ORGANIZATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM IN JAPAN. CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY TOKIO. 189.3. ORGANIZATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM IN JAPAN. /fz^^i 6s J> nff THI' CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF TOKIO. 1893. PREFACE This volume has been prepared for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago with the purpose of showing our Meteorological System to the visitors from various foreign countries on this unique occasion. It must be distinctly understood that the volume chiefly refers to the present organization of Meteorological System in Japan. For the sake of convenience this volume has been compiled in strict accordance with the Circular issued by the International Meteorological Committee on December 31st, 1882. I express here my sincerest thanks to Mr. N. Baba, assistant meteo- rologist of the Service of Indications, to whom I have entrusted the task of compiling this volume. K. KOBAYASHI, Director of Central Meteorological Observatory. Tokio, January 1893. 3G8620 CONTENTS. General Definition of the Meteorological System ........ 1 Number of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order Stations . . .... 7 Organization of the Meteorological Stations. ........ 9 Special Observations . . ; 11 Observations at Sea . . . . . . . ... . . .17 Telegraphic Weather Service . . . . . . . . . .20 Central Meteorological Observatory .......... 37 Personnel and their Appointments . .41 Publications of the Central Meteorological Observatory 42 Administration and Inspection . . . , 48 Historical summary of the System . . .49 ORGANIZATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM IN JAPAN. GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM. The Regulations relating to the Meteorological System in Japan have been established by an Imperial Ordinance, the rules for enforcing the same being fixed by the Minister for Home Affairs. We hereby give Our sanction to the Regulations relating to the Meteorological Observa- tory and Stations and order the same to be promulgated. (H. I. M.'s Sign Manual) (Privy Seal) The 3rd day, the 8th month, the 20th year of Mciji, (1887). Count ITO HIROBUMI Minister President of State. Count YAMAGATA ARITOMO Minister of State for Home Affairs. IMPERIAL ORDINANCE No. XLI. REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY AND STATIONS. ART. 1 A Central Observatory is to be founded in Tokio and number of Provin- cial Stations in suitable locations. The positions of the same shall be determined by the Minister for Home Affairs. ART. 2 Any persons who desire to direct meteorological stations besides those above mentioned, shall obtain sanction from the Minister for Home Affairs. ART. 3 The Central Observatory shall be directly controlled by the Minister for Home Affairs and Provincial Stations by the Governors of the Prefectures under the supervision of the Minister. The other stations shall be placed under the supervision of the Governors of the Prefectures. ART. 4 The expenses of Provincial Stations shall be sustained from the reve- nues of the respective Prefectures concerned. ART. 5 The Central Observatory and Provincial Stations shall be in communi- cation with one another in the execution of their business. ART. 6 The rules for enforcing these regulations shall be fixed by the Minister for Home Affairs. NOTIFICATION No. V OF THE DEPARTMENT FOB HOME AFFAIRS. The rules for enforcing the Regulations relating to the Meteorological Observatory and Stations are hereby revised as follows: The 4th day, the 5th month, the 25th year of Meiji, (1892). Count SOYESHIMA TANEOMI Minister of State for Home Affairs. The Rules for enforcing the Regulations relating to the Meteorological Observatory and Stations. ART. 1 The Central Observatory shall control the meteorological matters and investigate the meteorology of the Empire and issue weather forecasts and storm war- nings for the Empire. ART. 2 The Provincial Stations shall make meteorological observations of the locality, investigate climate in the administrative districts of the Prefectures concerned and issue the provincial weather forecasts according to the forecasts issued from the Central Meteorological Observatory. ART. 3 The Provincial Stations are divided to the 1st and $he 2nd order. The 1st order Stations shall be provided with barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, maximum and minimum thermometers, solar radiation thermometer, terrestrial radiation thermometer, earth thermometer' anemometer, anemoscope, raingauge, evapometer, sunshine-recorder, seismograph and make hourly observations. If provided with self-recording instruments, the number of observations may be reduced to six times a day. The 2nd order Stations shall be provided with barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, ane- moscope, raingauge, seismograph and make observations six times a day. ART. 4 When a storm warning is received from the Central Observatory or the weather appears threatening, the Provincial Stations shall make extraordinary observa- tions besides those above required. ART. 5 The Provincial Stations have to forward the following records to the Central Observatory : Meteorological telegrams. Monthly meteorological report, Yearly meteorological report. Yearly report of the business transactions. Five-yearly meteorological report. Storm record. Thunderstorm record . Earthquake record. Snow record. Record relating to animals. Record relating to plants. Miscellaneous reports. ART. 6 According to the provisions of Art. 5 of the Regulations the Provincial Stations shall print monthly, yearly, and 5 yearly meteorological reports, which each station may exchange with the other. ART. 7 Hours and methods of observations, characters of instruments, and forms and periods of records, shall be determined by the Central Observatory with the approval of the Minister for Home Affairs. ART. 8 The Minister for Home Affairs may order meteorologists of the Central Observatory to inspect the Provincial Stations. ART. 9 Any person who desires in accordance with provisions of Art. 2 of the Regulations to erect a meteorological station shall apply for the sanction of the Minister for Home Affairs through the Governor of Prefecture concerned, reporting full parti- culars on the following matters : 1. Position of the establishment and its topography; (a sketch of the posi- tion shall be appended). 