang, or, indeed, the most objectionable 
 of Slang, than this studious endeavour to pronounce the mast 
 
52 8LANQ AMONGST THE LAWYERS. 
 
 sacred names in a uniformly vulgar and unbecoming manner 
 If the old-faahioned preacher whistled Cant through his nose, the 
 modern vulgar reverend whines Slang from the more natural 
 organ. These vagaries of speech will, perhaps, by an apologist, 
 be termed " pulpit peculiarities," and the writer dared to inter- 
 meddle with a subject that is or should be removed from his 
 criticisms. The terms used by the mob towards the Church, 
 however illiberal and satirically vulgar, are within his province 
 in such an inquiry as the present. A clergyman, in vulgar 
 language, is spoken of as a chokee, a cushion - thumper, a 
 
 DOMINIE, an EARWIG, a GOSPEL-GRINDER, a GRAY-COAT PAESON J 
 
 if he is a lessee of the great tithes, one in ten, padre ; if 
 spoken of by an Anglo-Indian, a rook, a spouter, a white- 
 choker, or a warming-pan rector, if he only holds the living 
 pro tempore, or is simply keeping the place warm for his succes- 
 sor. If a Tractarian, his outer garment is rudely spoken of as a 
 pygostole, or m.b. (mark of the beast) coat. His profession 
 is termed the cloth, and his practice tub-thumping. Should 
 he belong to the Dissenting body, he is probably styled a pan- 
 tiler, or a psalm-smiter, or, perhaps, a swaddler. His chapel, 
 too, is spoken of as a schism shop. A Eoman Catholic, I may 
 remark, is coarsely named a brisket-beateb. 
 
 Particular as lawyers generally are about the meaning of words, 
 they have not prevented an unauthorised phraseology from arising, 
 which we may term Legal Slang. So forcibly did this truth 
 impress a late writer, that he wrote in a popular journal, " You 
 may hear Slang every day in term from barristers in their robes, 
 at every mess-table, at every bar-mess, at every college commons, 
 and in every club dining-room." Swift, in his Art of Polite 
 Conversation, (p. 15,) published a century and a half ago, states 
 that VARDI was the Slang in his time for " verdict." A few of 
 the most common and well-known terms used out of doors, with 
 reference to legal matters, are cook, to hash or make up a bal- 
 
LITERARY SLANG. 
 
 53 
 
 ance-sheet ; dipped, mortgaged ; ddn, to solicit payment ; ful- 
 LiED, to be "fully committed for trial ; " land-shark, a sailor's 
 definition of a lawyer ; limb op the law, a mUder term for the 
 same " professional ; " monkey with a long tail, a mortgage — 
 phrase used in the well-known case for libel. Smith v. Jones ; 
 MOUTHPIECE, the coster's term for his counsel ; " to go through 
 the RING," to take advantage of the Insolvency Act ; smash, to 
 become bankrupt ; snipe, an attorney with a long biU ; and 
 WHITEWASHED, said of any debtor who has taken the benefit of 
 the Insolvent Act. Lawyers, from their connexion with the 
 police courts, and transactions with persons in every grade of 
 society, have ample opportunities for acquiring street Slang, 
 which, in cross-questioning and wrangling, they frequently avail 
 themselves of. 
 
 It has been said there exists a Literary Slang, or " the Slang 
 of Criticism — dramatic, artistic, and scientific. Such words as 
 'aesthetic,' 'transcendental,' the 'harmonies,' the 'unities,' a 
 ' mjrth : ' such phrases as ' an exquisite morceau on the big 
 drum,' a ' scholarlike rendering of John the Baptist's great toe,' 
 ' keeping harmony,' ' middle distance,' ' aerial perspective,' ' deli- 
 cate handling,' ' nervous chiaroscuro,' and the like." More than 
 one literary journal that I could name are fond of employing 
 such terms in their art-criticisms; but it is questionable, after 
 all, whether they are not allowable as the generous inflections 
 and bendings of a bountiful language, for the purpose of express- 
 ing fresh phases of thought, and ideas not yet provided with 
 representative words.* The well-known and ever-acceptable 
 Punch, with his fresh and choice little pictorial bits by Leech, 
 often employs a Slang term to give point to a joke, or humour to a 
 
 • "All our newspapera contain more or less colloquial words ; in fact, there seems 
 no other way of expressiug certain ideas connected with passing events of every-day 
 life with the requisite force and piquancy. In the English newspapers the same 
 thing is ohservable, and certain of them contain more of the class denominated Slang 
 words than our own." — BartUtt's AmerUanUms, p. lo, i8«o. 
 
54 "PUNCH" ON SLANO AND SANSCRIT. 
 
 line of satire. A short time since (4th May 1859) he gave an 
 original etymology of the schoolboy-ism slog. Slog, said the 
 classical and studious Punch, is derived from the Greek word 
 8LOGO, to baste, to wallop, to slaughter. And it was not long 
 ago that he amused his readers with two columns on Slang and 
 Sanscrit : — 
 
 " The allegory which pervadea the conversation of all Eastern nations," 
 remarked the philosophical Punch, "is the foundation of Western Slang; 
 and the increased number of students of the Oriental languages, especially 
 since Sanscrit and Arabic have been made subjects for the Indian Civil Service 
 examinations, may have contributed to supply the English language with a 
 large portion of its new dialect. While, however, the spirit of allegory 
 comes from the East, there is so great a difference between the brevity of 
 Western expression and the more cumbrous diction of the Oriental, that 
 the origin of a phrase becomes difficult to trace. Thus, for instance, whilst 
 the Turkish merchant might address his friend somewhat as follows — 
 ' That which seems good to my father is to his servant as the perfumed 
 breath of the west wind in the calm night of the Arabian summer;' the 
 Western negotiator observes more briefly, ' all sereke ! ' " 
 
 But the vulgar term, beick, Punch remarks, in Ulnstration, 
 
 " must be allowed to be an eiceptii/D, its Greek derivation being universally 
 admitted, corresponding so exactly as it does in its rectangular form and 
 compactness to the perfection of manhood, according to the views of Plato 
 and Simonides ; but any deviation from the simple expression, in which 
 locality is indicated, — as, for instance, 'a genuine Bath,' — decidedly breathes 
 the Oriental spirit." 
 
 It is singular that what Punch says unwittingly and in 
 humour respecting the Slang expression, bosh, should be quite 
 true. Bosh, remarks Punch, after speaking of it as belonging to 
 the stock of words pilfered from the Turks, " is one whose innate 
 force and beauty the slangographer is reluctantly compelled to 
 admit It is the only word which seems a proper appellation for 
 a great deal which we are obUged to hear and to read every day 
 of our life." Bosh, nonsense or stupidity, is derived from the 
 
LITERARY 8LANQ. 
 
 55 
 
 Gipsy and the Persian. The universality of Slang, I may here 
 remark, is proved by its continual use in the pages of Punch. 
 Whoever thinks, unless belonging to a past generation, of asking 
 a friend to explain the stray vulgar words employed by the 
 London Charivari ? 
 
 The AthencBum, the most learned and censor-like of aU the 
 " weeklies," often indulges in a Slang word, when force of expres- 
 sion or a little humour is desired, or when the writer wishes to 
 say something which is better said in Slang, or so-called vulgar 
 speech, than in the autherised language of Dr Johnson or Lindley 
 Murray. It was but the other day that a writer in its pages 
 employed an old and favourite word, used always when we were 
 highly pleased with any article at school — stunning. Bartlett, 
 the compiler of the Dictionary of Americanisms, continually cites 
 \he Athenceum as using Slang and vulgar expressions; but the 
 magazine the American refers to is not the excellent literary 
 journal which is so esteemed at the present day — it was a smaller, 
 and now defunct "weekly." Many other highly respectable 
 journals often use Slang words and phrases. The Times (or, in 
 Slang, the thundeeer) frequently employs unauthorised terms ; 
 and, following a " leader " * of the purest and most eloquent com- 
 position, may sometimes be seen another " article " * on a totally 
 different subject, containing, perhaps, a score or more of exceed- 
 ingly questionable words. Among the words and phrases which 
 may be included under the head of Literary Slang are, Balaam, 
 matter kept constantly in type about monstrous productions of 
 nature, to fill up spaces in newspapers ; balaam-box, the term 
 given in Blackwood to the repository for rejected articles ; and 
 SLATE, to pelt with abuse, or cut up in a review. The Slang 
 names given to newspapers are curious; — thus, the Morning 
 
 * The terms leader and article can scarcely be called Slang, yet it would be desirable 
 to know upon what authority they were first employed in their present peculiar 
 sense. 
 
56 THEATRICAL SLANO. 
 
 AdveHiser is known as the tap-tub, the tizee, and the gin and 
 GOSPEL GAZETTE. The Momitig Post has obtained the suggestive 
 sobriquet of jeames ; whilst the Morning Herald has long been 
 caricatured as mes haeeis, and the Standard as mes gamp.* 
 
 The Stage, of course, has its Slang — " both before and behind 
 the curtain," as a journalist remarks. The stage-manager is 
 familiarly termed daddy ; and an actor by profession, or a " pro- 
 fessional," is called a peg. A man who is occasionally hired at 
 a trifling remuneration to come upon the stage as one of a 
 crowd, or when a number of actors are wanted to give efifect, 
 is named a sup, — an abbreviation of " supernumerary." A suef 
 is a third-rate actor who frequently pursues another calling ; and 
 the band, or orchestra between the pit and the stage, is generally 
 spoken of as the menageey. A ben is a benefit : and sal is the 
 Slang abbreviation of " salary." Should no wages be forthcom- 
 ing on the Saturday night, it is said that the ghost doesn't 
 WALK. The travelling or provincial theatricals, who perform in 
 any large room that can be rented in a country village, are called 
 baen-stoemees. a length is forty-two lines of any dramatic 
 composition ; and a eun is the good or bad success of a per- 
 formance. A saddle is the additional charge made by a manager 
 to an actor or actress upon their benefit night To mug up is to 
 paint one's face, or arrange the person to represent a particular 
 character ; to coepse, or to stick, is to balk, or put the other 
 actors out in their parts by forgetting yours. A performance is 
 spoken of as either a goosee or a sceeamee, should it be a 
 failure or a great success ; — if the latter, it is not infrequently 
 termed a hit. To stae it is to perform as the centre of attrac- 
 tion, with none but subordinates and indifferent actors in the 
 same performance. The expressive term clap-teap, high-sound- 
 ing nonsense, is nothing but an ancient theatrical term, and 
 
 * For some accoimt of the origin of these niokoames see under Msa HAJiBis in the 
 
 Dictionary. 
 
fflYIO 8LAN0. 57. 
 
 signified a trap to catch a clap by way of applause. "Up 
 amongst the gods," refers to being among the spectators in the 
 gallery, — termed in French Slang paradis. 
 
 There exists, too, in the great territory of vulgar speech what 
 may not inappropriately be termed Civic Slang. It consists of 
 mercantile and Stock-Exchange terms, and the Slang of good 
 living and wealth. A turkey hung with sausages is facetiously 
 styled AN ALDERMAN IN CHAINS J and a half-crown, perhaps 
 from its rotundity, is often termed an alderman. A bear is a 
 speculator on the Exchange ; and a bctll, although of another 
 order, follows a like profession There is something very humor- 
 ous and applicable in the Slang term lame dqck, a defaulter 
 in stock-jobbing speculations. The allusion to his " waddling out 
 of the Alley," as they say, is excellent. Breaking shins, in 
 City Slang, is borrowing money ; a rotten or unsound scheme is 
 spoken of as fishy ; " rigging the market" means playing tricks 
 with it ; and stag was a common term during the railway mania 
 for a speculator without capital, a seller of " scrip " in " Diddlesex 
 Junction" and other equally safe lines. In Lombard Street a 
 monkey is £500, a plum £100,000, and a marygold is one 
 milUon sterling. But before I proceed further in a sketch of the 
 different kinds of Slang, I cannot do better than speak here of 
 the extraordinary number of Cant and Slang terms in use to 
 represent money — from farthings to bank-notes the value of 
 fortimes. Her Majesti/s coin, collectively or in the piece, is in- 
 sulted by no lesi than one hundred and thirty distinct Slang 
 words, from the humble brown (a halfpenny) to flimsies, or 
 long-tailed ones, (bank-notes.) 
 
 " Money," it has been weU remarked, " the bare, simple word 
 itself, has a sonorous, significant ring in its sound," and might 
 have sufficed, one would have imagined, for all ordinary purposes. 
 But a vulgar or " fast" society has thought differently, and so we 
 have the Slang synonymes — beans, blunt, {i. e., specie, — not stif 
 
58 8LAN0 TERMS FOB MONET. 
 
 or rags, bank-notes,) beads, brass, bustle, coppees, (copper 
 money, or mixed pence,) chink, chinkers, chips, corks, dibbs, 
 DiNAELY, DiMMOCK, DUST, FEATHERS, GENT, (silver, — from argent^ 
 HADDOCK, (a purse of money,) horse nails, loavee, loue, (the 
 oldest Cant term for money,) mopussks, needful, nobbings, 
 (money collected in a hat by street-performers,) ochre, (gold,) 
 PEWTEE, palm oil, POSH, QUEEN 's PicTUEES, QUIDS, BAGS, (bank- 
 notes,) EEADY, or EEADY GILT, EEDGE, (gold,) EHINO, EOWDY, 
 
 SHiNEEs, (sovereigns,) skin, (a purse of money,) stiff, (paper, or 
 biU of acceptance,) stuff, stumpy, tin, (silver,) wedge, (silver,) 
 and yellow-boys, (sovereigns ;) — just forty-three vulgar equiva- 
 lents for the simple word money. So attentive is Slang speech to 
 financial matters, that there are seven terms for bad, or " bogus" 
 coin, (as our friends, the Americans, call it :) a case is a coun- 
 terfeit five-shUling piece ; half a case represents half that sum ; 
 GEAYS are halfpence made double for gambling purposes ; queee- 
 SOPT is counterfeit or lead coin ; schofel refers to coated or 
 spurious coin ; sheen is bad money of any description ; and 
 siNKEES bears the same and not inappropriate meaning. Flying 
 THE kite, or obtaining money on bills and promissory-notes, is 
 closely connected with the allegorical expression of eaisino the 
 wind, which is a well-known phrase for procuring money by 
 immediate sale, pledging, or by a forced loan. In winter or in 
 summer any elderly gentleman who may have prospered in Hfe is 
 pronounced warm ; whilst an equivalent is immediately at hand 
 in the phrase " his pockets are well lined." Each separate piece 
 of money has its own Slang term, and often half a score of 
 synonymes. To begin with that extremely humble coin, a 
 farthing: first we have fadge, then fiddlee, then gig, and 
 lastly quaeteeeen. A halfpenny is a beown or a madza 
 saltee, (Cant,) or a mag, or a posh, or a eap, — whence the 
 popular phrase, " I don't care a eap." The useful and universai 
 penny has for Slanj; equivalents a coppee, a saltee, (Cant,) and 
 
SLANO TEEMS FOR MONET. 59 
 
 a 'WiNiT. Twopence is a deuce, and threepence is either a 
 THRUMS or a THEUPS. Fourpence, or a groat, may in vulgar 
 speech be termed a bit, a flag, or a joey. Sixpence is well repre- 
 sented in street talk, and some of the slangisms are very comical 
 — for instance, bandy, bender, cripple, and downer ; then we 
 have FYE-BUCK, half a hog, kick, (thus " two and a k^ck," or 
 2S. 6d.,) lord op the mange, pig, pot, (the price of a pot of beer 
 — thus a half-a-crown is a " five pot piece,") snid, spkat, sow's 
 BABY, TANNER, TESTER, TIZZY, — sixteen vulgax words to one coin. 
 Sevenpence being an uncommon amount has only one Slang 
 synonyme, setter. The same remark applies to eightpence and 
 ninepence, the former being only represented by otter, and the 
 latter by the Cant phrase nobba-saltee. Tenpence is dacha- 
 SALTEE, and elevenpence dacha-one, — both Cant expressions. 
 One shilling boasts eleven Slang equivalents ; thus we have 
 beong, bob, beeaky-leg, deanee, gen, (either from argent, 
 sUver, or the back Slang,) hog, levy, peg, stag, teviss, and:<^ 
 twelver. One shilling and sixpence is a kt-bosh. Half-a- 
 crown is known as an aldeeman, half a bull, half a tushe- 
 ROON, and a madza caeoon ; whilst a crown piece, or five shil- 
 lings, may be called either a bull, or a caroon, or a cartwheel, or 
 a coACHWHEEL, or a thick-un, or a tusheroon. The next advance 
 in Slang money is ten shillings, or half-a-sovereign, which may be 
 either pronounced as half a bean, half a couter, a madza 
 POONA, or HALF A QUID. A Sovereign, or twenty shillings, is a 
 
 bean, canary, couter, FOONT, GOLDFINCH, JAMES, POONA, POR- 
 TRAIT, QUID, a THICK-UN, or a yellow-boy. Guineas are nearly 
 obsolete, yet the terms neds, and half neds, are still in use. 
 Bank-notes are flimsies, long-tailed ones, or soft. A finuf 
 is a five-pound note. One hundred pounds, (or any other " round 
 sum,") quietly handed over as payment for services performed, is 
 curiously termed "a cool hundred." Thus ends, with several 
 omissions, this long list of Slang terms for the coins of the realm. 
 
6o CLASSICAL ORIGIN OF TERMS FOR MONET. 
 
 which for copiousness, I will engage to say, is not equalled by 
 any other vulgar or unauthorised language in Europe. 
 
 The antiquity of many of these Slang names is remarkable. 
 Winn was the vulgar term for a penny in the days of Queen 
 Elizabeth ; and testee, a sixpence, (formerly a shilling,) was the 
 correct name in the days of Henry VIII. The reader, too, 
 will have remarked the frequency of animals' names as Slang 
 terms for money. Little, as a modern writer has remarked, do 
 the persons using these phrases know of their remote and some- 
 what classical origin, which may, indeed, be traced to the period 
 antecedent to that when monarchs monopoUsed the surface of 
 coined money with their own image and superscriptions. They 
 are identical with the very name of money among the early 
 Romans, which was pecunia, from pecus, a flock. The collections 
 of coin-dealers amply shew that the figure of a hog was anciently 
 placed on a small silver coin ; and that that of a bull decorated 
 larger ones of the same metal. These coins were frequently 
 deeply crossed on the reverse; this was for the convenience of easily 
 breaking them into two or more pieces, should the bargain for 
 which they were employed require it, and the parties making it 
 had no smaller change handy to complete the transaction. Thus 
 we find that the half bull of the itinerant street-seller, or 
 " traveller,"* so far from being a phrase of modern invention, as 
 is generally supposed, is in point of fact referable to an era 
 extremely remote. We may learn from Erizzo, in his Discorso, a 
 further illustration of the proverb "that there is nothing new 
 under the sun ;" for he says that the Roman boys at the time of 
 Hadrian tossed up their coppers and cried, "Head or ship;" of 
 which tradition our "heads or tails" and "man or woman" is 
 certainly a less-refined version. We thence gather, however, that 
 the prow of a vessel would appear to have been the more ordinary 
 device of the reverse of the brass coin of that ancient period. 
 
 * Sco Dictionary. 
 
BHOPKEEPERS' SLANG. 6 1 
 
 There are many other Cant words directly from a classic source, 
 as will be seen in the Dictionary. 
 
 Shopkeeper^ Slang is perhajis the most offensive of all Slang. 
 It is not a casual eyesore, as newspaper Slang, neither is it an 
 occasional discomfort to the ear, as in the case of some vulgar 
 byword of the street ; but it is a perpetual nuisance, an4 stares 
 you in the face on tradesmen's invoices, on labels in the shop- 
 windows, and placards on the hoardings, in posters against the 
 house next to your own door — if it happens to be empty for a 
 few weeks — and in bills thrust into your hand, as you peaceably 
 walk through the streets. Under your door, and down your 
 area. Slang hand-bUls are dropped by some pushing tradesman ; 
 and for the thousandth time you are called upon to learn that 
 an ALARMING SACRIFICE is taking place in the next street ; that 
 prices are down again ; that, in consequence of some other 
 tradesman not driving a eoaeing trade, being, in fact, sold 
 UP, and for the time being a resident in buedon's hotel, 
 (Whitecross-Street Prison,) the pushing tradesman wishes to 
 sell out at awfully low prices, "to the kind patrons, and 
 numerous customers," &a &c., " that have on every occasion," 
 &c. (fee. In this Slang any occupation or calling is termed a 
 line, — thus, the " building link" A tailor usurps to himself 
 a good deal of Slang. Amongst operatives he is called a snip, or 
 a STEEL-BAR DRIVER ; by the world, a ninth part op a man ; 
 and by the young coUegian, or " fast" man, a sufferer. If he 
 takes army contracts, it is sank work ; if he is a slop tailor, he 
 is a springer up, and his garments are blown together. Per- 
 quisites with him are spiffs, and remnants of cloth peaking, or 
 CABBAGE. The per-centage he allows to his assistants (or counter 
 jumpers) on the sale of old-fashioned articles is termed tinge. 
 If he pays his workmen in goods, or gives them tickets upon 
 other tradesmen, with whom he shares the profit, he is soon 
 known as a tommy master. If his business succeeds, it takes; 
 
62 SLANG IN THE WORKSHOP. 
 
 if neglected, it becomes shaky, and goes to pot ; if he is deceived 
 by a creditor, (a not by any means unusual circumstance,) he is 
 LET IN, or, as it is sometimes varied, taken in. I need scarcely 
 remark that any credit he may give is termed tick. 
 
 Operative^ or Worhmeris Slang, in quality, is but slightly 
 removed from tradesmen's Slang. When belonging to the same 
 ^ shop or factory, they graft there, and are brother chips. They 
 generally dine at slap-bang shops, and are often paid at tommy 
 shops. At the nearest pub, or public-house, they generally have 
 a SCORE chalked rp against them, which has to be wiped off 
 regularly on the Saturday night. When out of work, they borrow 
 a word from the flunkey vocabulary, and describe themselves as 
 being out of collar. They term each other flints and dungs, 
 if they are "society" or "non-society" men. Their salary is a 
 screw, and to be discharged is to get the sack. When they 
 quit work, they knock off ; and when out of employ, they ask 
 if any hands are wanted. Fat is the vulgar synonyme for per- 
 quisites ; elbow-grease signifies labour ; and saint Monday is 
 the favourite day of the week. Names of animals figure plenti- 
 fully in the workman's vocabulary ; thus we have goose, a 
 tailor's smoothing-iron ; sheep's-foot, an iron hammer ; sow, a 
 receptacle for molten iron, whilst the metal poured from it is 
 termed pig. I have often thought that many of the Slang terms 
 for money originally came from the worshop, thus — brads, from 
 the ironmonger ; chips, from the carpenter ; dust, from the 
 goldsmith ; feathers, from the upholsterer ; horse-nails, from 
 the farrier; haddock, from the fishmonger; and tanner, from 
 the leather-dresser. The subject is curious. Allow me to call 
 the attention of numismatists to it. 
 
 There yet remain several distinct divisions of Slang to be 
 examined : — the Slang of the stable, or jockey Slang ; the Slang 
 of the prize ring ; the Slang of servitude, or Jlunkeydom ; 
 vulgar, or Ureet Slang ; the Slang of softened oai/ts ; and the 
 
SLANO APOLOGIES FOR OATHS. 63 
 
 Slang of intoxication. I shall only examine the last two. If 
 society, as has been remarked, is a sham, from the vulgar 
 foundation of commonalty to the crowning summit of royalty, 
 especially do we perceive the justness of the remark in the 
 Slang makeshifts for oaths, and sham exclamations for passion 
 and temper. These apologies for feeling are a disgrace to our 
 vernacular, although it is some satisfaction to know that they 
 serve the purpose of reducing the stock of national profanity. 
 "You BE BLOWED," or "I'll BE BLOWED IF," &c., is an exclama- 
 tion often heard in the streets. Blazes, or " like blazes," came 
 probably from the army. Blast, too, although in general vulgar 
 use, may have had a like origin ; so may the phrase, " I wish I 
 may be shot, if," <fec. Blow me tight, is a very windy and 
 common exclamation. The same may be said of strike me 
 LUCKY, NEVER TRUST ME, and SO HELP ME DAVY ; the latter 
 derived from the truer old phrase, I 'll take my davy on 't — i. e., 
 my affidavit, davy being a corruption of that word. By golly, 
 GOL DARN it, and so HELP ME BOB, are evident shams for profane 
 oaths. Nation is but a softening of damnation; and od, whether 
 used in od deat it, or od's blood, is but an apology for the 
 name of the Deity. Marry, a term of asseveration in common 
 use, was originally, in Popish times, a mode of swearing by the 
 Virgin Mary; q. d., hy Mary. — So also marrow-bones, for the 
 knees. I 'U bring him down upon his marrow-hones — i. e., I '11 
 make him bend his knees as he does to the Virgin Mary. The 
 Irish phrase, bad scran to yer ! is equivalent to wishing a 
 person bad food. "I'm sniggered if you will," and "I'm 
 jiggered," are other stupid forms of mild swearing, — fearful of 
 committing an open profanity, yet slily nibbling at the sin. 
 Both DEUCE and dickens are vulgar old synonymes for the 
 devil ; and zounds is an abbreviation of god's wounds, — a very 
 ancient Catholic oath. 
 
 In a casual survey of the territory of Slang, it is curious to 
 
64 SLANO TERMS FOR DRUNKENNESS. 
 
 observe how well represented are the familiar wants and failings 
 of life. First, there is money, with one hundred and twenty 
 Slang terms and synonymes ; then comes drink, from small beer 
 to champagne ; and next, as a very natural sequence, intoxictUion, 
 and fuddlement generally, with some half a hundred vulgar terms, 
 graduating the scale of drunkenness from a slight inebriation, to 
 the soaky state of gutterdom and stretcherdom, — I pray the 
 reader to forgive the expressions. The Slang synonymes for mild 
 intoxication are certainly very choice, — they are beeey, bemused, 
 
 BOOZY, BOSKY, BUFFY, COENED, FOGGY, FOU, FEESH, HAZY, ELE- 
 VATED, KISKY, LUSHY, MOONY, MUGGY, MUZZY, ON, SCEEWED, 
 
 STEWED, TIGHT, and wiNEY. A higher or more intense state of 
 beastliness is represented by the expressions, podgy, beaegeeed, 
 
 BLUED, CUT, PEIMED, LUMPY, PLOUGHED, MUDDLED, OBFUSCATED, 
 8WIPEY, THEEE SHEETS IN THE WIND, and TOP-HEAVY. But the 
 
 climax of fuddlement is only obtained when the disguised indi- 
 vidual can't see a hole in a laddee, or when he is all mops 
 and" beooms, or off his nut, or with his main-beace well 
 SPUCED, or with the sun in his eyes, or when he has lapped 
 THE guttee, and got the geavel eash, or on the ean-tan, or 
 on the EE-EAW, or when he is sewed up, or regularly scammeeed, 
 — then, and not till then, is he entitled, in vulgar society, to the 
 title of LUSHiNGTON, Or recommended to put in the pin. 
 
SLANO DEMVATIOHS. 
 Slang derivations are generally indirect, turning upon metaphor and fanciful 
 allusions, and other than direct etymological connexion. Such allusions 
 and fancies are essentially temporary or local; they rapidly pass out of 
 the public mind : the word remains, while the key to its origin is lost. 
 
 A DICTIONARY 
 
 or 
 
 MODERN SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR 
 WORDS; 
 
 MANY WITH THEIK ETYMOLOGIES TRACED. 
 
 A I, first-rate, the very beet ; " she's a prime girl, she ia ; she ig A I." — 
 Sam Slick. The highest classification of ships at Lloyd's; common 
 term in the United States ; also at Liverpool and other English sear 
 ports. Another, even more intensitive, form is, " first-class, letter A, 
 No. I. • 
 
 ABIGAIL, a lady's-maid; derived from old comedies. 
 ABOUT RIGHT, " to do the thing about right," i.e., to do it properly, 
 soundly, correctly ; " he guv it 'im about eight," i.e., he beat him 
 severely. 
 ABRAM-MAN, a vagabond, such as were driven to beg about the country 
 after the dissolution of the monasteries. — See Bess o' bedlam, infra. 
 They are well described under the title of Bedlam Beggars. — Shak- 
 speare's K. Lear ii. 3. 
 
 •' And these, what name or title e'er they bear, 
 Jarkman, or Patrico, Cranke, or Clapper-dudgeon, 
 Frater, or abram-man ; I speak to all 
 That stand in fair election lor the title 
 Of king of beggars." — Br^aamoint and Fletcher's Begg. Bush, it 1. 
 
 It appears to have been the practice in former days to allow certain 
 inmates of Bethlehem Hospital to have fixed days " to go begging ; " 
 hence impostors were said to " sham Abraham " (the Abraham Ward 
 in Bedlam having for its inmates these mendicant lunatics) when they 
 pretended they were licensed beggars in behalf of the hospital. — See 
 review of 2d edition of this work in The Bookseller, May 26, 1 860. 
 
 Abandannad, " an abandanjtad (abandoned) boy," is one who picks 
 pockets of bandanna handkerchiefs. — Westmini^ler. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UN J y )■• '■ ^ ' ■'■ ^' ^*^' 
 O ALU uitxN 1 A. 
 
\ 
 
 66 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 
 <u-^ 
 
 ABRAM-SHAM, or sham Abraham, to feign sickness or distress. Prom 
 ABRAM-MAN, the ancient Cant term for a begging impostor, or one who 
 pretended to have been mad. — Burton's A natomy of Melancholy, vol 
 i. p. 560. When Abraham Newland was Cashier of the Bank of Eng- 
 land, and signed their notes, it was sung :— 
 
 ** T have heard people say 
 That SHAU ABRAHAM yoii may. 
 But you mustn't sham Abraham Newland.*' 
 
 ABSQUATULATE, to run away, or abscond ; a hybrid American expre« 
 
 sion, from the Latin ab, and " squat," to settle. 
 ACRES, a coward. 
 
 ADAM'S ALE, water. — English. The Scotch term is adau's wine. 
 "ADMIRAL OF THE RED," a person whose very red face evinces a 
 
 fondness for strong potations. 
 AFFYGRAPHY. " It fits to an afftorapht," ».«., to a nicety — to a T. 
 AFTERNOON FARMER, one who wastes his best opportunity, and 
 
 drives off the large end of his work to the little end of his time. 
 AGGERAWATOR, (corruption of Aggravator,) the greasy lock of hair in 
 
 vogue among costermongers and other street folk, worn twisted from 
 
 the temple back towards the ear. They are also, from a supposed 
 
 resemblance in form, termed newoate knoceebs, which see. — Sola's 
 
 Gaslight, &c. 
 AKEYBO, a slang phrase used in the following manner : — "He beats 
 
 AKETBO, and AKEYBO beat the devil." 
 ALBERTOPOLIS, a facetious appellation given by the Londoners to the 
 
 Kensington Gore district. 
 ALDERMAN, a half crown — possibly from its rotundity. 
 ALDERMAN, a turkey; "alderman in chains," a turkey hung with 
 
 sausages. 
 ALL, equal, a term used in various games; thus, if both parties hav» 
 
 scored six points each, the marker cries, " Six all ! " 
 " ALL OF A HUGH ! " all on one side ; falling with a thump ; the word 
 
 HOOH being pronoimced with a grunt. — Suffolk. 
 " ALL MY EYE," answer of astonishment to an improbable story; "all 
 
 MT EYE AND BETIY MARTIN," a vulgar phrase with smiilar meaning, 
 
 said to be the commencement of a Popish prayer to at Martin, " Oh, 
 
 mihi, beate Martine," and fallen into discredit at the Reformation. 
 ALL OUT, " by far ; "— " he was all out the best of the lot." Old— 
 
 frequently used by Burton in his A natomy of Melancholy. 
 ALL-OVERISH, neither sick nor well, the premonitory symptoms of 
 
 illness. 
 ALL ROUNDER, the fashionable shirt collar of the present time worn 
 
 meeting in front. 
 ALL SERENE, an ejaculation of acquiescence.— <See serene. 
 ALLS, tap-droppings, refuse spirits sold at a cheap rate in gin-palaces. — 
 
 See loveaoe. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 67 
 
 ALL THERE, in strict fashion, first-rate, " up to the mark ; " a Tulgar 
 person would speak of a spruce, showily-dressed female as being all- 
 there. An artisan would use the same phrase to express the capa- 
 bilities of a skilful fellow-workman. Sometimes ALL tub way these. 
 A modem song has — 
 
 ■• S;ivs little Tom Sayers, ' If the blues do not stay u», 
 
 1 '11 lead Inm a dance for the Island ; 
 
 He shall see how we fi^ht here in niy land I 
 
 We're allthf. waythkre m me Island. • 
 
 Althou£rh he's so tall, he 
 
 Shall yet feel my mawley 
 Ere I give up the " Belt" ol" the Island.' " 
 
 "ALL TO PIECES," utterly, excessively; "he beat him all to fieces," 
 
 ».e., excelled or surpassed him exceedingly. 
 " ALL TO SMASH," or " gone to pieces," bankrupt, or smashed to pieces. 
 
 — Somersetshire. 
 ALMIGHTY DOLLAR, an American expression for the "power of 
 
 money," first introduced by Washington Irving in 1837.* 
 AMINADAB, a quaker; from old comedies. 
 ANDREW MILLAR, a ship of war.— Sea. 
 
 AN'T, or ain't, the vulgar abbreviation of " am not," or " are not." 
 ANOINTED, used in a bad sense, to express eminent rascality in any one ; 
 
 " an ANOINTED scoundrel," as if he were the king of scoundrels. — 7mA. 
 ANOINTING, a good beating. 
 ANONYMA, a lady of the demi-monde — or worse — a pretty horse-breaker. 
 
 — Times. Incognita was the term at first. 
 ANY HOW, in any way, or at any rate, bad • " he went on AMY HOW," 
 
 i.e., badly or indifferently. 
 ANTISCRIPTURAL, oaths, foul languaen 
 
 "APARTMENTS TO LET," said of one who has a somewhat empty 
 
 head. 
 APOSTLE'S GROVE, the London distnet known as St John's Wood. 
 
 APOSTLES, The Twelve, ttie last twelve names on the Poll, or 
 " Ordinary Degree " List at the Cambridge Examinations, when it was 
 arranged in order of merit, and not alphabetically, and in classes, as at 
 present ; so called from there being post alies, after the others.f — See 
 FOLL. 
 
 • The trfftt of this phr.ise, at any rate, is far older than the time of L-ving. Ben 
 JOTUOii't Epistle to Elizabeth, CouiUess of Rutland, commences thus : — 
 
 " Whilst that for which all virtue now is sold, 
 And almost every vice, abnightit gold*' 
 
 t The last of all was called St Paul, (or Samt Poll,) as being the least of the apostles, 
 and " not meet to be called an apostle," {see 1 Cor. xv. 9.) As in the " Honour" list, 
 («<Gulf,) students who had failed only slightly in one or more subjects were occasion- 
 ally allowed their degrees, and these were termed elegant extracts. — Camb. Univ. 
 Slang. 
 
68 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 APPLE-PIE BED, a trick played at schools on new comers, or on any 
 boy disliked by the rest. One of the sheets is removed, and the other 
 is doubled in the middle, so that both edges are brought to the top, 
 and look as if both sheets were there ; but the unhappy occupant is 
 preventl^getting more than half way down, and his night's rest is in 
 all probability spoiled. 
 
 APPLE-CART, " down with his apple-cart," i.e., upset him. — North 
 
 APPLE-PIE ORDER, in exact or very nice order. 
 
 ARTICLE, derisive term for a weak specimen of humanity. 
 
 ARY, corruption of " ever a," " e'er a ;" art one, i.e., e'er a one. 
 
 " AS YOU WERE," a military phrase in drilling; used in a Slang sense to 
 one who is going on too fast in his assertions, and wants recalling to 
 moderation. 
 
 ATOMY, a diminutive or deformed person. From anatomy. 
 
 ATTACK, to carve, or commence operations on; "attack that beef, and 
 oblige ! " 
 
 ATTIC, the head; "queer in the attic," intoxicated. — Pugilistic. 
 
 AUNT SALLY, a favourite game on race-courses and at fairs, consisting of 
 a wooden head mounted on a stick, firmly fixed in the ground ; in the 
 nose of which, or rather in that part of the facial arrangement of 
 ADNT SALLY which is generally considered incomplete without a nasal 
 projection, a tobacco pipe is inserted. The fun consists in standing at 
 a distance and demolishing aunt sally's pipe-clay projection with 
 short bludgeons, very similar to the half of a broom-handle. The 
 Duke of Beaufort is a "crack hand" at smashing pipe noses; and his 
 performances a few years ago on Brighton race-course are yet fresh 
 in remembrance. Aunt Sally proprietors are indebted to the noble 
 duke for having brought the game into fashionable notoriety. 
 
 AVAST, a sailor's phrase for stop, shut up, go away, — apparently connected 
 with the old Cant, bynqe a waste ; or from the Italian, baSIA, hold ! 
 enough. 
 
 AWAKE, or FLT, knowing, thoroughly understanding, not ignorant of. The 
 phrase wide awake carries the same meaning in ordinary conversation. 
 
 AWFUL, (or, with the Cockneys, orpdl,) a senseless expletive, used to in- 
 tensify a description of anything good or bad ; " what an awful fine 
 woman I" i.e., how handsome, or showy I 
 
 Area-sneak, a boy tliief who ccmmits depredations upon kitchens and 
 cellars. — See crow. 
 
 Argot, a term used amongst London thieves for their secret or Cant lan- 
 guage. French term for Slang. 
 
 Autumn, a Slang term for an execution by hanging. When the drop was 
 introduced instead of the old gallows, cart, and ladder, and a man was 
 for the first time " turned-ott" in the present fashion, the mob were 
 BO pleased with the invention that they spoke of the operation as at 
 AUTUMN, or the fall or the leaf, (hc., the drop,) with the man about 
 to be hanged. 
 

SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 69 
 
 AXE, to ask. — Saxon, acsian. 
 
 AYAH, a lady's-maid or nurse. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 BABES, the lowest order of knock-outs, (which tee,) who are prevailed 
 upon not to give opposing biddings at auctions, in consideration of 
 their receiving a small sum, (from one shilling to half-a-crown,) and a 
 certain quantity of beer. Babes exist in Baltimore, U.S., where they 
 are known as blackguards and " rowdies." 
 
 BACK, to support, or " lay " money on a particular horse in 's, race. The 
 terra is very generally used in the " ring," as well as on the " turf." 
 
 BACK OUT, to retreat from a difficulty ; the reverse of GO AHEAD. Meta- 
 phor borrowed from the stables. 
 
 " BACK SLANG IT," to go out the back way. 
 
 BACK-HANDER, a blow on the face with the back of the hand, a back 
 handed tip. Also a drink out of turn, as when a greedy person delays 
 the decanter to get a second glass. 
 
 BACKER, one who bets, or "lays" his money, on a favourite horse; a one- 
 sided supporter in a contest. Sporting, and very general. 
 
 BACON, " to save one's bacon," to escape. 
 
 BAD, " to go to the bad," to deteriorate in character, be ruined. Virgil 
 has an exactly similar phrase, in pejus ruere. 
 
 BADMINTON, blood, — properly a peculiar kind of claret-cup invented at 
 the Duke of Beaufort's seat of that name. Badminton proper is made 
 of claret, sugar, spice, and cucumber peel iced, and is used by the 
 Prize Ring as a synonyme for blood out of compliment to a well-known 
 patron. 
 
 BAFFATY, calico. Used in the drapery trade. 
 
 BAGMAN, a commercial traveller. 
 
 •BAGS, trousers. Trousers of an extensive pattern, or exaggerated fashion- 
 able cut, have lately been termed howlinq-bags, but only when the 
 style has been very " loud." The word is probably an abbreviation for 
 b-mbags. " To have the bags off," to be of age and one's own master, 
 to have plenty of money. " Bags of mystebt" is another phrase in 
 frequent use. 
 
 BAKE, " he's only half baked," i.e., soft, inexperienced. 
 
 BAKER'S DOZEN. This consists of thirteen or fourteen; the surplus 
 number, called the inbread, being thrown in for fear of incurring the 
 penalty for short weight. To " give a man a baker's dozen," in a 
 Slang sense, means to give him an extra good beating or pummelling. 
 
 BALAAM, printers' Slang for matter kept in type about monstrous pro- 
 ductions of nature, &c., to fill up spaces in newspapers that would 
 otherwise be vacant. The term balaam-box has long been used in 
 Blackwood as the name of the depository for rejected articles. Evi- 
 dently from Numbers xxii. 30, and denoting the " speech of an ass," 
 or any story difficult of deglutition, not contained in Scripture. 
 
 Back Jump, a back window. — Prison term. 
 
 ^ 
 
7© A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BALD-FACED STAG, a term of derision applied to a person with a bald 
 head. Also, still more coarsely, " bladder-of-lard." Another name 
 is " Marquis of Granby," which see. 
 
 BALE UP ! the Australian bushrangers' " Stand and deliver ! " now im- 
 ported into the streets of London as a synonyms for " Stop 1 " 
 
 B.iLLAMBANQJANG. The Straits of Ballambanojanq, though unno- 
 ticed by geographers, are frequently mentioned in sailors' yarns as 
 being so narrow, and the rooks on each side so crowded with trees 
 inhabited by monkeys, that the ship's yards cannot be squared, on 
 accouut of the monkeys' tails getting jammed into, and choking up, 
 the brace blocks. — Sea. 
 
 BALMY, insane. 
 
 BALMY, sleep; "have a dose of the balmy" — go to sleep. 
 
 BAMBOOING, a beating — from the instrument employed. 
 
 BAMBOOZLE, to deceive, make fun of, or cheat a person ; abbreviated to 
 BAM, which is used also as a substantive — a deception, a sham, a " sell." 
 Swift says bamboozle was invented by a nobleman in the reign of 
 Charles II. ; but this I conceive to be an error. The probability is 
 that a nobleman first vaed it in polite society. The term is derived 
 from the Gipsies. 
 
 BANDED, hungry. 
 
 BANDY, or cripplk, a sixpence, so called from this coin being generally 
 bent or crooked ; old term for flimsy or bad cloth, temp. Q. Elizabeth. 
 
 BANG, to excel or surpass; BANaiNQ, great or thumping. 
 
 BANG-UP, first-rate. 
 
 BANK, to put in a place of safety. " Bank the rag," i.e., secure the note. 
 
 BANTLING, a child; stated in Bacchus and Venus, 1737, and by Grose, to 
 be a Cant term. 
 
 BANYAN-DAY, a day on which no meat is served out for rations; prob- 
 ably derived from the banians, a Hindoo caste, who abstain from 
 animal food. — Sea. 
 
 BAR, or BARRING, excepting ; in common use in the betting-ring ; " I bet 
 against the field B.A.R two." The Irish use of baubin' is very similar. 
 
 BARBER'S CAT, said of a half-starved, sickly -looking person, in connexion 
 with an expression too coarse to print. 
 
 BARKER, a man employed to cry at the doors of " gaffs," shows, and 
 puffing shops, to entice people inside. 
 
 BARNACLES, a pair of spectacles; corruption of binoculi. Derived 
 by some from the barnacle,* a kind of conical shell adhering to 
 ships' bottoms. Hence a marine term for goggles, which they resemble 
 in shape, and for which they are used by sailors in case of ophthalmia 
 derangement. 
 
 * Lepat Anatifeya. 
 
 Ball, prison allowance, viz., six ounces of meat. 
 Barking-Iron, a pistol. Term used by footpads. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. Jl 
 
 BARNEY, a lakk, spree, rough enjoyment ; " get up a barney," to have 
 a " lark." Also, a deception, a " cross." 
 
 BARNEY, a mob, a crowd. 
 
 BARN-STORMERS, theatrical performers who travel the country and act 
 
 in barns, selecting short and frantic pieces to suit the rustic taste. — 
 
 Theatrical. 
 BARRIKIN, jargon, speech, or discourse ; " we can't tumble to that 
 
 BAKRIKIN," i.e., we don't understand what he says. Miege calls it " a 
 
 sort of stuff; " Old French, baeacan. 
 
 BASH, to beat, thrash; " bashing a donna," beating a woman; originally 
 a provincial word, and chiefly applied to the practice of beating walnut 
 trees, when in bud, with long poles, to increase their productiveness. 
 Hence the West country proverb — 
 
 *' A woman, a whelp, and a walnut tree, 
 The more you basu 'em, the better they be." 
 
 BASTE, to beat, properly to pour gravy on roasting meat to keep it from 
 burning. Also, a sewing term. 
 
 BASTILE, the workhouse. General name for " the Union " amongst the 
 lower orders of the North. Formerly used to denote a prison, or 
 "lock-up;" but its abbreviated form, steel, is now the favourite 
 expression with the lower orders. 
 
 BAT, " on his own bat," on his own account. — See hook. 
 
 BATS, a pair of bad boots. 
 
 BATTER, wear and tear ; " can't stand the batter," i.e., not equal to the 
 
 task ; " on the batter," literally " on the streets," or given up to 
 
 roistering and debauchery. 
 
 BATTLES, the students' term at Oxford for ra'tions. At Cambridge, 
 COMMONS. Qy. Battells. 
 
 BATTY, wages, perquisites. Derived from Batta, an extra pay given to 
 soldiers while serving in India. 
 
 BATTY-FANG, to beat; battt-fanqino, a beating; also batter-fano. 
 Used metaphorically as early as 1630. 
 
 *' So batter/anged and belabour'd with tongue mettle, that he was weary of his 
 life."— rayto/s Works, 1630. 
 
 BAS^AAR, a shop or counter. Gipsy and Hindoo, a market. 
 
 BEACH-COMBER, a fellow who prowls" about the sea-shore to plunder 
 W^ks, and pick up waifs and strays of any kind. — Sgsu_ 
 
 BEAK, a magistrate, judge, or policeman; "to baffle the beak," to get re- 
 manded. Ancient Cant, beck. Saxon, beag, a necklace or gold col- 
 lar — emblem of authority. Sir John Fielding was called the blind- 
 beak in the last century. Query, if connected with the Italian BECCO, 
 which means a (bird's) heak, and also a blockhead f See, however, 
 vmder walker ! for another derivation. 
 
 Beaker-Hunter, a stealer of poultry. 
 
72 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BEANS, tnoney; "a haddock of beans," a purae of money; formerly, 
 BEAN meant a guinea ; French, biens, property ; also used as a sync- 
 nyme for brick, which see. 
 !BEAR, one who contracts to deliver or sell a certain quantity of stock in 
 the public funds on a forthcoming day at a stated place, but who does 
 not possess it, trusting to a decline in public securities to enable him 
 to fulfil the agreement and realise a profit. — See bull. Both words 
 are Slang terms on the Stock Exchange, and are frequently used in the 
 business columns of newspapers. 
 
 '* Ho who sells that of which he is not possessed is proverbially saM to sell the 
 skin before he has caught tlie bear. It was the practice of stock-jobbers, 
 in the year 1720, to ent«r into a contract for transferring South Sea stock 
 at a future time for a certain price; but he who jontracted to sell bad fre- 
 quently no stock to transfer, nor did he who bought intend to receive any 
 in consequence of his barpain; the seller was, therefore, cidled a biar, in 
 allusion to tlie proverb, and the buyer a buli., perliaps only as a similar dis- 
 tinction. The contract was merely a wager, to be determined by the rise 
 or fall of stock ; if it rose, the seller paid the difiference to the buyer, pro- 
 portioned to the sum determined by the same computation to the seller." 
 
 Dr Wartini on Pope. 
 
 BEARGERED, to be dnmk. 
 
 BEAT, the allotted range traversed by a policeman on duty. 
 
 BEAT, or beat-hollow, to surpass or excel ; also " beat into fits." 
 
 BEAT, " dead-beat," wholly worn out, done for. 
 
 BEATER-CASES, boots. Nearly obsokte. 
 
 BEAVER, old street term for a hat ; GOSS is the modem word, beaveb, 
 
 except in the country, having fallen into disuse. 
 BE-BLOWED, a windy exclamation equivalent to an oath. — See BLOW-UE. 
 BED-POST, " in the twinkling of a bed-post," in a moment, or very quickly. 
 
 Originally bed-staff, a stick placed vertically in the frame of a bed to 
 
 keep the bedding in its place. — ShadweU's Virtuoso, 1676, act i., scene I. 
 
 This was used sometimes as a defensive weapon. 
 BED-FAGOT, a contemptuous term for a bed-fellow. — See Fagot. 
 BEDFORDSHIRE, bed; when a person says, "I'm off for bedfobdshibb," 
 
 he means that he is goiug to bed. 
 BEE, " to have a bee in one's bonnet," i.e., to be not exactly sane. 
 l|EEpGE, a lady. — Anglo-Indian. 
 BEEF-HEADED, stupid. 
 
 BEEFY, unduly thick or fat, commonly said of women's ancles. — See 
 
 mullingar. 
 BEEBY, intoxicated, or fuddled with beer. 
 BEESWAX, poor soft cheese. 
 BEETLE-CRUSHER, or SQUASHEB, a large flat foot. The expression wa» 
 
 first used in one of Mr Leech's caricatures in Punch. 
 BEGGAR'S VELVET, downy particles which accumulate under furniture 
 
 from the negligence of house-maids. Otherwise called slut's-wool. 
 BELCHER, a handkerchief.— /See under billt for description. 
 
^7?^, /^^T^Jcc^ylu^ j^ifuj<^ 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 73 
 
 BELL, a Bong. Tramps' term. 
 
 BELLOWS, the lungs. Bellowser, a blow in the " wind," or pit of the 
 
 stomach ; taking one's breath away. 
 " BELLOWS TO MEND," said of a person out of breath. 
 BELLY-TIMBER, food, oT"gmh." 
 
 BELLY-VENGEANCE, small sour beer, apt to cause gastralgia. 
 BEMUSE, to fuddle one's-self with drink, " bemusing himself with beer," 
 
 &o. — Sala'a Gaslight and Daylight, p. 308. 
 BEN, a hene&t.— Theatrical. 
 BEND, "that's above my bend," i.e., beyond my power, too expensive, or 
 
 too difficult for me to perform. 
 BENDER, a sixpence, — from its liability to bend. 
 BENDER, the arm; "over the bender," synonymous with "over the 
 
 left." — See over. Also an ironical exclamation similar to walker ! 
 BENDIGO, a rough fur cap worn in the midland counties, named after a 
 
 noted pugilist of that name. 
 BENE, good. — Ancient Cant; binab was the comparative. — See bonk. 
 
 Latin. 
 BENEDICT, a married man. 
 BENJAMIN, a coat. Formerly termed a Joseph, in aUusion, perhaps, to 
 
 Joseph's coat of many colours. — See upper-benjamin. 
 BEN JOLTRAM, brown bread and skimmed milk; a Norfolk term for a 
 
 ploughboy's breakfast. 
 BENJY, a waistcoat, — the diminutive of benjamin. 
 BEONG, a shilling. — See baltee. — Lingua Franca. 
 
 BESS.— Sec BROWN-BESS. 
 
 BESS-O'-BEDLAM, a lunatic vagrant.— iVor/oii. 
 
 BEST, to get the better or "beat" of a man in any way — not necessarily to 
 
 cheat — to have the best of a bargain. Bested, taken in, or defrauded. 
 
 Besteb, a low betting cheat. 
 BETTER, more ; " how far is it to town ? " " Oh, better 'n a nule." — 
 
 Saxon and Old English, now a vulgarism. 
 BETTING ROUND. See book, and book-makino. 
 B. FLATS, bugs. — Compare p. sharps. 
 BIBLE-CARRIER, a person who sells songs without singing them. — Seven 
 
 Dials. 
 BIG, "to look bio," to assume an inflated address, or manner; "to talk 
 
 BIO," i.e., boastingly, or with an "extensive" air. 
 " BIG-BIRD, TO GET THE," t.c, to be hissed, as actors occasionally are by 
 
 the " gods." — Theat. Slang. 
 
 Bellowsed, or lagged, transported. 
 
 Ben Cull, a friend, or " pal." — MiXlbank Penitentiary. 
 
 BiiiTy, a skeleton key, or picklock. — Old Prison Cant. 
 
74 -4 DICTIONARY OF MODESN 
 
 BIG-HOtXSE, the wort house, — a phrase used by the very poor. 
 
 BIG-WIG, a person in authority or office. 
 
 BILBO, a sword; abbrev. of "bilboa blade." Spanish swords were an- 
 ciently very celebrated, especially those of Toledo, Bilboa, &c. 
 
 BILK, a cheat, or a swindler. Formerly in general use, now confined to 
 the streets, where it is very common. Gothic, bilaioan. 
 
 BILK, to defraud, or obtain goods, &c., without paying for them; "to 
 BILK the schoolmaster," to get information or experience without pay- 
 ing for it. 
 
 BILLINGSGATE, (when applied to speech,) foul and coarse language. 
 Kot many years since, one of the London notorieties was to heai the 
 fishwomen at Billingsgate abuse each other. The anecdote of Dr 
 Johnson and the Billingsgate virago is well known. 
 BILLY, a silk pocket-handkerchief. — Scotch. — See wipe. 
 
 *»* A list of the Slang terms descriptive of the various patterns ot 
 handkerchiefs, pocket and neck, is here suVjjoined : — 
 
 BEtOHER, darkish blue ground, large round white spots, with a 
 spot in the centre of darker blue than the ground. This was 
 adopted by Jim Belcher, the pugilist, and soon became popu- 
 lar amongst " the fancy." 
 Bird's-ete wipe, same as preceding. 
 Bloodred fanct, red. 
 Blue billy, blue ground with white spots. 
 Cream fancy, any pattern on a white ground. 
 • Green kino's man, any pattern on a green ground. 
 
 Randal's man, green, with white spots; named after Jack Bandal, 
 
 pugilist. 
 Water's man, sky coloured. 
 Yellow fancy, yellow, with white spots. 
 Yellow man, all yellow. 
 BILLY-BARLOW, a street clown; sometimes termed a jim crow, or 
 saltimbanoo, — so called from the hero of a Slang song. — Buluxr's Paul 
 Clifford. — Billy was a real person, semi-idiotic, and, though in dirt and 
 rags, fancied himself a swell of the first water. Occasionally he came 
 out with real witticisms. He was a well-known street character about 
 the east end of London, and died in Whitechapel Workhouse. — (P.) 
 BILLY-COCK, a hat of the Jim Crow or " wide-awake " description, prin- 
 cipally worn by carters. 
 
 BINGY, a term largely used in the butter trade to denote bad ropy butter; 
 nearly equivalent to vinnied. 
 
 BINGO, brandy.— iJuijccr's Paul Clifford. 
 BIRD-CAGE, a four-wheeled cab. 
 
 BiLLT, a policeman's staff. 
 
 Billy, stolen metal of any kind. 
 
 Billy-huntino, buying old metal. — See billy-fbnoeb. 
 
 Billy-fenceb, a marine-store dealer. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 75 
 
 BIT, foiirpence; in America 12^ cents are called a bit, and a defaced 20 
 cent piece is termed a long bit. A BIT is the smallest coin in Jamaica, 
 equal to 6d. 
 
 BIT, money. Charles Bannister, the witty singer and actor, one day meet- 
 ing a Bow -Street runner with a man in custody, asked what the 
 prisoner had done ; and being told that he had stolen a bridle, and 
 had been detected in the act of selling it, said, " Ah I then, he wanted 
 to touch the bet." 
 
 BITCH, tea; "a bitch party," a tea-drinking. — Oxford. 
 
 BITE, a cheat ; " a Yorkshire bite," a cheating fellow from that county. 
 — North; also old Slang — ^used by Pope. Swift says it originated with 
 a nobleman in his day. 
 
 BITE, to cheat ; " to be BITTEN," to be taken in or imposed upon. Origin- 
 ally a Gipsy term.* — See Bacchui and Venus. 
 
 BITTERS, "to do bitters," to drink heer.— Oxford. 
 
 BITTOCK, a distance of very undecided length. If a north countryman 
 be asked the distance to a place, he will most probably reply, " a mile 
 and a bittock; " and the latter may be considered any distance from 
 one hundred yards to ten miles ! 
 
 B. K. S. Military officers in mufti, when out on a spree, and not wishing 
 their profession to be known, speak of their barracks as the B. K s. 
 
 BIVVY, or GATTEB, beer; "shant of BIVVY," a pot or quart of beer. In 
 Sufiblk, the afternoon refreshment of reapers is called bever. It is 
 also an old English term. 
 
 ** He is none of those same ordinary eaters, tbat will devour three Isreakfasts, 
 and as many dinners, without any prejudice to their bkvers, driukings, or 
 suppers." — Beaumoiit and Fletchet-'s Woman Hater, i. 3. 
 Both words are probably from the Italian, bevere, bebe. Laiin, 
 BIBERE. English, bevekaqe. 
 
 "BLACK AND WHITE," handwriting, or print 
 
 BLACK-A-VISED, having a very dark complexion. 
 
 BLACKBIRD-CATCHING, sea Slang for the slave-trade. 
 
 BLACK DIAMONDS, coals; talented persons of dingy or unpolished ex- 
 terior ; rough jewels. 
 
 BLACK-LEG, a rascal, swindler, or card cheat. The derivation of this 
 term was solemnly argued before the full court of Queen's Bench, 
 upon a motion for a new trial for libel, but was not decided by the 
 learned tribunal. Probably it is from the custom of sporting and turf 
 men wearing black top-boots. Hence BLACK-IEQ came to be the phrase 
 for a professional sporting man. 
 
 • CROsa-BrPER, for a cheat, continually occurs In writers of the sixteenth century. 
 N. Bailey has cross- bite, a disappointment, probably tho primary sense; and bite is 
 very probably a contraction of this. — See Nares't Glossary, 8. v. 
 
 Bit, a purse, or any sum of money. — Prison Cant. 
 BlT-FAKEB, or turner OUT, a coiner of bad money. 
 BtACKBERBY-swAGGER, a person who hawks tapes, boot-laces, Ac 
 
76 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BLACK-SHEEP, a "bad lot," "mauvaix lujet;" also a workman who re- 
 fuses to join in a strike. 
 
 BLACK-STRAP, port wine. 
 
 BLACKGUARD, a low, or dirty fellow. 
 
 "A Cant word amongst the vulgar, by which is implied a dirty fellow of the 
 meanest kind, Dr Johnson says, and he cites only the modem authority 
 of SwifL But the introduction of this word into our language belongs not 
 to the vulgar, and is more than a century prior to the time of Swift. Mr 
 Malono agrees with me in exhibiting the two first of the following ex- 
 amples : — The black-guard is evidently designed to imply a fit attendant on 
 the devil. Mr GifTord, however, in his late edition of Ben Jonson's works, 
 assigns an origin of the name different from what the old examples which 
 I have cited seem to countenance. It has been formed, lie says, from those 
 • mean and dirty dependimts. in great houses, who were selected to carry 
 coals to the kitchen, halls, &c. To this smutty regiment, who attended 
 the progresses, and rode in the carts with the pots and kettles, which, 
 with every other article of furniture, were then moved from palace to palace, 
 the people, in derision, gave the name of black guards; a term since become 
 sufficiently familiar, and never properly explained.* — Ben Jonton, ii. 169, 
 ▼ii. 25a" — Todd's JohnsoiCs Dictionary. 
 
 BLADE, a man — in ancient times the term for a soldier; "knowing blade," 
 a wide-awake, sharp, or cunning man. 
 
 BLADDER-OF-LARD, a coarse, satirical nickname for a bald-headed 
 person. 
 
 BLARNEY, flattery, exaggeration. A castle in the county of Cork. It v 
 said that whoever kisses a certain stool in this castle will be able to 
 persuade others of whatever he or she pleases. The name of the castla 
 is derived from bladh, a blossom, i.e., the flowery or fertile demesne. 
 Bladh is also flattery; hence the connexion. — Irish. 
 
 BLAST, to curse. Originally a Military expression. 
 
 BLAZES, a low synonyme for the infernal regions. Also as applied to the 
 brilliant habiliments of flunkeys. — See Pickwick Papers. 
 
 BLEST, a vow ; " blest if I 'U do it," i.e., I ain determined not to do it ; 
 euphemism for CUKST. 
 
 BLEED, to victimise, or extract money from a person, to sponge on, to 
 make sufier vindictively. 
 
 BLEW, or BLOW, to inform, or peach. 
 
 BLEWED, got rid of, disposed of, spent ; " I slewed all my blunt last 
 night," I spent all my money. 
 
 BLIND, a pretence, or make-believe. 
 
 BLIND -HALF -HUNDRED, the fiftieth re^ment of foot; so called 
 through their great suflerings from ophthalmia, when serving in 
 Egypt. 
 
 BLIND-HOOKET, a gambling game at cards; called also wiltul mubdkb. 
 
 BLIND-MAN'S-HOLIDAY, night, darkness. 
 
 BLINKER, a blackened eye. — Norwich Slang. Blinkebs, spectacles. 
 
 BLGiK-rBMOEB, a person who sells spectacles. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. "JJ 
 
 BLOAK, or bloke, a man ; "the bloak with a jasey," the man with a wig, 
 i.e., the Judge. Qipsy and Hindoo, LOKB. North, bloaoheb, any 
 large animal. 
 
 BLOATER.— £'ee mild. 
 
 BLOCK, the head. " To BLOCK a hat," Is to knock a man's hat down orer 
 his eyes. — See bonnet. 
 
 BLOCK ORNAMENTS, the small dark-coloured pieces of meat exposed 
 on the cheap butchers' blocks or counters, — debateable poitits to all 
 the sharp-visaged argumentative old women in low neighbourhoods. 
 
 y 2- BLOOD, a fast or high-mettled man. Nearly obsolete in the sense in 
 ' which it was used in George the Fourth's time. 
 
 BLOOD-RED FANCY, a particular kind of handkerchief worn by pugi- 
 lists and frequenters of prize fights. — See billy. 
 BLOODY-JEMMY, an uncooked sheep's head. — See sanguinary james. 
 "BLOW A CLOUD," to smoke a cigar or pipe — a phrase in use two cen- 
 turies ago. 
 BLOW ME, or blow me tight, a vow, a ridiculous and unmeaning ejacula- 
 tion, inferring an appeal to the ejaculator ; " I 'm slowed if you will " 
 is a common expression among the lower orders; "blow me up" was 
 the term a century ago. — See Parker's Adventures, 1 781. — The expres- 
 sion BE-BLOWED is now more general Tom Hood used to tell a 
 Btory : — 
 " I was once asked to contribute to a new ioumal, not exactly gratuitously, but 
 at a very t^malt advance upon nothing — and avowedly because the work had 
 been planned according to that estimate. However, I accepted the terms 
 conditionally — that is to say, provided the principle could be properly carried 
 out. Accordingly, I wrote to my butcher, baker, and other tradesmen, in- 
 forming them that it was necessary, for the sake of cheap literature and 
 the interest of the reading public, that they should furnish me with their 
 several commodities at a very trifling per-centage above cost price. It will 
 be sufficient to quote the answer of the butcher : — ' Sir, — Respectin* your 
 note. Cheap literuter be blowkdI Butchers must live as well as other pepel 
 ' — and if so be you or the readin' publick wants to have meat at prime cost, 
 
 you must buy your own beastesses, and kill yourselves. — X remane, etc., 
 
 "*JouN Stokes.'" 
 
 BLOW OUT, or tuck in, a feast. 
 
 BLOW UP, to make a noise, or scold ; formerly a Cant expression used 
 
 amongst thieves, now a recognised and respectable phrase. Blowing 
 
 UP, a jobation, a scolding. 
 
 Blob, (from blab,) to talk. Beggars are of two kinds, — those who 
 SCREEVB, (introduce themselves with a fakement, or false document,) 
 and those who blob, or state their case in their own truly " unvar- 
 nished " language. 
 Blow, to expose, or inform ; " blow the gaff," to inform against a person. 
 *" As for that,* says Will, * X could tell it well enough, if I had it, but I must 
 not be seen anywhere among my old acquaintiuices, for 1 am blown, and 
 they will all betray me.* " — HUtory 0/ CoUmel Jack, 1723, 
 
 In America, "to blow" is Slang for to taunt. 
 Blowek, a girl ; a contemptuous name in opposition to JOMER. 
 
/iVKyf*^^ 
 
 78 A DICTION ART OF MODERN 
 
 BLOWEN, a showy or flaunting female. In Wilts, a blowkn is a blossom. 
 Germ, bluhen, to bloom. In German, also, buhlen is to court, and 
 BUBLE, a sweetheart. 
 
 ** O du blUhende Miidclien viel schone Willkomm ! " — Oerman Song. 
 
 Possibly, however, the street term blowen may mean one whose re- 
 putation has been blown upon, or damaged. 
 
 BLUBBER, to cry in a childish manner. — Ancient. A correspondent says, 
 "probably from hanging the lip." 
 
 BLUE, said of talk that is smutty or indecent. When the conversation 
 has assumed an entirely opposite character, it is then said to be 
 BROWN, or Quakerish. 
 
 BLUE, a policeman ; "disguised in BLUE and liquor." — Boots at the Swan. 
 
 " The gentleman in blue and white" — i.e., a policem.%n — was frequently 
 called upon for a song at the pleasant camp-fire meetings on Wimbledon 
 Common, during the volunteer encampment there in 1863. 
 
 BLUE, or blew, to pawn or pledge. 
 
 BLUE, confounded or surprised ; " to look blue," to be astonished or disap- 
 pointed. 
 
 BLUE BILLY, the handkerchief (blue ground with white spots) worn and 
 used at prize fights. Before a " set to," it is common to take it from 
 the neck and tie it round the leg as a garter, or round the waist, to 
 "keep in the wind." Also, the refuse ammoniacal lime from gas 
 factories. 
 
 BLUE-BLANKET, a rough overcoat made of coarse pilot cloth. 
 BLUE-BOTTLE, a policeman. It is singular that this well-known Slang 
 
 term for a London constable should have been used by Skakspeare. 
 
 In Part ii. of King Henry IV., act v., scene 4, Doll Tearsheet calls the 
 
 beadle, who is dragging her in, a " thin man in a censer, a blue-bottlb 
 
 rogue." 
 BLUED, or slewed, tipsy, or drunk. 
 
 BLUE DEVILS, the apparitions supposed to be seen by habitual drunkards 
 BLUE MOON, an unlimited period. 
 
 BLUE MURDER, a desperate or alarming cry. — French, mortblect. 
 BLUE RUIN, gin. 
 BLUES, a fit of despondency. — See blue devils. 
 
 BLUFF, an excuse ; more frequently used as an adjective, in the sense of 
 rough, coarse, plain-spoken. 
 
 BLUFF, to turn aside, stop, or excuse. 
 
 Blodger, a low thief, who does not hesitate to use violence. — Prison Cant, 
 
 Bloe-pioeon-flter, a journeyman plumber, glazier, or other workman, 
 
 who, under the plea of repairing houses, strips off the lead, and 
 
 makes away with it. Sometimes they get off with it by wrapping it 
 
 round their bodies. 
 
 Rt.FKT, lead. — German, blki. 
 
sfo W - V^y I i/^c/ rf-ro rnfhe n^<? rd hoi>c 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 79 
 
 BLUNT, money. It has been said that this terin is from the French blowd, 
 sandy or golden colour, and that a parallel may be found in brown or 
 BROWNS, the slang for halfpence. Far-fetched as this etymology may 
 be, it is doubtless correct, as it is borne out by the analogy of similar 
 expressions. Cf. blanquillo, a word used in Morocco and Southern 
 Spain for a small Moorish coin. The "asper" (asTTpav) of Constan- 
 tinople is called by the Turks akcueh, i.e., " little white." See also 
 Winn, (Harman,) above, p. 20. 
 
 BLURT OUT, to speak from impulse, and without reflection. — SKdkspeare, 
 j~B.OARD-OF-GREEN-CLOTH, a facetious synonyme for a card-table. 
 
 BOB, a shilling. Formerly bobstick, which may have been the original. 
 
 BoB-A-NOB, a shilling ahead. Query, if qonnected with Sir Eob. 
 
 Walpole, as Joet is with Joseph Hume ? 
 BOB, " s' help my bob," a street oath, equivalent to "so help me God." 
 
 Other words are used in street language for a similarly evasive purpose, 
 
 ».«., OAT, GREENS, TATUR, &c., all equally profane and disgusting. 
 BOB IT, drop it, give it up. 
 BOBBERY, a squabble, tumult. — Anglo-Indian. 
 BOBBISH, very well, clever, spruce. " How are you doing ? " "Oh I pretty 
 
 BOBBISH." — Old, 
 
 BOBBY, a policeman. Both BOBBT and peeler were nicknames given to 
 the new police, in allusion to the Christian and surnames of the late 
 Sir Robert Peel, who was the prime mover in effecting their introduction 
 and improvement. The term bobbt is, however, older than the 
 Saturday Reviewer imagines. The official square-keeper, who is always 
 armed with a cane to drive away idle and disorderly urchins, has, time 
 out of mind, been called by the said urchins, bobbt t/ie Beadle. Bobby 
 is also, I may remark, an old English word for striking or hitting, a 
 quality not unknown to policemen. — See ffalliwell's Dictionary. 
 
 BODKIN, a small, or young person, sitting in the centre, between two 
 others, in a carriage, is said "to ride bodkin." Amongst sporting 
 men, applied to a person who takes his turn between the sheets on 
 alternate nights, when the hotel has twice as many visitors as it can 
 comfortably lodge. 
 
 BODY-SNATCHER, a bailiff or runner : snatch, the trick by which the 
 bailiff captures the delinquent. 
 
 BODY-SNATCHEK, a cat-stealer. 
 
 BOG-ORANGES, potatoes. 
 
 BOG, or Boa-HOUSE, a privy as distinguished from a water-closet. — School 
 term. In the Inns of Court, I am informed, the term is very common. 
 
 BOG-TROTTER, satirical name for an Irishman.— ilfie^e. Camden, how- 
 ever, speaking of the "debateable land" on the borders of England 
 and Scotland, says, " both these dales breed notable boo-trotters." 
 
 BOLUS, an apothecary. 
 
 BOILERS, or Brompton boilers, the Slang name given to the New Ken- 
 sington Museum and School of Art, in allusion to the peculiar form 
 
^uJehicfUC- 
 
 80 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 of the buildings, and therfact of their being mainly composed of, and 
 
 covered with, sheet iron. — See peppek-boxes. 
 BOLT, to run away, decamp, or abscond. 
 BOLT, to swallow without chewing. 
 BOMBAY DUCKS ; in the East India Company's army the Bombay regi- 
 
 menta were so designated. The name is now given to a dried fish, 
 
 (bummelow,) much eaten by natives and Europeans in Western India. 
 
 —Anglo-Indian. 
 
 BONE, to steal or appropriate what does not belong to you. Boned, seized 
 apprehended. — Old. 
 
 BONE-PICKER, a footman. 
 
 BONES, TO BATTLE THE BONES, to play at dice ; also called ST mjan's bones. 
 
 BONES, " he made no bones of it," he did not hesitate, i.e., undertook and 
 
 finished the work without difficulty, " found no bones in the jelly." — 
 
 Ancietit, vide Cotgrave. 
 
 BONIFACE, landlord of a tavern or inn. 
 
 BONNET, a gambling cheat. " A man who sits at a gaming-table, and 
 appears to be playing against the table ; when a stranger enters, the 
 BONNET generally wins." — Times, Nov. 17, 1856. Also, a pretence, or 
 make-believe, a sham bidder at auctions, one who metaphorically blinds 
 or BONNETS others. — See the following. 
 
 BONNET, to strike a man's cap or hat over his eyes. 
 
 BONNETER, one who induces another to gamble. 
 
 BOOBY-TRAP, a favourite amusement of boys at school. It oonsiBts in 
 placing a pitcher, of water on the top of a door set ajar for the pur- 
 pose ; the person whom they wish to drench is then enticed to pass 
 through the door, and receives the pitcher tmd its contents on his un- 
 lucky head. Books are sometimes used. 
 
 BOOK, an arrangement of bets for and against, chronicled in a pocket-book 
 made for that purpose; " making a book upon it," a commim phrase to 
 denote the general arrangement of a person's bets on a race. " That 
 does not suit my book," i.e., does not accord with my other arrange- 
 ments. The principle of making a book, or bettino round, as it is 
 sometimes termed, is to lay out a previously-determined sum against 
 every horse in the race, or as many as possible ; and should the book- 
 maker GET bound, i.e., succeed in laying against as many horses as 
 will more than balance the odds laid, he is certain to be a winner. — 
 See Hedge. 
 
 BOOKED, caught, fixed, disposed of. — Term in Book-keeping. 
 
 Bone, good, excellent <[>, the vagabond's hieroglyphic for bone, or good, 
 chalked by them on houses aud street comers, as a hint to succeeding 
 beggars. French, BON. 
 
 Bone-grubber, a person who hunts dust-holes, gutters, and all likely spots 
 for refuse bones, which he sells at the rag-shops, or to the bone- 
 grinders. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULQAR WORDS. 8 1 
 
 BOOKS, a pack of cards. Term iised by professional card-players. — iS«e 
 Devil's Books. 
 
 BOOK-HOLDER, a prompter.— rAcaii-ica?. 
 
 BOOM, " to top one's BoOH off," to be off, or start in a certain direction. — 
 Sea. 
 
 BOOM-PASSENQER, a sailor's Slang term for a convict on board ship. — Sea. 
 
 BOO^E r-dia^ Ancient Cant, bowse. Booze, or suoe-casa, a public-house. 
 
 BQOiiii, to^rink, or more properly, to use another Slang term, to "lush," 
 vifc, to drink continually, untU drunk, or nearly so. The term is an 
 old one. Hanman, in Queen Elizabeth's days, speaks of " bousinq (or 
 boozing) and belly-oheere." The term was good English in the four- 
 teenth century, and came from the Dutch, BUYZEN, to tipple. 
 
 BOOZING-KEN, a beer-shop, a low public-house. — Ancient. 
 
 BOOZY, intoxicated or fuddled. 
 
 BORE, a troublesome friend or acquaintance, a nuisance, anything which 
 wearies or annoys, so called from his unvaried and pertinacious push- 
 ing. The Gradus ad Cantdbrigiam suggests the derivation of bore 
 from the Greek Bdpos, a burden. Shahpeare uses it, King Henry VIII. 
 
 1.1— 
 
 " at this inBtant 
 
 Ho BORES me with some trick." 
 
 Orose speaks of this word as being much in fashion about the year 
 1780-81, and states that it vanished of a sudden, without leaving a 
 trace behind. Not so, burly Grose, the term is still in favour, and is 
 as piquant and expressive as ever. Of the modern sense of the word 
 BORE, the Prince Consort made an amusing and effective use in his 
 masterly address to the British Association, at Aberdeen, Septembei 
 14, 1869. He said, (as reported by the Times :) — 
 
 "I will not weary you by further examples, with which most of you are better 
 acquainted than I am myself, but merely express my satisfaction that there 
 should exist bodies of men who will bring the well-considered and under- 
 stood wants of science before the public and the Government, who will even 
 hand round the becrging-box, and expose themselves to refusals and rebuffs, 
 to which all beggars all liable, with the certainty besides of being considered 
 great bobes. Please to recollect that this species of " bore *' is a most useful 
 animal, well adapted for the ends f jr which nature intended him. He alone, 
 by constantly returning to the charge, and repeating the same truths and 
 the same requests, succeeds in awakening attention to the cause which he 
 advocates, and obtains that hearing which is granted him at last for self- 
 protectiou, as the minor evil compared to his importunity, but which is 
 requisite to make his cause imderstood." 
 
 BORE, {Pugiliatic,) to press a man to the ropes of the ring by superior weight. 
 
 BOSH, nonsense, stupidity. — Oipsy and Persian. Also pure Turkish, bosh 
 LAKKRDi, empty talk. A person, in the Saturday Review, has stated 
 that bosh is coeval with Morier's novel, Hadji Babi, which was pub- 
 lished in 1828; but this is a blunder. The term was used in this 
 country as early as 1760, and may be found in the Student, vol. ii., p. 
 21 7. A correspondent asserts that this colloquial expression is from 
 the Qerman bosh, or bossch, answering to our word " swipes." 
 
82 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BOSKY, inebriated.— £roMScAo?<i Wvrdt, No. 183. 
 
 BOSS-EYED, a person with one eye, or ratlier with one eye injured. 
 
 BOTANY BAY, Worcester Coll. Oxon, so called from its remote situation. 
 
 BOTHER, (from the Hibemicism pother,) trouble, or annoyance. Grose haa 
 a singular derivation, bother, or both-eared, from two persons talking 
 at the same time, or to both ears. Bloibsb, an old word, signifying 
 to chatter idly. — See SalliweU. 
 
 BOTHER, to teaze, to annoy. 
 
 BOTHERATION ! trouble, annoyance ; " botheration to it," " confound 
 it," or " deuce take it" — an exclamation when irritated. 
 
 BOTTLE-HOLDER, an assistant to a "Second," {Pugilistic;) an abettor; 
 also, the bridegroom's man at a wedding. Slang term for Lord Pal- 
 merston, derived from a speech he made some years ago when foreign 
 Beci etary, in which he described himself as acting the part of a judicious 
 "bottle-holder" among the foreign powers. A lately-invented in- 
 strument to hold a bottle has thus received the name of a palmerston. 
 
 BOTTOM, stamina in a horse or man. Power to stand fatigue ; endurance 
 to receive a good beating, and still fight on. " A fellow of FLCOE, 
 sound WIND, and good bottom is fit to fight anything." 
 
 BOTTS, the colic or bellyache. — StahU Slang. Bums uses it. See Death 
 and Dr Harnhook. 
 
 BQTTY, conceited, swaggering. — Stable. 
 
 BOUNCE, impudence. A showy swindler. 
 
 BOUNCE, to boast, cheat, or bully. — Old Cant. Also to lie. 
 
 BOUNCEABLE, prone to bouncing or boasting. 
 
 BOUNCING-BEN, a learned man. 
 
 BOUNDER, a four-wheeled cab. Luevs a non lucendot Also a University 
 term for a trap. 
 
 "The man who drives has a well-appointed 'bouitoer' of his own, to the 
 splashboard of which is affixed a mysteriou-s box, containing clamps and 
 cords, sti-aps and bucldes, with a view to breaitages and other accidents." 
 
 — Hintx to Frakman, 1842. 
 BOW-CATCHER, or kiss-curl, a small curl twisted on the cheeks or 
 temples of young — and often old— girls, adhering to the face as if 
 gummed or pasted. Evidently a corruption of beau-catcher. In 
 old times this was called a lovelock, when it was the mark at which all 
 the Puritan and ranting preachers levelled their pulpit pop-guns, 
 loaded with sharp and virulent abuse. Hall and Prynne looked upon 
 
 Bosh, a fiddle. Bosh-paker, a violin-player. Terms only used by the 
 
 lower orders. 
 Bos-ken, a farm-house. Ancient. — See ken. 
 BosMAN, a farmer ; " faking a bosman on the main toby," robbing a farmer 
 
 on the highway. Boss, a master. — American. Both terms from the 
 
 Dutch, bosch-man, one who lives in the woods ; otherwise Boschjenum, 
 
 or Bushman. 
 
 Bouncer, a person who steals whilst bargaining with a tradesman ; a lie 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 83 
 
 all women as strumpets who dared to let the hair depart from a straight 
 line upon their cheeks. The French prettily term them accroche- 
 cosurs, whilst in the United States they are plainly and unpleasantly 
 called SPIT-O0BLS. Bartlett says : — " Spit-curl, a detached lock of 
 hair curled upon the temple ; probably from having been at first plas- 
 tered into shape by the saliva. It is now understood that the muci- 
 lage of quince seed is used by the ladies for this purpose." 
 
 ** You may prate of your lips, and your teeth of pearl. 
 And your eyes so brightly flashing ; 
 My Bong sliall be of that sauva curl 
 Which threatens my heart to smash In." 
 
 — Boston Trantcript, October 30, 1858. 
 
 When men twist the hair on each side of their faces into ropes they are 
 sometimes called bell-hopes, as being wherewith to draw the belles. 
 Whether bell-ropes or bow-oatchers, it is singular they should form 
 part of the prisoner's paraphernalia, and that a janty little kiss-me- 
 quick curl should, of all things in the world, ornament a jail dock ; yet 
 such was formerly the case. Hunt, " the accomplice after the fact and 
 king's evidence against" the murderer of Weare, on his trial, we are 
 informed by the Athenceum, appeared at the bar with a highly poma- 
 tumed love-look sticking tight to his forehead. Young ladies, think of 
 this! 
 
 BOWL OUT, to put out of the game, to remove out of one's way, to 
 detect. — Criehetiru) term. 
 
 BOWLAS, round tarts made of sugar, apple, and bread, sold in the streets. 
 
 BOWLES, shoes. 
 
 BOX-HARRY, a term with bagmen or commercial travellers, implying 
 
 dinner and tea at one meal ; also dining with " Duke Humphrey," i.e., 
 
 going without. — Lincolnshire. 
 BOX-OF-MINUTES, a watch, or watchmaker's shop. 
 " BOX THE COMPASS," to repeat the thirty -two points of the compass 
 
 either in succession or irregularly. The method used at sea to learn 
 
 boys the points of the mariner's compass. — Sea. 
 BRADS, money. Properly a small kind of nails used by cobblers. — Compare 
 
 horse nails. 
 BRAIN-PAN, the skulL ' - >-^ 
 
 BRAIN-CANISTER, the h.eaA.—Pngaiaic. 
 BRAMBLE-GELDER, a derisive appellation for an agriculturist — Suffolk. 
 
 ^f-wt- 1 )hjKu-<) 
 
 Brace up, to pawn stolen goods. 
 
 Bracelets, handcuffs. 
 
 Brad-fakikq, playing at cards. Probably from broads. 
 
 Bbaggadooio, three months' imprisonment as a reputed thief or old offen- 
 der, — sometimes termed a DOSE, or a dollop. — Household Words, voL 
 i-,p.579- 
 
84 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BRANDY PAWNEE, brandy and via.tet.— Anglo-Indian. 
 
 BBAJf-NEW quite new. Properly, Bnvt, beajjd, or Fire-new, i.e., fresh 
 from the anvil, 
 
 BRASS, money. 
 
 BRASS, impudence. In 1803 some artillery-men stationed at Norwich 
 were directed to prove some brass ordnance belonging to the city. To 
 the report delivered to the corporation was appended this note : — 
 " N.B. — It is customary for the corporal to have the old metal when 
 any of the pieces burst." Answer. — " The corporation is of opinion 
 that the corporal does not want brass." 
 
 BRAZEN-FACED, impudent, shameless. See BRASS. Such a person is 
 said " to have rubbed his face with a brass candlestick." 
 
 BRAZIL, a hard red wood ; " hard as Brazil," a common expression. 
 Q,iMrU» in his Emblems says : — 
 
 " Thou know'st my brittle temper's prone to break. 
 Are my bones brazil or my flesh of oak ? " 
 
 BREAD-BAGS, a nickname given in the army and navy to any one con- 
 nected with the victualling department, as a purser, or purveyor in the 
 Commissariat. 
 
 BREAD-BASKET, dumpling-depot, viotuallino-office, &o., are terms 
 given by the " Fancy" to the digestive organ. 
 
 BREAK-DOWN, a noisy dance, and violent enough to break the floor 
 down ; a jovial, social gathering, a flare up; in Ireland, a wedding — 
 (Qy. American ?) 
 
 "BREAK ONE'S BACK," a figurative expression, implying bankruptcy, 
 or the crippling of a person's means. 
 
 " A story is current of a fashionable author answering a late and rather violent 
 knock at his door one evening. A coal-heaver wanted to know if the genllo- 
 man would like a cheap ton of coals ; he was sorry for troubling liim so 
 late, but ' the party as had a-ordered the two ton and a-half couldn't be 
 found,' although he had driven his * waggon for six blessed hours up and 
 down the neighbourhood. Five-and-twenty is the price, but yer shall have 
 them for 20s.' Our author was not to bo tempted, he had heard of the 
 trick before ; so bidding the man go away from his house, he shut the door. 
 The man, however, lingered there, expatiating on the quidity of his coala — 
 • Acterly givin 'em away, and the gent won't have 'em,' said he, addressing 
 the neighbourhood in a loud voice; and tlie last that waa heard of him w:is 
 his anything but sweet voice whistling through the key-hole, * WiU eighteen 
 
 bob BREAK YER BACK?' " 
 
 BREAK SHINS, to borrow money. 
 
 BREAK UP, the conclusion of a performance of any kind — originally a 
 school term. 
 
 BREAKY-LEG, a shilling. 
 
 BREAKY-LEG, strong drink ; " he 'a been to Bungay fair, and BROKE BOTH 
 HIS LEQ8," i.e., got drunk. In the ancient Egyptian language the 
 
 _-^. , determinative character in the hieroglyphic veib 
 
 ) ra'^^Pv^d " ^ ^® drunk," has the significant form of the 
 {'~_^____^ leg of a man being amputated. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 85 
 
 BBEECHED, on to have the bags off, to have plenty of money ; " to be 
 well BREECHED," to be in good circumstances. 
 
 BREECHES, "to wear the bbbkoheb," said of a wife who usurps the 
 husband's prerogative. 
 
 BREEF, probably identical with brief, q. v., a plan of cheating at cards ; 
 thus described in an old book of games of about 1 720 : — 
 
 " Take a pack of cards and open them, then take out all the honours . . . and 
 cut a little from the edges of the rest all aUke, so as to make the honours 
 broader than the rest, so that when your adversary cuts to you, you are 
 certain of an honour. When you cut to your adversary cut at the ends, and 
 then it is a chance if you cut him an honour, because the cards at the ends 
 are all of a length. Thus you may make breefs end-ways, as well aa side- 
 . ways." 
 
 BREEKS, breeches. — Scotch, now common. 
 
 BRICK, a "jolly good fellow ;" " a regular BRICK," a staunch fellow. YK'^ 
 *' I bonneted Whewell when we gave the Rads their gruel. 
 And taught them to eschew all their aiidresses to the Queen. 
 If again they try it on, why to floor them I'll make one. 
 Spite of Peeler or of Don, like a brick and a Bean." \^ _ 
 
 — The Jolly Bachelors, Cambridge, 184a. 
 
 Said to be derived from an expression of Aristotle's — TeTpayavos avrfp. 
 A recently current story informs us that Lillywhite, the cricketer, 
 was originally a brickmaker, and that from him a " stumping bowl " 
 acquired the name of a "regular brick." 
 
 BRIDGE, a cheating trick at cards, by which any particular card is cut by 
 previously curving it by the pressure of the hand. Used in France as 
 well as in England, and termed in the Parisian Argot faire le font. 
 
 BRIEF, a pawnbroker's duplicate. Derived from the following : — 
 BRIEFS, cards constructed on a cheating principle. See bridge, concaves 
 and CONVEXES, longs and shorts, reflectors, &;c. From the German, 
 briefe, which Baron Heinecken says was the name given to the cards 
 manufactured at Ulm. Brief is also the synonyme for a card in the 
 German Rothwahch dialect, and briefen to play at cards. " Item — 
 beware of the Joners, (gamblers,) who practise Beseflery with the 
 BRIEF, (cheating at cards,) who deal falsely and cut one for the other, 
 cheat with Boglein and spies, pick one brief from the ground, and 
 another from a cupboard," &c. — Liber Yagatorum, ed. by Martin 
 Luther, in 1529. English translation, by J. C. Hotten, i860, p. 47. 
 
 See BREBF. 
 
 BRIM, a violent irascible woman, as inflammable and unpleasant as brim- 
 stone, from which the word is contracted. 
 
 BRINEY, the sea. 
 
 BRITT, the street shortening for the Britannia Theatre. 
 
 BRISKET-BEATER, a Roman Catholic. 
 
 BROAD - COOPER, a person employed by brewers to negotiate with 
 pubUcans. 
 
 BROADS, cards. Broadsman, a card-sharper. 
 
86 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 'BROAD AND SHALLOW," an epithet applied to the so-caUed "Broad 
 Church," in contradistinction to the " High " and " Low " Churches. 
 
 See HIOH AND DRY. 
 
 BROAD-FENCER, card-seUer at races. 
 
 BROSIER, a bankrupt. — Cheshire. Bkosier-mt-DAME, Bchool term, imply- 
 ing a clearing of the housekeeper's larder of provisions, in revenge for 
 stinginess. — Eton. 
 