2. Full descriptions of the instruments to be used. 3. Mode of maintenance. ART. 10 The expenses of Provincial Stations mentioned in the Art. 4 of the Regulations shall be defrayed in the case of Hokkaido, from the appropriations of that Administration Board, and in the case of Okinawa from the income of that Prefecture. SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. ART. 11 The issuance of the provincial weather forecasts, according to the provisions of Art. 2 shall require, for time being, the sanction of the Minister for Home Affairs. ART. 12 Cities, towns, villages or private individuals desiring to erect new Storm Signals shall obtain the sanctions of the Governors of the Prefectures concerned. ART. 13 In case a Governor of Prefecture erect a new Storm Signal or give sanction to its erection, the fact shall be reported to the Central Observatory at least 30 days before the signal is put in operation, with its full particulars and the sketch of its position. ART. 14 In case any changes are made in connection with Storm Signals, the Governor of Prefecture concerned shall report the fact to the Central Observatory. ART. 15 In case stated in the Art. 13 and 14 the Central Observatory shall notify the fact throughout the Empire. NOTIFICATION No. IV OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR HOME AFFAIRS. In accordance with the Imperial Ordinance No. 41, relating to the Meteorological Observatory and Stations, the positions of Provincial Meteorological Stations are deter- mined as follows : The llth day, the 10th Month, the 20th Year of Meiji, (1887). Count YAMAGATA ARITOMO Minister of State for Home Affairs. Hakodate Sapporo Nemuro Suttsu Erimo Soya Kioto Ozaka Yokohama Kobe Nagasaki Itsugahara Niigata Urawa Mai bash i Choshi Mito Utsunomiya Tsu Nagoya Numazu ] Hamamatsu j Kofu in Hokkaido cho Kioto fu Ozaka fu Kanagawa ken Hiogo ken Nagasaki ken Niigata ken Saitama ken Gumba ken Chiba ken Ibaraki ken Tochigi ken Mie ken Aichi ken Shizuoka ken Yamanashi ken Otsu Gifu Nagano Fukushima Isliinomaki Miyako Aoraori Akita Yamagata Kanazawa Fushiki Fukui Matsue Sakai Okayama Hiroshima Akamagaseki Wakayama Tokushima Kochi Matsuyama Fukuoka Oita Saga Kumamoto Miyazaki Kagoshima Naha Shiga ken Gifu ken Nagano ken Fukushima ken Miyagi ken Iwate ken Aomori ken Akita ken Yamagata ken Ishikawa ken Toyama ken Fukui ken Shimane ken Tottori ken Okayama ken Hiroshima ken Yamaguchi ken Wakayama ken Tokushima ken Kochi ken Ehime ken Fukuoka ken Oita ken Saga ken Kumamoto ken Miyazaki ken Kagoshima ken Okinawa ken NOTIFICATION No. Ill OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR HOME AFFAIRS. It is hereby notified that the following changes are made in the positions of Provincial Meteorological Stations mentioned in the Notification No. IV of the 20th year of Meiji. The 12th day, the 2nd Month, the 22nd year of Meiji, (1889). Count MATSUKATA MASAYOSHI Minister of State for Home Affairs. Erimo, Soya in Hokkaido are replaced by Kamikawa, Kushiro, Abashiri and Wakkanai in the same. NOTIFICATION No. XX OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR HOME AFFAIRS. It is hereby notified that the following changes and additions have been made in the positions of Meteorological Stations mentioned in the Notification No. IV of the 10th month, the 20th year of Meiji. The 10th day, the 6th month, the 24th year of Mciji, (1891). Viscount SHIN AG AW A YAJIRO Minister of State for Home Affairs. Changes : Urawa (Saitama ken), to Kumagai (the same Prefecture). Otsu (Shiga ken), to Hikone (the same Prefecture). Matstie (Shimane ken), to Hamada (the same Prefecture). Additions : Yagi (Nara ken). Tadotsu (Kagawa ken). NOTIFICATION No. XLV OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR HOME AFFAIRS. It is hereby notified that the following change has been made in the position mentioned in the Notification No. IV of the 10th month, the 20th year of Meiji. The 4th day, the 9th month, the 24th year of Meiji, (1891). Viscount SIIINAGAWA YAJIRO Minister of State for Home Affairs. ( Mito (Ibaraki ken), to Minato machi (the same Prefecture). NUMBER OF THE 1 8T , 2 N1) AND 3 RD ORDER STATIONS. There are at present 10 1st order stations in Japan, namely Stations. Lat. N. Long . E. Height above meai sea level. Wakayama 34 14' 135 9' 14.6 m. Hiroshima 34 23 132 27 4.3 m. Matsuyama 33 50 132 45 32.4 m. Tadotsu 34 17 133 46 53.0 m. Ozaka 34 42 135 31 5.6 m. Kumamoto 32 48 130 40 16.6 m. Nagoya 35 10 136 55 15.2 m. Hakodate 41 46 140 44 3.0 m. Sapporo 43 4 141 22 16.9 m. Nemuro 43 20 145 35 26.7 m. There are 37 2nd order stations, namely Stations. Lat. N. Long . E. neigiu aoove n sea level. Naha 26 13' 127 41' 10.4 m. Kagoshima 31 35 130 33 3.5 in. Miyazaki 31 56 131 26 8.0 m. Kochi 33 33 133 34 42.1 m. Tokushima 34 06 134 37 3.9 m. Oita 33 13 131 36 8.5 m. Yamaguchi 34 11 131 27 32.3 m. Okay a ma 34 40 133 54 20.5 m. Kioto 35 1 135 46 49.4 m. Saga 33 12 130 18 12.7 m. Nagasaki 32 44 129 52 57.6 m. Fukuoka 34 35 130 23 3.8 m. Itsugahara 34 12 129 16 9.2 in. Akamagaseki 33 58 130 56 48.2 m. Sakai 35 33 133 14 2.4 m. Tsn 34 43 136 28 26.1 m. Gifu 35 27 136 46 15.0 m. Hamamatsu 34 43 137 43 27.7 m. Numazu 35 6 138 51 10.5 m. Utsunomiya 36 34 139 53 125.0 m. Choshi 35 44 140 50 2.8 m. Kanazawa 36 33 136 40 29.0 m. Fushiki 36 47 137 3 4.3 m. Stations. Lat. N. Lone. E. Hei S llt al , jove , me:i " sea level. Nagano 36 40' 138 10' 420.4 m. Niigata 37 55 139 3 25.6 m. Yamagata 38 14 140 17 151.9 m. Akita 39 42 140 7 10.2 in. Fukushima 37 45 140 24 62.0 in. Ishinomaki 38 26 141 19 44.8 m. Miyako 39 38 141 59 30.4 m. Aomori 40 51 140 45 4.3 m. Suttsu 42 48 140 13 16.7 m. Kamikawa 43 45 142 23 111.0 in. Soya 45 31 141 55 24.3 m. Abashiri 44 2 144 14 35.0 m. Kushiro 43 23 144 28 32.7 m. Tokachi 42 55 143 12 41.0 m. Erimo 41 55 143 15 63.7 m. Besides the stations above mentioned we have a great many, which may be regar- ded as the 3rd order stations. There are 340 stations for the observation of temperature and 232 for that of rainfall. Among them 190 serve for both meteorological elements. Hokkaido alone has 62 stations for temperature only. Most of them may serve for weather and wind in addition to the elements above mentioned. The contributors are prefectural, municipal, island administration and other public offices as well as from agricultural schools and private individuals. In this category may be included 55 lighthouse stations which though make adequate observations, for want of sufficient instruments, we have been able to make use of for the wind observations only. ORGANIZATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Instruments. The 1st order station is supplied with the following instruments: (I) Barometer: Some stations have been since 1878 using Fortin's cistern barometer made by Casella, London. At other