 BROTHER-CHIP, fellow carpenter. Also, brother- whip, a fellow coach- 
 man : and buoiuer-blade, of the same occupation or calling— originally 
 a fellow-soldier. 
 
 BROWN, a halfpenny.— Sec blunt. 
 
 BROWN, "to do BROWN," to do well or completely, (in allusion to roasting;) 
 
 " doing it BROWN," prolonging the frolic, or exceeding sober bounds ; 
 
 "done BROWN," taken in, deceived, or surprised. 
 
 BROWN BESS, the old Government regulation musket; a musket with a 
 browned barrel ; also black Bess. A suggestion has been made that 
 BESS may be from the German buschb, or bosohe, a barrel. 
 
 BROWN SALVE ! an exclamation of surprise at what is heard, and at the 
 same time means, " I understand you." 
 
 BROWN-STUDY, a reverie. Very common even in educated society, but 
 hardly admissible in writing, and therefore considered a vulgarism. It 
 is derived, by a writer in Notes and Queries, from brow study, and he 
 cites the old German braun, or aug-bkaun, an eye-brow. — Hen Jonson. 
 
 BROWN TALK, conversation of an exceedingly proper character, Quaker- 
 ish. Compare blue. 
 
 BROWN-TO, to understand, to comprehend. — American. 
 
 BRUISER, a fighting man, a pugilist. — Pugilistic. Shakspeare uses the 
 word bruising in a similar sense. 
 
 BRUSH, a fox's tail, a house-painter. 
 
 BRUSH, or bbush-ofp, to run away, or move on. — Old Cant. 
 
 BUB, drink of any kind. — See orub. Middleton, the dramatist, mentions 
 
 BUBBER, a great drinker. 
 BUB, a teat, woman's breast, plural BUBBLES; no doubt from bibb. Also 
 
 the preceding. 
 BUBBLE, to over-reach, deceive. — Old. (Acta Segia, ii. 248, 1726.) 
 BUBBLE-AND-SQUEAK, a dish composed of pieces of cold boiled meat 
 
 and greens, and afterwards fried, which have thus first bubbled in the 
 
 pot, and then squeaked or hissed in the pan. 
 BUBBLE-COMPANY, a swindling association. 
 
 Brown papebmen, low gamblers. 
 
 Brum, a counterfeit coin. Nearly obsolete. Corruption of Brummagem, 
 
 (Bromwicham,) the ancient name of Birmingham, me great emporium 
 
 for plated goods and imitation jewellery. 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 8/ 
 
 BTTCK, a gay or smart man ; also an unlicensed cabman. 
 
 BUCKHORSE, a smart blow or box on the ear; derived from the name ol 
 a celebrated " bruiser " of that name. 
 
 BUCKLE, to bend; "I can't buckle to that," I don't understand it; to 
 yield or give in to a person. Shalspeare uses the word in the latter 
 sense, Henry IV.,i.l\ and HalUwell says that "the commentators do 
 not supply another example." How strange that in our own streets 
 the term should be used every day ! Stop the first costermonger, and 
 he will soon inform you of the various meanings of buckle. — See Notes 
 and Queries, vols, vii., viii., ix. 
 
 BUCKLE-BEGGAR, a couple-beggab, which see. 
 
 BUCKLEY, " Who struck buoklet ? " a common phrase used to irritate 
 Irishmen. 
 
 BUCKLE-TO, to bend to one's work, to begin at once, and with great 
 energy — from buckling on one's armour before a combat. 
 
 BUCKRA, a white man. — West Indian Negro. 
 
 BUCKSHISH, a present of money. Over all India, and the East generally, 
 the natives lose no opportunity of asking for buokshish. The usage 
 is such a complete nuisance, that the word is sometimes answered 
 with a blow ; this is termed bamboo buckshish. 
 
 BUDGE, to move, to inform, to split, or tell tales. 
 
 BUFF, the bare skin ; " stripped to the BUFF." 
 
 BUFF, to swear to, or accuse; to split, or peach upon. — Old word foi 
 boasting, 1582. 
 
 BUFFER, a navy term for a boatswain's mate, part of whose duties is to 
 administer the " cat." 
 
 BUFFER, a familiar expression for a joUy acquaintance, probably from 
 the French bouffaed, a fool or clown; a "jolly old bdpfek," said of a 
 good-humoured or liberal old man. In 1737, a buffer was a "rogue 
 that killed good sound horses for the sake of their skins, by running 
 a long wire into them." — Bacchm and Venus. The term was once 
 applied to those who took false oaths for a consideration. 
 
 BUFFLE-HEAD, a stupid or obtuse person. — Miege. German, buftel- 
 HAUPT, buffalo-headed. Occurs in Plautui Comedies made English, 
 
 "^^JJ"''"^ I^BUFFS, the third regiment of foot in the British army. 
 BUFFY, intoxicated.— .ffouse/toZd Words, No. 183. 
 
 BUGGY, a gig, or light chaise. Common term in America and in India. 
 BUG- WALK, a coarse term for a bed. 
 
 Bubblet-jock, a turkey, or sUIy boasting fellow ; a prig. — Scottish. In the 
 
 north of England the bird is called a bobble-cock. Both names no 
 
 doubt from its cry. 
 Budge, strong drink; budgt, drunk; budging-ken, a public-house; 
 
 " cove of the budgino-ken," the landlord. Probably a corruption of 
 
 boozb. — North. 
 
88 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BUILD, applied in fashionable Slang to the make or style of dices, &c. ; 
 
 " it 's a tidy build, who made it ? " 
 
 BULGER, large ; synonymous with bdsteb. 
 
 BULL, one who agrees to purchase stock at a future day, at a stated price, 
 but who does not possess money to pay for it, trusting to a rise in 
 public securities to render the transaction a profitable one. Should 
 stocks fall, the bull is then called upon to pay the difference. See 
 BEAB, who is the opposite of a bull, the former selling, the latter pur- 
 chasing — the one operating for a fall or a pall down, whilst the other 
 operates for a rise or toss up. 
 
 BULL, a crown-piece, formerly bull's etk. See " WOKK THE BULLS." 
 
 BULL-BEEF, a term of contempt; "as ugly as bull-beep," "go to the 
 billy-fencer and sell yourself for bull-beef." 
 
 " BULL THE CASK," to pour hot water into an empty rum puncheon, 
 and let it stand until it extracts the spirit from the wood. The result 
 is drunk by sailors in default of something stronger.— Sea. 
 
 BULLFINCH, a hunting term for a large, thick, quickset hedge, diflScult 
 alike to " top " or burst through. Query, corruption of bolefence ? 
 
 BULLY, a braggart; but in the language of the streets, a man of the most 
 degraded morals, who protects fallen females, and lives off their miser- 
 able earnings. — Skakspeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iiL I : iv. 2. 
 This epithet is often applied in a commendable sense among the vul- 
 gar ; thus — a good fellow or a good horse will be termed " a bullt 
 fellow," " a BULLT horse ; " and " a bullt woman " signifies a rightj 
 good, motherly old soul. 
 
 ISULLYRAG, to abuse or scold vehemently ; to swindle one out of money 
 
 by intimidation and sheer abuse, as alleged in a late cab case, {Evans 
 
 V. Robinson.) 
 
 J J f5'<>t%i ^^ BUM, the part on which we sit. — Shahspeare. Bumbags, trousers; Gael. 
 
 •vCf/TS OJ^Tf\l«TLt »X^ and Fr., bun, a base or bottom ; Welsh, BON, the lowest or worst part 
 
 *! IAj -C. '^ ^ °* anything. 
 
 ' BUM-BAILIFF, a sheriff's-officer, — a term, some say, derived from the 
 
 proximity which this gentleman generally maintains to his victims. 
 Blaehstone says it is a corruption of " bound baihff." 
 
 BUMBLE, to muffle. Bumble-footed, club-footed. 
 
 BUMBLES, coverings for the eyes of horses apt to shy in harness. 
 
 BUMBLE, a beadle. Adopted from Dickens's character in Oliver Twist. 
 This and "bumbledom " are now common. 
 
 Buffer, a dog. Their skins were formerly in great request — hence the 
 term buff meaning in old English to skin. It is still used in the ring, 
 BUFFED meaning stripped to the skin. In Irish Cant, buffer is a 
 boxer. The buffer of a railway carriage doubtless received its very 
 appropriate name from the old pugilistic application of this term. 
 
 Buo-HUNTEK, a low wretch who plunders drunken men. 
 
 Bull, term amongst prisoners for the meat served to them in jail. 
 
 Bulkt, b constable. — North. 
 
tXor 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 89 
 
 BUMBLE-PUPPY, a game played in public-houses on a large stone, 
 placed in a slanting direction, on the lower end of which holes are ex- 
 cayated, and numbered like the holes in a bagatelle-table. The player 
 rolls a stone ball from the higher end, and according to the number of 
 the hole it falls into the game is counted. It is undoubtedly the very 
 ancient game of Troule-in-madame. 
 
 BUM-BOAT, a shore boat which supplies ships with provisions, and serves 
 as means of communication between the sailors and the shore. 
 
 BUM-CURTAIN, an old name for an academical gown when they were 
 worn scant and short, especially those of the students of St John's 
 College. — Camb. Univ. 
 
 BUMMAREE. This term is given to a class of speculating salesmen at 
 Billingsgate market, not recognised as such by the trade, but who get 
 a living by buying large quantities of fish from the salesmen and re-sell- 
 ing them to smaller buyers. The word has been used in the statutes 
 and bye-laws of the market for upwards of 200 years. It has been 
 variously derived. Some persons think it may be from the French 
 BONNE iiAREE, good fresh fish ! " Mar^e signifie toute sorte de poisson 
 de mer que n'est pas sale; bonne mar^e— mar^e fraiche, vendeur de 
 mar^e." — Diet, de I'Acad. Franc. The bummakkes are accused of 
 many trade tricks. One of them is to blow up cod-fish with a pipe until 
 they look double their actual size. Of course when the fish come to table 
 they are flabby, sunken, and half dwindled away. In Norwich, to bum- 
 MABEE ONE is to run up a score at a public-house just open, and is 
 equivalent to " running into debt with one." One of the advertise- 
 ments issued by Hy. Robinson's " Ofpioe," over against Threadneedle 
 Street, was this : — 
 
 "Touching Advice from the OFFICE, you are desired to give and take notice 
 as followeth ; — 
 
 F Monies to be taken up, or delivered on £otto-maria, commonly called 
 
 Bomarie. 
 F money to be put out or taken upon interest," &c. 
 
 — The Publick Inteliigeneer, numb. 17, asth June i66a 
 
 BUMPER, according to Johnson from "bump," but probably fromFreMh 
 BON-PEBE, the fixed toast in monastic life of old, now used for " full 
 measure." A match at quoits, bowls, &c., may end iu a "bumpee game," 
 if the play and score be all on one side. 
 
 BUMPTIOUS, arrogant, self-sufficient. 
 
 BUNCH-OF-FIVES, the hand, or fist. 
 
 BUNDLE, " to BUNDLE a person off," i.e., to pack him off, send him flying. 
 
 BUNDLING, a custom in Wales, and now frequently in America, of men 
 and women sleeping, where the divisions of the house will not permit 
 of better or more decent accommodation, with all their clothes on. 
 
 BUNO, the landlord of a public-house. 
 
 BUNG, to give, pass, hand over, drink, or indeed to perform any action. 
 Bung up, to close up. — Pugilisiie. " Bung over the rag," hand over the 
 money. — Old, used by Beaumont and Fletcher, and Shahipeare. Also, 
 to deceive one by a lie, to cbam, which see. 
 
 "0 
 "0 
 
90 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 BUNKER, beer. 
 
 BUNKUM, American importation, denoting false sentiments in speaking) 
 pretended enthusiasm, &c. The expression arose from a speech made 
 by a North Carolina Senator. 
 
 BUNTS, costermongers' perquisites ; the money obtained by giving light 
 weight, &o. ; costermongers' goods sold by boys on commission. Prob- 
 ably a corruption of boniis, bone, being the Slang for good. Bunoe, 
 Orose gives as the Cant word for money. 
 
 BUKDON'S HOTEL, Whitecross Street Prison, of which the Governor is 
 or was a Mr Burdon. Every prison has a nickname of this kind, either 
 from the name of the Governor, or from some local circumstance. The 
 Queen's Bench has also an immense number of names — SFIKE FABK, 
 &c. ; and every Chief-Justice stands godfather to it. 
 
 BURKE, to kill, to murder, secretly and without noise, by means of 
 strangulation. From Burke, the notorious Edinburgh murderer, who, 
 with an accomplice named Hare, used to decoy people into the den he 
 inhabited, kill them, and sell their bodies for dissection. The wretches 
 having been apprehended and tried, Burke was executed, while Hare, 
 having turned king's evidence, was released. Bishop was their London 
 imitator. The term burke is now usually applied to any project that 
 is quietly stopped or stifled — as " the question has been bukked." A 
 book suppressed before publication is said to be burked. 
 
 BURRAH, great; as burba saib, a great man; bukea. khanah, a great 
 dinner. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 BUS or BUSS, abbrevation of " omnibus," a public carriage. Also, a kiss^ 
 abbrev. of Fr. baiser. A Mr Shillibeer started the first BUS in London. 
 Why is Temple Bar like a lady's veil? Because it wants to be removed to make 
 way for tiie bosses. 
 
 BUS, business (of which it is a contraction) or action, on the stage. — 
 Theatrical. 
 
 BUST, or BURST, to tell tales, to split, to inform. BuSTlNa, informing 
 against accomplices when in custody. 
 
 BUSTER, (burster,) a small new loaf; "twopenny BUSTER," a twopenny 
 loaf. " A pennorth o' BEES-WAX (cheese) and a penny buster," a com- 
 mon snack at beershops. 
 
 BUSTER, an extra size ; " what a BUSTEK," i.e., what a large one ; "in for 
 a BUSTER," determined on an extensive frolic or spree. Scotch, BUS- 
 Tuous ; Icelandic, bostra. 
 
 BUSY-SACK, a carpet-bag. 
 
 BUTCHA, a Hindoo word in use among Englishmen for the young of any 
 
 Bunk, to decamp. " Bunk it I " t.e., be off. 
 
 BuRERK, a lady, a showily-dressed woman. 
 
 " Burt a Moll," to run away from a mistress. 
 
 Busker, a man who sings or performs in a public-house. — Scotch. 
 
 Busk, (or buseinq,) to sell obscene songs and books at the bars and in the 
 
 tap-rooms of public-houses. Sometimes implies selling any articles. 
 Bustle, (money ;) " to draw the bustle." 
 
 'WlJr 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 9 1 
 
 animal. In England we ask after the children ; in India the health of 
 the BUTCHAS is tenderly inquired for. 
 BUTCHER, the king in playing-cards. 
 
 BUTCHER'S MOURNING, a white hat with a Mack mourning hat-hand. 
 This meaning is given on the authority of Mr George Cruikshank. 
 
 BUTTER, or batter, praise or flattery. To butter, to flatter, cajole. 
 Punch defines flattery as " the milk of human kiudness.chumed into 
 
 BDTTER." 
 
 BUTTER-FINGERED, apt to let things fall 
 
 BUTTON, a decoy, sham purchaser, &;c. At any mock or sham auction 
 seedy specimens may be seen. Probably from the connexion of but- 
 torn with Srvmmagem, which is often used as a synonyme for a sham. 
 
 — See BONNET. 
 
 BUTTONER, a man who entices another to play. See bonketeb. 
 
 BUTTONS, a page, — from the rows of gilt buttons which adorn his jacket. 
 
 BUTTONS, " not to have all one's BUTTONS ;" to be deficient in intellect. 
 
 BUTTY, a word used in the mining districts to denote a kind of overseer. 
 (2.) Also used by the Royal Marines in the sense of oonarade ; a police- 
 man's assistant, one of the staff in a miUe. 
 
 BUZ, to share jequally the last of a bottle of wine, when there is not 
 enough for a full glass to each of the party. 
 
 BUZ, a well-known flash game, played as follows : — The chairman com- 
 mences saying "one," the next on the left hand "two," the next 
 " three," and so on to semen, when " buz " must be said. Every seven 
 and multiple of 7, as 14, 17, 21, 27, 28, &o., must not be mentioned, 
 but "buz" instead. Whoever breaks the rule pays a fine, which is 
 thrown on the table, and the accumulation expended in drink for the 
 company. See " SNOOKS and walker " for more complicated varieties 
 of a similar game. 
 
 BY GEORGE, an exclamation similar to BT jove. The term is older than 
 is frequently imagined — vide Bacchm and Venus, (p. 1 1 7,) 1 737' " 'Fore 
 (or by) georqe, I 'd knock him down." A street compliment to Saint 
 
 Buz, to pick pockets ; buz-eaking, robbing. 
 
 Buz-MAN, an informer. 
 
 Buzzer, a pickpocket. Orose gives buz-cove and buz-qloak; the latter 
 
 is very ancient Cant. 
 Buz-Bloak, a pickpocket, who principally confines his attention to purses 
 
 and loose cash. Grose gives buz-qloak, (or CLOAK ?) an ancient Cant 
 
 word. Buz-NAPPEB, a young pickpocket. 
 
 Buz-napper's Academy, a school in which young thieves are trained. 
 Figures are dressed up, and experienced tutors stand in various diffi- 
 cult attitudes for the boys to practise upon. When clever enough 
 they are sent on the streets. It is reported that a house of this nature 
 is situated in a court near Hatton Garden. The system is well ex- 
 plained in Dickens's Oliver Twist. Also buz-knackeb. 
 
ga A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 George, the patron Saint of England, or possibly to the House of 
 Hanover. 
 
 BY GOLLY, an ejaculation, or oath; a compromise for "by God." Bt 
 GUM, is another oblique oath. In the United States, small boys are 
 permitted by their guardians to say OOL darn anything, but they are 
 on no account allowed to commit the profanity of G— -<i d g any- 
 thing. An effective ejaculation and moral waste-pipe for interior pas- 
 sion or wrath is seen in the exclamation — by the EVER-LrviNG jumpinq- 
 lioSES — a harmless phrase, that from its length expends a considerable 
 quantity of fiery anger. 
 
 CAB, in statutory language, "a hackney carriage drawn by one horse." 
 Abbreviated from cabriolet, French; originally meaning "a light, 
 low chaise." The wags of Paris playing upon the word (quasi cabri au 
 lait) used to call a superior turn-out of the kind a cahri au ermine. Our 
 abbreviation, which certainly smacks of Slang, has been stamped with 
 the authority of "George, Ranger" See the notices afiSxed to the 
 carriage entrances of St James's Park. 
 
 CAB, to stick together, to muck, or tumble up. — Devatuhire. 
 
 CABBAGE, pieces of cloth said to be purloined by tailors. 
 
 CABBAGE, to pilfer or purloin. Termed by Johnson a " Cant word," but 
 adopted by later lexicographers as a respectable term. Said to have 
 been first used in the above sense by Arbuthnot, 
 
 CABBAGE-HEAD, a softheaded person. 
 
 CABOBBLE, to confuse.— Sa/oife 
 
 CABBY, the driver of a cab. 
 
 CACKLING-COVE, an actor. Also called a uumraBT-oovi. Theat. 
 
 CACKLE-TUB, a pulpit. 
 
 CAD, or cadger, (from which it is shortened,) a mean or vulgar fellow ; a 
 beggar ; one who would rather live on other people than work for him- 
 self; a man who tries to worm something out of another, either 
 money or information. Johnson uses the word, and gives hxickster as 
 the meaning, but I never heard it used in this sense. Apparently 
 from CAGEB, or gager, the old Cant term for a man. The exclusives 
 at the English Universities apply the term cad to all non-members. 
 
 CAD, an omnibus conductor. 
 
 CADGE, to beg in an artful wheedling manner. — North. In Scotland 
 to CADGE is to wander, to go astray. See under codger. 
 
 CADGING, begging with an eye to pilfering when an opportunity occurs. 
 
 CAG, to irritate, affront, anger. 
 
 CAG-MAQ, bad food, scraps, odds and ends ; or that which no one could 
 relish. Qrote gives cagg maqgs, old and tough Lincolnshire geese, 
 sent to London to feast the poor cockneys. Qael., French, and Welsh, 
 oao, and magn. A correspondent at Trinity College, Dublin, con- 
 eiders this as originally a University Slang term for a bad cook, kokos 
 ftayftpos. There is also a Latin word used by Pliny, MAGMA, denoting 
 dregs or dross. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 93 
 
 CAGE, a minor kind of prison. — Shakspeare, Part ii Henry IV., iv. 4. 
 
 CAKE, a " flat ; " a soft or doughy person, a fool. 
 
 " CALL A GO," in street " patter," is to remove to another spot, or address 
 
 the public in different vein. Also to give in, yield, at any game or 
 
 business. 
 CALEB QUOTEM, a parish clerk; a jack of all trades. 
 CAL., an abbreviation for "Calcraft," the common hangman. 
 CALABOOSE, a prison. — Sea Slang, from the Spanish. 
 CALIFORNIA, money. Derivation very obvious. 
 CAMERONIANS, The, the Twenty-sixth Regiment of Foot in the British 
 
 Army. 
 CAMESA, shirt or chemise. — Span. See its abbreviated form, MISH, from 
 
 the ancient Cant, commission. Probably reintroduced by the remains 
 
 of De Lacy Evans's Spanish Legion on their return. See Somerville's 
 
 account of the Span. Leg., for the curious facility with which the lower 
 
 classes in England adopt foreign words as Slang and Cant terms. 
 
 Italian, CAUiciA. 
 CAMISTER, a preacher, clergyman, or master. 
 CANARY, a sovereign. This is stated by a correspondent to be a Norwich 
 
 term, that city being famous for its breed of those birds. 
 CANISTER, the hesA.— Pugilistic. 
 
 CANISTER-CAP, a ha.t.— Pugilistic. >. 
 
 CANNIBALS, the training boats for the Cambridge freshmen, i.e., " Can- 
 
 NOT-PULLS." The term is applied both to boats sad rowers. — See 
 
 SLOOGEBS. 
 
 CANNIKEN, a small can, similar to pannikin. — Shakspeare. ^^ 
 
 CANT, a blow or toss ; " a cant over the kisser," a blow on the mouth. — 
 Kentish. 
 
 CANTAB, a student at Cambridge. 
 
 "CANT OF TOGS," a gift of clothes. 
 
 CANTANKEROUS, litigious, bad-tempered. An American corruption pro- 
 bably of contentious. A reviewer, however, of this book in the Book- 
 seller of May 26 derives it from the Anglo-Norman contek,* litigation 
 or strife. Another correspondent suggests " cankerous " as the origin. 
 
 CANVASSEENS, sailors' canvas trousers. 
 
 CAP, a false cover to a tossing coin. — See COVEK-down. 
 
 CAPER-MERCHANT, a dancing-master. 
 
 CAPERS, dancing, frolicking ; "to cut caper-sauce," i.e., to dance upon 
 nothing — be hanged, very coarse. 
 
 CAPPER-CLAWING, female encounter, where caps are torn, and nails 
 freely used. Sometimes it is pronounced clapperclaw. The word 
 occurs in Shakspeare. — Troilus and Cressida, v., 4. 
 
 •Bailey has conteke, contention, as a Spenserian word, and the O.B., cohtkkobs, 
 quarrelsome persons. 
 
 Caket-pann0m-fenceb, a man who sells street pastry. 
 
 v^ 
 
94 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 CARAVAN, a raUway train. 
 
 CARAVANSERA, a railway station. A "tip" for the late pugilistic con- 
 test between King and Heenan was given in these words : — " The 
 SCRATCH must be toed at sharp five. The caravan starting at that 
 hour from the cabavansera," i.e., London Bridge. 
 
 CARBOY, a general term in most parts of the world for a very large glass 
 or earthenware bottle. 
 
 CARD, a character. " A queer card," t.c., an odd fish. 
 
 CARDINAL, a lady's cloak. This, I am assured, is the Seven DiaU Cant 
 term for a lady's garment ; but, curiously enough, the same name is 
 given to the most fashionable patterns of the article by Regent Street 
 drapers. A cloak with this name was in fashion in the year 1760. It 
 received its title from its similarity in shape to one of the vestments 
 of a cardinal. 
 
 CARPET, " upon the carpet," any subject or matter that is uppermost 
 for discussion or conversation. Frequently quoted as sur le tapisy but 
 it does not seem to be a correct Parisian phrase. Also servants Slang, 
 When a domestic is summoned by the master or mistress to receive a 
 warning or reprimand, he or she is said to be OAr.PETF:D. The corre- 
 sponding term in commercial establishments is a wigoino, which see. 
 
 CARNEY, 8., soft hypocritical language. Also, v., to flatter, wheedle, or 
 insinuate one's-self. — Prmt. 
 
 CARNISH, meat, from the Hal. cabne, flesh ; a Lingua Franca importa- 
 tion; CARNISH-KEN, a thieves' eating-house; "cove of the oarnish-ken," 
 the keeper thereof. — North Country Cant. 
 
 CAROON, five shillings. French, conBONNE; Cfipsy coubna; Spanish 
 COURNA, half-a-crown. 
 
 CARROT. " Take a carrot ! " a vulgar insulting phrase. 
 
 CARROTS, the coarse and satirical term for red hair. An epigram gives 
 an illustration of the use of this term : — 
 
 •• Why scorn red hair? The Greeks, we know, 
 (I note it here in charity) 
 Had taste in beauty, and with them 
 The graces were all Xapirat I " 
 
 CARRIER-PIGEON, a swindler, one who formerly used to cheat lottery 
 office keepers. Nearly obsolete, 
 
 " CARRY ME OUT ! " a pretended exclamation of astonishment on hearing 
 news too good to be true, or a story too marvellous to be believed. 
 Sometimes varied by " Let me die," i.e., I can't survive that. Pro- 
 fanely derived from the Nunc dimittis, (Luke xi. 29.) The Irish say, 
 " oarrt me out, and bury me decently." 
 
 CARRY-ON, to joke a person to excess, to "carry on" a "spree" too far; 
 " how we CARRIED ON, to be sure I " i.e., what fun we had. Nautical 
 term — from carrying on sail. 
 
 CARRIWITCHET, a hoaxing, puzzling question, not admitting of a satis- 
 factory answer, as — " How far is it from the first of July to London 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 95 
 
 Bridge ? " " K a bushel of apples cost ten shillings, how long will it 
 take for an oyster to eat its way through a barrel of soap ? " 
 
 CA.RT, a racecourse. Query, if a corruption of, or connected with, the 
 well-knowu "correct card" of Dorling, and other clerks of the racing 
 course ? 
 
 CAETS, a pair of shoes. In Norfolk the carapace of a crab is called a erdb 
 cart ; hence carts would be synonymous with crab shells, which »ee. 
 
 CART-WHEEL, a fiveshilUng piece. 
 
 (JA-SA, a writ of capias ad satisfaoikndam. — Legal Slang. 
 
 CASA, or case, a house, respectable or otherwise. Probably from the 
 Italian CASA. — Old Cant. The Dutch use the word east in a vulgar 
 sense for a house, i.e., motiekast, a brothel Case sometimes means 
 a water-closet. 
 
 CASCADE, to vomit. 
 
 CASE. A few years ago the term case was applied generally to persons 
 or things; " what a case he is," i.e., what a curious person ; " a rum 
 case that," or, " you are a case," both synonymous with the phrase 
 " odd fish," common half-a-century ago. Tiiis would seem to have been 
 originaUy a " case " for the police-court ; drunkenness, &c. Among 
 young ladies at boarding-schools a case means a love affair. 
 
 CASK, fashionable Slang for a brougham, or other private carriage. — 
 Eousehold Words, No. 183. 
 
 CASSAM, cheese — not oapean, which Egan, in his edition of Qroae, has 
 ridiculously inserted. — Ancient Cant. Zatin, oabeus. Gael, and Irish 
 caise. 
 
 , « CAST UP ONE'S ACCOUNTS," to voviit.—Old. 
 
 CASTOR, a hat. Castor was once the ancient word for the animal com- 
 monly known as the beaver ; and, strange to add, beaver waa the 
 Slang for castor, or hat, thirty years ago, before gossamer came into 
 fashion. 
 
 CAT, to vomit like a cat. Perhaps from cataract ; but see shoot the cat. 
 
 CAT — cat o' nine tails, a whip with that number of lashes used to 
 punish refractory sailors. — Sea. 
 
 CAT-FACED, a vulgar and very common expression of contempt in the 
 North of England. 
 
 CATAMARAN, a disagreeable old woman. — Thackeray. 
 I CATARACT, a black satin scarf arranged for the display of jewellery, 
 much in vogue among " commercial gents." 
 CATCH-'EM- ALIVE, a trap ; also a small-tooth comb. 
 
 Case, a bad crown-piece. Half-a-case, a counterfeit half-crown. There 
 are two sources, either of which may have contributed this Slang term. 
 Caser is the Hebrew word for a crown ; and silver coin is frequently 
 counterfeited by coating or casino pewter or iron imitation* with 
 silver. 
 
 Cat, a lady's muff; " to free a cat," i.e., steal a muffi 
 
96 A DIGTIONART OF MODERN 
 
 CATCHY, (similar formation to touchy,) inclined to take an undue advantagei 
 CATERWAULING, applied derisively to inharmonious singing; ako love- 
 making, from the noise of cats similarly engaged — in both cases. 
 
 CATEVER, a queer, or singular affair ; anything poor, or very bad. From 
 the Lingua Franca, and Italian, OATTivo, bad. Variously spelled by 
 the lower orders. — See kertever. 
 
 CATGUT-SCRAPER, a fiddler. 
 
 CAT-LAP, a contemptuous expression for weak drink. 
 
 CAT'S-MEAT, a coarse term for the lungs — the "lights" or lungs of 
 animals being usually sold to feed cats. 
 
 CATS-WATER, " old Tom," or Gin. 
 
 CATCH-PENNY, any temporary contrivance to obtain money from the 
 public ; penny shows, or cheap exhibitions. 
 
 CAT -IX -THE -PAN, a traitor, a turn-coat — derived by some from the 
 Greek, Karawav, altogether ; or from cake in pan, a pan-cake, which is 
 frequently turned from side to side. 
 
 CAUCUS, a private meeting held for the purpose of concerting measures, 
 agreeing upon candidates for office before an election, &c. This is an 
 American term, and a corruption of caulker's meeting, being derived 
 from an association of the shipping interest at Boston, previous to the 
 War of Independence, who were very active in getting up opposition 
 to England. — See Pickering'i Vocabulary. 
 
 CAULK, to take a surreptitious nap, sleep generally from the ordinary 
 meaning of the term ; stopping leaks, repairing damages, so as to come 
 out as good as new. — Sea term. 
 
 CAULKER, a dram. — Noctes Ambrodana. 
 
 CAULKER, a too marvellous story, a lie. Choker has the same sense. 
 
 CA VAULTING, a vulgar phrase equivalent to "horsing." The Italian 
 OAVALLINO, signifies a rake or debauchee. — Lingua Franca, c A volt A. 
 
 CAVE, or CAVE IN, to submit, shut up. — American. Metaphor taken from 
 the sinking of an abandoned mining shaft. 
 
 CA-VE ! Latin, beware ! used by school-boys to give warning of the ap- 
 proach of the master. — See nix. 
 
 CAVE - OP - HARMONY, the cider cellars, or Evans's singing saloon. — 
 Thackeray. 
 
 CHAFF, to gammon, joke, quiz, or praise ironically. CHAFF-bone, the jaw- 
 bone. — Yorkshire. Chaff, jesting. In Anglo-Saxon, ceaf is chaff; 
 and oeapl, bill, beak, or jaw. In the Ancren Biwle, aJ). 1221, ceaflb 
 is used in the sense of idle discourse. 
 
 CHAFFER, the mouth ; " moisten your chaffer," ».«., take something to 
 drink. 
 
 " Cat and Kitten Sneaxinq," stealing pint and quart pots bom public- 
 houses. 
 
SLANO, CANT. AND VULOAR WORDS. 97 
 
 CHALK OUT, or chalk down, to mark out a line of conduct or action ; to 
 make a rule or order. Phrase derived from the Worlcshop. 
 
 CHALK UP, to credit, make entry in account books of indebtedness ; " I 
 can't pay you now, but you can chalk it cp," i.e., charge me with the 
 article in your day-book. From the old practice of chalking one's 
 score for drink behind the bar doors of public-houses. 
 
 CHALKS, " to walk one's chalks," to move off, or run away. • An ordeal 
 for drunkenness used on board ship, to see whether the suspected 
 person can walk on a chalked line without overstepping it on either 
 side. — See the following. 
 
 CHALKS, degrees, marks ; so called from being made by a piece of chalk ; 
 " to beat by long chalks," i.e, to be superior by many degrees. 
 
 CHANCERY, " to get a man's head into chancery," i.e., to get an op- 
 ponent's head firmly under one's arm, where it can be pummelled with 
 immense power, and without any possibility of immediate extrication. 
 — Pugilistic term. 
 
 CHANGE, small money. The overplus returned after paying for a thing 
 in a round sum. Hence a Slang expression used when a person receives 
 a " settler " in the shape either of a repartee or a blow — " Take your 
 change out of that ! " 
 
 CHAP, a fellow, a boy ; " a low CHAP," a low fellow — abbreviation of CHAP 
 man, a huckster. Used by Byron in his Critical Remarks. 
 
 CHAPEL, a printer's assembly, held for the purpose of discussing differ- 
 ences between employer and workmen, trade regulations, &c. The 
 term is scarcely Slang, but some compos, ask its insertion in this work. 
 
 CHAPEL-OF-EASE. French, cabinet d'aisance, a house of office. 
 
 CHARLEY, a watchman, a beadle. 
 
 CHATTER-BASKET, common term for a prattling child amongst nurses. 
 
 CHATTER-BOX, an incessant talker or chatterer. 
 
 CHATTS, lice, or body vermin. Prov., any small things of the same kind. 
 
 CHATTY, a filthy person, one whose clothes are not free from vermin ; 
 chatty doss, a lousy bed. 
 
 CHAUNTER-CULLS, a siugiilar body of men who used to haunt certain 
 well-known public-houses, and write satirical or libellous ballads on 
 any person, or body of persons, for a consideration. 7s. 6d. was the 
 usual fee, and in three hours the ballad might be heard in St Paul's 
 Churchyard, or other public spot. As strange as it may appear, there 
 are actually two men in London at the present day who gain their living 
 in this way. Very recently they were singing before the establishment 
 of a fashionable tailor in Regent Street ; and not long since they were 
 bawling their doggerel rhymes outside the mansion of a Norfolk M.P. 
 in Belgravia. 
 
 Chakiot-buzzino, picking pockets in an omnibus. 
 Chakley-pitcher, a low, cheating gambler. 
 Chattry-feeder, a spoon.— Millbank Prison. 
 Chatts, dice, — formerly the gallows ; a hunch of seals. 
 
 U 
 
98 -4 DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 CHAUNTERS, those street selleni of ballads, last copies of verses, and . 
 other broadsheets, who sing or bawl the contents of their papers. 
 They often term themselves papeb workers. — See horsechaukters. 
 
 CHAUNT, to sing the contents of any paper in the streets. Cant, as ap- 
 plied to Tulgar language, was, in all probability, derived from chaunt. 
 — See Introduction, for origin of the term. 
 
 CHAW, to chew; chaw up, to get the better of one, finish him up; 
 chawed up, utterly done for. 
 
 CHAW OVER, to repeat one's words with a view to ridicule ; chaw-bacon 
 a rustic. 
 
 CHEAP, "doing it on the cheap," living economically, or keeping up a 
 showy appearance with very little means. 
 
 CHEAP JACKS, or Johns, oratorical hucksters and patterers of hardware, 
 &o., at fairs and races. They put an article up at a high price, and 
 then cheapen it by degrees, indulging all the time in vollies of coarse 
 wit, until it becomes to all appearance a bargain, and as such it is 
 bought by one of the crowd. The popular idea is that the inverse 
 method of auctioneering saves them paying for the auction licence. — 
 See dutch auction. 
 
 CHEECHEE, this word is used in a rather offensive manner to denote 
 Eurasians, or children by an English father and native mother. It 
 takes its origin in a very common expression of these half-caste females, 
 "Chee-chee," equivalent to our Oh, fie ! — Nonsense ! — For shame ! — 
 Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CHEEK, share or portion; " where 's my cheek?" where is my allowanceJ 
 CHEEK, impudence, assurance ; cheeky, saucy or forward. 
 CHEEK, to irritate by impudence, to accuse. — Lincolnshire. 
 
 " CHEEK BY JOWL," side by side — said often of persons in such close 
 confabulation as almost to have their faces touch. 
 
 CHEEKS ! a jeering and insulting exclamation, believed to be of Scotch 
 origin. 
 
 CHEESE, anything good, first-rate in quality, genuine, pleasant, or ad- 
 vantageous, is termed the cheesk Mayhew thinks cheese, in this 
 sense, is from the Scixon ceosan, to choose, and quotes Chaucer, who 
 uses chese in the sense of choice. The London Guide, 1818, says it 
 was from some young fellows translating " c'est une autre chose " into 
 " that is another cheese." But the expression cheese may be found 
 in the (ripsy vocabulary, and in the Hindostanee and Persian languages. 
 In the last OHiz means a thing. — See under Stilton ; also p. 7 Introd. 
 jj! CHEESE, or cheese it, (evidently a corruption of cease,) leave off, or have 
 
 done ; " cheese your barrikin," hold your nope. ^ .. 
 
 CHEESY, fine or showy. 
 
 Chaunt, " to chaunt the play," to explain the tricks and manoeuvres of 
 thieves. 
 
(J^OA^ ^ a. ^'>ctc ^ ^fc^^<^' 
 
 -* t^i-J- : ^ ^^jUc^^i^inv ■zH>Ac'(iZ -rfi-euj i-<Jif^ jcoC^- Ti^ 
 
 7/ 
 
 ^'t^'^^Ci&ttt- 
 
 ^-^, ^/^^ 25^^ .^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 99 
 
 <3HERRY-BUMS, or ohebubims, a nickname given to the 11th Hussars, 
 (Prince Albert's Own,) from their crimson overalls. 
 
 CHERRY-COLOUK, a term used in a cheating trick at cards. When the 
 cards are being dealt, a knowing one offers to bet that he will tell the 
 colour of the turn-up card. " Done ! " says Mr Green. The sum being 
 named, Mr Sharp affirms that it will be chekrt-coloub ; and as cherries 
 are either black or red, he wins, leaving his victim a wiser man, it is 
 to be hoped, and not a better for the future. 
 
 CHERRY-MERRY, a present of money. Cheert-mebrt-bamboo, a beat- 
 ing. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CHERUBS, or cherubims, the chorister boys who chaunt in the services 
 at the abbeys. 
 
 CHESHIRE CAT, "to grin like a Cheshire cat," to display the teeth 
 and gums when laughing. Formerly the phrase was "to grin like a 
 CHESHraE CAT eating cheese." A hardly latiffactory explanation has 
 been given of this phrase — that Cheshire is a county palatine, and the 
 cats, when they think of it, are so tickled with the notion that they 
 can't help grinning. 
 
 CHICKEN, a term applied to anything young, small, or insignificant ; 
 CHICKEN STAKES; " she 's no chicken," said of an old maid. 
 
 CHICKEN-HEARTED, cowardly, fearful. 
 
 CHI-IKE, a hurrah ; a good word, or hearty praise ; term used by the 
 Costermongers, who assist the sale of each other's goods by a little 
 friendly although noisy commendation. 
 
 CHILDREN'S SHOES, to make, to be made naught of.— /See shoes. 
 
 CHIMNEY-SWEEPER, the aperient mixture commonly called a hlach dose. 
 
 CHINCHIN, a salutation, a compliment. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 CHINK, money. — Ancient. — See plorio. 
 
 t/HINK, money. — Ancient. — ^»ee PLORio. 1 ff- It ' 
 
 CHINKERS, money. J ' iiji' ^ . V 
 
 CHIN-WAG, officious impertinence. {J/^l •' U- (^ • 
 
 tJ^f^ "^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 'CHIP OF THE OLD BLOCK," a child who resembles its father. j „ , AsP*^ \ '^^ 
 
 Brother chip, one of the same trade or profession. 
 
 CHIPS, money ; also a nickname for a carpenter. — Sea. 
 
 CHIRP, to give information, "peach." 
 
 CHISEL, to cheat, to take a slice oiF anything. 
 
 CHIT, a letter; corruption of a Hindoo word. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CHITTERLINGS, the shirt frills worn still by ancient beaux; properly 
 the entrails of a pig, to which they are supposed to bear some resem- 
 blance. Belgian, sohyterlingh. 
 
 CHIVE, or CHITET, a shout, a halloo, or cheer; loud tongued. From 
 chevt-chase, a boy's game, in which the word CHEV¥ is bawled aloud ; 
 or from the Gipsy I — See Introduction. 
 
 CHIVE-FENCER, a street hawker of cutlery. 
 
 CHIVEY, to chase round, or hunt about. Apparently from CHIVET-OHASK 
 
 CHOAKEE, the black hole. — Military — Anglo-Indian. 
 
lOO A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 CHOCK-FULL, full till the scale comes down with a shock.— J'mxJl, OHOO. 
 
 A correspondent suggests ohoked-fdll. 
 CHOKE OFF, to get rid of. Bull-dogs can only be made to loose their 
 
 hold by choking them. 
 CHOKER, a cravat, a neckerchief. White-CHOKEB, the white neckerchief 
 worn by mutes at a funeral, and waiters at a tavern. Clergymen are 
 frequently termed white-chokeks. 
 CHOKER, or wiND-STOPPEK, a garotter. 
 CHONKEYS, a kind of mince-meat baked in a crust, and sold in the 
 
 streets. 
 CHOOPS, a corruption of chooprao, keep silence. — Anglo-Indian. 
 CHOOTAH, small, insignificant. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CHOP, in the Canton jargon of Anglo-Chinese, this word has several signi- 
 fications. It means an official seal, a permit, a boat-load of teas. 
 First chop signifies first quality ; and chop-chop, to make haste. 
 CHOP, to exchange, to "swop." — Old. 
 CHOPS, properly chaps, the mouth, or cheeks ; " down in the CHOPS," or 
 
 " down in the mouth," i.e., sad or melancholy. 
 CHOUSE, to cheat out of one's share or portion. Hackluyt, ohaus; Mas- 
 singer, CHIAUS. From the Turkish, in which language it signifies an 
 interpreter. Gifford gives a curious story as to its origin : — 
 " In the year 1609 there was attached to the Turkish embassy in England an 
 interpreter, or chiaous, who, by iiunning, aided by his offioial position, 
 managed to cheat the Turlcish and Persian merchants, then in London, out 
 of the large sum of ;iJ4ooo, then deemed an enormous amount. From the 
 notoriety which attendeii the fraud, and the magnitude of the swindle, any 
 one who cheated or defrauded was said to chiaoiu, or chause, or chouse ; 
 to do, that is, as this Chiaous had done." — See Trench, Eng. Past and Present, 
 p. 87. 
 Chiaus, according to Sandys, {Travels, p. 48,) is "one who goes 
 on embassies, executes commandments," &c. The particular Chiaus 
 in question is alluded to in Ben Jonson's Alchymist, 1610. 
 
 *' J). What do you think of me? 
 That I am a chiaus! 
 Pace. What 's that ? 
 
 J). The Turk [who] was here. 
 
 As one would say, do you think I am a Turk J " 
 
 CHOUT, an entertainment. — East end of London. 
 
 CHOVEY, a shop. — Costermmger. 
 
 CHOW-CHOW, a mixture, food of any Mni.— Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 CHUBBY, round-faced, plump. 
 
 Chivalbt, coition. Probably a corruption from the Lingua Franea. 
 
 Chive, a knife; a sharp tool of any kind. — Old Cant This term ia 
 
 especially applied to the tin knives used in gaols. 
 Chive, to cut, saw, or file. — Prison. 
 Chbistenino, eraamg the name of the maker from a stolen watch, and in- 
 
 sertmg a fictitious one in its place. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. lOI 
 
 CHUCK, a schoolboy's treat. — Weitminster School. Pood, provision for an 
 entprtainment, — Norwich. 
 
 CHUCK, to throw or pitcli. 
 
 CHUCK IN, to challenge — from the pugilistic custom of throwing a hat 
 into the ring; a modern yersion of " throwing down the gauntlet." 
 
 " CHUCKING A JOLLY," when a costermonger praises the inferior 
 article his mate or partner is trying to sell. See CHI-IKE. 
 
 CHUCKLE-HEAD, much the same as "buffle-head," ''cabbage-head," 
 " chowder-head," " cods-head," — all signifying that large abnormal form 
 of skull always supposed to accompany stupidity and weakness of in- 
 tellect ; as the Scotch proverb, " muckle head and little wit." — Devon- 
 shire. 
 
 CHUCK UP, to surrender, give in — from the custom of throwing up the 
 sponge at a prize fight in token of yielding. 
 
 CHUCKS ! Schoolboy's signal on the master's approach. 
 
 CHUFF IT, i.e., be off, or take it away, in answer to a street seller who ig 
 importuning you to purchase. Balliwdl mentions chuff as a " term 
 of reproach," surly, &c. 
 
 CHULL, make haste. An abbreviation of the Mindottanee cmjLto, signi- 
 fying " go along." Chull is very commonly used to accelerate the 
 motions of a servant, driver, or palanquin-bearer. 
 
 CHUM, an acquaintance. A recognised term, but in such frequent use 
 with the lower orders that it demanded a place in this glossary. 
 Stated to be from the Gad. caomh, a friend. 
 
 CHUM, to occupy a joint lodging with another person. Latin, cum. 
 
 CHUMMING-UP, an old custom amongst prisoners when a fresh culprit is 
 admitted to their number, consisting of a noisy welcome — rough 
 music made with pokers, tongs, sticks, and saucepans. For this ova- 
 tion the initiated prisoner has to pay, or fork over, half a crown — or 
 submit to a loss of coat and waistcoat The practice is ancient. 
 
 CHUMMY, a chimney-sweep — probably connected with chimney; also a 
 low-crowned felt hat. 
 
 CHUMP, the head or face. ViJ.. N.rtl-i An%. Tvevie-NW, li^-J-Xtf/i. 
 
 CHUNK, a thick or dumpy piece of any substance. — Kentish. 
 
 CHURCHWARDEN, a long pipe, " a yard of clat ;" probably so called 
 
 from the long pipes which are usually placed before those function- ^-..^ 
 
 aries as marks of respect when they honour the parlours of public- >, i/ryLe e,^-*-*''-^ 
 
 houses with their company, (^^ T) C h ~~' ''■^^*' ^■'*^ 
 
 CINDER, any liquor used in connexion with soda water, as to " take a -^r*?''''*^' 
 
 soda with a CINDER in it." The cinder may be sherry, brandy, or any V pf-re. 
 
 other liquor. 
 
 " Chuck a Stall," where one rogue walks in front of a person while another 
 picks his pockets. 
 
 " Church a Yack," (or watch,) to take the works of a watch from its ori- 
 ginal case and put them into another one, to avoid detection. — See 
 
 CHRISTEN. 
 
I02 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 CIRCUMBENDIBUS, a round-about way, or atory. 
 
 CLACK-BOX, a garrulous person, so called from the rattle formerly used 
 by Tagranta to make a rattling noise and attract attention. — Norfolk. 
 
 *,* A common proverb in this county is, " your tongue goes like A 
 baker's clap-dish," which is evidently a modern corruption of beggars' 
 CLAP or CLACK DISH mentioned in Shakspeare's Meamrefor Measure, iii. 
 2. It was a wooden dish with a movable cover. 
 
 CLAGGUM, boiled treacle in a hardened state, Hardbake. — See cliqot. 
 
 CLAP, to place ; " do you think you can clap your hand on him ? " it, 
 iind him out. 
 
 CLAPPER, the tongue. 
 
 CLAP-TRAP, high-sounding nonsense. An ancient Theatrical term for a 
 " TRAP to catch a clap by way of applause from the spectators at a 
 play." — Bailey's Dictionary. 
 
 CLARET, blood — Pugilistic. Said to have originated at Badminton. 
 
 CLASHT, a low fellow, a labourer. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CLEAN, quite, or entirely ; " clean gone," entirely out of sight, or away. 
 — Old, see Cotgrave. — Shakespeare. Clkah oohtbaet, quite different 
 opposite. 
 
 CLEAN OUT, to thrash, or beat ; to ruin, or bankrupt, any one ; to take 
 all they have got, by purchase or force. De Quincey, in his article on 
 Richard Bentley, speaking of the lawsuit between that great scholar 
 and Dr Colbatch, remarks that the latter " must have been pretty well 
 cleaned out." 
 
 CLICK, a knock, or blow. Click-handed, left-handed. — Cornish. 
 
 CLICK, to snatch, to puU away something that belongs to another. 
 
 CLICKER, a female touter at the bonnet shops in Cranbourn Alley. In 
 Northamptonshire, the cutter out in a shoemaking establishment. * 
 
 CLIGGY, or CLIDQT, sticky. — Anglo-Saxon, cl^g, clay. — See clagqdm. 
 
 CLINCHER, that which rivets or confirms an argument, an incontrovert- 
 ible position. Also a lie which cannot be surpassed, a stopper-up, 
 said to be derived as follows : — Two notorious liars were backed to out- 
 lie each other. " I drove a nail through the moon once," said the 
 first. " Right," said the other ; " I recollect the circumstance well, for 
 I went round to the back part of the moon and clinched it" — hence 
 clincher. 
 
 CLIPPING, excellent, very good. Clipper, anything showy or first-rate. 
 
 * In the Dictionary of the Terms, Ancitnt and Modem, of the Canting Creui, Land. 
 XL d. (but prior to 1700,) the cltckeb is described as '* the shoemaker's journeyman or 
 servant, that cutta out all the work, and stands at or walks before the door, and 
 sales — ' What d'ye lack, sir? what d'ye buy, madam? ' " 
 
 Clipt, to steal. 
 
 Clinch, to get the, to be locked up in jail. 
 
 Cling-rio, stealing tankards from public-bouses, &o. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 103 
 
 CLOCK. " to know what's o'clock," a definition of knowingnesa in general 
 — See TIME o' DAY. 
 
 CLOD-HOPPER, a country clown. 
 
 " CLOUD, TO BE UNDER A," to be in disgrace, or disrepute. 
 
 CLOUD, TO BLOW A, to smoke a pipe. 
 
 CLOUT, or RAO, a cotton pocket-handkerchief. — Old Cant, 
 
 CLOUT, a blow, or intentional strike. — Ancient. 
 
 CLOVER, happiness, luck, a delightful position — from the supposed hap- 
 piness which attends cattle when they suddenly find their quartern 
 changed from a barren field to a meadow of clover. 
 
 CLUMP, to strike, to beat.— Pro». 
 
 CLY, a pocket. — Old Cant for to steal. A correspondent derives this word 
 from the Old English cletes, claws ; Anglo-Saxon clea. This pro- 
 nunciation is still retained in Norfolk ; thus, to clt would mean to 
 pounce upon, snatch. — See frisk. Gael, cliah, (pronounced olee,) a 
 basket. 
 
 COACH, a Cambridge term for a private tutor, termed a rural coaob 
 when he is not connected with a college. 
 
 COACH-WHEEL, or tusheroon, a crown-piece, or five shillings. 
 
 COALS, " to haul (or pull) over the coals," to take to task, to scold. Sup- 
 posed by Jamieson to refer to the ordeal by fire, 
 
 COAL, money ; " post the coal," put down the money. The phrase was 
 used by Mr Buokstone at the Theatrical Fund Dinner of 1863. From 
 this is derived the theatrical term coaling, profitable, very good, which 
 an actor will use if his part is full of good and telling speeches — thus, 
 " my part is full of coaling lines." 
 
 COBBING, a punishment inflicted by sailors and soldiers among them- 
 selves. See Grose, and Captain Marryat't novels. A hand-saw is the 
 general instrument of punishment. 
 
 COCK, a familiar term of address ; "jolly old cock," a jovial fellow, "how 
 are you, old cock ? " Frequently rendered now-a-days, cock-e-e, a vul- 
 gar street salutation — corruption of cock-ete. The latter is frequently 
 heard as a shout or street cry after a man or boy. 
 
 COCK, a smoking term ; " cocking a Brosely," i.e., smoking a pipe. 
 
 Broseley in Staffordshire is famous for " churchwardens." 
 COCK-A-HOP, in high spirits. 
 
 COCK-A-WAX, an amplification of the simple term cock, sometimes 
 " Lad of wax" in S. S. 
 
 " COCK AND A BULL STORY," a long, rambling anecdote.— /See Nota 
 and Queries, vol. iv., p. 313. 
 
 COCK-AND-HEN-CLUB, a free and easy gathering, where females are 
 admitted as well as men. 
 
 Cly-faker, a pickpocket. 
 
I04 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 COCK-AND-PINCH, the old-faahioned beaver hat, affected by "gwells" 
 and "sporting gents" forty years ago — COCKED back and front, and 
 PINCHED up at the sides. 
 
 COCKER, "it is all right, according to Cocker," meaning that everythinghag 
 been done en riyle. The phrase refers to the celebrated writing-master 
 of Charles II.'s time, whose Arithmetic, Dictionary, &c., were long the 
 standard authorities. The Arithmetic, probably the work referred to, 
 was first published in 1677-8, and though it reached more than sixty 
 editions, is considered a very scarce book.* A curious fact may here 
 be mentioned in connexion with this saying. It has been stated, and 
 very well proved, that many words popular in Shak.9peare's time, and 
 now obsolete in this country, are still in every-day use in the older 
 English settlements of North America. The editor of this work waa 
 surprised, when travelling through Western Canada, to find that in- 
 stead of the renowned Cocker the people appealed to another and more 
 learned authority. " According to Gdnter," is a phrase in continual 
 Transatlantic use. This scientific worthy invented the sector in 1606; 
 and in 1623, about the time of the great Puritan exodus to North 
 America, he brought out his famous Rule of Proportion. This was 
 popularly known as Gunter's Proportion, or " Gunter's Line," and the 
 term soon became a vulgar standard of appeal in cases of doubt or dis- 
 pute. 
 
 COCK-EYE, one that squints. 
 
 COCKED-HAT-CLUB, the principal clique amongst the members of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, who virtually decide whether any person pro- 
 posed shall be admitted or not. The term comes from the " cocked- 
 hat" placed before the president at the sittings. 
 
 COCKLES, " to rejoice the cockles of one's heart," a vulgar phrase imply- 
 ing great pleasure. — iSee Pldck. 
 
 COCKNEY, a native of London. Originally, a spoilt or effeminate boy, 
 derived from cockering, or foolishly petting a person, rendering them 
 of soft or luxurious manners. Halliwdl states, in his admirable essay 
 upon the word, that " some writers trace the word with much probabi- 
 lity to the imaginary land of cockaygne, the lubber land of the olden 
 times." Grose gives Minsheu's absurd but comical derivation : — A 
 citizen of London being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, 
 exclaimed, " Lord I hmc that horse laughs!" A bystander informed him 
 that that noise was called neighing. The next morning, when the 
 cock crowed, the citizen, to shew that he had not forgotten what wag 
 told him, cried out, " do you hear how the cock neighs ? " 
 
 • CocKKR. Professor de Morgan (Notes and Queries, Jan. 27, 1855) says that the 
 main goodness of Cocker's Tutor consists in his adopting the abbreviated system of 
 division ; and suggests that it became a proverbial representative of arithmetic from 
 Murphy's farce of The Apprentice, 1756, in which the strong point of the old merchant, 
 Wingate, is his extreme reverence for Cocker and his arithmetic. 
 
 CocKCHArsB, the treadmill. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 105 
 
 "COCK OP THE WALK," a master spirit, liead of a party. Places 
 where poultry are fed are called walks, and the barn-door cocks in- 
 Tariably fight for the supremacy till one has obtained it. 
 
 COCKS, fictitious narratives, in verse or prose, of murders, fires, and ter- 
 rible accidents, sold in the streets as true accounts. The man who 
 hawks them, a patterer, often changes the scene of the awful event to 
 suit the taste of the neighbourhood he is trying to delude. Possibly 
 a corruption of cook, a cooked statement, or, as a correspondent sug- 
 gests, the COCK LANE ghost may have given rise to the term. This 
 had a great run, and was a rich harvest to the running stationers. 
 
 "COCK ONE'S TOES," to die. 
 
 COCK-ROBIN SHOP, a small printer's office, where low wages are paid 
 to journeymen who have never served a regular apprenticeship. 
 
 COCKSHY, a game at fairs and races, where trinkets are set upon sticks, 
 and for one penny three throws at them are accorded, the thrower 
 keeping whatever he knocks off. From the ancient game of throwing 
 or " shying" at live cocks. 
 
 COCKSURE, certain. 
 
 COCKY, pert, saucy. 
 
 COCKYOLY BIRD, a Uttle bird, frequently called "a dickey bird."— 
 Kingslq/'s Two Years Ago. j, /^ ■, 
 
 COCK, "to COCK your eye," to shut or wink one eye. ^^^i'^^A) (1 ) 
 
 COCUM, advantage, luck, resources ; " Jack 's got COCUM, he 's safe to get 
 on, he is," — viz., he starts under favourable circumstances. See the fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 COCUM, cunning, sly, "to fight cooOTt," to be wily and cautious. Allied 
 perhaps to the Scottish keek. Qerman, QUOKEN, to peep or pry into. 
 
 COD, to hoax, take a " rise " out of one. 
 
 CODDS, the "poor brethren" of the Charter House. At p. 133 of the 
 Newcomes, Mr Thackeray writes, " The Cistercian lads call these 
 old gentlemen oodds, I know not wherefore." An abbreviation of 
 CODGER. 
 
 CODDAM, a low public-house game, much affected by medical students 
 and cabmen, three on each side. The game is " simplicity itself," but 
 requires a great amount of low cunning, and peculiar mental ingenuity. 
 
 CODGER, or cooer, an old man ; " a rum old codger," a curious old fel- 
 low. CoDQER is sometimes used as synonymous with cadger, and then 
 signifies a person who gets his living in a questionable manner. 
 " CoGERS," the name of a debating society, formerly held in Bride 
 Court, Fleet Street, and still in existence. The term is probably a 
 corruption of coqitatorb. 
 
 COFFEE-SHOP, a water-closet, or house of office. 
 
 COG, to cheat at dice. — Shakipeare. Also, to agree with, u one cog-wheel 
 does with another. 
 
 COLD BLOOD, a house licensed for the sale of beer " mot to be drunk on 
 the premises." 
 
io6 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 COLD COFFEE, misfortune ; sometimea varied to cold qhuel. — Seo. 
 COLD COFFEE, an Oxford synonyme for a " SeU," which sea. 
 ^OLD COOK, an undertaker. 
 Ml!OLD MEAT, a corpse. Cold meat box, a cofBn. 
 
 COLD SHOULDER, "to shew or give anyone the COLD SHOULDER," to 
 
 assume a distant manner towards them, to evince a desire to cease 
 
 acquaintanceship. Sometimes it is termed "cold shocldek of mutton." 
 
 COLFABIAS, a Latinised Irith phrase signifying the closet of decency, 
 
 applied as a Slang term to a place of resort in Trinity CoUege, Dublin. 
 
 COLLAR, "out of collar," i.e., out of place, no work. Probably a varia- 
 tion of the metaphorical expressions " in, or out of harness," i.e., in or 
 out of work — the horse being in collar when harnessed for his work. 
 
 COLLAR, to seize, to lay hold of. Thieves' Slang, i.e., to steal. 
 
 " COLLAR AND ELBOW," a term for a peculiar throw in wrestling. 
 
 COLLOGUE, to conspire, talk mysteriously together in low tones, plot 
 mischief. More connected with " colloquy " than " colleague." — East 
 coast. 
 
 COLLY-WOBBLES, the stomach ache, a person's bowels, — supposed by 
 many of the lower orders to be the seat of feeling and nutrition ; an idea 
 either borrowed from, or transmitted by, the ancients. — Devonshire. 
 
 COLOUR, complexion, tint ; " I 've not seen the colour of his money," i.e., 
 he has never paid me any. In fortune-telling by cards, a diarmmd 
 colour is the fairest ; heart-colour, fair, but not so fair as the last ; clvi 
 colour, rather swarthy ; spade colour, an extremely dark complexion. 
 
 COLT, a murderous weapon, formed by slinging a small shot to the end of 
 a rather stiff piece of rope. It is the original of the mis-named "life- 
 preserver." 
 
 COLT, a person who sits as juryman for the first time. 
 
 COLT, to fine a new juryman a sum to be spent in drink, by way of "wet- 
 ting " his ofiice. 
 
 COLT, to make a person free of a new place, which is done by his standing 
 treat, and submitting to be struck on the sole of the foot with a piece 
 of board. — Prov. 
 
 COLT'S TOOTH, elderly persons of juvenile tastes are said to have a 
 colt's tooth, t.e., a desire to shed their teeth once more, to see life 
 over again. 
 
 COMB-CUT, mortified, disgraced, "down on one's luck." — See cut. 
 
 COME, a Slang verb used in many phrases ; " an't he coming it ? " i.e., is 
 he not proceeding at a great rate ? " Don't come tricks here," " don't 
 come the old soldier over me," i.e. , we are aware of your practices, 
 and "twig" your manoeuvre. Coming it strong, exaggerating, going 
 a-bead, the opposite of " drawing it miid." COMINO II also means in- 
 forming or disclosing. 
 
 COME DOWN, to pay down. 
 
 (T'K/JIj 
 
 f 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND- VULGAR WORDS. IQ-J 
 
 COMMISSION, a shirt. — Ancient Cant. Italian, oamicu 
 •* As from our beds, we doe oft cast our eyes, 
 Cleaiie linnen yeelds a shirt before we rise, 
 Which is a garment shifting in condition ; 
 And in the canting tongue, is a commission. 
 In wealo or woe, in joy or dangerous drifts, 
 A shirt will put a man unto his shifts.'* 
 
 — Taylor's Works, 1630. 
 
 COMMISTER, a chaplain or clergyman. — Originally Old Cant. 
 
 COMMON SEWER, a drain, — vulgar equivalent for a drink. 
 
 COMMONS, rations, because eaten in common. — University. Short coh 
 MONS, (derived from the University Slang term,) a scanty meal, a 
 scarcity. 
 
 COMPRADOR, a purveyor. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 CONCAVES AND CONVEXES, a pack of cards con- HT^ r~rn 
 
 trived for cheating, by cutting all the cards from the I i I — ^-J 
 
 two to the seven concave, and all from the eight to the king convex. 
 Then by cutting the pack breadth-wise a convex card is cut, and by 
 cutting it length-wise a concave is secured. — See Longs and Shorti. 
 
 CONJEE, a kind of gruel made of rice. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CONK, a nose. Possibly, from the Latin concha, a shell. Qreek, Koyyri 
 
 hence anything hollow. Somewhat of a parallel may be found in the 
 Latin TESTA, an earthenware pot, a shell, (Cicero,) and in later Latin, 
 a scull, (Anson ;) from whence the French teste, or tete, head. 
 CoNKT, having a projecting or remarkable nose. The Duke of Welling- 
 ton was frequently termed " Old conky " in satirical papers and carica- 
 tures. 
 
 CONNAUGHT RANGERS, the Eighty-eighth Regiment of Foot in the 
 
 British Army. 
 CONSHUN'S PRICE, fair terms, without extortion.— Ajiglo-Chinese. 
 CONSUMAH, a hutlei.— Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CONSTABLE, " to overrun the constable," to exceed one's income, get 
 deep in debt. 
 
 CONTANGO, among stock-brokers and jobbers, is a certain sum paid for 
 accommodating a buyer or seller, by carrying the engagement to pay 
 money or deliver shares over to the next account day. 
 
 COOEY, the Australian bush-call, now not unfrequently heard in the 
 streets of London. 
 
 COOK, a term well known in the Bankruptcy Courts, referring to accounts 
 that have been meddled with, or cooked, by the bankrupt ; also the 
 forming a balance-sheet from general trade inferences; stated by a 
 correspondent to have been first used in reference to the celebrated 
 alteration of the accounts of the Eastern Counties Railway, by George 
 Hudson, the Railway King. 
 
 Convey, to steal ; " convey, the wise it call." 
 
 Conveyanckb, a pickpocket. Shakspeare uses the Cant expression con- 
 veyer, a thief. The same term is also French Slang, 
 
X08 A DWTIONAUT OF MODERN 
 
 "COOK ONE'S GOOSE," to kill or ruin a person.— iVoriA. 
 
 COOLER, a glass of porter as a wind up, after drinking spirits and water, 
 
 COOLIE, a soldier, in allusion to the Hindoo coolies, or day labourers. 
 
 COON, abbreviation of racoon. — American. A gone coon — ditto, one ia 
 an awful fix, past praying for. This expression is said to have origi- 
 nated in the American war with a spy, who dressed himself in a 
 racoon skin, and ensconced himself in a tree. An English rifleman 
 taking him for a veritable coon, levelled his piece at him, upon which 
 he exclaimed, " Don't shoot, I '11 come down of myself, I know I 'm a 
 GONE COON." The Yankees say the Britisher was so flummuxed, that 
 he flung down his rifle and " made tracks" for homr The phrase is 
 pretty usual in England. 
 
 COOPER, stout "HALF-AND-HALF," 1.6., half stout and half porter. De- 
 rived from the coopers at breweries being allowed so much stout and 
 so much porter a day, which they have mixed sooner than drink the 
 porter after the stout. 
 
 COOPER, to destroy, spoil, settle or finish. Coopered, spoilt, " done up," 
 synonymous with the Americanism caved in, fallen in, ruined. The 
 vagabonds' hieroglyphic V> chalked by them on gate posts and houses, 
 signifies that the place has been spoilt by too many tramps calling there. 
 
 COOTER, " a sovereign." — See couteb. Oipiy, cuta. 
 
 COP, to seize or lay hold of anything unpleasant ; used in a similar sense 
 to catch in the phrase " to COP (or catch) a beating," " to get coPT," &c. 
 
 COP, beware, take care. A contraction of copbador. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 COPER, properly hobse-oouper, a Scotch horse-dealer, — used to denote a 
 dishonest one. 
 
 COPPER, a policeman, i.e., one who coPS, which see. 
 
 COPPER, a halfpenny. Coppers, mixed pence. 
 
 COPUS, a Cambridge drink, consisting of ale combined with spices, and 
 varied by spirits, wines, &c. Corruption of hippocras. 
 
 CORINTHIANISM, a term derived from the classics, much in vogue some 
 years ago, implying pugilism, high life, " sprees," roistering, &c. — 
 Shakspeare, I Men. IV., ii. 4. The immorality of Corinth was proverbial 
 in Greece. KopivOia^ faOai, to Corinthianise, indulge in the company 
 of courtesans, was a Greek Slang expression. Hence the proverb— 
 
 Ov TravTos dvdpiis fls Koptpdov eaff 6 nXoiif : 
 and Horace, Epist. lib. i, xviL 36 — 
 
 *',Non cuivls homini contlngit adire Corinth urn,** 
 
 in allusion to the spoliation practised by the " hetserse " on those who 
 
 visited them. 
 CORK, " to draw a CORK," to give a bloody nose — Pugilistic. 
 CORKED, said of wine which tastes of cork, from being badly decanted. 
 
 Cooper, to forge, or imitate in writing ; " coo pes a moneker," to forge a 
 signature. 
 
/ 
 
SLAy-G, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 109 
 
 CORKER, " that'B a cobker," i.e., that settles the question, or closes the 
 discussion. 
 
 CORKS, a butler. 
 
 CORKS, money ; "how are you off for corks?" a soldier's term of a very 
 expressive kind, denoting the means of " keeping afloat." Cork is also 
 used in connexion with money when persons at a hotel provide their 
 own wine — sixpence being charged for each '^ cork " drawn. 
 
 CORNED, drunk or intoxicated. Possibly from soaking or pickling one'a- 
 self like corned beef. 
 
 CORNER, "the corner," Tattersall's famous hoise repository and betting 
 rooms, so called from the fact of its situation, which is at Hyde-Park 
 Comer. 
 
 CORNERED, hemmed in a comer, placed in a position from which there 
 is no escape. — American. 
 
 CORNER-MAN, the end singer of a corps of Ethiopian or nigger minstrels. 
 In a theatrical advertisement in the Era there was, " Wanted a good 
 corner-man Tambo, who can dance." A particularly clever man is 
 required for the corner station, and in this case he w as required to play 
 on the tambourine as well. We insert it as a specimen of Theat. Slang. 
 
 CORPORATION, the protuberant front of an obese person. 
 
 CORPSE, to confuse, or pui out the actors by making a mistake. — Theat. 
 
 COSSACK, a policeman. 
 
 COSTERMONGER, a street seller of fish, fruit, vegetables, poultry, &c. 
 The London costermongers number more than 30,000. They form a 
 distinct class, occupying whole neighbourhoods, and are cut off from 
 the rest of metropolitan society by their low habits, general improvi- 
 dence, pugnacity, love of gambling, total want of education, disregard 
 for lawful marriage ceremonies, and their use of a Cant (or so-called 
 bach Slang) language. Costermongeb aliter costardmonger, i.e., an 
 apple-seller. In Nam's Glossary (Ed. H. & W.) they are said to have 
 been frequently Irish. So, Ben Jonson — 
 
 '* Her father was an Irish cosTAirMONOER." 
 
 — Alchym.t iv. 1. 
 
 " In England, Sir, troth I ever laugh whwi I think on 't. 
 
 Why, sir, there all the coster-monoers are Irish." 
 
 —2 P. Ben. IY.,0. PI. ML 375. 
 
 Their noisy manners are alluded to in Beaumont and Fletcher's Scorn- 
 ful Lady, iv. I. 
 
 *' And then he'll rail like a rude costeb-mongeb 
 That school-boys had couponed of his apples. 
 As loud and senseless." 
 
 COSTER, the short and Slang rendering of " costermonger," or " costard- 
 monger," who was originally an apple-seller. Costerino, i.e., coster- 
 mongering, acting as a costermonger would. 
 
 COTTON, to like, adhere to, or agree with any person ; " to cotton on to 
 a man," to attach yourself to him, or fancy him. literally, to stick to 
 
no A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 him as cotton would. Tide BartUtt, who claims it as an Americanism , 
 and HaUiwell, who terms it an Archaism; also Bacchm and Veniis, 1 737. 
 
 *' Her heart 's as hard as taxes, and as bad ; 
 She does not even cotton to her dad." 
 
 — Haliiday and Lawranctt Kenilworth Burlague, 
 
 COTTON LORD, a Manchester manufacturer. 
 
 COUNCIL-OF-TEN, the toes of a man who turns his feet inward. 
 
 COUNTER, to hit back, exchange blows. — Pugilistic term. 
 
 COUNTER-JUMPER, a shopman, a draper's assistant. 
 
 COUNTRY-SHIP, a ship belonging to the East Indies, and trading from 
 port to port in that country. 
 
 COUNTRY-CAPTAIN, a epatch-cocked fowl, sprinkled with curry-powder. 
 A favourite breakfast dish with the captains of oountkyships. 
 
 COUPLE-BEGGAR, a degraded person, who ofBciated as a clergyman in 
 performing marriages in the Fleet Prison. 
 
 COUTER, a sovereign. HALF-A-conxER, half-a-sovereigu. From the Danu- 
 hian-gip»y word cuta, a gold coin. 
 
 COTE, or COVET, a boy or man of any age or station. A term generally 
 preceded by an expressive adjective, thus a "flash cove," a "rum 
 COVE," a " downy cove," &o. The feminine, COVESS, was once popular, 
 but it has fallen into disuse. Ancient Cant, originally (temp. Henrti 
 VII.) COFE, or CUFFIX, altered in Decker's time to cove. See Witts' 
 Recreations, 1654; "there's a gentry-coYE here," i.e., a gentlemaa 
 Probably connected with cniF, which, in the North of England, signi- 
 fies a lout or awkward fellow. Amongst Negroes, cnFFEE. 
 
 COVENTRY, " to send a man to Coventry," not to speak to or notice him. 
 Coventry was one of those towns in which the privilege of practising 
 most trades was anciently confined to certain privileged persons, as the 
 freemen, &c. Hence a stranger stood little chance of custom, or coun- 
 tenance, and " to send a man to Coventry " came to be equivalent to 
 putting him out of the pale of society. 
 
 COVER-DOWN, a tossing coin with a false cover, enabling either head or 
 tail to be shown, according as the cover is left on or taken ofif. The 
 cover is more generally called a cap. 
 
 COW-COW, to be very angry, to scold or reprimand violently. — Anglo- 
 Chinese. 
 
 COWAN, a sneak, an inquisitive or prying person. Greek, kvu>v, a dog. 
 Term given by Freemasons to all uninitiated persons. Used in 
 Anderson's ConMitutions, edit. 1769, p. 97. If derived from Kvav, 
 its use was probably suggested by such passages in the N. T. as Matt, 
 vii. 6, and Phil. iii. 2. The Moslems apply dog in a similar manner. 
 It is probably Oriental. Other authorities say it is from cowan, or 
 KIRWAN, a Scottish word signifying a man who builds rough stone walls 
 without mortar — a man who, though he builds, is not a practical mason. 
 
 County-crop, (i.e., county-prison crop,) hair cut close and round, as if 
 guided by a basin — an indication of having been in prison. 
 
iTl^ 
 
 V- 
 
 •^ 
 
 SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 1 1 
 
 COWS GREASE, butter. 
 
 COW-LICK, the term given to the lock of hair which costermongers and 
 
 tramps usually twist forward from the ear ; a large greasy curl upon 
 
 the cheek, seemingly licked into shape. The opposite of kewgaxe- 
 
 KNOCKER, which see. 
 COXY-LOXY, good-tempered, drunk.— iVbr/ott. 
 
 CRAB, or GRAB, a disagreeable old person. Name of a wUd and sour fruit. 
 CRAB, " to catch a okab," to fall backwards by missing a stroke in rowing. 
 
 An allusion, of course, to fishing for crabs. 
 
 CRAB, to offend, or insult; to expose or defeat a robbery, to inform 
 against. Crab, in the sense of " to offend," is Old English, 
 
 *' If I think one thing and speak another, 
 I will both CRAB Christ and our Ladie His mother." 
 
 — Pachnan't Patemotttr. 
 
 CRABSHELLS, or tbottinq cases, shoes. — See carts. 
 
 CRACK, the favourite horse in a race. 
 
 CRACK, first-rate, excellent; "a CRACK HAND," an adept; a "crack 
 article," a good one. — Old. 
 
 CRACK, dry firewood. — Modem Gipsy. 
 
 CRACK, " in a crack (of the finger and thumb)," in a moment. 
 
 " CRACK A BOTTLE," to drink. Shahspeare uses crush in the same Slang 
 sense. 
 
 CRACK UP, to boast or praise. — Ancient English. 
 
 CRACKED-UP, penniless, or ruined. 
 
 CRACKLE, the scored rind on a roast leg of pork ; hence applied to the 
 velvet bars on the gowns of the students at St John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, long called " Hogs," and the covered bridge which connects one 
 of the courts with the grounds. Isthmus of Suez, (scis, Lat. sns, a 
 swine.) 
 
 CRAM, to lie or deceive, implying to fill up or CRAM a person with false 
 stories ; to impart or acquire learning quickly, to "grind " or prepare 
 for an examination. 
 
 CRAMMER, one skilled in rapidly preparing others for an examination. 
 
 (CRAMMER, a lie; or a person who commits a falsehood. 
 
 CRANKY, foolish, idiotic, rickety, capricious, not confined to persons. 
 Ancient Cant, okanke, simulated sickness. German, krank, sickly. 
 
 CRAPPING CASE, or ken, the closet of decency. 
 
 CRAWLY-MA WLY, in an ailing, weakly, or sickly state. 
 
 CRAW-THUMPER, a Roman Catholic. Compare brisket-beater. 
 
 Crack, to break into a house ; " crack a crib," to commit burglary. 
 Crack-fencer, a man who sells nuts. 
 Cracksman, a burglar. 
 Crapped, hanged. 
 
 (UNIVEESITl 
 
112 A DICTION ART OF MODERN 
 
 •• CREAM OF THE VALLEY," gin. 
 
 CRIB, house, public or otherwise; lodgings, apartments; a situation. 
 Very general in, the latter sense. 
 
 CRIB, to steal or purloin; to appropriate small things. 
 
 CRIB, a literal translation of a classic author. — University. 
 
 CRIB-BITER, an inveterate grumbler ; properly said of a horse which has 
 this habit, a sign of its bad digestion. 
 
 CRIBBAGE-FACED, marked with the small-pox, full of holes like a crib- 
 bage board. 
 
 CRIKEY, profane exclamation of astonishment ; " Oh, CBIKET, you don't 
 say so !" corruption of " Christ." 
 
 CRIPPLE, a bent sixpence. 
 
 CROAK, to die — from the gurgling sound a person makes when the breath 
 of life is departing. — Oxon. 
 
 CROAKER, one who takes a desponding view of everything ; an alarmist. 
 From the croaking of a raven. — £en, Jonson. 
 
 CROAKER, a beggar. 
 
 CROAKER, a dying person beyond hope ; a corpse. 
 
 CROAKS, last dying speeches, and murderers' confessions. 
 
 CROCODILES' TEARS, the tears of a hypocrite. An ancient phrase, 
 introduced into this country by MandevUle, or other early English tra- 
 veller.— 0(Aeiio, iv., I. 
 
 CRONY, a termagant or malicious old woman ; an intimate friend. John- 
 son calls it Cant. 
 
 CROOKY, to hang on to, to lead, to walk arm-in-arm ; to court or pay 
 addresses to a girl. 
 
 CROPPER, " to go a ceopper," ».e., fail or fall. 
 
 CROSS, a deception — two persona pretending hostility or indifference to 
 each other, being all the while in concert for the purpose of deceiving 
 a third. 
 
 CROSS-BUTTOCK, an unexpected fling down or repulse ; from a peculiar 
 throw practised by wrestlers. 
 
 Crocus, or CEOAKUa, a quack or travelling doctor; CEOons-CHOVBT, a 
 chemist's shop. 
 
 CiiooKED, a term used among dog-stealers, and the " fancy " generally, to 
 denote anything stolen. 
 
 Cboppie, a person who has had his hair cut, or okopped, in prison. 
 
 Cropped, hanged. 
 
 Cross, a general term amongst thieves expressive of their plundering pro- 
 fession, the opposite of square. " To get anything on the cross " is 
 to obtain it surreptitiously. " Ceoss-fanninq in a crowd," robbing 
 persons of their scarf-pins. Obossman, a thief, or one who lives by 
 dishonest practictas. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 13 
 
 CROSSED, prohibited from taking food from the " Buttery." — University. 
 CROW, or COOK-CKOW, to exult over another's abasement, as a fighting-cock 
 
 does over his vanquished adversary. 
 CROW, "a regular OROW," a success, a stroke of luck, — equivalent to a 
 
 FLUKE. 
 
 CROW, " I have a crow to pick with you," i.e., an explanation to demand, 
 a disagreeable matter to settle. > ' 
 
 CRUG, food. — Household Words, No. 183. Peculiar to the Christ's Hos- 
 pital boys, who apply it only to bread. 
 
 CRUMBS, " to pick up one's crumbs," to begin to have an appetite after 
 an illness; to improve in health, circumstances, &c., after a loss 
 thereof. 
 
 CRUMMY, fat, -pl-am^.— North. 
 
 CRUMMY-DOSSTa lousy or filthy bed. 
 
 CRUNCH, to crush. Corruption; or, perhaps from the sound of teeth 
 grinding against each other. 
 
 CRUSH, to run, decamp rapidly. Crush down sides, run to a place of 
 safety, or the appointed rendezvous. — North Country Cant. 
 
 CRUSHER, a policeman. 
 
 CRUSHING, excellent, first-rate. 
 
 CRUSTY, ill-tempered, petulant, morose. — Old, said to be a coriuption of 
 
 the AngloNorman coruseux. 
 CUB, a mannerless, uncouth lout. — See UHLIOKED. 
 CUBITOPOLIS, an appellation given by Londoners to the Warwick and 
 
 Eccleston Square districts. Another name for it is Mesopotamia. 
 CUE, properly the last word spoken by one actor, it being the CUB for tha 
 
 other to reply. 
 CULL, a man or boy. — Old Cant. Rum cull, the manager of a theatre. 
 CULLET, broken glass. French, cueillette, a gathering or collection. 
 CULLY GORGER, a companion, a brother actor. Theatrical. See gohobr. 
 CULVER-HEADED, weak and stupid. 
 CUMSHAW, a present or bribe. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 CUPBOARD-HEADED, an expressive designation of one whose head ia 
 
 both wooden and hollow. — Norfolk. 
 
 CUPBOARD-LOVE, affection arising from interested motives. 
 
 " A CUPBOARD LOVE ifi Seldom true ; 
 A love sincere is found in few." — Poor Robin, 
 
 Cross Cove and Mollisher, a man and woman who live by thieving. 
 
 Cross-Crib, a house frequented by thieves. 
 
 Crow, one who watches whilst another commits a theft, a confederate in a 
 
 robbery. The crow looks to see that the way is clear, whilst the 
 
 SNEAK, his partner, commits the depredation. 
 Cule, thieves' term. Abbreviation of Reticule. 
 CuLLlNO, or CUIJNO, stealing from the carriages on race-conrscB. 
 
 H 
 
114 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 CUP-TOSSER, a person who professes to tell fortunes by examining tha 
 grounds in tea or coffee cups. A cup or goblet, howeyer, is the old 
 mystic symbol of a juggler. French, jouEUR DE oobelbt. 
 
 CURE, an odd person; a contemptuous term, abridged from curiosity, 
 which was formerly the favourite expression. — Compare btipe. A 
 correspondent objects to this definition as insufficient and erroneous. 
 A CURE, according to him, is an exceedingly cunning, clever chaffer, 
 who does not vulgarly insult like the old chaffers, but keeps the person 
 he is chaffing in an alternate state of anger and complaisance. The 
 CURE is impertinent, but by his submissive manners, and the turns he 
 gives the conversation, cures the wounds as soon as he inflicts them. 
 
 CURIOS, a corruption of "curiosities;" any articles of virtu brought 
 from abroad. Used by naval and military travellers and others. — See 
 CURE. 
 
 CURRENCY, a person bom in Australia is there termed currency, while 
 natives of England are termed sterling. The allusion is to the differ- 
 ence between colonial and imperial money. 
 
 CURSE, anything worthless. Corruption of the Old English word kerse, a 
 small sour wild cherry ; French, CERISE ; Oerman, KlRSOH. Vision of 
 Piers Ploughman: — 
 
 " Wisdom and witt nowe is not worth a REftss, 
 But if it be carded with cootis aa clothers 
 Kembe their woole." 
 
 The expression *'not worth a curse," used frequently now-a-days, is 
 therefore not properly profane, though it is frequently intensified by a 
 still more profane expletive. Home Tooke says from kehse, or cress. 
 
 CURSE-OF-SCOTLAND, the Nine of Diamonds. Various hypotheses 
 have been set up as to this appellation — that it was the card on which 
 the "Butcher Duke" wrote a cruel order with respect to the rebels 
 after the battle of Culloden ; * that the diamonds are the nine lozenges 
 in the arms of Dalrymple, Earl of Stair, detested for his share in the 
 Massacre of Glencoe; that it is a corruption of Cross of Scotland, the 
 nine diamonds being arranged somewhat after the fashion of a St 
 Andrew's Cross; but the most probable explanation is, that in the 
 game of Pope Joan the nine of diamonds is the POPE, of whom the 
 Scotch have an especial horror. 
 
 CURTAIL, to cut off. Originally a Cant word — vide Hudibras, and Bacchus 
 and Venvs, 1737- 
 
 CUSHION, to hide or conceal 
 
 CUSHION - SMITER, polite rendering of tub-thumper, a clergyman, a 
 preacher. 
 
 • The first supposition is evidently erroreous, for in Dr ffoufioun'g ifemoir.t o/hi» 
 ovm Lifetime, 1747, p. 9s, the Jacobite ladies are stated to have nicknamed the Nine of 
 Diamonds " the Justice-Clerk," after the rebellion of 1715, in allusion to the Lord 
 Justice-Clerk Ormistone, who, for his severity in suppressing it, was called the Curse 
 of Scotland. Gules a cross of lozenges are also the arms of Colonel Packer, who at- 
 tended Charles L on the scaffold, and commanded in Scotland afier^r.ards witti gro:it 
 severity. — See Cltatio on the Origin and Biitory of Plavinp Cantt. n- 2f>7 
 
^/...i.^yi^'^ J.^^A.-^:^^ 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 1 5 
 
 CUSHMAWAUNEE, never mind. Sailors and soldiers who have been in 
 India frequently say — 
 
 •* Cdshmawadnee, 
 If we cannot get arrack, 
 We must drink pawnee." 
 
 — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 CUSTOMER, synonymous with chap, a fellow ; " a rum otrsTOMEK," i.e., 
 a man likely to turn the tables on any one who attacked him, and 
 therefore better be let alone, or very warily proceeded with; an "odd 
 fish," or curious person. — Shakspeare. 
 
 CUSTOMHOUSE-OFFICER, an aperient piU. 
 
 CUT, to run away, move off quickly; to cease doing anything; cut and 
 BUN, to quit work, or occupation, and start off at once— .Seo phrase, 
 " CUT the cable, and run before the wind ; " to cut didoes, synony- 
 mous with to CUT CAPEBS ; cut a dash, make a show ; cut a capeb, to 
 dance or shew off in a strange manner ; CUT A FIOUKE, to make either 
 a good or bad appearance; CUT IT, desist, be quiet, go away, leave 
 what you are doing and run ; CUT it short, cease being prolix, " make 
 short work " of what you have in hand ; CUT OUT, to excel, thus in 
 affairs of gallantry one Adonis is said to "cut the other out" in the af- 
 fections of the wished for lady — Sea phrase, from cuttino out a ship 
 from the enemy's port. Cut that ! be quiet, or stop ; cut out op, 
 done out of ; cut of one's jib, the expression or cast of his counte- 
 nance, [see JIB ;] to cut one's comb, to take down a conceited person, 
 from the practice of cutting the combs of capons, \see comb cut ;] cut 
 AND comb again, plenty, if one cut does not suffice, plenty remains to 
 " come again ; " cut up, to mortify, to criticise severely, or expose ; cut 
 UP shines, to play tricks ; cut one's stick, to be off quickly, t.e., to be 
 in readiness for a journey, further elaborated into amputate toue maho- 
 GANT, [see STICK ;] CUT IT pat, to exaggerate or shew off in an extensive 
 manner; to cut up fat, to die, leaving a large property; cut under, 
 to undersell; CUT YOUB lucky, to run off; cut one's cart, to expose 
 their tricks; cut ah acquaintance, to cease friendly intercourse with 
 them; "out up rough," to become obstreperous and dangerous; to 
 have cut one's eye-teeth, «.e., to be wide awake, knowing ; to draw 
 cuts, to cast lots with papers of unequal lengths — See Comedy of 
 Errors, act v. scene l. — Cambridge. Old; cutte, to say. 
 
 CUT, in theatrical language, means to strike out portions of a dramatic 
 piece, so as to render it shorter for representation. A late treasurer 
 of one of the so-called Patent Theatres, when asked his opinion of a 
 new play, always gave utterance to the brief, but safe piece of criti- 
 cism, " wants cutting." 
 
 CUT, tiysy. — Household Words, No. 183. 
 
 CUT, to compete in business ; " a cuttino trade," one conducted on com- 
 petitive principles, where the profits are very closely shaved. 
 
 CUT-THROAT, a butcher, a cattle-slaughterer; a ruffian. > 
 
 CUTE, sharp, cunning. . Abbreviation of acute. 
 
1 16 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN- 
 
 CUTTER, a rufiBan, a cut-purse. Of Robin Hood it was said — 
 
 *' So being outlaw'd. (as 'tis told,) 
 He with a crew went forth 
 Of lusty (UTTERS, bold and strong, 
 And robbed in the north." 
 
 Cutter, a swashbuckler — balaffreux, taiUebras fendeur de naieaux.— 
 
 Colgrave. 
 
 " He's out of cash, and thou know'st by cutter's law. 
 We are bound to relieve one another." 
 (N. H. W.) —Match at Midn. 0. PL, Vtl 553. 
 
 This ancient Cant word now survives in the phrase, " to swear like a 
 
 CUTTER." 
 
 CUTTING-SHOP, a place where cheap rough goods are sold. 
 CUTTY PIPE, a short clay pipe. Scotch, cutty, short. 
 CUTTT-SARK, a short chemise. — ScotcK A scantily-draped lady is so 
 called by Bums. 
 
 DAB, or DABSTER, an expert person. Most probably derived from tha 
 
 Latin adeptas. 
 DAB, a bed. Probably Back-Slang. 
 DAB, street term for a flat fish of any kind. — Old. 
 DACHA-SALTEE, tenpence. Probably from the Linf/ua Franca. Modem 
 
 Greet, texa; Italian, dieci soldi, tenpence; Gipsy, dik, ten. So also 
 
 DACHA-ONE, i.e., dieci uno, elevenpence. — See Saltee. 
 D ADDLE, the han*; "tip us your daddle," ie., shake hands. 
 DADDY, the staRe ms.ns.geT.-^theatrical. Also the person who gives 
 
 away the bride at a wedding. 
 
 DAFFY, gin. A term with monthly nurses, who are always extolling the 
 virtues of Daffy's Elixir, and who occasionally comfort themselves with 
 a stronger medicine under Daffy's name. 
 
 DAGS, feat or performance; "I'll do your daqs," i.e., I will do something 
 that you cannot do. 
 
 DAISY-CUTTER, a horse that trots or gallops without lifting its feet 
 
 much from the ground. 
 DAISY-KICKER, the name hostlers at large inns used to give each other, 
 
 now nearly obsolete. Daisy-kicker, or grooham, was likewise the 
 
 Cant term for a horse. 
 
 The DAI.SY-KICKERS were sad rogues in the old posting days ; fre- 
 quently the landlords rented the stables to them, as the only plan to 
 make them return a profit. 
 DAMAGE, in the sense of recompense; "what's the sauaqe?" i,e., what 
 is to pay ? 
 
 Daddt; at mock raffles, lotteries, &c., the DADDY is an accomplice, most 
 commonly the getter up of the swindle, and in all cases the person 
 that has been previously arranged to win the prize. 
 
 Damper, a shop till ; to draw a damper, i.e., rob a tilL 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. II7 
 
 "DANCE UPON NOTHING," to be hanged. 
 
 DANDO, a great eater, who cheats hotels, eating shops, oyster-cellars, &c.; 
 from a person of that name. 
 
 DANDER, passion, or temper; "to get one's dandbb up," to rruse his 
 passion. — Old. 
 
 DANDY, a fop, or fashionable nondescript. Tliis word, in the sense of a 
 fop, is of modern origin. Egan says it was first used in 1820, and Bee 
 in 1 81 6. Johnson does not mention it, although it is to be found in 
 all late dictionaries. Dandies wore stays, studied feminity, and tried 
 to undo their manhood. Lord Petersham headed them. At the pres- 
 ent day dandies of this stamp are fast disappearing. The feminine of 
 DANBT was DANDIZETTE, but the term only lived for a short season. 
 
 DANDY, a small glass of whisky. — Irish. "Dimidium, cyathi vero apud 
 Metropolitanos Hibemicos dicitur dandy." — Father Tom and the Pope, 
 Blackwood's Magazine for May 1838. 
 
 DANDY, a boatman. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 DANDYPRAT, a funny little fellow, a mannikin; originally a half- 
 farthing. 
 
 DANNA, human ordure ; BANNA dbaq, a nightman's or dustman's cart ; 
 hence dunnt-ken, which see. 
 
 DARBLE, the devil. — French, diable. 
 
 DARK, " keep it dark," i.e., secret. Dabk horse, in racing phraseology, 
 a horse whose chance of success is unknown, and whose capabilities 
 have not been made the subject of comment. 
 
 DARKEY, twilight ; also a negro. Darkmans, the night 
 
 DARN, vulgar corruption of d n. — American. 
 
 DASHING, showy, fast. 
 
 DAUB, in low language, an artist. 
 
 DAVID'S SOW, " as drunk as David's SOW," i.e., beastly drunk. — See origin 
 of the phrase in Grose's Dictionary. 
 
 DAVY, " on my davy," on my aS&davit, of which it is a vulgar corruption. 
 Latterly DAVY has become synonymous in street language with the 
 name of the Deity ; " so help me DAVY," Slang rendering of the con- 
 clusion of the oath usually exacted of witnesses. 
 
 Dancers, stairs. — Old Cant. 
 
 Dancer, or dancing-master, a thief who prowls about the roofs of houses, 
 and effects an entrance by attic windows, &c. Called also a Garreter. 
 
 Darbies, handcuffs. — Old Cant. — ^ee johny darbies. Sir Walter Scott 
 mentions these, in the sense of fetters, in his Peveril of the Peak — 
 
 "'Hark ye! Jem Clink will fetch you the darbies.' 'Derby I' interrupted 
 Julian, ' has the Earl or Countesa ' " 
 
 Had Sir Walter known of any connexion between them and this family 
 he would undoubtedly have mentioned it The mistake of the speaker 
 is corrected in the next paragraph. 
 
iSL: As-C r*-^-^-^ 
 
 ll8 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 DAVY'S LOCKER, or davt jones'-locker, the sea, the common recep- 
 tacle for all things thrown overboard ; —a nautical phrase for death, 
 the other world. — Sie DUFFY. 
 
 DAWDLE, to loiter, or fritter away time. 
 
 DAWK, the post. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 DAYLIGHTS, eyes; "to darken his daylights," to give a person black 
 eyes. Also the spaces left in glasses between the liquor and the brim, 
 — not allowed when bumpers are drunk. The toast-master in such 
 cases cries, " no datlights or heeltaps ! " 
 
 DAZE, to confound or bewilder; an ancient form of dazzle used by iS!peM»er, 
 
 Drayton, &c. 
 
 DEAD-ALIVE, stupid, dull 
 
 DEAD-AMISS, said of a horse that from illness is utterly unable to win 
 
 a race. 
 DEAD-BEAT, utterly exhausted. 
 
 DEAD-HEAT, when two horses run in so exactly equal th.it the judge 
 cannot place one before the other ; consequently a dead-heat has to 
 be run over again. — See neck and neck. 
 
 DEAD HORSE, "to draw the dead horse;" dead-horse work — workingf 
 for wages already paid ; also any thankless or unassisted service. 
 
 DEAD-LETTER, an action of no value or weight ; an article, owing to 
 some mistake in its production, rendered utterly valueless, — often ap- 
 plied to any instrument in writing which, by some apparently trivial 
 omission, becomes useless. Term derived from the Post-Office. 
 
 DEAD-MAN, a baker. Properly speaking, it is an extra loaf smuggled into 
 the basket by the man who carries it out, to the loss of the master. 
 Sometimes the dead man is charged to a customer, but never de- 
 livered. 
 
 DEAD-MEN, the term for wine bottles after they are emptied of their 
 contents. — Old.— See marines. 
 
 DEAD-MEN'S SHOES, expectation of property after decease. "To wait 
 for a pair of dead man's bhoes," is considered a wearisome affair. It 
 ia used by Fletcher : — 
 
 *' And 'tis a general shrift, that most men use. 
 But yet 'tis tedious waiting dead uen's shoes." 
 
 — Fletcher** Poems, p. 256. 
 
 DEAD-SET, a pointed attack on a person. 
 
 DEANER, a shilling. Provincial Gipsy, deanee, a pound. Probably an- 
 other form of dinarly, or it may be the Turkiah word introduced by 
 s^ the Wallachian Gipsies. 
 ^^EATH, " to dress to death," i.e., to the very extreme of fashion, perhaps 
 so as to be killing. 
 DEATH-HUNTER, a running patterer, who vends last dying speeches 
 and confessions. 
 
 Dsao-lurk, entering a dwelling-house during divine service. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. II9 
 
 DECK,* a pack of cards. — Old. Used by Bulwer as a Cant term. General 
 in the United States. 
 
 DECOMPOSITION ROW, Rotten Row, the equestrian promenade in 
 Hyde Park. — West-end Slang. — Lit. Gaz. April 13, 1862. 
 
 DEMIREP, (or bip,) a courtesan. Contraction of demireputation. — Grose. 
 
 DERRICK, an apparatus for raising sunken ships, &c. The term is curi- 
 ously derived from a hangman of that name frequently mentioned in 
 Old Plays, as in the Bellman of London, 16 16. 
 
 " He rides circuit with the devil, and Derrick must be hU host, and Tybome the 
 inn at which he will light." 
 
 DESPATCHERS, false " dice with two sides, double four, double five, and 
 
 double six." — Times, 27th November 1856. 
 DEUCE, the devil. — Old. Stated by Junius and others to be from DEUS. 
 DEUCE, twopence ; deuce at cards or dice, one with two pips or holes. 
 DEVIL, a printer's youngest apprentice, an errand-boy. 
 DEVIL-DODGER, a clergyman; also a person who goes sometimes to 
 
 church and sometimes to meeting. 
 DEVIL'S-BED-POST, the four of clubs.— See Capt. Chamier'i novel of 
 
 The Arethusa. 
 DEVIL'S BOOKS, a pack of playing-cards; a phrase of Presbyterian 
 
 origin, used in contradistinction to kings' books. — See FOUB KiNoa 
 DEVIL'S DUNG, the fetid drug, asafoetida. 
 DEVIL'S DUST, a term used in the manufacturing districts of Yorkshire 
 
 to denote shreds of old cloth torn up to re-manufacture ; + also called 
 
 SHODDY. 
 
 DEVIL'S LIVERY, black and yellow. 
 
 DEVIL-MAY-CARE, reckless, rash. 
 
 DEVIL-SCOLDER, a clergyman. 
 
 DEVIL'S TEETH, dice. 
 
 DEVOTIONAL HABITS, horses weak in the knees and apt to Btumble 
 and fall are said to have these. — Stable. 
 
 DEW-BEATERS, feet; "hold out your dew-beateeb till I take off the 
 darbies." — Peveril of the Peak. Forby says the word is used in Nor- 
 folk for heavy shoes to resist wet. 
 
 DEW-DRINK, a morning draught, such as is served out to labourers in 
 harvest-time before commencing work. 
 
 DEWSKITCH, a good thrashing, perhaps from catching one's due. 
 
 • Used by ShaJapeare, 3 K. Hm. 71. v. 1. 
 
 t Mr Ferrand, in his speech in the House, Uarch 4, 184a, produced a piece of cloth 
 made chiefly from devil's dust, and tore it into shreds to prove its worthlessnesa.— 
 Ste HajuarcPg Parliamentary Debates, third series, vol. Ixi. p. 140. 
 
 Dee, a pocket-book, term used by tramps. — Gipsy. 
 Delicate, a false subscription book carried by a lubkbb. 
 
I20 A DICTIONART OF MODERN 
 
 DIBBS, money; so called from the buckle bones of sbeep, wbich have 
 
 been used from the earliest times for gambling purposes, being 
 
 thrown up five at a time and caught on the back of the hand like 
 
 halfpence. 
 DICKEY, bad, sorry, or foolish; food or lodging is pronounced dioket 
 
 when of a poor description; "it's all DIOEET with him," i.e., all over 
 
 with him. 
 DICKEY, formerly the Cant for a worn-out shirt, but means, now-a-days, 
 
 a front or half-shirt. Dickey was originally tommy, (from the Greek, 
 
 Tofxr;, a section,) a name which I understand was formerly used in 
 
 Trinity College, Dublin. The students are said to have invented the 
 
 term, and the Gyps changed it to dickey, in which dress it is supposed 
 
 to have been imported into England. 
 DICKEY, a donkey.— iVor/o?;ir. 
 DICKEY SAM, a native of Liverpool. 
 
 DICK, a riding whip ; gold-headed DICK, one so ornamented. 
 DICK, abbreviation of " Dictionary," but often euphemistically rendered 
 
 " Richard," — fine language, long words. — School. 
 DICKENS, synonymous with devil ; "what the dickens are you after?" 
 
 what the d 1 are you doing? Used by Shakapeare in the Merry 
 
 Wives of Windsor. 
 DIDOES, pranks or capers; "to cut up didoes," to make pranks 
 
 DIG, a hard blow. 
 
 /• DIGGERS, spurs; also the spades on cards. 
 
 DIGGINGS, lodgings, apartments, residence; an expression probably 
 
 imported from California, or Australia, with reference to the gold 
 
 diggings. 
 DILLY DALLY, to trifle. 
 
 DIMBER, neat or pretty. — Worcestershire, but old Cant. 
 DIMBER D AMBER, very pretty; a clever rogue who excels his fellows; 
 
 chief of a gang. Old Cant in the latter sense. — English Rogue. 
 DIMMOCK, money; "how are you off for dim mock?" diminutive of dime, 
 
 a small foreign silver coin, in the United States 10 cents. 
 DINARLY, money ; " nantee dikaely," I have no money, corrupted from 
 
 the Lingua Franca, " niente ddjabo," not a penny. Turkish, ddjam ; 
 
 Spanish, den'bro ; Latin, denarius. 
 
 Dick ; " look ! the bulky is diokinq," t.e, the constable has his eye on you. 
 
 — North Country Cant. 
 Diddle, old Cant word for geneva, or gin. 
 Diddle, to cheat, or defraud. — Old. In German, dudeln is to play on 
 
 the bagpipe ; and the ideas of piping and cheating seem to have been 
 
 much connected. "Do you think I am easier played on than a pipe?" 
 
 occurs in Hamlet. 
 DiDDLEB, or JEREMY DIDDLEB, an artful swindler. 
 Dies, last dying speeches, and criminal trials. 
 

 jU-^U^^^^^^ - 'i^t^xJ- ^ J„^u,^ ^c^ '^7)^ J^ey-,^ <St*c^^^ ^ 
 
 J'.CLTioxvell. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 121 
 
 DING, to strike ; to throw away, or get rid of anything ; to pass to a con- 
 federate. Old, used in old plays. 
 
 " " The butcher's axe O'^e great Aleides* bat) 
 
 Diiigs deadly downe teu thousand thousand flat." 
 
 —Taylor't Wmkt, 1630. 
 
 DINGY, a small boat. — Anglo-Indian. 
 DIPPED, mortgaged.— //cmseAoW Wards, No. 183. 
 
 DIET, TO EjVT, an expression derived from the East, nearly equivalent 
 
 "to eat humble (Umble) pie," to put up with a mortification or insult. 
 
 DIRTY-SHIRT CLUB, the "Parthenon," in Regent Street, bo called 
 
 from the great unwashed who congregate there. 
 DISGUISED, intoxicated.— //oweAoW Wordi, No. 183. 
 " Some say drinking does DisauiSE men." 
 
 —Old Song 
 *' The saylers and the shipmen all, 
 Throiigh fiiule excesse of wiue, 
 Were so DISGUISED that at the sea 
 They shew'd themselves like swine." 
 
 — Thos. Ddoneyi Strange Histories, p. 14. 
 
 DISH, to stop, to do away with, to suppress; dished, done for, floored, 
 beaten, or silenced. A correspondent suggests that meat is usually 
 DONE BBOWN before being dished, and conceives that the latter term 
 may have arisen as the natural sequence of the former. 
 
 DISHABBILIjY, the ridiculous corruption of the French DisHABiLLfi, 
 amongst fashionably affected, but ignorant "stuck-up" people. 
 
 DITHERS, nervous or cold shiverings ; " it gave me the dithers." 
 
 DITTOES, A suit of, coat, waistcoat, and trousers of the same material. 
 — Tailor's term. < 
 
 DITTYBAG, the bug or huswife in which sailors keep needles, thread, 
 buttons, &o., for mending their clothes. 
 
 DO, this useful and industrious verb has for many years done service as a 
 Slang term. To DO a person is to cheat him. Sometimes another 
 tense is employed, such as " I done him," meaning I cheated or " paid 
 him out;" done brown, cheated thoroughly, befooled; done over, 
 upset, cheated, knocked down, ruined ; done up, used up, finished, or 
 quieted. Done also means convicted, or sentenced ; so does done-por. 
 To DO a person in pugilism is to excel him in fisticufis. Humphreys, 
 who fought Mendoza, a Jew, wrote this laconic note to his supporter 
 — " Sir,^I have done the Jew, and am in good health. Rich. Hum- 
 phreys." Tourists use the expression, " I have done France and Italy," 
 meaning I have completely explored those countries. 
 
 DOBIE, an Indian washerman ; and though women wash clothes in this 
 country, Anglo-Indians speak of a washerwoman as a dobie. — Anglo- 
 Indian. 
 
 DrvE, to pick pockets. 
 
 DlYEB, a pickpocket. Also applied to fingers, no doubt from a similar rea- 
 
122 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 DOCTOR, to adulterate or dnig liquor; to poison, to hocus; also to fal- 
 sify accounts. On board ship the cook is always tenned "the doctor." 
 — See COOK. 
 
 DODDY, a term applied in Norfolk to any person of low stature. Some- 
 times HODMANDOD and " HODDTDODDT, all head and no body." Dodmak 
 in the same dialect denotes a garden snail. 
 
 DODGE, a cunning trick. "Dodge, that homely but expressive phrase." 
 — Sir Hugh Cairns on the Reform Bill, 2d March 1 859. Anglo-Saxon 
 DEOQIAN, to colour, to conceal. The tidy dodge, as it is called by 
 street-folk, consists in dressing up a family clean and tidy, and parad- 
 ing the streets to excite compassion and obtain alms. A correspond- 
 ent suggests that the verb dodge may have been formed (like icench 
 from wink) from DOG, i«, to double quickly and unexpectedly, as in 
 coursing. 
 
 DOGBERRY, a foolish constable. 
 
 DOG-IN-A-BLANKET, a kind of pudding, made of preserved fruit 
 spread on thin dough, and then rolled up and boiled. 
 
 DOGGERY, nonsense, transparent attempts to cheat, 
 
 DOGS, TO GO TO THE, to be commercially or socially ruined. Originally a 
 stable term applied to old or worthless horses, sold to feed hounds. 
 
 DOG'S BODY, a kind of pease padding.— Sea. 
 
 DODGER, a tricky person, or one who, to use the popular phrase, "knows 
 too much." — See devil-dodger. 
 
 DODGER, a dram. In Kent, a dodger signifies a nightcap ; which name is 
 often given to the last dram at night. 
 
 DOG, to follow in one's footsteps on the sly, to track. 
 
 DOG-CHEAP, or dog-poolish, very or singularly cheap, or foolish- 
 Latham, in his English Language, says : — " This has nothing to do 
 with dogs. The first syllable is god=good transposed, and the second, 
 the ch — p, is chapman, merchant : compare eastcheap." — Old term. 
 
 DOG-LATIN, barbarous Latin, such as was formerly used by lawyers in 
 their pleadings. 
 
 " DOG ON IT," a form of mild swearing used by boys. — Bach-Slang. 
 
 DOGSNOSE, gin and beer, so called from the mixture being cold, like a 
 dog's nose. 
 
 DOLDRUMS, difficulties, low spirits, dumps. — Sea. 
 
 DOLLOP, a lump or portion. — Norfolk. Anglo-Saxon dalb, dole. 
 
 DOLLOP, to dole up, give up a share. — Ibid. 
 
 DOLLYMOP, a tawdrily-dressed maid-servant, a street-walker. 
 
 DOLLY SHOP, an illegal pawnshop, — where goods, or stolen property, not 
 good enough for the pawnbroker, are received, and charged at so much 
 per day. If not redeemed the third day the goods are forfeited. 
 Anglo-Saxon, Dael, a part, — to dole? — See NIX. A correspondent 
 thinks it may have been derived from the black doll, the usual sign of 
 a rag shop. 
 
SLANO, CANT, ANP VULOAR WORDS. 123 
 
 DOMINE, a parson. 
 
 DOMINO, a common ejaculation of soldiers and sailors when they receive 
 the last lash of a flogging. The allusion may be understood from tha 
 game of domino. 
 
 DOMINOS, the teeth. 
 
 DON, a clever fellow, the opposite of a muff; a person. of distinction in 
 his line or walk. At the English Universities, the Masters and Fel- 
 lows are the dons. Don is also used as an adjective, " a don hand at 
 a knife and fork," i.e., a first-rate feeder at a dinner table. — Spanish. 
 
 DON PEDRO, a low game at cards. It is a compound of AH Fours, and 
 the Irish game variously termed All Fives, Five and Ten, Fifteen, 
 Forty-five, &o. It was, uo doubt, invented by the mixed English and 
 Irish rabble who fought in Portugal in 1832-3. 
 
 DONE ! the expression used when a bet is accepted. — See also DO. 
 
 DONE UP, an equivalent expression to " dead beat." 
 
 DONKEY, " three more and up goes the donkey," a vulgar street phrase 
 for extracting as much money as possible before performing any tisk. 
 The phrase had its origin with a travelling showman, the finale of 
 whose performance was the hoisting of a donkey on a pole or ladder ; 
 but this consummation was never arrived at unless the required num- 
 ber of "browns" was first paid up, and " three more" was generally 
 the unfortunate deficit. 
 
 DONKEY. I am unable to explain the phrase, but any one wearing a 
 white hat, whether in town or country, is shouted after invariably by 
 the street urchins, " Who stole the donkey?" to which another in the 
 gang replies, " The man in the white hat," and they then disperse. 
 
 DONNA and FEELES, a woman and children. Italian or Lingua Franca, 
 
 DONNE E FIGLIE. 
 DOOKIN, fortune-telling. Oipty, DUKKEBIN, 
 DOSS, a bed. — North. Probably from doze. Mayhew thinks it is from 
 
 the Norman, DOSSEL, a hanging or bed canopy. 
 DOSS, to sleep, formerly spelt dorse. Perhaps from the phrase to lie on 
 
 one's dorsum,, back. Gad. dosal, slumber. 
 DOSS-KEN, a lodging house. 
 DOUBLE, " to tip (or give) the double," to run away from any person ; 
 
 to double back, turn short round upon one's pursuers, and so escape 
 
 as a hare does Sporting, 
 
 DOUBLE-UP, to pair off, or " chum " with another man ; to beat severely. 
 DOUBLE-SHUFFLE, a low, shufiling, noisy dance, common amongst cos- 
 
 termpngers.— &e flip-flaps. 
 DOUQHEY, a sufficiently obvious nickname for a baker. 
 DOUSE, to put out ; " douse that glim," put out that candle. In Norfolk 
 " Done fob a Ramp, ' convicted for thieving. 
 Dose, three months' imprisonment as a known thief. — Su bbagqadocio. 
 
124 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 this expression is dout, which is clearly for do out — ^variations prob- 
 ably of the same word. — Sea. Also to knock down. 
 DOVER COURT, a noisy assemblage ; " aU talkers and no hearers, like dovkr 
 couKT." At Dover Court in PIssex, a court is annually held ; and as 
 the members principally consist of rude fishermen, the irregularity 
 noticed in the proverbial saying frequently prevails. Branuton in his 
 Art of Politics says : — 
 
 " Those who would captivate the well-bred throng 
 
 Should not too often 8[>eak, nor speak too long ; 
 
 Church, nor church matters, ever turn to siwrt, 
 
 Nor make St Stephen's Chapel Dover ConBT." 
 
 DOWD, a woman's nightcap. — Devonshire; also an .4mcrtcon term; pos- 
 sibly from DOWDT, a slatternly woman. 
 
 DOWLAS, a linen-draper. 
 
 DOWN, to be aware of, or awake to, any move — in this meaning, synony- 
 mous with up; "down upon one's luck," unfortjjoate ; " down in the 
 mouth," disconsolate ; " to be down on one," to treat him harshly or 
 suspiciously, to pounce upon him, or detect his tricks. 
 
 DOWNER, a sixpence ; apparently the Gipsy word tawno, " little one," 
 in course of metamorphosis into the more usual " tanner." 
 
 DOWNY, knowing or cunning ; " a downy govk," a knowing or experienced 
 sharper. In Norfolk, however, it means low-spirited. 
 
 " DOWN THE DOLLY," a favourite gambling contrivance, ofteii seen in 
 the tap-rooms of public-houses, at race courses, and fairs, consisting of 
 a round board and the figure of an old man or " doll," down which is 
 a spiral hole. A marble is dropped " down the dolly," and stops in 
 one of the small holes or pits (numbered) on the board. The bet is 
 decided according as the marble stops on a high or low figure. 
 
 DOWN-THE-ROAD, stylish, showy, after the fashion. 
 
 DOWRY, a lot, a great deal ; " dowry of pamy," lot of rain or water. — See 
 PARNY. Probably from the Gipsy. 
 
 DOXY, the female companion of a tramp or beggar. In the West of Eng- 
 land, the women frequently call their little girls doxies, in a familiar 
 or endearing sense. A learned divine once described orthodoxy as 
 being a man's own DOXY, and heterodoxy another man's dozy. — 
 Ancient Cant. 
 
 DRAB, a vulgar, or low woman. — Shakspeare. 
 
 DRAG, a cart of any kind, a coach ; gentlemen drive to the races in DRAGS. 
 
 DRAG, a street, or road ; back-draq, back street. 
 
 DRAGGING-TIME, the evening of a country fair day, when the young 
 fellows begin pulling the wenches about. 
 
 Downs, Tothill Fields' Prison. 
 Draq, or THREE moon, three months In prison. 
 Draogino, robbing carts, &c. 
 
 Dragbmen, fellows who cut trunks from the backs of carriages. They 
 sometimes have a light cart, and " drop " behind the plundered vehicle. 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. I 25 
 
 DRAIN, a drink ; " to do a drain," to take a friendly drink—" do a wet; " 
 sometimes called a common seweb. 
 
 DRAW, used in several senses : — 1, of a theatre, new piece or exhibition, 
 when it attracts the public and succeeds ; 2, to induce — as " draw him 
 on;" 3, of pocket-picking — as "draw his wipe," " draw his ticker." 
 In sporting parlance it is used with an ellipsis of " trigger," " I drew 
 on it as it rose before me." " Come, draw it mild ! ',' i.e., don't exag- 
 gerate ; opposite of " come it strong," from the phraseology of the bar 
 (of a PUBLIC,) where customers desire the beer to be drawn mild. 
 
 DRAW-BOY, a cunning device used by puffing tradesmen. A really good 
 article is advertised or ticketed and exposed for sale in the shop win- 
 dow at a very low price, with a view of drawing in customers to pur- 
 chase other and inferior articles at high prices. 
 
 DRAWERS, formerly the ancient Cant name for very long stockings, now 
 a hosier's term. 
 
 DRAWING TEETH, wrenching off knockers.— ifedtcaZ Student Slang. 
 
 DRAWLATCH, a loiterer. 
 
 DRAW-OFF, to throw back the body to give impetus to a blow; "he 
 DREW off, and delivered on the left drum." — Pugilistic. A sailor would 
 say, " he hauled off and slipped in." 
 
 DRIPPING, a cook. 
 
 DRIVE, a term used by tradesmen in speaking of business ; " he's drivino 
 a roaring trade," i.e., a very good one ; hence, to succeed in a bargain, 
 " I DROVE a good bargain," i.e., got the best end of it. To let drive 
 at one, to strike out. 
 
 DRIVE AT, to aim at ; " what is he drivino at ?" " what does he intend 
 to imply ? " a phrase often used when a circuitous line of argument is 
 adopted by a barrister, or a strange set of questions asked, the purpose 
 of which is not very evident. 
 
 DRIZ, lace. In a low lodging house this singular autograph inscription 
 
 and then drive off in an opposite direction with the booty. — Old Cant. 
 The Slang meaning is the drivers of drags. 
 Dress a Hat, to — a system of robbery very difficult of detection. It is 
 managed by two or more servants or shopmen of different employers, 
 exchanging their master's goods — as, for instance, a shoemaker's shop- 
 man receives shirts or other articles from a hosier's, in return for a pair 
 of boots. Another very ingenious method may be witnessed about 
 eleven o'clock in the forenoon in any of the suburban districts of 
 London. A butcher's boy, with a bit of steak filclied from his master's 
 shop, or from a customer, falls in with a neighbouring baker's man, 
 who has a loaf obtained in a similar manner. Their mutual friend, 
 the pot-boy, in full expectation of their visit, has the tap-room fire 
 bright and clear, and not only cooks the steak but " stands a shant of 
 oatter " as his share. So a capital luncheon is improvised for the 
 three, without the necessity of paying for it ; and this practical com< 
 munistic operation is styled DRESSINQ A hat. 
 
126 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 appeared over the mantelpiece, "Scotch Mary, with DKiz, (lace,) bound 
 to Dover and back, please God." 
 DRIZ FENCER, a person who sells lace. 
 
 DROP, to quit, go off, or turn aside ; " Drop the main Toby," go off the 
 main road. 
 
 DROP, " to DROP a man," to knock him down ; " to drop nrao a person," 
 
 to give him a thrashing. See 8LIP and walk. " To drop on to a man," 
 
 to accuse or rebuke him suddenly. 
 DRUM, a house, a lodging, a street; hazard-drum, a gambling -house; 
 
 PLASH-DRUM, a house of ill-fame. 
 DRUM, the ear. — Pugilistic. An example of Slang synecdoche. 
 DRUM, as applied to the road, is doubtless from the Wallachian Gipsy 
 
 word " DRUMRI," derived from the Greek, Spofxoi. — See note on this 
 
 source of words, p. II. 
 
 DRUMSTICKS, legs ; drumstick cases, trousers. 
 
 DRYASDUST, an antiquary. 
 
 DRY-NURSE, when an inferior officer on board ship carries on the duty, 
 on account of the captain's ignorance of seamanship, the junior officer 
 is said to dry-nurse his captain. Majors and adjutants in the army 
 also not unfrequentiy dht-nurse the colonels of their regiments in a 
 similar manner. 
 
 DUB, to pay or give ; " DUB UP," pay up. 
 
 DUBASH, a general agent. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 DUBBER, the moiith ; " mum your dubber," hold your tongue. 
 
 DUBLIN PACKET, to turn a corner; to '' take the DUBLIN packet," viz., 
 run round the comer, — probably a pun on doubling a corner. 
 
 DUCATS, money.— Theatrical Slang. 
 
 DUCK, a bundle of bits of the " stickings " of beef gold for food to the 
 London poor. — See fagot. 
 
 DUCKS, trousers. — Sea • term. The expression most in use on land is 
 " white ducks," i.e., white pantaloons or trousers. 
 
 " DUCKS AND DRAKES, " to make ducks and drakes of one's money," 
 to throw it away childishly, — derived from children "shying" flat 
 stones on the surface of a pool, which they call DUCKS and dbaees, 
 according to the number of skips they make. 
 
 DUDDER, or dcdsman, a person who formerly travelled the country as a 
 pedlar, selling gown-pieces, silk waistcoats, Ac, to countrymen. In 
 selling a waistcoat-piece for thirty shillings or two pounds, which cost 
 him perhaps five shillings, he would shew great fear of the revenue 
 officer, and beg of the purchasing clodhopper to kneel down in a puddle 
 
 Drummer, a robber who first makes his victims insensible by drugs or 
 
 violence, and tlien plunders them. 
 Dubs, a bunch of keys. Nearly obsolete. 
 UuBSMAN, or screw, a turnkey. 
 
SLANQ, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. I 27 
 
 of water, erooh his arm, and twear that it might never become ttraight ij 
 he told an exciseman, or even hi» own wife. The term and practice are 
 nearly obsolete. In Liverpool, however, and at the east end of Lon- 
 don, men dressed up as sailors, with pretended silk handkerchiefs and 
 cigars " only just smuggled from the Indies," are still to be plentifully 
 
 DUDDS, clothes, or personal property. Oaehc, dud; Ancient Cant; also r^ ^1,4**-'^ 
 
 Duuh. y _ ^ ''^ 
 
 DUFF, pudding; vulgar pronunciation of DOUQH. — Sea. 
 DUFFER, a hawker of "Brummagem" or sham jewellery; a sham of any 
 kind; a fool, a worthless person. So Arthur Smith, in his Summer 
 Idyll.— 
 
 '• But Robinson, a thorough DnwER he, 
 TroU'd out Bome feeble song about King Cole.** 
 
 DuFFEB was formerly synonymous with duddek, and was a general 
 term given to pedlars. It is mentioned in the Frauds of London 
 (1760) as a word in frequent use in the last century to express cheats 
 of all kinds. From the Qerman, ddbfen, to want f 
 
 DUFFING, false, counterfeit, worthless. 
 
 DUFFY, a term for a ghost or spirit among the West India negroes. In 
 all probability the davt jones of sailors. 
 
 DUKE, gin, a term amongst livery servants. — Household Words, No. 183. 
 
 DUMBFOUND, to perplex, to beat soundly till not able to speak. Ori- 
 ginally a Cant word. Johnson cites the Spectator for the earliest use. 
 Scotch, DUMFOUNDER. 
 
 DUMMACKER, a knowing or acute person. 
 
 DUMMIES, empty bottles, and drawers in an apothecary's shop, labelled 
 
 so as to give the idea of an extensive stock. 
 DUMMY, in three-handed whist the person who holds two hands plays 
 
 DUMMY. 
 
 DUMPY, short and stout. 
 
 DUMPISH, sullen, or glummy. 
 
 DUN, to solicit payment. — Old Cant, from the French DONNEZ, give; or 
 
 from JOE DIN, the famous bailiff of Lincoln ; or simply a corruption of 
 
 DIN, from the Anglo-Saxon dunan, to clamour? 
 DUNDERHEAD, a blockhead. 
 DUNDREARY, an empty swell 
 DUNG, an operative who works for an employer who does not give full or 
 
 " society " wages. 
 
 Dummy, a pocket-book. In this word, as in the two preceding, {see dummy 
 and dummies,) the idea is connected with dumb, i.e., that which gives 
 no sign. As a thieves' term for a pocket-book, it is peculiarly ap- 
 plicable, for the contents of pocket-books, bank-notes, and papers make 
 no noise, while the money in a purse betrays its presen^-e by chinking. 
 
 Dump-Fencer, a man who sells buttons. 
 
 DuNAKEU, a stealer of cows or calves. Nearly obsolete. 
 
 ?P^*i^C5*lW "WIUiyiT^HK 
 
128 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 DUNGAREE, low, common, viilgar.— Anglo-Indian. DmoAREB is ths 
 name of a disreputable suburb of iiombay, and also of a coanse, blue 
 cloth, worn by sailors. 
 
 *' As smart a y^ i\mg fellow as ever you 'd see, 
 lu jacket and truusera of blue DuNOikREfc:." 
 
 DUNKHORNED, sneaking, shabby. Dunkhorn in Norfolk is the short, 
 blunt horn of a beast, and the adjective is applied to a cuckold w!«> 
 has not spirit to resist his disgrace. 
 
 DUNNAGE, baggage, clothes. Also, a Sea term for wood or loose fagota 
 laid at the bottom of ships, upon which is placed the cargo. 
 
 DUNNY-KEN, a water-closet. — From dahna and ken, which see. 
 
 DUST, money; "down with the dust," put down the money. — Ancient. 
 Dean Swift once took for his text, " He who giveth to the poor lendeth 
 to the Lord." His sermon was short. " Now, my brethren," said he, 
 " if you are satisfied with the security, down with the ddst." 
 
 DUST, a disturbance, or noise, " to raise a dust," to make a row. 
 
 DUST, to beat; " ddst one's jacket," i.e., give him a beating. 
 
 DUSTY, a phrase used in answering a question where one expects appro- 
 bation. " What do you think of this 1" " Well, it 's not so DU8TT," 
 i.e., not so bad; sometimes varied to " none so dusty." 
 
 DUST-HOLE, Sidney Sussex College at Cambridge. — Univ. Slung. 
 
 DUST-HOLE, the Queen's Theatre, Tottenham Court Road.— Theat. Siang^ 
 
 DUSTOORIE, commission, doceur, bribe. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 DUTCH AUCTION, a method of selling goods, adopted by " cheap Johns," 
 to evade the penalties for selling without a licence. The article is offered 
 all round at a high price, which is then dropped till it is taken. 
 
 DUTCH CONSOLATION, "thank God it is no worse." 
 
 DUTCH CONCERT, where each performer plays a different tune. 
 
 DUTCH COURAGE, false courage, generally excited by drink,-^pot- 
 valour. 
 
 DUTCH FEAST, where the host gets drunk before his guest. 
 
 DUTCH UNCLE, a personage often introduced in conversation, but 
 exceedingly difficult to describe ; " I '11 talk to him like a dutch 
 UNCLE ! " conveys the notion of anything but a desirable relation.— 
 Afn^ricanisin. 
 
 DUTCH, or double dutch, gibberish, or any foreign tongue. 
 
 EARL-OFCORK, the ace of diamonds. — Hibemicism. 
 
 •' 'What do you mean by the E:irl of Cork?' asked Mr Squander. "The aoe of 
 diamonds, your honour. It's the worst ace, and the poorest ctird in the 
 pacK. and is Killed the earl of cork, because he 's the poorest uoblemau in 
 Ireland.'" — CarUton's Traits andSloru* ofthi Irish Ptaianiry. 
 
 EARWIG, a clergyman, also one who prompts another maliciously. 
 EAR WIGGING, a i ebuke in private ; a wigoinq is more public. 
 
 DurbtinaCKINg, ofTerinj, laco or any other article as an introduction to 
 fortune-telling ; generally pursued by women. 
 
SLA NO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 29 
 
 EAVES-DROPPER, a listener. The name is derived from the punish- 
 ment which, according to Olirer, was directed in the Lectures, at the 
 revival of Masonry in 1 71 7, to be inflicted on a detected Cowan, [g. v.,] 
 and which was 
 
 "To be i>l:iced under the eaves of the house in rainy weather, till the water 
 runs in at bia shoulders and out at his heels." 
 
 — Uackejfi Lexicon 0/ Freemtuonry. 
 
 EFF, the vulgar abbreviation of KTrraoHAM saloon, a favourite music hall 
 at the east end of London. 
 
 EGG, or EGO on, to excite, stimulate, or provoke one person to quarrel 
 with another, &c. Corruptiun of edge, or edge on. — Ancient. 
 
 ELBOW, " to shake one's elbow," to play at cards. 
 
 ELBOW GREASE, labour, or industry. — See palm oil. 
 
 ELEGANT EXTRACTS, a Cambridge University title for those students 
 who, having unfortunately failed only slightly in some one subject, 
 and being "plucked" accordingly, were allowed their degrees. This ap- 
 plied to the "Poll" List, as the "Gulf" did to the "Honours." 
 
 ELEPHANT, "to have seen the elephant," to be "up to the latest _^ 
 
 move," or " rfniim to the last new trick ; " to be knowing, and not (O'' 
 "green," &c. Possibly a metaphor taken from the travelling menap"- < — ^ 
 ries, where the elephant is the finale of the exhibition. — Originally ' 
 an Americanwm. Bartlett gives conflicting examples. General now, 
 however. 
 
 ENEMY, time, a'clock, the ruthless enemy and telltale of idleness; "what 
 says the enemy ? " i.e., how goes the time ? 
 
 ENTIRE ANIMAL.— See Hoo. 
 
 ESSEX STILE, a ditch. 
 
 ESSEX LION, a calf. 
 
 EVAPORATE, to go, or run away. 
 
 EXES, expenses ; written thus — E X s. 
 
 EXTENSIVE, frequently applied in a Slang sense to a person's appear- 
 ance or talk; "rather extensive that ! " intimating that the person 
 alluded to is shewing off, or " CUTTINO it pat." 
 
 EXTRACTED, placed on the list of " bleqant extbacts." — Camh. Univ. 
 
 EYE- WATER, gin. 
 
 FACE, credit at a public-house, impudence, confidence, brass; thus a 
 BBAZEN FACE. " To run one's pace," is to obtain credit in a bounceable 
 manner. 
 
 Ease, to rob ; " easing a bloak," robbing a man. 
 
 Efteb, a thief who frequents theatres. 
 
 BvjtBLASTLNO STAIRCASE, the treadmill. Sometimes called "Colonel 
 Chesterton's bvkklastino staikcase," from the gallant inventor or 
 improver. 
 
 I 
 
130 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 FACER, a tumbler of whisky punch. 
 
 " Cyathi dicti sunt faceras." 
 
 — Pathir Tom mid y«e Pop*. 
 
 FACER, a blow on the face. In Ireland, a dram. 
 
 FAD, a hobby, a favourite pursuit. 
 
 FADGE, a farthing. 
 
 FADGE, a flat \oa.l— North,. 
 
 FADGE, to suit or fit ; "it won't padge," it will not do. Used by Skaht • 
 peare, but now heard only in the streets. 
 
 FADGER, a glazier's frame. 
 
 FAG, a schoolboy who performs a servant's ofiBcea to a superior school- 
 mate. Probably from F. a g., the fifth problem of Euclid. Grose 
 thinks FAQQED OUT is derived from this. 
 
 FAG, to beat. 
 
 FAGGOT, a bundle of bits of the "atickings" (hence probably its name) 
 sold for food to the London poor. It is sometimes called a duck. In 
 appearance it resembles a Scotch " haggis." Fag-end of a thing, the 
 inferior or remaining part, the refuse. 
 
 FAGOT, a term of opprobrium used by low people to children and women ; 
 " you little pagot, you ! " Fagot was originally a term of contempt 
 for a dry, shrivelled old woman, whose bones were like a bundle of 
 sticks, only fit to bum. — Compare the French expression for a heretic, 
 tentir le fagot. 
 
 FAKE ; " pake the rubber," i.e., stand treat. 
 
 FAL-LALS, trumpery ornaments, gewgaws. Farby suggests aa a deriva- 
 tion the Latin, phalee^, horse trappings. 
 
 FAMBLES, or paums, the hands. — Aticient Cant. German, fanqeit. 
 
 FAN, a waistcoat. — Houndsditch term. 
 
 FANCY, the favovu-ite sports, pets, or pastime of a person, the ton of low 
 life. Pugilists are sometimes termed the fancy. Shahpeare uses 
 the word in the sense of a favourite, or pet ; and the paramour of a 
 prostitute is still called her panot-man. 
 
 PANCY-BLOAK, a fancy or sporting man. ■ 
 
 Fake, to cheat, or swindle; to do anything; to go on, or continue; to make 
 or construct ; to steal, or rob, — a verb variously used. Faked, done, 
 or done for ; " fake away, there 's no down ; " go on, there is nobody 
 looking. Alayhew says it is from the Latin, pacimentom. Gaelic, paioh, 
 to get, acquire, reach. 
 
 Fakement, a false begging petition, any act of rubbery, swindling, or d» 
 ception. 
 
 Fakement chablet, the owner's private marV 
 
 Fakeb, one who makes or fakes anything. 
 
 " Fake a cly," to pick a pocket. 
 
 Family men, or people, thieves, or burglars." 
 

^ -v^^JJ-c^^ 
 
 SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 131 
 
 FANNING, a beating. 
 
 FAN-QUI, a European ; literally, foreign devil. — Anglo- Chinese. 
 
 FANTADLINS, pastry. 
 
 FAN-TAIL, a dustman's hat. 
 
 FARMER In Suffolk this terra is applied to the eldest son of the occupier 
 
 of the farm. In London it is used derisively of a countryman, and 
 
 denotes a farm-labourer, clodpole. Both senses are different from the 
 
 general acceptation. , .~V^fc5s>' 
 
 FAST, gay, spreeish, unsteady, thoughtless, — an Americanism that haa of - C\\ o>iA^V\ ' 1\ 
 
 late ascended from the streets to the drawing-room. The word has -— * 
 
 certainly now a distinct meaning, which it had not thirty years ago. 
 
 Quick is the synonyme for past, but a quick man would not convey 
 
 the meaning of a past man, — a person who, by late hours, gaiety, and 
 
 continual rounds of pleasure, lives too fast, and wears himself out. In 
 
 polite society a fast young lady is one who affects mannish habits, or 
 
 makes herself conspicuous by some unfeminine accomplishment, — 
 
 talks Slang, drives about in London, smokes cigarettes, is knowing in 
 
 dogs, horses, &c. An amusing anecdote is told of a fast young lady, 
 
 the daughter of a right reverend prelate, who was an adept in horse- 
 flesh. Being desirous of ascertaining the opinion of a candidate for 
 
 ordination, who had the look of a bird of the same feather, as to the 
 
 merits of some cattle just brought to her father's palace for her to 
 
 select from, she was assured by him they were utterly unfit for a lady's 
 
 use. With a knowing look at the horses' points, she gave her decision 
 
 in these choice words, " Well, I agree with you ; they are a rum lot, 
 
 as the devil said of the ten commandments." Charles Dickens, in the 
 
 Christmas number of All the Year Sound for 1859, says that "fast," 
 
 when applied to a young man, is only another word for loose, as he 
 
 understands the term; and the Saturday Review for July 18, i860, 
 
 defines a fast girl as a woman who has lost her respect for men, and 
 
 for whom men have lost their respect also. 
 
 FAST, embarrassed, wanting money, tied up. Synonymous with HARD UP. 
 
 — Yorkshire. 
 FAT, a printer's term signifying the void spaces on a page, for which he is 
 
 paid at the same rate as full or unbroken pages. This work afforded 
 
 much FAT for the printers. 
 FAT, rich, abundant, &o. ; "a FAT lot;" "to cut it fat," to exaggerate, to 
 
 show off in an extensive or grand manner, to assume undue importance ; 
 
 " cut up FAT," see under cut. As a Theatrical term, a part with plenty 
 
 of FAT in it is one which affords the actor an opportunity of effective 
 
 display. 
 FAVOUBITE, the horse that has the lowest odds laid against it in the 
 
 betting Ust. When the favourite wins, the public generally are the 
 
 gainers When an outsider wins, the bino, that is to say, the persons 
 
 who make a business of betting, are generally the gainers. 
 
 Father, or fence, a buyer of stolen property. 
 Fawnet, a finger ring. Irish, faiker, a ring 
 
132 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 FEATHERS, money, wealth; "in full feather," rich. 
 
 FEED, a meal, generally a dinner. — Stable Slang. 
 
 FEEDER, a spoon.— OW Cant. 
 
 FEELE, a daughter, or child. — Corrupted French. 
 
 FELLOW-COMMONER, uncomplimentary epithet used at Cambridge for 
 
 an empty bottle. 
 FELT, a hat. — Old term, in me in the tixteenth century. 
 FEN-NIGHTINGALES, toads and frogs, from their contmued croaking 
 
 at night. 
 FERINGEE, a European. — Anglo-Indian. 
 FERRICADOUZER, a knock-down blow, a good thrashing. Probably 
 
 derived, through the Lingua Franca, from the Italian, fak' cadeb' 
 
 MORTO, to knock down dead. 
 FEW, used in a Slang sense thus : — " Don't you call this considerably jolly ?" 
 
 " I believe you, my bo-ooy, a few." Another expression of the same 
 
 kind is rather, which see. 
 FIB, to beat, or strike. — Old Cant. 
 FIBBING, a series of blows delivered quickly, and at a short distance. — 
 
 j^'ugiliistic. 
 FIDDLE, a whip. 
 FIDDLE, "to play second FmDtB," to act aubordinately, or succumb to 
 
 another. 
 FIDDLE-FACE, a person with a wizened countenance. 
 FIDDLE-FADDLE, twaddle, or trifling discourse. — Old Cant. 
 FIDDLER, or fadoe, a farthing. 
 
 Fawney boon ino, selling rings for a wager. This practice is founded 
 upon the old tale of a gentleman laying a wager that if he were to otter 
 " real gold soverf igns " at a penny a-piece at the foot of London 
 Bridge, the English public would be too incredulous to buy. The 
 story states that the gentleman stationed himself with sovereigns on 
 a tea tray, and sold only two within the hour, — winning the bet. 
 This tale the fawney bouncers tell the public, only offering brass, 
 double gilt-rings, instead of sovereigns. 
 
 Fawney, or fawney rio, ring-dropping. A few years ago, this practice, 
 or RIO, was very common. A fellow purposely dropped a ring, or a 
 pocket-book with some little articles of jewellery, &c., in it, and when 
 he saw any person pick it up, ran to claim half. The ring found, the 
 question of how the booty was to be divided had then to be decided. 
 The fawney says, " If you will give me eight or nine shillings for my 
 share, the things are yours." This the flat thinks very fair- The 
 ring of course is valueless, and the swaUower of the bait discovers the 
 trick too late. 
 
 Fence, or fencer, a purchaser or receiver of stolen goods; fence, the shop 
 or warehouse of a fencer. — Old Cant. 
 
 Kence, to sell or pawn stolen property to a FENCKE. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. I33 
 
 FIDDLER, a sixpence. — Household Words, No. 183. 
 
 FIDDLER, a sharper, a cheat; also one who dawdles over little matters, 
 and neglects great ones. 
 
 FIDDLERS' GREEN', the place where sailors go to when they die. It is 
 a place of fid<lling, dancing, rum, and tobacco, and is undoubtedly the 
 LAND OF COCAIQNE, mentioned in mediaeval manuscripts. 
 
 FIDDLERS' MONEY, a lot of sixpences; fid. was the remuneration to 
 fiddlers from each of the company in old times. 
 
 FIDDLE STICKS ! an exclamation signifying nonsense. 
 
 FIDDLING, doing any odd jobs in the streets, holding horses, carrying 
 parcels, &c., fnr a living. Among the middle classes, ftddlinq means 
 idling away time, or trifling; and amongst sharpers, it means gam- 
 bling. 
 
 FID FAD, a game similar to chequers, or drafts, played in the West of 
 England. 
 
 FIELD-LANE DUCK, a baked sheep's-head. Field Lane is a low 
 London thoroughfare, leading from the foot of Holborn Hill to the 
 purlieus of ClerkenweU. It was formerly the market for stolen 
 pocket-handkerchiefs. 
 
 FIERA-FACIAS, a red-faced man is often jocularly said to have been served 
 with a writ of pieri-facias. 
 
 FI-FA, a writ of FierorFacias. — Legal. 
 
 FI-FI, Mr Thackeray's term for Paul de Koch's novels, and similar modern 
 French literature. 
 
 FIG, "in full Fia," i.e., full-dress costume, "extensively got up." Possibly 
 an allusion to the primeval dress of our first parents, or else an abbre- 
 viation oi figure, in the references to plates in books of faahions. 
 
 FIG, " to pio a horse," to play improper tricks with one in order to make 
 him lively. 
 
 FIGARO, a barber. 
 
 FIGURE, "to cut a good or bad figure," to make, a good or indifferent 
 appe.-irance ; "what's the figuke?" how much is to pay! FlOUBK- 
 BEAD, a person's face. — Sea term. 
 
 FILCH, to steal, or purloin. Originally a Cant word, derived from the 
 FILCHES, or hooks, thieves used to carry, to hook clothes, or any 
 portable articles from open windows. — Vide Decker. It was con- 
 sidered a Cant or Gipsy term up to the beginning of the last century. 
 Harman has " ftlche, to robbe." 
 
 FILE, a deep or artful man, a jocose name for a cunning person. Origin- 
 ally a term for a pickpocket, when TO file was to cheat or rob. 
 File, an artful man, was used in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies. 
 
 FILLIBRUSH, to flatter, praise ironically. 
 
 FIMBLE-FAMBLE, a lame, prevaricating excuse. — Scandinavian. 
 
 FiDLL'M BEN, thieves who take anythmg they can lay their hands upon. 
 
134 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 FIN, a hand; "come, tip us your PIN," viz., let us shake hands. — Sea. 
 
 FINUF, a five-pound note. Double PDtcnp, a ten-pound note. — German, 
 FUNF, five. 
 
 FIKE-EATER, a " swell " of any kind, a braggadocio or turbulent person 
 who is always ready to fight. 
 
 FISH, a person ; " a queer fish," " a loose fish," &c. 
 
 FISH y, doubtful, unsound, rotten — a term used to denote a suspicion of a 
 " screw being loose," or " something rotten in the state of Denmark," 
 in alluding to an unsafe speculation. 
 
 FIVES, " bunch of fives," the fist. 
 
 FIVE FINGERS, the five of trumps, at the game of Five-cards, or Don. 
 
 FIX, a predicament, dilemma ; " an awful Fix," a terrible position ; " to 
 FIX one's flint for him," i.e., to " settle his hath," " put a spoke in his 
 wheel." 
 
 FIZ, champagne, wine. 
 
 FIZZING, first-rate, very good, excellent ; synonymous with STUNNING. 
 
 FLABERGAST, or flabbekqhast, to astonish, or strike with wonder. — 
 Old. 
 
 FLAG, a groat, or 4d. — Ancient Cant. 
 
 FLAG, an apron. 
 
 FLAG-OF-DISTRESS, poverty; when the end of a person's shirt pro- 
 trudes through his trousers. — Seven Dials wit. 
 
 FLAM, nonsense, blarney, a lie. — Kentish ; Anglo-Saxon, 
 
 FLAME, a sweetheart. 
 
 FLANNEL, or hot flannel, the old term for gin and beer, drunk hot, 
 with nutmeg, sugar, &c. Also called flip. There is an anecdote told 
 of Goldsmith helping to drink a quart of flannel in a night house, 
 in company with George Parker, Ned Shuter, and a demure, grave- 
 looking gentleman, who continually introduced the words crap, 
 BTKETCH, SOEAQ, and SWING. Upon the Doctor's asking who this strange 
 person might be, and being told his profession, he rushed from the 
 place in a frenzy, exclaiming, " Good God ! and have I been sitting all 
 this while with a hangman ? " 
 
 FLARE UP, a jovial social gathering, a " break down," a " row." 
 
 FLASH, showy, smart, knowing; a word with various meanings. A person is 
 said to be dressed flash when his garb is showy, and after a fashion, 
 but without taste. A person is said to be flash when he apes 
 the appearance or manners of his betters, or when he is trying to 
 be superior to his friends and relations. Flash also means " fast," 
 roguish, and sometimes infers counterfeit or deceptive, — and this, per- 
 haps, is its general signification. " Flash, my young friend, or Slang, 
 as others call it, ia the classical language of the Holy Land ; in other 
 
 Finder, one who finds bacon and meat at the market before they are lost, 
 
 t.e., steals them. 
 Flam, a ring. 
 
8LANQ, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 35 
 
 words, St GUes's Greek." — Tom and Jerry, by Moncrelff. Vulgar lan- 
 guage was first termed flash in the year 1718, by Hitchin, author of 
 " The Regulator of Thieves, ^c., with account of flash words." 
 
 FLASH IT, show it — said when any bargain is offered. 
 
 FLASH-0' -LIGHTNING, the gold band on an officer's cap.— 5ea. 
 
 FLAT, a fool, a silly or " soft " person, the opposite of sharp. The terms 
 appear to be shortenings for " sharp-witted " and " flat-witted." 
 " Oh, Messrs Tyler, Donelson, and the rest, what flats you are ! " 
 — Times, 5th September 1847. 
 
 FLATS, playing cards. Also called broads. 
 
 FLATTY, a rustic, or uninitiated person. 
 
 FLAT-FEET, the battalion companies in the Foot Guards 
 
 FLEMISH ACCOUNT.— OW. StiU used by saUors for a tangled and 
 unsatisfactory account or reckoning. 
 
 FLESH-AND-BLOOD, brandy and port in equal quantities. 
 
 FLESH-BAG, a shirt 
 
 FLICK, or OLD flick, a comical old chap or fellow. 
 
 FLICK, or FLio, to whip by striking, and drawing the laah back at the 
 same time, which causes a stinging blow. 
 
 FLIES, trickery, nonsense. " There are no flies about me, sir." Con- 
 nected with FLY, wide-awake, &o. 
 
 FLIM-FLAM, an idle story. — Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 FLIMSY, a bank-note. See the following. 
 
 FLIMSY, the thin prepared copying-paper used by newspaper reporters 
 and "penny-a-liners" for making several copies at once, thus ena- 
 bling them to supply different papers with the same article without 
 loss of time. — Printer's term. 
 
 FLINT, an operative who works for a "society" master, i.e., for full wages. 
 
 FLIP, corruption of fillip, a light blow. 
 
 FLIPPER, the hand ; "give us your flipper," give me your hand. — Sea. 
 Metaphor taken from the flipper or paddle of a turtle. 
 
 FLOATER, a small suet dumpling put into soup. — Whitechapel. 
 
 FLOG, to whip. Cited both by Grose and the author of Bacchus and Venus 
 as a Cant word. It would be curious to ascertain the earliest use ; 
 Richardson cites Lord Chesterfield. — Latin. 
 
 Flattt-ken, a public-house, the landlord of which is ignorant of the 
 practices of the thieves and tramps who frequent it. ' 
 
 Flimp, to hustle, or rob. 
 
 Flip-flaps, a peculiar rollicking dance indulged in by costermongers 
 when merry or excited — better described, perhaps, as the double 
 SHUFFLE, danced with an air of extreme abandon. Originally a kind 
 of somersault, in which the performer throws himself over on his 
 bands and feet alternately. — Showman's Slang. 
 
 Floatiho Academt, the hulks. 
 
136 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 KLOGGER, a whip. — Almost obsolete. 
 FLOOR, to knock down. — Pugilistic. 
 KLOORED, when a picture is hung on the lowest row at the Exhibition of 
 
 the Royal Academy, it is in artistic Slang said to be floored, in con- 
 
 tra-distinction to skyed, which tee. 
 FLOORER, a blow sufficiently strong to knock a man down. 
 FLOP, plump ; " to go flop down," to fall suddenly, and with violence and 
 
 noise. 
 FLOWERY, lodging, or house entertainment; "square the omee for 
 
 the FLOWERY," pay the master for the lodging. — Lingua Franca. 
 FLUE-FAKER, a chimneysweep ; also applied to low sporting characters, 
 
 who are so termed from their cliiefly betting on the Great Sweeps. 
 FLUFF IT, a term of disapprobation, implying " take it away, I don't 
 
 want it." 
 FLUKE, at billiards, playing for one thing and getting another. Hence, 
 
 generally what one gets accidentally, an unexpected advantage, " more 
 
 by luck than wit." 
 FLUMMERY, flattery, gammon, genteel nonsense. 
 FLUMMUX, to perplex, hinder; flummuxed, stopped, used up. 
 FLUNKEY, a footman, servant. — Scotch. 
 
 FLUSH, the opposite of hard up, in possession of money, not poverty- 
 stricken . — Shakspeare. 
 FLUSH, to whip ; " flushed on the horse," to be privately whipped in 
 
 jail. 
 FLY, knowing, wide-awake, fully understanding another's meaning. 
 FLY, to lift, toss, or raise ; " PLY the mags," i.e., toss up the halfpence ; 
 
 "to FLY a .pindow," i.e., to lift one for the purpose of stealing. 
 " FLY THE KITE," or " raise the wind," to obtain money on bills, 
 
 whether good or bad, alluding to tossing paper about as children do 
 
 a kite. 
 
 " FLY THE KITE," to evacuate from a window, — term used in padding- 
 kens, or low lodging-houses. 
 
 FLYING-MARE, a throw in wrestling. 
 
 FLYING MESS, " to be in flying mess " is a soldier's phrase for being 
 hungry and having to mess where he can. — Military. 
 
 FLYING STATIONER, a paper-worker, hawker of penny ballads; 
 " Printed for the Flying Stationers " is the imprimatur on himdreds 
 of penny histories and sheet songs of the last and present centuries. 
 
 Flummuxed, done up, sure of a month in quod, or prison. In mendicant 
 freemasonry, the sign chalked by rogues and tramps upon a gate-post 
 or house comer, to express to succeeding vagabonds that it is unsafe 
 for them to call there, is known as 0, or flummuxed, which signifies 
 that the only thing they would be likely to get upon applying for 
 relief would be a " month in Qi OD."^ — See QUOD. 
 
■^ T ^ 
 
 / ./ 
 
 tV 
 
 ll t /.' 
 
 ic-i-n 
 
 Q£l '^h^^tZ.^' 
 
BLANG, OANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 137 
 
 FLYM Y, knowing, cunning, roguish. — Seteti Dials and Low Life. 
 
 FOALED, " thrown from a horse." — Hunting term. — See pdeled and sprtT. 
 
 FOGEY, or old fogey, a dullard, an old-fashioned or singular person. 
 Grose says it is a nickname for an invalid soldier, from the French, 
 roL'RQEAUX, fierce or fiery, but it has lost this signification now. 
 FoGGER, old word for a huckster or servant. 
 
 FOGGY, tipsy. 
 
 FOGLE, a silk handkerchief — nota clout, which is of cotton. It has been 
 hinted that this may have come from the German, tooel, a bird, from the 
 bird's eye spots on some handkerchiefs, [see bird's-eye- wipe under billy,] 
 but a more probable derivation is the Italian Slang (Fourbesque), foqlia, 
 a pocket, or purse ; or from the French Argot, roniLLE, also a pocket. 
 
 FOGUS, tobacco. — Ancient Cant. FoGO, old word for stench, 
 
 FOONT, a sovereign, or 20s. 
 
 FOOTING, " to pay rooTiNQ." — See shoe. 
 
 FORAKERS, the closet of decency, or house of office. — Term used by the 
 boys at Winchester school. 
 
 FORK OUT, to bring out one's money, to pay the bill, to " stand for " or 
 treat a friend ; to hand over what does not belong to you. — Old Cant 
 term for picking pockets, and very curious it is to trace its origin. In 
 the early part of the last century, a little book was published on pur- 
 loining, and of course it had to give the latest modes. Forking was 
 the newest mode, and it consisted in thrusting the fingers stiff and 
 open into the pocket, and then quickly closing them and extracting 
 any article thus caught. 
 
 FORKS, or oRAPPLiNG-moNS, fingers. 
 
 FORTY-FOOT, a derisive appellation for a, very short person. 
 
 FORTY-GUTS, vrdgarterm for a fat man. 
 
 FORTY-TWA, the common place of retirement on a well-known French 
 plan at Edinburgh, so called from its accommodating that number of 
 persons at once. 
 
 FORTY WINKS, a short sleep or nap. 
 
 FOU, slightly intoxicated. — Scotch. 
 
 FOUR- AND NINE, or fouk-and-ninepenny goss, a cheap hat, so called 
 from 4s. 9d., the price at which a noted advertising hat-maker sold 
 his hats — 
 
 ** Whene'er to slumber you incline, 
 Take a sliart nap at 4 and 9." — 1844. 
 
 " FOUR KINGS, HISTORY of the," an old name for a pack of playing 
 cards. See Sir Thomas Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais. In Argot, 
 LIVRE DES QUATRE KOIS. 
 
 FOUNTY, water,— from "fountain," probably.— iVortA. 
 
 FOURTH, or fourth court, the court appropriated to the water-dosets 
 at Cambridge ; from its really being No. 4 at Trinity College. A man 
 leaving his room to go to this fourth court, writes on his door, in 
 
138 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 algebraic notation, gone*, which expresses the Cambridge Slang phrase, 
 
 " gone to the fourth." 
 FOX, to cheat or rob. — Eton College. 
 FOXED, a term used by print and book collectors to denote the brown 
 
 spotted appearance produced by damp on paper. 
 FOXING, when one actor criticises another's performance. — Theatrical. 
 FOX'S SLEEP, or roxiNO, purposely assumed indifference to what \b 
 
 going on. A fox is said to sleop with one eye open. 
 FOXY, rank, tainted, from the odour of the animal. — Lincolnahire. 
 FOXY, said also of a red-haired person. 
 FRAl'PING, a beating. French frapper. 
 
 FREE-AND-EASY, a club held at most public-houses, the members of 
 which meet in the tap-room or parlour for the purpose of drinking, 
 smoking, and hearing each other sing and " talk politics." The name 
 indicates the character of the proceedings. 
 
 FREEMAN'S QUAY, "drinking at freeman's quat," i.e., at another's 
 coat. This quay was formerly a celebrated wharf near London 
 Bridge, and the saying arose from the beer which was given gratis to 
 porters and carmen who went there on business. 
 
 FRENCH CREAM, brandy. 
 
 FRENCH LEAVE, to leave or depart slyly, without saying anything. 
 
 FRESH, said of a person slightly intoxicated. 
 
 FRESHMAN, a University man during his first year. The official appel- 
 lation for the students until they have passed the Previous or First 
 University Examination, otherwise called the Smalls or Little Go, is 
 Junior Sophi or Sophisters. After this they are Senior Sophs until 
 their last term, when they are Questionists, or preparing " ad reipoti- 
 dendum qucestioni." 
 
 FRIZZLE, champagne. 
 FliOG, a policeman. 
 FRONTISPIECE, the face. 
 
 FROW, a girl, or wife. German, frau ; Dutch, TROCW. 
 FRUMMAGEMMED, annihilated, strangled, garroted, or spoilt. — Old Cant. 
 FRUMP, a slatternly woman, a gossip. — Ancient. 
 FRUMP, to mock or insult. — Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 _^F SHARPS, fleas. Compare B plats. 
 '"FUDGE, nonsense, stupidity. Todd and Richardson only trace the wurd 
 to Goldsmith. Dixraeli, however, gives the origin to a Captain Fudge, 
 
 Fox, to watch in the streets for any occurrence which may be turned to a 
 
 profitable account. — See mooching. 
 Free, to steal — generally applied to horses. 
 
 Frisk, to search ; frisked, searched by a constable or other officer. 
 " Fbisk a cly," to empty a pocket. 
 
'^AA^^-- ^6/Q^ - 
 
 
 xJLe/t. j^ . 
 
 u^, ,; / ^y^''C*ynyi^ [ 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 139 
 
 a great fibber, who told monstrous stories, which made his crew say in 
 answer to any improbability, " you fudge it ! " — See Remarks on the 
 Navy, 1700. At page 87 of A Collection of dOTne papers of William 
 Crouch, (8vo, 1 712,) the Quaker, we find a mention of this Captain. 
 Degory Marshall informed Crouch that — 
 
 '* lu the year 1664 wo were sentenced for banishment to Jamaica by Judges 
 Hyde and Twisden, and our number vas 55. We were put on board the 
 ship Black Kagle ; the master's uame was Fudge, by some called Lying 
 
 rVDOE." 
 
 A correspondent asserts that, in his belief, the word comes from the 
 
 Gaelic, FFUO, deception. 
 FUGGIES, hot rolls.— ScAooZ. 
 
 FULLAMS, false dice, which always turn up high. — Shahpeare. 
 FULLY, " to be fulued," to be committed for trial. From the Slang of 
 
 the penny-a-liner, " the prisoner was fully committed for triaL" 
 
 FUNK, trepidation, nervousness, cowardice. To fdnk, to be afraid or 
 nervous. 
 
 FUNK, to smoke out. — North. 
 
 " FUNKING THE COBBLER," a schoolboy's trick, performed with asa- 
 foetida and cotton stuffed into a hollow tube or cow's horn. The cot- 
 tiin being lighted, the smoke is blown in through the keyhole of a 
 door, or the crannies of a cobbler's stall. 
 
 FUNNY-BONE, the extremity of the elbow — or rather, the muscle which 
 passes round it between the two bones, a blow on which causes pain- 
 ful tingling in the fingers. Facetiously derived, from its being the ex- 
 tremity of the humerus, (humorous.) 
 
 t'YE-BUCK, a sixpence. — Nearly obsolete. 
 
 GAB, QABBEB, or GABBLE, talk; "gift of the gab," loquacity, or natural 
 talent for speech-making. — Anglo-Norman ; gab is also found in the 
 Danish and Old Norse. 
 
 GAD, a trapesing, slatternly woman. — Gipsy. Anglo-Saxon, 0.BDELII10. 
 " GADDING THE HOOF," going without shoes. Gadding, roaming about, 
 
 although used in an old translation of the Bible, is now only heard 
 
 amongst the lower orders. 
 GAFF, a fair, or penny play-house. — See penny oafit. 
 GAFFER, a master, or employer ; term used by " navvies," and general in 
 
 Lancashire and North of England. Early English for an old man. 
 
 See " blow the gaff." 
 
 GAFFING, tossing halfpence, or counters — North, where it means tossing 
 up three jjennies. 
 
 GAG, language introduced by an actor into his part. In certain pieces this 
 is allowed by custom, and these are called oao-pieoes. The Critic, 
 or a Tragedy Rehearsed, is one of these. Many actors, however, take 
 French leave in this respect with most pieces. — Theatrical Slang. 
 Mr Robsos at Bblfast.— We (Northern IPAij) susnicted a little bit of what il 
 prufewionally termed "OAO" in Mr Robson's Daddy Hardacre last nijfht 
 
140 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 He had occasion to say that one of the characters in the piece " understands 
 me well enough," to which he added — *♦ I wish some other people did the 
 same," with an expressive glance at the pit ; which we interpreted as hav- 
 ing special reference to those appreciative persons in the audience whom 
 we have already mentioned, who think it absolutely needful to roar with 
 laughter at every sentence Mr Robson utters, without the least regaixl to 
 whether it be humorous or pathetic — only because Mr Robson has fame as 
 a comic actor. — Jan. 1863, 
 
 GAG, to hoax, " take a rise " out of one ; to cod. 
 
 GAGE, a small quantity of anything ; as " a gage of tobacco," meaning a 
 pipeful ; " a gage of gin," a glaaaful. 
 
 GALENY, old Cant term for a fowl of any kind ; now a respectable word 
 in the West of England, signifying a Guinea fowl. — Vide Grose. Latin, 
 QALLINA. 
 
 GALLAVANT, to wait upon the ladies.— Oid. 
 
 GALLIMAUFRY, a kind of stew made up of scraps of various kinds. 
 
 GALLIPOT, an apothecary. 
 
 GALLOWS, very, or exceedingly— a disgusting exclamation; "gallows 
 poor," very poor. 
 
 GALORE, abundance. Irish, 00 leor, in plenty. 
 
 GAMB, a leg. Still used as a heraldic term, as well as by thieves, who 
 
 probably get it from the Lingua Franca. Italian, qamba; French, 
 
 JAMBE, a leg. 
 
 GAME, a term variously applied ; " are you game ? " have you courage 
 enough? "what's your Uttle game?" what are you going to do? 
 " come, none of your games," be quiet, don't annoy me ; " on the 
 GAME," out thieving. 
 
 GAME LEG, a lame or wounded leg. 
 
 GAMMON, deceit, humbug, a false and ridiculous story. Anglo-Saxon, 
 GAMEN, game, sport. 
 
 GAMMON, to hoax, to deceive merrily, to laugh at a person, to tell an im- 
 true but plausible story, to make game of, or, in the provincial dialect, 
 to make game on ; " who 's thou makin' thy gam' ok ? " t.e., who are 
 you making a fool of! — Yorkshire. 
 
 GAMMY, bad, unfavourable, poor tempered. Those householders who are 
 known enemies to the street folk and tramps are pronounced by them 
 to be GAMMT. Gammt sometimes means forged, as " oammt-moneker," 
 a forged signature ; gammy stuff, spurious medicine ; gammy lowb, 
 counterfeit coin. Hants, oamt, dirty. The hieroglyphic used by 
 begi;ars and cadgers to intimate to tliose of the tribe coming after that 
 tilings are not very favourable is known as Q], or gammt. Gaelic, 
 Welsh, and Irish, cam, (gam,) crooked, bad. 
 
 GANDER MONTH, the period when the monthly nurse is in the ascend- 
 ant, and the husband has to shift for himself. 
 
 Gag, a lie ; " a gag he told to the hesk."— Thieves' Cant 
 Gammy-vial, (Ville,) a town where the police will not let persons hawk. 
 
a all 
 
 T 
 
 T.1 ^Tu'J^e-n Ci, ,^^"UL 
 
 (Vo 
 
 c ^ €e 
 
 /(/ ;&- 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 141 
 
 GANGER, the person who superintends the work of a gang, or a number 
 of navigators. 
 
 GAPE-SEED, something to look at ; a lazy fellow, unmindful of his work, 
 is said to be "looking for oape-seed." 
 
 GAR, euphuistic rendering of tke title of the Deity ; " be oak, you don't 
 say so I " — Franco-Engluh. 
 
 GARDEN, among tradesmen signifies Covent Garden Market ; among thea- 
 trical performers, Covent Garden Theatre. 
 
 GARDENER, an awkward coachman ; an insinuation that he is both coach- 
 man and gardener, and understands the latter branch of service better 
 than the first; "get on, qaedener," is a most insulting expression 
 from a cabby to a real coachman. 
 
 GARGLE, medical-student Slang for drinkables. 
 
 GARNISH, the douceur or fee which, before the time of Howard the phil- 
 anthropist, was exacted by the keepers of gaols from their unfortunate 
 prisoners for extra comforts. 
 
 GARNISH, footing-money. — Yorkshire. 
 
 GARRET, the head. 
 
 GARROTING, a mode of cheating practised amongst card-sharpers, by 
 concealing certain cards at the back of the neck. 
 
 GAS, " to give a person gas," to scold him or give him a good beating. 
 Synonymous with " to give him jessie." 
 
 GASSY, or gaseous, liable to " flare up " at any offence. 
 
 GATE, the, Bilingsgate. 
 
 GATE-RACE, among pedestrians a mock race, got up not so much for the 
 best runner to win, but for the money taken from spectators at the 
 gate. 
 
 GATTER, beer ; " shant of qatter," a pot of beer. A curious Slang street 
 melody, known in Seven Dials as £et, the Coaley'i Daughter, thus men- 
 tions the word in a favourite verse : — 
 
 " But when I strove my flame to tell. 
 
 Says she, * Come, gtovithat patter. 
 If you're a cove wot likes a Kal, 
 
 Vy don't you itand some OATTEBt 
 /n course I instantly complied — 
 
 Two brimminff quarts of porter. 
 With four goes of gin beside, 
 
 Drain'd Bet the Coaley's daughter." 
 
 GAWF, a cheap red-skinned apple, a favourite fruit with costermongers, 
 
 who rub them well with a piece of cloth, and find ready purchasers. 
 GAWKY, a lanky, or awkward person; a fool. Saxon, oeac; Scotch, 
 
 GOWK. 
 
 GAY, loose, dissipated; " gat woman," a kept mistress or prostitute. 
 
 Gakreteb, a thief who crawls over the tops of houses and enters garret- 
 windows. Called also a dancer, or danoinq-masteb. 
 Garret, the fob pocket. — Praon term. 
 
142 A DWTIOKASY OF MODERN 
 
 GAY-TYKE-BOY, a dog-fancier. 
 
 GEE, to agree with, or be congenial to a person. 
 
 GEELOOT, a recruit, or awkward soldier. 
 
 GEN, a shilling. Also, qent, silver. Abbreviation of the French, akoent. 
 
 GENT, a contraction of "gentleman," — in more senses than one. A 
 dressy, showy, foppish man, with a little mind, who vulgarises the 
 prevailing fashion. 
 
 GENT, silver. From the French, argent. 
 
 "GENTLEMAN OF FOUR OUTS;" in Ireland when a vulgar, bluster- 
 ing fellow asserts that he is a gentleman, the retort generally is, 
 " Yes, a GENTLEMAN OF FOUR OUTS — that is, without wit, without 
 money, without credit, and without manners." 
 
 "GENTLEMAN OF THREE INNS "—that is, in debt, in danger, and in 
 poverty. 
 
 GEORDIE, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or 
 coal-miner. Origin not known ; the term has been in use more than a 
 century. 
 
 GERMAN DUCK, a sheep's-head stewed with onions ; a favourite dish 
 among the German sugar-bakers in the East End of London. 
 
 GERMAN DUCKS, bugs.— rorisAire. 
 , . GET-UP, a person's appearance, or general arrangements. Probably de 
 
 rived from the decorations of a play. 
 
 " There 's so much getting u ■ to please the town. 
 It takes a precious deal of coming down." 
 
 — Planch&'t Mr Buckttone'i Ascent of Pamatsits. 
 
 GHOST, " the ghost doesn't walk," t.e., the manager is too poor to pay 
 salaries as yet. — Theatrical ; Household Words, No. 1 83. 
 
 GIB-FACE, properly the lower lip of a horse ; " to hang one's gib," to 
 pout the lower lip, be angry or sullen. 
 
 GIBBERISH, unmeaning jargon ; the language of the Gipsies, synonymous 
 with SLANG, another Oipay word. Somner says, " French, gabbkr ; 
 Dutch, GABBEREN ; and our own gab, gabber ; hence also, I take it, 
 our gibbebish, a kind of canting language used by a sort of rogues we 
 vulgarly call Gipsies, a gihble gabble understood only among them- 
 selves." — Gipsy. See Introduction. The gibberish of schoolboys is 
 formed by placing a consonant between each syllable of a word, and is 
 called the gibberish of the letter inserted. Thus, if F were the letter, 
 it would be termed the F gibberish ; if L, the L gibberish — as in 
 the sentence, " How do you do ? — JJowl dol youl dol." A gibberish 
 is sometimes formed by adding vis to each word, in which the previous 
 sentence would be — " Hmevisdovis youvis dovist" Schoolboys in France 
 form a gibberish, in a somewhat similar manner, by elongating their 
 words two syllables, in the first of which an r, in the second a g, predo- 
 minates. Thus the words votis Ues un fou are spoken, vousdregtit 
 etdregue undregue foudregue. Fast persons in Paris, of both sexes, 
 frequently adopt terminations of this kind, from some popular song, 
 Mtor, exhibition, or political event.. In 1830, the favourite termina- 
 
 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 43 
 
 tion was mar, saying epicemar for epicier, cafemar for cafe. In 1823, 
 when the diorama created a sensation in Paris, the people spoke in 
 rama (an parlait en rama.) In Balzac t beautiful tale, Le Pere Goriot, 
 the young painter at the boarding-house dinner-table mystifies the 
 landlady by saying, " what a beautiful soupeaiirama I " To which the 
 old woman replies, to the great laughter of the company, " I beg your 
 pardon, sir, it is une mupt d, chotuc." 
 GIFFLE-QAFFLE, nonsense. See chaff. Icelandic, gafla. 
 GIG, a farthing. Formerly ORIO. 
 
 GIG, fun, frolic, a spree. Old French, oigue, a jig, a romp. 
 " In search of lark, or some delicious gig, 
 Tue mind delights on, when 'tis in pri^iu ttcig." 
 
 — RandaWs Diary, 182a 
 " No hdrt have I," said mournful Matt ; 
 But Tom, still fond of Gio, 
 Cried out, ** No liairs T don't fret at that. 
 When you can buy a wig." 
 
 GIGLAMPS, spectacles. In my first edition I stated this to be a Univer- 
 gily term. Mr Cuthbert Bede, however, in a communication to Notet 
 and Queries, of which I have availed myself in the present edition, 
 says — " If the compiler has taken this epithet from Verdant Green, I 
 can only say that I consider the word not to be a ' University' word in 
 general, but as only due to the Inventive genius of Mr Bouncer in par- 
 ticular." The term, however, has been adopted, and ia now in general 
 use. 
 
 GILL, a homely woman ; " Jack and gill," Ac. — Ben Jonson. 
 
 GILLS, the lower part of the face. — Bacon. " To grease one's gills," 
 " to have a good feed," or make a hearty meal 
 
 GILLS, a shirt collar. 
 
 GILT, money. German, geld ; Dutch, gelt. 
 
 GIMCRACK, a bijou, a slim piece of mechanism. Old Slang for " a spruc« 
 v/ench." — New Bailey. 
 
 "GIN-AND-GOSPEL GAZETTE," the Morning Advertiser, so called 
 from its being the organ of the Dissenting party, and of the Licensed 
 Victuallers' Association. Sometimes termed the tap-tub, or the 'tizer 
 
 GINGER, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with oingek 
 under his tail. 
 
 GINGERLY, to do anything with great care. — Cotgrave. 
 
 GINGER HACKLED, having flaxen light yellow hair.— See hacklb. 
 
 GINGUMBOB, a bauble. 
 
 " GIRNIGO-GABY THE CATS COUSIN," a reproachful expression said 
 to a crying child. 
 
 GIVE, to strike, to scold ; " I '11 OIVB it to you," t.*, I will thrash you. 
 
 GLADSTONE, cheap claret, since that popular Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 has reduced the dutv on French wines. 
 
 Gift, any article which has been stolen, and afterwards sold at a low price 
 
144 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 GLASGOW MAGISTRATE, a salt herring.— .'co/cA. 
 
 GLAZE, glass ; generally applied to windows. 
 
 GLIB, a tongue ; " slacken your OLIB," t.e., " loosen your tongue." 
 
 GLIM, a light, a lamp ; " dowse the glim," put out the candle. — Sea and 
 Old Cant. Glims, spectacles. Gaelic, glinn, light. German, (pro- 
 vincial,) GLIMM, a spark. 
 
 GLOAK, a man. — Scotch. 
 
 GLUM, sulky, stem; "to look QLCM," to appear annoyed or disconcerted. 
 
 GLUMP, to sulk. 
 
 GLUMPISH, of a stubborn, sulky temper. 
 
 GKOSTIC, a knowing one, or " sharper." — Nearly obsolete in this vulgar 
 sense. 
 
 GO, a GO of gin, a quartern of that liquor. (This word, as applied to a mea- 
 sure of liquor, is stated by a correspondent to have arisen from the 
 following circumstance : — Two well-known actors once met at the bar 
 of a tavern to have a " wet " together. " One more glass and then 
 we '11 GO " was repeated so often on either hand, that in the end go 
 was out of the question with both of them, and so the word passed 
 into a saying;) GO is also synonymous with circumstance or occur- 
 rence ; " a rummy 00," and " a great GO," signify curious and remark- 
 able occurrences; "no GO," no good; " here's a pretty go ! " here's a 
 trouble; oo, a term in the game of cribbage; "to GO the jump," to 
 enter a house by the window ; " all the oo," in fashion. — See uttlb 
 
 GO ; also CALL-A-GO. 
 
 *' Gemmen (says he,) you all well know 
 The joy there is whene'er we meet ; 
 It 'b what I call the primest GO, 
 And rightly named, 'tis — * quite a treat.'" 
 
 — Jack XandalVl Diary, i8». 
 
 " GO DUE NOBTH," to become bankrupt, to go to Whitecross Street. 
 GOB, the mouth; mucus, or saliva. — North. Sometimes used for gab, 
 
 talk— 
 
 *' There was a man called Job, 
 Dwelt in the land of Uz ; 
 He had a good gift of the ooB ; 
 The same case happen us." 
 
 Zach. Botd. 
 Oaelie — gab and aoB, a mouth. See gab. 
 GOB, a portion. 
 
 " GOD BLESS THE DUKE OF AEGYLE ! " a Scottish insinuation made 
 when one shrugs his shoulders, of its being caused by parasites or 
 cutaneous affections. — See scotch fiddlb, scotch gkeys. It is said to 
 have been originally the thankful exclamation of the Glasgow folks, at 
 finding a certain row of iron posts, erected by his grace in that city to 
 mark the division of his property, very convenient to rub against. 
 
 Qlim LnBK, a begging paper, giving a certified account of a dreadful fire 
 
 — which never happened. 
 Qo-ALONO, a thief. — Household Words, No. 183. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 145 
 
 GODS, the people in the upper gallery of a theatre; "up amongst the 
 GODS," a seat amongst the low persons in the gallery — so named from 
 the high position of the gallery, and the blue sky generally painted on 
 the ceiling of the theatre ; termed by the French, paradis. 
 
 GODS, the quadrats used by printers in throwing on the imposing stone, 
 similar to the movement in casting dice. — Printers term. 
 
 GO IT, a term of encouragement, implying, " keep it up ! " Sometimes 
 amplified to 00 IT, ye cripples ; said to have been a facetious render- 
 ing of the last line of Virgil'a Eclogxiea — 
 
 " Ibe domiun Satune, Venit Hesperus, He eapella: ** 
 or, " GO IT, TB CRIPPLES, ORDTOHES ARE CHEAP." 
 
 GOLDFINCH, a sovereign. 
 
 GOLGOTHA, a hat, "place of a skulL" Hence the "Don's gallery," at 
 St Mary's, Cambridge. — Vide SKULL. 
 
 GOL-MOL, noise, commotion. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 GOLOPSHUS, splendid, delicious, luscious. — Norwich. 
 
 GONNOF, or gun, a fool, a bungler, an amateur pickpocket. A corre- 
 spondent thinks this may be a corruption of gone off, on the analogy of 
 GO-ALONG ; but the term is really as old as Chaucer's time. During 
 Kett's rebellion in Norfolk, in the reign of Edward VI., a song was 
 Bung by the insurgents in which the term occurs : — 
 
 ** The country onoffes. Hob, Dick, and Hick, 
 With dubbes and clouted shoon. 
 Shall fill up Dusayn dale 
 With slaughtered bodies soone." 
 
 GOOD-WOMAN, a not uncommon public-house sign, representing a woman 
 without a head,— the ungallant allusion is that she cannot scold. The 
 HONEST LAWYER, another sign, is depicted in the same manner. 
 
 GOOSE, a tailor's pressing iron. — Originally a Slang term, but now in 
 most dictionaries. 
 
 GOOSE ; " Paddy's GOOSE," t.e., the white swan. 
 
 GOOSE, "to cook his goose," to kill him ; the same aa "to give him his 
 
 GRUEL," or "settle his hash." 
 GOOSE, "to get the goose," "to be goosed," signifies to be hissed while 
 
 on the stage. The BIG-BIBD, the terror of actors. — See BIG-BIRD. — 
 
 Theatrieal. 
 GOOSE, to ruin, or spoil; to hiss a play. — Theatrieal. 
 GOOSEBERRY, to " play up old gooseberry " with any one, to defeat or 
 
 silence a person in a quick or summary manner. 
 GOOSECAP, a booby, or noodle. — Devonshire. 
 GOOSER, a settler, or finishing blow. 
 
 GO-OVER, in clerical Slang, signifies to join the Church of Rome. 
 GORMED, a Norfolk corruption of a profane oath. So used by Mr Peg- 
 
 gotty, one of Dickens's characters. 
 QORQER, a swell, a well-dressed, or gorgeout man — probably derived from 
 
 K 
 
146 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 that word. Sometimes employed in the sense of an employer, or prin- 
 cipal, aa the manager of a theatre. 
 
 GOSPEL-GRINDER, a city missionary, or tract-distributor. 
 AT _0 - O •>£-< t GOSS, a hat — from the gossamer silk with which modern hats are made. 
 
 y 1 \ GOSS, " to give a man Goss," to requite for an injury, to beat, or kill him 
 
 '0^'*^ GOUROCK HAM, salt herrings. Gourock, on the Clyde, about twenty- 
 
 ^>-< -''AULa.iv/CJ fi'® miles from Glasgow, was formerly a great fishing village. — Scotch. 
 
 GOVERNMENT SIGN-POST, the gaUows. 
 
 GOVERNOR, a father, a master or superior person, an elder; "which way, 
 guv'ner, to Cheapside 1 " 
 
 GOWLER, a dog. — North Country Cant. Query, growler. 
 
 GOWNSMAN, a student at one of the universities. A person of the town, 
 not connected with the college, would be termed a snob. 
 
 " GOWN AND TOWN ROW," a fight between the students and townsmen 
 at Cambridge. 
 
 GRAB, to clutch, or seize ; gbabbed, caught, apprehended. 
 
 GRABBER, the hand. 
 
 GRACE-CARD, the six of hearts, so termed in Ireland. A Kilkenny 
 gentleman, named Grace, being solicited, with promises of royal favour, 
 to espouse the cause of William III., gave the following answer, writ- 
 ten on the back of the six of hearts, to an emissary of Marshal Schom- 
 berg's, who had been commissioned to make the proposal to him : — 
 " Tell your master I despise his offer ; and that honour and conscience 
 are dearer to a gentleman than all the wealth and titles a prince can 
 bestow." 
 
 GRAFT, to work; "where are you qbaftino?" ».e., where do you live, or 
 workf 
 
 GRANNT, importance, knowledge, pride; "take the granny off them as 
 has white hands," viz., remove their self-conceit. — JfayA«o, vol. i., p. 364. 
 
 GRANNY, a knot which will not hold, from its being wrongly and clumsily 
 tied. — Sea. 
 
 GRANNY, to know, or recognise; "do ye ORANin Hie bloke?" do you 
 know the man 1 
 
 GRAPPLING IRONS, fingers.— 5ca. 
 
 GRASS, "gone to grass," dead, — a coarse allusion to burial; absconded, 
 or disappeared suddenly ; " oh, go to grass," a common answer to a 
 troublesome or inquisitive person, — possibly a corruption of "go to 
 GRACE," meaning, of coiu-se, a directly opposite fate. 
 
 GRASS-COMBER, a country fellow, a haymaker. 
 