stations, station barometers are used, also made by Casella (closed cistern). ( 2 ) Thermometer : Thermometers are exposed in louvred screens and the stems are graduated according to Centigrade, but some to Fahrenheit, which when used, is converted to Celsius degrees. (3) Mason's Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer. (4) Maximum (Phillip) and Minimum (Rutherford) Thermometer. (5) Solar Radiation Thermometer: This is exposed in the thermometer field. (6) Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer: This is exposed on a black board placed in the thermometer field. (7) Earth Thermometer. (8) Robinson's Anemometer: This is erected on a stage over the roof of station. (9) Anemoscope: Ditto. (10) Rainguage: This is placed on the ground. (II) E vaporometer : Ditto. (12) Jourdan's Sunshine Recorder: Ditto. (13) Milne's Seismograph: This is mounted on a brick stand erected on the ground. The following instruments are supplied to each 2nd order stations: ( 1 ) Barometer : Arranged as above mentioned. ( 2 ) Thermometer : Ditto. (3) Mason's Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer. (4) Maximum (Phillip) and Minimum (Rutherford) Thermometer. (5) Robinson's Anemometer: Arranged as above mentioned. 10 ( 6 ) Anemoscope. ( 7 ) Rainguage : As mentioned above. ( 8 ) Milne's Seismograph : Ditto. Barometer and thermometer are all verified at the Central Meteorological Observatory. Observations at stations, which may be regarded as the 3rd order stations, namely, stations observing rainfall, temperature or other elements only, are generally made once daily, at noon which is chosen as most convenient ; as to the 1st and 2nd order stations, the number of observations are fixed by the Notification No. V of 24th year of Jlfci/i (1892). Instructions to the observers. These instructions have been drawn up according to the decision of the Meteorological Congress and the International Committee, and published at the Tokio Central Observatory. They are furnished to the observers of all stations and are the same as in use at the Tokio Observatory. Tables for reduction have also been compiled at the Observatory. Checking of observations. All the records of observations are scrupulously examined by the staff of the Central Observatory who attend solely to this work, partly by referring to isobars of the daily weather chart. The corrections, calculations and reductions are also examined. In case any reading is doubtful or erroneous, reference is made at once to the original observations or rough book, by means of letter free of postage to the stations concerned. However if no fresh light is thrown on the matter and on reconsideration the rcv.ding still appears to be wrong, it is rejected. In such case the monthly average is calculated by omitting it. Special understanding with the Department for Communications. All the meteoro- logical records, such as rough books, monthly summaries, 5 days records, yearly .Himmaries &c. are transmitted by post, free of charge, under the special agreement that the Tokio Observatory and all stations shall pay to the post yen 50 annually. Tele- grams which may be despatched, free of charge, at any time, are as follows: (a) Tri-daily regular meteorological telegrams. (6) Special meteorological telegrams. () Warning meteorological telegrams. (d) Indication telegrams. First two are forwarded from the stations to the Tokio Observatory, the other issued from the Observatory to the stations. Every Telegraph Office is instructed from the proper authorities to transmit meteorological telegrams promptly. 11 SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS. EARTHQUAKE OBSERVATIONS. Seismometrical observations were for the first time made at Tokio in the year 1875. In 1884 the Central Meteorological Observatory requested all parts of the Empire to make earthquake-records and furnished them with blank forms (as shown below). Records have been collected since January 1885. At present the recorders in the districts, cities, towns, etc. number 501, of which 11 attribute to the volunteers. The number of records received at the Central Observatory last year reached over 10,000 and is increasing this year. THE FORM OF REPORT. No. Year. Earthquake Record. Place Shocks felt Date of shocks. Hour, minute, second (Japanese time). Duration of shocks. Minutes and seconds. Direction of shocks. N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. Intensity of shocks. Slight, weak, strong, severe. Character of shocks. Motion, horizontal and vertical, and noise if felt. Remarks. Matters not stated ahove. Name and address of the recorder. THUNDERSTORM OBSERVATIONS. We have a large number of thunderstorm observers; at present they are 143 in number and increasing every year. Last year they contributed 1,331 reports, forms having been distributed from the Observatory. Instructions to the thunderstorm reporters. Thunderstorms are to be recorded whenever thunder has been distinctly heard whether accompanied with rain or hail or none. 12 The Reports are divided into 3 parts, viz, Part A, Part B, and Remarks. Part A shall contain matters which can be observed without any aid of in- strument. Part B shall contain matters which need some care and instrument such as rainguage ; therefore this part is instructed to a reporter possessing a rain- guage or to an individual specially volnnteery to report on the subject. Partial reports are accepted also. In Remarks are to bo entered intensity and distance of tli under, aspect, form, direction, and speed of cloud, prospect of thunderstorms, damages, etc. or any other matters which the observer judges to be important, direction in 8 points of compass, rain in 3 degrees slight, heavy and very heavy wind force in scales 06, and size of hail as compared with any common substance (if it is unusually large, enter its weight also). As the accuracy of time is recommendable, the reporter living in the neighbourhood of a telegraph office or railway station shall keep in his watch or clock the time furnished by either of these establishments. THE FORM OF REPORT. No. Year. Thunderstorm Record. PART A. Prefecture, district, etc. Date. Time of thunder distinctly heard h m. Its direction Rain commenced h m. Hail commenced h m. Intensity of rain Size of hail PART B. Direction of thunderstorm passed Last thunder h m. , Its direction Rain commenced h m ; ceased h m ; Amount before during after (Thunderstorm.) Wind direction Wind force Temperature Time of observing temperature 13 REMARKS. Reporter's name and address. PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The system of reporting on periodical phenomena relating