 GRASS- WIDOW, an unmarried mother; a deserted mistress. In the 
 United States, during the gold fever in California, it was common for 
 an adventurer to put both his wife (termed in his absence a grass- 
 WIBOW) and his children to school during his absence. 
 
 GRAVEL, to confound, to bother ; " I 'm gravelled," i.e., perplexed or 
 confused. — Old. Also, to prostrate, beat to the ground. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. I47 
 
 GRAVEL-RASH, a scratched face,— telling its tale of a drunken fall. A 
 person subject to this is called a geatel-qbindeb. 
 
 GRAVESEND SWEETMEATS, shrimps. 
 
 GRAY-COAT PARSON, a lay impropriator, or lessee of great tithes. 
 
 GRAYS, or scotch qeats, lice. — Scotch. 
 
 GRAY, a halfpenny, with either two " heads " or two " tails " — both sides 
 alike. Low gamblers use grays. They cost from 2d. to 6d. each. 
 
 GREASE-SPOT, a minute remnant, the only distinguishable remains of an 
 antagonist after a terrific contest. 
 
 GREASING a man is bribing ; soaping is flattering him. 
 
 GREEKS, the low Irish. St Giles's greek, Slang or Cant language. Cot- 
 grave gives MERRIE OBEEK aa a definition for a roistering fellow, a 
 drunkard. The Greeks have always been regarded as a jolly, luxurious 
 race ; so much so, that the Latins employed the verb Orwcari (lit. to 
 play the qreek) to designate fine living and free potations, a sense in 
 which Horace frequently uses it ; while Shakspeare often mentions the 
 UERBT GREEKS; and "as merry as a onio" (or gbeek) was long a 
 favourite allusion in old English authors.— .Sec medical oeeek. 
 
 GREENWICH GOOSE, a pensioner of the Naval Hospital. 
 
 GREEN, ignorant, not wide-awake, inexperienced. — Shakspeare. " Do you 
 see any GBEEN in my eye ? " ironical question in a dispute. 
 
 GREEN-HORN, a fresh, simple, or uninitiated person. 
 
 GREENLANDER, an inexperienced person, a spoon. 
 
 GRIDDLER, a person who sings in the streets without a printed copy of 
 the words. — Seven Dials. 
 
 GRIDIRON, a County Court summons. 
 
 "GRIDIRON AND DOUGH-BOYS," the flag of the United States, in 
 allusion to the stars and stripes. — Sea. 
 
 GRIEF, " to come to gbiep," to meet with an accident, be ruined. 
 
 GRIFFIN, in India, a newly-arrived cadet ; general for an inexperienced 
 youngster. " Fast " young men in London frequently term an um- 
 brella a GBIPFIN. 
 
 GRIND, "to take a geind," i.e., a walk, or constitutional — Vnicersity. 
 
 GRIND, to work up for an examination, to cram with a gexkdeb, or pri- 
 vate tutor. — Medical, but commencing to be generaL 
 
 GRINDER, a tooth. 
 
 GRINDOFF, a miller. 
 
 GRIPES, the stomach-ache. — See tbipes. 
 
 GROGGY, tipsy ; when a prize-fighter becomes " weak on his pins," and 
 nearly beaten, he is said to be groggy. — Pugilistic. The same term 
 is applied to horses in a similar condition. Old English, aoqboggyij 
 weighed down, oppressed — Prompt. Parvulorum. Or it may only 
 mean that uuBteadines& of gait consequent on imbibing too much 
 
148 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 GROG-BLOSSOMS, pimples on the face, caused by hard drinking. ' Of 
 such a person it is often said, " He bears his blushing honours thick 
 upon him." 
 
 GROG-FIGHT, a drinking -paitj.— Military. 
 
 GRUB, meat or victuals of any kind, — grub signifying food, and BUBj 
 drink. 
 
 GRUBBING-KEIT, or SPiuiKrn, a workhouse ; a cook-shop. 
 
 GRUBBY, musty, or old-fashioned. — Devonshire. 
 
 GRUEL, " to give a person his qruel," to kill him. An expression in all 
 probability derived from the report of a trial for poisoning. Compare 
 "to settle his hash," and "cook his GOOSE." 
 
 GULFED, a University term, denoting that a man is unable to enter for 
 the classical examination from having failed in the mathematical.* 
 Candidates for classical honours were compelled to go in for both exa- 
 minations. From the alteration of the arrangements, the term is now 
 obsolete. — Cambridge. 
 
 GULL, to cheat, deceive ; also, one easily cheated. 
 
 GULPIN, a weak, credulous fellow, who will gulp down anything. 
 
 GUMMY, thick, fat — generally applied to a woman's ankles, or to a man 
 
 whose flabby person betokens him a drunkard. 
 GUMPTION, or rumoumption, comprehension, capacity. From gaum, to 
 
 comprehend ; " I canna oadqe it, and I canna gauu it," as a Yorkshire 
 
 exciseman said of a hedgehog. 
 
 GUNNER'S DAUGHTER, a term facetiously applied to the method of 
 punishing boys in the Royal Navy by tying them securely to the 
 breech of a cannon, so as to present the proper part convenient for the 
 cat, and flogging them. This ia called " marrying " or " kissing the 
 gunner's daughter." 
 
 GUP, gossip. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 GURRAWAUN, a coachman, a native Indian corruption of the English 
 word coachman. For another curious corruption of a similar kind, 
 tee eiUKVi.— Anglo-Indian. 
 
 GUT-SCRAPER, a fiddler. 
 
 GUTTER BLOOD, a low or vulgar mm.— Scotch. 
 
 GUTTER LANE, the throat. 
 
 GUY, a fright, a dowdy, an ill-dressed person. Derived from the effigy of 
 Guy Fawkes carried about by boys on Nov. 5. 
 
 ♦ These men's names appeared in the list of *' Degrees Allowed." The name 
 " GuLT " for this list is said to have arisen from the boast of a former " wooden 
 spoon." ** I would have you to know there is a great gulf between me and the cap- 
 tain of the poll." 
 
 QuLLT-RAKERS, Cattle thieves in Australia, the cattle being stolen out of 
 
 almost inaccessible valleys, there termed oullles. 
 QuBBELL, a fob. — Wettminiter Slums. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 149 
 
 GYP, an undergraduate's valet at Cambridge. Corruption of gtpst joe, 
 (Saturday Review ;) popularly derived by Cantaba from the Oreek, 
 GYPS, {yi'^,) a vulture, from their dishonest rapacity. At Oxford they 
 are called scouts. 
 
 HACKLE, " to show hackle," to be willing to fight. Hackles are the 
 long feathers on the back of a cock's neck, which he erects when 
 angry, — hence the metaphor. 
 
 HACKSLAVER, to stammer in one's speech, like a dunce at his lesson. 
 
 HADDOCK, a purse.— 5ee BEANS. 
 
 HAKIM, a medical man. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 HALF-A-BEAN, half-a sovereign. 
 
 HALF-A-BULL, two shillings and sixpence. 
 
 HALF-A-COUTER, half-a-sovereign. 
 
 HALF-A-HOG, sixpence ; sometimes termed HALF-A-QBUNTEB. 
 
 HALF-A-TUSHEROON, half-a-crown. 
 
 HALF-AND-HALF, a mixture of ale and porter, much affected by 
 medical students ; occasionally Latinised into squdium DiMioiaMCiDE. 
 — See cooPEB. 
 
 HALF-BAKED, soft, doughy, haJf-witted, silly. Half-eocked has a simi- 
 lar meaning. 
 
 HALF-FOOLISH, ridiculous ; means often wholly foolish. 
 
 HALF-JACK.— See jacks. 
 
 HALF-MOURNING, to have a black eye from a blow. 
 
 HALF-ROCKED, silly, half-witted. — Compare halp-baked. 
 
 HALF-SEAS-OVER, reeling drunk.— Sea. Used by Swift. 
 
 HALL, the Leadenhall Market; the same as "the gabden" refers to 
 Covent Garden. 
 
 HAND, a workman, or helper, a person. " A cool hand," explained by 
 Sii Thomas Overbury to be "one who accounts bashfulnesa the 
 wickedest thing in the world, and therefore studies impudence." 
 
 HANDER, a second, or assistant, in a prize fight. 
 
 HANDICAP. Handicapping, in racing affairs, now signifies the adjudg- 
 ment of various weights to horses differing in age, power, and speed, 
 to place them as much as possible on an equality, and thereby enable 
 one or all to have a fair chance of winning the race. 
 
 The old game of handicap (hand i' the cap) is a very different 
 affair ; and as it is now almost obsolete, being only played by gen- 
 tlemen in Ireland, after hunting and racing dinners, when the wine 
 has circulated pretty freely, merits a description here. It is played 
 by three persons, in the following manner : — A wishes to obtain some 
 article belonging to B, say a horse ; and offers to " challenge" his 
 watch against it. B agrees ; and C is chosen as handicapper to " make 
 the award" — that is, to name the sum of money that the owner of the 
 article of lesser value shall give with it, in exchange for the mora 
 
 Halfa-STBetch, six months in prison. 
 
ISO 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 valuable one. The three parties, A, B, and C, put down a certain 
 stake each, and then the handicapper makes his award. If A and B 
 are both satisfied with the award, the exchange is made between the 
 horse and watch, and the handicapper wins, and takes up the stakes. 
 Or if neither be satisfied with the award, the handicapper takes the 
 stakes ; but if A be satisfied and B not, or vice vena, the party who 
 declares himself satisfied gets the stakes. It is consequently the ob- 
 ject of the handicapper to make such award as will cause the chal- 
 lenger and challenged to be of the same mind ; and considerable in- 
 genuity is required and exhibited on his part. The challenge having 
 been made, as stated, between A's watch and B's horse, each party 
 puts his HAND into a cap or hat [or into his pocket] while C makes 
 the award, which he purposely does in as rapid and complex a man- 
 ner as possible. Thus, after humorously exaggerating the various 
 excellences of the articles, he may say—" The owner of the superior 
 gold lever watch shall give to the owner of the beautiful thorough- 
 bred bay horse, called Flyaway, the watch and fifteen half-crowns, 
 seven crowns, eighteen half-guineas, one hundred and forty groats, 
 thirteen sovereigns, fifty-nine pence, seventeen shillings and sixty- 
 three farthings. Draw, gentlemen I " A and B must instantly then 
 draw out and open their hands. If money appears in both, they are 
 agreed, and the award stands good ; if money be in neither hand, they 
 are also agreed, but the award is rejected. If money be only in one 
 hand, they are not agreed, the award is ofif, and the stakes go as 
 already stated. Very frequently, neither A nor B are sufficiently 
 quick in their mental calculations to follow the handicapper, and not 
 knowing on the instant the total of the various sums in the award, 
 prefer being "ofif," and "draw" no money. As in this event the 
 handicapper gets the stakes, the reason for the complex nature of his 
 award is obvious. 
 
 When handicapping has once commenced in a convivial party, it is 
 considered unsportsmanlike to refuse a challenge. So when the small 
 hours draw on, and the fun becomes fast and furious, coats, boots, 
 waistcoats, even shirts are challenged, handicapped, and exchanged, 
 amidst an almost indescribable scene of good-humoured jovialty and 
 stentorian laughter. This is the true handicap. The application of 
 the term to horse -racing has arisen from one or more persons being 
 chosen to make the award between persons, who put down equal 
 sums of money, on entering horses unequal in power and speed for 
 the same race. 
 
 HANDLE, a nose ; the title appended to a person's name ; also a term in 
 boxing, " to HANDLE one's fists," to use them against an adversary. 
 
 BLAlfDLING, a method of concealing certain cards in the. palm of the 
 hand, one of the many modes of cheating practised by sharpers. 
 
 HAND-SAW, or " chive-fencee," a man who sells razors and knives in the 
 streets. 
 
 HANDSELLER, or cheap jack, a street or open-air seller, a man who 
 carries goods to hia customers, instead of waiting for his customers to 
 visit bin). 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 15 1 
 
 HANO OUT, to reside, — in allusion to the ancient custom of hanging out 
 
 HANGMAN'S WAGES, thirteenpence halfpenny.— OW- iph century. 
 " 'Sfoot, what a witty ro^e waa this to leave this fair thirteenpence lialfpenny, 
 and this old halter," intimating aptly — 
 
 '* Had the hangman met us tliere, by these presages 
 Here had been his worlt, and here hig wages." 
 
 — Match at Midnijjht. Old Plays, viL 357, 
 
 HANNAH, " that's the man as married Hannah," a Salopian phrase to 
 express a matter begun. 
 
 HANSEL, or handsale, the lucky money, or first money taVen in the 
 morning by a pedlar. — Cocher'a Dictwnary, 1724. " Legs of mutton 
 (street term for sheep's trotters, or feet) two for a penny ; who '11 give 
 me a hansel ? who '11 give me a hansel ? " — Cry at Cloth Fair at the 
 present day. Hence, earnest money, first fruits, &.O. In Norfolk, han- 
 selling a thing is using it for the first time, as wearing a new coat, 
 taking seizin of it, as it were. — Anglo-Saxon. Nich. Bailey. 
 
 " HA'PURTH 0' COPPERS," Habeas Corpus.— Legal Slang. 
 
 " HA'PURTH 0' LIVELINESS," the music at a low concert, or theatre. 
 
 HARAMZADEH, a very general Indian term of contempt, signifying base- 
 bom. — A nglo-Indian. 
 
 HARD LINES, hardship, difficulty. — Soldier's tern for hard duty on tha 
 lines in front of the enemy. The editor of Notes and Queries proves 
 Lines to have been formerly synonymous with Lots, from Ps. xvi. 6. — 
 Jiible version — "The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places;" 
 Prayer- Book do. — " The lot is fallen unto me in a fair ground," — Vol. 
 xii., p. 287. 
 
 HARDY, a stone.— iVbrtA. 
 
 HARD-UP, in distress, poverty stricken. — Sea. 
 
 HARD-UP, a cigar-end finder, who collects the refuse pieces of smoked 
 cigars from the gutter, and having dried them, sells them as tobacco 
 to the very poor. 
 
 HARRY, or old harry, (»'.«., Old Hairy!) the Devil; "to play old 
 HARRY with one," i.e., ruin or annoy him. 
 
 HARRY-SOPH, (ipl(ro(pos, very wise indeed,) a student of law or physio 
 at Cambridge, who being of the same standing as the students in arts 
 in his year, is allowed to wear a full-sleeved gown when they 
 assume their B.A. gowns, though he does not obtain his actual degree 
 so soon. An undergraduate in his last year is a Senior Soph, in his 
 last term, & Questionist. Vide Cambridge University Calendar for 18^2, 
 p. 38. — Cambridge. 
 
 HARUM-SCARUM, wild, dissipated, reckless ; four horses driven in a line. 
 This is also called stnciDE. See tandem, randem, unicorn, &c. 
 
 HASH, a mess, confusion ; " a pretty hash he made of it ; " to hash trp, to 
 jumble together without order or regularity. The term also occurs 
 in the phi'ase " to settle his hash," which is equivalent to " give him 
 his GRUEL," or " cook his goose," i.e., kill him. 
 
 HATCHET, " to throw the hatohkt," to tell lies. 
 
152 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 HATCHET, "to sling the hatchet," to skulk.— &a. 
 
 HAWBUCK, a vulgar, ignorant, country fellow. 
 
 HAWSE HOLES, the apertures in a ship's bows through which the cables 
 pass ; "he has crept in through the hawse-holes," said of an officer 
 who has risen from the grade of an ordinary seaman. — Navy. 
 
 HAY BAG, a woman. 
 
 HAZE, to confuse and annoy a subordinate by contradictory, unnecessary, 
 and perplexing orders. 
 
 HAZY, intoxicated. — Household Wards, No. 183. 
 
 HEADBEETLER, the bully of the workshop, who lords it over his fellow- 
 workmen by reason of superior strength, skill in fighting, &c. Some- 
 times applied to the foreman. 
 
 HEADER, a plunge head foremost into water, or a fall in the same pos- 
 ture from accident. Also a recently-adopted theatrical expression for 
 the daring jump of the hero or heroine in sensational dramas. See 
 newspaper reviews of the " Colleen Bawn." 
 
 " HEAD OR TAIL," " I can't make head oe tail of it," i.e,, cannot make 
 it out. Originally a betting phrase. 
 
 HEAD-RAILS, the teeth.— 5ca. 
 
 HEAD-SERAG, a master; from seranq, a boatswain. — Bengalee, andS'co. 
 
 HEAP, "a HEAP of people," a crowd; "struck all of a heap," suddenly 
 astonished. 
 
 HEAT, a bout, or turn, in horse-racing ; the gainer of two heats winning 
 the race. 
 
 HEAVY DRAGOONS, bugs, in contradistinction to fleat, which are light 
 INFANTRY. — Owfurd University, 
 
 HEAVY WET, porter and beer, — because the more a man drinks of it, the 
 heavier and more stupid he becomes. 
 
 HEDGE, to secure a doubtful bet by making others. — Turf. Hedging, as 
 a system of betting, is quite different from BOOKilAKiNa, and may be 
 explained as follows : — The bedgek, from information or good judg- 
 ment, selects, say, three horses. A, B, and C, likely to advance in the 
 betting, and takes 50 to I — say £iooo to £20 — against each of them. 
 As the race-day approaches the horse A may fall out of the betting, 
 from accident or other cause, and have to be written off as a dead loss 
 of £20. But the other two horses, as anticipated, improve in public 
 favour, and the hedgee succeeds in laying 5 to i — say £500 to £100 
 —against B, and 2 to I — say £500 to £250— against C. The account 
 then stands thus — A is a certain loss of £20; but if B wins, the 
 HEDGER will receive £1000 and pay £500 ; balance in favour, £500. 
 If B loses, the hedoer will receive £100 and pay £20; balance in fa- 
 vour, £80. If C wins, the hedger will receive £1000 and pay £500 ; 
 balance in favour, £500. If C loses, the hedger will receive £250 
 and pay £20 ; balance in favour, £230. Deducting, then, the loss of 
 £20 on A, the hedger's winnings will be considerable ; and he cannot 
 lose, providing his information or judgment lead to the required result, 
 which, in two cases out of three, may be conBidere4 a certainty. But it 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 53 
 
 must never be forgotten that however well Turf speculations may look 
 on paper, they are subject to the contingency of the bets being honour- 
 ably paid on settlinq-dat. " The Druid " in Post and Paddock 
 remarks : — 
 
 •' The term hedgino has been quite superseded by " laving off ; " and we 
 bad, in fact, quite forgotten it till we saw it stated in the papers lately, by 
 a cler^mau, who did not answer a question on docti-ine as the Bishop of 
 Exeter exactly liked, that his lordship addressed him to this effect : * You 
 are HEDQiNO, sir ; you are HEoaiNQ I * " 
 
 See BOOK and bookuaeino. 
 HEDGE-POPPING, shooting small birds about the hedges, as boys do; 
 
 unsportsmanlike kind of shooting. 
 HEEL-TAP, the small quantity of wine or other beverage left in the 
 
 bottom of a glass, considered as a sign that the liquor is not liked, and 
 
 therefore unfriendly and vmsocial to the host and the company. See 
 
 BAY-UQHT. 
 
 HEIGH-HO ! a Cant term for stolen yam, from the expression used to 
 apprise the dishonest manufacturer that the speaker had stolen yam 
 to sell. — Norwich Cant. 
 
 HELL, a fashionable gambling-house. In printing-offices, the term is 
 generally applied to the old tin box in which is thrown the broken or 
 spoilt type, purchased by the founders for re-casting. Nearly obaoleie. 
 
 " HELL AND TOMMY," utter destruction. 
 
 HEN- PECKED, said of one whose wife "wears the breeches." 
 
 HERRING-POND, the sea; " to be sent across the hebrino-pond," to be 
 transported. 
 
 HIDING, a thrashing. Webster gives this word, but not its rootj bidjs, 
 to beat, flay by whipping. 
 
 HIGGLEDY-PIGGLEDY, all together,— as hogs and pigs lie. 
 
 HIGH CHURCH, in contradistinction to low choech. See the following. 
 
 " HIGH AND DRY," an epithet applied to the soi-duant " orthodox " clergy 
 of the last century, for whom, while ill-paid curates did the work, the 
 comforts of the establishment were its greatest charms. 
 
 ** Wlierein are various ranks, and due degrees. 
 The Bench for honour, and the Stall for ease.* 
 
 Though often confounded with, they are utterly dissimilar to, the 
 modem High Church or Anglo-Catholic party. Their equally unin- 
 teresting opponents deserved the corresponding appellation of " low 
 AND SLOW;" while the so-called " Broad Church" is defined with equal 
 felicity as the " broad and shallow." 
 
 HIGH-FLY, " ON THE HiaH-FLT," on the begging or cadging system. 
 
 HIGH JINKS, " ON THE HIGH JINKS," taking up an arrogant position, as- 
 suming an undue superiority. Scott explains this game in his Guy 
 ifannering. 
 
 " Hen and chickens," large and small pewter pots. 
 HioH-FLTEE, a genteel beggar or swindler. 
 
154 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 HIGH-FLYER, a large swing, in frames, at fairs and races. 
 
 HIGH-LOWS, laced boats reaching a trifle higher than ankle-jacts. 
 
 HIGHFALUTEN, showy, affected, tinselled, affecting certain pompous or 
 fashionable airs, stuck up ; " come, none of yer hiqhpaluten games," 
 i.e., you must not show off or Imitate the swell here. — American Slang, 
 now common in Liverpool and the East End of London, from the Dutch, 
 VERLOOTEN. Used recently by the Timet in the sense of fustian, high- 
 sounding, unmeaning eloquence, bombast. 
 
 HIGH-STRIKES, corruption of Hysterica. 
 
 HIP INSIDE, inside coat pocket. 
 
 HIP OUTSIDE, outside coat pocket. 
 
 HIPPED, piqued, offended, crossed, Ac. 
 
 HITTITE, a facetious Sporting term for a prize-fighter. 
 
 HIVITE, a student of St Begh's College, Cumberland; pronounced St 
 bee's. — University. 
 
 HOAX, to deceive, or ridicule, — OroH says was originally a University 
 Cant word. Corruption of hocus, to cheat. 
 
 HOBBLED, committed for trial ; properly said of animals fed by the way- 
 side, with their forelegs fastened together. 
 
 HOB COLLINGWOOD, according to Brockett, a North Country term for 
 the four of hearts, considered an unlucky card. 
 
 HOBSON'S CHOICE, "this or none." Hobson was a carrier at Cam- 
 bridge, and also a letter out of horses for hire, and is said to have 
 always compelled his customers to take either the horse that stood in 
 the stall next the stable door or none at alL He was a benefactor to 
 the town, and Hohson's Conduit still stands as a memorial of him. 
 
 "HOB AND NOB," to act in concert with another; to "lay heads to- 
 gether;" to touch glasses in drinking; to fraternise in a convivial 
 meeting or merry-making. 
 
 HOCKS, the feet ; cdrbt hooks, round or clumsy feet 
 
 HOCK-DOCKIES, shoes. 
 
 HOCUS, to drug a person, and then rob him. The HOCUS generally con» 
 sists of snuff and beer. 
 
 HOCUS POCUS, Gipsy words of magic, similar to the modem "presto 
 fly." The Gipsies pronounce " Rabeat Corpus," hawcus paocob, {tee 
 Crabb's Gipsies' Advocate, p. l8 ;) can this have anything to do with the 
 origin of HOOtrs pocns ? Turner gives oonns bochus, an old demon. 
 Pegge, however, states that it is a burlesque rendering of the words of 
 the unreformed church service at the delivery of the host, HOC EST 
 CORPUS, which the early Protestants considered as a species of conjur- 
 ing, and ridiculed accordingly. 
 
 HODGE, a countryman or provincial clown. I don't know that it has 
 been elsewhere remarked, but most country districts in England have 
 one or more families of the name of hodge ; indeed, GILES and hodge 
 appear to be the favourite hobnail nomenclature. Hodoe is said to be 
 simply an abbreviation of Roger. 
 
'^trtfCUu^ - .^^?Ux)^^^«Vaj ^4^- 
 
8LAN0, CANT, £ND VVLOAR WORDS. 1 55 
 
 HOG, a shilling.— OW Cant. 
 
 HOG, " to go the whole hoo ;" " the whole Hoo or none," to do anything with 
 a person's entire strength, not " by halves j " realised by the phrase " in 
 for a penny in for a pound." Bartlett claims this to be a pure American 
 phrase; whilst Ker, of course, gives it a Dutch origin. — Old. " To 00 
 THE WHOLE HOo" is frequently altered into going the ehtikk animal, or 
 
 THK COMPLETE SWINE ! 
 
 HOGA, do. " That won't hooa," i.e., that won't do, is one of the very 
 commonest of the Anglo-Indian Slang phrases. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 HOLLOW, " to beat hollow," to excel. 
 
 HOLY LAND, Seven Dials, — where the St Giles's Greek is spoken. 
 
 HOMO, a man. Lingua Franca ; but «ee Omez, the more usual Cockney 
 pronunciation. 
 
 HONDEY, a Manchester name for an omnibus, and the abbreviation of 
 HONDEYBUSH, the Lancashire pronunciation of the word. 
 
 HOOK, an expression at Oxford, implying doubt, either connected with 
 Hookey Walker or with a note of interrogation (?) " Yes, with a 
 book at the end of it ! " i.e., with some reservation. 
 
 HOOK, to steal or rob. — See the following. 
 
 " HOOK OR BY CROOK," by fair means or foul— in allusion to the hook 
 which footpads used to carry to steal from open windows, Ac, and from 
 which HOOK, to take or steal, haa been derived. Mentioned in Sudi- 
 hras as a Cant term. 
 
 HOOK IT, "get out of the way," or "be off about your business;" "to 
 HOOK IT," to run away, to decamp ; "on one's own hook," dependant 
 upon one's own exertions. — See the preceding for derivation. 
 
 HOOKS, " dropped off the HOOKS," said of a deceased person — derived 
 from the ancient practice of suspending on hooks the quarters of a 
 traitor or felon sentenced by the old law to be hung, drawn, and 
 quartered, and which dropped off the hooks as they decayed. 
 
 HOOKEY WALKER! ejaculation of incredulity, usually shortened to 
 WALKER ! — which see. A correspondent thinks HOOKET walker may 
 have been a certain Hugh K. Walker. 
 
 "HOOK UM SNIVEY," (formerly "hook and snivey,") a low expression, 
 meaning to cheat by feigning sickness or other means. Also a piece 
 of thick iron wire crooked at one end, and fastened into a wooden 
 handle, for the purpose of undoing from the outside the wooden bolt 
 of a door. 
 
 HOP, a dance. — Fashtonahle Slang. 
 
 "HOP THE TWIG," to run away; also a flippant expression for to die. 
 Many similar phrases are used by the thoughtless and jocose, as to 
 " LAY DOWN one's KNIFE AND FORK," " PIQQIHO OUT," " SNUFFING IT." 
 
 —Old. 
 HOP-MERCHANT, a dancing-master. 
 
 HoiSTiNQ, shoplifting. 
 
f56 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 HOPPINO GILES, a cripple. St ^Egidius or Giles, himself Bimilarly 
 afflicted, was their patron saint. The ancient lazar houses were dedi- 
 cated to him. 
 
 HOPPO, custom-house officer, or custom-house. Almost anything connected 
 with custom-house business. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 HORRID HORN, term of reproach amongst the street Irish, meaning a 
 fool, or half-witted fellow. From the Erse, omadhacn, a brainless 
 fellow. A correspondent suggests HERRIDAn, a miserable old woman. 
 
 HORNSWQGGLE, nonsense, humbug. Believed to be of American 
 origin. 
 
 HORRORS, the low spirits, or "blue devils," which follow intoxication. 
 
 HORSE, contraction of Horsemonger-Lane Gaol. 
 
 HORSE, a Slang term for a five-pound note. 
 
 HORSE-CHAUNTER, a dealer who takes worthless horses to country 
 fairs and disposes of them by artifice. He is generally an unprincipled 
 fellow, and will put in a glass eye, or perform other tricks. — See 
 COPER. 
 
 HORSE-NAILS, money. — Compare brads. 
 
 HORSE-NAILS. At the game of cribbage, when a player finds it his 
 policy to keep his antagonist back, rather than push himself forward, 
 and plays accordingly, he is said " to feed his opponent on hobse-nails." 
 
 HORSE MARINE, an awkward person. In ancient times the " jollies," 
 or Royal Marines, were the butts of the sailors, from their ignorance 
 of seamanship. "Tell that to the marines, the blue jackets won't 
 believe it!" was a common rejoinder to a "stifif yam." Now-a- 
 days they are deservedly appreciated as the finest regiment in the ser- 
 vice. A horse marine (an impossibility) was used to denote one 
 more awkward still. 
 
 HOT COPPERS, the feverish sensations experienced next morning by 
 those who have been drunk over night. 
 
 HOT TIGER, an Oxford mixture of hot-spiced ale and sherry. 
 
 "HOUSE OF COMMONS," a humorous term for the closet of decency. 
 
 HOUSES ; " safe as houses," an expression to satisfy a doubting person ; 
 " Oh ! it 's as safe as hodses," i.e., perfectly safe, apparently in allu- 
 sion to the paying character of house property as an investment. 
 
 HOW MUCH ? A facetious way of asking for an explanation of any 
 pedantic expression. " Why don't you cook your potatoes in an anhy- 
 drohepsaterion ? " A waggish listener might be excused for asking. 
 An anhydro — how much ? 
 
 " HOW CAME YOU SO ?" intoxicated. 
 
 HOXTER, an inside pocket. — Old English, oxter. 
 
 HUBBLE-BUBBLE, the Indian pipe termed a hookah is thus designated 
 by sailors. — Sea, 
 
 HUEY, a town or village. — Trampi' term. 
 
 Horse's Nightcap, a halter ; "to die in a horse's nightcap," to be hanged. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 157 
 
 HUFF, a dodge or trick ; " don't try that huff on me," or " that hxtff 
 won't do." — Nonmch. 
 
 HUFF, to vex, or oflfend ; a poor temper. Horrr, easily offended. 
 
 HUGGER-MUGGER, underhand, sneaking. 
 
 HULK, to hang about in hopes of an invitation. — See mooch. 
 
 HULKY, extra-sized. — Shropshire. 
 
 HUM-BOX, a pulpit. 
 
 " HUM AND HAW," to hesitate, raise objections. — Old English. 
 
 HUMBLE PIE, to " eat humble pie," to knock under, be submissive. 
 The UMBLES, or entrails of a deer, were anciently made into a dish for 
 servants, while their masters feasted off the haunch. 
 
 HUMBUG, an imposition, or a person who imposes upon others. A 
 very expressive but Slang word, synonymous at one time with HUM 
 AND HAW. Lexicographers have fought shy at adopting this term. 
 Richardson uses it frequently to express the meaning of other words, 
 but, strange to say, omits it in the alphabetical arrangement as un- 
 worthy of recognition! In the first edition of this work, 1785 was 
 given as the earliest date at which the word could be found in a printed 
 book. Since then I have traced humbug half a century farther back, 
 on the title-page of a singular old jest-book — "The Universal Jester ; 
 or a pocket companion for the Wits : being a choice collection of 
 merry conceits, facetious drolleries, &c., clenchers, closers, closures, 
 bon-mots, and humbuqs," by Ferdinando KUligrew, London, about 
 
 J 735-40- 
 
 1 have also ascertained that the famous Orator Henley was known 
 to the mob as Oeator Humbuo. The fact may be learned from an 
 illustration in that excedingly curious little collection of Caricatures, 
 published in 1 75 7, many of which were sketched by Lord Bolingbroke 
 — Horace Walpole filling in the names and explanations. Malliwell 
 describes humbug as " a person who hums," and cites Dean MUles's 
 MS., which was written about 1760. In the last century, the game 
 now known as double-dummy was termed humbug. Lookup, a 
 notorious gambler, was struck down by apoplexy when playing at 
 this game. On the circumstance being reported to Foote, the wit 
 said — "Ah, I always thought he would be humbugged out of the 
 world at last ! " It has been stated that the word is a corruption of 
 Hamburgh, from which town so many false bulletins and reports came 
 during the war in the last century. " Oh, that is Hamburgh [or hum- 
 bug,"] was the answer to any fresh piece of news which smacked of 
 improbability. Qroie mentions it in his Dictionary, 1 785 ; and in a 
 little printed squib, pubUshed in 1808, entitled Bath Characters, by T. 
 GoosequUl, humbug is thus mentioned in a comical couplet on the title- 
 page:— 
 
 " Wee Thre Bath Deities bee, 
 HCTMBCO, rollie, and Varietee." 
 
 Gradually from this time the word began to assume a place in periodi- 
 cal literature, and in novels not written by over-precise authors. In 
 the preface to a Cat, and, I fear, unprofitable poem, entitled. The Reign 
 
158 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 of HITMBUO, o Satire, 8vo., 1836, the author thtis apologises for the use 
 of the word — " I have used the term hcmbuo to designate this principle, 
 [wretched sophistry of life generally,] considering that it is now 
 adopted into our language as much as the words dunce, jockey, cheat, 
 swindler, &,c., which were formerly only colloquial terms." A corre- 
 spondent, who in a late number of Adersaria ingeniously traced bom- 
 bast to the inflated Doctor Paracelsus Bombast, considers that humbuo 
 may, in like manner, be derived iTom.Jfomberg, the distinguished 
 chemist of the court of the Duke of Orleans, who, according to the 
 following passage from Bishop Berkeley's Siris, was an ardent and 
 successful seeker after the philosopher's stone ! 
 
 " I 194. — Of this there cannot be a hotter proof than the experiment of Mon- 
 sieur Homberg, who uadb gold of mercury by introducino light into 
 ITU PORES, but at such trouble and expense, that, I suppose, nobody will 
 try the experiment for profit. By tliis injunction of light and mercury, 
 both bodies became fixed, and produced a tliird different to either, to wit, 
 real gold. For the truth of wliich fact I refer to the memoirs of the 
 French Academy of Sciences." — Bertdey') Work), vol ii., p. 366, (Wright's 
 edition.) 
 
 Another derivation suggested {see The Bookseller for May 26, i860) 
 is AMBAQE, a Latin word adopted into the English language temp. 
 Charles I., {see May's translation of Lucan's Pharsalia,) and meaning 
 conduct the reverse of straightforwardness. Again, in the (burlesque) 
 L<yves of Hero and Leander, (date 1642,) we find " Mum-bug, quoth he, 
 'twas known of yore," a Cant expressiou, no doubt, command- 
 ing a person to "shut up," or hold his tongue, and evidently de- 
 rived from the game of mum-budget or silence, upon which UaXliweU 
 (Diet. Arch.) has descanted. 
 
 Ahsage is also used in the sense of " clroumloention.'* " Without any long 
 studie or tedious ambaoe." — Pultmham. Art 0/ Foesie. 
 
 " Umh ! y' are full of ambage "— Decker" t Whore of BabyUm, 1607. 
 
 ** Thus from her cell Cumajan Sibyl sings 
 Ambiguous ambages, the cloyater rings 
 With the shrill sound thereof. In most dark strains." 
 
 — Vicar' t Virffil, 163X 
 
 De Quincey thus discourses upon the word : — 
 
 •* The word humbug, for instance, rests upon a rich and comprehensive basis ; 
 it cannot be rendered adequately either by German or by Greek, the two 
 richest of human langu.if^es ; and without this expressive word wo should all 
 be disarmed for one great case, continually recurrent, of social enormity. 
 A vast mass of villany, that cannot otherwise be reached by legal penalties, 
 or brought within the rhetoric of !>com, would go at largo with absolute 
 impunity were it not through the steru Hhadamanlhean aid of this virtuous 
 and inexorable word." — Article on " Language." 
 
 Since these notes were penned, I purchased the coBection of essays 
 known as the Connoisseur, from the late Mr Thackeray's Ubrary. At 
 the end of vol. i. I found a memorandum in the great humorist's 
 handwriting — " p. 108, ' humbug,' a new-coined expression." On re- 
 ferring to that page, I note this paragraph : — 
 
 '* The same conduct of keeping close to their ranks was observed at table, 
 where the ladies seated themselves together. Their conversation was here 
 also confined wholly to themselves, and seemed like the mysteries of the 
 Bona Deo, in which men wera forbidden to have any share. It was a con- 
 
^ ilj^ ! '- ^ J-^^ -n^^ ^CU^ , 
 
^^ 
 
 SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 159 
 
 tinned laugh and wbisper from tbe beginning to the end of dinner. A 
 whole sentence was scarce ever spoken aloud. Single words, indeed, now 
 and then broke forth ; such as odious, horrible, deteftabte, shocking, humuuo. 
 This last new-coined expression, which is only to be found in the nonsen- 
 Bicol vocabulary, sounds absurd and disagreeable whenever it is pro- 
 nounced ; but from the mouth of a lady it is * shocking,' * detestable,' * hor- 
 rible,' and * odious.' " — Front, the third edition, 1757. 
 The universal use of this term is remarkable ; in California there is a 
 town called Humbug Flat — a name which gives a significant hint of 
 the acuteness of the first settler. 
 
 HUM-DRUM, tedious, tiresome, boring; "a society of gentlemen who 
 used to meet near the Charter House, and at the King's Head, St 
 John's Street, Clerkenwell. They were characterised by less mystery 
 and more pleasantry than the Freemasona" — Bacchuiand Fcnits, 1737- 
 In the West the term applies to a low cart 
 
 HUMP, to botch, or spoil 
 
 HUMP UP, " to have one's hump up," to be crofp or ill-tempered — like a 
 cat with its back set up. — See monkey, 
 
 HUMPTY-DUMPTY, short and thick. 
 
 HUNCH, to shove, or jostle. 
 
 HURKARU, a messenger. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 HUNTER PITCHING, the game of cookshies— three throws a penny. — 
 See COCK8HT. 
 
 "HUNT THE SQUIRREL," when hackney and stage coachmen try to 
 upset each other's vehicles on the public roads. — Nearly obsolete. 
 
 HURDY-GURDY, a droning musical instrument shaped like a large fiddle, 
 and turned by a crank, used by Savoyards and itinerant foreign musi- 
 cians in England, now nearly superseded by the hand-organ. A corre- 
 spondent suggests that the name is derived from being girded on the 
 HURDiES, loins, or buttocks. — Scotch j Tarn 0' Shanter. In Italy the 
 instrument is called viola. 
 
 HUSH-MONEY, a sum given to quash a prosecution or evidence. 
 
 HUSH-SHOP, or chib, a shop where beer or spirits is sold " on the quiet " 
 — no licence being paid. 
 
 HYPS, or HYPO, the blue devils. From Hypochondriasis. — Swift. 
 
 HY-YAW I an interjectional exclamation of astonishment. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 INFANTRY, children ; light lnfantbt, fleas. 
 
 IN, "to be IN with a person," to be even with, or UP to him; also, to bo 
 on intimate terms with him. 
 
 "IN FOR IT," in trouble or difficulty of any kind. 
 NEXPRESSIBLES, unutterables, dnwhispebables, or sit-upohs, 
 trousers, the nether garments. 
 
 Iket, a Jew " fence." Corruption of Isaac, a common Hebrew name. 
 
 " Ik fob patter," waiting for trial, referring to the speeches of counsel, 
 the statements of witnesses, the summing up of the judge. &c. The 
 fuss of all which the prisoner sets down as " so much patteb." 
 
l6o A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 INNINGS, earnings, money coming in ; " he 'b had long inningb," t.e., & 
 good run of luck, plenty of cash flowing in, 
 
 INSIDE LINING, dinner, &c. 
 
 INTERESTING, " to be in an interestino situation," applied to females 
 
 when enceinte. 
 INTO, "hold my hat, Jim, I '11 be into him," i.e., I will fight him. In this 
 
 sense equivalent to pitch into, or slip into. 
 
 INVITE, an invitation — a corruption used by stuck-up people of mush- 
 room origin. 
 
 IPSAL DIXAL, Cockney corruption of ipse dixit — said of one's simple un- 
 corroborated assertion. 
 
 IRISH APRICOTS, potatoes. 
 
 IRISH THEATRE, the temporary prison, guard-room, or lock-up in a 
 barracks. The fond fancy of the soldier supplies it with other figura- 
 tive appellations, as " the mill," " the jigger," " the HOUSE that jack 
 BUILT." In Edinburgh Castle it is termed " the dryboom." 
 
 " ISTHMUS OP SUEZ," the covered bridge at St John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, which connects the college with its grounds on the other side 
 of the river. — See okackle. 
 
 IVORIES, teeth; "a box" or "cage of ivoEiEa," a set of teeth, the 
 mouth ; " wash your itories," i.e., " drink." The word is also used to 
 denote dice. 
 
 JABBER, to talk, or chatter. A Cant word in Smffi time. 
 
 JACKED-UP, ruined, done for. 
 
 JACK KETCH, the public hangman. — See KETOH. 
 
 JACK NASTY-FACE, a sailor.— &a. 
 
 JACK SPRAT, a diminutive boy or man. 
 
 JACK TAR, a sailor. 
 
 JACK-AT-A-PINCH, one whose assistance is only sought on an emer- 
 gency; JACK IN-THB-WATEB, an attendant at the waterman's stairs on 
 the river and sea-port towns, who does not mind wetting his feet for a 
 customer's convenience, in consideration of a douceur. 
 
 JACK, HALF JACK, a card counter, resembling in size and appearance a 
 sovereign and a half-sovereign, for which it is occasionally passed to 
 simple persons. In large gambling establishments the " heaps of gold" 
 are frequently composed of jacks. 
 
 JACK, the knave of trumps, at the game of all-fours. 
 
 JACKETING, a thrashing. Similar term to leathering, cowhitino, &c. 
 
 JACKEY, gin. — Seven Dials originally. 
 
 JACOB, a ladder. Grose says from Jacob's dream.— OZ(i Cant. 
 
 ■' It 's GOOD ON THE STAR," it 's easy to open. 
 
 ■JlCK-iN-A-Box, a small but powerful kind of screw, used by burglars to 
 break open safes. 
 
^ <rc 4 V'o^^^U ^ ^?^f>-vt'v^ , 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 16I 
 
 JAGGER, a gentleman. German, jaoer, a sportsman. 
 
 JAIL-BIRD, a prisoner, one who has been in jail, 
 
 JAMES, a sovereign, or twenty sliilUngs. 
 
 JANNOCK, sociable, fair dealing. — Norfotk. 
 
 JAPAN, to ordain. — University. 
 
 JABK, a " safe-conduct " pass. — Oxford. Old Cant for a seal. 
 
 JARVEY, the driver of a hackney-coach; jabvey's uppkb BENjAMnr, a 
 
 coachman's over-coat. 
 JAW, speech, or talk ; " hold your jaw," don't speak any more ; " what 
 
 are you jawing about i " i.e., what are you making a noise about ? 
 
 JAWBONE, credit. 
 
 '* We have a few persons whose pockets are to let — men who have more com- 
 plainU than dollars — individuals who, in diner's parlance, live on jawbone, 
 (credit,) and are always to be found at saloons ; a clasH of men who, when 
 they are here, wish themselves yonder, and when yonder, wish themselves 
 back " — Tinus' Cm-rtipondent, San Francisco, Oct. 31, 1863. 
 
 JAW-BREAKER, a hard or many-syUabled word. 
 
 JAZEY, a wig. A corruption of jersey, the name for flax prepared in a 
 peculiar manner, and of which common wigs were formerly made; 
 " the cove with the jazey," i.e., the judge. 
 
 JEAMES, (a generic for " flunkeys,") the Morning Post newspaper — the 
 organ of Belgravia and the " Haristocracy." 
 
 JEHU, old Slang term for a coachman, or one fond of driving. 
 
 JEMINY-0 1 a vulgar expression of surprise. 
 
 JEMMY, a sheep's-head.— See sanquinakt james. 
 
 JEMMY-DUCKS, the man whose business it is to look after the poultry 
 
 _ on board a ship. — Sea. Pj'' 
 
 JEMMY JESSAMY, a dandy. ^ 
 
 JEMMY- JOHN, a jar for holding liquor; probably a corruption of demi- S^, C^ 
 
 gallon. 
 
 JEREMIAD, a lament; derived, of course, from the Book of Lamentations, 
 
 written by the prophet Jeremiah. 
 JEREMY DIDDLER, an adept at raising the wind. 
 JERRY, a beer-house. 
 
 JERRY, a chamber utensil ; abbreviation of jeroboam. — Swift. 
 JERRY, a fog. 
 JERRY-GONIMBLE, the diarrhoea. 
 
 JERRY SNEAK, a hen-pecked husband, — a character in the Mayor of 
 Garret. 
 
 JERUSALEM PONY, a donkey. 
 
 JESSIE, " to give a person jessie," to beat him soundly. — See OAS. 
 
 Jeuhy, a crowbar. — Prison term. 
 Jabk, a seal, or watch ornament. — Ancient Cavt. 
 
 L 
 
1 62 A DICTIONARY OP MODERN 
 
 JEW'S EYE, a popular simile for anything valuable. Probably a cormp- 
 tion of the Italian, GIOJE ; French, joaille, a jewel. In ancient 
 times, when a king was short of cash, he generally issued orders for so 
 many Jew'i eyes, or equivalent sums of money. The Jews preferred 
 paying the ransom, although often very heavy. This explanation ha; 
 been given of the origin of Jew's eye. Used by Shakspeare. 
 
 JEW-FENCER, a Jew street salesman. 
 
 JEZEBEL, a showily-dressed woman of suspected respectability ; de- 
 rived, of course, from 2 Kings ix. 30, but applied in this sense from 
 the time of the Puritans. 
 
 JIB, a firet-year man. — Dublin University. 
 
 JIB, the face, or a person's expression ; "the cut of his JIB," i.e., his pecu- 
 liar appearance. The sail of a ship, which in position and shape cor- 
 responds to the nose on a person's face. — Sea, A vessel is known by 
 the cut of the jib sail ; hence the popular phrase, " to know a man by 
 THE CUT OP HIS JIB." 
 
 JIB, or JIBBER, a horse that starts or shrinks. Shaktpeart iisea it in the 
 
 sense of a worn-out horse. 
 JIBB, the tongue. — Gipsy and Hindoo. (Tramps* term.) 
 JIFFY, " in a jipft," in a moment 
 JIGGER, a secret still, illicit spirits. — Scotch. 
 JIGGER, a door; "dub the jigger," shut the door. Ancient Cant, gtobr. 
 
 In billiards, the bridge on the table is often termed the jigger. Also, 
 
 the curtaitt of a theatre. 
 
 JIGGER, " I 'm jiggered if you will," a common form of mild swearing. — 
 See snigger. 
 
 JINGO, " by JINGO," a common form of oath, said to be a corruption of St 
 Gingoulph. — Vide Halliwell. 
 
 JOB, a short piece of work, a prospect of employment. Johnson describes 
 JOB as a low word, without etymology. It is, and waa, however, a 
 Cant word, and a job, two centuries ago, was an arranged robbery. 
 Even at the present day it is mainly confined to the streets, in tlie 
 sense of employment for a short time. Amongst undertakers a job 
 signifies a funeral ; " to do a job," conduct any one's funeral ; " by the 
 JOB," i.e., piece-v/ork, as opposed to (fmc-work. A job in political 
 phraseology is a Government office or contract, obtaini,d by secret in- 
 fluence or favouritism. 
 
 JOB, " a JOB lot," otherwise called a " sporting lot," any miscellaneous goods 
 purchased at a cheap rate, or to be sold a bargain. Frequently used 
 to conceal the fact of their being stolen, or otherwise dishonestly 
 obtained. 
 
 JOB'S COMFORT, reproof instead of consolation. 
 
 JOB'S COMFORTER, one who brings news of additional misfortunes. 
 
 Jioger-ddbber, a term applied to a jailor or turnkey. 
 Jilt, a crowbar or house-breaking implement. 
 
SLAJiO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 163 
 
 JOB'S TURKEY, " as poor as job's tubket," as thin and as badly fed as 
 that ill-conditioned bird. 
 
 JOE, a too marvellous tale, a lie, or a stale joke. Abbreviated from " Joe 
 Miller." The full name ia occasionally used, as in the phrase " I don't 
 Bee the jOE milleb of it," i.e., I don't perceive the wit you intend. 
 
 JOEY, a fourpenuy piece. The term is derived (like bobby from Sir 
 Robert Peel) from Joseph Hume, the late respected M.P. The expla- 
 nation is thus given in Maickim'i History of the Silver Coinage of 
 England : — 
 
 ** These pieces are said to have owed their existence to the pressing instance of 
 Mr Hume, from whence they, for some time, bore the niclcname of joeys. 
 As tbey were very convenient to pay sliort cab fares, the Hon. M.P. was 
 extremely unpopular with the drivers, who frequently received only a groat 
 where otherwise they would have received a sixpence without any demand 
 for change." 
 
 The term originated with the London cabmen, who have invented 
 
 many others. 
 JOG-TROT, a slow but regular trot, or pace. 
 JOGUL, to play up, at cards or other game. Spanish, jdoab. 
 JOHNNY, half-a-glass of whisky. — Irish. 
 JOHN-THOMAS, a generic for " flunkeys," — more especially footmen 
 
 with large calves and fine bushy whiskers. 
 JOHNNY-DARBIES, a nickname for policemen, an evident corruption of 
 
 the French oekssabues. Also, a term applied to handcuffs. — See 
 
 DABBIES. 
 
 JOHN ORDERLY, the signal to shorten the performance at a show. 
 Whenever the master, who remains on the platform outside to take 
 the money and regulate the performance, desires to refill the booth, 
 he pokes his head inside and shouts, " Is JOHN orderly there ?" The 
 actors instantly cut the piece short, the curtain falls, and the specta- 
 tors are bundled out at the back, to make room for the fresh audience. 
 According to tradition, John Orderly was a noted showman, who 
 taught this move to the no less noted Richardson. 
 
 JOLLY, a word of praise, or favourable notice ; " chuck Harry a jollt- 
 Bill," i.e., go and praise up his goods, or buy of him, and speak well of 
 the article, that the crowd standing around his stall may think it a 
 good opportunity to lay out their money. This is also called jollying. 
 " Chuck a JOLLY," lit. translated, is " throw a shout" or "good word." 
 
 JOLLY, a Royal Marine. — See HORSE marine. 
 
 JOMER, a sweetheart, or favourite girl. — See blowee. 
 
 JOSKIN, a countryman. 
 
 JOW, be off, be gone immediately. K the word jehantjm be added, it 
 forms a peremptory order to go to the place unmentionable to ears 
 polite. Our word " Jericho," to go to, is probably derived from jeha- 
 vvu.—A nglo-Indian. 
 
 JUDAS, a deceitful person ; judas-haibed, red-haired, deceitful. 
 
 " Joe BLAKE THE BARTLEMY," to visit a low womsn. 
 
1 64 -A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 JUNIPER, spa.—H(ymAold Wordt, No. 183. 
 
 JUNK, salt beef. — See old hoesk 
 
 JUWAUB, literally, in Hindoatanee, an answer; but in Anglo-Indian 
 Slang signifying a refusal. If an oiBcer asks for leave and is refused, he 
 is said to be juwaubed ; if a gentleman unsuccessfully proposes for 
 the hand of a lady, he is said to have got the jdwatjb. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KLAJIIBAT, food, literally rice and curry ; the staple dish of both natives 
 and Europeans in India. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KEEL-HAULING, a good thrashing or mauling, rough treatment, — from 
 the old nautical custom of punishing ofteuders by throwing them over- 
 board with a rope attached, and hauling them up from under the 
 ship's keel. 
 
 " KEEP IT UP," to prolong a debauch, or the occasion of a rejoicing — a 
 metaphor drawn from the game of shuttle-cook. — Grose. 
 
 KELTER, coin, money, 
 
 KEN, a house. — Ancient Cant. Khan, Gipsy and Oriental. 
 
 %* All Slang and Cant words which end in ken, such as spielken, 
 
 SPINIKBN, or BooziNGKEN, refer to houses, and are mainly of Gipsy 
 
 origin. 
 KENNEDY, a poker, also to strike or kill with a poker. A St Giles's term, 
 
 BO given from a man of that name being killed by a poker. Frequently 
 
 shortened to neddt. 
 KENT RAG, or clout, a cotton handkerchief. 
 KERTEVER CARTZO, the disease known as the morlo gaUico. From 
 
 the Lingua Franca, cattivo, bad, and CAZZO. 
 KETCH, or JACK KETCH, the popular name for a public hangman ; derived 
 
 from a person of that name who officiated in the reign of Charles II. 
 
 — See Macaiday's History of England, p. 626. 
 KIBOSH, nonsense, stuff, humbug ; " it 's all kibosh," i.e., palaver or non- 
 sense ; " to put on the kibosh," to run down, slander, degrade, &o. 
 
 — See BOSH. Kibosh also means one shilling and sixpence. 
 KICK, a moment; "I'll be there in a kick," i.e., in a minute. 
 KICK, a sixpence ; "two and a kick," two shillings and sixpence. 
 KICK, a pocket ; Gaelic, cuach, a bowl, a nest ; Scotch, quaigh. 
 KICKERABOO, dead. A West Indian negro's phrase. — See kick thb 
 
 BUCKET, of which phrase it is a corruption. 
 KICK THE BUCKET, to Am.— Norfolk. According to Forby, a metaphor 
 
 taken from the descent of a well or mine, which is of course absurd. 
 
 The Rev. E. S. Taylor supplies me with the following note from hia 
 
 MS. additions to the work of the East- Anglian lexicographer : — 
 
 JUQ, a prison, or jail. 
 
 Jump, to seize, or rob ; "to jump a man," to pounce upon him, and either 
 
 rob or maltreat him ; " to jump a house," to rob it. — See go. 
 KeN'Cbackeb, a housebreaker. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULOAR W0SD8. 105 
 
 "The allusion Is to the way in which a slaughtered pigf is hun^ up, — tIz., by 
 passing the ends of a bent piece of wood behind the tendons of the bind 
 legs, and po suspending it to a hook in a beam atxjve. This piece of wood 
 is locally termed a bucket, and so by a coarse metaphor the phrase came 
 to signify to die. Compare the Norfolk phrase, * as wrong as a bdcket.' " 
 
 Another correspondent says the real signification of this phraae is to 
 commit suicide by hanging, from a method planned and carried out 
 by an ostler at an inu on the Great North Road. Standing on a 
 bucket, he tied himself up to a beam in the stable ; he then kicked 
 THE BUCKET away from under his feet, and in a few seconds was dead. 
 The natives of the West Indies have converted the expression into 
 
 KICEEBASOO. 
 
 KICK UP, a noise or disturbance, 
 
 KICK UP, "to KICK UP a row" to create a tumult. 
 
 KICKSHAWS, trifles ; made, or French dishes — not English, or substan- 
 tial. Corruption of the French, quelques ohoses. 
 
 KICKSIES, trousers. 
 
 KICKSY, troublesome, disagreeable. Genaan, keck, bold. 
 
 KID, an infant, or chUd. 
 
 KID, to joke, to quiz, to hoax anybody. 
 
 KIDON, to entice or incite a person to the perpetration of an act. 
 
 KIDDIER, a pork-butcher. 
 
 KIDDILY, fashionably or showily ; " kiddilt togg'd," showily dressed. 
 
 KIDDLEYWINK, a small shop where they retail the commodities of a 
 
 village store. Also, a woman of unsteady habits. 
 KIDDY, a man or boy. Formerly a low thief. 
 KIDDYISH, frolicsome, jovial. 
 
 ** Think on the kiddtish spree we had on such a day.** 
 
 — KdndaU't Diary, i8ao. 
 
 KIDNA, how much? — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KIDNAPPER, one who steals children or adults. From kid, a child, and 
 NAB, (corrupted to nap,) to steal, or seize. 
 
 KIDNEY, "of that kidney," of such a stamp: "strange ktdnet," odd 
 humour; "two of a kidney," two persons of a sort, or as like as two 
 peas, i.e., resembling each other like two kidneys in a bunch. — Old. 
 " Attempt to put their hair out of kidney." — Terrce Pilim, 1763. 
 
 KiDDEN, or KIDKEN, a low lodging-house for boys. 
 
 KiD-KiG, cheating children in the streets sent on errands, or intrusted with 
 packages. — Nearly obsolete. 
 
 KlDMENT, a pocket-handkerchief fastened to the pocket, and partially hung 
 out, to entrap thieves ; hence any inducement to dishonesty or crime. 
 Also, a fictitious story or written statement got up to deceive the un- 
 wary. A begging letter ; long rigmarole of any kind. 
 
 KlDSMAN, one who trains boys to thieve and pick pockets successfully. 
 
1 66 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 I'^^X-K^^Wv-i^ ivi 
 
 KILKENNY CAT, a popular simile for a yoracious or desperate animal or 
 person, from the story of the two cats in that county, who are said to 
 have fought and bitten each other until a small portion of the tail of 
 
 one of them alone remained. 
 
 KILLING, bewitching, fascinating. The term is akin to the phrase 
 " dressing to death." 
 
 JCIMBO, or A-KIMBO, holding the arms in a bent position from the body, 
 and resting the hands upon the hips, in a bullying attitude. Said to 
 be from A scHEMBO, Italian ; but more probably from kimbaw, the 
 old Cant for beating, or bullying. — See Grose. Celtic, cam, crooked. 
 
 KINCHIN, a child. — Old Cant. From the German diminutive, kdjdchen, 
 a baby 
 
 KINCOB, uniform, fine clothes, rich embroidered dresses. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KINGSMAN, the favourite coloured neckerchief of the costerniongers. 
 The women wear them thrown over their shoulders. With both 
 sexes they are more valued than any other article of clothing- A 
 coster's caste, or position, is at stake, he imagines, if his kingsman is 
 not of the most approved pattern. When he fights, his kikqsuan is 
 tied either around his waist as a belt, or aa a garter around his leg. 
 This very singular partiality for a peculiar-coloured neckcloth was 
 doubtless derived from the Gipsies, and probably refers to an 
 Oriental taste or custom long forgotten by these vagabonds. A 
 strange similarity of taste for certain colours exists amongst the Hin- 
 doos, Gipsies, and London costermongers. Red and yellow (or orange) 
 are the great favourites, and in these hues the Hindoo selects his tur- 
 ban and his robe ; the Gipsy his breeches, and his wife her shawl or 
 gown ; and the costermonger. his plush waistcoat and favourite KiNoa- 
 MAN. Among either class, when a fight takes place, the greatest re- 
 gard is paid to the favourite coloured article of dress. The Hindoo 
 lays aside his turban, the Gipsy folds up his scarlet breeches or coat, 
 whilst the pugilistic costermonger of Covent Garden or Billingsgate, 
 as we have just seen, removes his favourite neckerchief to a part of his 
 body, by the rules of the "ring," comparatively out of danger. 
 Amongst the various patterns of kerchiefs worn by the wandering 
 tribes of London, red and yellow are the oldest and most in fashion. 
 Blue, intermixed with spots, is a late importation, probably from the 
 Navy, through sporting characters. 
 
 KING'S PICTURES, (now, of course, queen's pictitrbs,) money. 
 
 KISKY, drunk, fuddled. 
 
 KISSER, the uiovXh.— PugUiatic term. 
 
 KISS-CURL, a small curl twisted on the temple. — See bowcatcheb. 
 
 KISS-ME-QUICK, the name given to the very small bonnets worn by 
 females since 1850. 
 
 KiNCHra COVE, a man who robs children ; a little man. — Ancient Cant. 
 KiBK, a church or chapel; "crack a KIBK," «.e., to break into a church.— 
 Priion Cant. 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 67 
 
 KIT, a person's baggage. Also, a collection of anything, " the whole KIT of 
 
 'em," the entire lot. Anglo-Saxon, KYTH. — North. 
 KITE, see fly the kite. 
 
 KITMEGUR, an under-butler, a footman. — Anglo-Indian. 
 KNACKER, an old horse ; a horse-slaughterer. — Gloucestershire. 
 KNAP, to receive, to take ; " oh, my ! won't he just knap it when he can !" 
 
 i.e., won't he take anything if he gets a chance. 
 KNAP, i.q., NAP, to break. — Old English, hit nearly obsolete. See Ps. 
 
 xlvL 9, (Prayer-book versioH,) " He breaketh the bow, and kbappeth 
 
 the spear in sunder ; " probably sibilated into snap. 
 KNAPPING-JIGGER, a turnpike gate; "to dub at the KNAPPma-JiGGER," 
 
 to pay money at the turnpike. 
 
 KNARK, a hardhearted or savage person. 
 
 KNIFE, " to KNiPE a person," to stab ; an un-English, but now-a-days a 
 
 very common expression. 
 KNIFE IT, " cut it," cease, stop, don't proceed. 
 KNIFE-BOARD, the seat running along the roof of an omnibus. 
 
 . . . . " On 'busses' knifeboards stretch'd. 
 The City clerks all tougue-protruded lay." 
 
 — A Summer Idyll, by Arthur Smith. 
 
 KNIGHT, a common and ironical prefix to a man's calling, — thus " knight 
 of the whip," a coachman ; " knight of the thimble," a tailor. 
 
 " KNOCK ABOUT THE BUB," to hand or paas about the drink. 
 
 KNOCK-DOWN, or knock-me down, strong ale. 
 
 KNOCK-'EM-DOWNS, a pubHc-house game. 
 
 KNOCK OFF, to give over, or abandon. A saying used by workmen 
 about dinner, or other meal times, for upwards of two centuries. 
 
 KNOCKED UP, tired, jaded, used up, done for. In the United States, 
 amongst females, the phrase is equivalent to being enceinte, so that 
 Englishmen often unconsciously commit themselves when amongst 
 our Yankee cousins. 
 
 KNOCKER, " up to the knockek," finely or showily dressed, the height 
 of fashion ; proficient, equal to the task. 
 
 KNOCK- IN, the game of loo. 
 
 KNOCK-OUTS, or knock-ins, disreputable persons who visit auction 
 rooms and unite to purchase the articles at their own prices. One of 
 their number is instructed to buy for the rest, and after a few small 
 bids as blinds to the auctioneer and bystanders, the lot is knocked 
 down to the knock-out bidders, at a nominal price — the competition 
 to result from an auction being thus frustrated and set aside. At the 
 conclusion of the sale the goods are paid for, and carried to a neigh- 
 bouring public-house, where they are re-sold or knookkd-out, and the 
 difference between the first purchase and the second — or tap-room 
 knockout — is divided amongst the gang. As generally happens with 
 
 Knap, to steal — Frison CanL 
 
1 68 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 ill-gotten gains, the money soon finds its way to the landlord's pocket, 
 and the knock-out is rewarded with a red nose and a bloated face. 
 Cunning tradesmen join the knock-outs when an opportunity for 
 money-making presents itself. The lowest description of knock-outs, 
 fellows with more tongue than capital, are termed babes, — which see. 
 KNOWING, a Slang term for sharpness; "knowing codger," or "a 
 KNOWING blade," one who can take you in, or cheat you, in any trans- 
 action you may have with him. It implies also deep cunning and 
 foresight, and generally signifies dishonesty. 
 
 " Who, on a spree with black-eyed Sal, his blowen, 
 So swell, so prime, so nutty and so kkowino." — Don Juan. 
 
 Know, in this sense, enters into several Slang phrases. " I KNOW a trick 
 worth two of that," expresses that I am not to be taken in by such a 
 shallow device. " He knows a thing or two," t.e., a cunning fellow. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE-BOX, the heaA.—Pugaistic. 
 
 KNUCKLE-DUSTER, an iron instrument contrived to cover the knuckles 
 BO as to protect them from injury when striking a blow, adding force 
 to it at the same time, and with nobs or points projecting, so as to 
 mutilate and disfigure the person struck. This brutal invention is 
 American, but has been made too familiar here in the police cases 
 between the officers and sailors of American vessels. 
 
 KNUCKLE TO, or knuckle under, to yield or submit. 
 
 KNULLER, old term for a chimney-sweep, who solicited jobs by ringing a 
 bell. From the Saxon, cnyllan, to knell, or sound a bell. — See 
 
 QUERIER. 
 
 KOOTEE, a house.— Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KOTOOING, misapplied flattery. — Illustrated London News, 7th January 
 i860. From a Chinese ceremony. 
 
 KUBBER, news. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 KUDOS, praise ; kudized, praised. Greek, kvHos. — University. 
 
 KYPSEY, a basket. 
 
 LA ! a euphuistic rendering of lord, common amongst females and very 
 precise persons ; imagined by many to be a corruption of look I but 
 this is a mistake. Sometimes pronounced LAW, or lawks. 
 
 LAC, one hundred thousand. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 LACING, a beating. From the phrase " I '11 lace your jacket." — V Estrange. 
 Perhaps to give a beating with a lace or Uuh. 
 
 LADDER, " can't see a hole in a ladder," said of any one who is intoxi- 
 cated. 
 
 LADDLE, a lady. Term with chimney-sweeps on the 1st of May. A 
 correspondent suggests that the term may come from the brass ladles 
 for collecting money, always carried by the sweeps' ladies. 
 
 Knuckle, to pick pockets after the most approved method. 
 
 Knucklee, a pickpocket. 
 
 Lag, a returned transport, or ticket-of-leave convict. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WOBDS. 1 69 
 
 LAG, to void urine. — Ancitnt Cant. 
 
 LAGGER, a sailor. 
 
 LAMBASTING, a beating.— See LAjmnia. 
 
 LAME DUCK, a stockjobber who speculates beyond his capital, and can- 
 not pay his losses. Upon retiring from the Exchange he is said to 
 " waddle out of the Alley." 
 
 LAMMING, a beating. — Old English, lam ; used by Seawmont and Fletcher. 
 Not, as Sir W. Scott supposed, from one Dr Lamb, but the Old None, 
 LAH, the hand ; also, Qaelic. 
 
 LAMMY, a blanket. 
 
 LAND-LUBBER, sea term for « a landsman."— &« U)APKR. 
 
 LAND- SHARK, a sailor's definition of a lawyer. 
 
 LANE, a familiar term for Drury Lane Theatre, just aa Coveat Garden 
 Theatre is constantly spoken of aa " the gakdbn." 
 
 LAP, liquor, drink. 
 
 " LAP THE GUTTER," to get drunk. 
 
 LARK, fun, a joke ; " let 's have a jolly good labk," let UB have a piece of 
 fua Mayhem calls it " a convenient word covering much mischief." 
 — Anglo-Saxon, LAO, sport; but more probably from the nautical term 
 SKYLARKINO, i.e., mounting to the highest yards and sliding down the 
 ropes for amusement, which is allowed on certain occasions. 
 
 LARRUP, to beat, or thrash. 
 
 LARRUPING, a good beating or hiding.— /risA. 
 
 LATCHPAN, the lower lip— properly a dripping-pan; "to hang one's 
 LATOHPAN," to pout, be sulky.- — Norfolk. 
 
 LAVENDER, " to be laid up in lavender," in pawn ; or, when a person 
 is out of the way for an especial purpose. — Old. 
 
 LAW, " to give LAW to an animal " is a sporting term signifying to give 
 the bare or stag a chance of escaping, by not setting on the hounds 
 till it has run some distance. Also, figuratively used for giving any 
 one a chance of succeeding in a difficult undertaking. 
 
 LAY, some, a piece. " Tip me a lat of pannum," t.e., give me a slice of 
 bread. — North. 
 
 LAY, to watch; "on the LAY," on the look-out. — Shakspeare. 
 
 " LAY DOWN THE KNIFE AND FORK," to die.— See " piooimq-oot," 
 and " HOPPINO THE TWio," for similar flippancies. 
 
 " LAY THEM DOWN," to play at cards. 
 
 LEAF, the drop on which executions take place, which are defined aa the 
 " FALL OF THE LEAF" by the ribald spectators. — See autumn. 
 
 Laqged, imprisoned, apprehended, or transported for a crime. From tha 
 
 Old Norte, laqda, " laid," laid by the leg. 
 Leary, flash, or knowing. 
 Leary, to look, or be watchful ; shy. — Old Cant. 
 
170 A DICTIONARY OF MODERK 
 
 LEATHER, to beat or thrash. From the leather belt worn by soldiers 
 and policemen, often used as a weapon in street rows. 
 
 LEATHERN-CONVENIENCT, a carriage. A Quaker being reprimanded 
 by the Society of Friends for keeping a carriage, "contrary to the 
 ancient testimonies," said, " it is not a carriage I keep, but merely a 
 LEATHERN-CONVENIENOT." — See under SIMON PUKE, in the Introduction. 
 
 LEAVING SHOP, an unlicensed house where goods are taken into pawn 
 at exorbitant rates of interest — Daily Telegraph, Ist August 1859. 
 
 LED CAPTAIN, a fashionable spunger, a " swell " who by artifice ingra- 
 tiates himself into the good graces of the master of the house, and 
 lives at his table. 
 
 LEEF, " I 'd as leep do it as not," i.e., I have no objection to do it. — Co:^ 
 ruption of lief, or leave. Old EnglUh, liep, inclined to. 
 
 LEER, empty. — Oxfordihire. Pure German, as is nearly so the next word. 
 
 LEER, print, newspaper. Oerman, lehken, to instruct ; hence Old Eng- 
 lish, LEEE, " spelt in the leeb." — See spell. — Old Cant. 
 
 LEG, a part of a game. He who gains two leos, wins the game or rub. 
 
 LEG, or blaokleo, a disreputable sporting character, and racecourse 
 habitv4. 
 
 LEGANDLEG, the state of a game when each player has won a leo. 
 In Ireland a LEO is termed a HORSE, leq-and-LEO being there termed 
 HOBSE-AHD-EOBSE. 
 
 LEG IT, to run ; " to give a lbo," to assist, as when one mounts a horse ; 
 "making a LEO," a countryman's bow, — projecting the leg from be- 
 hind as a balance to the head bent forward. — Shakapeare. 
 
 LEG-OF-MUTTON, inflated street term for a sheep's trotter, or foot 
 
 LENGTH, forty-two lines of a dramatic composition. — Theatrical, 
 
 LET DRIVE, to strike or attack with vigour. 
 
 LET IN, to cheat or victimise. 
 
 LET ON, to give an intimation of having some knowledge of a subject. 
 Ramsay employs the phrase in the Qentle Shepherd. Common in 
 Scotland. 
 
 y'^LETTY, a bed. Italian, letto. — Lingua Franca. 
 
 LEVANTER, a card-sharper, or defaulting gambler. A correspondent 
 states that it was formerly the custom to give out to the creditors, 
 when a person was in pecuniary difficulties, and it was convenient for 
 him to keep away, that he was gone to the East, or the levant; 
 hence, when one loses a bet, and decamps without settling, he is said 
 
 to LEVANT. 
 
 LEVY, a shilling. — Liverpool 
 
 Leart bloak, a person who dresses showily. 
 
 Leg bail, (to give,) to escape from prison or arrest. 
 
 Leoqed, a prisoner in irons. 
 
 Length, six months' imprisonment. — iStee stretch. 
 
ieX ^ - /to -t^y ^ '"'^ 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 171 
 
 LICK, a blow; lickhto, a beating; " to put in big licks," a curious and 
 
 common phrase meaning that great exertions are being wsde.-^Dni- 
 
 den ; North. 
 LICK, to excel, or overcome ; "if you ain't sharp he'll lick you," i,e., be 
 
 finished first. Signifies, also, to whip, chastise, or conquer. Ancient 
 
 Cant. LYCKE. Welsh, llachio, to strike. 
 
 LICKSPITTLE, a coarse term for a parasite, who puts up with indigni- 
 ties for the sake of advantages. 
 
 LIG, a lie, a falsehood. — Lancashire. In old ballads the word " lie" is often 
 spelt " LIG." 
 
 LIGHT, " to be able to get a light at a house " is to get credit. 
 LIGHTS, a worthless piece of meat, applied metaphorically to a fool, % 
 
 soft or stupid person. 
 LIGHTS, the eyes. Also, the lungs ; animals' lungs are always so called. 
 LIGHT BOB, a light infantry ioXAieT.— Military. 
 LIGHT FEEDER, a silver spoon. 
 
 LIGHTNING, gin ; " flash o' liohtnino," a glass of gin. 
 LIL, a book, a pocket-book. — Gipsy. 
 LILY-BENJAMIN, a white great-coat. — See benjamin. 
 LIMBO, a prison, from limbus or liubus fatbum, a mediseval theological 
 
 term for purgatory. 
 LIMB-OF-THE-LAW, a lawyer, or clerk articled to that profession. 
 LINE, calling, trade, profession , " what line are you in ? " " the building 
 
 LINE." 
 
 LINGO, talk, or language. Slang is termed LINGO, amongst the lower 
 orders. Italian, linqija. — Lingua Franca, 
 
 LINT-SCRAPER, a young surgeon. Thackeray, in Lovel the Widower, 
 uses the phrase, and gives, also, the words .Mteviapius, Pestle-grinder, 
 and Vaccinator, for the same character. 
 
 LIONS, notabilities, either persons or sights worthy of inspection ; an ex- 
 pression dating from the times when the royal lions at the Tower,* be- 
 fore the existence of Zoological Gardens and travelling menageries, 
 were a London wonder, to visit which country cousins and strangers of 
 eminence were constantly taken. 
 
 * Tho origin of the Tower collection was the three leopards sent by the Emperor 
 Frederic to Henry III., as a living illusti-ation of the royal arms of England. In the 
 roll of John ile Cravebeadell, constable of the Tower, B. M. Top. Collocticms, iii. p. 153, 
 is a charge of 3d. per day " in support of the leopard of our lord the king." Edwai-d 
 III, when Prince of Wales, appears to have taken great interest in the animals ; and 
 
 LiFEB, a convict who is sentenced to transportation for life. 
 
 Lift, to steal, pick pockets ; " there 's a clock been lifted," said when a 
 watch has been stolen. The word is as old as the Border forays, and 
 is used by jSAai-»p«a«. Shoplifter is a recognised term. Old Gothic, 
 LLIFAN, to steal; Lower Shenish, loften. 
 
172 A DICTIONARY OF MODESN 
 
 LIONISE, to conduct a stranger round the principal objects of attraction 
 in a place ; to act as cicerone. 
 
 LIP, bounce, impudence ; " come, none o' yer lip I " 
 
 LIP, to sing ; " up us a chant," sing a song. 
 
 LIQUOR, or liquok xjp, to diink drams. — Americanism. In uquob, tipsy, 
 or drunk. 
 
 LITTLE GO, the " Previous Examination," at Cambridge the first Uni- 
 versity examination for undergraduates in their second year of matricii 
 lation. At Oxford, the corresponding term is THB bmalls. 
 
 LIVE-STOCK, vermin of the insect kind. 
 
 LIVERPUDLIN, a native of LiverpooL 
 
 LOAFER, a lazy vagabond. Generally considered an Am/ericanism. Loper, 
 or LOAFER, however, wag in general use as a Cant term in the early 
 part of the last century. Landloper was a vagabond who begged in 
 the attire of a sailor ; and the sea phrase, land-lubber was doubtless 
 synonymous. — See tht Times, 3d November 1859, for a reference to 
 
 LOATER. 
 
 LOAVER, money. — See lour. — Lingua Franca. 
 LOB, a till, or money-drawer. 
 LOBB, the head. — PugUistic. 
 
 LOBLOLLY, gruel. — Old ; used by Marhham as a sea term for grit gruel, 
 
 or hasty pudding. 
 LOBLOLLY BOY, a derisive term for a surgeon's mate in the navy. 
 
 ** Lob-lolty-boy is a person, who on board of a man-of-war attends the surgeon 
 and his mates, and one who knows just as much of the business of a sea* 
 man as the author of tliis poem." — The Patent, a Poem, 4to, 1776. 
 
 LOBS I schoolboys' signal on the master's approach. Compare cave ! 
 
 CHUCKS I Also, an assistant watcher, an under gamekeeper. 
 LOBS, words, talk. — Oipsy. 
 
 LOBSCOUSE, a dish made of potatoes, meat, and biscuits, boiled together. 
 LOBSTER, a soldier. A policeman, from the colour of his coat, is styled an 
 
 unboiled, or raw lobster. 
 LOBSTER-BOX, a barrack, or military station. 
 LOGGERHEADS, " to come to loqqerheads," to come to blows. 
 LOGIE, theatrical jewellery, made mostly of zinc. 
 LOLLY, the head. — <Sec lobb. — Pugilistic. 
 
 after he became king, there was not only the old leopard, but "one lion, one lioness, 
 and two caHions," says Stowe, **in the said Tower, committed to the custody of 
 Robert, son of John Bowre," The menagerie was only abolished in 1834, and the 
 practice was to allow any person to enter gratis who brought with him a little dog 
 to bo thrown to the lions I — Dr Doran'e Princes of Wales, p. 120. 
 
 LiMLE Snakes-man, a little thief, who is generally passed through a small 
 aperture to open any door to let in the rest of the gang. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 73 
 
 LONDON-ORDINARY, the beach at Brighton, where the " eight-hours-at 
 the-sea-side " excursionists dine in the open-air. 
 
 LONDRIX, London. Probably from the French, lohdbes. 
 
 LONG^BOW, " to draw," or " shoot with the LONO-Bow," to exaggerate. 
 
 LONG-GHOST, a tall, awkward person. 
 
 LONG-ODDS, in a bet this means staking thff greater proportion against 
 the smaller. — See odds. 
 
 LONG-TAILED-ONE, a bank-note or flimst for a large amount. 
 
 LONGSAND-SHORTS, cards made for cheating. 
 
 LONG-TAILS, among shooters, are pheasants ; among coursers and dog- 
 fanciers they are greyhounds. 
 
 LONG-SHORE BUTCHER, a coast-guardsman.— Sea. 
 
 LONG-TAILED BEGGAR, a cat. The tale that hangs thereby runs 
 thus : — A boy, during his first, and a very short voyage, to sea, had be- 
 come so entirely a seaman, that on his return he had forgotten the 
 name of the cat, and was obliged, pointing to puss, to ask his mother 
 " what she called that 'ere long-tailed beqoar ? " Accordingly, 
 sailors, when they hear a freshwater tar discoursing too largely on 
 nautical matters, are very apt to say, " But how, mate, about that 'ero 
 LONG-TAILED BEGGAK f " 
 
 LOOF-FAKER, a chimney-sweep. — iSee flue-faker. 
 
 LOOKING-GLASS, a facetious synonyme for a pot de chambre. — Cfrose. 
 See the story of Father Tom and the Pope in Blackwood's Magazine, by 
 Maga, May 1843. In ancient times this utensil was the object of 
 very frequent examination by the medical fraternity. 
 
 LOOSE. — See on the loose. 
 
 LOOSE-BOX, a brougham or other vehicle kept for the use of a dame de 
 compagnie. A more vulgar appellation for one is mot-oabt, the con- 
 temptuous sobriquet applied by the envious mob to a one-horse 
 covered carriage. 
 
 LOOT, swag, or plunder. — Hindoo. 
 
 LOPE, this old form of leap is often heard in the streets. 
 
 LOP-SIDED, uneven, one side larger than the other. — Old. 
 
 LORD, " drunk as a lord," a common saying, probably referring to the 
 facilities a man o£ fortune has for such a gratification ; perhaps a sly 
 sarcasm at the supposed habits of the " haristocracy." 
 
 LORD, a hump-backed man. — See MT lord. 
 
 LORD-MAYOR'S-FOOL, a personage who likes everything that ia good, 
 and plenty of it. 
 
 LORDOF-THE-MANOR, a sixpence. 
 
 LOTHARIO, a gay deceiver. 
 
 LOUD, flashy, showy, as applied to dress or manner. — See bags. 
 
 LOUR, or LOWB, money ; " gammy lowb," bad money. From the Walla- 
 chian Oipiy word, lowe, coined money. — See note, supra, p. 11. — Old 
 French, lower, revenue, wages. — Ancient Cant, and Gipay. 
 
174 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 LOUSE-TRAP, a small-tooth comb. — Old Cant.^See oatoh-'em-alivis. 
 LOVAGE, an old-fashioned cordial made from the carminative herb of 
 that name, [Ligmticum Scoiicum, linn,] and sold in gin-shops. 
 
 LOVE, at billiards " five to none " would be " five LOVE," — a love being 
 the same as when one player does not score at all. The term is also 
 used at whist, " six love," " four love " when one of the parties has 
 marked up six, four, or any other number, and the other none. A 
 writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, for July 1 780, derives it either 
 from LUPP, an old Scotch word for the hand, or from the Dutch, loep, 
 the LOOF, weather-gauge, {Sewell's Dutch Dictionary, 4to, 1754;) but it 
 more probably, from the sense of the next word, denotes something 
 done without reciprocity. — Sea. 
 
 LOVE, " to do a thing for love," i.e., for nothing. A man is said to marry 
 for love when he gets nothing with his wife ; and an Irishman, with 
 the bitterest animosity against his antagonist, will fight him for love, 
 i.e., for the mere satisfaction of beating him, and not for a stake. 
 
 LOVEAGE, tap droppings, a mixture of spirits, sweetened and sold to 
 habitual dram-drinkers, principally females. Called also alls. 
 
 LOW CHURCHMAN. He has been defined by the Times as one "who 
 loves a Jew and hates the Pope." 
 
 LOW-WATER, but little money in pocket, when the finances are at a low 
 ebb 
 
 LUBBER, a clown, or fool. — Ancient Cant, hjbbaeb. 
 
 LUBBER'S HOLE, an aperture in the maintop of a ship, by which a timid 
 
 climber may avoid the difficulties of the " futtook shrouds; " hence, a 
 
 sea term for any cowardly way of evading duty. 
 LUCK, " down on one's LnCK," wanting money, or in difficulty. 
 LUCKY, " to cut one's lucky," to go away quickly. — See steike. 
 LUDLAM'S DOG, an indolent, inactive person is often said to be "as lazy 
 
 as ludlam's dog, which leaned its head against the wall to bark." 
 
 Sailors say as lazy as Joe the Marine, who laid down his musket to 
 
 sneeze. 
 LUG, " my togs are in Luo," t.«., in pawn. 
 LUG, the ear. — Scotch, 
 LUG, to pull, or slake thirst. — Old. 
 LUG CHOVET, a pawnbroker's shop. 
 LUKE, nothing. — North Country Cant. 
 LUMBER, to pawn or pledge. — Household Ward*, No. 183. 
 LUMMY, jolly, first-rate. 
 LUMPER, a contractor. On the river, more especially a person who con 
 
 tracts to deliver a ship laden with timber. 
 
 Ltjllt pbigger, a rogue who steals wet clothes hung on lines to dry. 
 LuLLT, a shirt. 
 Lumbered, imprisoned. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. I 75 
 
 LUMP IT, to dislike it ; "if you don't like it you may lump it; " some- 
 times varied to "if you don't like it you may do the other thing." 
 
 "LUMP THE LIGHTER," to be transported. 
 
 LUMP-WORK, work contracted for, or taken by the lump. 
 
 LUMPY, intoxicated. 
 
 LUNAN, a giri.— Gtp»y. 
 
 LURCH, a term at the game of cribbage. A. is said to lubch B. when 
 the former attains the end, or sixty-first hole of the board before the 
 latter has pegged his thirty-first hole; or, in more familiar words, 
 before B. has turned the corner. A lubch counts as a double game 
 or rub. 
 
 LUSH, intoxicating drinks of all kinds, but generally used for beer. The 
 Globe, 8th September 1859, says "lush and its derivatives claim 
 Imshington, the brewer, as sponsor." 
 
 LUSH, to drink, or get drunk. 
 
 LUSH-CRIB, a public-house. 
 
 LUSHINGTON, a dnmkard, or one who continually soaks himself vrith 
 drams and pints of beer. Some years since there was a " lushinqton 
 Club " in Bow Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 LUSHY, intoxicated. Johnson says "opposite to pale," so red with drink. 
 
 LYLO, come hither. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 LYMPS, the Olympic Theatre.— &e lams. 
 
 MAB, a cab, or hackney-coach. 
 
 MAC TURK, a Scotch duellist, from a character in St Ronan's Well. 
 
 MADZA, half. Italian, mezza. This word enters into combination with 
 various Cant phrases, mainly taken from the lAnguM Franca, as madza 
 CAROON, half-a-crown, two-and-sixpence ; madza raltee, a halfpenny, 
 [tee SALTEE ;] madza roouA, half-a-sovereign ; madza bouno the bull, 
 half a pound of steak, &c. 
 
 MAG, a halfpenny. — Ancient Cant, make. Meos were formerly guineas. — 
 B. M. Carew. Make, the old form, is still used by schoolboys in 
 Scotland. 
 
 MAG, " not a blessed Mao ! " would be the phrase of a cadger down on 
 his luck to express bis penniless state. 
 
 MAG, to talk. A variation of nag. — Old; hence magpie. 
 
 Lumper, a low thief who haunts wharves and docks, and robs vessels ; also 
 a person who sells old goods for new. 
 
 LuBK, a sham, swindle, or representation of feigned distress. 
 
 LuBKEB, an impostor who travels the country with false certificates of fires, 
 shipwrecks, &c. Also, termed a silver beggar, which see. 
 
 Mack, a dressy swindler who victimises tradesmen. 
 
 Mace, to spunge, swindle, or beg, in a polite way ; " give it him (a shop- 
 keeper) on the mace," i.e., obtain goods on credit and never pay for 
 them ; also termed '' striking the mace." 
 
176 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 MAGGOTY, fanciful, fidgety. Whims and fancies were formerly termed 
 MAGGOTS, from the popular belief that a maggot in the brain was the 
 cause of any odd notion or caprice a person might exhibit. 
 
 MAHCHEEN, a merchant. Chinese pronunciation of the English word. 
 — Anylo-Chineae. 
 
 MAHOGANY FLAT, a bug. 
 
 MAHOGANY ; " to have one's feet under another man's juhogant," to 
 sit at his table, be supported on other than one's own resources ; " am- 
 putate your MAHOGANY," i.e., go away, or "cut your stick." 
 
 MAIL, to post a letter; "this screeve is mailed by a sure hand." 
 
 MAKE-UP, personal appearance. — Theatrical. 
 
 MALAPROPISM, an ignorant, vulgar, misapplication of language, so 
 named from Mrs JIalaprop, a character in Sheridan's unrivalled 
 comedy of the Rivals. Mrs Partington has lately succeeded to the 
 mantle of Mrs Malaprop; but the phrase Partingtonism is as yet 
 uncoined. 
 
 MALLEY, a gardener. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 MANABLINS, broken victuals. 
 
 MANDOZY, a term of endearment; probably from the valiant fighter 
 named Mendoza. 
 
 MANG, to talk.— 5co<c^. 
 
 MAN-HANDLE, to use a person roughly, as to take him prisoner, turn 
 him out of a room, give him a beating. 
 
 MARBLES, furniture, movables; "money and marbles," cash and per- 
 sonal effects. 
 
 MARCHIONESS, a maid-of-all-work ; a title now in regular use — ^but de- 
 rived from the nickname of a character in Charlet Dickent't Old Curi- 
 osity Shop. 
 
 MARE'S NEST, a Cockney discovery of marvels, which turn out no mar- 
 vels at all. An old preacher in Cornwall up to very lately employed 
 a different version — viz., " a cow calving up in a tree." 
 
 MARINE, or MARINE RECRUIT, an empty bottle. This expression having 
 once been used in the presence of an officer of marines, he was at first 
 inclined to take it as an insult, until some one adroitly appeased his 
 wrath by remarking that no offence could be meant, as all that it could 
 possibly imply was, " one who had done his duty, and was ready to do 
 it again." — See horse marine. — Naval. 
 
 MARPLOT, an officious bungler, who spoils everything he interferes with. 
 
 Maosman, a street swindler, who watches for countrymen and " gullible " 
 
 persons. 
 Main-tobt, the highway, or the main road. 
 Make, a successful theft, or swindle. ' 
 
 Make, to steal. 
 Marinated, transported ; from the salt pickling fish undergo in Cornwall. 
 
 —Old Cant. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 177 
 
 MARRIAGE LINES, a marriage certificate. — Provincial. 
 
 MARROW, a mate, a fellow -workman, a pitman who works in a "shift" 
 with another. — Northumberland and Durham. 
 
 MARROW-BONES, the knees ; " I '11 bring him down upon his marrow- 
 bonks," t.e., I '11 make him bend his knees as he does to the Virgin 
 Mary. 
 
 MARROWSKTING.— 5ce medical oreek. 
 
 MARRY, a term of asseveration in common use, was originally (in Popish 
 times) a mode of swearing by the Virgin Mary ; q.d., " by mart." 
 