to animals and plants has also been organized since some years. Number of places connected with the reports on animals is 24, and on plants 79. Instructions to the Zoological reporters. Reports are not to be limitted to the animals specified in the Form ; any other animals may be entered in places left blank. Birds are not classified as migratory or not; hence as to migratory birds such as wild- ducks or geese the periods of their arrival and departure are to be specially marked, but as to unmigratory birds as sparrows, crows, etc. their nesting periods are necessary. As fish and testaceans are not specially distinguished in the Form, the periods of arrival and departure arc to be entered for the season fish such as cod fish and herring in Hokkaido and Sphyracna in the southern sea, the periods of spawning for common fish such as dab, etc. In case any fish show an unusual increase their names and rates of increase shall be entered in Remarks. In case any strange bird was seen it shall be described in Remarks. Note singing periods of birds such as cuckoos, nightingales, etc., and also of insects such as cicada etc., and natural hatching periods of silkworms. 14 THE FORM OF REPORT, Zoological Record. Date. Prefecture, district, etc. Birds. Fishes and Testaceans. Names Date of arrival Period of nesting Date of depar- ture Remarks Names Date of arrival Period of spawning Date of depar- ture Remarks Skylark Sphyraena Shrike Salmon Wagtail Herring Titmouse Codfish Nightingale Trout Wren Smelt Wildgoose Bonit Swallow Sardine Brown-eared Mackerel Bulbul T~\ 1_ Woodpecker Cuckoo Duck Dab Sea-ear Oyster Quail &c. Snipe Water rail Fish hawk Owl Crow Pheasant Sparrow &c. Reptiles. Beasts. Names Period of appearance Period of disap- pearance Remarks Names Period of molting Period of reproduc- tion Remarks Tortoise Sheep Lizard Ox House-lizard Hare Snake Horse Viper Deer Frog Ac. Bull frog Water lizard Name and address of the reporter. Instructions to the Botanical reporters. Reports are not to be limitted to the plants specified in the Form ; any other plants may be entered in blank places, mean dates only are to be taken. Dates of sowing are to be specially entered with exception of those plants as mulberry and tea which are not sown yearly. Produce per 1 Tan and measure of Koku chiefly apply to cereals, but products of either best or worst soil are to be excepted. In case there is any unusual increase or decrease in the products, as in fruitful year or famine, the causes shall be mentioned in Remarks. In case foreign cereals are cultivated the reasons shall be mentioned. As to rice the dates of trans- plantation shall be put in the column for sowing. 15 THE FORM OF REPORT. Botanical Record. Date. Prefecture, district, etc. Species Data of sowing Date of budding Date of appearance of ears Date of flowering Date of ri penning or fmit- bearing Produce of 1 Tan Koku Remarks Early rice Ordinary rice Late rice Glutinous rice Upland rice Barley . Wheat d Rye o Oat Germanicum (Millet) Panicum Mi- liaceatn Barnyard gra c s Ac. gi Tobacco Indigo v: 1" Tea 5 "g Mulberry &c. Si 3 Grape MI a Pear Orange QJ Q) Chestnut , ?** Plum tree Cherry tree Peach to Pynis specta- bills a> Azalea P o Peony fcc. Name and address of the reporter. SNOW DEPTH OBSERVATIONS. Special .snow depth observations are specially made, the stations numbering 71 at present. Instructions to the snow depth reporters. The depth of snow shall be recorded in centimetre, but in case of such scale lacking, the Japanese scale may be used. Measure daily at 10 h am the depth of snow so long as it covers the ground, record also whether 16 any or no new rain or snowfall has taken place, and the result shall be reported on the 10th, 2.1st and 31st of each month. Enter in the Remarks, the dates of the commencement and ceasing of snowfall, whether it accompanied rain or hail or none, whether remained on the ground or not, the dates of the first and last rainfall after the ground has been covered with snow; description of heavy snowfall, rapid melting of snow; rapid rising of river and aspect of snow on the neighbouring hills. THE FORM or REPORT. No. Snow Depth Record. Date. Station. Prefecture. District, etc. Data Any rain or snow Depth of snow Remarks - Date of despatch Name of the reporter. HIGH LEVEL OBSERVATIONS. High level meteorological observations have been opened since 1880. First complete scries of observations were made on the top of Gozaishodake in the province of Ise near Owari Bay, whose height above the mean sea level is 1,200 metres, during 30 days from September 4th to October 3rd 1888; on the summit of Fujiyama (3,718 m ) and at Yamanaka (990 m ) during 38 days from August 1st to September 7th 1889; on Higashi Hoben (736 m ) in the extremity of Western Nippon, during the three months, August, September and October of the same year, and on On take (3,062 m ) and Kuro- sawa (832 m ) in Shinano, Central Japan, during 43 days from August 1st to September 12th 1891. 17 OBSERVATIONS AT SEA. NOTIFICATION NO. XI OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR HOME AFFAIRS. It is hereby notified that coasting and foreign-bound vessels specified in the provision of the Art. 6 of the Notification of the Department for Communications No. IV of the 19th year of Mciji (1886), shall forward to the Central Meteorological Observatory monthly meteorological observations at sea, according to the following Form, on and after the 1st day of the 1st month of 22nd year of Mciji. The 27th day, the 12th month, the 21st year of Mciji, (1888). Count MATSUKATA MASAYOSHI Minister of State for Home Affairs. FORM OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT SEA. Month. . .year. . .Meteorological Observations on board tbe Ship. . . .Captain. . . .from. . . .to. Date Position Wind Barome- ter Thermo- meter Cloud Weather Sea wave Sea water Current Remarks Q b 3 o a Latitude Longitude Direction o fr Reading Att. Therm. b t ? Direction Amount Direction Disturbance Temperature Density Direction en I S p b 1 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVERS ON BOARD SHIPS. ( 1 ) Marine Meteorological Charts are highly useful for navigation and various other purposes and as the reports of meteorological observations at sea furnish import- ant data for the compilation of the Marine Charts, these observations shall be recorded as accurately as possible. (2) Hours of observations shall be 2''am, 6 h am, 10 h am, 2 u pm, 6 h pm, and 10 h pm. (Japan time, 1 35 east of Greenwich) and the observations made at the appointed hours 7ITI7IR3ITT .18 shall be without delay recorded in the Report Form. In case any of the