 MARTINGALE, a gambling term. To double the stake every time you 
 lose. 
 
 MARYGOLD, one million sterling. — See plum. 
 
 MASKEE, never mind, no consequence. — Anglo-CIiinese. 
 
 "MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS," when the leader of the House of 
 Commons goes through the doleful operation of devoting to extinction 
 a number of useful measures at the end of the session, for want of 
 time to pass them. — Vide Times, 20th July 1859: Mr C. Foster, on 
 altering the time of the legislative sessions. — Parliamentary Slang. 
 
 "MASTER OF THE ROLLS," a baker. 
 
 " MASTER OF THE MINT," a gardener. 
 
 MATE, the term a coster or low person applies to a friend, partner, or com- 
 panion; "me and my mate did so and so," is a common phrase with a 
 low Londoner. — Originally a Sea term. 
 
 MATEY, a labovu-er in one of her Majesty's dockyards. 
 
 MAULEY, a signature, from mauley, a fist ; " put your piST to it," is 
 sometimes said by a low tradesman when desiring a fellow-trader to 
 put his signature to a bill or note. 
 
 MAULEY, a fist, that with which one strikes as with a mall. — Pugilistic. 
 
 MAUND, to beg; "maundering on the fly," begging of people in the 
 streets. — Old Cant. Mauno, to beg, is a term in use amongst the 
 Gipsies, and may also be found in the Hindoo Vocabulary. Maund, 
 however, is pure Anglo-Saxon, from mand, a basket. Compare " beg," 
 which is derived from bag, a curious parallel. 
 
 MAW, the mouth ; " hold your maw," cease talking. 
 
 MAWWORM, a hypocrite. 
 
 MAX, gin ; max upon tick, gin obtained upon credit. 
 
 MAZARINE, the platform beneath the stage in large theatres. Probably 
 corruption of Italian, mezzanino. 
 
 M. B. COAT, i.e., Mark of the Beast, a name given to the long surtout worn 
 by the clergy, — a modem Puritan form of abuse, said to have been 
 accidentally disclosed to a Tractarian customer by a tailor's orders to 
 his foreman. 
 
 MEALY-MOUTHED, plausible, deceitful 
 
 MEASLEY, mean, miserable-looking, "seedy;" "what a MEASLBT-looking 
 man ! " i.e., what a. wretched, unhappy look he has. 
 M 
 
178 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 MEDICAL GREEK, the Slang used by medical students at the hospitals. 
 At the London University they have a way of disguising English, 
 described by Albert Smith as the Gower Street Dialect, vfhich consists 
 in transposing the initials of words, e.g., *^poke a smipe^* — smoke a 
 pipe ; "flutter-hy " — butterfly, &c. This disagreeable nonsense is often 
 termed marrowsktinq. — See greek, St Giles' obeek, or the "^gidiac" 
 dialect. Language of zipn, &o. 
 
 MEISENSANG, a missionary, Chinese pronunciation of the English word. 
 — A nglo-Chinese. 
 
 MENAGEBY, the orchestra of a th.ea.tre.— Theatrical. 
 
 MENAVELINGS, odd money remaining after the daily accounts are made 
 up at a railway booking-office, — usually divided among the clerks. 
 — See OVERS and shorts. 
 
 " MERRY DUN OF DOVER," a large ship 6guring in sailors' yams. She 
 was so large that when passing through the Straits of Dover her flying 
 jib-boom knocked down Calais steeple ; while, at the same time, the 
 fly of her ensign swept a flock of sheep off Dover cliffs. She was so 
 lofty that a boy who attempted to go to her mast-head found him- 
 self a gray old man when he reached the deck again. This yam is 
 founded on a story in the Scandinavian Mythology. 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA, a name given to a district in London. — iSee oubitopolis. 
 — Fashionable Slang. 
 
 METAL, sweetmeats. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 MIDDY, abbreviation of MiDsniPMAN. — Naval. 
 
 MIDGE NET, a lady's veil 
 
 MIKE, to loiter; or, as a costermonger defined it, to "lazy about." The 
 term probably originated at St Giles's, which used to be thronged with 
 Irish labourers, (Mike being so common a term with them as to be- 
 come a generic appellation for Irishmen with the vulgar,) who used to 
 loiter about the Pound, and lean against the pubUc-houses in the 
 " Dials " waiting for hire. A correspondent objects to this explana- 
 tion, and says that the term is Old English, michk, to skulk, to loiter ; 
 Old Norse, mak, leisure, idleness. 
 
 *'6hall the blessed sun of heaven prove a uichbr?" 
 
 — Shatspear^s Hen. IV., li. 4. 
 
 MILD, second-rate, inferior. — See draw it mild. Also feeble, inefficient, 
 as "a MILD attempt." Weak young men who keep bulldogs, and 
 dress in a " loud " stable style, from a belief that it is very becoming, 
 are sometimes called mild bloaters. 
 
 MILK, a term used in connexion with racing ; when a horse is entered 
 for a race which his owner does not intend him to win, and beta 
 against him, the animal is said to " be milked." — See milkino. 
 
 MILKING, a turf operation, described in the Times as " keeping a horse 
 a favourite, at short odds, for a race in which he has no chance what- 
 ever, only to lay against him." 
 
 Milky ones, white linen rags. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 79 
 
 MILL, a fight, or set to. Ancient Cant, htll, to rob. 
 
 MILL, to figUt or beat. 
 
 MILL, the Insolvent Debtors' Court. To go through the Miu is equivalent 
 to being whitewashed. 
 
 MILLEK, to GIVE THE MILLER, 18 to engage a person in conversation of an 
 apparently friendly character, when aU at once the bystanders surround 
 and pelt him with flour, grease, and filth of various kinds, flour pre- 
 dominating. This mode of punishing spies, informers, and other ob- 
 noxious individuals, is used by cabmen, omnibus conductors, et hoc 
 genua omne. 
 
 MILLER, this word is frequently called out when a person relates a stale 
 joke. — See joe. 
 
 MILVADER, to beat. 
 
 MISH, a shirt, or chemise. From commission, the Ancient Cant for a 
 shirt, afterwards shortened to k'mish or smish, and then to hish. 
 French, chemise ; Italian, oamioia. 
 
 " With his snowy oamesi and his shaggy capote."— .Byron. 
 
 MITET, a cheesemonger. 
 
 MITTEN, the &at.— Pugilistic. 
 
 MIZZLE, a frequentative form of " mist " in both senses ; as applied to 
 weather, it is used by John Oadbnry in his Ephemeris in 1695 — " misty 
 and mizzling " — to come down as mist ; while the other sense may be 
 expressed as to fade away like a mist, vanish into thin air, like the 
 conclusion of the prayer of Aruns in the ^neid, lib. xi. 794 : — 
 
 " Audiit, et voti Phcebus succedere partem 
 Meote dedit ; partem volucres di->i>erait in auras." 
 
 MIZZLE, to run away, or decamp ; to disappear as in a mist. From 
 mizzle, a drizzling rain ; a Scotch mist. 
 
 ** And then one mizzling Michaelmas night, 
 The Count he mizzled too." — Bood. 
 
 MIZZLER, or edm-mizzler, a person who is clever at effecting an escape, 
 or getting out of a difficulty. 
 
 MOAB, a name applied to the turban-shaped hat fashionable among ladies, 
 and ladylike swells of the other sex, in 1 858 9. From the Scripture 
 phrase, " Moab is my washpot," (Ps. Ix. 8,) which article the hat in 
 question is supposed to resemble. — University. 
 
 MOB. Swift informs us, in his Art of Polite Conversation, that MOB was, 
 in his time, the Slang abbreviation of Mobility, just as KOB is of No- 
 bility at the present day. — See school. 
 
 " It is perhaps this humour of speaking no more words than we needs must 
 which has so miserably curtailed some of our w()rds, that in familiar writ- 
 ings and conversation they often lose all but their first syllables, as in UOB., 
 red., poa., incog., and the like." — Addison's Spectator. 
 
 M (LL, the tread -MILL, prison 
 
 MiU/-Toa, a shirt ; most likely the orison garment. 
 
l8o A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 MOBILITY, the populace ; or, according to Bwrkt, the " great unwashed." 
 Johnson calls it a Cant term, although Swift notices it as a proper ex- 
 pression. 
 
 MODEST QUENCHER, a glass of gin and water. 
 
 "MOISTEN TOUR CHAFFER," a Slang phrase equivalent to "take some- 
 thing to drink." 
 
 MOKE, a donkey. — Gipsy. 
 
 M OKO, a name given by sportsmen to pheasants killed by mistake in par- 
 tridge-shooting during September, before the pheasant-shooting comes 
 in. They pull out their tails, and roundly assert that they are no 
 pheasants at all, but mokos. 
 
 MOLL, a girl ; nickname for Mary. — Old Cant. 
 
 MOLL'D, followed, or accompanied by a woman. 
 
 MOLLISHER, a low girl or woman ; generally a female cohabiting with a 
 man, who jointly get their living by thieving. 
 
 MOLLSACK, a reticule, or market basket. 
 
 " MOLL THOMSON'S MARK, that is, M. T.— empty ; as " take away this 
 bottle, it has mom. Thomson's makk on it." — See M. T. 
 
 MOLLYCODDLE, an eifeminate man; one who caudles amongst the 
 women, or does their work. 
 
 MOLLYGRUBS, or molliqrubs, stomach-ache, or sorrow — which to the 
 costermonger is much the same, as he believes, like the ancients, that 
 the viscera is the seat of all feeling. 
 
 MOLROWING, "out on the sprer" in company with so-called "gay 
 women." In allusion to the amatory serenadiuga of the London cats. 
 
 MONK, a term of contempt ; probably an abbreviation of monkey. 
 
 MONKEY, spirit, or ill temper; "to get one's monkey up," to rouse his 
 passion. A man is said to have his monkey up, or the monkey on his 
 back, when he is " riled," or out of temper ; also to have his back or 
 HUMP up. 
 
 MONKEY, the instrument which drives a rocket. — Army. 
 
 MONKEY, £iOO.— Civic Slang. 
 
 MONKEY-BOARD, the place or step attached to an omnibus, on which 
 
 the conductor stands. 
 MONKEY-BOAT, a peculiar, long, narrow, canal boat. 
 "MONKEY "WITH A LONG TAIL," a mortgage. —Legal. 
 MONKEY'S ALLOWANCE, to get blows instead of alms, more kicks 
 
 than halfpence. 
 MONKERY, the country, or rural districts. Originally an old word for a 
 
 quiet or monastic life. — Hall. 
 
 Mob, a companion ; mobsman, a dressy swindler. 
 MoLL-TOOLEB, a female pickpocket. 
 MoNEKEER, a person's name or signature. — Tramp)' Cant. 
 Monkey, a padlock. — Pruon Cant, 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. l8l 
 
 MOOCH, to spunge ; to obtrude one's-self upon friends just when they are 
 about to sit down to dinner, or other lucky time — of course quite ac- 
 cidentally. — Compare HULK. To slink away, and allow your friend to 
 pay for the entertainment. In Wiltshire, ON THE MOUTCH is to shuffle. 
 — See the following. 
 
 MOOCHING, or on the mooch, on the look-out for any articles or circum- 
 stances which may be turned to a profitable account; watching in the 
 streets for odd jobs, horses to hold, &o. ; also, scraps of food, old 
 clothes, &o. 
 
 MOOE, the mouth. — Gipny and Hindoo. Shahspeare has llOE, to make 
 mouths. 
 
 ^WOliEX, intoxicated.— .SrouseAo?^ Wm-ds, No. 183. 
 
 MOONLIGHT, or moonshine, smuggled gin. 
 
 MOON-RAKER, a native of Wiltshire ; because it is said that some men 
 of that county, seeing the reflection of the moon in a pond, took it to 
 be a cheese, and endeavoured to pull it out with a rake. 
 
 MOONSHEE, a learned man, professor, or teacher. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 MOONSHINE, palaver, deception, humbug. 
 
 MOP, a hiring place (or fair) for servants. Steps are being taken to put 
 down these assemblies, which have been proved to be greatly detri- 
 mental to the morality of the poor. 
 
 MOP UP, to drink, or empty a glass. — Old Sea term. 
 
 "MOPS AND BROOMS," intoxicated.— Household Words, No. 183. 
 
 MOPUSSES, money ; " MOPnssES ran taper," money ran short. 
 
 MORE-ISH, when there is scarcely enough of an eatable or drinkable it is 
 said to taste more-ish ; as " this wine is very good, but it has a slight 
 MORS-ISH flavour." 
 
 MORRIS, to decamp, be oflT. Probably from the ancient mobesco, or 
 morris dance. 
 
 MORTAR-BOARD, the term given by the vulgar to the square college 
 caps. 
 
 LGE- DEED, a pawnbroker's duplicate. 
 MOTT.j girt of indifferent character. Formerly Mart. Dutch, MOTT-KAST, 
 
 a harlotry. Mott-oabt, see loose-box. 
 MOUCHEY, a Jew. 
 
 MOULDY, gray-headed. Servants wearing hair-powder are usually termed 
 
 mouldy-pates by street boys. 
 MOULDY-GRUBS, travelling showmen, mountebanks who perform in the 
 
 open air without tent or covering. Doing this is called "mouldi- 
 
 GRUBBINO." 
 
 Moon, a month— generally used to express the length of time a person has 
 been sentenced by the magistrate ; thus " one moon " is one month. 
 —See DBAO. It is a curious fact that the Indians of America and the 
 roaming vagabonds of England should both calculate time by the 
 UOON. 
 

 182 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 MOUNTAIN-DEW, whisky, adrertised as from the Highlands. 
 
 MOUNTAIN-PECKER, a sheep's-head.— See jemmy. 
 
 MOURNING, "a full suit of moubninq," too black eyes; halfmouuninq, 
 
 one black eye. 
 MOUSE, a black eye. 
 
 MOUTH, a common expression of contempt, equivalent to mttfp ; " you 
 are a mouth, and you will die a Up," is a vulgar form of abuse. 
 
 MOUTH-ALMIGHTY, a superlative form of the former expression, ap- 
 plied to a noisy, talkative person. 
 
 j^ - ^ - MOUTHPIECE, a lawyer, or counsel. 
 
 ly^ OtCCt*.' »■<»-&- MOVE, a " dodge," or cunning trick ; " up to a MOVE or two," acquainted 
 
 j^ with tricks. Probably derived from the game of chess. 
 
 M.P., member of the police, one of the Slang titles of the force. 
 
 MRS JONES, the house of office, a water-closet. 
 
 MRS HARRIS and MRS GAMP, nicknames of the Morning Herald and 
 Standard newspapers, while united under the proprietorship of Mr 
 Baldwin. Mrs Gamp, a monthly nurse, was a character in Mr Charles 
 Dichens'e popular novel of Martin Chuzdemt, who continually quoted 
 an imaginary Mrs Harris in attestation of the superiority of her quali- 
 fications, and tho infallibility of her opinions; and thus afforded a 
 parallel to the two newspapers, which appealed to each other as inde- 
 pendent authorities, being all the while the production of the same 
 editorial staff. 
 
 M. T., railway Slang used by porters and pointsmen for empties, or empty 
 carriages. — -See MOLL Thomson's mark. 
 
 "MUCH OF A MUCHNESS," alike, very much the same thing. 
 
 MUCK, to beat, or excel ; " it 's no use, luck 's set in him ; he 'd muck a 
 thousand." — Mayhem, vol. i., p. i8. To RUN A muck, or go a mucker, 
 to rush headlong into certain ruin. From a certain religious phrenzy, 
 which is common among the Malays, causing one of them, kreese in 
 hand, to dash into a crowd and devote every one to death he meets 
 with, until he is himself killed, or falls from exhaustion. — Malay, 
 AMOK, slaughter. 
 
 MUCK-OUT, to clean out ; often applied to one utterly ruining an adver- 
 sary in gambling. 
 
 MUCK-SNIPE, one who has been "mucked out," or beggared, at gambling. 
 — See MUCK. 
 
 MUCKENDER, or muckengeb, a pocket-handkerchief.— OW. Cf. snot- 
 TINGEB. The original name of the " neokinqeu " in Bermondsey was 
 the "devil's neck-handkei chief." See a review of this work in The 
 Boohseller, May 26, i860. This is the name of a locality. There is 
 still a " NECKINGER road ; " and Messrs Bevington & Sons' tannery in 
 Bermondsey bears the name of the " neckinger mills." 
 
 Mounter, a false swearer. Derived from the borrowed clothes men 
 used to MOUNT, or dress in, when going to swear for a consideration. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 83 
 
 MUDFOO, "The British Association for the Promotion of Science."— 
 University. 
 
 MTJD-LARK, a man or woman who, with clothes tucked above knee, 
 grovels through the mud on the banks of the Thames, when the tide 
 is low, for silver spoons, old bottles, pieces of iron, coal, or any articles 
 of the least value, deposited by the retiring tide, either from passing 
 ships or the sewers. Occasionally applied to those men who cleanse 
 the sewers, with great boots and sou' wester hats. Those who are 
 employed in banks and counting-houses, in collecting and other out- 
 door duties, have also this appellation. 
 
 MUD-STUDENT, a farming pupil. The name given to the students at 
 the Agricultural College, Cirencester. 
 
 MUFF, a silly, or weak-minded person ; MCPP has been defined to be " a 
 soft thing that holds a lady's hand without squeezing it." 
 
 MUFFIN-WORRY, an old ladies' tea party. 
 
 MUFTI, the civilian dress of a naval or military officer when off duty. — 
 Anglo-Indian. From an Eastern word signifying a clei^gyman or priest. 
 
 MUG, the mouth, or face. — Old. 
 
 ** ' Goblet and muo.' — Topers should bear in mind that what they quaff from 
 the goblet afterwards appears in the muo." 
 
 MUG, to strike in the face, or fight. Also, to rob by the garrote. Gaelic, 
 liVio, to suffocate, oppress ; Irish, mcqaim, to kUl, destroy. 
 
 MUG, "to MTiQ one's-self," to get tipsy. 
 
 MUGGING, a thrashing, — synonymous with slogginq, both terms of the 
 " ring," and frequently used by fighting men. 
 
 MUGGY, drunk. 
 
 MUG-UP, to paint one's face. — Theatrical. To " cram " for an examina- 
 tion. — Army. 
 
 MULL, " to make a mull of it," to spoil anything, or make a fool of one's- 
 self. — Gipsy. 
 
 MULLIGRUBS.— Fide molltordbs. 
 
 MULLINGAR HEIFER, a girl with thick ankles.— 7raA. The story goes 
 that a traveller, passing through Mullingar, was so struck with this 
 local peculiarity in the women, that he determined to accost the first 
 he met next. " May I ask," said he, " if you wear hay in your shoes ! " 
 "Faith an' I do," said the girl, "and what then ?" "Because," says 
 the traveller, " that accounts for the calves of your legs coming down 
 to feed on it." 
 
 MULTEE KEUTEVER, very bad. Italian, molto oattivo.— Ztn^aa 
 Franca. 
 
 MUMMER, a performer at a travelling theatre. — Ancient. Rustic per- 
 formers at Christmas in the West of England. 
 
 MUMPER, a beggar. — Gipfg. Possibly a corruption of MDmfER. 
 
 MUNDUNGUS, trashy tobacco. Spanish, mondgnoo, black pudding. — See 
 the Gentleman's Magazine for 1821, vol. xxv. p. 137. 
 
 MUNGARLY, bread, food. MnKO is an old wont' for mixed food, but 
 
x84 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 MUNOARLY is doubtless derived from the Lingua Franca, majtqiab, to 
 eat. — See the following. 
 
 MUNOARLY CASA, a baker's shop; evidently a corruption of some 
 Lingua Franca phrase for an eating-house. The well-known "Nix 
 mangiare " stairs at Malta derive their name from the endless beggars 
 who lie there and shout nix manqiare, f.e., " nothing to eat," to excite 
 the compassion of the English who land there, — an expression which 
 exhibits remarkably the mongrel composition of the Lingua Franca, 
 MANQIARE being Italian, and Nix an evident importation from Trieste, 
 or other Austrian seaport. 
 
 MDNGING, or "mounginq," whining, begging, muttering. — North. 
 
 MUNS, the mouth. German, MCND. — Old Cant. 
 
 MURERK, the mistress of the house. — See BURERE. 
 
 MURKARKER, a monkey, — vulgar Cockney pronunciation of macauco, a 
 species of monkey. Jachey Macauco was the name of a famous fight- 
 ing monkey, which used about thirty years ago to display his prowess 
 at the Westminster pit, where, after having killed many dogs, he was 
 at last " chawed up " by a bull terrier. 
 
 MURPHY, a potato. Probably from the Irish national liking for potatoes, 
 MUBPHT being a common surname amongst the Irish. See mike. Mur- 
 phies (edible) are sometimes called Donovans. 
 
 MURPHY, " in the arms of mubphy," t.e., fast saleep. Corruption of uoB- 
 
 PHEUS. 
 
 MUSH, an umbrella. Contraction of mushroom. 
 
 MUSH— (or mushroom)— FAKER, an itinerant mender of umbrellaa. 
 
 MUSHROOM, an inelegant round hat worn by demure ladies. 
 
 MUSLIN, a woman or girl; "he picked up a bit of muslin." 
 
 MUST A, or MUSTER, a pattern, one of a sort. Anglo-Indian term used in 
 describing the make or pattern of anything, from the cut of a coat to 
 the plan of a palace. A sample of any kind of merchandise. This 
 word is very generally used in commercial transactions aU over the 
 world. 
 
 MUTTON, a contemptuous term for a woman of bad character, sometimes 
 varied to laced mutton. The expression was used as a Cant term for 
 a " wild duck " in the reign of James I. As a Slang term it was em- 
 ployed by Fen Jonson in his masque of Neptune's Triumph, which was 
 written for disjilay at Court on Twelfth Night, 1623; "a fine laced 
 MUTTON or two," are the words applied to two wantons. Shalspeare 
 has the term. In that class of English society which does not lay any 
 claim to refinement, a fond lover is often spoken of as being " fond of 
 his MUTTON." 
 
 MUTTON-CHOPS, a sheep's-head. 
 
 MUTTON-FIST, an uncomplimentary title for any one having a large 
 coarse red hand. 
 
 MUTTON-WALK, the saloon at Drury Lane Theatre. A vulgar appella- 
 tion applied to this place early in the last century, still in use in the 
 
8LANQ, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 185 
 
 neighbourhood of Covent Garden, which was formerly the great resort 
 for the gay and giddy of both sexes. 
 
 MUZZLE, the mouth. 
 
 MUZZLE, to fight or thrash ; to throttle or garrota, 
 
 MUZZY, intoxicated.— 5o!McAoM Wwd», No. 183. 
 
 MY AUNT, the closet of decency, or house of office. 
 
 MY LORD, a nickname given to a hunchback.' 
 
 MY NABS, myself; in contradistinction to youb kibs, which tu. 
 
 MY TULIP, a term of endearment used by the lower orders to persons and 
 animals ; " kim up, MT TULIP," as the coster said to his donkey when 
 thrashing him with an ash stick. 
 
 MY UNCLE, the pawnbroker, — generally used when any person questions 
 the whereabouts of a domestic article. " Oh I only at MT dhole's " is 
 the reply. Up ihb spout has the same meaning. It is worthy of 
 remark that the French call this useful relative ma tante, " my aunt." 
 
 NAB, to catch, to seize ; " nab the rugti" to take offence. — Ancient, four- 
 teenth century. — See nap. 
 
 NABS, self; mt nabs, myself ; his nabs, himself. — North Country Cant. 
 
 NAB THE RUST, to take offence. 
 
 NABOB, an Eastern prince, a retired Indian official, — hence a Slang term 
 for a capitalist. 
 
 NAIL, to steal, or capture ; " paid on the nail," i.e., ready money ; nailed, 
 taken up, or caught — probably in allusion to the practice of nailinq 
 bad money to the counter. We say " as dead as a doob-nail ;" — 
 why ? Shakspeare has the expression in Henry I Y.— 
 
 " FaUtaff. What I is the old king dead f 
 Putol. As NAIL in door." 
 
 A correspondent thinks the expression is only alliterative humour, 
 and compares as " flat as a flounder," " straight as a soldier," &c. 
 
 " NAIL IN ONE'S COFFIN," a dram, "a drop o' sumat' short," a jocular, 
 but disrespectful phrase, used by the lower orders to each other at the 
 moment of lifting a glass of spirits to their lips. " Well, good luck ! 
 here's another kail in mt coffin." Another phrase with old topers 
 is " SHEDDINO A TEAR," also " WIPINQ AN ETE." 
 
 NAM, a policeman. Evidently Bach Slang. 
 
 NAMBY PAMBY, particular, over-nice, effeminate. This, I think, was of 
 Pope's invention, and first applied by him to the affected, short-lined 
 verses addressed by Ambrose Phillips to Lord Carteret's infant chilJ- 
 ren. — Su Johnson's Life of Pope. 
 
 NAMUS, or namous, some one, i.e., "be off, somebody is coming." — Bach 
 Slang, but general — See vamos. 
 
 NANNY-SHOP, a disreputable house. 
 
 NANTEE, not any, or "I have none." Italian, mibmtb, nothing. — Set 
 DINAELT. — Lingua Franca. 
 
1 86 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 NANTEE PALAVER, no conversation, i.e., hold your tongue. — Lingua 
 
 Franca. — See palaveb. 
 NAP, or NAB, to take, steal, or receive; " you '11 nap it," t.e., you will catch 
 
 a beating. — North ; also Old Cant. Btdwer'a Paul Clifford. 
 NAP, to break, or rap with a hammer. — See knap. — North. 
 NAP, or NAPPEB, a hat From nab, a hat, cap, or head. — Old Cant. 
 NAP NIX, a person who works at his trade, and occasionally goes on the 
 
 stage to act minor parts without receiving any pay. The derivation is 
 
 obvious. — <See nap and Nix, i.e., niohts. 
 " NAP ONE'S BIB," to cry, shed tears, or carry one's point. 
 NATIONAL EXHIBITION, an execution at the Old Bailey ; a term of 
 
 the late Douglas Jerrold's, but now usual 
 NARK, a person in the pay of the police ; a common informer ; one who 
 
 gets his Uving by laying traps for publicans, &c. 
 NARK, to watch, or look after; " naek the titter;" watch the girL 
 NARP, a shirt.— ScoicA. 
 
 NARY ONE, provincial for ne'er a one, neither. 
 NASTY, ill-tempered, cross-grained. 
 
 NATION, very, or exceedingly. Corruption of damnation. 
 NATTY, pretty, neat, tidy.— OW. 
 NATURAL, an idiot, a simpleton. 
 
 NAVVY, an excavator employed in making railways, canals, &c. Origi- 
 nally Slang, but now a recognised term. 
 N. C, " enough said," being the initials of nut ced. A certain manager, 
 
 it is said, spells in this style. — Theatrical. 
 NEARDY, a person in authority over another ; master, parent, or foreman. 
 
 —North. 
 "NECK AND CROP," entirely, completely; "he chuck'd him nbok and 
 
 CROP out of window." 
 NECKINGER, a cravat.— See muckenoer. 
 NEDDY, a considerable quantity, as " a NEDDT of fruit," "a neddt of 
 
 fish," &o. — Iriih Slang. 
 NECK, to swallow. Neok-oil, drink of any kind. 
 " NECK AND NECK," horses run neck and neck in a race when they 
 
 are so perfectly equal that one cannot be said to be before the other. 
 " NECK OR NOTHING," desperate.— iJocinsr phraie. 
 NEDDY, a life preserver. — Contraction of Kennedy, the name of the first 
 
 man, it is said in St Giles's, who had his head broken by a poker. — 
 Vide Mornings at Bow Street. 
 NEDDY, a donkey. 
 NED, a guinea. Half-ned, halfa-guinea. 
 
 " Nap the regulars," to divide the booty. 
 
 " Nap the teaze," to be privately whipped in prison. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VfTLGAR WORDS. 1 87 
 
 NED STOKES, the four of spades. — North ffantt. — See Oentleman't Maga- 
 zine for 1791, p. 141. 
 
 NEEDFUL, money, cash; the "one thing nbbdful," for the accomplish- 
 ment of most pet designs, 
 
 " NEVER TRUST ME," an ordinary phrase with low Londoners, and 
 common in Shakspeare's time, vide Twelfth Night. It is generally 
 used instead of an oath, calling vengeanceon the asseverator, if such 
 and such does not come to pass. 
 
 NEWMARKET, in tossing halfpence, when the game is "two out of 
 three," that is, he who gains the first two tosses wins. When the first 
 toss is decisive, the game is termed sitdden death. 
 
 NIB-COVE, a gentleman. Nibsombst cribs, best or gentlemen's houses. 
 — Beggar's Cant. 
 
 NIB-LIKE, gentlemanly. 
 ^l{yfr^/) i>X NIBS, the master, or chief person ; a man nith no means but high pre- 
 / tensions, — a " shabby genteel." 
 
 NICK, or OLD NICK, the evil spftit. — Scandinavian, KNioaui^ one of the 
 names of Odin, as the destroying or evil principle. 
 
 NICK, to hit the mark ; " he 's nicked it,"t .e., won his point. 
 
 NICK-KNACK, a trifle.— Originally Cant. 
 
 NIGGLING, trifling, or idling; taking short steps in walking. — North. 
 
 NIL, half ; half profits, &c. 
 
 NILLY-WILLT, i.e, Nill ye, wUl ye, whether you will or no, a familiar 
 version of the Latin, nolens volens. 
 
 NIMMING, stealing. Immediately from the German, nehmbn. Mother- 
 well, the Scotch poet, thought the old word nim (to snatch or pick up) 
 was derived from nam, nam, the tiny words or cries of an infant, when 
 eating anything which pleases its little palate. A negro proverb has 
 the word : — 
 
 *' Buckra man nam. crab, 
 Cnib nam buckra man." 
 
 Or, in the buckra man's language — 
 
 ** White man eat [or steal] the crab. 
 And the crab eats the white man." 
 
 Needy, a nightly lodger, or tramp. 
 
 Needy Mizzleb, a shabby person ; a tramp who runs away without paying 
 for his lodging. 
 
 Newoate Fbinoe, or rsiLL, the collar of beard worn under the chin ; bo 
 called from its occupying the position of the rope when Jack Ketch 
 operates. Another name for it is a tybukn collar. 
 
 Newgate Knocker, the term given to the look of hair which coster- 
 mongers and thieves usually twist back towards the ear. The shape 
 is supposed to resemble the knocker on the prisoners' door at Newgate 
 — a resemblance that carries a rather unpleasant suggestion to the 
 wearer. Sometimes termed a cobbler's knot, or COW-LICK, which see 
 
 Nibble, to take, or steal NrsBLER, a petty thief. 
 

 l88 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 NINCOMPOOP, a fool, a hen-pecked husband, a "Jerry Sneak."— Coi^ 
 
 ruptiou of non compos mentis. 
 
 NINE CORNS, a pipeful of tobacco. 
 
 NINES, " dressed up to the nines," in a showy or recherche manner. 
 
 NINEPENCE, " right as ninepenoe," all right, right to a nicety. A cor- 
 respondent says : — " This most undoubtedly should be NiNE-PiNa. For 
 at the game of that name, in fairness to both parties, the nine pins must 
 always be set up, with great accuracy, in this form ,•*•, There is no 
 nicety in kinepence !" *•* 
 
 NINE SHILLINGS, cool audacity ; most probably derived from the French 
 
 NONCHALANCE. 
 
 NING-NANQ, horse-coupers' term for a worthless thorough-bred. 
 NINNYHAMMER, a foolish ignorant person. — Yorkshire. 
 NIPPER, a small boy. Old Cant for a boy cut-purse. 
 NIX, nothing ; " Nix my doU," synonymous with Hix. Qerraan, nights* 
 /< . " nothing. — See mdnqablt. 
 
 . KA/\jitX- fyO^ /tL-fiuc*- ^ NIX ! the signal word of school-boys to each other that the master, or 
 
 . „ other person in authority, is approachmg. 
 
 4*U. *' .-^V^-ItU, o^ « jf jx. MY DOLLY," once a very popular Slang song, beginning— 
 
 — ^ i I i- * " .Ul. ' *' In the box of a stone jug I Wiis bom, 
 
 •S>< oi-J*J'««' .t^C* < Of a hempen widow and a kid forlorn ; 
 
 And my noble father, as 1 have heard say. 
 Was a famous merchant of capers gay ; 
 Nix MT DOLLY, pals, fake away 1 " 
 
 NIZ-PRIZ, a writ of nisi-prius. — Legal. 
 
 NIZZIE, a fool, a coxcomb. — Old Cant,vtde Triumph of Wit. 
 
 NOAH'S ARK, a long closely-buttoned overcoat, recently in fashion. So 
 
 named by Punch from the similarity which it exhibits to the figure of 
 
 Noah and his sons in children's toy arks. 
 NOB, the head — Pugilistic; "bob a nob," a shilling a head. Ancient Cant, 
 
 NEB. Nob is an early English word, and is used in the romance of 
 
 Kynge Alisaunder (thirteenth century) for a head; originally, no 
 
 doubt, the same as knob. 
 NOB, a person of high position, a " swell," a noWeman, — of which word it 
 
 may be an abbreviation. — See snob. 
 NOB, the knave of trumps, when turned up at the game of cribbage. 
 NOBBA, nine. Italian, NOVE ; Spanish, nova, — the 6 and v being inter- 
 changeable, as Se6a8t<5pol and SerastdpoL Slang introduced by the 
 
 " organ-grinders " from Italy. 
 NOBBA SALTEE, ninepence. Lingua Franca, novk soldi. 
 NOBBING, collecting money; "what NOBBINGS?" ic, how much have you 
 
 got or collected from the crowd ? 
 NOBBLE, to cheat, to overreach ; to discover. 
 NOBBLER, a blow on the nob, a finishing stroke ; " that 'a a nobbleb 
 
 for him," i.e. , a settler. — Pugilistic. 
 
 Nip, to steal, take up quickly. — See hap and nir 
 

SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 89 
 
 NOBBLEB, a confederate of thimble-rigs, who plays earnestly as if a 
 stranger to the " Bia," and thus draws unsuspecting persons into a 
 game. — In NORTH of England, a low, cunning lawyer. 
 
 NOBBY, or nobbish, fine or showy; nobbily, showily. — Set snob for 
 derivation. 
 
 NOLI-ME-TANGERE, the Scotch fiddle, or ojther contagious disease. 
 
 NOMMUS, be oS.—Su namus. Probably Back Slang. 
 
 NON-COM, a non-commissioned officer in the army. 
 
 NO ODDS, no matter, of no consequence. — Latimer's Sermon before Ed- 
 vxird VI. 
 
 NORFOLK-HOWARDS, bugs ; a person named Bug having lately adopted 
 the more aristocratic appellation of nobfolk Howard. 
 
 NORTH, cunning. The inhabitants of Yorkshire and the northern coun- 
 ties are supposed, like the canny Scots, to get the better of other peo- 
 ple in dealing ; hence the phrase " he 's too far NORTH for me," i.e., too 
 cunning for me to deal with. 
 
 NORWICHER, more than one's share; said of a person who leaves less 
 than half the contents of a tankard for his companion. In what way 
 the term originated, or why Norwich was selected before any other 
 city, I have not been able to discover. ^ 
 
 NOSE, " to pay through the nose," to pay an extravagant price. 
 
 NOSEBAG, a visitor at a watering-place, or house of refreshment, who 
 carries his own victuals. — Term applied by waiters. 
 
 " NOSE OUT OF JOINT, to put one's " ; to supplant, supersede, or mortify 
 a person by excelling him. 
 
 NOSE EM, or Foaus, tobacco. 
 
 NOSER, a bloody or contused nose. — Pugilistic. 
 
 NOT MEANT, said of a horse the owner of which, for interested reasons, 
 does not intend that it shall win the race. 
 
 NOUSE, comprehension, perception. — Old, apparently from the Greek, vovs. 
 
 Gaelic and Irish, NOS ; knowledge, perception. 
 NO WHERE, the horses not placed in a race, that are neither first, second, 
 
 nor third, are said to be nowhere. 
 NUB, a husband. 
 NUDDIKIN, the head. 
 "NUMBER OF HIS MESS," when a man dies in tie army or navy, he ia 
 
 said to " lose the number of his mess." 
 FOR CANT NUMERALS, SEE UNDER saltee. 
 NURSE, a curious term lately applied to competition in omnibuses. Two 
 
 omnibuses are placed on the road to nurse, or oppose, each opposition 
 
 " buss," one before, the other behind. Of course the central or 
 
 Nose, a thief who turns informer, or Queen's evidence ; a spy or watch ; 
 " on the NOSE," on the look-out 
 
I go 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 KtJRSED buss has very little chance, unless it happens to be a favourite 
 with the pubUc. NtniSE, to cheat, or swindle; trustees are said to 
 KURSE property, i.e., gradually eat it up themselres. 
 NUT, the head, in Pugilistic Slang. Used as an exclamation at a fight, it 
 means strike him on the head. In tossing it is a direction to hide the 
 head; to be " oS one's nut," to be in liquor, or "all mops and 
 
 BROOMS." 
 
 NUTS, to be nuts upon anything or person is to be pleased with or fond 
 of it ; a self-satisfied man is said to be nttts upon himself. NuTTKD, 
 taken in by a man who professed to be nuts upon you. 
 
 NUT-CUT, roguish, mischievous. A good-natured term of reproach. 
 — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 " OH, BE JOYFUL," a bottle of rum.— Sea. 
 
 OAK, the outer door of college 
 rooms; to " sport one's oak," 
 to be " not at home" to visi- 
 toi-s. — See SPORT. — University. 
 
 OAR, " to put in an oar," to in- 
 terfere. 
 •* I put my OAR in no man's boat." 
 — Thackeray. 
 
 OAT-STEALER, an ostler. 
 
 OBFUSCATED, intoxicated. 
 
 OBSTEOPOLOUS, Cockney cor- 
 ruption of obstreperous. 
 
 OCHRE, money, generally applied 
 to gold, for a very obvious 
 reason. 
 
 O'CLOCK, or a'clook, "like one o'clock," a favourite comparison with 
 the lower orders, implying briskness; "to know what o'clock it is," 
 to be wide-awake, sharp, and experienced. 
 
 ODDS, a phrase used equivalent to "consequence;" "what's the ODDS," 
 i.e., what is the expected result? " It's no odds," i.e., of no conse- 
 quence. Odds, in sporting phraseology, refers to the proportions or 
 dififerences of a bet. Thus, a " bookmaker " will lay " six to one " 
 against such a horse getting " a place," whilst another " turfite," more 
 speculative, or in the receipt of a first-rate " tip," (information about 
 the horse in question,) will lay " eight," or even "ten to one." This 
 latter would be termed the " LONO odds." 
 
 ODD MAN, a street or public-house game at tossing. The number of 
 players is three. Each tosses up a coin, and if two come down head, 
 and one tail, or vice verm, the last is odd man, and loses or wins, as 
 may have been agreed upon. Frequently used to victimise a " flat." 
 If all three be alike, then the toss goes for nothing, and the coppers 
 are again " skied." 
 
 Nux, the "plant," or object in view; "stollup to the NUX?" Do you 
 fully comprehend what is wanted ? — North Country Cant. 
 
 " Sporting Door, 
 
7i 
 
 SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 191 
 
 "OD DRAT IT," or babbit, (Colman's Broad Orins,) od's blood, and all 
 
 other exclamations commencing with OD, are nothing but softened or 
 
 suppressed oaths. Od is a corruption of QOD, and dbat of EOT — 
 
 — Shakspeare. 
 " OFF AND ON," vacillating; " an off ahd on kind of a chap," one who 
 
 is always undecided. 
 " OFF AT THE HEAD," crazy .—Oxfordshire: 
 "OFF ONE'S FEED," real or pretended want of appetite. — Originally 
 
 Stal)le Slang. 
 OFFISH, distant, not familiar. 
 OFFICE, " to give the office," to give a hint dishonestly to a confederate, 
 
 thereby enabling him to win a game or bet> the profits being shared. 1 
 
 OGLE, to look, or reconnoitre. M h •' 9 /n^S^^^" ■'(' 
 
 OGLES, eyes.— 0?d Con*. frcncA, (Kil. "'^ i C/ ^ , 
 
 " OIL OF PALMS," or palm oil, money. 
 OINTMENT, medical student Slang for butter. 
 0. K, a matter to be o. K., (oll korrect, t.c., all correct,) must be on the 
 
 " square," and all things done in order. 
 OLDBUCK, an antiquary, from Scold amusing noveL 
 OLD DOG, a knowing blade, an experienced person. Sutler uses the 
 
 phrase, Hudibras, part ii., canto iii., 208, where it was said of Sidrophel, 
 
 "And was old doq at physiology." The Irish proverb says, "old 
 
 DOO for hard road," meaning that it requires an experienced person to 
 
 execute a difficult undertaking. 
 OLD GENTLEMAN, the d — 1. Also, a card almost imperceptibly longer 
 
 than the rest of the pack, used by sharpers for the purpose of cheating. 
 OLD GOOSEBERRY (see ooosebeert), old hakkt (query. Old Hairey t), 
 
 old scratch, all synonymes for the devil. 
 OLD GOWN, smuggled tea. 
 OLD HORSE, salt junk, or beef.— Sea. 
 
 OLD MAN, in American merchant ships signifies the master. The phrase 
 
 is becoming common in English ships. 
 OLD SALT, a thorough sailor. 
 OLD TOM, gin; sometimes termed OAT'S wateb. 
 OLIVER, the moon ; " Oliver don't widdle," i.e., the moon does not shine. 
 
 Nearly obsolete. — Bxdwer's Paul Clifford. 
 
 OLLAPOD, a country apothecary. 
 
 OMEE, a master or landlord; " the OMEE of the cassey 's a nark on the 
 pitch," the master of the house will not let us perform. Italian, 00110, 
 a man ; " UOMO della casa," the master of the house. Latin, homo. 
 — Lingua Franca. 
 
 ON, " to be on," in public-house or vulgar parlance, is synonymous with 
 getting '• tight," or tipsy ; " it's Saint Monday with him, I see lie 's otr 
 again,' i.e., drunk as usual, or on the road to it. "I 'm on " also ex- 
 
192 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 presses a person's acceptance of an offered bet. To qet on a horse or 
 a man is to make bets on him. " Tbt it on," a defiant challenge to a 
 person to dare to attempt anything. 
 
 " ON THE LOOSE," obtaining a living by prostitution, in reality on the 
 
 str3et8. The term is applied to females only, excepting in the case of 
 
 8PBEES, when men carousing are sometimes said to be on the loose. 
 
 "Christmas Day is a veiy specific sort of festival. The man wlio does not 
 
 spend it at home, or at the house of his nearest of Icin, is in a very poor 
 
 plight He can hardly go OK the loose if he would : he seems to have no 
 
 choice between innocent pleasure and the misery of hopeless solitude." — 
 
 ifaming Star, 29th March 1864. 
 
 " ON THE NOSE," on the watch or look-out.— See nose. 
 
 " ON THE TILES," out all night " on the spree," or carousing, — in allu- 
 sion to the London cats on their amatory excursions. 
 
 " ONE IN TEN," a parson. In allusion to the tithing system. 
 
 ONE-ER, that which stands for one, a blow that requires no more. In 
 Dickens's amusing work, the " Marchioness " teUs Dick Swiveller that 
 "her missus is a ONE-EB at cai'ds," 
 
 ONION, a watch-seal. 
 
 "OPEN THE BALL," to lead oS a. tacb.— Sporting. 
 
 •* Borneo opened the ball by getting away in advance, Thoma'^town lying se- 
 cond, followed by Medora, Arbury," &c — Times, Nov. so, 1863. 
 
 ORACLE, " to work the oeacle," to plan, manoeuvre, to succeed by a wily 
 
 stratagem. 
 O'TRIQGER, an Irish duellist, from a character in the Rivals. 
 OTTER, eightpence. — Italian, otto, eight. — Lingua Franca. 
 OTTOMY, a thin man, a skeleton, a dwarf. Vulgar pronunciation of 
 
 " Anatomy." Shakspeare has 'atomy. 
 OUT, a dram glass. A hahitul of a gin-shop, desirous of treating a brace 
 
 of friends, calls for a quartern of gin and three onis, by which he 
 
 means three glasses which will exactly contain the quartern. 
 OUT, in round games, where several play, and there can be but one loser, 
 
 the winners in succession stand out, while the others plat orF. 
 
 "OUT AND OUT," prime, excellent, of the first quality. OnT-AND- 
 OUTEE, " one who is of an out-and-out description," up to anything. 
 
 An ancient MS. has this couplet, which shews the antiquity of the 
 phrase — 
 
 "The Kyng was good alle aboute. 
 And she was wyoked oute and oute." 
 
 OUTCRY, an auction. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 " OUT OF COLLAR," out of place, — in allusion to servants. When in 
 place, the term is collaked up. — Theatrical and general. 
 
 " On the fly," getting one's living by thieving or other illegitimate means; 
 
 the phrase is applied to men the same as ON the loose is to women. 
 " On the shelf," to be transported. With old maids it has another and 
 
 very different meaning. 
 
 lA^ 
 
 a^ CV-^c.^^A^uZt , 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 1 93 
 
 "OUT ON THE LOOSE," "on the spree," in search of adventures.— &« 
 
 ON THE LOOSE. 
 
 "OUT ON THE PICKAROON." Picarone is Spanish for a thief, but 
 
 this phrase does not necessarily mean anything dishonest, but ready 
 
 for anything in the way of excitement to turn up ; also, to be in 
 
 search of anything profitable. 
 
 OUTSIDER, a person who does not habitually bet, or is not admitted to 
 
 the "Ring." Also, a horse whose name does not appear among the 
 
 " favourites." — Sporting. 
 
 OVER ! or over the left, i.e., the left shoulder — a common exclamation 
 
 of disbelief in what is being narrated,— implying that the results of a 
 
 proposed plan will be " OT£B THE LEFT," ».«., in the wrong direction, 
 
 less instead of gain. 
 
 OVER, generally used in connexion with COMB, as "be came it rather 
 
 strong over me," i.e., tried to intimidate or compel me. The same 
 
 phrase would also be used to imply that an excess of flattery or praise 
 
 was being employed for a similar purpose, but that the adulation was 
 
 being " laid on a little too thick " to be considered genuine. The 
 
 term is also used in connexion with a proper noun, as " he came Tom 
 
 Sayers over me," i.e., pummelled me into submission or acquiescence. 
 
 " Is it in Nature," writes a visitor to Cliarlecote Hall, near 8tratford-oil-Avon, 
 
 ** to walk among open book-shelves covered with some of the rarest old 
 
 works of the highest importance in art and English social history, and not 
 
 feel inclined (not to steal, oh no !) to come the Shakspeare oveb one or two 
 
 of the dear books?" — Morning Star, April 28, 1864. 
 
 OVERS, the odd money remaining after the daily accounts are made up at 
 a banking-house, — usually divided amongst the clerks. — See mbnavel- 
 INQS and SHORTS. 
 
 OWNED, a Slang expression used by the ultra-Evangelicals when a popu- 
 lar preacher makes many converts. The converts themselves are called 
 his " SEALS." 
 
 P's AND Q's, particular points, precise behaviour ; " mind your p's AND 
 q's," be very careful. Originating, according to some, from the simil- 
 arity of p's and q's in the hornbook alphabet, and therefore the warn- 
 ing of an old dame to her pupils ; or, according to others, of a French 
 dancing master to his pupils, to mind their pieds (feet) and queues 
 (wigs) when making a bow. 
 
 PACK, to go away ; " now, then, pack off there," i.e., be off, don't stop 
 here any longer. Old, " Make speede to flee, be packing and awaie." 
 — Buret's Alvearie, 1580. 
 
 PACKETS, hoaxing lies. Sometimes used as an exclamation of incredulity. 
 — North. 
 
 PAD, "to stand pad," to beg with a small piece of paper pinned on the 
 breast, inscribed, " I 'm starving." 
 
 "PAD THE HOOF," to walk, not ride; "paddinq the hoof on the high 
 toby," tramping or walking on the high road. 
 
 ** Trudge, plod away 0' the hoof." — Merry Wiva, i. 3. 
 
 Fad, the bixhway ; a tramp. — Lincolnshire. 
 
 N 
 
194 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 PADDING, the light articles in the monthly magazines, of which the 
 serial stories are the main attraction. — See an article on this in the 
 Saturday Review, Jan. 19, 1861. 
 
 PADDLE, to go or run away. — Bousehold Wordt, No. 183. 
 
 PADDY, PAT, or paddy whack, an Irishman. 
 
 "I'm PADDY WHACK, from Ballyhack, 
 Not long ago turn'd soldier ; 
 In storm and sack, in front attack. 
 None other can be boulder." 
 Iriih Song. 
 
 PADDrS GOOSE, the sign of the White Swan, a noted flash public-hoiist 
 
 in the east of London. 
 PADDY'S LAND, "ould" Ireland. 
 PADRE, a clergyman. — Anglo-Indian, 
 PAL, a partner, acquaintance, friend, an accomplice. Gipsy, a brother. 
 
 PALAMPO, a quilt or bedcover. Probably from palanpore, a town in 
 India, renowned for its manufacture of chintz counterpanes. — Anglo- 
 Indian. 
 
 PALAVER, to ask, or talk, — not deceitfully, as the term usually signifies ; 
 " PALAVER to the nibs for a shant of bivvy," ask the master for a quart 
 of beer. In this sense used by <romps.— Derived from the French, 
 PARLER. 
 
 PALL, to stop ; " pall that," spoken authoritatively, means cease what you 
 are doing. From pall, a small instrument which is used to stop the 
 windlass or capstan at sea. When a man says " I am palled," he 
 means he cannot or dare not say any more. A sailor, on receiving any 
 extraordinary intelligence, will say, " you pall me," i.e., you confound 
 me. 
 
 PALMER, a beggar who visits shops under the pretence of collecting harp 
 halfpence. To induce shopkeepers to search for them, he offers 
 thirteenpence for one shilling's-worth, when many persons are silly 
 enough to empty a large quantity of copper on their counter. The 
 FALUER is a proficient with his fingers, and generally contrives to con- 
 ceal a certain number before he leaves the shop. Since the bronze 
 pence and halfpence have been introduced, the palmer has been un- 
 able to follow this branch of his profession. 
 
 PALM OIL, or palm soap, money ; also, a bribe. 
 
 Paddingken, or crib, tramps' and boys' lodging-house. 
 
 Pall, to detect. 
 
 Palmikq, robbing shops by pairs, — one thief bargaining with apparent 
 intent to purchase, whilst the other watches his opportunity to steal. 
 An amusing example of palming came off some time since. A man 
 entered a " ready-made " boot and shoe shop and desired to be shewn 
 a pair of boots, — his companion staying outside and amusing himself 
 by looking in at the window. The one who required to be fresh shod 
 was apparently of a humble and deferential turn, for he placed his hat 
 on the floor directly he stepped into the sho^v Boot after boot was 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 195 
 
 FAM, the knave of clubs at the game of loo ; or, in street phraseology. 
 
 Lord Palmerston. 
 PAKNAM, food, bread. — Lingua Franca, faniten; Latin, faKib; Ancient 
 
 Cant, TANNAM. 
 
 PANNAMBOUND, to stop the prison food or rations to a prisoner. Pan- 
 NAM-STRDCK, Very hungry. 
 
 PANNIKIN, a smaU pan. 
 
 PANTILE, a hat. The term PANTILB is properly applied to the mould 
 into which the sugar is poured which is afterwards known as " loaf 
 sugar," Thus, pantile, from whence comes the phrase, "a sugar-loaf 
 hat," originally signified a tall, conical hat, in shape similar to that 
 usually represented as the head gear of a bandit. From pantile, the 
 more modem Slang term tile has been derived. Halliwell gives pan- 
 tile SHOP, a meetinghouse. Pantile also means a flat cake with jam 
 on it, given to boys at boarding-schools instead of pudding. 
 
 PANTILER, a dissenting preacher. Probably from the practice of the 
 Quakers, and many Dissenters, of not removing the hat in a place of 
 worship. Another derivation is from the earthen tiles, technically 
 pantiles, (tiles hollowed in the middle, as distinguished from " pin- 
 tiles," the older sort, which are flat, smaller, and pinned or nailed to 
 the rafters,) with which meeting-houses of Dissenters are usually 
 covered ; hence the meeting-house came to be called a pantile, and 
 its frequenters fantilers. 
 
 PAPER-MAKIER, a rag-gatherer, or gutter-raker — similar to the chiffonnier 
 of Paris. Also a man "who tramps through the country, and collects 
 rags on the pretence that he is an agent to a paper mill. 
 
 PAPER-WORKER, a wandering vendor of street literature ; one who sells 
 ballads, dying speeches, and confessions, sometimes termed a bunninq 
 stationee. 
 
 PARACHUTE, a parasoL 
 
 PARADISE, French Slang for the gallery of a theatre, " up amongst thfc 
 
 GODS," which see. 
 PARISH LANTERN, the moon. 
 
 tried on until at last a fit was obtained, — when lo, forth came a man, 
 snatched up the customer's hat left near the door, and down the street 
 he ran as fast as his legs could carry him. Away went the customer 
 after his hat, and Crispin, standing at the door, clapped his hands, and 
 shouted, "go it, you'll catch him," — little thinking that it was a con- 
 certed trick, and that neither his boots nor the customer would ever 
 return. Palming sometimes refers to secreting money or rings in the 
 hand; also, bribing, bribery. 
 Pannt, a house — public or otherwise; "flash pannt," a public-house used 
 by thieves ; fanny-men, housebreakers. Panny in thieves' Cant also 
 signifies a burglary. 
 
 Parachute, a thief's word for a parasol or umbrella. 
 Pabish FRIO, or PARISH BULL, a parsoc— TVtfei'ci' Cant. 
 
196 A DICTION A S Y OF MODERN 
 
 PAKNEY, rain; "dowry of parnet," a quantity of rain. Anglo-Indian 
 Slang from the Hindoo, pani, water; Gipsy, pane. Old Indian officers 
 always call brandy-and-water "brandy pawnee." 
 
 PARSON TRULLIBER, a rude, vulgar country clergyman; the race is 
 most probably now extinct. 
 
 PARSON'S NOSE, the hind part of a goose, — a savoury mouthful. 
 
 PART, to pay, restore, give up ; " he 's a right un, he is ; I know'd he 'd 
 PART," i.e., he is a liberal (or punctual) person, and pays his debts, or 
 bestows gratuities. The term is in general use in Sporting circles, and 
 is very commonly employed when speaking of the settlement of bets 
 after a race or a " mill." It is probably derived from the very com- 
 mon colloquialism applied to stingy people as not " liking to part with 
 their money." 
 
 PARTER, a free, liberal person. 
 
 PARTY, a person, — a generic in very general use, similar in application to 
 the Oerman pronoun, 3Ran, a person, people; " where 's the party as 
 'ad a' orter be lookin' arter this 'ere 'oss ? " policeman's inquiry of the 
 wrong cabman ; " old party," an elderly person. The term is said to 
 have arisen in our old justice courts, where, to save "his worship" 
 and the clerk of court any trouble in exercising their memories with 
 the names of the different plaintiffs, defendants, and witnesses, the 
 word PARTY was generally employed. Dean Alford remarks : — 
 
 " The word party for a man is especially offensive. Strange to say, the use is 
 not altogether modern. It occurs in the English version of the Apocryphal 
 book of Tobit, vi. 7. ' If an evil spirit trouble any, one must mal^e a smoke 
 thereof before the man or the woman, and the farty shall be no more 
 vexed.' " 
 
 In Shalcspeare we find the term : — 
 
 "Stephana. How now shall this be compassed? Canst thou bring mo to the 
 PAKTY?"— rempc!(, iii. 2. 
 
 " I once heard," says the Dean just quoted, " a venerable dignitary 
 pointed out by a railway porter as an old party in a shovel." The 
 last word is the vulgar term applied to the twisted hat worn by cleri- 
 cal dignitaries. 
 
 PASH, to strike ; now corrupted to bash, which see. — Shahspeare. 
 
 PASTEBOARD, a visiting card ; " to pasteboard a person," to drop a card 
 at an absent person's house. 
 
 PASTE-HORN, the nose. Shoemakers nickname any shopmate with a 
 large nose " old paste-horn," from the horn in which they keep their 
 paste. 
 
 PASTY, a bookbinder. 
 
 PATCH. This Old English term of reproach, long obsolete in polite lan- 
 guage, may yet occasionally be heard in sentences like these : — " Why, 
 he's not a patch upon him," i.e., he is not to be compared with him; 
 " one 's not a patch to the other," &c. Shahspeare uses the word in 
 the sense of a paltry fellow : — 
 
 "What a pied ninny's this? thou scurvy patch ]" * 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. igj 
 
 PATENT COAT, a coat with the pocketa inside the skirts, — termed patent 
 from the difficulty of picking them. 
 
 PATTER, a speech or discourse, a pompous street oration, a judge's sum- 
 ming up, a trial. Ancient word for muttering. Probably from the 
 Latin, pater-nosteb, or Lord's Prayer. This was said, before the 
 Reformation, in a low voice by the priest, until he came to, " and lead 
 us not into temptation," to which the chpir responded, " but deliver 
 us from evil." In our reformed Prayer-Book this was altered, and 
 the Lord's Prayer directed to be said " with a loud voice." Dr Puscp 
 takes this view of the derivation in his Letter to the Bishop of London, 
 p. 78, 1851. Scott uses the word twice in Ivanhoe and the Bride of 
 Lammermoor. 
 
 PATTER, to talk. Patter plash, to speak the language of thieves, talk 
 Cant. 
 
 PATTERER, a man who cries last dying speeches, &c., in the streets ; ap- 
 plied also to those who help oflf their wares by long harangues in the 
 public thoroughfares. These men, to use their own term, " are the 
 haristocracy of the street sellers," and despise the costermongers 
 for their ignorance, boasting that they live by their intellect. The 
 public, they say, do not expect to receive from them an equivalent 
 for their money — they pay to hear them talk. — Mayhew. Patterers 
 were formerly termed " mountebanks." 
 
 PATTERN, a common vulgar phrase for " patent." 
 
 PAUL PRY, an inquisitive person. From the well-known comedy. 
 
 PAV., the Pavilion Theatre, — sometimes called the P. V., i.e., pe-ve. 
 
 PAW, the hand. Paw-cases, gloves. 
 
 PAY, to beat a person, or " serve him out." Originally a nautical term, 
 meaning to stop the seams of a vessel with pitch, (French, poix;) 
 " here 's the d 1 to pay, and no pitch hot," said when any catas- 
 trophe occurs which there is no means of averting ; "to pay over face 
 and eyes, as the cat did the monkey ; " "to pay through the nose," to 
 give a ridiculous price, — whence the origin 1 Shakspeare uses pay in 
 the sense of to beat, or thrash. 
 
 PAY, to deliver. " Pay that letter to Mr So-and-So " is a very common 
 direction to a Chinese servant. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 PAY- AWAY, " go on with your story, or discourse." From the nautical 
 phrase pay-away, meaning to allow a rope to run out of the vessel. 
 When the hearer considers the story quite long enough, he, carrying 
 out the same metaphor, exclaims UOLO ON. 
 
 PEACH, an informer against omnibus conductors and drivers, one especi- 
 ally hired by the proprietors to count passengers and stoppages. The 
 term is in frequent use amongst omnibus-men. 
 
 PEACH, to inform against or betray. Webster states that impeach is now 
 the modification mostly used, and that peach is confined principally 
 to the conversation of thieves and the lower orders. 
 
 Patter-orib. a flash house. 
 
198 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODKRIT 
 
 PEACOCK HORSE, amongst undertakeni, is one with a showy tail and 
 mane, and holds its head up well, — che va favor-reggiando, &c, Italian. 
 
 PEAEINQ, remnants of cloth. Term amongst drapers and cloth ware- 
 housemen. 
 
 PEC, a term used by the Eton boys for money, an abbreviation, of course, 
 of the Latin, peounia. 
 
 PECK, food; "peck and booze," meat and drink. — Lincolnshire. Ancient 
 
 Cant, FEE, meat. 
 PECK-ALLEY, the throat. 
 
 PECKER, " keep your peckee up," i.e., don't get down-hearted, — literally, 
 keep your beak or head well up, " never say die ! " 
 
 PECKHAM, a facetious meaning of the name of this district, implying a 
 dinner; "all holiday at peckham," i.e., nothing to eat. 
 
 PECKISH, hungry. Old Cant, peckidge, meat. 
 
 PECKSNIFF, a hypocritical rascal. From Dickenit Martin Ckualemi. 
 
 PEEL, to strip, or disrobe. — Pugilistic. 
 
 PEELER, a policeman ; so called from Sir Robert Peel, (see bobbt;) pro- 
 perly applied to the Irish constabulary rather than the City police, the 
 former force having been established by Sir Robert PeeL 
 
 PEEPERS, eyes ; " painted peepers," eyes bruised or blackened from a 
 blow. — Pugilistic. 
 
 PEERY, suspicious, or inquisitive. 
 
 PEG, brandy-and-soda-water. 
 
 PEG, a shilling.— &o«cA.. 
 
 PEG, " to PEG away," to strike, run, or drive away ; " peg a hack," to drive 
 a cab ; " take down a peg or two," to check an arrogaut or conceited 
 person,— derived from the use of peg tankards. — See pin. 
 
 PEG-TOPS, the loose trousers recently in fashion, small at the ankle and 
 swelling upwards, in imitation of the Zouave costume. 
 
 PENANG-LAWYER, the long cane, now carried by footmen, though 
 formerly by gentlemen. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 PENNY GAFF, a shop turned into a temporary theatre, (admission one 
 penny,) at which dancing and singing take place every night. Rude 
 pictures of the performers are arranged outside to give the front a 
 gaudy and attractive look, and at nighttime coloured lamps and trans- 
 parencies are displayed to draw an audience. 
 
 PENNY-A-LINER, a contributor of local news, accidents, fires, scandal, 
 political and fashionable gossip, club jokes, and anecdotes, to a news- 
 paper; not regularly "on the paper;" one who is popularly believed 
 to be paid for each contribution at the rate of a penny a line, and 
 whose interest is, therefore, that his article should be stuffed with 
 fine words and long sentences. 
 
 PENNY STARVER, a penny roll.— &e buster. 
 
 Peniksulab, or moll tooleb, a female pickpocket 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 1 99 
 
 PENSIONER, a man of the most degraded morals who lives off the miser- 
 able earnings of a prostitute. 
 
 PEPPER, to thraah, or strike. — Pugilistie, but used by Shahpeaire. — Ea»t- 
 em Countiet. 
 
 PEPPERBOXES, the buildings of the Royal Academy and National 
 Gallery in Trafalgar Square. The name was first given by a wag, in 
 allusion to the cupolas erected by Wilkins, the architect, upon the 
 roof, and which, from their form and awkward appearance, at a dis- 
 tance suggest to the stranger the fact of their being enlarged pkppeb- 
 BOXES. — See boilers. 
 
 PERCH, or ROOST, a resting-place; "I'm off to pebch," ie, I am going to 
 bed. 
 
 " Nor yet a single perch, for which ray lucky stars to thank. 
 Except the p«rch I've taken on this damp rheumatic b-ink," 
 
 The Lay of the Viuuccesiful Angler, by Arthur Smith. 
 
 PERKINS, beer. Dandy or affected shortening of the more widely-known 
 Slang phrase, baeolay and peekins. 
 
 PERSUADERS, spurs. 
 
 PESKY, an intenaitive expression, implying annoyance ; a peskt, trouble- 
 some fellow. Corruption of pestileht; or, Jriih, peasqach, rough, 
 rugged. 
 
 PETER, a partridge. — Poacher's term. 
 
 PETER, a bundle, or valise. — Bulwer't Paid Clifford. Also, a cash-box. 
 
 PETER, to run short, or give out. 
 
 PETTICOAT, a woman. 
 
 PEWTER, money, like tin, used generally to signify silver ; also a pewter- 
 pot. " Let me have my beer in the pkwteb," is a common request to 
 waiters, made by " City " men, and others who affect habits of rude 
 health. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA-LAWYER, this transatlantic limb of the law is con- 
 sidered to be the very acme of acuteness. Sailors relate many stories 
 of his artful abilities, none, however, short enough to find a place 
 here. 
 
 PHILISTINE, a policeman. The German students call all townspeople 
 not of their body phiusteb, as ours say cads. The departing student 
 Bays, mournfully, in one of the Burschenlieder — 
 " Muss selber nun philister seyn I" 
 t.e., " I must now myself Philistine be ! " 
 
 PHYSOG, or phiz, the face. Sidft uses the latter. Corruption of " phy- 
 siognomy." 
 
 Peterer, or Peterman, one who follows hackney and stage coaches, and 
 
 cuts off the portmanteaus and trunks from behind.- — Nearly obsolete. 
 
 Ancient term for a fisherman, still used at Gravesend. 
 Philliper, a thiefs accomplice, one who stands by and looks out for 
 
 the police while the others commit the robbery. — Timet, 5th September 
 
 l86a 
 
 ^V> 
 
2CX) ^ DICTIONARY OF MODFMN 
 
 PIC, the Piccadilly Saloon. The earlier abbreviation was dillt. Fcryfast 
 men were wont (it is now " used up ") to call it " the SANoniNART 
 DOUBLES, from the fact of its being situated at No. 222 in Piccadilly. 
 
 PICCADILLY BUTCHERS, a satirical name applied by the crowd to the 
 regiment of Life Guards, known as the " Royal Blues," from their 
 savage onslaught upon the crowd on the occasion of the arrest of Sir 
 Francis Burdett at his house in Piccadilly, by order of the Speaker of 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 PICK, " to PICK one'sself up," to recover after a beating or illness, some- 
 times varied to " PICK up one's crumbs; " " to PICK a man up," " to 
 do," or cheat him. 
 
 PICKANINNY, a young child is thus styled by the West Indian negroes. 
 The word is now completely naturalised among sailors and water-side 
 people in England. 
 
 PICKERS, the hands. — Shakspeare. 
 
 PICKLE, a miserable or comical position ; "he is in a sad pickle," said of 
 any one who has fallen into the gutter, or got besmeared. " A picklb 
 herring," a comical fellow, a merry-andrew. — Old. Also, a mischie- 
 vous boy ; " what a pickle he is to be sure ! " 
 
 PICKLES I gammon ; also a jeering and insulting exclamation. 
 
 PIDGEON, business, simply the Chinese pronunciation of the English 
 word. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 PIECE, a contemptuous term for a woman ; a strumpet.— SAaforpcare. 
 
 PIG, or sow's BABY, a sixpence. 
 
 PIG, a mass of metal, — so called from its being poured in a fluid state 
 from a sow, which lee. — Workmen's term. 
 
 "PIG AND TINDER-BOX," the vulgar rendering of the well-known 
 tavern sign, " Elephant and Cattle." 
 
 PIGEON, a gullible or soft person. The French Cant, or Argot, has the 
 word PIGEON, dupe — "pechon, peschon de bubt, apprenti gueux, 
 enfant, (sans doute d^rob^.)" The vagabonds and brigands of Spain 
 also used the word in their Qermania, or Robbers' Language, PAXOUO, 
 (pigeon,) ignorant, simple. 
 
 PIGEON'S MILK, boys are frequently sent, on the 1st of April, to "buy 
 a pennyworth of pigeon's milk." 
 
 PIG-HEADED, obstinate. 
 
 PIG'S EYE, the ace of diamonds in cards. 
 
 PIG'S WHISPER, a low or inaudible whisper ; also a short space of time, 
 
 synonymous with cockstkide, i.e., cock's tread. 
 PIKE, a turnpike ; " to bilk a pike," to cheat the keeper of the toll-gate. 
 
 *' No PIKE I *ve seen, the only one was that unpleasant wicket, 
 Where threepence I was forced to pay, and now I have lost the ticket I" 
 
 The Lay of tlu Unsuccetsful Angler, by Arthur Smith. 
 
 FiOKOK, or BLUBY CBACKINO, breaking into empty houses and stealing lead. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WOIiDS. 20I 
 
 PIKE, to nm, to be off with speed ; " PIKE it " is said as a hasty aud con- 
 temptuous, if not angry dismissal ; " if you don't like it, take a short 
 stick and pike it." 
 
 " Joe quickly his sand had sold, sir. 
 And Bess got a basket of rags ; 
 Then up to St Giles's they roll'd, sir ; 
 
 To every bunter Bess brags. 
 
 Then unto the gin-shop they pike it. 
 
 And Bess was admitted, we hear ; 
 
 For none of the crew dare but like it. 
 
 As Joey, her kiddy, was there." 
 
 The Sand-man's Wedding, a Cantata. 
 "*Twaa not our fault, dear Jack; we saw the watch going into the house 
 the moment we came there, aud we thought it proper to pike off." — The 
 Prison Breaker, a Farce. 
 
 PILL, a doctor. — Military. PiLL-DRlTEB, a peddling apothecary. 
 
 PILL-BOX, a doctor's carriage. 
 
 PIN, " to put in the TVS," to refrain from drinking. From the ancient 
 peg tankard, which was furnished with a row of pcjs, or pegs, to regu- 
 late the amount which each person was to drink. A correspondent 
 gives a different explanation. " When an Irishman makes a vow or 
 promise to abstain from drinking for a time, he puts a PIN in the right- 
 hand cuff of his coat. So that, in case he shoijd ever forget his pro- 
 mise, he will see the pin, like an accusing angel, when lifting the glass 
 to his mouth." A MEBRY pin, a roisterer. — See peg. 
 
 PINCHBECK, inferior, deteriorated. 
 
 "Where, in these pinchbeck days, can we hope to find the old agricultural 
 virtue in all its purity ? " — Framley Parsonage. 
 
 Pinchbeck was an inferior metal, compounded of copper and zinc, to 
 resemble gold. It was very fashionable in the last century, and derived 
 its name from a Mr Pinchbeck, a well-known London tradesman, who 
 manufactured watches, buckles, and other articles out of it. Pinch- 
 beck first obtained his notoriety by the invention of an ingenious 
 candle-snuffers, which the author of The Beroic Epistle to Sir William 
 Chambers made the vehicle of a facetious Ode that went through eight 
 editions. The title of this jeu cC esprit ran thus : — 
 ** Ode to Mr Pinchbeck, upon his Newly-invented CandU-Snv^ers, by Halooijc 
 M'GBiiaoR, Esq., 1776. 
 
 *' Illustrious PINCHBECK 1 condescend, 
 
 Thou well-beloved, and best king's friend. 
 
 These lyric lines to view ; 
 
 Oh may they prompt thee, e'er too late. 
 
 To snuff the candle of the State, 
 
 That bums a little blue I " 
 
 Pinchbeck published a poetical reply, and the two pamphlets were 
 
 for a long time the talk of town. 
 PINDAKIC HEIGHTS, studying the odes of Pindar.— Ox/ord. 
 PINK, the acme of perfection. — Shaispeare. 
 PINK, to stab, or pierce. 
 
 Pin, to catch, apprehend. Also, to steal rapidly. 
 Pinch, to sieal, or cheat ; also, to catch, or apprehend. 
 
202 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 PINNER-UP, a Beller of old songs, pinned against a wall or framed can- 
 vass. Formerly many of these street salesmen carried on their little 
 " paper trade " in London ; now they are rarely seen. 
 PINS, legs. 
 
 PIPE, to follow or dog a person. Term used by detectiva. 
 PIPE, to shed tears, or bewail; " pipe one's eye." — Sea term. 
 " He first began to eye his pipe. 
 And tlien to pipe his eve. '— Oid Song. 
 
 Metaphor from the boatswain's pipe, which calls to duty, 
 
 PIPE, " to put one's PIPE out," to traverse his plans, " to take a rise " 
 out of him. 
 
 PIPER, a person employed by an omnibus proprietor to act as a spy on 
 the conductor. 
 
 PIPKIN, the stomach, — properly, an earthen round-bottomed pot. — 
 Norwich. 
 
 PIT, a breast pocket. 
 
 PITCH, a fixed locality where a patterer can hold forth to a gaping multi- 
 tude for at least some few minutes continuously ; " to do a pitch in 
 the drag," to perform in the street. 
 
 PITCH INTO, to fight ; " pitch into him, Bill," i.e., give him a thrashing. 
 
 " PITCH THE FORK," to teU a pitiful tale. 
 
 " PITCH THE NOB," pkick the qabteb, which He. 
 
 PLANT, a dodge, a preconcerted swindle; a position in the street to sell 
 from. Plant, a swindle, may be thus described : a coster will join a 
 party of gambling costers that he never saw before, and commence 
 tossing. When sufficient time has elapsed to remove all suspicions of 
 companionship, his mate will come up and commence betting on each 
 of his pal's throws with those standing around. By a curious quick- 
 ness of hand, a coster can make the toss tell favourably for his wager- 
 ing friend, who meets him in the evening after the play is over and 
 shares the spoil. 
 
 PLANT, to mark a person out for plunder or robbery, to conceal, or place. 
 — Old Cant. In the sense of conceal, there is aBimilar word in Argot, 
 
 PLANQUER. 
 
 .11 ^ PLEBS, a term used to stigmatise a tradesman's son at Westminster 
 
 ^ ■^rv-»*>ywv>^ — School. Latin, plebs, the vulgar. 
 
 ^ PLOUGHED, drunk.— //oiweAoW H^ord», No. 183. Also a Cnt»erm«3> term 
 
 equivalent to pldoked. 
 PLUCK, the heart, liver, and lungs of an animal,— all that is plucked 
 away in connexion with the windpipe, from the chest of a sheep or 
 hog ; among low persons, covu^ge, valour, and a stout heart. — See 
 MOLLTGBUBS. 
 
 PLUCK'D-'UN, a stout or brave fellow ; " he 's a rare pldck'd-'un," i.e., 
 dares face anything. 
 
 During the Crimean war, plucky, signifying courageous, seemed 
 likely to become a favourite term in May-Fair, even among the ladiea 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 203 
 
 An eminent critic, however, who had heen bred a butcher, having in- 
 formed the fashionable world that in his native town the theep's head 
 always went with the PLUCK, the tenu has been gradually falling into 
 discredit at the West End. 
 
 It has been said that a brave soldier is flucet in attack, and gaub 
 when wounded. Women are more oaue than PLUCKY. 
 
 PLUCKED, turned back at an examination. — University. A correspondent 
 says that " in ancient times it was the University practice of pulling 
 (or plucking) the sleeve — by the proctor, if I recollect aright — of 
 those whose degrees were refused." 
 
 PLUM, £100,000, usually appUed to the dowry of a rich heiress, or a 
 legacy. — Civic Slang. 
 
 PLUM-CASH, prime cost. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 PLUMMY, round, sleek, jolly, or fat ; excellent, very good, first rate. 
 
 PLUMPER, a single vote at an election, not a " split ticket." 
 
 PLUNDER, a common word in the horse trade to express profit. AIbo an 
 American term for baggage, luggage. 
 
 PLUNGER, a cavalry-man. — Military Slang, 
 
 POCKET-PISTOL, a dram-flask. 
 
 PODGY, drunk ; dumpy, short, and fat. 
 
 POGRAM, a Dissenter, a fanatic, formalist, or humbug. So called from a 
 well-known dissenting minister of this name. 
 
 POKE, a bag, or sack ; " to buy a pig in a POKE," to purchase anything 
 without seeing it. — Saxon. 
 
 POKE, a Slang word for booty or plunder. — Times, Nov. 29, i860. 
 POKE, "come, none of your pokino fun at me," i.e., you must not laugh 
 at me. 
 
 POKER, "by the holy POKEB and the tumbling Tom I " an Irish oath. 
 
 POKERS, the Cambridge Slang term for the Esquire Bedels, who carry 
 the silver maces (also called pokees) before the Vice-Chancellor. 
 " Around, around, all, all around. 
 On seats with velvet lined, 
 fiat Heads of Houses in a row. 
 And Deans, and College Dons below, 
 With a POKEB or two behind." 
 
 Rimt 0/ tht NmMaie Baecaltre, 1841. 
 
 POKY, confined or cramped ; " that comer is poky and narrow." — Times 
 article, 21st July 1859. Saxon, poke, a sack. 
 
 POLE-AXE, vulgar rendering of the word "police." 
 
 POLICEMAN, a fly — more especially the earlier kind known as "blue 
 bottles." 
 
 POLISH OFF, to finish off anything quickly — a dinner for instance ; also 
 to finish off an adversary. — Pugilistic. 
 
 Poll, or polijnq, one thief robbing another of part of the booty. In use 
 in ancient times, vide HaWt Union, 1548. 
 
204 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 POLL, the " ordinary degree " candidates for the B. A. Examination, who 
 do not aspire to the " Honours " list. From the Greek, ot ttoXXoi, 
 "the many." Some years ago, at Cambridge, Mr Hopkins being the 
 most celebrated " honour coach," or private tutor for the wranglers, 
 and Mr Potta the principal " crammer " of the non-honour men, the 
 latter was facetiously termed the " POLLY Hopkins " by the under- 
 graduates. 
 
 POLL, a female of unsteady character ; " polled tJP," living with a woman 
 in a state of unmarried impropriety. ' 
 
 POLONY, Cockney shortening and vulgar pronunciation of a Bologna 
 sausage. 
 
 POMPADOURS, the Fifty-sixth Regiment of Foot in the British army. 
 
 POND, or HERRING-POND, the sea; so called by those who are sent 
 
 across it at the national expense. 
 PONGE, or PONGELOW, beer, half-and-half ; the term is also used as a verb, 
 
 as in the Cockney phrase, " let 's pongelow, shall we ? " 
 PONY, twenty-five pounds. — Sporting. 
 POONA, a sovereign. — Corruption of " pound ; " or from the Lingua 
 
 Franca. 
 POP, to pawn or pledge ; "to pop up the spout," to pledge at the pawn- 
 broker's, — an allusion to the spout up which the brokers send the 
 
 ticketed articles until such times as they shall be redeemed. The 
 
 spout runs from the ground-floor to the wareroom at the top of the 
 
 house. 
 POPE'S NOSE, the extremity of the rump of a roast fowl, devilled as a 
 
 dainty for epicures. 
 POPS, pocket-pistols. 
 
 PORTRAIT, a sovereign, or twenty shillings. 
 POSA, a treasurer. A corruption of " purser," the name given to the 
 
 treasurer in the large Anglo-Chinese mercantile establishments. — 
 
 Anglo-Chinese. 
 POSH, a halfpenny, or trifling coin. Also a generic term for money. 
 POST, to pay down ; " POST the post " signifies to place thfl stakes played 
 
 for on the table. 
 POST-HORN, the nose.— See paste-horn. 
 POST-MORTEM, at Cambridge, the second examination which men who 
 
 have been " plucked " have to undergo. — University. 
 POSTBOYS, THREE JOLLY, a method of tossing. 
 POSTERIORS, a correspondent insists that the vulgar sense of this word 
 
 is undoubtedly Slang ; (Swift, I believe, first applied it as such,) and 
 
 remarks that it is curious the word anterior has not been so abused. 
 POSTED UP, well acquainted with the subject in question, " up to the 
 
 mark," — metaphor drawn from the counting-house. 
 POT, a sixpence, i.e., the price of a pot or quart of half-and-halt. A Ualf- 
 
 crown, in medical student Slang, is a fite-fot piece. 
 
SLANO, CANT. AND VULGAR WORDS. 205 
 
 POT, " to 00 TO POT," to die ; from the classic custom of putting the ashes 
 of the dead in an um ; also, to be ruined, or broken up, — often applied 
 to tradesmen who fail In business. Go TO POT ! i.e., go and hang your- 
 self, shut up and be quiet. V Estrange, to put the pot on, to over- 
 charge, or exaggerate. A correspondent, however, prefers looking to 
 the refiner's shop for the origin of the expression, where refuse metal 
 and worn-out plate are daily condemned " to go to pot." 
 
 POT, to finish ; " don't POT me," term used at billiards, when a player 
 holes his adversary's ball — generally considered shabby play. This 
 word was much used by our soldiers in the Crimea, for firing at the 
 enemy from a hole or ambush. These were called pot-shots. 
 
 POT-HUNTER, a sportsman who shoots anything he comes across, having 
 more regard to filling his bag than to the rules which regulate the 
 sport. 
 
 POT LUCK, just as it comes; to take pot luck, i.e., one's chance of a 
 dinner,^a hearty term used to signify whatever the pot contains the 
 visitor is welcome to. 
 
 POT-WALLOPER, an elector in certain boroughs before the passing of the 
 Reform Bill, whose qualification consisted in being a housekeeper, — 
 to establish which it was only necessary to boil a pot within the limits 
 of the borough, by the aid of any temporary erection. This implied 
 that he was able to provide for himself, and not necessitated to apply 
 for parochial relief. Koniton, Tregoney, Ilchester, Old Sarum, &c., 
 had this privilege before the passing of the Reform Bill. — See Gentle- 
 man's Magazine for June 1852. Wallop, a word of Anglo-Saxon 
 derivation, from the same root as well. 
 
 POTATO-TRAP, the mouth.— Originally a ffibemicism. 
 
 POTEEN, whisky made in an illicit still, once a favourite drink in Ireland, 
 now almost unattainable. 
 
 POTTED, or potted out, cabined, confined; "the patriotic member of 
 Parliament potted out in a dusty little lodging somewhere about 
 Bury Street." — Times article, 21st July 1859. Also applied to burial, 
 — a gardening allusion. 
 
 POTTY, indifferent, bad looking, — said of a rotten or unsound scheme. 
 
 POWER, a large quantity ; " a power of money." — Especially Irish, but 
 now general. Deriv. poeb. Old French or Norman, large resources; 
 also an army. 
 
 P. P., in Turf Slang a contraction of "plat OR pay;" that is, the money 
 
 must be paid whether the horse runs or not. 
 PEANCER, a horse. — Ancient Cant. 
 
 PRECIOUS, used in a Slang sense like very or exceeding; "a PRECIOUS 
 little of that," i.e., a very little indeed ; a precious humbug, rascal 
 &c., t «., an eminent one. 
 
 Prad, a horse. 
 Pkad-nafping, horse-stealing. 
 
206 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 PRETTY HORSE-BEEAKEB, a phrase of recent adoption, applied to tlie 
 ladies of the demi-monde by the Times and other newspapers. It is 
 said that the livery stable-keepers of the West End find it to their 
 advantage to provide horses and "traps" for these pbettt horsk- 
 BBEAK£R8 to display. 
 
 PRIAL, a corruption of paih-rotai, a term at the game of cribbage, jnean- 
 ing three cards of a similar description. Often used metaphorically 
 for three persons or things of a kind. DonBLE-PRiAL, a corruption of 
 DOUBLE PAIR-ROYAL, means four persons or things of a similar descrip- 
 tion. 
 
 " PRICK THE GARTER," or " pitch the kob," a gambling and cheating 
 game common at fairs, and generally practised by thimble-riggers. It 
 consists of a " garter " or a piece of list doubled, and then folded up 
 tight. The bet is made upon your asserting that you can, with a pin, 
 " prick " the point at which the garter is doubled. The garter is then 
 unfolded, and nine times out of ten you will find that you have been 
 deceived, and that one of the false folds has been pricked. The 
 owner of the garter, I should state, holds the ends tightly with one 
 hand. This was, doubtless, originally a Gipsy game, and we are in- 
 formed by Brand that it was much practised by the Gipsies in the 
 time of Shakspeare, In those days it was termed prickino at ths 
 
 BELT, or fast and LOOSE. 
 
 PRIG, a thief. Used by .4 dfiison in the sense of a coxcomb. Ancient Cant, 
 probably from the Saxon, prico-an, to filch, &c. — Shalcspeare. Prio, 
 to steal, or rob. Priqqing, thieving. In Scotland the term prig is 
 used in a diflferent sense from what it is in England. In Glasgow, or 
 at Aberdeen, " to prio a salmon " would be to cheapen it, or seek for 
 an abatement in the price. A story is told of two Scotchmen, visitors 
 to Loudon, who got into sad trouble a few years ago by announcing 
 their intention of " prigging a hat " which they had espied in a 
 fashionable manufacturer's window, and which one of them thought 
 he would like to possess. 
 
 PRIG, a conceited, stuck up person, and contemptible withal ; one who ap 
 propriates or adopts a manner or costume not suited to him. 
 
 PRIGGISH, conceited. 
 
 PRIMED, said of a person in that state of incipient intoxication that if ha 
 takes more drink it will become evident. 
 
 PRO, a professional. — Theatrical. 
 
 PROG, meat, food, &c. Johnson calls it " a low word." 
 
 PROP, a blow, the upper cct. 
 
 PROPS, crutches. 
 
 PROPS, stage properties. — Theatrical. 
 
 Prime Plant, a good subject for plunder. — See plant. 
 Prop, a gold scarf pin. 
 
 Pbop-nailer, a man who steals, or rather snatches, pins from gentlemen's 
 scarfs. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 207 
 
 PBOPER, very, exceedingly, sometimes ironically; "you are a pkopeb 
 
 nice fellow," meaning a great scamp. 
 PROS, a water-closet. Abbreviated form of TrpAr Ttva roTrov. — Oxford 
 
 University. 
 PROSS, to break in or instruct a stage-infatuated youth. Also, to 
 
 " sponge " upon a comrade or stranger for drink. 
 PSALM-SMITER, a " Ranter," one who sings at a conventicle.— See bbiskkt- 
 
 BEATER. 
 
 PUB, or PUBLIC, a public-house ; "what pub do you use ?" t.e., which inn 
 
 or public-house do you frequent ? 
 PUCKER, poor temper, difficulty, diHuMUi. Pookeb up, to get in a poor 
 
 temper. 
 PUCKERING, talking privately. 
 PUCKEROW, to seize, to take hold of. From the Hindostanee, puckekna. 
 
 — Anglo-Indian, 
 PUFF, to blow up, swell with praise ; declared by a writer in the Weekly 
 
 Register, as far back as 1732, to be illegitimate. 
 
 •* Puff has become a Cant word, signifying the applause set forth by writers, 
 Ac., to increase the reputation and sale of a book, and is an excellent sti-ata- 
 gem to excite the curiosity of gentle readers.** 
 
 Lord Bacon, however, used the word in a similar sense a century be- 
 fore. 
 
 PUG, abbreviation of " pugilist." Sayers and Heenan would speak fami- 
 liarly of themselves as " brother puos." 
 
 PULL, an advantage, or hold upon another ; " I 've the pull over you," 
 t.e., you are in my power — perhaps an oblique allusion to the judicial 
 sense. — <See the following. 
 
 PULL, to have one apprehended ; " to^ be PULLED up," to be taken before ^ 
 
 a magistrate -...,vM, ..c -^^^rL. yf^^i^ /jC'^-tA/TZ' 
 
 PULL, to drink ; " come, take a Pull at it," ».«., drink up, ' ''^' 
 
 PULLET, a young girl. 
 
 PUMMEL, to thrash,— from POMMEL. 
 
 PUMP, to extract information by roundabout questioning. 
 
 PUNDIT, a person who assumes to be very grave and learned. — Anglo- 
 Indian. 
 
 PUNKAH, a fan. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 PUNT, to gamble ; i*untinq-shop, a gambling-house. Common in ancient 
 writers, but now disused. The word seems confined to playing for . 
 " chicken stakes." 
 
 Public Patterers, swell mobites who pretend to be dissenting preachers, 
 
 and harangue in the open air to attract a crowd for their confederates 
 
 to rob. 
 PoDDniO-SNAMMBB, one who robs a cook-shop. 
 PotLBT, a confederate thief, — generally a woman. 
 
 -L 
 
208 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 PUP AND RINGER, i.e., the " Dog and Bell," the sign of a flash public- 
 house. ' 
 
 PURDAH, a curtwn. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 PURL, hunting term for a fall, aTnonymous with foaled, or spilt ; " he 11 
 get PORLED at the rails." 
 
 PURL, a mixture of hot ale and sugar, with wormwood infused in it, a 
 favourite morning drink to produce an appetite ; Bometimes with gin 
 and spice added : — 
 
 *• Two penn'orth o' PDBL — 
 Good * early purl,' 
 'Gin all the world 
 To put your hair into a curl, 
 ■When you feel yourself queer of a momin*.* 
 
 PUSH, a crowd.— OM Cant. 
 
 PUSSEY-CATS, corruption of Puseyites, a name constantly, but impro- 
 perly, given to the " Tractarian " party in the Church, from the 
 Oxford Regius Professor of Hebrew, who by no means approved of 
 the Romanising tendencies of some of its leaders, 
 
 PUT, a game at cards. 
 