observations having been inevitably prevented, the fact shall be shown by drawing a broken line in the Form. (3) The latitude and longitude of the ship's position at the time of making the observation shall be determined either by an actual measurement or by an estimation, and recorded in the report. (4) The direction of wind shall be indicated according to 32 points of compass; its force shall be calculated according to the Beaufort scale. ( 5 ) Barometrical pressure shall be in millimetres and temperature in Centigrade degrees ; but if the instruments in use are not so graduated, it is desirable to convert the results into millimetres and Centigrade degrees. (6) As the use of the thermometer attached to a barometer is to know the temperature of mercury in the latter, its readings shall be entered with the barometri- cal measurements. (7) Thermometer shall he mounted in a place sufficiently protected from fire or the sun's rays and its indications be entered in the column "Dry." (8) Readings of wet bulb thermometer are not required, for a vessel is not usually supplied with this instrument, but if supplied before making an observation it is advisable to examine whether the cotton thread of the bulb absorbs sufficient water. (9) The readings of barometer or thermometer shall be entered without any alteration. (10) The term " Upper Cloud " means cirrus typed clouds and " Lower Clouds " all other clouds. (11) In recording cloud amount, clear sky is to be marked 0, and entirely clouded sky 10. (12) In recording weather the Beaufort notation shall be used. (13) The heights of waves shall be recorded with minimum or dead calm as and maximum as 9. (14) As the observations of temperature of sea water are highly useful for pur- pose of navigation and science, they shall be made as regularly as possible. Pull up a quantity of sea water at the stem of the vessel, immediately plunge a thermometer into and keep it about 15 minutes in the water. Water kept long on board is useless for the purpose. Care must be taken in pulling up the water not to use a bucket warmed by the sun's rays or otherwise for the temperature of the water will be soon affected and it must be remembered also that when the quantity of the water is small, its temperature will be quickly affected by that of the air. (15) If the density of sea water can be obtained, it shall be recorded also. In case the vessel is provided with a salinometer the degree of the density shall be ascer- tained and if not, the weight of the water per 1 sho may be entered in the report. (16) Direction and speed of current shall be entered when they can be ascer- tained. 19 (17) In order to make observations on current, a vessel sometimes throws into the sea bottles each containing a description of her position, namely, the latitude, longitude, and date and hour. In case therefore any vessel finds a bottle floating on sea, it is advisable to pick it up, examine its contents and take down the date etc., given in the description in the column for " Remarks," but care must be taken not to throw it again into the sea without adding to it the vessel's position, date etc. In case there are use- less bottles on board, they shall be used in this way ; good data will be thus obtained for investigating our sea currents. (18) During a storm frequent observation shall be made besides regular hours, entering the results in the Remark column. (19) The meteorological instruments, especially barometer and thermometer shall be well selected; in case they are not true in their indications, great mistakes will be caused. If any person desires to have his instruments tested, he shall apply to the Central Meteorological Observatory or to provincial meteorological stations. (20) Index errors of barometer and thermometer shall be entered in the annexed Form and be sent in together with the Report. Barometer. Thermometer. Headings Errors Thermometer attached te Barometer Dry Wet, Readings Errors Readings Errors Readings Errors Reports received from various vessels at the Central Observatory in 1891 are as follows: Number of vessels. Reports. Japanese men-of-war 10 Vessels belonging to Depart-) ment for Communications} .64 .963 Merchant ships 54 65 1,027 Foreign men-of-war 1 3 Foreign merchant ships ...11.. 85 12 88 Total 77 1,115 20 TELEGRAPHIC WEATHER SERVICE. The service of the weather telegraphy has been organized in February 1883. The principal operations connected with the preparation and issue of the Daily Weather Report and Storm Warnings are as follows : The service receives, when the telegraphic communications arc perfect, 45 cypher reports tri-daily, that is, 6 h am, 2 h pm and 10 h pm Japan time. The foreign reporting stations 5 in number extend along the part of the eastern coast of the Asiatic Continent, namely Manila, Hongkong, Amoy, Shanghai and Vladivostok. An information is received twice a day in accordance with an arrangement agreed between the Central Observatory, the Great Northern Telegraph Company and the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company. These informations are transmitted through the courtesy of these companies by their private lines, free of charge. In return the Central Observatory sends its reports of meteorological observations taken at 10 h am and 2 h pm daily. The majority of morning telegrams arrive in Tokio at about 7 1 ' am, those of afternoon and night at about 3 h and 1 1 1 ' pm respectively. As fast as the reports come in, the information is entered in the working chart, which shows for each station the barometrical and thermometrical readings with their respective alterations during the preceding 8 and 24 hours, and the direction and force of wind and the state of weather, together with any changes of importance which may have been noticed in the course of the preceding hour. From this chart, which is preserved in the office, another chart is drawn for publication, as described further on. If necessary, telegraphic intelligence of a storm or of atmospheric disturbance is immediately sent to the coasts and interior of the Empire. Since June 1st, 1884, the forecast of weather for the following day has been pre- pared in every morning, but not for publication. By this experience, however, the staff has been much trained in this business. Since 1888 Indications have been published every evening at 9 h pm and since June 1st, 1891, at 2 h pm. Thus the forecasts for 7 districts in Japan are drawn up and printed in weathermaps which are forwarded to all meteorological stations in the Empire, every official department, certain officers, companies, private individuals and many of the Tokio newspapers. Most provincial newspapers receive information from the provincial stations. In addi- tion to the regular issuance of forecasts, the service sometimes answers by telegram the inquiries as to probable weather, for not more than one day in advance. The dis- tricts for which the forecasts are prepared are as follows : 1 South. 5 Northwest. 2 Inland sea. 6 East. 3 West. 7 North. 4 Southeast. 21 The daily weathermap which is issued once a day with tri-daily reports in one sheet, is drawn on transfer paper and is ready at about 4 h pm, when it is at once sent to a lithographer to be printed. The copies for delivery by hand are issued by the lithographer at about 4 U 30 m pm while the remaining is transmitted by post to the provincial stations, fcubscribers and others. Weathermaps to be exhibited at the Ueno and Shimbashi Railway Terminus, and report to be printed in Official Gazette are sent out as soon as possible. Weathermaps contain a map of Japan and Eastern Asia, observations made at 45 stations with a summary of the woather of Japan, the isobaric and isothermal lines printed in black on blue ground, a forecast for the next day ending at G 1 ' pm, and some China coast and Siberian reports. A constant watch is kept during a day and night, and whenever the telegrams come in at about 7 h am, 3 h pm and 1 1 1 ' pm, and also on the receipt of any special telegram, the condition of the weather is carefully considered ; if it appears threatening, storm warnings at once dispatched to such parts of the Empire as are thought to be menaced bv a gale. VERIFICATIONS OF INDICATIONS AND STORM WARNINGS. The average successes of the weather forecast and storm warnings during 10 years are shown in the following-: PEBCENTAGE OF MEAN MONTHLY VERIFICATIONS Months. January February March April May June July August September October November December Indications of Weather. 85 78 81 76 79 81 83 84 82 80 79 85 Wind direction. 80 82 81 74 82 81 79 84 79 84 74 84 Storm warnings. 74 72 78 69 69 68 58 65 63 67 77 76 22 Year. 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 Mean PERCENTAGE OF YEARLY VERIFICATIONS. Indications of Wind direction. 73 84 86 91 83 Weather. 72 85 83 88 83 80 78 77 80 83 81 79 77 81 82 80 82 Storm warnings. 71 58 51 60 68 76 84 76 75 69 69 NOTIFICATION OF CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY AS TO TERMS USED IN THE WEATHER INDICATIONS. It is hereby notified that terms used in the Weather Indications have been revised and the following terms shall be used on and after the 15th day, the 6th month, the 25th year of Mciji. The 6th month of the 25th year of Meiji, (1892). CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. TERMS FOR THE WEATHER INDICATIONS. Wind. Northerly wind Northerly or Easterly wind Easterly wind Southerly or Easterly wind Southerly wind Southerly or Westerly wind Westerly wind Northerly or Westerly wind Variable wind Weather. Fair Changeable Cloudy Rain Snow Clearing later Fog Colder Warmer 23 INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING PROVINCIAL WEATHER FORECAST. (1 ) According to the provision of Art. 2 of Notification of the Department for Home Affairs No. V of the present year (1892) the weather forecast to be issued from a provincial meteorological station is confined to the following 3 items ; (a) Weather. ( b ) Direction of wind. ( c ) Temperature. ( 2 ) Provincial weather forecast shall be drawn up with the terms determined by the Central Observatory. (3) Provincial weather forecast shall be issued at 6 h pm every day and indicate the weather for the following 24 hours. (4) District to be included in a provincial weather forecast shall be determined on the approval of the Central Observatory. (5) Verification of the provincial weather forecast shall be made in accordance with the method determined by the Central Observatory. (6) Verification of the provincial weather forecast shall be forwarded to the Central Observatory before the 10th of the following month. CAUTIONARY STORM SIGNALS. If strong winds or gales are deemed probable at or near any of the undermen- tioned signalstations, cautionary signals will be hoisted at the respective stations. SIGNALS. A red ball hoisted during the day means: "Strong winds are probable." Corresponding nightsignal : one red light. A. A red cone, point upwards hoisted during the day means : " Very serious disturbance are probable." Corresponding nightsignal: two red light in a horizontal position. In cases of approaching atmospheric disturbance meteorological telegrams will be posted up at the signal stations and other public places. Interested parties are advised to consult the same, whether a signal is ordered in them and hoisted or not. Orders for a signal hold good for 24 hours from the time of issue. 24 MAP OF SIGNAL STATIONS DISTRICTS I South, II Inland Sea, -III West, IV Southeast., V Northwest, VI East, VII North. 100 200 300 400 500 .. . Y ' ' ' <-* > Kilometre SIGNALSTATIONS. NOTE: Stations without remark are fully equipped as above. The partial equipment of a station is indicated under Remark by one or more of the letters B (Ball) ; C (Cone) ; L (Red light). Thus : B C under Remark denotes that the corresponding station lias Ball and Cone, or daysignals only, but no nightsignals. For Districts, see Map. 25 Dis- trict Num- Name of ber Station Location Remark Established on the by I 1 Kagoshima Kiushu South 1 Dec. 1883 Kagoshima Ken I 2 Susaki Shikoku South B C 1 May 1888 Kochi Ken I 3 Kochi Shikoku South B c 1 May 1888 Kochi Ken I 4 Wakayama Kii Channel 15 Sept. 1884 Wakayama Ken I 5 Osaki Kii Channel B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken I 6 Yuasa Kii Channel B L 1 Apr! 1 1892 Wakayama Ken I 7 Yura Kii Channel B L 1 A pri 1 1892 Wakayama Ken I 8 Gobo Kii Channel B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken I 9 Tanabe Kii Channel B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken n 10 Saiki Bungo Channel B L 15 June 1892 Oita Ken n 11 Saganoseki Bungo Channel B 20 April 1891 Oita Ken n 12 Oita Bnngo Channel 1 Feb. 1890 Oita Ken n 13 Nagasu Kiushu North B 1 Oct. 1891 Oita Ken n 14 Nakatsu Kiushu North 1 Feb. 1890 Oita Ken n 15 Hiroshima Inland Sea 25 Nov. 1887 Hiroshima Ken ii 1G Kure Inland Sea 1 Oct. 1889 Admiralty Station n 17 Onomiclii Inland Sea 10 Aug. 1884 Hiroshima Ken n 18 Mitsugahama Shikoku North 15 June 1886 Ehimo Ken n 19 Takamatsu Shikoku North B L 20 June 1888 Kagawa Ken ii 20 Kobe Inland Sea 15 Sept. 1887 Hiogo Ken ii 21 Temposan Inland Sea B L 1 Aug. 1884 Ozaka Fu ii 22 Osaka Ozaka bay 1 April 1890 Ozaka Fu it 23 Moto-Torishinn Ozaka bay B L 1 Nov. 1891 Ozaka Fu n 24 Kizugawa