 " PUT THAT IN YOUR PIPE AND SMOKE IT," said of a blow or repar- 
 tee, and equivalent to " take that and profit by it," i,e., let it be a 
 warning to you. 
 
 « PUT THE POT ON," to bet too much upon one hovBe.— Sporting. 
 
 PUT UP, to suggest, to incite, " he put me up to it ; " to have done with ; 
 PUT IT UP, is a vulgar answer often heard in the streets. Put up, to 
 stop at a hotel or tavern for entertainment. 
 
 PUT UPON, cheated, victimised, oppressed. 
 
 PUTTUN, regiment. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 PYAH, weak, useless, paltry. This word, much in use among sailors, is 
 evidently derived from the Indian term pariah, signifying the lowest 
 caste of Hindoos. Thus the Pariah dogs in India are termed pyah 
 dogs ; and the Pariah descendants of the old Portuguese settlers are 
 called PTAH PORTUGUESE. Sailors term the natives of St Helena, — 
 a wretched-looking set of individuals, — pyah engushmen. 
 
 PYGOSTOLE, the least irreverent of names for the peculiar " M.-B." coats 
 worn by Tractarian curates : — 
 
 " It is true that the wicked make sport 
 Of our PYoosTOLES, as we go by ; 
 And one gownsman, in Trinity Court, 
 Went so far as to call me a ' Guy.' " 
 
 See MB. 
 PYJANDS, a kind of drawers or loose TpaatalooiiB.— Anglo-Indian. 
 QUAD. See quod. t 
 
 QUAKER, an unlawful sir reverence, ^ ^'jli^HLA. 
 QUALITY, gentry, high life. 
 
 Pure Finders, street-collectors of dogs' dung. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 209 
 
 QUANDARY, described in the dictionaries as a " low word," may fittingly 
 be given here. It illustrates, like HOCDS POCUS, and other compound 
 colloquialisms, the singular origin of Slang expressions. Quandabt, 
 a dilemma, a doubt, a difficulty, is from the French, (Jd'en dibai-je ? 
 — Skinner. 
 
 QUARTEREEN, a farthing.— Giiro^tor term. Italian, quattbino. 
 
 QUAVER, a musician. 
 
 QUEEN BESS, the Queen of Clubs, — perhaps because that queen, history 
 says, was of a swarthy complexion. — North Banti. — See Gentleman'i 
 Magazine for 1791, p. I4I. 
 
 QUEER, an old Cant word, once in continual use as a prefix, signifying 
 base, roguish, or worthless, — the opposite of BUM, which signified good 
 and genuine. Queeu, in all probability, is immediately derived from 
 the Cant language. It has been mooted that it came into use from a 
 gutere (?) being set before a man's name ; but it is more than probable 
 that it was brought into this country by the Gipsies from Germany, 
 where qdeb signifies "cross," or "crooked." At all events it is be- 
 lieved to have been first used in England as a Cant word. 
 
 QUEER, " to QUEER a flat," to puzzle or confound a " gull " or silly fellow. 
 
 *' Who in a row like Tom could lead the van, 
 Boox in the ken, or at the spdlken hustle? 
 Who quEEB a flat," Ac. 
 
 — Von Juan, canto xi. 19. 
 
 QUEER BAIL, worthless persons who for a consideration formerly stood 
 
 bail for any one in court. Insolvent Jews generally performed this 
 
 office, which gave rise to the term jew-bail. — See mountees : both 
 
 nearly obsolete. 
 QUEER STREET, " in qoeeb sibeet," in difficulty or in want. 
 QUEER CUFFEN, a justice of the peace, or magistrate — a very ancient 
 
 term, mentioned in the earliest Slang dictionary. 
 QUERXEE, a chimney-sweep who calls from house to house soliciting 
 
 employment — formerly termed knulleb, which see. 
 QUI-HI, an English resident at Calcutta. — Anglo-Indian. 
 QUICK STICKS, in a hurry, rapidly ; " to cut qdiok sticks," to start off 
 
 hurriedly, or without more ado. — See out one's stick. 
 QUID, or THICK UN, a sovereign; "half a QUID," half a sovereign; quids. 
 
 money generally ; " quid for a quod," one good turn for another. Tht 
 
 word is used by Old French writers : — 
 
 *' Dea testamens qu'on dit le tnaistre 
 De mon fait n'aura quid ne quod." 
 
 —Oiand TettamaU dt ViOon. 
 
 QUID, a small piece of tobacco — one mouthful. Quid est hoc t asked one, 
 tapping the swelled cheek of another ; hoc est quid, promptly replied 
 
 Quean, (not queen,) a strumpet. Saxon, cwean, a barren old cow. 
 Queeb-bitmakers, coiners. 
 QOEEBSOFT, bad money. 
 
2IO A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 the other, exhibiting at the same time " a chaw " of the weed. Cud 
 is probably a corruption. Derivation, 0. P., or Norman, (Juidbb, to 
 ruminate. 
 QUID-NUNC, an inquisitive person, always seeking for news. The words 
 translated simply signify " What now ? " 
 
 QUIET, " on the quiet," clandestinely, so as to avoid observation, " under 
 
 the rose." 
 QUILL-DRIVEB, a scrivener, a clerk, — satirical phrase similar to steel 
 
 BAK-DBIVEB, a tailor. 
 
 QUILLER, a parasite, a person who sucks neatly through a quilL — Su 
 
 BUCK UP. 
 
 QUILT, to thrash, or beat. 
 
 QUISBT, bankrupt, poverty-stricken. — Eomehold Words, No. 183. 
 
 QUISI, roguish, low, obscene. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 QUI-TAM, a solicitor. It properly means " who so," and is the title ^ven 
 
 to an action in the nature of an information on a penal suit. 
 QUIZ, a prying person, an odd fellow. Oxford Slang; lately admitted 
 
 into the dictionaries. Not noticed by Johnson. 
 QUIZ, to pry, or joke; to hoax. 
 QUIZZICAL, jocose, humorous. 
 QUIZZING-GLASS, an eye-glass. 
 QUOCKERWODGER, a wooden toy figure, which, when pulled by a 
 
 string, jerks its limbs about. The term is used in a Slang sense to 
 
 signify a pseudo-politician, one whose strings of action are pulled by 
 
 somebody else. — West. 
 
 QUOD, a prison, or lock-up ; QUODDED, put in prison. A Slang expression 
 used by Mr Hughes, in Tom Brovm's Schooldays, (Macmillan's Maga- 
 zine, January I860,) throws some light upon the origin of this now- 
 very common street term : — " Flogged or whipped in quad," says the 
 delineator of student life, in allusion to chastisement inflicted within 
 the Quadrangle of a college. Quadrangle is the term given to the 
 prison enclosure within which culprits are allowed to walk, and where 
 whippings were formerly inflicted. Quadrangle also represents a 
 building of four sides ; and to be " within fodb walls," or prison, is 
 the frequent Slang lamentation of unlucky vagabonds, 
 
 "Breakfast was done, white tie put on. 
 Wearily did we plod ; 
 Past Balliol. past Trinity, 
 Into the grtat-go quod." 
 
 — The Rimi of the Neto-Madt BaccaXere, Oxford, 1841. 
 
 QUODGEB, a contraction, or corruption rather, of the Latin law phrase, 
 
 QUO JURE, by what law. — Legal. 
 RABBIT, when a person gets the worst of a bargain, he is said " to have 
 
 bought the babbit." 
 RACKET, a dodge, manoeuvre, exhibition ; a disturbance. 
 RACKETY, wild or noisy. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 211 
 
 BACKS, the bones of a dead horse. Term used by horae-slaughterere. 
 
 EACLAN, a married woman. — Originally Gipsy, but now a term with 
 English tramps. 
 
 EAFE, or ralph, a pawnbroker's duplicate. — Norwich. 
 
 RAG, to divide or share ; " let 'b bag it," or " go baqs," i.e., share it equally 
 between us. — Norwich. 
 
 RAGAMUFFIN, an ill-clad vagabond, a tatterdemalion. 
 
 RAG SPLAWGER, a rich man. 
 
 RAG, a bank-note. 
 
 RAG-SHOP, a bank. 
 
 RAIN NAPPER, an umbrella. 
 
 " RAISE THE WIND," to obtain credit, or money, — ^generally by pawn- 
 ing or selling property. Sometimes varied to "whistle up thb 
 
 BhEjEiZEh 
 
 RAMSHACKLE, to shatter as with a battering ram; rambhackled, 
 knocked about, as standing com is after a high wind. Corrupted 
 from ram-shatter, or possibly from ramach. 
 
 RANCHO, originally a Spanish-American word, signifying a himting-lodge, 
 or cattle-station, in a wood or desert far from the haunts of men. A 
 hunting or fishing station in the Highlands or elsewhere. In Wash- 
 ington, with their accustomed ingenuity in corrupting words and 
 meanings, the Americans use the appellation for a place of evil report, 
 
 RANDALSMAN.— Sec billy. 
 
 RANDAN, a boat impelled by three rowers, using four oars; the mid- 
 ship rower having two sculls, the bowman and strokesman one oar 
 each. 
 
 RANDOM, three horses driven in line. — See tandem, sctdien death, 
 
 HARUM-SCARUM. 
 
 RANDY, rampant, violent, warm. — North, bandt-bbgoae, a Gipsy tinker. 
 RANK, to cheat. 
 
 RAN-TAN, " on the ban-tan," Amrik.— Household Wm-ds, No. 183. 
 RANTIPOLL, a noisy rude girl, a " mad-cap." 
 
 RAP, a halfpenny; frequently used generically for money, thus : — I haven't 
 a BAP," i.e., I have no money whatever ; "I don't care a bap," &c. 
 Originally a species of counterfeit coin used for small change in Ire- 
 land, against the use of which a proclamation was issued, 5th May 
 •737- Small copper or base metal coins are still called happen in the 
 Swiss cantons. Irish robbers were formerly termed bapparees. 
 
 RAP, to utter; "he bappeo out a volley of oaths." 
 
 RAPPING, enormous; "a BAPPiNa big lie." 
 
 RAPSCALLION, a low tattered wretch — not wortu a RAP. 
 
 Ramp, to thieve or rob with violence. 
 
 Eamfsuait, a highway robber who uses violence when necessary. 
 
212 A DIOTIONART OF MODERN 
 
 RAT, a Bneak, an informer, a turncoat, one who changes his party for fa' 
 terest. The late Sir Robert Peel was called the bat, or the tamwobth 
 KATOATOHBB, for altering his views on the Roman Catholic question. 
 From rats deserting vessels about to sink. The term is often used 
 amongst printers to denote one who works under price. Old Cant for 
 a clergyman. 
 
 RAT, TO SMELL A, to Buspect something, guess that there ia something 
 amiss. 
 
 RATHER! a ridicvJons street exclamation synonymous with yes; "do 
 you like fried chickens ?" " rather ! " " are you going out of town ?" 
 " BATHER !" Very often pronounced batther ! 
 
 "BATHER OF THE RATHEREST," a phrase applied to anything 
 slightly in excess or defect. 
 
 RATTLECAP, an unsteady, volatile person. Generally applied to girls. 
 
 RATTLER, a cab, coach, or cart.— OW Cant. 
 
 RATTLERS, a railway ; " on the battlkbs to the stretchers," ie., going 
 
 to the races by railway. 
 RAW, a tender point, or foible ; " to touch a man upon the eaw " is to 
 irritate one by alluding to, or joking him on, anything on which he is 
 peculiarly susceptible or " thin-skinned." — Originally StaUe Slang. 
 ** Liver and bacon, kidneys, ten pounds one ! 
 iTe thinks me BAW. /tliink I'm ratherDoNE." 
 
 — Phantom Barber. 
 RAW, uninitiated; a novice. — Old. Frequently "johnny eaw." 
 READY, or ready gilt, (properly gelt,) money. Used by Arbuthnot, — 
 " Lord Strut was not very flush in ready." 
 
 READY-RECKONERS, the Highland regiments of the British army. 
 RECENT INCISION, the busy thoroughfare on the Surrey side of the 
 
 Thames, known by sober people as tiie new cui. 
 REDGE, gold. 
 RED HERRING, a soldier. 
 RED LANE, the throat 
 
 RED LINER, an officer of the Mendicity Society. 
 RED RAG, the tongue. 
 
 RELIEVING OFFICER, a significant term for a ia.theT.—Univmity. 
 RENAGE, to revoke, a word used in Ireland at the game of five-card. 
 
 Rasping-gano, the mob of roughs and thieves who attend prize-fights. 
 Reader, a pocket-book ; " give it him for his beadeb," i.e., rob him of his 
 pocket-book. — Old Cant. 
 
 Ream, good or genuine. From the Old Cant, bum. 
 Ream-bloak, a good man. 
 Reddino, a gold watch, probably red 'un. 
 
 Regulars, a thief s share of the plunder. " They were quarrelling about 
 the BKQULABa" — Times, 8th January 1856. 
 

SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 213 
 
 RENCH, vulgar pronunciation of binse. " Wrench your mouth out," said 
 
 a fashionable dentist one day. — North. 
 RE-RAW, "on the be-raw," tipsy or drunk. — Eouuhold Words, TSo. 183. 
 RESURRECTION PIE, a school phrase, to denote a Saturday dish, made 
 
 of the scraps and leavings of meat that have appeared before. 
 EHINO, ready money. — Old. 
 
 " Some as I know. 
 Have parted with their eradt rino." 
 
 — TheStamaWs Adieu, Old Ballad, 1670. 
 
 ** Travelling forms a man ; but it at the same time forms a very large hole in 
 his finances. In Switzerland it is pleasant to run up hills, but the wanderer 
 must simultaneously run up bills ; and no Englishman can see the Rhine 
 who does not possess the rhino." — Morning Star, Aug. 31, 1863. 
 
 RHINOCERAL, rich, wealthy, abounding in BHINO. 
 RIB, a wife.— iVbr^A. 
 
 RIBBON, gin, or other Bpirita — Servants' term. — See satin. 
 RIBBONS, the lems.— Middlesex. 
 
 RIBROAST, to beat tUl the ribs are sore. — Old; but still in use : — 
 ** And be departs, not meanly boasting 
 Of his magnificent ribroastinq." — Hwdibrcu. 
 
 RICH, spicy; also used in the sense of "too much of a good thing;" 
 " a RICH idea," one too absurd or unreasonable to be adopted. 
 
 RICHARD, a dictionary. — See DICK. 
 
 RIDE, " to BIDE THE HIGH HORSE," Or RIDE E0U0H-8H0D Over One, to be 
 overbearing or oppressive ; to BIDE THE BLACK donkey, to be in an 
 ill humour. 
 
 RIDER, in a University examination, a problem or question appended to 
 another, as directly arising from or dependent on it ; — beginning to 
 be generally used for any corollary or position which naturally arises 
 from any previous statement or evidence. 
 
 RIFF-RAFF, low, vulgar rabble. 
 
 RIQ, or trick, " spree," or performance ; " run a RIO," to play a trick. — 
 Qipsy. " Rio the market," in reality to play tricks with it, — a mer- 
 cantile Slang phrase often used in the newspapers. 
 
 RIGGED, "well rigged," well dressed. — Old Slang, in use 1736. — See 
 Bailey'i Dictionary. — Sea. 
 
 "RIGHT AS NINEPENCE," (corruption of nikb-pins,) quite right, 
 exactly right. — See ninepence. 
 
 "RIGHT YOU ARE !" a phrase implying entire acquiescence in what 
 has been said or done. The expression is siDgiUarly frequent and 
 general amongst the lower and middle classes of the metropolis. 
 
 RIGHTS, " to have one TO EiaHTS," to be even with him, to serve him 
 out. 
 
 RIGMAROLE, a prolix story. 
 
 RILE, to offend, to render very cross, irritated, or vexed. Properly, to 
 render liquor turbid. — Norfolk. 
 
214 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 RING, to change; " einqino oastobs," changing hats; "to mho the 
 changes," in low life means to change bad money for good; in respect- 
 able society the phrase is sometimes employed to denote that the 
 aggressor has been paid back in his own coin, as in practical joking, 
 when the laugh is turned against the jester. The expression origin- 
 ally came from the belfry. 
 
 EING, a generic term given to horse-racing and pugilism, — the latter is 
 sometimes termed the prize-bino. From the practice of forming the 
 crowd into a ring around the combatants, or outside the race course. 
 
 EING, " to go through the king," to take advantage of the Insolvency 
 Act, or be "whitewashed." 
 
 EIP, a rake : " an old kip," an old libertine, or debauchee. Corruption of 
 " Reprobate." A person reading the letters R. I. P. {Requiescat in 
 Pace,) on the top of a tombstone as one word, said, soliloquising, 
 " Rip I well, he was an old Bip, and no mistake." — Cuthbert Bede. 
 
 RIPPER, a first-rate man or article. — Provincial. 
 
 RIPPING, excellent, very good. 
 
 RISE, "to take a risk out of a person." A metaphor from fly-fishing, 
 the silly fish Risnio to be caught by an artificial fly ; to mortify, out- 
 wit, or cheat him, by superior cunning. 
 
 " There is olJy one thing, unfortunately, of which Oxford men are economical, 
 and that is their. University experience. They not only think it fair that 
 Freshmen should go through their ordecil unaided, but many have a sweet 
 Batisfactioa in their distresses, and even busy themselves in obtaining 
 elevations, or, as it is vulgarly termed, in getting rises ' out of them.' " — 
 2Iint8 to Freshmieriy Oxford, X843. 
 
 RISE (or raise) A BARNEY, to collect a mob ; term used by patterers, 
 and " schwassle-box " (Punch and Judy) men. 
 
 ROARER, a broken-winded horse ; or, in the more polite speech of the 
 stable, " A HIGH BLOWER." Roaring, as applied to horses, la often 
 , termed " talking " by " turf-men." 
 
 ROARING TRADE, a very successful business. — Shopkeepers' Slang. 
 
 ROAST, to expose a person to a running fire of jokes at his expense 
 from a whole company. Quizzinq is done by a single person only. 
 
 ROCK-A-LOW, an overcoat. Corruption of the French koquelaube. 
 
 ROCKED, "he's only half-booked," i.e., half-witted. 
 
 ROGUE'S YARN, a thread of red or blue worsted, worked into the ropes 
 manufactured in the Government dockyards, to identify them if stolen. 
 Also a blue thread worked into canvas, for the same purpose. 
 
 ROMANY, a Gipsy, or the Gipsy language ; the speech of the Roma or 
 Zincali. — Spanish Gipsy. " Can you patter Romany S " i.e., can you talk 
 "black," or Gipsy lingo 1 
 
 ROOK, a cheat, or tricky gambler ; the opposite of pigeon. — Old. 
 
 Ring-dropping, see fawney. 
 
 " Roll of SnoW," a piece of Irish linen. — Priion term. 
 
Kn^ III- r l^r 
 
 '-t 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 21$ 
 
 ROOK, a clergyman, not only from his black attire, but also, perhaps, 
 from the old nursery favourite, the BUtory of Cock Robin. 
 *' I, says the rook. 
 With my little book, 
 I '11 be the paraon." 
 
 ROOKERY, a low neighbourhood inhabited by dirty Irish and thieves — 
 aa ST Giles's rookery. — Old. In Military Slang that part of the bar- 
 racks occupied by subalterns, often by no means a pattern of good 
 order. 
 
 KOOKY, rasceJly, rakish, scampish. 
 
 ROOST, synonymous with perch, which see. 
 
 ROOTER, anything good, or of a prime quality ; " that is a bootbe," ».«., 
 a first-rate one of the sort. 
 
 ROPER, Mistress, "to marry hbb iiOPEB"is to enlist in the Royal 
 Marines. 
 
 ROPING, the act of pulling or restraining a horse, by its rider, to prevent 
 it winning a race — a trick not unfrequently practised on the turf. 
 
 ROSE, an orange. 
 
 ROSE, "imder. the rose" (frequently used in its Latin form, mb road,) 
 i.e., under the obligation of silence and secrecy, of which the rose was 
 anciently an emblem, perhaps, as Sir Thomas Browne remarks, from 
 the closeness with which its petals are enfolded in the bud. The Rose 
 of Venus was given, says the classic legend, to Harpocrates, the God 
 of Silence, by Cupid, as a bribe not to " peach " about the Goddess's 
 amours. It was commonly sculptured on the ceilings of banqueting 
 rooms, as a sign that what was said in free conversation there was not 
 afterwards to be divulged; and about 1526 was placed over the Roman 
 confessionals as an emblem of secrecy. The White Rose was also au 
 emblem of the Pretender, whose health, as king, his secret adherents 
 used to drink "under the ROSE." 
 
 ROSIN, beer or other drink given to musicians at a dancing party. 
 
 ROSIN-THE-BOW, a fiddler. 
 
 ROT, nonsense, anything bad, disagreeable, or useless. 
 
 ROT-GUT, bad small beer, — in America, cheap whisky. 
 
 BOUGH, bad ; " bough fish," bad or stinking fish. — Billingsgate. 
 
 EODGH-IT, to put up with chance entertainment, to take pot luck, and 
 what accommodation " turns up," without sighing for better. " Rough- 
 ing IT in the Bush " is the title of an interesting work on Backwoods 
 life. 
 
 ROUGHS, coarse, or vulgar men. 
 
 ROULEAU, a packet of sovereigns. — Gaming. 
 
 ROUND, to tell tales, to " split," which see ; " to rouitd on a man," to 
 swear to him as being the person, &c. Synonymous with " BtJFF," 
 which see. Shakspeare has bounding, whispering. 
 
 BOUND, " ROUND dealing," honest trading ; " round sum," a largo sum. 
 Synonymous also in a Slang sense with square, which set. 
 
2l6 A DICTIONARY OF MODE EN 
 
 EOUNDEM, a button. 
 
 ROUNDS, shirt collars — apparently a mere shortening of " All Rounds," or 
 
 " AU Rounders," names of fashionable collars. 
 ROUND, (in the language of the street,) the beat or usual walk of the cos- 
 tennonger to sell his stock. A term used by street folk generally. 
 *' Watchmen, sometimes they made their sallies, 
 And walk'd their rodnds through streets and allies.** 
 
 — Ned WartTs Vulgui Sritannicus, 1710. 
 
 ROUND ROBIN, a petition, or paper of remonstrance, with the signatures 
 written in a circle, — to prevent the first signer, or ringleader, from 
 being discovered. 
 
 ROUNDABOUT, a large swing with four compartments, each the size, and 
 very much the shape, of the body of a cart, capable of seating six or 
 eight boys and girls, erected in a high frame, and turned round by 
 men at a windlass. Fairs and merry-makings generally abound with 
 these swings. The frames take to pieces, and are carried in vans from 
 fair to fair by miserable horses. 
 
 ROW, "the ROW," i.e.. Paternoster Row. The notorious Holywell Street 
 is now called by its denizens " Bookseller's Row ! " 
 
 ROW, a noisy disturbance, tumult, or trouble. Originally Cambridge, now 
 universal. Seventy years ago it was written KonE, which would in- 
 dicate a French origin from r(me, a profligate or disturber of the 
 peace. — Vide George Parker's Life's Painter, 1789, p. 122. 
 
 ROWDY, money. In America, a ruffian, a brawler, a " rough." 
 
 ROWDY-DOW, low, vulgar ; " not the cheese,*' or thing. 
 
 RUB, a quarrel or impediment; "there's the EUB," i.e., that is the diffi- 
 culty. — Shalcspeare and L' Estrange. 
 
 RUBBED OUT, dead, — a melancholy expression, of late frequently used 
 in fashionable novels. 
 
 RUBBER, a term at whist, &c., two games out of three. — Old, 1677. 
 
 RUCK, the undistinguished crowd ; " to come in with the buck," to arrive 
 at the winning-post among the non-winning horses. — Racing term. 
 
 RUGGY, fusty, frowsy. 
 
 RUM, like its opposite, QUEEK, was formerly a much-used prefix, signify- 
 ing fine, good, gallant, or valuable, perhaps in some way connected 
 with ROME. Now-a-days it means indifferent, bad, or questionable, 
 and we often hear even persons in polite society use such a phrase as 
 " what a RUM fellow he is, to be sure," in speaking of a man of sin- 
 gular habits or appearance. The term, from its frequent use, long 
 since claimed a place in our dictionaries ; but, with the exception of 
 Johnson, who says rum, a Cant word for a clergyman (?), no lexico- 
 grapher has deigned to notice it. 
 
 *' Thus RUMLY floor'd, the kind Acestes ran. 
 And pitying, raised from earth the game old man." 
 
 — VirgU'i JEneid, book v.. Translation oy Utomat Moore, 
 
 RUMBOWLING, anything inferior or adulterated. — Sea. 
 
 RtJMBUMPTIOUS, haughty, pugilistic. 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 21 7 
 
 RUMBUSTIOUS, or RnMBUSTlCAL, pompous, haughty, boisterous, careless 
 of the comfort of others. 
 
 RUMBLER, a four-wheeled cab. Kot so common as boundeb. 
 
 RUM CULL, the manager of a theatre. — Travelling Theatre. 
 
 RUMGUMPTION, or gumption, knowledge, capacity, capability, — hence, 
 RUMOUMPTIOUS, knowing, wide-awake, forward, positive, pert, blunt. 
 
 RUM-MIZZLER, the Seven Dials' Cant for a person who is clever at mak- 
 ing his escape, or getting out of a difficulty. 
 
 RUMPUS, a noise, disturbance, a " row." 
 
 RUM-SLIM, rum punch. 
 
 RUMY, a good woman, or girl. — Gipsy Cant. In the continental Gipsy, 
 BOMi, a woman, a wife, is the feminine of RO, a man. 
 
 RUN, (good or bad,) the success of a performance. — Theatrical 
 
 RUN, to comprehend, Ac. ; " I don't bun to it," t.e., I can't do it, I don't 
 understand, or I have not money enough. — North. 
 
 RUN, "to get the run upon any person," to have the upper hand, or be 
 able to laugh at them. Run down, to abuse or backbite any one; 
 to "lord it," or "drive over" them. Originally Stable Slang. 
 
 RUNNING PATTERER, a street seller who runs or moves briskly along, 
 calling aloud his wares. 
 
 RUNNING STATIONER, a hawker of books, ballads, dying speeches, 
 and newspapers. Persons of this class formerly used to run with 
 newspapers, blowing a horn, when they were sometimes termed fly- 
 ing STATIONERS. Now-a-days, in the event of any political or social 
 disturbance, the miserable relics of these peripatetic newsmen bawl 
 the heads of the telegram or information in quiet London thorough- 
 fares, to the disturbance of the residents. 
 
 RUSH, "doing it on the rush," running away, or making off. 
 
 RUST, "to nab the rust," to take offence. RnsTT, cross, ill-tempered, 
 morose ; one who cannot go through life like a person of easy and 
 "polished" manners. 
 
 RUSTY GUTS, a blunt, rough, old fellow. Corruption of r0STictjs. 
 
 SACK, to " get the sack," to be discharged by an employer. Varied in 
 the north of England to " get the bag." In London it is sometimes 
 spoken of as " getting the empty." 
 
 SADDLE, an additional charge made by the manager to a performer upon 
 his benefit night. — Theatrical. 
 
 SAD DOG, a merry fellow, a joker, a gay or "fast" man. 
 
 SAILS, the sail-maker on board ship. 
 
 SAINT MONDAY, a holiday most religiously observed by journeymen 
 shoemakers, and other mechanics. An Irishman observed that this 
 saint's anniversary happened every week. — North, where it is termed 
 
 cobblers' MONDAY. 
 
 SAL, a salary. — I'htatriaU. 
 
2l8 A DICTIONARY Off MODERN 
 
 SALAAM, a compliment or aalutation. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 SALAMANDER, a street acrobat, and juggler who eats fire, 
 
 SALOOP, SALBP, or SALOP, a greasy-looking beverage, formerly sold on 
 stalls at early morning, prepared from a powder made of the root of 
 the Orchis mascvla, or Red-handed Orchis. Within a few years coffee- 
 stands have superseded saloop stalls; but Charles Lamb, in one of 
 his papers, has left some account of this drinkable, which he says 
 was of all preparations the most grateful to the stomachs of young 
 chimney-sweeps. 
 
 SALT, " it 's rather too SALT," said of an extravagant hotel bill. Also, a 
 sort of black mail or tribute levied on visitors or travellers by the 
 Eton boys, at their triennial festival called the " Montem," by ancient 
 custom and privileges. It is now abolished. A periodical published 
 at Eton many years ago for circulation amongst the boys was called 
 " The B&LT-box." When a person about to sell a business connexion 
 makes iictitious entries in the books of accounts, to simulate that a 
 much more profitable trade is carried on than there really is, he ia 
 said to SALT the books — saltino and cooking being somewhat similar 
 operations. At the gold diggings of Australia, miners sometimes salt 
 an unproductive hole by sprinkling a few grains of gold dust over it, 
 and thus obtain a good price from a " green hand." Unpromising 
 speculations are frequently thus salted to entrap the unwary, the 
 wildest ideas being rendered palatable, cum grano salis. And though 
 old birds are not readily caught by chafT, the efficacy of salt in bird- 
 catching is equally as proverbiaL 
 
 SALTEE, a penny. Pence, &c., are thus reckoned : — 
 
 Onet SALTEE, a penny, from the Italian, UNO soldo. 
 
 Doge saltee, twopence, . . due soldi. 
 
 Trat SALTEE, threepence, 
 
 Qdaktebeb SALTEE, fourpence, 
 
 CmNKKE SALTEE, fivepence. 
 
 Say SALTEE, sixpence. 
 
 Sat onet salteb, or setter saltee, 
 
 sevenpence, .... 
 Sat doge saltee, or otteb sai/iee, 
 
 eightpence, .... 
 Sat that saltee, or nobba salteb, 
 
 ninepence, .... 
 
 Sat quaetbker saltee, or saoha 
 
 saltee, tenpence. 
 Sat chinker saltee, or dacha onb 
 
 SALTEE, elevenpence , 
 
 Onet beong, one shilling. 
 A BEONO SAT SALTEE, one shilling and sixpence. 
 DooE regno sat SALTEE, or MADZA OABOOH, half-a-crown, or two 
 
 shillings and sixpence. 
 
 Salt-box, the condemned cell in Newgate. 
 
 TRE SOLDI. 
 QUATTBO SGLDL 
 CINQUE SOLDI. 
 SEI SOLDI. 
 
 BETTB SOLDI. 
 
 OTTO SOLDI. 
 
 NOTE SOLDI, 
 
 DIECI SOLDI. 
 
 DKOI UNO SOLDI, &0. 
 
l^c^^f^ 
 
 SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 219 
 
 *,* This curious list of numerals in use among the London street 
 folk is, strange as it may seem, derived from the Lingua Franta, or 
 bastard Italian, of the Mediterranean seaports, of which other ex- 
 amples may be found in the pages of this Dictionary. Saltee, the 
 Cant term ^sed by the costermongers and others for a penny, is no 
 other than the Italian, soldo, (plural, SOLDI,) and the numerals — aa 
 may be seen by the Italian equivalents — are a tolerably close imita- 
 tion of the originals. After the number six, a curious variation 
 occurs, which ia peculiar to the London Cant, seven being reckoned as 
 SAT ONEY, tix-ane, sat doge, six-two = 8, and so on. Dacha, I may 
 remark, is perhaps from the Greet:, Deka, (8eKa,) ten, which, in the 
 Constantinopolitan lAngita Franca, is likely enough to have been 
 substituted for the Italian. Madza is clearly the Italian mezza. 
 The origin of beonq I have not been so fortunate as to discover, 
 unless it be the French, bien, the application of which to a shilling 
 is not so evident ; but amongst costermongers and other street folk 
 it is quite immaterial what foreign tongue contributes to their secret 
 language. I'roviding the terms are unknown to the police and the 
 public generally, they care not a rush whether the polite French, tha 
 gay Spaniards, or the cloudy Germans help to sweU their vocabulary. 
 The numbers of low foreigners, however, (fragging out a miserable ex- 
 istence in our crowded neighbourhoods, organ grinders and image 
 sellers, foreign seamen from the vessels in the river, and our own 
 connexion with Malta and the Ionian Isles, may explain, to a certain 
 extent, the phenomenon of these Southern phrases in the mouths of 
 costers and tramps. Professor Ascoli, in his Studj Critici, absurdly 
 enough derives these words from the ancient commercial importance 
 of Italian settlers in England, when they gave a name to Lombard 
 Street ! ! 
 
 SALT JUNK, navy salt beef.— See old hobsb. 
 
 SALVE, praise, flattery, chaff. 
 
 SAM, i.e., dickt-sam, a native of liverpooL 
 
 SAM, to " stand sam," to pay for refreshment or drink, to stand pajrmaster 
 for anything. An Americanism, originating in the letters U.S. on the 
 knapsacks of the United States soldiers, which letters were jocularly 
 said to be the initials of Uncle Sam, (the Government,) who pays for 
 all. In use in this country as early as 1827. 
 
 SAMPAN, a small boat. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 SAMSHOO, a fiery, noxious spirit, distilled from rice. Spirits generally. 
 . — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 Q^ SANDWICH, a human advertising medium, placed between two boards 
 ' strapped over his shoulder. A " toad in the hole" is the term ap- 
 
 plied to the same individual when his person is confined by a fom> 
 sided box. 
 
 SANGUINARY JAMES, a raw sheep's-head. — Set bloody jemmt. 
 
 SANK WORK, making soldiers' clothes. Mayhew says from the Norman, 
 BANC, blood, — in allusion either to the soldier's calling, or the colour 
 of his coat. 
 
220 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SAP, or SAPSCULL, a poor green simpleton, with no heart for work. 
 
 SATIN, gin ; " a yard of satin," a glass of gin. Term used by females 
 on make-believe errands, when the real object of their departure from 
 home is to replenish the private bottle. With servants the words 
 TAPE and RIBBON are more common, the purchase of these feminine 
 requirements being the general excuse for asking to " run out for a 
 little while." — See white satin. 
 
 SAUCEBOX, a pert young person. In low life it also signifies the mouth. 
 
 SAVELOY, a sausage of bread and chopped beef smoked, a minor kind of 
 POLONY, which see. 
 
 SAVEY, to know ; " do you savet that ? "—French, savez-vous Cela ? 
 In the nigger and Anglo-Chinese patois, this is sabbt, " me no sabbt." 
 It is a general word among the lower classes all over the world. It 
 also means aouteness or cleverness ; aa " that feUow has plenty of 
 BAVEY." 
 
 SAW, a term at whist. A saw is established when two partners alter- 
 nately trump a suit, played to each other for the express purpose. 
 
 " SAW YOUR TIMBER," " be off ! " equivalent to cut your stick. Occa- 
 sionally varied with mock refinement, to amputate youb mahoqany. 
 — See CUT. 
 
 SAWBONES, a surgeon. 
 
 SAWNEY, or sandy, a Scotchman, Corruption of Alexander. 
 
 SAWNEY, a simpleton; a gaping, awkward lout. 
 
 SCAB, a worthless person. — Old. Shakspeare uses scald in a similar sensei 
 
 SCABBY-NECK, a native of Denmark.— &a. 
 
 SCAB-RAISER, a drummer in the army, so called from one of the duties 
 
 pertaining to that office, viz., inflicting corporal punishment on the 
 
 soldiers. — Militury. 
 
 SCABBY-SHEEP, epithet applied by the vulgar to a person who has been 
 in questionable society, or under unholy influence, and become tainted. 
 
 SCALY, shabby, or mean. Perhaps anything which betokens the presence 
 of the " Old Serpent," or it may be a variation on " fishy." Shaka- 
 peare uses scald, an old word of reproach. 
 
 SCAMANDER, to wander about without a settled purpose ; — possibly in 
 allusion to the winding course of the Homeric river of that name. 
 
 SCAMMERED, drunk. 
 
 SCAMP, a graceless fellow, a rascal ; formerly the Cant term for plunder- 
 ing and thieving. A royal-scamp was a highwayman, whilst a foot- 
 scamp was an ordinary thief with nothing but his legs to trust to in 
 case of an attempt at capture. Some have derived scamp from jut 
 ex campo exit, viz., one who leaves the field, a deserter. 
 
 Sawney, bacon. Sawney hunter, one who steals bacon. 
 
 ScAIiDBUM DoDQB, burning the body with a mixture of acids and gun- 
 powder, so as to suit the hues and complexions of the accident to be 
 deplored. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 221 
 
 SCAMP, to give short measure or quantity ; applied to dishonest contrao- 
 tors. Probably the same as skimp and scrimp. 
 
 SCANDAL-WATER, tea ; from old maids' tea-parties being generally a 
 focus for scandal 
 
 SCARAMOUCH, properly a tumbler, or saltimbanco. 
 
 SCARCE, TO MAKE one's-self; to be off; decamp. 
 
 SCARLET-TOWN, Reading, in Berkshire. As the name of this place is 
 pronounced Redding, scaBLET-town is probably a rude pun upon it. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH-WARNINa, a warning too shortly given to be taken 
 advantage of. When a person is driven over, and then told to keep 
 out of the way, he receives scABBOBOuan-WARNiNo. Fuller says the 
 proverb alludes to an event, which happened at that place in 1557, 
 when Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough castle before the 
 townsmen had the least notice of his approach. 
 
 SCARPER, to run away. — Spanish, escafar, to escape, make off ; Italian, 
 BCAFPARE. " Scarper with the feele of the donna of the cassey," to 
 run away with the daughter of the landlady of the house ; almost 
 pure Italian, " scappabe colla piqlia Bella donna della casa." 
 — Seven Dials and Prison Cant, from the Lingua Franca. 
 
 SCHISM-SHOP, a Dissenters' meeting-house. — University. 
 
 SCHROFF, a banker, treasurer, or confidential clerk. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 SCHWASSLE BOX, the street performance of Punch and Judy. — Home- 
 hold Wm-ds, No. 183. — See swatchel-cove. 
 
 SCONCE, the head; judgment, sense. — Dutch. 
 
 SCORE, " to run up a score at a public-house," to obtain credit there 
 until pay-day, or a fixed time, when the debt must be wiped off. 
 From the old practice of scoring a tippler's indebtedness on the inside 
 of a public-house door. 
 
 SCORF, to eat voraciously. 
 
 SCOT, a quantity of anything, a lot, a share. — Anglo-Saxon, sceat, pro- 
 nounced SHOT. 
 
 SCOT, temper, or passion, — from the irascible temperament of that nation ; 
 " oh ! what a SCOT he was in," i.e., what temper he shewed, — especi- 
 ally if you allude to the following : — 
 
 SCOTCH-FIDDLE, the itch; "to play the scotch fiddle," to work the 
 index finger of the right hand like a fiddlestick between the index 
 and middle finger of the left. This provokes a Scotchman in the 
 highest degree, it implying that he is afflicted with the itch. 
 
 SCOTCH GRAYS, lice. Our northern neighbours are calumniously re- 
 ported, from their living on oatmeal, to be peculiarly liable to cutane- 
 ous eruptions and parasites. 
 
 SCOTCH-COFFEE, biscuits toasted and boiled in water.— &a. 
 
 ScHOFEL, bad money. — See show-full. 
 
 School, or mob, two or more " patterers " working together in the streets. 
 
 ScHOOLiNO, a low gambling party. 
 
222 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SCOTCHES, the legs ; also synonymous with notohbs. 
 
 SCOUT, a college valet, or waiter. — Oxford. — See gtp. 
 
 SCRAG, the neck.— OW Cant. Scotch, craio. Still used by butchera. 
 
 Hence, scrag, to hang by the neck, and scbagqino, an execution,— 
 
 also Old Cant. 
 
 SCRAN, pieces of meat, broken victuals. Formerly the reckoning at a 
 public-house. Sorannino, or " out on the scran," begging for broken 
 victuals. Also, an /m& malediction of a mild sort, " Bad scbah to 
 yer!" 
 
 SCRANBAG, a soldier's haversack. — Military Slang, 
 
 SCRAPE, a difficulty ; scrape, low wit for a shave. 
 
 SCRAPE, cheap butter ; " bread and scrape," the bread and butter issued 
 to schoolboys — so called from the butter being laid on, and then 
 scraped off again, for economy's sake. 
 
 SCRAPING CASTLE, a water-closet. 
 
 SCRATCH, a fight, contest, point in dispute ; " coming up to the 
 SCRATCH," going or preparing to fight — in reality, approaching the 
 line usually chalked on the ground to divide the ring. According to 
 the rules of the prize ring, the toe must be placed at the scratch, so 
 the phrase often is TOEINO. 
 
 SCRATCH, " no great scratch," of Httle worth. 
 
 SCRATCH, to strike a horse's name out of the list of runners in a par- 
 ticular race. " Tomboy was scratched for the Derby, at 10 a.m., on 
 Wednesday," from which period all bets made in reference to him 
 (with one exception) are void. — See P.P. — Turf. One of Jioz'a 
 characters asks whether horses are "really made more lively by 
 being scratched." 
 
 SCRATCH-RACE, (on the Turf) a race where any horse, aged, winner, or 
 loser, can run with any weights ; in fact, a race without restrictions. 
 At Cambridge a boat-race, where the crews are drawn by lot. 
 
 SCREAMING, first-rate, splendid. Believed to have been first used in the 
 Adelphi play -bills ; " a screamiko farce," one calculated to make the 
 audience scream with laughter. Now a general expression. 
 
 Screen, a bank-note; queer screen, a forged bank-note. 
 
 Screbve, a letter, a begging petition. 
 
 ScEEEVE, to write, or devise; "to SCBEEVE a fakement," to concoct, or 
 write, a begging letter, or other impostor's documents. From the 
 Dutch, SOHKTVEN ; German, scheeiben ; French, eceitakt, (old form,) 
 to write. 
 
 Soreever, a man who draws with coloured chalks on the pavement figures 
 of our Saviour crowned with thorns, specimens of elaborate writing, 
 thunderstorms, ships on fire, &c. The men who attend these pave- 
 ment chalkings, and receive halfpence and sixpences from the admirers 
 of street art, are not always the draughtsmen. The artist or screever 
 draws, perhaps, in half-a-dozen places in the course of the morning, 
 and rents the spots out to as many cadaverous-looking men. 
 

 d^ ,& Cyi-c^'-t-i'' ' I (?■■ 
 
 I : 
 
 '> •vtnr^'f a^ '3'\j£<lM<a^ ■ 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 223 
 
 SCREW, an unsound, or broken-down horse, that requires both whip and 
 spur to get him along. 
 To SCREW, a mean or stingy person. 
 
 SCREW, salary or wages. 
 
 SCREW, " to put on the screw," to limit one's credit, to be more exact 
 and precise ; " to put under the screw; " to compel, to coerce, to in- 
 fluence by strong pressure. 
 
 SCREW LOOSE, when friends become cold and distant towards each other, 
 it is said there is a SCREW loose betwixt them; the same phrase is 
 also used when anything goes wrong with a person's credit or reputar 
 tion. 
 
 SCREW, a small packet of tobacco.— A " tvnsst " of the " weed." 
 
 SCREWED, intoxicated or drunk. 
 
 SCRIMMAGE, or scrummaqb, a disturbance or tow.— Ancient. Corrup- 
 tion of skirmuh t 
 
 SCRIMSHAW ; anything made by sailors for themselves in their leisure 
 hours at sea, is termed scrimshaw-wokk. 
 
 SCROUGE, to crowd or squeeze. — Wiltshire. 
 ^^SCRUFF, the back part of the neck seized by the adversary in an encounter. 
 
 SCRUMPTIOUS, nice, particular, beautiful. 
 
 SCUFTER, a policeman. — North Country. 
 
 SCULL, or 3KUIX, the head, or master of a college. — University, but nearly 
 obsolete ; the gallery, however, in St Mary's, (the University church,) 
 where the " Heads of Houses " sit in solemn state, is still nicknamed 
 the GOLGOTHA by the under-graduates. 
 
 SCURF, a mean fellow. 
 
 SEA-CONNIE, the steersman of an Indian ship. By the insurance lavirs 
 he must be either a ptah Portuguese, a European, or a Manilla man, — 
 Lascars not being allowed to be helmsmen. 
 
 SEA-COOK, " son of a sea-cook," an opprobrious phrase used on board 
 ship, equivalent to " son op a GUN," and other more vulgar expletives. 
 
 SEALS, a religious Slang term for converts. — See owned. 
 
 SEE. Like "00" and "do," this useful verb has long been supplemented 
 with a Slang or unauthorised meaning. In street parlance, "to see" 
 is to know or believe ; " I don't see that," i.e., " I don't put faith in 
 what you offer, or I know what you say to be untrue." 
 
 SEEDY, worn-out, poverty-stricken, used-up, shabby. Metaphorical ex- 
 pression from the appearance of flowers when off bloom and running 
 to seed; hence said of one who wears clothes until they crack and 
 become shabby; "how seedt he looks," said of any man whose clothes 
 are worn threadbare, with greasy facings, and hat brightened up by 
 
 Screw, a key — skeleton, or otherwise. 
 
 Screw, a turnkey. 
 
 80ROBY, " to get scRTBT," to be whipped in prison before the jusiioeai 
 
224 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 perspiration and continual polishing and wetting. When a man's 
 coat begins to look worn-out and shabby he is said to look seedy and 
 Te&Ay ior cutting. This term has been "on the streets" for nearly 
 two centuries, and latterly has found its way into most dictionaries. 
 Formerly Slang, it is now a recognised word, and one of the most 
 expressive in the English language. The French are always amused 
 with it, they having no similar term. 
 
 * * Oh, let my hat be e'er sae brown. 
 My coat be e'er sae seedy, O 1 
 My whole turn-out scarce worth a crown. 
 Like gents well-bred, but needy, O I" 
 
 — F'ishei's Garland for rgss. 
 
 SELL, a deception, disappointment; also a lying joke. 
 
 SELL, to deceive, swindle, or play a practical joke upon a person. A sham 
 is a SELL in street parlance. " Sold again, and got the money," a cos- 
 termonger cries after having successfully deceived somebody. Shaks- 
 peare uses selling in a similar sense, viz., blinding or deceiving. 
 
 SENSATION, a quartern of gin. 
 
 SERENE, all right; "it's all serene," a street phrase of very modem 
 adoption, the burden of a song. Serene, all serene! from the 
 Spanish SBEENO, equivalent to the English " all 's well," a counter- 
 sign of sentinels, supposed to have been acquired by some filibusters 
 who were imprisoned in Cuba, and liberated by the intercession of 
 the British ambassador. 
 
 SERGEANT KITE, a recruiting sergeant. Sehqeant snap has a like 
 meaning. 
 
 SERVE OUT, to punish, or be revenged on any one. 
 
 SETTER, sevenpence. Italian, bettb. — See Si-hiEE.— 'Lingua Franca. 
 
 SETTER, a person employed by the vendor at an auction to run the 
 biddings up; to bid against bond-fide bidders. 
 
 SETTLE, to kiU, ruin, or effectually quiet a person. 
 
 SET TO, a sparring match, a fight; "a dead set," a determined stand, in 
 
 argument or in movement. 
 SEWED-UP, done-up, used-up, intoxicated. Dutch, seedwt, sick. 
 SHACK, a "chevalier d'industrie." A scamp, a blackguard. — Nottingham. 
 SHACKLY, loose, rickety. — Devonshire. 
 SEVENDIBLE, a very curious word, used only in the north of Ireland, to 
 
 denote something particularly severe, strong, or sound. It is no doubt 
 
 derived from seven-double, — that is, seven-fold, — and is applied to linen 
 
 cloth, a beating, a reprimand, &c. 
 SEVEN-SIDED-ANIMAL, a one-eyed man, aj he has an inside, outside, 
 
 left side, right side, foreside, backside, and a blind side. 
 SEVEN-UP, the game of All-fours, when played for seven chalks, — that is, 
 
 when seven points or chalks have to be made to win the game. 
 
 Settled, transported; sometimes spoken of as winded -settled. 
 Sbvbn-peknorih, transportation for seven years. 
 
slaa^g, cant, and vulgar words. 225 
 
 SHACK-PER-SWAW, eveTy one for himself, — a phrase in use amongst 
 the lower orders at the east end of London, derived apparently from 
 the French, CHAonN poub soi. 
 
 SHADY, an expression implying decadence. On "the shady side of forty" 
 implies that a person is considerably older. Shady also means inferi- 
 ority in other senses. A shady trick is either a shabby one, mean or 
 trumpery, or else it is one contemptible from the want of ability dis- 
 played. ' /r> / y -r 
 
 SHAKE, a disreputable man or woman.— A^wtA. ^^ ,a^,n4<t-^ ■ — 'til C^-r-jH^ T* i 
 
 SHAKE, or shakes, a bad bargain is said to be "no great shakes;" ' ■'■ ' 
 
 "pretty fair shakes" is anything good or favourable.— iyron. In 
 America, a fair shake is a fair trade or a good bargain. 
 
 SHAKEDOWN, an impromptu bed. 
 
 SHAKER, a shirt. 
 
 SHAKES ; " in a brace of shakes," ie., in an instant. 
 
 SHAKESTER, or shiokster, a female. Amongst costermongers this term 
 is invariably applied to ladies, or the wives of tradesmen and females, 
 generally of the classes immediately above them. 
 
 " SHAKE THE ELBOW," to, a roundabout expression for dice-playing. 
 
 SHAKY, said of a person of questionable health, integrity, or solvency; 
 at the University, of one not likely to pass his examination. 
 
 SHALER, a girl. Corrupt form of Gaelic, caille, a young woman. 
 
 SHALLOW, a flat basket used by costers. 
 
 SHALLOW, a weak-minded country justice of the peace. 
 
 SHAM ABRAHAM, to feign sickness. — See Abraham. 
 
 SHANDY-GAFF, ale and gingerbeer ; perhaps sanq db ooff, the favour- 
 ite mixture of one goff, a blacksmith. 
 
 SHANKS, legs. 
 
 SHANKS' NAG, " to ride shanks' naq," to go on foot. 
 
 SHANT, a pot or quart ; " shant of bivvy," a quart of beer. 
 
 Shake, to take away, to steal, or run off with anything; "what ."shakes, 
 
 Bill ? " " None," i.e., no chance of committing a robbery. — See under 
 
 shake, above. 
 Shake-lurk, a false paper carried by an impostor, giving an account of a 
 
 " dreadful shipwreck." 
 Shallows, " to go on the shallows," to go half naked. 
 Shallow-cove, a begging raacal who goes about the country half naked, 
 
 with the most limited amount of rags upon his person, wearing neither 
 
 shoes, stockings, nor hat. 
 Shallow-mot, a ragged woman, — the frequent companion of the shallow- 
 
 lOVE. 
 
 Shallow-soreeveb, a roan who sketches and draws on the pavement. — 5e# 
 
 8CBEEVER. 
 
 t 
 
226 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SHANTY, a nide, temporary habitation. The word is principally em- 
 ployed to designate the huts inhabited by navigators, when construct- 
 ing large lines of railway far distant from towns. It is derived from 
 the Fnnch, chantier, used by the Canadians for a log hut, and has 
 travelled from thence, by way of the United States, to England. 
 
 SHAPES, " to cut up " or " shew shapes," to exhibit pranks, or flightiness. 
 
 SHARK, a sharper, a swindler. Bow-Street term in 1785, now in most 
 dictionaries.^J'riesie and Danish, schurk. — See land-shark. 
 
 SHARP, or sharper, a cunning cheat, a rogue, — the opposite of flat. 
 
 SHARP, a similar expression to "two puk' ten," (which see,) used by as- 
 sistants in shops to signify that a customer of suspected honesty is 
 amongst them. The shopman in this case would ask one of the as- 
 sistants, in a voice loud enough to be generally heard, " has Mr sharp 
 come in yet i " " No," would probably be the reply ; " but he is 
 expected every minute." The signal is at once understood, and a 
 general look-out kept upon the suspected party. 
 
 SHARP'S-ALLEY BLOOD-WORMS, beef sausages and black puddings. 
 Sharp's Alley was very recently a noted slaughtering-place near Smith- 
 field. 
 
 SHAVE, a false alarm, a hoax, a sell. This was much used in the Crimea 
 during the Russian campaign. 
 
 SHAVE, a narrow escape. At Cambridge, " just SHAVmo through," or 
 " making a shave," is just escaping a " pluck " by coming out at the 
 bottom of the list. 
 
 '* My terms are anything but dear, 
 Then read with me, and never fear; 
 The examiners we 're sure to queer. 
 And get through, if you make a shave on 't" 
 
 The Privait Tutor. 
 
 SHAVE ; " to shave a customer," charge him more for an article than the 
 marked price. Used in the drapery trade. When the master sees an 
 opportunity of doing this, he strokes his chin, as a signal to his assist- 
 ant who is serving the customer. 
 
 SHAVER, a sharp fellow ; " a young " or " old shaver," a boy or man. 
 — Sea. 
 
 " SHED A TEAR," to take a dram, or glass of neat spirits ; jocular phrase 
 used, with a sort of grim earnestness, by old topers to each other. " Now 
 then, old fellow, come and shed a tear ! " an invitation to take 
 '■ summat short." The origin may have been that ardent spirits, taken 
 neat by younger persons, usually brings water to their eyes. With 
 confirmed drinkers, however, the phrase is used with an air of mingled 
 humour and regret at their own position. A still more pathetic phrase 
 is — " putting a nail in one's coffin," which sec. 
 
 SHEEBEEN, an unlicensed place where spirituous liquors are illegally sold. 
 SHEEN, bad monej.— Scotch. 
 
 SHARPDta-OMEE, a policeman. Partly Livrpia Franca. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 227 
 
 SHEEP'S EYES, " to make sheep's etes at a person," to cast amorous 
 glances towards one on the sly. 
 
 ** But he, the beast, was casting sheep's eyes at her 
 Out of hifl bullock head." 
 
 — Colman, Broad Grint, p. 57. 
 
 SHELF, " on the shelf," not yet disposed of ; young ladies are said to bo 
 
 80 situated when they cannot meet with a husband. " On the SHELF " 
 
 also means pawned, or laid by in trust. 
 SHELL OUT, to pay or count out money. 
 SHICE, nothing ; " to do anything for shice," to get no payment. The 
 
 term was first used by the Jews in the last century. Orose gives the 
 
 phrase ohioe-am-a-trice, which haa a synonymous meaning. Spanish, 
 
 CHico, little; Anglo-Saxon, CHICHB, niggardly. 
 SHICER, a mean man, a humbug, a "duffer," — a worthless person, one 
 
 who will not work. 
 SHICKERY, shabby, bad. 
 SHICKSTER, a " gay " lady.— &e bhakesteb. 
 SHICKSTER-CRABS, ladies' shoes.— Tramps' term. 
 SHIGS, money, silver. — East London. 
 SHIKARI, a hunter, a sportsman. — Anglo-India. An English sportsman 
 
 who has seen many ups and downs in the jungles of the East styles 
 
 himself " the old shekakt." — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 BHILLY SHALLY, to trifle or fritter away time; irresolute. Corruption 
 
 of "Shall I, shaUI?" 
 SHINDY, a row, or noise. 
 SHINE, a row, or disturbance. 
 
 SHINE, " to take the shine out of a person," to surpass or excel him. 
 SHINER, a looking-glass. — East London. 
 SHINERS, sovereigns, or money. 
 SHINEY RAG, " to win the shinet RAa," to be ruined, — said in gambling, 
 
 when any one continues betting after " luck has set in against him." 
 SHIN-PLASTER, a bank-note. Originally an Americanism. 
 SHINS, "to BREAK one's shins," figurative expression meaning to borrow 
 
 money. 
 SHIPSHAPE, proper, in good order ; sometimes the phrase is varied to 
 
 " SHIP-SHAPE and Bristol fashion." — Sea. 
 SHIRTY, ill-tempered, or cross. When one person makes another in an 
 
 ill humour he is said to have " got his shirt out." 
 SHITTEN-SATURDAY, (corruption of shut-in-saturdat,) the Saturday 
 
 between Good Friday and Easter Sunday, when our Lord's body was 
 
 enclosed in the tomb. — School and Provincial. 
 SHIVERING-JEMMY, the name given by street-folk to any cadger who 
 
 exposes himself, half naked, on a cold day, to obtain alms. The 
 
 " game " is unpleasant but exceedingly lucrative. 
 SHODDY, old cloth worked up into new ; made from soldiers' and police- 
 men's coats. The old cloth is pulled to pieces, the yam unravelled 
 
228 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 and carded over again. This produces shoddy, which is very short in 
 the fibre, and from it are produced, on again twisting and weaving, 
 the finest of cloth fabrics, used for ladies' mantles, &c. Also, a term 
 of derision applied to workmen in woollen factories. — Yorkshire. 
 
 SHOE, to free or initiate a person, — a practice common in most trades to 
 a new-comer. The shoeing consists in paying for beer, or other 
 drink, which is drunk by the older hands. The cans emptied, and the 
 bill paid, the stranger is considered properly SBOD. 
 
 SHOES, " to die in one's shoes," to be hanged. 
 
 "SHOES, CHILDREN'S, TO MAKE," to suffer one's-self to be made 
 sport of, or depreciated. Commonly used in Norfolk. — Cf. Mrs Bchn'i 
 comedy. The Roundheads. 
 
 Eews. " Who, pox 1 shall we stand uakiko children's shoes all the year? No ; 
 let's begin to settle the nation, I say, and go through-stitch with our work."* 
 
 SHOLL, to bonnet one, or crush a person's hat over his eyes. — North. 
 SHOOL, to saunter idly, become a vagabond, beg rather than work. — 
 
 Smollett's Roderick Random, voL i., p. 262. 
 SHOP, the House of Commons. The only instance we have met with of 
 the use of this word in literature occurs in Mr Trollope'a Frandey 
 Parsonage ; — 
 •' * If we are merely to do as we are bid, and have no voice of our own, I don't 
 see what's the good of our going to the shop at all,' said Mr Sowerby." 
 
 SHOP, to discharge a shopman. In Military Slang, to SHOP an officer, is 
 to put him under arrest in the guard-room. 
 
 SHOP- WALKER, a person employed to walk up and down a shop, to hand 
 8e.ats to customers, and see that they are properly served. Contracted 
 
 also to " WALKER." 
 
 SHOPPING, purchasing at shops. Termed by Todd a Slang word, but 
 
 used by Cowper and Byron. 
 SHOPPY, to be full of nothing but one's own calling or profession; "to 
 
 talk SHOP," to converse of nothing but professional subjects. 
 " SHOOT THE CAT," to vomit. 
 " SHOOT THE MOON," to remove furniture from a house in the night 
 
 without paying the landlord. 
 
 " SHOOT WITH THE LONG BOW," to teU lies, to exaggerate. Synony- 
 
 . f^y- mous with theowino the hatchet. 
 
 n / a ^ **'^^_^il— -Tl-SHORT, when spirit is drunk without any admixture of water, it is said to 
 
 ^""""^^^i J^ " betaken "short;" " summat short," a dram. A similar phrase is 
 
 ^y,,^2jC- C 1^ I used at the counters of banks ; upon presenting a cheque, the clerk asks, 
 
 j Shoe Leather ! a thief's warning cry when he hears footsteps. This 
 
 exclamation is used in the same spirit as Bruce's friend, who, when 
 he suspected treachery towards him at King Edward's court, in 1306, 
 sent him a purse and a pair of spurs, as a sign that he should tise 
 them in making bis escape. 
 Snop-BonNOEB, or SHOP-LDfTER, a person generally respectably attired, who, 
 while being served with a small article at a shop, steals one of more 
 value. Shakspeare haa the word lifter, a thief. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 229 
 
 " how will you take it ?" i.e., in gold, or in notes ? Should it be desired 
 to receive it in as small a compass as possible, the answer is, " short." 
 
 SHORT, a conductor of an omnibus, or any other servant, is said to be 
 SHOET, when he does not give all the money he receives to his master, 
 
 SHORT COMMONS, short allowance of food.— .See commons. 
 
 SHORTER, one who makes a dishonest profit by reducing the coin of the 
 realm by clipping and filing. From a crown-piece a shorter could 
 gain 5d. Another way was by chemical means : a guinea laid in aqua- 
 fortis would, in twelve hours, precipitate gd.-worth of sediment; in 
 twenty-four, Is. 6d.-worth. — Rommany Rye. 
 
 SHOT, from the modem sense of the word to shoot, — a guess, a random 
 conjecture; " to make a bad SHOT," to expose one's ignorance by mak- 
 ing a wrong guess, or random answer, without knowing whether it is 
 right or wrong. 
 
 SHOT, from the once English, but now provincial word, to shoot, to sub- 
 scribe, contribute in fair proportion; — a share, the same as scot, both 
 being from t\ie Anglo-Saxon word, SOBAt; "to pay one's shot," %£., 
 share of the reckoning, &c. 
 
 " Yet still while I have got 
 Enough to pay the shot 
 Of Boniface, both gruff and greedy O ! " 
 
 — Fuller's Garland for 1835. 
 
 SHOT, " I wish I may be SHOT, if," &o., a common form of mild swearing. 
 
 " SHOT IN THE LOCKER," money in pocket, or the having a resource 
 of any kind in store. — Navy. 
 
 " SHOVE IN THE MOUTH," a glass of spirits. 
 
 SHOVEL, a term appled by the vulgar crowd to the inelegant twisted hats 
 worn by the dignitaries of the Church. Dean Alford says, " I once 
 heard a venerable dignitary pointed out by a railway porter as " an old 
 party in a shovel." — Queen's English, p. 228. 
 
 SHOWFULL, or schofell, a Hansom cab. This favourite carriage was 
 the invention of a Mr Hansom, afterwards connected with the Builder 
 newspaper. It has been asserted that the term showfull was derived 
 from " shovel," the earliest Slang term applied to Hansoms by other 
 cab-drivers, who conceived their shape to be after the fashion of a 
 scoop or shovel. 
 
 SHOW-FULL, or SCHOFUL, bad money. Mayhew thinks this word is from 
 the Danish, skuffe, to shove, to deceive, cheat ; Saxon, scufan, — 
 whence the English, shove. The term, however, is possibly one of the 
 many street words from the Hebrew, (through the low Jews;) shephkl, 
 in that language, signifying a low or debased estate. Chaldee, shaphal. 
 — See Psalm cxxxvi. 23, " in our Icrw estate." A correspondent suggests 
 another very probable derivation, from the German, schofel, trash, 
 rubbish, — the German adjective, schofelio, being the nearest possible 
 translation of our shabby. Also, mock jewellery. 
 
 Shoulder, when a servant embezzles his master's money, he is said to 
 
 SHOULDEB his employer. 
 Shove-halfpenny, a gambling pot-house game, played on a table. 
 

 230 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SHOWFULL PULLET, a "gay" or unsteady woman. 
 
 SHRIMP, a diminutive person. — Chaucer. 
 
 SHUNT, to throw, or turn aside. — Railway term. 
 
 SHUT OP, or SHOT op, i.e., rid of. A very common expression amongst 
 
 the London lower orders. One oostermonger will say to another: 
 
 " Well, Ike, did yer get SHCT o' them there gawfs [apples] ? " i.e., did 
 you sell them all ? 
 
 SHUT UP ! be quiet, don't make a noise; to stop short, to make cease in 
 a summary manner, to silence effectually. " Only the other day we 
 heard o£ a preacher who, speaking of the scene with the doctors in the 
 Temple, remarked that the Divine disputant completely shut them 
 TJF ! " — Athen. 30th July 1859. Shut up, utterly exhausted, done for. 
 
 SHY, a throw. — See the following :— 
 ^^.^v-»^*-»^^ SHY, to fling; cook-shy, a game at fairs, consisting of throwing short 
 
 sticks at trinkets set upon other sticks, — both name and practice de- 
 rived from the old game of throwing or sutinq at live cocks. 
 
 SHY, " to fight BHT of a person," to avoid his society either from dislike, 
 fear, or other reason. Sht has also the sense of flighty, imsteady, un- 
 trustworthy. 
 
 SICES, or sizes, a throw of sixes at dice. 
 
 " SICK AS A HORSE," popular simile, — curious, because a horse nevet 
 vomits. 
 
 SICKNER, or sickener, a dose too much of anything. 
 
 SIDE-BOARDS, or stick-ups, shirt collars. Name applied ten or fifteen 
 
 years ago, before the "all-rounders" and "turn-downs" came into 
 
 fashion. 
 
 SIGHT, " to take a sight at a person," a vulgar action employed by street 
 boys to denote incredulity, or contempt for authority, by placing the 
 thumb against the nose and closing all the fingers except the little one, 
 which is agitated in token of derision. — See walker. 
 
 SIM, one of a Methodistical turn in religion ; a Low Churchman ; originally 
 a follower of the late Rev. Charles Simeon. — Cambridge. 
 
 SIMON, a sixpenny-piece. 
 
 SIMON, or SIMPLE SIMON, a credulous gullible person. A character in a 
 song, but now common. 
 
 Showfull-pitcheb, a passer of counterfeit money. 
 
 Showpull-pitchino, passing bad money. 
 
 Side, an affirmative expression in the Cant language of the northern towns. 
 "Do you stoU the Gammy?" (Do you understand Cant?) An- 
 swer, side. Cove, (yes, mate.) 
 
 Sift, the same meaning as shouldeb. The man having sifted the money 
 and kept the larger pieces, that did not readily pass through the sieve"! 
 
 SiLVEK Beqqar, or lurkek, a vagabond who travels through the country 
 with " briefs " containing false statements of losses by fire, shipwreck.'^, 
 accidents, fte. Foiled documents are exhibited with signatures of 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDh. 23 1 
 
 SIMON PURE, " the real simon pure," the genuine article. Those who 
 have witnessed Mr C. Mathews's performance in Mrs Centlivre'a ad- 
 mirable comedy of A Bold Stroke for a Wife, and the laughable cool- 
 ness with which he, the false SIMON puke, assuming the Quaker dress 
 and character of the real one, elbowed that worthy out of his ex- 
 pected entertainment, will at once perceive the origin of this phrase. 
 — See act v., scene i. 
 
 SIMPKIN, or SIMKIN, champagne. — Anglo- Indian. Derived from the 
 manner in which native servants pronounce champagne. 
 
 SING OUT, to caU aloud.— Sea. 
 
 SING SMALL, to lessen one's boasting, and turn arrogance into humility. 
 
 SINGSONG, a choral meeting at a pot-house, which then not unfrequently 
 receives the name of " the Cave of Harmony." 
 
 SINKERS, bad money, — affording a man but little assistance in " keeping 
 afloat." — l^ o-^- ^.',v '•v.A.tj - -, t^/^-vy 
 
 SINKS, a throw of fives at dice. French, cinqs. ** 
 
 SI QUIS, a candidate for "orders." From the notification commencing 
 SI QUIS — if any one. 
 
 SIR-HARRY, a close stooL 
 
 SIR-REVERENCE, a corruption of the old phrase save tour reverence, 
 a sort of apology for alluding to anything likely to shock one's sense 
 of decency. Latin, balva beverentia. Shakspeare'a Romeo and Juliet 
 act i., scene iv., from this it came to mean the thing itself — human 
 ordure generally, but sometimes other indecencies. 
 
 SISERARA, a hard blow. — Suffolk. Moor derives it from the story of 
 Sisera in the Old Testament, but it is more probably a corruption of 
 CERTIORARI, a Chancery writ reciting a complaint of bard usage. 
 
 SIT UNDER, a term employed in Dissenters' meeting-houses, to denote 
 attendance on the ministry of any particular preacher; 
 
 SIT-UPON, to overcome or rebuke, to express contempt for a man in a, 
 marked manner. 
 
 SIT-UPONS, trousers. — See inexpressibles. 
 
 SIVVY, '' 'pon my sivvT," i.e., upon my soul or honour. Corruption of 
 asseveration, like davt, which is an abridgment of affidavit. 
 
 SIXES AND SEVENS, articles in confusion are said to be all sixes and 
 SEVENS. The Deity is mentioned in the Towneley Mysteries as He 
 that " sett all on seven," ie., set or appointed everything in seven 
 days. A similar phrase at this early date implied confusion and dis- 
 order, and from these, Halliwell thinks, has been derived the phrase 
 " to be at SIXES and sbvkns." A Scotch correspondent, however, 
 states that the phrase probably came from the workshop, and th,it 
 amongst needle-makers, when the points and eyes are " heads and 
 
 magistrates and clergymen. Accompanying these are sham sub- 
 scription-books. The former, in beggar parlance, is termed " a gHAM,' 
 whilst the latter is denominated " a delicate." 
 SimNQ-FAD, sitting on the pavement in a begging position. 
 
232 .1 DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 taUs," ("heeds and tliraws,") or in confiiaion, they are said to he 
 SIXES AND SEVENS, because thoae numbers are the sizes most generally 
 used, and in the course of manufacture have frequently to be distin- 
 guished. 
 
 SIXTY, "to go along like sixtt," i.e., at a good rate, briskly. 
 
 SIXTY-PERCENT, a biUdisoounter. 
 
 SIZE, to order extras over and above the usual commons at the dinner in 
 college halls. Soup, pastry, &c., are sizings, and are paid for at a 
 certain specified rate per size, or portion, to the college cook. — Peculiar 
 to Cambridge. Minsheu says, " size, a farthing which schollers in 
 Cambridge have at the buttery, noted with the letter «." 
 
 SIZERS, or siZAlis, are certain poor scholars at Cambridge, annually 
 elected, who get their dinners (including sizings) from what is left at 
 the upper, or Fellows' table, free, or nearly so. They pay rent of 
 rooms, and some other fees, on a lower scale than the " Pensioners" 
 or ordinary students, and answer to the "battlers" and "servitors" 
 at Oxford. 
 
 SIZINGS.— &c SIZE. 
 
 SKEDADDLE. The American war has introduced a new and amusing 
 word. A Northerner who retreats " retires upon his supports," but a 
 Southerner is said to " skedaddle." The Times remarked on the word, 
 and Lord Hill wrote to prove that it was excellent Scotch. The 
 Americans only misapply the word, which means, in Dumfries, " to 
 spill" — milkmaids, for example, saying, you are "skedaddling" all 
 that mUk. The Times and Lord Hill are both wrong, for the word is 
 neither new nor in any way misapplied. The word is very fair Greek, 
 the root being that of " skedannumi," to disperse, to " retire tumultu- 
 ously," and it was probably set afloat by some professor at_gjciai^ 
 
 SKID, a sovereign. Fashionable Slang. Occasionally SKiv. 
 
 SKIE, or SKY, to throw upwards, to toss " coppers." — See odd man. 
 
 SKILLIGOLEE, prison gruel. Also sailors' soup of many ingredients. 
 
 The term is occasionally used in London workhouses. 
 SKIN, a purse. 
 
 SKIN, to abate, or lower the value of anything ; "thin skinned," sensitive, 
 touchy, liable to be RAW on certain subjects. 
 
 SKINFLINT, an old popular simile for a "close-fisted," stingy person. 
 Sternberg, in his Northamptonshire Glossary, says the Eastern languages 
 have the same expression. Abdul-Malek, one of the Ommeyade Kha- 
 liphs, noted for his extreme avarice, was sumamed BASCHAL-HEQiAltAH, 
 literally, " the skinner of a flint" 
 
 SKIN-THE-LAMB, a game at cards, a very expressive corruption of the 
 term lansquenet, also a racing term. When a non-favourite wins a race, 
 
 Skates-LURK, a begging impostor dressed as a sailor. 
 Skilly, broth served on board the hulks to convicts. — Lincolnshire. Ab- 
 breviation of SKILLIGOLEE. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 233 
 
 " bookmakers " are said to " SKIN the lamb," under the supposition 
 
 that they win all their bets, no person having backed the winner. 
 SKIPPER, the master of a vessel. Dutch, schiffek, from tckiff, a ship; 
 
 sometimes used as synonymous with " governor." 
 SKIPPER, a bam. — Ancient Cant. From the Welsh, TSOUBOB, pronounced 
 
 SCYBOR, or sciBOR, the proper word in that language for a barn. 
 SKIPPER-BIRDS, or keyhole-whistlers, persons who sleep in bams or 
 
 outhouses in preference to lodging-houses. 
 SKIPPER-IT, to sleep in the open air, or in a rough way. 
 SKIT, a joke, a squib. 
 SKITTLES, a game similar to Ten Pins, which, when interdicted by the 
 
 Government, was altered to Nin Pins, or skittles. They are set up 
 
 in an alley, and are throvm at (not bowled) with a round piece of hard 
 
 wood, shaped like a small flat cheese. The costers consider them-' 
 
 selves the best players in London. 
 SKOW-BANKER, a fellow who loiters about the premises of any one 
 
 willing to support him without the necessity of working for his living ; 
 
 a rogue, a rascal. Common at Melbourne, Australia. 
 SKROUGE, to push or squeeze. — North. 
 SKULL-THATCHER, a straw-bonnet-maker, — sometimes called " a bon- 
 
 net-BDILDER." 
 SKY, a disagreeable person, an enemy. — Westminster School. 
 SKY, to toss up towards the sky. Term used in tossing with halfpence ; 
 
 " it 's all right, Jim skted the browns," i.e., threw them up. 
 SKY-BLUE, London milk much diluted with water, or from which the ' 
 cream has been too closely skimmed. 
 
 •' Hence, Suffolk dairy wives run mad for cream. 
 And leave their milk with nothing but the name ; 
 Its name derision and reproach pursue, 
 And strangers tell of three times-skimm'd — sky-blde.** 
 
 — BLoomJUld't Farmer't Boy. 
 Sky-blub formerly meant gin. 
 
 SKYED, artists say that a picture is skted when it is hung on the upper 
 
 line at the Exhibition of the Royal Academy. — See floored. 
 SKY-LARK.— See under iabk. 
 SKY-PARLOUR, the garret. 
 
 SKY-SCRAPER, a tall man; "are you cold up there, old Skt-scbapkr?" 
 Properly a sea term ; the light sails, which some adventurous skippers 
 set above the royals in calm latitudes, are termed, sky-scrapers and 
 moon-rakers. 
 
 SKY-WANNOCKING, unsteady, frolicking.— m)/oZi. 
 
 SLACK, " to hold on the slack," to skulk ; a slack rope not requiring to 
 be held. — Sea. 
 
 SLAM, a term at the game of whist. When two partners gain the whole 
 thirteen tricks, they win a slam, which is considered equal to a mbber. 
 
 SLAMMOCK, a slattern or awkward person. — West, and Norfolk. 
 
234 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SLANG, low, vulgar, unwritten, or unauthorised language. Oipsy, StAiro, 
 the secret language of the Gipsies, synonymous with gibberish, 
 another Gipsy word. The word is only to be found in the Diction- 
 aries of Webster and Ogilvie. It is given, however, by Grose, in hia 
 IHcticmary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785. Slang, since it has been 
 adopted as an English word, generally implies vulgar language not 
 known or recognised as Cant ; and latterly, when applied to speech, 
 has superseded the word flash. The earliest instance of the use of 
 the word that we can find, is the following ; — 
 
 " Let proper Nurses be assi^jned to take care of these Babes of Grace, [yountr 
 thieves,] . . . the Master who teaches them should be a man well 
 versed in the Cant Language commonly called the Slang Patter, io which 
 they should by all means exaeL^— Jonathan WUd't Advice to hU Suceeuor, 
 London, J. Scott, 1758. 
 
 SLANG, a travelling show. 
 
 SLANG, to cheat, to abuse in foul language. 
 
 SLANGWHANGER, a long-winded speaker. — Parliamentary. 
 
 SLANGY, flashy, vulgar ; loud in dress, manner, and conversation. 
 
 SLANTINGDICULAR, oblique, awry, — as opposed to perpendicular. 
 
 Originally an Americanism, now a part of the vocabulary of Loudon 
 
 " high life below stairs." 
 SLAP, paint for the face, rouge. 
 SLAP, exactly, precisely; " slap in the wind's eye," i.e., exactly to wini 
 
 ward. 
 SLAP-BANG, suddenly, violently. From the strike of a ball being felt 
 
 before the report reaches the ear, — the slap first, the bang afterwards. 
 SLAP-BANG-SHOPS, low eating-houses, where you have to pay down 
 
 the ready money with a slap-bang.— Grose. 
 SLAP-DASH, immediately, or quickly. — See slap-banq. 
 SLAP-UP, first-rate, excellent, very good. 
 SLASH, a pocket in an overcoat. 
 
 SLASHER, a powerful roisterer, a pugilist; "the TIPTON SLASHBE." 
 SLASHERS, the Twenty-eighth Regiment of Foot in the British army. 
 SLATE, " he has a slate loose," i.e., he is slightly crazy. 
 SLATE, to pelt with abuse, to beat, to " liok ; " or, in the language of the 
 
 reviewei s, to " cut up." 
 SLATE, to knock the hat over one's eyes, to bonnet. — North. 
 SLAVEY, a maid-servant. 
 SLAWMINEYEUX, a Dutchman. Probably a corruption of the Dutch, 
 
 ja mynheer; or German, ja mein Herr. — Sea^ 
 
 Slang, counterfeit or short weights and measures. A slang quart is a 
 pint and a half. Slang measures are lent out at 2d. per day to street 
 salesmen. The term is used principally by costermongers. 
 
 Slano, a watch-chain. — Weatminster. 
 
 Slang, " out on the slang," ie., to travel with a hawker's licence. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 235 
 
 SLEEPLESS-HATS, those of a napless character, better known as vidb- 
 
 AWAKES. 
 
 SLENDER, a simple country gentleman. 
 
 SLEWED, drunk, or intoxicated. — Sea term. When a vessel changes the 
 tack she, as it were, staggers, the sails flap, she gradually heels over, 
 and the wind catching the waiting canvas, she glides off at another 
 angle. The course pursued by an intoxicated, or slewed man, is sup- 
 posed to be analogous to that of the ship. 
 
 SLICK, an Americanism, very prevalent in England since the publication 
 of Judge Haliburton's facetious stories. As an adjective, slick 
 means rapidly, effectually, utterly ; as a verb, it has the force of " to 
 despatch rapidly," turn off, get done with a thing. 
 
 SLING, to pass from one person to another. 
 
 SLIP, " to give the BLIP," to run away, or elude pursuit. ShaTcspeare haa 
 " you gave me the counterfeit," in Romeo and Juliet. Giving the slip, 
 however, is a Sea phrase, and refers to fastening an anchor and chain 
 cable to a floating buoy, or water-cask, until such a time arrives that 
 is convenient to return and take them on board. In fastening the 
 cable, the home end is slipped through the hawse pipe. Weighing 
 anchor is a noisy task, so that giving it the blip infers to leave it in 
 quietness. 
 
 SLIP, or LET blip; "to slip into a man," to give him a sound beating; 
 " to LET blip at a cove," to rush violently upon him, and assault with 
 vigour. 
 
 SLIPPING, a trick of card-sharpers, in performance of which, by dex- 
 terous manipulation, they place the cut card on the top, instead of at 
 the bottom of the pack. It is the faire sauter la coupe of the French. 
 
 SLOG, or BLOOQEB, (its original form,) to beat, baste, or wallop. Oermtm, 
 SOHLAQEN ; Or, perhaps a vulgar corruption of slauohter. The pre- 
 tended Qreek derivation from oKoya, which Punch puts in the 
 mouth of the schoolboy, in his impression of 4th May 1859, is of 
 course only intended to mystify grandmamma, there being no such 
 word in the language. 
 
 SLOGGERS, i.e., slow-ooebs, the second division of race-boats at Cam- 
 hridge. At Oxford they are called loEPiDS. — University/. A hard 
 hitter at cricket is termed a BLOQOEB. 
 
 SLOGGING, a good beating. 
 
 SLOP, a policeman. Probably at first bach Slang, but now general. 
 
 SLOP, cheap, or ready made, as applied to clothing, is generally supposed 
 to be a modem appropriation; but it was used in this sense in 1 691, 
 by Maydman, in his Naval Speculations; and by Chaucer two centuries 
 before that. Slops properly signify sailors' working clothes, which 
 are of a very cheap or unexpensive character. 
 
 SLOPE, to decamp, to run, or rather slip away. Originally from LOPE, to 
 make off; the t probably became affixed as a portion of the preceding 
 
 Slick-a-dee, a pocket-book. 
 
236 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 word, as in the case of "let's lope," let us run. — Americanism. A 
 correspondent says that Tennyson is decidedly partial to Slang, and 
 instances amongst other proofs a passage from the laureate's famous 
 Lockdey Hall: — 
 
 « Many a night, from yonder Ivied casement, ere I went to resb, 
 Did I look ou great Orion sloping slowly to the west." 
 
 SLOPS, chests or packages of tea; " he shook a slum of slops," i.e., stole a 
 chest of tea. 
 
 SLOUR'D buttoned up ; blour'd hoxtek, an inside pocket buttoned up. 
 
 SLUBBERDEGULLION, a paltry, dirty, sorry wretch. 
 
 "Quoth she, although thou hast deserved, 
 Brtfie SLDBBKKDEGULLION, to be served 
 As thou didst vow to deal with me, 
 If thou hadst got the victory." 
 
 — Uuiibrat. 
 
 SLUICERT, a gin-shop or public-house. 
 
 "SLUICING ONE'S BOLT," drinking. 
 
 SLUM, a chest, or package. — See slops. 
 
 SLUM, an insinuation, a discreditable inuendo. 
 
 SLUM, gammon, " up to slum," wide awake, knowing 
 
 " And this, without more slum began, 
 Over a flowing Pot-house can. 
 To settle, without botheration. 
 The rigs of tliis here tip-top nation. 
 
 — Jack RandaU't Diary, 1830. 
 
 SLUM, or BACK SLUM, a dark retreat, low neighbourhood; " the Westmin- 
 ster SLUMS," favourite haunts for thieves. 
 
 SLUM, to saunter about, with a suspicion, perhaps, of immoral pursuits 
 — Cambridge University Slang. 
 
 " SLUM THE GORGER," to cheat on the sly, to be an eye-servant. Slum 
 
 in this sense is Old Cant. 
 SLUSH, the grease obtained from boiling the salt pork eaten by seamen, 
 
 and generally the cook's perquisite. 
 SLUSHY, a ship's cook. 
 SLUTER, butter.— iVortA. 
 
 SMACK SMOOTH, even, level with the surface, quickly. 
 SMALL-BEER; "he doesn't think small-beer of himself," i.e., he has a 
 
 great opinion of his own importance. Small coals is also used in the 
 
 same sense. 
 SMALL HOURS, the early hours after midnight. 
 SMALLS, a University term for the first general examination of the stu- 
 
 Sloub, to lock, or fasten. — Prison Cant. 
 Slowed, to be locked up — in prison. 
 Slum, a letter.— Prison Cant. 
 Slumming, passing bad money. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 237 
 
 dents. It is used at Cambridge, but properly belongs to Oxford. The 
 Cambridge term is little oo. 
 
 SMASH, to become bankrupt, or worthless ; " to go all to smash," to break, 
 " go to the dogs," to fall in pieces. 
 
 SMASH, to pass counterfeit money. 
 
 SMASHER, one who passes bad coin, or forged notes. 
 
 SMASHFEEDER, a Britannia-metal spoon,-:i-the best imitation shilling 
 are made from this metal. 
 
 SMASH-MAN-GEORDIE, a pitman's oa,t\i^— Durham, and Northumber- 
 land. — See OEORDiB. 
 
 SMELLER, a blow on the nose, or " a noseb." 
 
 SMIFF-BOX, the nose. — Pugilistic term. 
 
 SMISH, a shirt, or chemise. Corruption of the Spantth comhibsion. — See 
 
 MISH. 
 
 SMITHERS, or smithereens; "all to smithereens," all to smash. 
 
 Smitheb, is a Lincolnshire word for a fragment. 
 SMOKE, London. Country-people when going to the metropolis frequently 
 
 say, they are on their way to the smoke; and Londoners when leaving 
 
 for the country say, they are going out of the smoke. 
 SMOKE, to detect, or penetrate an artifice. Common term with London 
 
 detectives. 
 SMUDGE, to smear, obliterate, daub. Corruption of smutch. Timet. 
 
 10th August 1859. 
 
 SMUQ, smuggling. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 SMUG, extremely neat, after the fashion, in order. 
 
 SMUG, to snatch another's property and run. 
 
 SMUGGINGS, snatchings, or purloinings, — shouted out by boys, when 
 snatching the tops, or small play property, of other lads, and then 
 running off at fuU speed. 
 
 " Tops are in ; spin 'em agin. 
 Tops are out ; suuooino about.** 
 
 SMUT, a copper boiler. Also, the " blacks " from a furnace. 
 
 SMUTTY, obscene, — vulgar as applied to conversation. 
 
 SNACK, booty, or share. Also, a light repast. — Old Cant and Oipsy term. 
 
 SNAFFLE, conversation on professional or private subjects which the rest 
 
 of the company cannot appreciate. In East Anglia, to snaffle is to 
 
 talk foolishly. 
 SNAGGLE TEETH, those that are uneven, and unpleasant looking. — Wat. 
 
 Snags, (Americanism,) ends of sunken drift-wood sticking out of the 
 
 water, on which river steamers are often wrecked. 
 
 Smiogins, soup served to convicts on board the hulki 
 Snaffled, arrested, " pulled up," — so termed from a kind of hoise's bW^ 
 called a snaffle. 
 
238 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 SNAGGLING, angling after geese with a hook and line, the bait being * 
 worm or snail. The goose swallows the bait, and is quietly landed and 
 
 SNAGGY, cross, crotchety, malicious. 
 
 SNAM, to snatch, or rob from the person. 
 
 SNAPPS, share, portion; any articles or circumstances out of which 
 money may be made ; " looking out for snapps," waiting for windfalls, 
 or odd jobs. — Old. Scotch, CHITS, — term also used for " coppers," or 
 halfpence. 
 
 SNAPPS, Hollands gin. — Dutch, schnapps. 
 
 SNEEZER, a snuff-box ; a pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 SNICK- A-SNEE, a knife. — Sea. Thackeray uses the term in his humour- 
 ous ballad of the Boy-Billie. 
 
 SNICKER, a drinking-cup. A horn-skickbk, a drinking-horn. 
 
 SNID, a sixpence. — Scotch. 
 
 SNIGGER, " I 'm sniggered if you will," a mild form of swearing. An- 
 other form of this is jiggered. 
 
 SNIGGERING, laughing to one's-self.— ^'asJ. 
 
 SNIP, a tailor, — apparently from snipes, a pair of scissors. 
 
 SNIPE, a long bill or account ; also a term for attorneys, — a race remark- 
 able for their propensity to long bills. 
 
 SNIPES, "a pair of snipes," a pair of scissors. They are occasionally 
 made in the form of that bird. 
 
 SNOB, a low, vulgar, or affected person. Supposed to be from the nick- 
 name usually applied to Crispin, a maker of shoes; but believed by a 
 writer in Notes and Queries to be a contraction of the Latin, SINJ 
 OBOLO. A more probable derivation, however, has just been forwarded 
 by an ingenious correspondent. He supposes that KOBS, i.e., Nobiles, 
 was appended in lists to the names of persons of gentle birth, whilst 
 those who had not that distinction were marked down as s. NOB., i.e., 
 SINE NOBILITATB, without marks of gentility, — thus reversing its mean- 
 ing. Another " word-twister " remarks that, as at college sons of 
 noblemen wrote after their names in the admission lists, Jll nob. , son of 
 a lord, and hence all young noblemen were called nobs, and what they 
 did NOBBY, so those who imitated them would be called quasinobt, 
 " like a nob," which by a process of contraction would be shortened to ' 
 tirnob, and then snob, one who pretends to be what he is not, and 
 apes his betters. The short and expressive terms which many think 
 fitly represent the three great estates of the realm, nob, snob, and 
 MOB, were all originally Slang words. The last has safely passed through 
 the vulgar ordeal of the streeta, and found respectable quarters in the 
 standard dictionaries. 
 
 Sneaksman, a shoplifter ; a petty, cowardly thief. 
 
 Sneeze-lurkeb, a thief who throws snuff in a person's face, and then robs 
 him. 
 
 Snitohers, persons who turn Queen's evidence, or who tell tales. In Scot- 
 land, snitchers signify handcuffs. 
 
,s>..J-^-^^— ^- ^--'^^^^ 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 239 
 
 SNOBBISH, stuck up, proud, make believe. 
 
 SNOB-STICK, a workman who refuses to join in strikes, or trade unions. 
 Query, properly nobstick. 
 
 I3N00KS, an imaginary pensonage often brought forward as the answer to 
 an idle question, or as the perpetrator of a senseless joke. Said to be 
 simply a shortening or abbreviation of " Sevenoaks," the Kentish village. 
 
 SNOOKS -AND -WALKER, a game resembling buz, but more compli- 
 cated. Every three and multiple of three must be termed snooks, 
 and every five and multiple of five, walkek; thus — One, two, 
 SNOOKS ; four, walker-snooks ; seven, eight, snooks-walkek ; eleven, 
 SNOOKS-SNOOKS ; fourteen, bnqoks-walkeb, the last being a multiple 
 of both three and five. — See buz. 
 
 SNOOZE, or snoodge, (vulgar pronunciation,) to deep or doze. 
 
 SNOOZE-CASE, a piUow-sUp. 
 
 SNOT, a term of reproach applied to persons by the vulgar when vexed or 
 annoyed. In a Westminster school vocabulary for boys, published 
 in the last century, the term is curiously applied. Its proper mean- 
 ing is the glandular mucus discharged through the nose. 
 
 SNOT, a small bream, a slimy kind of flat fish. — Noncich. 
 
 SNOTTINGER, a coarse word for a pocket-handkerchief. The German 
 schnupftuch is, however, nearly as plain. A handkerchief was also 
 anciently called a MUCKiNaEE, or mdokendee. 
 
 SNOW, wet linen. — Prison, term and Old Cant. 
 
 SNUFF, " up to SNUFF," knowing and sharp ; " to take BNtrrF," to be 
 offended. Shakspeare uses snuff in the sense of anger, or passion. 
 
 SNUFF OUT, to die ; a flippant expression, similar to " LAYlHa DOWN 
 one's KNIPB and fork," " HOPPINQ THB TWIO," &0. 
 
 SNUFFY, tipsy, drunk. 
 
 SNYDER, a tailor. German, schneidee. 
 
 SOAP, flattery. — See soft soap. 
 
 SOCIAL EVIL, a name beginning to be applied to street-walkers in con- 
 sequence of the articles in the newspapers being so headed, which 
 treat on the evils of prostitution. A good story is told in the Saturday 
 Review ioT July 28, i860. "A well-known divine and philanthropist 
 was walking in a crowded street at night in order to distribute tracts 
 to promising subjects. A young woman was walking up and down, 
 and he accosted her. He pointed out to her the error of her ways, 
 emplored her to reform, and tendered her a tract with fervent en- 
 treaties to go home and read it. The girl stared at him for a moment 
 or two in sheer bewOderment ; at last it dawned on her what he meant, 
 and for what he took her, and looking up with simple amazement in 
 his face, she exclaimed, " Lor' bless you, sir, I ain't a social evil ; 
 I *m waitin' for the 'bus ! '* 
 
 Snotteb, or wipe-hauleb, a pickpocket who commits great depredations 
 
 upon gentlemen's pocket-handkerchiefa — North. 
 Snow-gatheeeb, or snow-dboppeb, a rogue who steals linen from hedges 
 
 and drying-grounds. 
 
240 A DICTION ART OF MODERN 
 
 SOCK, the Eton-College term for a +reat, synonymous with chuck used at 
 Westminster and other schools. Believed to be derived from the 
 monkish word soke. An old writer speaks of a pious man " who did 
 not SOKE for three days," meaning he fasted. A correspondent informs 
 me that the word is still used by the boys of Heriot's Hospital School 
 at Edinburgh, and signifies a sweetmeat; being derived from the 
 same source as sugar, such, Sucre, &c. 
 
 " SOCK INTO HIM," i.e., give him a good drubbing; " give him sock," i.e., 
 thrash him well. 
 
 SOCKET-MONEY, money extorted by threats of exposure. 
 
 SOFT, foolish, inexperienced. An old term for bank-notes. 
 
 SOFT-HORN, a simpleton, a donkey, whose ears, the substitutes of horns, 
 are soft. 
 
 SOFT-SAWDER, flattery easily laid on, or received. Probably intro- 
 duced by Sam Slick. 
 
 SOFT-SOAP, or soft-sawdeb, flattery, ironical praise. 
 
 SOFT-TACK, bread.— Sea. 
 
 SOFT-TOMMY, loaf-bread, in contradistinction to hard biscuit. 
 
 SOLD, " SOLD again I and the money taken," guUed, deceived. — Vide BELL, 
 
 SOLD UP, or OUT, broken down, bankrupt. 
 
 SOLDIER, a red herring. Common term in seaport towns. 
 
 SOMETHING DAMP, a dram, a drink. 
 
 " SON OF A GUN," a contemptuous title for a man. In the army it is 
 
 sometimes applied to an artilleryman. 
 SOOR, an abusive term. Sindostanee, a pig. — Anglo-Indian. 
 SOOT-BAG, a reticule. 
 ^ , SOP, a soft or foolish man. Abbreviation of milksop. 
 
 rt£_X ' ' SOPH, (abbreviation of sophisteb,) a title peculiar to the University of 
 
 ^,,0^ ^ ^-/T3^ Gambridije. Undergraduates are junior sophs before passing their 
 
 /': ^ xy"^ " Little Go" or first University examination, — senior sophs after that. 
 
 iS-SL/^Y^ SORT, used in a Slang sense thus — " That 'a your sort," as a term of ap- 
 
 '.' -^ / probation. Pitch it into him, that 's your SOBT, i.e., that is the proper 
 
 '^ ' kind of plan to adopt. 
 
 SOUND, to pump, or draw information from a person in an artful manner. 
 SOW, the receptacle into which the liquid iron is poured in a gun-foundry. 
 
 The melted metal poured from it ia termed PIG. — Workmen's terms. 
 SOW'S BABY, a pig ; sixpence. 
 v^PANK, a smack, or hard slap. 
 
 1 . -iy L I A n ^oPANK, to move along quickly; hence a fast horse or vessel is aaid to be 
 
 oWOAvv 5 AJ-VT ^o^V (f "a spanker to go." 
 
 IT SPANKING, large, fine, or strong; e.g., a spankinq pace, a spanking 
 (fj^ OJuTVyW juiliAjti.. t!tt. breeze, a 8PAKKIN0 fellow. 
 
 SPECKS, damaged oranges. — Costermonger's term. 
 
 
 t\\i 
 
 J>xo. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 24 1 
 
 SPECIALTY, any one's peculiar forte or weakness. From the French, 
 SFicuuTft. 
 
 SPELL, a turn of. work, an interval of time. " Take a SPELt at the cap- 
 stem." — Sea. " He took a long SPELL at that tankard" "After a long 
 
 SPELL." 
 
 SPELL, " to SPELL for a thing," hanker after it, intimate a desire to po» 
 seas it. 
 
 SPELL, to advertise, to put into print. " Spelt in the leer," i.e., adver- 
 tised in the newspaper. 
 
 SPELLKEN, or speelken, a playhouse. German, spielen. — See ken. — 
 Don Juan. 
 
 SPICK AND SPAN, applied to anything that is quite new and fresh.— 
 Hudibrat. 
 
 SPIDIREEN, the name of an imaginary ship, sometimes mentioned by 
 sailors. If a sailor be asked what ship he belongs to, and does not 
 wish to tell, he will most probably reply — " The spidireen frigate, 
 with nine decks, and ne'er a bottom." 
 
 SPIFFED, slightly intoxicated.— &o«cA Slang. 
 
 SPIFFS, the percentage allowed by drapers to their young men when they 
 eS'ect a sale of old-fashioned or undesirable stock. 
 
 SPIFFY, spruce, well-dressed, tout d, la mode. 
 
 SPIFLICATE, to confound, silence, annihilate, or stifle. A corruption of 
 the last word, or of " suffocate." 
 
 SPILL, to throw from a horse or chase. — See publ. 
 
 SPIN, to reject from an examination. — Army. 
 
 SPINDLESHANKS, a nickname for any one who has thin legs. 
 
 SPIN-'EM ROUNDS, a street game consisting of a piece of brass, wood, 
 or iron, balanced on a pin, and turned quickly round on a board, when 
 the point, arrow-shaped, stops at a number, and decides the bet one 
 way or the other. 'The contrivance very much resembles a sea com- 
 pass, and was formerly the gambling accompaniment of London pie- 
 men. The apparatus then was erected on the tin lids of their pie-cans, 
 and the bets were ostensibly for pies, but more frequently for " cop- 
 pers," when no policemen frowned upon the scene, and when two or 
 three apprentices or porters happened to meet. 
 
 SPINIKEN, St Giles's Workhouse. Lump, Marylebone do. Pan, St 
 
 Pancras. 
 SPIRT, or SPURT, " to put on a spirt," to make an increased exertion for 
 
 Speel, to run away, make off; " speel the drum," to go off with stolen 
 
 property. — North. 
 Spell, contracted from spellken. " Precious rum squeeze at the spell," 
 
 i.e, a good evening's work at the theatre, would be the remark of a 
 
 successful pickpocket I 
 Spike Park, the Queen's-Bench prison. — See bdbdon's hotel. 
 
242 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 a brief space, to attain one's end ; a nervous effort. Abbreviation or 
 
 Bhortening of spiRrr.— OW. 
 "So here for a man to run well for a spurt, and then to give over, 
 
 is enough to annul all his former proceedings, and to make him in no better 
 estate then if he had never set foot into the good waies of God." — QataJcei't 
 BpirUuaU Weirh, 4to, 1619. p. 10. 
 
 SPITALFIELDS' BREAKFAST. At the East end of London this is 
 understood as consisting of a tight necktie and a short pipe. Amongst 
 workmen it is usual, I understand, to tighten the apron string when 
 no dinner is at hand. 
 
 SPITFIRE, a passionate person. 
 
 SPLASH, complexion powder used by ladies to whiten their necks and 
 faces. The finest rice flour, termed in France, pmuhre de riz, is gene- 
 rally employed. — See slap. 
 
 SPLENDIFEROUS, sumptuous, first-rate. Splendacious, sometimes 
 used with similar meanings. 
 
 SPLICE, to marry; "and the two shall become oneflesh." — Sea. AlBo,awiFE. 
 
 '' SPLICE THE MAIN BRACE," to take a drink.— Sea. 
 
 SPLIT, to inform against one's companions, to tell tales. " To BFUT with 
 a person," to cease acquaintanceship, to quarreL 
 
 SPLODGER, a lout, an awkward countryman. 
 
 SPOFFY, a bustling busybody is said to be SPOPPT. 
 
 SPONGE, " to throw up the sponge," to submit, give over the struggle, — 
 from the practice of throwing up the sponge used to cleanse the com- 
 batants' faces at a prize fight, as a signal that the " mill " is concluded. 
 
 SPOON, synonymous with spooney. A spoon has been defined to be " a 
 thing that touches a lady's lips without kissing them." 
 
 SPOONEY, a weak-minded and foolish person, effeminate or fond ; "to be 
 spooney on a girl," to be foolishly attached to one. 
 
 SPOONS, " when I was spoons with you," i.e., when young, and in our 
 courting days before marriage. — Charles Mathews, in the farce of 
 Everybody's Friend. 
 
 SPOONS, a method of designating large sums of money, disclosed at the 
 Bankruptcy Court during the examination of the gre^t leather failures 
 of Streatfield & Laurence in 1860-61. The origin of the phrase was 
 stated to be the reply of the bankrupt Laurence to an offer of accom- 
 modating him with .j£^500o, — " Oh, you are feeding me with a tea- 
 spoon." Hence ;^5ooo came to be known in the firm, as a tea-spoon, 
 ;£'io,ooo, a DESSERTSPOON ; ;f 15,000, a table-spoon ; and ;f 20,000, as 
 a GBAVY-SPOON. The public were amused at this tea-spoon phrase- 
 ology, but were disgusted that such levity should cover a gigantic 
 swindle of the kind. It came out in evidence, however, that it was 
 not the ordinary Slang of the discount world, but it may not improb- 
 ably become so. 
 
 SPORT, to exhibit, to wear, &c, — a word which is made to do duty in a 
 variety of senses, especially at the University. — See the Oradits ad 
 Cantubriqiam. " To sport a new tile ; " "to sport an jEgrotat," (i.e., 
 a permission from the "Dons" to abstain from lectures &c., on ac- 
 
'iklxt-toLxX -»,w<»Tna-n. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 A'Vee'X 
 
SLANQ, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 243 
 
 count of illneBS ;) " to sport one's oak," to shut the outer door and 
 exclude the public, — especially duns, and boring acquaintances. 
 Common also, in the Inns of Court. — See Notes and Queries, 2d series, 
 vol. viii., p. 492, and Gentleman's Magazine, December 1794. 
 
 SPORTING DOOR, the outer door of chambers, also called the oak. — Sa 
 under SPOBT. — University. 
 
 SPOUT, " up the spout," at the pawnbroker's ; spouting, pawning. — See 
 pop for origin. 
 
 Spout, to preach, or make speeches ; SPOUTEE, a preacher or lecturer. 
 
 SPRAT, sixpence. 
 
 SPREIA.D, butter. Term with workmen and schoolboys. 
 
 SPREAD, a lady's shawl. Spread, at the East end of London, a feast, or 
 a tightener; at the West end a fashionable re-union, an entertain- 
 ment, display of good things. 
 
 SPREE, a boisterous piece of merriment ; " going on the spree," starting 
 out with intent to have a frolic. French, esprit. In the Dutch 
 language, spheeuw is a jester. 
 
 SPRINGER-UP, a tailor who sells low-priced ready-made clothing, and 
 gives starvation wages to the poor men and women who " make up" 
 for him. The clothes are said to be spruno-up, or " blown together." 
 
 SPRY, active, strong, manly. — OriginaZly an Americanism. 
 
 SPUDDY, a seller of bad potatoes. In Scotland, a spud is a raw potato; 
 and roasted SPUDS are those cooked in the cinders with their jackets on. 
 
 SPUN, when a man has failed in his examination at Woolwich, he is said 
 to be SPUN ; as at the Universities he is said to be plucked. 
 
 SPUNGING-HOUSE, the sheriffs officer's house, where prisoners, when 
 arrested for debt, are sometimes taken. As extortionate charges are 
 made there for accommodation, the name is far from inappropriate. 
 
 SPUNK, spirit, fire, courage, mettle. 
 
 *' In that snug room, where any man of spunk 
 Would find it a hard mattt^r to get dnmk." 
 
 — Peter Pindar, L, 245. 
 
 Common in America. For derivation see the following : — 
 
 SPUNKS, lucifer-matches. — Herefordshire; Scotland. Spunk, says Urry, 
 in his MS. notes to Ray, " is the excresceney of some tree, of which 
 they make a sort of tinder to light their pipes with." 
 
 SPUNK-FENCER, a lucifer-match seller. 
 
 SPURT.— 0M.—5ce spirt. 
 
 SQUABBY, flat, short and thick. 
 
 SQUARE, honest; "on the square," i.e., fair and strictly honest; "to 
 turn SQUARE," to reform, and get one's living in an honest manner, — 
 the opposite of cross. The expression is, in all probability, derived 
 from the well-known masonic emblem the "square," the symbol of 
 evenness and rectitude. 
 "You must keep within the compass, and act upon the square with all man- 
 
 Spotted, to be known or marked by the police. 
 
244 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 kind ; for your masonry is but a dead letter if you do not habitually per- 
 form its reiterated injunctions." — Olivet's Lectures on Signs and Symbols^ 
 p. 190. 
 
 SQUARE, " to be square with a man," to be even with him, or to be 
 revenged; "to square up to a man," to offer to fight him. ShaJc- 
 speare uses square in the sense of to quarreL 
 
 SQUARE RIGGED, well dressed.— Sea. 
 
 SQUARUM, a cobbler's lapstone. 
 
 SQUASH, to crush ; " to go squash," to collapse. 
 
 SQUEAL, to inform, peach. A north country variation of sqtuaJc; s. t. 
 squealer, an informer, also an illegitimate baby. 
 
 SQUIB, a temporary j'e« desprit, which, like the firework of that denomi- 
 nation, sparkles, bounces, stinks, and vanishes. — Grose. 
 
 SQUIBS, paint-brushes. 
 
 SQUINNY-EYED, said of one given to squinting. — Shakgpeare. 
 
 SQUIRT, a doctor, or chemist. 
 
 "STAB YOURSELF AND PASS THK DAOQEB," help yourself and pasg the 
 bottle. — Theatrical Slang. 
 
 STAB, " on the stab," ».«., on the establishment, of which word it ia an 
 abridgment. — Printer't term. 
 
 STAB-RAG, a regimental tailor. — Military Slang. 
 
 STAFF-NAKED, gin. 
 
 STAG, a shUling. 
 
 STAG, a term applied during the railway mania to a speculator without 
 capital, who took "scrip" in " Diddlesex Junction," and other lines, 
 ejus et sui generis, got the shares up to a premium, and then sold out. 
 Punch represented the house of Hudson, "the Railway King," at 
 Albert Gate, with a stag on it, in allusion to this term. 
 
 STAG, to see, discover, or watch, — like a stag at gaze; "stag the push," 
 look at the crowd. Also, to dun, or demand payment. 
 
 STAGE-WHISPER, one loud enough to bo heard. 
 
 STAGGERING-BOB, an animal to whom the knife only just anticipates 
 death from natural disease or accident, — said of meat on that account 
 unfit for human food. 
 
 STALL, to lodge, or put up at a public house. Also, to act a part.— 
 Theatrical. 
 
 Square Cove, an honest man. 
 
 Square Moll, an honest woman. 
 
 " Squaring his Nms," giving a policeman money. 
 
 " Squeak on a person," to inform against, peach. 
 
 Squeeze, silk ; also, by a very significant figure, a thief s term for the ntek. 
 
 Stag, to demand money, to " cadge." 
 
 Stagger, one who looks out, or watches. 
 
 Stall, or stall off, a dodge, a blind, an excuse. Stall is ancient Cant 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 245 
 
 "STALL YOUR MUG," go away; epoken sharply by any one who wishes 
 
 to get rid of a troublesome or inconvenient person. 
 STALKING-HORSE, originally a horse covered with loose trappings, 
 
 under which the mediaeval sportsman concealed himself with his bow, 
 
 BO as to approach his game unobserved. Subsequently a canvas figure, 
 
 made light, so as to be easily moved with one hand. 
 STAMPERS, shoes.— Ancient Cant. 
 STAND, " to STAND treat," to pay for a friend's entertainment ; to bear 
 
 expense ; to put up with treatment, good or ill ; " this house stood me 
 
 in ^1000," i.e., cost that sum, (a correspondent queries the Latin 
 
 CONSTAT, it cost me ;) " to stand pad," to beg on the curb with a 
 
 small piece of paper pinned on the breast, inscribed, "I'm starving." 
 STAND IN, to make one of a party in a bet or other speculation ; to take 
 
 a side in a dispute. 
 STANDING, the position at a street comer, or on the curb of a market 
 
 street, regularly occupied by a costermonger, or street seller. 
 STANDING PATTERERS, men who take a stand on the curb of a public 
 
 thoroughfare, and deliver prepared speeches to effect a sale of any 
 
 articles they have to vend. — See pattbreb. 
 STANGEY, a tailor ; a person under petticoat government, — derived from 
 
 the custom of " riding the stanq," mentioned in Hvdtbras : — 
 "It is a custom used of course 
 Where the gray mare is the better horse." 
 
 STAR, a common abbreviation of the name of the well-known " Star and 
 
 Garter" Inn at Richmond. 
 STARCHY, stuck-up, high-notioned, showily dressed, stiff and unbending 
 
 in demeanour. 
 STARK-NAKED, (originally stbip-me-naked, vide RandaU'i Diary, 1820,) 
 
 raw gin. — Bulwer'a Paul Clifford. 
 STAR IT, to perform as the centre of attraction, with inferior subordinates 
 
 to set off one's abilities. — Theatrical. 
 START, " the stabt," London, — the great starting point for beggars and 
 
 tramps. 
 START, a proceeding of any kind; a "rum stabt," an odd circumstance; 
 
 " to get the STABT of a person," to anticipate him, overreach him. 
 STARVE 'EM, ROB 'EM, and CHEAT 'EM, the adjoining towns of Stroud, 
 
 Rochester, and Chatham are so designated by soldiers and sailors ; prob- 
 ably not without reason. 
 
 Stall off, to blind, exovise, hide, to screen a robbery during the perpetra- 
 tion of it by an accomplice. 
 
 Stallsman, an accomplice. 
 
 " Stab the qlaze," to break the window or show-glass of a jeweller or other 
 tradesman, and take any valuable articles, and run away. Sometimes 
 the glass is cut with a diamond, and a strip of leather fastened to the 
 piece of glass cut out to keep it from falling in and making a noise. 
 Another plan is to cut the sash. 
 
246 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 STASH, to cease doing anything, to refrain, be quiet, leave off; " stash it, 
 there, you sir !" i.e., be quiet, sir; to give over a lewd or intemperate 
 course of life is termed stashing it. 
 
 STEAM-EKGINE, potato-pie at Manchester is so termed. 
 
 STEEL-BAR-DRIVERS, or flingers, journeymen tailors. 
 
 STEMS, the legs. 
 
 STEP IT, to run away, or make ofE 
 
 STICK, a derogatory expression for a person ; " a rum " or "odd STICK," a 
 curious man. More generally a " poor STICK." — Provincial. 
 
 STICK, " cut your stick," be off, or go away ; either simply equivalent to 
 a recommendation to prepare a walking staff in readiness for a journey 
 ■ — in allusion to the Eastern custom of cutting a stick before setting 
 out — or from the ancient mode of reckoning by notches or tallies on a 
 stick. In Cornwall the peasantry tally sheaves of com by cuts in a 
 stick, reckoning by the score. Cut toue stick in this sense may mean 
 to make your mark and pass on — and so realise the meaning of the 
 phrase "IN THE NICK (or notch) OF TIME." Sir J. Emerson Tennent, in 
 Notes and Queries, (December 1859,) considers the phrase equivalent 
 to " cutting the connexion," and suggests a possible origin in the pro- 
 phet's breaking the staves of " Beauty " and " Bands," — vide Zech. xi. 
 10, 14. 
 
 STICK, to cheat ; "he got stuck," he was taken in ; I 'm stuck, a common 
 phrase to express that the speaker has spent or lost all his money, and 
 can neither play nor pay any longer ; stick, to forget one's part in a 
 performance — Theatrical; stick up, to place in an account ; " stick it 
 UP to MB," i.e , give me credit for it; stick on, to overcharge or de- 
 fraud; stick up for, to defend a person, especially when slandered in 
 his absence ; stick up to, to persevere in courting or attacking, whe- 
 ther in fisty-cuffs or argument; "to STICK in one's gizzard," to rankle 
 in one's heart ; " to stick to a person," to adhere to one, be his friend 
 through adverse circumstances, — to cotton to him. 
 
 STICKS, furniture, or household chattels; " pick up your sticks and cut! " 
 summary advice to a person to take himself and furniture away. — 
 Cumberland. 
 
 STICK-UPS, or gills, shirt collars. 
 
 STICKINGS, bruised or damaged meat sold to sausage-makers and penny 
 pie shops. — North. 
 
 STICKY, wax. 
 
 STIFF, paper, a bill of acceptance, &o.; "how did you get it, STIFF or 
 hard?" i.e., did he pay you cash or give a bill? Stiff, "to do a bit 
 of STIFF," to accept a biU.— &c kite. 
 
 STIFF-FENCER, a street-seUer of writing paper. 
 
 STIFF 'UN, a corpse. — Term used by undertakers. 
 
 Steel, the house of correction in London, formerly named the Bastile, but 
 
 since shortened to steel. — Sec bastile. 
 Sticks, \Aaio\a.— Nearly obsolete. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 247 
 
 STILLS, the undertaker's Slang term for STILL-BORN children. The fee 
 paid by nurses and others is usually 2s. 6d. A separate coffin is neyer 
 given ; the stills are quietly introduced into one containing an adult 
 about to be buried. Stills are allowed to accumulate at the under- 
 taker's until they sometimes number as many as a dozen. 
 
 STILTON, "that's the stilton," or "it is not the stiltok," t.«., that is 
 quite the thing, or that is not quite the thing ; — polite rendering of 
 " that is not the cheese," which see. 
 
 STINGO, strong liquor. — Yorkshire. 
 
 STINK, a disagreeable exposure. 
 
 STINKOMALEB, a name given to the then New London University by 
 Theodore Hook. Some question about Trincomalee was agitated at 
 , the same time. It is still applied by the students of the old Universi- 
 ties, who regard it with disfavour from its admitting all denominations. 
 
 STIPE, a stipendiary magistrate. — Provincial. 
 
 STIR-UP SUNDAY, the Sunday next before Advent, the collect for 
 that day commencing with the words " Stir up." School-boys, growing 
 excited at the prospect of the vacation, irreverently commemorate it 
 by stirring up — p>ishing and poking each other. Crib-crust mondat 
 and tug-button Tuesday are distinguished by similar tricks ; while oij 
 PAT-OFF WEDNESDAY they retaliate small gnidges in a playful facetious 
 way. Forby says good housewives in Norfolk consider themselves 
 reminded by the name to mix the ingredients for their Christmas 
 mince-pies. 
 
 STOCK; "to STOCK cards" is to arrange cards in a certain manner for 
 cheating purposes. 
 
 STOCK, " to take stock of one," to scrutinise narrowly one whom you have 
 reason to suspect; taken from the tradesmen's term for the annual 
 examination and valuation of their stock of goods. 
 
 STOCKDOLAGER, a heavy blow, a " finisher." Italian, btocoado, a fen- 
 cing term. Also (in a general sense) a disastrous event. — Americanism, 
 
 STODGE, to surfeit, gorge, or clog with food. 
 
 STOLL, to understand. — North Country Cant. 
 
 STORY, a falsehood, — the soft synonyme for a lie, allowed in family circles 
 and boarding-schools. A Puritanism that came into fashion with the 
 tirade against romances, all novels and stories being considered as 
 dangerous and false. 
 
 STOT, a young bullock. In Northumherland the term stot means to re- 
 bound. 
 
 Stir, a prison, a lock-up; "in stie," in jaiL Anglo-Saxon, styb, correc- 
 tion, punishment. 
 Stone-JUO, a prison. 
 Stook, a pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 Stook-hauler, or buzzer, a thief who takes pocket-handkerchiefs. 
 Stop, a detective policeman. 
 
248 A DICTION AST OF MODERN 
 
 STOTOR, a heavy blow, a settler.— OW Cant. 
 
 STOW, to leave off, or have done; "stow it, the gorger's leary," leave o£f, 
 the person is looking. — See stash, with which it is Bynonymous. — 
 Ancient Cant. 
 
 STOW FAKING ! leave off there, be quiet ! FAKINQ implying anything 
 that may be going on. 
 
 STRAP, a barber. 
 
 STRAW. Married ladies are said to be "nf THE stuaw" at their accouche- 
 merits. The phrase is a coarse allusion to farm-yard animals in a 
 similar condition. 
 
 STRAWING, selling straws in the streets, (generally for a penny,) and 
 gii'ing the purchaser a p.iper (indecent or political) or a gold (!) ring, — 
 neither of which, the patterer states, he is allowed by Act of Parlia- 
 ment to sell. 
 
 STREAK, to decamp, run away. — Saxon, In America the phrase is "to 
 make streaks," or " make tracks." 
 
 STREAKY, irritated, ill-tempered. 
 
 STREET-PITCHERS, negro minstrels, ballad singers, long-song men, men 
 "working a board" on which have been painted various exciting 
 scenes in some terrible drama, the details of which the street-pitcher 
 is bawling out, and selling in a little book or broadsheet (price one 
 penny;) or any persona who make a stand in the streets, and sell 
 articles for their living. 
 
 STRETCH, a waXTi.— University. 
 
 STRETCHER, a falsehood. 
 
 STRETCHER, a contrivance with handles, used by the police to carry off 
 persons who are violent or drunk. 
 
 STRETCHER-FENCER, one who sells braces. 
 
 " STRIKE ME LUCKY ! " an expression used by the lower orders when 
 making a bargain, derived from the old custom of striking hands to- 
 gether, leaving in that of the seller a LtrcK PENNY as an earnest that 
 the bargain is concluded. In Ireland, at cattle markets, &c., a penny, 
 or other small coin, is always given by the buyer to the seller to ratify 
 the bargain. — Uudibras. Anciently this was called a ood's penny. 
 
 "With that he cast him a God's penny." — Eeir of Linne. 
 The origin of the phrase being lost sight of, like that of many others, 
 it is often corrupted now-a-days into strike me silly. 
 
 Stretch, abbreviation of " stretch one's neck," to hang, be executed as a 
 
 malefactor. — Bulwer's Paul Clifford. 
 Stretch, twelve months, — generally used to intimate the time any one has 
 
 been sentenced by the judge or magistrate. One stretch is to be 
 
 imprisoned twelve months, TWO stretch is two years, THREE stretch 
 
 is three years, and so on. 
 Strbtchinq match, an execution. — See stretch. 
 " Strike a jigger," to pick a lock, or break open a door. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 249 
 
 STRILLS, cheating lies. — North Country Cant. 
 
 STROKE, a companion in a rowing boat who times his oar with yovirs. — 
 University. 
 
 ** He [the man who rows] looks round at a wine-party to see if his * stroke ' be 
 present, and, descrymg him not, cannot see how a few glasses of wine, and 
 a plate or so of ice, can possibly interfere with his training." — HinU to 
 Frethmen, 1847. 
 
 STROMMEL, straw. —A ncient Cant. Halliwell says that in Norfolk stbum- 
 MKL is a name for hair. 
 
 STRONG, " to come it strong."— See come. 
 
 STUCK, moneyless. — See stick. 
 
 STUCK-UP, "purse-proud" — a form of snobbishness very common in 
 those who have risen in the world. Mr Albert Smith has written 
 some amusing papers on the Natural Eiatory of stuck-up People. 
 
 STUFF, money. 
 
 STUFF, to make false but plausible statements, to praise ironically, to 
 make game of a person, — literally, to STurJC or CRAM him with gam- 
 mon or falsehood. 
 
 STUMP, to go on foot. 
 
 STUMPED, bowled out, done for, bankrupt, poverty-stricken.— CHcJetinjr 
 term. 
 
 STUMPS, legs, or feet. 
 
 STUMPY, money. 
 
 STUMP UP, to give one's share, to pay the reckoning, to bring forth the 
 money reluctantly. 
 
 STUN, to astonish. 
 
 STUNNER, a first-rate person or article. 
 
 STUNNERS, feelings of great astonishment; "It put the siumkbbs on 
 me," i.e., it confounded me. 
 
 STUNNING, first-rate, very good. "SiUNurao pears," shouts the coster, 
 "only eight a penny. — Vide Athenaum, 26th March 1859. Some- 
 times amplified to stunning joe banks ! when the expression is sup- 
 posed to be in its most intense form. Job Banks was a noted 
 character in the last generation. He was the proprietor of a public- 
 house iu Dyott Street, Seven Dials, and afterwards, on the demolition 
 of the Rookery, of another in Cranboume Alley. His houses became 
 well-known from their being the resort of the worst characters, at 
 the same time that the strictest decorum was always maintained in 
 them. Joe Banks also acquired a remarkable notoriety by acting as 
 a medium betwixt thieves and their victims. Upon the proper pay- 
 ment to Joe, a watch or a snufT-box would at any time be restored to 
 its lawful owner — "no questions in any case being asked." The most 
 daring depredators in London placed the fullest confidence in Joe, and 
 it is believed (although the Biographie Universelle is quiet upon this 
 point) that he never, in any instance, "sold" them. He was of the 
 middle height, stout, and strongly made, and was always noted for a 
 
 SxBiP-BrSH, a fellow who steals clothes put out to dry after washing. 
 
250 A DICTIONARY OF MODERK 
 
 showy pin, and a remarkably stunning necTc-tie. It was this peculi- 
 arity in the costume of Mr Banks, coupled with those true and tried 
 qualities as a friend, for which, as I have just remarked, he was 
 famous, that led his customers to proclaim him as stonnino joe 
 BANKS ! The Marquis of Douro, Colonel Chatterley, and men of their 
 stamp, were accustomed to resort to a private room at his house, when 
 too late or too early to gain adnaittance to the clubs or more aristo- 
 cratic establishments. 
 
 SUB, a subaltern officer in the army. 
 
 SUB, all — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 SUBLIME RASCAL, a lawyer. 
 
 SUCK, a parasite, flatterer of the "nobs." — Univemty. 
 
 SUCK, to pump, or draw information from a person. 
 
 SUCK-CASA, a public-house. — Lingua Franca. 
 
 " SUCK THE MONKEY," to rob a cask of liquor by inserting a straw 
 through a gimlet hole, and sucking a portion of the contents. Captain 
 Marryatt, however, describes this as rum inserted into cocoa nuts, in 
 place of the milk, for the private use of the sailors. — See tap -the- 
 
 ADMIBAL. 
 
 SUCK UP, "to SUOK UP to a person," to insinuate one's-self into his good 
 
 graces. 
 SUDDEN DEATH, the first toss in a bet, to be decided by SKTmo a 
 
 copper. 
 SUFFERER, a tailor; the loser at any game. 
 SUGAR, money. 
 
 SUICIDE, four horses driven in a line. — See harum-scarum. 
 SUIT, a watch and seals. 
 
 SULKY, a one-horse chaise, having only room for one person. 
 SUMSY, an action of assumpsit. — Legal Slang. 
 "SUN IN THE EYES," to have too much drink.— Dtcjfec?!*. 
 SUP, abbreviation of " supernumerary." — Theatrical. 
 
 SURAT, an adulterated article of inferior quality. This word affords a 
 remarkable instance of the manner in which Slang phrases are coined. 
 In the report of an action for libel in the Times, May 8, 1863, it is 
 stated " that, since the American civil war, it has been not unusual for 
 manufacturers to mix American cotton with Surat, and, the latter 
 being an inferior article, the people in Lancashire have begun to apply 
 the term surat to any article of inferior or adulterated quality. The 
 plaintiffs were brewers, and the action was brought to recover special 
 damages resulting from the publication of an advertisement in these 
 
 "Stunned on Skilly," to be sent to prison and compelled to eat sbullt, 
 
 or skillioolee. 
 Sturaban, a prison. Oipsy, bistarabin. 
 Super, a watchi supeb-scbewino, stealing watches. 
 
8LAN0, CANT, AND VULQAR WORDS. 25 1 
 
 words : — ' All in want of beerhouses must beware of Beaumont & 
 White, the subat brewers.' " 
 
 SURF, an actor who frequently pursues another calling. — Theatrical. 
 
 SWAB, an epaulet. — Sea. 
 
 SWACK-UP, a falsehood. 
 
 SWADDLER, a Wesleyan Methodist ; a name originally given to members 
 of that body by the Irish mob; said to have originated with an 
 ignorant Romanist, to whom the words of the English Bible were a 
 novelty, and who, hearing one of John Wesley's preachers mention the 
 swaddling clothes of the Holy Infant, in a sermon on Christmas-day 
 at Dublin, shouted out in derision, " A swaddler ! a swaddlbr ! " as 
 if the whole story were the preacher's invention. — Southey't Life of 
 Wesley, vol. ii., p. 109. 
 
 SWADDY, or coolib, a soldier. The former was originally applied to a 
 discharged soldier, and perhaps came from shoddt, which is made 
 from soldiers' and worn-out policemen's coats. — See that term. 
 
 SWAG, a lot or plenty of anything, a portion or division of property. In 
 Australia the term is used for the luggage carried by diggers. Scotch, 
 swEO, or swaok; Qtmum, sweiq, a flock. Old Cant for a shop. 
 
 SWAG-SHOP, a warehouse where "Brummagem" and general wares are 
 sold, fancy trinkets, plated goods, &c. Jews are the general pro- 
 prietors, and the goods are very low-priced, trashy, and showy. SwAO- 
 SHOPS were formerly plunder depots. — Old Cant. 
 
 SWANKEY, cheap heer.—West. 
 
 SWAP, to exchange. Grose says it is Irish Cant, but the term is now in- 
 cluded in most dictionaries as an allowed vulgarisn^ 
 
 SWATCHEL-COVE, the master of a Punch-and-Judy exhibition who 
 " fakes the slum," and does the necessary squeak for the amusement of 
 the bystanders. — See Schwassle box. The orthography of many of 
 these colloquial expressions differs. It was thought best to give the 
 various renderings as collected. 
 
 SWEAT, to extract money from a person, to " bleed." Also, to squander 
 riches. — Bulwer. 
 
 SWEATER, common term for a "cutting" or "grinding" employer, — one 
 who SWEATS his work-people. 
 
 SWEEP, a contemptuous term for a low or shabby man. 
 
 SWEET, loving or fond ; " how sweet he was upon the moll," i.e., what 
 marked attention he paid the girL 
 
 SWEETENER, a person who runs up the prices of articles at an auction. 
 — See JOLLYING, BONNET, &C. 
 
 SWELL, a man of importance ; a person with a showy, jaunty exterior , 
 "a rank SWELL," a very "flashy" dressed person, a man who by 
 excessive dress apes a higher position than he actually occupies. 
 
 Swag, booty, or plundered property ; " coUar the swao," seize the booty. 
 SwAGSMAN, one who carries the booty after a burglary. 
 
252 A DICTIONARY OF MOBERIT 
 
 Anything is said to be swell or bwellish that looks showy, or ig 
 many coloured, or is of a desirable quality. Dickens and Wilkie 
 Collins are termed great swells in literature ; so indeed are the first 
 persons in the learned professions. 
 SWELL-FENCEE, a street salesman of needles. 
 
 "SWELL HUNG IN CHAINS," said of a showy man in the habit of 
 wearing much jewellery. 
 
 SWELL STREET, the West end of London. 
 
 SWIG, a hearty drink. 
 
 SWIG, to drink. Saxon, swiOAN. 
 
 SWILL, to drink. Swill, hog-wash. — NorfoVc. 
 
 SWINDLER, although a recognised word in standard dictionaries, com- 
 menced service as a Slang term. It was used as such by the poor 
 Londoners against the German Jews who set up in London about the 
 year 1762, also by our soldiers in the German war about that time. 
 ScHWiNDEL, in German, signifies to cheat. 
 
 SWING, to be hanged ; " if you don't accede to my desires, I'll swing for 
 you," i.e., take your life — a common threat in low neighbourhoods. 
 
 SWINGING, large, huge. 
 
 SWIPES, sour or small beer. Swipe, to drink. — Sta. 
 
 SWIPEY, (from swipes,) intoxicated. 
 
 SWISH, to flog, derived no doubt from the sound. 
 
 SWISHED, or Switohed, married. 
 
 SWIVEL-EYE, a squint. 
 
 SWIZZLE, small beer, drink. 
 
 SWOT, mathematics; also a mathematician ; as a verb, to work hard for 
 an examination, to be diligent in one's studies. — Army. 
 
 This word originated at the great Slang manufactory for the army, 
 the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in the broad Scotch pronuncia- 
 tion of Dr Wallace, one of the Professors, of the word sweat. — Su 
 Notes and Queries, voL i., p. 369. 
 
 SYCE, a groom. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 T, " to suit to a T," to fit to a nicety. — Old. Perhaps from the T-square 
 of carpenters, by which the accuracy of work is tested. 
 
 TABOOED, forbidden. This word, now very common, is derived from a 
 custom of the South-Sea Islanders, first noticed in " Cook's Voyages." 
 
 TACK, a taste foreign to what was intended ; a barrel may get a tack 
 
 upon it, either permanently mouldy, sour, or otherwise. 
 TACKLE, clothes. — Sea. Also to encounter a person in argument. 
 
 Swim, " a good swim," a good run of luck, a long time out of the police" 
 man's clutches. — Thieves' term. A correspondent says this is really a 
 piscatorial term— "a good swim" is a good pitch for a part where fish 
 are plentiful. Thus one who is in luck, or doing a good business, is 
 said to be in a good swim. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 253 
 
 TAFFY, (corruption of David,) a Wekhman. Compare sawnet, (from 
 A hxander,) a Scotchman. ^ 
 
 TAG, an actor. 
 
 TAG-RAG-AND-BOBTAIL, a mixed crowd of low people, mobility. 
 
 TAIL-BCOCK, a watch.— &a. 
 
 TAKE, to succeed, or be patronised ; " do (you think the new opera will 
 TAKE?" "No, because the same company took so badly under the 
 old management;" "to take on," to grieve; Shakspeare uses the 
 word taking in this sense. To " take up for any one," to protect or 
 defend a person ; " to take off," to mimic ; " to take heart," to have 
 courage ; "to take down a peg or two," to humiliate, or tame ; " to 
 TAKE UP," to reprove; "to take after," to resemble; "to take in," 
 to cheat or defraud, from the lodging house-keepers' advertisements, 
 " single men taken in and done fob," — an engagement which is as 
 frequently performed in a bad as a good sense ; "to take the field," 
 when said cf a General, to commence operations against the enemy ; 
 when a racing man takes the field he stakes his money against the 
 favourite. 
 
 TAKE BEEF, to run away. 
 
 TAKE IN, a cheating or swindling transaction, — sometimes termed "a 
 DEAD take in," Shahtpeare has take in in the sense of conquering. 
 To BE HAD, or to be spoken to, were formerly synonymous phrases 
 with to be taken in. 
 
 TALKING, a stable term, of a milder kind, applied to those horses which 
 are addicted to hoabino. — See the latter expremon. 
 
 TALL, extensive, exaggerated, — generally appUed to conversation, as LOUD 
 is to dress, or personal appearance ; " tall talk that," i.e., conversation 
 too boastful or high-flown to be true. 
 
 TALLY, five dozen bunches of turnips. — Costermongers' term, 
 
 TALLY, "to live tally," to live in a state of unmarried impropriety; 
 " tally- WIFE," a woman who cohabits with a man to whom she is not 
 married; a "tallyman" is an accommodating salesman who takes 
 payment by instalments to suit the convenience of the purchaser. 
 
 TAN, to beat or thrash; " I '11 tan your hide," t.e., give you a good beating. 
 
 TAN, an order to puU. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 TANNER, a sixpence. Gipsy, tawno, little, or Latin, teneb, slender! 
 
 TANNY, or teeny, little. Oipsy, tawno, little. 
 
 TANTREMS, pranks, capers, frolicking; "from the Tarantula dance. — See 
 account of the involuntary frenzy and motions caused by the bite 
 of the tarantula in Italy. — Penny Cyclopccdia. 
 
 TAPE, gin, — term with female servants. Also, a military term used ia 
 barracks when no spirits are allowed. — See ribbon. 
 
 TAPER, to give over gradually, to run short. 
 
 "TAP THE ADMIRAL," to suck liquor from a cask by means of a straw, 
 
 Tailbuzzeb, a thief who picks coat pockets. 
 
254 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 said to have teen first done with the rum-cask in which Lord Nelson's 
 body was brought to England, to such an extent as to leave the gallant 
 Admiral high and dry. 
 TAP-TUB, the Morning Advertiser, — so called by vulgar people from the 
 fact that this daily newspaper is the principal organ of the London 
 brewers and publicans. Sometimes termed the gim and gospel 
 GAZETTE. 
 
 TARADIDDLE, a falsehood. 
 
 TAR-BRUSH, a person, whose complexion indicates a mixture of Negro 
 blood, is said to have had a lick of the tar-brush. 
 
 TAR OUT, to punish, to serve out. 
 
 TARPAULIN, a sailor. 
 
 TART. My old servant, " Jim the Patterer," (one of the collectors of 
 Seven Dials' terms for the first edition of this work,) whose unfor- 
 tunate habit for contracting small loans induced me at length to lend 
 him a whole half-crown at once, in the hope that he might not pay, 
 and thus not trouble me again, has recently sent me some words from 
 Birmingham, where he says he is doing well with " a sohwassle box, 
 having learnt the squeak." Amongst them is the following, given in 
 Mr Jim's own words : — 
 
 "Tart, a term of approval applied by the London lower orders to a young 
 ■woman for whom some affection is felt. The expression is not generally 
 employed by the young men, unless the female is in * lier best,' with a 
 coloured gown, red or blue shawl, and plenty of ribbons in her bonnet — in 
 fact, made pretty all over, like the jam tarta in the swell bakei-s' shops."* 
 
 TARTAR, a savage feUow, an " ugly customer." CATCnma a tartau. 
 
 TAT-BOX, a dice-box. 
 
 TATER, "s'elp my tateb," another street eTasion of a profane oath, soma 
 
 times varied by " s'elp my greens." 
 TATS, dice. 
 
 TATS, old rags; MILKY tats, white rags. 
 TATTING, gathering old rags. 
 TATTOO, a ^ony .—Anglo-Indian. 
 TAW, a large or principal marble; "I'll be one on your taw," I will pay 
 
 you out, or be even with you, — a simile taken from boys aiming always 
 
 at winning the taw when playing at marbles. 
 TEAGUELAND, Ireland. 
 
 TEA-FIGHT, an evening party, alms a MtjPFlN-woEBT. 
 TEA-SPOON, five thousand pounds. — See spoons. 
 TEETH, " he has cut his eye teeth," i.e., is old and 'cute enough. 
 TEETH-DRAWING, wrenching off Ts.Xioc]s.eva.— Medical Students' term. 
 
 * The Language used by Mr Jim la certainly far above his position in life. This 
 evidence of education existing amonijst certain persona of the tramping fraternity 
 has been alluded to at page 23. 
 
 TaTI/ER, a watch; "nimmiiig a TATLER," stealing a watch. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULOAS WORDS. 255 
 
 TEETOTALLER, a total abstainer from alcoholic drinks. 
 
 TEETOTALLY, amplification of totally. 
 
 TE-HE, to titter, " Upon this I te-he'd;" Madame (TArUatj. As an inter- 
 jection it is as old aa Chaitcer. — See Miller' i Tale " — " ib-he, quod she, 
 and clapt the window to." 
 
 Tell on, to tell about, to talk of. 
 
 TEN COMMANDMENTS, a virago's fingers, <5r nails. Often heard in a 
 female street disturbance. 
 
 " TENPENCE TO THE SHILLING," a vulgar phrase denoting a defi- 
 ciency in intellect. 
 
 TESTER, sixpence. From testone, a shilling in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 but a sixpence in the time of Queen Elizabeth. — Shakspeare. French, 
 teste, or TfeiE, the head of the monarch on the coin. 
 
 TEVISS, a shilling. — Cmtermonger and Tramps' term, 
 
 THICK, intimate, familiar. Scotch, cbt&f ; " the two are very chief now," 
 t.e., friendly. 
 
 THICK ; " to lay it on thick," to flatter unduly, to surfeit with praise or 
 adulation. 
 
 THICK-UN, a sovereign ; a crown piece, or five shillings. 
 
 THIMBLE-RIG, a noted cheating game played at fairs and places of great 
 public thronging, consisting of two or three thimbles rapidly and dex- 
 terously placed over a pea, when the thimblb-biqoer, suddenly ceas- 
 ing, asks you under which thimble the pea is to be found. If you are 
 not a practised hand you will lose nine times out of ten any bet you 
 may happen to make with him. The pea is sometimes concealed 
 under his nail. 
 
 THINGUMY, THINGUMBOB, expressions used for the name of a thing 
 which cannot be recollected at the instant. 
 
 THINSKINNED, over nice, petulant, apt to get a raw. — See that term. 
 
 THREE-CORNERED-SCRAPER, a cocked hat.— Sea. 
 
 " THREE SHEETS IN THE WIND," unsteady from drink.— &o. 
 
 THREE-UP, a gambling game played by costers. Three halfpennies are 
 thrown up, and when they fall all " heads," or all " tails," it is a mark ; 
 and the man who gets the greatest number of marks out of a given 
 amount — three, five, or more — wins. The costers are very quick and 
 skilful at this game, and play fairly at it amongst themselves ; but 
 should a stranger join in they invariably unite to cheat him. 
 
 THRUMMER, a threepenny bit. 
 
 Tench, the Penitentiary, of which it is a contraction. — See steel. 
 Theatre, a police court ; a place for acting, or assuming a part which ia 
 
 not natural to the performer. 
 Thimble, or tack, a watch. — Prison Cant. 
 Thimble-twisters, thieves who rob persons of their watches. 
 
256 A DICTIONARY OF MODKRif 
 
 THRUMS, threepence. 
 
 THRUPS, threepence. — See the preceding. 
 
 THUMPING, large, fine, or strong. 
 
 THUNDERER, the Times newspaper, Bometimes termed " the thunbebeb 
 
 of Printing-House Square," from the locality where it is printed, 
 THUNDERING, large, extra sized. 
 
 TIB'S EVE, " neither before Christmas nor after," an indefinite period ; 
 like the Greek Kalends, tie's evb has a future application ; an indefi- 
 nite period of past time is sometimes said to be " when Adam was 
 an oakum-boy in Chatham dockyard." 
 TIBBING OUT, going out of bounds.— CAartcrAorac. 
 TICK, credit, trust. Johnson says it Is a corruption of ticket, — tradesmen's 
 bills being formerly written on tickets or cards. On tick, therefore, is 
 equivalent to on ticket, or on trust. In use in 1668. Cuthbert Bede, 
 in Notes and Queries, supplies me with an earlier date, from the ffra- 
 dit« ad Cantabrigiam. 
 
 " No matter upon landing whether you have money or no— yon may swim In 
 twentie of their boats over the river upon ticket." — Decker's CfiUU' Hornbook, 
 1609. 
 
 TICKER, a watch. Formerly Cant, now street Slang. 
 
 TICKET, "that's the ticket," i,e., what was wanted, or what is best. 
 Corruption of " that is not etiquette," by adding, in vulgar pronuncia- 
 tion, th to the first e of " etiquette ; " or, perhaps, from ticket, a bill 
 or invoice. This phrase is sometimes extended into " that 's the 
 ticket roE SOUP," in allusion to the card given to beggars for imme- 
 diate relief at soup kitchens. — See tick. 
 
 TIDY, tolerably, or pretty well ; " how did you gel on to-day ? " — " Oh, 
 tidy." — Saxon. 
 
 TIDDLYWINK, slim, puny; sometimes tilltwink. 
 
 TIED UP, given over, finished ; also married, in allusion to the hymeneal 
 knot, unless a jocose allusion be intended to the halter, (altar. ) 
 
 TIFF, a pet, a fit of ill humour. 
 
 TIFFIN, a breakfast, dijeHner & la fourchette. — Anglo-Indian Slang. 
 TIFFY, easily offended, apt to be annoyed. 
 TIGER, a parasite ; also a term for a ferocious woman. 
 TIGER, a boy employed to wait on gentlemen ; one who waits on ladies L 
 a page. 
 
 TIGHT, close, stingy ; hard up, short of cash ; TIOHT, spruce, strong, active; 
 " a TIGHT lad," a smart, active young fellow ; tight, drunk, or nearly 
 BO ; " TiGHT-laced," puritanical, over-precise. Money is said to be 
 tight, when the public, from want of confidence in the aspect of 
 affairs, are not inclined to speculate. 
 
 TIGHTNER, a dinner, or hearty meal.— See spitalpields' breakfast. 
 Tike, or bupfeb-luhkinq, dog-stealing. — See gat tikebot. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 257 
 
 TILE, a hat; a covering for the head. 
 
 " I 'm a gent, I 'm a gent. 
 
 In the Regent-Street style, — 
 Examine my vest. 
 And look at my tile." — Popular Song. 
 Sometimes used in another sense, " having a tile loose," ».«., being 
 slightly crazy. — See paktile. 
 
 TIMBER MERCHANT, or spunk fencer, a lucifer-match seller. 
 
 TIME 0' DAY, a dodge, the latest aspect of affairs ; " that 's your TIMB o' 
 DAY," i.e., Euge, well done ; to put a person up to the time o' day, 
 let him know what is o' clock, — to instruct him in the knowledge 
 needful for him. 
 
 TIME, cabman's Slang for money. If they wish to express 93. gd. they 
 say that " it is a quarter to ten ; " if 33. 6d., half -past three ; if lis. gd, 
 a quarter to twelve. Cab drivers exultingly say the police cannot com- 
 prehend the system, 
 
 TIN, money,^ — generally applied to silver. 
 
 TINGE, the per-centage allowed by drapers and clothiers to their assistants, 
 upon the sale of old-fashioned articles. — See spiffs. 
 
 TIN-POT, " he plays a tin-pot game," i.e., a low or shabby one. In the 
 Contea d' Eutrapel, a French officer at the siege of ChatUlon is ridicu- 
 lously spoken of as Captain tin-pot — Capitaine du, Pot d'Etain. — 
 Billiards. 
 TIP, advice or information respecting a horse-race, so that the person tip- 
 ped may know how to bet to the best advantage. Notice when and 
 where a prize-fight is to come off. Private information of any kind — 
 See tipster. 
 TIP, a douceur ; " a good tip," a piece likely to be set in an Addisoombe 
 or Sandhurst examination, hence, "that's the tip," i.e., that's the 
 proper thing to do. " To miss one's tip," to fail in a scheme. — Old Cant. 
 TIP, to give, lend, or hand over anything to another person ; " come, tip 
 up the tin," i.e., hand up the money; "tip the wink," to inform by 
 winking ; " TIP us your fin," i.e., give me your hand; " TIP one's boom 
 off," to make off, depart. — Sea. 
 TIPPER, a kind of ale brewed at Brighton. 
 
 TIPSTER, a " tout," or " turf " agent who collects early information of 
 the condition and racing capabilities of horses in the training districts, 
 and posts the same to his subscribers to guide their betting. 
 "The racing tipsters have much less patronage than formerly, before "Geof- 
 frey Greentioni " laid a trap for them, and pablished the tips he received in 
 The L\fe. Professor Ingledue, M.A., the mesmerist, is silent; and if their 
 subscribers, ' for whose interests I have collected my old and able staff, with 
 many additional ones, who are already at work in the training districts,' 
 could only get a sight of the * old and able staff,' they would find it consist- 
 ing of a man and a boy, ' at work ' in the back room of a London public- 
 house, and scndiiig dincient winners for every race to their subscribers."— 
 Poti and Paddock, by the Druid. 
 
 TiLL-BOY, an apprentice or shopman who makes free with the cash in his 
 master's till 
 
258 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 " TIP THE DOUBLE," to " bolt," or run away from a creditor or o£Scer. 
 
 Sometimes tip the double to shebbt, i.e., to the sheriff. 
 TIP-TOP, first-rate, o£ the best kind. 
 TIP-TOPPER, a " swell," or dressy man, a " Oorger." 
 
 IT, a favourite name for a horse. 
 TIT FOR TAT, an equivalent. 
 
 f> . j2 TITIVATE, to put in order, or dress up. 
 
 JV^^.OiAy^^.oJ>Jflf"'^ — TITLEY, drink, generally applied to intoxicating beverages. 
 -, I, 1 . I 1 TITTER, a girl ;" nark the TITTER," i.e., look at the girl. — Trampt' term, 
 
 U/*^<asA. a-ir**- *V -'"r''W^-'.TIzER, the Moming Advertiser.— See tap tub. 
 > . I J TIZZY, a sixpence. Corruption of tester. 
 
 -'JlXjt^ ~ ^ TOAD-IN-THE-HOLE, a kind of pudding, consisting of a piece of meat 
 
 surrounded with batter, and baked. Also, a term applied to advertis- 
 (X\-*'i}J^yJUj^ ing mediums. — See sandwich. 
 
 TOASTING-FORK, a regulation sword, indicative of the general useless- 
 
 ness of that weapon. 
 TODDLE, to walk as a child. 
 
 TODO, (pronounced quickly, and as one word,) a disturbance, trouble ; 
 " here's a pretty to-do," here is an unpleasant difficulty. This exactly 
 tallies with the French word AFP aire (d faire). — See Forby's Vocabu- 
 lary of Eait Anglia. 
 TOFF, a dandy, a swell of rank. Corruption probably of lurx. — iSee Torx. 
 TOFFER, a well-dressed " gay " woman. 
 TOFFICKY, dressy, showy. 
 TOFT, a showy individual, a SWELL, a person who, in a Yorkshireman's 
 
 vocabulary, would be termed uppish. — See TUPT. 
 TOG, a coat. Zatin, toga. — Ancient Cant. 
 TOG, to dress, or equip with an outfit ; " togoed out to the nines," dressed 
 
 in the first style. 
 TOGGERY, clothBs, harness, domestic paraphernalia of any kind. 
 TOGS, clothes ; " Sunday togs," best clothes. One of the oldest Cant 
 
 words — in use in the time of Henry VIII. — See cakt. 
 TOKE, dry bread. 
 
 TOL-LOL, or tol-lollish, tolerable, or tolerably. 
 
 TOLL-SHOP, a Yorkshire correspondent gives this word as denoting in 
 that county a prison, and also the following verse of a song, popular 
 at fairs in the East Riding : — 
 
 •* But if ivver he get out agean. 
 And can but raise a frind. 
 Oh 1 the divel may tak' toll shop. 
 At Beverley town-end !" 
 
 Toby Consarn, a highway expedition. Toby is Old Cant. 
 Toby, a road; "highiOBT,' the turnpike road. " High toby spice," rob- 
 bery on horseback. — Don Juan, canto xi., 19. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 259 
 
 TOM AND JERRY, a low drinking shop. Probably Bome allusion to 
 
 Pierce Egan's famous characters in his Life in London. 
 TOMBSTONE, a pawnticket — "In memory of," &c., a well known Slang 
 expression with those Londoners who are in the habit of following 
 " My Uncle." 
 TOM-FOOL'S COLOURS, scarlet and yellow, the ancient motley. Occa- 
 sionally as a rhyme, 
 
 *' Bed and yellow, 
 Tom pool's colour." 
 
 A proposition is said to be tom fool when it is too ridiculous to be 
 
 entertained or discussed. 
 TOMMY.— See dickey. 
 TOMMY, bread, — generally a penny rolL Sometimes applied by workmen 
 
 to the supply of food which they cany in a handkerchief as their daily 
 
 allowance. 
 TOMMY, a truck, barter, the exchange of labour for goods, not money. 
 
 Both term and practice general among English operatives for half-a- 
 
 century. 
 TOMMY DODD, in tossing when the odd man g:oes out. A phrase in 
 
 frequent use at the London Music Halls. Origin not known. 
 
 TOMMY-MASTER, one who pays his workmen in goods, or gives them 
 tickets upon tradesmen, with whom he shares the profit. 
 
 TOMMY-SHOP, where wages are generally paid to mechanics or others, 
 who are expected to " take out " a portion of the money in goods. 
 
 TOM-TOM, a street instrument, a kind of small drum beaten with the 
 fingers, somewhat like the ancient tabor ; a performer on this instru- 
 ment. It was imported, doubtless, with the Nigger melodies, tom- 
 toms being a favourite instrument with the " darkies." 
 
 TOM TOPPER, a waterman, from a popular song, entitled, " Overboard lie 
 vent." 
 
 TOM TUO, a waterman. 
 
 TONGUE, " to tongue a person," i.e., talk him down. Tonqued, talkative. 
 
 TONY LUMPKIN, a young, clownish country fellow. 
 
 TOOL, " a poor tool," a bad hand at anything. 
 
 TOOL, to drive a mail coach, or any other vehicle. 
 
 TOOTH, " he has cut his eye tooth," i.e., he is sharp enough, or old 
 enough, to do so ; " up in the tooth," far advanced in age,— said 
 often of old maids. Staile term for aged horses which have lost the 
 distinguishing mark in their teeth. 
 
 TOOTSIES, feet, those of ladies and children in particular. In married 
 
 Tool, to pick pockets. 
 
 Tool, a very little boy employed by burglars to put in at small apertures, 
 
 so as to open a door for the larger thieves outside. 
 TooLER, a pickpocket. Moll-tooleb, a female pickpocket. 
 
26o A DICTIONARY OF MODEBy 
 
 life it is said the husband uses this expression for the first six montha, 
 after that he terms them hoofs. 
 
 TOOZLE, to Tom^.— Scotch. 
 
 TOP, the signal among tailors and seamstresses for snuffing the candle ; 
 one cries top, and all the others follow, he who last pronounces th» 
 word has to snuff the candle. 
 
 TOP-HEAVY, drunk. 
 
 TOPPER, anything or person above the ordinary. 
 
 TOPPER, a blow on the head; " give him a topper and chance it," "let 
 him have a topper for \nc\ii."^PugUietic Slang. 
 
 TOP-SAWYER, the principal of a party, or profession. " A top-sawtkr 
 signifies a man that is a master genius in any profession. It is a piece 
 of Norfolk Slang, and took its rise from Norfolk being a great timber 
 county, where the top sawyers get double the wages of those beneath 
 them." — Sandal's IHary, 1820. 
 
 TOPSY-TURVY, the bottom upwards. Orose gives an ingenious ety- 
 mology of this once Cant term, viz., " top-aide turf-waya," — turf being 
 always laid the wrong side upwards. 
 
 TO-RIGHTS, exceUent, very well, or good. 
 
 TORMENTORS, the large iron flesh-forks used by cooks at sen.— Sea. 
 
 TORPIDS, the second-class race-boats at Oxford, answering to the Cam- 
 bridge SLOGGEUS. 
 
 TOSS, a measure of sprats. — Billingsgate and Costermonger. 
 
 TOT, a small glass; a "tot o' whiskt" is the smallest quantity sold. 
 
 TOUCH, a slang expression in common use in phrases which express the 
 extent to which a person is interested or affected as "a fourpenny 
 TOUCH," i.e., costing that amount.— 5ee an example in Mr, afterwards 
 Sir Erasmus, Philipp's Diary, at Oxford, in 1 720. (Notes and Queries, 
 2d series, p. 365.) 
 
 Sept. 22. " At night went to the ball at the Angel, A Guinea Touch." 
 It is also used at Eton in the sense of a " tip," or present of money. 
 
 TOUCHED, slightly intoxicated ; also said of a consumptive person. 
 
 TOUCHER, " as near as a todcher," as near as possible without actually 
 touching. — Coaching term. The old jarveys, to shew their skill, used 
 to drive against things so close as absolutely to touch, yet without 
 injury. This they called a toucher, or, touch and go, which was 
 hence applied to anything which was within an ace of ruin. 
 
 TOUCHY, peevish, irritable. Johnson terms it a low word. 
 
 TOUT, in sporting phraseology a tout signifies an agent in the training 
 districts, on the look-out for information as to the condition and 
 capabilities of those horses entered for a coming race. — See tipster. 
 
 TOUT, to look out, or watch.— OW Cant. 
 
 Topped, hanged, or executed. 
 
 Tops, dying speeches and gallows' broadsides. 
 
 T08HEB8, men who steal copper from ships' bottoms in the Thames. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 26 1 
 
 TOtJTER, a looker out, one who watches for customers, a hotel runner. 
 A term in general use, derived from the old Cant word. 
 
 TOWEL, to beat or whip. In Warwichshire an oaken stick is termed a 
 
 TOWEL — whence, perhaps, the yulgar verb. 
 TOWELLING, a rubbing down with' an oaken towel, a beating. 
 TOWN-LOUT, a derogatory title at Rugby School for those pupils who 
 
 reside with their parents in the town, in' contradistinction to those 
 
 who live in the boarding-houses. 
 TOW-POWS, grenadiers. 
 
 TRACKS, " to make tkacks," to run away. — See streak. 
 TRANSLATOR, a man who deals in old shoes or clothes, and refits them 
 
 for cheap wear. 
 TRANSLATORS, second-hand boots mended and polished, and sold at a 
 
 low price. Monmouth Street, Seven Dials, is a great market for 
 
 TRAK8LAT0BS. 
 TRANSMOGRIPHY, to alter or change. 
 TRAP, a "fast" term for a carriage of any kind. Traps, goods and 
 
 chattels of any kind, but especially luggage and personal effects ; in 
 
 Australia, SWAO. 
 
 TRAP, " up to TRAP," knowing, wide awake, — synonymous with " up to 
 
 SNUFF." 
 TRAP, a sheriff's officer. 
 
 TRAPESING, gadding or gossiping about in a slatternly way. — Nor(h. 
 Generally applied to girls and women in low neighbourhoods whose 
 clothes are carelessly fastened, causing them to trail on the ground. 
 
 TREE, " up a tree," in temporary difficulties, — out of the way. American 
 expression, derived from raccoon or bear-huntino. When Bruin is 
 TREED, or is forced UP A tree by the dogs, it means that then the tug 
 of war begins. — See 'cooN. Hence when an opponent is fairly run to 
 bay, and can by no evasion get off, he is said to be treed. These 
 expressions originated with Colonel Crockett, of Backwoods' celebrity. 
 In Scotland the phrase is " up a close," i.e., a passage out of the usual 
 track, or removed from observation. 
 
 TRIANGLES, a Slang term for delirium tremens, during a fit of which 
 everything appears out of the square. 
 
 TRIMMINGS, the necessary adjuncts to a cooked leg of mutton, as turnips' 
 bread, beer, salt, &c. Bets are frequently made for a leg of mutton 
 and TRiMMiNas. Or one person will forfeit the mutton if another will 
 "stand the trimmings." It is generally a supper feast, held In a 
 public house, and the rule is for the landlord to charge as trimminqs 
 everything, except the mutton, placed on the table previous to the 
 removal of the cloth. 
 
 Traveller, name given by one tramp to another. " A travellke at her 
 
 Majesty's expense," i.e., a transported felon, a convict. 
 Trihje, to hang. — Ancient Cant. 
 
262 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 TRIPES, the bowels. 
 
 " Next mominff Mlaa Dolly complained of her trifes, 
 Drinking cold water had given her the gripes." 
 
 TROLLING, sauntering or idling, hence teoll and tbollooks, an idia 
 
 slut, a MOLL, which see. 
 TROLLY, or trollt-carts, term given by costennongers to a species of 
 
 narrow cart, which can either be drawn by a donkey, or driven by hand. 
 TROT, to "run up," to oppose, to bid against at an auction. Private 
 
 buyers at auctions know from experience how general is the opposition 
 
 against them from dealers, " knock-outs," and other habitues of sales, 
 
 who regard the rooms as their own peculiar domain ; " we trotted 
 
 him up nicely, didn't we?" i.e., we made him (the private buyer) pay 
 
 dearly for what he bought. 
 TROTTER, a tailor's man who goes round for orders. — University. 
 TROTTER CASES, shoes. 
 TROTTERS, feet. Sheep's teottebs, boiled sheep's feet, a favourite street 
 
 delicacy. 
 TRUCK, a hat — from the cap on the extremity of a mast. — Sea, 
 TRUCK, to exchange or barter. 
 TRUCK- GUTTED, pot-beUied, corpulent.— 5^ea. 
 TRUCKS, trousers. 
 TRUMP, a good fellow; "a regular trump," a jolly or good-natured person, 
 
 — in allusion to a tkump card ; " tbdmps may turn up," i.e., fortime 
 
 may yet favour me. 
 
 TRUNKS, trousers— rtetricoi. 
 
 TUBS, a butterman. 
 
 TUB-THUMPING, preaching or speech-making, from the old Puritan 
 
 fashion of " holding forth " from a tub, or beer barrel, as a mark of 
 
 their contempt for decorated pulpits. 
 TUCK, a schoolboy's term for fruit, pastry, &c. TuCK IN, or TUCK OUT, a 
 
 good meal. 
 TUFTS, fellow-commoners, i.e., students at the University, generally the 
 
 sons of noblemen, who pay higher fees, dine with the Dons, and are 
 
 distinguished by golden tufts, or tassels, in their caps. 
 TUFT-HUNTER, a hanger on to persons of quality or wealth — one who 
 
 seeks the society of wealthy students. Originally University Slang, 
 
 but now general. — 5ee preceding. 
 TUMBLE, to comprehend or understand. A coster was asked what he 
 
 thought of Macbeth, — " the witches and the fighting was all very well, 
 
 but the other moves I couldn't tumble to exactly ; few on us can 
 
 TUMBLE to the jaw-breakers ; they licks us, they do." 
 
 Teuff, to steal. — North Country Cant. 
 
 TuOK-up-FAiR, the gallows. The notion of tucking up in connexion with 
 
 hanging is derived from tucking up the bedclothes before going to 
 
 aleep — the last preparation. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULOAR WORDS. 263 
 
 "TUNE THE OLD COW DIED OF," an epithet for any ill-played or dis- 
 cordant piece of music. Originally the name of an old ballad, alluded 
 to in the dramatists of Shakspeare's time. 
 
 TUP, a young bullock. Smithfield, and drovers' term. 
 
 TURF, horse-racing, and betting thereon j " on the turf," one who occu- 
 pies himself with race-course business; said also of a street-walker, 
 nymph of the pav^. 
 
 TURKEY MERCHANTS, dealers in plundered or contraband silk. Poiil- 
 terers are sometimes termed torkbt merchants in remembrance of 
 Home Tooke's answer to the boys at Eton, who wished in an aristo- 
 cratic way to know who Aw father was : a turket merchant, replied 
 Tooke — his father was a poulterer. Turkey merchant, also, was 
 formerly Slang for a driver of turkeys or geese to market. 
 
 TURNIP, an old-fashioned watch, so called from its thickness. 
 
 TURN OUT, personal show or appearance ; a man with a showy carriage 
 and horses is said to have a good TURN OUT. 
 
 TURN-OVER, an apprentice who finishes with a second master the inden- 
 tures he commenced with the first. 
 
 TURNPIKE SAILORS, beggars who go about dressed as sailors. 
 
 TURN UP, a street fight; a sudden leaving, or making o£E 
 
 TURN UP, to appear unexpectedly. 
 
 TURN UP, to quit, change, abscond, or abandon; "Ned has turned up," 
 i.e., run away; "I intend turning it dp," i.e., leaving my present 
 abode, or altering my course of life. Also to happen ; " let 's wait, and 
 see what will turn up." 
 
 TUSHEROON, a crown piece, five shillings. 
 
 TUSSLE, a pull, struggle, fight, or argument. Johiuon and Welster call it - ^ /. ^ 
 
 a vulgar word. Oh' .. j/, .. rL U^ ~ ^ VT^ ' 
 
 TUSSLE, to struggle, or argue. ■> i/4^>«'*<*' ^'^ /-p Iv 'Vv 
 
 TWELVER, a shilling. ^''^ . ^^tf-**- T 
 
 TWICE-LAID, a dish made out of cold fish and potatoes. — Sta. Compare " C/ 
 
 BUBBLE AND SQUEAK and RESURRECTION PIE. '^ 
 
 TWIG, style, d la mode; "get your strummel faked in twig," i.e., have 
 
 your hair dressed in style; FRBIB TWIG, in good order and high spudts. 
 
 — Pugilistic. 
 TWIG, " to hop the twig," to decamp, "cut one's stick," to die. 
 
 Turned up, to be stopped and searched by the police. 
 
 Turned over, remanded by the magistrate or judge for want of evidence. 
 
 Turner out, a coiner of bad money. 
 
 Twelve Godfathers, a jury, because they give a name to the crime 
 the prisoner before them has been guilty of ; whether murder or man- 
 slaughter, felony or misdemeanour. Consequently it is a vulgar taunt 
 to say, " You will be christened by twelve godfathebs some day 
 before long." 
 
264 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 TWIG, to understand, detect, or observe. 
 
 TWIST, brandy and gin mixed. 
 
 TWIST, capacity for eating, appetite; "Will's got a capital twist. " 
 
 TWITCHETY, nervous, fidgety. 
 
 TWITTER, " all in a twitter," in a fright or fidgety state. 
 
 TWO-FISTED, expert at fisticuffs. 
 
 TWO-HANDED, awkward, a singular reversing of meaning. 
 
 TWOPENNY, the head; "tuck in your twopenny," bend down yoar 
 head. 
 
 TWOPENNY-HALFPENNY, paltry, insignificant. A twopenkt-ham'- 
 PENNT fellow, a not uncommon expression of contempt. 
 
 TWOPENNY-HOPS, low dancing rooms, the price of admission to which 
 was formerly — and not infrequently now — twopence. The clog horn- 
 pipe, the pipe dance, flash jigs, and hornpipes in fetters, a la Jack 
 Sheppard, are the favourite movements, all entered into with great 
 spirit and "joyous, laborious capering." — Mayhew. 
 
 " TWO UPON TEN," or " two pon* ten," an expression used by assistants 
 to each other, in shops, when a customer of suspected honesty makes 
 his appearance. The phrase refers to "two eyes upon ten fingers," 
 shortened as a money term to " two pun' ten." When a supposed 
 thief is present, one shopman asks the other if that TWO pun' (pound) 
 TEN matter was ever settled. The man knows at once what is meant, 
 and keeps a careful watch upon the person being served. If it is not 
 convenient to speak, a piece of paper is handed to the same assistant, 
 bearing the to him very significant amoimt of 
 
 .^ .- /a .■ a 
 
 — Compare Sharp, John Orderly. 
 
 TYBURNIA, the Portman and Grosvenor Square districts. It is facetiously 
 divided by the Londoners into tyburnia pelix, tyburnia desebta, 
 and tyburnia snobbica. The old gallows at Tyburn stood near the 
 N.E. comer of Hyde Park, at the angle formed by the Edgware Road 
 and the top of Oxford Street, In 1 778 this was two miles out of 
 London. 
 
 TYE, or TIB, a neckerchief. Proper hosier's term now, but Slang thirty 
 yeara ago, and as early as 1 7 18. Called also squeeze. 
 
 TYKE, a clownish Yorkshireman. 
 
 TYPO, a printer. 
 
 UNBLEACHED AMERICAN, the new Yankee term for coloured natives 
 of the United States, the word nigger being now voted low. 
 
 ■[TNCLE, the pawnbroker. — See my uncle. 
 
 Tybukn collar, the fringe of beard worn under the chin. — Ste kewoatb 
 
 COLLAR. 
 
 Unbsity, to unlock. — See bettt. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VDLOAS WORDS. 265 
 
 "UNDER THE ROSE."— &e rose. 
 
 UNICORN, a style of driving with two wheelers abreast and one leader — 
 termed in the United States s'spike team. Tandem is one wheeler 
 and one leader. Random, three horses in line. — See harum-scarum. 
 
 UNLICKED, ill-trained, uncouth, rude, and rough; an unlicked cub is a 
 loutish youth who has never been taught manners ; from the tradition 
 that a bear's cub, when brought into the world, has no shape or sym- 
 metry until its dam licks it into form with her tongue. 
 
 UNUTTEKABLES, or UNWHISPERABLES, trousers.— 5ee inexpres- 
 sibles. 
 
 UP, " to be UP to a thing or two," to be knowing, or understanding ; " to 
 put a man dp to a move," to teach him a trick ; " it 's all up with him," 
 t.e., it is all over with him, often pronounced U.P., naming the two 
 letters separately ; "upatree," — s«eTREE; "UPtoTRAP," "up to snuff," 
 wide awake, acquainted with the last new move ; " up to one's gossip," 
 to be a match for one who is trying to take you in ; " UP to slum," 
 proficient in roguery, capable of committing a theft successfully ; so 
 also, "what's UP?" i.e., what is the matter? what is the news? 
 
 U. P., United Presbyterian. — Scotch clerical Slang, 
 
 UPPER BENJAMIN, or bbnjy, a great coat. 
 
 UPPER STORY, or upper loft, a person's head; "his upper story is 
 unfurnished," i.e., he does not know very much. 
 
 UPPISH, proud, arrogant. — Yorkshire. 
 
 USED UP, broken-hearted, bankrupt, fatigued, vanquished. 
 
 VAKEEL, a barrister. — Anglo-Indian. 
 
 VAMOS, VAMOOS, or vamoosh, to go, or be off. Spanish, vamos, " let us 
 go ! " Probably namus, or namous, the costermonger's word, was from 
 this, although it is generally considered back Slang. 
 
 VAMP, to spout, to leave in pawn. 
 
 VAMPS, old stockings. From vamp, to piece. 
 
 VARDO, to look ; " vardo the cassey," look at the house. Vardo formerly 
 was Old Cant for a waggon. 
 
 VARDY, verdict, vulgarly used as opinion, thus, " My vabdt on the matter 
 is the same as youm." 
 
 VARMENT, " you young varment, you I " you bad, or naughty boy. Cor- 
 ruption of vermin. 
 
 VELVET, the tongue. 
 
 VERTICAL CARE-GRINDER, a Slang term for the treadmiU. 
 
 Vampers, fellows who frequent public-houses and pick quarrels with the 
 wearers of rings and watches, in hopes of getting up a fight, and so 
 enabling their " pals" to steal the articles. 
 
 " Under the screw," to be in prison. 
 
 Uptucker, the hangman, Jack Ketch. — See tuck-u». 
 
 Varnisueb. an utterer of false sovereif^us. 
 
266 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 VIC, the Victoria Theatre, London, — patronised principally by coster- 
 mongers and low people ; also the street abbreviation of the Christian 
 name of her Majesty the Queen. 
 
 VILLAGE, or the villaoe, i.e., London. — Sporting. Also a Cambridge 
 term for a disreputable subvu-b of that town, viz., Barnwell, generally 
 styled " the village." 
 
 VILLE, or TILE, a town or village — pronounced phial, or vial. — French. 
 
 VINNIED, mildewed, or sour. — Devonshire. 
 
 VOKER, to talk ; " can you vokeb Romany ? " can you speak the canting 
 language ! — Latin, vocake ; Spanish, voceab. 
 
 VOWEL, "to VOWEL a debt" Is to pay with an I U. 
 
 WABBLE, to move from side to side, to roll about. Johmon terms it a 
 " low, barbarous word." — See the following. 
 
 WABLER, a foot soldier, a term of contempt used by a cavalryman. 
 
 WALKER, a letter-carrier or postman. 
 
 WALKER ! or hookey walker ! an ejaculation of incredulity, Baid when 
 a person is telling a story which you know to be all gammon, or false. 
 The Saturday Reviewer's explanation of the phrase is this : — " Years 
 ago there was a person named WaXker, an aquiline-nosed Jew, who 
 exhibited an orrery, which he called by the erudite name of Eidoura- 
 niwi. He was also a popular lectiu-er on astronomy, and often invited 
 his pupils, telescope in hand, to take a sight at the moon and stars. 
 The lecturer's phrase struck his school-boy auditory, who frequently 
 ' took a sight ' with that gesture of outstretched arm and adjustment 
 to nose and eye which was the first garnish of the popular saying. 
 The next step was to assume phrase and gesture as the outward and 
 visible mode of knowingness in general." A correspondent, however, 
 denies this, and states that hooket walker was a magistrate of dreaded 
 acuteness and incredulity, whose hooked nose gave the title of beak to 
 all his successors; and, moreover, that the gesture of applying the 
 thumb to the nose and agitating the little finger, as an expression of 
 " Don't you wish you may get it ?" is considerably older than the story 
 in the Saturday Review would seem to indicate. There is a third ex- 
 planation of hooket walker in Notes and Queries, iv., 425. 
 
 "WALKING THE PEGS," a method of cheating at the game of cribbage, 
 by a species of legerdemain, the sharper either moving his own pegs 
 forward, or those of his antagonist backward, according to the state 
 of the game. 
 WALK INTO, to overcome, to demolish ; "I'll walk into his affections," 
 i.e., I will scold or thrash him. The word drive (which see) is used 
 in an equally curious sense in Slang speech. Walk into also means 
 to get into the debt of any one, as, " he walked into the afeeotions 
 of all the tradesmen in the neighbourhood." 
 WALK OVER, a re-election without opposition. — Parliamentary, but de- 
 rived from the Turf, where a horse which has no rivals entered walks 
 over the course, and wins without exertion. 
 
 " Walk the barbeb," to lead a sirl astray. 
 
^ a^^^^ , Dm.^ y ^^', -^ ^ ^^^^ ~ 
 
 L..._ 
 
SLANG, CANT. AND VULGAR WORDS. 267 
 
 " WALK YOUR CHALKS," be off, or run away,— spoken sharply by any 
 
 one who wishes to get rid of a troublesome person. — See chalks. 
 WALL-FLOWER, a person who goes to a ball, and looks on without dan- 
 cing, either from choice or not being able to obtain a partner. 
 WALL-FLOWERS, left-off and " regenerated " clothes exposed for sale on 
 
 the bunks and ghop-boards of Monmouth Street. 
 WALLOP, to beat, or thrash. Mr John Gough Nichols derives this word 
 
 from an ancestor of the Earl of Portsmouth's, one Sir John Wallop, 
 
 Knight of the Garter, who in King Henry VIII.'s time distinguished 
 
 himself by wallopinq the French ; but it is more probably connected 
 
 with WBAL, a livid swelling in the skin after a blow. — See poi-wallopkb. 
 WALLOPING, a beating or thrashing; sometimes used in an adjective 
 
 sense, as big, or very large. 
 WAPPING, or WHOPpnio, of a large size, great. 
 WARM, rich, or well off. 
 WARM, to thrash, or beat; "I'll WARM your jacket." To wakm the wax v, . 
 
 of one's ear is to give a severe blow on the side of the head. — C—n-C^ -t-/^,..-!,^- 
 
 WABMINQ-PAN, a large old-fashioned watch. A person placed in an /y 
 
 oflSce to hold it for another.— See W. P. ^^^ ■ 
 
 WAR PAINT, military uniform. 
 WASH, " it won't wash," i.e., will not stand investigation, will not " bear 
 
 the rub," is not genuine, can't be believed. 
 WATCH AND SEALS, a sheep's head and pluck. 
 WATER-BEWITCHED, very weak tea, the third brew, (or the first at soma 
 
 houses ; ) grog much diluted. 
 WATER-DOGS, Norfolk dumplings. 
 WATER OF LIFE, gin. Apparently from eau de vie. 
 WATERMAN, a light blue silk handkerchief. The Oxford and Cambridge 
 
 boats' crews always wear these — light blue for Cambridge, and a 
 
 darker shade for Oxford. 
 " WATER THE DRAGON," " watkb ONB'b kaq," hints for retiring. 
 WATTLES, ears. 
 WAXY, cross, ill-tempered. 
 WEATHER-HEADED, so written by Sir WcUter Scott in his Peveril of 
 
 the Peat, but it is more probably wetheb-headed, as applied to a 
 
 person having a "sheepish" look. 
 WEAVING, a notorious card-sharping trick, done by keeping certain cards 
 
 on the kuee, or between the knee and the underside of the table, and 
 
 using them when required by changing them for the cards held in 
 
 the hand. 
 "WEAVING LEATHERN APRONS." When a knowing blade is asked 
 
 what he has been doing lately, and does not choose to tell, his reply 
 
 is, that he has been very busy weaving leathern aprons.— (.Sec news- 
 
 WAlciUUKEB, a pickpocket or stealer of watches. 
 
268 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 paper reports of the trial for the gold robberies on the South-Western 
 Eailway.) Other similar replies, " I have been making a trundle fob 
 A goose's eye," or "a whim-wham to bridle a goose." 
 
 WEDGE, silver.— OW Cant. 
 
 WEDGE-FEEDER, a silver spoon. 
 
 WEED, a cigar ; the weed, tobacco generally. 
 
 WEED, a hatband 
 
 WEJEE, a chimney-pot. Often applied to any clever invention, as "that's 
 a regular wejee." 
 
 WELCHER, a person who makes a bet without the remotest chance of 
 being able to pay, and, losing it, absconds, or " makes himself scarce." 
 In the betting ring a weloher is often very severely handled upon his 
 swindUng practices being discovered. The Catterick " Clerk of the 
 Course," once provided some stout labourers and a tar-barrel for the 
 special benefit of the welohers who might visit that neighbourhood. 
 The word is modem, but the practice is ancient. 
 
 "One Moore, tbe unworthy incumbent of the 'Suffolk Curacy,' dedicated a 
 book to 'Duke Humphrey,' and was then entirely lost sight of by his old 
 college friends, till one of them espied him slung up in 'the basket,* for 
 not paying his bets at a cock-pit." — Fott and Paddock, 
 
 WELL, to pocket, or place as in a welL 
 
 WEST CENTRAL, a water-closet, the initials being the same as those of 
 the London Postal District. It is said that for this reason very delicate 
 people refuse to obey Rowland Hill's instructions in this particular. 
 An old maid, who lived in this district, was particularly shocked at 
 having w.o. marked on all her letters, and informed the letter-carrier 
 that she could not think of submitting to such an indecent fashion. 
 On being informed that the letters would not be forwarded without 
 the obnoxious initials, she remarked that she would have them left at 
 the Post-Office. " Then, marm,' ' said the fellow, with a grin, " they will 
 put P.O. on them, which will be more ' ondacenter than the tother.' " 
 
 WET, a drink, a "drain." 
 
 WET, to drink. Low people generally ask an acquaintance to WET any 
 recently-purchased article, i.e., to stand treat on the occasion ; "wet 
 your whistle," i.e., take a drink; " WET the other eye," i.e., take another 
 glass. — See shed a tear. 
 
 WET QUAKER, a drunkard of that sect; a man who pretends to be re- 
 ligious, and is a dram-drinker on the sly. 
 
 WET 'UN, a diseased cow, unfit for human food, but nevertheless sold to 
 make into sausages. — Compare staggering-bob. 
 
 WHACK, a share or lot ; " give me my whack," give me my share. — Scotch, 
 
 SWEG, or SWACK. 
 
 WHACK, or whacking, a blow, or a thrashing. 
 WHACK, to beat. 
 WHACKING, large, fine, or strong. 
 
 WHALE, " very like a whale in a teacup," said of anything that is very 
 improbable ; taken from a speech of Polonius's in Hamlet. 
 
SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 269 
 
 "WHAT D'YE CALL 'EM, a similar expression to thkoumt. 
 
 WHEEDLE, to entice by soft words. " This word cannot be found to 
 derive itself from any other, and is therefore looked upon as wholly 
 invented by the oantebs." — Triumph of Wit, 1 705. 
 
 WHERRET, or worrit, to scold, trouble, or annoy. — Old English. 
 
 WHID, a word.— OM Gipsy Cant. 
 
 WHID, a fib, a falsehood, a word too much. — Modem Slang from the 
 Ancient Cant. 
 
 WHIDDLE, to enter into a parley, or hesitate with many words, &c. ; to 
 inform, or discover. — See wheedle. 
 
 WHIM-WHAM, an alliterative term, synonymous with fiddlk-faddlb, 
 RIFF-RAFF, &c., denoting nonsense, rubbish, &c. 
 
 WHIP, after the usual allowance of wine is drunk at mess, those who wish 
 for more put a shilling each into a glass handed round to procure a 
 further supply. — Naval and Military. 
 
 WHIP, to "whip anything up," to take it up quickly; from the method of 
 hoisting heavy goods or horses on board ship by a whip, or running 
 tackle, from the yard-arm. Generally \ised to express anything dis- 
 honestly taken. — L'Estrange and Johnson. 
 
 WHIP JACK, a sham shipwrecked sailor, called also a turnpike sailor. 
 
 "WHIP THE CAT," when an operative works at a private house by the 
 day. Term used amongst tailors and carpenters. 
 
 WHIPPER-IN, the member of the House of Commons whose duty it is to 
 collect and keep together his party to vote at divisions. To give him 
 greater influence, the ministerial whipper-in holds, or is supposed to 
 hold, the minor patronage of the Treasury. — See wooden spoon. 
 
 WHIPPER-SNAPPER, a waspish, diminutive person. 
 
 WHISKER. There is a curious Slang phrase cotmected with this word. 
 When an improbable story is told, the remark is, " the mother of that 
 was a whisker," meaning it is a lie. 
 
 WHISTLE, "as clean as a whistle," neatly, or "slickly done," as an 
 American would say ; " to wet one's whistle," to take a drink. This 
 last is a very old expression. Chaucer says of the Miller of Trumping 
 ton's wife {Canterbury Tales, 41 53) — 
 
 " So washir joly whistal well y-wet ;" 
 
 " to WHISTLE FOR ANYTHING," to stand small chance of getting it, from 
 the nautical custom of whistlinq for a wind in a calm, which of 
 course comes none the sooner for it. 
 
 WHITECHAPEL, or westminsteb brougham, a costermonger's donkey- 
 barrow. 
 WHITECHAPEL, the "upper-cut," or strike.— PM^aweic. 
 WHITECHAPEL, in tossing, two out of three wins. — See sudden death. 
 WHITECHAPEL FORTUNE, a clean gown and a pair of pattens. 
 
V 
 
 270 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 WHITE FEATHER, " to shew the white feather," to evince cowardice. 
 In times when great attention was paid to the breeding of game-cocks, 
 a white feather in the tail was considered a proof of orosa-breeding. 
 