Inland Sea B L 15 June 1892 Ozaka Fu ii 25 Sakat Ozaka bay B L 1 Nov. 1885 Ozaka Fu in 20 Misumiminato Kiushu West 25 Dec. 1887 Kuinanioto Ken in 27 Saga Shimabara gulf B L 1 Dec. 1890 Saga Ken in 28 Karats u Kiushu North B L 1 Dec. 1890 Karatsu Sekitan Kaisha in 29 Nagasak i Kiushu West 15 Oct. 1884 Nagasaki Ken in 80 Saselio Kiushu Northwest 29 March 1890 Admiralty Station in 31 Itsugahara Tsushima B 1 April 1887 Nagasaki Ken in 32 Miike Shimabara gulf B L 1 Jan. 1886 Fukuoka Ken in 33 Wakatsu Shimabara gulf 1 Feb. 1890 Fukuoka Ken in 34 Hakata Kiushu North 10 Sept. 1885 Fukuoka Ken m 35 Wakamatsu Kiushu North B L 15 Aug. 1887 Fukuoka Ken in 36 Akamagaseki West coast 1 Jan. 1886 Yauiaguchi Ken IV 37 Kusbimoto SE rn Kii B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken IV 38 Miwazaki SE rn Kii B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken IV 39 Shingu SE ra Kii B L 1 April 1892 Wakayama Ken IV 40 Yokkaiclii Owari bay 15 Sept. 1888 Miye Ken IV 41 Atsuta Owari bay 10 Oct. 1888 Aichi Ken IV 42 Nagoya Owari bay B L 1 July 1890 Aichi Ken IV 43 Gifu North of Nagoya 1 Jan. 1884 Gifu Ken IV 44 Kaketsuka Near Hamamatsu 15 Jan. 1886 Shizuoka Ken IV 45 Shimizu Suruga gulf 20 Dec. 1884 Shizuoka Ken IV 46 Yokosuka Tokio bay 1 Sept. 1889 Admiralty Station IV 47 Shinagawa Tokio bay 1 Dec. 1883 Centr. Met'l. Ob- servatory IV 48 Ghosh i Near luuboyo 20 July 1889 Chiba Ken V 49 Mikawa Northwest coast 1 May 1892 Ishikawa Ken V 50 Ataka Northwest coast 1 Oct. 1892 Ishikawa Ken V 51 Kanazawa Northwest coast 11 April 1885 Ishikawa Ken 26 Dis- trict Num- ber Name of Station Location Remark Established on the by V 52 Kami-Kanaiwa Nortliwest coast B L 11 April 1885 Ishikawa Ken V 53 Sbimo-Kanaiwa Northwest coast 15 Sept. 1891 Ishikawa Ken V 54 Nana'i Noto 11 April 1885 Ishikawa Ken V 55 Fushiki Northwest coast 15 April 1886 Toyama Ken V 50 Higashi-Iwase Northwest coast 15 Oct. 1887 Toyama Ken V 57 Niigata Northwest coast 10 May 1885 Niigata Ken V 58 Kamo Northwest coast 15 July 1891 Yamagata Ken V 59 Snknta Nortliwest coast 10 Jan. 1885 Yamagata Ken V 60 Tsuchizaki Northwest coast BL 1 Oct. 1892 Akita Ken V 61 Nosliiro Northwest coast 15 Jan. 1889 Akita Ken VI 62 Ishinomaki Sendai bay 1 Sept. 1885 Miyagi Ken VII 63 Aomori Tsugaru strait 1 Dec. 1883 Aomori Ken VI[ 64 Fukuyama Tsugaru strait B C 1 Jan. 1884 Hokkaido Cho VII 65 Hakodate East Tsugaru strait 1 Jan. 1884 Hokkaido Cho VII 66 Hakodate West Tsugaru strait 1 Jan. 1884 Hokkaido Clio VII 67 Mori Volcano bay B C 25 Jan. 1885 Hokkaido Cho VII 68 Esashi Hokkaido West BC 10 Dec. 1884 Hokkaido Cho vn 69 Mororan Volcano bay 15 July 1884 Hokkaido Cho VII 70 Sultsu Hokkaido West 1 Jan. 1884 Hokkaido Cho VII 71 Iwanai Hokkaido West 1 July 1884 Hokkaido Cho VII 72 Shikonai Hokkaido West 10 May 1884 Hokkaido Gho VII 73 Mash ike Hokkaido West B C 1 July 1892 Hokkaido Cho VII 74 Nemuro Hokkaido East 5 Oct. 1887 Hokkaido Cho VII 75 Kusliiro Hokkaido East 1 April 1890 Hokkaido Cho RULES RELATING TO METEOROLOGICAL TELEGRAMS. SECTION I. INSTRUCTION. 1. Meteorological telegrams are those telegrams which are exchanged between the Central Meteorological Observatory, Provincial Meteorological Stations and Storm Signal Stations. 2. Meteorological telegrams are divided into 6 kinds (a) Regular telegrams. .(6) Extraordinary telegrams. (c) Warning telegrams. (fZ) Indication telegrams, (e) Weather telegrams. (/) Service telegrams. 3. Regular and extraordinary telegrams shall be written out with Japanese figures only, and telegrams of other kinds with Katakana (Japanese Alphabet) only, with exception of extraordinary telegram from the Central Observatory and service telegram, having certain particular forms. 27 SECTION II. REGULAR TELEGRAMS. 4. Regular telegrams are those telegrams which are sent from every reporting station to the Central Observatory at 6 h am, 2 U pm and 10 h pm daily. 5. In the despatch form of a regular telegram shall be marked the words " Regular meteorological telegram" in red ink, and the name of the station shall be omitted and the word "Meteorological" be written in place of "Central Meteorological Observatory." G. The telegram shall be written out with 20 figures according to the following order : d B . n a g. 2 | s 1 * PH s g ^ . | a ^ - < C! a 33 3 3 o3 a X -2 j_i ,J5 ,jj OP o " _J^ ^ ^ O O o o o ' o o o~~o""o~ ooo ~o~o o o o o o~o~"o 7. In recording atmospheric pressure, it shall be reduced to its equivalent at sea level and 45 latitude, rejecting the figure 7 from 700 and carrying the figures down to tenths of a millimetre. 8. Wind directions shall be given in accordance with 8 points of the compass, using the following marks : Wind directions. Marks. Calm. NE 1 E 2 SE 3 S 4 SW 5 W 6 NW 7 N 8 9. Wind force shall be calculated from its velocity at 20 minutes before the time of observation, the scale being from to 6. 10. Precipitation amount shall be given down to millimetres taking the amount for last eight hours. In case the amount of melted snow can not be obtained, the depth of snow shall be given down to centimetres. 11. Cloud directions shall be recorded in accordance with 8 points of the compass, using the marks shown in 8. 12. Speed of clouds shall be given with the following marks: Speed. Marks. Stationary or uncertain slow. 1 Upper cloud fast. 2 rapid. 3 slow. 4 Middle cloud fast, 5 rapid. 6 slow. 7 fast. 8 rapid. 9 13. Temperature shall be recorded down to tenths of a degree. 14. Cloud amount shall be recorded with the following marks: Amount, Marks. 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 G 7 7 8 8 9,10 9 15. Forms of clouds shall be recorded with the following marks: Forms. Upper cloud Middle cloud Lower cloud Marks. cirrus. cirro-stratus. 1 cirro-cumulus. 2 cumulo-cirrus or alto cumulus. 3 strato-cirrus or alto stratus. 4 strato-cumulus. 5 nimbus. 6 cumulus. 7 cumulo-nimbus. 8 stratus. 9 16. Weather shall be recorded with the following marks: Weather. Marks. No remarks. Rain . 1 29 Weather. Marks. Snow. 2 Shower. 3 Fog. 4 Graupel. 5 Hail. G Thunderstorm. 7 Thunder. 8 Frost. 1) 17. Remarks shall be given with the following marks: Remarks . Marks . No remarks. Barometer falling (2 4 mm in 4 hours). 1 Barometer falling rapidly (above 4 mm in 4 hours). 2 Barometer lowest. 3 Barometer rising rapidly (above 4 mm in 4 hours). 4 Threatening weather. 5 Amount of melted snow. 6 Depth of snow. 7 Scud. 8 Rolling sea. 9 18. Minimum temperature shall be reported at 2 h pm, Maximum at 10 h pm. SECTION in. EXTRAORDINARY TELEGRAMS. 19. Extraordinary telegrams include those telegrams which are sent from the Central Observatory to the Provincial Stations requiring them to make special obser- vations, telegrams in reply to above and telegrams from the stations to the Observatory informing unusual meteorological phenomena. 