 WHITE LIE, a harmless lie, one told to reconcile people at variance; 
 " mistress is not at home, sir," is a WHITE lie often told by servants 
 
 WHITE-LIVERED, or liveh-faoed, cowardly, much afraid, very mean. 
 WHITE PROP, a diamond pin. — East London. 
 WHITE SATIN, gin,— term amongst women. — See satin. 
 WHITE SERJEANT, a man's superior officer in the person of his better- 
 half. 
 WHITE TAPE, gin, — term used principally by female servants. — See 
 
 BIBBON. 
 
 WHITEWASH, when a person has taken the benefit of the Insolvent Act 
 
 he is said to have been whitewashed. 
 WHITEWASH, a glass of sherry as a finale, after drinking port and claret. 
 WHITE WINE, the fashionable terra for gin. 
 ** Jack Randall then impatient rose. 
 
 And said, *Tom'a speech were just as fine 
 If he would call that fii-at of go's 
 By that genteeler name — white wwe." 
 
 RandaU'g Diary, 1820. 
 
 WHOP, to beat, or hide. Corruption of whip; sometimes spelled wap. 
 
 WHOP-STRAW, Cant name for a countryman ; Johnny whop-straw, in 
 allusion to threshing 
 
 WHOPPER, a big one, a lie. 
 
 WIDDLE, to shine. —See OLIVER. 
 
 WIDE-AWAKE, a broad brimmed felt, or stuff hat,— so called because it 
 never had a nap, and never wants one. 
 
 WIDO, wide awake, no fool. 
 
 WIFFLE-WOFFLES, in the dumps, sorrow, stomach ache. 
 
 WIG, move off, go away. — North Country Cant. 
 
 WIGGING, a rebuke before comrades. If the head of a firm calls a clerk 
 into the parlour, and rebukes him, it is an eabwivJQIMO; if done before 
 the other clerks, it is a wigging. 
 
 WILD, a village. — Tramps' term. — See vile. 
 
 WILD, vexed, cross, passionate, — said to be from willed (self-willed) 
 in opposition to " tamed " or " subdued." In the United States the 
 word mad is supplemented with a vulgar meaning similar to our 
 Cockneyism wild ; and to make a man mad on the other side of the 
 Atlantic is to vex him, or "rile" his temper — not to render him a 
 raving maniac, or a fit subject for Bedlam. 
 
 WILD OATS, youthful pranks. 
 
 WILLIAM, a bill. The derivation is obvious. 
 
 WuTE, a fetter fixed to one leg. — Prison. 
 
SLANO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 2/1 
 
 WIKD, "to raise the wind," to procure money; "to slip one's wind," 
 coarse expression meaning to die. — Ste HAI8E. 
 
 WIND, " I'll WIND your cotton," i.e., I will give you some trouble. The 
 Byzantine General, Narses, used the same kind of threat to the Greek 
 Empress, — " I will spin such a thread that they shall not be able to 
 unraveL" 
 
 WINDOWS, the eyes, or " peepers." 
 
 WINEY, intoxicated. 
 
 WINKIN, " he went off like WINKIN," i.t., very quickly. Probably con- 
 nected with WINK, to shut the eye quickly. 
 
 WINKS, periwinkles. 
 
 WINN, a penny. — Ancient Cant. — See ante, page 20. 
 
 WIPE, a pocket-handkerchief. — Old Cant. 
 
 WIPE, a blow. Frequently sibilated to SWIPE, a cricket term. 
 
 WIPE, to strike ; " he fetcht me a wipe over the knuckles," he struck me 
 on the knuckles ; " to WIPE a person down," to flatter or pacify ; to 
 WIPE off a score, to pay one's debts, in allusion to the slate or chalk 
 methods of account-keeping ; " to wipe a person's eye," to shoot game 
 which he has missed — Sporting term; hence to obtain an advantage 
 by superior activity. With old topers " WIPINO one's eye," is equi- 
 valent to giving or taking another drink. 
 
 WIRE-IN, a London street phrase in general use at the present time, the 
 meaning of which I have not been able to discover. 
 
 WOBBLE-SHOP, where beer is sold without a licence. 
 
 WOODEN SPOON, the last jvmior optime who takes a University degree ; 
 denoting one who is only fit to stay at home, and stir porridge. — 
 Cambridge. The expression is also Parliamentary Slang. — See the 
 following : — 
 
 " Wooden Spoon. — We have said that a rigorous account is kept of all the divi- 
 sions, and that every vote of every member of the Government is posted. 
 We will now tell our readers what is done with this Ust. Every year at the 
 close of the session, as our readers know, the Ministers dine together at the 
 Trafalgar. Well, after dinner, the chief whip produces his account and 
 reads It aloud ; and it is said that the man whose name appears in the 
 division-list the smallest number of times has a wooden spoon presented to 
 him. When the Derbyites were in power last. Sir John Pukington, it is 
 asserted, was the successful candidate for the spoon, Mr Whiteside presenting 
 it to the right honourable Baronet witli infinite humour and fun. Why a 
 wooden spoon is used we cannot tell. Perhaps in ancient times the poor 
 man got that and nothing else. If :iny of our readers should be curious to 
 know what is really symbolised by this ceremony, let them understand that 
 we cannot help them. We refer them to the editor of Notu and Queries." 
 —lUuttraUd Timet. 
 
 WOODEN SURTOUT, a cofBn, generally spoken of aa a wooden surtout 
 with nails for buttons. 
 
 WiNDED-SETTLED, transported for life. 
 
 Wire, a thief with long fingers, expert at picking ladies' pockets 
 
272 A DICTIONARY OF MODERN 
 
 WOODEN' WEDGE, the last name in the classical honours list at Cam- 
 bridge. The last in mathematical honours 
 had long been known as the wooden spoon ; 
 but when the classical Tripos was instituted, 
 in 1824, it was debated among the under- 
 graduates what sobriquet should be given to 
 the last on the examination list. Curiously 
 enough, the name that year which happened 
 to be last was wedgewood (a distinguished 
 Wrangler.) Hence the title. 
 
 WOOLBIRD, a lamb; "wing of a woolbibd," '"'•"W'^'m""'^ th."Spoon." 
 a shoulder of lamb. 
 
 WOOLGATHERING, said of any person's wits when they are wandering, 
 or in a reverie. — Florio. 
 
 WOOL- HOLE, the workhouse. 
 
 WOOLLY, out of temper. 
 
 WOOLLY, a blanket. 
 
 WORK, to plan, or lay down and execute any course of action, to perform 
 anything ; " to work the BULLS," i.e., to get rid of false crown pieces ; 
 " to WORK the ORACLE," to succeed by manoeuvring, to concert a wily 
 plan, to victimise, — a possible reference to the stratagems and bribes 
 used to corrupt the Delphic oracle, and cause it to deliver a favourable 
 response. " To WORK a street or neighbourhood," trying at each house 
 to sell all one can, or so bawling that every housewife may know what 
 you have to sell. The general plan is to drive a donkey barrow a short 
 distance, and then stop and cry. The term implies thoroughness ; to 
 " WORK a street well " is a common saying with a coster. 
 
 WORM.— See pump. 
 
 WORM, the latest Slang term for a policeman. 
 
 WORMING, removing the beard of an oyster or muscle. 
 
 W. P., or WARMINQ-PAN, a clergyman who holds a living pro tempore, 
 under a bond of resignation, is styled a w. P., or warmino-pan rector, 
 because he keeps the place warm for his successor. — Clerical Slang. 
 
 WRINKLE, an idea, or fancy ; an additional piece of knowledge which is 
 supposed to be made by a wrinkle d posteriori. 
 
 WRITE, " to WRITE one's name on a joint," to have the first out at any- 
 thing; leaving sensible traces of one's presence on it. 
 
 WYLO, be off. — Anglo-Chinese. 
 
 Wool, courage, pluck; "you are not half-wooLED," term of reproach from 
 one thief to another. 
 
 X, LETTER X, a method of arrest used by policemen with desperate ruffians, 
 — by getting a firm grasp on the collar, and drawing the captive's hand 
 over the holding arm, and pressing the fingers down in a peculiar way 
 — the captured person's arm in this way can be more easily broken 
 than extricated 
 
SLA2iO, CANT, AND VULGAR WORDS. 273 
 
 YAFFLE, to eat.— Old EnglitK. 
 
 YAM, to eat. This word is used by the lowest class all over the world ; 
 by the Wapping sailor, West India negro, or Chinese coolie. When 
 the fort, called the Dutch Folly, near Canton, was in course of erection 
 by the Hollanders, under the pretence of being intended for an 
 hospital, the Chinese observed a box containing muskets among the 
 alleged hospital stores. " Hy-aw ! " exclaimed John Chinaman, " how 
 can sick man tah gun !" The Dutch were surprised and massacred 
 the same night. 
 
 "YARD OF CLAY," a long, old-fashioned tobacco pipe, also called a 
 
 CHURCH-WARDEN. 
 
 YARMOUTH CAPON, a bloater, or red herring.— 0W.—i2ay'» Proverbs. 
 
 YARMOUTH MITTENS, bruised hands.— ^<?ea. 
 
 YARN, a long story, or tale ; " a tough taen," a tale hard to be believed ; 
 " spin a YARN," tell a tale. — Sea. 
 
 YAY-NAY, "a poor tatnat" fellow, one who has no conversational 
 power, and can only answer yea or nay to a question. 
 
 YELLOW-BELLY, a native of the Fens of Lincolnshire, or the Isle of 
 Ely, — in allusion to the frogs and a yellow-bellied eel caught there ; 
 they are also said to be web-footed. 
 
 YELLOW-BOY, a sovereign, or any gold coin. 
 
 YELLOW-GLOAK, a jealous man. 
 
 YELLOW-JACK, the yellow fever prevalent in the West Indies. 
 
 YELLOW-MAN, a yellow silk handkerchief. — Pugilktic and Sporting, 
 
 YOKEL, a countryman. — West. 
 
 YOKUFF, a chest, or large box. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, "to Yorkshire," or " come YOBKsnraE over any person," 
 to cheat or BITE them. — Nortlu The proverbial overreaching of the 
 rustics of this county has given rise to this phrase, which is some- 
 times pronounced yorshab. " Yorshak, to put yorkshirb to a man, 
 is to trick or deceive him." — Lancashire Dialect, 1 75 7. 
 
 YORKSHIRE COMPLIMENT, a gift of something of no manner of use 
 to the giver. 
 
 YORKSHIRE ESTATES ; " I will do it when I come into my yobkshikb 
 ESTATES," — meaning if I ever have the money or the means. The 
 phrase is said to have originated with Dr Johnson. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, YOEKSHinE reckoninq, where every one pays his own. 
 
 YOUNKER, in street language, a lad or a boy. Term in general use 
 amongst costermongers, cabmen, and old-fashioned people. Same- 
 field's Affectionate Shepherd, 1594, has the phrase, "a seemelie 
 YO0HKER." Danish and Friesic, jonkeb. In the Navy, a naval cadet 
 is usually termed a yocnkek. 
 
 YOUR NIBS, yourself. 
 
 Yack, a watch ; to " church a yack," to take it out of its case to avoic) 
 detection. 
 
2 74 ^ DICTIONARY OF MODERN SLANO. ETC. 
 
 ZIPH, LANQUAQB OP, a way of disguising English in use among the students 
 at Winchester College. Compare medical gkeek. De Quincey, in his 
 Autobiographic Sketches, (Edin. 1853, p. 209,) says that he acquired 
 this language as a boy, from a Dr Mapleton, who had three sons at 
 Winchester who had imported it from thence as their sole accomplish- 
 ment, and that after the lapse of fifty years he could, and did with 
 Lord Westport, converse in it with ease and rapidity. It was com- 
 municated at Winchester to new-comers for a fixed fee of half a 
 guinea. The secret is this, — repeat the vowel or diphthong of every 
 syllable, prefixing to the vowel so repeated the letter G, and placing 
 the accent on the intercalated syllable. Thus, for example, " Shall 
 we go away in an hour?" " Shaoall weoe oooo aoawaoat ioin 
 HOUGOUK?" "Three hours we have already staid," ''Thbeeoeb 
 HOUQODiis weoe hagave agalreageadtot staqaid." Evidently any 
 consonant will answer the purpose, F or L would be softer and so far 
 better. — See gibberish. A correspondent says this system is not con- 
 fined to Winchester College, and has much the appearance of a bequest 
 of ancient times. It is recorded and accurately described amongst 
 many other modes of cryptical communication, oral and visual, spoken, 
 written, and symbolic, in an " Essay towards a Real Character and a 
 Philosophic Language," (founded on or suggested by a treatise pub- 
 lished just before, by Geo. Dalgame,) by John Wilkins, BUhop of 
 Chester, published by order of the Royal Society, foL i668, and as the 
 bishop does not speak of it as a recent invention, it may probably at 
 that time have been regarded as an antique device for conducting a 
 conversation in secrecy amongst bystanders. 
 
 ZOUNDS ! a sudden exclamation — abbreviation of GocTs wounds. 
 
 Yoxter, a convict returned from transportation before his time. 
 ZiFF, a juvenile thiel 
 
SOME ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BACK SLANG, 
 
 THE SECRET LANGUAGE OF COSTEEMONGERS. 
 
 The costermongers of London number between thirty and forty 
 thousand. Like other low tribes, they boast a language, or 
 secret tongue, in which they hide their earnings, movements, and 
 other private affairs. This costers' speech offers no new fact, or 
 approach to a fact, for philologists ; it is not very remarkable for 
 originality of construction ; neither is it spiced with low humour, 
 as other Cant. But the costermongers boast that it is known only 
 to themselves; that it is far beyond the Irish, and puzzles the 
 Jews. 
 
 The main principle of this language is spelling the words hack- 
 wards, — or rather, pronouncing them rudely backwards. Some- 
 times, for the sake of harmony, an extra syllable is prefixed or 
 annexed ; and occasionally the word is given quite a different 
 turn in rendering it backwards, to what an uninitiated person 
 would have expected. One coster told Mayhew that he often 
 gave the end of a word "a new turn, just as if he chorused it 
 with a tol-de-rol." Besides, the coster has his own idea of the 
 proper way of spelling words, and is not to be convinced but by 
 an overwhelming show of learning, — and frequently not then, for 
 he is a very headstrong feUow. By the time a coster has spelt 
 an ordinary word of two or three syllables in the proper way, and 
 then spelt it backwards, it has become a tangled knot that no 
 etymologi.=t could unravel. The word generalise, for instance, 
 
276 BOYS AND GIRLS SOON ACQUIRE IT. 
 
 is considered to be "shilling" spelt backwarda Sometimes 
 Slang and Cant words are introduced, and even these, when 
 imagined to be tolerably well known, are pronounced backwards. 
 Other terms, such as gen, a shilling, and flatch, a halfpenny, 
 help to confuse the outsider. 
 
 After a time, this back language, or Back Slang, as it is called 
 by the costermongers themselves, comes to be regarded by the 
 rising generation of street-sellers as a distinct and regular mode 
 of speech. They never refer words, by inverting them, to their 
 originals; and the yeneps, esclops, and namows, are looked 
 upon as proper, but secret terms. " But it is a curious fact, that 
 lads who become costermongers* boys, without previous associa- 
 tion with the class, acquire a very ready command of the language, 
 and this though they are not only unable to spell, but ' don't 
 know a letter in a booL'"* They soon obtain a considerable 
 stock vocabulary, so that they converse rather from the memory 
 than the understanding. Amongst the senior costermongers, and 
 those who pride themselves on their proficiency in Back Slang, 
 a conversation is often sustained for a whole evening, especially 
 if any " flatties" are present whom they wish to astonish or con- 
 fuse. The women use it sparingly, but the girls are generally 
 well acquainted with it. 
 
 The addition of an s, I should state, always forms the plural, so 
 that this is another source of complication. For instance, woman 
 in the Back Slang is namow, and namus, or namows, is women, 
 not NEMOW. The explorer, then, in undoing the Back Slang, 
 and turning the word namus once more into English, would have 
 suman, — a novel and very extraordinary rendering of women. 
 Where a word is refractory in submitting to a back rendering, as 
 in the case of pound, letters are made to change positions for the 
 sake of harmony ; thus, we have dunop, a pound, instead of 
 dnuop, which nobody could pleasantly pronounce. This will 
 remind the reader of the Jews' " old do' I old clo7" instead of old 
 
 • Mayhew, vol. i , p. 24. 
 
BACK SLANG UNKNOWN TO THE POLICE. 277 
 
 clothes, old clothes, which would tire even the patience of a Jew to 
 repeat all day. 
 
 This singular Back tongue has been in vogue about twenty- 
 five years. It is, as before stated, soon acquired, and is princi- 
 pally used by the costennongers (as the specimen Glossary will 
 shew) for communicating the secrets of their street tradings, the 
 cost and profit of the goods, and for keeping their natural enemies, 
 the police, in the dark. Cool the esclop (look at the police) is 
 often said among them, when one of the constabulary makes his 
 appearance. 
 
 Perhaps on no subject is the costermonger so silent as on his 
 money affairs. All costs and profits, he thinks, should be kept 
 profoundly secret. The Back Slang, therefore, gives the various 
 small amounts very minutely : — 
 
 FLATCH, halfpenny. 
 
 YENEP, penny. 
 
 OWT-YENEPS, twopence. 
 
 ERTH-TENEPS, threepence. 
 
 BOUF-YENEPS, fourpence. 
 
 EVIF, or EWIF-YENEPS, fivepencs. 
 
 EXIS-YENEPS, sixpence. 
 
 NEVIS-YENEPS, sevenpence. 
 
 TEAICH, or T^EG-YENEPS, eightpence. 
 
 ENIN-YENEPS, ninepence. 
 
 NET-YENEPS, tenpence. 
 
 NEVEL1&-YENEPS, elevenpence. 
 
 EVLfiNET-YENEPS, twelvepence. 
 
 GEN, or GENERALISE, one shilling, or twelvepence. 
 
 YENEP-FLATCH, three halfpence. 
 
 OWT-YENEP-FLATCH, twopence halfpenny. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 GEN, or ENO-GEN, one shilling. 
 OWT-GENS, two shilUngs. 
 ERTH-GENS, three shilHngs. 
 
 The GENS continue in the same sequence as the yeneps 
 above, excepting theo-gens, 8s., which is usually rendered 
 
278 THE COSTERMONGERS' TERMS FOR MONET. 
 
 THUG-GUY, — a deviation with ample precedents in all civilised 
 tongues. 
 
 YENORK, a crown piece, or five shillinga. 
 FLATCH-TENORK, half-a-crown. 
 
 Beyond this amount the costermonger reckons after an intricate 
 and complicated mode. Fifteen shillings would be erth-evif- 
 GENS, or, literally, three times 5s. ; seventeen shillings would be 
 EETH-YENOEK-FLATCH, or three crowns and a half ; or, by another 
 mode of reckoning, eeth-evif-gens flatch-yenoek, i.e., three 
 times 5s., and half-a-crown. 
 
 DUNOP, a pound. 
 
 Further than which the costermonger seldom goes in money 
 reckoning. 
 
 In the following Glossary only those words are given which 
 costermongers continually use, — the terms connected with street 
 traffic, the names of the different coins, vegetables, fruit, and 
 fish, technicalities of police courts, (fee. 
 
 The reader might naturally think that a system of speech so 
 simple as the Back Slang would require no Glossary; but he 
 will quickly perceive, from the specimens given, that a great 
 many words in frequent use in a Back sense, have become so 
 twisted as to require a little glossarial explanation. 
 
 This kind of Slang, formed by reversing and transposing the 
 letters of a word, is not peculiar to the London costermongers. 
 Instances of an exactly similar secret dialect are found in the 
 Spanish Geemania and French Aeqot. Thus : — 
 
 % 
 
 Spanish. 
 Plato. 
 Demia. 
 
 Qermania. 
 Taplo. 
 Media. 
 
 English. 
 Plate. 
 Stockings. 
 
 
 PrencK 
 F'OL. 
 LOROEFR. 
 
 Argot. 
 
 LOFPE. 
 
 La Fobok. 
 
 English. 
 Foolish. 
 
 La Force, the prison 
 of that name. 
 
INDIAN BACK SLANO. 2'jg 
 
 The Bazeegars, a wandering tribe of jugglers in India, form a 
 Back Slano, on the basis of the Hindustanee, in the following 
 manner : — 
 
 Jlindmtanee. 
 
 Bazeegwr. 
 
 English, 
 
 Ao. 
 
 Qa. 
 
 FmB. 
 
 Lamba. 
 
 Balum. 
 
 LONO. 
 
 DUM. 
 
 MddD; 
 
 BllBAtB. 
 
GLOSSARY OF THE BACK SLANG. 
 
 BIRK, a " crib,"— house. 
 
 COOL, to look. 
 
 COOL HIM, look at him. A phrase frequently used when one coster- 
 monger warns another o{ the approach of a pcliceman. 
 
 DAB, bad. Also, a bed, pronounced " bad." 
 
 DABHENO, one bad, or a bad market. — See doogheno. 
 
 DAB TROS, a bad sort. 
 
 DA-ERB, bread. 
 
 DEB, or DAB, a bed ; " I 'm on to the DEB," I 'm going to bed. 
 
 DILLO NAMO, an old woman. 
 
 DLOa, gold. 
 
 DOOG, good. 
 
 DOOGHENO, literally " one good," or " good-one," but implying gene- 
 rally a good market. 
 
 DOOGHENO HIT, one good hit. A coster remarks to a "mate," " Jach 
 made a doogheno bit this morning," implying that he did well at 
 market, or sold out with good profit 
 
 DUNOP, a pound. 
 
 ERTH, three. 
 
 EARTH* GENS, three shillings. 
 
 EAKTH SITH-NOMS, three months. 
 
 EARTH YANNOPS, or yessbb, threepence. 
 
 EDGABAC, cabbage. 
 
 EDGENARO, an orange. 
 
 E-FINK, knife. 
 
 EKAME, a " make," or swindla. 
 
 EKOM, a " moke," or donkey. 
 
 ELRIG, a girl. 
 
 ENIF, fine. 
 
 ENIN GENS, nine shillings. 
 
 ENIN YENEP, ninepence. 
 
 ENIN YANNOPS, or yeneps, ninepence. 
 
 ENO, one. 
 
 ERIP, fire. 
 
 EBTH GENS, three shillings. 
 
 * My informant preferred eabth to ntTH,— fbr the reason, he said, " that it looked 
 more seusible I " 
 
GLOSSARY OF THE BACK SLANO. 281 
 
 ERTH-PU, Hiree-up, a street game. 
 
 EETH SITH-NOMS, three months, — a term of imprisonment unfortu- 
 nately very familiar to the lower ordsrs. 
 
 EBTH-YENEPS, threepence. 
 ESCLOP, the police. 
 ES-ROPH, or es-roch, a horse. 
 EVIF-YENEPS, fivepence. 
 EVLENET-GENS, twelve shillings. 
 EVLENET SITPI-NOMS, twelve months. 
 EWIF-QENS, a crown, or five shillings. 
 EWIF-YENEPS, fivepence. 
 EXIS GENS, six shillings. 
 
 EXIS-EWIFQENS, six times five shillings, i.e., 30a. All moneys may bo 
 reckoned in this manner, either with teneps or oens. 
 
 EXIS-EVIP YENEPS, elevenpence, — literally, "sixpence and fivepence 
 = elevenpence." This mode of reckoning, distinct from the preced- 
 ing, is also common amongst those who use the Back Slang. 
 
 EXIS SITH-NOMS, sixth months, 
 
 EXIS- YENEPS, sixpence. 
 
 FI-HEATH, a thief. 
 
 FLATCH, a half, or halfpenny. 
 
 FLATCH KEN-NURD, half drunk, 
 
 FLATCH YENEP, a halfpenny. 
 
 FLATCH-YENORK, half-a-crown. 
 
 GEN, twelvepence, or one shilling. Possibly an abbreviation of arqsnt. 
 
 Cant term for silver. — See following. 
 GENERALISE, a shilling, generally shortened to OBii. 
 GEN-NET, or net qens, ten shillings. 
 HEL-BAT, a table. 
 HELPA, an apple, 
 KENNETSEENO, stinking, 
 KENNURD, drunk. 
 KEW, a week. 
 KEWS, or SKEW, weeka, 
 KIRB, a brick. 
 KOOL, to look. 
 LAWT, tall. 
 LEVEN, in Back Slang, is sometimes allowed to stand for tleven, for the 
 
 reason that it is a number which seldom occurs. An article is either 
 
 lod. or IS. 
 
 LUR-ACHAM. mackerel. 
 
282 GLOSSARY OF THE BACK SLANO. 
 
 MOTTAB, bottom, 
 
 MUE, rum, 
 
 NALE, or nael, lean. 
 
 NAM, a man. 
 
 NAMESCLOP, a policeman. — See ksolop. 
 
 NAMOW, a woman ; dilo namow, an old woman, 
 
 NEERGS, greens. 
 
 NETENIN GENS, nineteen shillings. 
 
 NEETEWIF GENS, fifteen shillings. 
 
 NEETEXIS, or netexis oens, sixteen shillings. 
 
 NETNEVIS GENS, seventeen shillings. 
 
 NET-THEG GENS, eighteen shiUings. 
 
 NEETRITH GENS, thirteen shillings. 
 
 NEETROUF GENS, fourteen shillings. 
 
 NET-GEN, ten shillings, or half a sovereign. 
 
 NET-YENEPS, tenpence. 
 
 NEVELE GENS, eleven shillings. 
 
 NEVELE YENEPS, elevenpence, — generally levbh tekbps. 
 
 NEVIS GENS, seven shillings. 
 
 NEVIS STRETCH, seven years' transportation, or imprisonment. — Set 
 
 STRETCH, in the Slang Dictionary. 
 NEVIS YENEPS, sevenpenoe. 
 HIRE, rain. 
 NIG, gin. 
 
 NI-OG OT TAKRAM, going to market. 
 NITBAPH, a farthing. 
 NOL, long. 
 NOOM, the moon. 
 NOS-RAP, a parson. 
 
 OCCABOT, tobacco ; " tib of OOOABOT," bit of tobaooo. 
 ON, no. 
 
 ON DOOG, no good. 
 OWT GENS, two shillings. 
 OWT YENEPS, twopence. 
 PAC, a cap. 
 
 PINURT POTS, turnip tops. 
 POT, top. 
 RAPE, a pear. 
 EEEB, beer. 
 REV-LIS, silver. 
 
OLOSSART OF TEE BACK SLANG. 283 
 
 ROUF-EFIL, for life, — sentence of punishment, 
 
 ROUF-GENS, four shUlings. 
 
 ROUF-YENEPS, fourpence. 
 
 RUTAT, or kattat, a " tatur," or potato. 
 
 SAY, yes. 
 
 SEE-0, shoes. 
 
 SELOPAS, apples. 
 
 SHIF, fish. 
 
 SIR-ETCH, cherries. 
 
 SITH-NOM, a month. 
 
 SLAOC, coals. 
 
 SLOP, a policeman. — See under this term in the Dictionary of Slang and 
 
 Cant Words. 
 SNEERG, greens. 
 SOUSH, a house. 
 SPINSRAP, parsnips. 
 SRES-WORT, trousers. 
 STARPS, sprata 
 STOOB, boots. 
 STORRAC, carrota. 
 STUN, nuts. 
 STUNLAWS, walnuts. 
 SWRET-SIO, oysters. 
 TACH, a hat. 
 TAF, or TAFFY, fat. 
 THEG, or teaich qens, eight shillings. 
 TEAICH-GUY, eight shillings, — a slight deviation from the numerical 
 
 arrangement of OEKS. 
 TENIP, a pint. 
 THEG YENEPS, eightpence. 
 TIB, a bit, or piece. 
 TOAC, or TOO, a coat. Toa is the Old Cant term. — See the Dictionarp 
 
 of Slang, &c. 
 TOAC-TISAW, a waistcoat. 
 TOL, lot, stock, or share. 
 TOP 0' REEB, a pot of beer. 
 TOP-YOB, a pot-boy. 
 TORRAC, a carrot. 
 TRACK, (or tbao,) a quart. 
 TROSSENO, literally, " one sort," but the costermongers use it to imply 
 
 anything that is bad. 
 
284 0L08SART OF THE BACK SLANG. 
 
 WAR-RAB, a barrow. 
 
 WEDGE, a Jew. 
 
 TAD, a day; tads, day^ 
 
 YADNAB, brandy. 
 
 YENEP, a penny. 
 
 YENEP-A-TIME, penny each time,— t^rm in betting. 
 
 YENEP-FLATCH, three halfpence,— all the halfpence and pennien con- 
 tinue in the same sequence. 
 YAP-POO, pay up. 
 YEKNOD, or jerk-nod, a donkey. 
 YENORK, a crovvn. 
 YOB, a boy, 
 7JEB, best 
 
SOME ACCOUNT 
 
 THE RHYMINGSLANG, 
 
 THE SECRET LANGUAGE OF CHAUNTERS AND 
 PATTERERS. 
 
 There exists in London a singular tribe of men, known amongst 
 the " fraternity of vagabonds" as chaunters and patterers. Both 
 classes are great talkers. The first sing or chaunt through the 
 public thoroughfares ballads — political and humorous — carols, 
 dying speeches, and the various other kinds of gallows and street 
 literature. The second deliver street orations on grease-removing 
 compounds, plating powders, high -polishing blacking, and the 
 thousand-and-one wonderful pennyworths that are retailed to 
 gaping mobs from a London kerb-stone. 
 
 They are quite a distinct tribe from the costermongers ; indeed, 
 amongst tramps, they term themselves the " harristocrats of the 
 streets," and boast that they live by their intellects. Like the 
 costermongers, however, they have a secret tongue or Cant 
 speech known only to each other. This Cant, which has nothing 
 to do with that spoken by the costermongers, is known in Seven 
 Dials and elsewhere as the Rhyming Slang, or the suhstitution of 
 words and sentences which rhyme viith other words intended to he 
 kept secret. The chaunter's Cant, therefore, partakes of his call- 
 ing, and he transforms and uses up into a rough speech the various 
 odds and ends of old songs, ballads, and street nick-names, which 
 are found suitable to his purpose. Unlike nearly all other 
 systems of Cant, the Rhyming Slang is not founded upon aUe- 
 
286 THE ORIGIN OF THE RHYMING SLANG. 
 
 gory; unless we except a few rude similes, thus — i'm afloat is 
 the Ehyming Cant for " boat," soeeowful tale is equivalent to 
 "three months in jaU," aetful dodgee signifies a "lodger," 
 and a snake in the geass stands for a "looking-glass" — a 
 meaning that would delight a fat Chinaman, or a collector of 
 Oriental proverbs. But, as in the case of the costers' speech and 
 the old gipsy- vagabond Cant, the chaunters and patterers so 
 interlard this " Rhyming Slang" with their general remarks, 
 while their ordinary language is so smothered and subdued, 
 that, unless when they are professionally engaged, and talking of 
 their wares, they might almost pass for foreigners. 
 
 From the inquiries I have made of various patterers and 
 " paper-workers," I learn that the Rhyming Slang was introduced 
 about twelve or iifteen years ago.* Numbering this class of ora- 
 torical and bawling wanderers at twenty thousand, scattered over 
 Great Britain, including London and the large provincial towns, 
 we thus see the number of English vagabonds who converse in 
 rhyme and talk poetry, although their habitations and mode of 
 life constitute a very unpleasant Arcadia. These nomadic poets, 
 like the other talkers of Cant or secret languages, are stamped 
 with the vagabond's mark, and are continually on the move. 
 The married men mostly have lodgings in London, and come and 
 go as occasion may require. A few never quit London streets, 
 but the greater number tramp to aU the kirge provincial fairs, 
 and prefer the monkeey (country) to town life. Some transact 
 their business in a systematic way, sending a post-office order to 
 the Seven Dials printer, for a fresh supply of ballads or penny 
 books, or to the swag shop, as the case may be, for trinkets and 
 gewgaws, to be sent on by rail to a given town by the time they 
 shall arrive there. 
 
 When any dreadful murder, colliery explosion, or frightful rail- 
 way accident has happened in a country district, three or four 
 chaunters are generally on the spot in a day or two after the 
 
 • This was written in 1858. 
 
PATTEBBSS AND CHEAP JACKS. 287 
 
 occurrence, vending and bawling "A True and Faithful Account," 
 &c., which "true and faithful account" was concocted purely in 
 the imaginations of the successors of Catnach and Tommy Pitts * 
 behind the counters of their printing shops in Seven Dials. And 
 but few fairs are held in any part of. England without the 
 patterer being punctually at his post, with his nostrums, or real 
 gold rings, (with the story of the wager laid by the gentleman — 
 see FAWNEY-BOUNCINO, in the Dictionary,) or save-alls for candle- 
 sticks, or paste which, when applied to the strop, makes the dullest 
 razor keen enough to hack broom handles and sticks, and after 
 that to have quite enough sharpness left for splitting hairs, or 
 shaving them off the back of one of the hands of a clodhopper, 
 looking on in amazement. And cheap john, too, with his coarse 
 jokes, and no end of six-bladed knives, and pocket-books, con- 
 taining information for everybody, with pockets to hold money, 
 and a pencil to write with into the bargain, and a van stuffed with 
 the cheap productions of Sheffield and " Brummagem," — he, too, 
 is a patterer of the highest order, and visits fairs, and can hold a 
 conversation in the Ehyming Slang. 
 
 Such is a rough description of the men who speak this jargon ; 
 and simple and ridiculous as the vulgar scheme of a Rhyming 
 Slang may appear, it must always be regarded as a curious fact 
 in linguistic history. In order that the reader's patience may not 
 be too much taxed, only a selection of rhyming words has been 
 given in the Glossary, — and these for the most part, as in the 
 case of the Back Slang, are the terms of every-day life, as used by 
 this order of tramps and hucksters. 
 
 It must not be supposed, however, that the chaunter or patterer 
 confines himself entirely to this Slang when conveying secret in- 
 telligence. On the contrary, although he speaks not a " leash of 
 languages," yet is he master of the beggars' Cant, and is thoroughly 
 * up"' in street Slang. The following letter, written by a chaunter 
 
 • The famous printers and publta'-er* of sheet aoQgs and last dying speeches thirty 
 years ago. 
 
288 CURIOUS LETTER FROM A CHAUNTER. 
 
 to a gentleman who took an interest in his welfare, will shew his 
 capabilities in this line : — 
 
 Dear Friend,* 
 
 Excuse the liberty, since i saw you last i have not 
 earned a thickun, we have had such a Dowry of Pamy that it 
 completely Stumped or Coopered Drory the Bossman's Patter 
 therefore i am broke up and not having another friend but you 
 i wish to know if you would lend me the price of 2 Gross of 
 Tops, Dies, or Croaks, which is 7 shillings, of the above-men- 
 tioned worthy and Sarah Chesham the Essex Burick for the 
 Poisoning job, they are both to be topped at Springfield Stura- 
 ban on Tuesday next, i hope you wUl oblige me if you can for 
 it will be the means of putting a Quid or a James in my Clye. 
 i will call at your Carser on Sunday Evening next for an answer, 
 for i want a Speel on the Drum as soon as possible, hoping you 
 and the family are All Square, 
 
 I remain Your obedient Servant, 
 
 The numerous allusions in the Glossary to well-known places in 
 London, shew that this rude speech was mainly concocted in the 
 metropolis. The police have made themselves partially ac- 
 quainted with the Back Slang, but they are still profoundly 
 ignorant of the Khyming Slang. 
 
 * The writer, a street chaunter of ballads and List dying 6peeche3, alludes in his 
 letter to two celebrated criminals— Thos. Drory, the murderer of Jael Denny, and 
 Siirah Chesham, who poisoned her husband, accounts of whose trials and "horrid 
 deeds" ho had lieen selling. I give a glossary of the Cant words : — 
 
 Thiclciin, a crown-piece. 
 Dowry if Pamy, a lot of rain. 
 Stumped, bankrupt, 
 Ci'fpered, spoilt. 
 Bossman, a farmer. 
 
 *,* Drory was a farmer. 
 Fatter, trial 
 
 Tops, last dying speeches. 
 Diet, ib. 
 
 Croala, A. 
 
 Burick, a woman. 
 
 Topped, hung. 
 
 Sturaban, a pri.son. 
 
 Quid, a sovereign. 
 
 James, ib. 
 
 Clye. a pocket 
 
 Carser, a house or residence. 
 
 Speel on the Drum, to be off to the 
 
 country. 
 All Square, all right, or quite well. 
 
GLOSSARY OF THE RHYMING SLANG. 
 
 ABRAHAM'S WILLING, a shilHng. 
 
 ALACOMPAIN, rain. 
 
 ALL AFLOAT, a coat. 
 
 ANY RACKET, a penny faggot. 
 
 APPLES AND PEARS, stairs. 
 
 ARTFUL DODGER, a lodger. 
 
 ARTICHOKE RIPE, smoke a pipe. 
 
 BABY PAPS, caps. 
 
 BARNET FAIR, Iiair. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE NILE, a tUe— vulgar term for a hat 
 
 BEN FLAKE, a steak. 
 
 BILLY BUTTON, mutton. 
 
 BIRCH BROOM, a room. 
 
 BIRD-LIME, time. 
 
 BOB, MY PAL, a gal,— vulgar pronunciation of ffirU 
 
 BONNETS SO BLUE, Irish stew. 
 
 BOTTLE OF SPRUCE, a deuce,-Slang for twopence 
 
 BOWL THE HOOP, soup. 
 
 BRIAN O'LINN, gin. 
 
 BROWN BESS, yes— the affirmative. 
 
 BROWN JOE, no— the negative. 
 
 BULL AND COW, a row. 
 
 BUSHY PARK, a lark 
 
 BUTTER FLAP, a cap. 
 
 CAIN AND ABEL, a table. 
 
 CAMDEN TOWN, a brown,- vulgar term for a halfpenny. 
 
 CASTLE RAG, a flag, — Cant term for fouipence. 
 
 CAT AND MOUSE, a house. 
 
 CHALK FARM, the arm. 
 
 CHARING CROSS, a horse. 
 
 CHARLEY LANCASTER, a handkeroher,— vulgar pronunciation of 
 handkerchief. 
 
 CHARLEY PRESCOTT, waistcoat. 
 
 CHERRY RIPE, a pipe. 
 
 CHEVY CHASE, the face. 
 
 CHUMP (or chunk) OF WOOD, no good. 
 
 COW AND CALF, to laugh. 
 
 X 
 
290 0L0S8ART OF THE RHTMINO SLANG. 
 
 COVENT GAEDEN', a farden, — Cockney pronunciation of farthing. 
 
 COWS AND KISSES, mistress or missus — referring to the ladies. 
 
 CURRANTS AND PLUMS, thrums,— Slang for threepence. 
 
 DAISY RECROOTS, (so spelt by my informant of Seven Dials; he 
 means, doubtless, recruit!,) a pair of boots 
 
 DAN TUCKER, butter. 
 
 DING DONG, a song. 
 
 DRY LAND, you understand. 
 
 DUKE OP YORK, take a walk. 
 
 EAST AND SOUTH, the mouth. 
 
 EAT A FIG, to " crack a crib," to break into a housa or oommit a bur- 
 glary. 
 
 EGYPTIAN HALL, a ball. 
 
 ELEPHANT'S TRUNK, drunk. 
 
 EPSOM RACES, a pair of braces. 
 
 EVERTON TOFFEE, coffee. 
 
 FANNY BLAIR, the hair. 
 
 FILLET OF VEAL, the treadwheel, house of correction. 
 
 FINGER AND THUMB, rum. 
 
 FLAG UNFURLED, a man of the world. 
 
 FLEA AND LOUSE, a bad house. 
 
 FLOUNDER AND DAB, (two kinds of flat fish,) a cab. 
 
 FLY MY KITE, a light. 
 
 FROG AND TOAD, the main road. 
 
 GARDEN GATE, a magistrate. 
 
 GERMAN FLUTES, a pair of boots. 
 
 GIRL AND BOY, a saveloy, — a peimy sausage. 
 
 GLORIOUS SINNER, a dinner. 
 
 GODDESS DIANA, (pronounced dianer,) a tanner,— sixpence, 
 
 GOOSEBERRY PUDDING, (vtdgo tddden,) a woman. 
 
 HANG BLUFF, snuff. 
 
 HOD OF MORTAR, a pot of porter. 
 
 HOUNSLOW HEATH, teeth. 
 
 I DESIRE, a fire. 
 
 I 'M AFLOAT, a boat. 
 
 ISLE OF FRANCE, a dance. 
 
 ISABELLER, (vulgar pronunciation of Isabella,) an umbrella. 
 
 I SUPPOSE, the nose. 
 
 JACK DANDY, brandy. 
 
 JACK RANDALL, (a noted pugilist,) a candle. 
 
 JENNY LINDER, a winder, — vulgar pronunciation of winuow. 
 
OLOSSART OF THE RHYMINO SLANO. 29 1 
 
 JOE SAVAGE, a cabbage. 
 
 LATH AND PLASTER, a master 
 
 LEAN AND LURCH, a church. 
 
 LEAN AND FAT, a hat 
 
 LINENDRAPER, paper. 
 
 LIVE EELS, fields. 
 
 LOAD OF HAY, a day. 
 
 LONG ACRE, a baker. 
 
 LONG ACRE, a newspaper. — See the preceding, 
 
 LORD JOHN RUSSELL, a bustle. 
 
 LORD LOVEL, a shovel. 
 
 LUMP OF COKE, a bloak,— vulgar term for a man. 
 
 LUMP OF LEAD, the head. 
 
 MACARONI, a pony. 
 
 MAIDS A DAWNING, (I suppose my informant means matJs rtrforntnjr,) 
 the morning. 
 
 MAIDSTONE JAILOR, a taUor. 
 
 MINCE PIES, the eyes. 
 
 MOTHER AND DARTER, (daughter,) water. 
 
 MUFFIN BAKER, a Quaker, — an unlawful sir-reverence. 
 
 NAVIGATORS, taturs, — vulgar pronunciation of potatoes 
 
 NAVIGATOR SCOT, baked potatoes aU hot. 
 
 NEEDLE AND THREAD, bread. 
 
 NEVER FEAR, a pint of beer. 
 
 NIGHT AND DAT, go to the play. 
 
 NOSE AND CHIN, a winn, — ancient Cant for a penny. 
 
 NOSE-MY, backy, — vulgar pronunciation of tobacco. 
 
 OATS AND BARLEY, Charley. 
 
 OATS AND CHAFF, a footpath. 
 
 ORINOKO, (pronounced oeinoker,) a poker. 
 
 OVER THE STILE, sent for trial 
 
 PADDY QUICK, thick; or, a stick. 
 
 PEN AND INK, a stink. 
 
 PITCH AND FILL, Bill,— vulgar Bhortening for ■Vraiiam. 
 
 PLATE OF MEAT, a street. 
 
 PLOUGH THE DEEP, to go to sleep. 
 
 PUDDINGS AND PIES, the eyes. 
 
 BEAD OF TRIPE, (?) transported for life. 
 
 READ AND WRITE, to fight. 
 
 READ AND WRITE, flight.— See preceding. 
 
292 GLOSSARY OF THE RHYMING SLANG. 
 
 RIVER LEA, tea. 
 
 ROGUE AND VILLAIN, a shiUin, — common pronunciation of shilling. 
 
 RORY O'MORE, the floor. 
 
 ROUND THE HOUSES, trouses, — vulgar pronunciation of trousers. 
 
 SALMON TROUT, the mouth. 
 
 SCOTCH PEG, a leg. 
 
 SHIP IN FULL SAIL, a pot of ale. 
 
 SIR WALTER SCOTT, a pot,— of beer 
 
 SLOOP OF WAR, a whore. 
 
 SNAKE IN THE GRASS, a looking-glass. 
 
 SORROWFUL TALE, three months in jaiL 
 
 SPLIT ASUNDER, a costermonger. 
 
 SPLIT PEA, tea. 
 
 SPORT AND WIN, Jim. 
 
 STEAM-PACKET, a jacket. 
 
 ST MARTINS-LE-GRAND, the hand. 
 
 STOP THIEF, beef. 
 
 SUGAR AND HONEY, money. 
 
 SUGAR-CANDY, brandy. 
 
 TAKE A FRIGHT, night. 
 
 THREE-QUARTERS OF A PECK, the neck,— in writing, expressed by 
 
 the simple " }. " 
 THROW ME IN THE DIRT, a shirt 
 TOMMY O'RANN, scran,— vulgar term for food. 
 TOM TRIPE, a pipe. 
 TOM RIGHT, night 
 
 TOP JINT, (vulgar pronunciation of joint,) a pint, — of beer. 
 TOP OF ROME, home. 
 TURTLE DOVES, a pair of gloves. 
 TWO-FOOT RULE, a fool. 
 WIND DO TWIRL, a fine girl. 
 
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 SLANG, CANT, AND VULGAR LANGUAGE; 
 
 OB, 
 
 A LIST OF THE BOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSULTED 
 
 IN COMPILING THIS WORK, 
 
 COMPRISING NEARLY EVERY KNOWN TREATISE UPON THE SUBJECT. 
 
 Slang has a literary history, the same as authorised language. 
 More than one hundred works have treated upon the subject in 
 one form or other, — a few devoting but a chapter, whilst many 
 have given up their entire pages to expounding its history and 
 use. Old Harman, a worthy man, who interested himself in 
 suppressing and exposing vagabondism in the days of good 
 Queen Bess, was the first to write upon the subject. Decker 
 followed fifty years afterwards, but helped himself, evidently, to 
 his predecessor's labours. Shakspeare, Beaumont and Fletcher, 
 Ben Jonson, and Brome, each employed beggars' Cant as part of 
 the machinery of their plays. Then came Head (who wrote The 
 English Rogue, in 1680) with a glossary of Cant words "used 
 by the Gipsies." But it was only a reprint of what Decker had 
 given sixty years before. About this time authorised dictionaries 
 began to insert vulgar words, labelling them " Cant." The Jack 
 Sheppards and Dick Turpins of the early and middle part of the 
 last century made Cant popular, and many small works were 
 published upon the subject. But it was Grose, burly, facetious 
 Grose, who, in the year 1785, collected the scattered glossaries of 
 Cant and secret words, and formed one large work, adding to it 
 all the vulgar words and Slang terms used in his own day. I 
 am aware that the indelicacy and extreme vulgarity of the work 
 
294 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT. 
 
 renders it a disgrace to its compUer, still we must admit that it 
 is by far the most important work which has ever appeared on 
 street or popular language ; indeed, from its pages every succeed- 
 ing work has, up to the present time, drawn its contents. The 
 great fault of Grose's book consists in the author not contenting 
 himself with Slang and Cant terms, but inserting every " smutty" 
 and ofiFensive word that could be raked out of the gutters of the 
 streets. However, Harman and Grose are, after all, the only 
 authors who have as yet treated the subject in an original 
 manner, or have written on it from personal inquiry. 
 
 AINSWORTH'S (William Harrison) I'Jovels and Ballads. London, v. D. 
 
 Some of this author's novels, such as Eookwood anfi Jack Sheppard, abound 
 in Cant words, placed in the mouths of the liighwaymen. The author's 
 ballads (especially "Nix my dolly, pals, fake away") have long been 
 popular favoui-ites. 
 
 ANDREWS' (George) Dictionary of the Slang and Cant Languages, An- 
 cient and Modern, i2mo. London, 1809. 
 
 A sixpenny pamphlet, with a coloured frontispiece representing a beggai-'fl 
 carnival. 
 
 A NEW DICTIONARY OF THE JAUNTING CREW, i2mo. N. d. 
 
 Mentioned by John Bee in the Introduction to his Sporttman't Stang Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 ASH'S (John, LL.D.) New and Complete Dictionary of the English Lan- 
 guage, 2 vols. 8vo. 1775. 
 Contains a great number of Cant words and phrases. 
 
 BACCHUS AND VENUS ; or, A Select Collection of near Two Hundred 
 of the most Witty and Diverting Songs and Catches in Love and 
 Gallantry, with Songs in the Canting Dialect, with a Dictionart, 
 explaining all Burlesque and Canting Terms, i2mo. 1 738. 
 
 Prefixed is a curious woodcut frontispiece "t a Boozing-Km. This work is 
 scarce, and much prized by colleet<irs. The Canting Dictionary appearid 
 before, about 1710, with the initials IS. E. on the title. It lUso Ciune out 
 afterwards, in the year 1751, under the title of the ScoundreVt Dictionary, 
 — a mere reprint of the two former impressions. 
 
 BAILEY'S (Nath.) Etymological English Diction.ary, 2 vols. 8vo. 1 73 7. 
 
 Contains a great many Cant and Vulgar words ;— indeed, B;iiley does not 
 appear to have been very particular what words he inserted, so long as 
 they were actually in use. A Collection of Ancimt and Modem Cant Words 
 appears as an appendix to vol. ii of tiiis edition, (third.) 
 
 BANG-UP DICTIONARY ; or. The Lounger and Sportsman's V.ade Meoum, 
 containing a copious and correct Glossary of the Language of the 
 
BIBLIOOEAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT. 295 
 
 Whips, illustrated by a great variety of original and curious Anec- 
 dotes, 8vo. 1812. 
 
 A vulgar performance, consisting of pilferings from Grose, and made-iip 
 Affords with meanings of a degraded character. 
 
 BARTLETT'S Dictionary or Americanisms; a Glossary of Worrls and 
 Phrases colloquially used in the United States, Svo. New YorlCj 1859 
 
 It la a curio!is fact connected with Slang that a great nvimber of vulgar W'>r(l« 
 common in England are equally common in the United States ; and who- 
 we remember that America began to people two centuries ago, and that 
 thest; colloquialisms must have crossed the sea with the fi.rst emigrants, 
 we can form some idea of tlie antiquity of popular or street langunge. 
 Many words, owing to the caprices of fashion or society, have whoUy 
 disappeared in the parent country, whilst in the colonies they are yet 
 heard. The words skink, to serve drink in comjiany, and the old teim 
 MiCHiNQ or MKECHiso, skuIklng or playing truant, for instjince, are still 
 in use in the United States, although nearly, if not quite, obsolete here. 
 
 BEAUMONT and FLETCHER'S Comedy of The Beggar't Bush, 4to, 
 1661, or any edition. 
 
 Contains numerous Cant worda 
 
 BEES (Jon.) Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, the 
 Bon Ton, and the Varieties of Life, forming the completest and most 
 authentic Lexicon Balatronicum hitherto offered to the notice of the 
 Sporting World, by John Bee, [i.e., John Badcock,] Esq., Editor of 
 the Fancyj Fancy OazetUf Living Picture of London, and the like of 
 that, i2mo. 1823. 
 
 This author published books on Stable Economy under the name of Hinds. 
 He was the sporting rival of Pierce Egan. Professor Wilson, in an amus- 
 ing article in Blackwood's Magazine, reviewed this work. 
 
 BEE'S (Jon.) Living Picture of London for 1828, and Stranger's Guide 
 through the Streets of the Metropolis ; shewing the Frauds, the Arts, 
 Snares, and Wiles of all descriptions of Rogues that everywhere 
 abound, i2mo. 1828, 
 
 Professes to be a guide to society, high and low, in London, and to give an 
 insight into the langua^'e of the streets. 
 
 BEE'S (Jon.) Sportsman's Slang; a New Dictionary of Terms used in the 
 Affairs of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, and the Cockpit; with those 
 of Bon Ton and the Varieties of Life, forming a Lexicon Balatronicum 
 et Macaronicum, cfcc, iimo, plate. For the Author, 1825. 
 
 The same as the prece-^ling, only with an altered title. Both wretched per- 
 formances, filled with miserable attempts at wit. 
 
 BLACKGUARDIANA ; or, Dictionary of Rogues, Bawds, &c., Svo, with 
 K)ETBAiTs, [by James Caulfield.] I795- 
 
 This work, with a long and very vulgar title, is nothing but a reprint of Orosty 
 with a few anecdotes of pirates, odd persons, &c., and some curious por- 
 traits inserted. It was concocted by Caulfield as a speculation, and pub- 
 lished at on« guinea per copy; and, owing to the remarkable title, an! 
 the notification at the bottom tliat *'only a few copies wore printed," 
 soon became scarce. For philological purposes it is not worth bo much 
 as any t^tiou <if Qruse. 
 
296 BIBLIOORAPHY OF SLANO AND CANT. 
 
 BOOK OF VAGABONDS.— vSce under Libek Vaoatorcm. 
 
 BOX I ANA; or, Sketches of Modem Pugiliam, by Pierce Egan, (an ac- 
 count of the prize-ring,) 3 vols. 8vo. 1 820. 
 
 Gives more particularly the Cant terms of pugilism, but contains numerous 
 (what were then styled) '* flash " words. 
 
 BRANDON. Poverty, Mendicity, and Crime; or, The Facts, Examina- 
 tions, &o., upon which the Report was founded, presented to the 
 House of Lords by W. A. Miles, Esq., to which is added a Dictionary 
 of the Flash or Cant Language, known to every Thief and Beggar, edited 
 by H. Brandon, Esq., 8vo. 1839. 
 
 A very wretched performance. 
 
 BROME'S (Rich.) Joviall Crew; or, The Merry Beggars. Presented in a 
 Comedie at the Cockpit, in Drury Lane, in the Year (4to) 1653. 
 
 Contains many Cant words similar to those given by Decker, — ^from whose 
 worl£s they were doubtless obtained. 
 
 BROWN'S (Rev. Hugh Stowell) Lecture on Manliness, i2mo. 1857. 
 
 Contains a few modoru Slang words. 
 BRYDGES' (Sir Egerton) British Bibliographer, 4 vols. 8vo. 1810-14. 
 
 VoL ii., p. 52t, gives a list of Cant words. 
 
 BULWER'S (Sir Edward Lytton) Paul CUfford. v. D. 
 
 Contains numerous Cant worda. 
 
 BULWER'S (Sir Edward Lytton) Pelham. ' v. D. 
 
 Contains a few Cant terms. 
 
 BUTLER'S Hudibras, with Dr Grey's Annotations, 3 vols. 8vo. 1S19. 
 
 Abounding in colloquial terms and phrases. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. Qradus ad Cantabrigiam ; or, A Dictionary of Terms, 
 Academical and Colloquial, or Cant, which are used at the University, 
 with Illustrations, l2mo. Camb., 1803. 
 
 CANTING ACADEMY ; or, ViUanies Discovered, wherein are shewn the 
 
 Mysterious and Villanous Practices of that Wicked Crew— Hectors, 
 
 Trapanners, Gilts, &c., with several new Catches and Songs; also 
 
 Compleat Canting Dictionary, i2mo, frontispiece. 1674. 
 
 Compiled by Richard Head. 
 
 CANTING : a Poem, interspersed with Tales and Additional Scraps, post 
 8vo. 1814. 
 
 A few street words may be gleaned from this rather dull poem. 
 
 CANTING DICTIONARY; comprehending all the Terms, Antient and 
 Modem, used in the several Tribes of Gypsies, Beggars, Shoplifters, 
 Highwaymen, Foot- Pads, and all other Clans of Cheats and Villains, 
 with Proverbs, Phrases, Figurative Speeches, &c., to which is added a 
 complete Collection of Songs in the Canting Dialect, l2mo. 1725. 
 
 The title is by far the most interesting part of the work. A mere maJcc-up 
 of earlier attempts. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT, 297 
 
 CAREW. Life and Adventures of Bamfylde Moore Carew, the King of 
 the Beggars, toith Canting Dictionary, portrait, 8vo. I79i» 
 
 There are numerous editions of this singular biography. The Canting Dic- 
 tionary is nothing more than a filch from earlier lM)okB. 
 
 CHARACTERISMS, or the Modern Age Displayed ; being an Attempt to 
 Expose the Pretended Virtues of Both Sexes, l2mo, (part i, Ladies; 
 part ii., Gentlemen,) E. Ovxn, ' i750- 
 
 An anonymous work, from which some curious matter may be obtained. 
 
 CONYBEARE'S (Dean) Essay on Church Parties, reprmted from the 
 Edinburgh Review^ No. CC, October 1853, i2mo. 1858. 
 
 Several curious instances of religious or pulpit Slang are given in this ex- 
 ceedingly interesting little volume. 
 
 CORCORON, (Peter.) The Fancy, a Poem, i2mo. 182-. 
 
 Abounding in Slang words and the terms of the prize-ring. Written in imi- 
 tation of Moore's T<na. Crib't Metnorial, by one of the authors of The 
 Rejected Addresses. 
 
 COTTON'S (Charles) Genuine Poetical Works, lamo. 1771. 
 
 **8carronide8, or Virgil Travestie, being the first and fourth Books of Virgil's 
 .^neis, in English burlesque," 8vo, 1672, and other works by this author, 
 contain numerous vulgar words now known as Slang. 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) The Bellman of London ; bringing to light the most 
 notorious villanies that are now practised in the Kingdom, 4to, blncll 
 U'Ctcr. London^ 1608. 
 
 Watt says this is the first book which professes to give an account of the 
 Canting language of thieves and vagabonds. But this is wrong-, as will 
 have been seen from tlie remarks on Harman, who collected the words 
 of the vagabond crew half a century before. 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) Lanthome and Candle-light, or the Bellman's Second 
 Night's Walke, in which he brings to light a brood of more strange 
 villanies than ever were to this year discovered, 4to. London, 160S-9. 
 
 This is a continuation of the former work, and contains the Canter^s Diction- 
 ary, and has a frontispiece of the London Watchman with his staff broken. 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) Gulls' Hornbook, 4to. 1609. 
 
 ** This work affords a greater insight into the fashionable follies and vulgar 
 habits of Quecu Elizabeth's day tliau perhaps any other extant." 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) per se 0, or a new Cryer of Lanthome and 
 Candle-light, an Addition of the Bellman's Second Night's Walke, 4to, 
 filach Jetrer. 1612. 
 
 A lively description of London. Contains a Canter's Dictionary, every word 
 in which a)>pcars to have been taken from Hiuinan without acknowledg- 
 ment. This is the first work that gives the Canting Song, a verse of 
 which is insetted at page 20 of the Introduction. This Canting Song has 
 since been inserted in nearly ali Dictionaries of Cant. 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) Villanies discovered by Lanthome and Candle-light, 
 and the Helpo of a new Cryer called per se 0, 4to. 1616. 
 
 '* With Canting Songs never before printed." 
 
298 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT. 
 
 DECKER'S (Thomas) English Tillanies, eight several times prest to Death 
 by the Printers, but still reviving again, are now the eighth time (as 
 at the first) discovered by Lanthome and Candle-light, &c., 4to. 1648. 
 The eighth edition of the '* Lanthome and Candle-light^ 
 
 DICTIONARY of all the Cant and Flash Languages, both Ancient and 
 Modern, l8mo. Bailey, 1790. 
 
 DICTIONARY of all the Cant and Flash Languages, i2mo. London, 1 797. 
 
 DICTIONARY of the Canting Crew, (Ancient eind Modem,) of Gypsies, 
 Beggars, Thieves, &c., I2mo. N. D. [1700.] 
 
 DICTIONNAIRE des Halle, i2mo. Bmxelles, 1696. 
 
 This curious Slang Dictionary sold in the Stanley sale for jC^, i6s. 
 
 DUCANGE ANGLICUS.— The Vulgar Tongue: comprising Two Glos- 
 saries of Slang, Cant, and Flash Words and Phrases used in London 
 at the present day, 1 2 mo. 1 85 7. 
 
 A silly and childish preformance, fUll of blunders and contradictions A 
 second edition appeared during the past year. 
 
 DUNCOMBE'S Flash Dictionary of the Cant Words, Queer Sayings, and 
 Crack Terms now in use in Flash Cribb Society, 32mo, coloured print. 
 
 1820. 
 DUNTON'S Ladies' Dictionary, 8vo. London, 1694. 
 
 Contains a few Cant and vulgar words. 
 
 EGAN. Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, with the 
 addition of numerous Slang Phrases, edited by Pierce Egan, 8vo. 1 823. 
 
 The best edition of Grose, with many additions, including a Life of this cele- 
 brated antiquary. 
 
 EGAN'S (Pierce) Life in London, 2 vols, thick 8vo, vdth coloured plates hy 
 Geo. Cruiksliank, represetiting high and low life. 18 — . 
 
 Contains numerous Cant, Slang, sportintr, and vulgar words, supposed by the 
 author to form the basis of conversation in lite, high and low, in London. 
 
 ELWYN'S (Alfred L.) Glossary of supposed Americanisnu — Vulgar and 
 Slang Words used in the United States, small Svo. 1859. 
 
 GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, Svo. N. d. 
 
 *' In a very early volume of this parent magazine were given a few pages, by 
 way of sample, of a SUmg Vocabulary, then termed Cant. If, as we 
 suspect, this port of the Magazine fell to the share of Dr Johnson, who 
 was tiien its editor, we have to lament that he did not proceed with the 
 design " — John See, in the Introduction to hU Slang JHctionary, 1825. 
 
 GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, vol. xcii., p. 520. 
 
 Mention made of Siaug. 
 GLOSSARIES of County Dialects. v. D. 
 
 Many of these will rcpny examination, as they contain Cant and Slang words, 
 v;rciiigly inserted as provincial or old terms. 
 
 GOLDEN CABINET (The) of Secrets opened for Youth's delightful Pas- 
 time, in 7 parts, the last being the " City and Country Jester;" with 
 a Canting Dictionary, by Dr Surman, l2mo. London, N. u. (1 730.) 
 Contains some curious woodcuts. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANO AND CANT. 299 
 
 GREENE'S (Robert) Notable Discovery of Coosn^e, now daily {practised 
 by sundry lewd persona called Conie-catchers and Crosse - biters. 
 Plainly laying open tliose pernitious sleights that hath brought many 
 ignorant men to confusion. Written for the general benefit of all 
 Gentlemen, Citizens, Apprentices, Country Farmers, and Yeomen, 
 that may hap to fall into the company of such coosening companions. 
 With a delightful discourse of the coosnage of Colliers, 4to, with wood- 
 cuts. Printed by John Wolfe, l^gi, 
 
 ThefirH edition. A copy of another edition, supposed to be uniqtu, is dated 
 1593. It was Boid at the Heber sale. 
 
 GREENE'S (Robert) Groundworke of Conny-Catching, the manner of their 
 PEDLEBS' FRENCH, and the meanes to understand the same, with the 
 cunning sleights of the Conterfeit Cranke. Done by a Justice of the 
 Peace of great Authoritie, 4to, with woodcutt. I593- 
 
 Usually enumerated among Greene's works, but it is only a reprint^ with 
 Tariations, of Harman'i Cavtat, and of which Rowland complains in hi» 
 Martin Harlcall. The second and third parts of this curious work w( ro 
 published in the same year. Two other very rare volumes by Greene 
 were published — The .Defence of Cony-Catching, 4to, in 1592, and Turt 
 Black Booices Mkssekoer, in 1595. They both treat on the same sub- 
 jects. 
 
 GROSE'S (Francis, generally styled Ca^ptain) Classical Dictionary of the 
 Vulgar Tongue, 8vo. 1 78-. 
 
 The tnuch-souffht-aftcr First Edition, but containing nothing, as far as I 
 have examined, wliich is not to be found in the second and third editions. 
 As respects indecency, I find all the editions equally disgniceful. The 
 Museum copy of the First Edition is, 1 suspect, (Jrose's own copy, as it 
 contains num'erous manuscript additions which afterwards went to form 
 the second edition. Excepting the obscenities, it is really an extra- 
 ordinary book, and displays great industry, if we cannot speak much of 
 its morality. It is the well from wiiich all the other authors — Duncoinbe, 
 Cautiield, Clarke, Egan, &c. Ac— drew tiieir vulgar outpourings, witliuut 
 in the least purifying what they had stolen. 
 
 HAGGART. Life of Dayid Haggart, alias John Wilson, alias Barney 
 M'Coul, written by himself while under sentence of Death, curum» 
 frontispiece of the Prisoner in Irons, intermixed with all tlie Slang and 
 Cant Words of the Day, to which is added a Glossary of the same, 
 l2mo. 1821. 
 
 HALL'S (B. H.) Collection of College Words and Customs, i2mo. 
 
 Cambridge, (U. S.,) 1 856. 
 Very complete. The illustrative examples are excellent. 
 
 HALLIWELL'S Archaic Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo. 1855. 
 
 An invaluable work, giving the Cant words used by Decker, Brome, and a few 
 of those mentioned by Grose. 
 
 HARLEQUIN Jack Shepherd, with a Night Scene in Grotesque Charac- 
 ters, 8vo. (About 1736.) 
 Contains Songs in the Canting dialect 
 
 HARMAN'S (Thomas, Esq.) Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors, 
 vulgarly called Vagabones, set forth for the utilitie and profit of his 
 aaturall countrey , augmented and iniargcd by the first author thereof ; 
 
300 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT. 
 
 whereunto is added the tale of the second taking of the counterfeit 
 Crank, with the true report of his behaviour and also his punishment 
 for his 80 dissembling, most marvellous to the hearer or reader thereof, 
 newly imprinted, 4to. Imprinted at London, by H. Middleton, 1573. 
 Contains the earliest Dictionary of the Cant language. Four editions were 
 printed— William Griffith, 1566 
 
 1567 
 
 1567 
 
 Henry Middleton, 1573 
 What Qrot^s Dietioruiry of tht Vulgar Tungut was to the authors of the 
 earlier part of the present century, Harman's was to the Deckers, and 
 Bromea, and Heads of the seventeenth. 
 
 HARRISON'S (William) Description of the Island of Britain, (prefixed to 
 Molin»hed'i Chronicle,) 2 vols, folio. 1S77- 
 
 Contains an account of English vagabonds. 
 
 HAZLITT'S (William) Table Talk, i2mo, (vol. ii. contains a chapter on 
 Familiar Style, with a notice on Slang Terms.) v. D. 
 
 HEAD'S (Richard) English Rogue, described in the Life of Meriton 
 Latroon, a Witty Extravagant, 4 vols. I2mo. 
 
 Frant. Kirhman, 1671-80. 
 Contains a list of Cant words, evidently copied from Decker. 
 
 HELL UPON EARTH, or the most pleasant and delectable History of 
 Whittington's CoUedge, otherwise vulgarly called Newgate, l2mo. 
 
 1703- 
 HENLEY'S (John, letter known as oeatoe henlet) Various Sermons and 
 Orations. 1 719-53- 
 
 Contains numerous vulgarisms and Slang phrases. 
 
 [HITCHING'S (Charles, formerly City Marshal, now a Prisoner in Netvgaie)] 
 Regulator ; or, a Discovery of the Thieves, Thief-Takers, and Locks, 
 alias Receivers of Stolen Goods in and about the City of London, also 
 an Account of all the flash words now in vogue amongst the Thieves, 
 <tc., 8vo., VERY RABE, with a citrious woodcut. 17 18. 
 
 A violent attack upon Jouatlum Wild. 
 HOUSEHOLD WORDS, No. 183, September 24. 
 
 Gives an interesting but badly-digested article on Slang ; many of the ex- 
 amples are wrong. 
 
 JOHNSON'S (Dr Samuel) Dictionary, (the earlier editions.) V. D. 
 
 Contains a great number of words italicised as Cant, low, or barbarous. 
 
 JONSON'S (Ben.) Bartholomew Fau-, ii., 6. 
 
 Several Cant words arc placed in the mouths of the characters. 
 
 JONSON'S (Ben.) Masque of the Gipsies Metamorphosed, 4to. 16 — . 
 
 Contains numerous Cant words. 
 
 KENT'S (E.) Modem Hash Dictionary, containing all the Cant Words, 
 Slang Terms, and Flash Phrases now in Vogue, iSmo, coloured frontis- 
 piece. 1825. 
 
 L'ESTRANGE'S (Sir Roger) 'Works, (principally translations.) V. D. 
 
 Abound in vxilgar and Slang phrases. 
 
BIBLIOORAPHY OF SLANG AND CANT. 30I 
 
 LEXICON Balatronicum ; a Dictionary of Buckieh Slang, University Wit, 
 
 and Pickpocket Eloquence, by a Member of the Whip Club, assisted by 
 
 Hell-fire Dick, 8vo. 18x1. 
 
 One of the many reprints of Orose'a second edition, put forth under a fresh, 
 
 and what was then considered a more attractive title. It was given out 
 
 in advei-tisemeiits. &c., as a piece of puff, that it was edited by a Dr H, 
 
 Clarke, but it contains scarcely a line more than Grose. 
 
 LTBER VAGATORUM: Der Betler Orden, 4to. Recently translated: 
 The Book of Vagabonds and Beggars, (Liber Vagatorum : Der Betler 
 Orden,) with a vocabulary of their hB.ng\iAge, {Rotwehche Sprach ;) 
 edited, with preface, by Martin Luther, in the year 1528. Now first 
 Translated into English, with Notes, by John Camden Hotten ; 4to, 
 icitk woodcuts. 1859. 
 
 The first edition of this book appears to have been printed at Ang-abursr, by 
 Erhard Oglin, or Ocellus, about 1514, — a small quarto of twelve leaves. It 
 was frequently reprinted at other places in Germany; and in 1528 there 
 appeared an edition at Wirtemberg, with a preface by Martin Luther, 
 who says thjit the " Rotwelsche Sprach," the Cant language of the beg- 
 gars, comes from the Jews, as it contains many Hebrew words, as any one 
 who understands that language may perceive. This book is divided into 
 three parts, or sections ; the first gives a special accoxmt of the several 
 orders of the ''Fraternity of Vagabonds; " the second, sundry "notabilia'* 
 relating to the different classes of beggars previously described ; and the 
 third consists of a "Rotwelsche Vocabulary,'* or "Cantincr Dictionary." 
 Tliere is a long notice of the " Liber Vagatorum " in the *' Wiemarisches 
 Jahrbuch," lote, Bajid, 1856. Mayhew, in his London Labour, states 
 that many of our Cant words are derived from the Jew fences It is 
 singular that a similar statement should have been made by MartSl 
 Luther more than three centuries before. 
 
 LIFE IN ST GEORGE'S FIELDS; or, The Rambles and Adventures oC 
 Disconsolate William, Esq., and his Surrey Friend, Flash Dick, with 
 Songs and a flash dictionary, 8vo. 182 i. 
 
 MAGINN (Dr.,) wrote Slang Songs in Blackwood's Magazine. 1827, 
 
 MAYHEW'S (Henry) London Labour and the London Poor, 4 vols. 
 
 1851-61. 
 
 An invaluable work to the inquirer into popular or street language. 
 
 MATHEWS (Henry) Great World of London, 8vo. 1857. 
 
 An unfinished work, but containing several examples of the use and applica- 
 tion of Cant and Slang words. 
 
 MIDDLETON (Thomas) and DECKER'S (Thomas) Roaring Girlj or Moll 
 Cut Purse, 4to. 1611, 
 
 The conver-ation in one scene is entirely in the so-called Pedlar's French. It 
 
 is given in Dodiley's Old Plays. 
 
 MODERN FLASH DICTIONARY, 48mo. 1825. 
 
 The smallest 81aug Dictionary ever printed; intended for the waistcoat- 
 pockets of the ** BLOODS " of the Prince Regent's time. 
 
 MONCRIEFF'S Tom and Jerry, or Life in London, a Farce in Three Acts, 
 
 i2mo. 1820. 
 
 An excellent exponent of the false and forced " high life " which was so x>opu- 
 
 lar during the minority of George IV. The fiirce had a i-un of a hundred 
 
 XLights, or more, and was a general favourite for years. It abounds in 
 
 Cult, and the language of " gig/' as it was then often termed. 
 
302 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SLANO AND CANT. 
 
 MORNINGS AT BOW STREET, by T. Wright, lamo, mth Ittuttra- 
 turns hy George Cruikshunh. Tegg, 1838. 
 
 In this work a few etymologies of Slang words are attempted. 
 
 NEW CANTING DICTIONARY, l2mo. ». D. 
 
 A copy of this work is described in Rodd't Catalogue 0/ Elegant Literature, 1845, 
 part iv.. No. 2128, with manuscript notes and additions in the autograph 
 of Isaac Reed, price jCh ^^^ 
 
 NEW DICTIONARY of the Terms, Ancient and Modem, of the Canting 
 Crew in its several tribes of Gypsies, Beggars, Thieves, Cheats, &c., 
 with an addition of some Proverhs, Phrases, Pigurative /Speeches, <fcc., 
 by B. E., Gent., i2mo. N. D. [1710.] 
 
 Afterwards issued under the title of Bacchus and Fenus, 1737, and in 1754 as 
 the Scoundrel's Dictionary, 
 
 NEW DICTIONARY of all the Cant and Flash Languages used by every 
 clasa of offenders, from a Lully Prigger to a High Tober Gloak, small 
 8vo., pp. 62. 1 79 — . 
 
 Mentioned by John Bee. 
 
 NOTES AND QUERIES. The invaluable . Index to this most useful 
 periodical may be consulted with advantage by the seeker after ety- 
 mologies of Slang and Cant words. 
 PARKER. High and Low Life, A View of Society in, being the Adven- 
 tures in England, Ireland, &0., of Mr G. Parker, a iStar/e Itinerant, 2 
 vols, in I, thick l2mo. Printed for the Author, 1781. 
 
 A curious work, containing many Cant words, with 100 orders of rogues and 
 swindlers. 
 
 PARKER'S (Geo.) Life's Painter of Variegated Characters, with a Diction- 
 ary of Cant Language and Flash Songs, to which is added a Disserta- 
 tion on Freemasonry, portrait, 8vo. 1 789. 
 
 PEGGE'S (Samuel) Anecdotes of the English Language, chiefly regarding 
 the Local Dialect of London and Environs, 8vo. 1803-41. 
 
 PERRY'S (William) London Guide and Stranger's Safeguard, against 
 Cheats, Swindlers, and Pickpockets, by a Gentleman who has made 
 the Police of the Metropolis an object of inquiry twenty-two years, 
 (no wonder when the author was in prison a good portion of that time !) 
 
 1818. 
 Contains a dictionary of Slang and Caut words. 
 
 PHILLIP'S New World of Words, folio. 1696. 
 
 PICKERING'S (F.) Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases which 
 have been supposed to be peculiar to the United States of America, 
 to which is prefixed an Essay on the present state of the English 
 Language in the United States, 8vo. Boston, 1 816. 
 
 The remark made upon Sartlett's Americanisms applies equally to this work. 
 
 PICTURE OF THE FANCY, i2mo. 18—. 
 
 Contains numerous Slang terms. 
 
 POTTER'S (H. T., of Clay, Worcestershire) New Dictionary of all the Cant 
 and Flash Languages, both ancient and modern, 8vo., pp. 62. 1790. 
 
BIBLIOORAPHT OF SLANG AND CANT. 305 
 
 POULTER. The Discoveries of John Poulter, alias Baxter, 8vo, 48 pages. 
 
 (1770?) 
 At pages ^a, ij, there, is an explanation of tlie " Language of Thieves, cum- 
 monly calTod Cant." 
 
 PRISON-BREAKER, The, or the Adventures of John Shepherd, a Faroe, 
 
 8to. London, 1725. 
 
 Contains a Canting song, tm. 
 
 PUNCH, or the London Charivari, 
 
 Of .en points out Slim^, vulgar, or abused words. It also, occasionally, em- 
 ploys them in jokes, or sketches of character. 
 
 QUARTERLY REVIEW, vol. x., p. 528. 
 
 Gives a paper on Americanisms and Slang phrases. 
 
 RANDALL'S (Jack, the Pugilist, formerly of the " Role in the Wall," 
 Chancery Lane) Diary of Proceedings at the House of Call for Genius, 
 edited by Mr Breakwindow, to which are added several of Mr B.'s 
 minor pieces, 1 2mo. 1820. 
 
 Believed to have been written by Thomas Moore. The verses are mostly paro- 
 dies of popular authors, and abound in the Slang of pugilisui, and the 
 phraseology of the fast life of the period. 
 
 RANDALL (Jack) a Few Selections from his Scrap Book ; to which are 
 added Poems on the late Fight for the Championship, l2mo. 1822. 
 Frequently quoted by Mo' ire in Tom Crii/s MemoriaL 
 
 SCOUNDREL'S DICTIONARY, or an Explanation of the Cant Words 
 used by Thieves, Housebreakers, Street-robbers, and Pickpockets about 
 Town, with some curious dissertations on the Art of Wheedling, &o., 
 the whole printed from a copy taken on one of their gang, in the late 
 Kuffle between the watchman and a party of them on Clerkemvell green, 
 6vo. 1754. 
 
 A reprint of Bacchus and Venus, 1737. 
 
 SHARP (Jeremy) The Life of an English Rogue, l2mo. 1740. 
 
 Includes a '* Vocabulary of the Gypsies' Cant.** 
 
 SHERWOOD'S Gazetteer of Georgia, U.S., 8vo. 
 
 Contains a glossary of words. Slang and vulgar, peculiar to the Southern 
 States. 
 
 SMITH'S (Oapt.) Compleat History of the Lives and Robberies of the 
 
 most Notorious Highwaymen, Foot-pads, Shop-lifters, and Cheats, of 
 
 both Sexes, in and about London and Westminster, 1 2mo, vol. i. 1719. 
 
 This volume contains " Thk Thieves* New Caiitino Dictiovart of the 
 
 Words, Proverbs, &c., used by THiKVfa.'* 
 
 SMITH (Capt. Alexander) The Thieves' Grammar, i2mo., p. 28. 17 — » 
 
 A copy of this work is in the collection formed by Prince Lucieu Bonaparte 
 
 SMITH'S (Capt.) Thieves' Dictionary, l2mo. 1 724. 
 
 SNOWDEN'S Magistrate's Assistant, and Constable's Guide, thick small 
 
 Svo. 1852. 
 
 Gives a description of the various orders of cadgers, beggars, and swindlers, 
 
 together with a Olossary o/the Flush LanywLgt. 
 
304 BIBLIOORAPHY OF SLANO AND CANT. 
 
 SPOBTMAN'S DICTIONARY, 4to. 17—. 
 
 By an anonymouB author. Contains some low sporting terms. 
 
 STANLEY'S Remedy, or the Way how to Reform Wandring Beggars, 
 
 Thieves, &c., wherein is shewed that Sodomes Sin of Idleness is the 
 
 Poverty and the Misery of this Kingdome, 4to. 1646. 
 
 This work has an engraving on wood wliich is said to be the veritable original 
 
 of Jim Crow. 
 
 SWIFT'S coarser pieces abound in Vulgarities and Slang expressions. 
 
 THE TRIUMPH OF WIT, or Ingenuity displayed in its Perfection, be- 
 ing tlie Newest and most Useful Academy, Songs, Art of Love, and 
 the Mystery and Art of Canting, with Poems, Songs, dec, in the Cant- 
 ing Language, i6mo. /. Clarice, 1735. 
 What is generally termed a shilling Chap Book. 
 
 THE TRIUMPH OF WIT, or the Canting Dictionary, being the Newest 
 and most Useful Academy, containing the Mystery and Art of Cant- 
 ing, with the original and present management thereof, and the ends 
 to which it serves and is employed, illustrated with Poems, Songs, and 
 various Intrigues in the Canting Language, with the Explanations, &c., 
 I2mo. Dublin, N. D. 
 
 A Chap Book of 32 pages, circa 176a 
 THOMAS (L) My Thought Book, 8vo. 1825. 
 
 Contains a chapter on Slang. 
 
 THE WHOLE ART OP THIEVING and Defrauding Discovered : being 
 a Caution to all Housekeepers, Shopkeepers, Salesmen, and others, to 
 guard against Robbers of both Sexes, and the best Methods to pre- 
 vent their Villanies ; to which is added an Explanation of most of the 
 Cant terms in the Thieving Language, 8vo, pp. 46. 1786. 
 
 TOM CRIB'S Memorial to Congress, with a Preface, Notes, and Appendix 
 by one of the Fancy [Tom Moore, the poet,] i2mo. 1819. 
 
 A humorous poem, abounding in Slang and pugilistic terms, with a burlesque 
 essay on the classic origin of Slang. 
 
 VACABONDES, the Fratematye of, as well of ruflyng Vacabones, as of 
 beggerly, of Women as of Men, of Gyrles as of Boyes, with their pro- 
 per Names and QuaUties, with a Description of the Crafty Company 
 of Cousoners and Sliifters, also the XXV. Orders of Knaves ; other- 
 wyse called a Quartern of Knaves, confirmed by Cocke Lorell, 8vo. 
 Imprinted at London by John Awdeley, dwellyng in little Britayne streete 
 y/ithout Aldersgate. 1575- 
 
 It is stilted in Ames* Typog. Atitiq., vol ii., p 885, that an edition bearing the 
 date 1565 is in existence, and that the compiler was no other than old 
 John Audley, the printer, himself. This conjecture, however, is very 
 doubtful. As stated by Watt, it is more than probable that it was writ- 
 ten by Harman, or was* taken from his works, iu MS. or print. 
 
 VAUX'S (Count de, a svnndler and piclrpochet) Life, written by himself, 
 2 vols., l2mo, to which is added a Canting Dictionary. 1819. 
 
 These Memoirs were suppressed on accoxint of the scandalous passages con 
 taiued in tbutu 
 
BIBLWQRAPHT OF SLANO AND CANT. 305 
 
 WEBSTER'S (Noah) Letter to the Hon. John Pickering, on the Subject 
 of his Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases supposed to be 
 peculiar to the United States, 8vo, pp. 69. Boston, 1817. 
 
 WILD (Jonathan) — History of the Lives and Actions of Jonathan Wild, 
 Thieftaker, Joseph Blake, alias Blueskin, Footpad, and John Shep- 
 pard. Housebreaker ; together with A Caniinq Dictionart by Jona- 
 than Wild, woodcuts, i2mo. i75o- 
 
 WILSON (Professor) contributed various Slang pieces to SlachpoocCs 
 Magazine; including a Re . .ew of Bee's Dictionary. 
 
 WITHERSPOON'S (Dr of America) Essays on Americanisms, Perversions 
 of Language in the United States, Cant phrases, &o., 8vo., in the 4th 
 ToL of his Works. Philaddphia, 1801. 
 
 The earliest work on American vulgarisms. Originally published as a series 
 of Essays, entitled the Drvid, which appeared in a periodical in 1761. 
 
 THE EVDl. 
 
 JOnS CAMDEN HOmtN, PRm-BR, PIOCAniLLT, LONDOS. 
 
 U 
 
l00hs an fmxQUKQt 
 
 Preparing, in 2 Vols. 8vo, 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH: 
 
 THE WORDS AND PHEASES IN CUEEENT USE COMMONLY 
 CALLED "SLANG" AND "VULGAR." 
 
 Their Origin and Etymology traced, and their Use Illustrated hy Examples 
 dravm from, the genteelest Authors. 
 
 The notorious incompleteness of even the best of our English 
 dictionaries can only be attributed to the manifest impossibility 
 of any one man's registering and authenticating by an apposite 
 example every word which is even common and current in 
 printed literature. This difiBculty is immeasurably increased 
 when the words sought to be recorded are, in many instances, 
 at present purely coUoqmal, and, ii printed at all, imbedded in 
 literature which is essentially fugitive, — such as the bulk of ovu: 
 plays and novels and the columns of our newspapers. Johnson- 
 ianism, if much at a discount in our literature, has certainly de- 
 parted altogether from our daily speech, which every year seems 
 to become more and more idiomatical, nay — with reverence be it 
 spoken — slangy; and the Editor believes that unless the colloquial- 
 isms of this generation be registered, our descendants will have a 
 very colourless picture of the conversation and manners of their 
 
fathers, of all ranks of society. There is surely nothing trivial in 
 an attempt to do this thoroughly and systematically, — a like work 
 being done for our county dialects and obsolete literature by 
 the first philologists in Europe, necessarily in an imperfect manner 
 and with immense labour. And the Editor hopes that those into 
 whose hands this falls will kindly render him assistance in filling 
 up the deficiencies of this third edition, and in illustrating the 
 newer and more uncommon words by extracts from our literature. 
 It will be endeavoured to select such illustrations as shall be not 
 only valuable as such, but interesting in themselves. All contri- 
 butions in aid of this work, — suggestions on origin and etymo- 
 logy, unregistered words, definitions, and illustrative examples,— 
 will be thankfully received and acknowledged by the publisherj 
 Mr Camden Hotten, Piccadilly, London. 
 
 Jdmb 4, 1864. 
 
 It is the Editor's intention, also, to give in this work the 
 Feench Slang equivalents for our own vulgar terms and 
 neologisms. As the task is a difficult one — the emery -day speech 
 of Paris being much more changeable than that of London— 
 the Editor will he thankful for any assistance rendered. 
 
3 
 
 BY PEEMISSION OF H.LH. PRINCE LUCIKN BONAPABTK 
 
 Preparing, in i small voL, sq. 24ino, exquisitely printed. 
 
 The Song of Solomon in the North-Derhyshire Dialect 
 
 Edited, with Notes, &o., by THOMAS HALLAM, Esq. 
 
 *,* Uniform with the other small books on Dialect issued by H.I.H, 
 the Prince Lucien Bonaparte. This is the first time the Nokth- 
 Debbyshikb Dialect has been specially treated of. 
 
 BY PERMISSION OP H.LH. PRINCE LUCIEN BONAPARTE. 
 
 Preparing, in i small voL, sq. 24mo, exquisitely printed. 
 
 The Gipsy Vocahulary ; or, List of Words taken down from 
 the Mouths of Gipsies in Somersetshire, by a Clergyman resident, 
 there in 1780. Edited, with Notes, Introduction, &c., by W. 
 PINKERTON, Esq., F.L.S. 
 
 *,* Uniform with the other small books on Language issued by 
 H.I.H, Prince Lucien Bonaparte. The value of this Vocabulary con- 
 sists in the fact that the words were written down on occasions oi 
 ACTUAL coxvEESATiONS WITH GiPSiES, and that it was not compiled 
 from Grellman or any of the Continental works. 
 
 WINCHESTER WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 In preparation, 8vo, 
 
 Glossary of all the Words, Phrases, Customs, peculiar to 
 
 Winchester College. 
 
 *#* See School Life at WvnektgUr College, which will be slioitly 
 published. 
 
4 
 
 In preparation, i voL , small 8vo, 
 
 The School and College Slang of England ; or, Glossaries of 
 
 tho Words and Phrases peculiar to the Six great Educational 
 Establishments of the Country. 
 
 DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS. 
 
 Thick 8vo, published at^l, 5s., only 12s. 6d., 
 
 Glossary of Words and Phrases usually regarded as 
 
 peculiar to the United States. By JOHN RUSSELL BAET- 
 LETT. Third and best Edition. 
 
 *^* The work extends to 560 pages, and presents to the English 
 reader a body of admirably -selected extracts from the humorous and 
 dialectical literature of the United States. The worh is offered at the 
 lowest cash price, and must be applied for dieect, as no discount can be 
 
 allowed to any agent. 
 
 It is a curious fact connected with Slang that a great number of 
 vulgar words common in England are equally common in the United 
 States ; and when we remember that America began to people tw(i 
 centuries ago, and that these colloquialisms must have crossed the sea 
 with the first emigrants, we can form some idea of the antiquity of 
 popular or street language. Many words, owing to the caprices of 
 fashion or society, have wholly disappeared in the parent country, 
 whilst in the colonies they are yet heard. The words skink, to serve 
 drink in company, and the old term MICHIKG or MEECHING, skulking 
 or playing truant, for instance, are still in use in the United States, 
 although nearly, if not quite, obsolete here. 
 
Kow ready, only a few Copies for sale, original price 51., 
 now offered at 28. 6d., 
 
 A Dictionary of the Oldest Words in the English Lan- 
 guage, from the Semi-Saxon Period of a.d. 1250 to 130O; con- 
 sisting of an Alphabetical Inventory of every Word found in the 
 printed English Literature of the Thirteenth Century. By the 
 late HERBERT COLERIDGE, Secretary to the PhUological So- 
 ciety. 8vo, neat. 
 
 An invaluable work to historical students and those interested in 
 /inguistio pursuits. " The present publication may be considered as 
 the foundation-stone of the Historical and Literary Portion" of the 
 great English Dictionaby now in preparation by the Philological 
 Society. "Explanatory and etymological matter has been added, 
 which, it is hoped, may render the work more generally interesting 
 and useful than could otherwise have been the case." 
 
 The Publisher will he glad to receive the names of gentle- 
 men who Tnay desire to secure Copies of any of the above works. 
 Of three of them only a very limited number will be printed. 
 
 «-css.<5SSik9'?>«-^>-j 
 
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