20. An extraordinary telegram shall be marked on its despatch form the words " Extraordinary Meteorological Telegram " in red ink, and the name of the station shall be omitted, and when addressed to the Central Meteorological Observatory the words " Meteorological " only be marked. 21. An extraordinary telegram from the Observatory shall consist of 3 Katakana representing the nature of information required. 22. In the extraordinary telcgramsscnt from the Provincial Stations to the Obser- vatory, meteorological phenomena are represented by 1 1 figures in the following order : 30 3 I *' 1 1 I'll ! s J . r r -G j '"C T3 --> CJ L, C b M 34. In case the position of the lowest pressure and its progressive motion are uncertain, or when specially required, the warning telegram is written out in the following order : -s a (-1 S3 6X3 C 35. In case the condition of the disturbance is to be further informed after a warning has been issued, the telegram shall be written out with 6 Katakana in the following order : Q ^ = C ^ ^ ' & . a gl, O ^ ^ *" cS^ ^ P5 ^S o^o o^o o o 36. Cyphers to be used in warning telegrams are shown in the Appendix. 32 SECTION V. INDICATION TELEGRAM. 37. Indication telegrams are those telegrams which are despatched from the Observatory to the stations and other places, containing the weather forecast of the Empire. 38. An indication telegram shall be drawn up in the following order: () Weather forecast of each district arranged in the order of districts. (6) Position of highest pressure. (c) Reading of highest pressure. (d) Position of lowest pressure. (e) Reading of lowest pressure. 39. Cyphers used for the above items are contained in the Appendix. 40. In case an indication of one or more districts is same as the preceding or no indication is issued thereof, the blank shall be filled up by a cypher shown in the Table IV of the Appendix. 41. In case the position of high or low pressure is not well defined, indication telegram consists of the forecast only. SECTION VI. WEATHER TELEGFAM. 42. Weather telegrams are those telegrams which are despatched from the Observatory in compliance with the requests of the Provincial Stations, containing the general aspect of weather in the Empire. 43. The weather telegram gives air pressure, wind direction and weather of 15 stations in the following order: Ishinomaki Hakodate Sapporo Nemuro Fusan 44. The weather telegram shall be drawn up with 60 Katakana in the following order: In case no telegram is received from any station, the blank shall be filled up by a cypher. 1 Kagoshima 2 Kochi 6 Sakai 7 Hamamatsu 11 12 3 Ozaka 8 Tokio 13 4 Nagasaki 5 Akamagaseki 9 Kanazawa 10 Akita 14 15 33 Air pressure Kagoshima. Wind direction Weather Kochi. [ 0\ Osaka. A do oi Nagasaki. 0} (1 Akamagaseki. 0} * 45. Sakai. > Air pressure Wind direction Weather Hamamatsu. do Tokio. o( A do Kanazawa. Akita. Air pressure Ishinomaki, Wind direction Weather Hakodate, Sapporo. o! - o Nemuro. Fusan. -Cyphers to be used in the weather telegrams are shown in the Appendix. SECTION VII. SERVICE TELEGRAM. 40. Service telegrams are those telegrams which pass between the Central Observatory and Provincial Stations or between Stations. 47. Cyphers are shown in the Appendix. 48. When an application is made for a meteorological observation, telegram in reply shall drawn up in accordance with one of the following forms : (a) 17 Figures. .2 I jSi | * o o~~o 1 o o H3 o> o> cc 3 j2 o o & $ o o o o o o o 5 o 34 (b) 10 Figures. ;! > 1 I | a I UL JL ^ JL JL o""o o o^o o . o^o cT'o' (c) 8 Figures (rejecting decimals in pressure and precipitation). o *" 1 .2 s PH * 5" ^ l ^ P i Pi *-S 5- CO) 3 oj jj EO ^ l 9 o> "T3 .-<* 5> _4fl .? I 3 1 | o^o o o o o 49. Cyphers to be used in the above forms are the same as in regular telegram- Appendix will not be produced here. RULES RESPECTING METEOROLOGICAL SIGNALS. The following Rules respecting to Meteorological Signals are hereby established and shall be put in force on and after the 15th, the 6th month, the 25th year of Meiji. The 6th month, the 25th year of Meiji, (1892). CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. RULES RESPECTING METEOROLOGICAL SIGNALS. ( 1 ) Meteorological signals are of 2 varieties ; namely, (a) Storm signals (b) Weather signals 35 ( 2 ) The signals shall be displayed, whenever the storm warnings are received from the Central Observatory, for 24 hours from the time of despatch. The whole text of a warning telegram shall be placarded beneath the signals. (3) Storm signals are divided into 2 classes; viz., Red Ball and Red Cone. In night a red lamp is used in place of the Ball and two lamps abreast in place of the Cone. Red Ball Red Lamp Two Red Lamps ( 4 ) Red Ball means " strong wind expected," Red Cone (pointed upward) " Very serious disturbance expected ". (5) Weather signals shall be displayed when the weather indications are received from the Central Observatory or Provincial Stations. ( 6 ) Weather signals are divided into 3 classes ; viz., (a) Triangular Flag (6) Square Flag ( c ) Streamer (7) Triangular Flag indicates wind direction and it is classified as follows: Northerly wind. Easterly wind. Southerly wind. Westerly wind. 36 ( 8 ) Square Flag indicates weather and is classified as follows : Fair. Cloudy. Eain or Snow. Changeable. n Snow. Fog. Frost. (9) Streamer indicates the rise and fall of temperature and is classified as follows: Colder. Warmer. 37 CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. STAFF ORGANIZATION. The Regulations relating to the Staff Organization of the Central Meteorological Observatory have been established by an Imperial Ordinance. We hereby give Our Sanction to the Staff Organization of the Central Meteorological Observatory and order the same to be promulgated. (H. I. M.'s Sign Manual) (Privy Seal) The 2nd day, the 8th month, the 23rd year of Mciji, (1890). Count YAMAGATA ARITOMO .Minister President of State. Count SAIGO YORIMICHI Minister of State for Home Affairs. IMPERIAL ORDINANCE No. CL VI. STAFF ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY. ART. 1. The Central Meteorological Observatory belongs to a control of the Home Minister and deals with the following matters: () Meteorological observations (b) Meteorological reports (c) Meteorological investigations (d) Verifications of meteorological instruments (e) Weather forecast (/) Storm warning ( Japan OCS75 'JST6 -. & **.j. *. ,,.1.011 of the me *f orologjcal system i^i 368620 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY