BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES IN MEMORY OF MRS. VIRGINIA B. SPORER BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS CONTAINING CONCISE BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MUSICIANS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT WITH THE PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES BY W. J. BALTZELL BOSTON OLIVER DITSON COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO CHAS. H. DITSON & Co. LYON & HBALY Copyright MCMXI by Oliver Dltson Company EDITOR'S NOTE THE present work has been prepared in response to many inquiries and a frequently expressed need for a concise dictionary in one volume, compact in size and moderate in price, that shall include biographical sketches of eminent musicians and persons connected with musical work, past and present, with special attention to Americans. No attempt has been made to present lengthy sketches of the great masters, as there is abundant material in the larger diction- aries and the many biographies now on the market. The aim has been rather to gather data about musicians, especially contem- poraries, who are not mentioned in the books previously published. This material has been taken from magazine and newspaper articles, clippings from various sources and from available works of reference. When possible, data have been secured direct from the subjects of the sketches. These latter have been made as concise as possible, yet sufficiently comprehensive to show the main facts in a musician's career, those which contributed toward musical development, such as early environment, education (both literary and musical), various fields of professional activity, com- positions, literary works, etc. The Editor and the Publisher are greatly indebted to Miss Marguerite Barton, of Boston, who rendered valuable assistance in gathering the material upon which the sketches were based and in preparing the first draft of the manuscript. Care has been exercised to include only authenticated dates. When the available material did not agree the Editor has chosen the date most inherently probable. In the case of Russian com- posers, when possible, dates have been made to conform with the calendar as used by Western Europe, instead of the " old style " followed in Russia. It will be esteemed a favor if readers will call our attention to positive errors. With the best intentions in preparing the original manuscript, and the utmost care in proof-reading, errors may have been made. THE EDITOR. BOSTON, MASS., November, 1910. NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF FRENCH COMPOSERS RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION VOWELS a as in fat. i as in pine. a as in fate. o as in not. a as in father. 6 as in note, a as in fair. 6 as in move, e as in met. 6 as in or. e as in mete. *6 e" as in err. ii like u in quip, almost whistled; i as in in. German vi. * 6 has a rounder sound than the 6 in or, and is followed by the French nasal n. CONSONANTS g as in gap. z as in zoo. fi like first n in onion. r is usually trilled in French, except s as in see. at the end of some words. An accent (d') after a consonant in French names indicates that this is to be sounded. The preceding phonetic table gives the approximate sounds of the French letters as nearly as the English language will permit. It is impossible to reproduce the exact shades and differences of vowel sounds, or of the nasal sounds, of the French language. They can be learned only from a competent, native instructor; and, even so, great care must be exercised in the choice of a teacher, that he be not a provincial, but one who is a native of Tours or of Paris. The chief peculiarity of French pronunciation, as opposed to English, is the absolute absence of any stress or emphasis upon any syllable of a word. The less emphasis (or accent, as it is termed in French) used, and the more evenly the syllables are pronounced (all of even length, and weight, and pitch) the purer the pronun- ciation. It is for this reason that the purest French is that spoken in the towns of Tours, Chinon, Loches, Amboise, and a few others, in the old province of la Touraine, now known as the department of Indre-et-Loire. There the language is spoken by everyone with- out the least syllabic emphasis and without any drawling. While in other respects the language as spoken in Paris by the educated classes is excellent, yet the Parisians have a tendency to drawl their words somewhat. However, since Paris society 2042033 sets the style in speech, as in all other things French, so Parisian French is considered to be super-excellent. Apart from their other peculiarities of accent, Americans and English are readily recognized by their sing-song, inordinate drawling way of speaking. This is well exemplified by the word "Trocade'ro," pronounced (English) Trocade'ro, while in French it is Tro-ca-da-ro all the syllables of even pitch and equal length, without any emphasis. The syllables, therefore, of all these names should flow rapidly from one to the other, without any syllabic stress whatever, and without dwelling upon any final syllables. In the case of the phonetics (6-a) for ois, oil, they must be pronounced smoothly like one composite vowel (wah). As a general rule final consonants are never pronounced (except the letters c, f, I) save in some names of foreign origin. When a final s is preceded by an e it is sounded, as well as the final s in names from the Catalan, Basque, and Spanish. "Gil Bias," for example, the Parisian newspaper, is pronounced zhil'- blas' both the I and the s being sounded, because of Spanish origin. Formerly II was pronounced as in William. This is no longer the custom, and the sound of y is given to II; Ih (Paladilhe) takes the same sound. J, ge, and gi, have the sound of zh. Gn is like n in onion. S, between two vowels, is pronounced like z. Ch has always the sound of sh, save in some words of foreign origin. Difficult sounds to acquire are the so-called nasal combinations of an, am, en, em, in, im, ain, aim, on, om, un. From following- printed phonetics many have treated these as guttural sounds and pronounced them as ang, ong, etc., while others have gone to another extreme and placed them in the nose. As a matter of fact they are semi-nasals; that is, the letter n is not plainly pro- nounced, but it is sketched, as it were, by projecting it towards the upper pharynx, or towards the nasal cavities (but not in them), in the same way that the covered or head tones are correctly pro- duced in singing. In like combinations the letter m is treated in the same way and has the same sound as the letter n. Finally, too much attention cannot be given to the practice of speaking on the lips, with the lips, and with a forward forma- tion for att the syllables. It is only by observing this recommen- dation that a fluent, pretty, and accurate accent can be obtained. It is the only way to acquire the letter u, that most difficult vowel for English speakers by the forward, whistling position of the lips. ARTHUR DE GUICHARD. NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF RUSSIAN COMPOSERS (Including other Slavonic Nationalities) As a rule the emphasis lies upon the penult; for example, David'off . Exception is made when the first syllable (or syllables) has a definite meaning as in Glazounoff, where glaz means "the eye." Another exception is when the final syllable "off" does not indicate the genitive, like the French "de," but is part and parcel of the name itself; for example Rachman'inoff, from rachmannyi, meaning "heavy, awkward"; or Reb'ikoff, from rebyonok, "a child." In many names ending in "eff " or "ev" the pronunciation is not that of the English short "e," but about that of "off"; for example: Alabieff is pronounced A-la-byoff, three syllables; Soloviev is Sol-o-vyoff; but Taneiev is Tan-e-yeff. The ending " vitch," " witsch," means "the son of," if it occurs, as it always does, in a man's forename or Christian name; it is then not emphasized. In a family name, however, the emphasis changes from the antepenult to the penult; for example, Gabrilov'- ich, Gregorov'ich. The i in a diphthong (ia, ie), has the force of y; for example, Liadov is pronounced Lya'doff ; Liapounoff becomes Lya'pounoff ; Taneiev, Tane'yeff; Scriabine, Skrya'bin. CONSTANTIN VON STERNBERG. op. Opera orch. Orchestra org. Organ orgt. Organist gt. Pianoforte hilh. Philharmonic pst. Pianist qt. Quartet Roy. Royal sch. School Soc. Society sop. Soprano symph. Symphony, Symphonic th. Theatre Univ. University via. Viola vln. Violin vlt. Violinist Accomp. Accompaniment b. Born bar. Baritone Cath. Cathedral capellm Capellmeister ch. Church Coll. College comp. Composed compr condr. Composer Conductor Cons. Conservatory d. Died dir. Director dram Dramatic instr. Instrument harm. Harmony mue. Music Mus. B. Bachelor of Music Mus. Doc. Doctor of Music Op. Opus BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS ABBEY Abbey, John, org. builder, b. Whilton, Eng., Dec. 22, 1785; d. Versailles, Feb. 19, 1859. Trained under Davis and Russell; went to France at invi- tation of S6b. Erard; improved French organs by English mechan- ism; among many orgs. built first in Paris Ope'ra. Left sons E. and J. in same business. Abbott, Emma, dram. sop. b. Chicago, Dec. 9, 1850; d. Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. After early struggles as concert singer and guitar player, was assisted by Clara Louise Kellogg; studied under Erani in N. Y., San Giovanni and Delle Sedie in Europe; d6but, London, May, 1876; Ameri- can da; in Boston after 1871; organized Beethoven Club; joined Mendelssohn Quin- tet, 1877; member of Philharmonic Orch. Bost., of Harvard Mus. Ass'n, Boston Symph. Orch. H. K. Hadley among pupils. Allitsen, Frances, compr. Gained schol- arship at Guildhall School of Mus., studied there under Gadsby, win- ning prize for orchestral composi- tion; d6but as concert singer, Lon- don, 1882; since failure of voice has composed exclusively; published many charming songs, of great vari- ety of subjects. Almenrader (al-men-ra'-der), Karl, bas- soon virtuoso, b. Ronsdorf, near Diisseldorf, Oct. 3, 1786; d. Bie- brich, Sept. 14, 1843. Self-taught; prof, at Cologne Mus. Sch.; mem- ber of orchestras at Frankfort and Biebrich; made improvements in his instrument, wrote treatise on it and method and mus. for it. Alpheraky (al-fe-ra'-ky), Achilles N., compr. b. Charkov, 1846. Com- posed charming pf. mus., mazurkas and characteristic oriental pieces, and more than a hundred songs. Alvarez (al'-va-reth), [pseud, of Albert Raymond Gourron], dram, tenor, b. Bordeaux, France. After military service as bandmaster, studied, at 22, with A. de Martini in Paris; debut in Paris, 1892; first London appearance, 1893; first American appearance, Boston, Feb. 7, 1899; later at Paris Ope'ra, where he has created many roles. Alvary (al-va'-ry), Max [pseud, of M. A. Aschenbach], dram, tenor, b. Diissel- dorf, May 3, 1858; d. Datenberg, Thuringia, Nov. 7, 1898. Son of celebrated painter; pupil of Stock- hausen; d6but, Weimar, 1881; great success, especially in Wagner roles; member Metropolitan Opera, N. Y. 1884-1889, 1891. Alypios (a-lip'-ios), Greek writer, about 360 A. D. Chief source of informa- tion about vocal and instrumental notation of Greek scales. AMATI Amati (a-ma'-ti), celebrated family of violin-makers, founders of Cremona School. As a whole, their violins mark advance on the Brescia School in beauty of shape and delicacy of tone. Andrea (abt. 1530- Apr. 10, 1611), eldest, pupil of Brescia mak- ers, originated improvements on their work; very few of his violins are extant; they are small, graceful, clear in tone but not strong. His brother Nicolo (fl. 1568-1635) made basses chiefly. .Andrea's sons, An- tonio (1550-1638) and Geronimo (1551-1635), improved on their fa- ther's work; Geronimo especially seems to have designed his violins with particular care for geometrical accuracy and graceful beauty; they are sometimes larger than his father's and have a similarly sweet tone. His son, Nicolo, b. Sept. 3, 1596; d. Aug. 12, 1684, most famous even in his own day, increased still further the grace of outline and added the needed power and intensity of tone; he made, also, some violins on a larger model (known as grand Amatis) and beautiful tenors and 'cellos. Though his son Geronimo (1649-1740) was an inferior maker, Nicole's work was carried on to perfection by his pupils Andrea Guarnerius and Antonio Stradivarius. Ambros (am'-bros), August Wilhelm, historian, b. Mauth, near Prague, Nov. 17, 1816; d. Vienna, June 28, 1876. Nephew of Kiesewetter; stud- ied law and entered government ser- vice; wrote pamphlet on aesthetics and history of music from begin- nings to time of Palestrina, a remark- ably accurate and authoritative work, unfortunately unfinished at his death; prof. Prague and Vienna Cons.; composed some music. Ambrose, Saint, b. Treves, 333; d. Milan, Apr. 4, 397. Bishop of Milan from 374; arranged revised mode of singing service for Milan Cathedral about 384; had much influence in development of orderly ritual in Western Church; introduced antiph- onal singing and established a plain- chant, which cannot now easily be distinguished from Gregorian; wrote many beautiful rhythmical hymns, but not the Te Deum to which his name is often attached. ANSCHttTZ Amiot (a'-mi-6), writer, b. Toulon, 1718; d. Pekin, 1794. Jesuit priest, missionary to China. Translated and wrote works on Chinese music. Anderton, Thomas, compr. b. Bir- mingham, Apr. 15, 1836; d. Edg- baston, Sept. 18, 1903. Teacher of mus.; conducted singing classes and orchestral concerts; 1874 became editor of paper, gave mus. lectures, wrote cantatas, John Gilpin's Ride, Wreck of the Hesperus, etc., and . songs. Anerio (a-na'-rio), Felice (fe-le'-che), compr. b. Rome, abt. 1560; d. there, abt. 1630. Pupil of Nanini; suc- ceeded Palestrina as compr. to Papal Chapel, 1594; composed masses, motets, madrigals, etc. Anger, Joseph Humfrey, orgt., compr. b. Ashbury, Eng., 1862. Mus. train- ing under private teachers; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1889; orgt. Bristol, 1891 at Ludlow, and musicmaster in King Edward VI School there; 1893 head of theory dept. Toronto Cons., orgt. Ch. of the Ascension; works include Psalm 96, madrigals, pf . pieces; auth- or of Treatise on Harmony. Anglebert (ongle'-bar'), Jean Baptiste Henri d', clavecinist, compr. b. abt. 1628; d. Paris, Apr. 23, 1691. Pupil of Champion; chamber musician to Louis XIV; 1689 published Pieces de Clavecin, collection of contempo- rary airs for harpsichord and org., with preface which gives valuable in- formation about playing ornaments of the time. Animuccia (a-ni-mo-che'-a), Giovanni, compr. b. Florence, abt. 1500; d. Rome, 1571. Pupil of Goudimel; predecessor of Palestrina at the Vati- can and also in the movement to- ward greater clearness in music ; from Laudi, hymns of praise which he composed for Oratorio of St. Philip Neri, modern oratorio takes its name, and A. gets title " Father of Oratorio." Anschiitz (an'-shiitz), Karl, condr. b. Koblenz, Feb., 1815; d. New York, Dec. 30, 1870. Son of Johann Andreas (1772-1856, pst., condr., compr.); pupil of Friedr. Schneider; director of school founded by father; ANSORGE ARENS conducted in London and New York where he made an attempt at Ger- man opera in 1862. Ansorge (an'-sor-ge), Konrad Eduard Reinhold, pst. b. Buchwald, Silesia, Oct. 15, 1862. Pupil at Leip. Cons.; of Liszt, 1885; many successful tours in Eastern Europe and Amer- ica; teacher in Klindworth-Schar- wenka Cons, in Berlin; comp. pf. pieces. Antipov (an-te-poff'), Constantino, com- pr. b. Jan. 18, 1859. Aprile (a-pre-le), Giuseppe, contralto, b. Bisceglia, Apulia, Oct. 29, 1738; d. Martina, 1814. Pupil of Avos; sang in principal theatres of Germany and Italy after 1763; taught singing in Naples, Cimarosa among pupils; composed songs, and a method, with solfeggi, still valued. Apthorp, William Foster, critic, b. Boston, Mass., Oct. 24, 1848. Pupil of J. K. Paine at Harvard, and of B. J. Lang; taught pf. and harmony; wrote dramatic and mus. criticisms for several magazines and papers, especially Boston Transcript (1881- 1903); edited program-books of Bost. Symph. Orch. 1892-1903; pub- lished essays, translations, etc.; removed to Europe 1903. He con- tributed much by pleasant and witty writings to the development of mus. interest and mus. culture in Boston. Wrote Hector Berlioz, Autobiography and Musical Grotesques, Musicians and Music Lovers, By the Way, The Opera, Past and Present, etc. Aptommas, John, harpist, b. Brid^- end, Eng., 1826. Thomas, his brother, also harpist, b. Bridgend, 1829; in N. Y. 1851-56. Both remarkable players and teachers; composed for harp; wrote history of the harp. Arban (ar'-bon), Joseph Jean Baptist e Laurent, cornet player, b. Lyons, Feb. 28, 1825; d. Paris, Apr. 9, 1889. Teacher at Paris Cons. 1869- 1874; inventor of several wind instruments; wrote method and arrangements. Arbuckle, Matthew, cornet player, b. 1828; d. New York, May 23, 1883. Came to America about 1853; leader of military bands in Troy and Wor- cester; went to front with 24th Mass.; asst. of P. S. Gilmore in concerts and in Peace Jubilee; band- master in N. Y. Arcadelt, Jacob, compr. b. Nether- lands, abt. 1514; d. Paris, between 1570 and 1575. One of the Nether- land musicians who taught in Italy; singingmaster at St. Peter's, 1539; member of Papal Choir, 1540-1549; went to Paris with Duke of Guise, 1555; published while in Italy five books of madrigals on which fame chiefly rests; in Paris composed masses and church music; well- known Ave Maria attributed to him, probably not correctly. Archer, Frederick, orgt., condr. b. Oxford, England, June 16, 1838; d. Pittsburg, Oct. 22, 1901. Taught by his father; also student in London and Leipzig; concert orgt. and con- ductor in London; orgt. Brooklyn, 1881, and N. Y.; founded and edited Key- Note, 1885; conductor of Bost. Oratorio Society 1887; founder of Pittsburg Orch. and con- ductor, 1896-1898. Excellent orgt., composed method, works for org., songs, etc.; by innumerable concerts did much to popularize good music, both for organ alone and for orch. Archytas (ar-ke'-tas), mathematician, fl. Tarentum, abt. 400-365 B. C. Dis- ciple of Pythagoras, probably first to fix ratio of the third; extant writings only fragmentary. Arditi (ar-de'-ti), Luigi, impresario, b. Crescentino, Piedmont, Italy, July 16, 1822; d. Brighton, England, May 1, 1903. Studied at Milan Cons.; at first violin player; com- posed overture and opera, 1841, 1842; debut as director of opera, 1843; went to Havana, 1846; brought Havana Opera Co. in 1847-50 to N. Y. and other Am. cities, con- tributing much to early growth of interest in opera; after 1858, con- ducted in London and toured with many companies in many capitals. Composed vocal and pf. pieces; II Bacio, waltz-song, universally known. Arens (ar-enz), Franz Xavier, condr. b. Neef, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1856. Came to America at 11 as immigrant; in midst of hard work studied mus. ARENSKY ARNE with his father and Singenberger in Milwaukee; then with Rhein- berger, Wiillner, and others in Ger- many; conducted in Cleveland and Indianapolis; vocal teacher in N. Y. since 1896; founded (1900) People's Symph. Concerts, a successful at- tempt to give good orch. concerts, with simple instruction, at low rates. Arensky (a-re"n-ski), Anton Stepano- vitch, compr. b. Novgorod, July 30, 1862; d. Terioki, Finland, Feb. 25, 1906. Son of a physician; pupil of Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov at St. Petersburg Cons.; prof, of harmony and comp. Imperial Cons. Moscow 1883; member of Council of Synodal School of Church Mus.; conductor, succeeding Balakirev, of Imperial Court Choir, 1895-1901; instructor at St. Petersburg Cons. Composed 3 operas, cantatas, songs, 2 symphonies, chamber music (pf. trio especially well-known). Supe- riority appears chiefly in chamber mus. and songs; operatic style is said to be a compromise between declamatory and melodic; church mus. rather florid; often made effective use of folk-tunes. Ariosti (a-ri-os'-te), Attilio, compr. b. Bologna, 1660; d. there, abt. 1740. Composed opefa Dafne, 1686, at Venice; conducted court theatre, Berlin; went to London, 1716; wrote Muzio Scevola with Bononcini and Handel; outshone by Handel, was honorably dismissed from Italian opera, 1727, and withdrew to Italy. Composed 15 operas, 2 oratorios, and possibly volume of cantatas. Aristides (ar-is-ti-des), Quintilianus, writer, fl. Greece, abt. A. D. 160. One of most satisfactory writers on Greek music; author of treatise in three books in which the theory of the Aristoxenean School is presented in detail. Aristox'enos, writer, b. Tarentum, abt. 354 B. C. To him we owe almost entirely our knowledge of ancient Greek music. He came in con- tact with Socrates, was pupil of Xenophilus, the Pythagorean, and of Aristotle. "His services to music consisted in, firstly, the accurate de- termination of the scope of musical science lest it should on the one hand degenerate into empiricism or on the other hand lose itself in mathe- matical physics; and, secondly, in the application to all the questions and problems of music of a deeper and truer conception of the ultimate nature of music itself. By these two discoveries he accomplished a revolution in the philosophy of the art." (H. S. Macran. The Harmon- ics of A., Oxford, 1902.) Armes, Philip, orgt. b. Norwich, Aug. 15, 1836; d. Durham, Feb. 10, 1908. Son of a singer, chorister at Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals; asst. orgt. at latter under J. L. Hopkins; orgt. at Chichester and Durham; introd. mus. at Univ. of Durham and was professor there; composed 3 oratorios, services, etc. Armstrong, Nellie, see Melba. Armstrong, William Dawson, teacher, compr. b. Alton, 111.. Feb. 11, 1868. Studied under Clarence Eddy, G. M. Garrett, Chas. Kunkel, E. R. Kroeger, and others; has held vari- ous positions as orgt. and teacher in St. Louis and Alton; composed a large number of works in nearly all forms, orchestra works in MS., and 2 operas, The Specter Bride- groom (presented in St. Louis) and Claudia. Arnaud (ar-no), Abbe Francois, theor- ist, b. Aubignan, July 27, 1721; d. Paris, Dec. 2, 1784. Wrote essays on various subjects, ardently sup- ported Gluck in partisan war about his reforms. Arne (arn), Thomas Augustine, compr. b. London, Mar. 12, 1710; d. there, Mar. 5, 1778. Learned to play harpsichord and vln. by secret prac- tise; having gained father's consent, he began open career by setting to mus. Addison's Rosamund; married Cecilia Young, favorite opera singer, 1736; set to music Comus, As You Like It, Tempest, adapted for English use Metastasio's Artaserse; composed and arranged in all music for about 50 pieces. Chiefly distin- guished for many charming songs, notably the Shakespearean lyrics and Rule Britannia (the Finale of Alfred, 1740). His sister, Susanna Maria, afterwards Mrs. Gibber, was a ARNOLD ATTENHOFER famous actress. His son, Michael (1741-1786), was also a composer of dramatic music and songs. Arnold, Samuel, compr. b. London, Aug. 10, 1740; d. there, Oct. 22, 1802. Educated as chorister under Gates and Nares; remarkable early talent for composition; wrote about 40 operas, oratorios, etc.; most impor- tant work editing Cathedral Music, collection of services by English composers. Arnoldson, Sigrid (seegree), dram. sop. b. Stockholm, Mar. 20, 1863. Daugh- ter of Oscar A. tenor (1843-1881); pupil of M. Strakosch; de"but, 1886, Moscow; prima donna in St. Peters- burg, London (as successor of Patti, 1888), Paris, Budapest, and the Netherlands, New York, 1893; then in Paris. Artchibousheff (ar-chib'-oo-shoff), Nich- olas Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b. Tsarskoye-Selo, Mar. 7, 1858. Law- yer as well as musician; studied with Soloviev and Rimsky-Korsakov. Arthur, Alfred, singing teacher, b. Pittsburg, Oct. 8, 1844. Pupil in Mus. School, Boston, of Baker, Arbuckle, etc., at Bost. Cons, of Eichberg; choirmaster, conductor of Vocal Society, director of school of music in Cleveland; composed 3 operas, vocal studies, etc. Artot (ar'-to), Marguerite Josephine Desiree Montagney, dram. sop. b. Paris, July 31, 1835; d. Berlin, Apr. 3, 1907. Daughter of Jean Desire Montagney (Sept. 23, 1803-Mar. 25, 1887), who was also called Artot, as were his brother, Alexandre (1815- 1845), and their father, Maurice (1772-1829), all musicians. Mar- guerite was pupil of Mme. Viardot- Garcia; concert d^but Brussels, 1857; opera de"but, Paris, 1858, where she was engaged at Meyerbeer's request; toured as star throughout Europe, especially successful in Italian opera. Her voice from mezzo soprano be- came after persistent practise of high enough register for the great soprano parts. Asancheyski (az-an-choff'-ski), Michael Paulovitch von, compr. b. Moscow, 1838; d. there, Jan. 24, 1881. Studied composition at Leipzig under Haupt- mann and Richter and piano at Rome with Liszt; lived in Paris, 1866-70; director 1871-76 St. Peters- burg Cons, to which he gave valu- able library; retired 1876; published sonata for pf. and 'cello, trio, etc. Ascher (ash'-er), Joseph, compr. b. Groningen, Holland, June 24, 1829; d. London, June 4, 1869. Pupil of Moscheles; court pianist to Empress Eugenie; fashionable pianist and composer of drawing-room pieces which were extremely popular, es- pecially song Alice, Where Art Thou ? Ashton, Algernon Bennet Langton, pst, compr. b. Durham, Eng., Dec. 9, 1859. Pupil 1875-79 at Leipzig Cons, of Jadassohn and Reinecke and at Frankfort, 1880-81, of Raff; prof. Royal Coll. Mus., London, 1885; has written mus. of almost every kind. Asioli (a-se'-6-li), Bonifacio, compr. b. Correggio, Aug. 30, 1769; d. there, May 18, 1832. Of inconceivable precocity in composition; took les- sons of Morigi at Parma; lived in various Italian cities; prof, of coun- terpoint and censor at new Milan Cons. 1808; composed 7 operas, masses, songs, symph., etc.; wrote also several remarkably accurate and clear text-books on harmony and counterpoint. Biog. by Conti. Astorga (as-tor'-ga), Emanuele, Baron d', compr. b. Palermo, Dec. 11, 1681; d. Prague, Aug. 21, 1736. Son of insurgent Sicilian nobleman who was executed in 1701; pupil of F. . Scarlatti and further trained in music, by the assistance of a powerful patroness, at monastery in Astorga, Spain, whence he obtained title; led a life of romantic adventure in courts of Parma, Vienna, and Spain; com- posed opera Dafne, famous Stabat Mater for 4 voices, and many beau- tiful cantatas. Attenhofer (a-ten-ho'-fer), Karl, teacher, condr. b. Wettingen, Switzerland, May 5, 1837. Pupil of D. Elster, and of Richter and others, at Leipzig Cons.; condr. of various choral unions; composer of choral music, songs, etc. ATTWOOD AVISON Attwood, Thomas, compr. b. London, Nov. 23, 1765; d. Chelsea, Mar. 24, 1838. Chorister under Nares and Ayrton; studied in Italy (by assist- ance from George IV, then Prince of Wales) under Cinque and Latilla and in Vienna under Mozart; orgt. at St. Paul's and Chapel Royal; orig- inal member Philharm. Soc.; friend of Mendelssohn. Composed music for 21 plays, famous church music, numerous popular songs and glees. Auber (6-bar'), Daniel Frangois Esprit, compr. b. Caen, Jan. 29, 1782; d. Paris, May 12, 1871. Son of a painter who had gone into trade after the Revolution, he refused to follow any line but that of his talent. His first dramatic music, resetting of Julie, attracted attention of Cher- ubini who assisted his further de- velopment. First opera to gain public performance was Le Sejour d' Amour, 1813, but success was first won by La Bergere Chatelaine, J820. Increasing skill in clever treatment of light comic opera style is shown in series ending with Le Mafon, 1825. With first grand opera La Muette de Portici (Masaniello), 1825, he at- tained greatest height; in this work, says Apthorp, he brought all the brisk, nimble dash of his style to bear on a tragic subject. He outdid himself, showing unwonted dramatic fire, picturesqueness in orchestra- tion, skilful handling of choral masses. The old forms are there, but managed with dramatic ap- positeness. This opera, with Ros- sini's William Tell and Meyerbeer's Robert le Diable, changed the rper- toire of the Paris Ope>a; the produc- tion in Brussels was the signal for revolutionary riots which ended in separation of Holland and Belgium. Most popular opera at home and abroad was Fra Diavolo, 1830. For many years A. composed about one opera a year, most frequently to libretti by Scribe, sustaining his powers at a remarkable level of graceful tunefulness and polish. He succeeded to Gossec's chair in the Academy, 1835; followed Cherubini as director of Cons. 1842. Audran (6-dron), Edmond, compr. b. Lyons, April 11, 1842; d. Tierceville, Aug. 17, 1901. Son of Marius Pierre, operatic tenor and song composer (1816-1887); pupil at Ecole Nieder- meyer, Paris, with prize for com- position; orgt. at Marseilles, 1861; composed a mass, motet and songs, but is known as composer of many successful examples of ope>a-bouffe, 37 in all, of which the best known to Americans are Olivette and La Mas- cotte; Le Grand Mogol, Les Noces d' Olivette, La Cigale et la Fourrni, Miss Helyett, and La Poupee were especially popular both in French and English versions. Auer (ou'-er), Leopold, vlt. b. Veszprim, Hungary, May 28, 1845. Pupil at the Prague and Vienna Cons.; of Joa- chim, 1863-65; conductor in Dussel- dorf and Hamburg 1863-67; since 1868 at St. Petersburg as solo vio- linist to the court, prof, at Cons, and occasional conductor of Im- perial Mus. Assn. Exceptionally fine violinist, with noble style and extended repertoire; teacher of Mis- cha Elman; Tchaikovski's concerto dedicated to him. Augustine, Saint, writer, b. Tagaste, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; d. Hippo, Algeria, Aug. 28, 430. Bishop of Hippo, one of the fathers of the Latin Church, friend of St. Ambrose. His writings give valuable informa- tion about the condition of music in the early church and especially about Ambrosian chant; his work en- titled De Musica treats of rhythms only. Aulin (ou-lin), TorJ vlt. b. Stockholm, Sept. 10, 1866. Pupil of Emile Sauret and Ph. Scharwenka in Berlin; since 1889 concertmaster Royal Opera, Stockholm; founded famous Aulin Quartet, 1887; distinguished virtuoso. Aus der Ohe (ous'-der-o-e), Addle, pst. Father professor in Hanover Univ.; pupil under Kullak at age of 7 by advice of Von Billow; played with orch. in Berlin at age of 10; pupil of Liszt from 12 to 19; American dbut, 1886. Successful career as concert pianist of unusual strength and power. Avison, Charles, compr., writer, b. New- castle-upon-Tyne,1710; d. there, May 9, 1770. Pupil of Geminiani, organist AYLWARD BACH in Newcastle, 1736; composer of instrumental music, concertos and sonatas; author of Essay on Musical Expression, 1752, pamphlet which was strongly and successfully assailed by W. Hayes; edited Marcello's Psalms with English words. Mentioned in Browning's Parleyings. Aylward (al'ward), Theodore, compr. b. about 1730; d. London, Feb. 27, 1801. Organist in London; prof, in Gresham College, 1771; asst. director of Handel Commemoration, 1784. Composed g^ees and catches very popular in his day, and some unpub- lished church music. Bach (bak). Distinguished family of musicians bearing this name were descended from Hans Bach who lived at Wechmar about 1561; his son, Veit (d. 1619), was fond of music and Veit's son, Hans (b. about 1580; d. Dec. 26, 1626), was a professional musician, the real founder of the family. The sons of Hans settled in different towns, Johannes (1604- 73) in Erfurt, Heinrich (1615-92) in Arnstadt, and Christoph (1613- 61) at first in Erfurt, and later in Arnstadt. Almost all the members of the family were musicians; even those who at first turned to law or some other study end.ed their lives in musical service; some were vio- linists, more were organists, two at least, Johann Michael (1648-1694) and his nephew, Johann Nikolaus (1669-1753), experimented in instru- ment making and made improve- ments in pianoforte construction; almost all of them were, to a greater or less extent, composers. In private life the family seems to have been characterized by devotion to a high standard of moral purity and quiet dignity an attitude maintained with remarkable consistency. This mood found most frequent expres- sion in the composition of church music of a lofty elevation and of organ and piano music of conspicu- ous clearness and intellectual inge- nuity. For detailed accounts of all the Bachs, see Philipp Spitta's Johann Sebastian Bach, 3 vols.; Grove's Dictionary, Vol. I; Eitner's Quellen- Lexikon. The most noted will be mentioned here in alphabetical order. Bach, Johann Christian. There were two of this name of whom the earlier (1640-1692) was the son of Johannes in Erfurt. The later, b. Leipzig, 1735; d. London, Jan. 1, 1782, was known as the Milanese or English Bach. He was eleventh son of Joh. Sebastian; after his father's death he lived with brother Karl Philipp Emanuel in Berlin, studying piano playing and composition. He went to Milan, became pupil of Martini and was organist at the Cathedral there 1760-1762; in Italy he com- posed sacred music and some operas. In 1762 he went to London, where he gave subscription concerts in partnership with Abel, 1765-1782; married Cecilia Grassi, the singer; composed several successful operas in light Italian style, and elegant, brilliant pianoforte works. Bach, Johann Christoph. There were several of this name: One (1645- 1693) was son of Christoph and twin brother of Joh. Ambrosius, a violinist, who devoted himself with his uncle Heinrich to church music at Arnstadt. Another (1671-1721) was a brother of Joh. Sebastian, a Sjpil of Pachelbel, and organist at hrdruf. Another (1685-1735) was the son of Joh. Aegidius (1645-1717) of Erfurt, both directors of the town music. The most famous, b. Arnstadt, Dec. 8, 1642; d. Eisenach, Mar. 31, 1703, was the son of Heinrich of Arnstadt and uncle of Joh. Sebastian. He was the greatest of the older generation, one of the most famous organ players and contrapuntists of his day, and was highly regarded as an individual by all; as a composer he was neglected by contemporaries outside of his family, but he is now considered of great importance for his individuality in solving problems, his high sense of form, and depth of expression. There are extant of his some instrumental works and 9 motets. BACH BACH Bach, Johann Sebastian, b. Eisenach, Mar. 21 (or 22), 1685; d. Leipzig, July 28, 1750. Grandson of Chris- toph who was town musician to Count Schwarzburg and prominent in town music at Arnstadt; son of Job. Ambrosius (1645-1695), violin- ist, who settled in Eisenach in 1671, and of Elizabeth Lammerhirt of Erfurt. At the age of ten, both parents having died, Seb. went to Ohrdruf where he lived and studied with his brother Johann Christoph; this elder brother is reputed to have been harsh, denying to the eager youth access to a volume of music, and taking away from him a copy which he had made in secret by moonlight. After the death of this brother Seb. went on his own responsibility to Liineberg where he became a chorister and received free instruction in other branches; he paid great attention to the work of the organist Bohm and walked often to Hamburg to hear Reinken; he also walked to Celle where he had an opportunity to hear French music in the royal chapel. By similar persistence and application he in- creased his skill on the violin and pianoforte, as well as in composition. After a few months at Weimar, he became organist at Arnstadt in 1703. In 1705, having walked to Ltibeck to meet Buxtehude, he overstayed his leave of absence in his enthusi- asm, until the church authorities at Arnstadt were angry. Further ap- pointments followed: in 1707 he was organist at Miihlhausen; in 1708 court organist at Weimar, in 1714 concertmeister there; in au- tumn vacations he made many professional tours to other cities, Kassel, Halle, and Dresden (where he challenged the French organist Marchand who, at the last moment, refused to meet him); in 1717 he was made capellmeister and director of chamber music to Prince Leopold of Co then; in 1723 he succeeded Kuhnau as cantor at the Thomas- schule, Leipzig, and became organist at two principal churches there, without entirely severing his con- nection with Cothen. He remained at Leipzig 27 years, with frequent visits to Dresden and a memor- able one to Potsdam at the request of Frederick the Great, whom he amazed by his skill in improvising. He became blind in 1749. His char- acter was like that of his family in general, one of conspicuous upright- ness, cheerful simplicity and marked singleness of purpose. He married twice: first, in 1707, his cousin Maria Barbara Bach, daughter of Johann Michael; and secondly, in 1721, Anna Magdalene Wulken. His home life was always happy and he took pleasure and satisfaction in the edu- cation of his 13 children and the (frequently musical) pleasures of his domestic circle. Beside his own sons he had many distinguished pupils among whom were Krebs, Agricola, Kirnberger, Marpurg and Vogler. Always eager to embrace every opportunity of hearing great contemporaries (he twice journeyed to Halle in vain attempts to meet Handel), he was in every way inde- fatigably industrious. Before 1717 he was chiefly occupied in writing organ music; during the time at Cothen he composed instrumental music, concertos, suites, etc. and the Wohltemperirtes Clavier, 1722, 1724; the Inventions and Sym- phonies for clavier, 1723; in the Leipzig period he wrote almost all of the more than 200 extant church cantatas. The St. John Passion was performed in 1724, the Matthew in 1729, the B minor Mass between 1732 and 1738. All of his music commands admiration by the dis- play of masterly contrapuntal skill, by the fertility and dexterity of his methods; but his is more than the skill of the juggler, in that he really combines the different parts into an organic whole which has a definite meaning of its own. By the " con- stant application of matchless tech- nic to the highest artistic ends," he is able to find the " right word for every occasion," so that he completely satisfies ' people of the most dissimilar tastes. The skill of all his successors rests on knowledge of his works, and their charm is still inexhaustible. Historically also his music is of vast importance; he settled the dispute between the old church modes and the modern har- monic scales; his works represent BACH BAERMANN a fusion of both systems, but the modern one predominates. More- over he required " equal tempera- ment " for instruments with fixed intonation, and had a great influ- ence on the technic of piano playing by introducing a new system of fingering. He was appreciated by his contemporaries as an organist only; it was not until 1829 that Mendelssohn drew general attention to his compositions. The Bach- Gesellschaft, founded in 1850 by Schumann, Jahn, and others, issued a definitive edition of his complete works in 146 volumes. Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel. b. Wei- mar, Mar. 8, 1714; d. Hamburg, (Sept.) Dec. 14, 1788. Called the Berlin or Hamburg Bach, son of Joh. Sebastian. Studied law at Frank- fort and Leipzig Universities, but abandoned it for music in which he had been thoroughly instructed by his father. He entered the service of Frederick the Great in 1738, and continued therein until 1767 when he succeeded Telemann as director of church in Hamburg. He was one of the most brilliant composers of a period which prized brilliance more than profundity. His instru- mental music is especially valuable because it shows the origin of the modern forms which Haydn and Mozart were to bring to perfection. He composed a great number of works in almost every form. Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann. b. Wei- mar, Nov. 22, 1710; d. Berlin, July 1, 1784. The eldest and ap- parently the most talented son of Joh. Sebastian, trained by his father and, in violin playing, by Graun. He distinguished himself in mathe- matics at Leipzig Univ. and held posts as organist and musical director at Dresden and Halle. In 1764 he was dismissed from his post because of his dissolute habits and died in want. He was a brilliant organ- player, a profound theoretician, a famous improviser, a skilful and fluent composer and at the same time the one black sheep of his race. Most of his compositions exist in manuscript only. (See, especially, Eitner's Lexikon.) Bache, Francis Edward, compr. b. Edgbaston, Birmingham, Sept. 14, 1833; d. there, Aug. 24, 1858. Showed unquestionable talent as a child; studied under Bennett and in Leipzig under Hauptmann and Plaidy. Composed before untimely death 2 operas, concerto, trio, etc. His brother, Walter, pst. b. Edg- baston, Birmingham, June 19, 1842; d. London, Mar. 26, 1888. Studied piano and theory with Stimpson and with Plaidy, Moscheles, Reinecke, and Richter. Pupil in Rome, after 1862, of Liszt of whom he became ardent disciple and whose works he largely introduced to English public. Prof, of pf. at Royal Acad. Mus. Bachmann (bak'-man), Georges, compr. b. about 1848; d. Paris, Dec. (?) 1894. Composed many light pf. pieces. Backer- Grbndahl (bak'-er-gren-dal'), Agathe Ursula, pst., compr. b. Hol- mestrand, Norway, Dec. 1, 1847; d. Christiania, Aug., 1907. Pupil of Kjerulf and Lindemann, of Kullak, Von Biilow, and, later, of Liszt; married 1875 O. A. Grondahl, of Christiania (b. 1847), singing teach- er; has toured successfully in Scan- dinavia, London, and Paris. Com- posed charming songs, pf . pieces, etc. Backhaus (bak-hous), Wilhelm, pst. b. Leipzig, Mar. 26, 1884. Pupil of A. Reckendorf at Leipzig Cons, and of d' Albert; won Rubinstein Prize for pf. playing, 1905; prof, of pf. at Manchester (Eng.) Royal Coll. of Music; remarkably popular with London audiences, but German critics say that his amazing technical ability is not used for artistic ends. Badarczevska (ba-dar-chef'-shka), Tek- la, compr. b. Warsaw, 1838; d. there, 1862. Composed " salon " pf. works, popular in their day, now practically forgotten, except La Priere d'une merge (The Maiden's Prayer). Baermann (bar'-man), Carl, pst. b. Munich, July 9, 1839. Grandson of Heinrich Joseph (1784-1847), friend of Weber and Mendelssohn, and son of Karl (1820-1885), both clarinet players of distinction; studied under Lachner and Liszt; d6but at 15; teacher in Royal Mus. Sch. in Munich; came to America in 1881; BAI BALAKIREV has attained high rank as teacher in Boston, among pupils being C. H. Morse, Mrs H. H. A. Beach and F. S. Converse; his few published works, mostly for pf., are worthy expressions of his sound, conserva- tive spirit. Bai [or Baj], (ba'-i), Tommaso, com- pr. b. Crevalcuore, about 1650; d. Rome, Dec. 22, 1714. Tenor singer and maestro in Vatican choir; fol- lower of Palestrina; composed Mis- erere sung alternately with those of Allegri and Baini in Holy Week. Bailey, Lilian, see Henschel, Mrs. Georg. Bailey, Marie Louise, pst. b. Nashville, Oct. 24, 1876. Studied 1889 with C. Reinecke in Leipzig Cons., win- ning scholarship; later with Leschet- izky; de"but at Gewandhaus 1893; played with Damrosch orch., and toured successfully in U. S. and Canada; at present in Vienna. Baillot (ba-yo), Pierre Marie Fran$ois de Sales, vlt. b. Passy, Oct. 1, 1771; d. Paris, Sept. 15, 1842. Remark- able early talent; first instruction from Italian Polidori; in 1780 pupil of Sainte-Marie, who insisted on severe taste and exactness; in 1783 studied under Pollani; 1791 through influence of Viotti became first violin - at Th. Feydeau, Paris; 1791-1795 seems to have neglected music for small government appointment; pro- fessor at new Cons. 1795; after further study with Catel, Reicha and Cherubini, he made tour to Russia and later others to England, Holland, Switzerland and Italy; in 1821 leader of orch. at Grand OpeYa; 1825 solo player in royal band. He had many distinguished pupils, notably Habeneck, Mazas, the two Danclas, etc. Composed many works, chiefly very difficult vln. pieces, preludes, quartets, etc.; his chief works are L'art du Violon (1834) and Methode de Violon, pub- lished jointly with Rode and Kreut- zer, still standards. Baini (bae-ni), Giuseppe, compr., writer, b. Rome, Oct. 21, 1775; d. there, May 21, 1844. Pupil of his uncle Lorenzo, and of Jannaconi whom he succeeded 1817 as maestro of St. Peter's; composed Miserere sung in turn with those of Allegri and Bai at Sistine Chapel. He lived entirely in spirit of 16th century music and his chief work is life and criticism of the works of Palestrina (1828), not wholly accurate by standards of modern scholarship. Baker, Benjamin Franklin, teacher, b. Wenham, Mass., July 16, 1811; d. Boston, Mar. 11, 1889. Sang in churches in Salem, Portland, and Boston; 1841 succeeded Lowell Mason as teacher of music in public schools; was vice-president Handel and Haydn Society; established Boston Music School; edited Boston MusicalJournal; composed cantatas, part-songs, etc. Balakirev (ba-la'-ke-reff), Mili Alexei- evitch, compr., pst. b. Novgorod, (Dec. 31, 1836, O. S.) Jan. 2, 1837; d. St. Petersburg, June 24, 1910. Early youth passed in the country, where Oulibishev,_ author of Life of Mozart, instructed him in music; went at age of 20 to St. Petersburg where he met Glinka, and the younger composers, Cui, Mous- sorgski, Borodin and others. B. became the peculiarly influential center of a small group, some of whom were older than he in years, to whom he gave instruction in analysis of older masters and counsel in appreciation of the new espe- cially Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz. He also exerted a great influence toward " national " music, by col- lecting folk-songs and by urging use of characteristic rhythms and ideas. In 1863 B. founded a free school of music; before retirement in 1872 he was director Russian Musical Society, and director of singers at Imperial Chapel. His own works are few in number; the principal ones are symph. poems Thamar and Russia, overture and music to King Lear, symph. in C major, two series of songs, and pf. pieces nearly all of which demand the ability of a virtuoso most not- able being the fantasia Islamey. " His romances are distinguished by pure and large melodies, by elegant accompaniments, often by passion and great interest." [Cui.] " He is an orchestral magician; he suc- ceeds, by harmonious wedding of BALATKA BANTOCK timbres, in giving changing and sur- prising color to sound. He excels in the descriptive poem, the instru- mental tale." [Bruneau.] Though he has written nothing for the stage, his most remarkable compositions are those with a definite program, as the symph. poems and Lear. Balatka, Hans, condr. b. Hoffnungs- thal, Moravia, March 5, 1827; d. Chicago, Apr. 17, 1899. Pupil of Sechter and Proch at Vienna; came to America 1849; founded and con- ducted Milwaukee Musikverein, conductor of Chicago Philh. Soc. 1860, and various societies in Mil- waukee, St. Louis and Chicago; dis- tinguished among pioneers of music in the West. Baldwin, Samuel Atkinson, orgt., compr. b. Lake City, Minn., Jan. 25, 1862. At 12 moved to St. Paul where he was orgt.at 15; studied in Europe 1880-84 (with one year at home) at Dresden Cons, with G. Merkel, Nicode', Risch- bieter, and Wullner; orgt. Chicago 1885-89; orgt. dir. of choral ass'n, St. Paul 1889-95; orgt. in New York 1895, in Brooklyn since 1902; head of dept. of mus. in Coll. of City of N. Y., 1907, where he gives semi- weekly recitals; compositions include songs, anthems, 18th Psalm for voices and orch., cantata Triumph of Love, concert overtures, suite for orch., and symphony. Balfe, Michael William, compr. b. Dublin, May 15, 1808; d. Rowney Abbey, Hertfordshire, Oct. 20, 1870. Son of William (died 1823), a danc- ing master; he first learned to play the violin for dancing as a pupil of Meadows and O'Rourke (Rooke); articled pupil of C. E. Horn in London; played in theatre band; went to Italy 1825 where he studied with Paer and Federici; in Paris Rossini engaged him as baritone in Italian opera and he sang in London and Paris with success until about 1833; after 1835, he composed operas, managed, and conducted them in London, Paris, and Berlin; retired to country 1864. First dramatic composition was ballet La Perouse 1827; first English opera Siege of Rochelle 1835; his suc- cesses thereafter were almost con- tinuous; he wrote about 30 operas, j the one most widely known to-day being The Bohemian Girl, first pro- duced 1843. Macfarren (quoted in Grove) says B. possessed quick- ness of ear, readiness of memory, executive facility, fluent invention, remarkable and experienced com- mand of orchestra, and, on the other hand, want of conscientiousness; that in his music, however, " the element which makes it evanescent is that which also makes it popular." Banister, John, vlt. b. London, 1630; d. there, Oct. 3, 1679. Taught rudi- ments by his father, sent to France by Charles II; leader of the King's band 1662; first musician to estab- lish successful concerts in London, holding them at his own house every afternoon 1672-1678. Composed mu- sic to " Circe," songs, and lessons for violin. Son John (1677-1735) distinguished violinist in days of first Italian operas. Henry Charles (1831-1897) successful teacher of harmony and instructive writer. Banti-Giorgi (ban'-ti-ge-or'-gi), Brigida, dram. sop. b. Crema, Lombardy, 1758; d. Bologne, Feb. 18, 1806. Discovered singing in street cafe", she was engaged for Paris Ope"ra, where she made d6but; 1799-1802 made great success in London; Sac- chini, Piozzi, Abel all tried to teach her in vain; she remained to the last a natural singer, learning parts by ear, but singing them with great effect; favorite in England 1789- 1798, when succeeded by Mrs. Billington. (See article by C. Lozzi, Rivista Musicale Italiana, 1904.) Bantock, Granville, compr. b. London, Aug. 7, 1868. Pupil of F. Corder at Royal Acad. of Music 1889 winning Macfarren Scholarship; while still a student he had works performed; editor of New Quarterly Music Review 1893-96; tour of the world as conductor of Gaiety Th. Com- pany 1894-95; conductor of various companies and orchestras, in New Brighton, near Liverpool, where he effected great improvements, at Ant- werp and Birmingham; principal Sch. of Mus. Birmingham and Mid- land Institute since 1900; succeeded Edward Elgar as professor in Bir- mingham University 1908; has al- ways shown himself hospitable to BARBIERI BARNETT work of young composers, and to those of British composers. His own compositions, cantatas, large choral works, symphonic poems, pf. pieces, etc. are usually of marked oriental coloring (often dealing with Eastern subjects) and of romantic tone; he combines a remarkably sure orches- tral technic with subtlety of feel- ing for tone, color and great poetic sensibility (Newman); he prefers the looser forms of program music. Barbieri (bar-bi-a'-ri), Francesco Asen- jo, compr. b. Madrid, Aug. 3, 1823; d. there, Feb. 17, 1894. Pupil Madrid Cons., clarinetist in theatre orch., chprusleader at opera; secretary and chief director of society for encourag- ing the Zarzuela, the distinctly na- tional Spanish type of operetta, of which he wrote 75; edited coll. of 15th century songs; critic and teacher at cons., promoter of good concerts. Bardi, Giovanni, Count of Vernio. b. 1534; d. 1612. Patron of music in Florence in 16th century, at whose house took place the earliest per- formances of opera; may have writ- ten words for some. Bargiel (bar'-gel), Woldemar, compr. b. Berlin, Oct. 3, 1828; d. there, Feb. 23, 1897. Son of Adolf (died 1841) teacher of music and of di- vorced wife of Fr. Wieck, so he was Clara Schumann's step-brother; trained by parents and at Leipzig Cons, by Hauptmann, Moscheles, Gade, etc.; teacher at Cologne; director 1865 of society for promoting music at Antwerp; teacher at Berlin Hochschule 1875. CarefuJ if not romantically inspired composer of the school of Schumann; works in- clude pf. pieces, orchestral works, and choral works, especially settings of 13th and 23d Psalms. Barnard, Charlotte Alington [known as Claribel], song compr. b. Dec. 23. 1830; d. Dover, Jan. 30, 1869. Taught by Holmes; married Chas. C. Barnard, 1854; composed over 100 popular songs Five o'clock in the morning, I cannot sing the old songs, etc. Barnard, D'Auvergne, compr. b. Isling- ton, London, Apr. 24, 1867. Though not of musical parents, early showed gifts as choir boy in Temple Church; trained there by E. J. Hopkins; self-taught as pianoforte player, gained many appointments as ac- companist; began composition at 19; soon after became widely known as compr. of songs Bid Me to Love and Plains of Peace; under various pseudonyms has written over 100 songs and 200 pianoforte pieces; of dance music under name " Clo- thilde," most popular perhaps is waltz Whisper and I shall hear. Barnby, Sir Joseph, compr. b. York, Aug. 12, 1838; d. London, Jan. 28, 1896. Son of Thomas, organ- ist; himself organist and choir- master at age of 12; entered Royal Acad. of Mus. 1854; organist at several London churches; director of Barnby's Choir, inaugurated by Novello 1867-1872; conducted daily concerts also for Novello 1874-^75; conductor London Mus. Society 1878-86; precentor at Eton 1875- 92; principal Guildhall School 1892; conductor Royal Choral Society. Wrote very large number of hymn tunes, services, part-songs, etc., more or less uninspired; chiefly of im- portance for introducing works of Bach and Gounod into England; he also conducted first performance of Parsifal 1884. Gained widest reputation as a choral leader, and maintained his high standard every- where by force of character and per- sonality. " Of his music sweetness rather than strength is its salient characteristic. Technically it is masterly. ... He will be known as the composer of the most popular part-song ever written, Sweet and Low ." (Monthly Mus. Record 1896.) Barnett, John, compr. b. Bedford, Eng., July 1, 1802; d. near Chelten- ham, Apr. 17, 1890. Of Prussian- Hungarian parentage. Son of Ber- nard Beer, watchmaker, second cousin to Meyerbeer; showed marked ability as singer as child; articled at 11 to S. J. Arnold; de'but on stage 1813; taught also by Horn and Price; from 1825-1831 com- posed several musical farces, best of which was The Pet of the Petticoats; 1834 published collection of songs; produced successive operas, The Mountain Sylph 1834 first English BARRETT BATTISHILL opera in style of Weber, extremely successful, Farinelli 1839, etc.; taught singing after 1841. His nephew John Francis, compr. b. London, Oct. 16, 1837. Studied Royal Acad. Mus. winning scholar- ship twice; de"but 1853; studied with Moscheles, Plaidy, and Haupt- mann at Leipzig Cons.; played at Gewandhaus 1860. Composed suc- cessful cantatas, The Ancient Mari- ner 1870 and many others for English festivals, also symph., pf. pieces, etc.; published Musical Reminis- cences and Impressions 1908 (?). Barrett, William Alexander, writer, b. Hackney, England, Oct. 15, 1836; d. London (?), Oct. 17, 1891. Chor- ister and organist; writer on church music; author of Life of Balfe; joint editor with Stainer of Diet, of Mus. Terms; editor of Monthly Mus. Record and of Mus. Times for 1887. Barri, Odoardo, see Edward Slater. Barth (bart),KarlHeinrich, pst., teacher. b. Pillau, Prussia, July 12, 1847. Pupil of father, of Steinmann and of Von Biilow, Tausig, etc.; teacher at Stern Cons., Berlin, 1868, and . at Royal High School 1871. Ad- mired in solo concerts in Germany and England and also in trio con- certs with De Ahna and Hausmann. Bartlett, Homer Newton, compr. b. Ol- ive, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1845. Precocious talent; pupil of S. B. Mills, Braun, Jacobsen, etc.; organist at various N. Y. churches ; has composed a great many songs and pf . pieces, a cantata, sextet, etc. His work is always skil- ful, often brilliant (especially in or- chestration) ; at its best, as in A Love Song, I Hear the Brooklet's Murmur, etc., it is original, rich, and sincere; best known work for piano, Polka di Concert. Bartlett, James Carroll, compr., tenor, b. Harmony, Maine, June 14, 1850. Entered N. E. Cons. 1869 where he studied singing under O'Neill, pf . and theory under Stephen Emery; later a pupil of Guilmette and Shakespeare ; 1875-76 went on first professional tour with Camilla Urso; was musical director for Edwin Booth and Bar- rett; singer and teacher in Boston; orgt. at Worcester; composer of graceful, singable songs. Basil, Saint, b. Cesarea, 329; d. there, 379. Bishop in Cappadocia; said to have introduced congregational singing and antiphons which Am- brose learned from him. Bassani (bas-sa-ne), Giovanni Battista, vlt., compr. b. Padua, about 1657; d. Ferrara, 1716. Pupil of Castro- villari; maestro at Bologna Cathe- dral; distinguished violinist, teacher of Corelli; composer of 6 operas, sonatas, suites, etc. Bassford, William Kipp, pst., orgt. b. New York, April 23, 1839; d. 1902. Pupil of S. Jackson; successful con- cert tours as pianist; organist, com- poser and teacher in N. Y. Bassi (bas-se), Luigi, dram, baritone, b. Pesaro, 1766; d. Dresden, 1825. In Prague 1784-1806, and again, after stay in Vienna, in 1814; director of Dresden Opera under Weber; B. was singer for whom Mozart wrote Don Giovanni. Bateson, Thomas, compr. b. England, about 1575; d. Dublin (?), Mar. or April, 1629 (30) . Organist at Chester Cathedral 1599 and after 1608 of Trinity Cathedral in Dublin; re- ceived mus. degree from Trinity College late in life, being the first mus. graduate there. His fame rests on two sets pf madrigals for 3, 4, 5, and 6 voices, which give him a high place among Elizabethan composers. Batiste (ba-test), Antoine Edouard, orgt. b. Paris, Mar. 28, 1820; d. there, Nov. 9, 1876. Son of a come- dian, page in chapel of Chas. X; after 1830 went to Cons, where he won four first and four second prizes and in 1840 the 2d Prix de Rome as Hal6vy's pupil; appointed deputy teacher at Cons, while still a student; held many classes; also orgt. at St. Nicolas des Champs and notably at St. Eustache 1854-1876. Educa- tional works, introd. to solfeggio method, etc., of great value; organ compositions, once popular, are not now so highly rated. Battishill, Jonathan, compr. b. Lon- don, May, 1738; d. Islington, Dec. 10, 1801. Chorister under W. Sav- age and his articled pupil; assistant of Dr. Boyce at Chapel Royal; BATTMANN BEACH harpsichord player at Covent Gar- den, married Miss Davies, singer; with M. Arne composed Almena; later when organist in different churches, composed several anthems and many favorite catches and songs. Battmann (bat'-man), Jacques-Louis, orgt. b. Maasmunster, Alsace, Aug. 25, 1818; d. Dijon, July 7, 1886. Qrgt. at Belfort and Vesoul; wrote method and works for harmonium, works for piano, and treatise on harmony. Bauer (bou'-er), Harold, pst. b. Lon- don, Apr. 28, 1873. Son of an Eng- lish mother and German father, he first studied vln. with his father and Pollitzer; de'but as vlt. London, 1883; after successful tours for 9 years, settled in Paris, 1892, where by persistent application with some instruction from Paderewski he gained extraordinary technical abil- ity as pianist; in 1893-94 he toured Russia and since then has continued remarkably successful throughout Europe and America (including South America); his first appear- ance in America was witn the Boston Symph. Orch. Dec. 1, 1900. Baumbach (bourn '-bak), Adolph, compr. b. Germany, 1830 (?); d. Chicago, 1880. Piano pieces and a collection of quartets for church choir. Baumf elder (boum'-f elder), Friedrich, pst. b. Dresden, May 28, 1836. Pupil of Otto and Joh. Schneider, and at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc.; composer of brilliant salon music; director at Schumann Smgakademie in Dresden. Bausch (boush), Ludwig Christian August, vln.-maker. b. Naumburg, Jan. 15, 1805; d. Leipzig, May 26, 1871. Maker and repairer of violins, especially famed for his bows, in Dresden, Dessau, Wiesbaden, and Leipzig. Sons Ludwig (182971871) at first in N. Y. then in Leipzig and Otto (1841-1874) continued busi- ness, now owned by A. Paulus at Markneuki rchen . Bayer (by-er), Josef, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Mar. 6, 1852. Educated at Realschule, Handelsakademie, and Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at Vienna Opera; has composed a great deal of dance music and several operettas and opera-ballets. Bazzini (bat-ze'-ne), Antonio, vlt., compr. b. Brescia, March 11, 1818; d. Milan, Feb. 10, 1897. Pupil of Camisoni; played in principal towns of Italy, France and Spain; lived in Germany 1841-45; 1873 prof, of comp. at Milan Cons.; director 1882. Composed opera Turandot, sacred cantatas, symph., overtures, Saul and King Lear, and vln. pieces. Works show graceful Italian spirit deepened by German influence. Beach, Amy Marcy Cheney (Mrs. H. H. A.), compr. b. Henniker, N. H., Sept. 5, 1867. She inherits musical ability from her mother's family and mathematical accuracy from her father's; has the gift of absolute pitch; from early childhood was remarkably precocious in memory for tunes and interest in them. Lessons on the piano began with her mother at the age of six and were continued at eight in Boston under E. Perabo, J. W. Hill, and C. Baermann; she studied harmony with Prof. Hill in 1881-82, and studied counterpoint, fugue, and instrumentation by herself, making her own translations of Gevaert and Berlioz. First public appearance in Boston 1883; played with Bost. Symph. Orch. Mar. 28, 1885; since marriage with Dr. H. H. A. Beach 1885 she has played only rarely in public. She began to compose as a mere child; her first large work was a mass in E flat 1892; then followed Eilende Wolken, a scene from Schil- ler's " Mary Stuart "; Festival Ju- bilate for chorus and orchestra, for the dedication of the Woman's Build- ing at the Chicago World's Fair, 1893; the Gaelic symphony 1896; a violin sonata 1896; there are also many pf. compositions and songs. Goetschius says " the salient char- acteristics of Mrs. Beach's style [are] strong, passionate conception and powerful emotional impulse tem- pered and controlled by never- failing command of the means of expression, hand in hand with an exquisite sense of melodic and rhyth- mic beauty." In larger works her technical skill often leads to an BEAUMARCHAIS BEETHOVEN overweight of elaborate detail; she is at her best in the smaller forms (songs and pf. pieces) where her delicate sense of melody finds charm- ing and sincere expression. Beaumarchais (bo-mar-sha) , Pierre-Au- gustin-Caron de, librettist, b. Paris, Jan. 24, 1732; d. there, May 19, 1799. Dramatist from whose plays were drawn libretti for Mozart's Marri- age of Figaro and Rossini's Barber of Seville. Beaumont (bo-mon), Paul, compr. b. Mayence, Jan. 13, 1853. Son of flute- player in orchestra; showed early inclination for music; entered at 14 office of B. Schott's Sons, publish- ers, who assisted him in his educa- tion and have published many of his works; compositions largely for piano, many of them for young players. Beck, Johann Heinrich, vlt. b. Cleve- land, Sept. 12, 1856. Studied at Leipzig Cons., violin, and composi- tion with Reinecke and Jadassohn; after return to Cleveland estab- lished violin school and works in large forms, overtures to Lara and to Romeo and Juliet, music-drama SalammbS, etc., all unpublished, per- formances of which from Ms. have excited great admiration. Becker, Albert Ernst Anton, compr. b. Quedlinburg, June 13, 1834; d. Berlin, Jan. 10, 1899. Pupil at Quedlinburg of Bonicke and in Berlin of Dehn; teacher of comp. at Scharwenka Cons.; composed many works for orch. with vln. and with org., songs (Friihlingszeit), and especially symph., grand mass, and oratorio Selig aus Gnade, and a Reformations-Cantata. Becker, Hugo, 'cellist, b. Strassburg, Feb. 13, 1864. Son of Jean (1833- 1884) eminent violinist; pupil of father, and on 'cello of Grutzmacher, De Swert and Piatti; first appear- ance Leipzig; solo 'cellist in Frank- fort opera 1884-*86, and teacher in Cons, there when not engaged on numerous and successful tours as soloist and as member of Frankfort Quartet led by H. Heermann; first appeared in Boston, Jan. 12, 1901, with Bost. Symph. Orch. Playing is described as of " classic nobility." [Riemann.] Bedford, Herbert, see Lehmann, Liza. Beer, Jakob Liebmann, see Meyerbeer, Giacomo. Beethoven (ba'-to-ven), Ludwig van, compr. b. Bonn, Dec. 16, 1770 (gave date himself as 1772); d. Vienna, Mar. 26, 1827. Grandson of Ludwig, bass singer and capellmeister in electoral band; son of Johann, tenor singer, and of Maria Magdalene Laym (nee Keverich). B. was edu- cated in common schools until age of 14, after which he received nc regular instruction; about 1780 a friend, Zambona, taught him Latin, French, and Italian, and helped him in other branches. His musical edu- cation was more thorough; at first his father taught him violin and piano playing with great strictness and severity; after 1779 he was the pupil of Pfeiffer, music director and oboist; he learned to play the organ from Van den Eeden and from his successor Neefe. In 1782 B. became Neefe's deputy as organist; in 1783 cembalist for rehearsals of the opera orchestra; in 1784 assist- ant organist; and in 1788 he also played 2d viola in orchestra of theatre and at church under Reicha's leadership. In 1787 he went to Vienna and excited much interest as a pianist; Mozart, hearing him, foretold that he would have a great future. About 1790 his home life became very miserable because of the death of his mother and the bad habits of his father; he had made, however, some good friends, notably Count Waldstem, who gave him early encouragement, and the refined and cultured family of Von Breunings. In 1792 the elector sent Beethoven to Vienna for study. Dissatisfied with instruction he re- ceived from Haydn, the impatient Beethoven took lessons from Schenk at the same time, without Haydn's knowledge. He also took regular lessons in counterpoint, etc. from Albrechtsberger, whose strict for- malism disapproved of the student's originality; he also received " hints " on vocal style from Salieri and on BEETHOVEN BELICZAY quartet writing from Aloys Forster. In 1795 he first played in public in Vienna, and until the end of his life he lived there, with occasional trips to other cities and frequent excursions to the country. Events are not many in his later years; after about 1800 he was increasingly troubled by deafness which became, about 1816, so bad that his playing and conducting were most un- pleasant. After 1818 he was the guardian of his brother's son, an apparently worthless youth whose incapacity, wildness, and ingratitude caused his uncle serious distress of mind. His first years in Vienna were prosperous, but after about 1810 his affairs did not go so well, though he was never, it seems, as near actual want as some of his expressions have led biographers to think. Beethoven was short, thick- set, and very strong. He was unceremonious in manner, often brusque and rude, easily irritated by real or fancied slights and often boisterous over his own practical jokes. He seems to have been unpopular with his fellow-musicians, but he made good friends among the members of the Vienna aristocracy, who bore with his strange ways. As a player, he was chiefly remark- able for the fertility of his ideas in improvisation and for depth of ex- pression. He was an indefatigable worker and his many note books (one of which he had always with him) bear witness to the number of his ideas and to their slow and pains- taking development. Beethoven's works have been divided by Von Lenz into three periods, according to their style, not according to strict chronology. The first period, extending roughly to 1800, includes the works which are like those of his teachers and contemporaries, the earlier string quartets, piano sonatas, etc. The second period, up to about 1815, was the freest and fullest; the works here include the third to the eighth symphonies, Fidelia, Eg- mont, Prometheus, pf. concertos in G and E flat, vln. concerto, the great- est sonatas, etc. During this period B. was unhampered by illness and family cares and his originality and powers of execution had full play. Fidelia, first produced in 1805, was practically rewritten for its per- formance in 1806 and again for 1814. The third period includes the ninth symph., the Missa Solemnis, the great string quartets, etc.; this is a period of struggle in his life, and, in his music, of loftiness and eleva- tion which at times seem almost too great to be contained. The notable characteristics of his music as a whole are inexhaustible originality of musical idea, and power of mighty expression coincident with a regard for the existing sonata form. To his contemporaries B. was a daring innovator because of the freedom of his modulations and his habit of fusing into one whole the different parts of a movement or a work, and of introducing new material in unusual places, and, moreover, be- cause he regarded music preemi- nently as a vehicle of expression rather than as an exhibition of skill. To his successors, however, he belongs to the " classic " age, because although he filled the con- ventional forms more deeply than any other with noble thought, he still did so with constant regard to the form.- He represents the great- est achievement on both sides, con- sideration for purity of form, and expression of high thought. Behnke (ban'-ke), Emil, teacher, b. Stettin, 1836; d. Ostende, Sept. 17, 1892. Lived in London; taught and wrote about voice training and voice production, wrote Mechanism a/the Human Voice (1880) and other books. Behr (bar), Franz, compr. b. Liib- theen, Mecklenburg, July 22, 1837. Under pseudo. William Cooper, Charles Morley, Francesco d'Orso, has published many popular and instructive pf. pieces. Behrend (bar'-end), Arthur Henry, b. Danzig, Oct. 2, 1853. Composer of songs. Beliczay (be-li'-chay), Julius von, com- pr. b. Komorn, Hungary, Aug. 10, 1835; d. Pesth, Apr. 30, 1893. Originally an engineer; studied with Joachim, Hoffmann and Krenn; BELLERMANN BENDIX taught mus. theory at Acad. of Mus. Pesth. Composed mass, symph., string quartets, etc. Be Hermann, Johann Friedrich, writer. b. Erfurt, Mar. 8, 1795; d. Berlin, Feb. 4, 1874. Wrote works explan- atory of theory and practise of music among the Greeks. His son, Johann Gotfried Heinrich, compr. b. Berlin, Mar. 10, 1832; d. Potsdam, Apr. 10, 1903. Pupil of Grell and at the Royal Inst. of Church Mus.; teacher of singing; prof, of mus. at Berlin Univ. Composed many vocal works and wrote theoretical and historical works and articles. Bellini (bel-le'-ni), Vincenzo, opera- compr. b. Catania, Sicily, Nov. 1, 1801; d. Puteaux, near Paris, Sept. 23, 1835. [Many authorities give these dates as Nov. 3 and Sept. 24, respectively.] Son of organist, who gave him first lessons; sent by nobleman to Naples Cons.; his first opera produced 1825 while still a student; 1826 Bianco, e Fernando, written on commission, had success at Naples and II Pirata in 1827 excited enthusiasm at Milan and all over Europe a result partly due to singing of Rubini for whom tefior part was composed. After La Stran- iera and Zaira, a flat failure, in 1829, his version of Romeo and Juliet, / Capuletti ed i Montecchi (1830) was followed by his masterpieces La Sonnambula and Norma in 1831. The former is the work most fre- quently heard nowadays; the part of Amina has been a favorite with debutantes; the simplicity of the plot and the extreme tunefulness of the music are the qualities most praised. In 1833 B. went to London and to Paris where he received assist- ance and advice from Rossini; he produced there in 1834 / Puritani. He was an eager and hard worker. Pougin says: " His complete igno- rance of theoretical rules and of the resources which a clever musician may gain from them, his almost absolute lack of knowledge of form and his naive and still almost affected disdain for it, were the very reasons for his creating for himself a special form, which, although awkward and lacking in movement and variety, was essentially personal." The modern auditor, however, is not compensated for the monotonous lack of ingenuity in his orchestration by the tender sweetness of his melo- dies, though singers of the Italian School will long delight in his arias. Bemberg (ban-bar') , Herman, compr. b. Paris, Mar. 29, 1861. Son of consul from Argentine Republic; pupil at Paris Cons, of Dubois and Massenet; has written songs, a cantata, comic opera Le Baiser de Suzon and opera Elaine, produced London 1892 and N. Y. 1894. Benda, Georg, compr. b. Jungbunz- lau, Bohemia, June 30, 1722; d. Kostritz, Nov. 6, 1795. Son of Hans Georg; pupil of father and of brother Franz (1709-1814) violinist and com- poser; 2d violin in royal band in Berlin; capellmeister to Duke of Gotha; traveled to Italy, Paris, and Vienna. Composed church and instrumental music, 5 operas, and 4 melodramas, (i.e., plays where spoken words are accompanied by music). Rousseau may have in- vented the form but B. brought it to success. Other brothers Johann (1713-1752) and Joseph (1724-1804) both violinists; son Friedrich Lud- wig (1746-1792), composer. Bendall, Wilfred Ellington, compr. b. London, Apr. 22, 1850. Pupil of Lucas and Silas, and at Leipzig Cons.; now living as teacher and composer in London; has written 'operettas, songs, etc. Bendel, Franz, pst., compr. b. Schon- linde, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1833; d. Berlin, July 3, 187*4. Pupil of Proksch and of Liszt for five years; visited America as pst. for Peace Jubilee; teacher in Berlin. Com- posed pf. pieces, concerto, trio, etudes, etc. Bendix, Max, vlt. b. Detroit, Mar. 28, 1866. Pupil of Jacobsohn, but after 15 his own master; left family and supported himself by odd jobs at theatres and concerts in Philadel- phia; in Damrosch orch., N. Y.. 1887; concertmeister of Germania Orch.; concertmeister for Thomas 1886-1896; organized Max Bendix Quartet; since 1896 teaching and solo playing in New York; Chicago 1909. BENDEX BENNETT Bendix, Otto, pf. teacher, b. Copen- hagen, July 26, 1845; d. San Fran- cisco, March 1, 1904. Pupil of Ree, Gade, Kullak, and Liszt. After 1880, settled in Boston, taught at N. E. Cons.; founded Cons, in San Francisco. His brother Victor Emanuel, pst., compr. b. Copen- hagen, May 17, 1851. Pupil of Gade; teaching pf. in Copenhagen, and conducting choral society. Com- posed pf. pieces, and 3 symphonies. Bendl, Karl [Karel], compr. b. Prague, April 16, 1838; d. there, Sept. 20, 1897. Pupil of Blazok and Pitsch at Organists' School; chorusmaster in opera at Amsterdam, 1864; con- ductor of choral soc. Composed 5 operas, choruses, pf. music all tending to expression of Czech senti- ments; with Smetana and Dvorak he gained recognition for the Czech in art. Benedict, Sir Julius, compr. b. Stutt- gart, Nov. 27, 1804; d. London, June 5, 1885. Son of Jewish banker; pupil of Abeille, then of Hummel, pupil and proteg6 of Weber 1821- 1824; conductor at Vienna 1823 and at Naples; after visiting Paris, settled in London 1835; conducted there operas, concerts, and festivals; came to America with Jenny Lind in 1850; knighted 1871. Com- posed in almost all forms, successful operas, especially Brides of Venice 1843 and Crusaders 1846, sym- phony, cantatas, pf. pieces, etc. Walker (History of Music in Eng- land) says " works of Balfe . . . and Benedict are all far more worthy of name of opera than any work of Bishop and his contemporaries." Benevoli (ben-e-vo'-li), Orazio, compr. b. Rome, 1602; d. there, June 17,1672. Pupil of Ugolini (some say of Nanini) ; resided in Vienna 1643-45; maestro di cappella at various churches and finally 1646 at Vatican. Composed great deal of church music, chiefly remarkable for skill and ingenuity in managing a great many parts; for example, a mass and hymn in 56 parts (vocal and instrumental), and a mass for 48 voices in 12 choirs. Bennet, John, compr. b. Lancashire (?) 16th century. [1570-1615.] His madrigals are included in famous English collections from 1599-1614; admiration of posterity for his charming work has not made it possible to discover any details of his life. Bennet, Theodore, see Ritter, Theo- dore. Bennett, George John, compr. b. Andover, Hants, Eng., May 5, 1863. Studied at Royal Acad. of Mus. under G. A. Macfarren and others and in Germany under Kiel, Barth, Rheinberger, and Bussmeyer. Teacher at Royal Acad., organist at several places, now at Lincoln Cathedral; conductor Lincoln Festi- vals. Composed serenade, overtures, trio, pf. pieces, etc. Bennett, Joseph, writer, b. Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, Nov. 29, 1831. Organist at Westminster Chapel, etc.; author of many Eng- lish libretti; wrote analyses for programs of Philh. Soc., Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts 1885-1903; edited Concordia; has contributed to various journals, written several books (History of Leeds Festival, etc.); now music critic on London Daily Telegraph. Bennett, Sir William Sterndale, compr. b. Sheffield, Apr. 13, 1816; d. London, Feb. 1, 1875. Son of Robert, organist at Sheffield and composer; grandson of John, lay clerk at Cambridge, where B. lived after father's death in 1819; member of King's College Chapel Choir 1824; pupil at Royal Acad. of Mus. of Lucas, Crotch, Holmes, and Cipri- ani Potter; played concerto of his own at Acad. concert at age of 17; in 1836 in response to invitation from Mendelssohn whom his playing had interested and by the financial aid of the firm of Broadwood he went to Leipzig for a year; there he met both Schumann and Mendels- sohn; 1849 founded Bach Soc.; 1856-1866 conductor of Philh. Soc.; 1856 prof, of mus. at Cambridge; 1866 principal of Royal Acad.; 1871 knighted. Composed pf. music (3 concertos, caprice for pf. and orch., sonata, studies, etc.) of a character remarkably consistent with the gen- ius of the instrument; cantata The May Queen and oratorio The Woman BENOIST BERINGER of Samaria, songs, anthems, etc. on the whole very little for one of his ability. " The character of all his art [was] that of high finish of form and grace of expression, not without deep feeling at times, but marked in general rather by a calm and placid beauty, and appealing to the fancy, the sentiment, and the intellect, rather than to the more passionate emotions." [Grove.] Benoist (b6-n6-a), Francois, orgt. b. Nantes, Sept. 10, 1794; d. Paris, May 6, 1878. Pupil of Paris Cons. 1811-1815; Grand prix de Rome 1815; orgt. at Chapel Royal; prof, of organ at Cons.; 1819-1872, chefdu chant at Ope"ra; pensioned 1872. Wrote 2 operas, ballets, organ works. Benoit (be'-no-a), Pierre-Leonard-Leo- pold, compr. b. Harlebecke, Bel- gium, Aug. 17, 1834; d. Antwerp, Mar. 8, 1901. Studied at Brussels Cons, under Fe'tis; wrote opera and music to melodramas; theatre- condr. 1856; won government grant 1857; after study in Germany conducted at Paris; after 1867 director Antwerp Cons. He wrote many songs and pf. pieces and many large choral works, Lucifer and De Oorlog (War) being perhaps best known. His scores are large, sometimes majestic through mere weight; their real grandeur and impressiveness is sometimes marred by B's " blind nationalism," his desire to free himself from all out- side influence; he worked for many years to establish a school of Flemish composers, although there seem to be few distinctive traits. Berber, Felix, vlt. b. Jena, Mar. 11, 1871. Pupil at Dresden Cons, and pf Brodsky at Leipzig Cons.; 1889 in London; 1891-96 concertmaster at Magdeburg, 1898-1902 at Ge- wandhaus, Leipzig; 1904 teacher in Royal Acad. in Munich. Berens (ba'-rens), Hermann, pst. b. Hamburg, Apr. 7, 1826; d. Stock- holm, May 9, 1880. Pupil of 'father Karl, flutist (1801-1857), of Reis- siger, and Czerny; went to Stock- holm 1847; founded Quartet Soirees, conducted at court and theatres, taught comp. at Academy. Com- posed opera, overtures, chamber music and songs. His technical work, Neueste Schule der Geldu- figkeit, Op. 61, is much used. Berger, Francesco, pst. b. London, June 10, 1835. Pupil of L. Ricci, Lickl, Hauptmann and Plaidy; prof, of pf. at Guildhall School and Royal Acad.; director and secretary of Philh. Composed one opera, masses, part-songs, and First steps at piano- forte. Berger, Ludwig, pf. -teacher, b. Berlin, Apr. 18, 1777; d. there, Feb. 16, 1839. Pupil for harmony of Giirr- lich, for pf. of Clementi with whom he traveled to St. Petersburg, to Stockholm and London 1815; in- fluenced by Field; taught in Berlin, after 1815, among others Taubert, Henselt, Fanny and Felix Mendels- sohn, wrote pf. studies of value and considerable music of various kinds. Berger, Wilhelm, compr. b. Boston, Mass., Aug. 9, 1861. Of German parentage he left America when only a year old; studied 1878-82 in Berlin Hochschule with Kiel; lived in Berlin as teacher; 1903 capellm. at Meiningen and composer, chiefly of choral works and chamber music, popular Lieder. Bergmann, Karl, condr. b. Ebers- bach, Saxony, 1821; d. New York, Aug. 16, 1876. Pupil of Zimmer- mann and Hesse. Came to America 1850 with Germania Orch., which he later conducted till 1854; also con- ducted Handel and Haydn 1852- 54; and Philh. Orch., N. Y. 1855- 1876 (1855-66 alternately with Eis- feld), and Germ, chorus " Arion." Introduced much important music to America; Theodore Thomas's tastes and talents developed under B's influence (Krehbiel, in Grove). Bergonzi (bar-gon-tsi), Carlo, vln.- raaker at Cremona, about 1716-55; best pupil of Stradivari, whose models he imitated; especially dis- tinguished as a 'cello-maker. Son Michel Angelo, nephews Niccolo and Carlo all makers of no importance. Beringer (ba-ran-zha), Oscar, pst. b. Fiirtwangen, July 14, 1844. Pupil until 19 of elder sister, then at Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy, Moscheles, and Reinecke, and at Berlin of BRIOT BERLIOZ Tausig and Weitzmann. Teacher of pf. playing in Berlin and London, since 1894 at Royal Academy, published some pf. music and very valuable technical exercises, also Recollections (1908). Brother Robert (b. 1841) also pst., and lecturer. Beriot (ba-ri-6), Charles Auguste de, vU. b. Louvain, Feb. 20, 1802; d. Brussels, Apr. 8, 1870. Pupil of his guardian, Tiby, a provincial teacher; precocious public performance of Viotti concerto at age of 9; went to Paris, 1821, and studied " under advice of " Viotti and Baillot; brilliant success in Paris, Brussels, and London until 1830; concert tour for five years throughout Europe with Malibran, who became his wife in 1836. After her sudden death the same year, he retired until 1840. In 1842 refused offer of professorship at Paris Cons., and accepted one in 1843 at Brussels Cons., which he kept until failure of eyesight in 1852; became totally blind in 1858. Violinist of the modern French-Belgian school, of brilliant technic and facility. Compositions, once very popular (seven concertos, various duos bril- lants for pf. and vln., etc.) are pleas- antly melodious, but superficial in style; he wrote also a method and exercises. Vieuxtemps one of his pupils. Son Charles (b. 1833) pst. Berlioz (bar-li-6z') , Louis Hector, com- pr. b. La Cote St. Andre, near Grenoble, Dec. 11, 1803; d. Paris, Mar. 8, 1869. Son of a country doctor, forbidden to think of music as a career, he received almost no training; had studied Catel's Har- mony and learned to play flageolet before coming to Paris in 1822 as medical student. Despite violent opposition from his parents, who finally stopped his allowance, he gave up medicine for music, and, after some lessons with Lesueur, he was admitted to Paris Cons, in 1823. There he combined personal dislike for the director, Cherubini, with the romanticist's deep scorn for con- ventional methods and academic theories. After a continuous strug- gle for seven years against opposi- tion from every side added to extreme poverty (he supported himself at one time by singing in the chorus of a theatre), his heroic per- sistence was rewarded when, in 1830, his cantata La mort de Sardanapale won him the Prix de Rome. During eighteen months' stay abroad, he composed Sym- phonie fantastique, Lelio, La captive, and planned the overtures to Lear and Le Corsair. He married in 1833 Henrietta Smithson, an Irish actress, whose career was soon after ended by an accident; and B. had another seven years of struggle gaining liveli- hood for self and family by writing criticisms and musical essays. In scant spare time he composed Harold en Italic, Symphonic funebre, Romeo et Juliette, opera of Ben- venuto Cellini, the Requiem, and several songs. After separation from his wife, having by this time begun to receive some money for his works, he trav- eled in Germany, Russia, and Eng- land appreciated everywhere but in Paris. The works of this period are Le traite d' instrumentation, La damnation de Faust, and Tristia. His Te Deum for the exhibition 1855 at last aroused some recognition from Paris, and in 1856 B. was elected to the Academy; in 1859 made librarian of Cons. He married singer Martin Recio, but end of his life, despite success of opera Beatrice et Benedict, was lonely and sad; Les Troyens, 1863, which he considered his mas- terpiece, had only a short run. His critical writings are still of value for sound judgment and strik- ing expression; Memoir -es is one of. the great autobiographies. His inter- est in literature revealed by the titles of his works is shown, too, by his preoccupation with the intellectual meaning, the idea to be expressed by the music. He is chiefly remark- able, however, for the great rich- ness and variety of his orchestral " color " effects. Philip Hale says (Modern French Songs): "He was the inventor, the creator of the modern orchestra, and there is nothing in the history of music more remarkable than the courage, the audacity, the imagination of this man, who was without marked melodic gift, without a thorough technical education, and without BERNACCHI BIBER practical mastery of any one im- portant instrument. He shaped the future of orchestral expression." Bernacchi (ber-nak'-ki), Antonio, sing- er, b. Bologna, about 1690; d. there, Mar. 1756. Pupil of Pistocchi; gained fame in Italy; sang in Lon- don 1717 and returned " esteemed best singer in Italy " 1729; revived the custom of adorning singing with roulades, thus openly sacrificing expression to technical execution; after about 1730 taught in Italy, among others, Raff, Mancini, and Guarducci. Bernard (bar-nar'), [Jean] Emile [Au- guste], compr. b. Marseilles, Nov. 28, 1843; d. Paris, Sept. 11, 1902. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, Reber, and Benoist, winning prizes for pf ., counterpoint, and org. Organ- ist at Notre-Dame des champs. Serious, meditative composer of works in various forms, suite for violin and piano, Divertissement for wind instruments, etc. Bernard!, Francesco, see Senesino. Bernhard der Deutsche [or Bernardino], orgt. at St. Mark's, Venice,. 1419-45; reputed inventor of organ pedals, but since evidence has shown that pedal organ existed in Frankfort in 1418, B's credit is limited to having introduced them in Italy. Bertini (ber-te'-ni), Henri- Jerome, pst., compr. b. London, Oct. 28, 1798; d. Meylan, near Grenoble, Oct. 1, 1876. Taken to Paris in infancy, taught by father, and brother Benoit Auguste (b. 1780; date of death un- known) pupil of Clementi; played in public at 12; repeated successful tours from Paris to Germany and Eng- land until retiring in 1859. Many compositions distinguished from su- perficiality then in vogue ; chief work of value his technical studies. Berwald, William Henry, compr., teacher. b. Schwerin-Mecklenburg, Dec., 1864. Studied at Munich and Stuttgart under Rheinberger and Faisst; conducted orch. in Russia for two years; came to U. S. 1892; profes- sor pf. and theory at Syracuse Univ. Has published pf. pieces, songs, part- songs and anthems. Besson (bes'-son), Gustave Auguste, instr .-maker : . b. Paris, 1820; d. there, 1875. Early in 1838 began series of inventions improving valves, bore, etc., of wind instruments; greatest invention, 1859, Prototype System, by which perfection of tone is secured for bass instruments by the mechanical process of construction. Best, William Thomas, orgt. b. Car- lisle, Eng., Aug. 13, 1826; d. Liver- pool, May 10, 1897. Son pf solicitor, pupil of cathedral organist Young; abandoned original intention of becoming civil engineer in 1840 and devoted himself to study of organ. Various appointments in and near Liverpool; after about 1860 was much in demand as solo player, at London Monday Popular Concerts, at Albert Hall, at Handel Festivals, etc.; went to Sydney, Australia, 1890; retired 1894. Remembered as brilliant solo player, who early insisted on Bach and older masters; wrote org. mus., Art of Organ Play- ing; edited many classics for org. Bettini, see Trebelli. Bevan, Frederick Charles, orgt. b. London, July 3, 1856. Pupil of Willing and Hoyte; several church appointments; after studying sing- ing with Schira, Deacon, and Walker, became 1877 gentleman of Chapel Royal; composed several popular songs. Bevignani (bev-in-yan'-e) , Enrico, con- dr. b. Naples, Sept. 29, 1841. Pupil in composition of Albanese and Lillo; produced successful opera Caterina Bloom, 1863; conductor in London since 1864, at Co vent Garden since 1870; also in Russia and at Metropolitan, N. Y. Beyer (bl'-er), Ferdinand, compr. b. Querfurt, July 25, 1800; d. May- ence, May 14, 1863. Composer of easy pf . music of the sort apparently which pleases the young person by facile tunefulness, without any real idea; many opera transcriptions. Biber (be'-bar), Heinrich Johann Franz von, vlt., compr. b. Warten- burg, Bohemia, Aug. 12, 1644; d. Salzburg, May 3, 1704. Ennobled by Emperor Leopold, 1690; also in service of Archbishop of Salzburg; BIEDERMANN BISHOP apparently skilful performer, judg- ing by technical difficulty of his writings, and a composer of more artistic and deeper feeling than any German contemporary. Biedermann (be'-der-man), Edward Julius, orgt. b. Milwaukee, Nov. 8, 1849. Son of A. Julius who taught him; after study in Germany has held various appointments in N. Y. and has taught there. Biehl (bel), Albert, compr., teacher, b. Rudolstadt, Germany, Aug. 16, 1833. Has published songs, pf. pieces, and especially valuable technical exer- cises. Billema (bil-la-ma), Carlo, pst., compr. b. Naples about 1822, and his brother Raffaele (1820-1874) both brilliant psts. and composers of salon music. Billings, William, compr. b. Boston, Oct. 7, 1746; d. there, Sept. 29, 1800. Apprentice to a tanner, with slight general education and no musical training, he was led from his work by genuine enthusiasm for music; published in 1770 New England Psalm Singer and in 1778 Singing Master's Assistant, both works of some influence in fostering an early interest in original music; it is said that he introduced use of pitch-pipe and that he first used violoncello in church in N. E. Elson says: " One can forgive Billings his hundreds of errors of harmonic construction because of his devotion to his chosen art and to his country." Billington, Elizabeth [Weichsel], dram, sop. b. London, about 1768; d. Venice, Aug. 25, 1818. First taught by father, clarinet player, and later by Joh. Chr. Bach; appeared in concerts as child; in 1784 married James Billington, double-bass play- er; dramatic dSbut in Dublin; 1st appearance in London, 1786; sang there, except for two seasons in Italy, until 1817 when she retired. Though a poor actress, her personal beauty and wonderful voice with range of 3 octaves brought her great success. Binchois (ban-sho-a), Egidius [or Gilles de Binch], compr. b. Binche, near Mons, about 1400; d. Lille, 1460. At first a soldier, then in holy orders where he rose to some prominence. Known as a composer of secular songs, usually in 3 parts, of the school of Dufay. Bird, Arthur, pst., compr. b. Cam- bridge, Mass., July 23, 1856. Pupil of Haupt, Loeschhorn and Rohde, Berlin, 1875-77; orgt. and teacher at Halifax, N. S. 1877-81; pupil of H. Urban 1881, and of Liszt 1885-86; successful concert 1886, in Berlin where, with exception of one visit to America, he has since lived; won Paderewski Prize 1901.. Works in- clude symph., 3 orchestral suites, an opera Daphne, pf. pieces, etc. Bischoff (bish'-of), Hans, pst., teacher. b. Berlin, Feb. 17, 1852; d. Nieder- schonhausen, near Berlin, June 12, 1889. Pupil of Kullak and Wuerst; teacher at Kullak and Stern Cons.; conductor Monday concerts of Sing- akademie; edited works by Kullak, compositions by Bach, etc. Bischoff (bish-off), J. W., orgt., compr. b. Chicago, 1850; d. Washington, D. C., June 2, 1909. Blind from infancy; educated at Wisconsin Institute for the Blind, and at Fond du Lac; musical talent, inherited from accom- plished father, trained by W. W. Ludden and Carlo Bassini for sing- ing and Creswold of London for org. ; orgt. at 1st Cong, church in Wash- ington, D. C., from 1875; especially successful as teacher of singing; composed about 150 songs, piano pieces and anthems. Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, compr. b. London, Nov. 18, 1786; d. there, Apr. 30, 1855. Pupil of Bianchi; early talent for writing; first con- spicuous success Circassian Bride 1809; compr. and director at Co vent Garden, King's Theatre, V.auxhall; conductor Philharmonic Society; professor at Edinburgh and Oxford. Composed or arranged about 125 works, including abridgments of Rossini and others, music for Shakes- peare's plays. Also famous for glees and songs, whether single or in larger works, notably Home, Sweet Home in Clari (1823). Wife Anna (1814- 1884), daughter of singingmaster Riviere, appeared as singer in London; eloped with harpist Bochsa BISPHAM BLAZE 1839 and toured almost all the rest of her life in America and remote lands. Bispham, David Scull, singer. b. Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1857. At first an amateur, singing in private per- formances at church, and local oratorios; studied with Vannuccini, Lamperti and Shakespeare 1886- 1889; delmt London 1891; after 1897 member of opera companies in London and New York; has sung all the leading baritone roles; and has been very successful, too, in giving concerts of an individual artistic quality; distinguished as a singer who is also an excellent actor. Bitter, Karl Hermann, writer. b. Schwedt-on-Oder, Feb. 27, 1813; d. Berlin, Sept. 12, 1885. Studied law and finance at Berlin and Bonn Univ., held various official positions culminating in that of Minister of Finance 1879-1882. Many literary works, biographies of the Bachs, studies on Mozart, Gluck, Handel, etc. Bizet (be-za), Georges [real name Alexandre Cesar Leopold], compr. b. Paris, Oct. 25, 1838; d. Bougival, near Paris, June 3, 1875. Pupil at Paris Cons. 1848-1857, piano with Marmontel, harmony with Zimmer- mann, composition with Halevy; won Prix de Rome 1857; wrote various operas, Vasco di Gama (not performed), Les pecheurs de perles (1863), LajoKe fille de Perth (1867), Djamileh (1872), none of which was a great success. In orchestral music overture to Patrie, incidental music to Daudet's L'Arlesienne and suites formed from it, the suites Roma and Jeux d'enfants he was more successful at the time, and the popularity of these works and of his too few songs has increased. With Carmen, produced Mar. 3, 1875, he reached greatest height; opera was not at first successful, but frequent statement that Bizet's death was due to its failure seems to be a senti- mental exaggeration. His music is essentially dramatic in its sharpness of outline, sense of contrast, and in the definite appropriateness of char- acterizing phrases. He was thor- oughly modern in his appreciation of tone values and orchestral color and in his technical skill. Blake, Charles Dupee, orgt., compr. b. Walpole, Mass., Sept. 13, 1847. Pupil of J. C. D. Parker, J. K. Paine, and others; orgt. at Bromfield St. and Union Ch. Boston; composed pf. music, songs, opera, etc. Blanc (blon), Claude [called Claudius], compr. b. Lyons, March 20, 1854; d. there, June 13, 1900. Pupil of Duprato, Bazin, and Massenet at the Paris Conservatory; 1st har- mony and accomp. prize 1875; 2d Grand prix de Rome, 1877; director School of Music, Marseilles, 1887- 89; chorusmaster Paris Opera; com- posed operatic works and songs. Blangini (blan-je'-ne), Giuseppe Marco Maria Felice, singer, teacher, b. Turin, Nov. 18, 1781; d. Paris, Dec. 1841. Choir boy at Turin Cathedral 1789; pupil of Ottani; precocious 'cellist and composer; at Paris 1799 became fashionable teacher; pro- duced operas in Paris, Munich and Kassel; chapelmaster to Princess Borghese, music director to King Jerome ; height of demand as teacher in Paris after 1814; prof, at Cons.; lost prestige after 1830. Wrote 30 operas, 174 romances, etc., and auto- biography, Souvenirs (1834). Blass (bias), Robert, dram. bass. Pupil pf Stockhausen at Frankfort; debut in Lohengrin at Weimar; sang at Bremen, London, 1899, Dresden 1900, and New York 1900. Blauvelt, Lillian Evans, sop. b. New York, March 16, 1873. Played vio- lin in public at age of eight; at fifteen became pupil of Bouhy in N. Y. Cons.; after 1889 sang in concerts in France, Belgium, and with conspicuous success in Russia; dramatic d6but Brussels 1891; sang in concerts with increasing success in U. S., Italy, and England where she first appeared in drama in 1903; married W. F. Pendleton 1899; she has a pure, clear voice, which she uses intelligently. Blaze (blaz), Frangois Henri Joseph [called Castil-Blaze], writer, b. Cav- aillon, Dec. 1, 1784; d. Paris, Dec. 11; 1857. Taught by his father; went to Paris to study law, became pupil at Cons, but gave up practise of law for musical criticism in 1820; BLECH BLUMENFELD beside influential contemporary com- ment as critic for the Journal des debate and the periodicals, he wrote several books mostly relating to the history of the opera and attendant arts in France, translated words of many German operas, arranged con- siderable music and composed 3 operas and smaller pieces of no great distinction. Blech (blek), Leo, compr. b. Aix-la- Chapelle, Apr. 21, 1871. After try- ing a business career, studied music for one year at Hochschule in Berlin under Rudorff and Bargiel; con- ductor at Aix Theatre 1893-96, with lessons from Humperdinck in vaca- tion; 1899-1908 capellm. at Prague; achieved European fame in 1902 by one-act opera Das war Ich; has also written symph. poems, choruses, etc. and 4 or 5 operas. Blind Tom [Thomas Greene Bethune], musical phenomenon, b. near Co- lumbia, Georgia, about 1849; d. Hoboken, N. J., June 17, 1908. Parents slaves of James N. Bethune, " whose name he took; blind and idiotic from birth, about 1860 he displayed remarkable powers . of playing and improvising on the piano; he is said to have repeated difficult music after one hearing and to have supplied secondo parts to new airs; gave many concerts and exhibitions. Bliss, Philip Paul, compr. b. Clearfield Co., Pa., July 9, 1838; d. Ashtabula, O., Dec. 29, 1876. Few advantages of schooling, worked on farms and lumber camps; after three seasons at Genesee Normal Acad. of Music under Perkins and Zundel, he became music teacher; held conventions with G. F. Root in Chicago and the West after 1865; after 1874 associated with D. F. Moody as evangelist; wrote a great many stirring revival hymns, Pull for the Shore, Hold the Fort, etc. Blockx (bloks'), Jan, compr. b. Ant- werp, Jan. 25, 1851. Pupil of Callaerts and Benolt in Flemish Mus. Sch. and of Brassin; also studied at Leipz. Cons.; in 1886 he became teacher of harmony at Antwerp Cons, and in 1902 director; also director of Cercle artistique and other musical societies; has composed Flemish songs, chamber music, etc. but is chiefly known for a series of successful operas, Milenka, Princesse d'auberge, Thiel Uylen- spiegel, and La fiancee de la mer which have gained for him a wider and wider circle of admirers. He is one of the promoters of Flemish " national " music, but his own works are liberally modern. Bloomfield-Zeisler (zis'-ler), Fanny, pst. b. Bielitz, Silesia, July 16, 1866. Parents moved to Chicago 1868; taught by Ziehn and Wolfsohn and appeared in public 1876; Mme. Essipoff having heard her play advised her to go to Leschetizky, with whom she studied 1878-1883; married Sigmund Zeisler 1885; since 1883 she has played constantly at concerts in all parts of U. S., with frequent tours in England and Germany; her virile force, highly developed technic, and musicianly comprehension have made her tours invariably successful. Blow, John, compr. b. N. Colling- ham, Nottinghamshire, 1648; d. Westminster, Oct. 1, 1708. One of first set of choristers at Chapel Royal at its reestablishment 1660; while a chorister studied under Hingeston and Chr. Gibbons and composed anthems; orgt. at West- minster Abbey 1669-1680 when he gave up post to Purcell, possibly voluntarily; resumed it 1695-1708; master of children and orgt. at Chapel Royal 1674; held other appointments (see Grove); prolific composer of more than 100 anthems, many for special occasions; pub- lished (1700) collections of airs for harpsichord and Amphion Anglicus, collection of songs, etc., a masque (1687) and fourteen services. His fame has been overshadowed by that of his pupil, H. Purcell, and much of his music has not been printed. Blumenfeld (blo-men-felt), Felix Mikh- ailovitch, pst. b. Kovalevska, Rus- sia, Apr. 23, 1863. Studied 1881-85 at St. Petersburg Cons, under Stein; taught there since 1885, prof. 1895; since 1898 director St. Petersburg Opera; distinguished performer, BLUMENSCHEIN BOELLMANN compr. of songs, and music for pf. and pf . and orchestra, which, though skilful and touched by national feel- ing, is said to be lacking in variety and personality. Brother Sigismund (b. Dec. 27, 1852) also pst. and compr. of pf. music. Blumenschein, William Leonard, compr. b. Brensbach, near Darmstadt, Dec. 16, 1849. Father vlt. in orch. and compr. of dance music, mother excellent singer; family moved to Pittsburg, Pa., 1851; B. sang in choir and concerts, studied vln., guitar, cabinet org., and pf.; at Leipzig Cons. 1869-72, pf. and theory under Paul, Richter, and Reinecke, directing under Ferd David; taught pf. and singing in Pittsburg with success; now orgt. and condr. of Philharmonic Society in Dayton, O.; has conducted vari- ous societies, and was chorusmas- ter of Cincinnati Festivals under Thomas 1891-96; has composed chiefly in smaller forms, pf. pieces, songs, and protestant ch. music, with considerable success. Boccherini (bok-ke-re'-ne), Luigi, com- pr. b. Lucca, Feb. 19, 1743; d. Madrid, May 28, 1805. Taught by father and Abbe' Vannucci; played 'cello in theatre orch.; became famous as player and compr. from early travels with vlt. Manfredi in Italy and southern France; after great success in Paris 1768, went to Madrid and became compr. to Infanta; 1787-97 compr. to Fr. Wilhelm II of Prussia; at his death B., having fallen from favor, in Spain where he lived in increasing poverty (except for a short period under patronage of Lucien Bona- parte) until his death. B. composed 467 instrumental works, mostly for two or more instruments, and some vocal works; chiefly remarkable as a contemp. of Haydn with whose chamber music B's bears compari- son in charming simplicity and facile melody, though it lacks force and sense of contrast. His Minuet is well known. Bochsa (bok'-sa), Robert Nicolas Charles, harpist, compr. b. Mont- m6dy, Aug. 9, 1789; d. Sydney, Jan. 6, 1856. Son of Carl (d. Paris, 1821), oboe player and music seller; pupil of father on flute and clarinet; ap- peared in public at 7, opera per- formed before he was 16; pupil at Paris Cons, of Catel and Mehul, and on the harp of Nadermann and Marin whose instructions he soon outgrew, as he " revolutionized " harp playing; harpist to Napoleon and to Louis XVIII; fled from France before charge of forgery, gave lessons in London, to Parish- Alvars, Chatterton, etc.; prof, of harp and secretary Roy. Acad. of Mus. from which post he was dismissed; managed annual concerts in London ; eloped 1839 with Anna Bishop; extensive tours in Europe and America. Prolific composer, chiefly of works for harp of transient popularity. Bock, see Schroder-Devrient. Bocquillon (bok-i-yon), see Wilhem, G. L. Boehm (bem), Joseph, vlt. b. Pesth, Mar. 4, 1795; d. Vienna, Mar. 28, 1876. Pupil of father and of Rode; played in Vienna, toured Italy; prof, at Vienna Cons. 1819-1848; mem- ber imperial band 1821-1868; chiefly famous as teacher of Ernst, Hellmes- berger, L. Straus, Joachim, and Auer. Boehm, Theobald, flute player, b. Munich, Apr. 9, 1794; d. there, Nov. 25, 1881. Court musician at Vienna and composer of works for his instrument; chiefly famous for inventions in construction of flutes and other wind instruments; his system increases mechanism and alters tone of flute, but makes its accurate range wider and its tones more even. Boekelman (be'-kel-man) , Bernardus, pst. b. Utrecht, Holland, June 9, 1838. Pupil of his father, and at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Richter and Hauptmann, and at Berlin of Weitzmann and Von Billow; since 1866 teaching in New York, and at Farmington, Conn. Composed for gf. and edited analytical edition of ach, printed in several colors, which is very valuable. Boellmann (bo-el-man') , Leon, orgt., compr. b. Ensisheim, Alsace, Sept. 25, 1862; d. Paris, Oct. 11, 1897. BOETHIUS Pupil of Gigout at Niedermeyer School; orgt. at Ch. of St. Vincent de Paul; remarkable org. player; composed music in almost every form, all graceful, clear, pure in style; best known single comp. Variations symph. for 'cello and orch. Boethius, Anicius Manilas Torquatus Severinus, writer, b. Rome, about 475; d. there (?), 524. Counsellor of Theodoric, ' executed for treason; philosopher and mathematician ; wrote treatise De Musica on Greek music, chief source of information during Middle Ages. Bohlmann (bol'-man), Theodor Hein- rich Friedrich, pst. b. Osterwieck am Harz, June 23, 1865. Studied with Barth, Klindworth, d'Albert, and Moszkowski; successful concert tours in Germany; prof, at Cin- cinnati Cons, after Sept. 1890. Bohm (bom), Carl, pst., compr. b. Berlin, Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of H. Bischoff, Mmes. Reissmann, and Geyer. Composer of salon music; living in Berlin. Boieldieu (bo-a-el'-di-^), Francois Adri- en, compr. b. Rouen. Dec. 15, 1775; d. Jarcy, Oct. 8, 1834. Son of an unhappy marriage between an archbishop's secretary and a milliner; taught exclusively by Broche, orgt. at cathedral, pupil of Martini, whose brutal treatment caused his pupil to run away to Paris; after being brought back B. composed opera to words by his father, produced in Rouen, and several successful songs; operatic career in Paris began with Les deux lettres 1796; after great success of Le calife de Bagdad 1800, and of some chamber music, B. was ' made prof, of pf. at Paris Cons. 1800; as a result of a jest from Cher- ubini about his " undeserved " suc- cess, he submitted to instruction from Me"hul and probably from Cherubini, the marked results of which appeared in Ma tante aurore 1803; possibly as result of unhappy marriage with the dancer Mafleuroy, B. spent 8 years in Russia, as conductor of Italian opera; returned to Paris 1811, brought out Jean de Paris 1812 and La dame blanche, his master- piece, 1825. He had been prof, of comp. at Paris Cons, since 1820; BOITO retired in 1828, but failure of Les deux nuits 1828 and temporary cessation of pension due to change in government forced him to resume teaching 1834. One of greatest French comprs. of ope'ra comique; especially in later period, his char- acteristic touches, poetic grace, and freshness of melody are such that Elson calls him " a French Mozart." Son by second wife, Adrien Louis Victor (Nov. 3, 1815-July 9, 1883), pupil of father, composer of several successful comic operas, mass, etc. Boise (bois), Otis Bardwell, orgt. b. Oberlin, O., Aug. 13, 1845. Edu- cated at public schools of Cleveland ; orgt. at 14; pupil in Leipzig of Hauptmann, Richter, and others, and in Berlin of Kullak; later advised by Liszt, orgt. in Cleveland, and N. Y.; teacher in N. Y. and from 1888 to 1902 in Berlin; Brock- way and Huss among pupils; now prof, in Peabody Conservatory, Baltimore; composed orch. works, harmony method, and author of The Masters of Miisic. Boi'to (bo-e-to'), Arrigo, compr. b. Padua, Feb. 24, 1842. Son of an Italian painter and a Polish mother, brother of an architect and critic; studied at Milan Cons, under Maz- zucato with so little success at first that he narrowly escaped dismissal; composed with Faccio very successful cantata, of which the score is lost; apparently for lack of initiative self-confidence B. gave Jip music for critical and literary work in Paris and Milan until 1868 when the managers of La Scala offered to produce his Mefistofele. The work was hastily completed and its pro- duction was the occasion of an almost riotous demonstration; the work is undoubtedly original and has moments of tremendous force; it differs from Gounod's Faust in that it includes both parts of Goethe's poem, and its great length is not justified by intensity of sustained interest or by technical mastery of effects. In a revised form the opera had considerable success at Bologna and Milan in 1875. It is said that Boi'to has completed two other operas, Nerone and Orestiade, neither of which has ever been performed; BONAWITZ BORDOGNI the greatest admiration is expressed by those who have heard portions of the works, but their characteristics are wrapped in a curious mystery. B., under anagram Tobia Gorrio, has published charming poems and has written several admirable librettos notably those of Verdi's Othello and Falstaff. Bonawitz (vitz), Johann Heinrich, compr. b. Durkheim-on-Rhine, Dec. 4,1839. Pupil at Li6ge Cons.; after sojourn in America gave concerts in London and Paris 1861-66; con- ducted Popular Symphony Concerts in N. Y. 1872-73, and after failure of that undertaking gave concerts with some success throughout U. S. Produced two operas in Philadel- phia 1873, 1874, and since 1876 has lived in Europe. Bonci, Alessandro, operatic tenor, b. Casena, Italy, 1874?. Educated in the Rossini Conservatory at Pesaro, under Pedrotti and Felice Coen; in three years he was called to the position of solo tenor in the church of Santa Maria, in Loreto, one of the most prominent churches in Italy with an exceptionally high musical standard; after six years of hard work he com- pleted his studies and became the leading tenor at the Royal Theatre in Parma; from this place he went to a theatre in Milan and finally to the famous La Scala Theatre in the same city. His European tours in- cluded all the leading cities; he also won great success at Buenos Ayres, and later at the Manhattan and Metropolitan Opera House, New York. In the season of 1910-1911 he made a concert tour of the United States. Bononcini (bp-non-che-ne), [Buonon- cini], Giovanni Battista, opera compr. Son of G. M. Bononcini (1640-167.8) church compr. b. Modena, 1660, date and place of death uncertain, probably Venice in 1750; pupil of nis father and Colonna, and Buoni ('cello); 1690 at Vienna as court 'cellist; Rome 1694 producing his first opera; at Vienna 1699-1703; Berlin 1703-<)5; again at Vienna and various Italian cities; in London as rival to Handel 1716-1731; falling into the hands of an alchemist he was swindled out of his fortune and never recovered his once high posi- tion; lived at Vienna and Venice until his death. He is credited with 22 operas, a number of church works, madrigals and divertimenti. Bontempi, Giovanni Andrea Angelini, compr. b. Perugia, about 1630; d. Bruso, July 1, 1705. Adopted name B. from his godfather; artificial soprano, asst. capellmeister to Hein- rich Schiitz in Dresden; 1690 back to Perugia; wrote 3 operas, 2 theoret- ical works and a history of music. Booth, Josiah, org., compr. b. Cov- entry, March 27, 1852. Studied at Coventry and Oxford and at Roy. Acad. Mus. London, under Brinley Richards and Macfarren; org. at Banbury 1867, orgt. at Crouch End 1877. Boott, Francis, compr. b. Boston, June 24, 1813; d. Cambridge, Mar. 1, 1904. Attended school in Waltham; grad. Harvard 1831; never in active business; lived abroad after 1847; studied comp. with Picchianti in Florence; composed, under name Telford, mass, Miserere, songs ( Here's a Health to King Charles, etc.). Borch, Gaston, compr., 'cellist. b. Guines, France, March 8, 1871. Father prominent in mining and en- gineering affairs; received instruction in languages, and in music under Massenet, in Paris, and under Grieg in Norway; conductor of the Phil- harmonic Society of Christiania and of the Musikverein, Bergen; came to the United States and is now (1910) a member of the faculty of the Pennsylvania College of Music, Philadelphia; compositions include three operas, symphony, piano con- certo, orchestral works, piano pieces, songs and choruses, about 150 num- bers in all. Bordese (bor-da'-ze), Luigi, compr. b. Naples, 1815; d. Paris, Mar. 17, 1886. Studied at Naples Cons.; failed as dramatic composer; after 1850 taught singing and composed innumerable songs, vocalises, wrote 2 methods. Bordogni (bor-don'-yi), Giulio Marco, singer, b. Gazzaniga, 1788; d. Paris July 31, 1856. Pupil of Mayr ; BORDONI BORWICK d6but at Milan 1813; singer in Paris 1819-33; teacher at Cons. 1819-24, 1830-56, Sontag among pupils; published vocalises, etc. Bordoni, Faustina, see Hasse, F. Borodin (bo-ro-din') , Alexander Por- phyrievitch, compr. b. St. Peters- burg, Nov. 12, 1834; d. there, Feb. 27, 1887. Illegitimate son of Prince of Imeretia; brought up with every advantage; student of medicine and science; army surgeon; professor of chemistry, founder of School of Medicine for women and lecturer there. In 1862 B., then merely an amateur, became one of the circle influenced by Balakirev; in 1877 visited Lis/t and described him vividly in letters afterwards pub- lished. He began to compose his 1st symph. in the same year that he met Balakirev and before his untimely death he had composed a second symph., part of a third, 2 ?uartets, a suite, the symph. poem n the Steppes of Central Asia, several songs and an opera Prince Igor, finished after his death by Rimsky- Korsakov and Glazounov. His best- known works are the symph. poem and the quartets. His songs are full of national feeling; in his oper- atic work, however, he did not follow his " school " in their extreme fondness for recitative. Borowski, Felix, compr. b. Mar. 10, 1872, at Burton, Eng. Father, a Polish nobleman who fled to England during the Polish rebellion, was his first teacher on the piano and violin; after a general education at private schools in London and Tunbridge Wells he began the study of the violin with Jacques Rosenthal and later with Adolf Pollitzer in London, musical theory with Dr. Charles W. Pearce; in 1888 he went to the Cologne Conservatory (Germany), where he studied theory and com- position with Gustave Jensen, violin with Georg Japha and piano with Ernst Heuser; on his return to England he was first a violin teacher at Aberdeen, and during this time brought out his first published com- positions, the mazurkas in C major and C minor; in 1894 he located in London devoting his time principally to composition, the most striking v/ork of the period being A Rus- sian Sonata which attracted the attention of Grieg. In 1897 he ac- cepted the position of professor of composition in the Chicago Musical College, and has resided in that city up to the present time (1910); in addition to the composition classes he taught violin for several years and has conducted the classes in history of music. He has been Chicago critic for the N. Y. Musical Courier, of the Chicago Evening Post and is now (1910) connected with the Record- Her old, and at one time prepared the program notes for the Theodore Thomas Orchestra. Com- positions cover various branches: Marche Triomphale and two suites for orchestra, and two pieces for string orchestra; Suite in E minor, two sonatas, and small pieces for the organ; for the piano, a Russian Sonata, seven Preludes and more than 60 smaller works; for violin, a number of pieces of which Adora- tion is the best known; six songs; a concerto for piano and orchestra in D minor and a string quartet in A minor are still in manuscript. Bortnianski (bort-nyan'-ski), Dimitri Stepanovitch, compr. b. Gloukoff, 1752; d. St. Petersburg. Sept. 25 (9ct. 8), 1825. Studied with Galup- pi and followed him to Italy by aid of Empress Catherine; composed operas in Italy; but on return to Russia in 1779 became director of the choir in St. Petersburg (which became " imperial choir " in 1796), for wh. he composed 45 psalms and a mass; he first reduced Russian church music to system, and made his choirs famous by care in select- ing remarkable voices and training them to great skill. Berwick, W. Leonard, pst. b. Wal- thamstow, Essex, Feb. 26, 1868. Son of Alfred, amateur 'cellist and friend of many musicians; first lessons at age of 5; later pupil of Bird and Clara Schumann; dbut Frankfort 1889; since then popular in London concerts (some with P. Greene); he is said to be espe- cially great as a player of Liszt and Saint-Saens. BOSSI BRADBURY Bossi, Enrico Marco, orgt., compr. b. Salo, Apr. 25, 1861. Son of orgt.; studied at Liceo Musicale, Bologna, and at Milan Cons, under Pon- chielli and Fumagalli; orgt. at Como, teacher at Naples; teacher, director, and conductor at Venice, 1902 director of Liceo Musicale; made early attempts at dramatic composition, but boldness and sever- ity of his style is better shown in numerous cantatas, org. pieces, and oratorio Le Paradiso Perduto. He is considered the most proficient performer on the organ in Italy. Bottesini (bot-tes-se'-ne), Giovanni, double-bass player, compr. b. Crema, Dec. 24, 1823; d. Parma, July 7, 1889. Son of clarinet player; singer in choir; entered Milan Cons, at age of 11, studied harmony and comp. with Basili and Vaccai, d. bass with Rossi; traveled with Arditi; member of orch. at Havana many years; conductor at Paris, 1855-57, in London 1871, and -at numerous other places (conducted 1st performance of Aida at Cairo). Composed 6 operas, an oratorio, quartets; had marvelous skill as a virtuoso. Boucher (bo-sha), Alexandra Jean, vlt. b. Paris, Apr. 11, 1778; d. there, Dec. 29, 1861. Appeared at court at age of 6, and at concerts at 8; 1787- 1805, solo vlt, to Charles IV of Spain; later gave concerts through- out Europe; successful both because of his really fluent playing and because of his cheap methods of advertisement; he called himself " L'Alexandre des violons." Bouhy (bo-e), Jacques, Joseph Andre, singer, teacher, b. Pepinster, Bel- gium, June 18, 1848. Pupil at Li6ge and Paris Cons.; d6but at Paris 1870; created many impor- tant parts, among them Escamillo in Carmen; 1885-89 head of N. Y. Cons.; returned to stage 1890 but is now (1910) teaching in Paris. Bourgault-Ducoudray (bdr'-go-dii-ko- dra), Louis Albert, compr. b. Nantes, Feb. 2, 1840; d. Vernouillet, July 4, 1910. Finished legal studies 1859; entered Cons., as pupil of A. Thomas; won Prix de Rome in comp. 1862; has written 3 operas (Thamara. Paris 1891), orchestral pieces, Stabat Mater, etc.; chief work has been study of early primitive music and revival of it; has published collection of Greek folk-lore and written about it; lecturer on history of music at Cons, since 1878. Bouval (bo-val'), Jules Henri, compr., orgt. b. Toulouse, June 9, 1867; pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the Paris Conservatory; 1st prize for harmony 1889, honorable mention for Prix de Rome 1893; organist of St. Pierre de Chaillot; composer of dramatic works, ballets and songs. Bovy, C. S., see Lysberg, C. S. Bowman, Edward Morris, orgt., theorist. b. Barnard, Vt., July 18, 1848. Pupil of Wm. Mason and J. P. Morgan; orgt. in St. Louis; studied in Berlin with Bendel, Rohde, Haupi, and Weitzmann and in Paris with Batiste; again in St. Louis, with period of study in England; founder of Amer. Coll. of Musicians; orgt. in N. Y., professor at Vassar 1891- 1895; condr. of various choirs in N. Y. and Brooklyn; has translated and prepared for English use Weitz- mann's Manual of Music Theory. Boyce, William, orgt., compr. b. Lon- don, Feb. 7, 1710; d. Kensington, Feb. 7, 1779. Chorister at St. Paul's; articled pupil of M. Greene, later pupil of Pepusch; held various org. appointments in London; com- posed many fine anthems, serenatas and odes; increasingly deaf from early years, after 1769 he devoted himself to editing Cathedral Music, collection of services by English masters. Brackett, Frank H., compr. b. Fall River, Mass., Apr. 8, 1859; studied at Harvard University under John K. Paine, and under John W. Tufts; commenced professional work as singer, organist, and composer in 1881, filling positions as organist in Boston, Somerville, Dorchester, and other suburbs; compositions num- ber about 300, including piano pieces, songs and anthems; lives at Ash- mont, a suburb of Boston. Bradbury, William Batchelder, compr. b. York, Me., Oct. 6, 1816; d. Mont- clair, N. J., Jan. 7, 1868. Pupil of BRAGA S. Hill, L. Mason, and at Leipzig of Hauptmann and Moscheles. Taught, wrote, conducted conventions, made pianos, composed 2 cantatas, edited collections of music which (The Key- note, The Jubilee, etc.) were enor- mously popular. Braga (bra-ga), Gaetano, 'cellist, b. Giulianova, June 9, 1829; d. Milan, Nov., 1907. Pupil of Ciandelli for 'cello, Mercadante for comp. at Naples Cons.; lived and played in many capitals; friend of Rossini and others but died in poverty; composed 3 unsuccessful operas, a method, and several smaller pieces, of which Angel's Serenade most popular. " He wrote with much intelligence but more feeling." Braham, John, tenor, b. London, 1774; d. there, Feb. 17, 1856. Son of poor Jews (real name probably Abraham) ; pupil of Leoni; d6but 1787; later pupil of Rauzzini, second d6but 1796; after period of success on the Conti- nent, he enjoyed career of great popularity in England 1801-1826; composed several operas and wrote parts for himself in many others; lost fortune in speculations; many songs still popular, as Death of Nel- son; toured America 1840. Brahms (brams), Johannes, compr. b. Hamburg, May 7, 1833; d. Vienna, Apr. 3, 1897. Son of Johann Jacob (1806-72), oontrabassist at Ham- burg theatre, he studied with his father and Cossel until he was ten, then with Marxsen pianoforte and some theory. He appeared in public in 1849, at a concert of Wachtel's and at one of his own. Touring through North Germany with Rem- enyi in 1853 he met Joachim who introduced him to Liszt and Schu- mann, both of whom greeted him enthusiastically, S. in a famous article Neue Bahnen (New Paths). From 1854-1858 B. was court con- ductor at Lippe-Detmold, then he returned to Hamburg where he stayed except for occasional concert trips until 1860 when he went to Winterthur. In 1862 he moved finally to Vienna; he conducted at the Singakademie for one season and at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde for three, 1872-75; the rest of his life BRAHMS with some holiday trips and increas- ingly rare public appearances was taken up by composition. The early accounts of his playing describe it as fluent and brilliant, but later, perhaps from lack of care, it became incoherent and blurred. Schumann's enthusiasm for his early pf. pieces was not shared by all, and there was much discussion about them and about the first pf . con- certo, which B. brought out himself in Leipzig in 1859. The early chamber music, two orchestral sere- nades (1860), the German Requiem (1865, and with added movements 1868), Variations on a theme by Haydn made his name familiar to audiences, so that his first sym- phony (not produced until 1876) was awaited with great eagerness. Its appearance caused a renewal of discussion; B. was accused of imi- tating Beethoven, and praised for continuing the master's work. He was also used, with some injustice, to support the cause of absolute music against the ardent Wagner- ites. His later orchestral works, Akademische and Tragische over- tures, the 3 other symphonies, 3 other concertos, later chamber music have placed him beyond question among the great masters. His songs once declared " un vocal " are uni- versally recognized as expressing the soul of the poetry. Present discus- sion of him is between those who complain of lack of color, of the appreciation of the sensuous quali- ties of music, a dry formalism and those who exalt the intellectual con- tent, the purity of form, originality of scheme, and technical skill. His admirers find broad and deep emo- tional feeling, an impersonal passion subordinated to a lofty sense of form. To Hadow, Brahms fulfils the desire for " a composer who while he maintains and develops the harmonic traditions of the Romantic School shall even more devote him- self to the restoration and evolution of musical structure, who shall take up the classical form where Bee- thoven left it .... and raise it to a fuller organization." So Hun- eker calls him " the greatest con- trapuntist after Bach, the greatest architectonist after Beethoven." BRAMBACH BREWER Brambach (bram-bak), Kaspar Joseph, compr. b. Bonn, July 14, 1833; d. there, June 20, 1902. Studied under A. Zur Nieden and Ferd. Hiller and at Cologne Cons., where later he taught; director and teacher at Bonn. Composed secular cantatas Fruhlingshymnus, Prometheus, etc., pf. concerto, and chamber music. Brandeis (bran-dls), Frederick, pst., compr. b. Vienna, July 5, 1835 (or 1832?); d. New York, 1899. Pupil of J. Fischhof, Czerny, Rufi- natscha, and of Meyerhofer in N. Y.; debut N. Y. 1851; toured as pst., various positions as orgt. Several comp. for orch. and chamber music. Brandt (brandt), Marianne [pseud, of Marie Bischof], dram, contralto, b. Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. Pupil of Frau Marschner at Vienna Cons, and of Viardot-Garcia in Paris; de"but Graz 1867; Berlin 1868-86; sang Kundry in Parsifal 1882, alter- nating with Materna; 1886-1890, N. Y.; now teaching in Vienna. At her best during Berlin period, com- pass of voice so extensive that she sang both soprano and contralto parts. Brassin (bras-san), Louis, pst., compr. b. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 24, 1840; d. St. Petersburg, May 17, 1884. Son of baritone, who changed name from De Brassine, nephew of Drouet, flute player; pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles; teacher 1866 at Stern Cons, in Berlin, at Brussels Cons. 1869-78, and at St. Petersburg Cons. 1878-84. Appeared early in public, and made tours with brothers Leopold (1843-1890) pst. and Ger- hard (b. 1844) vlt. Louis composed Ecolemoderne du piano, pf. eludes, transcriptions, 2 operas, etc. Braun, Mrs. A., see Brema, Marie. Bree (bra), Jean Bernard van, vlt., compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29, 1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. Pupil of Bertelmann; orch. player at Am- sterdam; founded " Cecilia " 1840; director of music-school ; composed 3 operas, masses, cantatas, chamber music. Breitaer (brit-ner), Ludovic, pst. b. Trieste, Mar. 22, 1855. Studied at Milan Cons, and with Rubinstein and Liszt; composed music to Wilhelm Meister, song cycles, etc.; established and conducted Phil- harmonic Society in Paris; visited America in 1900. Went to Berlin 1909 to teach in the Stern Cons. Brema (bra-ma), Marie [pseud, of Minnie Fehrmann], dram, mezzo sop. b. Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1856. Father of German origin, mother from Virginia; early taste for music not cultivated until after marriage to A. Braun 1874; after study with Henschel, d6but at Monday Pop. Concert 1891 under name of Bremer; dram. de"but same year; first appeared at Bayreuth 1894; since then has sung Wagnerian roles with success in Eng., America, and Paris ; has created parts in many operas and oratorios, chiefly at English festivals where her rich voice has made her a great favorite. Breslaur (bres-lowr), Emil, teacher, b. Kottbus, May 26, 1836; d. Berlin, July 27, 1899. Studied at Stern Cons.; teacher at Kullak's Acad.; founder and director of Piano- Teachers' Seminary; editor of Kla- vierlehrer, and author of several important books on pf. playing and pf. literature. Breval (bra-val'), Lucienne [pseud, of Bertha Agnes Lisette Schilling], dram, sop. b. Berlin, Nov. 4, 1869. Pupil of Warat, Obin, Giraudet at Paris Cons., where she took first prize for opera 1890; de"but 1892, Paris Ope"ra, where she has since sung, except for season at Ope"ra Comique in 1901; in America 1900, 1902. Breville (bra-vil'), Pierre Onfroy de, compr., condr. b. Feb. 21, 1861. Pupil at the Paris Conservatory and of C6sar Franck; studied for the bar and a diplomatic career; music critic Mercure de France 1898-1901; teacher at Schola Cantorum; com- positions include orchestral and choral works, masses, motets, songs, piano and organ pieces. Brewer, John Hyatt, orgt., compr. b. Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1856. Boy soprano in several churches, pupil Navarro (harm.) and Buck and others (org.); various positions as orgt. in N. Y.; active member of BRIDGE BRONSART many musical societies; has con- ducted several choral societies; teaches singing, org., and theory. Has composed church and organ music, glees, songs, and choral works, suite for orchestra (Ms.). Bridge, Sir John Frederick, compr. b. Oldbury, near Birmingham, Dec. 5, 1844. Chorister in Rochester Cathe- dral, where his father became lay clerk in 1850, articled to John Hopkins, orgt.; held various org. appointments at Windsor (where he was pupil of J. Goss), at Manchester, and finally at Westminster Abbey as deputy 1875 and in full 1882; in consequence of this office he had charge of the music for Queen Victoria's jubilee 1887 and King Edward's coronation 1902. He took degree Mus. Doc. at Oxford 1874; was knighted 1897 and has received many honorary titles. He taught at Owens College while in Man- chester, is Gresham Prof., prof, at Univ. of London, examiner in sev- eral colleges. Composed oratorios, anthems, etc., collected " Abbey Chants," wrote Primer of Counter- point, etc. " His works show the vivacity of his mercurial tempera- ment." [Grove.] His brother, Joseph Cox B., orgt. b. Rochester, Aug. 16, 1853. Pupil of Hopkins, and pupil and assistant of brother at Manchester; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1885; since 1877 orgt. at Chester Cathedral; prof. mus. Durham Univ. 1908; revived Chester Fes- tivals, founded Chester Mus. Soc. Composed festival cantatas, sym- phony, pf. music, songs, and part- songs. Brink, Jules ten, compr. b. Amster- dam, Nov. 4, 1838; d. Paris, Feb. 6, 1889. Pupil of Dupont in Brussels, Richter in Leipzig; director Lyons 1860-68, after that in Paris; wrote symphonic poems, one-act opera, etc. Brisson (bris'-son), Frederic, pst. b. Angouleme. Dec. 25, 1821; d. Orleans, June or July, 1900. Pupil of Garandet; an elegant pianist,- a distinguished performer on har- monium, for which he wrote much; published, beside operetta and organ method, more than 150 slight pf. pieces. Bristow, George Frederick, compr. b. Brooklyn, Dec. 19, 1825; d. New York, Dec. 13, 1898. Studied in London with Macfarren; condr. Harm. Soc., Mendelssohn Union, orgt. in several churches, head of mus. dept. N. Y. public schools, original member and condr. of N. Y. Philharmonic. Composed opera Rip Van Winkle 1855, a cantata Niag- ara, and symphonies, quartets, etc. Made an early stand for American music. Brirton, Thomas, amateur, b. Higham Ferrers, or Wellingborough, North- ampton, about 1651; d. London, Sept. 27, 1714. Known as " Musical Small-coal Man," because he dealt in coal; 1678 established weekly concerts over his shop and a musical club for practise, both frequented by aristocratic and famous people, Handel, Pepusch, etc. Also known in book collecting circles. Brockway, Howard A., compr., pst. b. Brooklyn, Nov. 22, 1870. Studied pf. with Kortheuer and in Berlin 1890-1895 with Earth and O. B. Boise; conducted concert of own works Berlin, 1895; teaching in New York, and Peabody Conserva- tory, Baltimore. Equipped by un- usually thorough training, he has composed early in difficult forms, symph., symph. ballad, romanza for vln. and orch., etc. Sylvan Suite for orch. best known. Brodsky, Adolf, vlt. b. Taganrog, Russia, Mar. 21, 1851. Studied at Vienna Cons. 1862-63 with J. Hell- mesberger, of whose quartet he became a member; studied also with Laub in Moscow, where he taught at Cons.; condr. at Kieff 1879; taught at Leipzig Cons. 1882-83, in N. Y. 1891-94, in Berlin 1894, at Manches- ter Royal Coll. pf Mus., of which he became director in 1895. Broekhoven (bre'k-ho-fen), John A., teacher, theorist, b. Beek, Holland, in 1852. Prof, pf harmony and coun- terpoint at Cincinnati Coll. of Music; has written text-books, Suite cr6ole for orch., overture Columbia, etc. Bronsart, Hans von [really B. von Schellendorf], condr. b. Berlin, Feb. 11, 1830. Studied at Berlin BROSCHI BRUMEL Univ., lessons in theory from Dehn, piano with Kullak and Liszt; con- ducted " Euterpe " Leipzig; " Gesell- schaft der Musikfreunde " Berlin; is "Hofmusikintendant" Berlin; comp. opera Der Corsdr, symph., well- known pf. concerto. His wife Inge- borg (nee Starck) pst., compr. b. St. Petersburg, Aug. 24, 1840. Pupil of Henselt and Liszt; first concert at 12; married Hans von B. 1862; composed 3 operas, pf. music in all forms. Broschi (bros-ke), Carlo, see Farinelli. Broustet (bro-sta), Edouard, pst. b. Toulouse, Apr. 29, 1836. Studied with Stamaty, Litolff, and Ravina; after tours to St. Petersburg, Spain, and Portugal, settled in Toulouse where he has composed pf. concerto, chamber music, pf. pieces. Brown, Obadiah Bruen, teacher, b. Washington, D. C., July 2, 1829; d. Maiden, Mass., Mar. 5, 1901. Pupil in Boston of Zerrahn, Parker, David Paine; in Leipzig of Lobe and Plaidy; teacher in several Mass. state normal schools, orgt. in Bos- ton; director of music, public schools, Maiden; edited several collections for school use, composed choruses, anthems, etc. Bruch (briik). Max, compr. b. Cologne, Jan. 6, 1838. Mother (nee Almen- rader), a singer, guided his education; first lessons in theory from Breiden- stein at Bonn; having gained four- year scholarship at Frankfort-on- Main, studied under Hiller, Rein- ecke, and Breuning; taught and brought out first operetta at Cologne; produced opera Loreley on libretto written for Mendelssohn at Mann- heim 1863; has held various posi- tions as director at Coblenz, of Stern Singing Soc. Berlin, of Liverpool Har- monic Society, of Orchesterverein at Breslau; married singer Emma Tuc- zek 1881; came to America 1883, brought out Arminius at Boston by Cecilia Society. Has composed several cantatas of epic nature, Odysseus, Arminius, AchUleus, Frithjof; his Fair Ellen a favorite with choral societies; songs; 3 vln. concertos, of which the 1st, in G, is very popular; pieces for 'cello (nota- bly Kol Nidrei a Hebrew melody). His music is marked by clearness and purity of melodic idea and unusual skill in combinations of vocal and orchestral masses. Bruckner (brok-ner), Anton, orgt., compr. b. Ansfelden, Austria, Sept. 4, 1824; d. Vienna, Oct. 11, 1896. Earliest lessons from father, a village school-master; while orgt. at Linz Cathedral after 1855 he studied in Vienna with Sechter and Kitzler; 1867 orgt. in Vienna and prof, at Cons., 1875 lecturer at Univ.; 1869 and 1871 played in France and England as org. virtuoso. His compositions include a string quartet, 3 grand masses, a Te Deum, 8 symphonies, and 3 movements of a 9th. He lived, even in the capital, the simple life of a villager, dis- tressed by the violent hostility which his works aroused, but never permitting this to move his earnest persistence. He was a devoted adherent of Wagner's theories and in his symphonies he aimed to apply them to absolute music. Much of the hostility which he encountered was due to the fact that he was regarded probably against his wish as the symphonist selected by the Wagnerites to oppose Brahms. Viewed apart from their contemporary critical quarrel, his music appears as a somewhat uneven combination of passages showing power, nobility, and imagination with passages of tedious length and heavy and pedantic dryness. Briill (briil), Ignaz, pst., compr. b. Prossnitz, Moravia, Nov. 7, 1846; d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 1907. Pupil of Epstein, Rufinatscha, and Dessoff; successful concerts in Vienna and other cities, notably in London in 1878; teaching in Vienna after 1872; opera Das goldene Kreuz, Berlin 1875, had wide success in other cities; has composed 9 other operas, a symph., an overture, 3 concertos, etc. Brume! (bru-mel'), Anton, compr. b. about 1480; d. about 1520. Pupil of Okeghem; lived at courts of Dukes of Sora and Ferrara; com- posed at least 15 masses, motets, and other sacred music; said by contemporaries to have excelled by BRUNEAU BULL industry rather than genius; wrote a comp. in 8 parts, each in different church mode. Bruneau (brii-no), [Louis Charles Bon- aventure], Alfred, compr. b. Paris, Mar. 3, 1857. Of musical parents; studied at Paris Cons, 'cello with Franchomme, comp. with Massenet; critic for Gil Bias and Figaro; conductor Op4ra Comique 1903. Has composed overture, 3 choral symphonies, 2 collections of songs, and a Requiem mass beside the 5 operas which are his chief works. Of these Le reve, L'Attaque du mou- lin, Messidor and L' Ouragan are on texts either written by Zola or based on his works, the last two being in prose. Music at first was considered very difficult and harsh, because of effort made at accurate delineation of characters, which is strikingly suc- cessful; each work has a characterized and influential setting, like the storm in L' Ouragan, which gives atmos- pheric unity. Has published also 3 volumes of acute musical criticism. Brunner (broo-ner), Christian Trau- gott, orgt., condr. b. Briinlos, Erzge- birg, Dec. 12, 1792; d. Chemnitz, Apr. 14, 1874. Organist and con- ductor of choral societies; composed instructive pf. pieces, variations, etc. Bucalossi (boo-ca-los'-si) , Ernest, compr. Composed from early years; pupil at Royal Acad. Mus.; in 1881 succeeded his father as conductor at London theatre; conductor with traveling company; compr. of popular dance music, notably La Gitana waltz. Buck, Dudley, orgt., compr. b. Hart- ford, Conn., Mar. 10, 1839; d. Oct. 6, 1909, at Orange, N. J. Pupil of Babcock, at Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy, Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Rietz, at Dresden of Schneider, and at Paris; organ appointments in Hart- ford, Chicago, Boston (where his recitals as orgt. of Music Hall Ass'n had great influence), and in N. Y.; asst. cOndr. of Thomas Concerts, N. Y.; director of Apollo Club; retired from all but theoretical and comp. work 1902. Composed ora- torios Golden Legend, Light of Asia, cantatas Legend of Don Munio, Cen- tennial Meditation of Columbia (for Exposition 1876), several excellent short sacred cantatas, songs, anthems, org. pieces. His music shows skill, intelligence, freedom from pedantry, and much of the elements of popu- larity. Has had wide influence in extending respect for American music and in training younger men, Chad- wick, Gleason, Eddy, Neidlinger being his pupils. Buhlig, Richard, pst. b. Chicago, 1880 of German parents. Went to Vienna 1887 as pupil of Leschetizsky. D6but 1900, London 1905, in the U. S. 1907. Thoughtful and serious artist, of unusual executive ability. Bull, John, orgt., compr. b. Somerset- shire, about 1563; d. Antwerp, Mar. 12 (13?), 1628. Pupil of Blitheman; orgt. at Hereford Cathedral and 1591 of Chapel Royal; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1592; Gresham Prof, of Mus. 1597; in service of Prince Henry 1611 although Roman Cath- olic; 1613 left England without leave under questionable circumstances, and in 1617 became orgt. at Ant- werp Cath. Comp. anthems and music for org. or virginal " unequal in character, and generally more ingenious than beautiful." So brill- iant a performer that he has been called " the Liszt of his age." Bull, Ole Borneman, vU. b. Bergen, Feb. 5, 1810; d. Lyso, near Bergen, Aug. 17, 1880. Father, physician, who disapproved of musical career, but uncle and other members of family eager amateurs; lessons from Paulsen and Lundborg, but mainly self-taught; abandoned study of theology at Univ. of Christiania to conduct mus. society there; at Paris 1831, by hearing Paganini inspired to great efforts, which with poverty brought on illness; 1832 he reappeared in public and thereafter had great success in Europe and especially in the U. S.; 1848 founded national theatre in Bergen; 1870 again in U. S., where he married a second time, and where he lost a considerable fortune in an attempt to found a colony for his poor countrymen. Technical skill was fairly amazing and gave adequate expression to the patriotic spirit of the North in his compositions, which were the only ones he played. BULLARD BURMEISTER Bullard, Frederic Field, compr. b. Boston, Mass., Sept. 21, 1864; d. there, June 24, 1904. Gave up study of chemistry; studied 4 years with Rheinberger in Munich; taught in Boston after 1892; published many expressive songs, anthems and vig- orous part-songs, some of which, Stein Song, etc., are very popular. Billow (bii-lo), Hans [Guido]von, pst., condr. b. Dresden, Jan. 8, 1830; d. Cairo, Feb. 12, 1894. Taught pf. and harmony at 9 by Wieck and Eberwein; studied law at Leipzig Univ., counterpoint with Haupt- mann; adopted Wagner's radical theories after performance of Lohen- grin at Weimar; followed him to exile and learned conducting from him; pupil of Liszt at Weimar; first tour 1853 in Germany and Austria; held various appointments as teacher (Stern Cons. 1855, etc.); court pst., and condr. in several places, notably Meiningen, where he brought the orch. to height of excellence 1880-85; married 1857 Cosima Liszt (later the wife of Wagner) from whom he separated 1869; married actress Marie Schan- zer 1882; gave 139 concerts in America 1875-76. His wonderful power of intellectual analysis of music not only appeared in his finished playing but is preserved in his admirable critical editions, as those of Beethoven's sonatas and such pianoforte arrangements as that of Tristan and Isolde. His phenomenal memory enabled him to do justice to the largest possible repertoire; he also set the fashion of conducting without score. His playing seems to have been a tri- umph of careful analytical prepara- tion combined with an apparently spontaneous emotional expression. Bungert, August, compr. b. Miilheim- on-Ruhr, Mar. 14, 1846. Pupil of Kufferath and at Cologne Cons.; music director at Kreuznach; fur- ther studies in counterpoint with Kiel in Berlin 1873-81; living in Italy since 1882. Has written pf. quartet which took prize in Flor- ence 1878, comic opera produced Leipzig 1884, etc.; his great \vorks are two dramatic cycles not yet completed based on the Iliad and the Odyssey, after Wagnerian models; Odysseus Heimkehr, first part pro- duced 1896, excited considerable comment. Buonamici (bu-o'-na-me'-che), Giusep- pe, pst. b. Florence, Mar. 19, 1846. First taught by uncle Ceccherini; by Von Billow and Rheinberger at Munich Cons. 1868-70; teacher there 1870-73; conductor of choral soc. in Florence, and founder of trio society and teacher there; his great- est work is editing of Beethoven sonatas and composition of technical studies based on difficulties in Beethoven. Son Carlo, b. Florence, June 20, 1875. Pupil of mother and father, and of Van Zeil at Wiirzburg; came to Boston 1896, as teacher and concert pianist ; 1908, with Felix Fox, founded Fox-Buonamici School. Buranello, see Galuppi. Burdett, George Albert, orgt. b. Boston, June 17, 1856, Trained under J. W. Hill, and Paine at Harvard where he was graduated with ' ' highest musical honors" in 1881; studied in Germany under Haupt in Berlin and at Han- over; since 1895 orgt. at Central Ch., Boston; founder of Am. Guild of Orgts., first dean N. E. Chapter; published anthems, organ music, and pf. pieces. Burgmuller (bu rg-mii Her), Johann Friedrich Franz, compr. b. Regens- burg, 1806; d. Beaulieu, France, Feb. 13, 1874. Composer of pf. music mainly for young people and useful early studies Brother Norbert (1810 -1836), composer of great promise but immature achievement. Burgstaller, Alois, dram, tenor, b. Holz- kirchen, Sept. 27, 1871. Pupil of Kniese; Bayreuth 1894-1901; Metro- politan, N. Y., 1902-08, first Parsifal in N. Y. 1904. Bunneister (bur-ml-ster), Richard, com- pr., pst. b. Hamburg, Dec. 7, 1860. Studied with Liszt in Weimar, Budapest or Rome 1880^1883; teach- er in Hamburg Cons; director of pf. at Peabody Conservatory, Balti- more, 1885-1897; then in New York, now in Europe; a brilliant pianist and compr. of skill; has written symph. poem, etc., re-scored BURMESTER BUSSLER Chopin's F minor concerto, added orch. part to Liszt's Concerto Pathe- tique, etc. Burmester, Willy, vlt. b. Hamburg, Mar. 16, 1869. First pupil of father, later of Joachim; brilliant player of virtuoso class; made debut when a child; has toured since 1886; in 1890 conductor at Sondershausen ; greater success on the Continent than in England or America. Burnand, A. B., see Strelezski, Anton. Burney, Charles, writer, b. Shrews- bury, Apr. 12, 1726; d. Chelsea, Apr. 12, 1814. Pupil on org. of Baker and Arne; orgt. at various provincial stations; Mus. Doc. Ox- ford 1769, F. R. S. 1773; composed music for few dramas, sonatas, can- tatas, etc., adapted The Cunning Man from Rousseau's Devin du village. Chief works are Present State of Music in France and Italy, Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, etc., which are accounts of his own tours, and his General History of Music, in 4 volumes, 1776-89, which contains much information and reflects ad- mirably the 18th century point of view. Burrowes, John Freckleton, writer, b. London, Apr. 23, 1787; d. there, Mar. 31, 1852. Pupil of Horsley; for 40 years orgt. in London; com- posed forgotten instrumental music; wrote much used Piano Primer. Burton, Frederick Russell, compr. b. Jonesville, Mich., Feb. 23, 1861; d. Sept. 30, 1909, Lake Hopatcong, N. J. Graduated at Harvard 1882; organizer and condr. of Choral Society at Yonkers, N. Y.; mus. crit. N. Y. Sun; composer of Hiawatha, dramatic cantata based on actual Indian themes, as result of special study. Busby, Thomas, writer. b. West- minster, Dec., 1755; d. London, May 28, 1838. Pupil of Knyvett and Battishill; orgt. at Newington. Composed oratorio The Prophecy on Pope's Messiah and music for other odes and some plays; wrote several musical articles and essays, Dictionary of Music, History of Music (compiled from Hawkins and Burney), and 3 volumes of Concert- room and Orchestra Anecdotes, of much interest about contemporaries. Busch (bush), Carl, compr. b. Bjerre, Denmark, Mar. 29, 1862. Studied at Cons., vln. with Tofte, comp. with Hartmann and Gade; played in orch. and studied in Paris under Godard and Gounod; settled in Kansas City 1889; established Phil- harmonic Orch. there; composed works for orchestra, symphonic rhapsody, symphony, vln. music, the dramatic cantatas League of the Alps, King Olaf, and songs. Busnois (bii-no-a), Antoine, compr. b. Picardy, France; d. Bruges, Nov. 6, 1492. Pupil of Okeghem, musi- cian in service of Charles the Bold; cited as authority by contemporary theorists; 2 magnificats, a mass, and some secular songs are extant. Busoni (bu-zo'-ni), Ferruccio (fer-ru- chi-o) Benvenuto, pst., compr. b. Empoli, near Florence, Apr. 1, 1866. Father played clarinet, mother (Anna Weiss) pianist gave him first les- sons; d6but Vienna. at age of 9, studied there with Hans Schmitt and in Graz with Remy (Meyer); at 17 so successful in Italy that a medal was struck in his honor by Florence and he was elected a member of Accademia Filarmonica at Bologna; 1886 Leipzig; teaching Helsingfors 1888; at Moscow 1890, after taking Rubinstein prize; at Boston, Mass. 1891-93; in 1894 located in Berlin; 1908-1909 at Vienna, with occa- sional tours; about 1905 established Orchestral Evenings with new and seldom heard works which he conducts. Bussler, Ludwig, theorist, b. Berlin, Nov. 26, 1838; d. there, Jan. 18, 1901. Son of Robert, painter, author, and statesman, grandson of Karl, singer; choir boy under Von Hertzberg; taught theory by Dehn and Grell, instrumentation by Wie- precht, teacher of theory at Berlin. Theatre conductor there; musical critic for National Zeitung. Has written many useful books on har- mony and composition, several of which have been translated into English. BUTT CADY Butt, Clara, contralto, b. Southwick, near Brighton, Eng., Feb. 1, 1873. Pupil of Rootham at Bristol; 1889 of J. H. Blower at Royal Coll. of Mus., where she gained scholarship; de"but London 1892; studied with Bouhy at Paris 1895; voice of great depth and beauty and commanding stage presence have made her much in demand for festivals and concerts; many compositions written for her, among them Elgar's Sea Pictures. Married, 1900, R. Kennerley-Rum- ford, baritone, b. London, Sept. 2, 1870. Pupil of Henschel, Beume, and Sbriglia; d6but London 1893; known as fine, really artistic singer. Butter field, James Austin, compr. b. Hertfordshire, Eng., May 18, 1837; d. Chicago, July 6, 1891. Taught by father, a 'cellist, learned to play vln. before 10; sang in Harm. Soc. of town, where he studied mus. of Handel's and other oratorios; at 15 deputy leader of orch.; parent's refusal to allow him to follow music drove him to U. S., where he settled in Chicago at 19; taught vln. and singing; induced parents to emigrate; pub- lished journal in Indianapolis; taught in Chicago 1867-80, conducted Chi- cago Jubilee 1873; 1880 director of Norwich (Conn.) School of Vocal Art; 1888 returned to Chicago; composed many popular songs (When You and I were Young, Maggie, etc.), conven- tion singing books, cantatas, notably the spectacular Belshazzar. Buxtehude (bux-te-hii-da), Dietrich, orgt., compr. b. Helsingor, Denmark, 1637; d. Lubeck, May 9, 1707. Father Johann, orgt. died 1674, may have been his teacher; 1668 became orgt. at Marienkirche, Lubeck, and held the post until his death; 1673 organized Abendmusiken, concerts on Sunday afternoons in Advent of concerted pieces for chorus and orchestra and organ works. These concerts were deservedly famous and widely influential (Bach walked 50 miles to hear them). As composer, he is important for having developed purely instrumental music, even before Bach, in his organ works and clavier pieces. Many of the clavier pieces are lost; two vols. of organ works published by Spitta; also wrote a large number of vocal works. Byrd, William, compr. b. London, Eng., 1542 or 1543; d. there, July 4, 1623. Said to have been pupil of Tallis; orgt. at Lincoln Cathedral about 1563; shared post of orgt. at Chapel Royal with Tallis; and these two also held patent for selling and publishing music; held his position and estates, by singular favor, although he and his family, as Catholics, were in constant danger of prosecution. Composed madri- gals, masses, and services for the Catholic ritual as well as a collection of music for the virginal, published in the Fitz William Virginal book and in Lady Nevill's work. Cabezon, Felix Antonio de, orgt., harp- sichord player, b. Madrid, Mar. 30, 1510; d. there, May 24, 1566. Blind from birth, yet eminent per- former; chamber musician to Philip II; arranged works of other men for his instruments; edition of his works by Pedrell include ricercari, motets, exercises, chiefly for organ. Caccini (ka-che'-ni), Giulio [known as Giulio Romano], compr. b. Rome, about 1550; d. Florence, Dec., 1618. Pupil of Scipione della Palla in singing and lute playing; served Duke of Tuscany as singer after 1578; followed Galilei in composing for single voice; then composed solos in recitative form, performed with great success in houses of Bardi and Corsi in Florence; then, after some detached dramatic scenes, col- laborated with Peri in producing the first real opera, Euridice, 1600; in treatise Le Nuove Musiche C. ex- plains theory of recitative on which was based the new form of which he was, though not the inventor, an early supporter. Cady, Calvin Brainard, teacher, b. Barry, 111., June 21, 1851. His father was a pioneer minister in the West, so that the boy's early education CADMAN was in the old-fashioned country singing school and convention choruses; graduated from Oberlin (Ohio) Conservatory of Music, 1872; went to Leipzig and studied with Plaidy, Paul, Richter, and Papperitz; taught music in public schools of Oberlin 1870; teacher of piano and harmony, Oberlin Conservatory, 1874; prof, of music, University of Michigan, 1880-88; in charge of work with children and teachers, Chicago Conservatory of Music, 1888-1894; lives in Boston, head of School of Music Education, and also lectures on musical pedagogy at Institute of Musical Art, New York and Teachers' College, Co- lumbia University. Author of a course in Music Education, in three volumes, and Student's Reference Work; was a charter member of the Music Teachers' National Associa- tion, founded in 1876. The main object of his professional labor is " to establish music as a genuinely educational subject and to bring out its correlation with other major subjects of study." Cadman, Charles Wakefield, compr. b. Johnstown, Pa., Dec. 24, 1881; moved to Pittsburg 1884; musical education under Pittsburg teachers, Walker, Steiner, Oehmler and Von Kunits, with advice and criticism from Emil Paur; first published compositions, semi-popular style, in 1898; became interested in the music of the American Indians and spent considerable time among them, securing material for use in com- position and in a lecture recital American Indian Music Talk; organ- ist East Liberty Presbyterian Church and musical critic of Pittsburg Dis- patch; contributor to musical peri- odicals; published works include The Vision of Sir Launfal, male voices, Four American Indian Songs, song cycles The Morning of the Year, Sayonara, Three Moods for orchestra, organ pieces, songs, part-songs and piano pieces; lives in Pittsburg. Caffarelli (kaf-fa-rel'-li), [pseud, of Gae- tano Majorano], singer. b. Bari, Naples, Apr. 16, 1703; d. Santo Dorato, near Naples, Feb. 1, 1783 [Eitner; others give Nov. 30, 1783]. Son of peasants, adopted name C. CALLCOTT in gratitude to Caffaro or Cafaro, who first aided him; studied five years with Porpora; debut Rome 1724, followed by brilliant success in Italy and Paris; appearances in London 1737-38 seem to have been disappointing; purchased dukedom and title of Santo Dorato; rival of Farinelli whom some say he excelled in slow airs and chromatic scales; many stories are told of his ridiculous vanity and presumptuous pride. Caldara (kal-da'-ra), Antonio, compr. b. Venice, about 1670; d. Vienna, Dec. 28, 1736. Chorister at St. Mark's; pupil of Legrenzi; held various posts in Italy and Spain before becoming vice-capellmeister in Vienna under Fux; composed dignified church music, showing florid tendency of times; very pro- lific, having written 36 oratorios, 66 operas, besides smaller works. Caldicott, Alfred James, compr. b. Worcester, Eng., Nov. 26, 1842; d. near Gloucester, Oct. 24, 1897. Chorister Worcester Cath., articled pupil of Done; studied at Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc.; orgt. in Worcester, teacher of harmony at Royal Coll., and director at Albert Hall and theatres in London; composed cantatas (Widow of Nain 1881), operettas, part-songs. Caletti-Bruni, see Cavalli, Francesco. Calkin, John Baptiste, orgt., compr. b. London, Mar. 16, 1827; d. Apr. 15, 1905. Pupil of father James C.; orgt. and precentor in several churches; teacher at Guildhall School of Music; composed anthems, glees, etc. Callaerts (kal'-lar-ts') , Joseph [Jacques], orgt. b. Antwerp, Aug. 22, 1838; d. there, Mar. 3, 1901. Pupil of Lem- mens at Brussels Cons.; orgt. at Jesuit College 1851-56; later of cathedral at Antwerp and teacher of org. at music school; composed comic opera, sym- phony, cantata, masses, etc. Callcott, John Wall, compr. b. Ken- sington, Nov. 20, 1766; d. Bristol, May 15, 1821. Son of builder, first intended to be surgeon; learned music from observation and ac- quaintance with Henry Whitney, orgt. at Kensington, Arnold, Cooke and Sale, without receiving any CALV CAMPANINI regular instruction; member of orch. of Academy of Ancient Music; com- posed for Catch Club in 1789, win- ning all four prizes offered by them; studied instrumental music under Haydn 1791; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1800; began a dictionary, published Musi- cal Grammar 1806; mind failed 1807; chief works glees. His son William Hutchins C. (1807-1882) also compr., chiefly of anthems, and his grandson William Robert Stuart C. (1852-1886) orgt. of great promise. Calve (kal-va), Emma, dram. sop. b. Aveyron, 1864 [1866?]. Real name de Roquer; daughter of simple peas- ants; educated at convent in Mont- pellier; left at 15, renouncing relig- ious aspirations to help support family; after study in Paris under Puget's direction, made concert debut at charity concert, Nice, 1881, in place of Cruvelli; debut Brussels 1882; after year's study with Marchesi made Paris de"but at Th. Italien, Dec. 16, 1884; sang at Ope>a Comique 1884-86 and in Milan without great success; after more study in Paris with Mme. Laborde, created Santuzza in Cav- alleria Rusticana 1890, returned to Opera Comique, singing her great part, Carmen, first in 1892; ap- peared in London and New York 1893, toured Russia and Spain 1894-95; created parts in La Navar- raise 1894 and Sapho 1897; not only singer of wide and well-founded popularity, but actress of unusual originality, as is shown in Carmen and Marguerite. Cambert (kon'-bar'), Robert, compr. b. Paris, 1628; d. London, 1677. Pupil of Chambonnieres; orgt. at St. Honore", intendant of music to Anne of Austria; composed La pastorale, first French opera after Italian fashion, 1659; when Perrin received letters patent for establish- ing national opera in 1669 Cambert was associated with him; comppsed Pomone 1671, and other works; after 32 years, driven from France by intrigues of Lully, he became master of music to Chas. II of England. Camp, John Spencer, orgt., compr. b. Middletown, Conn., Jan. 30, 1858. Graduated Wesley an Univ. 1878; studied mus. with Parsons, Shelley, Buck and Dvorak; dir. Hartford (Conn.) Philh. Orch.; orgt. and choirmaster 1st Cong. Ch., Hartford; founder Guild of Organists; com- posed cantatas, orch. works, string qt., pf. and organ pieces, songs, anthems and services. Campagnoli (kam-pan-yo-li), Barto- lomeo, vU. b. Cento, Sept. 10, 1751; d. Neustrelitz, Nov. 6, 1827. Pupil of Dall' Ocha, Guastarobba, and Nardini; led various bands in Italy, finally conductor at Gewand- haus, Leipzig, 1797-1815; gave suc- cessful concerts in Italy; friend of Cherubini. Campana (kam-pa'-na), Fabio, compr., singing teacher, b. Leghorn, Jan. 14, 1819; d. London, Feb. 2, 1882. Educated at the Liceo in Bologna; produced several unsuccessful operas; settled in London about 1850; taught singing there and produced operas Almina 1860 and Esmeralda 1869 which seem to have been successful more because of the casts than the music. Campanari (kam-pa-na'-ri), Giuseppe, dram, baritone, b. Veneto, Italy, 1859. First a 'cellist in orch. at La Scala, Milan, and in Boston Symph. Orch. until 1893, when he definitely became opera singer; member of Hinrichs Opera Co., of Metropolitan after 1899; successful in many concerts; now living in New York. His brother, Leandro, vlt. b. Rovigo, Oct. 20, 1857. Studied at Milan Cons.; after European tours, made American d6but with Bost. Symph. Orch. 1881; teaching and playing as member of orch. in Boston until 1887; teacher in Cincinnati College of Music 1890-97; director and concert-conductor at Milan; has written text-books and songs. Campanini (kam-pa-ne'-ni), Italo, dram . tenor, b. Parma, June 29, 1846. d. Vigatto, near Parma, Nov. 22, 1896. Studied at school of Griffini, and at Cons, of Parma; debut, 1869, Odessa; after study with Lamperti, won success at production of Lohen- grin at Florence 1871; sang in London 1872-1882; toured America, lived several years in New York. CAMPRA CARL Campra (kon-pra), Andre, opera compr. b. Aix, Dec. 4, 1660; d. Versailles, July 29, 1744. Pupil of Guillaume Poitevin; master of music Toulon Cathedral 1680, at Aries 1681, at Toulouse, 1683-1694; thence he went to Paris, filling several church appointments, leaving to begin a secular career as opera com- poser; conductor Royal Orchestra 1722; he wrote 18 works for the stage, a number of cantatas and motets. Cannabich, Christian, vlt., condr. b. Mannheim, 1731; d. Frankfort, Feb. 22, 1798. Son of Matthias, flute player; pupil of Stamitz and in Italy of Jommelli; leader of orch. at Munich 1765; condr. at Mann- heim 1775; by bringing this orch. to then unequalled height of exactness he raised standard of expressive power; friend and admirer of Mozart; successful teacher; compr. of some popular symphonies and quartets. Cantor, Otto, compr. b. Kreuznach, Prussia, 1857. Pupil of Lux, Mann- stadt, and Rupp; living in London; compr. vocal music. Capocci (ka-pot'-chi), Gaetano, orgt. b. Rome, Oct. 16, 1811; d. there, Jan. 11, 1898. Pupil of Sante Pascoli, Fioravanti, and Cianciarelli; orgt. at S. Maria Maggiore, and, after 1855, director at the Lateran; published large amount of facile, conventional church music. His son Filippo, also orgt. b. Rome, May 11, 1840. Learned org. and harmony from father whom he succeeded at the Lateran 1875; under influence of Guilmant developed technique to degree which has won him fame; compositions, original, and modern in idea, consist of organ works and an oratorio. Capoul (ka-pol), Joseph Amedee Vic- tor, dram, tenor, b. Toulouse, Feb. 27, 1839. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Rvial, and Mocker under whom gained 1st prize in light opera; d6but 1861 at Ope>a Comique, where he stayed until 1872; sang in Eng- land 1871-75, and Am. 1879-80; prof, of operatic singing in Nat'l Cons. N. Y.; now stage director at Paris Ope>a. Caracciolo (ka-ra-chi-6'-lo) , Luigi Maria, compr., teacher, b. Andria, Bari, Aug. 1, 1847; d. London, July 22, 1887. Pupil of Cesi, Conti, and Mercadante at Naples Cons. ; teacher in Dublin 1878-1881, and London; comp. opera and many popular songs ( Un Sogno fu!, etc.). Carestini (ka-res-te'-ni), Giovanni [call- ed Cusanino], singer, b. Monte Filatrano, Ancona, about 1705; d. there, 1760. At age of 12, Cusani family at Milan became patrons, hence his stage name; debut Rome 1721; sang at various places in Italy until 1733, when he made English d6but. Engaged by Handel from 1735 when he left England to retirement in 1758; sang with brill- iant success at Venice, Berlin, St. Petersburg, etc. Voice at first soprano, became strong, deep con- tralto of wide range. Carey, Henry, compr. b. about 1690; d. London, Oct. 4, 1743. Reputed son of Marquis of Halifax; mostly self-taught, though he had lessons from Linnert, Roseingrave, and Geminiani; taught and wrote music for farces, and also words to some for which Lampe wrote music chiefly burlesques and ballad operas; claim that he wrote God save the King has never been proved or disproved; his greatest work is charming, original ballad, Sally in our Alley. Carissimi (ka-ris'-se-me), Giacomo, com-*, pr. b. Marino, near Rome, about 1604; d. Rome, Jan. 12, 1674. Maestro at Assisi 162428, and at S. Apollinare, Rome, 1628-1674; among his pupils were A. Scarlatti, Kerll, Bernnard, M. A. Charpentier; though many of his works are lost, it is known that he contributed largely to the development of recitative with a more expressive and varied accompaniment than that of his predecessors; his cantatas show that he transferred to church music the pathetic emotional style of dramatic music; his fluent melo- dies are among the earliest examples of characteristic Italian song. Carl, William Crane, orgt. b. Bloom- field, N. J., Mar. 2, 1865. Pupil of S. P. Warren, Mme. Schiller (pf.) CARMICHAEL GARY and Guilmant; orgt. in N. J. and N. Y.; founder of Am. Guild of Orgts.; successful concert player; compiled collection of org. mus. Carmichael, Mary Grant, pst., compr. b. Birkenhead, Eng. Studied under O. Beringer, W. Bache, Hartvigspn, and Prout; excellent accompanist; composed many songs, The Stream song-cycle, Snow Queen operetta; translated Ehrlich's Celebrated Pian- ists and other works. Caron (ka-ron), Rose [Lucile, nee Meuniez], dram. sop. b. Monerville, France, Nov. 17, 1857. Married before entering Paris Cons, in 1880; studied there until 1882, taking minor prizes, also with Sasse in Brussels; dbut Brussels 1882; from then to 1900 sung there and in Paris; 1902 prof, of singing at Cons. Carr, Frank Osmond, compr. b. York- shire about 1857. Mus. Doc. Oxford 1891; composed farces and success- ful comic operas Morocco Bound 1893, His Excellency 1894 (book by W. S. Gilbert). Carre (kar-ra), Albert, director, b. Strassburg, June 22, 1852. Studied at Strassburg Lycee; actor in Paris; director of several Paris theatres, finally 1898 of Opera Comique, where he has brought forth a dis- tinguished series of new and im- portant operas. Carrefio (kar-ra'-nyo), Teresa, pst. b. Caracas, Venezuela, Dec. 22, 1853. Father, Minister of Finance, her first teacher; afterward studied with L. Gottschalk in New York, with G. Mathias in Paris, and with Rubinstein; after d6but and tour at age of 9, gave concerts until about 1875 when she went on the stage; on tours with opera com- panies, she played, sang, and, at one time, conducted; resumed work as concert pst. 1889; married E. Sauret 1872, G. Tagliapietra 1892, E. d' Albert 1895, and A. Tagliapietra 1902; composed Venezuelan national anthem, string quartet and piano pieces; known as a strong, virile performer, with masterly technic; E. A. MacDowell her pupil. Daugh- ter Teresita Carrefio Tagliapietra, also pst., debut 1906. Carrodus, John Tiplady, vlt. b. Braith- waite, Yorkshire, Jan. 20, 1836; d. London, July 13, 1895. Father violin player and leader of amateur society; C. for 6 years pupil of Molique; member, for many years leader, of Coven t Garden orch.; also leader of Philharmonic Orch.; leader, with Wilhelmj, at Wagner Festival 1877; excellent teacher, at National Train- ing School for Mus., etc.; recitals in England and S. Africa; pioneer of classical mus. in Eng. Carulli (ka-rul'-le) , Ferdinando, guitar player, b. Naples, Feb. 10, 1770; d. Paris, Feb., 1841. Self-taught, he worked out modern methods of guitar playing, and attained remark- able technic; lived in Paris after 1808, teaching, playing; composed more than 300 pieces, and method. Caru'so (ka-ru-zo), Enrico, dram, tenor. b. Naples, Feb. 25, 1873. Son of a mechanic, and brought up to father's trade; as choir boy pupil of Vergine, and later of Lamperti and Concone; after singing at Caserta, made Naples debut 1896; began career, Milan, 1898; success- ful seasons at St. Petersburg, Buenos Ayres, Milan, and Monte Carlo followed; first appearance London and New York 1903; though not distinguished as an actor, C. has a powerful and rich voice, especially suited for brilliant performance of Italian opera, both old and new. Carvalho (kar-va-lo), [really Carvaille], Arthur Leon, opera manager, b. Port Louis, He de France, Jan. 18, 1825; d. Paris, Dec. 29, 1897. Educated at Paris Cons.; played small parts at Ope>a Comique, manager of other theatres and of Ope>a Comique from 1876 to time of fire in 1887, after which he was tried and condemned to prison but acquitted on appeal and reinstated 1891 . Married in 1853 Marie Caroline Felix-Miolan, dram. sop. b. Mar- seilles, Dec. 31, 1827; d. Puys, July 10, 1895. Entered Paris Cons. 1839, first prize in 1847; dbut 1850; favor- ite at Op6ra Comique from 1872-75, 1879-85; at Opera 1875-79. Gary, Annie Louise, contralto. b. Wayne, Me., Oct. 22, 1842. Studied after 1859 with Wetherbee and CASALS CAVALIERI Wheeler in Boston and with Corsi in Milan; de"but Copenhagen 1867, sang in Scandinavia 2 years, study- ing in vacations with Viardot- Garcia; after further study in Paris with Strakosch and Bottesini, came to U. S. for 3 years in 1870; extreme- ly popular in opera and concerts in America, in London, and St. Peters- burg; married C. M. Raymond and retired 1882; now living (1910) in Norwalk, Conn. Casals (ka-zal'), Pablo, 'cellist, b. Veudrell, Catalonia, Spain, Dec. 30, 1876. Pupil of father on ore.; studied pf., vln., and clarinet; 'cello with Jose" Garcia in 1887; on pension from the queen, studied at Madrid with Jesus de Monasterio and Tomds Breton; prof, of 'cello at Barcelona Univ.; founded chamber music society there; member Paris OpeYa Orch. 1895-98; de"but as soloist 1898; member of Lamoureux Orch. 1900; concert tours in Europe, U. S. 1901 and 1903, and S. America; published symphonic poems, works for org. and 'cello. Castil-Blaze, see Blaze, F. H. J. Castle, William, opera tenor, b. Eng., Dec. 22, 1836; d. Chicago, March 31, 1909; studied in N. Y., London and Milan; de" but 1858; in concert 1861; retired from stage 1891; director of opera dept. Chicago Musical College; best known for his work in Maritana, Bohemian Girl, Fra Diavolo, II Trovatore and The Hugue- nots. Castrucci (kas-tru'-chi), Pietro, vlt. b. Rome, 1689; d. Dublin, Mar. 7, 1752 [according to records quoted Mits. Times, Oct., 1904; others give Rome, 1769]. Pupil of Corelli; came to London 1715; leader of Handel's opera orch. 1718; invented and played on violetta marina, like viola d'amore; composed vln. con- certos and sonatas; forced out of place by Handel, who wrote a concerto with a second part so difficult that Clegg's execution mor- tified C.; died in great want. Catalani (ka-ta-la'-ni), Alfredo, compr. b. Lucca, June 19, 1854; d. Milan, Aug. 7, 1893. Early composed for church; studied at Paris Cons, and at Milan; composed 5 operas (Dejanire and La Watty especially successful), symph. poem Ero e Leandro. Catalani, Angelica, dram. sop. b. Sinigaglia, May 10, 1780; d. Paris, June 12, 1849. Taught at convent of Santa Lucia at Gubbio; d6but at Venice 1795; sang with success at Milan and other Italian cities, at Lisbon 1804, where she married Valabregue; tremendous popular success in London 1806-1813; man- aged Theatre Italien in Paris 1814- 1817, with neither artistic nor financial success; until retirement 1827 sang in concerts throughout Europe; voice was of extraordinary strength and range, she excelled in chromatic scales and bravura pas- sages, and was accused of lack of expressiveness and over-ornamen- tation; earned large sums of money, which she scattered in charity and extravagant living. Catel (ka-tel'), Charles Simon, compr. b. L'Aigle, Orne, France, June 10, 1773; d. Paris, Nov. 29, 1830. Studied under Sacchini, Gobert, and Gossec in Ecole Royale, which be- came Paris Cons.; accompanist and teacher there; accomp. at Opera 1790; prof, of harmony at Cons, when founded 1795, inspector 1810-14; wrote military music for Garde Nationale, of which he was director, and pieces for Revolutionary occa- sions; wrote 11 operas 1802-1819, Les bayaderes best known, none especially successful; treatise on harmony, for some time standard. Cavaille-Coll (ka-va-ya-kol'), Aristide, org. builder, b. Montpellier, Feb. 2, 1811; d. Paris, Oct. 13, 1899. Son. of Dom. Hyacinthe [1771-1862] also org. builder; came to Paris 1833; built orgs. at St. Denis, St. Sulpice, Madeleine, and other fa- mous churches in France, Holland, etc.; invented improvements and wrote some articles. Cavalieri (ka-val-i-a'-ri), Emilio del, compr. b. Rome, about 1550; d. Florence, Mar. 11, 1602. Inspector of arts under Fernando de Medici; one of earliest to support music for voice with harmonic instrumental accomp., stilo rappresentivo, and to CAVALLI CHADWICK use figured bass; his Rappresenta- zione di Anima e di Corpo, 1660, regarded as first oratorio; contrib- uted largely to development of opera; wrote 4 operas. Cavalli (ka-val-li), Pietro Francesco, compr. b. Cremo, Venice, 1599 or 1600; d. Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. Real name Caletti-Bruni, Cavalli name of patron; singer at St. Mark's under Monteverde; organist there; wrote many operas (27 extant), of greater expressive and rhythmic force than those of Monte- verde; orgt. of merit and compr. of valued church music. Cecilia, Saint, martyred Rome, about 229. Despite religious vows com- pelled to marry Valerianus, she converted him and his brother to Christianity; all three put to death; church built on site of her house about 821; though early writers make no mention of her musical skill, C. has been patron saint of art since very early in 16th century; celebrations of her day, Nov. 22 (in Normandy by Puys, or contests, in England by specially written odes, in France by newly composed masses), have called forth much famous music. Cederstrom, see Patti, Adelina. Cellier (sel-ia), Alfred, compr., condr. b. Hackney, London, Dec. 1, 1844; d. London, Dec. 28, 1891. Son of a French teacher, chorister under Helmore; orgt. at 2 churches; condr. at Belfast, Manchester, and London (Opera Comique 1877-79 and Prom- enade Concerts, with Sullivan, 1878- 79); wrote several operas, greatest successes Dorthy 1886, and The Mountebanks; lived in America and Australia, London after 1887. Cesi (cha-ze), Beniamino, pst. b. Naples, Nov. 6, 1845; d. 1907. Studied at Naples Conservatory under Mercadante and Pappalardo; private lessons from Thalberg; prof, there after 1866; concerts in Italy, France, Egypt; wrote pf. pieces, songs, method, unpublished opera. Cesti (chas'-ti), Marc Antonio, compr. b. Florence, 1620; d. Venice, 1669. Pupil of Carissimi; maestro di capella, Florence, 1646; member of Papal Choir 1660; vice-capellmeis- ter Vienna 1666. Though an eccle- siastic, some say a Franciscan, wrote several operas of which it has been said that he improved the monoton- ous style of operas by introducing adapted church music; best known operas are La Dori and II porno d'oro. Chabrier (sha-bri-a), Alexis Emmanuel, compr. b. Ambert, Jan. 18, 1841; d. Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. While studying and practising law studied pf. with Wolff and harmony with Hignard, but was mostly self- taught; devoted himself to music after 1879; chorusmaster under Lamoureux 1884-85; wrote 2 suc- cessful operettas, 2 operas, Gwendo- line 1886 and Le.roi malgre lui 1887, one unfinished opera Briseis 1899, pf. pieces, and widely known orch. rhapsody Espana; during last years brain was diseased; ardent admirer of Beethoven and Wagner, whose works he helped introduce into France; his own music shows skill in orchestration and strong, original sense of rhythm and color, at times leading to extravagance and at other times to beauty and delicacy. Chadwick, George Wnitefield, compr. b. Lowell, Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. His family, though of musical tastes, did not encourage adopting music as a profession, and his studies with his brother, Dudley Buck, Geo. Whit- ing, and Eugene Thayer were carried on coincidently with public school education and office work up to 1876, when he became head of musical department of Olivet Col- lege, Mich. In one year he saved enough to go to Leipzig where he studied at Cons, with Reinecke and Jadassohn and in 1879 with Rhein- berger at Munich. In 1880 came to Boston, taught composition at N. E. Cons., of which he became director in 1897; conducted Boston Orch. Club, Springfield Festivals, Worcester Festivals; orgt. Second Church. As a teacher C. had great influence, among his pupils having been H. W. Parker, Wallace Good- rich, H. K. Hadley, etc.; he has written a text-book on harmony, and as director has introduced in the N. E. Cons, the high standards CHAMBERLAIN CHARPENTIER and something approaching the " atmosphere " of foreign schools. As a composer he has been most versatile; in the larger forms his comic opera Tabasco (1894) was widely successful, the lyric drama Judith, given as an oratorio 1901, with its graphic orchestration is his most ambitious work, but his over- tures, string quartets, esp. E minor, and F. symph. most widely known and most admired of his instrumental works. One of the most celebrated American composers, C. gives typ- ical expression to the qualities of American music in the deliberate- ness, learning, and wide variety of his work. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, writer. b. Portsmouth, Eng., Sept. 9, 1855. Son of naval officer, educated in France and at Cheltenham; student of natural science and philosophy at German univ.; living in Vienna since 1881; admirer of Germanic civilization, and of Wagner, he has written articles in several languages, and studies of principle in Das Drama R. Wagners and Richard Wagner 1897. Married a daughter of Wagner. ChambonniSres (shon-bon-ni-ar'), Jacques Champion de, harpsichord player, b. about 1600; d. 1670. Father Jacques and grandfather Antoine distinguished orgts.; C. first harpsichord player to Louis XIV; Anglebert and elder Couper- ins his pupils; playing excelled in delicacy of touch; compositions praised for correctness of style, ele- gance of melody, and appropriate- ness of ornaments. Chaminade (sham-i-nad') , Cecile [Louise Stephanie], pst., compr. b. Paris, Aug. 8, 1861. Pupil of Le- couppey, Savart, Marsick, and God- ard. Since dbut at 18 she has won distinction as virtuoso in France and England; her compositions include Callirhoe (ballet-symph.), Les Amazones ( symph. lyrique), popular Concertstuck for pf. and orch., and many agreeable songs and pf. Eieces (Scarf Dance, etc.) which show er charming talent better than larger works; made tour of U. S. as pst. 1908. Chanot (sha-no), Francois, vln.-maker. b. Mirecourt, 1787; d. Brest, 1823. Son of vln.-maker, entered army as engineer; during temporary retire- ment, made vln. of a new model shaped like guitar, without sound- post, based on theory that fiber of wood should be kept as long as possible to increase vibratory power; mstr. was pronounced by Institut de France 1817 not inferior to most famous vlns., but decision not sup- ported by quality of other vlns. on same model made by C's brother Georges (1801-18), skilful vln.-maker. G's wife, nee Florentine Demoliens, also vln.-maker, assisted him in his work. Chapman, William Rogers, condr. b. Hanover, Mass., Aug. 4, 1855. Educated in N. Y.; after trip to Europe in 1875 orgt. there and for 10 years teacher of vocal mus. in public, schools; conductor Apollo and Rubinstein Clubs and of an- nual Maine festival, where his force as choral condr. is shown. Chappell, William, editor, b. London, Nov. 20, 1809; d. there, Aug. 20, 1888. Son of Samuel, who founded firm of Chappell and Co. 1812; Wm. inherited share in business 1834; projected 1840 and encouraged Mu- sical Antiquarian Society; edited Dowland's songs, and Collection of National English Airs, with hist, accounts of songs, very valuable for Shakesperean and earlier songs; some inaccuracies about Scotch songs removed in later editions under other titles Popular music of the olden time, etc. Chapuis (sha-pti-i), Auguste Paul Jean Baptiste, compr. b. Dampierre-sur- Salon, Apr. 20, 1858. Pupil of Dubois, Massenet, Ce"sar Franck at Paris Cons., where he took several prizes; orgt. at St. Roch, Paris; teacher of harm, at Cons, since 1894, inspector of mus. in Paris schools since 1895; composed opera Enguer- rande, not very successful. Charpentier (shar-pan-ti-a), Gustave, compr. b. Dieuze, Lorraine, June 25, 1860. Worked as factory assist- ant; after success at Lille Cons studied at Paris Cons. 1881-87 under Massart (violin), Pessard (harmony), CHAUSSON CHEVILLARD and MasseiMst; won Grand prix de Rome 1887 with scene lyrique Didon. Orch. suite Impressions d'ltalie became popular for daintily pict- uresque orchestrations; La vie du poete, symph. drama for orch. soli and chorus, struck the note of protest, later given more full expres- sion in Louise, roman musical (said to be first of a trilogy), produced at OpeYa Comique 1900, widely else- where on the continent and in N. Y. 1908; the opera is musically skil- fully composed, of marked original- ity, and freedom from conventional models; it is also remarkable for its libretto, in which C. himself has expressed his socialistic interest in the working girl as an individual and his enthusiasm for Montmartre; music is skilful, vivid, and, like his theories, effective, but not deeply original or convincing. Chausson (shos-son), Ernest, compr. b. Paris, 1855; d. Limay, June 12, 1899. Pupil of Massenet at Paris Cons, and of Ce"sar Franck; secre- tary of Socie'te' Nationale de Mus- ique; composed Le Roi Arthus, opera, 1903, 2 smaller dramatic works, several songs, 3 symph. Eems, of which Viviane is best own, a string quartet, etc. Broad- minded admirer of works of Wagner and of contemporaries; mood of his music is that of an " affectionate, dreamy sensitiveness," not weak but seeming self -consciousness. Cherubini (ker-u-be'-ne), Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobi Salvatore, compr. b. Florence, Sept. 14, 1760; d. Paris, Mar. 15, 1842. > Taught by his father, cembalist in theatre, by B. and A. Felice, Bizarri, and Castrucci, then sent to Milan by Duke (after- wards Emperor) Leopold to study with Sarti, from whom he gained thorough proficiency in part-writing after manner of Italian contra- puntists. Between 1780-1784 he composed 8 operas gaining consider- able renown in Italy; 1784-86 he was in England, for one year com- poser to the King. After another year in Italy, he settled in Paris in 1788; his first French opera Demo- phoon was not very successful, but it foreshadows his later work. From 1789-92 he conducted the " Bouffons," Italian opera estab- lished in Paris by the Queen's hair- dresser, Leonard; and in 1791 pro- duced Lodoiska, whose rich ensem- bles and striking harmonic effects made great impression. Up to 1804 he composed his most popular operas Medee 1797, Les deux journees 1800, Anacreon 1803. Summoned to Vienna 1805, he met Beethoven, but, embittered by failure of his plans, returned to France, where after 1809 he composed chiefly sacred music. He had been ap- pointed inspector when the Cons, was founded in 1795, but gained no higher honors owing to Napoleon's dislike of him; after the restoration he gained honor and wealth and in 1822 became director of the Cons.; resigned 1842. As teacher and au- thor of Counterpoint and Fugue, C. influenced Auber, Halevy, Carafa, etc.; the qualities of his music chaste learning, lofty and pure spirit which kept his dramatic music from exerting a wide influ- ence are the very qualities which make his church music admirable. Chevalier (she-val'-ya), Albert Onesime Britannicus Gwathveoyd Louis, singer, b. Notting Hill, London, Mar. 21, 1862. D6but as comedian 1877, toured with Kendals and Hare; private entertainer; since 1891 mu- sic-hall performer of great popularity in England, provinces, and America; specialty coster songs, many of which are composed by brother Auguste, under pseudonym Charles Ingle. Cheve (she-va), Emile Joseph Maurice, teacher, b. Douarnenez, Finistere, 1804; d. Paris, Aug. 26, 1864. Physician; married Nanine, sister of Aime' Paris, and with her wrote numerous pamphlets in support of Galin-Paris-Chev6 system of mus. instruction and sight reading, by which numbers are used to represent the notes of the scale; bitterly attacked Conservatoire professors for opposing the system. Chevillard (she'-ve-yar'), Paul Alex- andre Camille, compr. b. Paris, Oct. 14, 1859. Son of Pierre Alexandre Frangois (1811-1877), famous 'cellist, teacher at Paris Cons., founder of CHLADNI CHOPIN Soci6t6 des derniers quatuors de Beethoven; pf. pupil at Cons, of Mathias, chiefly self-taught in com- position; assistant and successor 1899 of Lamoureux as director of concerts; has composed 2 symph. poems, some songs, and chamber music remarkable for its dignity and personal charm. Chladni (klad'-ne), Ernst Florens Fried- rich, physicist, b. Wittenberg, Nov. 30, 1756; d. Breslau, Apr. 3, 1827. Student of law and medicine at Leipzig, abandoned them for phys- ics, especially acoustics; discovered tone-figures, made by vibrations in sand scattered on glass, and made other discoveries relating to acoustic properties of buildings, classifica- tion of instruments, etc.; also invented clavicylinder, in which sound was produced by friction on glass, much praised by Napoleon but of no musical importance. Chopin (sho-pan), Frederic Francois, compr. b. Zelazowa Wola, near Warsaw, Feb. 22, 1810 [some auth. give Mar. 1, 1809]; d. Paris, Oct. 17, 1849. His mother was a Pole, but his father was a native of Nancy, France, who having failed in business and retired from the army, taught French at several schools, and at a boarding-school of his own, where his son received his rather slight general education. He had thorough musical instruc- tion from Adalbert Zywny, and, while at the Warsaw Lyceum, from Joseph Eisner. In 1818 he won much praise by playing a Gyrowetz concerto in public; in 1825 he pub- lished the rondo Op. 1; in 1829 gave a successful concert in Vienna, and in 1830, after three farewell concerts in Warsaw, he had a not very suc- cessful tour across Europe, arriving in Paris early in 1832. He soon formed many friends among literary and musical circles, such as Balzac, Heine, Liszt, Cherubini, Bellini, Meyerbeer, etc. Up to 1835 he gave infrequent recitals, which seem to have declined in popularity. As a performer he was at his best only in his own music, and from the contradictory reports of contem- poraries emerges an impression that his playing was remarkable i for quality of touch and tone, smoothness and delicacy, rather than force; his use of tempo rubato, strongly condemned by some as a sentimental exaggeration, was evi- dently a technical device well con- trolled and may have been one source of the haunting charm of his performance. C. visited Germany again in 1835-36, when he met Mendelssohn and Schumann, and in 1837 and again at the time of the Revolution of '48 he visited and played in England, returning to Paris about a year before his death. Throughout his life C. was beloved by many women, the most famous of them being the novelist George Sand (Mme. Dudevant); his inti- macy with her lasted from 1837-47; in her Hiver a Majorque, Histoire de ma vie and Lucrezia Floriani (where one of the characters repre- sents Chopin), and in many works of and about the period, the details may be read. From about 1837 C. was troubled with the pulmonary disease of which he finally died; much evidence has been produced to refute the once current idea that he was always a neurotic invalid; but the frequency of such contem- porary remarks as Berlioz's " II se mourait toute sa vie " prevents us from thinking of him as actually robust. His works are practically all for the pianoforte. A posthumous vol- ume of 17 Polish songs, mostly arrangements of old tunes, is his only vocal music; one pf. trio Op. 8, a polonaise Op. 3, sonata Op. 65, and duet for pf. and 'cello represent chamber music, and even here Franchomme rearranged probably the 'cello parts. In the two con- certos for pf. and orch., Op. 11 in E minor and Op. 21 in F minor, the orchestration is so thin that later composers and editors have rewritten it. But in his own field of solo piano music, between 1833-47, he effected a real and permanent revolution, and it is interesting to note that this accomplishment was deliberate and self-conscious, and moreover recog- nized by his contemporaries. Schu- mann's review of Op. 2 in 1831,-with the phrase "Hats off, gentlemen! a genius! " started the vogue in CHORLEY CMAROSA Germany, and in Paris admiration for him and his music was decidedly deeper than mere fashion. His music shows thorough knowledge of construction, and inexhaustible orig- inality; its content is romantic in its restlessness, its lack of conven- tionality, its predisposition toward despair; it is intensely personal, not because it voices C's particular feelings, but because it expresses the intimate moods of individual hearers. Chorley, Henry Fothergill, critic, b. Blackley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15, 1808; d. London, Feb. 16, 1872. Wrote some novels, plays, and literary reviews; translated libretti, and wrote those of Amber Witch, Kenilworth, etc.; on staff of the Athenaeum 1830-1871 wrote mus. criticisms and other papers; also wrote books Modem German Music, etc. Though not a trained musi- cian, and often prejudiced, notably against Schumann and in favor of Mendelssohn, works reflect inter- estingly intelligent contemporary attitudes; Autobiography and Let- ters published. Choron (sho-ron), Alexandra Etienne, theorist, b. Caen, Oct. 21, 1772; d. Paris, June 29, 1834. Student of languages and mathematics, applied himself with great earnestness to mus. theory; music publisher 1805; director Grand Opera, 1816-17; founded and directed 1824-1830 Institution royale de musique, clas- sique et religieuse, where many famous musicians, Dietsch, Duprez, Rosine, Holz, etc., were trained; had influence also on Fe"tis, Kastner, etc.; wrote books on mus. theory and education, dictionary of musicians, translated Albrechtsberger's treatise. Chouquet (sho-ka'), Adolphe Gustave, writer, b. .Havre, Apr. 16, 1819; d. Paris, Jan. 30, 1886. From 1840-60 teaching in New York; after 1871 keeper of museum at Paris Cons., of which he published catalogue; beside contributions to French mus. papers, wrote valuable Histoire general de la musique dramatique en France 1873. Chretien (kra'-ti-an), Hedwige Louise Marie, compr. b. Compiegne, France, July 5, 1859. As pupil of Guiraud and Lenepveu, took prizes at Paris Cons, in solfeggio, harmony, coun- terpoint, composition, and piano; rehearser of solfeggio at Cons.; mar- ried P. Gennaro 1887; has com- posed chamber music, mus. for wind instrs., pf., and songs. Chrysander (kris-an'-der), Carl Franz Friedrich, historian, b. Liibtheen, Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826; d. Bergedorf, Sept. 3, 1901. Ph. D. University of Rostock; devoted most of his life to study of Handel, whose works he edited with con- summate accuracy and wisdom for the Handel Gesellschaft, working quite alone after 1860; biog. of Handel remains unfinished; part editor of Vierteljahrsschrift fur musikwissenschaft with Adler and Spitta; contributed to Allgemeine Zeitung articles extolling Handel above all musicians, protesting against re-editing, and opposing modern tendencies in music. Chwatal (kva-tal), Franz Xaver, compr. b. Rumburg, Bohemia, June 19, 1808; d. Soplbad (Elmen), June 24, 1879. Music teacher at Merseburg and Magdeburg; wrote 2 pf. meth- ods and more than 200 pf. pieces. Brother, Joseph (b. 1811), organ maker in Merseburg, made several valuable improvements in mechanism of org. Cilea (chi-la-a), Francesco, compr. b. Palmi, Calabria, 1867. Despite opposition of father entered Cons, at 14, where won gold medal for orch. suite; began early to write operas; L ' Arlesiana 1897 and Adri- enne Lecouvreur, Milan 1902, New York 1907, especially successful; resigned prof, harmony at Royal Inst. Florence 1905. Cimarosa (chim-a-ro'-za) , Domenico, compr. b. Aversa, Naples, Dec. 17, 1749; d. Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. Son of poor people (his father was a mason) he received education in charity school of Minorites and at Cons. Santa Maria di Loreto, where he studied under Manna, Sacchini, and Piccini. After his first opera was produced in 1772, he lived alter- nately in Rome and Naples, his works growing in popularity until he rivaled Paisiello; after 3 years CIPOLLONE CLAY as court composer in St. Petersburg, he went as court capellmeister in 1792 to Vienna, where he pro- duced his masterpiece II matri- monio segreto. Returning to Naples, he was banished for sympathizing with the Revolution in 1799. Though his operas are said to be of purest Italian vein of melody without monotony, and with deli- cacy of humor surpassed by none but Mozart, only Matrimonio se- greto among 66 has survived. Cipollone (chip-o-lo-ne), Alfonso, com- pr. b. Fara S. Martino (Chieti), Nov. 25, 1843. Pupil of Ruta at Naples; teaching at Teramo; has composed songs, chamber music, and pieces for pf. Claassen (Idas-sen), Arthur, condr. b. Stargard, Prussia, Feb. 19, 1859. Studied at music school in Weimar under Miiller-Hartung, A. W. Gott- schalg, and B. Sulze; attracted interest of Liszt 1878; condr. at Gottingen and Magdeburg; condr. Brooklyn, N. Y., Arion and other societies, established Claassen Mu- sical Institute for classical music only; has composed choruses, orch., and chamber music. Claribel, sec Mrs. C. C. Barnard. Clark, Rev. Frederick Scotson, orgt. b. London, Nov. 16, 1840; d. there, July 5, 1883. Taught by his mother and by Sergent in Paris; orgt. in London at 14; studied with E. J. Hopkins and at Royal Academy with Bennett, Goss, and others; founded London Organ Sch.; after taking .orders he studied abroad, returning to London 1875; skilful player on org. and harmonium; versatile compr. for both instruments. Clarke, Hugh Archibald, compr. b. near Toronto, Aug. 15, 1839. Pupil of father James Patton C. (1808-1877, prof, of music in the University of Upper Canada, and a Mus. Doc. Oxford, orgt.). Moved to Philadel- phia 1859; orgt. in several churches; conducted The Abt Singing Society; prof, of music Univ. of Penn. since 1875; W. W. Gilchrist among pupils; composed music to Aristophanes' Acharnians, and to Euripides' Iphi- genia in Tauris, an oratorio Jerusa- lem, pf. pieces, etc.; has written text-books on harmony and counter- point, Music and the Comrade Arts and Highways and Byways of Music; as lecturer and educator his mature scholarship has been widely felt. Clarke, Jeremiah, orgt. b. London (?) before 1669; d. there, Dec. 1, 1709. Chorister under Blow; orgt. at Win- chester College, St. Paul's Cathedral, joint orgt. at Chapel Royal; com- posed several anthems, the original music to Dryden's Alexander's Feast, now lost, music to several plays, cantatas, and songs; remembered because of original psalm-tunes and anthems. Clarke, John Whitfeld [afterwards known as Clarke- Whitfeld], compr. b. Gloucester, Dec. 13, 1770; d. Holmer, near Hereford, Feb. 22, 1836. Pupil of Ph. Hayes; orgt. at Ludlow, Dublin, Armagh, Cam- bridge; prof, at Cambridge; com- posed services, anthems, an oratorio, etc.; first arranged Handel's ora- torios for voice and pf.; edited Beauties of Handel, Beauties of Purcell, and many others. Clarke, William Horatio, orgt. b. New- ton, Mass., Mar. 8, 1840. Educated at Dedham; orgt. there, and in Boston at Berkeley St. Church and Tremont Temple 1878-87; superin- tendent of schools in Dayton, O.; after 1887 gave private lessons; retired from professional life 1892; written works on construction of org., short voluntaries, anthems, essays (Cheerful Philosophy for Thoughtful Invalids, etc.). Clausz - Szarvady (klous-shar-va-di) , Wilhelmine, pst. b. Prague, Dec. 13, 1834; d. Paris, Sept., 1907. Studied at Proksch Inst.; tour to Dresden and Leipzig 1850; although noticed by Berlioz she did not attract atten- tion in Paris until about 1853, after which had great success there and in London and Germany; executed classic music, Scarlatti, Bach, and Beethoven with con- scientious fidelity and comprehend- ing spirit. Clay, Frederic, compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3, 1840; d. Great Marlow, Bucks, Nov. 24, 1889. Son of James C., M. P.; studied at Paris under Molique and CLEMENS COAXES at Leipzig under Hauptmann; held post in Treasury; taught music in London; composed several success- ful operas and songs. Clemens, Charles Edwin, orgt. b. Plymouth, Eng., Mar. 12, 1856. Pupil of Weeks, Martin, and Pauer at Royal Coll. of Mus.; orgt. at Davenport at 11, of Eng. church at Berlin, teacher in Scharwenka Cons.; since 1895 in Cleveland, O., teach- ing, lecturing at Western Reserve Univ., condr. Singers' Club; pub- lished Pedal Technique, and Modern School for Organ, of great value. Clemens Jacob [called Clemens non Papa to distinguish him from Pope Cl. VII], compr. b. about 1500; d. Vienna (?) before 1558. Definite facts of life unknown, probably dir. of mus. at Antwerp Cathedral; a prolific and versatile compr. of Netherland School; his numerous masses and motets are extraordi- narily melodious for his day, without lacking contrapuntal skill. Clement, Edmond, operatic tenor. Ed- ucated at the Paris Conservatoire where he won first prize at eighteen years of age, making his dbut in Mireille at the Opera Comique, of which company he was a member up to the time he came to New York Metropolitan Opera House, during the season of 1909-1910. Clement (kla-man), Felix Auguste, historian, b. Paris, Jan. 13, 1822; d. there, Jan. .23, 1885. Studied music secretly; orgt. at Sorbonne and director at Sainte Chapelle; edited early music; wrote method for plainsong, a history of music and one of religious music, and Dictionnaire lyrique (1868, supple- ments to '81, re-edited by Pougin 1897), valuable reference list of operas, with dates of performance,etc. dementi, Muzio, pst., compr. b. Rome, 1752; d. Evesham, War- wickshire, Eng., Mar. 10, 1832. Father a silversmith with musical tastes had child taught early by orgt. Buroni and Cordicelli; at 9 C. won position as orgt. in competitive test; later taught by Carpani and Santarelli. Performance of mass composed at 14 attracted attention of Peter Beckford, who took boy to England to be educated. In 1770 C. burst upon London as remark- ably equipped pst. and from 1777- 1780 was cembalist at Italian opera. In 1781 traveled to Paris and ulti- mately to Vienna, where he and Mozart played together in rivalry; though the victory was awarded to neither, C. thereafter adopted smoother and less mechanical methods of playing. On return to England C. gained large fortune from interest in mus. publishing (both with others and at establish- ment of his own), and by teaching. In 1802 he took John Field to St. Petersburg, taught Meyerbeer, and met Beethoven who admired his works in Germany, and in 1810 returned to England for most of the rest of his life. As a teacher he had wide influence on Field, Cramer, Berger, Moscheles, Meyerbeer, etc.; as a player and composer, he estab- lished modern pf. playing. His sonatas fixed the form of pf. sonata and his Gradus ad Parnassum, 100 pf. studies, are still indispensable to a thorough training. He wrote about 100 sonatas, other pf. pieces, some unpublished orch. mus.; his works are marked by precision of form, fresh quickness of movement, and lack of sentimentality. Clough-Leighter, H., compr. b. Wash- ington, D. C., May 13, 1874. Studied harmony and pf. with mother at five, and later with Henry Xandcr and Humfrey Anger. Boy soprano; organist at fifteen, holding positions in Washington and Providence; de- voted chiefly to composition of church and secular cantatas and songs, some with orchestral accomp. ; lives in Boston. Clutsam, George H., pst., compr. b. Australia. Member of concert com- pany; accompanist for Melba in English tour 1893. Compositions include symph., songs, etc. Coates, John, tenor. Educated Brad- ford Grammar Sch.; first London appearance Savoy Th. 1894; for 5 years leading parts in comic opera, with two trips to America ; attracted attention 1900 when singing in The Gay Pretenders; first appearance at COBB COLERIDGE-TAYLOR Covent Garden 1901, since then in Cologne, Berlin, Paris, and at most important English festivals. Cobb, Gerard Francis, compr. b. Nettlestead, Kent, Oct. 15, 1838. Educated at Marlborough College and Trinity Coll. Cambridge, of which he became Fellow 1863; Pres. of Camb. Univ. Mus. Soc.; Chair- man of Board of Mus. Studies. Musical education in Dresden; pub- lished anthems, part-songs, songs, suite, etc. Coenen (ke-nen), Willem, pst. b. Rotterdam, Nov. 17, 1837. Trav- eled in S. America and W. Indies; since 1862 settled in London; com- posed oratorio Lazarus, etc. Brother Franz (1826-1904), vU., pupil of Vieuxtemps and Molique who, after tours in S. America, became direc- tor of Amsterdam Cons.; resigned 1895. Coerne (kern), Louis Adolphe, compr. b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 27, 1870. From 6 to 10 he studied chiefly violin in Stuttgart and Paris; after prep- aration in Boston public schools, studied at Harvard under Paine and at same time with F. Kneieel; 1890-93 with Rheinberger in Munich ; played abroad, at Chicago Exposi- tion, orgt. in Boston, Cambridge, Buffalo, and Columbus, also director of choral societies; 1903 mus. dir. at Smith Coll.; at Olivet Coll. 1909; prof . Univ. Wisconsin 1910; composed 2 operas Woman of Marblehead and Zenobia (Bremen 1905), symph. poem Hiawatha, played in Cam- bridge 1894, and many smaller works, of which those for the org. are especially praised for contrapuntal skill; published Evolution of Modern Orchestration 1908. Cole, Belle, contralto, b. Chautauqua, N. Y.; d. London, Jan. 5, 1905. Taught by her father; soloist N. Y. church, contralto with Thomas mu- sical festival tour 1883; popular at concerts and festivals in England; successful tours to Australia, New Zealand, and round the world; U. S. 1901. Cole, Rossetter Gleason, compr., teacher. b. Clyde, Mich., Feb. 5, 1866. As a boy he showed talent for composition, but his systematic training did not begin until he was fifteen; educated in the public schools of Ann Arbor, Mich., and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1888, taking the theoretical course in music as part of his college work for the degree of Ph.B.; taught in the High Schools of Ann Arbor and Aurora, 111., for two years and then went to Berlin; pupil in composition of Max Bruch; prof, of music Ripon College (Wis.) 1892-94; Grinnell College (Iowa) 1894-1901; teacher in Chicago 1901-1907; prof, of music, University of Wisconsin, 1907-09; lecturer on music, Colum- bia University Summer Session, 1908-1910; President of Music Teachers' National Association 1903, 1909, 1910; lives in Chicago; pub- lished compositions number about 60; well-known works are Novellette in Gb, and From a Lover's Note-Book for piano, the songs Auf Wiedersehen, A Kiss and A Tear, and Dearie and the musical recitations King Robert of Sicily and Hiawatha's Wooing. Cole, Samuel Wlnkley, teacher, b. Meriden, N. H., Dec. 24, 1848. Studied with J. W. Tufts and at N. E. Cons.; orgt. at Portsmouth and Boston; teacher of sight-sing- ing N. E. Cons, since 1883; super- visor of public school music in Dedham 1886-1906 and in Brook- line since 1884; director of People's Singing Class and conductor Peo- ple's Choral Union in Boston, and has been very successful with these organizations; author of books on sight-singing and public school text- books; charge of music Boston Univ. since 1906. Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, compr. b. London, Aug. 15, 1875. Father, West African, a physician, mother English; studied vln. at 6 with Beckwith and later at Royal Coll. of Mus., where he also studied comp. under C. V. Stanford; living in Lon- don; teacher in Trinity College and conductor of the Handel Society; attained early remarkable success, commissioned at one time to write for three festivals; compositions: triple cantata on portions of Long- fellow's Hiawatha, charming in sim- plicity, vigor and unusual rhythms; COLLAN cantatas Meg Blane, Endymioris Dream, etc.; an oratorio The Atone- ment, Five Choral Ballads with or- chestra; nonet for piano, strings and wind, quintet for clarinet and strings, string quartet, Five Negro Melodies for violin, 'cello and piano; symphony in A minor, orchestral rhapsody En- dymion, Ballade in A minor, Solemn Prelude for orchestra; incidental music to Herod, Ulysses, Nero and Faust; some forty songs, 24 Negro Melodies transcr. for piano; various piano solos, anthems and part songs, and works in large and small form for violin with orchestra or piano. Visited United States in 1904, 1906 and again in 1910 to direct the first production of Bamboula Rhapsody Dance for orch. at the Norfolk (Conn.) Festival. Collan, Karl, compr., author, b. Jan. 3, 1828; d. Helsingfors, Sept. 2, 1871; dr. phil. and librarian at the Uni- versity; translated the Kalevala, the national epic of Finland, into Swedish; compositions are mainly songs. Colonna, Giovanni Paolo, compr. b. Brescia or Bologna about 1637; d. Bologna, Nov. 28, 1695. Son of Antonio, org. maker; studied at Rome under Carissimi, Abbatini, and Benevoli; orgt. at Rome and Bologna; four times president of Accademia Filarmonica; Bononcini among pupils; wrote one opera Amilcare 1693, 2 books of motets, 6 oratorios, etc. Colonne (ko-lan'), Judas [called Edou- ard], vlt., condr. b. Bordeaux, July 24, 1838; d. March 28, 1910. Took prizes in harmony and violin at Paris Cons.; first violin at Ope'ra, resigned to establish Concert Na- tional, later Concerts du Chatelet, famous for production of works of Berlioz and younger French com- posers; condr. at exhibition of '78, at Grand Ope'ra 1892, in London 1896. Married Eugenie Elise Ver- gin (b. 1854), singer and successful teacher. Concone (con-co'-ne), Giuseppe, teacher. b. Turin, 1810; d. there, June 1, 1861. Taught singing and pf. in Paris 1832-48; orgt. court choir at Turin; published 2 operas, pf. music, COOKE and especially solfeggi and vocalises, which are not only valuable but melodious and free from monotony. Conradi (kon-ra'-di), August, compr. b. Berlin, June 27, 1821; d. there, May 26, 1873. Pupil of Rungen- hagen; orgt. at Berlin; intimate of Liszt in Weimar, condr. in various cities and at various Berlin theatres; composed 8 operas, 5 symphonies, made many arrangements and pot- pourris, by which chiefly he is known. Conti, Gioacchino [called Gizziello], singer, b. Arpino, Naples, Feb. 28, 1714; d. Rome, Oct. 25, 1761. Celebrated soprano, named after nis teacher, Gizzi; debut Rome 1729; famous in Italy and successful in London in 1736 where he supported Handel; 1753 withdrew to Arpino. Converse, Charles Crozat, compr. b. Warren, Mass., Oct. 7, 1832. Studied at Leipzig law, philosophy, and music with Richter, Hauptmann, Plaidy, etc.; practised law in Erie, Pa.; now living in New Jersey; has published under names Karl Redan, C. O. Nevers, C. E. Revons; chief works American Overture on Hail Columbia, widely popular hymn What a friend we have in Jesus, etc. Converse, Frederick Shepard, compr. b. Newton, Mass., Jan. 5, 1871. After graduating from Harvard where he studied with Paine, he continued with Baermann and Chad- wick, then at Royal School in Munich with Rheinberger; returning to Boston 1898, taught at N. E. Cons. and at Harvard College (1906- 1907); chief works are sonata for vln. and pf.; string quartet, pf. pieces, symphony, Festival of Pan romance for orchestra; two poems for pf. and orch., La Belle Dame sans Merci, ballad for barit. and orch., Mystic Trumpeter, fantasy for orch., Pipe of Desire, opera (Boston 1906), Job, oratorio 1907. C's music is scholarly and often freely modern. Cooke, Benjamin, compr., orgt. b. London, 1734; d. there, Sept. 14, 1793. Son of music publisher, pupil of Pepusch; deputy orgt. at West- minster at 12, orgt. 1762; Mus. Doc. at both Cambridge and Oxford; asst. director of Handel commemoration COOMBS COREY 1784; resigned conductorship of Acad. of Ancient Mus. to Arnold; beside excellent church music, com- posed especially fine glees (Hark, hark! the lark) and canons. Coombs, Charles Whitney, orgt., compr. b. Bucksport, Me., Dec. 25, 1859. Studied 12 years in Germany and England, piano with Speidel, com- position with Draeseke, Jansen, and John; orgt. at Amer. Ch. in Dresden, now in New York. Composed cantata Vision of St. John, several sacred and secular songs, some very popular. Cooper, George, orgt. b. Lambeth, London, July 7, 1820; d. London, Oct. 2, 1876. Son of asst. orgt. at St. Paul's, at 11 he took services for his father and at 13 held first of many positions at different London churches, asst. at St. Paul's and finally 1867 orgt. at Chapel Royal; chief publications valuable organ arrangements, Organist's Manual, etc.; an able executant, he helped to familiarize audiences with Bach and others; left no compositions of his own. Coquard (kok-ar'), Arthur, compr., crit., teacher, b. Paris, May 26, 1846; d. there, Aug., 1910. At first lawyer, secretary, and librarian, he studied with Cesar Franck; mus. dir. at Institut des jeunes aveugles 1891-99; author of a pamphlet on Ce"sar Franck (1891) and of De la musique en France depuis Rameau 1891; com- positions include operas, incidental music to plays, orchestral works, chamber music, motets, organ pieces, and songs. Corder, Frederick, compr., writer, b. Hackney, London, Jan. 26, 1852. Forbidden to study music until after 18, finally obtained Mendelssohn Scholarship 1875 at Royal Acad. and studied with F. Hiller at Co- logne; on return, as condr. at Brighton Aquarium, raised concerts there to high level ; teacher of comp. and curator at Royal Acad.; has composed several operas, some suc- cessful cantatas, Bridal of Trier- main, Sword of Argantyr, and songs; has done good work as critic, and translator, notably of Wagner li- brettos. Son Paul W. (b. 1879), also composer. Pupil of father in comp. and of Beringer and Matthay in pf.; teacher at Royal Acad.; comp. for piano, an opera, fantasy, and orch. works. Corelli, Arcangelo, vlt., compr. b. Fusignano, Italy, Feb. 12 or 13, 1653; d. Rome, Jan. 10, 1713. Pupil in vln. of Bassani, counter- point of Simonelli; after traveling in Germany and possibly in France, settled in Rome about 1685, under patronage of Cardinal Ottoboni, a charming and amiable man, a connoisseur of pictures, who was a favorite in Roman society and his Monday concerts important events; he had many famous pupils, among them Locatelli, Geminiani, Baptiste. In 1708 he yielded to urgent invita- tion of King of Naples, but his playing did not please the King and he made some humiliating mistakes. The discovery that Valentini had become popular in Rome seemed to him so much an added mortification that his health gave way. Without being an innovator, he established vln. technic upon a firm basis. His works, several sets of twelve sonatas for vln. and other instru- ments, are of great historical im- portance, as early examples of less severely contrapuntal manner, after- ward developed by Bach. Corey, Newton J., orgt., lecturer, teacher. b. Hillsdale, Mich., 1861. Parents were talented amateurs; showed musical inclinations as a boy, " picking up " instruction in a desul- tory way until at the age of thirteen he had a course of lessons in pipe organ playing; organist in Hillsdale College until 1880, when he went to Boston to study music; pupil under J. C. D. Parker, B. J. Lang, S. B. Whitney, G. W. Chadwick, and W. F. Apthorp; graduate of literary department of Hillsdale College; began professional career in Boston 1881 as organist in various churches; in 1891 went to Detroit as organist of Fort St. Pres. Church which posi- tion he still fills (1910); has played organ recitals in the leading American cities, and has given many lecture recitals since 1885, being the first to introduce lecture recitals with the aid of stereopticon views of Richard CORNELIUS COURVOISIER Wagner and his operas; his lecture on Edward MacDowell has also been well received; musical editor Detroit Saturday Night. Cornelius, Carl August Peter, compr., writer, b. Mayence, Dec. 24, 1824; d. there, Oct. 26, 1874. Grand- nephew of painter of same name; failure as actor turned his attention to music; studied with Dehn 1845- 1850; in 1852 went to Weimar, where became intimate with Liszt and an ardent worker in the New German School which propagated Wagner's theories; C. wrote many articles, esp. in Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik; failure of his opera Barbier von Bagdad caused Liszt to leave Weimar; C. met Wagner at Vienna and followed him to Munich as reader to Ludwig and teacher at Cons.; composed 2d opera Cid, prod. 1865 and 3d Gunlod (orches- trated after his death and prod. 1891), as well as many songs, some of which have charm despite occas- ionally forced writing. Cornell, John Henry, orgt., writer, b. New York, May 8, 1828; d. there, Mar. 1, 1894. Studied in N. Y. and abroad; orgt. several churches in N. Y.; conservative compr. of church mus.; author of useful edu- cational works, notably Theory and Practice of Musical Form. Cortesi (kor-ta'-si), Francesco, teacher. b. Florence, 1830; d. there, Jan. 3, 1904. Studied at Bologna under Rossini, etc., conducted, composed light dramatic works; head of vocal dept. in gov't school in Florence after 1880. Costa, Sir Michael [Andrew Agnus], condr. b. Naples, Feb. 4, 1808; d. Brighton [London?], Apr. 29, 1884. Taught by his father Pasquale, himself a composer, by Tritto, and Zingarelli; in 1829, having already composed 4 operas, a can- tata, an oratorio, 3 symphonies, and a mass, he was sent to Eng. to con- duct comp. of Zingarelli's, but was allowed only to sing in it; from 1830-46 he conducted opera in London, producing several operas, Don Carlos being the best; he conducted the Philharmonic, Sacred Harmonic Society, Birmingham and Leeds Festivals, Her Majesty's Opera after 1871. Beside opera and ballets, wrote oratorios Naaman, Eli. Son Carlo (1826-1888), teacher of theory at Naples Cons. Couperin (ko-pe"-ran), distinguished family of French musicians, all of whom were orgts. at St. Gervais, Paris. First musical generation con- sisted of three brothers, sons of Charles I and Marie of Chaume in La Brie. Louis, the eldest (1630- 1665), was 1st vlt. in the king's band and left 3 harpsichord suites. The second was Francois I (1631- 1698); his son was Nicolas (1680- 1748), and his son in turn Armand- Louis (1725-89), who, in addition to the family post, was orgt. at two other churches, at the private chapel, and one of four orgts. at Notre Dame; he published some music for harpsichord and violin. His two sons Pierre Louis (d. 1789) and Francois Gervais (d. 1823?) were the last to hold position. The third of the 3 sons of Charles I, Charles II (1638-1669), was the father of the greatest, Francois II, surnamed Le Grand, b. Paris, Nov. 10, 1668; d. there, 1733. He was pupil of Thomelin; orgt. at Ver- sailles 1693, at St. Gervais probably before 1693; clavecinist and organist to the king 1701. He was the first great composer for the harpsichord as distinct from the organ; by the melodic content of his music, his wealth of idea, sense of what was suitable to his instr. he had impor- tant influence on his time; tried to represent customs of his country (rus- tic fetes, etc.) in music, even to give Eictures of individuals famous in istory and mythology; especially perfected rondo form. Couppey, Le, see Le Couppey. Courvoisier (kor-vo-a-zi-a), Carl, vlt. b. Basel, Nov. 12, 1846; d. Liverpool, Apr., 1908. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of David and Rontgen, and of Joa- chim; while conducting in Frank- fort studied singing with G. Barth; condr. of theatre and choral soc. in Dusseldorf; teacher of singing in Liverpool since 1885; has published symph., vln. concerto, etc., and valuable Die Violintechnik. COUSSEMAKER CRESCENTINI Coussemaker (kos-mak-ar'), Charles Edmond Henri de, ivriter. b. Bailleul, France, Apr. 19, 1835; d. Bourbourg, Jan. 10, 1876. Father, a judge; showed precocious ability on pf., vln., and 'cello; while studying at Douai Lycee learned harmony from Mo- reau, and later comp. from Reicha and others in Paris; while acting as judge in various towns, he carried on valuable researches in musical history, especially harmony of the Middle Ages. Coverley, Robert, compr. b. Oporto, Portugal, Sept. 6, 1863. Studied composition in London with Ludwig, Jacquinot, and Weisthill, etc.; came to New York 1884, returned to Lon- don 1897; has composed many pf. works and very many widely popu- lar songs. Coward, Henry, chorus condr. b. Liver- pool, Nov. 26, 1849. From 9-22 worked in Sheffield at cutlery; from 22-39 taught school, having pre- pared himself in spare time; at 39 devoted himself to music; Mus. Doc. 1894; compositions, cantatas, etc. of no importance compared to re- markable success, due to original methods, as a trainer of choruses, evidenced especially in Sheffield Mus. Festival. Cowen, Frederic Hymen, compr. b. Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 29, 1852. Very early showed love for music; pupil in England of Goss and Bene- dict; gave a concert 1859; 1865 won but abandoned Mendelssohn Scholar- ship; studied at Leipzig Cons, with Plaidy, Moscheles, Reinecke, etc.; after few appearances in Eng. 1866, went to Berlin 1867, where he studied conducting under Kiel; accompanist under Mapleson and Costa; 1888- 1892 condr. of Philharmonic Soc.; 1888 condr. at Melbourne Exhibi- tion, also at Manchester, Liverpool, and various festivals; reappointed at Philharmonic 1900, he instituted valuable reforms. He has composed 4 operas, all of which have been per- formed, and several successful can- tatas, The Rose Maiden, The Cor- sair, chamber music, suites, over- tures, and 5 symph., of which No. 3 " Scandinavian " first brought C. into prominence in 1880. No. 4 "Welsh" also has interest gained by local color, which C. handles with dexterity and ease. Cowles, Eugene, singer, compr. b. Stanstead, Canada. Father, a phy- sician, and mother were both excel- lent singers; showed early aptitude for music, studied vln.; educated at Stanstead Wesleyan College; at 19 went to Chicago, clerk in First Na- tional Bank, studied singing and harmony with A. E. Ruff, sang in church choir and concerts; 1888 joined the Bostonians as leading basso, making dbut as Squire Ban- tam in Dorothy; with the Bostonians ten years, created role of Scarlett in Robin Hood; sang with Alice Nielsen, Fritzi Scheff and others; 1910 with Victor Herbert's opera Sweet Sixteen. Has written many songs, the most successful being the ballad Forgotten; also five bass songs, A Gipsy King am I, etc. Cramer (kra-mer), Johann Baptist, pst., teacher, b. Mannheim, Feb. 24, 1771; d. London, Apr. 16, 1858. Son of Wilhelm (1745-Oct. 5, 1799), vlt. and condr.; brother of Franz or Frangois (1772-1848), vtt., and of Carl (b. 1780), pst. Brought to Lon- don when a year old, he always considered it as home. He was taught by his father, by Benser, Schroeter, Clementi, and, though he had some lessons in thorough-bass from Abel, taught himself composi- tion. After d6but as player in 1781, he made professional tours on the Continent, spending some time in Munich and Paris, earning fame as player and teacher. In 1824 he established a publishing house still known as Cramer & Co. He retired in 1835. His playing was remark- able for his legato touch and his ability to distinguish inner parts; Beethoven admired it above all others. His music, sonatas, etc. is solid and often dry; his chief claim to fame rests on his polished and solid studies, which are second only to dementi's in practical usefulness, without loss of musical interest. Crescentini (kres-shen-te'-ni),Girolamo, singer, b. Urbania, near Urbino, Feb. 2, 1766; d. Naples, Apr. 24, 1846. Gibelli trained his beautiful CRISTOFORI CROWEST mezzo soprano voice, and after his i de"but in Rome in 1783 he sang in London (where he had no success) j and all the Italian capitals; Napo- ] leon heard him at Vienna and engaged him for Paris where he sang 1806-12; after 1816 taught at Naples. One of the last of his school, he was evidently of the finest, for his singing is praised not only for richness of tone but for force of expression; he also composed songs, vocalises, and method. Cristofori, Bartolommeo di Francesco [incorrectly written Christofani], in- ventor of pf. b. Padua, May 4, 1653; d. Florence, Mar. 17, 1731. Harpsichord maker in Padua; in- duced to go to Florence by Prince Ferdinand, son of Grand Duke Cosimo III; after Prince's death, in charge of instruments he had left. In 1711 Maffei published an account of four " gravicembali col piano e forte " which C. had made, and gave diagram to show the action of the key, lever, hopper, and hammer upward against the string, in place of quills which plucked the strings in the usual harpsichord. The exist- ence of this diagram and of actual instruments bearing C's name as " inventor " and dates as early as 1720 and 1726 seem to prove the right of the instrument to its Italian name by proving C. the actual inventor of its distinguishing feature. (But see Schroeter, C. G.) Croce (kro-che), Giovanni dalla, compr. b. Chioggia, about 1557; d. Venice, May 15, 1609. Pupil of Zarlino, chorister and leader at St. Mark's; maestro 1603; also ordained priest; composed madrigals, motets, fine but not remarkably original; Triaca Musicale, volume of comic part- songs in Venetian dialect, including dialogue between cuckoo and night- ingale, has unique interest. Croft [or Crofts], William, compr. b. Nether Ettington, Warwick, 1678 (baptized Dec. 30); d. Bath, Aug. 14, 1727. Chorister in Chapel Royal under Blow; orgt. at St. Anne's, at Chapel Royal, and (1708) at West- minster, and composer to Chapel Royal; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1713; composed many fine anthems and psalm tunes; published 1712 Divine Harmony, words of anthems with historical account; 1724 Musica Sacra, 30 anthems of his own, first volumes, he says, engraved in score on plates; at least first in England. Cross, Michael Hurley, orgt. b. Phila- delphia, Apr. 13, 1833; d. there, Sept. 26, 1897. Pupil of B. Cross, Meignen, etc.; orgt. at St. Patrick's, the Cathedral, and for 17 years at Holy Trinity; director of societies in Phila. and N. Y.; had many pupils (J. G. Huneker among them) and great influence on musical life in Phila. Crotch, William, compr. b. Norwich, Eng., July 5, 1775; d. Taunton, Dec. 29, 1847. Son of a carpen- ter, his extraordinary precocity (he played on a small organ at a little over 2, and performed in public at 4) was the subject of articles by Daines, Barrington, and Burney; he studied music and theology at Oxford; was orgt. and prof, at Oxford Univ., lectured at Mus. School; 1822 1st principal Royal Acad. Composed 3 oratorios, one at age of 14, glees, odes (Methinks I hear most popular), Elements of Mus., etc. Crouch, Frederick Nicholls, 'cellist, b. London, July 31, 1808; d. Balti- more, Md., Aug. 18, 1896. Pupil of grandfather and father, of Bochsa, and at Royal Acad. of others; 'cellist in various orch. in England and America after 1849; condr. Mrs. Rush's Saturday Concerts, Phila.; founder unsuccessful acad. in Washington; Confederate soldier; teacher in Baltimore; famous as composer of Kathleen Mavourneen. Crow, Edwin John, orgt. b. Sitting- bourne, Kent, Eng., Sept. 17, 1841; d. Dec., 1907. Pupil of E. J. Hop- kins; orgt. of 3 churches in Leicester, and Ripon cathedral; Mus. Doc. 1882; comp. cantata and ch. music; examiner for Incorp. Soc. of Mus. Crowest, Frederick J., writer, b. Lon- don, 1850. For some years had success as tenor, under name of Arthur Vitton. Orgt. and compr., but chiefly known as author of readable books of biography and CRUVELLI CUZZONI anecdote, The Great Tone Poets, Phases of Musical England, Story of British Music, etc. Cruvelli, Johanne Sophie Charlotte, singer, b. Bielefeld, Mar. 12, 1826; d. Nice, Nov., 1907. Real name Criiwell; sister Friedericke Marie (1824-1868); enjoyed short-lived suc- cess as natural singer; Sophie's voice beautiful but full of faults owing to lack of training; brilliant d6but Venice 1847; partial failure in London 1848 (due to greater charms of Jenny Lind) was fol- lowed by success in Paris, where she was finally engaged at the Ope"ra 1854; married Count Vigier and retired 1856; especially successful in Verdi's operas; her great triumph at Paris in '51 was in Ernani. Cui (kooi'), Cesar Antonovitch, compr. b. Vilna, Poland, Jan. 18, 1835. By profession a military engineer, he is an authority on fortification on which he lectures at the Artillery School; in 1857 his early taste for music was revived by meeting with Balakirev, whose disciple he be- came; chief works are Angela 1876, Flibustier 1889, 4 orch. suites, about 200 songs, and pf. pieces. Despite fact that he is exponent of theories of New Russian School (La musique en Russie) his own music lacks . definite national coloring; he in- clines to small and elaborated forms, even in larger choral works, with a resulting feeling of affectation; crit- ical writings of value to Russia, in calling attention to German music, and of interest to others in their revelation of Russian opinions. Cummings, William Hayman, singer, b. Sidbury, Devon, Aug. 22, 1831. Chor- ister in St. Paul's, singer in the Tem- ple Ch., Westminster, Chapel Royal; opera singer 1870; concert singer at various festivals, in U. S. 1871; teacher at Royal Acad. and prin- cipal 1896-1910 Guildhall School; founder of Purcell Society; author of Life of Purcell, Primer of Rudi- ments of Mus., biog. diet., the usual compositions, cantata, part-song, etc.; learned in antiquarian details. Curschmann, Karl Friedrich, compr. b. Berlin, June 21, 1804; d. Lang- fuhr, near Danzig, Aug. 24, 1841. Turned his attention from law to music in 20th year; after study with Spohr and Hauptmann settled, with occasional concert tours, in Berlin; before Schubert and Schu- mann were known, composed about 90 simple songs, melodious and worthy of the place they have held in the amateur's repertoire. Curwen, John, teacher, b. Heckmond- wike, Yorkshire, Nov. 14, 1816; d. Manchester, May 26, 1880. A non- conformist minister, seeking simple method of teaching people to sing, he adopted system invented by Miss S. A. Glover, which he developed as Tonic-Sol-Fa method; gave up min- istry 1864; Ass'n founded 1853, and College 1875, opened 1879; numer- ous publications relate chiefly to the method and to the art of teach- ing; many arrangements in Sol-Fa of masterpieces. Cusins, Sir William George, orgt. b. London, Oct. 14, 1833; d. Remou- champs (Ardennes), Aug. 31, 1893. Chorister at Chapel Royal, pupil of Ftis at Brussels Cons., and of Potter, Sterndale Bennett, etc. at Royal Acad.; orgt. Queen's Private Chapel; vlt. Roy. Italian Opera; prof. Royal Acad. and Guildhall; examiner Queen's Coll. and Nat'l Training Sch.; condr. Philharmonic 1867-83; composed 2 concert over- tures, oratorio, marches, etc. Cutter, Benjamin, compr. b. Woburn, Mass., Sept. 6, 1857; d. May 10, 1910. Son of physician; studied vln. with Eichberg and harmony with Emery, comp. with Seifriz in Stutt- gart; member of Bost. Symph. Orch. ; teacher of vln. and harmony N. E. Cons.; has written text-books on harmony and vln. playing, chamber music, a cantata Sir Patrick Spens, a Mass in D, Harmonic Analysis, and How to Study Kreutzer. Cuzzoni (koot-zo'-ne), Francesca, dram, contralto, b. Parma or Modena, about 1700; d. Bologna, 1770. Pupil of Lanzi; debut Venice 1719; appeared in London 1722, where she married Sandoni, attained such suc- cess in Handel's operas that she became rival of Faustina; in 1728, dismissed by being offered a guinea less than Faustina, sang in Venice, CZERNY DAMROSCH and again in London in 1734, and for an unsuccessful benefit in 1750; imprisoned for debt in Holland, she ended her life in Bologna as a button- maker, in great poverty. Czerny (char'-ni), Carl, pst., teacher. b. Vienna, Feb. 20, 1791; d. there, July 15, 1857. Taught by his father, Wenzel, and by Beethoven, who took great interest in him; influenced by acquaintance with dementi and Hummel; professional tour planned for 1804 having been abandoned he gave up concert play- ing and remained in Vienna all his life, except for a short trip to Leip- zig 1836, one to Paris and London 1837, and one to Lombardy 1846. His gentle nature shrank from the harshness of the world and he lived with his parents in a charming domesticity which Beethoven envied and wished to share; his days and nights were filled with industrious work. He was a most prolific com- poser; beside nearly a thousand printed compositions, he left many Mss. Though he composed in all forms, the only works now used are his pf. studies which are of perma- nent value. His great success as a teacher is shown by the fact that he taught Ninette von Belleville (Mme. Oury), Jaell, Thalberg, Doh- ler, Theod. KulJak, and Liszt. Czibulka (tche-bool'-ka), Alphons, compr. b. Szeges-Varallya, Hun- gary, May 14, 1842; d. Vienna, Oct. 27, 1894. Pst., condr. at Karl- theater; bandmaster Viennese regts.; composed pf. music, dance music, and 6 operettas. Dalayrac (da-la-rak'), Nicolas, compr. b. Muret, Haute-Garonne, June 13, 1753; d. Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. Musi- cal tastes persisting despite his father's efforts to turn him to law or the army, he became pupil of Langl6; wrote first operetta Le petite souper 1781 and thereafter wrote one or two a year, even Curing the Revolution; about 60 in all, which seem to have been popular, but none permanent, Les deux Savoyards perhaps best known; also distin- guished as chess player. D'Albert, Eugen, see Albert, Eugen d'. Dalcroze, Emile Jaques-, compr. b. Vienna, July 6, 1865. Of Swiss parentage, educated at univ. and cons, of Geneva; pupil of R. Fuchs and Bruckner at Vienna, and of Delibes in Paris; teacher at Geneva Cons. 1892; comp. 2 operas and 3 can- tatas, a boldly revolutionary vln. con- certo, popular string quartet, and, especially, various collections of songs, Chansons enfantines, Chez nous, etc., which are extremely pop- ular in Switzerland and Germany be- cause of their humorous and local characteristics; author of a method of training children which embodies rhythmic movements; removed to Dresden, 1910. Damm, G., see Steingraber. Damoreau (da-mo-ro), Laure Cinthie, [nee Montalant], singer, b. Paris, Feb. 6, 1801 ; d. there, Feb. 25, 1863. Pupil at Paris Cons, at age of 7; debut Paris at 18 as Mile. Cinti; sang in London with indifferent success 1822; had success at Opra 1826-35, espe- cially in parts which Rossini comp. for her (Siege de Corinth and Moise) ; at Ope>a Comique 1835-43, where Auber also wrote for her; married actor Damoreau 1827; retired 1843, but made tours after that to U. S., St. Petersburg, etc.; prof, at Cons. 1833-34, 1836-56; published songs and method. DaMotta (da-mot' -ta), JoseVianna, pst. b. Isle of St. Thomas, Africa, 1868. Went at early age to Lisbon, where studied at Cons.; after d^but at 14 King Ferdinand sent him to Berlin, where he studied with Ph. and X. Scharwenka; later with Liszt, Schaf- fer, and Von Biilow; successful tours in Europe and S. America 1902; com- posed for pf. and orch. (Portuguese Scenes, and Rhapsodies)', written on Von Biilow, Liszt, etc.; now in Berlin. Damrosch (dam'-rosh), Leopold, condr. b. Posen, Oct. 22, 1832; d. New York, Feb. 15, 1885. Took degree DANA DA PONTE of M.D. at Berlin Univ., but did not practise; pupil of Ries, Dehn, and Bohmer; appeared as solo vlt. Magdeburg 1855; leading vlt. at Weimar 1855-59, where he became intimate with Liszt and Wagner, and where he married singer Helene v.on Heimburg; 1859-60 condr. Breslau Philh.; toured with Von Billow and Tausig; 1871 called to N. Y. to con- duct Arion Soc.; organized Oratorio Soc. and Symphony Soc.; conducted Philharmonic 1876-77; conducted first Mus. Festival N. Y. 1881; toured West 1883; established and con- ducted season of German opera at Metropolitan; his wonderful organ- izing powers and keen interest in newer music inspired and encouraged music in N. Y. His son Frank also condr. b. Breslau, June 22, 1859. Pupil of his father, Pruckner, Mosz- kowski, etc.; condr. Denver Chorus Club 1882-85; chorusmaster at Met- ropolitan 1885-91; condr. of Mus. Art Soc., and many other organiza- tions; 1892 organized People's Sing- ing Classes, for instruction of wage- earners in sight and chorus singing, an institution which has been ex- tremely successful. Now director of Institute of Musical Art, N. Y. His brother Walter Johannes, condr., compr. b. Breslau, Jan. 30, 1862. Studied with his father, Draeseke, and Von Biilow; asst. condr. Metropoli- tan under father and Seidl; condr. Oratorio and Symph. Soc.; 1894 or- ganized Damrosch Opera Co., which gave German opera throughout U. S. until 1899; condr. Metropolitan 1900-1902; Philh. 1902-03; New York Symphony Orchestra; com- posed opera The Scarlet Letter, one of few American operas actually produced (Boston, 1896). Dana, Charles Henshaw, orgt. b. West Newton, Mass., Feb. 7, 1846; d. Worcester, Feb. 5, 1883. Pupil of Dresel in Boston; studied in Paris and Stuttgart; d6but as pst. Stutt- gart and in America in Worcester; orgt. at Ch. of Immaculate Con- ception, Boston, and in Worcester; composed church music and songs. Dana, William Henry, teacher. b. Warren, O., June 10, 1846. Pupil of Aug. Haupt, and at Kullak's Cons., Berlin, and Royal Acad., London; director Dana's Mus. Inst. in Warren; one of founders Mus. Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n; has published text-books on harmony and orches- tration and church music. Dancla (don-kla) , Jean Baptiste Charles, vlt., compr. b. Bagneres, Dec. 19, 1817; d. Tunis, Nov. 8 or 9, 1907. At Paris Cons, studied with HaleVy and Berton, vln. with Baillot; 1834 member Op6ra Comique orch.; made prof, at Cons. 1857-1892; famous for playing at Soci6t6 des Concerts and at his Quartet Soire'es; his 130 com- positions are graceful and well suited to his instrument but are not of en- during worth; Etudes of value; as a player he was last representative of old French school; many pupils, among them C. Loeffler and Adam- owski. Danks, Hart Pease, compr. b. New Haven, Apr. 6, 1834; d. Philadel- phia, Nov. 20, 1903. Pupil of L. E. Whiting; in Chicago 1854-64, then in N. Y.; singer and director in sev- eral churches, prolific compr. of songs and hymns; one operetta, Pauline, produced 1872. Dannreuther (dan'-roi-ter), Edward George, condr., writer, b. Strass- burg, Nov. 4, 1844; d. London, Feb. 12, 1905. Taught by F. L. Ritter in Cincinnati, by Richter, Moscheles, and Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons.; pf. teacher in London; founder and condr. London Wagner Soc.; has written on Wagner, translated some of his works, and written articles on various subjects. His brother Gus- tav, vlt. b. Cincinnati, July 21, 1853. Studied with De Ahna and Joachim in Berlin; member of (Boston, Mass.) Mendelssohn Quintet Club on tour 1877-1880; of Bost. Symph. Orch. 1880-82; condr. in Buffalo and under Damrosch in N. Y.; well known as teacher and member of excellent Dannreuther Quartet. Da Ponte, Lorenzo, librettist, b. Ceneda, near Venice, Mar. 10, 1749; d. New York, Aug. 17, 1838. While poet laureate to Joseph II wrote librettos for Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosl fan tutte; career in London as poet to Ital. Opera and after 1805 in America as impresario and teacher of Italian. DAQUIN DAVIES Daquin (da-kan), Louis Claude, orgt. b. Paris, July 4, 1694; d. there, June 15, 1772. Pupil of Marchand, orgt. at St. Antoine at age of 12; 1727 won in competition with Rameau position of orgt. St. Paul's, which he held till his death; published pieces for harp- sichord, Coucou being one, a volume of Noels, for the organ or clavichord, and a cantata. Dargomyzski (dar-go-mizh'-ski), Alex- ander Sergeivitch, compr., pst. b. in prov. of Toula, Russia, Feb. 14, 1813; d. St. Petersburg, Jan. 29, 1869. Educated in St. Petersburg; of good family; for four years in gov't service; taught as an amateur by Schober- lechner, and deeply influenced by friendship of Glinka; composed Esmeralda 1839 (prod. 1847) and Roussalka 1856, and many beautiful and expressive songs; after visit to France and Germany became asso- ciated with Balakirev and New School, of whose doctrines his opera The Stone Guest has been called " The Gospel "; in this work (or- chestrated after D's death by Rim- sky-Korsakov and performed 1872) older forms are abandoned entirely for continuous recitative. Though none of his works were especially successful, D. is regarded by some as the apostle of a new cult. David (da-ved), Felicien Cesar, compr. b. Cadenet, Vaucluse, Apr. 3, 1810; d. St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 29, 1876. Of precocious talent, he was educated at the Maitrise of St. Sau- veur at Aix, where in 1829, after three years in Jesuit college and one as theatre condr., he became maitre de chapelle; 1830 entered Paris Cons, where he studied with Millot and F4tis, and took private lessons of Reber; 1831-33 lived with a brother- hood of St. Simoniens; 1833-35 wan- dered with some of the brothers to Egypt and the East; the strong im- pressions received were expressed in Le desert, " ode symphonic," 1844, which had great success; later he composed 7 or 8 operas, of which Lalla Rookh was perhaps most suc- cessful; 1869 succeeded Berlioz as member of Academy and librarian of Cons. Le desert best expression of his characteristic note of picturesque and melancholy quiet. David, Ferdinand, vlt. b. Hamburg, June 19, 1810; d. near Klosters, Swiss Alps, July 18, 1873. Of precocious talent he studied with Spohr and Hauptmann at Kassel; 1827-28 mem- ber of orch. at Berlin Theatre; 1829- 35 in Russia, as member of private quartet, and concert player; by in- fluence of Mendelssohn was ap- pointed concertmaster of Gewand- haus Orch. 1836, and, when Cons, was opened 1843, teacher of vln. As teacher he had wide influence over many distinguished pupils, among them Joachim and Wilhelmj; as a player he combined solid technic with remarkable facility of expres- sion; as a leader and especially as a quartet player he was unrivaled. He wrote a valuable Violin School, edited numerous works of older masters, composed for vln., 2 sym- phonies, etc.; had great influence over compositions of others, esp. Mendelssohn's vln. concerto. Davidov (da-vid'-off), Charles, 'cellist. b. Goldingen, Courland, Mar. 17, 1838; d. Moscow, Feb. 15, 1889. Studied mathematics at Moscow Univ., 'cello with Schmidt in Mos- cow and Schuberth at St. Peters- burg; debut 1859 at Leipzig where he became 'cellist in Gewandhaus Orch. and teacher at Cons.; 1862 'cellist at St. Petersburg Opera, professor, and 1876-86 director St. P. Cons.; wrote admirable method, concertos, symph. poem, etc. Davies, Benjamin Grey, tenor, b. Pontardawe, near Swansea, Wales, Jan. 6, 1858. Son of an engineer; chorister in Wales ; at 20 he earned a prize which enabled him to study at Roy. Acad. with Fori and Randegger; operatic debut 1881; then in various English opera com- panies; married Clara Perry 1885; since about 1890 has been increas- ingly in demand for festival and concert engagements to exclusion of dramatic work. Davies, [David Thomas] Ffrangcon, baritone, b. Bethesda, Carnarvon, Dec. 11, 1860. After taking M.A. from Oxford he took orders, but relin- quished them later; received instruc- tion in singing at Guildhall School from Latter and from Shakespeare DAVIES DELACOUR and Randegger; concert and operatic debuts 1890; since 1893 has kept to concert and festival singing. Davies, Fanny, pst. b. Guernsey, June 27, 1861. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke, Jadassohn, and Paul (pf.), and of Clara Schumann, from whom she learned "accurate technique, full tone, and power of phrasing " that have made her concerts successful since her d6but in England in 1885; chiefly distinguished as player of Schumann and Brahms. Davison, Arabella, see Goddard. Dawson, Frederick H., pst. b. Leeds, July 16, 1868. Taught by his father and by Ch. Halle at whose concerts he appeared in 1890 encouraged by Rubinstein; later continued suc- cess as a concert player. Day, Dr. Alfred, theorist, b. London, Jan., 1810; d. there, Feb. 11, 1849. After studying medicine in London, Paris, and Heidelberg, practised in London; after years of reflection published 1845 Treatise on Harmony, which urged reforms in terminology, in bass-figuring, and offered original propositions about permitted dis- cords. Dayas (das), William Humphries, teach- er, b. New York, Sept. 12, 1864; d. Manchester, May 3, 1903. Studied in N. Y. with Mills, Joseffy, etc., in Germany with Kullak, Haupt, and Liszt; taught at Cons, of Helsingfors, Wiesbaden, and Cologne; comp. org. sonata, string quartet, pf. mus., etc. De Ahna, see Anna, Heinrich Carl Hermann de. Debussy (de-bxis'-si), Claude Achille, compr. b. St. Germain, Paris, Aug. 22, 1862. As pupil of Guiraud at Paris Cons, won Prix de Rome with cantata L'enfant prodigue; his La demoiselle elue, setting of Blessed Damosel for female chorus and orch. was refused as too modern in style; in later works for orch. Prelude to L'apres-midi d'un faune, Nocturnes, Le mer, in pf. pieces, in many songs which well suit words by Verlaine, Baudelaire, etc., and in opera Pelleas et Melisande (Paris 1902, N. Y. 1907) he has continued to develop an original method whose purpose is to underline the emotion of the words (in the opera the voices carry continuous recitative above orches- tral phrases), to hint mysteriously at elusive moods. Technically his melodies are not remarkable in themselves; his "utterance is purely harmonic," and ultra-modern, con- fined by no traditions, limited in its ceaseless modulation by no estab- lished key-relations. Dehn (dan), Siegfried Wilhelm, writer. b. Altona, Feb. 25, 1799; d. Berlin, Apr. 12, 1858. Law student at Leipzig Univ.; studied music with Klein in Berlin; 1842, at Meyer- beer's recommendation, made libra- rian of musical portion of Berlin Royal Lib,; scored, copied for press, and edited many works of Lassus, Bach, and earlier musicians; edited Cecilia 1842-48; wrote several im- portant treatises on matters of research and mus. theory of which he was successful teacher; Glinka, Kullak, and Anton Rubinstein were among pupils. Deiters (di'-ters), Hermann, writer, b. Bonn, June 27, 1833; d. Coblenz, May 1, 1907. Studied law and philology, held various appoint- ments; beside important contribu- tions to mus. papers on Beethoven, Schumann, etc., published in 1880 first authoritative life of Brahms; chiefly notable for translation into German of A. W. Thayer's great Life of Beethoven, pub. 1866-79, and for revision. De Koven, [Henry Louis] Reginald, compr. b. Middletown, Conn., Apr. 3, 1859. Educated in Europe, degree from Oxford Univ.; studied in early years with Speidel at Stuttgart, later with Lebert, Pruckner, and Hauff , singing with Vannuccini in Italy, and operatic comp. with Gen6e and Delibes; mus. critic in N. Y.; his first successful operetta was The Begum 1887; Robin Hood, the third (1890), is still popular after more than 3000 performances; later works Fencing Master, Rob Roy, etc., though successful have not touched this highwater mark; composer of over 150 songs (Oh. promise me) and incidental music. Delacour, Victor, see Smith, E. S. DELATTRE DEPRES De Lattre, Roland, see Lasso, Orlando di. Delibes (de~-leb'), Clement Philibert Leo, compr. b. St. Germain du Va'l, France, Feb. 21, 1836; d. Paris, Jan. 16, 1891. Studied solfeggio, pf., org., comp. at Paris Cons, under Benoist, Bazin, A. Adam, at same time singing at the Madeleine; 1853 accompanist at Th. Lyrique; orgt. at several churches, at St. Jean, St. Frangois 1862-71; 1863 accom- panist; 1865-72 2d chorusmaster at Op6ra; 1881 prof, of comp. at Cons.; after 1855 wrote successful short comic operas Le jardinier et son seigneur, etc.; also comp. part-songs, melodies, Bonjour Suzon, etc.; Le roi I' a dit 1873 and Lakme 1883 most successful of longer works ; chief distinction lies in charm- ing and original ballets Coppelia 1870, Sylvia 1876. De Lisle, Rouget de, see Rouget de Lisle. Delius (da-lius), Frederick, compr. b. Bradford, Eng., 1863. In 1884 went to Florida to be orange grower, studied mus. alone; 1886-88 studied at Leipzig Con's.; since then has lived in Paris and Fontainebleau; concert of own works London 1899; opera Koangu produced Elberfeld 1904; Village Romeo and Juliet produced Berlin 1907; has com- posed for orch. Norwegian Suite, Life's Dance, Paris; for voice with orch. Seven Danish Songs, Whit- man's Sea-drift, Mass of Life from Nietsche's Zarathustra, Dowson's poems, a pf. and a vln. concerto; highly praised for originality of expression, arrived at independently. Delle Sedie (del'-la-sa-di-a), Henri, baritone, teacher, b. Leghorn, June 17, 1826; d. Garennes-Colombes, Nov. 29, 1908. While. still student of Galeffi, Persanola, and Domeni- coni imprisoned as revolutionist; d6but Florence 1851; after singing in Italy engaged at Th. Italien, Paris 1861; prof, at Cons. 1867-71; pub. valuable Arte e fisiologia del canto, in Eng. as Vocal Art; voice was remarkable for its color and range of emotional expression; many fa- mous pupils. Del Valle de Paz (der-va-la-da-paz'), Edgardo, pst., compr. b. Alexandria, Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Studied at Naples Cons, with Cesi and Serrao, after tours in Italy and Egypt settled in Florence, where he directs La nuova musica, and teaches in Cons.; pub. method, orch., chamber, and pf. music. De Munck, Francois, 'cellist, b. Brus- sels, Oct. 6 r 1815; d. there, Feb. 28, 1854. Pupil and successor of Platel in Brussels Cons.; after tours in Germany 'cellist in London theatre, but returned to Brussels 1853. Son Ernst (b. Dec. 21, 1840) 'cellist. Dennee (den-na'), Charles Frederick, compr. b. Oswego, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1863. Studied at N. E. Cons. pf. with A. D. Turner, and, after an interval, harm, with S. A. Emery; later pf. with Mme. Schiller; 1888 accident to wrist made him give up playing; teaches successfully at Cons, as Turner's successor, and has written Progressive Technic; also composed comedy operas Little Red Riding-hood, Children's Festival, and many pf. solos and duets. Denza (den-tsa), Luigi, compr. b. Castellammare di Strabbia, Feb. 24, 1846. Studied at Naples Cons, with Serrao and Mercadante; living in London since 1879; director of Lond. Acad. of Mus., teacher of singing at Royal Acad.; comp. unsuccessful opera, and over 500 songs, many in Neapolitan dialect, of which Funiculi-Funicula has at- tained universal popularity. Deppe (dep'-p6), Ludwig, pf. teacher. b. Alverdissen, Lippe, Nov. 7, 1828; d. Pyrmont, Sept. 5, 1890. Pupil of Marxsen and Lobe; founded and conducted singing society at Ham- burg; court capellm. Berlin 1886-88; conducted court orch., and Silesian mus. festivals; account of his method in Amy Fay's Music Study in Germany. Depres, Josquin (zhos-kan-da-pra), compr. b. Hainault, Burgundy, about 1450; d. Conde", Aug. 27, 1521. Name given in many forms Despres, Dupr6, Del Prato, etc. Chorister, pupil of Okeghem, singer in Sistine Chapel 1471-84, and in Ferrara; considered by contempo- raries and by historians greatest of Netherland School, because first to DE RESZKE DDEMER bring real beauty out of intricate counterpoint; comp. many masses, some motets, and some French chansons. De Reszke, see Reszke, De. Destinn, Emmy [real name Kittl], dram, sop. b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1878. Pupil of Loewe-Destinn whose name she took; de"but 1898 at Berlin; engage- ments there, at Bayreuth (1901), and at Paris; N. Y. d<5but 1908. De Swert (de-svarf), Jules, 'cellist. b. Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d. Ostende, Feb. 24, 1891. D6but at 9; pupil of Servais at Brussels Cons.; after tours and positions at Diisseldorf and Weimar became concertmaster, solo 'cellist, prof, at Hochschule, Berlin 1869-1873; after further tours director of Ostende Mus. Sch.; prof, at Bruges and Ghent Cons.; comp. 2 operas, symph., con- certo and other 'cello works. Diabelli (de-a-bel'-li) , Antonio, compr. b. Mattsee, near Salzburg, Sept. 6, 1781 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 7, 1858. Choir boy at Michaelbeurn and Salzburg; studied for priesthood and entered monastery; when convents were sec- ularized went to Vienna; encouraged in music by Michael and Joseph Haydn; composed an opera, cantatas, etc., and many sonatinas and easy pieces still popular; 1818 entered publishing business, assumed control 1824; published much of Schubert's music, treating the composer rather shabbily. Dibdin, Charles, compr. b. Southamp- ton, March (baptized Mar. 4), 1745; d. London, July 25, 1814. Chorister at Winchester Cathedral; taught by orgts. Kent and Fussell the rudi- ments of music; at 15 went to London, became singing-actor at Covent Garden; composed Shep- herd's Artifice, pastoral, 1762; acted at Birmingham, Vauxhall, Drury Lane, where he composed The Padlock and other successful pieces; after various unsuccessful ventures as manager and the tour described in his Musical Tour of Mr. Dibdin, he gave in London " table entertain- ments," in which he sang, played, acted, and accompanied; many famous songs (such as Tom Bowling) included in these pieces; after 1805 he was supported by pension and, when that failed, by a public sub- scription; composed nearly 100 operas and plays with music; his sons, Charles and Thomas, were dramatists. Dick, Charles George Cotsford, compr. b. London, Sept. 1, 1846; d. 1895. Studied at Worcester Coll. Oxford; wrote successful operettas Our Doll's House 1876, Doctor D. 1885, and some children's operas, pf. pieces, etc. Dickinson, Edward, teacher, b. W. Springfield, Mass., Oct. 10, 1853. Studied mus. at N. E. Cons. 1871-72 with J. C. D. Parker and S. A. Emery, private lessons from F. H. Torrington and later from Thayer; grad. Amherst Coll. 1876, A. M. 1881; orgt. at Springfield and Elmira, N. Y.; private teacher and director of mus. Elmira Coll. 1883- 92; in Berlin, mus. hist, under Ph. Spitta and Wm. Langhans, pf. with Klind worth; at Oberlin Coll. since 1893 as instructor and prof, of history and pf. playing; since 1905 prof, of mus. hist, and criticism exclusively (probably only American prof, with so specialized a field); also has classes for students at Cons.; has written Study of History of Music and very valuable Music in the History of the Western Church. Dickson, Ellen, compr. b. Woolwich, 1819; d. Lyndhurst, July 4, 1878. Under pseud. "Dolores" composed popular songs. Didymus (did'-i-mus), writer, b. Alex- andria (?), B. C. 63. Author of treatise on harmony, only preserved in epitome by Porphyry and quota- tions by Ptolemy; the " comma of D." is the difference between the major and minor whole tone (81:80) which he recognized. Diehl (del), Louis, compr. b. Mann- heim, 1838. Teaching in London; married pst. Alice Mangold 1863; compr. of songs and operettas for amateurs, Our Bazaar, etc. Diemer (di-a-mar), Louis, pst., comp. b. Paris, Feb. 14, 1843. Studied pf. at the Paris Cons, with Marmontel (1st prize 1856), with Ambroise Thomas and Bazin in comp., also DEPPEL DOMMER winning prizes; played with success in concerts; as prof, of pf. -playing at the Cons., where he succeeded Marmontel in 1887, he formed a number of distinguished pupils; his compositions include two piano con- certos, chamber music and a number of fine piano pieces. Dippel, Andreas, dram, tenor, b. Kassel, Nov. 30, 1866. Pupil of Hey, Leoni, and Rau; singer at Bremen 1887-92, Bayreuth, Vienna, London, and Berlin; popular in New York for several seasons; with Gatti-Casazza, manager of Metropolitan Opera 1908, where D. had charge of German opera; 1910 manager Chicago Opera Company. Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Nov. 2, 1739; d. Rothlhotta, near Neuhaus, Bo- hemia, Oct. 24, 1799. Taught by Konig and Ziegler and, after admis- sion to band of Prince von Hildburg- hausen, by Bonno and Irani; accompanied Gluck on tour to Italy 1761; on return defeated Lolli; intimate with J. Haydn; successor of Michael Haydn as director at Pressburg, where he wrote first opera Amore in Musica; as capellm. at Johannisberg, set up theatre and wrote many operas and oratorios (Davide); on various visits to Vienna opera Doktor und Apotheker (only one surviving) was performed, and in 1786 symphony on Ovid's Metamorphoses, remarkable early program music; real comic vein gave him contemporary popularity; his Autobiography pub. 1801. Dodd, John, maker of vln. bows. b. Stirling, 1752; d. Richmond, Surrey, Oct. 4, 1839. Called the "English Tourte " whose bows he equaled in excellence, but not quite in elegance; his bows have single fault of being too short; unwilling to share his secrets he would have no pupil; and persisting in refusal to sell them died in poorhouse; father Edward and brother Thomas both made violins. Doebber (ddb-ber), Johannes, compr. b. Berlin, Mar. 28, '1866. Studied at Stern Cons, under Radecke, Buss- ler, and Agghazy; taught pf . Kullak's Cons.; capellm. at Kroll's Theatre, at Darmstadt, and at Coburg-Gotha; composed 6 operas (Die Grille 1899, etc.), few pf. pieces, several songs. Doehler (dealer), Theodor, pst., compr. b. Naples, Apr. 20, 1814; d. Florence, Feb. 21, 1856. Studied at Naples with J. Benedict, at Vienna with Czerny and Sechter; pst. to Duke of Lucca from 1831; 1836-48 made several tours to Germany, Holland, London, Paris, and Russia; after 1848 lived in Florence, ennobled, married Russian countess; chief works for pf.; etudes de concert, etudes de salon, etc., showy but empty. Doering (deV-ing), Carl Heinrich, pf. teacher, b. Dresden, July 4, 1834. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt- mann, Plaidy, and Richter; taught in Leipzig and Dresden Cons, since 1858; distinguished compr. and ad- mirable teacher; composed many valuable collections of studies and special exercises. Dohnanyi (don-an'-yi), Ernst von, pst. b. Pressburg, Hungary, July 27, 1877. Educated at Gymnasium where his father, prof, of math., taught him music; later studied with C. Forstner, and, after 1894, at Royal Hungarian Acad. of Mus. with Thoman (pf.) and Koessler (comp.); at Budapest symph. in F took king's prize 1897; after few lessons from d 1 Albert de"but Berlin 1897; won distinguished success in Germany, Austria, England 1898, U. S. 1899, 1900; of late years living in Berlin; has devoted more time to comp. than performance; works include symph., pf. solos, pf. quintet, string quartet, etc., which show fertility of inven- tion and ingenuity and skill of com- bination. Dolby, Helen, see Sainton-Dolby, Char- lotte Helen. Dolores, see Dickson, Ellen. Domrner, Arrey von, writer, b. Danzig, Feb. 9, 1828; d. Treyse (Thuringia), Feb. 18, 1905. After some time as theological student, after 1851 studied at Leipzig with Richter, lobe, and Schellenberg; taught at Leipzig; resided in Hamburg after 1863; critic to Correspondent; with- drew to retirement at Marburg 1889; wrote Elemente der Musik, Handbuch der Musikgeschichte. DONATI DRAGONETTI Donati (do-na'-ti), Baldassaro, compr. b. Venice, about 1530; d. there, June, 1603. Chorister, choirmaster, maes- tro at St. Mark's; especially dis- tinguished as compr. of madrigals and motets, of which several collec- tions are extant. Donizetti (don-i-tset'-ti), Gaetano, compr. b. Bergamo, Nov. 29, 1797; d. there, Apr. 8, 1848. Father, a weaver, wished him to be lawyer or teacher; studied at Naples Cons, with Mayr, and at Bologna Liceo; to escape demands of father entered army; composed first opera in quar- ters at Venice; his fourth Zordide di Granata won him exemption from further service; after series of suc- cessful but imitative operas, com- posed Anna Bolena, 1830, for Pasta, Rubini, and Lablache; Elisir d'a- more 1832, Lucrezia Borgia 1833, Lu- cia di Lammermoor 1835 followed; director Naples Cons. 1837; left Milan angered by judgment of censor against Poliuto; went to Paris, where were produced La fille du regiment, La favorita, Linda di Chamounix, Don Pasquale; stricken with paralysis 1845, from which he never recovered. He wrote in all about 67 operas, many merely imita- tive of his contemporaries Bellini and Rossini, some distinguished by great originality of melody and skilful composition of concerted numbers; Lucia probably the most famous and the one that is now most often given, largely because of famous sextet. Dont (don), Jacob, vlt. b. Vienna, Mar. 2, 1815; d. there, Nov. 17, 1888. Son of 'cellist Joseph Valentin (1776- 1833); pupil at Vienna Cons, of Bohm and elder Hellmesberger; played in orchestras and as soloist; distinguished as teacher at Vienna Cons, of Auer, Gregorowitch, and others; pub. very valuable Studies for Violin. Door (dor), Anton, pst. b. Vienna, June 20, 1833. Pupil of Czerny and Sechter; successful tours in Italy and Germany; court pst. at Stockholm 1857; teacher at Imp. Inst. Moscow 1859, at Cons. 1864; 1869 at Vienna Cons.; now teaching in Vienna; among pupils are Fischoff, Mottl, Steinbach, etc.; has made valuable editions of older works, and intro- duced new ones. Dorn, Eduard, see Rockel, Joseph Leo- pold. Dorn, Heinrich Ludwig Egmont, compr., writer. b, Konigsberg, Nov. 14, 1804; d. Berlin, Jan. 10, 1892. While law student studied music at Konigs- berg, later at Berlin with Berger and Klein; director at Leipzig, where he taught Schumann 1829-31; 1843 dir. at Cologne, founder of Rhein- ische Musikschule which became Cologne Cons.; director of Rhein- ischeMus. Festivals; capellm. Royal Opera Berlin 1849-69; wrote 13 operas (Die Nibelungen 1854 best known), church music, orch. works, etc.; edited Berliner Post, contrib- uted to Berliner Musikzeitung, wrote autobiog. Aus.meinem Leben, Dowland, John, compr. b. Westmin- ster, 1562; d. London, Apr., 1626. Distinguished lute player; in service of English ambassador at Paris about 1580, became Roman Catho- lic; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1588; left England because of religion, traveled in Italy and Germany; lutenist to Christian IV of Denmark 1598; re- turned to England 1605 and finally in 1609; 1612 King's musician; works 1st, 2d, 3d Books of Songs of 4 parts with Tablature for the Lute, etc., re- ferred to by Shakespeare. Son Robert (15987-1641?) also lutenist and compr. Draeseke (dra'-se-ke), Felix August Bernhard, compr. b. Coburg, Oct. 7, 1835. Pupil of Rietz at Leipzig Cons.; friend of Liszt and member of " New German School " at Weimar; teacher at Lausanne Cons. 1864-74 (with one year with Von Biilow at Munich Cons.) ; lived in Geneva and 1884 became teacher at Dresden Cons.; early works too radical to be popular, but later more in classic style, especially 3 symph., overtures (Das Leben ein Traum), and chamber music have won success. Dragonetti, Domenico, double-bass play- er. b.Venice, Apr. 7, 1763; d. London, Apr. 16, 1846. Few lessons from Berini, but largely self-taught; after playing in several Italian orchestras, DRESEL DUKAS went to London 1794, where he was engaged at King's Theatre; with Lindley, the 'cellist, his com- panion for 52 years, played at An- cient Concerts, Philharmonic, etc.; played at Beethoven Festival, Bonn, 1845; friend of Haydn and acquaint- ance of Beethoven; compr. of works for own instr. and for the voice; re- markable for technical virtuosity and for depth and steadiness of tone. Dresel (dra-sel), Otto, pst. b. Ander- nach, 1826; d. Beverly, Mass., July 26, 1890. Pupil of Hiller at Cologne and of Mendelssohn at Leipzig; came to N. Y. 1848; settled in Boston 1852, where as teacher and player he contributed very largely to the awakened appreciation of German music, especially works of Bach and songs of Franz; published only a few songs. Dressier, Louis Raphael, compr. b. N. Y. City, Dec. 8, 1861. (Father, William Dressier, a composer of some distinction.) Graduated Lyons Col- legiate Institute, N. Y. City, 1877; educated in music by his father, be- ginning professional work at 16; or- ganist and choirmaster, All Souls' Unitarian Church; editor The World's Best Music; composer of successful songs, anthems; conductor of choral societies and glee clubs; connected with Charles H. Ditson and Co., mu- sic publishers, New York City. Dreyschock (dri-shok), Alexander, pst. b. Zak, Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818; d. Venice, Apr. 1, 1869. Appeared in public at 8; later pupil of Tomaschek in Prague; from 1838-1862 tours through Germany, Austria, Paris, London, and Russia; 1862 prof, at St. Petersburg Cons., director of j Imperial School, court pst.; retired j to Italy 1868; played chiefly his own compositions which are not now in- teresting; though cold as an inter- preter he was remarkable for tech- nical ability, esp. for facility in play- ing octaves, and for solo work in the left hand. His nephew Felix, pst. b. Leipzig, Dec. 27, 1860. Son of Rai- mund, vU. (1824-1869); studied at Berlin Hochschule with Ehrlich, ! Taubert, and Kiel; now prof, at Stern Cons.; successful as performer and as compr. of pf. pieces. Dubois (dii-bo-a), Clement Francois Theodore, compr. b. Rosnay, Marne, Aug. 24, 1837. After teaching at Rheims studied at Paris Cons. After 1853 under Marmontel, Be- noist, Bazin, and Ambroise Thomas; took 1st prizes in all departments and Prix de Rome 1861; maitre de cha- pelle at Ste. Clothilde, orgt. at Made- leine 1877, prof, of harm, at Cons. 1871, of comp. 1891; member of Acad. 1894, director of Cons. 1896- 1905. Numerous compositions in- clude oratorios (Les sept paroles du Christ, Le paradis perdu), operas (Aben Hamet, Xaviere), songs, pf., and org. pieces, orch. works (over- ture to Frithjof, etc.); music is conscientious rather than inspired; successful as teacher. Ducis (du-se), Benoit [Benedictus Ducis], compr. b. Bruges, about 1480; date and place of death unknown. Pupil of Josquin Depres; orgt. at Antwerp; went to England 1515; some say lived in Germany later, but no certain facts; there are extant some 80 songs, and several part-songs and motets; not to be confounded with Bene- dictus Appenzelders, Swiss musician of later date. Dufay (dii-fa), Guillaume, compr. b. Hainault (?), about 1400; d. Cambrai, Nov. 27, 1474. Chorister in Papal Chapel 1428; in service of Duke of Burgundy 1437; took holy orders, 1437 became canon at Cambrai; one of the most distinguished of early French contrapuntists; many of his works (masses, motets, chansons, etc.) still extant; also said to have introduced white (open) notes and to have made other changes in notation. See Stai- ner's Dufay and his Contemporaries for account and examples. Duiffopruggar (dwef-fo-pru-gar), [Tief- fenbriicker], Caspar, instrument-mak- er, b. Freising, Bavaria, 1514; d. Lyons, before Dec., 1571. Reputation as first maker of violins was destroyed by Vidal who brought proof that instruments attributed to him were made by Vuillaume after 1827; D. made violas da gamba and lutes in- laid after certain fashion. Dukas (dii-ka), Paul, compr. b. Paris, Oct. 1, 1865. Pupil at Paris Cons, after 1882 of Dubois, Mathias, and DULCKEN Guiraud; second Prix de Rome; musical critic of Gazette des beaux arts and Revue hebdomadaire; works include overtures Lear, Goetz von Berlichingen, Polyeucte, symphony, distinguished pf. sonata, variations, etc.; symph. poem L'apprenti sor- cier, ingenious orchestral scherzo, best known work outside of France; also opera Ariane et Barbe-bleue; shows unusual technical ability in the expression of ultra-modern ideas. Dulcken (dul-ken), Ferdinand Quentin, B?<. b. London, June 1, 1837; d. ew York, 1902. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Mendelssohn, Moscheles, Gade, etc., and at Cologne of F. Hiller; prof, at Warsaw Cons.; lived in Paris and N. Y.; made tours with distinguished artists Wien- iawski, Vieuxtemps, Remenyi, Essi- poff, etc. Dunham, Henry Morton, orgt. b. Brockton, Mass., July 27, 1853. Pupil of J. C. D. Parker and Whit- ing; graduated from N. E. Cons, and Boston Univ. Coll. of Mus.; taught in both; published Organ School and many works for instr.; as orgt. at Ruggles St. Ch., Shaw- mut Ch., and Harvard St., Brookline, has given many recitals in Boston and elsewhere. Dunkley, Ferdinand Luis, orgt. b. London, July 16, 1869. Pupil of G. A. Higgs, and at Trinity Coll. London, under Parry, etc., at Royal Coll.; after holding several positions in England became teacher of mus. at St. Agnes's School, Albany, N. Y. and orgt. there; later moved to New Orleans; in 1909, Vancouver, B. C.; composed cantata, Wreck of the Hesperus, many songs, and orch. suite which won prize at Promenade Concerts 1889. Dunn, John F., vlt. b. Hull, Feb. 10, 1866. Pupil of brother; played in theatre orch. at 11; studied at Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck, Jad- assohn and Richter; after concerts in Germany, made London de"but 1882; since has played with success throughout England. Dunstable, John, compr. b. Dunstable, Bedfordshire, about 1370; d. Wai- brook, Dec. 24, 1453. Nothing known of life, and comparatively DUSSEK few works extant, but referred to by contemporaries in terms of highest praise; an early contem- porary of Dufay and Binchois; a leader in their school of contra- puntal composition, a forerunner of Okeghem and others. Duparc (dii-park), Henri, compr. b, Paris, 1847. Studied for the bar, and music with Csar Franck; became a disciple of Wagner's ideas; on account of ill health retired from active professional work; although he wrote in the large forms he has been most successful with his songs. Dupont (dii-pon), Auguste, compr. b. Ensival, near Lie"ge, Feb. 9, 1828; d. Brussels, Dec. 17, 1890. Educated at Li6ge Cons., toured as pst., taught at Brussels Cons, after 1850; compositions slight but pleasing. Duprez (dii-pra), Gilbert Louis, dram, tenor, b. Paris, Dec. 6, 1806; d. there, Sept. 23, 1896. Studied at Choron's Inst.; d6but 1825 without marked success; after further study in Italy reappeared at Paris Ope"ra 1836; prof, declamation Cons. 1842 to 1850, when he founded school of his own; retired 1855 from stage; compositions, operas, mass, etc., of no importance, works on singing of great value. Durand (dii-ron), Marie Auguste, orgt., publisher, b. Paris, July 18, 1830; d. May, 1909. Pupil of Benoist; held various organ appointments in Paris; in partnership with Schone- werk, and alone, published large amount of mod. French music. Durante (du-ran'-te) , Francesco, compr. b. Fratta Maggiore, Naples, Mar. 15, 1684; d. Naples, Aug. 13, 1755. Studied at Naples under Greco, and under A. Scarlatti at Cons. San Onofrio; director in 1718; maestro Santa Maria di Loreto; composed church music of " Neapolitan School," animated and strong, rather than inspired; had many distin- guished pupils, Duni, Jommelli, Sacchini, Pergolese, Paisiello. Dussek (du'-shek), Johann Ladislaus, compr. b. Czaslav, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1761; d. Saint Germain-en-Laye, Mar. 20, 1812. Educated at Jesuit Coll., where he studied music and DUVERNOY EBERL acted as orgt.; continued mus. studies while student of theology at Prague; orgt. at Mechlin, Amster- dam, The Hague; after studying with C. Ph. E. Bach won renown as pianist; played at many Euro- pean courts; driven from Paris by the Revolution returned in 1808; remarkable for his singing touch on the pf., and in comp. for early ex- pression of Bohemian spirit, and for extending resources of piano toward greater richness; important works are largely for pf., concertos, sonatas, fugues, etc. Duvernoy (dti-var-no-a), Jean Baptiste, compr., teacher, b. Paris (?), 1797 (?) ; d. Passy, 1880. After about 1825 published large number of pf . works, of which Weitzmann says that they belong to a class of works which " though easy to play sounded brill- iant in the ears of amateurs," and which are musically superficial. Dvorak (dvor'-zhak), Antonin, compr. b. Miihlhausen, Bohemia, Sept. 8, 1841; d. Prague, May 1, 1904. Father an innkeeper wished him to be a butcher; having learned vln. from schoolmaster went at 16 to Prague Org. School, where he studied under Pitzsch, while he played vln. in orch.; later played viola at National Theatre; studied scores borrowed from Smetana; 1873 comp. hymn for male chorus which won gov't pension; 1877 approbation of Brahms led to hearing in Germany; Slavonic dances 1878, Stabat Mater 1883 firmly established him; 1890 prof, at Prague Cons.; 1892-95 director of Nat'l Cons. New York; thereafter lived and composed in Prague. His music is marked by strong national spirit, love of exotic color, odd rhythms, " sudden excur- sions in tonality," curious melodic intervals; but it is on the whole simple in intention, never morbid, seldom intellectual; he composed several symphonic poems, concerto for vln, for pf., for 'cello, string quartets, and five symph.; the 5th symph. Aus der neuen Welt, quartet Op. 96 and quintet Op. 97 are based on themes of negro type. Dwight, John Sullivan, critic, b. Bos- ton, Mass., May 13, 1813; d. there, Sept. 5,- 1893. Grad. at Harvard 1832; entered ministry 1836; mem- ber of Brook Farm Community; after 1848 returned to Boston; one of founders of Harv. Mus. Ass'n; 1852- 1881 edited Dwight's Journal of Music, which published essays by Thayer and others, criticisms and records of awakening musical life in America; D's taste was good, though intolerantly classical. Dykes, Rev. John Bacchus, compr. b. Kingston-upon-Hull, Eng., Mar. 10, 1823; d. St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Jan. 22, 1876. Pupil of Skelton and Walmisley; educated at Cambridge; canon and precentor at Durham Cath., andcondr. of mus. soc.; compr. of some especially good hymn tunes (Lead, Kindly Light). E Eames (ams), Emma, dram. sop. b. Shanghai, China, Aug. 13, 1867, of American parentage. Brought to Maine at 5; taught by her mother, by Clara Mungerin Boston 1883-86; by Marchesi and Pluque (stage deportment) 1886-88; although en- gaged at Ope>a Com. in 1888 did not make d6but until 1889 at Ope>a where she sang 2 years; London de"but 1891, New York same year; since then regularly appearing in both cities; though an indifferent actress, lacking in emotional power, her beautiful voice has made her successful in an extended repertoire; married 1891 artist Julian Story, from whom she separated 1907. Eberl (a-berl), Anton, pst., compr. b. Vienna, June 13, 1766; d. there, Mar. 15 (or 11), 1807. Lived in St. Petersburg 1769-1800, then in Vien- na; two operas produced 1782 and '83 made him friend of Mozart and Gluck; concert tour with Mozart's widow; lived and traveled in Russia 1796-1800 and 1803, and Germany; composed other operas, chamber music, songs, etc.; distinguished as pst. and as compr., by contemporaries classed very high. ECCARD EIBENSCHttTZ Eccard (ek'-kard), Johannes, compr. b. Miihlhausen, Thuringia, 1553; d. Konigsberg, 1611. Pupil of Von Burgk and of Orlando di Lasso; capellm. at Konigsberg and Berlin; eminent as compr. of sacred songs for 4 and 5 voices, written with real religious feeling as well as musical skill. Eck (ek), Franz, vlt. b. Mannheim, 1774; d. Strassburg, 1804. Pupil of brother Johann Friedrich (1766- 1809); member of Munich Orch.; director and solo player at St. Petersburg court concerts; teacher of Spohr 1802-03; insane at time of death; powerful and skilful per- former, but poor interpreter. Eckert (6k'-ert), Carl Anton Florian, compr. b. Potsdam, Dec. 7, 1820; d. Berlin, Oct. 17, 1879. Prodigy at 6; educated under patronage of Forster by Rechenberg and Greulich for pf., Botticher and Ries for vln., and Rungenhagen for comp.; wrote opera at 12, oratorio at 13; studied with Mendelssohn at Leipzig, 1839; accompanist at Th. Italien, Paris 1851, condr. 1852; capellm. Vienna 1853, Stuttgart 1860-67, Berlin 1869; came to U. S. with Sontag; of numerous comp. only few songs have lasting interest; distinguished as condr. Eddy, Clarence, orgt. b. Greenfield, Mass., June 23, 1851. Pupil of J. G. Wilson, and Dudley Buck, of Haupt and Loeschhorn in Berlin; after tour of Europe, settled in Chicago 1874 as orgt., director of Hershey School of Mus. Art., condr. Philharm. Vocal Society, etc., organ- ist Tompkins Ave. Church, Brooklyn, 1908-1910; frequent tours in Amer- ica and Europe; composed chiefly for org. ; as player distinguished for extent of repertoire. Edwardes [or Edwards], Richard, compr. b. Somersetshire, 1523; d. Oct. 31, 1566. Poet, playwright, scholar, master of children at Chapel Royal, member of Lincoln's Inn; one madrigal, In going to my naked bed, one of the finest extant. Edwards, Henry Sutherland, writer, b. Hendon, Middlesex, Sept. 5, 1829; d. London (?), Jan. 21, 1906. Author of History of Opera, Life of Rossini, The Prima Donna, etc.; critic for St. James Gazette, and special corre- spondent abroad; works are pleas- antly readable, but not scientifically accurate. Edwards, Julian, compr. b. Man- chester, Eng., Dec. 11, 1855; d. Yonkers, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1910. Pupil of Oakeley and Macfarren; 1880 produced overture Corinne; condr. Eng. Opera Co. 1883; in N. Y. 1888; compr. of several comic operas: Magic Kiss Boston 1894; Brian Boru N. Y. 1896, Princess Chic 1900, etc. Eeden (a-den), Jean Baptiste van den, compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26, 1842. Pupil at Ghent and Brussels Cons.; director at Mons Cons. 1878; works, opera, oratorios, Jacob van Artevelde, trilogy Judith, etc.; also suite, songs, etc. Ehlert (a'-lert), Louis, compr., writer. b. Konigsberg, Jan. 23, 1825; d. Wiesbaden, Jan. 4, 1884. Pupil of Schumann and Mendelssohn at Leipzig Cons.; studied at Vienna and Berlin; condr. of Societa Cherubini at Florence; teacher in Tausig's school in Berlin; tutor to princes in Meiningen; lived in Wiesbaden; comp. symph., sonatas, and overture; wrote Letters to a Lady and Letters from the Tone World. Ehrlich (ar'-lik), Alfred Heinrich, pst., writer, b. Vienna, Oct. 5, 1822; d. Berlin, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil of Henselt and Thalberg; court pst. at Hanover; lived in London and Frankfort; taught at Stern Cons, in Berlin, Dreyschock a pupil; music critic for several journals, editor Tausig's Studies, compr. unimpor- tant pf. works, and author of inter- esting books on pf. playing. [Not the author of Celebrated Violinists and Celebrated Pianists, who used pseud. A. Ehrlich.] Eibenschiitz (I-ben-sheetz), Albert, pst. b. Berlin, Apr. 15, 1857. Pupil of Reinecke and Paul at Leipzig Cons.; prof. Mus. School at Charkoff, Russia, at Leipzig Cons. 1880-84, at Cologne 1893, at Stern Cons. 1896. Cousin Dona (b. Pesth, May 8, 1873), pst. Pupil of Mme. Schu- mann; great favorite in London 1891- 1902, where she married. EICHBERG ELSENHEIMER Eichberg (Ik-berg), Julius, vlt., compr. b. Diisseldorf, June 13, 1824; d. Boston, Jan. 18, 1893. Pupil of Rietz, and, at Brussels Cons., of F^tisand De Be>iot; prof . at Geneva Cons.; came to N. Y. 1857; director Museum Concerts, Boston, 1859- 1866; director Boston Cons., super- intendent public sch. mus., founder School for Vln.; wrote 4 operettas, Doctor of Alcantara, The Two Cadis, etc., chamber music, and vln. method. Eitner (It'-ner) , Robert, editor, writer, b . Breslau, Oct. 22, 1832; d. Berlin, Jan. 22, 1905. Pupil of Brosig; taught Rf. in Berlin; distinguished as care- il and accurate editor of music of 16th and 17th centuries, notably works of Sweelinck, Publikationen alterer praktischer und theoretischer Musikwerke, and Quellenlexikon iiber die Musiker und Musikgelehrten (1899-1904). Elgar, Sir Edward William, compr. b. Broadheath, near Worcester, Eng., June 2, 1857. Son of W. H. Elgar, orgt., vlt., and music dealer; while a mere boy he assisted his father at org., attended meetings of Wor- cester Glee Club, often conducting; few vln. lessons from Pollitzer in London in 1877, almost only regular instruction; as member of Three Choirs orch., as conductor of band at County Lunatic Asylum 1879-84, member of Stockley's orch. at Bir- mingham, condr. of Worcester Ama- teur Instrumental Soc., and orgt., he had exceptionally wide chances of intimate acquaintance with vari- ous instruments; London from 1889, in Malvern 1891-1904, when he moved to Hereford, taught, con- ducted, and composed; came to America 1905 to receive degree at Yale, 1906 to direct Gerontius at Cincinnati; prof, of mus. Birming- ham University, 1904-1908. Several cantatas had been given in Wor- cester, notice was first attracted to him by Scenes from King Olaf 1896; after that Imperial March, Banner of St. George 1897, Sea Pictures and Orch. Variations 1899 showed in ascending scale his originality of expression and mastery of orches- tral resources; Dream of Gerontius (Birmingham, 1900), his most im- portant work up to that time, has been criticised as lacking sublimity and unity, and has been highly praised for beauty of certain parts, especially by R. Strauss and Conti- nental critics; at 3-day Elgar Fes- tival (London, 1904) were produced old works, new overture In the South and The Apostles, first given at Birmingham 1903, first and second parts of uncompleted trilogy, the second part being The Kingdom; military march Pomp and Circum- stance has swing of real popularity; his first symphony (1908) awakened both favorable and unfavorable comment. Ella, John, vlt. b. Thirsk, Yorkshire, Dec. 19, 1802; d. London, Oct. 2, 1888. Son of vlt., became lawyer, but at 19 turned to music; lessons in vln. from Ferny, in harm, from Attwood, and comp. from Ftis in Paris; member of orch. at King's Theatre 1822, and of Philharmonic, Antient Music Soc., etc. until retire- ment 1848; 1845-1880 established and directed morning concerts of chamber music; 1850-59 similar mus. winter evenings; analytical pro- grams, written by himself, intro- duced at these concerts were not of his invention, but here first attracted notice; wrote for Athe- nceum.etc.; 1855 lecturer at London Inst.; author of Mus. Sketches at Home and Abroad. Ellis, Alexander John [real name Sharpe], writer, b. Hoxton, June 14, 1814; d. Kensington, Oct. 28, 1890. Educated at Cambridge; at first in- terested in philology; after mus. les- sons under Donaldson at Edinburgh, began extensive investigations into scientific aspect of tones, chords, and pitch; translated Helmholtz' On the Sensations of Tone; contrib. many papers to Royal Soc. and to Mus. Ass'n; published Basis of Music, Pronunciation in Music, Speech in Song. Elsenheimer (el'-sen-hlm-er), Nicholas J., compr., teacher, b. Wiesbaden, June, 1866. Taught by his father and Jakobsthal; LL.D. at Heidel- berg; came to America 1890; 1891 prof, theory and mus. lit. at Cin- cinnati Coll. of Mus.; now living in N. Y. ; comp. part-songs, cantatas Valerian, Belshazzar. ELSNER ENGEL Eisner, Joseph Xaver, compr. b. Grott- kau, Silesia, June 29, 1769; d. Warsaw, Apr. 18, 1854. Son of carpenter and instr. maker; origin- ally intending to be doctor; had lessons in harm, from Forster, after visit to Vienna in 1791 became member of theatre orch. at Briinn, condr. at Lemberg, and 1799 at Warsaw, where he composed 22 operas in 20 years; 1815 founded soc. which resulted in Cons.; works in many styles, popular in Poland; was the teacher of Chopin. Elson, Louis Charles, critic, b. Boston, Mass., Apr. 17, 1848. Pupil of Kreissmann in singing and at Leip- zig of Gloggner-Castelli in theory; editor of Vox Humana, critic on Musical Herald, mus. editor of Boston Courier, later and until pres- ent, of Advertiser; prof, of theory, lecturer on orch. and history N. E. Cons.; extremely popular as lect- urer; author of Curiosities of Music, Theory of Music, German Songs and Song-writers, National Music of America and Its Sources, History of American Music, Elson's Music Dictionary, etc.; most original work has been in connection with early Am. music; all his work is interest- ing and readable. His son Arthur also writer, b. Boston, Nov. 18, 1873. Studied at Boston schools, Harvard, and Inst. of Technology; has been teacher of textile chem- istry in Atlanta and of drawing at Mass. Inst. of Tech. and at New Hampshire College; studied mus. with father and J. K. Paine; frequent contributor to papers and magazines; wrote Critical Hist, of Opera, Orches- tral Instruments, Woman's Work in Music, Modern Composers of Europe, and Music Club Programs from all Nations. Elterlein (el-ter-Hn), Ernst von [pseud, of Ernst Gottschald], writer. b. Elterlein, Saxony, Oct. 19, 1826. A lawyer, author of popular analysis of Beethoven's sonatas for pf. Elvey, Sir George Job, compr. b. Can- terbury, Mar. 27, 1816; d. Windles- ham, Surrey, Dec. 9, 1893. Chorister at Canterbury Cath.; pupil of broth- er, Stephen, compr. (1805-1860), and of Potter and Crotch; 1835-1882 orgt. of St. George's, Windsor; condr. Glee and Madrigal Soc.; 1834 won Gresham Prize; 1840 Doc. of Music; 1871 knighted; works chiefly an- thems, The Lord is King, Sing O Heavens, etc. Elwart, Antoine Aimable Elie, compr., writer, b. Paris, Nov. 19, 1808; d. there, Oct. 14, 1877. Chorister at St. Eustache, ran away from apprentice- ship and played in theatre orch.; pupil at Cons, of F6tis and Lesueur; Prix de Rome 1834; asst. prof, and prof, at Cons. 1832-1872; condr. concerts in Paris; retired 1871; com- posed 3 oratorios, music for Alcestis, chamber and orch. music, etc.; wrote Duprez, sa vie, etc., treatises on theory, and interesting records, Histoire de la Societe des Concerts and Histoire des Concerts populaires. Emerson, Luther Orlando, compr., condr. b. Parsonfield, Mass., Aug. 3, 1820; now living (1910) at Hyde Park, near Boston; a pioneer in American musical work for the masses, compr. of church music, condr. of conventions, indefatigable compiler of collections of songs and hymns, The Romberg Collection, The Wreath, etc. Emery, Stephen Albert, teacher, b. Paris, Maine, Oct. 4, 1841; d. Boston, Apr. 15, 1891. After lessons from Edwards in Portland, studied with Plaidy, Richter, and Hauptmann at Leipzig and with Spindler at Dres- den; came to Boston 1866; taught in N. E. Cons, from 1867; prof, of harm. Bost. Univ. Coll. of Music; asst. editor Mus. Herald; composed some songs, wrote text-books, Studies in Pf. Playing and Elements of Har- mony. Enckhausen (enk-how-sen), Heinrich Friedrich, orgt. b. Celle, Aug. 28, 1799; d. Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885. Pupil of Aloys Schmitt, and his successor as court orgt. and director of Singakademie ; composed opera Der Savoyard; orch., church mus., pf. mus., and book of chorals. Engel, Carl, writer, b. Thiedenweise, near Hanover, July 6, 1818; d. Kensington, Eng., Nov. 17, 1882. Studied with Enckhausen and Hum- mel; 1846 gave pf. lessons in Man- chester, Eng.; soon after moved to ENGELMANN ERNST London; collector of books and rare instruments; author of Music of Most Ancient Nations, Introduction to study of National Music, Musical Instruments of All Countries, A Cata- logue of Instr. in South Kensington Museum (designed to be accomp. by lengthy notes), Musical Myths and Facts, etc., all accurate and at same time readable. Engelmann, Hans, compr. b. Berlin, 1872; father and uncle professional musicians; began musical education at seven, pupU of Reinecke, Loesch- horn, Mashel, and Hermann Mohr; received a good literary education before coming to the United States in 1892; located in Philadelphia where he still lives (1910); profes- sional work consists of teaching, con- ducting and composing; his compo- sitions number over 1200 pieces, mostly intended for teaching pur- poses; has written some successful pieces in the salon style, notably Forget-me-nots and Melody of Love. Enna, August, compr. b. Nakskov, Denmark, May 13, 1860. Almost entirely self-taught; about 1880, when member of small traveling orch., composed 1st opera A Village Tale; played for dancing and taught in Copenhagen until in 1883 became condr. of provincial company; some compositions attracted attention of Gade who helped him to study in Germany 1888-89; after his return opera Die Hexe met with great suc- cess; Cleopatra was unsuccessful until its second season; Aucassin and Nicolette 1896 and vln. con- certo have continued his popularity. Epstein (ep-stln), Julius, pst., teacher, b. Agram, Aug. 7, 1832. Pupil of Lichtenegga, Halm, and Rufinatscha; prof, of pf. at Vienna Cons. 1867, Briill and Sembrich among pupils. Daughters Rudolfine, 'cellist, and Eugenie, vlt., toured Austria and Germany 1876-77. Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'-then-es), writer. b. Cyrene, 276 B. C.; d. Alexandria, Egypt, 195 B. C. Custodian of Alexandria Library; wrote on mathe- matics; Katasterismoi contains notes on Greek music, but his work on music is lost, except for quotations in Ptolemy. Erk, Ludwig Christian, compr. b. Wetzlar, Jan. 6, 1807; d. Berlin, Nov. 25, 1883. Lessons from father Adam Wilhelm, orgt. (1779-1820) and from Andr; 1826, as prof, at seminary at Moers on Lower Rhine, started festivals of popular and part-song music; 1836 prof, of royal seminary, Berlin; 1843 founded Manner gesang- verein; 1857 director of mus.; 1877 resigned; collection Deutsche Lieder- hort (vol. 1 Modern Folk-songs; vol. 2 those of 13-18th centuries) of great- est value; published several other collections. Erkel (ar-kel), Ferencz, compr. b. Gyula, Hungary, Nov. 7, 1810; d. Pesth, June 15, 1893. Taught by father; gave pf. recitals; condr. of traveling company; 1838 of Nat'l Theatre, Budapest; first opera Bath- ori Maria 1840 at once success- ful, but greatest success was Hun- yady Laszld 1844; of later operas, Bank Ban 1861 most popular; founder of Philh. Concerts and prof, of instrumentation at Nat'l Acad.; his numerous songs, like most of his operas, are too intensely national in feeling to have cosmopolitan interest. Erlanger (ar'-lon-zha), Camille, compr. b. Paris, May 25, 1863. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Delibes; Prix de Rome 1888; won success with St. Julien I'hospitalier, dram, legend 1894; Le juif polonais opera 1900, and Le fils de I etoile 1904, moderately success- ful; orchestral music and some songs. Ernst, Alfred, writer, b. Perigueux, April 9, 1860; d. Paris, May 15, 1898. Wrote, beside many articles, L'oeuvre dramatique de Berlioz, and several books on Wagner, whose theories he defended and whose Nibelungen Ring and Meistersinger he translated. Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm, vlt. b. Briinn, Moravia, May 6, 1814; d. Nice, Oct. 14, 1865. At Vienna Cons, studied comp. with Seyfried, vln. with Bohm, later with Mayseder; on his first tour at 16 followed Paga- nini about to learn his style; after 6 years in Paris 1832-38, he toured throughout Europe until he settled in London about 1850; playing re- markable for technical ability and ESCHMANN FALCKE strerfgth of tone; compositions, Ele- gie, Carnaval de Venise, are brilliant and difficult. Eschmann (esh'-man), Johann Carl, pst. b. Winterthur, Switzerland, Apr. 12, 1826; d. Zurich, Oct. 27, 1882. Pupil of Moscheles and Men- delssohn; teacher at Kassel and Zurich; composed some pf. music and valuable method Wegweiser durch die Klavierliteratur. Esipoff, Stepan [pseud, of Burnand, Arthur Bransby], compr. b. Croydon, Eng., Dec. 5, 1859. Composer of popular vocal and instrumental music. Essipoff, Annette, pst. b. St. Peters- burg, Feb. 1, 1851. Pupil at St. P. Cons, of Wielhorski and Leschetizky; 1874 began series of successful con- cert tours, playing in London, Paris 1875, America 1876; wife of Leschet- izky, later divorced; 1885 pst. to Prussian court; 1893-1908 prof, at St. P. Cons.; playing marked by unusual skill and artistic feeling, sometimes exaggerated. Este [pron. and often spelled East], Michael, compr. Conjecturally son of Thomas. Comp. madrigals, anthems, duets for viols, and Ayerie Fan- cies of four parts that may be sung as well as played; best-known madri- gal How Merrily We Live; retainer of Lady Hutton; Mus. B. Cambridge 1606; master of choristers Lichfield Cathedral. Este [or Est or East], Thomas, printer. Important early English publisher and printer; greatest work Whole Booke of Psalmes, " with tunes, in four parts," harmonized by 10 noted contemporaries. Eyken (l-ken), Jan Albert van, orgt. b. Amersfoort, Holland, Apr. 26, 1823; d. Elberfeld, Sept. 24, 1868. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, and at Dres- den, of Schneider; orgt. at Amster- dam 1848-1853, when he became orgt. and prof, in mus. school at Rotterdam; till death at Elberfeld; successful concert player, compr. of excellent org. mus. and of Lucifer (tragedy), chamber music and songs. Faelten (fel'-ten), Carl, pst., teacher, b. Ilmenau, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1846. Studied with Montag and Schoch, chiefly learned from association with Raff at Frankfort Cons.; after military service in Franco-Prussian war taught in Raff's Cons., and after 1882 at Peabody Inst. Baltimore; 1885 taught at N. E. Cons., of which he was director 1890-1897, when he founded school of pf. play- ing in Boston. Fahrbach (far-bak), Philipp, compr. b. Vienna, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there, Mar. 31, 1885. Pupil of Lanner, condr. of orch. of his own and of military band; compr. of operas and popular dance music. Son Philipp compr. b. Vienna, 1843; d. there, Feb. 15, 1894. Bandmaster at Pesth, suc- cessor of father in Vienna; also pro- lific compr. of popular marches and dance music. Fairlamb, James Remington, compr b. Philadelphia, Jan. 23, 1837; d. N. Y., April, 1908. After being orgt. in several churches studied at Paris Cons, and in Florence; II. S. con- sul at Zurich; orgt. in New Jersey and New York, notably St. Ignatius'; has composed 2 operas and consider- able sacred music. Faisst (fist), Emmanuel Gottlob Fried- rich, orgt. b. Esslington, Wurttem- berg, Oct. 13, 1823; d. Stuttgart, June 5, 1894. Taught himself org. before 9; after studying theology continued to work alone with Men- delssohn's advice; 1844 settled in Stuttgart where he gave concerts; founded soc. for classical ch. music and with others Cons, of which he became director; composed cantatas, motets, org. mus.; edited, with Lebert, Cotta Ed. classical pf. mus. Falcke (falk), Henri [Theodore Oscar], pst. b. Paris, Feb. 27, 1866. Pupil of Saint-Saens, Massenet, Dubois, and Mathias at Paris Cons., taking 1st prize in pf.; studied also in Ger- many; combines methods of both countries in successful teaching, pub- lished Ecole des arpeges, pf. pieces, etc. FANING Faning, Joseph Eaton, compr. b. Helston, Cornwall, May 20, 1850. Pupil at Roy. Acad. of Mus., of Bennett and Steggall; Mendelssohn Scholarship 1873; Mus. Doc. Camb. 1900; teacher at Royal Acad. and Guildhall School; director of mus. at Harrow School 1885-1901; condr. London Male Voice Club and Madri- gal Society; composed 2 operettas, symph., anthems, part-songs, the popular Miller's Wooing, and the Song of the Vikings. Farinelli (fa-ri-nelli), [pseud, of Carlo Broschi], singer, b. Naples, Jan. 24, 1705; d. Bologna, July 15, 1782. Artificial soprano, taught by Por- pora, early favorite in Naples under name " il ragazzo "; d6but in Rome 1722 was followed by success in other Italian cities; defeated in contest with Bernacchi at Bologna, he took lessons of B.; after second visit to Vienna 1731 added to bravura abilities those of pathetic expression; went to England in 1734 to lend his aid to Porpora and Senesino in their opposition to Handel; after their victory F. re- mained in London for 2 years win- ning great fortune; 1736 went to Spain where he cured Philip V of melancholy by singing, and remained as his pensioner; in 1759 he was sent to Bologna where he lived in elegant seclusion; probably the most wonderful of all singers in the sono- rous richness and skilful manipula- tion of his voice. Farmer, Henry, vlt. b. Nottingham, Eng., May 13, 1819; d. there, June 25, 1891. Self-taught player on vln. and org., in music business for 50 years; orgt. and condr. of Sacred Harmonic Soc. in Nottingham; compr. of mass and vln. concertos, author of New Violin School, and other methods. Farnaby, Giles, compr. b. Truro, Corn- wall, about 1560 (?); d., place and date unknown, prob. after 1620. Graduated Mus. B. Oxford 1592; contributed to Este's Whole Booke of Psalmes, published canzonets, and some pieces included in Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Farrar, Geraldine, sop. b. Melrose, Mass., Feb. 28, 1882. Studied with Mrs. J. H. Long in Boston, with Trabadello in Paris, and Lilli Lfehmann in Berlin; d6but Berlin Oct. 15, 1901, followed by engagement at Royal Opera; N. Y. debut 1906; remark- able popularity in Berlin, continued in N. Y. 1906-1910. Farwell, Arthur, compr., publisher, writer, b. St. Paul, Minn., Apr. 23, 1872. Graduated Mass. Inst. of Technology 1893; studied with Homer Norris in Boston and Hump- erdinck, Pfitzner and Guilmant in Europe; lecturer on mus. at Cornell Univ.; founder 1901 of " Wa-Wan Press," which aimed to issue original American music, whether that of Indians or of ultra-modern com- posers; F. himself has composed pieces on Indian themes, songs, etc. and written many articles on Indian music; 1909 in New York on edi- torial staff of Musical America; 1910 music commissioner for public parks and recreation piers, N. Y. Fasch (fash), Carl Friedrich Christian, compr. b. Zerbst, Nov. 18, 1736; d. Berlin, Aug. 3, 1800. Son of capellm. Johann Friedrich (1688- 1758); cembalist to Frederick the Great, as C. P. E. Bach's assistant 1756 taught during Seven Years' War; capellm. at opera 1774-76; established choral reunions which led to Singakademie; composed 16-part mass, and some other works, most of which he had burned before his death. Faulkes, William, orgt., pst., compr. b. Liverpool, Nov. 4, 1863. Pupil of Wm. Dawson and of Dillon-New- man; orgt. and teacher at Liver- pool since 1886; composed pf. con- certo, vln. concerto, chamber mus., pf. and org. pieces. Faure (fo-ra), Gabriel Urbain, compr. b. Pamiers, Ariege, May 12, 1845. Pupil of Niedermeyer, Dietsch, and Saint-Saens; orgt. at Rennes, at several churches (finally Madeleine) Paris; 1896 prof, counterpoint and fugue at Cons.; director there 1905; inspector of Beaux-Arts 1892; has written music to several plays (Pelleas et Melisande, Promethee), a symphony, opera, cantata (La Naissance de Venus), pf. pieces, and especially beautiful songs, notably La bonne chanson, En priere, Au cimetiere, Les roses d'Ispahan; music FAURE FETIS is distinguished for original harmonies, and depth of expression, especially in songs. Faure (for'), Jean Baptiste, dram, baritone, b. Moulins, Allier, Jan. 15, 1830. Choir boy at Madeleine under TreVaux; pupil at Cons, of Ponchard and Moreau-Sainti, winning 1st prize for comic opera; sang with success at Ope'ra Comique 1852-60, at Ope"ra 1861-76; taught at Cons. 1857-60; after 1876 sang in concerts; published valuable L'art du chant; his voice was remarkable for its range, flexi- bility, and adaptability to different roles; composer of The Palms; mar- ried 1859 Caroline Letebvre (b. 1828) singer at Opera Comique. Faustina, see Hasse, Faustina. Favarger (fa-var-zha), Rene, compr. b. Paris, 1815; d. Etretat, near Havre, Aug. 3, 1868. For many years teacher in London; compr. of graceful and popular pf. pieces. Fay, Amy, pst., writer, b. Bayou Goula, Miss., May 21, 1844. Pupil of Tausig, Kullak, Deppe, and Liszt; related experiences with different methods in popular Music Study in Germany; teaching in New York. Fayrfax, Robert, compr. b. Bayford, Hertfordshire, 1470(7); d.St.Albans, Feb., 1529. Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1504; gentleman of the chapel under Henry VIII ; accounted chief musician of time by contemporaries; composed masses, motets, two songs, etc. Feo (fa-o), Francesco, compr., teacher. b. Naples, about 1685; d. after 1740 (?). Pupil and successor of Ghizzi at Naples Cons, della Pieta; com- posed opera L'Amor tirannico and five others; chief importance .in church mus., masses, etc. Ferrabosco, Alfonso, compr. b. Bologna, about 1525; d. Turin, May 8, 1589. Settled in England 1562, already at- tached to queen's service; while in disgrace at court accused of murder- ing musician attached to Sir Philip Sidney; 1568 again in queen's favor; traveled abroad, returned 1572, left the country 1578; wrote much admired madrigals, pieces for lute, music for masques, etc. Son Alfonso (1575-March, 1628) compr. of music to Jonson's masques. Ferrari (fer-ra-ri), Gabrielle, pst., compr. b. Paris, pupil of Ketten in piano and Duprato in composition; also studied with Dubois and Gounod; appeared in public as a virtuoso at twelve to fourteen years of age; her compositions consist of orchestral suites, piano pieces and songs. Fern, Baldassare, singer, b. Perugia, Dec. 9, 1610; d. there, Sept. 8, 1680. Artificial sop.; choir boy in service of Cardinal Crescenzio at Orvieto, and later 1665-80 of Ferdinand III at Vienna; retired to Italy 1675; surpassed in brilliance, endurance, quality of tone, pathos of expres- sion; probably greatest singer that ever lived. Fesca, Alexander Ernst, pst. b. Carls- ruhe, May 22, 1820; d. Brunswick, Feb. 22, 1849. Son of Friedrich Ernst (1789-1826), distinguished vlt.; pupil of Rungenhagen, Schneider, and Taubert; concert tours 1839-40 of brilliant success; composed 4 operas, chamber mus., and songs, all of which gave promise. Festa, Costanzo, compr. b. Rome, about 1490; d. there, Apr. 10, 1545. Singer in Pontifical Chapel 1517- 1545; composed in style somewhat like Palestrina's, motets, madrigals (of which Down in a flow'ry vale was long most popular in England), Te Deum, still sung at election of new pope. Fetis (fa-tis'), Frangois Joseph, his- torian, theorist, b. Mons, Belgium, Mar. 25, 1784; d. Brussels, Mar. 26, 1871. After lessons on org. from father, and on vln., and after preco- cious compositions, studied at Paris Cons, under Rey, Boieldieu, and Pradher; 1803 in Vienna; published symph. overture, octets, sonatas; began study of hist, of notation, uncompleted; revised ritual of Ro- man church, never published; after loss of wife's fortune orgt. and teacher at Douai; 1821 prof, at Paris Cons.; 1827 librarian there; 1827-1832 edited Revue musicale; 1833 director of Brussels Cons.; music of transitory interest; wrote useful manuals of song, pf. play- ing, etc., classical text-book on counterpoint and fugue, very re- markable Biographic universelle des FIBICH FIORAVANTI musiciens, Histoire generate de la musique, Musique mise a la portee de tout le monde, many articles and reviews, all marred by partiality of judgment, but all distinguished by clearness of statement, originality of thought and research. Fibich (fe'-bik), Zdenko, compr. b. Seborschitz, Bohemia, Dec. 21, 1850; d. Prague, Oct. 10, 1900. Studied at Vienna and Prague, composed and conducted symph. at 14; pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Richter, and Jadassohn; greatly influenced by Schumann; studied with V. Lachner at Mannheim; after 1874 in Prague, teaching, con- ducting at theatre and at Russian church; retired 1881; wrote about 700 works, operas, chamber music, symph. poems, songs, etc.; as nation- al compr. less important than Sme- tana or Dvorak. Fiedler (fed-ler), August Max, pst., condr. b. Zittau, Dec. 31,. 1859. Lessons from father; first appear- ance at 10; won scholarship at Leipzig Cons, where studied with Reinecke, Paul, and Jadassohn; 1882 teacher at Hamburg Cons., since 1894 director; cpndr. in Ham- burg of concerts of his own and of Philharmonic Soc., and as guest in St. Petersburg, Dresden, Berlin,' London, and Italy; condr. N. Y. Philharmonic 1904, Boston Symph. Orch. (1908-11); has comp. symph., songs, pf. and chamber mus. Field, John, pst., composer, b. Dublin, July 26, 1782; d. Moscow, Jan. 11, 1837. Son of vlt., grandson of orgt. who was first teacher and a merci- lessly severe one; apprenticed to Clementi in London, where he dis- played pf. for sale and received pf. | lessons; de'but London 1794; ac- companied C. to Paris 1802, to Germany, then to Russia where he remained on C's return 1804, and where he won great success as player and teacher; 1823 similar success at Moscow; 1832-33 toured to London, Paris, and Italy, there unappreciated and ill he was taken back to Moscow by Russian family; especially important in pf. playing and pf. music as link between ' Clementi and Chopin; of his many \ compositions most important are poetic, graceful Nocturnes which led way to all later free compositions; as performer remarkable for ful- ness of tone, variety of expression, and repose of manner. Fielitz (fe-lits), Alexander von, compr. b. Leipzig, Dec. 28, 1860. Pupil of Kretschmer and Schulhoff ; 1886-87 condr. under Nikisch; prof, at Stern Cons, in Berlin, and theatre condr. at Zurich and Leipzig; for several ^ears at a Chicago conservatory; then returned to Berlin; compr. of two orch. suites and many songs (cycle Eliland). Fillmore, John Comfort, teacher, b. New London, Conn., Feb. 4, 1843; d. there, Aug. 15, 1898. Stud- ied with G. W. Steele at Oberlin Coll., and at Leipzig Cons.; director at Oberlin, Ripon Coll., Milwaukee, and Claremont, Cal.; author of History of Pianoforte Music, with biog. sketches, etc., and Study of Omaha Indian Music; articles on mus. history and Indian music in Etude and Music, his researches in which were based on personal investi- gation for several years. Finck, Henry Theophilus, writer, b. Bethel, Mo., Sept. 22, 1854. Lived in Oregon, graduated at Harvard where he studied with Paine; went to 1st Bayreuth festival 1876, studied in Munich; also student of anthropology and psychology; author of Romantic Love and Per- sonal Beauty, Wagner and his Works, Chopin and Other Essays, Songs and Song Writers, Life of Grieg, etc.; critic for N. Y. Evening Post; his Wagner and his Works has had great influence in spreading cult in U. S. Success in Music (1910) a mine of practical suggestion to musicians. Findeisen (fint'-I-sen), Otto, compr. b. Brunn, 1862. Capellm. at Leipzig Th.; compr. of successful operettas, Der alte Dessauer 1890, Kleopatra 1897. Fioravanti (fi-or-a-van'-ti), Valentino, compr. b. Rome, Sept. 11, 1764; d. Capua, June 16, 1837. Studied under Jannaconi and Sala; first opera produced Rome 1784; wrote about 50 others, most popular Le Cantatrice villane 1806 and / virtuosi FIORILLO FOOTE ambulanti, Paris 1807; 1816 maestro at St. Peter's; ch. music of poorer quality than really original though superficial operas. Fiorillo (fi-o-ril'-lo) , Federigo, vlt., compr. b. Brunswick, 1753; d., after 1823 when he was still living in Paris. Taught by father Ignazio, Neapoli- tan, condr. of opera; went to Po- land 1780; 1785 played at concerts spirituels in Paris; 1788 in London played viola in Salomon's quartet; after 1794 left London, lived in Amsterdam and Paris; of many compositions Caprices or Etudes de violon are of great value to vlts. Fisher, William Arms, compr. b. San Francisco, Apr. 27, 1861. Studied with J. P. Morgan, Horatio Parker, Wm. Shakespeare and with Dvorak at Nat. Cons. N. Y., where he also taught; since 1895 living in Boston, musical editor for Oliver Ditson Company; compr. of attractive songs, anthems, etc. Flagler, Isaac Van Vleck, orgt. b. Albany, N. Y., May 15, 1844; died March 16, 1909. Studied under H. W. A. Beale, Batiste in Paris, etc.; orgt. in Poughkeepsie, Chicago, Albany, and Auburn; orgt. and lecturer at Chautauqua; org. teacher and lecturer at Syracuse and Cor- nell Univs., at Utica Cons.; pub. pieces and collections for org. Flemming, Friedrich Ferdinand, compr. b. Neuhausen, Saxony, Feb.28, 1778; d. Berlin, May 27, 1813. Practising doctor of medicine, member of Zelter's Liedertafel, for which he wrote choruses, notably music to Horace's Integer vitce. Floersheim (fle"rs-him), Otto, compr. b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Mar. 2, 1853. Studied with F. Hiller at Cologne; in N. Y. after 1875; editor Musical Courier 1880; manager of Berlin branch for a number of years; compr. of pf. pieces and small orch. works, Consolation, etc. Floridia (flo-re'-dia), Pietro, compr. b. Modica, Sicily, May 5, 1860. Studied at Naples with Cesi, Serrao, Polidori, and Rossi; comic opera successful in 1882; toured Italy as pst.; taught in Palermo Cons.; dir. Bergamo Cons.; 1902 elected dir. of Benedetto Marcello Cons., Venice; came to N. Y. 1904; later teacher at Cincinnati Coll. Mus.; opera Maruzza success at Venice etc., 1894, La Colonia libera 1899, Padletta, produced at Cincinnati 1910. Composed beside pf . pieces, suite, etc. Flotow (flo-to), Friedrich Freiherr von, compr. b. Teutendorf, Meck- lenburg, Apr. 27, 1812; d. Darm- stadt, Jan. 24, 1883. Study in Paris with Reicha begun 1827, interrupted by July Revolution 1830; wrote first opera Pierre et Catherine in retirement; after return to Paris 1836 began long series of operas produced with varying success in Paris, Berlin, and London; with- drew to estate near Vienna about 1868; has certain gift for tuneful melody, but lacks originality of rhythm and skill in orchestration; Martha and Alessandro Stradella only operas which have lived; are both revised from earlier versions. Foerster (fe>s-ter), Adolf Martin, teacher, compr. b. Pittsburg, Pa., Feb. 2, 1854. Taught by his mother and at Leipzig Cons, by Richter, Papperitz, Grill, etc.; after teaching at Fort Wayne, Ind., settled in Pitts- burg as teacher of singing and compr.; compr. occasional music (Festival overture, Dedication march), orch. music, songs, etc. Foerster (fe>ster), Alban, compr. b. Reichenbach, Ger.,Oct. 23, 1849. Pu- pil at Dresden Cons., dir. Singakad- emie at Neustrelitz; 1881 teacher and dir. at Dresden; 1903 prof, and court capellm.at Dessau; composed chamber music, instructive pf. works and 3 operas. Foley, Allan James [known as Foli], bass. b. Cahir, Tipperary, Ireland, Aug. 7, 1835; d. Southport, Eng., Oct. 20, 1899. Lived in Hartford, Conn., as boy; pupil of Bisaccia at Naples; after de"but at Catania 1862 played in Turin, Milan, Paris, and London, where he continued for several seasons after 1865; sang also in America, South Africa, Russia, etc.; also successful in concerts; voice of unusual range and power. Foote, Arthur William, compr. b. Salem, Mass., Mar. 5, 1853. Pupil of B. J. Lang, S. A. Emery, and J. K. Paine; graduated at Harvard FORCHHAMMER FOX 1875; 1878-1910 orgt. in Boston; composed symphonic poem Fran- cesco, da Rimini, cantatas Wreck of the Hesperus, Skeleton in Armor, chamber music; lacking in directness and dramatic force necessary for larger works, he has shown great skill in composition and grace and ease of melody in orchestral suite in D minor, in string quartet, pf . quin- tet, and in songs, notably some set- tings of Shakesperean words; has also had wide influence on mus. cul- ture in Boston as a teacher, and as president of Cecilia Society; influ- ence always tending toward a sober, intelligent classicism. Forchhammer (fork-ham-mer), The- ophil, orgt. b. Schiers, Gray Cantons, July 29, 1847. Pupil at Stuttgart Cons.; orgt. at Magdeburg; compr. of org. mus.; author of Fuhrer durch die Orgel-Ltteratur. Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, writer, b. Meeder, near Coburg, Feb. 22, 1749; d. Gottingen, Mar. 17, 1818. Son of shoemaker; chorister at Liineberg; chorprafect at Schwerin; began to study law at Gottingen, but became orgt. and mus. director of Univ.; works on theory and history of music not always accurate and large- ly out-of-date; his AUgemeine Liter a- tur der Mus., and his Ueber Joh. Seb. Bach's Leben, Kunst und Kunst- werke are interesting as the first of their respective classes. Formes (for'-mes), Karl Johann, boss. b. Mulheim-pn-Rhine, Aug. 7, 1816; d. San Francisco, Dec. 15, 1889. Son of sexton, member of choir; sang at concerts for Cathedral fund at Cologne 1841, where he made oper- atic delmt 1841; sang at Mannheim, London 1852-57; in America 1857; then alternating between continents; Berlin 1874; remarkable voice and good presence apparently were not developed to the highest point possi- ble. Brother Theodor, tenor (1826- 1874), also successful singer in Ger- many, came with K. J. to America. Foster, Muriel, contralto, b. Sunder- land, Eng., Nov. 22, 1877. Pupil of Anna Williams at Royal Coll. of Mus. 1896-1900; winning prizes and scholarship; since d6but at Bradford 1896 has gained increasing popularity at English concerts and festivals; girt of Angel in Dream of Gerontius usseldorf 1902, and London 1903; has toured in Germany 1902, Canada and U. S. 1904. Foster, Myles Birket, orgt., compr. b. London, Nov. 29, 1851. Son of artist Birket; after being articled to Hamil- ton Clarke was pupil at Roy. Acad. of Mus. of Sullivan, Prout, and Horton (org.); various org. appoint- ments in London; mus. editor to Boosey, publisher; composed symph., cantatas for children, Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast; songs, a service and about 40 anthems; author of Anthems and Anthem Composers. Foster, Stephen Collins, compr. b. near Pittsburg, July 4, 1826; d. New York, Jan. 13, 1864. Student at Athens Acad., Pa., and Jefferson Coll., but his own mus. teacher; learned to play flageolet at 7; comp. waltz at 14, published Open thy Lat- tice, Love 1842; between 1845-1864 he wrote about 175 songs, almost all to words of his own; many of these were introduced to public at " min- strel shows "; Old Uncle Ned, Mas- sa's in the cold, cold ground, Ellen Boyne (tune to which was set John Brown's body), The Old Folks at Home (or Swanee River) are few of best known; his songs have so largely the simple pathetic melodies of real folk-song that his frequent use of the negro dialect has led to an assertion that he borrowed his tunes from negroes. Fox, Felix, pst. b. Breslau, May 25, 1876. Began study of music at an early age; family moved to Boston, U. S. A., in 1881; returned to Ger- many for study in 1892, at Leipzig Cons, under Jadassohn and Reinecke; received Helbig Prize on graduation when he performed Widor's F minor concerto; later spent two years in Paris with Philipp where he appeared in various concerts and played for the first time in Paris. MacDowell's Sonata Tragica; after he returned to U. S. in 1897 made concert tour sea- son 1897-98; located in Boston as teacher and pianist, playing recitals in various cities; 1898 with Carlo Buonamici organized the Fox-Buo- namici Piano School in Boston. FRANCHETTI FRESCOBALDI Franchetti (fran-ket'-ti), Alberto, Ba- ron, compr. b. Turin, Sept. 18, 1860. Pupil of Coccon and Magi, of Drae- seke at Dresden, and at Munich Cons.; though skilful in orchestra- tion and brilliant handling of spec- tacular scenes, owes presentation of operas largely to means and posi- tion [Grove]; composed symph. and operas, Asraele 1888, Germania 1902. Franck, Cesar (sa-zar' fron), Auguste, compr. b. Liege, Dec. 10, 1822; d. Paris, Nov. 8, 1890. Studied at Lie"ge Cons.; gave concerts at 11; at Paris Cons. 1835-1842 under Zim- mermann on pf., Berton comp., Benoist org.; took prizes in all but was prevented by father from com- peting for Prix de Rome; taught in Brussels 1842^44, then in Paris where he became orgt. at Ste. Clo- thilde in 1857 and teacher of org. at Cons, in 1872; his works include operas Hulda, Ghiselle; oratorios Ruth et Boaz, La redemption, Les beatitudes; symph. poems Psyche (with chorus), Les Bolides, Le chas- seur maudit, Les Djinns (for pf . and orch.), symph. in D min., chamber music, notably sonata for vln. and pf ., and quintet for pf. and strings; pf. mus., two operas, and songs. Little appreciated during his life, he lived quietly in Paris delighting in his hard work, his org. playing, and his classes in org. and comp. where he taught most of the noteworthy members of the present generation, d'Indy, Chausson, Ropartz, Holmes, and others. His compositions are dis- tinguished for simplicity of spirit and absolute sincerity of expression; for the utterance of a calm, strong, uplifting, resigned philosophy; his org. music breathes lofty mysticism, his chamber music is of almost or- chestral richness; technically the qualities of his style are abundance of melody, richness and originality of harmony, architectural dignity of rhythm ; its defects are monotony, occasional too great length. (See im- portant life by his pupil, d'Indy.) Franck, Melchior, compr. b. Zittau, about 1573; d. Coburg, June 1, 1639. Lived in Augsburg 1601, Nuremberg 1602, capellm. to Duke of Coburg after 1603; composed sacred and secular songs, now mostly unknown; paid special attention to instrumental accomp. of his songs, which prede- cessors had neglected; extraordi- narily prolific, with great influence on contemporaries. Franco, early writer on mus., commen- tator on and possibly inventor of time-table in music; for statement of arguments for and against the existence of three of the name and identity of any one with philosopher of llth century see Grove and articles there referred to. Franz (frantz), Robert, compr. b. Halle, June 28, 1815; d. there, Oct. 24, 1892. Son of Christoph Franz Knauth (surname dropped with royal permission in 1847); learned pf. ana org. playing in secret, against wishes of parents who grudgingly permitted him to have instruction from Schneider in Dessau 1835-37; on return to Halle, enforced leisure was spent in profitable study of Bach, Handel, etc.; 1st set of 12 songs, pub. 1843, won praise from Schumann, Mendelssohn, and Liszt; received various appointments at Halle, orgt., condr. of Singakademie, mus. air. at Univ. ; deafness which had begun in 1841 and nervous disorders dating from 1858 forced him into retirement in 1868; his pecuniary needs were relieved by fund from concerts given in Germany by Helene Magnus, Joachim, Liszt, etc., and in America by Lang, Dresel, etc.; wrote some articles and arranged accomp. for much of Bach and Handel; pre- eminent as compr. of songs, of which he wrote about 350, remarkable for unswerving fidelity to meaning and text of poems, and extraordinary variety of expression, from simplic- ity and tender pathos to romantic suggestions of subtler moods. Frescobaldi, Girolamo, orgt., compr. b. Ferrara (baptized Sept. 9), 1583; d. Rome, Mar. 2, 1644. While youth- ful chorister under Luzzaschi was known as singer and orgt. ; at Mechlin 1607; at Antwerp 1608, where he published collection of mad- rigals; orgt. at St. Peter's in Rome after 1608 except period 1628-33 when he was court orgt. at Florence; Froberger a pupil 1637-41; his works, madrigals and toccatas, etc., for org. are of great value foi FREY FUX " daring innovations in harmony, new developments in fugal form, and improvements in notation." [Baker.] Frey (fri), Adolph, compr., pst. b. Landau, Rheinfahr, Germany, Apr. 4, 1865. Graduated at Stuttgart; studied with Mme. Schumann, Brahms, and Faisst; mus. teacher and accompanist to Prince Alexan- der Friedrich of Hesse; prof, of music at Syracuse University, N. Y. Friedheim (fred'-hlm), Arthur, pst. b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 26, 1859. Early completed university education; di- rected theatre orch. in Dresden; attracted attention of Liszt, whom he followed to Weimar, Rome, and Naples; successful career as pst. throughout Europe; in America 1891 ; teacher Chicago Coll. Mus. 1897; now living in Munich. Fries (frez), Wulf Christian Julius, 'cel- list, b. Garbeck, Holstein, Germany, Jan. 10, 1825; d. Roxbury (Boston), Mass., Apr. 29, 1902. Taught him- self; played in theatre orch. in Bergen after 1842; also at Ole Bull's concerts ; came to Boston 1847; 1847-1870 member of Mendelssohn Quintet Club, with A. Fries, Gerloff, Leh- mann, and Greiner; also member of Mus. Fund Orch. and Harvard Mus. Ass'n; played with Rubinstein 1873; after about that year ceased exten- sive traveling, but continued to play in public at intervals up to 1901. Froberger, Johann Jakob, orgt. b. Halle, 1605(7); d. Hericourt, Haute- Saone, France, May 7, 1667. Court orgt. to Ferdinand III at Vienna 1637-1657, except 1637^11 when he was studying with Frescobaldi at Rome; visited London 1662; at last in service of Duchess of Wurttem- berg on her French estates; wrote many toccatas, etc., for org. Frost, Charles Joseph, orgt. b. West- bury-on-Trym, Eng., June 20, 1848. Pupil of father, Cooper, Goss, and Steggall; several positions as orgt.; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1882; teacher at Guildhall School; composed can- tata By the Waters of Babylon, Festi- val Te Deum, org. music, etc. Frugatta (fru-gat'-ta), Giuseppe, pst. b. Bergamo, May 26, 1860. Pupil of Bazzini and Andreoli at Milan Cons.; prof, there and at Collegio reale; pst. of considerable fame and compr. of chamber mus. which has won prizes in Milan and in London; also of pf. works, Croquis poetiques, Pastels, etc. Fry, William Henry, compr. b. Phila- delphia, Aug. 10, 1813; d. Santa Cruz, Sept. 21, 1864. Son of pub- lisher; pupil of Meignen; began to compose early, and in 1845 produced first American opera Leonora, after- ward given in N. Y. 1858; also wrote symphonies, cantatas, and 2d opera Notre Dame de Paris 1863; chiefly notable for influence on musical taste in America; as foreign corre- spondent and musical editor of N. Y. Tribune and as lecturer. Fuchs (fooks), Karl Dorius Johann, pst., critic, b. Potsdam, Oct. 22, 1838. Pupil of father, Von Billow, Weitzmann, and Kiel; 1871-75 living at Berlin; 1875-79 at Hirschberg; after 1879 condr. of Gesangverein at Danzig; orgt. and teacher; author of several works, chiefly with Rie- mann of Praktische Anleitung zum Phrasieren 1886 (N. Y. 1892) ; as per- former of great intellectual inten- sity, with breadth of phrasing. Fuchs, Robert, compr. b. Frauenthal, Feb. 15, 1847. Brother of Johann Nepomuk (1842-1899), dir.; pupil and prof, since 1875 at Vienna Cons.; composed 2 operas, pf. concerto, trios, etc., but especially 5 serenades for string orch. widely popular. Fursch-Madi (fursh-madi) .Emmy, dram, sop. b. Bayonne, France, 1847; d. Warrenville, N. J., Sept. 20, 1894. Pupil at Paris Cons.; sang in Paris, created Alda in Brussels; visited America 1874, London 1879; later seasons in New York. Fux (fooks), Johann Joseph, theorist. b. Hirtenfefd, Upper Styria, 1660; d. Vienna, Feb. 13, 1741. Nothing is known of his early life or studies; after 1696 he held various positions as orgt. and capellm. in Vienna; wrote operas and not very original church music much of which not published; chief works a re Gradus ad Parnassum, dialogue on theory and practice of composition, studied and followed by many distinguished successors, and Missa canonica, and an o cappetta mass, containing all kinds of canons. GABRIEL GADSKI Gabriel [Mary Ann], Virginia, compr. b. Banstead, Surrey, Feb. 7, 1825; d. London, Aug. 7, 1877. Pupil of Thalberg and Molique; composed cantata Evangeline, several operas, Widows Bewitched, Who's the Heir? etc.; and many songs; married 1874 G. E. March who wrote many of her librettos. Gabrieli (gab-ri-a'-li), Andrea, compr. b. Venice, about 1510; d. there, 1586. Pupil of Willaert, chorister and later 2d orgt. at St. Mark's; teacher of his nephew, Giovanni, Hasler, and Sweelinck; of great fame in Germany and Netherlands as well as in Italy; composed Cantiones Sacrae, Psalmi Poeni- tentiales, masses, ricercari, etc., for org. Gabrieli, Giovanni, compr. b. Venice, 1557; d. there, Aug. 12, 1612 or 1613. Pupil of his uncle and 1st orgt. of St. Mark's; teacher of Schiitz and Michael Praetorius; unusual contra- puntal skill is shown in motets of 16 and 19 parts; difficulty of parts suggests that they were to be played rather than sung [Grove]; especially remarkable for handling of two or more choirs of voices in dialogue form, and for variety of accom- paniment. Gabrilovitch (ga-bril-o'-vitch), Ossip Salomonovitch, pst. b. St. Peters- burg, [Jan. 26] Feb. 7, 1878. After first pf . lessons from brother, studied under Tolstoff at St. Petersburg Cons., where he was advised and superintended by Rubinstein; won Rubinstein Prize 1894; studied with Leschetizky and Navratil at Vienna; since 1898 has had successful career as virtuoso, playing in America 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, and every year since 1906; has published some small pf. works. Married, 1909, Clara Clemens (daughter of " Mark Twain"), concert singer. Gabussi (ga-boos'-si), Vincenzo, compr. b. Bologna, 1800; d. London, Sept. 12, 1846. Pupil of Mattei; pro- duced 3 operas without great success, one, Ernani, Paris 1841; 1825-1840 taught singing in London; chiefly known for vocal duets. Gade (ga-da), Niels Wilhelm, compr. b. Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1817; d. there, Dec. 21, 1890. Refused to follow father's trade of instrument- maker; after study under Wexschall, Berggreen and Weyse, became vlt. in royal orch. at Copenhagen, where he gained much from practical experience; Ossian overture, on approval of Spohr and Schneider, won prize 1841 and royal stipend for travel; except for trip to Italy, G. lived in Leipzig 1842-48, as friend of Schumann and Mendels- sohn; assistant and successor 1847 of latter as condr. at Gewandhaus; after 1848 lived in Copenhagen as orgt., condr. of Musikverein, court capellm., prof.; though somewhat influenced by his friends the German romanticists, G's music has some originality, and a Scandinavian flavor of its own; he was the precursor of composers who have more definitely brought out that flavor and the one who aroused international interest in Northern music. He wrote 8 symph., many part-songs, and cantatas Com- ala, Erlkonigs Tochter, etc. Gadsby, Henry Robert, compr. b. Hackney, London, Dec. 15, 1842; d. Putney, Nov. 11, 1907. Instruc- tion received as member of St. Paul's choir from W. Bayley all he had; orgt. at Brockley; prof, of harmony at Queen's Coll., London, prof, at Guildhall, member of Philh. Soc.; composed many cantatas, The Lord of the Isles, etc., part-songs, etc. Gadski, Johanna [Emilia Agnes], dram, sop. b. Anclam, Pomerania, June 15, 1871. Pupil of Schroeder-Chaloupa; de"but Berlin 1889, followed by engagements in Berlin, Mayence, Bremen, concerts in Holland; Amer- ican season with Walter Damrosch 1895, subsequent seasons at Metro- politan, London after 1899; 1899 at Bayreuth; married H. Tauscher, 1892. GAFORIO GANZ Gaforio (ga-fo'-rio), [sometimes spelled Gafori, Gafuri, etc.], Franchino, theor- ist, b. Lodi, Jan. 14, 1451 ; d. Milan, June 24, 1522. Lived in many Italian cities, Mantua, Verona, Naples (whence he was driven by plague), finally at Milan, where he was singer and master of boys in cath., first singer in choir of Ludovico Sforza, founder of music-school; writings on theory valuable at time, histor- ically interesting for evidence in contest between schools of Milan and Bologna. Gagliano (gal-yi-a'no), Marco da, compr. b. Gagliano, near Florence, about 1575; d. there, Feb. 24, 1642. From father's name called Marco di Zanobia, but family name really quite unknown. Pupil of Bati, became maestro at S. Lorenzo; 1607 founder of Accademia degV elevati in Florence; his opera Dafne, performed Mantua 1607, an early example of effort toward dramatic expression in music; wrote responses for Holy Week, madrigals, etc. Galilei (ga-li-la'-i), Vincenzo, writer. b. Florence, about 1533; d. there, about 1600. Father of Galileo G., the astronomer; distinguished lute- player, vlt.; one of those who dis- cussed revival of Greek dramatic theories at house of Count Bardi in Florence; said to be one of first who composed music for single voice with instr., experiment which led to opera; wrote discourses chiefly directed against his former teacher, Zarlino, and his theories about the scale and tuning of lutes. Galin (ga-lan), Pierre, theorist, b. Samatan, Gers, P>ance, 1786; d. Bordeaux, Aug. 31, 1821. Teacher of mathematics at Bordeaux, who invented Meloplaste, method of teaching sight-reading adopted by Galin-Paris-Chev6 system; it con- sists in referring all notes to the tonic (" movable do " principle), and in using figures to represent the various notes of the scale. Gallico (gal'-le-co), Paolo, pst. b. Trieste, May 13, 1868. Debut with recital at 15; a pupil at Vienna Cons. of Epstein, won several prizes; after success on Continent settled in N. Y. 1892, as teacher. Galuppi (ga-loop'-pi), Baldassare [called II Buranello], compr. b. Burano, near Venice, Oct. 18, 1706; d. Venice, Jan. 3, 1785. First lessons from his father; after failure of an opera, studied under Lotti; 1741 visited England, went twice to St. Peters- burg; was maestro at St. Mark's, director of Cons., and orgt. besides compr. of some 74 operas, many written to librettos by Goldoni, all quite obsolete; composed also for harpsichord. (Poem by R. Browning does not refer to any particular toccata.) Gand (gan), Charles Nicholas Eugene, vln.-maker. b. Paris, June 5, 1825; d. Boulogne-sur-Seine, Feb. 5, 1892. Son of Charles Frangois, eminent maker and remarkable repairer of vlns.; pupil in vln. "playing of Baillot at Cons., 1st prize 1839; partner of his brother Charles Adolphe and after C. A's death of Bernardel brothers; among most distinguished of modern makers; keen knowledge of old instr. Ganne (gan), Gustave Louis, compr. b. Buxieres-les-Mines?, Allier, France, Apr. 5, 1862. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Dubois and Franck; condr. orch. Nouveau Theatre Paris; compr. of waltzes, marches, songs, ballets, comic operas Rabelais, Les saUimbanques, Hans, the Flute-player. Gansbacher (gens'-bak-er), Johann Baptist, compr. b. Sterzing, Tyrol, May 8, 1778; d. Vienna, July 13, 1844. Studied under Albrechts- berger, and under Vogler at Vienna and Darmstadt, where Meyerbeer and Weber were companions; after wandering life as soldier part of time, capellm. in Vienna 1823; com- posed 216 works, masses, offertories, marches, serenades, etc.; only few published. Gantvoort (gant'-vort), Arnold J., teacher, b. Amsterdam, Dec. 6, 1857. Came to U. S. 1876; taught in various places; 1894 head of normal dept. for public school music teachers, Cincinnati Coll. of Mus.; has pub- lished public school readers. Ganz (gans), Rudolf, pst. b. Zurich, 1877. First appearance as 'cellist at 10; began study of pf. at 16 with GANZ GASPARO DA SAL6 uncle, Eschmann-Dumur; later stud- ied pf. and comp. with Busoni, at one of whose concerts he appeared as soloist and compr. 1899; 1901- 1905 taught in Chicago; resigned to lead virtuoso life. Ganz, Wilhelm, pst. b. Mayence, Nov. 6, 1833. Son of chorusmaster at theatre in London, where he settled in 1850; pupil of Eckert, Anschiitz, etc.; after 1856 accom- panist for Jenny Lind and for many other prominent singers; 2d vln., joint condr. at Wylde's New Phil- harmonic Soc. Concerts, continued 1880-83 as Ganz's Orch. Concerts where many works were first per- formed; prof, of singing at Guildhall School of Music. Garat (ga-ra), Pierre Jean, singer, b. Ustaritz, Apr. 25, 1764; d. Paris, Mar. 1, 1823. Pupil of Beck at Bordeaux; studied law at Univ. of Paris, but abandoned it; private secretary to Count of Artois, favorite of Marie Antoinette; after Revolu- tion sang at concerts Feydeau; prof, of singing at Cons, after 1799; taught Roland, Nourrit, and Mile. Duchamp whom he married; his remarkable voice included both tenor and baritone registers; prodig- ious memory on which he chiefly relied rather than on knowledge. Garcia (gar-si' -a or gar-the'-a), Manuel del Popolo Vicente, singer [real name Rodriguez]. b. Seville, Jan. 21, 1775; d. Paris, June 9, 1832. Cathedral chorister, pupil of Ripa and Almarcha; known as singer, condr. and compr. at 17; great success in Paris 1808-1811; 1811- 1816 in Naples, singer in Murat's chapel, profiting by advice from Anzani, composing, singing in Ros- sini's operas (part of Almaviva was written for him); 1816 in Paris, until Catalani's mismanagement drove him in 1817 to London; 1819- 24 again in Paris, then again in London until 1825 when he brought family and troupe to N. Y., where they gave Italian operas with great success; after short season in Mex- ico, of the profits of which they were robbed, returned to Paris, where G. continued to compose and teach; his own children Marie [see Malibran ] and Pauline [see Viardot-Garcia], Nourrit, Rimbault among pupils; of his 43 operas none is remembered. His son, Manuel Garcia [Patricio Rodriguez], teacher, b. Madrid, Mar. 17, 1805; d. London, July 1, 1906. After lessons from his father and F6tis, went to N. Y. as bass in father's troupe; 1829 taught in Paris, among his pupils were Jenny Lind, Henriette Nissen, Catherine Hayes, Mme. Marchesi, Santley, Son tag; invented laryngoscope; wrote Memoire sur la voix humaine; taught at Paris Cons. 1842; leave of absence 1849, resigned 1850; 1848 teacher at Royal Acad. Lon- don, where he remained until 1895; hundredth birthday celebrated with international compliment. Garden, Mary, dram. sop. b. Aberdeen, 'Scotland, Feb. 20, 1877. Came to Chicago very young; pupil of Mrs. Duff, of Bangor, Me.; coached by Trabadello and Fugere at Paris; d6but at Opra Comique in Char- pentier's Louise, 1900, led to engage- ment; created Melisande and other parts; one of few foreign singers really accepted by French audiences; N. Y. debut Manhattan Opera, 1908, reengaged 1909-10. Garlandia, Johannes de, writer, b. England, or Ireland, about 1190. Studied at Oxford and Paris; 1218- 1232 at Toulouse; after 1229 at Univ.; still living in Paris 1245; poet and grammarian as well as author of treatises on mus. theory and notation, printed in Cousse- maker's Scriptores. Garrett, George Mursell, compr. b. Winchester, Eng., June 8, 1834; d. Cambridge, Apr. 8, 1897. Pupil of Elvey and Wesley; orgt. at Madras 1854-1856; 1857 at St. John's Coll. Camb.; 1873 orgt. to Univ.; Univ. lecturer and examiner; condr. St. John's Mus. Soc.; composed ora- torio Shunammite and distinguished church services. Gasparo da Salo (gas-pa'-ro-da-sa-lo'), [family name Bertolotti], vln.-maker. b. Salo, province of Brescia, about 1542; d. Brescia, April 14, 1609. After about 1563 gained renown at Brescia as maker of viols, viola da gambas, and contrabasses; said to GASTALDON GDALGE have modernized form of vln. by giving / holes present shape, etc.; vlns. of his make not remarkable. Gastaldon (gas-tal'don), Stanislas, com- pr. b. Turin, Apr. 7, 1861. Has published since early youth great number of popular pf. pieces, fan- tasias, etc.; composed one-act opera Le Pater 1894. Gatty, Sir Alfred Scott, compr. b. Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, Apr. 25, 1847. Son of vicar; studied at Cambridge; poursuivant of arms, Herald's Col- lege, London, 1880; composed 2 operettas, Sanford and Merlon's Christmas Party, Not at Home, songs and books for children, many other songs and pf. pieces. Gaul, Alfred Robert, compr. b. Nor- wich, Eng., Apr. 30, 1837. Choris- ter in Cath., then articled to Dr. Buck; various appointments as orgt.; condr. Walsall Philh. Soc.; teacher of harmony at Birmingham and Midland Inst.; works include can- tatas Hezekiah, Ruth, many psalms and tunes of popular sentimentality; The Holy City best known work. Gauntlett, Henry John, orgt. b. Wel- lington, Shropshire, July 9, 1805; d. Kensington, London, Feb. 21, 1876. Though showing early aptitude for music (was orgt. in his father's church at 9) he became lawyer and practised until about 1842, holding various positions as orgt. at same time; brought about introduction of C organ in Eng., instead of old F and G instruments; drew attention to Gregorian music; compiled many collections of psalm-tunes, composed favorite hymn-tunes. Gavinies (ga-vi-ne-az'), Pierre, vlt. b. Bordeaux, May 11, 1728; d. Paris, Sept. 9, 1800. Appeared in Paris 1741 at Concerts spirituels; directed them 1773-77; teacher at Cons, after 1795; called French Tartini; although probably inferior to T. in originality and. ability, yet G. had great influ- ence, as result of virtuosity, in found- ing French school; composed 24 Mati- nees, difficult and interesting studies, also other vln. works and one opera. Gayarre (ga-yar-ra), Julian, dram, tenor, b. Roncal or Pampeluna, Jan. 9, 1844; d. Madrid, Jan. 2, 1890. Son of blacksmith, educated by Eslava at Madrid Cons.; de"but at Varese followed by engagements in Rome, Milan, Vienna, St. Peters- burg, South America, and London (1877-1881), and in Madrid, where he founded a school of singing for poor youths. Gaynor, Mrs. Jessie L., compr. b. St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 17, 1863. Early pf. lessons from Mrs. Ralston, later theory and pf. from Maas, and theory with C. B. Cady, A. J. Good- rich, and A. Weidig; also had vocal lessons with J. D. Mehan, and Ida Lurig in Berlin; taught in Iowa City, in Chicago, and at school of her own in St. Joseph, Mo., where she now lives (1910); composed a great number of songs and pf. pieces; though she has written some songs for adults (Album of Rose Songs), her specialty is works for children and about them; beside many single songs (Discontented Duckling, etc.) she has written a Mother Goose operetta The House that Jack Built, and has had share in many collec- tions, Songs of the Child World, Melody Pictures for Little Players, Lilts and Lyrics for Kindergarten, etc. Gebhard, Heinrich, pst. b. Germany, 1878. Studied with a local bandman, moved to the U. S. 1888, the family locating in Boston, where he became a pupil of Clayton Johns in piano playing, theory, and composition; later studied four years in Vienna with Leschetizky; began his profes- sional career in Boston in 1900; since then has played with the leading orchestras and chamber music organ- izations, and is considered one of the foremost American pianists; while he presents excellent interpretations of the classics he is especially inter- ested in the works of modern com- posers, such as Strauss, Faure", D'Indy, Franck, Loeffler and Con- verse; his compositions include a string quartet, a sonata for violin and piano (performed at Vienna), and a number of piano pieces. Gedalge (zha-dalzhe'), Andre, compr. b. Paris, Dec. 27, 1856. Pupil at Cons, of Guiraud; 2d Prix de Rome 1886; composed several successful operas, Le petit Savoyard, etc., 2 symph., pf. concerto, and Traite de fugue. GEIBEL Geibel (gl-bel), Adam, compr., orgt. b. Neuenhein, near Frankfort, Ger- many, Sept. 15, 1855. Became blind in infancy; came to America 1862; studied at Penna. Inst. for the Blind until 1874, chiefly org. with D. D. Wood; taught there until 1901; orgt. in Philadelphia since 1873; publisher Geibel and Lehmann, 1887-1906, then as A. G. Mus. Co.; since 1902 was lecturer on his own life; known as compr. since 1875 of songs, pf. pieces and choruses; some of the very popular ones are Over the Hills at Break of Day, My Kentucky Babe, etc.; cantata The Nativity has been successful. Gelinek, Hermann Anton [called Cer- vetti], compr. b. Horzeniowecs, Bo- hemia, Aug. 8, 1709; d. Milan, Dec. 5, 1779. Priest who fled from mon- astery and lived in Naples under name C., gaining distinction as vlt. and compr. of vln. and church music. Geminiani (jem-in-i-a'-ni), Francesco, vlt. b. Lucca, about 1680; d. Dublin, Sept. 17, 1762. Pupil of Lunati, Corelli, and possibly of A. Scarlatti; after playing in band at Lucca, came to England 1714, where he estab- lished himself as teacher and infre- quent concert player; lived in Dublin 1736-42, in Paris 1749-55, otherwise in London; important as introducer of Corelli's method and vln. tech- nic into England, as author of Art of Playing the Violin, first written method; wrote other theoretical treatises, and composed vln. music, esteemed at time very difficult. Gemiinder (ge-mun'-der), August [Mar- tin Ludwig], vln.-maker. b. Ingel- fingen, Wiirttemberg, Mar. 22, 1814; d. New York, Sept. 1, 1895. Pupil of father; after working in several places, shop of own at Regensburg; came to America 1846; first estab- lished at Springfield, Mass., and after 1860 in .N. Y.; international reputation as maker; especially expert in copying old violins. Genee (zhe"-na), Franz Friedrich Rich- ard, compr. b. Danzig, Feb. 7, 1823; d. Baden, near Vienna, June 15, 1895. Son of music director at theatre; first studied medicine; pupil in mus. of Stahlknecht at Berlin; capellmeister at theatres in many GERLACK cities, finally at Vienna, from 1868 to retirement 1878; clever author of librettos of which he wrote many, some with F. Zell [pseud, of C. Wal- zelj. Composed popular but transi- tory operas (Nanon, etc.). Georges (zhor-zhe), Alexandre, compr., orgt., teacher, b. Arras, Feb. .25, 1850. Pupil at the Ecole Nieder- meyer, Paris, where he took prizes; orgt. of St. Vincent de Paul and teacher at the Ecole Niedermeyer; compositions include operatic and choral works, incidental music to plays, orchestral pieces, and songs. Gerardy (zha-rar'-di), Jean, 'cellist. b. Spa, Belgium, Dec. 7, 1877. Pupil of Bellman and at Verviers Cons.; after occasional appearances as solo- ist, made tours as virtuoso after 1888; has played in England, France, Germany, Russia, Australia, America (3 times) notably with Marteau and Ysaye and with Kreisler and Hof- mann. Gerber (ger-ber), Ernst Ludwig, lexicog- rapher, b. Sondershausen, Sept. 29, 1746; d. there, June 30, 1819. Son of Heinrich Nikolaus (1702-1775), compr., orgt.; pupil and successor of father as orgt. and court secretary; beginning with idea of bringing up to date Walther's Lexikon, he wrote under considerable difficulties His- torisch-biographische Lexikon der Tonkiinstler 1742, enlarged and cor- rected 1812; though necessarily out of date, his work is foundation of all succeeding ones, and still has value. Gericke (ge'-rik-g), Wilhelm, condr. b. Graz, Styria, Apr. 18, 1845. Pupil of Dessoff at Vienna Cons.; theatre condr. at Linz, 2d condr. of Vienna court opera; condr. of Gesell- schaft concerts after Brahms 1880; 1884-89 condr. of Bost. Symph. Orch.; 1889-95 again of Gesellschaft concerts, and 1898-1906 again of Bost. Orch.; to his remarkable effi- ciency in drilling the Boston Orch. owes perfection of ensemble; as in- terpreter, though sometimes ac- cused of dryness, he was painstaking and broad-minded. Gerlack (ger'-lak), Theodor, compr. b. Dresden, June 25, 1861. Student at Berlin Univ. ; pupil of Fr. Wiillner; cantata Luthers Lob der Musica GERMAN GIBBONS brought him into notice; theatre condr. in Sondershausen and in Posen, now at Carlsruhe; composed chamber mus., several cantatas, suc- cessful opera Matteo Falcone. German, Edward [pseudonym of James E. German- Jones], compr., condr. b. Whitchurch, Shropshire, Feb. 17, 1862. Early organized local band, for which he arranged and composed music and for whose concerts he taught himself to play vln. solos; in 1880 took lessons of Hay, and entered Royal Acad., where he studied org. under Steggall, vln. under Weist- Hill and A. Burnett; taught vln. there; vlt. in several theatre orch.; 1888 mus. director of Globe Th., London, where he began to write incidental music; among this music, Henry VIII (for the Lyceum 1892) is notable and has become popular as suite; completed Sullivan's music for The Emerald Isle 1901 ; composed Princess of Kensington 1903, Tom Jones 1907. Germer (gar'-mer), Heinrich, pf. teacher. b. Sommersdorf, Saxony, Dec. 30, 1837. Pupil at Berlin Akademie; after a period of teaching; settled in Dresden where he has been busy teaching and writing valuable books on pf . playing. Gernsheim (garns'-hlm), Friedrich, pst., compr. b. Worms, July 17, 1839. After lessons on pf. from mother, Pauer, and Rozenheim, and in theory from Hauff, he studied at Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, Richter, etc., and then for a year in Paris; teaching at Saarbruck and Cologne, conductor at Rotterdam, teacher at Stern Cons. 1890-97; and director Stern Gesang- verein 1890-94; composed 4 symph., concertos for pf. and vln., choral works, and chamber music. Gerster (gars'-ter), Etelka, dram. sop. b. Kaschau, Hungary, June 25, 1857. Pupil of Marchesi at Vienna Cons.; de"but Venice 1876; success at Genoa, Marseilles, Berlin 1877, Pesth (where she married impresario Gardini), London, and America (1878, 1883, 1887); last appearance in London 1890; after period of retirement at Bologna, opened school for singers, Berlin, 1896; remarkable for colora- tura singing and dramatic ability. Gesualdo (zha-swal'-do) , Carlo, Prince of Venosa, compr. b. about 1560; d. Naples, 1614. Pupil of Nenna; one of so-called chromaticists (Ban- chieri, Vincentino, etc.); in seeking to establish Greek system, came upon many originalities; chiefly notable for better adaption of music to words. Gevaert (ga-vart'), Franjois Auguste, compr., writer, b. Huysse, near Oude- narde, July 31, 1828; d. Brussels, Dec. 24, 1908. Son of a baker, who finally permitted him to follow marked musical bent; studied 1841 at Ghent Cons., under Mengal and Sommere; while orgt. at Jesuits' ch., compositions won praise and 1846 prize for 2 years' travel; after pro- ducing 2 operas, went to Spain, whence reports on Spanish music are of value, to Italy and Germany; after series of successful operas, became chef de chant at Acad. of Mus., Paris, until war closed Ope'ra 1870; 1871 director Brussels Cons.; composi- tions include operas and cantatas for national occasions; important works are researches in history, Histoire et theorie de la musique dans I'antiquite, Les origines du chant liturgique, collections Les gloires d' Italic, etc. and Trailed' instrumenta- tion. Giardini (zhiar-de'-ni), Felice de, vlt. b. Turin, Apr. 12, 1716; d. Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796. Chorister at Milan Cath.; pupil of Paladini for singing, comp., and harpsichord, of Somis for vln.; after playing in theatre orch. in Rome and Naples, appeared in Lon- don with great success about 1750; became leader of Ital. opera there 1752, manager 1756 and 1763-65, and again after period of concert giving and leading other orch., 1782- 83; 1784 retired to Italy; 1790, after failure of comic opera in London, took troupe to Russia; not much success as composer or manager; as virtuoso he was remarkable for brill- iancy and absolute purity of into- nation. Gibbons, Orlando, compr. b. Cam- bridge, 1583; d. Canterbury, June 5, 1625. Chorister at King's Coll. 1596-97; orgt. Chapel Royal 1604; Mus. Bac. Cambridge 1606 and Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. Oxford 1622; 1623 orgt. at Westminster Abbey; GIGOUT GILSON 1625 composed music for reception of Henrietta Maria at Canterbury, where he died suddenly; of his music, Fantasias, especially those printed in Parthenia (first music for virginal 1611) are as masterly as anything before Bach; his madrigals (The Silver Swan, O That the Learned Poets, etc.) and anthems show the influence of Italian music and an effort to adapt the music to expres- sion of the words. His son Christo- pher, orgt. b. London (baptized Aug. 22), 1615; d. there, Aug. 20, 1676. Chorister in Chapel Royal and under uncle, Edward, at Exeter Cath.; orgt. at Winchester Cath. 1638-1644 when he joined royalist army; 1660 orgt. at Chapel Royal, and at Westminster Abbey; com- posed some motets, but is said to have been more distinguished as performer. Gigout (zhi-go), Eugfcne, orgt., compr. b. Nancy, Mar. 23, 1844. Pupil at maltrise of Nancy Cath. and at Niedermeyer School in Paris, where he also taught for more than 20 years, and which he reentered as prof, of org. 1902; 1863 became orgt. at ch. of St. Augustin; 1885 founded famous school for org., with state subsidy; very successful as concert orgt. throughout Europe, as teacher, and as composer chiefly of org. music, notably Album gregorien. Gilchrist, William Wallace, compr. b. Jersey City, Jan. 8, 1846. Pupil of H. A. Clarke at University of Penn- sylvania, Philadelphia; after teaching in Cincinnati, choirmaster in Phila. 1873-1877; teacher at Phila. Mus. Acad.; at present (1910) engaged in private teaching in Philadelphia; founder and condr. of Mendelssohn Club, Phila.; has composed widely notable choral works, 4Qth Psalm which won Cincinnati Festival prize, Legend of Bended Bow, and others, songs of considerable charm, Heart's Delight, Dirge for Summer, Bugle Song, etc., orchestral and chamber music, mostly unpublished, showing originality and skill in orchestration, and much valuable church music. Gillet (zhil'-la), Ernest [Vital Louis], 'cellist, b. Batignolles, Sept. 12, 1856. Pupil at Niedermeyer School and at Cons., 1st prize 1874; 'cellist at Grand Opera 1875-82; living in London; compr. of dance music, no- tably popular Loin du bal. Oilman, Lawrence, music' critic, author. b. Flushing, N. Y., July 5, 1878. Educated at New York public schools and Classical School, Hartford, Conn., studied drawing and portrait- painting; later, landscape-painting with Wm. M. Chase, and illustration at Art Students' League, N. Y. City, on staff of N. Y. Herald 1896^98; self-taught in musical theory, piano and organ playing, and composition; music critic of Harper's Weekly since 1901; assistant editor of same since 1903; author of the following books: Phases of Modern Music (1904); Edward MacDowell (1905); The Music of To-morrow (1906); A Guide to Strauss' Salome (1907);" Stories of Symphonic Music (1907); A Guide to Debussy's Petteas et Melisande (1907); Aspects of Mod- ern Opera (1908); Edward Mac- Dowell: A Study (1909, a revised and enlarged edition of volume pub- lished in 1905), contributor to maga- zines; member of the National Insti- tute of Arts and Letters in 1908; lives in New York City. Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield, condr. b. near Dublin, Dec. 25, 1829; d. St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. Member first of Irish, then of English band with which he came to Canada 1849; condr. of military band in Salem, Mass.; organizer and condr. 1859 of Gilmore's Band in Boston; band- master in Federal Army at New Orleans, gave grand festival 1864; conducted Nat'T Peace Jubilee 1869 and World's Peace Jubilee 1872, both at Boston; in these festivals the numbers of the chorus and orchestra were large (in the last 2000 in orch. and 20,000 in chorus) and orch. was reinforced by actual cannon, bells, etc.; traveled from N. Y. with band in U. S., 1878 to Europe; arranged much music, composed popular songs. Gilson (zhil-son), Paul, compr. b. Brussels, June 15, 1865. Studied at Brussels Cons, under Cantillon, Duyck, and Gevaert; 1889 Prix de Rome; prof, harmony at Antwerp Cons, after 1902; dir. Brussels Cons. 1910; composed choral works Sinai, GIORDANI GLEASON Francesco da Rimini, ballet La Cap- tive, operas, works for orch., of which symph. poem La Mer is most widely known (played in Brussels 1892, Lon- don 1896, Boston 1893, part only, 1898 whole); smaller orch. works played in Chicago and Cincinnati; modern harmonization combined with originality and force of ideas. Giordan! (zhior-da-ne), Giuseppe [called Giordanello], opera compr. b. Naples, 1744; d. Fermo, Jan. 4, 1798. Pupil of the Lore to Cons.; in London as teacher and comp. 1772-82; returned to Italy, devoted himself to dramatic composition; in 1791 became master of music at Fermo Cathedral; wrote about 30 operas, chamber music, piano pieces, songs and sacred works; known by his song Caro mio ben. Giordano (zhior-da'-no), Umberto, compr. b. Foggia, Aug. 26, 1867. After much opposition from artisan parent, pupil of Serrao at Naples Cons.; while still pupil, an opera won commission from Sonzogno, the pub- lisher, for Mala Vita (Rome 1892); later opera, Andrea Chenier, Milan 1896, N. Y. 1896, Berlin 1898, Lon- don 1903, greatest success of younger Italian school; vulgarity of first opera apparently due to libretto, as later ones, though realistic and melo- dramatic, are more refined. Giorza (zhiort'-sa), Paolo, compr. b. Milan, 1838. Pupil of his father (orgt. and singer) and of LaCroix; with exception of one opera, has composed much ballet and dance mu- sic, in which he has been remarkably successful, also church music; lived in the U. S. for a number of years. Gladstone, Francis Edward, orgt. b. Summertown, near Oxford, Mar. 2, 1845. Pupil of S. Wesley; many positions as orgt. in Anglican and after conversion 1887 at Rom. Cath. churches; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1879; prof, of counterpoint Trinity College, London, 1881; of harmony and counterpoint Royal Coll. Mus. 1883; composed services, masses, org. mus. and Organ Students' Guide, A Wet Sheet and Flowing Sea for chorus and orch., sonatas, etc. Glareanus (gla-re-a'-nus), Henricus, [pseud, of Heinrich Loris], writer, b. Glarus, Switzerland, June, 1488; d. Freiburg, Baden, Mar. 28, 1563. Studied theology at Cologne, mus. under Cochlaus; poet laureate under Maximilian I; friend of Erasmus; taught and lectured on history and literature in Paris, Basle, and Frei- burg; chief work Dodecachordon, valuable source for history of men- surable music, notation, etc., named from claim for 12 modes instead of 8. Glasenapp (glaz'-e-nap), Carl Friedrich, writer. b. Riga, Oct. 3, 1847. Student of philosophy at Dorpat; headmaster at Riga since 1875; ardent partisan of Wagner, wrote Wagner- Lexikon and Richard Wag- ner's Leben und Werken (5 vols. 1882- 1904, not yet completed) of which translation and adaptation by Ash- ton Ellis appeared 1900-1904. Glazunov (glaz'-6-noff), Alexander Con- stantinovitch, compr. b. St. Peters- burg, Aug. 10, 1865. Son of pub- lisher and bookseller; early lessons from Jelenovsky; studied at uni- versity; Balakirev advised him to study composition and theory with Rimsky-Korsakov; also befriended in Russia by A. Rubinstein, and abroad by Liszt, he gained for his works an audience at Weimar, at Paris, at concerts of Exhibition of '89, several of which G. conducted, and in England; condr. of Russian symph. concerts; since 1899 prof, of instrumentation at St. Petersburg Cons.; though belonging to circle of Balakirev, he has never hotly espoused its theories; indeed, he claims to be a follower of Brahms in his emphasis on pure form and " his later works seem to be more academic in spite of fondness for ballet; his early symphonic poems are romantic in feeling; his music is remarkable for mastery of technical resource; his form is lyrical and transparent; his harmonic treatment, while not striking, is effective; his instrumen- tation is varied and sonorous; his ideas come with ease and are often lacking in significance, but he has gained in self-restraint." [E. B. Hill.] Gleason, Frederick Grant, compr. b. Middletown, Conn., Dec. 17, 1848; d. Chicago, Dec. 6, 1903. After lessons from Dudley Buck in Hart- ford, studied at Leipzig Cons, under GLIERE Moscheles, Plaidy, and Richter, at Berlin with Loeschhorn and Haupt, at London with Beringer; after several appointments as orgt., settled in Chicago 1877 as successful pf. teacher, finally director Auditorium Cons.; critic for Tribune, wrote operas, orch. mus. (played at World's Fair and by Thomas's Orch.), can- tata Culprit Fay, etc.; especially skilful at harmonic effects. Gliere (gli-ar'), Reinhold Moritzovitch, compr. b. Kiev, Jan. 11, 1875. Pupil of Taneiev and Ivanov at Moscow Cons. 1894-1900; com- posed 2 string quartets which at- tracted attention in and out of Russia, sextet, symph., played by Russian Symph. Orch. in N. IT. 1906. Glinka, Michail Ivanovitch, compr. b. Novospaskoi', near Smolensk, June 1, 1804; d. Berlin, Feb. 15, 1857. During early years on father's coun- try estate showed great sensitiveness toward mus.; while at school in St. Petersburg 1817-22 took pf. lessons from John Field and C. Meyer and vln. from Bohm; 1824-28 held gov't position; composed in ama- teurish way; 1828-33 living in Italy for health; admired works of Bellini and Donizetti; 1833 went to Berlin where Dehn gave him first real instruction in theory; on return to Russia 1834 set to work on long- nourished plan of writing national .opera; result Life for the Czar per- formed 1836 with great success; second opera Russian and Ludmilla 1842, not quite so successful; 1844 in Paris met Berlioz who admired his works; after trip to Spain returned to St. Petersburg, where he turned attention to old church modes; died when on visit to Dehn. Pioneer of modern Russian music he established Russian opera upon basis of supremacy of voice, and, though he used leit-motiven before Wagner, he kept them in voice- parts only; he first used Russian folk-songs, but he used them more as an imitator than as a copyist; he gained effect of local color by using melancholy progressions, rhythms of 5 and 7 beats, etc.; his orches- tration was simple, but vigorous and rich. GLUCK Glover, Sarah Ann, writer, b. Nor- wich, Eng., 1785; d. Malvern, Oct. 20, 1867. Her Manual of Norwich Sol- Fa System 1845 contains ac- counts of sol-fa notation, her inven- tion, which was afterwards developed by John Curwen. Glover, Stephen Ralph, compr. b. London, 1812; d. there, Dec. 7, 1870. Music teacher; 1840-70 composed about 1200 works, almost all very popular, frivolous, and for- gotten, with the exception of one or two, such as " What Are the Wild Waves Saying ? " Gluck (glook), [French, gliik], Christoph "Willibald, Ritter von, compr. b. Weidenwang, near Neumarkt, in Upper Palatinate, July 2, 1714; d. Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. Father was gamekeeper on estates of Prince Lobkowitz at Eisenberg, where G. was taught in village school; at 12 sent to Jesuit School at Kommotau he learned vln., harpsichord, org., and singing; 1732 at Prague studied under Czernohorsky, learned 'cello, supporting himself by singing in church, playing vln. at village dances and concerts; 1736 at Vienna met Prince Melzi, who, as his patron, sent him to Italy, where he studied 4 years under Sammartini; 1741- 45 produced nine operas in different Italian cities with such success that in 1745 he was invited to London as compr. for Haymarket; the failure there of two operas and pasticcio, and scorn of Handel for his ignor- ance of counterpoint are said to have led G. to examine his own faults; observation of Rameau's operas in Paris, subsequent study of esthetics after visit to Dresden and Hamburg led to dissatisfaction with Italian opera; 1749-67 he produced in Vienna many operas, the only im- portant one being Orfeo ed Euridice 1762; with Alceste 1767, and Paride ed Elena 1770, he definitely broke with old traditions according to well- thought-out theories which he made clear in prefaces to published scores (1769-70); unappreciated at home, encouraged by Bailly du Rollet of French embassy (librettist of Iphi- genie), went to Paris to produce Iphigenie en Aulide; only the influence of Marie Antoinette, former pupil GOBBAERTS GOEPP of G's, seems to have enabled him to withstand violent opposition; successful performance revolution- ized at one blow French opera; Orphee 1774, and Alceste 1776, rearrangements of earlier works, continued success; Armide 1777 showed power in tender as well as tragic styles; partisans of Piccinni and old Italian music attacked G. by pamphlets and in other ways until the -" war " actually divided French society; G. continued, with Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, and Echo et Narcisse 1779; forced by ill health to retire to Vienna 1780. Newman says, in Gluck and the Opera, that " his theories of sub- ordinating music entirely to poetry were really neither new nor practical. But to have insisted on the necessity for making the verbal basis sound and sane; to have repressed the vanity and egotism of singers and to have galvanized the orchestra to life; to have struck away all the pernicious excrescences that dis- figured the aria and to have made it a genuine expression of passion; to have made the overture elu- cidatory of coming drama; and given unity to what had before been a mere pasticcio was no small labor." Gobbaerts, Jean Louis, compr. b. Antwerp, Sept. 28, 1835; d. Saint- Gilles, near Brussels, May 5, 1886. Pupil of Brussels Cons.; under pseudonyms Streabbog, Ludovic, and Levi produced some 1200 pf. pieces, some very popular. Godard (go-dar'), Benjamin Louis Paul, compr. b. Paris, Aug. 18, 1849; d. Cannes, Jan. 10, 1895. Vln. pupil of Hammer, and, at Paris Cons,, of Reber and Vieuxtemps; after several successful songs, 2 vln. concertos, and some chamber music, his dram, symph. Tasso took prize offered by city of Paris 1878; wrote several descriptive symph., Sym- phonic Ugendaire, Symph. orientate, etc.; also 8 operas, 6 performed, of which Jocelyn 1888, Le Dante 1890, and La vivandiere (after his death 1895) were most successful; con- ducted Concerts modernes as successor to Concerts populaires 1885, but with- out success. Goddard, Arabella, pst. b. St. Servans, St. Malo, Jan. 12, 1836. At six had lessons from Kalkbrenner in Paris, and later from Mrs. Anderson and Thalberg in London where she ap- peared 1850; after further study with J. W. Davison (whom she married 1859) made formal d6but 1853; until retirement 1880, played with success in London and in Germany; made tour of world (America, Australia, and India) 1873-76; style was marked by classical reserve and high regard for interpretation of composer's meaning. Godfrey, Daniel, bandmaster, b. West- minster, Sept. 4, 1831; d. Beeston, near Nottingham, June 30, 1903. Father and two brothers also military bandmasters, as are his son and two of his nephews; pupil on flute in Royal Acad. Mus.; band- master Grenadier Guards 1856-1896; brought this band to America 1872; 1896 formed own band; composed successful military waltzes. Godowsky (go-dof'-ski), Leopold, pst. b. Wilna, Russia, Feb. 13, 1870. Precocious ability as compr.; first appearance as pst. 1879 followed by tour in Russia, Poland and Ger- many; studied at Berlin Hoch- schule under Bargiel and Rudorff; American tour with Musin 1884; after study with Saint-Saens, made tours in France, England, again in America; married Frieda Saxe 1901; director of Chicago Cons. 1895- 1900; reappearance in Berlin placed him in front rank of technical vir- tuosos; 1909 head of Master School for Piano-playing, Vienna Conser- vatory; composed Chopin arrange- ments (studies on Chopin), concert Etudes, remarkable for brilliancy. Goepp (g6p), Philip H., writer, b. New York, June 23, 1864. Studied in Germany, 1872-77; grad. at Harvard 1884; studied law at Univ. of Penna., Philadelphia, member of Pennsylvania bar; devoted himself to music 1891, teacher, pst. in Philada.; commentator for pro- grams of Philadelphia Orch.; author of Symphonies and Their Meaning, editor of Annals of Music in Phila., contributor to Atlantic Monthly. GOETSCHIUS GOMBERT Goetschius (ge"t'-shi-us), Percy, teacher. b. Paterson, N. J., Aug. 30, 1853. Pupil in Stuttgart Cons, of Lebert, Pruckner, Doppler, and Faisst; taught English classes there, substi- tuted for Faisst, charge of women's classes 1885; critic for several Ger- man papers; 1890 prof, of harm., pf. playing, Syracuse Univ.; 1892 charge of comp. dept. New England Cons.; 1896-1905 private teacher in Boston, orgt. in Brookline; 1905 prof, of harmony Institute of Musical Art, N. Y.; books Theory and Practice of Tone-relations, Homophonic Forms of Musical Composition, Lessons in Music Form, and others of great value; comp. chiefly church music. Goetz (g6tz), Hermann, compr. b. Konigsberg, Dec. 17, 1840; d. Hot- tingen, near Zurich, Dec. 3, 1876. After lessons from Kohler, studied at Stern Cons, under Stern, Von Biilow, and Ulrich; orgt. at White r- thur 1863-1870, though living after 1867 in Zurich where he gave lessons; retired because of ill health in 1870; success of opera Die Zahmung der Widerspenstigen (The Taming of the Shrew, based 'on Shakespeare's play) at Mannheim 1874 first attracted attention to grace and charm of his works, chief among which are pf. sonata for 4 hands, pf. concerto, and often-played symph. in F; while not strikingly original, his work is skilful and charming. Goldbeck (gold'-beck), Robert, pst. b. Potsdam, Apr. 19, 1839; d. St. Louis, May 16, 1908. Studied with Kohler and Litolff ; brought out opera Sol- dier's Return London 1856; 1861 went to N. Y.; 1867 founded a cons, in Boston, 1868 one in Chicago; 1871-78 in St. Louis, condr. of Harmonic Soc. and co-director of Beethoven Cons.; N. Y. 1880-85; comp. 2 other operas, pf. concerto, chamber music. Goldmark (gold'-mark), Karl, compr. b. Keszthely, Hungary, May 18, 1830. Son of cantor in Jewish syn- agogue; after lessons from village schoolmaster, studied at Vienna Cons, under Jansa, Bohm, and Preyer 1844-48; concert of works Vienna 1857, another in Pesth 1859, settled in Vienna as pf. teacher 1860; overtures Sakuntala and Penthesilea had attracted favorable notice; opera Die Konigin von Saba Vienna 1875, on composition of which he had spent 10 years, won deserved suc- cess in Germany, Italy, Spain; produced in N. Y. 1905; other operas are Merlin 1886, Das Heimchen am Herd (based on Dickens's Cricket on the Hearth) 1896, Go'tz von Berlich- ingen 1902; has also written male choruses, vln. concerto, chamber music, symph., etc., all marked by skill in production of effect. Goldmark, Rubin, compr. b. New York, 1872. Nephew of Karl; pupil of Livonius, Door, and Fuchs, and in N. Y. of Joseffy and Dvorak; lives and teaches in New York. Com- posed Theme and Variations for orch., played under Seidl, Hiawatha overture played by Bost. Symph. Orch., pf . trio, cantata, etc., pf . pieces. Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind, -see Lind, Jenny. Goldschmidt, Otto, pst., condr. b. Ham- burg, Aug. 21, 1829; d. London, Feb. 24, 1907. Pupil of Schmitt and Grand, Mendelssohn at Leipzig Cons., and Chopin; placed at con- cert given by Jenny Lind London 1849; 1851 succeeded Benedict as condr. of her American concerts; married her 1852; after her death 1887 teaching in London; became vice-principal Royal Acad. of Mus. 1863, founded Bach Choir 1875; conducted several festivals; com- posed cantata, pf. concerto, etc. Goltermann, Georg Eduard, 'cellist, b. Hanover, Aug. 19, 1824; d. Frank- fort, Dec. 29, 1898. Son of orgt., pupil of Prell and Menter; 1850- 52 concert tours; 1852 director at Wiirzburg, 1853 at Frankfort; now retired; composed popular concerto and other pieces for 'cello. Not to be confused with August Julius G. (1825-1876), prof, of 'cello at Prague 1850-62, and member of Stuttgart court band 1862-1870. Gombert (gon-bar), Nicolas, compr. b. Bruges, about 1495; d. after 1570. In service of Emperor Charles V as master of choristers in emperor's chapel, and after 1537 in imperial chapel at Madrid; though young when Josquin Depre_s died, G. is con- sidered his chief pupil; aided in devel- oping interest in emotional truth of GOMEZ GOSSEC music and in secular music; his own works are charmingly simple descrip- tive pastoral or hunting scenes. Gomez, Antonio Carlos, opera compr. b. Campiners, Brazil, July 11, 1839; d. Para, Sept. 16, 1896. Pupil of Rossi at the Milan Cons., wrote a number of operas, some of them quite successful; in 1895 appointed director of Para Cons. Goodrich, Alfred John, theorist, b. Chilo, O., May 8, 1847. Self-taught, except for few lessons from father; taught at Grand Cons. N. Y., at Fort Wayne, Ind., Cons.; and at Beethoven Cons. St. Louis; then in Chicago as writer and teacher; 1905 in New York; in London, 1909- 10, Paris, 1910-11; published Ana- lytical Harmony, Musical Analysis, etc., of great value and originality. Goodrich, 'Wallace, orgt. b. Newton, Mass., May 27, 1871. Pf. pupil of Clouston and Petersilea, org. of Thayer, Gow, chiefly of Dunham; orgt. in Newton at 15; N. E. Cons., harmony and counterpoint under Chadwick, theory under Elson, under Rheinberger at Munich and Widor at Paris, where he closely studied church music; repetiteur at Leipzig theatre; teacher org. and comp. N. E. Cons, since 1897; orgt. at Trinity Church from 1902-1908; condr. Worcester festivals 1902- 1907; organizer and condr. Jordan Hall Orch. concerts 1907 and of Choral Art Society 1901-1907; condr. Cecilia Society 1907-10; asst. condr. Boston Opera Co. 1909. Goodson, Katharine, pst. b. Watford, Hertfordshire, June 18, 1872. After childish appearances, studied at Royal Acad. of Mus. under Beringer and in Vienna with Leschetizky 1892-96; English debut 1896, pro- vincial tour 1897, Berlin 1899, N. Y. 1908; toured with Kubelik 1902, '03, '04; married Arthur Hinton 1903. Gordigiani (gor-dizh-i-a-ni), Luigi, compr. b. Modena, June 12, 1806; d. Florence, Apr. 30, 1860. After slight education, composed pf. pieces under German pseuds. Zeuner and Von Fiirstenberger; aided by two Russian princes, composed and pro- duced several operas; chief fame rests on Canti Populari Toscani, either musical settings of actual folk-songs or skilful imitations of their spirit. Goria, Alexandre Edouard, pst. b. Paris, Jan. 21, 1823; d. there, July 6, 1860. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Lau- rent, Zimmermann, and Dourlen 1830-39; compr. of popular pf. music, fantasias, paraphrases on operatic themes, and some meritorious itudes. Gorno, Albino, pst., compr. b. Casal- morano, Italy. Studied at Milan Cons.; accomp. to Patti on American tour 1881-82; teacher of pf. Cincin- nati Coll. of Mus.; composed can- tatas, concert studies, etc. Goss, Sir John, compr. b. Fareham, Hants, Dec. 27, 1800; d. Brixton, London, May 10, 1880. Son of orgt.; chorister at Chapel Royal under J. S. Smith, pupil of Attwood; orgt. at several churches, 1838 of St. Paul's; compr. to Chapel Royal; knighted 1872; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1876; composed about 27 anthems, many glees, edited several collections of hymns, psalms, etc.; wrote Introd. to Harmony, etc.; " music is always melodious and beautifully written for the voices, and is remarkable for a union of solidity and grace, with a certain unaffected charm." [Grove.] Gossec (gos'-sek'), Francois Joseph, compr. b. Vergnies, Belgium, Jan. 17, 1734 [ace. to record of birth referred to in Hellpuin's Gossec; but Eitner and historical documents of Paris Cons, give 1733]; d. Passy, Feb. 16, 1829. Name variously spelled Gosse, Gossez, Gosset; son of farmer; chorister at Antwerp Cath.; going to Paris 1751 with letters to Rameau, became condr. of private orch. of La Popeliniere; here he com- posed first symphonies, performed 1754 (Haydn's were not written until 1755); while attached to household of Prince de Cond, composed 1760 Messe des morts, famous for innova- tion of a concealed orchestra in ad- dition to one in church; founded Concerts des amateurs 1770, revived Concerts spirituals 1773, condr. of Academic 1780; inspector of Cons. 1795, and teacher of comp. there until 1814; member of Institute from foundation 1795; composed many successful operas, and wrote music GOTTSCHALD GOUVY for several occasions under the Revo- lution; but chief fame rests on such innovations as that in the Requiem and in the origins of the symphony; suffers from having been the imme- diate precursor of greater composers in every line. Gottschald, Ernst, see Elterlein, E. von. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pst. b. New Orleans, May 8, 1829; d. Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. At 12 went to Paris where he studied under Charles Halle", C. Stamaty, and Mal- eden; gave successful concerts in France and Switzerland 1845-52; tour in U. S. 1853, so successful that Strakosch engaged him for tour cov- ering almost every town in U. S. and Spanish America; death caused by over-exertion. Brilliant and roman- tic player, especially admirable in his own works, almost all of which had Spanish atmosphere; also composed 2 operas and orch. works. Gb'tze (get-ze), Karl, compr. b. Weimar, 1836; d. Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887. Pupil of Topfer, Gebhardi, and Liszt; chorusmaster at Weimar; theatre condr. Magdeburg, Berlin, etc.; com- posed 4 operas, symph. poem. Goublier (go-bli-a), Gustave, compr. b. Paris. Actor at 17, pst. with Houdin; saxophone player in band of artillery school at Vincennes dur- ing military service; orch. leader at Parisian casinos, finally at Eldorado and Folies Bergeres; composed music for ballets, " revues," ope>a balls, and many songs, Les yeux, Son amant, Si vous ne m'aimez plus, and popular Credo du paysan. Goudimel (go-di-mel'), Claude, compr. b. Vaison, near Avignon, France, about 1505; d. Lyons, Aug. 24, 1572. Long supposed to have been head of mus. school in Rome where Pales- trina and others studied, but latest evidence (Brenet: C. Goudimel, 1898) shows that he was probably never in Rome. Composed masses and songs and notably music for the psalms in Huguenot psalter; lived Metz and Lyons, killed in St. Bar- tholomew massacre. Gounod (go-no), Charles Frangois, compr. b. Paris, June 17, 1818; d. there, Oct. 17, 1893. Father painter and engraver, mother an accom- plished pst., who gave him his first lessons; studied at Lyc6e St. Louis, entered Cons. 1836; pupil of Paer, Lesueur, and Halevy; 1839 Grand prix de Rome; studied Palestrina in Italy, and composed mass; after visiting Austria and Germany be- came orgt. at Missions etr anger es in Paris; studied theology arid thought of taking orders; after 5 years of seclusion, performance of Messe solennelle in G, in London 1851, brought him into prominence; on commission from Opera, wrote Sapho 1851; his first operas, though praised for musical skill, were not popular successes; as condr. of Orpheon, a union of singing societies and schools, 1852-60, he wrote for them several choruses and 2 masses; with Faust 1859 he attained European fame as compr., and, after Philemon et Baucis 1860, Mireille 1864, etc., almost touched the same height again in Romeo et Juliette 1867; 1870- 75, during the war, G. lived in Lon- don, where he founded Gounod's Choir (afterwards called Albert Hall Choral Society, later Royal Ch. Soc.), appeared at Philharmonic and Crys- tal Palace Concerts; after return to Paris operatic work was less and less successful; chief works of this period are oratorios intended for English audiences, Redemption, Birmingham 1882, and Mors et vita Birmingham 1885; the songs, There is a green hitt far away and Nazareth show best of popular melody. Pougin speaks of the characteristics of his genius as a musical phrase, new in form and characteristic in outline; harmonies rich, refined, sometimes unexpected; ingenious instrumenta- tion full of color, grace, and elegance, and the full enchanting language of passion; emotional and passionate he always was, even in his religious music, and at his worst this quality degenerates into weak sentimental- ity; at his highest, it is the garden scene in Faust. Gourron (gor'-ron), A. R., see Alvarez. Gouvy (go-ve), Louis Theodore, compr. b. Goffontaine, near Saarbruck, July 3, 1819; d. Leipzig, April 21, 1898. After taking degree at Metz, be- came law student at Paris before he GOW GRECHANINOV received any musical teaching; he studied with Elwart, and in Ger- many and Italy; lived in Paris after 1846, with frequent visits to Ger- many whither he moved about 1894; composed 7 symphonies, concert overture, serenade for strings, much chamber and pf. mus.; several dra- matic cantatas on classical subjects (Elektra, Iphigenia, etc.); graceful and melodious; music has been pop- ular in Germany, but its lack of force makes its duration improbable. Gow, George Coleman, teacher, b. Ayer Junction, Mass., Nov. 27, 1860. Studied music with Blodgett at Pittsfield and Story at Worcester; grad. Brown Univ. 1884 and Newton Theological Seminary; instructor of harm, and pf. at Smith Coll., and since 1895 prof, of mus. at Vassar College; studied in Berlin with Buss- ler 1892-93; has published songs and text-book on harmony. Graben-Hoffmann (gra-ben-hof'-man), Gustav, compr. b. Bnin, Posen, Mar. 7, 1820; d. Potsdam, May 21, 1900. Left profession of teacher to study singing in Berlin; studied also under Hauptmann in Leipzig; taught sing- ing in Potsdam, etc., finally in Berlin; wrote method and many very popu- lar songs. Gradener (grad'-e-ner), Hermann Theo- dor Otto, teacher, compr. b. Kiel, May 8, 1844. Son of Karl Georg Peter G. (1812-1883), 'cellist, teacher of singing at Vienna and Hamburg Cons., compr. of chamber music; pupil of father and at Vienna Cons.; orgt., vlt. in court orch., teacher of harm, at Cons, in Vienna, and since 1899 prof, of harmony and counter- point at Vienna Univ. ; condr. Singa- kademie; compositions all instru- mental, show especial individuality in chamber mus. Grandval (gran-val), Marie Felicie Clemence de Reiset, Vicomtesse de, compr. b. Saint R6my des Monts, France, Jan. 20, 1830; d. Paris, Jan. 15, 1907. Began study at 6; at 12 pupil of Flotow in composition; later, after 2 years' study with Saint-Saens, she was able to compose in almost every form, sometimes under pseuds. Valgrand, Blangy; composed several operas, of which Mazeppa (Bordeaux 1892) is the strongest, masses, and other religious music, and oratorio Ste. Agnes; she is praised for force, individuality, and correctness of style . Grasse, Edwin, vli. b. New York, Aug. 13, 1884. Became blind in infancy; pupil of Cesar Thomson, in Brussels, where he took prize 1901; debut in Berlin 1902; concerts in Vienna, London and many German cities have won for him high praise, es- pecially for perfection of tone and depth of feeling; composed symph. and suite for orch.; vln. concerto; sonata, polonaise, and suite for pf. and vln., 2 pf. trios, 2 pf. etudes. Resident of New York City. Graun (groun), Karl Heinrich, compr. b. Wahrenbriick, Saxony, May 7, 1701; d. Berlin, Aug. 8, 1759. Pupil at Kreuzschule at Dresden, singer to town council, pupil of Petzoldt and J. C. Schmidt; also composed for school choir; 1725 tenor at Dresden opera; 1726 composed Pollidoro, with great success, and 5 other operas; under patronage of Frederick the Great composed 50 Italian cantatas; after 1740, as capellmeister of Italian opera in Berlin, composed about 28 operas, many of which were success- ful; most enduring work, however, is sacred, a Te Deum, and remarkably strong oratorio Der Tod Jesu, per- formed annually at Berlin. Gray, Hamilton [pseud, of William Price Hartwell Jones], baritone, compr. b. Flint, Eng., Oct. 17, 1871. Greatorex, Thomas, orgt. b. North Wingfield, Derbyshire, Eng., Oct. 5, 1758; d. Hampton, near London, July 18, 1831. Pupil of B. Cooke and prote'ge' of Earl of Sandwich; orgt. at Carlisle; follower of young Pretender in Italy; teacher of music in London; 1793 condr. of Concert of Antient Mus.; with others revived vocal concerts; 1819 orgt. at West- minster Abbey; condr. of several fes- tivals; composed and arranged much music for various concerts, arranged Parochial Psalmody, composed glees. Grechaninov (gret-cha-ne'-noff), Alex- ander Tichonovitch, compr. b. Mos- cow, Oct. 25, 1864. Studied at Mos- cow Cons, until in 1890 he entered St. Petersburg Cons.; pupil of Rim- sky -Korsakov; composed quartet, pf. pieces and " some songs with very GRECO expressive melodies, and happy a cappella choruses. He has some affinities with Schubert." [Pougin.] Greco (gra'-co), [or Greece], Gaetano, teacher, compr. b. Naples, about 1680; d. (unknown). Pupil and suc- cessor of A. Scarlatti at Cons, dei Poveri; teacher also at Cons, of San Onofrio; Pergolesi, Vinci, and Du- rante his pupils; only few composi- tions for harpsichord are known. Greene, Edwin, compr. b. Gloucester, England, Dec. 8, 1856. Entirely self-taught in mus.; orgt. at 14 and held various appointments until 40, when he became invalid; compr. of songs which, he says, " do not aim at the classical but are written sim- ply and solely for the people"; also writes verses, some of which he has set to music. Greene, Harry Plunket, bass. b. Old Connaught House, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, June 24, 1865. Studied at Stuttgart under Hromada and Goet- schius, at Florence under Vannuccini, and at London under Welsh and Blume; d6but London 1888; since then has been very popular at Lon- don concerts and recitals, as intelli- gent interpreter of songs and oratorio parts; visited America 1893 and later seasons with success. Greene, Maurice, compr. b. London, 1695 [1696?]; d. there, Dec. 1, 1755. Chorister under C. King; org. pupil of R. Brind; orgt. at St. Dunstan's, St. Andrew's, St. Paul's 1718, Chapel Royal 1727; friendship with Handel broken off by discovery of similar friendship with Bononcini; prof, of music, Cambridge Univ. 1730; 1743 published Forty Select Anthems which give him high rank among English church composers. Gregh (greg'), Louis, compr., publisher. Composed and produced several successful vaudeville operettas, Un lycee de jeunes filles, Patard, Patard et cie, and a number of songs. Lives in Paris. Gregoir (greg-6-ar), Edouard Georges Jacques, compr., writer, b. Turnhout, near Antwerp, Nov. 7, 1822; d. Wyneghem, June 28, 1890. Studied with his brother Jacques Mathieu Joseph G., pst. (1817-1876); at GRETRY Biberich under Rummel; gave suc- cessful concerts, toured with sisters Milanollo 1842; 1851 settled in Antwerp where he composed several operas and oratorios, choruses, music for pf. and harmonium; wrote many articles and books, chiefly researches into history of music in Netherlands. Gregorov'itch, Charles, vlt. b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 25, 1867. Studied with Besekirskij, Wieniawski, and Joachim; d6but at Berlin 1886; concertmaster at Helsingfors; has Elayed successfully in Europe, Eng- md, and on two trips to America. Gregory I, Pope. b. Rome, 540; d. there, 604. Pope in 590. There has been much discussion whether G. personally supervised collection of church music known as Gregorian or whether it takes its name from the time merely; general verdict seems to be that he had a large personal share; collection includes music for the mass and other services of the Church; important not only because of wonderful, austere beauty of music itself but also because, together with the Ambrosian collec- tion and a Spanish collection, this church music represents theory of music current in early Middle Ages. Grell, Eduard August, compr. b. Ber- lin, Nov. 6, 1800; d. Steglitz, near Berlin, Aug. 10, 1886. Pupil of father, an orgt., of Kaufmann and Zelter; orgt. Nikolaikirche 1817, at cathedral 1839, choirmaster there 1843-45; vice-director at Sing- akademie 1832, teacher of comp. 1851, director 1853-1876; 1838 royal mus. director, 1858 professor. Learned musician and excellent teacher who held that vocal music was only music of importance; composed mass in 16 parts, choral works; wrote Aufsatze und GiUachten. Gretchaninov, see Grechaninov. Gretry (gra-tri), Andre Ernest Modeste, compr. b. Lie'ge, Feb. 18, 1741 [ace. to Gre'try himself, Brenet's Life, and Conservatory documents; but Rie- mann, Pougin, etc., give Feb. 8]; d. Montmorency, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1813. Father vlt.; chorister at 6 in St. Denis Collegiate ch. whence his severe masters dismissed him at 11; taught by Leclerc, Renekin, GRIEG and Moreau; inspired by perform- ances of Italian opera co., he com- posed 6 symphonies and mass; by aid of Canon du Harlez studied in Rome, but was always impatient of instruction in counterpoint; after 9 years in Rome, and one in Geneva, arrived in Paris where after two years more he obtained libretto for Le huron which won instant suc- cess 1768; Luctte 1769 (which con- tains song Oil peut-on etre mieux qu'au sein de sa famille, which has been called French Home, Sweet Home) repeated success; and about 50 other operas followed; he was honored by his contemporaries, admitted to the Institute 1795; appointed inspector at Cons., but resigned within year; pensioned by Napoleon, retired to the " Hermit- age " where Rousseau had lived; he wrote his own Memoires very entertainingly; the real founder of French school of comic opera in his real appreciation of the importance of the text and his almost too great insistence on clear declamation. (See especially M. Brenet: Gretry.) Grieg (greg), Edvard Hagerup, compr. b. Bergen, June 15, 1843; d. Bergen, Sept. 4, 1907. After first lessons on pf. from his mother, he began to compose at age of 9; on advice of Ole Bull sent to Leipzig Cons., where he studied composition with Hauptmann, Richter, and Reinecke, pf. with Wenzel and Moscheles; after further study with Gade at Copenhagen and influence of Hart- mann there, he at last broke away from German traditions; his Scan- dinavian feeling was stimulated by friendship with compr. Richard Nordraak; after N's death 1866, G. founded and conducted mus. union in Christiania; 1865 and 1870 he visited Italy and saw much of Liszt at Rome; 1879 played pf. concerto at Leipzig; except for occasional trips to Germany, and visits to England in 1888, ^89, '94 (when he received degree of Mus. Doc. at Cambridge), and 1896, he lived quietly at Bergen. His works are not very numerous, about 100 songs, some 20 groups of pf. pieces, the two suites based on Peer Gynt, Aus Holbergs Zeit (suite), two GROVE Nordische Weisen for string orch., Sigurd Jorsalfar, sonatas for pf. and vln. and for pf. and 'cello, and the pf. concerto are the most promi- nent. " His music is lyrical, inti- mate, exotic, suggestive, of striking finesse; there are phrases polished like gems, melodies of perfect pro- portion, cadences consummate as novel. Its defects are shortness of musical phrase and too frequent repetition; he was satisfied with the dialect of folk music which fitted his personal expression." [D. G. Mason.] But that he gave adequate expression to his personal feeling and to his national emotion, that he contributed the " essential quality pf naive and spontaneous romance," is surely enough. Grisi (gre'-ze), Giulia, dram. sop. b. Milan, July 28, 1811; d. Berlin, Nov. 29, 1869. Taught by sister Giuditta, mezzo sop. (1805-1840), by Celli, and Guglielmi; first appear- ance at 17; admired by both Rossini and Bellini; ran away from engage- ment at Milan; d6but 1832 at Italian Opera, Paris, where she sang until 1849; first London appearance 1834; sang in London for many seasons, with Rubini, Lablache, and later with Mario who became her second husband; visited U. S. 1854; did not sing at all 1861-66, and thereafter chiefly in concerts. Grodzki, Boleslaus, compr. b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 13, 1865. Studied law, held public office, but resigned to devote himself to musical journal- ism and composition of songs, choruses, and pieces for pf. and vln. and 'cello; grouped by Pougin with those whose own originality is not strong enough to break with " Russian School." Grb'ndahl, Agathe, see Backer-Gron- dahl, A. Grove, Sir George, writer, b. Clapham, Surrey, Aug. 13, 1820; d. Sydenham, London, May 28, 1900. Civil engi- neer by profession, shared in light- house construction in Jamaica, Bermuda, and Chester; Secretary of Soc. of Arts 1850; as contributor to Smith's Diet, of the Bible made two trips to Holy Land; active interest in Crystal Palace Concerts, GRUENBERG GUIDO D' AREZZO contributed analytical notes to pro- grams for about 40 years; 1868 editor of Macmillan's Magazine; 1873 began to edit Diet, of Music and Musicians; 1878 visited Amer- ica with Stanley; 1882 organized and directed Royal Coll. of Mus.; though untrained in musical prac- tice or theory, he became, by sheer dint of listening, an intelligent and sympathetic critic; his most original musical writing is contained in the article in his Diet., on Schubert, whose works he rearranged by a theory of his own. Gruenberg (griin-barg), Eugene, vlt. b. Lemberg, Galicia, Oct. 30, 1854. Studied at Vienna Cons, with Heissler (vln.), Bruckner, Dessoff, and Hellmesberger; member of Leipzig Gewandhaus Orch., of Bos- ton Symph. Orch. 1891-1898, teacher of vln., viola, and ensemble at N. E. Cons.; composed symph., suite, dances, and songs; written manual and theory of violin playing. Gruenfeld, Alfred, pst. b. Prague, July 4, 1852. Pupil of Hoger, Krejci, and at Kullak's Acad. in Berlin; living in Vienna as court pianist and imperial chamber vir- tuoso; makes frequent successful tours throughout Europe. His brother, Hermann, 'cellist, b. Prague, Apr. 21, 1855. Studied at Prague and Vienna Cons.; teacher at Kullak's Acad. Berlin. Griitzmacher (griitz'-mak-er), Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, 'cellist, b. Dessau, Mar. 1, 1832; d. Dresden, Feb. 22, 1903. Pupil of father, Drechsler, and Schneider; 1848 in orch. in Leipzig attracted notice of David; 1849 first 'cellist at Gewandhaus Orch.; teacher at Leipzig Cons.; chamber virtuoso at Dresden 1860, instructor at Cons. 1877; of wide influence as teacher (of Hegar, Becker, etc.), editor and reviver of classic works, author of valuable studies; composer for his instrument. Guadagnini (gwa-dan-ye'-ni) , Lorenzo, vln.-maker. b. Piacenza (?), about 1695 (?); d. Milan, after 1760. One of prominent family of makers extending from 18th century to present; pupil of Stradivari, with whom he worked at Cremona; successfully followed his master; his instruments are bold in design, model inclined to flatness, with scroll of considerable originality, powerful, rich tone. Son Giovanni Battista (1711-1786) made vlns. more closely imitated from Stradi- vari than his father's; his woods are remarkable, but his varnish is not so mellow as Lorenzo's. Guarnerius (gwar-na'-rius), family of vln.-makers at Cremona. Andrea, b. 1626; d. Dec. 7, 1698. Pupil of N. Amati. Violins at first like A's, later flatter with some changes in sound holes; his son Giuseppe (1680-1730) altered shape still fur- ther; greatest of them was Giuseppe Antonio, nephew of Andrea, called G. del Gesu because of mark I. H. S. on instruments, b. June 8, 1683; d. about 1742. Pupil, probably, of cousin Giuseppe, follower of Gasparo da Said; works of three periods: 1st variable, experimental; 2d beau- tiful instruments, with remarkable amber varnish; 3d, bolder and heav- ier model. Guglielmi (gool-yel'-mi), Pietro, compr. b. Massa di Carrara, May, 1727; d. Rome, Nov. 19, 1804. Taught by father (maestro di cappella to Duke of Modena), by Durante in Cons, di San Lorenzo; first opera, Turin 1755, followed by many successes; after period in Dresden and London on the return to Naples in 1777, reconquered popularity which had been lost to Paisiello and Cimarosa; maestro at Vatican 1793; most famous operas La betta pescatrice, La serva innamorata, oratorio Deb- bora e Sisera show fertility of invention; son Pietro Carlo (1763- 1827) also composed operas. Guido d' Arezzo (gue-do da-ret'-zo), tlieorist. b. Arezzo, about 995; d. Avellano (?), May 17 (?), 1050 (?). Monk in Benedictine monastery near Ferrara; invented new system- of teaching music which, some say, caused him to be driven from monastery; summoned to Rome and commended by Pope John XIX (possibly previously by Pope Bene- dict VIII); became abbot at mon- astery of Sante Croce, where he died; his inventions have been ques- tioned, but he seems clearly to have GUILMANT GYROWETZ introduced staff of four lines, one between and one above two lines previously used; also apparently reconstructed scale on principle of hexachords and diagram to explain them by joints of left hand, known as Guidonian hand; thirdly, in- vented solmisation, use for notes of scale of syllables do re mi, etc., taken from Latin hymn. Guilmant (gil'-mon), Alexandra Felix, orgt. b. Boulogne, Mar. 12, 1837. Pupil of father Jean Baptiste G. (1793-1890), and of Lemmens, in harmony of Carulli; orgt. at 16; teacher in Boulogne Cons, at 20; 1871 orgt. of La TrinitS, Paris; 1896 prof, at Cons.; visited United States in 1893, 1897 and 1904; founded organ concerts at Trocadero and Schola Cantorum in Paris; has published org. symphonies, sonatas, etc., masses, motets, several collec- tions L'organiste pratique, etc.; one of most prominent orgts., he has had great influence everywhere by the virtuosity of his own playing and through his many pupils. Guiraud (ge-ro'), Ernest, compr. b. New Orleans, June 23, 1837; d. Paris, May 6, 1892. Pupil of father, Jean Baptiste G. (1803- about 1864), also winner of Prix de Rome; pro- duced opera at New Orleans at 15; studied at Paris Cons, under Mar- montel and Halevy; Grand prix de Rome 1859; played at Concerts populaires; 1876 prof, of harm, and accompaniment at Cons.; composed opera Sylvie and several other ballets and operas, none of which was very successful. Gulbranson, Ellen (nee Norgren); dram. sop. b. Stockholm, March 3, 1863. Pupil at Stockholm Cons., and in Paris of Marchesi and Elena Kenneth; d6but Stockholm, concert 1886, opera 1889; married G.; be- came known in Germany about 1892; played Brunnhilde at Bayreuth 1896. Gumbert (goom-bert), Ferdinand, compr. b. Berlin, Apr. 22, 1818; d. there, Apr. 6, 1896. Pupil of Fischer and Clapius; d6but as tenor at Son- dershausen; sang 1840-42 as bari- tone at Cologne; studied comp. with C. Kreutzer; settled in Berlin as teacher and compr.; wrote several operettas and numerous songs (Bis der Rechte kommt, Thou art my Dream, etc.). Gungl (goong'l), Joseph, compr. b. Zsambek, Hungary, Dec. 1, 1810; d. Weimar, Jan. 31, 1889. Oboe player and bandmaster in Austrian artil- lery; 1843 orch. of his own in Berlin, which he brought to America in 1849; Royal Mus. Director 1850; infantry bandmaster 1858; lived in Munich 1864-76, then in Frankfort; dance music extraordinarily popular. Gura (goo'-ra), Eugen, dram, baritone, b. Pressern, Bohemia, Nov. 8, 1842; d. Aug. 26, 1906. After lessons at Polytechnic and Akademie at Vienna and in Munich Cons., debut in 1865 at Munich; sang at Breslau, Leipzig (where he was extremely popular), Hamburg and Munich; sang in first complete production of Ring der Nibelungen, Bayreuth 1876; retired from stage 1895. Gurlitt, Cornelius, compr. b. Altona, near Hamburg, Feb. 10, 1820; d. there, June 17, 1901. Pupil of Rein- ecke (father of C. Reinecke) and Weyse; orgt. at Altona; prof, in Hamburg Cons.; royal mus. director 1874; composed 3 operas and cham- ber music, but is chiefly known as writer of instructive pf. pieces, wherein his " gift of pure melody, knowledge of steps of pedagogics, easy and refined form of expression and acquaintance with power of the forming hand " made him remark- ably successful. Gye, Mrs. E., see Albani, Emma. Gyrowetz (zhi-ro-vets), Adalbert, compr. b. Budweis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763; d. Vienna, Mar. 19, 1850. Early lessons from father, choirmaster; studied law at Prague; as private secretary to Count von Funfkircher, compositions were performed; won favor from Mozart m Vienna; after 2 years' study in Naples with Sala, went to Paris and claimed author- ship of some symphonies credited to Haydn; produced opera, gave con- certs, met Haydn in London; capell- meister Vienna court opera 1804-31; friends gave benefit concert to re- lieve poverty 1843; composed 30 operas, 19 masses, over 60 sympho- nies, and other works now obsolete. HABENECK HAHN H Habeneck (a'-be-nek), Francois An- toine, condr. b. Mezieres, Ardennes, Jan. 22 [ace. to documents of Paris Cons. Jan. 23 and June 1 are also given], 1781; d. Paris, Feb. 8, 1849. Father, member of army band, gave him vln. lessons; early composi- tions without instruction; pupil of Baillot at Paris Cons.; member of orch. at Opera Comique and Ope>a; leader at latter; founder and condr. 1828-48 Socie'te' des concerts du Cons.; director and condr. at Op6ra; prof, of vln. at Cons.; among pupils Alard and Leonard; great influence in introducing Beethoven's music in Paris. Haberbier (ha-ber-ber), Ernst, pst. b. Konigsberg, Oct. 5, 1813; d. Ber- gen, Mar. 12, 1869. Pupil of father, orgt.; 1832 became teacher at St. Petersburg, court pst. there 1847; gave concerts in London 1850; brill- iant success in Paris 1852, and thereafter alternately between St. Petersburg and Moscow; taught in Bergen after 1866; died while play- ing at concert; system of pf. playing based on division of difficult passages between two hands; his Etudes poe- sies are highly esteemed. Haberl (ha'-berl), Franz Xaver, theor- ist, b. Oberellenbach, Bavaria, Apr. 12, 1840; d. Regensberg, Sept. 7, 1910. Studied in seminary at Pas- sau; took priest's orders 1862; mus. dir. at seminary; orgt. at Rome and 1871-82 at Ratisbon, where he founded famous school of ch.mus.; edited Musica Sacra, works of Pales- trina (Breitkopf and Hartel Edition) ; other collections; one of greatest authorities on church mus. and its history. Hadden, James Cuthbert, orgt., writer. b. Banchory-Ternan, near Aberdeen, Sept. 9, 1861. Studied under private teacher; after 1882 orgt. in several places, 1889 in Edinburgh, where he still lives; frequent contributor to periodicals, author of lives of Handel, Haydn, Mendelssohn, and Chopin, editor of Scottish Musical Review. Hadley, Henry Kimball, compr. b. Somerville, Mass., Dec. 20, 1871. Pupil of father; studied vln. in Bos- ton with H. Heindl and C. N. Allen; harmony with Emery, counterpoint with Chad wick; 1894-95 studied comp. in Vienna with Mandyczewski; 1896-1904 dir. music dept. St. Paul 's School, -Garden City, L. I., and orgt. in New York; Dec. 1897 1st sym- phony Youth and Life produced in New York under Seidl; 1899 prize cantata In Music's Praise; 1901 2d symphony The Four Seasons won Paderewski Prize for American com- position and N. E. Cons. Prize; 1906 3d symphony; also composed 3 comic operas, 3 serious overtures; 3 ballet suites, 6 ballades for chorus and orch., string quartet, string trio, sonata for vln. and pf., quintet for strings and pf., Symphonic Fantasia, tone poem Salome, lyric drama Mer- lin and Vivien, opera Safie produced at Mayence 1909, The Culprit Fay, rhapsody for orch., won prize in 1909 of Nat. Fed. of Music Clubs; many anthems, part-songs, pf. pieces and over a hundred songs; 1905-09 in Europe; 1908 condr. at Mayence Opera; 1909 condr. Seattle Symph. Orch. His music is praised for skilful construction, vitality and freedom from morbidness. Hadow, William Henry, writer, b. Ebrington, Gloucestershire, Dec. 27, 1859. Educated at Oxford; studied mus. at Darmstadt and under C. H. Lloyd; fellow, tutor, lecturer on mus., examiner in Litterae Humaniores at Oxford; has composed charming songs, etc., but is chiefly noted for Studies in Modern Music, Primer of Sonata Form, A Croatian Composer (sketch of Haydn), and other writ- ings in which he treats the subjects with literary skill and broad cul- ture; editor Oxford History of Music and author of volume on Viennese period. (han'), Jacob H., pst., teacher, b. Philadelphia, Dec. 1, 1847; d. 1902? Early interest iii mus.; orgt. in Chi- cago while pupil of Ziegfeld, Mason, HAHN HALL etc.; manager of several traveling concert companies; dir. Female Sem. at Coldwater, Mich. 1866-69, and (after study with Richter and Plaidy in Leipzig) dir. of mus. at Mich. Female Seminary at Detroit 1872- 74; founder and dir. of Detroit Cons. 1874; successful teacher; composed some pf. pieces, songs, etc. Hahn (an'), Reynaldo, compr. b. Ca- racas, Venezuela, Aug. 9, 1875 [or 1874]. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Dubois, Lavignac, and Massenet; 1st opera given at Ope'ra Comique 1898; pub- lished charming songs (Chansons grises, Chansons espagnoles, etc.); opera La Carmdite 1902; incidental mus. for Esther. Hale, Philip, critic, b. Norwich, Vt., Mar. 5, 1854. After early music les- sons, orgt. in Northampton, Mass.; graduated Yale 1876; member of Albany bar 1880; lessons from D. Buck 1876; in Europe 1882-87 with Haupt, Faisst, Rheinberger, and Guilmant; orgt. Albany, Troy, Rox- bury, Mass. 1889-1905; critic on sev- eral Boston papers, notably Journal 1891-1903, Herald after 1903; writer of notes Bost. Symph. Orch.. pro- grams since 1902; Boston corre- spondent Musical Courier 1892-98; editor Musical Record, New Music Review, etc. Halevy (al-a-vi), Jacques Frangois Fromental Elie, compr. b. Paris, May 27, 1799; d. Nice, Mar. 17, 1862. Parents Jews, real name Levi ; entered Paris Cons, at 10, pupil of Lambert, Berton, and Cherubini; Prix de Rome 1819; 1827 produced one-act opera and became prof, of harm, and accomp., counterpoint and fugue 1833, composition 1840 at Cons.; among pupils were Gounod, Masse", Bizet, etc.; in 1829 Clari and Le dilettante d' Avignon were successful; chef de chant at Ope'ra 1830-46; com- pletion of Harold's Ludovic 1832, production of La Juive and L' Eclair 1835 brought him to height of fame; member of Institute 1836; he con- tinued to produce operas with some success even after Meyerbeer's Hu- guenots (1836) had turned the fashion; his operas contain many tender melodies and show great dramatic power, chiefly in differentiation of character, but many passages are vague, obscure, or monotonous; his instrumentation, though interesting to musicians, is often too refined or strained for popularity; published pleasant essays, Souvenirs et por- traits, and Derniers souvenirs. Halir (ha-leV), Carl, vlt. b. Hohenelbe, Bohemia, Feb. 1, 1859; d. Berlin, Dec. 21, 1909. After lessons from father, studied under Bennewitz at Prague Cons., then under Joachim at Berlin; violin in Bilse's orch., concertmaster at Konigsberg, Mann- heim, Weimar 188494; leader at Berlin Court Opera 1894-1904; teacher at Hochschule after 1894; successful trip to U. S. 1896-97; 1897 joined Joachim Quartet; married Therese Zerbst, singer; esteemed all over Europe as soloist and quartet player of distinction. Hall, Charles King, compr., writer, b. London, 1845; d. there, Sept. 1, 1895. Orgt. at several London churches; author of School for the Harmonium and No vello's Harmonium Primer; composed church mus. and popular operettas A Christmas Stocking, The Naturalist, etc. Halle, Adam de la, see Adam de la Halle. Halle (hal'-la), Sir Charles [real name Carl Halle], pst., condr. b. Hagen, Westphalia, Apr. 11, 1819; d. Man- chester, Eng., Oct. 25, 1895. Son of orgt.; played in public frequently as child; stud, with Rinck and G. Weber at Darmstadt; in Paris after 1836, studied with Kalkbrenner, became friend of Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, and Cherubini; Revolution of 1848 drove him to England; 1857 founded and directed Manchester Orch.; remark- able condr., he brought orch. to London and did much to introduce music of Berlioz; also after 1852 gave pf. recitals, among first in London, at which he showed himself remark- able Beethoven player; correct but somewhat cold player; married for second wife Wilma Maria Franziska Neruda, known as Norman-Neruda, vlt. b. Briinn, Mar. 29, 1839. Pupil of Jansa; de"but Vienna 1846; played with sister, pst., and with father, orgt., and brother, 'cellist; 1849 appeared in London; 1864 sensational HALLEN HANCHETT success in Paris; married Ludwig Norman; prolonged popularity in London, after marriage with Halle, went with him to Australia; Ameri- can tour 1899. Hallen (hal-len), Anders, compr. b. Gothenburg, Sweden, Dec. 22, 1846. Pupil of Reinecke, Rheinberger, and Rietz; condr. Musical Union, Goth- enburg, and of Philharmonic concerts and royal opera, Stockholm; com- posed operas, Hexfattan 1896; ballad cycles Vom Pagen und der Konigs- tochter, Traumkonig und sein Lieb, etc. Hallstrom (hal'-strain), Ivan Kristian, compr. b. Stockholm, June 5, 1826; d. there, Apr. 10, 1901. Student of law; librarian to Crown Prince; director of school of mus. 1861; com- positions are national in subject as well as in style; has written several operas Der Bergkonig (most success- ful), and cantata Die Blumen, which took prize at Stockholm. Hambourg, Mark, pst. b. Bogutchar, S: Russia, May 30, 1879. Pupil of father, pf. teacher, and of Lesche- tizky; as youthful prodigy known as Max H., gave concerts in 1891; reappeared at Vienna Philharmonic concerts, having played in Australia the year before; 1896 again in Lon- don; since then popular in many cities; first appearance U. S. 1899 and successful concerts here 1900, 1902, etc. ; makes his home in London ; possessed of prodigious memory and amazing technic; is said to be " temperamentally akin to Rubin- stein." Hamerik, Asger [properly Hammerich], compr. b. Copenhagen, Apr. 8, 1843. Early aptitude for music encouraged; pupil of Gade, Haberbier, and in 1860 of Von Billow; abandoning pf. studies, studied comp. in Paris with Berlioz whose only pupil he claims to be and whose substitute as condr. he often was; 1872-98 director of Pea- body Cons., Baltimore, where he gave pf. concerts; composed 6 symphonies, Po6tique, Tragique, etc., and 2 choral trilogies, 4 operas; occasionally bom- bastic, but often genuinely lyrical and really humorous. Hamilton, Clarence Grant, teacher, author, b. Providence, R. I., June 9, 1865. Educated in local schools and Brown University (A.B. 1888; A.M. 1900); began the study of piano playing at an early age, chief teachers being Edward Hoffman and Arthur Foote; studied organ and theory with H. C. Macdougall and theory with G. W. Chadwick; taught mathematics and language at a boys' school in Providence, and piano, privately; associate professor of music, Wellesley College, 1904; organist Congregational Church, Wellesley; officer of Music Teachers' National Association, N. E. Chapter American Guild of Organists; pub- lished compositions include songs, piano pieces, and anthems; author of Outlines of Music History and Piano Teaching: Its Principles and Prob- lems; articles in musical magazines. TTatnma, Benjamin, compr. b. Fried- ingen, Oct. 10, 1831. Studied with Lindpaintner at Stuttgart where he became director of new mus. school, after having lived in Paris, Rome, and Konigsberg; comp. an opera, part-songs, etc. Hammerschmidt (ham'-mer-shmit) , An- dreas, orgt., compr. b.Briix, Bohemia, 1611; d. Zittau, Oct. 29, 1675. Pupil at Schandau of Stephan Otto; orgt. at Freiburg and 1639 at Zittau; originality makes him of importance in development of Lutheran ch. mus. before Bach; composed Geistliche Concerten, Geistliche Madrigalen, Dia- log zwischen Gott und einer glaubigen Seele (form afterward developed into Bach's cantatas and Handel's orato- rios), Fest-Buss-und Danklieder (32 hymns, some of which are still in use), masses, etc. Hanchett, Henry G., pst., author, b. Syracuse, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1853. Father an amateur church organist, mother a choir singer; began music study at six years, played in public at eight; graduated Syracuse High School, 1871; N. Y. Homoeopathic Medical College 1884; pupil in music of Ernst Held, A. J. Goodrich, Wm. H. Sherwood, Theodor Kullak, Wm. Mason, A. K. Virgil; teacher at various schools of music, including Beethoven Conservatory, St. Louis, Metropolitan Conservatory and Adelphi School of Musical Art, New York; director (1910) of musical department National Park Seminary, HANDEL HANDEL organist Syracuse, N. Y., St. Louis, New York, and suburban towns; musical director at Monteagle, Tenn., and De Funiak Springs, Fla., Chautauquas; lecturer on music for the Brooklyn Institute and New York City Board of Education; has given lecture recitals throughout Canada and the United States; author of several medical and the following musical books: Teaching as a Science and The Art of the Musician; inventor of the Sostenuto or tone-sustaining pedal in general use in grand pianos; a founder of the American Guild of Organists. Handel, Georg Friedrich, compr. b. Halle, Saxony, Feb. 23, 1685; d. London, Apr. 14, 1759. Son of surgeon-barber who, wishing the son to be a lawyer, refused him all musical instruction; but the boy learned to play on a clavichord which was concealed in the garret; at 8 he played before Duke of Weissenfels so well that the latter overcame the father's objections. After some lessons from Zachau, he met Ariosto and Bononcini at Berlin, and so impressed the elector by playing and improvising that he wished to send him to Italy, but father still hoped that he would study law; after father's death, he did enter Halle University 1702, being at same time orgt.; at Ham- burg 1703-1706, he played in orch. under Keiser, became friend of Mattheson and quarreled with him; composed 4 operas, of which Almira was most successful. In Italy 1706- 1710 he produced operas and sacred music at Naples, Florence, Rome, and Venice; 1710 after few months as capellmeister to elector of Han- over he went to England, and produced Rinaldo; he was again in England 1712-1714, when elector became George I, and Handel made peace with king only after com- position of the beautiful Water Music. After producing his last German work, The Passion, in Hanover, he became chapelmaster to Duke of Chandos, for whom he wrote the Chandos anthems, etc. In 1720 undertook direction of Italian Opera for a society known as the Royal Acad. of Mus.; engaged company including Senesino, and produced Radamisto. Opposition to his success on part of Bononcini and Ariosto led to Muzio Scevola, for which each one composed one act; continued enmity of Bononcini, aided by personal enemies of Handel, caused division of London society; 1729 partner of Heidegger at King's Theatre; defection of Senesino and acquisition by opposition of such singers as Cuzzoni, Farinelli, and Faustina Bordoni, with her husband Hasse, pressed H. hard; on Heideg- ger's retirement, his rivals gained King's Theatre and Handel went to Co vent Garden. H. became bank- rupt 1737, and the other company met no better fate. In 1738 he turned to English oratorio, produc- ing Saul, Israel in Egypt 1739, Messiah 1742 in Dublin, 1743 in London, Samson 1743, and others. Although again bankrupt 1744, he persisted in composition until blind- ness 1752, and even thereafter, Triumph of Time and Truth 1757. He wrote about 40 operas and about 30 oratorios and occasional anthems, odes, etc.; edition of his works edited by Chrysander in 94 volumes 1859-94 is final. Person- ally H. was proud, sensitive, im- patient, given to terrible bursts of rage and profanity, yet generous to singers and those associated with him, and to the poor. He frequently plagiarized themes of other com- posers, partly owing to contem- porary carelessness in such matters and partly because of an individual lack of delicacy. His operas are similar to those composed at the tune in France and Italy and not much better; his instrumental music is not so original as that of Bach or Couperin; even his organ music is not supreme. He excels in oratorio only; there his power of producing broad and massive effect has full sway, and his limitations lack of delicacy and fine discrimination and tendency toward mechanical means are not conspicuous. Comparison with Bach rests on their being born the same year, not on any real resemblance between the laborious, subtle, incessantly original work of the retired organist and the conspicu- ous achievements of Handel. HANDLO HARTMANN Handle, Robert de, writer. Author of treatise commenting on that of Franco of Cologne, dated 1326; deals with notation, time-values, and modes of rhythm, showing unsettled state of notation. (See Grove.) Handrock (hand-rok), Julius, pst., compr. b. Naumburg, June 22, 1830; d. Halle, Jan. 5, 1894. Lived chiefly in Halle, as pf. teacher; compositions mostly for pf. and generally of an educational char- acter. Hanscom, E. W., compr. b. Durham, Me., Dec. 28, 1848. Studied in native state, with two periods in London, Berlin, and Vienna; has published various secular and relig- ious songs and choruses. Hanslick, Eduard, critic, b. Prague, Sept. 11, 1825; d. Baden, near Vienna, Aug. 6, 1904. Son of bibliog- rapher, student of law and philos- ophy; stud. pf. with Tomaschek; doctor's degree Vienna 1849; tutor in aesthetics and mus. hist. Vienna Univ. 1856, prof. 1870; public lecturer 1859-63, critic to Wiener Zeitung 1848-49, Presse 1855-64, and Neue Freie Presse; first book Vom Musikalisch-Schonen, epoch-making in its insistence on the limitations of mus. to musical ideas, was fol- lowed by many others; an ardent, often violent opponent pf Wagner and Liszt and equally violent sup- porter of Brahms and Schumann. Hardelot (ar-de-lo), Guy d' [pseud, of Mrs. W. T. Rhodes, nee Helen Guy], compr. b. Hardelot Castle, near Boulogne-sur-Mer. Composed songs chiefly French, with wide range of feeling, and skill in composition; Sans toi, Almond Blossoms, A Bunch of Violets are well known; visited America with Calve; living in London. Harding, Henry Alfred, orgt., writer. b. Salisbury, July 25, 1856. Pupil of Abram, Keeton, and Corfe; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1882; examiner for Soc. of Musicians; orgt. and director at Sidmouth, later at Bedford; compr. of setting of Psalm 106, morning service, etc., author Analy- sis of Form as displayed in Beethoven's Sonatas, and Musical Ornaments. Harknes, see Senkrah, Anna L. Harris, Sir Augustus [Henry Glossop], impresario. b. Paris, 1852; d. Folkestone, Eng., June 22, 1896. Originally actor, asst. stage manager under Mapleson 1873; leased Drury Lane Theatre, London, 1879, pro- duced pantomimes and melodramas; managed annual visits of Carl Rosa Co. and in 1888 began long career as manager of Co vent Garden; made opera again the fashion in London, introducing many new stars and new works. Harris, William Victor, compr. b. New York, Apr. 27, 1869. Pupil of Blum, Courtney, Schilling, and Seidl (conducting); orgt. in Brook- lyn and N. Y.; condr. choral societies in Utica and N. Y.; coach at Metropolitan Opera 1892-95; asst. condr. to Seidl at Brighton Beach 1895-96; living in N. Y.; vocal teacher and compr., chiefly of songs. Harriss, Charles Albert Edwin, orgt., compr. b. London, Dec. 15, 1862. Chorister and orgt. at early age in England; living since 1883 at Montreal, orgt. at Ch. of St. James the Apostle; founder of madrigal society; compr. of opera, cantata, much church mus.; had great influence in increase of musical interest in Montreal and Canada generally. Hart, John Thomas, vln.-maker. b. Westminster, Dec. 17, 1805; d. there, Jan. 1, 1874. Pupil of Gilkes, and careful student of Italian violins, in which he dealt as expert. His son and business successor, George, vln.- maker, writer, b. London, Mar. 23, 1839; d. near Newhaven, Apr. 25, 1891. Stud, at Royal Acad. with Sainton and Macfarren; author of very valuable work, The Violin, its Famous Makers and Their Imi- tators 1875, and less authoritative The Violin and Its Music 1881. Hartmann, Johan Peter Emilius, compr. b. Copenhagen, May 14, 1805; d. there, Mar. 10, 1900. Grandson of Johann Ernst H. (1726-1793), compr. of Danish national hymn; son of August Wilhelm, orgt.; his father's assistant; at first a lawyer; taught in Copenhagen Cons, of which he HARTMANN HATTON was director 1840; Royal capellm. 1849; compr. of 4 successful operas (Die Ravnen 1832 was first), sym- phonies, incidental music; first exponent of Scandinavian national music; Gade was his son-in-law. His son Emil, compr. b. Copen- hagen, Feb. 21, 1836; d. there, July 19, 1898. Pupil of father and Gade; court orgt. 1871 to retirement 1873; 1891 director of Mus. Society; composed several operas and instr. music. Hartmann, Arthur, vlt. b. Mat6 Szalka, Hungary, July 23, 1881. Came to America as infant. Educated here entirely, chiefly as pupil of C. M. Loeffler; went to Berlin unheralded 1902, and after successful d6but played in various cities; lives and teaches in Paris 1909, more praised for unique quality of tone than for technic. Hasler [or Hassler], Hans Leo von, compr. b. Nuremberg, 1564; d. Frankfort, June 8, 1612. Eldest of 3 sons of Isaac H., town musician; studied with father and with A. Gabrieli in Venice; first German compr. who studied in Italy; 1585 orgt. to Count Fugger; 1608 to Christian II of Saxony; composed Latin motets and masses, which were said to unite beauty of Italian and German art; holds same place in German art that Palestrina does in Italian; brothers Jacob (1566- 1601), orgt., and Caspar (1570-1618), orgt., clavier player, editor of collec- tion of church music. Hasse (has-s6), Johann Adolph [Peter], compr. b. Bergedorf, near Ham- burg [baptized Mar. 25], 1699; d. Venice, Dec. 16, 1783. Taught by his father; influence of poet Ulrich Konig led to engagements as singer at Hamburg and at Brunswick, where he produced only German opera; 1724, after few lessons from Porpora, became pupil of A. Scar- latti; having composed serenade sung by Tesi and Farinelli was com- missioned to write Italian opera which made him popular; known as il caro Sassone; met and married Faustina Bordoni for whom he composed famous works; 1731 direc- tor of Dresden opera, successful despite rivalry of Porpora; about 1740 visited London, but did not wish to be rival to Handel; after losses in siege of Dresden, withdrew to Vienna, where for the third time he found a formidable rival in Gluck, and saw possibilities of eclipse in Mozart's beginnings; retired to Venice about 1773. Composed over 100 operas, church music, concertos, with much .delightful melody. His wife Faustina Bordoni, dram, mezzo sop. b. Venice, 1700; d. there, Nov. 4, 1783. Studied with Gas- parini and B. Marcello; d6but 1716; sang at Venice, Naples, Florence, Vienna, London under Handel (1726-30), where she astonished by facility, rapidity, dexterity in taking breath, and power of sustain- ing notes; after marriage with Hasse 1730, went with him to Dresden and thence to Venice. Hastings, Frank Seymour, compr. b. Mendham, N. Y., May 31, 1853. Son of clergyman; early played org., studied composition and singing in such leisure as could be snatched from business; composed chiefly songs, of which Red, Red Rose has had large sale, as well as anthem Just as I am. Hastings, Thomas, writer, compr. b. Washington, Conn., Oct. 15, 1787; d. New York, May 2, 1872. Self- taught; editor Utica Recorder; after 1832 organized church choirs and taught psalmody in N. Y.; wrote History of Forty Choirs and Dis- sertation on Musical Taste; com- posed hymn-tunes. Hastreiter (has'-tri-ter), Helen, dram, contralto, b. Louisville, Ky., Nov. 14, 1858. Studied with Lamperti; married Dr. Burgunzi, physician; living in Genoa; has been great favorite in Italy. Hatton, John Liptrot, compr. b. Liverpool, Oct. 12, 1809; d. Margate, Sept. 20, 1886. Self-taught, except for mere rudiments; went to Lon- don 1832; condr. at Drury Lane 1842; brought out operetta there; 1844 prod. Pascal Bruno in Vienna; 1848 visited America; director at Princess's Theatre, London, 1853-58; composed much incidental music, songs (many under pseud. Czapek), cantatas, etc. HATTSTAEDT HAWKINS Hattstaedt, John J., pst., teacher, b. Monroe, Mich , Dec. 29, 1851. Father a clergyman; early showed inclination toward music; studied in the U. S. and in Germany; began his professional career in Detroit, locating in Chicago in 1875, as teacher of piano in the Chicago Musical College; founded American Conservatory of Music, Chicago, in 1886, of which he is president and teacher of the classes in advanced piano playing; lectures on musical pedagogy and aesthetics; contributor to musical magazines; wrote a history of music. Hauck (howk), Minnie, dram, sop. b. New York, Nov. 16, 1852. Pupil of Curto at New Orleans, of Erani at N. Y.; debut Brooklyn 1866; after further instruction from M. Strakosch, sang in London 1868, Paris, and Vienna where she became great favorite; engaged at Berlin 1874-77; at Brussels, at London, (where she was first Carmen); mar- ried E. V. Hesse-Wartegg 1881; made three trips around the world, appearing in many roles; retired 1896 to Lucerne. Haupt (howpt), Carl August, orgt. b. Kuhnau, Silesia, Aug. 25, 1810; d. Berlin, July 4, 1891. Pupil of A. W. Bach, Klein, Dehn, Schneider; orgt. several Berlin churches, finally at Parochialkirche; director mus. in- stitute; famous for fine improvisa- tions; many famous pupils, among them J. K. Paine, Eugene Thayer, Clarence Eddy. Hauptmann (howpt'-man), Moritz, theo- rist, compr. b. Dresden, Oct. 13, 1792; d. Leipzig, Jan. 3, 1868. Son of state architect; pupil of Grosse, Scholz, and Morlacchi; 1811 became friend and pupil of Spohr; 1812 vlt. Dresden court orch.; 1815-20 teach- ing in Russia; member of Spohr's orch. at Kassel; on recommendation of Mendelssohn and Spohr, ap- pointed director at Thomasschule and prof, of counterpoint at Leipzig Cons. ; valued teacher of pupils from all over the world, Joachim, Von Billow, Sullivan, Ferd. David, Dud- ley Buck, C. C. Converse, etc! In his compositions, as in his teaching, he emphasized unity of idea and symmetry of form; wrote chiefly part-songs, motets, canons, etc., widely popular with choral societies; also wrote abstruse but valuable Nature of Harmony and Rhythm. Hausegger (how'-seg-ger), Siegmund von, compr. b. Graz, Aug. 16, 1872. Taught by father, Friedrich H., teacher of theory Graz Univ., and by Pohlig, and at Styrian Musik- verein; capellm. Graz, Bayreuth, and condr. Kaim Orch. Munich, from 1903-06 condr. Museum Concerts at Frankfort; composed part-songs, grand mass, opera Zinnover (Munich 1898); symph. poems, Dionysische Fantasie, Barbarossa, and Wieland der Schmied, excited attention as interesting examples of ultra-modern German orchestration. Hauser (how'-ser), Miska, vlt. b. Pressburg, Hungary, 1822; d. Vien- na, Dec. 9, 1887. Studied with Matalay, Kreutzer, and, at Vienna Cons., with Mayseder and Sechter; from 1840-74 appeared in Europe, America, and Australia as virtuoso; wrote Wanderbuch eines dsterreich- ischen Virtuosen about Am. tour; composed Lieder ohne Worte for violin. Hausmann (hows'-man), Robert, 'cel- list, b. Rottleberode, Harz Mts., Aug. 13, 1852; d. Vienna, Jan. 19, 1909. Studied at Brunswick under Th. Muller, and at Berlin Hoch- schule with Wm. Muller, under Joachim's direction; further lessons from Piatti; member of Hochberg Quartet 1872-76; teacher at Hoch- schule; member of Joachim Quartet after 1879. Havens, Charles Arthur, orgt. b. Essex, N. Y. 1842. Studied in Boston; orgt. in Chicago for 36 years at 1st Baptist Church, where his choir is an impor- tant part of the service; compr. of over 150 church compositions from simple gospel songs to elaborate anthems. Hawkins, Sir John, historian, b. Lon- don, Mar. 30, 1719; d. Westminster, May 21, 1789. By profession attor- ney; 1740 member of Academy of Antient Music, 1749 of Johnson's Club; 1752 of Madrigal Society; upon marriage to wealthy woman, retired to Twickenham, where, among other activities, he wrote his History of HAWLEY HAYDN Music; first vol. came out in same year (1776) with that of Burney, whom contemporaries considered superior but whom posterity judges less trustworthy. Hawley, Charles Beach, compr. b. Brookfield, Conn., Feb. 11, 1858. Of musical family; studied in New York with Webb, Buck, Mosenthal, and Rutenber; bass soloist and orgt. in several churches; member of Men- delssohn Glee Club, for which he has composed many part-songs (My Love's like a Red, Red Rose, Bugle Song, They Kissed) ; also many songs of charming melody. Haydn (hldn), Franz Josef, compr. b. Rohrau-on-the-Leitha, Austria, Mar. 31 (baptized Apr. 1), 1732; d. Vienna, May 31, 1809. Son of Mathias H., wheelwright, sexton, orgt., and singer, and his wife Maria, formerly a cook; by recent evidence Kuhac shows that H's ancestors were Croatians and that his inheritance is therefore Slavic, not Teutonic, a theory to which Croatian folk-song in his music and his fondness for irregular rhythms give support; of 12 children 3 were musicians and there was simple singing at home; at 5, owing to influence of cousin, J. M. Frankh, H. was sent to school at Hamburg, where for two years, though neglected and flogged, he was taught rudiments of music, playing on vln. and some other instr.; 1740 taken by Reutter to Vienna as chorister at St. Stephen's, where he learned singing, vln., and clavier; though he received no instruction in composition, he studied Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum and a work by Mat- theson by himself, and composed a great deal; 1748 supplanted as singer by brother Michael, he was set adrift without help from the school; assisted by friends, he gave lessons, studied C. P. E. Bach, and composed 1st mass; through influence of Metas- tasio, obtained distinguished pupil, through whom he met Porpora; as P's accompanist, met Gluck and other contemporaries; 1755 at house of Baron Fiirnberg he composed his first quartet and what was really his first symphony (the term was loosely used before his time for any con- certed instrumental piece); 1760 married most unhappily, while in em- ploy of Count Morzin; 1761 became 2d capellmeister under Werner, to Prince Esterhazy, as 1st capellm. after Werner's death 1766 to Prince Nicolaus E., who succeeded in 1762. H. had ample opportunity and en- couragement for further composi- tion; except for brief annual visits to Vienna, his time was passed at Eisenstadt, where he composed about 30 symph., 40 quartets, and nearly all his operas; his works became known and admired all over Europe; he made many friends chief of whom was Mozart, between whom and H. there was mutual affection and support. In 1790, on death of Prince Nicolaus, musicians were dismissed, though Haydn's pay was continued. He yielded to pressure of Salomon and visited London in 1791, where he composed the " Salomon sympho- nies," received degree from Oxford and honor from all classes; 1792 in Vienna again, where he gave lessons to Beethoven; 1794 he went again to England, and returned 1795 to reorganize the Esterhazy musical forces. Composed Austrian national hymn, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser 1797. And in his old age produced Die Schopfung (Creation) 1798 and Die Jahreszeiten (Seasons) 1801. His last years were prosperous and happy, except for his concern for his country. Though unattractive in appearance, he was genial, kindly, and humorous, so amiable that the term " Papa Haydn " was widely applied. His operas and his early songs are not often played, his ora- torios are closely second to Handel's; his masses and The Seven Words on the Cross are still valued for the sincerity of their religious sentiment. But chiefly H. is important as giving final form to symphony and quartet, as "father of orchestral music." His own works, though they sometimes seem simple and lacking in emotional depth, are remarkable for the amaz- ing variety of themes, the gaiety of spirit, the accurate sense of structure, and delicate, acute feeling for detail. Haydn, Johann Michael, compr. b. Rohrau, Sept. 14, 1737; d. Salzburg, Aug. 10, 1806. Brother of F. J.; remarkable for sop. voice when HAYNES chorister at Vienna; orgt.; capellm. at Grosswardein; 1762 concert- master and director to archbishop, and orgt. at Salzburg; married singer Maria Magdalena Lipp; lost property under French occupation but was assisted by brother and Empress Maria Theresa; at his school of comp. taught Reicha, Weber, etc.; refused offers of Prince Esterhazy to make him vice-capellm. of his chapel in hope of reorganization at Salzburg; excellent church compr., admired by contemporaries, but overshadowed by his brother; his modesty pre- vented him from publishing, but many works are extant, notably masses, graduals, offertories, some orchestral works and org. preludes. Haynes, Walter Battison, orgt., compr. b. Kempsey, Worcestershire, Nov. 21, 1859; d. London, Feb. 4, 1900. Pupil of Prout and at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke and Jadassohn; won Mozart scholarship; orgt. at Syden- ham and Chapel Royal, Savoy; director of mus. at Borough Poly- technic; prof, of harmony at Royal Acad.; composed symph., chamber mus., 2 cantatas for women's voices, and Elizabethan Lyrics. Hays, William Shakespeare, compr. b. Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1837; d. Louisville, July 22, 1907. Wrote his first song at 16, and in all several hundred, almost all widely sold; Evangeline, My Sunny Southern Home, Molly Darling, etc.; also occupied with editorial work for Courier-Journal. Heap, Charles Swinnerton, pst., compr. b. Birmingham, Apr. 10, 1847; d. there, June 11, 1900. Chorister, pupil of Monk; winner of Mendels- sohn Scholarship 1865, studied at Leipzig under Moscheles, Haupt- mann, Richter, and Reinecke; fur- ther under Best in Liverpool; condr. of Birmingham Philharmonic Union 1870-1886; of Birmingham Festival Choral Society after 1895; chorus- master for festival 1897; examiner for Camb. Univ.; composed chamber mus., overtures, cantatas (Maid of Astolat), and several organ pieces. Hedouin (a-do-an), Pierre, writer, b. Boulogne, July 28, 1789; d. Paris, Dec. 1868. Studied law in Paris, HEINRICH practised in Boulogne; chef du bureau at Ministry of Public Works, Paris, after 1842; contributed to periodicals, wrote novels, librettos, composed some songs; chief mus. writings are about Monsigny, Gr6- try, Lesueur, Paganini, Gluck, etc.; articles collected in Mosa'ique. Heermann (har-man), Hugo, vlt. b. Heilbronn, Mar. 3, 1844. Pupil of de Meerts, de B6riot, and Fetis at Brussels Cons., and in Paris; 1865 concertmaster at Frankfort; 1878 teacher at Hoch Cons, there; founded Heermann Quartet, with Naret-Kon- ing, Welcher, and Becker; has given many concerts in Germany, France, and England; in America 1903; ad- mired especially as quartet player. Hegar (ha-gar), Friedrich, condr., compr. b. Basle, Oct. 11, 1841. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt- mann, Richter, David, and Plaidy; after leading orch. in Warsaw and Gebweiler, living in Paris and Lon- don, settled 1863 in Zurich, where he became condr. of Subscription Con- certs and of Choral Soc., founded mus. sch.; composed choral works, Hymne an die Musik, Waldlied, Die Trompete von Gravelotte, etc. Hegner (hag'-ner), Anton, 'cellist, b. Copenhagen, Mar. 2, 1861. Studied at Copenhagen Cons., played there and in Germany with great success; now living in New York; composed 'cello concertos, quartets, about 60 songs. Hegner, Otto, pst. b. Basle, Nov. 18, 1876. Pupil at Basle of Fricker, Huber, and Glaus; appeared as prodigy in several German cities, m England and America 1888; 1904 teacher at Hoch Cons, in Frankfort; has composed chiefly for pf. Heinrich (hln'-rik), Max, baritone, compr. b. Chemnitz, June 14, 1853. Studied with Klitzsch at Zwickau and at Dresden Cons.; taught in Philadelphia, Alabama, at Royal Acad. London 1888-93; successful at large concerts in N. Y. 1882-88; then located in Chicago, where he gave " farewell recital" 1903, re- moving to Boston; now (1910) settled in New York; composed picturesque songs, setting to Poe's Raven, etc. HELLER HENSCHEL Heller (el-lar'), Stephen, pst., teacher, compr. b. Pesth, May 15, 1815; d. Paris, Jan. 14, 1888. Pupil of Brauer, played in public at 9; studied with Halm at Vienna; gave concerts 1827-32 in Hungary, Po- land, and Germany; falling ill on the way, was adopted by wealthy family in Augsburg where he worked at composition; 1838 at Paris, mem- ber of Liszt-Chopin circle, popular as player and teacher; except for visits to London in 1849 and 1862, lived in Paris; his early compositions were praised by Schumann; his works, all for pf., consist of Etudes, Preludes, etc., and series of pieces the names of which show romantic attitude, Promenades d'un solitaire, Nuits blanches, etc.; studies still very popular for grace and fluency, without triviality of thought and yet without great difficulty. Hellmesberger, Georg, vlt. b. Vienna, Apr. 24, 1800; d. Neuwaldegg, near Vienna, Aug. 16, 1873. Pupil of Bohm and Forster at Cons.; teacher there 1821-1867, of Joachim, Ernst, Auer, etc.; condr. at Imperial Opera 1829; pensioned 1867. His son Georg, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Jan. 27, 1830; d. Hanover, Nov. 12, 1852. Studied comp. with Rotter; concert- master at Hanover about 1850; brought out 2 operas. His brother Joseph, vlt., condr. b. Vienna, Nov. 23, 1829; d. there, Oct. 24, 1893. Infant prodigy as vlt.; vln. prof. 1851- 1877, director 1851-1893 of Cons.; condr. Gesellschaft Concerts 1851- 59, when he resigned in favor of Her- beck, resuming positioi>for one year in 1877; concertmaster at Imperial Opera, capellm. to emperor; quartet concerts 1849-1887, important for arousing interest in Beethoven's quar- tets. His son Joseph, vlt. b. Vienna, Apr. 9, 1855; d. there, Apr. 26, 1907. Solo player at opera, prof, at Cons., leader of quartet after his father, compr. of 6 operas and 6 ballets. Helmholtz (helm-holtz), Hermann Lud- wig Ferdinand von, scientist. b. Potsdam, Aug. 31, 1821; d Charlot- tenberg, Sept. 8, 1894. Studied medicine at Berlin, was prof, of anatomy, physiology at several Ger- man Universities, finally 1871 prof, of natural philosophy at Berlin; important mus. work is Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 1863, translated by Ellis 1875; by experiments with resonators, etc., H. determined quali- ty of musical sounds, the value of summational tones (the tones gen- erated by 2 notes sounded together), and he established the physiology of the minor chord, of hearing of musical tones, and of distribution of harmonic intervals. Henderson, William James, critic, b. Newark, Dec. 4, 1855. Graduated from Princeton 1876; self-taught in music; compr. of several operettas; critic on N. Y. Times, and later Sun; author of many valuable and enter- taining books: How Music Devel- oped; Orchestra and Orchestral Music; Richard Wagner; Modern Musical Drift, etc. Hennes (hen'-nes), Aloys, pf. teacher, b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 8, 1827; d. Berlin, June 8, 1889. Post-office official; later pupil at Rhenish School, Cologne, of Hiller and Reinecke; taught in various cities, after 1872 at Berlin; 1881 teacher at Scharwenka's Cons.; his Klavier- unterrichtsbriefe contains bright edu- cational pieces; daughter Therese (b. Dec. 21, 1861), successful pst. Henning, Karl, vlt. b. Halberstadt, Feb. 26, 1807; d. Zeitz, Oct. 1, 1865. Director of music in military service; 1837 city musical director in Zeitz; published 2 Scfiools for vln., one for 'cello, and compositions and teaching pieces for his instr. His sonTheodor, b. Langensalza, Oct. 11, 1837. Pupil of Hauptmann and David; director city orch. at Nord- hausen; associated with father in preparing vln. methods. Henschel (hen'-shel), [Isidor] Georg, compr., singer, condr. b. Breslau, Feb. 18, 1850. Early training in music; sang and played in public 1862, before entering Leipzig Cons. 1867, where he studied under Mos- cheles, Reinecke, Richter, and Goetze; after 1870 studied with Kiel and Schulze at Berlin; sang in concert perf. of Die Meistersinger 1868, at Cologne Festival 1874, in England 1877 at concerts and recitals, with great success; married HENSEL HERMANN 1881; first condr. Boston Symph. Orch. 1881-84; after that living in London, teaching at Royal Acad., conducting London syniph. concerts, etc., and singing at impor- ,, tant festivals; composed choral works and songs, incidental music to Hamlet, opera Nubia (Dresden 1899), Requiem in memory of his wife, since whose death he has practically retired. His wife Lillian June Bailey, soprano, b. Columbus, O., Jan. 18, 1860; d. Kensington, London, Nov. 4, 1901. Pupil of C. Hay den, of Mme. Viardot, and Mr. Henschel; extremely success- ful as singer of light songs, and, later, in concerts with her husband, as interpreter of depth and beauty. Hensel, Fanny Cacilia, pst., compr. b. Hamburg, Nov. 14, 1805; d. Berlin, May 14, 1847. Elder sister of Mendelssohn, accomplished pst., composer of several songs, six of which were published with her brother's; married the portrait- painter Hensel 1829; intimacy be- tween brother and sister was so close and affectionate that shock of her sudden death is said to have hastened his. Henselt, Adolf von, pst. b. Schwa- bach, Bavaria, May 12, 1814; d. Warmbrunn, Silesia, Oct. 10, 1889. Pupil of Frau von Flath at Munich; assisted by allowance from King to study with Hummel at Weimar and with Sechter at Vienna; 1838, after great success in Germany at private concerts only, owing to poor health went to St. Petersburg, where he was musician to the empress, teacher of princess, inspector of mus. edu- cation, etc.; developed strictly le- gato touch and gained richness of sound by holding down notes of arpeggios; invented exercises for stretching hands over wide-spread chords; though he appeared very rarely, he was hailed as one of greatest players of his time; his compositions are Etudes, difficult and of real musical value, some minor pieces, and famous F minor concerto. Herbeck, Johann Franz von, condr. b. Vienna, Dec. 25, 1831; d. there, Oct. 28, 1877. Son of tailor, self- taught, with exception of few lessons in summer from Rotter; at Vienna choir director, chorusmaster for 2 societies; condr. of Gesellschaft con- certs, court capellm., 1870-75 direc- tor at Imperial opera; compr. of part-songs, church music; influen- tial as condr. in bringing out many novelties. Herbert, Victor, compr. b. Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 1, 1859. Grandson of novelist Samuel Lover; educated at Stuttgart Cons.; 'cellist in Stutt- gart court orch.; 1886 'cellist at Metropolitan Opera, N. Y.; played at Seidl's concerts, acted as asst. condr. and under Thomas; 1894-98 bandmaster 22d Regiment; 1898- 1904 condr. Pittsburg Symph. Orch.; now living in New York; has com- posed 2 'cello concertos, Suite Romantique, symph. poems, but is chiefly known as compr. of fluent, melodious, skilfully constructed op- erettas, Serenade, Babes in Toyland, Mile. Modiste, etc. Hering (har-ing), Carl Friedrich August, vlt. b. Berlin, Sept. 2, 1819; d. Burg, near Magdeburg, Feb. 2, 1889. Pupil of Ries, Lipinski, and Tomas- chek; vlt. in Berlin royal chapel, founder of Sonatenverein and music school; wrote Methods. Heritte-Viardot (e-rit'-ve-ar'-do), Lou- ise Pauline Marie, singing teacher. b. Paris, Dec. 14, 1841. Daughter of Louis Viardot and Pauline Garcia, wife of consul-general Heritte; teacher at St. Petersburg Cons., at Hoch Cons., Frankfort, and in Berlin; composed operas, cantatas, vocal exercises, etc. Herman, Reinhold Ludwig, vlt., compr. b. Prenzlau, Sept. 21, 1849. Studied at Stern Cons, with Ehrlich, Kiel, and Stern; taught and conducted in N. Y. 1871-78; director Stern Cons. 1878-81; then again in N. Y., condr. Liederkranz, prof, of sacred history at Theol. Seminary; condr. Handel and Haydn Soc., Boston, 1898-99; returned to Berlin. Com- posed cantatas, chamber music, etc. Hermann (har-man), Friedrich, vlt., compr., teacher, b. Frankfort, Feb. 1, 1828; d. Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1907. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of David, Mendelssohn and Hauptmann; 1846- 75 played viola at Gewandhaus and HERMANN HESSE theatre orch.; 1848 teacher at Cons.; compr. of symph. and chamber mus., and editor Peters' and Augener's publications of classical music for stringed instruments. Hermann, Robert, compr. b. Berne, Switzerland, Apr. 29, 1869. After studying medicine at Geneva, entered Frankfort Cons. 1891; left after few months; with encouragement from Grieg, studied with Humperdinck, and by himself; 1910 living in Leip- zig; compositions, some of which on production in Berlin caused different opinions, include symph., overture, songs, quintet, Variations pour rire, etc. Herold (e-rol'), Louis Joseph Ferdi- nand, compr. b. Paris, Jan. 28, 1791; d. Themes, a suburb of Paris, Jan. 19, 1833. Son and pupil of Frangois Joseph, himself a pupil of C. P. E. Bach and pf. teacher, but early aptitude not encouraged; 1806 entered Paris Cons, where he was pupil of Louis Adam, Catel and M6hul; Prix de Rome 1812; pst. to Queen Caroline at Naples, where he brought out first opera 1815; returned to Paris 1815, met success with Les rosieres 1817; pst. and chorusmaster at Italian Opera; 1827, as chef du chant at Op6ra, wrote successful ballets; after period of instrumental comp. and imitative operas, returned to his own style with success; greatest works are Zampa 1831 (overture is universally familiar) and Le pre aux clercs, widely known in France; his Ludovic was finished by HaleVy; his music is pleasant, graceful, his instrumenta- tion clever; his own dramatic sense, often hampered by poor librettos, was fully equal to expression of fine emotions. Hervey, Arthur, writer, b. Paris, Jan. 26, 1855. Parents Irish; studied with B. Tours and Marlois; aban- doned purpose of entering diplomacy 1880; critic of Vanity Fair 1889-92 and later of London ( Post; com- posed one-act opera, several sets of songs, a scene for baritone and orch. and a concert overture; wrote Masters of French Music (1894), French Music in the 19th Century (1904). Herz (harts), Henri, pst., compr. b. Vienna, Jan. 6, 1806; d. Paris, Jan. 5, 1888. Pupil of his father, of Hunten, and of Pradher and Reicha at the Paris Cons.; won 1st pf. prize; followed Moscheles' style of playing; made successful tour as virtuoso; in 1842 prof, at Paris Cons.; American tour 1845-51; established a successful pf. factory; resigned from Cons. 1874; wrote over 200 compositions some of them very successful, because they catered to the popular taste of the period; his experiences during his American tour are described in Mes voyages en Amerique (1866). Herzogenberg-Peccaduc (hert-zo'-gen- berg pec'-ca-dook), Heinrich, Baron von, pst., compr. b. Graz, June 10, 1843; d. Wiesbaden, Oct. 9, 1900. Studied at Vienna Cons, with Dessoff; 1874 founded Bach-Verein in Leipzig with Spitta, Von Holstein, and Volkland; 1875 director; 1885- 92 prof, of comp. at Berlin Hoch- schule; head of Meisterschule for composition; works include mass, psalms, large choral works, sympho- nies, chamber mus. (especially vln. sonatas), songs, etc. Married Eliza- beth Stockhausen (1848-1892), pst. Hess, Willy, vlt. b. Mannheim, July 14, 1859. Studied with father, profes- sional vlt.; 1865-72 in America; toured with Thomas Orch. when 9; 1872-76 played in Holland, Belgium, Germany, and France; 1876-78 pupil of Joachim; concertmaster at Frank- fort 1878, prof, at Rotterdam 1886, leader in Halle Orch. at Manchester 1888; at Cologne 1895 as leader of Giirzenich Orch. and Quartet and prof, at Cons.; 1903 prof, at Royal Acad. London; 1904-1907 and 1908- 1910 concertmaster Boston Symph. Orch.; leader of Boston Symph. Quartet, and 1908 of Hess-Schroeder Quartet; prof, at Berlin Hochschule 1910. Hesse (hes'-sS), Adolf Friedrich, orgt. b. Breslau, Aug. 30, 1809; d. there, Aug. 5, 1863. Son of org. builder; studied with Berner and E. Kohler; stipend granted by Breslau author- ities enabled him to visit Leipzig, Kassel, Hamburg, Berlin, and Wei- mar; gave concerts, became friend HEUBERGER HILLER and pupil of Hummel, Rinck, and Spohr; 1827 till time of death orgt. at Breslau; director symph. con- certs there; 1844 at Paris, 1846 in Italy, and 1852 in England; play- ing won admiration; composed chamber and org. mus. Heuberger (hoi'-bar-ger), Richard Franz Joseph, compr., crit. b. Graz, Styria, June 18, 1850. Civil engineer, de- voted himself to mus. after 1876, when he became choirmaster Vienna Gesangverein ; 1878 condr. Singa- kademie; 1881 critic for several papers; 1902 teacher at Cons.; 1904 editor Neue Musikalische Presse; composed cantatas, ballets, operas, orchestral works; author of life of Schubert. Hey (hi), Julius, singing teacher, b. Irmelshausen, Lower Franconia, Apr. 29, 1832. At first art stu- dent; then pupil of Lachner, and Schmitt; worked under Von Biilow at Munich Sch. of Mus. (established by Ludwig according to plans of Wagner whom H. admired); after Von Billow's departure, not succeed- ing in reform of German singing, resigned 1883; his Deutscher Gesangs- unterricht expounds Wagner's views on vocal training; since 1887 in Berlin; many pupils now on German stage. Heymann (hi '-man), Carl, pst. b. Filehne, Posen, Oct. 6, 1854. Son of Isaac H., cantor at several cities; studied with Hiller, Gernsheim, Breunung at Cologne Cons, and with Kiel; successful beginnings as concert pst. abandoned from ill health; mus. director Bingen, court pst. Hesse; 1877-80 teacher at Hoch Cons., Frankfort; has ap- peared since as virtuoso, though ill health persists; composed mus. for pf. brilliant but not empty; Mac- Dowell among pupils. Hildach (hil-dak), Eugen, baritone, b. Wittenberge-am-Elbe, Nov. 20, 1849. First vocal lessons at 24; studied with Frau El. Dreyschock at Berlin; married fellow-pupil Anna Schubert, mezzo soprano (b. 1852) ; both taught at Dresden Conservatory, 1880-86; since then devoted to concert sing- ing; composed attractive songs and duets. Hiles, Henry, compr., writer, b. Shrews- bury, Dec. 31, 1826; d. Worthing, Oct. 20, 1904. Held several ap- pointments as orgt., finally St. Paul's, Manchester; Mus. Doc. 1867; lecturer on harmony, etc. at Owens Coll. and Victoria Univ., later at Manchester Coll. of Mus.; 1885-88 editor Quarterly Mus. Re- view; composed anthems, services, 2 oratorios, 3 cantatas; wrote Grammar of Music and several works on harmony. Hilf, Arno, vlt. b. Bad Elster, Saxony, Mar. 14, 1858; d. Aug. 2, 1909, at Bad Elster. Lessons from father, Wilhelm Christoph, and from David, Rontgen, and Schradieck at Leipzig Cons.; 1878-88 teacher at Moscow Cons., 1888 at Sondershausen; 1889- 1891 leader of Gewandhaus Oreh., Leipzig, and of quartet; 1892 1st vln. teacher Leipzig Cons. Hill, Junius Welch, pst. b. Hingham, Mass., Nov. 18, 1840. Pupil of J. C. D. Parker in Boston, and of Moscheles, Hauptmann, Reinecke, etc., at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at various Boston churches; prof, of mus. at Wellesley College 1884-97; teacher in Boston; retired, removing to Los Angeles; composed some choruses and pf . pieces. Hille (hil'-la), Gustav, vlt. b. Jerichow- am-Elbe, May 31, 1851. Pupil of Wuerst and Joachim; 1879 member Mendelssohn Quintet Club, Boston, with which he toured 9 months; then at Philadelphia Mus. Acad.; later co-dir. of Leefson-Hille Cons., Philadelphia; 1910 returned to Ger- many; composed concertos and solos for vln. Hiller, Ferdinand von, compr. b. Frankfort, Oct. 24, 1811; d. Co- logne, May 10, 1885. Of wealthy Jewish family; pupil of Hofmann, Schmitt, and Vollweiler, later of Hummel; played in public at 10; at 15 in Vienna with Hummel; saw Beethoven on his death-bed; in Paris 1828-35 teaching, part of the time at Choron's school, giving con- certs with Fe"tis and Baillot; 1836 conducted Cacilienverein, Frank- fort; 1839, aided by Rossini, brought out opera at Milan; 1840 invited by Mendelssohn to superintend HILLER HOFFMAN oratorio Die Zerstorung Jerusalems in Leipzig; 1841 studied church music with Baini; 1843-44 conducted at Gewandhaus; 1847 capellm. at Dusseldorf; 1850 at Cologne where he organized Cons.; conducted Giirzemch concerts and festivals; 1852-53 conducted Op6ra Italien at Paris; 1884 retired; over 200 com- positions, 6 operas, 6 cantatas, much choral and instrumental mus.; lectured and wrote articles about the many great men whose lives his touched: Erinnerungsbldtter (1884). Killer, Johann Adam [real name Hiiller], compr. b. Wendisch-Ossig, near Gorlitz, Dec. 25, 1728; d. Leipzig, June 16, 1804. Pupil of Homilius at Dresden; while at Leipzig Univ. gave music lessons, played flute, and sang; 1758 went as tutor to Leipzig, where he revived Subscription Con- certs and developed them into Ge- wandhaus Concerts which he con- ducted; 1771 founded school of singing; 1789-1801 mus. dir. at Thomasschule; inventor of Singspiel, German form of short comedy operetta, of which he wrote 13 (Lottchen am Hofe, Der Dorfbarbier, etc.); also composed church music and wrote several historical and instructive works. Hiller, Paul, orgt. b. Seifersdorf, Nov. 16, 1830. Orgt. at Breslau since 1870; compr. of pf. pieces, songs, etc. Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, pst., compr. b. Treuenbrietzen, Branden- burg, Nov. 20, 1765; d. Berlin, June 8, 1814. When student of theology at Halle, fine pf. playing won him patronage of Frederick Wm. II, who sent him to Dresden for 3 years' study with Naumann, and to Italy for 2 years more; made him chamber compr. and court cap- ellm.; traveled to Stockholm, St. Petersburg, France, and England; retired to Pyrmont 1806; composed several occasional cantatas, etc.; several very popular operas (Fan- chon das -Leyermadchen is the best), many songs, etc., melodious and well- written, now obsolete. Hinckley, Allen, opera basso, b. Bos- ton, Oct. 11, 1877. Father a min- ister; student at Amherst College and University of Pennsylvania; musical education begun in Phila- delphia where he sang in several churches; with the encouragement of Walter Damrosch he took up serious work with Oscar Saenger in New York; his professional debut was at Hamburg, Germany, where he remained until engaged for the Metropolitan Opera Company in 1908; sang several seasons at Covent Garden, London, and at Bayreuth, being recommended by HansRichter; a member of the Metropolitan Opera Company. Hinton, Arthur, compr. b. Beckenham, Kent, Nov. 20, 1869. Studied at Royal Acad. with Sainton, Sauret, and Davenport; sub-prof, of vln.; further study with Rheinberger in Munich; condr. theatre orch. in London, etc.; composed opera, orch. fantasia, 2 scenes from Endymion, 2 symphonies, pf. sonata, concerto, etc. Married Katherine Goodson, pst. Hipkins, Alfred James, lecturer, writer. b. Westminster, June 17, 1826; d. Kensington, June 3, 1903. From 1840 to death in pf. business with Broadwood & Sons; always tuned pianos for Chopin in England; authority on history of pf.; reviver of interest in harpsichord and clavi- chord, on both of which he played; also authority on scientific matters of temperament and pitch; inter- esting lecturer, contributor to Ency- clopaedia Britannica, Grove's Diction- ary, author of Musical Instruments, History of the Pianoforte, etc. Hirsch (hersh), Carl, compr. b. Wend- ing, Mar. 17, 1858. After studying in Munich, held various positions as teacher, cantor, etc.; director at Mannheim, Cologne, and of several societies at Elberfeld; compr. of many very popular choruses, chiefly a cappella, and of cantatas. Die Krone im Rhein, Landsknechtsleben, etc. Hobrecht, see Obrecht, Jacob. Hoffman, Richard, pst. b. Manchester, Eng., May 24, 1831; d. Aug. 17, 1909. Pupil of father, De Meyer, Moscheles, Rubinstein, Thalberg, and Liszt; came to New York 1847; toured U. S. with Burke, vlt. 1848; solo pst. with Jenny Lind; played HOFFMANN HOLLANDER with Gottschalk and Von Btilow; remarkable as teacher; noteworthy as compr. of about 100 songs, pf. pieces, etc. Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor [Amadeus] Wilhelm, writer, compr. b. Konigs- berg, Jan. 24, 1776; d. Berlin, June 25, 1822. Studied music with Podbielski while law student; trans- ferred from position of assessor at Posen because of caricatures; 1806 reduced by war, gave music lessons in Warsaw; theatre director Bam- berg 1808; 1810 wrote articles to Allgemeine Musikzeitung over name "Kapellmeister Kreisler"; condr. at Leipzig and Dresden 1813-14; from 1816 to death held judicial position in Berlin; composed several operas (Scherz, List, und Roche to Goethe's words, Undine his best), a symph., chamber mus.; known in literature as writer of fantastic tales. Hofmann, Heinrich [Carl Johann], compr. b. Berlin, Jan. 13, 1842; d. Gross Tabarz, July 16, 1902. Studied at Kullak's Acad. with Grell, Dehn, and Wuerst; successful pf. player and teacher; devoted to composition after 1869, when first opera was successful; wrote 7 operas, many cantatas, orch. works, notably Un- garischen suite and Frithjof symph. beautiful pf. duets, etc. Hofmann, Josef Casimir, pst. b. Cra- cow, Jan. 20, 1876. Son of capell- meister and operetta composer; pupil of father; appeared as prodigy in Germany and America 1885-87; pre- vented by Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty to Children from giving more concerts, he pursued studies in Berlin under Urban and Moszkow- ski and under Anton Rubinstein in Dresden; 1897 resumed life of travel- ing virtuoso and has appeared with success in many lands; has composed concerto and some pf. pieces; striking qualities of his playing are keen intelligence, transparent interpreta- tion made possible by amazing tech- nical skill, and total lack of morbid- ness. Hoi, Richard, orgt., compr. b. Am- sterdam, July 23, 1825; d. Utrecht, May 14, 1904. Studied with Mar- tens and Bertelman; traveled in Germany; director choral soc. at Amsterdam, and director of Society for Promotion of Music; 1862 city orgt. at Utrecht, later cathedral orgt. and director of music school; condr. at The Hague and Amsterdam ; com- posed church music, 2 symphonies, orch. music, cantatas, etc. Holbrooke, Josef Charles, compr. b. Croydon, July 6, 1878. Pupil at Royal Acad. of F. Cprder and West- lake; since 1898 entirely devoted to composition, chiefly of orchestral works in form of free symphonic poems, on such subjects as The Raven, The Masque of the Red Death, Fantastic Variations; large choral work The Bells, Birmingham Festi- val 1907, with actual bells, etc., in orchestra excited discussion. Holden, Oliver, compr. b. Shirley, Mass., Sept. 18, 1765; d. Charles- town, Sept. 4, 1844. At first a car- penter; began to write music about time of moving to Charlestown, 1787; trained choir to sing Ode to Washington 1789; after 1792 con- ducted music store, published and composed music; first collection America's Harmony; in Union Har- mony 1793 first appeared Coronation, most famous tune. Hollander (hol'-lender), Alexis, pst. b. Ratibor, Silesia, Feb. 25, 1840. Studied with Schnabel and Hesse at Breslau, with Grell and A. W. Bach at Berlin Royal Acad., and with Bohmer; instructor at Kullak's Acad. 1861; condr. Cacilienverein 1864; composed chamber music, duets, choral and pf. works (6 Intermezzi for left hand, etc.); edited Schu- mann's pianoforte works and pub- lished method for the voice. Hollander, Gustav, vlt. b. Leobschutz, Upper Silesia, Feb. 15, 1855. Early public appearance as pupil of father a physician; studied 1867-69 at Leip- zig Cons, with David and 1869-74 at Berlin Hochschule with Joachim and Kiel; 1874 principal teacher at Kullak's Acad.; gave concerts with Carlotta Patti, with Scharwenka and Griinfeld; 1881 at Cologne, leader of Giirzenich concerts and teacher at Cons.; 1895 director Stern Cons. Berlin; 1896 concert- master at Hamburg; successful tours on Continent; works chiefly for vln. HOLLINS HORNEMAN Hollins, Alfred, orgt., pst. b. Hull, Sept. 11, 1865. Totally blind; edu- cated at Wilberforce Institution at York, at Royal Normal College, Nor- wood, where he took pf . lessons from Hartyigson and org. from E. J. Hopkins; studied with Von Billow at Berlin; after several distinguished appearances, visited U. S. with F. J. Campbell in 1886 and again 1888; held various appointments as orgt., finally at Edinburgh; concerts in Australia 1904; has composed an- thems, org. pieces, a few songs and piano pieces. Hollmann, Joseph, 'cellist, b. Maas- tricht, Holland, Oct. 16, 1852. Pupil of Keller; under patronage of king at Brussels Cons, as pupil of Servais, Boisselet, and F6tis, winning 1st prize; at Paris pupil of Jacquard and Savart; toured Scandinavia and Germany with Strakosch and Ulman, U. S. with Wolff 1892 and 1906; numerous compositions for his in- strument. Holmes (ol'-mez), [originally Holmes], Augusta Mary Anne, compr. b. Paris, Dec. 16, 1847; d. there, Jan. 28, 1903. Of Irish parentage; early appearance as pst.; first comp. under name Hermann Zenta; studied comp. with Lambert, instrumentation with Klos<; after 1875 pupil of Csar Franck; gained 2d place in compe- tition for city of Paris prize in 1878 with Lutece, and honorable mention in 1880 with Les argonautes; com- posed other symphonic poems (Ir- lande, Polognej, several odes (Ludus pro patria, Hymne a la paix), opera La montagne noire (Grand Ope>a, Paris 1895); often wrote words for own music; showed " force rather than grace, vigor rather than deli- cacy, rare sentiment for melody, breadth of phrase, care for form; individuality of idea above most women." [Pougin.] Hoist, Eduard, compr. b. Copenhagen, 1843; d. New York, Feb. 4, 1899. Came to New York about 1874; actor, playwright, teacher of dancing, composer of comic opera Our Flats, music for military band Battle of Manila, etc., and much music for pf. of the sort suggested by such titles as Dance of Demons, etc. Homer, Sidney, compr. b. Boston, Mass., Sept. 9, 1864. Studied with Chadwick in Boston and with Rhein- berger, Abel, etc. in Munich; taught harmony and lectured on sympho- nies, Wagner operas, etc. in Boston; composed songs; 1895 married Louise Dillworth Beatty, dram, contralto. b. Pittsburg. Pupil of Misses Whin- nery and Groff in Phila., of W. L. Whitney and S. Homer in Boston, and after marriage, of Konig and Lhdrie in Paris; debut at Vichy 1898; London 1899, American de"but San Francisco 1900; member of Metro- politan Opera Co., N. Y. since 1900. Hood, Helen, compr. b. Chelsea, Mass., June 28, 1863. Pupil of B. J. Lang, Chadwick, and in Berlin of Moszkow- ski; living in Boston; composed songs, sacred and secular, works for vln. and pf., trio for vln., 'cello and pf . Hopekkk, Helen, pst. b. Edinburgh, May 20, 1856. Studied with Lich- tenstein and A. C. Mackenzie, and after 2 years at Leipzig, with Lesche- tizky at Vienna; debut Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1878; after successful con- certs in London 1879 and later in Boston and New York 1883 and 1890, in Edinburgh and Vienna 1887 (where she studied composition with Navratil and orchestration with Mandl), settled in Boston 1897; mar- ried W. Wilson; successful teacher; gives occasional interesting recitals; has composed, beside songs and pf. pieces, pf. concerto and Concertstuck for pf. and orch., other orch. works, vln. sonata, etc. Hopkins, Edward John, orgt., compr. b. Westminster, June 30, 1818; d. London, Feb. 4, 1901. Chorister at Chapel Royal under Hawes; pupil of Walmisley in harm, and counter- point, but self-taught as orgt.; vari- ous appointments as orgt., finally 1843-1898 at Temple Church, Lon- don, where he raised music to very high point; composed excellent an- thems, edited madrigals, wrote The Organ, Its History and Construction. Horneman (hor'-ne-man), Johan Ole Emil, compr. b. Copenhagen, May 13, 1809; d. there, May 29, 1870. Compr. of stirring songs: Der Tapf- ere Landsoldat and King Christian HORVATH HULLAH Stood by Lofty Mast (naval song which first appeared in Hartmann's opera Fiskerne 1775) are national songs. Horvath (hor-vat), Geza, compr. b. Komaron, Hungary, May 27, 1868. Pupil of L. Schytte, etc., at Vienna; director of music school there; librarian of ass'n of music school proprietors; published over 60 easy pf. pieces. Howard, George H., teacher, b. Norton, Mass., Nov. 12, 1843. Studied with J. W. Tufts and B. F. Baker at Bost. Mus. School, with Moscheles, Pap- peri tz, etc. at Leipzig Cons., with Haupt and Kullak in Berlin; taught at Boston Mus. School, at Michigan Cons, at Olivet, and at N. E. Cons.; 1891 organized Boston School for Teachers of Music of which he is director; able teacher and lecturer. Hoyte, William Stevenson, orgt., compr. b. Sidmouth, Sept. 22, 1844. Pupil of Goss and Cooper; orgt. in various London churches, finally at All Saints' since 1868; successful recitals both as orgt. and pst. in London and Scotland; prof, of org. at Royal Coll. since 1888, at Royal Acad. 1893, of pf. at Guildhall; composed Book of Litanies, choral wedding service, church and organ music. Hubay (ho-bi), Jeno [known as Eugene Huber], vlt., compr. b. Budapest, Sept. 14, 1858. Pupil of father Carl (1828-1885), professor at Pesth Cons.; appeared as prodigy at 11; with stipend from state, studied 5 years with Joachim ; success at Pasdeloup concerts in Paris 1878 led to friendship with Vieuxtemps; 1882 prof, at Brussels Cons.; 1886 succeeded father at Pesth; widely praised as soloist and quartet player; compr. of successful opera Luthier de Cremone, concertos, sonatas, and pieces for vln. of which Scenes from the Czardas are universally popular. Huber (ho-ber), Hans, compr. b. Schonewerd, Switzerland, June 28, 1852. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Richter, Reinecke, etc.; taught at Alsace, then at Basle nius. school, of which he became director 1896; his works include operas (Kudrun, Der Simplicius, etc.), cantatas, con- certos, sonatas and smaller works, and 3 symphonies, No. 1 Tell symph. and No. 2 celebrating the paintings of Bocklin. Hucbald [or Hugbaldus, Ubaldus, etc.], writer, b. about 830; d. St. Amand, near Tournay, June 25 (or Oct. 21), 930 (or June 20, 932). Ordained priest 880; pupil of uncle, director of school at Nevers; probably author of treatises De harmonica institu- tions, Musica enchiriadis, etc., though doubts have been cast on fact of his authorship; writings give earliest clear statement of the beginnings of music for several voices; originated idea of representing the rise and fall of tones by marks placed between lines, beginning of notation. Hue (u), George Adolphe, compr. b. Versailles, May 6, 1858. Pupil at Paris Conservatory of Reber and Paladilhe, prizes in 1879, 1881, 1885; compositions include orchestral, ope- ratic and choral works, and songs. Hueffer (heffer), Francis, writer, b. Munster, May 22, 1843; d. London, Jan. 19, 1889. Student of philology and music in London, Berlin, Leip- zig, and Paris; Ph.D. from Gottingen; settled 1869 in London where he was critic on Times, editor of Academy; assisted English opera by writing librettos for Mackenzie and Cowen; greatly furthered cause of Wagner in England by articles, by Life of Wagner and by translation of Letters of Wagner and Liszt; wrote many vols. in Great Musicians Series, studies on music of the troubadours, etc. Huhn (hune), Bruno [Siegfried], pst. b. London, 1871. Pupil of Miss S. Taunton; toured Great Britain, then in 1889 Spain, Egypt and Australia; 1891 in New York, further study with S. B. Mills and Alberti; played there 1896; self-taught orgt., has held various positions in N. Y.; re- markable as accompanist; compr. of songs, church and pf. music. Hullah (hul-la), John Pyke, teacher, writer, b. Worcester, Eng., June 27, 1812; d. Westminster, Feb. 21, 1884. Studied with Horsley and Crivelli; comp. several successful operas, Barbers of Bassora 1837, etc.; after observing Wilhem's classes in Paris in 1830, he started (1841) popular HUGHES HUMPERDINCK classes for schoolmasters and others by system of vocal music adapted from Wilhem's; these classes, though bitterly opposed, were attended by about 25,000 people; 1844-74 prof, of vocal music, King's Coll., London; 1870-73 condr. Royal Acad. stu- dents' concerts; 1858 orgt. at Char- ter House; composed many charming songs (Oh that we two were May- ing, The Three Fishers, etc.), ele- mentary text-books, and accounts of his method; The History of Mod- ern Music, Transition Period of Musical History. Hughes, Rupert, author, compr. b. Lancaster, Mo., Jan. 31, 1872. Father and mother were well-trained musical amateurs; brother, Felix Hughes, a teacher of singing, Cleve- land, O.; sister (Mrs. Herbert Witherspoon) sang professionally in Europe under the name Jeanne Grela. H. showed early aptitude for music by skill in reading music at sight and at ten made his first efforts at composition, first published pieces being issued while he was in college; studied music with Wilson G. Smith at Cleveland, Edgar Still- man Kelley, New York, and Charles W. Pearce, London; but most of his theoretical studies have been self- directed; graduated from Western Reserve University (A.B.) and at Yale (A.M.); connected editorially with New York and London papers and magazines, but later devoting his time to the writing of plays, books, magazine articles and short stories; published works are Zal, a musical novel; The Musical Guide, (encyclopaedia); The Love Affairs of Great Musicians; Famous Ameri- can Composers; editor of Songs of Thirty Americans (Musicians Libra- ry) ; published compositions consist of a few songs; lives in New York City. Humfrey [or Humphry or Humphrys], Pelham, compr. b. London, 1647; d. Windsor, July 14, 1674. Chorister at Chapel Royal; sent abroad by Charles II to study under Lully; 1672 master of children at Chapel Royal and compr. to king; composed some fine songs, church music in new style learned in France; said to have been excellent lute player; fondness for minor keys is remarkable . Hummel (hoom-mel), Johann Nepo- muk, pst., compr. b. Pressburg, Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778; d. Weimar. Oct. 17, 1837. Son and pupil of Joseph H., director of Imperial school of military music, and later condr. at Vienna; there Johann attracted attention of Mozart who took him into his house as pupil for 2 years; debut at concert given by Mozart in Dresden 1787; after tour with father through Great Britain (where he took some lessons of Clementi in London) and Denmark, studied further in Vienna with Albrechtsberger, with advice from Haydn and Salieri; 1804-11 suc- cessor of Haydn as capellm. to Prince Esterhazy; 1816 court capellm. at Stuttgart, 1819 at Weimar; in frequent leaves of absence visited St. Petersburg, Paris, and London, where he conducted German opera co. for season of 1833. Composed 127 works, of which some concertos, rondos, sonatas, a nonet, and a mass are still played; teacher of Czerny, Henselt, and Thalberg; successful everywhere as performer and inter- preter, especially noted for extem- Eore playing, in which he is said to ave excelled Beethoven; is variously said to stand between old school of tradition and new one of virtuosity, and to have founded the new by his delight in execution, his pleasure in " orchestral " effects, and self-con- scious effort; his method was of value, but is now out of date. Humperdinck, Engelbert, compr. b. Siegburg, near Bonn, Sept. 1, 1854. Student of F. Hiller at Cologne Cons, where he won Mozart Stipend which enabled him to go to Munich; there he studied with Lachner and Rhein- berger; winning the Mendelssohn Prize in Berlin, he went 1879 to Italy; met Wagner at Naples, fol- lowed him to Bayreuth and assisted in production of Parsifal 1881; Meyerbeer Prize 1881 enabled him to go to Italy; taught in Barcelona Cons.; in Cologne Cons., at Hoch Cons, in Frankfort and in Stock- hausen's school; musical critic for Zeitung; retired to Boppard 1896; 1900 head of Meisterschule for comp. in Berlin; Humoreske for orch. in 1880 attracted attention, HUNEKER d'INDY maintained by other orch. works (Maurische Rhapsodic) , choral works Das Gliick von Edenhall, etc., opera Hansel und Gretel (Weimar 1893, and since then heard nearly every- where); in this charming fairy-tale opera H. shows himself a follower of Wagner in choice of subject, in use of characteristic themes reveal- ing the motives and thoughts of the characters, all handled with extreme deftness; later operas Dornroschen and Die Konigskinder have not been equally successful. Huneker, James Gibbons, critic, b. Philadelphia, Jan. 31, 1860. Pupil of Michael Cross and in Paris of Th. Ritter and Doutreleau; settled in New York 1888; teacher at Na- tional Cons.; writer for Musical Courier, dramatic critic N. Y. Sun 1902-1906; author of Mezzotints in Modern Music, Life of Chopin and collection of stories on musical themes, Melomaniacs, Visionaries, etc. - Hiinten (tin-ten'), Franz, pst. b. Co- blenz, Dec. 26, 1793; d. there, Feb. 22, 1878. Studied with his father (orgt.), at Paris Cons, with Pradher, Cheru- bim, and Reicha, but took no prizes; became fashionable composer and teacher in Paris; 1836 removed to Coblenz; pf. works, fantasias, sere- nades, etc. commanded amazing prices but are now practically un- known; wrote also method for pf. Huss (hoos), Henry Holden, pst., compr. b. Newark, N. J., June 21, 1862. Studied with father, with O. B. Boise and at Munich Cons, with Rheinberger; 1889 gave concert of own works in New York, where he lives, as teacher and compr.; has written Death of Cleopatra (soprano and orch.), Seven Ages of Man (bari- tone and orch.), vln. concerto, and pf. concerto, trio, sonatas. Hiittenbrenner (hu-ten-bren-ner), An- selm, pst. b. Graz, Styria, Oct. 13, 1794; d. Ober-Andritz, near Graz, June 5, 1868. From early years stud- ied singing, pf., and harmony with Grell; studied law in Vienna in 1815, and composition with Salieri; fellow pupil of Schubert, intimate of Beetho- ven; from 1816 to retirement in 1820 successful as pst. ; 1852 condr. Styrian Musikverein; prolific compr., 9 mass- es, 3 symphonies, over 500 songs. Hyllested, August, pst. , compr. b . Stock- holm, June 17, 1858. Early appear- ances as pst. 1863, 1869; pupil of Dahl, and at Royal Cons, at Copen- hagen of Neupert, Hartmann, Gade, etc.; 1875-76 director of orch. and of mus. soc.; further study with Kiel, Kullak, and Liszt; concerts in Eng- land, in New York 1885; 1886-91 asst. dir. Chicago Mus. Coll., 1891-94 director in Gottschalk Lyric School; after further tours in Scandinavia, returned to Chicago 1897 ; composed for pf., orch., and songs. niffe, Frederick, orgt., condr. b. Smeeton-Westerby, Leicestershire, Feb. 21, 1847. 1883 orgt. St. John's Coll., Oxford; condr. Queen's Coll. Mus. Soc.; composed oratorio Vis- ions of St. John the Divine, services, overtures, etc. Djinsky (il-yin-sky) , Alexander Alex- androvitch, compr. b. Tsarskoye- Selo, Jan. 24, 1859! Studied at Berlin with Kullak and Bargiel; 1885 pro- fessor at Philharmonic Soc. music school, Moscow; composed 3 orch. suites, symphony, music to Oedipus Rex and to Tolstoi's Tsar Feodor, 2 cantatas, one opera, pf . pieces, and songs. Imbert (an-bar) de la Tour, Jean Bap- tiste Georges, tenor, b. Paris, May 20, 1865. Pupil at Paris Cons., 1st prize 1890; de1but Geneva 1891; en- gagements at Opera Comique, Paris, Brussels, and Geneva; U. S. 1901 with Grau Co. d'Indy (dan-di'), Paul Marie Vincent [called Theodore], compr. b. Paris, Mar. 27, 1851. Studied law at re- quest of family and at same time pf . with Dimmer and harmony with Lavignac; after serving as volunteer in Franco-Prussian war, selected music as profession; kettle drum- mer in orch. of Ass'n artistique des concerts du Chatelet, then ISAAK chorusmaster; org. class at Cons. 1872-75, taking first access-it; long a faithful and thorough pupil of C. Franck; 1873 met Liszt at Weimar; 1875 overture Piccolomini performed at Pasdeloup concerts; 1882 one-act opera produced; 1885 won Paris prize with Charii de la cloche; 1887 chorusmaster for Lamoureux con- certs, having charge of chorus for first Paris performance of Lohengrin; with Franck and others founder of Soc. nationale de musique; refused prof, at Cons. 1895; with Bordes and Guilmant founded 1896 Schola Can- torum of which he is director and prof, of comp.; visited America 1905, where he conducted a few concerts of Bost. Symph. Orch. Has composed operas Fervaal, L'Etranger, symph. on a mountain air (with pf.), symph. No. 2, symph. poems Wdttenstein, Istar, La foret enchantee, variations for saxophone and orch., chamber music, and some pf. pieces; author of very valuable study of life and works of C. Franck; has written a Course in Musical Composition of which two volumes were issued up to 1910. He is present leader of the school of modern French composers; he has great harmonic and contra- puntal skill and a keenly intellectual mind; his music is, perhaps, almost too abstract, too free from emotion. Isaak (e'-zak), Heinrich, contrapuntist. b. Germany (Netherlands?) about 1450; d. Florence, 1517. Name is va- JACKSON riously spelled Izac, Ysaak, Yzac; called in Italy Arrigo Tedesco; 1477- 90 orgt., and director in household of Lorenzo the Magnificent; later in Rome; later at court of Maximilian 1 at Vienna; composed masses, and sacred and secular songs, many of which are very beautiful. Isouard (iz'-6-ar), Niccolb [called Nic- colo de Malte], compr. b. Malta, Dec. 6, 1775; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 1818. Studied under Amendola, Sala, and Guglielmi, while holding position in bank; 1795 produced 1st opera; orgt. and capellm. to Maltese Order; after writing operas at home, went 1799 to Paris; Boieldieu's return from Russia stimulated his best effort in J cannot et Colin and Joconde; wrote in all about 50 operas, many masses, motets, etc.; death hastened by envy at Boieldieu's election to Academy. Ivanov (e-va-noff), Michael Michailo- vitch, compr. b. Moscow, Sept. 23, 1849. Studied with Tchaikpvski and Dubuc and with Sgambati and others; since 1876 critic and fre- quent contributor to several journals; has composed symph., symph. poem, requiem not published, a ballet and 2 operas; author of Pushkin in Music and translator Hanslick's Vom Mu- sikalisch Schonen into Russian. Ivanovici, compr. Roumanian national- ity; d. 1902. Inspector-gen, of Rou- manian military mus.; compr. of famous waltzes. J Jackson, Samuel P., orgt. b. Man- chester, Eng., Feb. 5, 1818; d. Brook- lyn, N. Y., July 27, 1885. Son of org. builder, learned father's trade, and studied pf. with Moran, har- mony with Thornton in New York, whither he moved 1825; teacher of pf. and org.; editor of Gems for Organ, popular Org. Voluntaries. Jackson, William, of Exeter, compr. b. Exeter, May 28, 1730; d. there, July 12, 1803. Pupil of Silvester, orgt. at cath., and of Travers in London; teacher at Exeter, 1777 orgt. and choirmaster at cath.; composed music to Lycidas, to Dying Christian to His Soul, church music, several collections of canzonets ( Time has not thinn'd my flowing hair for 2 voices was very popular), wrote Observations on state of music in Eng., essays, and was also landscape painter. Jackson, William, of Masham, orgt. b. Masham, Yorkshire, Jan. 9, 1815; d. Bradford, Apr. 15, 1866. Son of miller, self-taught on org. and other instruments and in harmony; orgt. at 16; 1839-52 in business as tallow- chandler, but found time to compose 2 oratorios, Deliverance of Israel, Isaiah, JACOBSOHN JANSA a prize glee, etc.; 1852 music seller in Bradford, condr. of Choral Union and Festival Choral Soc.; composed can- tata The Year, church music, glees, etc., compiled Bradford Tune Book. Jacobsohn (ya'-k8b-son), Simon E., vlt. b. Mitau, Kurland, Dec. 24, 1839; d. Chicago, Oct. 3, 1902. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; leader of orch. at Bremen 1860, of Thomas's Orch., N. Y., 1872; teacher at Cin- cinnati Cons.; then in Chicago. Jadassohn (yad'-a-son), Salomon, compr., teacher, b. Breslau, Aug. 13, 1831; d. Leipzig, Feb. 1, 1902. Stud- ied with Hessler, Liistner, and Bro- sig (harm.), at Leipzig Cons. 1848, with Liszt at Weimar 1849, and with Hauptmann at Leipzig 1853; taught in Leipzig, condr. of Euterpe con- certs, after 1871 teacher of composi- tion, etc., at Leipzig Cons., where he had wide influence; his many text- books on various branches of har- mony, Harmonielehre, Kontrapunkt, Kanon und Fuge, etc., have all I been translated into English, some I into other languages; his method : was conservative, but not narrow; | his own compositions illustrate his | skill in composition and considerable brilliancy of idea; they include 4 symphonies, overtures, pf. concerto, quartets, 5 cantatas, motets, etc. Jaell (yal), Alfred, pst., compr. b. Trieste, Mar. 5, 1832; d. Pans, Feb. 27, 1882. Son and pupil of Eduard J. ; from d6but as prodigy of 11 at Venice, continued to travel and play; 1845-46 lived in Brussels, then in Paris, then in America 1852-54, then played everywhere in Europe; 1856 court pst. to king of Hanover; pub- lished some original waltzes, noc- turnes, etc., and many transcriptions from modern composers; playing re- markable for elegance rather than force. In 1866 married Marie Traut- mann, also pst. b. Steinseltz, Alsace, Aug. 17, 1846. Pupil of Herz at Paris Cons., winning 1st prize 1862; trav- eled with husband; composed con- certo, Valses melancoliques, Valses mignonnes, etc., and valuable book on Touch in pf. playing. Jahn (yan), Otto, writer, b. Kiel, June 16, 1813; d. Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1869. After study in Germany and France, was lecturer on philology at Kiel, 1842 prof, of archaeology at Greifs- wald, 1847 director of archaeological museum at Leipzig, 1855 director of museum and prof, of archaeology at Bonn ; greatest work Life of Mozart (4 vols. 1856-59, Eng. transl. 3 vols. 1882); authoritative work, first to treat musical subject in modern criti- cal comparative fashion; materials for life of Haydn went to Pohl, those for Beethoven to Thayer; wrote other es- says on music, note on Mendelssohn's Paulus, and composed some songs. Janko (yan'-ko), Paul von, inventor. b. Totis, Hungary, June 2, 1856. Studied at Vienna Polytechnic and at Cons., with Bruckner, etc.; in- vented pf . keyboard 1882, with 6 rows of keys, so arranged that any note can be struck in 3 different places; keys are also narrower so that greater range is acquired; it is an adaptation of an earlier chromatic keyboard, and, though adopted by some psts., has not become popular success; J. lived in Constantinople after 1892. Jannequin (zha-ne'-kan), Clement, compr., living in either Germany or France in 16th century; nothing is known of life, as apparently he was not attached to any court circles, or to any church; pupil of Josquin Depres; follower of Gombert in descriptive or program music; com- posed very few masses and motets, but several hundred secular songs (La Bataille, descriptive of the battle of Marignan, and a song on street cries of Paris very popular). Janotha (ya-no'-ta), Natalie, pst. b. Warsaw, June 8, 1856. Studied with Joachim and Rudorff at Berlin, then with Clara Schumann and Brahms, and for harm, with F. Weber and Bargiel; d6but Leipzig 1874; court pst. to German emperor; com- positions chiefly for pf . Jansa (yan-sa), Leopold, vlt. b. Wil- denschwert, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1795; d. Vienna, Jan. 24, 1875. Pupil of Jehada, Zizius, Worzichek, and E. Forster; 1823 chamber musician to Count von Brunswick; 1824 member of imperial orch. at Vienna; 1834 director of mus., prof, of vln. at Vienna Univ.; banished for share in benefit for revolutionists, lived in JANUSCHOWSKY JOHN OF FORNSETE London 1849-68; then, at amnesty, returned to Vienna; less distinguished as virtuoso than as teacher; Lady Hall6, one of pupils. Januschowsky (yan-u-shof'-ski), Geor- gine von, dram. sop. b. Austria, about 1859. D6but about 1875; sang at Stuttgart, Freiburg, etc.; Vienna 1877, at Leipzig 1879, in New York 1880; at Mannheim and Wiesbaden; prima donna Vienna Opera 1893-95; married Ad. Neuendorff, New York musician. Jaques-Dalcroze, see Dalcroze. Jarvis, Charles H., pst. b. Philadelphia, Dec. 20, 1837; d. there, Feb. 25, 1895. Appeared in public at 7; founded Phila. Quintet Club 1862; conducted orch. concerts and gave historical recitals; well-known teacher. Jedliczka (yed-lich-ka), Ernst, pst. b. Pultava, Russia, June 5, 1855; d. Berlin, Aug. 3, 1904. At first student of engineering; lessons from N. Rubinstein, Tchaikovski, and Klindworth at Moscow; taught there at Cons. 1879-86; then at Klind- worth - Scharwenka Cons., Berlin, 1886-88; then at Stern Cons.; re- markably successful teacher. Jehin (zha-an), [Jehin-Prume], Frangois Henry, vti. b. Spa, Belgium, Apr. 18, 1839; d. Montreal, May 29, 1899. Pupil of Servais at 4; of his uncle F. Prume in Li6ge Cons., at Brussels Cons, of De Be>iot, Leonard, and F6tis, of Vieuxtemps and Wieniaw- ski; de'but Dresden at 16, and tours in Russia and Germany with great artists; 1862 vlt. to king of Belgium; 1863 traveled in Cuba, Mexico, U. S., and Canada, and married singer Rosita del Vecchio; finally settled 1887 in Montreal; prof, at Trafalgar Inst., founder of Artistic Ass'n, etc.; retired 1896. Took place of Vieuxtemps as head of " Belgian school " of vlts., teacher of Ysaye. Jensen (yen-sen), Adolf, compr. b. Konigsberg, Jan. 12, 1837; d. Baden- Baden, Jan. 23, 1879. Self-taught at first, later pupil of Marpurg and Ehlert; 1856 teaching in Russia; capellm. Posen 1857; in Copenhagen 1858-60, with Gade; Konigsberg 1860; Berlin 1866-68, teaching at Tausig's school until ill health com- pelled him to retire; ardent admirer of Schumann, with whom he corre- sponded just before S's death. His songs resemble Schumann's in their original and poetic melody and appropriateness of setting, as well as in romantic charm; pf. works, too, are lyric in quality. His brother Gustay (1843-1895), vlt., pupil of Joachim, teacher at Cologne, compr. and editor of vln. works. Joachim (yd-d,-kim), Joseph, vlt. b. Kittsee, near Pressburg, June 28, 1831; d. Berlin, Aug. 15, 1907. Be- gan vln. study at 5 with Szervaczin- ski with whom he appeared in public at 7; 1841 at Vienna Cons, studied with Hauser, G. Hellmesberger, the elder, and Bohm 1843; after brilliant appearances at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, and in London, he settled quietly in Leipzig under friendly in- fluence of Mendelssohn and instruc- tion of David; 1849 concertmaster in Weimar, but his disposition and theories were so much opposed to those of Liszt that in 1854 J. became condr. of concerts and solo vlt. to king of Hanover, where he stayed till 1866; married Amalie Weiss 1863; 1868 organizer and director of new department of Berlin Royal Acad. of Arts Hochschule fur Ausiibende Tonkunst (High-school for Practical Music); here he taught great num- bers of pupils; established Joachim Quartet 1869 (Schiever, De Anna, Kruse, Halir successively played 2d vln.; De Ahna, Rappoldi, Wirth, via.; Wm. Miiller and Hausmann, 'cello). J's compositions are earnest, even melancholy; Hungarian concerto most famous; has composed 2 other concertos, 4 overtures, few pieces for vln. and orch. and for via. and pf.; playing was distinguished for classical repose and dignity of man- ner and spirit, flawless accuracy, breadth, and fidelity of interpreta- tion, entire freedom from virtuosity merely as such; repertoire as soloist and quartet player limited by same earnestness and loftiness of ideal. John of Fornsete, compr. d. Jan. 19, 1239(?). English Benedictine monk of 13 century, from Forncett in Nor- folkshire, who dwelt in monastery at Reading in Berkshire; Coussemaker attributes to him the composition of old English canon Sumer is JOHNS icumen in; for summary of argu- ments concerning this authorship see Grove's Diet., Vol. 4. Johns, Clayton, compr. b. Newcastle, Del., Nov. 24, 1857. Studied archi- tecture in Phila.; 1879-82 studied music in Boston with J. K. Paine and W. H. Sherwood, and 1882-84 in Berlin with Kiel, Grabow, and Rummel; after 1884 in Boston, teaching (H. Gebhard among pupils) and composing; has written Berceuse and Scherzino for strings, some small choral works, about 100 pf. pieces, but is best known here and abroad by songs, many of which have great charm, without over-complex- ity of mood or manner; noteworthy for selection of good poetry as text. Author of Essentials of Piano Play- ing (1909), Johnson, Herbert, singer, compr. b. Middletown, Conn., 1861; d. Bos- ton, July 21, 1904. Early showed talent for music and was a chorister in St. Stephen's P. E. Church, Prov- idence,' R. I.; studied first with local teachers, and later in Boston, where he commenced his career as a church singer in the Brookline Baptist Church. When the male quartet of the Ruggles St. Baptist church was organized in 1879 he was selected as solo tenor and director of the music of the church; during the twenty-two years of its existence the quartet was probably the most popular organization of its kind in the U. S. It was disbanded in 1901, after which he was successively tenor at the King's Chapel and 2d Universalist Church. Organized and directed the Johnson Quintet Club, a successful concert club. During his professional career he sang with the leading choral societies of New England. His best known composi- tion is the sacred song Face to Face. Jommelli (yom-mel-le), Nicola, compr. b. Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 10, 1714; d. Naples, Aug. 25, 1774. Pupil of Mozzillo, Durante, Feo, Leo, Prato, and Mancini; produced first opera at 23 under pseudonym Valentino; later successes in Naples, Rome, Bologna, where he was as- sisted by Martini, and Venice where he became director of cons.; 1745 in JOSEFFY Vienna, friend of Metastasio; 1749- 54 maestro of St. Peter's at Rome; 1754-69 capellm. in Stuttgart; failed in Naples to win success by later operas; sometimes called "the Ital- ian Gluck"; perhaps greatest of immediate predecessors of Mozart in dramatic naturalness (he aban- doned the da capo aria) and greater consideration for orchestral color and variety; composed about 50 operas (Artaserse, Armida, Demo- foonte, etc.), several oratorios and cantatas, a famous miserere, etc. Jonas (ho-nas), Alberto, pst. b. Ma- drid, June 8, 1868. Studied with Olave and Mendizabal, and at Ma- drid Cons., at Brussels Cons, with Gevaert; debut Brussels 1880; studied under Rubinstein at St. Petersburg Cons, part of 1890; tours in England and on Continent; 1894 head of pf. department Univ. of Michigan; Berlin 1908. Joncifcres (zhon-si-ar'), Victorin de [pseud, of Felix Ludger Rossignol], compr. b. Paris, Apr. 12, 1839; d. there, Oct. 26, 1903. At first stu- dent of painting; 1859 began to study mus. with Elwart, and in Leborne's class at Cons.; comp. inci- dental mus. to Hamlet 1863; opera Sardanapale 1867, and second opera 1869 not very successful, nor were later works, though Dimitri attracted attention and Chevalier Jean suc- ceeded in Germany; critic for La Liberte after 1871, and contributor to other papers; president of Soc. des compositeurs de musique; also com- posed Symph. roma-ntique, suites, vln. concerto, etc. Jones, Edward German-, see German, Edward. Jordan, Jules, tenor, teacher, b. Willi- mantic, Conn., Nov. 10, 1850. Living in Providence since 1870; studied with Osgood in Boston, Shakespeare in London, Sbriglia in Paris; choirmaster Grace Ch., Prov., condr. of Arion Club; Mus. Doc. Brown Univ.; has composed opera, cantata, minor vocal works; successful teacher. Joseffy (yo-sef-fy), Rafael, pst. b. Hunfalu, Hungary, July 3, 1853. Early studies under Brauer in Buda- pest, followed by lessons at Leipzig JOSQUIN JUON Cons, from E. F. Wenzel, and in Berlin from Tausig; summers of 1870-71 in Weimar with Liszt; ctebut Berlin 1872; successful appearances in Vienna and elsewhere; since 1879 in N. Y. where he has taught, and in about five years' practical retire- ment 1891-96; lives at N. Tarry- town, a suburb of New York City; developed from the brilliant virtu- osity of his first period into a riper and more poetic musician; published School of Advanced Pf. Playing 1902. Josquin Despres, see Deprfes. Journet (zhor'-na), [Hippolyte Jules] Marcel, bass. b. Grasse, Maritime Alps, July 25, 1869. Studied with Obin at Paris; de"but Montpellier 1893, followed by engagement at Brussels; Metrop. Op., New York, since 1900; Coveht Garden, London, since 1898. Jousse (zhos), J. b. Orleans, France, 1760; d. London, Jan. 19, 1837. Went to London at Revolution; taught singing and pf. there; wrote several text-books, Lectures on Thor- ough-bass, Catechism of Music. Juch (yook), Emma Antonia Justine, dram. sop. b. Vienna, 1861. Parents, naturalized Americans, returned to N. Y. 1864; at public schools and when working in store, J. used spare time for singing lessons, from Mme. Murio-Celli; concert appearance, New York 1881, led to 5 year engage- ment with Mapleson for Italian Opera in London; sang with Th. Thomas for 3 seasons of Wagner concerts; later organized English opera company of her own with which she toured U. S.; not often heard after marriage to F. L. Well- man; her voice was pure and strong, and she was an intelligent actress. Jude, William Herbert, compr. b. Westleton, Suffolk, Eng., 1851. Orgt. at Liverpool, founder of Purcell Soc. there; editor Monthly Hymnal; orgt. 1889 in Manchester; lectured in Eng- land and Australia; composed oper- etta Innocents Abroad, revival songs, etc. Julien (zhii-li-an), or Jullien, Louis [Georges] Antoine [Jules], condr. b. Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, Apr. 23, 1812; d. Paris, Mar. 14, 1860. Son of bandmaster; entered Paris Cons. at 21, as pupil of Le Carpentier and HaleVy; impatient of instruction, 1836 became condr. of concerts of dance music at Jardin Turc; 1838 went to London because of debts and there established series of con- certs given every season 1842-59, opened shop for sale of own music, leased theatre, brought out own opera at great expense; brought orchestra to America 1853; finally arrested in Paris for debt; died in insane asylum; compr. of quadrilles of great popularity, sensational condr., overfond of " monster " bands, yet introduced many good works to audiences. Jullien (zhiil-li-an), Jean Lucien Adolphe, critic, b. Paris, June 1, 1845. Son and grandson of literary men; studied law at Paris and music with Bienaim6; in early articles bravely declared himself an admirer of Schu- mann and Wagner; 1873 critic for Journal des debats; authority on 18th century music; early works deal with its various phases; wrote also elaborate Life of Wagner and Life of Berlioz; frequent contributor to Le Menestrel and other journals. Jungmann (yung'-man), Albert, compr. b. Langensalza, Prussia, Nov. 14, 1824; d. Pandorf, near Vienna, Nov. 7, 1892. Studied with Korner and Leibrock; prof, at St. Cecilia Acad. Rome; 1853 manager for publishing firm C. A. Spina and of succeeding firm Jungmann and Lerch; composed 400 songs and light pf. mus. Jtingst (yiingst), Hugo, condr. b. Dresden, Feb. 26, 1853. Pupil at Dresden Cons.; founder 1876 and condr. of Dresden Choral Soc. ; condr. of Julius Otto Soc. and of Acad. Gesangverein; composed about 60 male choruses. Juon (yu-on), Paul, compr. b. Mos- cow, Mar. 8, 1872. Pupil at Mos- cow Cons, of Hrimaly, Taneiev, and Arensky, at Berlin Hochschule of Bargiel; settled in Berlin 1897; has composed 2 symph., chamber music, short pf. pieces, which are said to combine Slav material with German treatment; has published Harmonie- lehre and German translation of the life of Tchaikovski by the latter's brother. KAHN KASTNER K Kahn (kan), Robert, compr. b. Mann- heim, July 21, 1865. Studied with E. Frank, V. Lachner, Kiel, and Rheinberger; received help from Joachim in Berlin 1885; 1890 in Leipzig, founded Ladies' Choral Union, 1893 teacher of comp. at Berlin Hochschule; compr. of cham- ber mus., several works for female chorus, and Mahomets Gesang for mixed chorus and orch. Ka janus (ka-ya-nus), Robert, condr. b. Finland, Dec. 2, 1856. Studied at Leipzig Cons., Paris, and Dresden; founded Philharmonic Orch., Hel- singfors; founder and condr. of symph. chorus; compr. of symph. poems, suites, etc., on national airs; first representative of Finnish na- tional music. Kalinnikov (ka-lin'-m'-koff), Basil Ser- feievitch, compr. b. Voina, Russia, an. 13, 1866; d. Yalta, Crimea, Jan. 11, 1901. Studied at Moscow Cons, with Ilyinski and Blaramberg; 2d condr. at Italian opera, Moscow, 1893, but obliged by ill health, pos- sibly brought on by early privation, to retire in 1894 to Crimea; com- posed 2 symphonies (one in G min. best known), music to Tolstoi's Tsar Boris, 2 symph. poems, some chamber music; works show healthy national spirit and freshness of inspiration. Kalisch, see Lehmann, Lilli. Kalkbrenner, Friedrich Wilhelm Michael, pst., compr. b. near Berlin, 1788; d. Enghien, near Paris, June 10, 1849. Son of Christian K., also musician; 1798-1802 pupil at Paris Cons, of L. Adam and Catel; 1813 played in Berlin and Vienna, met Hummel and Albrechtsberger, of whom he took lessons; 1814-23 popu- lar teacher in London; 1823 partner Pleyel pf. factory; as player dis- tinguished for smooth suppleness; as teacher, adapted Logier's chiro- plast, aimed at independent action of fingers and wrist; so vain that he offered to make an artist of Chopin; composed 4 pf. concertos, some sextets, quintets, etc., many fantasias, variations, etc., all very popular in his day; a Method with really good exercises, especially for left hand. Kalliwoda (kal-li-vo'-da), Johann Wen- zel, vlt., compr. b. Prague, Mar. 21, 1800; d. Carlsruhe, Dec. 3, 1866. Pupil of Pixis in Prague Cons.; played in theatre orch. 1816-22; capellmeister to Prince Furstenberg 1823-53, then retired; composed 2 operas, 7 symph., overtures, orch. fantasias, vln. concerto, chamber, vln. and pf. mus., and songs. Son Wilhelm (1827-1893), pupil and suc- cessor of father. Karasowski (ka-ra-sof-ski), Moritz, writer, b. Warsaw, Sept. 22, 1823; d. Dresden, Apr. 20, 1892. Pupil of Kratzer; 'cellist in opera orch. at Warsaw 1851; traveled 1858-60; royal chamber virtuoso Dresden 1864; wrote History of Polish Opera, Life of Mozart, Chopin's Youth, Life of Chopin. Karganoff (kar-gan'-of), Genari Osip- ovitch, pst. b. Kashetin, Caucasus, Apr. 30, 1858; d. Rostroff-on-the- Don, Feb. 23, 1890. Studied with Reinecke and ' Brassin at Leipzig Cons.; prof, of pf. at Tiflis; chiefly notable for characteristic Russian romances for pf. Karl, Tom, tenor, b. Dublin, Jan. 19, 1846. Pupil of H. Phillips in Eng- land and of Sangiovanni and Triulzi in Italy; after singing in Italy sev- eral years, came to America with Parepa Rosa; 1872 entered comic opera with Pinafore; long a member of the Bostonians Co.; retired from stage 1896; 1899 director of Operatic School of Acad. of Dramatic Arts, N. Y. Kastner, Johann Georg, compr., writer. b. Strassburg, Mar. 9, 1810; d. Paris, Dec. 19, 1867. Studied with Maurer and Romer; became orgt. at 10; studied for church in Lutheran Seminary, but at 20 became band- master; brought out 4 operas, and 1835 was sent by town to Paris where he studied under Berton and KAUFFMAN KELLIE Reicha, and where he lived there- after; 1837 published treatise on instrumentation (superseded by Ber- lioz's), methods for various instru- ments; originator of national band competitions (Paris Exp. 1867); contributor to magazines, compr. of several operas, the biblical Der- nier roi de Juda considered best; also wrote Livres-Partitions, sym- phony-cantatas preceded by disser- tations, Les danses des marts, La harpe d'Eole, Les voix de Paris, etc., more valuable for information than for music. Kauffman (kowf-man), Fritz, compr. b. Berlin, June 17, 1855. Studied natural science and became drug- gist; 1878 entered Berlin Hochschule as pupil of Kiel, took Mendelssohn Prize; after year in Vienna, taught and composed in Berlin; 1889 condr. of Gesellschaft concerts at Magde- burg; 1893 royal music director; composed songs, choruses, opera, symph., concerto, chamber music and pf. pieces. Kaun (kown), Hugo, compr. b. Berlin, Mar. 21, 1863. Studied with Raif and Kiel at Berlin Hochschule; teaching, conducting, and composing in Milwaukee, U. S., after 1884; 1902 returned to Berlin; composed symph. An mein Vaterland; symph. poems, Minnehaha and Hiawatha,; 2 operas, quartets, trio, octet, etc. Kayser (kl'-zer), Heinrich Ernst, vlt., teacher, b. Altona, Apr. 16, 1815; d. Hamburg, Jan. 17, 1888. His educational works for the violin, Etudes, Op. 20 and 30, Studies in Shifting, Op. 28, and a Method are highly valued. Keiser (kl'-zer), Reinhard, compr. b. Teuchern, near Weissenfels, Jan. (baptized 12), 1674; d. Hamburg, Sept. 12, 1739. Educated by father, church compr., and at Thomasschule, Leipzig, under Schelle; 1692 pro- duced pastoral Ismene and opera Basilius; went to Hamburg 1694 where he lived for 45 years, produc- ing about 116 operas; 1700 organizer of winter concerts, combination feasts of music and food; 1703 direc- tor of opera; 1709 married into nobility; 1719-21 at Stuttgart; 1723- 28 capellm. to king of Denmark; 1728 canon and cantor at Hamburg cathedral; great influence on Ger- man opera due to his efforts at real dramatic expression wherein he first broke away from French and Italian models, and in his original use of popular German subjects; contempo- rary popularity was great; also com- posed oratorios, cantatas for Christ- mas and other occasions, church pieces, divertimenti, etc. Keler, Albert von [called Keler-Bela], compr. b. Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb. 13, 1820; d. Wiesbaden, Nov. 20, 1882. After trying law and farming, turned to music 1845; pupil at Vienna of Sechter and Schlesinger; vlt. at theatre; 1854 condr. of Gungl Orch. at Berlin; 1855 succeeded Lanner as condr. of band in Vienna; 1863 condr. Kurorch. at Wiesbaden; retired 1873; compr. of showy, brill- iant dance music. Keller, Mathias, compr. b. Ulm, Wiirt- temberg, Mar. 20, 1818; d. Boston, 1875. Studied at Stuttgart, and later under Lindpaintner and Sey- fried; bandmaster for 7 years; came to Phila. 1846; 1st vln. at several theatres; then in Boston, not very prosperous; composed American hymn Speed our Republic to which O. W. Holmes set new words Angel of Peace for its successful revival at Peace Jubilee. Kelley, Edgar Stillman, compr. b. Sparta, Wis., Apr. 14, 1857. Pupil of Merriam and Eddy, and at Stutt- gart Cons, of Seifriz and others; 1880 in San Francisco as orgt., teacher, and critic; composed inci- dental music to Macbeth, comic opera Puritania (and conducted orch. for performances); Chinese suite Alad- din, based on careful study of Chinese music as are some of his songs, no- tably Lady picking mulberries; inci- dental music to Ben Hur shows erudition beyond deserts of play; taught and lectured in N. Y. (Univ. Extension lectures 1896) ; later moved to Berlin. Kellie, Lawrence, tenor, compr. b. London, Apr. 3, 1862. Student of law; 1884 studied at Royal Acad. and privately with Randegger; de'but 1886, recitals 1887; songs (7s it too late? All for thee, etc.) very popular KELLOGG Kellogg, Clara Louise, dram. sop. b. Sumterville, S. C., July, 1842. Training from her mother, and in New York after 1856; d6but there 1861, London 1867, followed by engagement; 1868-72 touring U. S.; 1872-74 singing in London; 1874 organized English opera co., super- vised everything herself from trans- lations of librettos to training of chorus, singing 125 nights in one season; after 1881 appeared chiefly in concerts; married her manager, Carl Strakosch, 1887, and soon after- ward retired. Kelly, Michael, tenor, compr. b. Dub- lin, Dec., 1762; d. Margate, Oct. 9, 1826. Sang as lad in Dublin, and appeared in Arne's Cymon; pupil at Naples of Fenaroli and Aprile; sang in Italy and Vienna, where he met Mozart and sang in Nozze di Figaro; sang in London after 1787; 1789 ap- peared as compr. of several pieces; 1802 opened music shop; bankrupt 1811, opened wine shop; entertaining Reminiscences published 1826. Kemp, Robert [known as Father Kemp], condr. b. Wellfleet, Mass., June 6, 1820; d. Boston, May 14, 1897. Shoe dealer in Boston, who organized and conducted Old Folks' Concerts 1854; published Autobiography 1868. Kennerly-Rumford, Robert Henry, bari- tone, b. London, Sept. 2, 1870. Studied with Henschel and Blume and 1894 in Paris with Sbriglia; de"but London 1893; popular festival and concert singer in England; 1900 married Clara Butt [q. vj. Kerl [Kerll, Kherl], Johann Kaspar (von), orgt., compr. b. Adorf, Saxonv, Apr. 9, 1627; d. Munich, Feb. 13, 1693. After study in Vienna under Valentini, sent by Ferdinand III to Italy, where he was pupil of Caris- simi; 1656-73 court capellmeister at Munich; taught at Vienna, court orgt. there 1677, returned to Munich 1684; details of his life uncertain; remarkable for original resolution of discords; composed org. works, masses (one entirely on black notes), etc. Kern, Carl Wilhelm, compr. b. June 4, 1874, at Schlitz, Hesse-Darm- stadt. Father, Carl August K., KIEL organist and compr., supervised the early education of his son, who later studied under Friedrich Lux, organ virtuoso at Mayence; came to the U. S. in 1893; teacher in Elmhurst College, near Chicago, where he continued his musical studies; other positions were at the Springfield, O., School of Music, Dennison Univer- sity, and the Baptist University, Dallas, Tex.; located in St. Louis 1904, teacher in the Strassberger Conservatories and musical editor for the Shattinger Music Co.; com- positions consist of piano pieces, songs, anthems and organ works. Ketten, Henri, pst. b. Baja, Hungary, Mar. 25, 1848; d. Paris, Apr. 1, 1883. Pupil of Marmontel and HaleVy; compr. of light pf. pieces.; successful performer. Ketterer, [Nicolas] Eugfene, pst. b. Rouen, July 7, 1831; d. Paris, Dec. 18, 1870. Pupil of Marmontel at Paris Cons, where he took 2d prize in solfeggio 1847 and accessit in pf. 1852; brilliant success as pst. and compr. of many fantasias, caprices, etc. Key, Francis Scott, poet. b. Frederick Co., Md., Aug. 9, 1780; d. Balti- more, Jan. 11, 1843. During British invasion 1814, K., then lawyer in Washington, went into enemy's lines to effect exchange of captured friend; detained on frigate during attack on Fort McHenry, anxiety about result inspired words of Star-spangled Banner, to be sung to old drinking tune Anacreon in Heaven; K's col- lected poems published 1857. Kiel (kel), Friedrich, compr. b. Puder- bach, Oct. 7, 1821; d. Berlin, Sept. 14, 1885. Learned rudiments from father, taught himself pf. and comp.; vlt. in band of Prince von Wittgen- stein; studied with Kummer at Coburg and Dehn at Berlin, under stipend from Friedrich Wilhelm IV; gave private concerts of own works; 1862 perf. of Requiem by Stern Gesangverein brought him prominence; 1865 taught comp. in Stern Cons, and 1870 at Hochschule; his compositions, masses, motets, quartets, pf. pieces, songs, are soundly classical; great success as teacher. KIENZL Kienzl (kentsl), Wilhelm, compr. b. Waizenkirchen, Upper Austria, Jan. 17, 1857. Studied at Graz, Prague, Leipzig, and under Liszt at Weimar; 1879 degree Ph.D. at Vienna with dissertation on Declamation which attracted notice of Wagner; lived in Bayreuth 1879; capellmeister in several places, Amsterdam, Ham- burg, Munich 1892-93; then devoted to comp. at Graz; operas Urvasi, Heilmar der Narr, Don Quichote, and especially Der Evangelimann (Berlin 1895) which has had tremendous suc- cess, in popularized Wagnerian form akin to Humperdinck's Hansel und Gretel; also many songs and pf . pieces. Kiesewetter (kes'-e-vet-ter), Raphael Georg, Edler von Weisenbrunn, writer. b. Holleschau, Moravia, Aug. 29, 1773; d. Baden, near Vienna, Jan. 1, 1850. Attached to Ministry of War and Imperial councillor; pupil of Albrechtsberger and Hart- mann; enthusiastic amateur, patron, and collector of music scores; author of many works on music, most im- portant being researches into Greek music, Guido von Arezzo, and Die Musik der Araber. King, Julie, see Rive-King, Julie. King, Oliver A., pst. b. London, 1855. Pupil of Barnby, Holmes, and at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke; pst. to Princess Louise; visited Canada and New York 1880-83; prof, of pf. at Royal Acad.; composed 3 cantatas, symph., overtures, concertos, etc. Kinkel, Johanna [nee Mockel], compr. b. Bonn, July 8, 1810; d. London, Nov. 15, 1858. Pupil of Bohmer in Berlin; married publisher Matthieux 1832 but soon left him; married poet Gottfried Kinkel 1843; com- posed cantata and operetta; wrote Acht Briefe an eine Freundin iiber Clavierunterricht. Kirchner (kirkh'-ner), Fritz, pst. b. Potsdam, Nov. 3, 1840; d. there, May 11, 1907. Studied with Kul- lak, Wiierst, and Seyffert at Kullak's Acad. where he taught 1864-89; then in Madchenheim, Berlin; composed educational music, chiefly for pf. Kirchner, Theodor, compr. b. Neu- kirchen, Saxony, Dec. 10, 1823; d. Hamburg, Sept. 18, 1903. Pupil of KLAFSKY Becker in Leipzig; 1843-62 orgt. at Winterthur; 1862-72 teaching in Zurich; 1873 director of Wiirzburg Cons.; lived in Leipzig; 1883-90 teacher at Dresden Cons.; then moved to Hamburg; works almost entirely for pf. in style of Schumann, short, with descriptive titles, yet far from merely imitative; Album- blatter and Nachtetiicke especially notable. Kirnberger, Johann Philipp, theorist. b. Saalfield, Thuringia, Apr. 24, 1721; d. Berlin, July 27, 1783. Pupil of Kellner, Gerber, and, 1739-41, of J. S. Bach; taught and conducted at Leipzig, in Lemberg; after study with Tickler, became vlt. in Royal Orch. Berlin; 1754 capellmeister to Princess Amalie; composed correct but cold fugues, etc., developed some incorrect theories about tempera- ment; most important work Die Kunst des reinen Satzes 1774-79. Kistler, Cyrill, compr. b. Gross-Aitin- gen, near Augsburg, Mar. 12, 1848; d. Kissingen, Jan. 2, 1907. School- teacher in various places; 1876 pupil at Munich Cons, of Wiillner, Rhein- berger, and F. Lachner; 1883 teacher of theory and org. at Sondershausen Cons.; 1885 principal of private music school at Kissingen and pub- lisher; 1884-94 editor of Mus. Tages- fragen; opera Kunihild (1884, re- vived 1893) excited some attention, composed on Wagnerian principles; wrote also other operas not very successful, part-songs, marches, etc., and harmony based on Wagner. Kittl, Emmy, see Destinn, Emmy. Kjerulf (kye-rulf ), Half dan, compr. b. Christiania, Sept. 15, 1815; d. there, Aug. 11, 1868. Student of law; 1840 teacher of music; 1850 by govern- ment grant studied at Leipzig under Richter; after unsuccessful efforts to establish concerts in Christiania, he devoted himself to composition; works are chiefly songs (with few pf. pieces) , of Scandinavian mood, tender melancholy, charming simplicity and genuine worth. Klafsky [Lohse-K.], Katharina, dram, sop. b. St. Johann, Hungary, Sept. 19, 1855; d. Hamburg, Sept. 22, 1896. After childhood of poverty and service, sang in Komische Oper KLAUSER chorus at Vienna; after lessons from Marches!, returned to stage; short retirement after marriage, followed by small parts at Leipzig, London, etc.; 1882 member of Neumann's Wagner Company; took principal parts at Hamburg; sang also at Bremen, London, Munich, etc.; Festival 1894, etc.; married 3d time Otto Lohse 1895; came to U. S. with Damrosch Co. 1895; distinguished in Wagner roles, especially Briinn- hilde. Klauser (klow'-zer), Karl, editor, b. St. Petersburg, Aug. 24, 1823. Studied in Germany, but chiefly self-taught; came to U. S. 1850; 1856-83 mus. director at Miss Por- ter's School, Farmington, Conn.; editor and arranger of many edi- tions of classic comps. and joint editor Famous Composers and Their Works. Klauwell (klow'-vel), Otto, writer. b. Langensalza, Thuringia, Apr. 7, 1851. Studied at Schulpforta, and, after service in Franco-Prussian war, at Leipzig Cons, under Richter and Reinecke; Ph.D. at Univ. with dissertation on development of canon; 1874 taught at Cologne Cons.; 1884 director of Teachers' Seminary there; besides compositions, opera, overture, etc., has written on history of music and on pf. playing. Kleeberg (kla-berg), Clotilde, pst. b. Pans, June 27, 1866; d. Brussels, Feb. 7, 1909. Pupil of Mmes. Retz and Massart at Paris Cons., winning 1st prize 1878; de"but at 12 with Beethoven C minor concerto at Pasdeloup concerts; 1883 played in London and in following years in Berlin and Vienna, everywhere with success; married sculptor C. Samuel 1900; " sympathetic, delicate, truly womanly executant of Schumann and Chopin." [Bie.] Kleffel, Arno, compr. b. Possneck, Thuringia, Sept. 4, 1840. Pupil in Leipzig at Cons, and privately of Hauptmann; director mus. soc. Riga 1863-67; capellmeister at thea- tres in various cities, 1873-80 in Berlin, 1886-92; 1894-96 teacher of theory Stern Cons. Berlin; 1897- 1904 at Cologne; settled in Berlin 1904; composed opera, incidental KLINDWORTH music to Faust and to Die Wichtel- mdnnchen, overtures, pf. pieces, (mostly short, some instructive), songs, etc. Klein (kiln), Bruno Oscar, compr. b. Osnabrlick, June 6, 1858. Pupil of father (orgt.), of Rheinberger, Wiill- ner, and Baermann at Munich Cons. ; came to America 1878; after travel- ing, giving concerts, settled in New York 1883; pf. teacher at Convent of Sacred Heart, orgt. at St. Francis Xavier 1884-94, prof, of counter- point at Nat'l Cons. 1887-92; occasional concerts in Germany; composed opera Kenilworth, Ham- burg 1895, pf. works, etc. Kleinmichel (klin'-ml-khel), Richard, pst., compr. b. Posen, Dec. 31, 1846; d. Charlottenburg, Aug. 18, 1901. Studied with father, at Hamburg, and at Leipzig Cons.; taught in Hamburg and Leipzig, where he became director of Stadt Th. 1882; married Clara Monhaupt, dram, sop.; lived in Magdeburg, then in Berlin; composed 2 operas, both performed at Hamburg, 2 symphonies, cham- ber mus., valuable pf. Etudes, and arrangements from Wagner; many years joint editor of Signale. Klengel, Julius, 'cellist, b. Leipzig, Sept. 24, 1859. Pupil of Hegar and Jadassohn; 'cellist in Gewandhaus Orch. since 1874; teacher at Cons, since 1881; member of Gewandhaus Quartet; remarkable for unexcelled technical skill; gifted teacher; compr. of 3 'cello concertos and solo pieces. Brother Paul K., condr. b. Leipzig, May 13, 1854. Pupil at Cons.; Ph. D. Leipzig Univ. with dissertation on aesthetics; condr. Euterpe Con- certs 1881-86; 2d court capellmeister Stuttgart 1888-93;- condr. of Arion Chorus, Leipzig, from 1893 to present except from 1898 to 1903, when he conducted Deutscher Liederkranz in New York. Klindworth (klint'-vort), Karl, pst., teacher, b. Hanover, Sept. 25, 1830. Played vln. as child, but could not afford lessons; from 17-19 condr. traveling opera troupe; then taught in Hamburg; 1852 received assist- ance which enabled him to study with Liszt at Weimar; 1854-68 in London as pst., teacher, organizer KLOTZ KNORR of artistic but unsuccessful concerts, gradually gaining, himself, in popu- larity; 1868-84 prof, of pf. at Mos- cow Cons., where he accomplished his greatest works, pf. score of Wag- ner's Ring des Nibelungen and com- plete edition of Chopin's works; then in Berlin, joint condr. with ^Joachim and Wullner, of Philhar- *monic concerts and condr. of Wag- nerverein, founder of music school, which united with Scharwenka Cons. ; 1893 retired to Potsdam as private teacher; has made arrangements of Tchaikovski's Pathetiqiie, etc., edited Beethoven's sonatas, rescored Cho- pin's F min. concerto, composed etudes for pf ., Polonaise fantaisie, etc. Klotz, vln. -makers, Mittenwald, Bava- ria. Earliest Mathias, b. June 11, 1653; d. Aug. 16, 1743. Possibly pupil of Stainer, and of Nicolo Amati in Cremona for many years; wood of his vlns. is good but often worm- eaten; varnish is stiff. Son Sebas- tian, b. Jan. 18, 1696; d. after 1743, greatest of family; vlns. like Stain- er's, varnish thicker and better than father's. His son Aegidius, 1733- 1805, when he took pains, one of best makers of his time. Lutgendorff gives 16 others of the family, mostly named Sebastian, Mathias, Georg, or Aegidius. Klughardt, August [Friedrich Martin], condr. b. Cothen, Nov. 30, 1847; d. Dessau, Aug. 3, 1902. Studied with Blassmann and Reichel at Dresden; th. condr. at Posen, Liibeck, Weimar; court music direc- tor at Weimar, Neustrelitz, and Dessau; influenced by Liszt but not extreme in following him; composed 4 operas, 5 symph., 2 suites, 5 over- tures, chamber mus., symph. poem Leonore, pf. mus. etc. Knecht, Justin Heinrich, orgt. b. Biberach, Wiirttemberg, Sept. 30, 1752; d. there, Dec. 1, 1817. Pro- fessor of literature and music director at Biberach 1771-1807; court direc- tor at Stuttgart 1807-1809, when he resigned because of intrigues at court; rival of Abt Vogler as orgt. and theorist; wrote books on har- mony, methods for org. and pf., Luthers Verdienst um Musick und Poesie; of his compositions only interesting one is Tongemalde der Natur,. symphony treating of same subjects as Beethoven's Pastoral. Kneisel (knl'-sel), Franz, vlt. b. Bucharest, Roumania, Jan. 26, 1865. Son and pupil of bandmaster; pupil at Bucharest Cons., and at Vienna Cons, of Griin and Hellmesberger, winning 1st prize; concertmaster at Hofburg Th., of Bilse's Orch., Ber- lin, and 1885-1903 of Boston Symph. Orch.; 1902-03 condr. Worcester Festivals; 1905 vln. prof, at Insti- tute of Mus. Art in N. Y.; 1886 founded Kneisel Quartet; other members have been E. Fiedler, O. Roth, K. Ondricek, J. Theodorowicz, J. Roentgen 2d vln.; L. Svecenski, via.; F. Giese, A. Hekking, A. Schroe- der, W. Willeke, 'cello; quartet has accomplished much in revealing beauties of chamber mus. to Ameri- can audiences. Kniese (kne'-zg), Julius, condr. b. Roda, near Jena, Dec. 21, 1848; d. Dresden, Apr. 22, 1905. Pupil of Stade, Brendel, and Riedel; direc- tor of Singakademie, Glogau, 1871- 76; condr. of singing society, Frank- fort 1 ; director at Aix; after 1882 chorusmaster for festival perform- ances at Bayreuth, 1889 director of preparatory school for singers there; composed opera, symph. poem, 4 books of songs. Knight, Joseph Philip, compr. b. Brad- ford-on-Avon, July 26, 1812; d. Great Yarmouth, June 1, 1887. Org. pupil of Corfe; first songs pub. under pseud. Philip Mortimer; while living in U. S. 1839-41 pro- duced most famous songs (Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep, Why Chime the Bells?) ; vicar and orgt. at Scilly Islands; after marriage spent some years abroad; composed about 200 songs, very popular in his day. Knorr (knore), Julius, pf. teacher, b. Leipzig, Sept. 22, 1807; d. there, June 17, 1861. Student of philology at Leipzig; debut Gewandhaus 1831; friend of Schumann, editor of Neue Zeitschrift 1834-35; introduced pre- liminary technical exercises in pf. teaching; wrote various " schools " and methods, and a guide to the literature of piano instruction. KOBBE Kobbe (kob'-ba), Gustav, writer, b. New York, Mar. 4, 1857. Pupil of A. Hagen and Mosenthal; graduated at Columbia College 1877, Law School 1879; living in Morristown, N. J.; frequent contributor to maga- zines of articles on stage, singers, and actors; published Wagner's Life, My Rosary and other poems, Opera singers, The Pianolist, etc. Kocian (kot'-si-an), Jaroslav, vlt. b. Wildenschwert, Bohemia, Feb. 2, 1884. Father, schoolmaster, gave him lessons at 3$; pupil at Prague Cons, of Sevcfk and Dvorak; since 1901 has played with great success in Europe and in America. Koczalski (koshal'-ski), Raoul Armand Georg, pst., compr. b. Warsaw, Jan. 3, 1885. Pupil of his mother and Godowsky; played as prodigy at 4 in Warsaw and in subsequent years in European capitals; court pst. to Shah of Persia; said to have played 1000 times before 1896; several compositions, fantasias, waltzes, etc. Kbhler (ke-ler), Christian Louis Hein- rich, pst., compr. b. Brunswick, Sept. 5, 1820; d. Konigsberg, Feb. 16, 1886. Pupil of Sechter, Sey- fried, Von Booklet, etc., at Bruns- wick arid Vienna; director at several theatres; after 1847 teacher and founder of school for pf. and theory at Konigsberg; contributor to Sig- nale; though he composed 3 operas, symph., cantata, etc., chief works are didactic studies and pf. methods; he develops technic in mechanical divis- ions, for the fore-arm, the wrist, etc. Kolling (ke'-ling), Carl W. P., compr. b. Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1831. Com- posed opera Schmetterlinge, Ham- burg 1891; composed attractive pf. pieces; teaching in Hamburg; came to U. S. and located in Chicago. Kb'nnemann, Arthur, compr. b. Baden- Baden, Mar. 12, 1861. Pupil of father (condr.) and of Krasselt; cpndr. at several theatres; director since 1887 of music school and orch. soc. at Mahrisch-Ostrau; composed 7 operas, works for orchestra, scherzo, suite, overture, etc., and songs. Kontski, Antoine de, pst. b. Cracow, Oct. 27, 1817; d. Ivanitshi, prov. of Novgorod, Dec. 7, 1899. Pupil of KOSSMALY Markendorf at Warsaw and of Field at Moscow; lived in Paris until 1851, Berlin until 1853, St. Petersburg until 1867, then in London; visited U. S. in 1885-86 and again on tour round the world 1896-98; his playing and his compositions were alike delicate and brilliant but superficial; 3 brothers, Apollinaire, Charles, Stanislas, all vlts. Kopylov (kopil'-off), Alexander, compr. b. St. Petersburg, July 14, 1854. Vocal instructor in Royal Court Choir; classed by Pougin among those faithful to the conventional Russian school; composed symphony, scherzo for orch., 2 quartets, several choruses, and songs. Korbay (korbay'), Francis Alexander, tenor, pst. b. Pesth, May 8, 1846. Pupil of Volkmann (comp.), G. Roger (singing) and Liszt, his godfather, (pf.); sang Budapest Nat'l Th. 1865- 68; toured Germany, England, and America, as concert pst. until 1871, where he was able to give song recitals to own accomp.; taught and lectured in N. Y.; 1894-1903 prof, of singing Royal Acad., London, where he has since lived; composed Nuptiale for orch., songs, and tran- scriptions of Hungarian folk-songs. Korestchenko, Arseni Nicolaievitch, compr. b. Moscow, Dec. 18, 1870. Pupil of Taneiev and Arensky, win- ner of gold medals at Moscow Cons, where he now teaches counterpoint and form; has composed 3 operas (2 for one act, prod. Moscow 1900, .1902), ballet, symphonic lyrique, etc. Koschat, Thomas, compr., bass. b. Viktring, near Klagenfurt, Aug. 8, 1845. While studying natural sciences at Vienna, joined opera chorus, cathedral choir, etc.; 1871 wrote words in Carinthian dialect and music pf quartets for men's voices of which he has written over 100 (Forsaken the best known); organized Karnthner Quintet 1875; composed Liederspiel Am Worthersee, Singspiel, and opera. Kossmaly (kos-ma'-li), Carl, writer, b. Breslau, July 27, 1812; d. Stettin, Dec. 1, 1893. Pupil of Berger, Zelter, and Klein; th. condr. at various German cities, at Stettin 1846-49; KOTZELUCH KREHBIEL wrote Schlesisches Tonkunstler Lexi- kon, works on Mozart, against Wag- ner, and contributed often to the Neue Zeitschrift, etc. Kotzeluch (kot'-ze-look), Leopold Anton [properly Leopold Antonin Kozeluh], pst. b. Wellwarn, Dec. 9, 1752; d. Vienna, May 7, 1818. While law stu- dent at Prague, composed ballet under tuition of cousin Johann Anton K., which was so successful that he turned to music 1771; music teacher to Archduchess Elizabeth at Vienna; chiefly memorable for disagreeable behavior toward Mozart whom he succeeded as court compr. 1792; his numerous works, 25 ballets, 30 symph. 50 concertos, etc., are no longer of interest. Kotzschmar (kotz'-shmar), Hermann, teacher, compr. b. Finsterwalde, Ger- many, July 4, 1829; d. Portland, Me., 1909. Pupil of father on org. and several wind instr., of his uncle Hayne for pf . and J. Otto for comp. ; member of royal body-guard band and of Dresden opera orch.; came to America with Saxonia Band 1848; orgt. in Portland, Me., after 1849; condr. of choral societies; compr. of church quartets, slight pf. pieces. Kowalski (ko-val'-ski) , Henri, pst. b. Paris, 1841. Pupil of Marmontel and Reber; gave concerts in Ger- many, England, and America 1869; composed an opera, produced with- out success, Paris 1877, and rather superficial pf. pieces; wrote A trovers I'Amerique giving sarcastic observations on America. Kraus (krows), [Conrad Ferdinand Hermann] Ernst, dram, tenor, b. Er- langen, Bavaria, June 8, 1863. Pupil of Galliera at Milan and of Schi- mann-Regan at Munich; concert de- but Munich 1893; opera d6but Mann- heim 1893; engaged at Mannheim and Berlin; came to Metropolitan, N. Y. four seasons; 1901 at Bayreuth; specialty, Wagner roles; now with the Berlin opera. Krause (krow'-za), Anton, pst., condr. b. Geithain, Saxony, Nov. 9, 1834; d. Dresden, Jan. 31, 1907. Pupil of Dietrich, and at Dresden of Wie'ck, Reissiger, and Spindler; pst. delmt Geithain 1846; further study in Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, etc., 1850-53; condr. Leipzig Lieder- tafel, director of Gesangverein at Barmen 1859 to retirement 1897; composed several songs, Princessin Ilse (for declamation with pf.), and very many melodious pf. studies. Krause, Emil, pst. b. Hamburg, July 30, 1840. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Hauptmann, etc.; 1860 teacher pf. and theory at Hamburg; 1885 at Cons.; published pf. method with exercises, sonatas, variations, 3 cantatas, etc. Krause, Martin, pst., teacher, b. Lob- stedt, near Leipzig, June 17, 1853. Studied with father, Fuchs, and at Leipzig Cons, with Wenzel and Reinecke; after some time spent in teaching, giving successful concerts, and an attack of nervous prostration, became diligent disciple of Liszt 1883-85; with Siloti and others founded 1885 Lisztverein, of which K. is manager; teacher and writer in Leipzig. Krebs, Johann Ludwig, orgt. b. Buttel- stadt, Thuringia, Feb. 10, 1713; d. Altenburg, Jan., 1780. Pupil of fath- er, orgt., and 1726-35 private pupil at Leipzig Thomasschule of J. S. Bach, who said K. was his best pupil; orgt. at Zeitz, Zwickau, and Alten- burg; works include Clavieriibungen, sonatas, suites and preludes, etc. Krebs, Mary, pst. b. Dresden, Dec. 5, 1851; d. there, June 27, 1900. Pupil of her father, Karl August K. (1804- 1880), pst., compr.; debut Gewand- haus, Leipzig, 1865; up to the time of her retirement from the concert stage she was well received in the leading European musical centers. Krehbiel (kra'-bel), Henry Edward, writer, b. Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 10, 1854. Studied law at Cincinnati, turned to journalism, with music as specialty; mus. critic for Cincinnati Gazette; editor N. Y. Mus. Review; since 1880 mus. critic for N. Y. Tri- bune; beside discriminating and broad-minded criticism, has written many magazine articles, program notes for N. Y. concerts, and several books: first, historical records, such as Notes on Choral Mus. and Oratorio Soc. of N. Y., Review of N. Y. Mus. Seasons 1885-90, The Philharmonic KREISLER KROGMANN Society of N. Y., etc.; 2dly, aids to students, How to Listen to Music, transl. of Technics of vln. playing, etc.; 3dly, more humanistic, Music and manners in the 18th century; Chapters of Opera; American con- tributor to Grove's Dictionary. Kreisler (krls'-ler) , Fritz, vlt. b. Vienna, Feb. 2, 1875. Pupil of Hellmesberger at Vienna Conservatory and of Massart and Delibes at Paris Cons., winning 1st prize 1887; after success- ful tour in America with Rosenthal 1888-1889, studied medicine, art, military science; resumed vln. with- out brilliant success at first, but at d6but Berlin 1899 and on tour in America 1900-1901 with Hofmann and Gerardy, established position as leading vlt.; playing is remarkably vital and broad, and his programs varied; has arranged many of the early violin classics. Kretschmer (kret'-shmer), Edmund, compr. b. Ostritz, Saxony, Aug. 31, 1830. Studied with J. Otto and Joh. Schneider at Dresden; 1863-97 court orgt.; founder and condr. of Cacilia Singing Soc.; compr. of im- portant operas, Die Folkunger and Heinrich der Lowe. Kretzschmar (kretz'-shmar), August Ferdinand Hermann, writer. b. Olbernhau, Jan. 19, 1848. Pupil of J.. Otto at Dresden and of Richter, Paul, etc., at Leipzig Cons.; 1871 Ph.D. with dissertation on Guido d'Arezzo, and teacher of org. and harm, at Cons.; condr. of several societies in Leipzig, mus. director in various towns, 1887 music director of Leipzig Univ., condr. Riedel-Verein, organizer of Academic Orch. Con- certs; retired from conducting 1898; dir. Royal High School for Music, Berlin, 1909; valuable contributions to periodicals, published lectures on Cornelius, etc., and Fuhrer durch den Concertsaal, 3 vols., analyses of musical works. Kreutzer (kroit'-zer), Conradin, compr. b. Messkirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780; d. Riga, Dec. 14, 1849. Studied with Rieger and Weihrauch; medical student 1799-1800; after production of 1st opera at Freiburg, spent 5 years in Switzerland as pst. and singer; 1804-1811 at Vienna, 2 yrs. pupil of Albrechtsberger; capellmeis- ter Stuttgart 1812; to Prince von Furstenberg 1817-1822, at Leipzig theatres intermittently 1825-40, at City Th. Cologne 1840-46; there- after in Vienna. Of his 30 operas only Doc Nachtlager in Granada, Der Verschwender, Jery und Bately have survived; of other works some choruses are noteworthy (Die Kapelle, etc.). Kreutzer, Rodolphe, vlt. b. Versailles, Nov. 16, 1766; d. Geneva, Jan. 6, 1831. Pupil of father, vlt. in the court orchestra and of Stamitz; at 16 father's successor, 1790 solo vlt. at Th. Italien where he produced 1st opera; Lodoiska, best of his 40 operas, prod. 1791; prof, of vln. at Cons. 1795; 1797 tour through Holland, Germany, and Italy; 1798 at Vienna, where he probably met Beethoven, who dedicated to him vln. sonata, Op. 47 (called Kreutzer sonata); on return to Paris, wrote famous vln. method, with Rode and Baillot; 1801 solo vlt., 1816 2d condr., 1817 1st condr. at Ope>a; chamber musician to Napole'on and to Louis XVIII; retired 1825, embittered by loss of influence; composed 15 quartets, 19 concertos, and many other works for vln., of which 40 Etudes ou Caprices is universally recognized as invaluable. Kroeger (kre^-ger), Ernest Richard, compr. b. St. Louis, Aug. 10, 1862. Study of pf. and vln. began early, but until 23 music was secondary interest; his training has all been in America; has been orgt., condr., head of a college of mus., chief of Bureau of Mus. for St. Louis Exposition of 1904; composed symph., symph. poem Sardanapalus given by Seidl, overture Hiawatha with genuine Indian themes, given by Thomas Orch., overture Thanatopsis, Ten American Sketches for piano (portray- ing Indian, negro, mountains, prairie, etc.), some chamber mus., ana many pf. pieces, and songs. Krogmann, C. W., compr. b. Danvers, Mass. Lived in Boston since third year of age; mother was an organist and other members of the family were cultivated musical amateurs; graduated from Boston High School; musical education carried on under mother and Henry Koerber, of KRUG Boston; began writing music at the age of twelve, but published nothing until 1896; compositions include about 300 different pieces for piano and voice, many of them having marked educational value as well as vogue among teachers. Krug (kroog), Arnold, compr. b. Ham- burg, Oct. 16, 1849; d. there, Aug. 4, 1904. Pupil of father, Gurlitt, Reinecke; winning Mozart scholar- ship 1869, studied with Kiel and Frank in Berlin; pf. teacher at Stern Cons., Meyerbeer scholarship en- abled him to study in France and Italy; 1878 organizer of Gesang- verein at Hamburg, teacher at Cons, after 1885, condr. of Altona Singakad- emie; compr. of symph., overture Otello, suite, choral works (Sigurd, Nomadenzug, etc.), and excellent pf. music. Kruse (kroo'-za), Johann Secundus, vlt. b. Melbourne, Mar. 23, 1859. Appeared in public at 9; pupil of Joachim at Berlin Hochschule, where he later taught; 1882 solo vlt. and sub-condr. Berlin Philharmonic ; 1891 leader Bremen Philh.; 1892-97 member of Joachim Quartet; 1897 in London founded quartet, 1902- 1904 organized several important con- certs, revived Saturday Popular, etc. Kubelik (ku'-be-lik), Jan, vlt. b. Michle, near Prague, July 5, 1880. Excellently taught by father, a gar- dener, 1892-98 at Prague Cons, as pupil of Sevcfk; dbut 1898 at Vienna triumphant success; prolonged tour on Continent; phenomenal success in London at Richter concert, June 1900, led to season in which he cap- tured all the musical and social honors; American tour 1901-02, and 1902-03, though widely advertised, did not attain the same success; called a modern Paganini. K's playing is most remarkable in pas- sages of difficult technic, rather than in those of emotional beauty. Kiicken (ku'-ken), Friedrich Wilhelm, compr. b. Bleckede, Hanover, Nov. 16, 1810; d. Schwerin, Apr. 3, 1882. Son of peasant; pupil of brother-in- law Liihrss and Aron; member of Duke's orch.; in Berlin 1832, studied under Birnbach; 1841 in Vienna under Sechter; 1843-46 in Paris KUHNAU under HaleVy; 1851-61 capellmeister at Stuttgart; 1861 resigned; pro- duced several operas, but is chiefly known as compr. of very popular songs (Ach war's moglich dann, The Swallows, etc.). Kufferath (kuf'-fer-at), Hubert Ferdi- nand, ps. b.Miihlheim, June 11, 1818; d. Brussels, June 23, 1896. Pupil of brothers Johann Hermann K. (1797- 1864) and Louis K. (1811-1882) and of Hartmann, David, and Mendels- sohn; condr. male chorus at Cologne 1841^14; teacher of royal family in Brussels; after 1871 prof, counter- point and fugue at Cons.; wrote symphonies, concertos, and other pf. music and Praktische Chorschule; son Maurice (b. Jan. 8, 1852), able writer, editor of Guide Musical. Kuhe (koo'-8), Wilhelm, pst. b. Prague, Dec. 10, 1823. Studied with Proksch, Tomaschek, andThalberg; settled in London 1845; promoter of annual Brighton Festivals 1870-82; 1886- 1904 prof, at Royal Academy; com- posed graceful pf. music, operatic fantasias, etc.; published Recollec- tions, 1896. Kuhlau (koo'-lou), Friedrich [Daniel Rodolph], compr. b. Ulzen, Han- over, Sept. 11, 1786; d. Copenhagen, Mar. 12, 1832. Taught harmony by Schwenke at Hamburg; went to Copenhagen 1810 to escape conscrip- tion; taught pf. and theory, was royal chamber musician, court com- poser; produced popular operas, music to Heiberg's Elverhoe, pf. concertos, sonatas, and sonatinas which are still much admired and valuable, especially for beginners. Kuhnau (koo'-nou), Johann, compr. b. Geising, Saxony, Apr. 6, 1660; d. Leipzig, June 5, 1722. Pupil of Hering and Albrici at Dresden Kreuzschule; cantor at Zittau; 1682 went to Leipzig, where he was orgt . at St. Thomas's; 1701 mus. dir. of Univ., and cantor, preceding Bach; wrote books on musical theory, motets, etc.; greatest clavier compr. before Bach; memorable as first compr. of sonata as a piece in several movements, not collection of dance tunes; his Biblische Historien nebst Auslegung in sechs Sonaten also early example of program music. KULLAK LACHNER Kullak (kool'-lak), Theodore, pst., teacher, b. Krotoschin, Posen, Sept. 12, 1818; d. Berlin, Mar. 1, 1882. Student of medicine, and at same time of music with Agthe and Dehn; later studied in Vienna with Czerny, Sechter, and Nicolai; 1846 court pst. in Berlin; 1850 with Stern and Marx founded Berlin Cons., later Stern Cons.; 1855 founded own school, where many famous pupils (Schar- wenkas, Sherwood, Mees, Stern- berg, etc.) were trained; composed much effective pf. music and valu- able instructive works, notably School of octave-playing. Son Franz, teacher. b. Berlin, Apr. 12, 1844. Studied with father, Wieprecht, and Liszt; 1867 taught pf. and orch. in father's academy,which he directed from 1882 until its closing in 1890. Kunkel, Charles, compr., pst., teacher. b. Sippersfeld, Germany, July 22, 1840. Early study directed by his father (who came to the U. S. in 1848), later he was a pupil of Gott- schalk and Thalberg; with his brother Jacob, he won special recognition for ensemble playing; located at St. Louis, Mo. where he still lives (1910) ; his list of compositions is a large one; probably the best-known piece is his Alpine Storm; wrote also under the nom de plume Carl Sidus; at the death of his brother in 1882, he became head of the publishing busi- ness of Kunkel Bros, and editor of Kunkel' s Musical Review; author of Royal Piano Method. Kunkel, Jacob, pst., compr., pub. b. Kleiniedsheim, Germany, Oct. 22, 1846; d. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 16, 1882. Musical education mainly directed by his brother Charles; founder of publishing house of Kunkel Bros., St. Louis, and of Kunkel's Musical Review; composed drawing-room E'eces which had considerable popu- rity. Kunz (koonts), Conrad Max, compr. b. Schwandorf, Dec. 30, 1812; d. Munich, Aug. 3, 1875. Studied with Stuntz at Munich; founded with others and conducted Munich Lied- ertafel; composed many very popular vocal quartets, and 200 Canons for pf., short technical studies. Kwast (kvast), James, pst. b. Nijkerk, Holland, Nov. 23, 1852. Taught by father, by Bohme, at Leipzig Cons, by Reinecke, Richter, etc., at Berlin by Kullak and Wuerst, and at Brus- sels by Brassin and Gevaert; 1874 teacher at Cologne Cons., 1883 at Hoch Cons., Frankfort; composed concerto, trio, and other pf . mus. Labitzky (la-bit'-ski), Joseph, compr. b. Schonfeld, Bohemia, July 4, 1802; d. Carlsbad, Aug. 18, 1881. Pupil of Veit at Petschau; 1st vln. Marien- bad orch. 1820, of Carlsbad orch. 1821: toured S. Germany with own orch.; after study with Winter in Munich, leader, of Carlsbad orch. 1835, and later went with this band to England, Russia, etc.; composed dance music in style of Strauss. Sons August (1832-1903), condr., associate director with father, and Wilhelm, vlt., lived in Canada. Lablache (la-blash), Luigi, bass. b. Naples, Dec. 6, 1794; d. there, Jan. 23, 1858. Pupil of Valesi at Cons, della Pieta de'Turchini; 1818 de"but at San Carlino Th., Naples; married Teresa Pinotti; appeared at Messina, Palermo, Milan 1817-22, Venice, Vienna, finally Paris, and London 1830, after which he was recognized as greatest bass of time; sang con- tinually in Paris and London until retirement in 1856. Voice remark- able for range of 2 octaves (Et> to e'b), for flexibility, volume, and bell- like quality; though of enormous bulk, was admirable actor; greatest part Leporello in Don Giovanni. Lachner (lak'-ner), Franz, compr. b. Rain, Upper Bavaria, Apr. 2, 1803; d. Munich, Jan. 20, 1890. Pupil of father, orgt., of Ett in Munich, and of Stadler, Sechter, and Weigl in Vienna, earning his living mean- while as orgt. and vlt.; intimate with Schubert, acquainted with Beetho- ven; capellmeister at Vienna, and LACK LAMOTHE founder of Philh. concerts, capellm. at Mannheim 1834, at Munich 1836, general court director there until retirement 1862; wrote 4 operas, 8 orch. suites, 8 symph., etc. Bro- thers Ignaz, condr., compr. (1807- 1895) and Vincenz, compr. b. Rain, July 19, 1811; d. Carlsruhe, Jan. 22, 1893. Studied with father and with brothers; succeeded Ignaz as orgt. at Vienna 1831 and Franz as court capellm. Mannheim 1836-1873; condr. of German opera London 1842, opera in Frankfort 1848; lived in Carlsruhe after 1873, taught in Cons, after 1884; composed popular part-songs (Alt Heidelberg, etc.). Lack (lak), [Marie] Theodore, pst., compr. b. Quimper, Finistere, France, Sept. 3, 1846. Studied at Paris Cons, with Bazin and Mar- montel; since 1863 teaching in Paris; officer of Acad. 1881, of public in- struction 1887; published large num- ber of educational and technical works of all degrees of difficulty, and salon pieces noteworthy for charm of melody and individuality. Lacombe (la-konbe'), Louis [pseud, of L. Trouillon], compr. b. Bourges, Nov. 26, 1818; d. St. Vaast-la- Hougue, Sept. 30, 1884. Studied at Paris Cons, with Zimmermann; 1st prize 1831; 1832 tour as pst.; 1834-39 in Vienna, pupil of Czerny, Seyfried, etc.; after 1839 in Paris, teaching, composing popular pf. music, 3 operas (La Madone only prod, during his life), prize melodrama with choruses Sapho, 2 dram, symph. (Manfred, Arva), etc.; wrote essay on Philosophic et musique. Lacome (la-corn'), Paul [properly Paul Jean Jacques Lacome de 1'Estalenz], compr. b. Houga, Gers, France, Mar. 4, 1838. After study in native place , came to Paris where his operetta won prize; composed several popular operettas (La marechale Chaudron, Les quatrefittesAymon, etc.), works for wind instruments, pf. trio, org. mus. and songs (notably Estvdiantina) . Lafont (la-fon), Charles Philippe, vlt. b. Paris, Dec. 1, 1781; d. near Bag- neres-de-Bigorre, Aug. 14, 1839. Studied with uncle Bertheaume, Kreutzer, and Rode; after many concert tours, chamber musician at St. Petersburg 1808; court vlt. in Paris 1815; 1816 contest with Paganini at Milan; 1831-39 long tour with pst. Herz; composed 7 vln. concertos, about 200 vocal romances, 2 comic operas, etc. Lalo (la-lo), Edouard [Victor Antoine], compr. b. Lille, Jan. 27, 1823; d. Paris, Apr. 22, 1892. Vln. pupil at Lille Cons, of Baumann; 1st in Paris in Armingaud-Jacquard quartet; composed operas Fiesque (never per- formed), La Jacquerie (finished by Coquard, perf. 1895), Le roi d'Ys (1888, most notable for power and characterization); 2 vln. concertos (especially Symph. espagnole for vln. and orch.), Rhapsodie norvegienne, etc.; ballet Namouna from which two orch. suites were arranged; notable especially for orchestration of delicate and picturesque originality. Lambert, Alexander, pst. b. Warsaw, Nov. 1, 1862. Pupil of father Henry, at Vienna Cons, of Epstein, at Berlin of Urban in comp.; after concerts in New York 1881, in Germany and Russia, pupil for few months of Liszt; came to America 1884; gave concerts until 1892; 1888 director N. Y. Coll. of Mus.; compositions for pf. and technical works. Lambillotte (lan-bi-yof), Louis, writer, compr. b. Charleroi, Hainault, Mar. 27, 1797; d. Vaugirard, Feb. 27, 1855. Orgt. at Charleroi and Dinant; mas- ter of chapel of St. Acheul at Jesuit Seminary; became Jesuit 1825; com- posed 4 masses and other church music; published Antiphonaire de St. Gatt with notes, and essays on plain song. Lamond', Frederick A., pst. b. Glas- gow, Jan. 28, 1868. Pupil of brother David; orgt. at Laurieston; studied at Raff Cons., Frankfort, with Max Schwarz, etc., then with Von Billow and Liszt; d6but Berlin 1885; Glasgow and London 1886; Russia 1896, Paris 1899, U. S. 1902; es- pecially distinguished as player of Beethoven; gives recitals entirely of B's sonatas. Lamothe (la-mot), Georges, compr. b. 1837; d. Courbevoie, near Paris, Oct. 15, 1894. Skilful organist; compr. of popular dance music. LAMOUREUX LANNER Lamoureux (la-mo-re"), Charles, condr. b. Bordeaux, Sept. 21, 1834; d. Paris, Dec. 21, 1899. Studied at Paris Cons, with Girard, etc., winning 1st prize 1854; solo vlt. at Th. Gymnase, then at Opera; with Colonne, Adam, and Pilet founded society for cham- ber music 1860; founded Soc. de 1'harmonie sacree 1873, which gave excellent performances of old and new oratorios; sub-condr. Concerts du Cons. 1872-77; condr. of Ope>a Comique 1876-77; of Ope>a 1877-79; founded 1881 Nouveaux Concerts, known as Lamoureux Concerts, especially important for presentation of many works of new French school and contemporary Germans; 1887 managed 1st perf. of Lohengrin in Paris. Lamperti (lam-par'-ti), Francesco, singing teacher, b. Savona, Italy, Mar. 11, 1813; d. Como, May 1, 1892. Studied at Milan Cons., where he taught 1850-75; then gave private lessons; published books and exer- cises on singing; followed old Italian method, aiming at pure tone pro- duction; among many famous pupils are Albani, Sembrich, Campanini, Cruvelli, Artot, Win. Shakespeare. His son, Giovanni Baptista L., also singing teacher, b. 1840; d. Berlin, March 18, 1910. Known as the " Younger Lamperti," and an expon- ent of his father's methods. Taught first in Milan, then in Paris, and later in Dresden; Sembrich one of his pupils; wrote solfeggi and vocalises, ana The Technics of Bel Canto, origi- nally in German, translated into English 1905. Landowska (lan-dof'-ska), Wanda, pst., harpsichord player, b. Warsaw, 1877. Pupil of Michalowski at Conserva- tory and of Urban and Moszkowski; has played much in European cities, specializing on the harpsichord; lives in Paris, author of Bach et ses inter- preter (1906) and La musique an- cienne (1908). Lang, Benjamin Johnson, pst., condr. b. Salem, Mass., Dec. 28, 1837; d. Boston, Apr. 3, 1909. Studied with his father, F. G. Hill, Jaell, Satter, and Liszt (1885); orgt. in Boston at Old South Church and King's Chapel, and for Handel and Haydn Soc. 25 years; condr. of H. and H. Soc. 1895-96, of Apollo Club 1868- 1901, of Cecilia Society 1874-1907, of Chickering Production Concerts 1904; teacher of Apthorp, Foote, Nevin, etc.; of great importance to musical life in Boston as organizer of these societies and as condr. of important and new works (from Bach's B minor Mass to Elgar's Gerontius) and as organizer of special productions such as concert per- formances of Parsifal 1891 and 1903; at his best as choral condr. and in executive accomplishment. His daughter Margaret Ruthven, compr. b. Boston, Nov. 27, 1867. Studied with father, and, in Munich, vln. with Drechsler and Abel, comp. with Gluth in Munich and Chadwick in Boston; composed 2 overtures, arias with orch., performed by American orchestras, but is most successful in smaller works for pf. and songs, many of which have been published. Lange (lang'-a), Gustav, compr. b. Schwerstedt, near Erfurt, Aug. 13, 1830; d. Wernigerode, July 19, 1889. Studied with A. W. Bach, Grell, and Loeschhorn; composed several hun- dred effective pf. pieces, which have been very popular. Langey (lang'-e), Otto, 'cellist. b. Leichholz, Oct. 20, 1851. Studied with Specht, Ullrich, Cabisius, and Fritze; 1877 played in London under Halle" and Richter; directed operas and concerts; since 1889 teaching in N. Y.; issues Langey Tutors, special studies for different orch. instru- ments. Langhans (lang'-hans), Friedrich Wil- helm, writer, b. Hamburg, Sept. 21, 1832; d. Berlin, June 9, 1892. Pupil of David and Richter at Leipzig Cons, and of Alard at Paris; vlt. at Leipzig Gewandhaus; after living in several cities, settled in Berlin 1871; teacher of hist, of mus. at Kullak's Cons. 1874, at Scharwenka Cons. 1881; composed unimportant vln. music, wrote valuable hist, works, chiefly Geschichte der Musik des 17, 18, und 19 Jahrhunderts, as continua- tion of Ambros's history. Lanner, Joseph [Franz Karl], compr. b. Oberdobling, near Vienna, Apr. 12, 1801; d. there, Apr. 14, 1843. Self-taught in vln. and comp.; led LARA quartet in which Joh. Strauss played viola; organized orch. for which he composed dance music and with which he gave concerts in Austria; alternately with Strauss condr. at court balls; originated modern Vien- nese waltz; his dance music deser- vedly popular in his day, full of national gaiety and personal charm. Lara (la'-ra), Isidore de, compr. b. London, Aug. 9, 1858. Real name said to be Cohen; studied at Milan Cons, winning 1st prize for comp. at 17; composed love songs which won great drawing-room popularity; after 1892 known as opera compr., chiefly of Messaline which had suc- cess at Monte Carlo and London 1899, and New York 1902, with Calve in leading role. Lassen (las'-sen), Eduard, compr. b. Copenhagen, Apr. 13, 1830; d. Weimar, Jan. 15, 1904. Moved to Brussels at 2; studied at Cons, there, winning Prix de Rome 1851; 1857 Liszt brought about production of his opera in Weimar; Lassen suc- ceeded Liszt as court capellmeister 1861-95; produced Tristan und Isolde 1874, first time outside Munich; composed 2 other operas, 2 sympho- nies, music to several plays, notably to Goethe's Faust, Te Deum, etc. Lasso, Orlando di [Roland de Lattre, Orlandus Lassus], compr. b. Mons, Hainault, 1532; d. Munich, June 14, 1594 [other dates are b. 1520 or 1530; d. 1595]. As boy chorister at Mons said to have been thrice kidnapped because of beautiful voice; visited Sicily, Milan, Naples, Rome, where he was director of mus. at St. John Lateran 1541 or 1551; visited Eng- land about 1554; then settled in Antwerp until 1556 or '57, when he became director of chamber mus. for Duke of Bavaria; remained at Munich until death, except for visits to Italy and France (to court of Charles IX, 1571). Composed about 1600 sacred pieces ana 800 secular ones; his sons published Magnum opus musicum (motets and madrigals) in 1604; complete edi- tion under editorship of Haberl and Sandberger for Breitkopf and Hartel, begun 1894, will fill 60 volumes; Seven Penitential Psalms possibly LAVOIX most famous work; " genius towered above that of all his contemporaries except Palestrina; L. exhibited the greater breadth and fertility, though he was not as essentially ideal in purely ritual music; his warmth of human sympathy made his impress upon progress wider." [Pratt.] Laub (loub), Ferdinand, vlt. b. Prague, Jan. 19, 1832; d. Gries, Tyrol, Mar. 17, 1875. Studied with Mildner at Prague Cons.; played in public regularly after age of 9; went to Vienna, Paris, and London; concert- master at Weimar 1853; at Berlin, concertmaster of court orch., leader of quartet, teacher at Stern Cons.; at Moscow 1866-74, prof, at Cons., 1st vln. in Musikgesellschaft; re- markable for powerful playing of large repertoire; composed solo pieces, well-known Polonaise, etc. Lavallee (la-val-la), Calixa, pst. b. Vercheres, Canada, Dec. 28, 1842; d. Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1891. Pupil of father, of Marmontel and Bazin at Paris Cons.; debut at 10; solo pst. with Gerster's first Ameri- can tour; settled in Boston; promi- nent in Mus. Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n; gave recitals of American composers' works; composed 2 operas, oratorio, symph., and many smaller works; best known pf. piece The Butterfly. Lavignac (la- vi-nyak), [Alexandra Jean] Albert, writer, b. Paris, Jan. 22, 1846. Carried off many prizes as pupil at Paris Cons., where he be- came teacher of solfeggio 1881, and prof, of harmony 1891; valuable works on solfeggio and on musical dictation; widely known for La musique et les musiciens, of which it has been said that it is the one book for a student to own if he can have but one, and for Voyage artistique a Bayreuth (transl. as The Music Dramas of R. Wagner) one of best thematic and literary guides to the operas of Wagner; Musical Education (1902), Les gaietes du Conservatoire; associate editor Dictionnaire encyclo- pedique, to be issued by Conservatory at Paris. Lavoix (la-vo-a), Henri Marie Francois, writer, b. Paris, Apr. 26, 1846; d. there, Dec. 27, 1897. Called "L. fils" to distinguish from father, custodian LAWES of numismatics at Paris Nat'l Li- brary; grad. Paris Univ.; studied harm, and counterpoint with Cohen; librarian Nat'l Library after 1865; contributor to Revue et gazette musi- cale; author of Les traducteurs de Shakespeare en musique, and his- torical works, especially Histoire de I' instrumentation, and Histoire de la musique. Lawes, Henry, compr. b. Dinton, near Salisbury, Dec., 1595; d. London, Oct. 21, 1662. Pupil of Coperario; 1625 epistler and gentleman of Chap- el Royal; music teacher in family of Earl of Bridgewater; reinstated in all positions at Restoration 1660; wrote music for Milton's Comus and other masques, paraphrases on the psalms, and Ayres and Dialogues for 1, 2, and 3 voices; admired by con- temporaries as singer as well as compr. Lazarus, Henry, clarinet player, b. London, Jan. 1, 1815; d. there, Mar. 6, 1895. ' Pupil of Blizard and Chas. Godfrey, Sr.; debut 1838; 2d clar. at Sacred Harmonic Concerts; 1840, on death of Willman, 1st clar. there, at opera, and at important concerts and festivals; prof, at Royal Acad. and at Military School of Music; re- tired 1891; composed clar. pieces. Lebert (la'-bert), Siegmund [pseud, of S. Levy], teacher, b. Ludwigsburg, Dec. 12, 1822; d. Stuttgart, Dec. 8, 1884. Studied at Prague Cons, with Tomaschek, D. Weber, and Proksch; taught in Munich; 1856-57 with Faisst, Stark, Brachmann, and Spei- del founded Stuttgart Cons.; pub- lished, with Stark, Grosse Klarier- schule, edited classic pf. works; had many famous pupils, but method is no longer in favor. Lebrun (le-bran), Paul Henri Joseph, compr. b. Ghent, Apr. 21, 1861. Pupil at Ghent Cons, of A. Samuel and Ch. Miry; Prix de Rome 1891; succeeded Miry as teacher of theory at Ghent; director of Orphe"on at Cambrai, and of Cercle artistique; composed opera La fiancee d'Abydos, prize symph. and other orchestral works, choruses, etc. Leclair (le'-klar), Jean Marie, vlt. b. Paris, May 10, 1697; d. there, Oct. 22, 1764. Ballet dancer at Rouen; LEGRENZI balletmaster at Turin; Somis, at- tracted by his compositions, induced him to study vln.; in Paris after 1729 obtained insignificant post at opera and royal orch.; after 1736 private teacher and compr.; murdered, for no discovered reason; compositions, notably 48 sonatas for vln., are of great value, equaling in originality and charm and exceeding in diffi- culty most contemporary works. Lecocq (le'-kok'), Alexandra Charles, compr. b. Paris, June 3, 1832. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Bazin and HaleVy, winning 2 prizes; 1857, with Bizet, won prize offered by Offen- bach for opera buff a; after repeated failures, period as teacher and orgt., won success with Fleur de the 1868, closely followed by La fille de Mme. Angot and Girofle-Girofla; com- posed over 40 comic operas in style of Offenbach, skilful but never deep in construction, full of delightful gaiety and spirit. Le Couppey (16-ko-pa), Felix, pst. b. Paris, Apr. 14, 1811; d. there, July 5, 1887. Studied at Paris Cons, with Dourlen; asst. teacher there 1828, prof. 1843, substitute for Herz 1848; wrote instruction books for pf. A B C du piano, Ecole du mecan- isme, De I'enseignement du piano (Advice to Young Teachers). Lefebure-Wely (le'-fa-biir-va'-li), Louis James Alfred, orgt. b. Paris, Nov. 13, 1817; d. there, Dec. 31, 1869. Pupil of father, orgt. at St. Roch, and successor at 14; pupil at Paris Cons, of Benoist for org., Berton and HaleVy for comp., and privately of Adam and S6jan; orgt. at Made- leine 1847-58, at St. Sulpice 1863- 69; remarkable orgt. ; especially for original improvisations; compr. of almost all styles, notably of fan- tasias for org., offertories, an O Salu- taris, etc.; notable player on and compr. for harmonium. Legrenzi (le-grent-zi), Giovanni, compr. b. Clusone, near Bergamo, about 1625; d. Venice, May 26, 1690. Pupil of Pallavicino; orgt. at Ber- gamo, maestro di cappella at Ferrara, director Cons, dei mendicanti at Venice, later maestro at St. Mark's, where he reorganized and enlarged orch.; composed operas, motets, and LEHMANN LEMOINE instrumental music of various kinds; strengthened orch. accompaniment, composed early chamber music, es- pecially vln. sonatas. Lehmann, Amelia, see under Leh- mann, Liza. Lehmann (la'-man), George, vtt. b. New York, July 31, 1865. Studied at Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck, Hermann, Jadassohn, etc., and at Berlin with Joachim; traveled as soloist and leader of quartet; leader Cleveland orch. 1886-89; teaching in N-. Y.; 1907 in Berlin; critic for Musical America, etc.; author of True Principles of Art of Violin Playing. Lehmann, Lilli, dram. sop. b. Wiirz- burg, May 15, 1848. Pupil of mother Marie, prima donna at Kassel; de"but at Prague; engaged at Danzig, Leipzig 1870, and life en- gagement at Berlin Opera 1876; sang Bayreuth 1876; appeared Lon- don in 1880 and successive seasons; broke Berlin contract to stay in America where she sang 1885-92; after illness reappeared at Bayreuth 1896; has since then sung in Amer- ica; married Paul Kalisch, tenor, 1888; great dramatic artist, espe- cially in Wagner operas; published Meine Gesangskunst, 1902. Lehmann, Liza [real name Elizabetta Nina Mary Frederika], compr. b. London, July 11, 1862. Daughter of painter Rudolf L. whose wife, also compr., nee Amelia Chambers, com- posed and arranged many songs under initials A. L. Liza studied with mother, Randegger, Rannkilde, MacCunn, etc.; de"but as concert singer 1885, followed by success until marriage to Herbert Bedford (b. 1867), compr. of opera and several arias for voice and orch.; compr. of song-cycle In a Persian Garden, and other cycles and songs. Visited U. S. in 1909, 1910. Le Jeune (le-zhe"n), Claude, compr. b. Valenciennes, 1540 for 1528]; d. Paris, Sept. 23, 1564. Lived in Paris; compr. to the king for a short time; beside French songs his chief composition is setting of psalms (occasionally to melodies used by Goudimel) with simple and beautiful accompaniments, work much used in Switzerland and Germany. Lekeu (le-ke), Guillaume, compr. b. Neusy, Belgium, Jan. 20, 1870; d. Angers, Jan. 21, 1894. Pupil at Verviers Cons, and in Paris of Franck and d'Indy; composed symph. poem Hamlet, fantasia for orch., sonata for vln. and pf., trio, and unfinished pf. quartet of singularly poetic promise. Lemaire (le-mar'), Jean Eugene Gaston, compr. b. Sept. 9, 1854. Pupil of the Ecole Niedermeyer; music critic 1888; compositions include orches- tral works, ballets, pantomimes and operettas, piano pieces and songs. Lemare (le-mar'), Edwin Henry, orgt. b. Ventnor, Isle of Wight, Sept. 9, 1865. Student and fellow at Royal Acad., and fellow of Royal Coll. of orgts.; several appointments at Car- diff, Sheffield, and London; 1902-04 orgt. and director at Carnegie Hall, Pittsburg; returned to London; dis- tinguished as performer, especially in producing orchestral effects; com- positions for org. Lemmens (lem'-mans), Jacques Nico- las, orgt. b. Zoerle-Parwys, Belgium, Jan. 3, 1823; d. Castle Linterport, near Malines, Jan. 30, 1881. Pupil of father, of Van der Broeck, at Brussels Cons, of F6tis, winning 1st prize, at Breslau at gov't expense of A. Hesse; 1849 prof, at Cons.; teacher of many famous pupils (Mailly, Callaerts, etc.); after mar- riage 1857 to Helene Sherrington (b. Oct. 4, 1834), singer (pupil at Brussels, concert singer in England, in opera after 1860), L. lived in Eng- land; 1879 opened training school for church orgts. and choirmasters at Mechlin; many valuable composi- tions, method, notable for influence toward bettering of org. and in- creasing interest in Bach. Lemoine (le-mo-an), Henri, pf. teacher, publisher, b. Paris, Oct. 21, 1786; d. there, May 18, 1854. Pupil at Cons. 1798-1809; very successful pf. teacher; 1817 succeeded to publishing business of father Antoine Marcel L. (1763-1817), guitar and viola player, th. condr. at Paris. Henri published educational pf. works, an elementary method, simple harmony, etc.; pub- lishing business continued by his son Achille Philibert L. (1813-1895), and grandsons Henri L. and Leon L. LENEPVEU LESSMANN Lenepveu (le'-nd-ve), Charles Ferdi- nand, compr. b. Rouen, Oct. 4, 1840; d. August, 1910. In Paris as law stu- dent, studied solfeggio with Savard; prize cantata induced him to study with A. Thomas at Cons., where he won Prix de Rome 1865; opera Le Florentin, accepted 1867, performed 1874 without success; Vetteda in London 1882; also composed several works (cantata, hymn, ode, etc.) on Jeanne d'Arc; teacher of harmony at Cons. 1880, prof. 1894; more suc- cessful as teacher than as compr. Leo (la'-6), Leonardo, compr. b. San Vito degli Schiavi, Brindisi, 1694; d. Naples, Oct. 31, 1744. Pupil at Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini of Provenzale and Fago (probably not directly of Scarlatti and Pitoni); 2d maestro at Cons, and 1st at Cathedral; 1st orgt. at royal chapel 1725; master at Cons, di San Ono- frio, where he taught Piccinni, Jom- melli, etc.; beside about 60 operas, full of brilliant life and humor, com- posed masses and church music (notably a Miserere); advance over other Neapolitans in sureness of harmonic effects. Leonard (la-6-nar), Hubert, vU., teacher, b. Bellaire, near Li6ge, Apr. 7, 1819; d. Paris, May 6, 1890. Pupil of Rouma at Liege, of Habeneck at Paris Cons.; vlt. at theatres, at Ope>a Comique and Ope>a; after successful tour in Germany, where he first played Mendelssohn's concerto, became prof, at Brussels Cons. 1848-1867; then taught in Paris. Composed 5 vln. concertos, other vln. mus.; wrote several methods and studies, espe- cially in double-stopping. Leoncavallo (la-on-ca-viil'-lo) , Ruggiero, compr. b. Naples, Mar. 8, 1858. Pupil at Naples Cons, of Cesi for pf., of Ruta and L. Rossi for comp.; first opera Chatterton not at first success- ful; gave singing lessons and played at cafe concerts; 2-act opera Pagli- acci produced Milan 1892 made him famous at once; later operas are Medici (1st of trilogy, written before Pagliacci), La Boheme, Zaza, Der Roland (composed under commis- sion from, almost in collaboration with, Emperor William III of Ger- many); skilful in appreciating and I) ringing out an effect, he depends somewhat too much on superficial brilliancy; in the almost perfect union of dramatic force and realistic truth of Pagliacci he touched by far his highest point. Leroux (16-ro), Xavier Henri Napoleon, compr. b. Velletri, Italy, Oct. 11, 1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with Dubois and Massenet, winning sev- eral prizes, finally Grand prix de Rome 1885; prof, of harm, at Cons, after 1896; composed incidental music to Cleopatre, Les perses, operas Astarte, La reine Fiammetta, etc., and some church music. Leschetizky (les-che-titz-ki), Theodor, pst., teacher, b. Lancut, Austrian Poland, June 22, 1830. Taught by his father in Vienna, by Czerny and Sechter; noticed as pst. 1845 while still student of philosophy at Univ. ; after professional tours, taught at St. Petersburg Cons. 1852-1878; after that teaching in Vienna; mar- ried to Annette Essipoff 1880-92; composed some pf. pieces and one opera; renowned as teacher of Pad- erewski, Siloti, and very many others; method, expounded by his assistant Malwine Bre'e in Ground- work of L. Method, consists in per- fect control of each finger independ- ently of others, and careful intellec- tual analysis of music to be played; aims to develop individual artist by adaptations of method to his needs. Leslie, Henry David, condr. b. London, June 18, 1822; d. Llansaintfraid, Wales, Feb. 4, 1896. Studied with Chas. Lucas; 'cellist in Sacred Har- monic Soc.; secretary 1847 and condr. 1855-61 of Amateur Mils. Soc.; condr. of choir formed by J. Heming, afterward called Leslie's Choir, 18557-78 and 1885-87; choir took 1st prize Paris 1878, and gave many successful concerts; L. was condr. Herefordshire Philh. Soc. and director of short lived Nat'l Coll. of Mus.; composed several oratorios, cantatas (Judith, Holyrood, etc.) and large number of part-songs. Lessmann, W. J. Otto, editor, b. Ru- dersdorfer, Jan. 30, 1843. Studied with Ritter, Von Billow, Kiel, etc.; taught at Stern Cons, and at Tausig's acad.; head of pf. school of own; director of mus. dept. at school in LESUEUR LIBELING Charlottenburg; owner and editor 1881-1907 of Allgemeine Musik- Zeitung; composed several songs. Lesueur (le'-sii-er), Jean Francois, compr. b. Drucat-Plessiel, Feb. 15, 1760; d. Paris, Oct. 6, 1837. Choris- ter at Amiens Cath.; at 14 became master of mus. at S6ez Cath., and then held similar position at Paris, Dijon, Tours, finally 1786 maitre de chapelle at Notre Dame; had some instruction from Roze and advice from Sacchini; at Notre Dame he gave elaborate performances of de- scriptive and dramatic mus. ; defended himself in several pamphlets; 1788- 1792 spent in retirement; inspector of Cons. 1795-1820; prof. 1817; maitre de chapelle to Napoleon and Louis XVIII; composed 5 operas (Ossian ou les hordes most famous), cantatas, masses, etc.; teacher of Berlioz (of whose descriptive " pro- gram " mus. his was forerunner), A. Thomas, Elwart, Gounod, and many others. Levi (la'-ve), Hermann, condr. b. Giessen, Nov. 7, 1839; d. Munich, May 13, 1900. Studied with V. Lachner and at Leipzig Cons.; director at Saarbriicken, Rotterdam, Carlsruhe, and Munich 1872-1896; famous condr. of Wagner operas, led 1st perf. of Parsifal at Bayreuth 1882; resigned 1896 on account of mental disease. Leybach (ll'-bak), Ignace, pst., orgt. b. Gambsheim, July 17, 1817; d. Toulouse, May 23, 1891. Studied with Pixis, Kalkbrenner, and Chopin; orgt. at Toulouse Cath.; distinguished pst., composed much salon music; music for org. and for harmonium, L' Organiste pratique, etc. Liadov (lya'-doff), Anatol Constan- tinovitch, compr. b. St. Petersburg, May 11, 1855. Studied with father, and with Johannsen and Rimsky- Korsakov at Cons., where he taught harmony, etc., after 1878; also teacher at Imperial Chapel; capell- meister there till 1869; after 1894 condr. mus. soc. concerts; with Balakirev and Liapounov investi- gated folk-songs for Geogr. Soc.; compositions chiefly for pf . mostly in characteristic style of Russian school, with occasional humorous touches. Liapounov (lya'-poo-noff ), Sergius Michailovitch, compr. b. Jaroslav, Nov. 30, 1859. Studied at Nijni- Novgorod and with Klindworth and Hubert at Moscow Cons.; asst. director Imperial Chap. 1894-1902; collected folk-songs with Liadov and Balakirev for Geogr. Soc.; composed symphony, ballade for orch., con- certo for pf., and many smaller pf. works; edited collection of national songs. Lichner (likh'-ner), Heinrich, condr., compr. b. Harpersdorf, Mar. 6, 1829; d. Breslau, Jan. 7, 1898. Studied with Karow, Dehn, Baum- gart and Hesse; cantor, orgt., condr. of Sangerbund at Breslau; prolific but not original compr. of psalms, songs, pf. pieces, etc. Lichtenberg (lich'-ten-berg), Leopold, vlt. b. San Francisco, Nov. 22, 1861. Pupil of Beaujardin, Lambert, and Wieniawski, both in U. S. and in Brussels; after season with Thomas in N. Y., toured for 3 years in Europe and America; member Bost. Symph. Orch.; head vln. dept. National Cons, in N. Y. since 1899. Liddle, Robert William, compr. b. Dur- ham, Mar. 14, 1864. Chorister at Durham; pupil of Dr. Armes; orgt. at N. Berwick and at Southwell Minster since 1888; compr. of church music and songs. Lie (le), Sigurd, compr. b. Norway, May 23, 1871; d. Christiania, Sept, 30, 1904. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; condr. in Bergen; after study in Berlin, condr. of choral soc. in Christiania; good vlt. and compr. of great promise, shown in a symph., several orch. and chamber works, songs, and pf. pieces. Liebling (leb'-ling), Emil, pst. b. Pless, Silesia, Apr. 12, 1851. Pupil of Kullak, Ehrlich, Dachs, and Liszt; came to America 1867, 1872 and finally 1875; teaching, playing, etc. in Chicago; valued contributor to several journals; excellent teacher; successful in lectures with pf. illus- trations where wide repertoire is of value; compr. of pf. mus. Liebling (leb-ling), Georg, pst. b. Ber- lin, Jan. 22, 1865. Studied with Kul- lak, Urban, and Dorn; taught at LIND Kullak's Acad. 188(^85; after tour of Germany, with Liszt at Weimar for 2 years; ctebut in Berlin 1884; since then virtuoso; compr. of orch. overture, concerto, pf. mus., etc. Lind, Jenny, soprano, b. Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1820; d. Wynd's Point, Mal- vern, Eng., Nov. 2, 1887. Studied under Berg and Lindblad at Court Th. school; d6but 1838; after fur- ther lessons from Manuel Garcia in Paris, sang at Ope'ra 1842, but was not engaged; d6but Berlin 1844 fol- lowed by triumphal tour through Germany; London d6but 1847; be- came concert singer 1849; toured U. S. 1850-52, married O. Goldschmidt ; after living quietly in Dresden, went to London 1856; last public perf. 1870; known as " Swedish Nightin- gale "; by sensational advertising treating of her many private virtues, her success in Eng. and U. S. was unreasonably inflated; voice is de- scribed by discriminating critics as bright, sure, and of a certain " thrill- ing" quality. Lindblad (lint'-blat), Adolf Fredrik, compr. b. Lofvingsborg, Sweden, Feb. 1, 1801; d. there, Aug. 23, 1878. Studied with Zelter in Berlin; lived in Stockholm after 1827; directed a music school until 1861; composed numerous songs with Swedish na- tional feeling, which were made pop- ular by singing of his pupil, Jenny Lind. Lindpaintner (lint'-pant-ner), Peter Joseph von, compr. b. Coblenz, Dec. 9, 1791; d. Nonnenhorn, Lake pf Constance, Aug. 21, 1856. Stud- ied with Winter, and, while th. director at Munich, with Gratz; after 1819 director at Stuttgart where he made orch. famous; composed about 21 operas (Der Vampyr best known), music to Faust, to Schiller's Song of the Bell. Lindsay, M., compr. b. Wimbledon, Eng. Composer of songs and ballads, somewhat in style of "Claribel"; Home They Brought Her Warrior Dead, and Bridge are well known; now Mrs. J. Worthington Bliss. Linley, Thomas, compr. b. Wells, Eng., 1732; d. London, Nov. 19, 1795. Studied with Chilcot and Paradies; conducted oratorios at Drury Lane; LISZT 1775 composed, with son, music for Duenna by Sheridan, his son-in-law; 1776 became part owner and man- ager of Drury Lane Th.; composed music for many plays, madrigals, etc. Three daughters Elizabeth Ann L. (Sheridan's wife), Mary L., and Maria L., all singers. Son Thomas L., vlt., compr. b. Bath, 1756; drowned, Grimsthorde, Lincolnshire, Aug. 7, 1778. Studied with Boyce and with Nardini at Florence, where he became friend of Mozart; vlt. in Bath con- certs; collaborator with father. Lipinski, Karl Joseph, vlt. b. Radzyn, Poland, Oct. 30 (or Nov. 4), 1790; d. Urlow, near Lemberg, Dec. 16, 1861. Had only few lessons from father; 1810 concertmaster, 1812-14 leader at Lemberg Th.; 1817-18 played with Paganini, but in 1829 they met again as rivals, 1839-^61 concert- master in Dresden; distinguished for broad tone and skilful double stop- ping; compositions, Military con- certo, etc., are no longer played. Listemann (list'-6-man), Bernhard [Friedrich Wilhelm], vtt. b. Schlot- heim, Thuringia, Aug. 28, 1841. Studied with Ullrich, David, Vieux- temps, and Joachim; concertmaster Rudolstadt 1859-67; came to Amer- ica with brother Ferdinand L., vlt. (b. 1841); traveled with De Meyer; leader Thomas orch., N. Y. 1871-74; founder, condr. Boston Philharmonic Club, of Bost. Philh. Orch. 1879-81 ; concertmaster Symph. Orch. 1881- 85; founder of L. quartet and L. concert co.; 1893, head of vln. dept. Chicago Coll. of Mus.; removed to Boston 1907; returned to Chicago 1910. Liszt (list), Franz, pst., compr. b. Raid- ing, near Odenburg, Hungary, Oct. 22, 1811; d. Bayreuth, July 31, 1886. Son of Adam L., steward in service of Prince Esterhazy; pf. pupil of his father; after first public appearance at 9, several noblemen contributed sums for future education; at Vienna 1821-23 pupil in pf. of Czerny, and in comp. of Salieri and Randhart- inger; highly praised by Beethoven and many others; 1823 at Paris, refused admission to Cons, as for- eigner, continued comp. with Reicha and Paer, took no more pf. lessons; 1824/25 played with great success LISZT LLOYD in London; 1825 operetta Don San- cho produced in Paris; 1825-27 tours in Eng. and Switzerland; 1827 death of father made his support necessary for family and 1827-39 he lived in Paris, where he was in demand as teacher and player and where he was one of brilliant artistic circle includ- ing Lamartine, Victor Hugo, George Sand, Berlioz, Chopin, etc.; beside the influence of these individuals and the general romantic movement, he was much interested in Saint-Simon- ism but, apparently, never joined its numbers; at this time occurred his union with Countess d'Agoult (Daniel Stern); 1839-47 traveled widely over Europe establishing position as greatest of pf. virtuosos in long series of extravagant suc- cesses; 1849-51 lived in Weimar, as conductor of Court Theatre; here he accomplished much for modern music by performing new works, and with the Princess of Sayn- Wittgen- stein made his house and Weimar musical center; period of greatest teaching and most important com- position; 1859 left Weimar because objections were made to Cornelius's Barber of Bagdad; friendly relations were afterward established so that from 1861 till death he divided time between Pesth, Weimar, and Rome; at latter city his early fondness for church reasserted itself and 1879 he was admitted to the minor orders of the priesthood and gained title Abbe". As a man L. was distin- guished among artists for breadth of taste, and deep and real sympathy for fellows expressed in most prac- tical ways. As pst. he was greatest that ever lived; his playing was re- markable for " quiet brilliance of rapid passages," for beauty of feeling as well as for amazing skill; Wagner said of it that it was " production, not reproduction." As teacher, he was often severe, always inspiring; results must not be judged without remembering that visitors at classes were sometimes allowed, and that, apparently, many of these claimed to be pupils. As conductor, he was as marvelous as at the piano in interpreting the real intention and ideas of the composer; to his catho- licity of taste many owed encourage- ment; among works which he brought out at Weimar are Wagner's Lohengrin, Tannhduser, and Flying Dutchman, and works by Berlioz, Schumann and Schubert. As com- poser for pf., much of his work transfers to pf. orchestral effects, sometimes at a ' loss artistically; his transcriptions, however, never err in spirit, seldom in taste; for the voice he wrote 5 masses, 9 oratorios (2 unpublished), church music and some great songs. Gollerich, in his book Franz Liszt (1908), gives a full catalog listing both published and unpublished works. Some of the figures are as follows: Orchestral works, original and arrangements, 69; chamber music, 47; pf. and orch. 16; pf., original and arrangements, 822; melodramas, 8; organ, 47; part- songs, 31; songs and ballads with orchestra, 18; songs with piano, 90. His greatest achievement as compr. is invention of form known as " sym- phonic poem," much used by later comprs.; his own Dante and Faust symphonies, Episodes from Lenau's Faust, etc. illustrate his need of the exterior suggestion of a program and his "transformation" of themes. His literary works, except those relat- ing to Wagner, have only incidental interest; the Life of Chopin is un- trustworthy, the Music of the Gypsies unscientific. Litolff (lit'-olf), Henri Charles, pst., publisher, b. London, Feb. 6, 1818; d. Bois le Combes, near Paris, Aug. 6, 1891. Son of Alsatian vlt.; pupil of Moscheles; dbut at Co vent Garden at 12; cast off by family for marriage, wandered on Continent, giving suc- cessful tours; after separation from 1st wife, lived and played in several cities; married widow of Meyer, pub- Usher in Brunswick, whose business he took over; published Collection Litolff, first cheap, trustworthy edi- tions of classics; 1860 left business to adopted son Theodor, and de- voted nimself to composition in Paris; composed several operas (Heloise et Abelard, Les templiers), overtures, concerto-symphonies, brill- iant and characteristic pf. pieces. Lloyd, Charles Harford, orgt., condr. b. Thornbury, Oct. 16, 1849. Mus. B. at Oxford 1871, Mus. Doc. 1891, founded Univ. Mus. Club; orgt. at LLOYD LOGIER Gloucester Cath. 1876, at Christ Church, Oxford 1882; condr. Three Choirs festivals 1877, 1880; 1882 condr. Choral Soc. Oxford; taught Royal Coll. Mus. 1887-92, at Eton 1892; composed several cantatas and part-songs, of real melodic originality. Lloyd, Edward, tenor, b. London, Mar. 7, 1845. Chorister at Westminster Abbey under J. Turle; voice turned to tenor without breaking; chorister at Cambridge and Wells; gentleman of Chapel Royal 1869-71; after that devoted to festival and concert ap- pearances until retiring 1900; in U. S. 1888; distinguished for singing Wagner selections and for creating many new parts, such as those in The Redemption, Mors et Vita, . The Golden Legend, The Dream of Ger- ontius. Lobe (lo'-ba), Johann Christian, teacher, compr. b. Weimar, May 30, 1797; d. Leipzig, July 27, 1881. Pupil on flute of A. Riemann and E. A. Mtiller; soloist at Gewandhaus 1811; mem- ber Weimar orch. 1811-42; founded mus. school; in Leipzig as editor of Allgemeine Mtisik Zeitung 184648, and of other journals; author of books on theory and composition, and of Musikalische Brief e, Aiis dem Leben eines Mtisikers, interesting for critical comments and sketches of contemporaries. Locatelli (loc-a-tel'-li), Pietro, vlt. b. Bergamo, 1693; d. Amsterdam, Apr. 1, 1764. Studied with Corelli at Rome; after much traveling, gave regular concerts in Amsterdam; per- formed marvelous feats of technic, especially in double-stopping; com- posed sonatas for flute, sonatas, caprices, and concertos for vln., for trio, and for quartet. Locke, Matthew, compr. b. Exeter, Eng., 1632; d. London, Aug., 1677. Chorister at Exeter Cath., pupil of E. Gibbon and possibly also of W. Wake; compr. to Charles II, and after conversion to Roman Catholi- cism, orgt. to Queen Catherine; com- Ksed music for Davenant's and yden's plays and alterations of Shakespeare; music for Macbeth 1672, long supposed to be his, is now claimed, but without absolutely final proof, as work of Purcell; wrote " consorts " for several instruments, airs, etc., and pamphlets against Salmon, who proposed discarding clefs in notation. Loeffler (lef'-ler), Charles Martin [Tor- nov], vlt., compr. b. Miihlhausen, Alsace, Jan. 30, 1861. Pupil in vln. of Leonard, Massart, Joachim, in conip. of Guiraud and Kiel; played in Pasdeloup's orch., in Prince Der- vier's at Nice and Lugano, where he was associated with Ce"sar Thomson; came to N. Y. and to Boston, where he was 1st violin at Boston Symph. Orch. 1882-1903; teaching (A. Hart- mann his pupil) and comp. in Boston; composed songs, symph. poems (La mort de Tintagiles, Les veittees de I' Ukraine, Avant que tu ne t'en aittes, VittaneUe du diable, A Pagan Poem), sextet, octet, works for wind instru- ments and for vln. He has " certain affinities with the French school [in poetry as in music] whose essential traits are finesse, a passion for the recondite, a scrupulous avoidance of too definite, too facile patterns, an exquisite mastery of harmonic and orchestral color; yet he is himself a potential force of singular potency [the potency of a] refined inspiration and vivid individuality." [L. Gilman.] Loeschhorn (lesh'-horn), Carl Albert, pst., writer, b. Berlin, June 27, 1819; d. there, June 4, 1905. Studied with L. Berger, Grell, and A. W. Bach at Royal Inst. for church music, where he taught pf. after 1851; gave cham- ber concerts in Berlin, published excellent pf. music, and many valu- able studies for pupils of ah 1 grades, and guide to pf. literature. Logier (lo'-zhi-a), Johann Bernhard, inventor, b. Kassel, Feb. 9, 1777; d. Dublin, July 27, 1846. Flute pupil of Weidner, taken to England at ten by a gentleman; flutist in regimental band, orgt. at Westport, Ireland, bandmaster, music-seller and th. director in Dublin; invented chirp- plast, machine for holding hands in proper position at pf.; 1823-26 in Germany on invitation of gov't to explain invention from which he made fame and money; 1826 re- opened Dublin shop; published meth- ods and explanations of system and few compositions. LOW Low (lev), Joseph, pst. b. Prague, Jan. 23, 1834; d. there, Oct. 5, 1886. After successful tour 1854, lived in Prague 1856 to death, whence he sent forth nearly 500 light pf . pieces, many of them melodious and espe- cially adapted to use of children. Loewe (16'- va), Johann Carl Gottfried, compr. b. Lobejiin, near Halle, Nov. 30, 1796; d. Kiel, Apr. 20, 1869. Taught by father and by Turk, at Francke Inst., Halle, where L. received royal stipend; entered Halle Univ. and Naue's Singakademie; prof, and cantor at Stettin 1820-1866, with many and frequent trips to other parts of Germany, to England, etc.; composed 1 opera, 17 oratorios, but chiefly ballads for voice and pf.; practically established ballad as artis- tic form by infusing it with dramatic feeling and applying principle of leading motive. Logroscino (16g-ro-she-no), Nicola, com- pr. b. Naples, about 1700; d. there, 1 763- Pupil of Durante ; collaborator with Leo 1738; compr. of great number of successful operas; 1747 taught music at cons, in Palermo; superior to predecessors in comic feeling; reputed, apparently without just cause, inventor of concerted number at close of act. Lolli (lol'-le), Antonio, vtt. b. Ber- gamo, about 1730; d. Palermo, 1802. Self-taught; leader at Stuttgart, favorite of Empress Catherine, St. Petersburg, 1773-78, in Paris 1779 and thereafter in Spain, Austria, Germany, and England; wonderful performer, but ignorant of other qualities necessary to a musician. Longhurst, William Henry, compr. b. Lambeth, London, Oct. 6, 1819; d. Harbledown, near Canterbury, June 17, 1904. Chorister at Canterbury Cath. under Skeats, Elvey, and Jones; lay clerk there, asst. orgt. and orgt. 1873 to retirement 1898; Mus. Doc. 1875; composed oratorio, cantata, services, etc. Loomis, Harvey Worthington, compr. b. Brooklyn, Feb. 5, 1865. Studied with Dvofdk at N. Y. Nat'l Cons., where he won scholarship, and also with Mme. Schiller; composed very successful music pantomimes whicn LUDWIG have been given by amateurs and at special performances in N. Y.; written incidental music for plays, songs, duets, and a cantata for chil- dren; lectures on Indian music and transcriptions of it. Lortzing, Gustav Albert, compr. b. Berlin, Oct. 23, 1801; d. there, Jan. 21, 1851. Son of actor, an actor himself in small parts; except for few lessons from Rungenhagen, musically self-taught; singer Leipzig Th. 1833-44, condr. of opera there 1844 and again 1849; capellmeister Berlin Th. 1850; his operas did not bring him appreciation or a liveli- hood; yet they were successful and distinguished for humor and melodi - ousness, and some still hold the stage (notably Czar und Zimmermann, Der Wildschutz, Regind). Lotti, Antonio, orgt., compr. b. Venice, about 1667; d. Venice, Jan. 5, 1740. Son of court capellmeister at Han- over; pupil of Legrenzi at Venice; produced opera at 16; chorister 1687, 2d orgt. 1692, 1st orgt. 1704-36 at St. Mark's; visited Dresden 1717-19; composed some 20 operas in older style of Handel's predecessors, and much distinguished church music (Miserere is performed every Maundy Thursday at St. Mark's). Lucca (look'-ka), Pauline, dram. sop. b. Vienna, Apr. 25, 1841; d. Paris, Feb. 28, 1908. Early remarkable for beautiful voice; pupil of Usch- mann and Lewy; member of chorus at Vienna opera 1856-59; prima donna at Olmiitz, Prague, Berlin 1861-72; in America 1872-74; there- after sang in London, Madrid, St. Petersburg, Vienna, where she lived after retiring 1890; married Baron von Rhaden, and after divorce Major von Wallhofen; very remarkable voice, with range of 1\ octaves, and unusual powers of real characteriza- tion, made her especially admired in operas of Meyerbeer, Auber, HaleVy, etc. Ludwig (lood'-vig), August, editor, compr. b. Waldheim, Saxony, Jan. 15, 1865. Studied at Cologne Cons. and Munich Cons.; remarkable for attempt to complete Schubert's "Unfinished" symphony by adding two movements, Philosophen Scherzo LULLY LUTHER and Schicksals Marsche, performed Berlin 1892; compr. of other orch. works, songs, etc.; editor Neue Ber- liner Musik Zeitung 1894-97; author of Geharnischte Aufsatze uber Musik. Lully (liil'-li), Jean Baptiste de, compr. b. Florence, 1633; d. Paris, Mar. 22, 1687. Learned violin and guitar from Franciscan monk; at 13 in service of Mile, de Montpensier in whose kitchen he was one day playing and being overheard was transferred to her private band; expelled for satire; after some in- struction from Mertu, Roberdet, and Gigault, became member of King's band; 1652 director of small band which eclipsed the older; 1653 as court composer, composed masques, etc.; 1672 obtained letters patent from king for Acade"mie royale de musique (which still exists as Grand Ope'ra); the similar privilege granted 1669 to Perrin and Cambert was revoked, so L. " stole " the credit of originating the opera; his first work Les fetes de I' Amour et de Bacchus 1672, and the 19 succeeding ones (Thesee, Psyche, Armide, etc.) rank as the first French operas; in- troduced accompanied recitative and established French standard of cor- rect declamation; strong sense of dramatic effectiveness and gift for rather sweet melodies enabled him to make success and to have high standard despite certain monotony of rhythm and thinness of orchestration. Lumbye, Hans Christian, compr. b. Copenhagen, May 2, 1810; d. there, Mar. 20, 1874. Compr. popular dance music, called " the northern Strauss "; condr., until 1865, of orch. with which he made frequent tours; galops, marches, etc. very popular with orchestras of the sixties. Lunn, Louisa Kirkby, mezzo sop. b. Manchester, Eng., Nov. 8, 1873. Pupil of Greenwood and of Visetti at Royal Coll. of Mus., with Bouhy in Paris; d6but as student 1893 led to engagement at Covent Garden until 1896; with Carl Rosa Co. 1897- 99; married W. J. K. Pearson; since 1901 at Covent Garden; 1902 at Metropolitan, N. Y., in various con- certs, and again 1904 as Kundry in English performance of Parsifal by the Savage Co. Lupot (lii-po), Nicolas, vln.-maker. b. Stuttgart, 1758; d. Paris, Aug. 13, 1824. Of family of makers; his grandfather Laurent (1696-1762) worked at Lune'ville and Orleans; his father Francois was at Stuttgart 1758-70, then at Orleans; Nicolas made vlns. before he was 20; prob- ably worked for Pique, opened shop in Paris 1798; without attempting originality, copied Stradivarius vlns. and 'cellos, sometimes making sets of 5 for quintet; called " French Stradivarius "; succeeded by son-in- law Gand. His brother Francois (1774-1837), maker of bows. Lussan (lus-son), Zelie de, dram. sop. b. New York, 1863. Pupil of her mother; concert de"but 1879, opera d6but with Boston Ideals 1885-88; with Carl Rosa Co. in Eng. 1889; greatest parts Carmen and Mignon; with a brilliant but not great voice, won by piquant charm of personality; appeared in vaudeville 1908. Lussy (liis-si), Mathis, writer, b. Stans, Switzerland, April 8, 1828; d. Jan. 21, 1910. Studied with Businger and Nageli; instead of studying medicine in Paris, taught pf. there after 1847; chiefly known as author of Exercises de mecanisme, Traite de I'expression musicale, Histoire de la notation musicale (with E. David, which took Paris Acad. prize 1882), and a Short Treatise on Musical Rhythm. Luther (looth-eer), Martin, reformer, compr. b. Eisleben, Nov. 10, 1483; d. there, Feb. 18, 1546. Relation to music consists in reforms there as in other matters of religious practise; after leaving the Wartburg, issued Formula missae, objecting to long graduals; order for German mass, compiled with capellmeister C. Rupff and cantor J. Walther, first used 1524, calls for German creed and certain German hymns; L. himself sang and played flute; aside from his wide influence in spreading Prot- estant hymns in Germany, he wrote words to several and music to few; although all claims for him as compr. have been denied, it seems sure that he wrote chorale Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott and probably some 11 others. LUZZI MACDOWELL Luzzi (loot'-zi), Lviigi, compr. b. Olevano di Lomellina, Mar. 28, 1828; d. Stradella, Feb. 23, 1876. At first medical student at Turin; composed 3 operas (2 performed), symphony, funeral march, pf. music, hymns, many inspired songs. [Baker.] Lvoff or Lwoff (Ivof), Alexis Feodor- ovitch, compr. b. Reval, June 6, 1799; d. estate near Kovno, Jan. 7, 1871. Maj.-gen. and adj. to Em- peror Nicholas; succeeded father as director of Imperial Chapel 1837-61; excellent vlt., organized successful string quartet; made collection of chants of Greek ritual; composed 4 operas, vln. concerto, caprices for vln., and church music but especially the Russian national hymn God Save the Czar, written 1833; retired 1867. Lynes (1ms), Frank, orgt., compr. b. Cambridge, Mass., May 16, 1858. Studied at N. E. Cons., and with Lang and Paine, and at Leipzig with Reinecke, Richter, Jadassohn; has filled various organ positions in Boston; compositions include successful songs, piano pieces, cho- ruses, etc, Lysberg [originally Bovy, known as Bovy-Lysberg], Charles Samuel, pst., compr. b. Lysberg, near Geneva, Mar. 1, 1821; d. Geneva, Feb. 15, 1873. Studied with Chopin and Delaire in Paris; teacher of pf. at Geneva Cons.; composed an opera given at Geneva 1854, and popular light pf. pieces, such as Le reveil des oiseaux, Le chant du rouet, romantic sonata L' Absence. M Maas (mas), Joseph, tenor, b. Dart- ford, Kent, Jan. 30, 1847; d. London, Jan. 16, 1886. Chorister at Roches- ter Cathedral; pupil of J. L. Hopkins, Mme. Bodda-Pyne, and Sangiovanni ; d6but London 1871; in opera 1872; member Kellogg's Opera Co. in Amer- ica, of Carl Rosa's in Eng. ; not a very good actor, he was more popular at concerts and festivals, where his fin- ished style placed him in first rank. Maas, Louis Philipp Otto, pst., compr. b. Wiesbaden, June 21, 1852; d. Boston, Mass., Sept. 18, 1889. Studied at Leipzig Cons, with Rei- necke and Papperitz; and with Liszt; taught at Leipzig Cons. 1875-80; came to Boston 1880; condr. Philhar- monic concerts 1881-82; teacher at N. E. Cons.; composed symph. On the Prairies, inspired by tours in West, overtures, suites, pf. concerto, etc. MacCarthy, Maud, vlt. b. Clonmel, Ireland, July 4. 1884. Lived in Sydney, New South Wales; pupil of Arbos from 9 to 15, for two years after de'but in 1894; after successful concerts in London, played in U. S., in New York 1898 and with Boston Symph. Orch. 1902, 1903; tours in Germany, Scandinavia, and Italy; gave up violin playing for theosopny about 1905. MacCunn, Hamish, compr. b. Green- ock, Scotland, Mar. 22, 1868. Studied at Royal Coll. of Mus. under Hubert Parry; overture Land of Mountain and Flood brought him into notice 1887; 1888-94 prof, at Royal Coll.; condr. of Carl Rosa Co. for some years, and of various light opera companies; composed operas (Jeanie Deans, etc.), several over- tures; music almost entirely on Scotch subjects, full of individual Scotch feeling. Macdougall, Hamilton Crawford, orgt., teacher, b. Warwick, R. I., Oct. 15, 1858. Pupil in Boston of J. C. D. Parker, S. B. Whitney, B. J. Lang, and in London of E. H. Turpin and Royal Coll. teachers; orgt. in Provi- dence and Brookline; since 1900 prof, of music at Wellesley College; 1908- 09 and 1910-11 special lecturer on music at Brown Univ.; extension lectures (public) on music, Provi- dence, 1910. Composed music for women's voices and pf. (Studies in Melody Playing); contributor to periodicals. MacDowell, Edward Alexander, pst., compr. b. New York, Dec. 18, 1861; d. there, Jan. 23, 1908. Studied with Buitrago, Desvernine, and Teresa Carreno; at Paris Cons. 1876-79 MACFARLANE MACKINLAY with Marmpntel and Savard, at Frankfort with Heymann and Raff; chief teacher of pf. at Darmstadt Cons.; 1882 played for Liszt at Weimar and by L's influence and that of Raff M's works were played at Allgemeiner Deutscher Musik- verein at Zurich; after 4 years in Wiesbaden, he lived in Boston, Mass. 1888-1896; prof, of music at Colum- bia Univ. N. Y. 1896-1904; 1905 afflicted with brain disease from which he- never recovered; an excel- lent teacher and individual player. As compr. ranks among highest in America, though he protested against distinctions by nationality; follower of Raff's romanticism; composed symph. poems Hamlet and Ophelia, Lancelot and Elaine, Lamia, In Oc- tober, and most notable Indian Suite, in which he used native airs and in which his orchestration is at its best; more distinguished as compr. for pf. of four imposing sonatas, Tragica, Eroica, Norse, and Keltic, many groups of very charming short sketches, each ex- pressing the mood of some scene or some poem; same exquisite expres- sion of mood marks his songs, for many of which he wrote the words. Macfarlane, William Charles, orgt., compr. b. London, Oct. 2, 1870. Parents moved to New York 1874; M. was chorister in Christ Church, New York, 1880-85; studied music with his father and S. P. Warren; gave org. recitals New York, 1886, and later in many other cities; orgt. Danbury, Conn., and various New York churches; Temple Emanu-El 1898, St. Thomas's Episcopal 1900, both of which positions he now holds (1910); condr. Yonkers Choral Society 1902; founder of Amer. Guild Org.; compositions include org. mus., cantata The Message from the Cross, songs, anthems, and part- songs. Macfarren, Sir George Alexander, compr., writer, b. London, Mar. 2, 1813; d. there, Oct. 31, 1887. Pupil of his father, George M., dramatist, of Lucas and of Potter at Royal Acad. Mus., where he became prof. 1834 and principal 1876; failing eyesight, re- sulting in blindness, did not interfere with his teaching; prof, of mus. at Cambridge Univ. 1875; knighted 1883; works include 9 performed operas, 4 oratorios, 6 cantatas, 8 symphonies, much church music, chamber music, songs, etc.; wrote Rudiments of Harmony, Lectures and Addresses and several other studies. Life by H. C. Banister. His wife Natalia (nee Andreae), singer, teacher, translator of songs, librettos, etc. His brother Walter Cecil, pst. b. London, Aug. 28, 1826; d. there, Sept. 2, 1905. Chorister at West- minster Abbey under Turle; studied at Royal Acad. with his brother, Holmes, and Potter; taught there 1846-1903, conducted concerts 1873- 80; director Philharmonic Soc.; suc- cessful concert pst.; composed several overtures, pf. sonatas and other pieces, part-songs, etc.; edited pf. works of Mozart, sonatas of Beetho- ven, and series of Popular Classics. Macirone (ma-ki-ro'ne), Clara Angels, pst. b. London, Jan. 20, 1821. Taught at Royal Acad. by Potter, Lucas, Holmes, and Negri; teacher there and at schools for girls; condr. of local society; compr. of church music and many successful part- songs. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell, compr. b. Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847. Of musical family, father and grand- father both ylts.; studied with Ulrich and Stein at Sondershausen Cons.; played in band there; at Royal Acad. on King's Scholarship, pupil of Sain ton, Jewson, and Lucas; 1865-73 played vln., taught, con- ducted at Edinburgh and elsewhere; 1878-88 chiefly in Florence, with occasional seasons of conducting in England; 1888 principal Royal Acad. ; 1892-99 condr. Philharmonic Soc.; knighted 1895; composed for pf. and violin, several operas (His Majesty, Colomba, The Rose of Sharon), can- tatas (Tlie Cotter's Saturday Night, etc.), 2 Scottish Rhapsodies for orch., a Scottish concerto for vln., La belle dame sans merci ballad with orch., London Day by Day suite; best work marked by strong national feeling, and individuality. MacKinlay, Mrs. J., see Sterling, An- toinette. MACY MAITLAND Macy, James Cartwright, compr. b. New York City, June 27, 1845. Family belongs to the early colonists of Massachusetts and New York; early education received from par- ents; in 1857 he entered the Elmira (N. Y.) Academy; when the Civil War broke out he enlisted and served throughout the conflict; took up the study of music again 1866-70, and began composing; his long list of works includes pieces for the piano and other instruments as well as all the vocal forms, songs, school songs, part-songs, anthems, cantatas, oper- ettas, etc.; his translations and adap- tations of opera librettos, foreign songs, etc. are notable as part of his work during many years' connection with American musical publishers, especially Oliver Ditson Company, of Boston; wrote two plays, The Buckeye and Two Lives, successfully given in many of the large cities; author of Young People's History of Music. Maelzel (mel'tsel), Johann Nepomuk, inventor, b. Ratisbon, Aug. 15, 1772; d. at sea on voyage to America, July 21, 1838. Son of org. builder; in Vienna 1792, taught mus. and con- structed automatic trumpeter and Panharmonicon for which Beetho- ven wrote orch. battle piece Vittoria; M. made ear-trumpets for Beetho- ven and others; adapted idea of Winkel, of Amsterdam, into metro- nome in 1816; traveled far, exhibit- ing his inventions. Maggini (ma-zhe'-ni), Giovanni Paolo, vln.-maker. b. Botticino Marino, Aug. 25, 1580; d. Brescia, about 1632. Apprenticed to Gasparode Salo; early vlns. resemble his master's and are often too much decorated; later ones are more individual and are of value especially because of well- chosen wood, cut in a way of his own. Son Pietro Santo also dis- tinguished maker. Mahillon (ma-e-yon), Charles Victor, writer, b. Brussels, Mar. 10, 1841. In firm with father as manufacturer of wind instruments; editor Echo Musical 1869-86; honorary custodian museum of instr. at Brussels Cons, since 1876; author of valuable catalogue, of Elements d'acoustique musicale el instrumental^, etc. Mahler (ma'-ler), Gustav, compr., condr. b. Kalischt, Bohemia, July 7, 1860. Pupil at Vienna Univ., and at Cons, of Epstein and Bruckner; condr. at several theatres, capellmeister at Kassel 1883-85, and at Prague as Seidl's successor, where he gained wide knowledge of scores by Wagner, etc.; asst. of Nikisch at Leipzig 1886- 88; director of opera at Pesth 1888- 91, thoroughly reforming it; capellm. at Hamburg 1891-97; since 1897 di- rector of Vienna Opera, 1898-1900 condr. of Gesellschaft concerts; condr. at Covent Garden 1892, and at Metropolitan (N. Y.) 1907-09; remarkably strong and individual as condr.; composed operas and can- tatas, but chiefly eight symphonies of imposing architectural construction and individuality of content. Maillart (ma-e-yar), Louis [called Aime], compr. b. Montpellier, Mar. 24, 1817; d. Moulins, May 26, 1871. Studied at Cons, with Elwart, Leborne, and Guerin; Prix de Rome 1841; of his 6 operas, cantatas, etc. surviving work is Les dragons de Vittars. Mailly (ma-e-yi), Alphonse Jean Ernest, orgt. b. Brussels, Nov. 27, 1833. Studied with Girschner at Brussels Cons., where he became teacher of pf. and org. 1868; praised by Berlioz as virtuoso; composed sonatas, etc. for org., and orch. works; living at Brussels (1910). Mainzer (mln'-tser), Abbe Joseph, teach- er, b. Treves, Germany, May 7, 1807; d. Manchester, England, Nov. 10, 1851. Educated at cathedral maitrise, ordained priest 1826; ex- iled during Polish revolution, went to Brussels, to Paris 1834, where he taught popular classes and edited Chronique musicale, to London and Manchester 1847, where he estab- lished people's singing classes, wrote Music for the Million, edited M's Mus. Times which became present Musical Times of London. Maitland, John Alexander Fuller, writer, b. London, Apr. 7, 1856. Educated at Camb. Univ.; critic for Pott Matt Gazette, Guardian, and Times; author of Eng. Music in XIX Century, lives of Joachim and Schumann, etc.; editor of Fitzwittiam MALHERBE MARBECK Virginal Book, of revised ed. Grove's Dictionary, translator of Spitta's Bach, etc. Malherbe (maT arbe), Charles Theodore, compr., writer, b. Paris, Apr. 21, 1863. Law student and member of bar; pupil of Danhauser, Wormser, and Massenet; Danhauser's secre- tary on tour of public school inspec- tion 1880-81; asst. archivist to Paris Ope>a 1896, archivist 1899; editor of Menestrel, contributor to other journals; compr. of unimportant music, author of books on Wagner, notes on several operas, Histoire de la seconde Salle Favart, etc.; editor of works of Rameau. Malibran (mal-i-bron) , Maria Felicita, dram, contralto, b. Paris, Mar. 24, 1808; d. Manchester, England, Sept. 23, 1836. Daughter of Manuel Garcia; played child's part in opera at Naples at 5; after few lessons from Panseron, pupil of her father; dbut London 1825 followed by improve- ment and success in New York; un- happy marriage to Malibran lasted only a year; 1827 reappearances in Paris and London established posi- tion as chief singer of time; reputa- tion and prices which she commanded increased steadily; 1836 married De Beriot, the vlt., with whom she had been associated since 1830; early death caused by fall from horse and over-exertion; charm seems to have been peculiar timbre of her voice (recognized as defective in middle registers), and great force of indi- vidual fascination; subject of many romantic anecdotes. Mailing, Otto Valdemar, compr. b. Copenhagen, June 1, 1848. Studied with Gade and J. P. E. Hartmann; condr. of choral societies; orgt. in Copenhagen; teacher of theory at Cons.; compr. of symph., overture, and other orch. works; Danish choruses, national pf. pieces, etc. Mancinelli (man-chi-nel'-li), Luigi, compr., condr. b. Orvieto, Feb. 5, 1848. Pupil in 'cello of Sbblci at Florence, with few lessons in comp. from Mabellini; 'cellist in theatre orch. in Florence and Rome where he became condr. in an emergency; principal of Bologna Cons. 1881-86; condr. in London 1886-88, at Madrid 1888-95; afterwards in London and at Metropolitan, N. Y. Manney, Charles Fonteyn, compr. b. Brooklyn, Feb. 8, 1872. Chorister and soloist in Brooklyn; studied theory with Wm. A. Fisher in N. Y., and after coming to Boston, in 1898, with Wallace Goodrich and P. Goet- schius; composed anthems, songs, pf. pieces, and sacred cantatas. Manns (mans), August [Friedrich], condr. b. Stolzenburg, near Stettin, Mar. 12, 1825; d. Norwood, London, Mar. 1, 1907. Pupil of Urban; clari- net in bands at Danzig and Posen, vlt. in Gungl's orch. at Berlin; condr. in Berlin, Cologne, and finally 1855 at Crystal Palace, London, where he changed wind band into full orch. and conducted Saturday concerts 1856-1901, where he introduced and made known many valuable works. Mara (ma'-ra), Gertrude Elisabeth, soprano, b. Kassel, Feb. 23, 1749; d. Reval, Jan. 20, 1833. Daughter of musician Schmeling, learned to play vln. alone; taken at 9 as prodigy to Vienna and to London where she was taught singing by Paradies; under instruction of J. A. Hiller at Leipzig she became first great German singer; engaged for life at Dresden; married unworthy 'cellist Mara; 1780 escaped or released from tyran- ny of King Frederick II, went to Vienna, Munich, and Paris, where she sang in rivalry with Todi; 1784- 1802 won great popularity in London, singing at Handel Festival and other concerts; retired to Moscow, lost all her property in fire 1812; taught in Italy, failed totally on last appear- ance in London 1819; voice of re- markable range, stage presence al- ways hampered by disease contracted in childhood. Marbeck [or Merbecke], John, compr., orgt. b. 1523; d. Windsor, about 1585. Chorister and orgt. at Wind- sor; condemned to death as heretic and narrowly escaped burning 1544; under Edward VI, free to declare opinions, published (1550) Booke of Common Praier Noted, in which plain chant was adapted to the new ritual; published also commentaries and a few hymns; escaped later per- secutions and held position as orgt. MARCELLO MARETZEK Marcello (mar-chel'lo), Benedetto, compr. b. Venice, July 24, 1686; d. Brescia, July 24, 1739. Venetian nobleman, of high education, pupil of Lotti and Gasparini; lawyer and gov't official at Venice, Pola, and Brescia; his greatest work is musical setting for one to four voices of Giustiniani's paraphrases of Psalms I-L; also poet of distinction and author of satirical essay II teatro alia moda. March, Mrs. G. E., see Gabriel, Virginia. Marchand (mar-shon), Louis, orgt. b. Lyons, Feb. 2, 1669; d. Paris, Feb. 17, 1732. Orgt. at Versailles; exiled 1717, became court orgt. at Dresden to king of Poland; chal- lenged to competition with J. S. Bach, fled from the ordeal and re- turned to Paris where his brilliant talents brought him renown and income as teacher; died in want. Marchant, Arthur William, orgt., compr. b. London, Oct. 18, 1850. Mus. Bac. Oxford 1879; held several posi- tions as orgt. in England, in Denver, Col. ,1880-82; after 1895 at Dumfries, Scotland; composed services, an- thems, songs, etc.; written Primer, 500 Fugue Subjects and Answers, Voice Culture. Marchesi de Castrone (mar-ka'-zi-de- kas-tro'-na), Salvatore [properly S. de C. Marchese della RajataJ. baritone, teacher, b. Palermo, Jan. 15, 1822; d. Paris, Feb. 20, 1908. Student of law and music under Raimondi, Lam- perti, etc . ; after exile 1848 made d6but New York; after study with Garcia had success in London; after mar- riage sang in England and on Conti- nent and taught in several places with his wife; compr. of some songs, translator of libretti, author of vocal method and vocalises. His wife Mar- chesi de Castrone, Mathilde, teacher. b. Frankfort-on-Main, Mar. 26, 1826. Daughter of merchant Graumann, after the loss of whose fortune she adopted music as profession; studied in Vienna with Nicolai and in Paris with Garcia; 1849 success as concert singer in London; married 1852; taught at Vienna Cons. 1854-61, at Paris 1861, at Cologne Cons. 1865- 68, at Vienna Cons, again 1868-78, then privately until 1881, when she finally returned to Paris; famous teacher of pure style of song, she has had many famous pupils, lima de Murska, Gerster, Melba, etc.; pub- lished many vocalises, a method, and reminiscences Marchesi and Music. Her daughter Blanche, Baronne Cac- camisi, asst. of mother, concert singer of some success in England; operatic dSbut Prague 1900; recitals in U. S. 1899, etc. Marchetti (mar-ket'-ti) , Filippo, compr. b. Bolognola, Feb. 26, 1831; d. Rome, Jan. 18, 1902. Student of music from 12th year; pupil of Conti at Naples 1850-54; 1st and 2d operas, 1856, both successful; after period of ill success, moved to Milan 1862, where his Romeo e Giulietta was successful 1865, although Gou- nod's was given at same time; Ruy Bias, best work 1869, followed by unsuccessful works; after 1880 teach- ing; principal Reale Accad. di Santa Cecilia in Rome 1881, dir. Liceo there 1885. Marchettus of Padua, theorist, living in Cesena about 1270; d. about 1320. In service of Rainier, Prince of Monaco, living at Cesena and Ve- rona; wrote 2 treatises, important in history of notation; his system of amplifying current methods was so complex that it was abused as foolish by contemporaries. Marenzio (ma-rent'-seo) , Luca, compr. b. Coccaglia, about 1556; d. Rome, Aug. 22, 1599. Studied at Brescia with Contini, in service of Sigismund III of Poland, and of Cardinal Aldo- brandino; maestro and cantor at papal chapel; unsurpassed as compr. of madrigals of which he published about 15 books; great effect on con- temporary English music. Maretzek (ma-ret'-zek) , Max, impre- sario, b. Briinn, Moravia, June 28, 1821; d. Pleasant Plains, Staten Island, N.Y., May 14, 1897. Studied with Seyfried in Vienna; condr. in Germany, France, London, and after 1848 in New York, Mexico, and Havana; composed 2 operas (Ham- let, The Sleepy Hollow, N. Y., 1879); wrote Crotchets and Quavers, and Sharps and Flats, accounts of own experiences. MARGIS MARSTON Margis (mar-zhi), Alfred, compr. b. Colombes, near Paris, Oct. 30, 1874. Pupil of Chavagnat,etc.; early talent shown in Valse bleue composed at 19, while in military service; then followed series of successful popular dances and songs Valse mauve, Christmas valse, music to several plays, revues, etc., and songs Roses de France, etc. Marie (ma-re), Gabriel Prosper, condr. b. Paris, Jan. 8, 1852. Studied solfeg- gio, pf . and harmony at Paris Cons. ; pst., drummer, and chorusmaster at Lamoureux concerts; chef d'orch. at several theatres and at Guilmant con- certs at Trocade"ro; composed works for orch. and for string instr. Mario (ma'-reo), Giuseppe, Cavaliere di Candia, dram, tenor, b. Cagliari,- Sardinia, Oct. 17, 1808; d. Rome, Dec. 11, 1883. After 10 years in Turin military service, became offi- cer in Piedmontese guard; in Paris 1836, popular amateur, was per- suaded to go on stage, and after brief study with Bordogni and Pon- chard, made d6but 1838; went over to Italian opera 1840; sang with Tamburini, Lablache, and chiefly with Grisi, whom he married; re- tired 1867; noted not only for ex- quisite singing but for rare beauty of voice and distinguished presence. Marks, James Christopher, compr. b. Armagh, Ireland, May 4, 1835; d. Clifton, July 17, 1903. Chorister at Armagh Cath. under R. Turle; deputy orgt. .there; orgt. and choir- master at Cork 1860; condr. Cork mus. soc.; compr. of oratorios, ser- vices, etc. Son, same name, b. July 29, 1863; orgt. at Cork, compr. of anthems, services, part-songs, etc.; removed to New York, orgt. there. Marmontel (mar-mon-tel'), Antoine Francois, compr., teacher, b. Cler- mont-Ferrand, July 18, 1816; d. Paris, Jan. 17, 1898. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Zimmermann, Dourlen, HaleVy, and Lesueur; 1837 teacher of solfeggio, 1848-87 of pf.; among pupils were Bizet, d'lndy, Dubois, and many others; pf. music is chiefly instructive, Etudes de mecanisme, etc.; writings on pf. playing and teaching, Les pianistes celebres, Virtu- oses contemporains, etc. Marpurg (mar-poo rg'), Friedrich Wil- helm, theorist. b. Marpurgshof, near Seehausen, Nov. 21, 1718; d. Berlin, May 22, 1795. Secretary to Gen. Rothenberg at Paris (1746-49); acquaintance of Rameau; lived at Berlin and Hamburg; director of lottery at Berlin 1763; critical writ- ings distinguished for moderation and good taste; wrote treatises on composition, church music, Abhand- lung von der Fuge (exhaustive treat- ment of subject, his greatest work), Historisch- Kritische Beitrage, his- tory of organ, method for pf., etc. Marschner (marsh'-ner), Heinrich Au- gust, compr. b. Zittau, Aug. 16, 1795; d. Hanover, Dec. 14, 1861. Early admired as singer and pst.; in Leipzig as law student was per- suaded to .become musician and studied with Schicht; invited to Vienna 1817, is said to have been aided by Beethoven; production of operas at Pressburg led to appoint- ment at Dresden 1823 as joint condr. with Weber and Morlacchi; capell- meister Leipzig 1826-31, at Han- over 1831-1859, when he retired. Most famous operas are Der Vampyr, Der Templar und die Judin, Hans Heiling (greatest); among German romantic comprs. M. is usually placed next to Weber, with whose works his show great similarity; orchestration is brilliant and effec- tive, and his flow of melody unceas- ing both in operas and in ballads and choruses, some of which are still popular. Marsick (mar-sik), Martin Pierre Joseph, vlt. b. Jupille, Belgium, Mar. 9, 1848. Studied at Liege Cons, with Desire"-Heynberg, at Brussels Cons, with Leonard, at Paris Cons, with Massart, and at Berlin with Joachim; d6but at Con- certs populaires 1873; prof, of vln. at Paris Cons. 1892-1900; long artistic tours in Europe and in U. S. 1895-96; faultless but not emotion- ally moving as performer. Marston, George W., orgt., compr. b. Sandwich, Mass., May 23, 1840; d. there, Feb. 2, 1901. Studied with J. E. Tufts in Portland, Me., and on two trips to Europe; lived in Portland as teacher of pf., organ and harmony (H. A. Norris among MARTEAU MASCAGNI pupils); composed church music, songs (Could ye come back to me, Douglas, Marguerite, etc.). Marteau (mar-to), Henri, vlt. b. Rheims, Mar. 31, 1874. Son of musical parents; pupil of Bunzl, then of Leonard; 1884 d6but in Vienna; 1885 chosen by Gounod to play at Joan of Arc centenary; studied at Paris Cons, with Marsick, winning 1st prize 1892; came to U. S. 1893, 1898, 1906, played in Russia 1897-99; prof, at Geneva Cons. 1900; succeeded Joachim as head of violin dept. in Berlin Hochschule 1908; one of the great artists of his generation; especially noteworthy for absence of affectation combined with great ability and wide range of expressive power. Martin, Sir George Clement, compr., writer, b. Lambourne, Berkshire, Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of J. Pearson and Stainer; orgt. to Duke of Buc- cleugh, master of choristers at St. Paul's, London, 1874, deputy orgt. 1876, orgt. 1888; teacher of org. at Royal Coll.; composed services, Te Deum for orch., arranged also for military band, Te Deum sung at Queen's Jubilee on steps of St. Paul's; knighted 1897. Martini (mar-te'-ni), Giovanni Battista [or Giambattista, known as Padre M.], compr., theorist, b. Bologna, Apr. 24, 1706; d. there, Oct. 4, 1784. Pupil of father, vlt., Predieri, and Riccieri; maestro di cappella at church of San Francisco; took orders 1729; aided by Perti and Zanotti became author- ity on music, mathematics and his- tory; largest library of time; con- sulted as teacher by great contem- poraries, Gluck, Mozart, Gr6try, etc.; compr. of church music, author of history of ancient music, etc. Martucci (mar-toot'-chi), Giuseppe, pst., compr. b. Capua, Jan. 6, 1856; d. June 1, 1909. Studied with father, trumpet player; after d6but as child pst., studied at Naples Cons, under Cesi, Serrao, and L. Rossi; profes- sor there 1874, director of Societa del quartette and other concerts; director of Liceo, Bologna, 1886, and of Cons, in Naples 1902; composed 2symph., pf. concerto, chamber music and pf. pieces; distinguished as virtuoso. Marty (mar-te'), Eugene Georges, compr. b. Paris, May 16, 1860. At Paris Cons, took Grand prix de Rome 1882; director vocal ensemble classes Cons. 1892-1904; chorus- master Eden Th. 1892, Grand Op6ra 1893; condr. Ope>a Comique 1900; since 1901 at Cons.; composed symph. poem Merlin enchante, over- tures, pantomimes, operas, songs, etc. Marx, Adolf Bernhard, theorist, b. Halle, May 15, 1795; d. Berlin, May 17, 1866. Gave up legal position for music; pupil of Turk and Zelter; with Schlesinger founded Berliner Allgemeine Musik Zeitung (1824-30), which helped cause of German mus.; lecturer, prof, and mus. director at Berlin Univ.; with Kullak and Stern founded Stern Cons. 1850; retired 1856; wrote Die Lehre von der mus. Komposition, Beethovens Leben und Schaffen, Gluck und die' Oper, and Erinnerungen. Marzials (mar'-tsi-al), Theophile Jules Henri, compr. b. Brussels, Dec. 21, ' 1850. Pupil of M. L. Lawson in London, where he was made supt. of mus. dept. at British Museum in 1870; good baritone singer; compr. of several popular songs (Twicken- ham Ferry, Three Sailor Boys, That Sweet Story of Old, etc.). Marzo (mart'-so), Eduardo, compr. b. Naples, Nov. 29, 1852. Pupil of Nacciarone, Miceli, and Pappalardo; came to New York as pst. 1867; con- ducted opera companies, accom- panied Mario, Sarasate, and others; orgt. in New York; teacher, singer, composer chiefly of church music, songs, compiler of vocal works. Mascagni (mas-can'-yi) , Pietro, compr. b. Leghorn, Dec. 7, 1863. Became Eupil of Soffredini in secret, against ither's wishes; befriended by uncle, and later by Count Florestano; pupil of Ponchielli and Saladino at Milan Cons. ; conducted several small opera companies, finally settling as teacher and condr. of local society at Cerig- nola; 1899 won prize offered by Sonzogno, Milan publisher, for one- act opera with his Cavatteria Rusti- cana (perf. 1890); this brought him at once universal renown; the dra- matic force and intense emotionalism of the music have been called cheap MASCHERONI MASSE sensationalism by later cooler judg- ment, but the work is still popular, and has had influence in encouraging one-act works and developing a somewhat crude realism in music; later operas have been less and less ' successful; they are L'Amico Fritz ! 1891, I Rantzau 1892, Ratdiff 1894, Zanetto and Silvano 1895, Iris 1898, j Lemaschere 1901, Arnica 1905; direct- j or of Cons, at Pesaro 1895-1903, when delayed return from unsuccessful tour in U. S. caused him to be replaced, j Mascheroni (mas-ker-o'-ni), Angelo, compr. b. Bergamo, about 1856; d. j there, April, 1905. While studying j law, took lessons of Boucheron; i capellmeister 1883 at Pordenone, j 188571893 at Rome; chosen 1894 by Verdi to conduct first perf . of Falstaff at Milan and in other cities; com- posed opera Lorenzo, 1901. Mason, Lowell, teacher, b. Medfield, Mass., Jan. 8, 1792; d. Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872. Self-taught, directed church choir at 16; clerk at Savannah 1812-27, teaching, conducting mean- while, under influence of F. L. Abel, with whom M. made collection of psalm tunes published 1822 with- out his name as Handel and Haydn Society's Collection of Church Music; came to Boston 1826, as director of music at three prominent churches; 1827 pres. and condr. H. and H. Soc.; 1832 with Webb established Acad- emy of Music (for popular classes and concerts); 1838 taught in public schools; also established teachers' conventions in several places; re- moved to New York 1851; influence of his classes, collections, and manuals was very wide and largely promoted increase of good music taste. His son Mason, William, pst., teacher, b. Bos- ton, Mass., Jan. 24, 1829; d. New York, July 14, 1908. Pupil of H. Schmidt in Boston (where he played in 1846), of Mpscheles, Hauptmann, and Richter in Leipzig, of Drey- schock in Prague, and of Liszt in Weimar; after appearances abroad, returned to U. S. 1854; made first tour of pf. recitals alone; founded chamber music concerts in N. Y. with Theodore Thomas; honorary Mus. Doc. Yale 1872; long and successful career as teacher of Sherwood, RiveVKing, Mathews and many others; author of valuable pf. methods, Pianoforte Technics and Touch and Technic; his playing was distinguished for remarkable accu- racy and delicacy of touch; influen- tial in introducing in America works of Brahms and Schumann; Memories of a Musical Life contains many anec- dotes of his great contemporaries. Mason, Daniel Gregory, writer. iss., Nov. b. Brookline, Mass., Nov. 20, 1873. Graduated Harvard 1895; studied music in Boston, N. Y., and Paris; composed pf. music; wrote ' From Grieg to Brahms, Beethoven and his Forerunners, The Romantic Com- posers, The Orchestral Instruments and How to use Them (1909); edited Masters in Music 6 vols. 1903-06; contributor to Outlook and Scribner's as well as to musical periodicals. Mason, Luther Whiting, teacher, b. Turner, Me., Apr. 3, 1828; d. Buck- field, Me., July 14, 1896. Self- taught; supt. of public school music in Louisville and Cincinnati; in- vented " National System " of graded instruction by charts and books; 1865 reformed music in Bos- ton primary schools; 1879-82 supt. of school music in Japan, where such music is now called " Mason-song." Massart (mas-sar), Lambert Joseph, vU. b. LiSge, July 17, 1811; d. Paris, Feb. 13, 1892. Pupil of Delavau who persuaded town of Liege to send him to Paris; there refused admission to Cons, as foreigner, became pupil of R. Kreutzer; fine but shy per- former; prof, at Paris Cons. 1843- 1890; among many famous pupils were Wieniawski, Sarasate, Marsick, Loeffler, etc. Wife, nee Louise Aglae Masson (1827-1887), teacher of pf. at Cons. Masse (mas-sa), Felix Marie [called Victor], compr. b. Lorient, Mar. 7, 1822; d. Paris, July 5, 1884. Studied at Paris Cons, with Zimmermann and HaleVy; Grand prix de Rome 1844; after publishing successful Melodies and Romances, composed operas, of which Les noces de Jeannette 1853 was by far most successful; La reine Tapare and Miss Fauvette and others well received; 1860-1876 chorusmas- ter at Ope>a; 1866-80 prof, of comp. at Cons.; member of Institute 1872. MASSENET MAUREL Massenet (mas-se'-na), Jules Emile Frederic, compr. b. Montaud, near St. Etienne, May 12, 1842. Studied at Paris Cons, with Laurent, Reber, Savard, and A. Thomas; 1st prize pf. 1859, fugue and Prix de Rome 1863; prof, of comp. at Cons. 1878- 1896; 1878 member of Academy; compr. of several orch. suites, pf. concerto, oratorios (Eve, La terre promise, etc.), incidental music to several plays, and about 20 operas, of which the most noted are Don Cesar de Bazan, Le Cid, Herodiade, Esclarmonde, Thais, Manon, La Navarraise, Le Jongleur de Notre Dame; introduced orch. accompani- ment to connecting dialogue in Manon; otherwise music, though skilful, often charming, and always popular, contains neither the force nor individuality which promises permanence. Materna, Axnalie, dram. sop. b. St. Georgen, Styria, July 10, 1847. Daughter of schoolmaster; delbut Graz about 1864; after marriage with actor Karl Friedrich, appeared in operetta in Vienna, finally at Vienna Opera 1869; from then until retirement 1897 sang all great Ger- man roles, especially Brunnhilde; first Kundry in Parsifal 1882; sang in N. Y. 1882, at Wagner Festival 1884, and several seasons at Metro- politan after 1885; possibly "greatest of German women singers." [Lahee.] Mathews, William Smythe Babcock, writer, b. New London, N. H., May 8, 1837. After study at home, in Lowell, and Boston, taught pf. at Macon, Ga., and other Southern towns; frequent contributor to Dwight's Journal and to Chicago papers after settling there 1867; edited magazine Music, largely col- ored by his personal opinions, but none the less interesting; wrote Out- lines of Musical Form, How to Under- stand Music, Popular Hist, of Mus., The Masters and their Music, 100 Years of Music in America, Music, Its Ideals and Methods, The Great in Music; and several other instructive works; 1910 removed from Chicago to Denver, Col. Mathias (ma-ti-a), Georges Amedee Saint Clair, pst., compr. b. Paris, Oct. 14, 1826. Studied with Savard, Bazin, and Halevy at Cons., and with Kalkbrenner and Chopin; prof, at Cons. 1862-87; composed symph., overtures, useful pf. eludes, etc. Mathieu (ma-ti-e), Emile Louis Victor, compr. b. Lille, Oct. 16, 1844. Studied at Louyain, at Brussels Cons, with Fe"tis, Dupont, twice winning 2d Grand prix de Rome, 1867-73 prof, at Louvain Mus. School, 1881-98 director; 1873-74 chef d'orch. at Th. du Chatelet, Paris; since 1898 director of Ghent Cons.; compr. of several operas, can- tatas, 3 grand Poemes lyriques et symphoniques for which he wrote the text. Mattel (mat-ta'-i), Tito, compr. b. Campobasso, near Naples, May 24, 1841. Pf. pupil of Maggpni, Thai- berg, etc.; prof, at Sta. Cecilia Accad. in Rome at 11; after tours in Europe, settled in London 1865; condr. at Her Majesty's Theatre; composed 2 operas, ballet, and much brilliant pf. music. Mattheson (mat'-te-son), Johann, writer, b. Hamburg, Sept. 28. 1681; d. there, Apr. 17, 1764. Of extraor- dinary versatility, student of law, of languages, orgt., pst., singer, actor, and ambassador; sang and conducted at harpsichord at Hamburg opera; benefactor of Handel until their quarrel; 1715-28 director and cantor at cathedral where he contributed to development of church cantata; retired because of deafness; several compositions, none extant; impor- tant for many writings, chiefly for biographies of contemporary musi- cians and Der vollkommene Kapell- meister. Maunder, John Henry, orgt., compr. b. Chelsea, London, Feb. 21, 1858. Studied at Royal Acad.; orgt. at Sydenham and Forest Hill; accomp. for Sims Reeves and others; trained choir for Henry Irving's Faust; composed operetta, cantatas, (From Olivet to Calvary, etc.) several anthems, services, etc. Maurel (mo-rel), Victor, baritone, b. Marseilles, June 17, 1848. Studied at Paris Cons, with Vauthrot and Duvernoy; d^but 1868 at Opera; after seasons in Italy, Spain, Amer- ica, St. Petersburg, etc. returned to MAYBRICK MEHUL Opera 1879-1894 (1883-84 he man- aged with Corti vain attempt to revive Italian Opera in Paris); at Ope"ra Comique 1894-1904, with occasional appearances as actor; published L' Art du chant and Dix ans de carriers; greatest roles are Don Juan, Rigoletto, and logo in Verdi's Otello; distinguished for excellence of dramatic impersonation even after voice became worn; teacher in New York 1909. Maybrick, Michael, baritone [under pseud. Stephen Adams], b. Liver- pool, Jan. 31, 1844. Studied org. with Best, pf. with Plaidy and Moscheles, harm, with Richter at Leipzig, and singing with Nava at Milan; successful in English, Ameri- can and Canadian concerts, especially in own songs, of which several are very popular ( Nancy Lee, Blue Alsa- tian Mountains, etc.). Mayer (ma-yar), Charles, pst. b. Konigsberg, Mar. 21, 1799; d. Dresden, July 2, 1862. Studied with mother and in St. Petersburg with Field, whose playing his closely resembled; after tour to Paris with father, clarinetist, 1814, became suc- cessful teacher in St. P.; after tour to Stockholm, Copenhagen, etc., settled in Dresden 1850; composed about 900 pieces, chiefly for pf . ; Polka bohemienne, once very popular, Ma- zurka in F sharp maj. included by Klindworth in 1st ed. of Chopin's works. Maylath (mi'-lat), Heinrich, pst. b. Vienna, Dec. 4, 1827; d. New York, Dec. 31, 1883. Studied with his father; after Continental tours, lived in Russia, and after 1867 in New York; compr. of instructive pf. music and excellent concert pieces. Mayseder (mi'-za-der), Joseph, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Oct. 26, 1789; d. there, Nov. 21, 1863. Studied with Suche and Wranitzky; ddbut 1800; 2d vln. in Schuppanzigh quartet; member of court orch. 1816; solo vlt. court opera 1820, imperial chamber virtuoso 1835; though he was a fasci- nating player in elevated style, he never went on tours, seldom gave con- certs, after 1837 never played in pub- lic ; many distinguished pupils ; about 63 compositions, dignified in style. Mazas (ma-zas), Jacques Fereol, vlt. b. Beziers, Sept. 23, 1782; d. there, 1849. Studied at Paris Cons, with Baillot, 1st prize 1805; member of orch. at Italian opera; traveled in Europe, returning to Paris 1829-37; director of music school at Cambrai 1837-41; wrote effective compo- sitions for vln., duets for stringed instruments especially valued, meth- ods for vln. and viola, and 3 operas. Mead, Olive, vlt. b. Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 22, 1874. Studied vln. early, with Eichberg and later with Kneisel; played with considerable success at many concerts, with Boston Symph. Orch. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1904; leader of Olive Mead Quartet. Mees (mas), Arthur, condr. b. Co- lumbus, O., Feb. 13, 1850. Studied in Berlin with Kullak, Weitzmann, and H. Dorn; condr. Cincinnati May Festival chorus, and of societies in N. Y., Albany, etc.; 1896 chorus condr. to Thomas Orch.; writer of program notes N. Y. Philharmonic 1887-96, and Chicago Orch. 1896- 97; condr. Worcester Festival 1908; published Choir and Choral Music (1901). Mehlig (ma'-lig), Anna, pst. b. Stutt- gart, June 11, 1843. Pupil of Lebert and of Liszt; d6but about 1866; very successful especially in England and in America 1869-70; since marriage to Falk of Antwerp has lived in partial retirement. Mehul (ma-til), Etienne Nicolas, compr. b. Givet, Ardennes, June 22, 1763; d. Paris, Oct. 18, 1817. Son of a cook, learned to play org. from blind orgt. and was made orgt. at convent at 10; became novice at monastery of Lavaldieu in order to take lessons of Hauser, whose deputy he became 1777; pf. pupil of Edelmann in Paris after 1778; inspired by performance of Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, be- came disciple of Gluck who per- suaded him to turn to operatic comp.; after first success at Th. Italien with Euphrosyne et Coradin in 1790, M. produced 24 operas in 17 years, of which Stratonice, Uthal, and especially Joseph are note- worthy; also composed several polit- ical chants; inspector of Cons, and member of Academy 1795; though MEINARDUS MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY his symphonies were unimportant, his operatic overtures (that to Le jeune Henri, for example) are supe- riortothoseof contemporaries; operas as whole show ingenuity, skill, re- finement, and individuality in orches- tral combinations and force of dra- matic feeling carefully expressed in accordance with the theories of Gluck; his inspiration was not always equal to his ability. Meinardus (mi-nar'-dus), Ludwig Sieg- fried, compr., writer, b. Hooksiel, Oldenburg, Sept. 17, 1827; d. Biele- feld, July 10, 1896. On advice of Schumann, turned from 'cello play- ing to composition; studied at Leip- zig Cons., privately with Riccius, with Liszt and with Marx; condr. at Glogau; pf. teacher Dresden Cons. 1865-74; lived in Hamburg until 1887, when he became orgt. at Biele- feld; composed oratorios (Simon Petrus, Luther in Worms, etc.), choral ballads, etc., orch. and cham- ber music; wrote autobiography, books on Mattheson, Mozart, history of German music. Melba, Nellie [pseud, of Nellie Ann- strong, nee Mitchell], dram. sop. b. Melbourne, Australia, May 19, 1859. Early instructed in music, but father objected to professiqnal appearance; after marriage in 1882 to Capt. Arm- strong, studied with Mme. Marchesi in Paris for one year; debut Brussels 1887 was followed by brilliant suc- cesses in London, Paris, St. Peters- burg, Italy, and America (where she sang first in New York 1893), and Australia 1902; her voice is remark- ably even throughout its range of 1\ octaves, unusually flexible, and brilliant and silvery in tone; her repertoire includes the Italian roles, many French ones (Juliette is one of her favorites), Elsa being the only Wagnerian one. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (men'-del-spn bar'-tol-dy), Jacob Ludwig Felix, compr. b. Hamburg, Feb. 3, 1809; d. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 1847. Grandson of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn and son of banker (who added Bar- tholdy to name in memory of his brother-in-law), removed to Berlin 1812, where Felix and sister Fanny showed early talent for music; taught by their mother and L. Berger on pf., Henning vln., and Zelter theory; Felix played at con- cert 1818, entered Singakademie 1819; weekly Sunday gatherings at father's house gave him remarkable opportunities to hear his own com- positions played by small orch.; taught by Mme. Bigot on first visit to Paris 1816; met many of great contemporaries on second visit 1825; 1826 composed overture to Mid- summernight's Dream; studied at Berlin Univ.; 1824 had lessons from Moscheles; 1829 produced Bach's St. Matthew Passion at Berlin Singa- kademie and thus revived interest in Bach's works; 1829 made his first trip to London, where he brought out his first symphony; trip to Scotland, where he received impressions ex- pressed in Hebrides Overture, Scotch symph., etc.; after long visit to Italy and to Paris, again in London; on return to Berlin failed to get position as condr. of Singakademie; 1833-35 town musical director at Diisseldorf , conducting Lower Rhenish Festival 1833, Cologne 1835, and making 3d trip to London; 1835 became condr. at Gewandhaus Concerts in Leipzig, position in which he attained very great influence on musical life of all Europe; 1837 married Ce"cile Char- lotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, with whom he lived a singularly happy life; 1843 with others founded Leipzig Cons, and drew to it such teachers as Hauptmann, David, and Schu- mann; Fr. Wilhelm IV of Prussia repeatedly tried to draw M. to Ber- lin, where he lived for a while in 1841, 1842 as Royal Mus. director and in 1845, but he seems never to have been as happy or as successful there as in Leipzig; he made in all ten trips to London, where he was most popu- lar; his death followed shortly after that of his sister Fanny and is said to have been hastened by that shock. M. was a conductor of rare power and discernment, a performer of surprising ability and expressiveness, a generous critic and teacher, and an individual of very great personal charm, much of which appears in his published letters. A versatile compr., he wrote oratorios St. Paul and Elijah, overtures, music to Antigone, First Walpurgis Night, Midsummer- night's Dream, Athalia, (Edipus in MENTER METHFESSEL Colonos, 4 symph., vln. and 2 pf. concertos, chamber mus., of which the pf. trios rank high, many pf. pieces, notably Songs without Words and many brilliant concert pieces; songs, part-songs, psalms, etc., comic opera Son and Stranger, and parts of opera Lorelei. Menter, Sophie, pst. b. Munich, July 29, 1848. Daughter of 'cellist Joseph M. (1808-1856); studied at Munich Cons, with Leonhard, Schon- chen, later with Lebert, Niest, Von Biilow, Tausig, and Liszt; after suc- cessful tour, appeared at Gewandhaus in Leipzig 1867; studied further with Tausig and Liszt; married 'cellist Popper 1872, divorced 1886; taught at St. Petersburg 1880-87; after that made her home in Tyrol, playing occasionally in concerts. Mercadante, Giuseppe Saverio Raffaelle, compr. b. Altamura, Sept. 17, 1795; d. Naples, Dec. 17, 1870. Studied with Zingarelli at Naples; early in- strumental works won praise from Rossini; after success of L'Apoteosi d'Ercole 1819, composed series of operas for different Italian cities; 1833 maestro di cappella at Novara, 1839 at Lanliano; 1840 director of Naples Cons.; 1862 became blind; composed masses and cantatas, hymn to Garibaldi, funeral symph. to Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti; most notable opera II Giuramento. Merkel, Gustav Adolf, compr. b. Oberoderwitz, Saxony, Nov. 12, 1827; d. Dresden, Oct. 30, 1885. Studied with Schneider and Otto and to some extent with Schumann and Reissiger; orgt. at Dresden; taught in Cons, there after 1861; condr. of Singakademie 1867-73; compositions almost all for org., of great nobility, especially sonatas and fugues. Mersenne (mer-sen'), Marie, writer, b. Oize, France, Sept. 8, 1588; d. Paris, Sept. 1, 1648. Franciscan monk; received full orders 1613; taught philosophy at Nevers; studied mathe- matics and music in company with Descartes, etc., at Paris; wrote sev- eral treatises of which most impor- tant is Harmonic universelle, describ- ing contemporary instruments and theories, etc. Merulo [properly Merlotti], Claudio, [called da Correggio], orgt., teacher, b. Correggio, April 8, 1533; d. Parma, May 4, 1604. Studied with Menon and Donati; orgt. at Brescia; 2d orgt. 1557 and 1st orgt. 1556-86 at St. Mark's, Venice; publisher there; court orgt. to Duke of Parma; re- nowned as player; compositions (toccatas, etc.) of importance as showing change to newer style which culminated in Frescobaldi. Merz, Karl, teacher, b. Bensheim, near Frankfort, Sept. 10, 1836; d. Woos- ter, O., Jan. 30, 1890. Studied with father and Kunkel; came to U. S. 1854; taught in Lancaster, Pa., Oxford and Wooster, O.; 1873 editor of Cleveland Musical World; col- lected essays, Music and Culture, show thoughtful analysis. Messager (mes'-sa-zha), Andre Charles Prosper, condr., compr. b. Montlu- con, France, Dec. 30, 1853. After studying at Niedermeyer school, became pupil of Saint-Saens; orgt. in several churches; condr. at Ope>a Comique 1898; " artistic director " at Covent Garden, London, 1901-07; Paris Opera 1907; completed score of Bernicat's Franfois les bos bleus and has composed long series of comic operas (La basoche, Les p'tites Michu, Veronique most successful) which, though lacking in originality, are able and pleasing. His wife, nee Dotie Davis, was pupil of Barnett and Silas in London and of Messager in Paris; under pseud. Hope Temple, composed operetta The Wooden Spoon and songs. Metastasio (met-a-staz'-eo), Pietro Antonio Domenico Bonaventura [real name Trapassi], poet. b. Rome, Jan. 3, 1698; d. Vienna, Apr. 12, 1782. Power of improvisation as child at- tracted patronage of Gravina, who educated him and changed his name; court poet at Vienna after 1730; librettos so much in demand that some were set by 30 different comprs. ; used by Gluck, Handel, Mozart (La clemenza di Tito) and others; also composed and sang. Methfessel (met'-fessel), Albert Gottlieb, compr. b. Stadtilm, Thuringia, Oct. 6, 1785; d. Heckenbeck, near Gan- dersheim, Mar. 23, 1869. Chamber MTRA MIKULI musician at Rudolstadt; court cap- ellmeister Brunswick 1832^2 when he retired; composed an opera and an oratorio; published in Liederbuch and Liederkranz many songs for male chorus which are still popu- lar. Brother Friedrich M., compr. (1771-1807); relative Ernst M., condr. (1802-1878) must not be confused with condr. of same name at Winter- thur (1811-1886). Metra (ma-tra), Jules Louis Olivier, condr., compr. b. Rheims, June 2, 1830; d. Paris, Oct. 22, 1889. Son of actor and actor himself; pupil of Roche; vlt., 'cellist, double-bass player in Parisian theatres; after short time as pupil of Elwart and A. Thomas at Paris Cons., conducted orch. at several theatres and balls at Ope"ra Com., Folies-Bergeres and Ope"ra; composed operettas, ballets, and very popular waltzes (Le tour du monde, La bague, etc.). Meyer (ml'-er), Leopold von [sometimes de], pst. b. Baden, near Vienna, Dec. 20, 1816; d. Dresden, Mar. 5, 1883. Pupil of Fischhof and Field; debut 1835; long tours through Europe and America; played chiefly his own brilliant but empty com- positions; of great ability but much given to extravagant posing; famous waltz Souvenir de Vienne. Meyer-Helmund (mi'-er-hel'-munt), Erik, compr. b. St. Petersburg, Apr. 25, 1861. Pupil of father, Kiel, and Stockhausen; successful concert singer; compr. of charming songs, some to own words, of 3 operas, and a ballet; lives in Berlin. Meyer-Olbersleben (mi'-er-ol'-bers-la- ben), Max, compr. b. Olbersleben, near Weimar, Apr. 5, 1850. Pupil of father, Miiller-Hartung, Liszt, Cor- nelius, Rheinberger, and Wiillner; taught at Weimar 1876, Wiirzburg 1877, where he conducted Liedertafel ; director 1896 of Deutscher Sanger- bund; dir. Cons. Wiirzburg; compr. of 2 operas, but chiefly of choruses and songs with pf. or orch. accomp. Meyerbeer (ma'-yar-bar), Giacomo [real name Jakob Liebmann Beer], com- pr. b. Berlin, Sept. 5, 1791; d. Paris, May 2, 1864. Of Jewish descent; name changed to Meyer- beer as condition of inheritance; pupil on pf. of Lauska and Clementi, in theory of Zelter, Bernh. Weber, and 1810-12 of Abt Vogler at Darm- stadt; in Vienna, after hearing Hum- mel play, he spent several months in retired practise, after which his debut was successful; discouraged by failure of early operas, went to Venice to study, where he won earliest successes by imitations of Rossini (Emma di Resburgo, etc.); II cro- ciato in Egitto is transitional; 1824- 31 he produced no opera; after long study of French opera and assimila- tion of contemporary spirit, pro- duced Robert le Diable 1831 (great success and great financial aid to Opera) ; then followed Les Huguenots 1836 (probably the greatest), Le prophete 1849, L'Etoile du Nord 1854, Dinorah 1859, and L' Africaine 1865; after 1842 he was music director in Berlin, where he conducted his own works, brought out Weber's Eury- anthe and Wagner's Rienzi and Der fliegende Hollander. M's operas are extraordinarily skilful in orchestral color and dramatic effectiveness much of which is due to the brilliant librettos of Scribe; his music is not always of even (juality or interest; his style adapts itself so remarkably to each change of subject that there is almost a total lack of the feeling of individuality; one feels with Meyerbeer, as with Scribe, a pref- erence for dramatic effect, for " juggling with contrasts " rather than for artistic truth. Middelschulte, Wilhelm, orgt., compr. b. April 3, 1863, at Werwe, West- phalia. Pupil at the Inst. for Church Music in Berlin of Haupt, Loeschhorn, Commer andSchroeder; orgt. Berlin 1888, Chicago 1891; since 1894 orgt. for Thomas Orches- tra with important church positions; compr. of valuable org. music, Canon and Fugue in D min., concerto for brg. and orch. on a theme of J. S. Bach, Canon-Fantaisie on Bach and Fugue on four Bach themes, and Toccata on Einfeste Burg. Mikuli (mi-kop'-li), Carl, pst., compr. b. Czernowitz, Bohemia, Oct. 20, 1821; d. Lemberg, May 21, 1897. Student of medicine at Vienna, of music with Chopin and Reicha at Paris; after successful tour in Russia, MILANOLLO MOIK became director of Lemberg Cons. 1858; founded own music school 1888; edited Chopin's works with emendations received directly from C.; own pf. compositions imitate C's style; published also French and Polish folk-songs, etc. Milanollo, Maria, vlt. b. Savigliano, near Turin, July 19, 1832; d. Paris, Oct. 21, 1848. From 1838 to her death played in concerts with her sister Domenica Maria Teresa, vlt. b. Savigliano, Aug. 28, 1827; d. Paris, Oct. 25, 1904. Teresa had lessons from Caldera and Mora at Turin, and some in the course of various tours from De Briot and, under a pseudonym, from Habeneck; both sisters had brilliant success in concerts in France, Germany, Hol- land, and England; T. retired after marriage to Parmentier, 1857, to Toulouse and 1878 to Paris. Mililotti, Leopoldo, singing teacher, b. Ravenna, Aug. 6, 1835. Studied and taught in Rome; composed, with brother Giuseppe (1833-83), 2 oper- ettas. Millard, Harrison, compr. b. Boston, Mass., Nov. 27, 1830; d. Sept. 10, 1895. Member of church choir and Handel and Haydn Soc. chorus; after study in Italy, sang tenor on tour through Great Britain with Cather- ine Hayes; taught singing, composed in N. Y. after 1856; composed opera (never performed), mass, church music, and over 350 songs. Millocker (mil'-le'k-er), Karl, compr. b. Vienna, May 29, 1842; d. Baden, near Vienna, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil at Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at Graz, at Harmonie Th., Vienna, and, after 1869, at Th. an der Wien; composed pf. pieces, published monthly in Musikalische Presse, and long series of lively, deservedly pop- ular operettas, of which Der Bettel- student attained widest notice. Mills, Robert Watkin, baritone, b. Painswick, Gloucestershire, Mar. 4, 1856. Studied at Royal Acad. with Holland, at Milan with Blasco, and in London again with Barnby, Ran- degger, and Blume; dbut 1884; favorite at oratorios, festivals, and concerts; has sung in Australasia, Canada, and U. S. since 1894. Mills, Sebastian Bach, pst. b. Ciren- cester, England, Mar. 13, 1838; d. Wiesbaden, Dec. 21, 1898. Pupil of father, Potter, and Sterndale Ben- nett, of Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig Cons, of Liszt; while orgt. at Ro- man Catholic Cath. at Sheffield, appeared as pst. in Leipzig; 1859 d6but in New York was so successful that he made his home there; great influence, by teaching and playing, on musical interest in N. Y.; com- posed graceful works for pf . Missa, Edmond Jean Louis, compr. b. Rheims, June 12, 1861. Studied at Paris Cons, with Massenet; Prix de Rome 1883; teacher and compr. in Paris; composed since 1886 series of operas performed in Brussels and Paris, Juge et partie, Ninon de Len- clos, Muguette, etc. Mocquereau (mok-kd-ro), Dom Andre, editor, b. La Tessouale, near Cholet, France, June 6, 1849. Educated at Paris; 'cello player under Dancla; member of order of Benedictines at Solesmes 1875; teacher of choral singing there; under Dom Pothier studied Gregorian music; 1889 founded Paleographie musicale, pub- lication under his editorship of facsimiles of old Mss., with trans- cription into modern notation and valuable essays, some of which have been reprinted separately; 6 parts have appeared. Moffat, Alfred Edward, compr. b. Edinburgh, Dec. 4, 1866. Studied with Bussler in Berlin; lives in Eng- land and Germany; composed sev- eral cantatas, school songs; published collections of folk-songs, English and Scotch; arranged classical works. Mohr (mor), Hermann, compr. b. Nienstedt, Oct. 9, 1830; d. Phila- delphia, May 26, 1896. Studied at Eisleben; founded Luisenstadt Cons, at Berlin; taught in Phila. at Zeck- wer's Cons, after 1886; composed cantatas, pf. pieces, and especially choruses for men's voices. Moir, Frank Lewis, compr. b. Market Harborough, England, Apr. 22, 1852; d. Deal, July 14, 1904. Studied painting at S. Kensington; won scholarship in Nat'l Training Sch. of Music; composed opera, church services, and many songs. MOLIQUE Molique (mo-lek), Wilhelm Bemhard, vlt., compr. b. Nuremberg, Oct. 7, 1802; d. Kannstatt, May 10, 1869. Pupil of father, of Spohr (for a few lessons), of Rovelli at Munich; mem- ber of th. orch. at Vienna, leader royal orch. at Munich 1820, at Stuttgart 1826-49; after that in London until retirement 1866; serious and re- strained player, compr. chiefly for vln. of some uninteresting works and of really distinguished and valued con- certos. Mollenhauer (mol'-len-how'-er), Emil, vlt., condr. b. Brooklyn, Aug. 4, 1855. Son of Friedrich, vlt.; at 9 appeared at Niblo's Garden, N. Y.; member of orchestras at Booth's Th., Thomas's, Damrosch's, Bijou Th. (Boston), Boston Symph. 1884-88; condr. of Germania and Boston Festival Orch. (which gave concerts throughout U. S. with distinguished soloists), of Apollo Club after 1901, of Handel and Haydn Soc. after 1899. Molloy, James Lyman, compr. b. Corno- lore, Ireland, 1837; d. 1910. Member of English bar; amateur musician; compr. of songs (Love's Old Sweet Song, etc.), editor of Irish melodies. Mondonville (mon-don-vel'), Jean Joseph Cassanea de, vlt., compr. b. Narbonne, Dec. 25, 1711; d. Belle- ville, near Paris, Oct. 8, 1772. Added wife's name, de M., to his, Cassanea; successful vlt. at Lille and at Con- certs spirituels in Paris; 1744 in- tendant of la chapelle du roi at Ver- sailles; director of Concerts spirituels 1755-62; composed motets and operas which were successful only because they were supported by French party in the Guerre des bouffons. . Moniuszko, Stanislaus, compr. b. Ubil, Russia, May 5, 1820; d. Warsaw, June 4, 1872. Pupil of Freyer in Warsaw and Rungenhagen in Vienna; teacher and orgt. in Wilna; capellmeister 1858 and later prof, at Cons, in Warsaw; published many songs, church and organ music, and 15 operas in national style of Poland. Monk, Edwin George, orgt., compr. b Frome, Somersetshire, Dec. 13, 1819; d. Radley, near Oxford, Jan. 3, 1900. Pupil of father, of H. and G. Field; after org. appointments in England and Ireland, studied with G. A. MONTE Macfarren; precentor and music- master at Radley; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1856; orgt. at York Cathedral 1859- 83; published anthems, etc., and edited several volumes of chants pointed, for Anglican service. Monk, William Henry, orgt. b. Lon- don, Mar. 16, 1823; d. Stoke New- ington, London, Mar. 18, 1889. Pupil of Adams, Hamilton, and Griesbach; orgt. in London; choir- master, orgt. 1849, and teacher of vocal music 1874 at King's Coll., London; prof, at School for Indigent Blind 1851, in National Training Coll. 1876; in Bedford Coll., London, 1878; mus. editor of Parish Choir of Hymns Ancient and Modern, Scottish Hymnal, etc. Monsigny (mon-se-ni), Pierre Alex- andre, compr. b. Fauquembergue, near St. Omer, Oct. 17, 1729; d. Paris, Jan. 14, 1817. Abandoned early studies to become clerk and maltre d'hotel to Duke of Orleans; 1754, inspired by performance of La serva padrona, began lessons in har- mony with Gianotti and in five months produced successful Les aveux indiscrets; operas (notably Aline, Le deserteur, Felix) ended in 1777; government positions lost in Revolution, but pensioned by Ope>a Com.; inspector at Cons. 1795-1802; member of Academy 1813; works charmingly melodious, without re- markable skill. Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'-na), Dom- enico, vln.-maker. b. about 1700; d. Venice (?), 1740. Probably pupil of Stradivari, with whom he worked and whose vlns. his resemble in a general way, without being copies; especially remarkable varnish; also made violas; all his instruments val- uable. Monte (mon'-te), Philippe de [or de Mons], compr. b. Mons or Malines, about 1521; d. Vienna (?), July 4, 1603. At Antwerp 1557 about at end of Lassus' residence there; capell- meister to Maximilian II and Rudolf II at Vienna and Prague; treas. and canon at Cambrai, but apparently did not live there; published 30 books of madrigals, 2 of masses, and 7 of motets, a few of which have been reprinted. MONTEVERDE MORLEY Monteverde [or Monteverdi], Claudio Giovanni Antonio, compr. b. Cre- mona (baptized May 15), 1567; d. Venice, Nov. 29, 1643. Viola player in orch. of Duke Gonzaga at Mantua and pupil in counterpoint of Ingeg- neri, maestro to the duke; early works, canzonets and madrigals, show impatience of conventional restraint and desire for new progres- sions; 1603 became maestro to duke; 1607 produced first opera, Orfeo; 1613 maestro at St. Mark's, Venice; after 1637, when first opera house opened in Venice, M. composed many successful operas; almost none of his works are extant; remarkable as compr. who, by novel progressions in his madrigals, etc., established modern music despite opposition of adherents of older polyphonic school, the principles of which, as illustrated in older church music, suffered unduly from his success; in dramatic music his innovations were enlarg- ing orc"h., inventing new combina- tions, using tremolo of strings, mak- ing freer and more dramatic recita- tive. Moody, Charles Henry, orgt. b. Stour- bridge, Worcestershire, Mar. 22, 1874. Pupil of T. W. Morgan; orgt. at Tenbury, Wells, Wigan, Coventry, and since 1902 at Ripon Cath.; condr. of choral soc. and festival choirs at Wigan, Coventry, Ripon; lecturer on mus. ; published Festival Magnifi- cat, Mus. and Emotion, Evolution of Ecclesiastical Mus., Choir Boy in the Making and, under pseud. Coulthart Brayton, songs. Moody, Fanny, soprano, b. Redruth, Nov. 23, 1866. Pupil of Mme. Sainton- Dolby; de"but with Carl Rosa Co. 1887; after 1894 sang in Italian opera at Covent Garden and Drury Lane; gave costume recitals; successful in concerts in England and provinces; married Southcote Mansergh, bass, whose stage name is Charles Manners; they have given many concerts together, and opera presentations in English. Moore, Graham Ponsonby, pst., writer, b. Ballarat, Australia, Apr. 14. 1859. Pupil of Kullak at Berlin Cons, and of Scharwenka and Moszkowski; prof, at Royal Coll. Mus., London, and examiner for R. A. M.; compr. chiefly for pf. (Concertstucke, studies, nocturnes, archaic dances, etc.). Morales (mo-ra'-le'th), Cristofero [Cris- tobal], compr. b. Seville, Jan. 2, 1512; d. Malaga, June 14, 1553. Member of Papal Chapel 1535-40; maestro di cappella, Toledo, 1544^15, singer at Malaga Cath. 1551; prob- ably returned to Seville 1552; com- posed 16 masses, several motets and magnificats, some of which are sung annually in Papal Chapel. Morgan, George Washbourne, orgt. b. Gloucester, England, Apr. 9, 1823; d. Tacoma, Wash., July, 1892. Pupil of J. Amott; orgt. in several churches in England, and after 1854 in New York; gave concerts on Bos- ton Music Hall organ. Morgan, John Paul, orgt. b. Oberlin, O., Feb. 13, 1841; d. Oakland, Cal., Jan., 1879. For many years in New York as orgt. and compr., chiefly of org. and church music; translated Richter's Manual of Harmony; his wife made English versions of words to many songs and cantatas. Morhange, see Alkan. Morlacchi (mor-lak'-ki), Francesco, compr. b. Perugia, June 14, 1784; d. Innsbruck, Oct. 28, 1841. Studied with Mazzetti, Caruso, Zingarelli, and Martini; after writing church music, he turned to opera, 1803, with such success that in 1810 he became capellmeister of Italian opera at Dresden; wrote more operas, masses, and oratorios; one of those who are said to have combined Italian and German qualities. Morley, Charles, see Behr, F. Morley, Thomas, compr. b. London, 1557 or 1558; d. there, about 1602. Pupil of W. Byrd; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1588; orgt. at St. Giles's and at St. Paul's; gentleman of Chapel Royal 1592; license to print granted 1598; composed canzonets or short "ayres" for 3 or 4 voices, madrigals, harpsi- chord pieces in Fitzwilham Virginal Book, settings of some Shakespeare songs, etc.; wrote first treatise on music published in England, A plaine and easie introduction, and a book of Consort lessons; highly praised by MORNINGTON MOUSSORGSKY contemporaries and valued now for melodiousness and cheerfulness of music. Mornington, Garret Colley Wellesley, Earl of, compr. b. Dangan, Ireland, July 19, 1735; d. Kensington, Lon- don, May 22, 1781. Practically self- taught; founded Academy of Music, Dublin, 1757; prof, of music at Dublin Univ. 1764-74; created Earl of M. 1760; won Catch Club prizes 1776, '77, and for glee Here in cool grot in '79; Bishop edited collection of his glees; father of great Duke of Well- ington. Morse, Charles Henry, orgt., teacher, b. Bradford, Mass., Jan. 5, 1853. Pupil at N. E. Cons, of J. C. D. Parker, Emery, and G. E. Whiting, at Bost. Univ. Coll. of Music under Parker, Paine, etc., and privately with Baermann and Perabo; teacher at N. E. Cons. 1873-78; director at Wellesley Coll. 1875-84; founder and director 1885 7 91 of North- western Cons, at Minneapolis; then orgt. and director at Plymouth Church, Brooklyn; musical director Dartmouth Coll. 1901; organized and directed several societies, among them Am. Guild Orgts. Moscheles (mo'-shel-es), Ignaz, pst., teacher, b. Prague, May 30, 1794; d. Leipzig, Mar. 10, 1870. Son of Jewish merchant; pupil of D. Weber at Prague Cons, (played own con- certo in public at 14), of Albrechts- berger and Salieri at Vienna; pre- pared pf. score of Fidelia under Beethoven's direction; as pst. ri- valled Meyerbeer and Hummel; in course of successful tours gave lessons to Mendelssohn at Berlin; 1821-46 lived in London, teaching, playing, conducting Philharmonic Soc.; 1846 joined friend Mendels- sohn as pf. teacher in Leipzig Cons., where he long continued to teach many pupils who later became dis- tinguished; playing was energetic, brilliant, and rhythmical; though his methods of tone production by touch were those afterward devel- oped by Liszt. M. disapproved of music of Liszt, Chopin, and other more modern writers; improvisa- tion said to have been remarkable, and compositions uneven in value, though always well written; those most likely to endure are concertos, 24 Etudes and Charakteristische Studien; published letters and auto- biog., Aus Moscheles Leben. Mosenthal (mo'-sen-tal) , Joseph, vlt.. condr. b. Kassel, Nov. 30, 1834; d. New York, Jan. 6, 1896. Pupil of father and Spohr; member of Spohr's orch.; came to U. S. 1853; orgt. and choirmaster Calvary Church, N. Y. 1860-87; condr. Men- delssohn Glee Club after 1867; one of 1st vlns. in Philharmonic Orch.; 2d vln. in Mason-Thomas quartet; published hymns and songs. Moszkowski (mos-kof'-ski), Moritz, pst., compr. b. Breslau, Aug. 23, 1854. Son of Polish gentleman; pupil at Dresden Cons, and those of Stern and Kullak in Berlin; taught at the latter; 1873 gave first concert in Berlin; thereafter played in Warsaw, Berlin, and Paris, where he settled 1897; member Berlin Acad. 1899; without deep originality, composes refined and charming music, From Foreign Parts, Op. 23, and Spanish Dances for pf., 4 hands, pf. concerto, symphony Jeanne d' Arc, Phantastischer Zug for orch., and opera Boabdil. Mottl, Felix, condr. b. Unter-St. Veit, near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1856. As boy soprano sang at Lowenburgische Convict, preparatory school for im- perial chapel; at Vienna Cons, under Hellmesberger, Dessoff, Bruckner, etc., gained highest honors; condr. of Richard Wagner Verein in Vienna, and at Bayreuth Festival 1876; condr. at Carlsruhe Opera 1880-1903, also of Philharmonic concerts there; as traveling conductor in London and in New York (for season 1903-04, including first performances there of Parsifal) won great renown ; condr. Munich 1904-08; composed 3 operas, song cycle, edited works of Berlioz, Cornelius, and Liszt. Moussorgsky (mo-sorg'-ski), Modest Petrovitch, compr. b. Karev, prov. Pskov, Russia, Mar. 28, 1839; d. St. Petersburg, Mar. 28, 1881. Of musi- cal parents, pupil of Herke [Gerke] while at military school; entered regiment at 17; acquaintance with Balakirev and member of his school led to experiments in composition; MOUTON MOZART resigned from regiment at 22 and thereafter had long struggle with poverty and bad habits; lived in St. Petersburg 1870-81; nat'l opera Boris Godounov has held stage; other operatic works and many songs give evidence of sincere endeavor to ex- press humanitarian views in realistic music; much work posthumously edited by Rimsky-Korsakov. Mouton (mo-ton), Jean de [properly Jean de Hollinque], compr. b. Hoi- ling (?), near Metz, about 1475; d. St. Quentin, Oct. 30, 1522. Pupil of Josquin; singer in chapels of Louis XII and Francis I; canon at Th6rou- anne and St. Quentin; teacher of Willaert; composed masses and motets, highly valued by contempo- raries. Mozart (mot'-sart), Johann Georg Leopold, compr. b. Augsburg, Nov. 14, 1719; d. Salzburg, May 28, 1787. Choir boy at Augsburg and Salzburg; gave lessons to support himself while studying law; vlt. in Bishop's orch. 1743, court compr. 1762; composed 12 oratorios, symphonies, serenades, etc.; married Anna Maria Pertlin; two children who grew up were daughter, Maria Anna called Nan- nerl (1751-1829), and son. Mozart, Johannes Chrysostom Wolf- gang Amadeus, compr. b. Salzburg, Jan. 27, 1756; d. Vienna, Dec. 5, 1791. The last of his Christian names is his own substitution for Theophilus and Gottlieb. Very many details of his career as a won- der child are known; when he was six and his sister eleven, their father exhibited them at Munich and Vienna (where they played to Maria Antoinette) and later at many Euro- pean courts, reaching Paris 1763, where they played before Mme. de Pompadour and where M's first compositions were printed; in London played with J. C. Bach, and after three years' absence, during which both children were seriously ill, re- turned to Salzburg, 1766. Going to Vienna, after an attack of smallpox at Olmiitz, M. played before Em- peror Joseph II, wrote first operas, La finta semplice, and Bastien und Bastienne; conducted, for the first time, his solemn mass; 1769-71, on journey to Italy, where M. received many honors, and composed some operas, for the production of which he visited Milan in 1771 and 1772; as concertmaster to Bishop of Salz- burg, M. wrote several operas, con- certos, etc., without adequate return; resigned to go on fruitless journey to Paris with his mother, who died there, 1778; resumed position at Salzburg and became court orgt., but finally went to Vienna, where, 1789, he became imperial compr.; married Constance Weber 1781; composed Le nozze di Figaro, 1785, which was almost a failure because of the intentionally poor singing of the Italian company; both Figaro and Don Giovanni, 1787, were suc- cessful at Prague; on journey to Germany, 1789, played org. at Thomaskirche, Leipzig, and at Pots- dam before Fr. Wilhelm II, whose offer of position of capellmeister M. refused from motives of patriot- ism. Composed Cosi fan tutte 1790 and Die Zauberflote 1791 for Vienna, La clemenza di Tito for Prague 1791; his last work is said to be the Re- quiem, of which authorship is con- tested; he died of malignant fever and was buried cheaply in the com- mon lot, his few friends having failed to accompany his body to the grave because of storm. In Jahn's authoritative biography many details of his personality are given, his gaiety, his fondness for dancing and billiards, his habits of working at night, his generosity, and his im- providence. As a compr. he was extraordinarily fluent; he often thought his works out beforehand, but often seemed to pour them out spontaneously; once written, they were seldom altered. His chief works are his operas, of which he com- posed 20; he also wrote for voices 15 masses (some others have been attributed to him) , Kyries, Misereres, songs, etc.; for orchestra he composed 41 symphonies, divertimenti, sere- nades, marches, concertos for vln., clarinet, etc., 10 quintets, 60 quar- tets, 25 pf. concertos, 42 pf. sonatas, and many smaller pieces. Songs are very few, Das Veilchen the one most frequently found on programs; pf. and chamber music of style which is charming in its very melodious sim- plicity; his symphonies mark great MUCK advance in instrumental writing; his first improvement was substitution of more dignified and refined min- uets; later he developed resources of the orchestra so that the whole effect is much richer than in Haydn's symphonies, although M. never attained the depth and nobility of Beethoven. His operas were at first in the simple Italian style, then after attempting to imitate the French opera as reformed by Gluck, in Figaro and Don Giovanni he attained a style of his own never equalled for mixture of dignity, grace, exquisitely comic feeling, and beauty; he com- bines Italian vivacity with German poetic truthfulness within his own personality. Muck (mook), Karl, condr. b. Wiirz- burg, Oct. 22, 1859. Early lessons from father, chancellor and amateur mus.; studied philosophy at Heidel- berg and Leipzig, music at Leipzig Cons, under Richter and Reinecke; condr. at Zurich 1880-81, Salzburg 1881-82, Briinn 1882-84, Graz 1884- 86, Prague 1886 -92, and, since 1892; court capellmeister at Berlin Royal opera; conductor of Boston Symph. Orch. 1906-08, and at Bayreuth 1901, 1902, '04, '06. Muffat, Georg, compr. b. Schlettstadt, about 1645; d. Passau, Feb. 23, 1704. Sudied Lully's style in Paris; orgt. Salzburg Cath., then to Bishop of S., then capellmeister to Bishop of Pas- sau; published instrumental sonatas, concertos, some 50 dance pieces for 4 and 8 vlns . , etc . , together with instruc- tions in playing string instruments. Muller, Carl Christian, compr., teacher. b. Meiningen, Germany, July 3, 1831. Parents cultivated musical amateurs; showed decided musical bent at an early age and was given instruction in piano playing and harmony by members of the ducal orchestra. In 1854 he came to New York and connected himself with a firm of piano makers, later joining the theatre orchestra of Barnum's Museum, of which he became leader. In 1864 he turned his attention to teaching, making a specialty of the Eiano and harmony; member of the iculty of the New York College of Music; some of his pupils have risen MUSIOL high in professional circles. Com- positions include nearly all forms: two overtures, an Idyl, a Suite in G minor, a symphony in D minor, a Scena for tenor and orchestra, and other pieces for orchestra; in cham- ber music, a sonata for violin and piano and three string quartets; pieces for piano solo and with other instruments, three sonatas, preludes and postludes for the organ, songs, quartets and anthems; some of the large works have been performed by the Manuscript Society and by Theodore Thomas. He translated Sechter's treatise The Correct Order of Fundamental Harmonies, a valu- able work of reference in musical theory. Lives in New York City (1910). Muris (mii-ris'), Johannes de, theorist. Disciple of Franco; trained at Ox- ford; author of treatise Speculum musicce in 7 books, on theory and practise of music; large claims have been made for him, but influence appears to have been rather con- servative than innovating. Murska, lima di, dram, soprano, b. Croatia, 1836; d. Munich, Jan. 16, 1889. Pupil of the Marchesis in Vienna; dibut Florence 1862; had great success in almost all capitals; America 1873-76; voice was brilliant, with range of nearly 3 octaves; taught in N. Y. for short time, but retired to Munich some years before her death. Musin (mu-zan), Ovide, vlt. b. Man- drin, near Lie>e, Sept. 22, 1854. Studied at Li6ge Cons, with Heyn- berg and Leonard, and with latter at Paris Cons., where he also taught a year; successful tours around the world; taught at Li6ge Cons, after 1897, prof, after 1898; teaching in N. Y. 1908-10. Musiol, Robert Paul Johann, compr., writer, b. Breslau, Jan. 14, 1846; d. Fraustadt, Oct. 18, 1903. Studied at Seminary of Liebenthal, Silesia; teacher and cantor at Rohrsdorf, near Fraustadt, 1873-1891; author of Catechismus der Musikgeschichte, editor of several music lexicons, biographies of Fritze, Korner, and Hugo Briickler; contributed to peri- odicals, etc. NACHBAUR NAUMANH N Nachbaur (nak'-bour), Franz, tenor, b. Schloss Giessen, near Friedrichshafen, Mar. 25, 1835; d. Munich, Mar. 21, 1902. Pupil of Pischek while at Stutt- gart Polytechnic ; chorister at Basle ; sang at LuneVille, and, after study with Orth and Lamperti, at Mann- heim, Hanover, Prague, Darmstadt, Vienna, finally at Munich 1866-90; created part of Walther in Die Meis- tersinger; great repute in Germany. Nachez (na-shez'), Tivadar, vlt. b. Pesth, May 1, 1859. Studied with Sabatil, Joachim at Berlin, and Leonard at Paris; from headquar- ters in Paris made successful Conti- nental tours; settled in London 1889, where he is popular as concert player; composed concertos, Hun- garian rhapsodies and dances, etc. Nadaud (na-do), Gustave, compr. b. Roubaix, France, Feb. 20, 1820; d. Paris, Apr. 28, 1893. Distinguished compr. of chansons, of which he published some 15 volumes, usually to his own words; also wrote 3 op- erettas (Ledocteur Vieuxtemps, etc.). Nageli (na'-gg-li), [Johann ?] Hans Georg, compr., publisher, b. Wetzi- kon, near Zurich, May 16, 1773; d. there, Dec. 26, 1836. Publisher at Wetzikon of editions of Handel and Bach, and new works by dementi, Cramer, and Beethoven, into whose sonata, Op. 31, No. 1, he interpolated four measures; founder and president of association for cultivation of music ; held popular singing classes, com- posed songs (Lied vom Rhein, Life let us cherish), choruses, etc. Nanini (na-ne'-ni), Giovanni Maria, compr. b. Vallerano, about 1540; d. Rome, Mar. 11, 1607. Pupil of Goudimel; maestro at Vallerano, and 1571-75 at Sta. Maria Maggiore at Rome; founded music school where Palestrina and nephew, Bernardino, taught; member of choir 1577 and maestro 1604 at Sistine Chapel, where a Christmas motet of his is annually sung; composed madrigals and psalms distinguished even for that great period. Napravnik (na-prav'-nek), Eduard Franzevich, compr., condr. b. Bejst, Bohemia, Aug. 24, 1839. Son of teacher, early orphaned; studied at Prague org. school and with Kittl, and at school for psts., where he later taught; 1861 condr. of Prince Yusu- pov's private orch. at St. Petersburg; 1863 orgt. at opera, 1867 2d con- ductor, and 1869 conductor; 1869- 81 conducted concerts of Mus. Soc.; carried further Liadov's reforms, including native works in opera repertoire, etc.; compr. of several operas, overtures, Russian and Bo- hemian songs, etc. Nardini (nar-de'-ni) , Pietro, vlt. b. Fibiana, 1722; d. Florence, May 7, 1793. Studied at Leghorn and with Tartini at Padua; soloist in Stutt- gart court orch. 1753-67; lived with Tartini at Leghorn 1767-70; direc- tor of mus. for Duke of Tuscany; L. Mozart praised sentiment and taste of his playing; composed con- certos, sonatas, solos, duets, quar- tets, and trios, 6 of each, of some interest but old-fashioned. Nares, James, orgt., compr. b. Stan- well, Eng., April [baptized Apr. 19], 1715; d. London, Feb. 10, 1783. Chorister in Chapel Royal under Gates, Croft, and Pepusch; deputy orgt. Windsor; orgt. of York Cath. 1734 and of Chapel Royal 1756, where he became master of children 1757; took prize for catch, published harpsichord lessons, catches, and (most important) 20 anthems. Naumann (nou'-man), Emil, writer, b. Berlin, Sept. 8, 1827; d. Dresden, June 23, 1888. Studied with Schny- der von Wartensee, with Mendels- sohn, at Leipzig Cons., and at Bonn Univ.; mus. dir. at court church in Berlin 1856; Ph.D. Univ. Berlin; lecturer on hist, at Dresden Cons. 1873; wrote on opera (against Wagner), on special periods of his- tory, and Die Tonkunst in der Kul- turgeschichte (greatest work, trans- lated as History of Mus.; admirably clear and readable, though not always trustworthy in dates, etc.). NAVA NEUENDORFF Nava (na'-va), Gaetano, singing teacher. b. Milan, May 16, 1802; d. there, Mar. 31, 1875. Son of guitar player and compr.; after college education, pupil of Federici at Milan Cons., where he taught harmony and sing- ing after 1837; Santley among pupils; believed in development as opposed to forcing; wrote method, several books of vocalises, and church music. Navratil (nav'-ra'-til), Karl, compr. b. Prague, April 24, 1867. Pupil of Ondricek and Adler; composed in larger forms, operas, symphony, 5 symph. poems, concertos for pf. and vln. Nedbal, Oskar, viola player, b. Tabor, Bohemia, Mar. 26, 1874. Pupil of Dvofdk and Bennewitz at Prague Cons.; member of Bohemian Quar- tet (with K. Hoffmann, Suk, and Wihan) 1891-1906; condr. Bohemian concerts in Vienna and London, of Prague Philharm. Soc. until 1906; composed for own instrument. Neefe (na-fg), Christian Gottlob, orgt., compr. b. Chemnitz, Feb. 5, 1748; d. Dessau, Jan. 26, 1798. Studied law at Univ. of Leipzig, but influ- enced by J. A. Hiller composed operettas, and 1777 became condr. of traveling co.; orgt. at Bonn after 1782, where he was Beethoven's teacher; accomp. and manager at Bonn 1788-94; then condr. at Dessau; last years in great poverty; wrote and arranged several operas, composed church mus., etc. Neidlinger (md'-ling-er), William Har- old, compr. b. Brooklyn, July 20, 1863. Pupil of Dudley Buck and C. C. Miiller; after some years abroad (he taught singing in Paris), settled in Chicago; later in New York; compr. of 2 operas, and many admirable songs. Neitzel (nit'-zel), Otto, pst., writer, b. Falkenburg, Pomerania, July 6, 1852. Studied at Kullak's Acad. and at Berlin Univ.; concert tour with Lucca and Sarasate; condr. at Strassburg 1878-81 ; taught at Strass- burg Cons., Moscow Cons. 1885, at Cologne since 1887; lectured in U.S. 1906; critic for Kolnische Zeitung, author of Fuhrer durch die Oper, compr. of several operas. Neri (na'-ri), Filippo, compr. b. Florence, Julv 21, 1515; d. Rome, May 26, 1595. Holy orders 1551; for his lectures in oratory of San Girolamo and later at Sta. Maria, Animuccia and Palestrina com- posed Laudi spirituali from which developed the " oratorio "; N. organ- ized seminary 1575; canonized 1622. Neruda [or Norman Neruda], Wilma, see Halle, Lady. Nessler, Victor E., compr. b. Balden- heim, Alsace, Jan. 28, 1841; d. Strassburg, May 28, 1890. While student of theology, studied mus. with Stern and produced successful opera (Fleurette 1864) .and turned to music; after further study in Leipzig, was chorusmaster and condr. at several theatres there; composed 12 operas, of which Der Rattenfdnger von Hameln and Der Trompeter von Sdkkingen have been extremely pop- ular, especially in Germany; though he had certain gift of popular melody, never attained any original heights. Nesvadba (nes-vad'-ba), Joseph, condr., compr. b. Vyskef, Bohemia, Jan. 19, 1824; d. Darmstadt, May 20, 1876. Student of philosophy at Prague, where he produced opera Blaubart; condr. at Carlsbad, Olmiitz, Graz, Prague, Italian opera at Berlin, Ham- burg; after 1864 court capellmeister at Darmstadt; compr. of Bohemian songs and dances. Negvera (nesh-va'-ra) , Joseph, compr., choirmaster, b. Proskoles, Bohemia, Oct. 24, 1842. Choir director at Prague, Koniggratz, and Olmiitz Cath.; compr. of 3 operas, sym- phony, septet, much vln. and pf. music, and distinguished church mus. Neuendorf! (noi-en-dorf), Adolf, condr. b. Hamburg, June 13, 1843; d. New York, Dec. 4, 1897. Came to U. S. 1855; pupil of Matzka, Wein- lich, and Schilling; d6but as pst. 1859; vlt. in N. Y. theatre and in Brazil; condr. in Milwaukee and N. Y., in Acad. of Mus., of Phil- harmonic Soc., and (after period of concert direction in Boston, of con- ducting Juch Opera Co. and of living in Vienna) of Metropolitan Orch.; composed operas, songs, etc.; of importance because of early introduction of Wagner's music in NEUKOMM NICHOLL U. S. and Mexico; first performance of Lohengrin and Walkiire during his term as condr. at Stadt Theatre, N. Y., 1867-71; gave Wagner Festivals with Th. Thomas. Neukomm (noi-kom), Sigismund, Ritter von, compr. b. Salzburg, July 10, 1778; d. Paris, Apr. 3, 1858. Pupil of Weissauer, M. Haydn, and J. Haydn, who took great interest in him; condr. German opera at St. Petersburg 1807; later in Paris, friend of Cherubini, pst. to Talley- rand; ennobled for Requiem on Louis XVI; court director to Dom Pedro of Brazil 1816-21; traveled with Talleyrand; lived alternately in Paris and London where he was extremely popular until eclipsed by Mendelssohn in 1837; composed about 1000 works, oratorios, masses, operas, org. and pf. pieces, all now forgotten. Neumann (noi-man), Angelo, tenor. b. Vienna, Aug. 18, 1838; d. Prague, Dec. 19, 1910. D6but 1859; sang at Cracow, Pressburg, and Vienna, 1862-76; managed traveling Wag- ner opera company, and operas in Leipzig, Bremen, and Prague; set- tled in Bremen; since 1885 in Prague as director of Landestheatre; author of Reminiscences. Neupert (noi'-pert), Edmund, pst., compr. b. Christiania, Apr. 1, 1842; d. New York, June 22, 1888. Pupil at Kullak's Acad.; teacher there, at Stern Cons., at Copenhagen Cons. 1868, at Moscow Cons. 1881; after 1883 in N. Y., where he was known as excellent teacher, and concert performer; wrote useful Technical Studies, Studies in Style, etc. Nevada [pseud, for Wixom], Emma, dram. sop. b. Alpha, near Nevada City, Cal., 1862. Pupil of Mme. Marched; d6but London 1880; sang in prominent Italian cities, Paris 1883, alternate nights with Patti 1885, etc.; married Dr. Palmer 1885; voice light, of moderate power, especially effective in staccato and chromatic passages. Nevin, Arthur Finley, compr. b. Apr. 27, 1871, at Edge worth, Pa. Father. Robert P., was prominent locally as a musician and composer of political songs, and later as editor and pub- lisher of the Pittsburg Times and Sunday Leader; educated in the New England Conservatory of Music and in Berlin, where he studied composition with O. B. Boise; early works were the comic operas The Economites, referring to the social- istic community near Pittsburg, and The Candy Man, produced by amateurs; in 1906 he completed his grand opera Poia, based on a legend of the Blackfeet Indians, among whom Nevin lived for two years gathering material; this opera was first given in Pittsburg, Jan. 16, 1907; produced in Berlin, April 15, 1910; other compositions are Auf Wiedersehen, Lorna Doone suite, From Edgeworth Hills. Nevin, Ethelbert Woodbridge, pst., compr. b. Edgeworth, Pa., Nov. 25, 1862; d. New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1901. After study in Dresden, pupil of Lang and Emery in Boston , and of Von Billow, especially of Klind worth, and Bial at Berlin; taught in Boston; abroad again 1892 in Paris, Berlin, and Italy, teaching and composing; had great talent for composition in smaller forms for pf. and charming songs; Narcissus probably his best known piece. Nevin, George Balch, compr. b. Ship- pensburg, Pa., March 15, 1859. Educated at State Normal School, and at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.; pupil in music of Julia E. Crane and Louis Arthur Russell; filled several good choir positions as baritone soloist; compositions in all vocal forms; has been especially successful in church music; some of his well-known pieces are Bells of Shandon, Song of the Armorer, the Christmas cantata The Adoration, and the Easter cantata The Cruci- fied; Nevin is not a professional musician, and lives at Easton, Pa. Niccolini, see Nicolini. Nicholl, Horace Wadham, compr. b. Tipton, near Birmingham, Mar. 17, 1848. Pupil of father and orgt. S. Prince; orgt. at Dudley, at Stoke-on-Trent, at Pittsburg, U. S., after 1870, and at N. Y. 1879; taught in Pittsburg and 1888-95 NICHOLS NIEMANN at Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Conn., with Boekelmann; editor org. dept. Freund's Music Trades Review, contributor to Courier and other periodicals; composed symphonies, symph. poems, cycle of 4 oratorios, widely-known org. pieces, etc. Nichols, Marie, vlt. b. Chicago, Oct. 16, 1879. Pupil of E. Mollenhauer in Boston, of Halir in Berlin, and Debroux in Paris; ddbut Boston 1899; played with Bost. Festival Orch. 1899-1901, with Berlin Phil- harmonic 1903, concerts in London and Paris 1903, and with Boston Symph; Orch. 1905; made long concert tours of U. S. Nicode (ni-ko'-da), Jean Louis, pst., compr. b. Jerczik, near Posen, Aug. 12, 1853. Pupil of father, Hartkas (orgt.), and of Kullak, Wiierst, and Kiel at Kullak's Acad.; taught in Berlin and established Nicode" concerts; after concert tour through Galicia and Roumania with Mme. Artot, prof, at Dresden Cons. 1878-85; director Philharmonic Concerts 1885-88; dir. Dresden Neustadt Chorgesangverein after 1893; both as pst. and condr. he is keen and appeciative interpreter; compositions strong and sound, mostly in larger forms, symph. poems, Das Meer symph., 1888, for chorus and orch., full of daring imagination, and Gloria, 1906, for large orch., chorus of men and boys, in 6 long movements. Nicolai (ni'-ko-li), Otto, compr. b. Konigsberg, June 9, 1810; d. Berlin, May 11, 1849. Pupil of father in pf. playing, and, after he had run away at 16, of Zelter and Klein in Berlin, under protection of Justizrath Adler; while orgt. to Prussian embassy at Rome, 1833, studied Italian mus. under Baini; capellmeister at Vien- na Th. 1837-38, when he returned to Rome; court capellm. Vienna 1841-47; founder of Philharmonic Soc.; capellm. Berlin opera and Dom- chor 1847; composed 5 operas which had great popularity in Italy, where N. was taken for native, two of which were revised for German stage (Der Templer and Die Heimkehr des Verbannten); work on which fame rests is fresh, humorous Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor (The Merry Wives of Windsor), brilliantly pro- duced May, 1849, which has had great success. Nicolini (nik-o-le'-ni) , [or Niccolini], Giuseppe, compr. b. Piacenza, Jan. 29, 1762; d. there, Dec. 18, 1842. Studied at Naples with Insanguine; after 1793 brought out about 48 operas; maestro at Piacenza Cath. 1819; and thereafter chiefly devoted to church music; comp. 40 masses, about 100 psalms, etc. Niecks, Frederick [orig. Friedrich], writer, b. Diisseldorf, Mar. 3, 1845. Vln. pupil of Langhans, Griinewald, and Auer; d6but at 12; from 13-21 member of concert orch. and student in private and at Leipzig Univ.; 1868 orgt. and viola player in quar- tet in Dumfries, Scotland; contrib- utor to Monthly Mus. Record after 1875; became prof. mus. at Edin- burgh Univ. 1891; distinguished lect- urer and writer; author of Diet, of Mus. Terms, Chopin as Man and Musician, Programme Music in the Last Four Centuries. Niedermeyer (ne'-der-mi-er), Louis, compr., teacher, b. Nyon, Switzer- land, Apr. 27, 1802; d. Paris, Mar. 13, 1861. Pupil of Moscheles, Forster, Fioravanti, and Zingarelli; intimate with Rossini; taught and composed songs in Geneva; in Paris after 1823, except for two years in Brussels; produced 4 operas all unsuccessful (Adieu d la France from Maria Stuart is familiar); re- organized Choron's institute for church music, now under gov't subvention as Ecole N.; founded with Ortigue journal La maUrise and published Methode d'accomp. du plain chant, harshly criticized; com- posed church music of some value. Niemann (ne'-man), Albert, dram, tenor, b. Erxleben, near Magde- burg, Jan. 15, 1831. Singing at Dessau in small parts, when dis- covered and taught by F. Schneider and Nusch, a baritone; after sing- ing at Hanover, and further study with Duprez in Paris, sang at Halle. Stuttgart, Hanover, and other towns, finally at Berlin 1866-89 when he retired; of heroic build and voice, selected by Wagner for Tannha'user, NIKISCH NOSKOWSKI Paris, 1861, and for Siegmund in Trilogy, Bayreuth, 1876, and sang all Wagner parts in U. S. 1886-88. Nikisch (nik'-ish), Arthur, condr. h. Szent Miklos, Hungary, Oct. 12, 1855. Father bookkeeper to Prince Lichtenstein; very precocious musi- cal ability; appeared as pst. at 8; pupil at Vienna Cons, of Dessoff, Schenner, and Hellmesberger; prizes for vln. playing and sextet; 1874 vlt. irr court orch., 1878 2d condr. under A. Neumann at Leipzig Th. and 1882 first condr., attaining great distinc- tion; 1889-93 condr. Boston Symph. Orch. ; director and condr. Budapest opera 1893-95; condr. Leipzig Ge- wandhaus 1895; later, visiting condr. Berlin Philh., Hamburg Philh., and in St. Petersburg; he gained much admiration in Paris and London 1897 and following years as virtuoso condr. ; one of first to conduct habit- ually without score. Nilsson, Christine, dram, soprano, b. Sjoabel, near Wexio, Sweden, Aug. 20, 1843. Pupil of Baroness Leu- hausen, F. Berwald, and Wartel in Paris; d6but Th. Lyrique 1864 and sang there till 1866, at Paris Ope"ra 1868-70; in America 1870-72, 1873- 74; has been very popular on Conti- nent and in London, where she gave farewell concert 1888; voice was not powerful but skilfully managed and her acting (especially of Marguerite in Faust) was restrained and effec- tive; living in Paris (1910). Nohl (nol), Carl Friedrich Ludwig. b. Iserlohn, Dec. 5, 1831; d. Heidel- berg, Dec. 15, 1885. Entered pro- fession of law after study at Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin; 1858 turned to music; pupil of Dehn and Kiel; prof, at Munich 1865-68, lecturer and prof at Heidelberg after 1872; edited and wrote many valuable works on Beethoven (life, letters, contemporary judgments, etc.) and on Mozart, etc.; almost all trans- lated. Nordica, Lillian, dram. sop. [real name Lillian Norton] . b . Farmington , Me . , May 12, 1859. Pupil of John O'Neill, and at N. E. Cons.; concert d6but Boston 1876; traveled in Europe as soloist with Gilmore's Band 1878; pupil of Sangiovanni in Milan; operatic de"but Brescia 1879; sang in Berlin, St. Petersburg and other cities; Paris Ope*ra 1881; after marriage to F. A. Gower and his disappearance in balloon, did not sing until 1887, in London, where she appeared regularly until 1893; at Metropolitan, N. Y., from 1893- 1908, with some interruptions; 1894 at Bayreuth; 1910 great success in Paris as Isolde; 2d husband Z. F. Doeme, 3d G. W. Young; voice of considerable power constantly devel- oped, so that she was able to under- take difficult Wagnerian parts; suc- cess in concerts. Nordraak (nor'-drak), Rikard, compr. b. Christiania, June 12, 1842; d. Berlin, Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of Kiel and Kullak; collected and edited Norwegian folk-music; had great influence on Grieg; composed incidental music to Bjornson's plays, pf. mus., etc., with Scandinavian characteristics. Norris, Homer Albert, compr. b. Wayne, Me., 1860. Pupil of Mars- 'ton, Turner, Emery, and Chadwick at N. E. Cons, and of Guilmant, Dubois, Godard, and Gigout in Paris; orgt. at Lewiston and Port- land, Me., at Ruggles St. Bapt. Ch., Boston, and since 1904 at St. George's, New York; author of Practical Harmony on French Basis and Art of Counterpoint; very suc- cessful teacher of harmony, almost only American who has not fol- lowed the more voluminous Leipzig and Munich methods; compr. of about 50 songs, to words by Kipling and other modern poets, of cantata Nain and Flight of the Eagle, pas- sages from Walt Whitman for soprano, tenor, and baritone, on very modern and original theory of progressions. Noskowski (nos-koff-ski), Sigismund, compr. b. Warsaw, May 2, 1848; d. Aug., 1909. Pupil at Warsaw Inst.; invented music notation for blind; pupil of Kiel and Raif at Berlin; condr. at Constance; direc- tor of mus. soc. and prof, at Cons., Warsaw; composed symphonies, symphonic poem, variations, over- ture, quartet, ballet, operas, and pf. mus., national in character. NOTKER OBRECHT Notker [called Balbulus], monk, compr., writer, b. Elgg or Jonswill, 830; d. St. Gall, April 6, 912. Chiefly distin- guished for development of sequences (some of his still extant) and for 4 treatises, one on plain song, the others on theory and organs; some attribute these writings to N. Lab- beo, monk at St. Gall in the tenth century. Nottebohm (not'-te'-bom), Martin Gus- tav, writer, b. Liidenscheid, near Arnsberg, Westphalia, Nov. 12, 1817; d. Graz, Oct. 29, 1882. Studied at Berlin with Berger and Dehn, at Leipzig with Schumann and Mendelssohn, at Vienna with Sechter; taught pf. and comp. at Vienna; edited Beethoven's sketch books and carefully investigated many details of his career; com- piled thematic lists of works of Beethoven and Schubert; coeditor of works of Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, etc. Nourrit (nor-ri), dram, tenor, b. Paris, Mar. 3, 1802; d. Naples, Mar. 8, 1839. Son of Louis N. (1780-1831), also tenor; pupil of Garcia; de"but Ope'ra 1821; father's successor as leading tenor there 1825; teacher at Cons. 1827-37; mortified by engagement of Duprez as associate artist, left Paris in depression and committed suicide; extraordinarily skilful as singer and actor and very popular; created Robert in Robert le Diable, Rdoul in Les Huguenots and many other parts. Novacek (no'-va-chek), Ottokar Eugen, vlt., compr. b. Fehertemplom, Hun- gary, May 13, 1866; d. New York, Feb. 3, 1900. Pupil of father, Dont, Schradieck, and Brodsky; Mendels- sohn prize at Leipzig Cons. 1885; member of Gewandhaus Orch., of Brodsky Quartet, of Bost. Symph. Orch. 1889-92, of Damrosch Orch., N. Y., 1892-93, of Metropolitan Opera orch., sometimes playing vln., sometimes viola; retired from playing because of illness 1899; composed 3 string quartets, pf. con- certo, caprices for pf. and vln., etc.; mus. distinguished by striking originality of idea and harmonic development. Novello, Vincent, publisher, b. London, Sept. 6, 1781; d. Nice, Oct. 9, 186). Chorister in Sardinian Chapel under Webbe; deputy orgt. to Webbe and Danby, orgt. at Portuguese em- bassy, and at Roman Catholic Chapel, Moorfields; pst. to Italian Opera; founder and occasional condr. Philharmonic Soc.; founder firm Novello, Ewer & Co., publishers, edited and published many valuable collections; firm carried on by his sons; daughter Mary married Charles Cowden Clarke, friend of Keats; daughter Clara Anastasia (b. Lon- don, June 10, 1818; d. Rome, 1908), very successful concert and oratorio singer in England and Germany; re- tired to Italy 1860. Novovieyski (no'-vo-vi-ey'-ski), Felix, compr. b. Wartenburg, 1875. Stud- ied at Stern Cons., Berlin, at Church Music School, Ratisbon, and at Meis- terschule, Berlin ; where he won Meyerbeer prize; has composed 2 symphonies, an overture, and 2 oratorios. o Oakeley, Sk Herbert Stanley, compr. b. Baling, Middlesex, July 20, 1830; d. Edinburgh, Oct. 26, 1903. Pupil of Elvey, Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig Cons., of Schneider in Dresden, of Breidenstein at Bonn ; 1865-91 Erof. of mus. at Univ. of Edinburgh; older of many honorary degrees; remarkable org. player, compr. of songs, anthems, etc.; promoter of music in Edinburgh, especially of " Reid " concerts. Obrecht [also written Hobrecht, Ober- tus], compr. b. Utrecht, 1430; d. Ferrara, 1505; capellmeister 1465 at Utrecht (where he taught Erasmus); 1483-85 director of school of singing at Cambrai, 1489-1500 at Bruges; made trip to court of Lorenzo the Magnificent at Florence, possibly for a time in service of Duke of Ferrara; 1492 master at Antwerp Cath., where he was highly honored; prolific compr. of chansons and OCHS ONSLOW masses, earliest compr. of passion music ; follower of Okeghem in school of extremely elaborate counterpoint. Ochs (oks), Siegfried, condr. b. Frank- fort-on-Main, Apr. 19, 1858. At first student of medicine; pupil at Berlin Hochschule of Kiel and Urban; benefited by friendship of Von Billow ; condr. of Philharmonischer Chor, which has grown into largest sing- ing society in Berlin, where many new works are brought out; teacher and contributor to periodicals; com- posed operas (In Namen des Gesetzes) , choruses, canons, etc. Ockenheim, see Okeghem. Odington, Walter of [or Walter of Evesham], writer, b. about 1250; d. about 1316. Benedictine monk; author of treatise De speculatione musicce on notation, instruments, and descant; later life apparently concerned with mathematics and astronomy; first to emphasize major triad as real consonance. Oesten (e'st'-en), Theodor, pst., compr. b. Berlin, Dec. 31, 1813; d. there, Mar. 16, 1870. Pupil of Politzki, Bohmer, Rungenhagen, Schneider, etc.; played other instruments; pop- ular as teacher and of great vogue as compr. of graceful and sentimental pieces (Les premieres violettes, etc.). Offenbach (of'-fen-bak), Jacques, compr. b. Cologne, June 21, 1819; d. Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. Name origin- ally Levy ; son of Jewish cantor; pupil of Vaslin in 'cello playing at Paris Cons.; member of Ope'ra Comique orch.; composed song parodies of La Fontaine; 1849 condr. at Theatre Francais and won recognition by composition of Chanson de Fortunio for Musset's Chandelier; produced several small pieces without much success; 1855-66 managed Bouffes- Parisiens Th. for himself, where he brought out many works; 1872-76 manager of Th. de la GaltS; 1877 trip to America; composed about 90 operas in 25 years; established Pari- sian burlesque opera as type of light, gay spirit and pleasant melody, though music is often carelessly con- structed; most noted works are Orphee aux enfers, La belle Helene, La grande duchesse de Gerolstein, and Les contes d'Hoffmann. Okeghem (ok'-S-h6m), [also written Ockenheim, Okekem, etc.], Jean de, compr. b. Termonde, E. Flanders, about 1430; d. Tours, 1496 [Grove]. 1443-44 chorister at Antwerp Cath. ; pupil of Dufay and possibly of Binchois; compr. to Charles VII at Paris; maitre de chapelle to Louis XI, traveling in Spain and Flanders; founder of later Netherland school, marked by greater freedom of thought and extreme ingenuity of counterpoint; as teacher O. had high reputation; through Josquin Depres and other pupils traditions of school widely spread. Olitzka, Rosa, dram. alto. b. Berlin, Sept. 6, 1873. Pupil of Artot and Hey; concert d6but Berlin, where father was cantor at Jewish syna- gogue; operatic d6but Brunn 1892, engaged there; at Hanover 1892-93, at London 'after 1893; in N. Y. 1895. Oliver, Henry Kemble, compr. b. Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800; d. Boston, Aug. 10, 1885. Boy singer in Park St. Ch., Boston; graduated Dartmouth Coll., 1818; after teach- ing in Salem, was adjutant general of Mass., supt. of cotton mill, mayor of Lawrence, and later of Salem; state treas.; orgt.; founder, director of clubs in Lawrence and Salem; composed many old familiar hymn tunes (Federal St., Hudson, etc.). Olsen, Ole, compr., condr. b. Hammer- fest, Norway, July 5, 1850. Studied at Trondhjem and at Leipzig; after graduating he located in Copen- hagen as teacher and condr.; his compositions include works for or- chestra, piano pieces and songs; they are delicate in style and show the influence of Norwegian folk music. Ondriczek (on'-dri-chek), Franz, vlt. b. Prague, Apr. 29, 1859. Pupil of father and member of his dance orch.; studied at Prague Cons, and at Paris Cons, with Massart; 1st prize 1879; after two years more in Paris, played in Berlin and Bohemia; since has played successfully in Con- tinental and American cities. Onslow, George, compr. b. Clermont- Ferrand, France, July 27, 1784; d. there, Oct. 3, 1852. Pupil on pf. of ORTH OUSELEY Hullmandel, Dussek, and Cramer, and in comp. of Reicha; member of Institute 1842; wrote 3 comic operas of moderate success, and great amount of chamber music, in which he took great, delight, playing 'cello in amateur quartet; of longest life have been string quintets, some with double-bass part, written for Drago- netti. Orth (ort), John, pst., teacher, b. near Annweiler, Bavaria, Dec. 2, 1850. Came to Taunton, Mass., when in- fant; pupil of father, orgt. at 12, studied in Boston 16-20; studied in Germany for 5 years, pf. with Kul- lak, Lebert, Pruckner, Deppe, and Liszt, and comp. with Faisst, Kiel, etc.; since 1875 teaching in Boston; composed graceful pf. music. Mar- ried, 1883, pupil Lizette E. Blood, compr., under name L. E. Orth, of Sixty Songs from Mother Goose, Four-and-Twenty Songs for Sleepy- time, Mother Goose Songs without Words (70 piano pcs.), On the White Keys (an Introduction to the Piano), The Three Bears (operetta), three light operas, over 300 piano teach- ing pieces and various songs. Osborne, George Alexander, pst., teacher, b. Limerick, Ireland, Sept. 24, 1806; d. London, Nov. 16, 1893. Self-taught until 18; in Brussels taught crown prince; in Paris after 1826; pupil of Pixis and F6tis, later of Kalkbrenner; at same time inti- mate with Chopin, Berlioz, etc.; after 1843 taught in London; com- posed popular pf. music (La pluie des perles. etc.), duets for vln. and pf.; wrote on great contemporaries for Mus. Ass'n and periodicals. Osgood, George Laurie, compr. b. Chelsea, Mass., April 3, 1844. Grad- uated 1866 from Harvard, where he directed glee club and orch.; pupil in Germany of Sieber, Haupt, and Franz, and in Italy of Lamperti; concert tour in Germany and with Thomas in America; condr. of Boyls- ton Club; taught successfully in Boston 1872-1906; now living (1910) in Florence; published Guide in the Art of Singing. Otto, Ernst Julius, compr. b. Konig- stein, Saxony, Sept. 1, 1804; d. Dres- den, March 5, 1877. Pupil of Weinlig at Dresden, of Schicht at Leipzig, also studying at Univ.; taught at Blochmann Inst., Dresden, cantor and director at churches; condr. of Liedertafel; created cycles of songs for male voices (Gesellenfahrten, Soldatenleben, etc.), wrote many good songs, chiefly in collection Ernst und Scherz. Oudin (6-dan) , Eugfene Esperance, bari- tone, b. New York, Feb. 24, 1858; d. London, Nov. 4, 1894. Graduate at Yale, member of bar; chorister and director of church music in N. Y.; practised law, manufactured stained glass; returned to music after Chicago concert, 1886; member of McCaull Opera Company; suc- cessful in London in opera (created Templar in Sullivan's Ivanhoe) and in concerts; later sang in St. Peters- burg; married, 1886, Louise Parker, also singer. Oulibichef (ou-lib'-i-sheff), Alexander de, writer, b. Dresden, Apr. 2, 1794; d. Nijni Novgorod, Feb. 2, 1858. Son of ambassador, himself a diplo- matist; amateur vlt.; editor of St. Petersburg Journal 1812-30; wrote Nouvelle biographic de Mozart 1844, containing some new and valuable material; depreciation of Beethoven called forth Lenz's defense Beethoven et ses trois styles, to which O. replied with Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs, in which he maintains disapproval of extravagance of B's later works. Ouseley (ozley), Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, compr., theorist, b. London, Aug. 12, 1825; d. Hereford, Apr. 6, 1889. Son of ambassador and Orientalist; graduated at Oxford, Mus. Doc. 1854; prof, of mus. at Oxford Univ. 1855; ordained priest 1855 and appointed precentor at Hereford Cath.; vicar and warden of school at St. Michael's, Tenbury which he founded and endowed; excellent orgt. and theorist, author of treatises on Harmony, Fugue, etc.; English ed'r Naumann's History of Music; comp. oratorio, songs, a few glees, and many dignified church comp.; raised standard of music at Oxford ; edited collection of Cathedral Services and, with Monk, Anglican Psalter Chants. PACHELBEL PAGANINI Pachelbel (pa-kel'-bel), Johann, orgt., compr. b. Nuremberg [baptized Sept. 1], 1653; d. there, Mar. 3, 1706. Studied with Schwemmer, and at Altdorf and Ratisbon; at Vienna pupil and deputy of J. K. Kerll; positions at Eisenach, Erfurt, Stutt- gart, Gotha, and Nuremberg; com- posed toccatas, chaconnes, and, especially, elaborate chorales; musi- cal ancestor of J. S. Bach; developed chorale playing. Pacher (pa'-ker), Joseph Adalbert, compr. b. Daubrawitz, Moravia, Mar. 29, 1816; d. Gmiinden, Sept. 3, 1871. Studied with Preyer and Halm; taught in Vienna many years; published more than 60 " salon " pieces. Pachmann (pak'-man), Vladimir de, pst. b. Odessa, July 27, 1848. Pupil of father, amateur vlt., of Dachs at Vienna Cons.; after appearance in Russia 1869 worked by himself for eight years, and, after appearing in Germany, for two more; since then has won great praise in Europe and America; his many tricks of manner and eccentricities of behavior on the stage do not keep him from playing with exquisite taste and expres- siveness; Chopin is his specialty and he is probably the greatest of all Chopin players; technically remark- able for a touch as soft as velvet. PachulsM (pa-kul'-ske), Heinrich, pst. b. Lasa, Russia, Oct. 16, 1859. Studied with Strobl and Zelenski at Warsaw, with Taneiev, N. Rubin- stein, and Pabst at Moscow Cons.; teacher at Moscow after 1886; composed orch. suite, pf. sonata, studies, arrangements of Tchaikov- ski's works. Pacini (pa-che'-ne), Giovanni, compr. b. Catania, Feb. 17, 1796; d. Pescia, Dec. 6, 1867. Studied with Marchesi and Mattei at Bologna, with Fur- lanetto at Venice; 1813-1834 pro- duced about 40 operas; because of failure of last opened music school at Viareggio, afterward moved to Lucca; 1840-67 produced Saffo, his best opera, and about 40 more; com- posed many masses, cantatas, etc.; popular imitator of Rossini. Paderewski (pad-ref'-ski), Ignaz Jan, pst., compr. b. Kurilowka, Podolia, Poland, Nov. 18, 1860. Pupil of Roguszki at Warsaw Cons.; 1879-81 teaching at Warsaw Cons.; pupil of Urban and Kiel at Berlin, and, after teaching at Strassburg, of Leschet- izky at Vienna; after 1887 a trium- phant virtuoso; victim of much extravagant and indiscriminate ad- miration, often justly criticized by musicians for forcing of tones, he yet remains preeminent for exquisite delicacy, even crescendos, and tre- mendous force and commanding power; compr. of various pf. pieces, sonata, Op. 21, pf. concerto, opera Manru (Dresden 1901, New York and Boston 1902), and symphony 1909; opera Sakuntala not yet pro- duced; compositions, especially those in larger forms, are interesting enough to justify their vaulting ambition; established P. Fund, prizes for Ameri- can composers, 1900. Paer (pa'-er), Ferdinando, compr. b. Parma, June 1, 1771; d. Paris, May 3, 1839. Pupil of vlt. Ghiretti; condr. at Venice 1791; 1797-1802 at Vienna, 1802-1807 at Dresden; after 1807 at Paris as maftre de chapelle to Napoleon, condr. Ope"ra Comique, at Th. Italien 1812-27; member of Academy 1831; condr. royal cham- ber music 1832; composed about 40 operas of conventional Italian smoothness, without depth (best is Camilla, prod, at Vienna, where P. may have been influenced by Mo- zart); unsuccessful rival of Rossini in Paris. Paesiello, see Paisiello. Paganini (pag-a-ne'-ne), Niccolb, vlt. b. Genoa, Oct. 27, 1782; d. Nice, May 27, 1840. Son of shopkeeper; pupil of Servetto and Costa; d6but 1793; pupil of Rolla and Ghiretti; 1797 tour in Lombardy; 1798 ran away from severe father and filled his time with concerts, gambling, PAGE PALESTRINA and love affairs; 1801-04 did not appear in public, and to this period refer the false stories of his imprison- ment, of his charming of jailer by playing on one string and of his league with the devil; after year of prac- tise appeared, 1805, exciting great enthusiasm; 1805-08 court vlt. at Lucca; after 1808 traveled in Italy and other lands, Berlin 1829, Paris and London 1831; partial retire- ment after 1834; the nervous ec- centricities natural to him now in- creased by illness and dissipation and fostered by cheap fondness for display; but amazing technic sur- passed that of any other player; ex- tended compass of vln. and added to its brilliance by developing use of stopped harmonics; tone was pure but lacking in richness; composed caprices, sonatas, variations, etc., many of which are too difficult for any but players of first technical rank. Page, Nathaniel Clifford, compr. b. San Francisco, Oct. 26, 1866. Pupil of E. S. Kelley, resident of Boston 1905-10; composed music to Cat and the Cherub (London, 1899), Moonlight Blossom (London, 1899), and Japan- ese Nightingale (New York, 1903); edited collection of Irish Songs, etc. Paine, John Knowles, compr., teacher. b. Portland, Me., Jan. 9, 1839; d. Cambridge, Mass., Apr. 25, 1906. Pupil of Kotzschmar at Portland, of Haupt, Teschner, and Wieprecht at Berlin Hochschule; organ concerts in Berlin and U. S. 1861; 1862 in- structor, 1873 asst. prof., 1875 prof, at Harvard Univ. (first to hold chair of music in American college); did much to raise music to level of other arts in education and, by recitals and lectures outside classes, to ex- tend knowledge of good music as part of general culture; among pupils were Foote, Converse, Clayton Johns, and many others; composed mass, symphony, music for CEdipus Tyrannus and Birds, Columbm March and Hymn for World's Fair, symphonic poem, cantatas, and opera Azara given in concert form only, Boston, Cecilia Soc., 1907; of wide influence in American musical life; his own music is moderately con- servative, seldom of striking origi- nality. Paisiello (pai-si-el'-lo), Giovanni, compr. b. Taranto, Italy, May 9, 1741; d. Naples, June 3, 1816. Pupil of Presta and at Naples Cons, of Dur- ante, Cotumacci, and Abos; taught there 1754-59; composed successful operas 1763-1776; 1776-1784 at St. Petersburg, 1784-99 at Naples, maes- tro di cappella to Ferdinand IV, whose favor he lost during Revolution; 1802-03 in Paris under Napoleon, 1803 again at Naples; on a nominal salary only after 1815; compr. of over 100 operas, distinguished even at time for charm of melody; his Barbiere di Siviglia was so popular that it hindered vogue of Rossini's at first. Paladilhe (pa-la-de-ye'), Emile, compr. b. Montpellier, June 3, 1844. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, Benoist, and Halevy; Grand prix de Rome 1860; by opera Le Passant 1872 and song Mandolinata won recognition; after several unsuccess- ful operas wrote Patrie 1886, after Sardou's play, which has had great success; member Academy 1892. Palestrina (pal-es-tre'-na) , Giovanni Pierluigi da [Pierluigi family name], compr. b. Palestrina, near Rome, 1526; d'. Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. Noth- ing known of early youth; orgt. capellmeister at Palestrina '1544-51 ; master of boys and capellmeister at St. Peter's, Rome, 1551-55; although not a priest, and having a wife and children, admitted to Papal chapel 1555, but was dismissed in few months and later in same year made capellm. at St. John Lateran (for which church he wrote famous Improperia), at Sta. Maria Maggiore 1561; again at St. Peter's 1571. When the Council of Trent (1545-63) tried to establish standard in church music, P's Mass of Pope Marcelltis, previously published, was used to illustrate the reforms urged ; these reforms included greater regard for clearness and proper accent of Latin words, restriction of elaborated music phrases for same purpose, discarding of secular tunes (even indecent popular airs had been used as bases for masses) ; Sixtus V 's wish to make P. maestro of Sistine Chapel was frustrated by refusal of singers to serve under layman; asst of Pope Gregory XIII in revision of PALLONI PAREPA-ROSA liturgy, but most actual work done by pupil Giudetti; of historical sig- nificance as most important figure in later Netherland school the individ- ual who more than any one else made counterpoint a means of expression instead of an end in itself P's music is also to those who deplore the operatic, emotional element in church music, the ideal of lofty and dignified expression. Palloni (pal-lo'-nl), Gaetano, orgt., sing- ing teacher, b. Cammerino, Italy, Aug. 4, 1831. Studied with Cellini at,Fermo; orgt. there, 1854; pupil of Mabellini at Florence; teaching sing- ing there. Palmer, Horatio Richmond, teacher, b. Sherburne, N. Y., Apr. 26, 1834; d. Nov., 1907. Studied with father and in New York, Berlin, and Flor- ence; 1857 head of music dept. Rushford Acad.; in Chicago, edited Concordia; conducted various ass'ns, New Church Choral Union (mam- moth chorus); dean of Summer School of Music at Chautauqua, N. Y.; many collections, Song Queen, Song Herald, etc., useful in popular classes. Palmer, Mrs. R., see Nevada, Emma. Panofka (pan-off'-ka), Heinrich, sing- ing teacher, b. Breslau, Oct. 3, 1807; d. Florence, Nov. 18, 1887. Pupil of Strauch and Forster in childhood, later of Mayseder and Hoffmann in Vienna; played there, in Munich, Berlin, finally, 1834, in Paris, where, after some lessons from Bordogni, founded unsuccessful school of sing- ing; asst. condr. in London, where he taught singing 1844-1852; 1852 returned to Paris; after 1866 taught in Florence; vln. compositions are of less value than his methods of sing- ing and vocalises. Panormo, Vincenzo Trusiano, vln.- maker. b. Monreale, near Palermo, Nov. 30, 1734; d. London, 1813. Name may be derived from Palermo; worked in Cremona, perhaps with Bergonzi, and in Milan; in Paris 1750-72, 1783-89, in London 1772- 83; made many vlns. somewhat like Bergonzi's or Stradivari's, of rather large model, with rich tone; several sons also makers. Panseron (pon-se"-ron), Auguste Math- ieu, teacher, writer, b. Paris, Apr. 26, 1796 [1795]; d. there, July 29, 1859. Pupil of father and at Paris Cons, with Berton and Gossec; Grand prix de Rome 1813; accom- panist to Ope"ra Comique; teacher of solfeggio at Cons. 1826, vocalisa- tion 1831, and singing 1836-59; com- posed many charming songs, sol- feggi, Art of Singing, Art of Compo- sition, Mois de Marie; A B C of Music is a well-known work. Panzner, Carl, condr. b. Teplitz, Bohemia, Mar. 2, 1866. Pupil at Dresden Cons.; capellmeister at theatres in Sondershausen, Elber- feld, Bremen, Leipzig, and 1899 of Bremen Philharmonic. Papini (pa-pe'-nl), Guido (gue-do), vlt. b. Camagiore, near Florence, Aug. 1, 1847. Pupil of Giorgetti; de"but 1860; after tours in Europe, taught at Dublin Royal Acad. of Mus.; founded classical concerts there; then in London; wrote mus. for vln. and 'cello and vln. method. Papperitz, Benjamin Robert, orgt., compr., writer, b. Pirna, Dec. 4, 1826; d. Leipzig, Sept. 29, 1903. Student and teacher of philology; pupil of Hauptmann, Ricnter, and Moscheles at Leipzig Cons., where he 'taught harm, and counterpoint after 1851 ; also orgt. in Leipzig 1868- 99; published org. and vocal mus. Paradies (pa-ra-de'-es), [or Paradisi], Pietro Domenico, compr. b. Naples, 1710; d. Venice, 1792. Pupil of Porpora; opera compr. in Italy and for some years after 1747 in London, where he was sought as pf . and sing- ing teacher of Mara, Thomas Linley, and others; composed also for harp- sichord. Parent (pa-ron), Charlotte Frances Hortense, pst. b. London, Mar. 22, 1837. Pupil of Mme. Farrenc at Paris Cons.; 1st prizes, harmony 1855, pf. 1857; founded school for pf. teachers, Paris; wrote method with exercises; edited Repertoire encyclopedique du pianiste. Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne, dram. sop. b. Edinburgh, May 7, 1836; d. Lon- don, Jan. 21, 1874. Daughter of Demetrius Parepa, Baron de Boyescu, PARISH-ALVARS PARRY and Elizabeth Seguin, singer and P's first teacher; de"but Malta at 16; sang in Italy, Spain, London, 1857; America 1865, '67, '71; married manager Carl Rosa 1867; Parepa Rosa Co. especially successful in America, in Eng. and Italian operas; as a singer P. was more successful in oratorio than in opera. Parish-Alvars, Ellas, harp player, b. Teignmouth, Eng., Feb. 28, 1810; d. Vienna, Jan. 25, 1849. Of Jewish descent; pupil of Dizi, Labarre, and Bochsa; tours on Continent and in England 1831-47, except for two years in Orient; 1847 chamber harp- ist to Emp. of Austria; composed concertos, fantasias, etc. for harp, seeking new effects and strange melodies (Voyage d'un harpiste en Orient contains Greek, Bulgarian, Turkish and other Eastern music). Parker, Henry, compr., writer, b. Lon- don, Aug. 4, 1845. After study with Plaidy, Moscheles, and Richter at Leipzig and with Lefort in Paris, returned to London, where he taught singing, composed, and conducted; has written an opera, Jerusalem, (chorus and bass solo), songs, etc., and The Voice: Production and Im- provement. Parker, Horatio William, compr., teacher. b. Auburndale, Mass., Sept. 15, 1863. Pupil of his mother, of Emery, Orth, and Chad wick, and of Rheinberger and Abel in Munich; teacher at Cathedral Schools, Garden City, L. I., and at N. Y. Nat'l Cons, under DvoMk; orgt. in N. Y. and at Trinity Ch., Boston, 1893-1901; prof, music at Yale Univ. after 1894; compr. of symphony, overtures, church and chamber mus., pf. pieces, and songs, but chiefly of cantatas (Idylle, The Kobolds, Dream King and His Love, Holy Child) and oratorios Hora Novissima, N. Y., 1893, Boston, Cin- cinnati, and Worcester, Mass., festi- vals and at Three Choirs Festival, Worcester, Eng., 1899, as first Ameri- can composition, and Legend of St. Christopher, also given in England; music possesses a certain " ascetic " quality that makes it interesting to musicians; at his best reaches heights of dignified beauty. Parker, James Cutler Dunn, orgt., writer, b. Boston, June 2, 1828. Studied law in Boston and music in Leipzig; in Boston after 1854; organized Parker Club 1862, fore- runner of Cecilia Soc.; orgt. Trinity Ch. 1864-91, of Handel and Haydn Soc.; prof. Boston Univ. Coll. of Mus.: examiner N. E. Cons.; com- posed cantatas, ch. mus.; translated Richter's treatise on harmony. Parkina [pseud, of Elizabeth Parkin- son], sop. b. May, 1881. Pupil of Mrs. Layton pf Kansas City and Mme. Marchesi; de"but and engage- ment Ope>a Com., Paris, 1902; Covent Garden 1904, Australia 1905. Parmentier (par-man-ti-a), Mme., see Milanollo, Teresa. Parratt, Sir Walter, orgt. b. Hudders- field, Feb. 10, 1841. Pupil of father; appointment as orgt. at 11, and later ones at Wigan, Magdalen Coll., Oxford (and condr. of various socie- ties), and since 1882 at St. George's Chapel, Windsor; 1883 prof. Royal Coll. Mus.; Mus. D. Oxford 1894, succeeded Sir Hubert Parry as prof, mus. Oxford Univ. 1908; master of mus. and orgt. to Victoria and Edw. VII; composed anthems, etc., contributor to Grove's Diet.; ex- traordinary performer. (See Musical Times, 1902.) Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings, compr., writer. b. Bournemouth, Eng., Feb. 27, 1848. Pupil of Elvey; while at Eton, took Mus. B. at Oxford, where later he studied with Bennett and Macfarren, with lessons outside from Dannreuther and Pier- son; compr. chiefly of choral music of original depth and sincerity (setting of Shelley's Prometheus 1880, oratorio Job 1892, etc.); choragus 1883, and prof, of mus. 1900-1908 Oxford Univ.; 1894 director Royal Coll. Mus.; has written Studies of Great Composers, Evolution of The Art of Mus., Seventeenth Century in Oxford His- tory of Music; critical works through- out are distinguished by clear treat- ment that makes them intelligible even to lay readers; his music, on the other hand, seems to appeal more to trained ears; it is note- worthy for elaborate development of PARSONS PAUER themes, conciseness of form, and, in choral works, for faithfulness of accentuation and great power of climax. Parsons, Albert Ross, orgt. b. San- dusky, O., Sept. 16, 1847. Pupil of Ritter in N. Y., Moscheles, Reinecke, etc. at Leipzig Cons., of Tausig, Kullak, etc. at Berlin; orgt. in N. Y. since 1871; translator of Wagner's Beethoven, Lessmann's Liszt, edited Kullak's works of Chopin; composed songs, etc. Pasdeloup (pa-de"-lo), Jules Etienne, condr. b. Paris, Sept. 15, 1819; d. Fontainebleau, Aug. 13, 1887. Pupil at Cons, of Laurent and Zimmer- mann; re"pe"titeur there in solfeggio 1841, teacher of pf. 1847-50, of ensemble singing 1855-^68; founded society of Cons, pupils 1851 for giving symphony concerts; 1861, with same orch., opened Concerts populaires, where he gave admirable concerts, including many new works, until 1884; unsuccessful manager of Th. Lyrique 1868-69; tried to revive concerts in vain 1886. Pasmore, Henry Bickford, orgt., teacher, b. Jackson, Wis., June 27, 1857. Studied voice, and organ with J. P. Mbrgan in Oakland, Cal., with Jadassohn, Reinecke, and Unger- Haupt in Leipzig, with Shakespeare and Cummings in London; orgt. in San Francisco, and prof, of singing at Univ. of Pacific; composed march, overture, masses, songs, etc. Pasquini (pas-que'-nl), Bernardo, orgt. b. Massa di Valdinevole, Tuscany, Dec. 8, 1637; d. Rome, Nov. 22, 1710. Pupil of Vittori and Cesti and teacher of Durante and Gasparini; orgt. Sta. Maria Maggiore; chamber musician to Prince Borghese; com- posed 2 operas, oratorio, pieces for clavichord. Pasta (pas'-ta), Giuditta [nee Negri], dram. sop. b. Saronno, near Milan, Apr. 9, 1798; d. villa on Lake Como, Apr. 1, 1865. Pupil of Asioli at Milan Cons.; d6but, 1815, followed by unsuccessful appearances in Italy, London, and Paris; after further study with Scappa, reappeared Ven- ice 1819, and, after 1822 in Paris and 1824 in London, was very successful in both cities and again in Italy; after retiring in 1829, reappeared St. Petersburg 1840, and London 1850, with no success; voice was strong but heavy and often not clear when she first began to sing, but unusually penetrating and ex- pressive. Patey, Janet Monach [nee Whytock], contralto, b. London, May 1, 1842; d. Sheffield, Feb. 28, 1894. Pupil of Wass, Mrs. Sims Reeves, and Pin- suti; member of Leslie's choir; on provincial tour married John P., bass, (1835-1901); succeeded to Mme. Sainton-Dolby's position as leading contralto at the chief Eng- lish concerts and festivals. Patti, Adelina Adela Juana Maria, soprano, b. Madrid, Feb. 10, 1843. Pupil of father Salvatore P., tenor, and her mother Caterina Chiesa, dram, sop., of half-brother E. Barili, and of Maurice Strakosch, husband of her sister Amalia, under whose direction she sang at concerts in N. Y. in early fifties, making operatic de"but there in 1859; de"but London 1861, Paris 1862; 1861-84, '85, '87 at Covent Garden; voice of remark- able compass, flexibility and sweet- ness; especially good as Rosina in II Barbiere; as concert singer has also won praise, even on last of several farewell tours 1906; married Marquis de Caux 1868, Ernest Nicolini 1886, and Baron Cederstrom 1899; lives at Craig Y Nos, in Wales. Pattison, John Nelson, pst. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1845. Pupil of Liszt, Thalberg, Henselt, Von Billow, Haupt; concert pst., on tours with Parepa-Rosa, Kellogg, etc.; com- posed Niagara, symph. for orch. and military band; many agreeable pf. pieces. Pauer (pow'-er), Ernst, pst., teacher, b. Vienna, Dec. 21, 1826; d. Jugen- heim, May 9, 1905. Pupil of Dirzka, Mozart's son, Wolfgang A. M., and Sechter, and of F. Lachner in Munich; director mus. societies at Mayence 1847-51; success of per- formances in London led him to settle there 1851; 1859-64 prof, at Royal Acad. Mus., and 1876 at Nat'l Training Sch., 1883 at Royal Coll. Mus. ; 1861 began series of historical recitals of pf. music in chronological PAUL PENFIELD order, and 1871 lectures on hist, of pf. mus.; these and his published collections, Alte Claviermusik, Old English Composers, etc., have won conspicuous praise; primer on Musical Forms, etc., and some com- positions; retired to Germany 1896. His son Max, pst. b. London, Oct. 31, 1866. Pupil of father, of V. Lachner; prof. Cologne Cons. 1887. at Stuttgart Cons. 1897; successful concert player, compr. of pf. pieces, arranger of Mozart and Haydn symphonies. Paul (powl), Oskar, writer, b. Frei- waldau, Apr. 8, 1836; d. Leipzig, Apr. 18, 1898. Student of theology at Leipzig Univ. and of music at Cons, with Hauptmann, Richter, and Plaidy; after living elsewhere, returned to Leipzig as lecturer 1866; translated Boethius, wrote Lehrbuch der Harmonik, and authoritative Geschichte des Claviers; founded Musikalisches Wochenblatt. Paumann (pow'-man), Conrad, orgt. b. Nuremberg, about 1410; d. Munich, Jan. 25, 1473. Blind from birth; adopted and educated by burgher Grundherr; orgt. Nurem- berg 1446, at Munich after 1467; wrote (1452) Fundamentum organ- isandi, with exercises, one of ear- liest attempts at purely instrumental comp. Paur (powr), Emil, condr. b. Czerno- witz, Bukovina, Aug. 29, 1855. As father's pupil on vln. and pf., ap- peared at 8; studied at Vienna Cons, with Dessoff and Hellmesberger; vlt. in court orch. 1870; condr. at Kassel 1876, Konigsberg, Mannheim 1880, Leipzig Stadt Th. 1891, Bost. Symph. Orch. 1893-98, of N. Y. Philharmonic 1898-1903; director Nat'l Cons. N. Y. 1899-1903; condr. of concerts, Berlin, Madrid, and London, of Pittsburg Symphony Orch. 1904-10; as condr. aims rather to bring out emotional con- tent of music than to make clear structural form. Payne, John Howard, dramatist, b. New York, June 9, 1792; d. Tunis, Apr. 10, 1852. While schoolboy and student at Union Coll., edited and published periodicals; d6but on stage, N. Y., 1809; lived in London and Paris 1809-1832, where he knew prominent men of the time; wrote words to Home, Sweet Home in text of Clari, or the Maid of Milan (music by H. R. Bishop, after Sici- lian air); returned to U. S. 1832; consul at Tunis after 1841. Peace, Albert Lister, orgt. b. Hudders- field, Eng., Jan. 26, 1844. Ex- traordinarily precocious; orgt. at 9; pupil of Horn and of Parratt; orgt. at church in Glasgow 1866, 1870 at Univ., 1879 at cathedral; 1875 Mus. Doc. Oxford; 1897 succeeded Best at St. George's Hall, Liverpool; compr. of cantata and org. mus.; edited Scottish Hymnal 1885. Pearce, Charles William, compr., writer. b. Salisbury, Dec. 5, 1856. Pupil of Aylward, Hoyte, E. J. Hopkins, etc.; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1884; orgt. Salisbury and London; prof, of organ and comp. 1882 and dean 1892 Trinity Coll., London; exam- iner Cambridge 1888-91; lectured on plain song, etc.; composed choral and church music, organ pieces, exercises in vocal training. Pearsall, Robert Lucas de, compr. b. Clifton, Mar. 14, 1795; d. Schloss Wartensee, Lake Constance, Aug. 5, 1856. Practised law until 1825 when, abroad for his health, studied music with Panny, and later with Ett at Munich; 1842 settled at Wartensee; composed madrigals and choral works (O who will o'er the downs so free?, Sir Patrick Spens, in 10 parts, etc.); part editor of old Catholic song book, writer of essays (study on fifths and octaves, etc.). Pearson, H. H., see Pierson. Pease, Alfred Humphries, pst., compr. b. Cleveland, O., May 6, 1838; d. St. Louis, Mo., July 13, 1882. Pupil of Kullak, Von Billow, Wiierst, and Wieprecht at Berlin; after 3 years' study in America, went on long pf. tours; composed concerto, Andante for orch., etc.; works per- formed by Thomas Orch. Pendleton, Mrs. W. F., Lillian. Blauvelt, Penfield, Smith Newell, orgt. b. Ober- lin, O., Apr. 4, 1837. Pupil of Flint in N. Y., of Moscheles, Hauptmann, PEPPERCORN PERSIAN! etc. in Leipzig; founder of Mozart Club and Cons, at Savannah, Ga., of Arion Cons., Brooklyn; orgt. in N. Y. since 1882; composed string quintet, anthems, pf. mus., songs, etc. Peppercorn, Gertrude, pst. b. West Horsley, Surrey, Dec. 1, 1878. Pupil at Royal Acad. of Matthay; gained several prizes; appeared in Edin- burgh about 1895; great success in London, Nov. 1907; in U. S. 1908. Pepusch (pa'-push), John Christopher, compr. b. Berlin , 1 667 ; d . London , July 20, 1752. Pupil for one year of Kling- enberg and Grosse; early talents hampered by poverty; appoint- ment at Prussian court 1681-97; vlt., cembalist, compr. at Drury Lane Theatre, London, after 1700; with others founded Acad. of Antient Mus.; director of Lincoln's Inn Theatre, where he composed and arranged music for many plays (Beg- gar's Opera, etc.); orgt. at Charter- house; published treatises on har- mony and ancient music, on which he was authority. Perabo (par'-a-bo), Johann Ernst, pst. b. Wiesbaden, Nov. 14, 1845. Family moved to N. Y. 1852; studied at Hamburg with Andersen, and at Leipzig Cons, with Moscheles, Richter, etc.; after giving concerts in West, settled, 1866, in Boston, where he has since been known as performer and able teacher, compr. of pf. music and songs. Pergolesi (par-go-la'-zi), Giovanni Bat- tista, compr. b. Jesi, near Ancona, Jan. 3, 1710; d. Pozzuoli, near Naples, Mar. 16, 1736. Pupil at Naples of Greco, Durante, Feo, and Matteis (vln.) ; early operas not suc- cessful; composed 30 sonatas for 2 vlns. and bass, and mass; produced La serva padrona 1732, only surviv- ing opera, for many years standard of amusing intermezzo, and during the contest of tastes in Paris, was regarded as typifying all character- istic traits of Italian music; at first production it was not more suc- cessful than other operas and P. retired in disappointment; Stabat Mater often sung, composed just before death. Peri (pa'-rl), Jacopo, compr. b. Florence, Aug. 20, 1561; d. there, about 1630. At house of Bardi, he, with others, in endeavor to reestab- lish declamation of Greek drama, discovered modern recitative; Cac- cini made earliest application of discovery, but Peri's Dafne, 1594, was first work really worthy of name of opera; (Cavalieri's Rap- presentazione di anima e di corpo was first performed in public); P's Euridice, 1600, was his greatest success, and apparently his final attempt in operatic form. Perkins, Henry Southwick, condr. b. Stockbridge, Vt., Mar. 20. 1833. Pupil in Boston of Baker, Wether- bee, etc.; pres. Iowa Normal Acad. Mus. 1867-71, prof. mus. Iowa State Univ. 1867-68; pres. of Kansas Normal Acad. 1870-74; founder Chicago Nat'l Coll. of Mus. 1890; conducted many festivals, conventions, etc. ; edited song books. Perosi (pa-ro'-ze), Lorenzo, compr. b. Tortona, Italy, Dec. 23, 1872. Studied with Saladino, and at Milan Cons., and at Haberl's school for church music in Ratisbon; maestro di cappella at Imola, and 1897 at St. Mark's, Venice; chorus director at St. Peter's, Rome, since 1898 priest; compr. of trilogy of ora- torios La passione di Cristo, per- formed 1897 with sensational suc- cess; honorary maestro Papal Choir 1898; has composed 15 masses, org. mus., and other oratorios (La trans- figurazione, Mose); especially popu- lar in Italy, but even there later works arouse less enthusiasm. Perry, Edward Baxter, pst. b. Haver- hill, Mass., Feb. 14, 1855. Blind from youth; pupil of J. W. Hill, and in Germany of Kullak, Mme. Schumann, Pruckner, and Liszt; gave some 1200 concerts in 10 years; originated the lecture recital; author of Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works, etc., helpful if sometimes over-sentimental interpretations; has done much to increase appreciation of good music. Persiani (par-si-a'-ne), Fanny, dram, sop. b. Rome, Oct. 4, 1812; d. Passy, May 3, 1867. Pupil of father, Niccolo Tacchinardi; married, 1830, PESSARD compr. Giuseppe P. (1804-1869); de"but Leghorn 1832; engaged at various Italian cities; after de"but in Paris, 1837, and London, 1838, won great success in both capitals, until 1848; sang in 1858 but with less success; voice was thin, liable to sharpness, but managed with per- fect finish; Donizetti wrote Lucia for her. Pessard (pes'-sar'), Emile Louis For- tune, compr. b.Montmartre, May 28, 1843. Studied at Paris Cons, with Bazin, Laurent, Carafa, etc.; Grand prix de Rome 1866; inspector of singing in Paris schools, director of music at establishment of Legion of Honor, prof, of harm, at Cons, since 1881; composed several operas (Capitaine Fracasse, La dame de trefle, etc.) and pf. pieces of value. Petersilea (pa-ter-sll'-ea), Carlyle, pst., teacher, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 18, 1844; d. Tropico, Cal., June 11, 1908. Studied with father, with Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc. at Leipzig Cons.; played in Germany; founded P. Acad. of Mus., Boston, 1871; pf. teacher N. E. Cons. 1886; went to California 1892; published technical exercises, method, etc. Petrucci (pe-trut'-che), Ottaviano dei, printer, b. Fossombrone, June 18, 1466; d. there, May 7, 1539. Estab- lished at Venice 1491; 1498 received sole privilege for 20 years of print- ing music; 1513 at Fossombrone, similar privilege within Papal States for 15 years; used two impressions, printing first lines and then the notes; his works beautiful examples of earliest typography, many of them extant in great libraries, chiefly masses and motets. Petschnikoff (petch'-ni-kof), Alexan- der, vlt. b. Jeletz. Russia, Feb. 8, 1873. Pupil of Hrimaly; precocious talent at Moscow Cons, gained dis- tinguished patronage for him; tours in Germany 1875-^76, to America, London, etc.; skilful player, but with some mannerisms. Pfeiffer (fa-far), Georges Jean, pst. b. Versailles, Dec. 12, 1835; d. Feb. 14, 1908. Pupil of mother (who was a pupil of Kalkbrenner), of Maleden and Damcke; success in PHILIDOR Paris and London playing own con- certos; also composed symph., symph. poem, songs, and several operas (Le legataire universel, 1901, much the best); also partner in pf. firm of Pleyel, Wolff & Co., as was his father. Pfeil (pfll), Heinrich, editor, b. Leip- zig, Dec. 18, 1835; d. there, April 17, 1899. Self-taught; at first book- seller; edited Sangerhalle 1862-87, Dorfanzeiger 1891-96; composed male choruses, wrote small treatises on hist, of mus. etc. Pfitzner, Hans Erich, compr. b. Mos- cow, May 5, 1869. Pupil of father, condr. at Frankfort, and of Kwast and Knorr, at Hoch Cons, there; taught Coblenz Cons. 1892-93; condr. of Mayence Th. 1894-95; 3d capell- meister Mannheim 1895-96; teacher at Stern Cons. 1897, dir. Stuttgart Cons. 1907; condr. at Berlin Th.; operas Der arme Heinrich, 1895, and Die Rose vom Liebesgarten, 1901, very successful, have given him distinctive position among younger extreme German comprs.; with modern skill, he preserves a romantic attitude. Phelps, Ellsworth C., orgt. b. Middle- town, Conn., Aug. 11, 1827. Self- taught; orgt. and teacher New London 1846, Syracuse, New York, and Brooklyn since 1857; over 30 years teacher in public schools; composed sacred opera David, symph. Hiawatha, pieces for mili- tary band, etc. Philidor [properly Danican], Frangois Andre, compr. b. Dreux, Sept. 7, 1726; d. London, Aug. 31, 1795. Of musical family, several members of which played wind instr. in royal band (name P. was given to great uncle by Louis XIII); pupil of Campra; at first distinguished as chess player at Aix and in London 1749, and author of book on chess; 1754 recalled to Paris; 1759-1796 produced about 25 operas (Le mare- chal, Tom Jones, Ernelinde, etc.); extremely popular but no longer played; P. was first to introduce unaccompanied quartet, and first to be called forward after presenta- tion of opera. PHILIPP PIRANI Philipp (fil-ip), Isidor Edmund, pst., teacher, b. Budapest, Sept. 2, 1863. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mathias (1st pf. prize 1883) and later of Heller, Saint-Saens, and Ritter; played in London 1890, has appeared regu- larly at Paris concerts; established chamber concerts 1890, concerts of wind instruments 1896-1901; prof, at Cons, since 1893; published pf. mus., effective arrangements and valuable studies based on Chopin, Beethoven and Bach. Phillips, Adelaide, dram. alto. b. Stratford-on-Avon, Eng., 1833; d. Carlsbad, Oct. 3, 1882. Family came to Boston 1840; pupil of her mother as dancer, appeared 1842; by subscription, started by Jenny Lind, studied with Garcia and in Italy; d6but Milan 1854; sang Boston 1854, N. Y. 1856 (Am. operatic d6but), 1861 Havana, Paris, Spain, etc.; member Boston Ideal Co. from 1879; last stage appear- ance 1881. Piatti (pe-at'-te), Carlo Alfredo, 'cellist, b. Bergamo, Jan. 8, 1822; d. Cro- cetta di Nozzo, near Bergamo, July 19. 1901. Son of vlt. Antonio P. (1801-1878); pupil of great-uncle Zanetti, and at Milan Cons.; de*but 1837 with own concerto; played in th. orch. and on roving tours, on one of which he played with Liszt; 1844 went to Paris and London, where, 1849, he became 'cellist at Italian op. and at Popular Concerts; retired 1898; master of 'cello as Joachim of vln.; very many pupils; compr., especially of 6 sonatas for 'cello. Piccini [Piccinni], (pit-che'-ne), Nicolo, compr. b. Bari, Jan. 16, 1728; d. Passy, near Paris, May 7, 1800. Pupil at Naples Cons, of Leo and Durante; early operas successful despite vogue of Logroscino's; La cecchina, 1760, most popular; 1762 wrote 6 operas in one year; dis- couraged by preference of public for work of Anfossi's, P., after illness, produced / viaggiatori at Naples; 1776, on invitation, removed to Paris and produced Roland, 1778; supporters of Italian opera used P., against his wish, as leader in pamphlet war against Gluck and his reforms (dramatic declamation and more consistent, elaborate orches- tration); also forced into rivalry with Sacchini; principal teacher in mus. school; at Revolution returned to Naples, where he spent four years under arrest for political reasons, and, though later feted and pen- sioned in Paris, lived in great poverty. Piccolomini, see Pontet, Henry. Pierne (pi-ar'-na), Henri Constant Gabriel, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 16, 1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with Marmontel, Ce'sar Franck, and Mas- senet; Grand prix de Rome 1882; fol- lowed Franck as orgt. of Ste. Clo- thilde 1890-98; composed several operas (Tabarin, etc.), and music for plays, symph. poem with chorus L'An mil, cantata Croisade des enfants widely produced, numerous songs and pf. pieces; influences of Franck and Massenet contend in his Pierson [originally Pearson], Henry Hugo, compr. b. Oxford, Apr. 12, 1815; d. Leipzig, Jan. 28, 1873. Pupil of Attwood and Corfe, and of Rinck, Tomaschek, and Reissiger; prof, at Edinburgh Univ. 1844; lived after 1845 in Vienna, Hamburg, and Leipzig; composed several operas, oratorios (music to Faust), songs and part-songs (The Mariners of England, etc.). Pinsuti (pin-su'-ti), Giro, teacher, compr. b. Sinalunga, Florence, May 9, 1829; d. Florence, Mar. 10, 1888. Member of Roman Accademia Filarmonica at 11; taken to England, became pupil of Potter and Blagrove; 1845- 47 pupil of Rossini at Bologna; after 1848 taught in London, at Royal Acad. after 1856; Grisi, Patti and Mario among pupils; brought out several operas in Italy, received many honors there; also composed Engh'sh and Italian songs. Pirani (pl-ra'-nl), Eugenio, pst., compr. b. Bologna, Sept. 8, 1852. Studied at Bologna with Golinelli, at Berlin with Kiel and Kullak, at whose Acad. he taught 187^80; after ex- tended tours, lived in Heidelberg and Berlin after 1895; correspondent for musical papers; composed symph. poem, ballet, concert studies, etc. piSTOCcm Pistocchi (pis-tok'-ki), Francesco An- tonio Mamiliano, teacher, compr. b. Palermo, 1659; d. Bologna, May 13, 1726. Chorister at Bologna; precocious compr. (first work pub- lished at 8); pupil of Perti, Vas- tamigli, and Monari; operatic singer after 1675; capellmeister in Ansbach 1696; soon after return to Bologna 1700, founded first systematic school of singing; composed operas, ora- torios, Scherzi musicali (songs), duets, etc. Pitoni (pl-to'-nl) , Giuseppe Ottavio, com- pr. b.Rieti, Mar. 18, 1657; d. Rome, Feb. 1, 1743. Chorister at Rome and pupil of Foggia; maestro di cap- pella at Terra di Rotondo, at Assisi, at Rieti, and at Collegio di S. Marco, Rome, and at same time in several churches, finally 1719 at St. Peter's; taught Durante, Leo, and Feo; composed masses on popular airs, very many services (enough for one year at St. Peter's), and many motets, not published until after his death. Pitt, Percy, compr. b. London, Jan. 4, 1870. Educated in France, studied music in Leipzig 1886-88, with Rein- ecke and Jadassohn, and in Munich 1888-91 with Rheinberger; chorus- master Motet Concerts in London 1895, orgt. at Queen's Hall 1896, adviser and occasional condr. Covent Garden 1902; excellent program analyses; composed incidental mus. to Paolo and Francesca, Flodden Field, and Richard II, overture, suites, an oriental rhapsody, coro- nation march, songs for voice and orch. Pizzi (pit'-ze), Emilio, compr. b. Feb. 2, 1862. Pupil of Ponchielli and Bazzini at Milan Cons.; took prizes at Milan and Bologna for operas, at Florence for quartets; director music school at Bergamo and maes- tro di cappella 1897; composed operas especially for Patti, Gabriella (Bos- ton, 1893) and Rosalba. Plaidy (pla'-dl), Louis, pf. teacher, b. Wermsdorf, Saxony, Nov. 28, 1810; d. Grimma, Mar. 3, 1874. Pupil of Agthe on pf. and Haase on vln.; member of Leipzig Orch.; studied pf. technic; 1843 invited PLEYEL by Mendelssohn to teach at Cons.; private lessons after 1865; very remarkable gift for teaching technic benefited many pupils; his Tech- nische Studien is still standard; also published Der Klavierlehrer (the pf. teacher's guide). Plangon (plon-son), Pol Henri, dram, bass. b. Fumay, Ardennes, June 12, 1854. Pupil of Duprez and later of Sbriglia; de"but Lyons 1879; Grand Op^rn, Paris, 1883-93; London for 13 seasons; favorite there and in N. Y. Planquette (plon-kef), Jean Robert, compr. b. Paris, July 31, 1848; d. there, Jan. 28, 1903. Pupil of Du- prato at Cons.; composed songs and saynetes for cafes-concerts; first oper- etta 1874, and thereafter consider- able success as opera compr., es- pecially with Les cloches de Corne- ville, 1877, very popular in England and America as The Chimes of Nor- mandy; also composed Surcouf, The Old Guard, Paul Jones, etc. Plante (plon-ta), Francis, pst. b. Orthez, Basses-Pvre'n^es, Mar. 2, 1839; d. Pfrigueux, July, 1898. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, 1st prize 1849; pst. in trios with Alard and Franchomme; pupil at Cons, again, 1853, under Bazin for comp.; after ten years' retirement, in which he developed his style, reappeared, 1872, as most finished pst.; published only transcriptions. Playford, John, publisher, b. London, 1623; d. there, about Nov., 1686. Wrote Introduction to the Skill of Musick, a few songs; published nearly all English music 1648-85, among others Hilton's Ayres, Campion's Art of Descant, The whole booke of Psalms, etc. Son and successor Henry, b. May 5, 1657; d. about 1710. Published music of Purcell and Blow; apparently retired about 1706 or '07. Pleyel (pli'-el), Ignaz Joseph, compr. b. Ruppertsthal, near Vienna, June 1, 1757; d. near Paris, Nov. 14, 1831. Pupil of Wanhal and for five years of Haydn; then in Rome and Vienna; capellmeister at Strassburg min- ster, position which he lost for politi- cal reasons; condr. of Professional PODBERTSKY Concerts in London 1791-92; went to Paris 1795, where, in 1797, he established pf. factory, still flourish- ing as firm of P. Wolff et Cie.; pro- lific instrumental compr. of some 29 symph., septet, sextet, five books of quintets, 45 quartets, concertos, sonatas, etc. Podbertsky (pod-bert'-ski), Theodor, compr. b. Munich, Nov. 16, 1846. Director of Munich Mannergesang- verein and the Neuen Bavaria; liv- ing in Fiirstenfeldbriick since 1887; composed popular part-songs, Am Chiemsee, Friedrich Rotbart, Meeres- stille und gliickliche Fahrt. Pohl (pol), Carl Ferdinand, writer. b. Darmstadt, Sept. 6, 1819; d. Vienna, Apr. 28, 1887. Gave up position as orgt. because of ill health; in London 1863-66 in research which is foundation of Mozart and Haydn in London; 1866 librarian and archiv- ist to Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna; began life of Haydn, of which one vol. (in 2 parts) was pub- lished; to be completed by Mandy- czewski. Pohlig, Karl, condr., compr. b. Tep- litz, Feb. 10, 1864. Pupil of Liszt at Pesth and Rome; capellm. at Graz, Hamburg, London (Covent Garden), Koburg, and Stuttgart 1900 -07; went to Philadelphia 1907 to become dir. of the Philadelphia Symph. Orch. ; has written works for orchestra, songs and choruses. Pole, William, writer, b. Birmingham, Apr. 22, 1814; d. London, Dec. 3, 1900. Prof, of civil engineering at Univ. Coll., London, 1859-76; orgt. in London; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1864; examiner for Lond. Univ. 1876-90; composed some mus.; chiefly known for analyses, critical essays, The Story of Mozart's Requiem, and sug- gestive Philosophy of Music, con- tributor to Grove's Dictionary. Polko, Elise [nee Vogel], writer, b. Wackerbarthsruhe, near Dresden, Jan. 13, 1822; d. Munich, May 15, 1899. After studying with Garcia appeared at Frankfort as mezzo soprano; after marriage appeared in concert only; lived in various Ger- man cities; author of many novels PORGES in which appear characters of musi- cal hist. ; best known are sentimental Musikalische Marchen. Pollini (pol-le'-nl), Francesco Giuseppe, pst. b. Laibach, 1763; d. Milan, Sept. 17, 1846. Pupil of Mozart and Zinga- 'relli; prof, of pf. at Milan Cons.; dis- tinguished performer; probably origi- nator of writing pf. mus. on 3 staves in his 32 exercizi in forma di toccata, in which he was followed by Liszt and Thalberg; composed toccatas, sonatas, variations, etc., pf. method, Stabat Mater, etc. Ponchielli (pon-ki-el'-le), Amilcare, compr. b. Paderno Fasolare, Cre- mona, Aug. 31, 1834; d. Milan, Jan. 16, 1886. After study at Milan Cons., was orgt. and bandmaster; 1856 produced opera / promessi sposi, most successful in revised version, 1872; after that continued success with 9 others; maestro of Piacenza Cath. 1881; most success- ful opera Gioconda (Milan 1876, London, N. Y., and Boston 1883); ranked next to Verdi by Italians. Popper, David, 'cettist. b. Prague, Dec. 9, 1843. Pupil of Goltermann at Prague Cons.; after successful tours in Germany, 1868-73, became soloist at Vienna Opera; married pst. Sophie Menter, 1872 (divorced 1886); for a number of years he held no official position, for various lengths of time being in London, Paris, St. Petersburg, Vienna, Berlin, etc.; since 1896 prof, in Budapest Cons.; recognized all over Europe as among finest 'cellists; has written for 'cello (popular Sarabande and Gavotte, suites, concertos), string quartets, and monumental Violon- cello School. Porges (por'-g6s), Heinrich, writer. b. Prague, Nov. 25, 1837; d. Munich, Nov. 17, 1900. Pupil of C. Muller, Rummel, and Zwonaf; editor with Brendel of Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik 1863; 1867 called to Munich by Ludwig II, editor of Suddeutsche Presse, teacher at Royal Sch. and Royal Music director after 1871; organized P. Gesangverein 1886; intimate with Cornelius and Wag- ner, and the latter's champion in many pamphlets and articles. PORPORA PRAGER Porpora (por-por'-a), Nicolb Antonio, compr. b. Naples, Aug. 19, 1686; d. there, Feb., 1766. Pupil of Gae- tano of Perugia and Mancini at Cons, di San Loreto; maestro di cap. to Portuguese ambassador; early opera, Berenice, praised by Handel; opened singing school about 1712, where he had many very famous pupils (Farinelli, Senesino, Tosi, etc.); about 1721 virtuoso to Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt; 1725 teacher at Venice, and while there tried un- successfully for favor at Vienna; at Dresden, 1728, singing master to princess and maestro at opera, in which position he was bitter rival of Hasse, who (1724) had deserted P. for lessons from A. Scarlatti; 1729 -1736 intermittently in London, where he directed opposition to Handel without great success; then lived in Venice, Vienna (where he taught Haydn), again at Dresden (where Hasse began to gain ground against him); returning to Naples about 1755, became maestro at the cathedral and at Cons, di San Ono- frio; died in poverty; operatic music of conventional florid style; clavi- chord music (fugues, etc.) of some originality; greatest as teacher of singing. Porter, Frank Addison, teacher, b. Dixmont, Me., Sept. 3, 1859. Pupil at N. E. Cons. 1879-84 of Turner, Emery, Chadwick, etc., at Leipzig of Hofmann, Freitag, etc.; prof, of pf. at N. E. Cons, since 1884; supt. of normal course there since 1892; pub- lished System of finger technic, noc- turnes, mazurka, etc. Portugal [or Portogallo] da Fonseca, Marcos Antonio, compr. b. Lisbon, Mar. 24, 1762; d. Rio de Janeiro, Feb. 7, 1830. Pupil of Borselli, an opera singer, and Orao, maestro at cath.; accompanist Madrid opera 1782; after study in Italy, produced successful operas (II Molinaro, L'As- tuto, 1790); court condr. at Lisbon; then in Italy producing operas in various cities to 1799 (Fernando net Messico, masterpiece according to F6tis); 1800 at Lisbon, 1810 followed royal family to Brazil, continued posi- tion there; some success in Germany and England, but most of his 40 op- eras were popular in Italy and Spain. Potter, Philip Cipriani Hambly, pst., compr. b. London, Oct. 2, 1792; d. there, Sept. 26, 1871. Studied with father, Attwood, Callcott, Woelfl, etc. ; d6but as pst. and compr. 1816; studied comp. with A. Forster at Vienna, where Beethoven gave him advice; prof, of pf. at Royal Acad. Mus. 1822; principal there 1832, resigned 1859; composed sona- tas, concertos, two books of praise- worthy studies; distinguished condr. of Madrigal Soc. and admirable performer. Pougin (po-zhan), Arthur [real name Frangois Auguste Arthur Paroisse- Pougin], writer. b. Chateauroux, Aug. 6, 1834. Son of actor; pupil of Alard and Reber at Paris Cons.; th. vlt.; condr. at several theatres; member Ope"ra Comique orch. 1860- 63; since then critic for several papers (Mnestrel, of which he became chief editor after 1885, Le Theatre, etc.); author of musical articles in Larousse's Diet, universel, author of supplement to Ftis's dictionary, etc., and, beside many articles, of biographies of Bellini, Auber, R,a- meau, Verdi, etc. Powell, Maud, vlt. b. Peru, 111., Aug. 22, 1868. Mother an amateur compr.; pupil of Wm. Lewis in Chicago, of Schradieck in Leipzig, of Dancla in Paris, and, after play- ing in London, of Joachim in Berlin; d6but there and in New York 1885; leader Maud Powell String Quartet 1894; very distinguished and skilful player. Married H. Godfrey Turner, 1907. Pradher [rightly Pradfcre], (pra-dar), Louis Barthelemy, pst., compr. b. Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. Gray, Haute-Saone, Oct., 1834. Pupil of Gobert and Berton at Cons., where he became pf. prof. 1802; among pupils Herz, Dubois, etc.; retired 1827; published operas and much pf. mus. (sonatas, rondos, fantasias, etc.). Prager (prag'-er), Ferdinand Christian Wilhelin, teacher, b. Leipzig, Jan. 22, 1815; d. London, Sept. 1, 1891. Son of vlt. Heinrich Aloys P. (1783- 1854); pupil of Hummel and Pape; teacher in The Hague and London PRATORIUS PROCH after 1834; English correspondent for Schumann's Neue Zeitschrift, sup- porter of Wagner, influential in calling W. to London 1855; compr. of symph. poems, pf. mus. (Crepus- cule, etc.), author of Wagner as I knew him. Pratorius, Michael, compr., writer. b. Kreuzberg, Thuringia, Feb. 15, 1571; d. Wolfenbuttel, Feb. 15, 1621. Capellmeister at Liineburg, orgt. and capellm. to Duke of Bruns- wick, prior of Monastery of Ringel- heim; prolific compr. of 15 volumes of Polyhymnia, 16 of Musae Sioniae, etc.; chiefly distinguished as author of Syntagma musicum, 1615-20, treatise, partly in Latin, partly in German, on ecclesiastical music, on all known instruments (with very valuable woodcuts) and styles of compositions. Pratt, Silas Gamaliel, compr. b. Addi- son, Vt., Aug. 4, 1846. Pupil of Bendel, Kullak, Wiierst, and Kiel, and on later trip, 1875, of Dorn and Liszt; organized Chicago Apollo Club 1871; gave symphony con- certs, concerts of own works, his opera Zenobia 1882; pf. prof, at N. Y. Metropolitan Cons. 1890; removed to Pittsburg 1907; com- posed 2 operas, 2 symphonies, can- tata, suites, part-songs, etc., ar- ranged spectacle The War in Song. Pratt, Waldo Selden, writer, teacher, b. Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1857. Grad- uated at Williams College 1878; Johns Hopkins Univ. 1878-80; Mus. D. Syracuse Univ. 1895; asst. dir. Metropol. Museum, N. Y., 1880-82, registrar Hartford Theol. Seminary 1888-95; teacher of elocution Trinity Coll. 1891-1905; lecturer on mus. hist, at Smith Coll. since 1895, at Mt. Holyoke 1896-99, at Inst. Mus. Art, N. Y., 1905; orgt. and condr. of choral soc. in Hartford; prof. mus. and hymnology at Hartford Theol. Seminary since 1882; Mus. Ed. Century Dictionary, etc.; author of Mus. Ministries in the Church, 1901, and valuable text-book Hist, of Mus. 1907. Prentice, Thomas Ridley, pst. b. Paslow Hall, Ongar, Essex, July 6, 1842; d. Hampstead, July 15, 1895. Pupil of W. and G. A. Macfarren at Royal Acad.; taught there: gave Monthly Popular Concerts at Brixton 1869-74; orgt. 1872; pf. prof. Guild- hall Sch. 1880, at Blackheath Cons. 1881; organized twopenny concerts for working classes; most valuable work The Musician, notes on pf. instruction books; composed can- tata, anthems, pf. mus., etc. Prescott, Oliveria Louisa, compr., writer, b. London, Sept. 3, 1842. Pupil at Royal Acad. Mus. and of Lindsay Sloper, Macfarren, etc.; successful teacher of harmony; author of clear, useful text-book, Musical form, compr. of 2 symph., overtures, pf. concerto, etc., psalms, cantata Lord Ullin's Daughter, songs, etc. Prevost (pra-vo), Eugene Prosper, com- pr., condr. b. Paris, Aug. 23, 1809; d. New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1872. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Seuriot, Jelen- sperger, and Lesueur; Grand prix de Rome 1831; produced several suc- cessful operettas; condr. at Havre, at New Orleans 1838-1862, then at Bouffes Parisiens and the Champs Elyse'es; later compositions unsuc- cessful; returned to New Orleans 1867. Preyer, Carl A., compr., teacher, b. Pforzheim, Germany, July 28, 1863. Began musical instruction under a local teacher at the age of 9, contin- uing at Stuttgart, at Vienna under Navratil, and in Berlin under Urban and Barth; began his professional career in 1884; after coming to the United States he became successive- ly professor of music in Baker Uni- versity, Baldwin, Kas., 1889-91, and at University of Kansas, Law- rence, 1893, with which institution he is still connected (1910). His compositions number about fifty mainly for piano and voice; among his works for piano are a number of fine technical studies which have been well received by teachers; Mus. Doc. Baker University 1909. Proch (pr6k), Heinrich, compr. b. Bohmisch-Leipa, July 22, 1809; d. Vienna, Dec. 18, 1878. Studied vln. and law; capellmeister in Vienna at theatre, at court opera 1840-70, of comic opera 1874; many PROUT PURCELL famous pupils (Tie tj ens, Materna, etc.) ; compr. of very popular lieder (Von der Alpe tout das Horn, etc.). Prout, Ebenezer, compr., theorist, b. Oundle, Northamptonshire, Mar. 1, 1835; d. London, Dec. 5, 1909. Pf. pupil of Salaman, otherwise self- taught; orgt. in several places; prof, of pf. Crystal Palace Sch. of Art 1861-85; prof, of harmony and comp. at Nat'l Training School 1876, at Royal Acad. 1879, at Guild- hall Sch. 1884; prof. mus. at Dublin Univ. 1894; editor Monthly Mus. Record 1871-74, critic for Academy and Athenceum; editor of some of Handel's oratorios, with additional accomp. ; most distinguished as writer of primer on Instrumentation, and of series Harmony, Counterpoint, Double Counterpoint, Fugue, Mus. Form, Applied Forms, and The Orchestra. Pruckner, Dionys, pst. b. Munich, May 12, 1834; d. Heidelberg, Dec. 1, 1896. Pupil of Niest and of Liszt; settled in Vienna 1855; prof. Stuttgart Cons. 1859, to reputation of which he largely contributed; court pst. 1864; excellent teacher. Prudent (prii-don), Emile, pst. b. AngoulSme, April 3, 1817; d. Paris, May 13, 1863. Adopted by piano tuner in childhood; pupil at Paris Cons, of Le Couppey, Zimmermann, and Laurent; first performance at concert with Thalberg, whom he closely imitated and nearly equaled; successful tours in Germany and England, admired as teacher and performer in Paris; compr. of tran- scriptions and salon music, brilliant but now out of fashion. Puccini (poo-che'-ne), Giacomo, compr. b. Lucca, June 22, 1858. Great- great-grandfather, grandfather, and father all compr. of church music, great-grandfather notable theorist; student at Milan Cons., on pension from queen, under Ponchielli; first opera, Le Villi, successful 1884; revised the next year; second, Edgar, 1889, failure; better success with Manon Lescaut 1893; first triumph with La BoMme 1896; Tosca 1900, continued success, and Madam But- terfly, though hissed at first per- formance, Milan, 1904, has since been successful, not only in Italy but almost everywhere else, London 1905, New York and Boston, English version. P. is one of most popular of contemporary composers; he differs from Mascagni and other Italians in seeking for more than mere sensa- tion, and from followers of Wagner in not endeavoring to establish any abstract truth; his orchestration shows brilliant technic and vari- ety; his melody, typically Italian in its fluency and somewhat obvious emotionalism, is modern in its psy- chological truth, so far as is possible with his librettos, which have often been disconnected melodramatic scenes rather than artistic creations. Pudor (poo'-dor), Heinrich, writer, b. Dresden about 1860. Son of Johann Friedrich P. (1835-1887), proprietor of Dresden Cons. 1859-87; suc- ceeded father at Cons, until 1890, when he sold out to E. Krantz; prolific writer, at first extravagant, but more restrained in later works; wrote Die alien und die neuen Wege in der Mus., etc. Pugnani (poon-ya'-nl), Gaetano, vlt. b. Turin, Nov. 27, 1731; d. there, June 15, 1798. Pupil of Somis and Tartini; leader court orchestra Turin 1752; long tours after 1754 to Paris and London, where he conducted opera orch. and produced opera; 1770 at Turin established vln. school; among pupils Viotti, Polledro, etc.; composed 9 concertos (only 1 pub- lished), chamber music. Pugno (pu-no), Stephane Raoul, pst. b. Montrouge, Seine, France, June 23, 1852. Pupil at Niedermeyer Sch. and Paris Cons., winning 3 first prizes, pf. 1866, harmony '67, organ '69; orgt. in Paris since 1896; prof, of harmony 1892-96, and of piano 1896-1901 at Cons.; since about 1893 has been distinguished as per- former, especially of classical music; successful concerts with Ysaye in Paris, London, and U. S.; playing notable for smooth tone, intense expression, combined with force; compr. of oratorio, ballets, etc. Purcell, Henry, compr. b. West- minster, London, 1658; d. there, Nov. 21, 1695. Called " the young- er"; father, also Henry P. (d. Aug. PYNE 11, 1664), gentleman of Chapel Royal after Restoration, master of chor- isters, Westminster Abbey, member of King's band; after early death of father, Henry was chorister at Chapel Royal under Cooke and Pelham Humfrey, who is said to have shown him the French style of music; early a compr.; pupil in composition of Blow; copyist at Abbey 1676-78, 1688-90, orgt. there 1680 (unsupported tradition gives Blow credit for resigning in pupil's favor); orgt. at Chapel Royal 1682; composed anthems and songs from early age, " lessons " for harpsi- chord; sonatas, fantasias, etc. for sev- eral instruments; incidental music for plays (the so-called " operas " are mostly detachable songs); of these the most notable are Dido and jEneas (probably 1688-90), Dio- desian 1690, Dryden's King Arthur 1691. Reckoned as greatest English compr.; there have been frequent editions of his works, but no accu- rate ones until foundation of Purcell Society 1878, 16 volumes published up to 1908. Chief characteristics of music are " fondness for austere melody, relieved by strongly marked rhythm, delight in moving basses and skill in handling ground bass, love of 'false relations,' beside general technical ingenuity com- bined with direct passionate expres- sion." [Grove.]; unfortunate for English music that he had no im- mediate successors. (Biography by W. H. Cummings.) QUINAULT Pyne, John Kendrick, orgt. b. London, Aug. 21, 1810; d. there, Mar. 2 (4?), 1893. Son of James Kendrick, tenor (1785-1857); pupil of Crotch at Royal Acad.; orgt. at Bath Abbey from 1839. Son James Ken- drick, orgt. b. Bath, Feb. 5, 1852. Pupil of father and S. S. Wesley; orgt. at Bath, etc., finally at Man- chester Cath. 1876; prof, at Manches- ter Royal Coll. Mus. 1893; in Phila- delphia 1875; compr. of services, etc.; well-known recital orgt. Pyne, Louisa Fanny, dram. sop. b. England, Aug. 27, 1832; d. London, Mar. 20, 1904. Pupil of Smart, appeared with sister at early age; d^but on stage, Boulogne, 1849; sang in London 1849-54, U. S. 1854-56, again in England estab- lished, with Wm. Harrison, H.-P. Opera Co., giving English operas; after marriage to F. Bodda, baritone, in 1868, retired from stage; devoted td teaching. Pythagoras, mathematician, b. Samos, Greece, about 582 B. C.; d. Meta- pontum, about 500. Though he wrote no books, his disciples, Euclid, Ptolemy, etc. preserved his doc- trines which he is thought to have gained in the Egyptian esoteric schools where he spent several years; in music he counted only the oc- tave and the fifth as consonances (fourth being fifth below); third and sixths consequently dissonant intervals. Quantz, Johann Joachim, flute player, b. Oberscheden, Hanover, Jan. 30, 1697; d. Potsdam, July 12, 1773. Played double-bass at 8; at 10, as apprentice to uncle, town musician at Merseburg, studied clavichord with Kiesewetter, and learned other instruments; member of town orch. at Dresden; studied counterpoint with Zelenka and Fux at Vienna; 1718 oboist in royal orch. at Dresden, later played flute there, after study- ing with Buffardin; and resumed position after trip to Italy, Paris, and London; teacher of Frederick the Great, when crown prince, and after his accession 1740, chamber musician and compr.; invented second key and sliding top for flute; wrote method and composed about 300 concertos and 200 sonatas and other pieces. Quinault (ke-no'), Jean Baptiste Mau- rice, singer, actor, d. Gien, 1744. At Th. Francaise 1712-18, tragedian there until 1733; wrote more than 20 interludes, ballets, etc. (a 4-act ballet Les amours des deesses, 1728, had considerable success in Paris). RACHMANINOFF RAMEAU Rachmaninoff (rak-man'-e'-nof), Sergei Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b. Nov- gorod, Russia, Apr. 2, 1873. Studied at St. Petersburg and Moscow Cons., pf. with Siloti and theory with Arensky; gold medal 1891; after con- cert tour in Russia, and appearance at London Philharmonic, 1899, ap- pointed pf. prof, at Maryinsky Inst. forgirls, Moscow 1893; American tour 1909-10; has composed opera Aleko, Fantasia, Bohemian Caprice, etc. for orch., pf. concerto, two sympho- nies, Elegiac trio, some songs, and pf. music (Variations, Musical moments, Preludes, etc.), which contains novel and varied harmonic effects, well worth the effort of overcoming the considerable technical difficulty. Radecke (ra'-d6-k6), Albert Martin Robert, compr. b. Dittmannsdorf, Oct. 31, 1830. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; 1st vln. in Gewandhaus orch.; condr. Singakademie, director City Th.; after giving concerts in Berlin, mus. director of court theatre there 1863-87, court capellmeister 1871, director of Stern Cone. 1883-88, of Royal Inst. for Church Mus. 1892; compr. orch. works, especially ex- cellent pf. trios and songs. Raff (raf), Joseph Joachim, compr. b. Lachen, Lake of Zurich, May 27, 1822; d. Frankfort-on-Main, June 25, 1882. Son of orgt., educated at Wiirttemberg and in Schuryz; be- came school-teacher, continuing alone study of comp., pf. and vln.; on Mendelssohn's recommendation some pf. pieces were published 1843; devoted himself to composition; until 1850 in Cologne, Wiesenstetten, and Stuttgart, though encouraged by Liszt and Von Billow, many chances of success failed; 1850 in Weimar, where he wrote articles for Neue Zeitschrift and where Liszt produced opera Konig Alfred; after 1856 in Wiesbaden, in demand as teacher; symphony An das Voter- land won prize Vienna 1863; director of Hoch Cons, at Frankfort 1877; much work done to earn living; of the rest, though symphonies, etc. are frequently of some melodic charm and are worked up with great care, the inherent weakness of his ideas has caused them already to disappear from programs. Raif (rif), Oskar, pf. teacher. b. Zwolle, Holland, July 31, 1847; d. Berlin, July 29, 1899. Studied with father, Carl R., and Tausig; prof, of pf. at Royal High School, Berlin, after 1875; a specialist in technic known as the " dumb thumb " sys- tem; composed pf. concerto, sonata, etc. Raimondi (ra-mon'-di), Pietro, compr. b. Rome, Dec. 20, 1786; d. there, Oct. 30, 1853. Pupil of La Barbara and Tritto at Naples; lived as teacher and successful opera compr. in Genoa; a director of th. at Naples 1824-33; prof, of counterpoint at Naples Royal Cons. 1825-32, at Palermo Cons. 1832-52; maestro di cappella, St. Peter's, Rome, 1852-53; composed fugues, requiems, masses, oratorios, 3 of which were produced simultaneously in Rome, 1852, as a feat of contrapuntal skill. Ramann (ra'-man), Lina, writer, b. Mainstockheim, 'June 24, 1833. Pupil of Frau Brendel at Leipzig; founded normal mus. sem'y Gliick- stadt, 1858, and with Ida Volk- mann school at Nuremberg, 1865; wrote Grundriss der Technik des Kla- vier spiels, historical essays, and, most notably, biography of Liszt, 1880-93, still standard; edited L's works. Rameau (ra-mo), Jean Philippe, theor- ist, compr. b. Dijon, Sept. 25, 1683; d. Paris, Sept. 12, 1764. Of musical family and precocious ability; studied at Jesuit Coll., Dijon; 1701 sent to Italy, but did not care for prevailing styles; played vln. in traveling opera company and was orgt. in several places, finally at Lille, since his teacher Marc hand in jealousy kept him from Paris; after four years obtained posi- tion in Paris and published, 1726, Nouveau systeme de musique theo- rique; after writing songs, etc. for plays, composed opera Samson, which RANDEGGER READING was rejected; Hippolyte et Aricie, 1733, not very successful, but with Les Indes galantes, 1735, and Castor et Pollux, 1737, he was launched on career of success. In opera marked advance over Lully in dramatic sincerity and larger conceptions; he gives richer and more expressive orchestral backgrounds, with special part for each instrument, and more frequent solos for wood-wind; not happy in composing for voice and hampered by theory that any libretto would do; in mus. theory, he first re- duced study of chords to a systematic basis and established satisfactorily the science of " equal temperament "; his is preeminently the " reflecting, calculating genius of a philosopher." Randegger (ran-dezh-er), Alberto, sing- ing teacher, b. Trieste, Apr. 13, 1832. Studied with Lafont and Ricci; theatre condr. at several Italian cities; prod. 2 operas; in London since 1854; singing teacher at Royal Acad. since 1868 and at Royal Coll.; conducted Italian opera 1857, Carl Rosa Co. 1879-85, Norwich Festival 1881-1905; composed dram, cantata Fridolin, 2 soprano scenes, Medea, Saffo, psalms, etc.; author of valu- able Primer of Singing. Randolph, Harold, pst. b. Richmond, Va., Oct. 31, 1861. Father a lawyer and writer; both parents good ama- teur musicians; began to study music at about eight years of age, and re- ceived bulk of musical education at the Peabody Conservatory, Balti- more; began professional career at sixteen, and filled various positions as organist and choirmaster up to 1906, when he retired from church work; director of Peabody Conservatory since 1898; has appeared as pianist with most of the principal American orchestras and chamber music organ- izations; first pianist entirely Ameri- can-taught to achieve wide public recognition; reorganized the Con- servatory and greatly enlarged its scope. Rappoldi (rap-p61'-de), Edouard, vlt. b. Vienna, Feb. 21, 1839; d. Dresden, May 16, 1903. Pupil in Vienna Cons, of Jansa, Bohm, and Sechter; vlt. in court orch.; leader at Rot- terdam; condr. at Liibeck, Prague, etc.; teacher at Berlin Hochschule 1871-77; leader of opera orch. and head teacher vln. at Dresden Cons. 1877-98, where he retired. Wife, Laura, nee Kahrer, pst. b. Mistel- bach, near Vienna, Jan. 14, 1853. Pupil at Vienna Cons, and with Liszt. Rauchenecker (row'-ken-ek-er), Georg Wilhelm, condr., compr. b. Munich, Mar. 8, 1844; d. Elberfeld, July 17, 1906. Pupil of Th. Lachner, Baum- gartner, and Walter; vlt. at Lyons; director at Avignon Cons., at Win- terthur; condr. Berlin Philharmonic 1884, and mus. dir. Elberfeld after 1889; composed 3 operas and success- ful string quartets. Ravel (ra-vel'), Maurice, compr. b. Ciboure, Basses-Pyre'ne'es, Mar. 7, 1875. Pupil at Paris Cons., pf. with De Be*riot, harmony with Pessard, 1892-95, comp. with G. Faure", 1897- 1900; as applicant for Prix de Rome, 1905, is said to have been victim of favoritism; has composed Shehera- zade overture, The Toys' Christmas for orch., quartet which has been widely played; his music is of " radi- cal harmonic structure, ingenious detail, and pervasive imagination." Ravenscroft, Thomas, compr. b. Lon- don, 1593; d. London, 1635. Choris- ter at St. Paul's under Pearce; Mus. B. Cambridge 1607; his Pammelia, 1609, first collection of part-songs, rounds, etc. printed in England; issued other collections, Deutero- melia, Melismata, Discourse (on nota- tion), and Whole Booke of Psalms " by sundry authors." Ravina (ra-vi-na), Jean Henri, pst., compr. b. Bordeaux, May 20, 1818; d. Paris, Sept. 30, 1906. Entered at Paris Cons., studied with Zimmer- mann, Laurent, Reicha, and Leborne; 1st pf. prize 1834, 1st harmony 1836; teacher 1835-37; long concert tours, composed salon music Douce pensee; Calinerie, Etudes de style et de per- fection. Reading, John, compr. Three of this name: 1. Vicar at Lincoln Cath., master of choristers 1670; orgt. Winchester Cath. 1675-81, at W. Coll. 1681-92, when he died. 2. Orgt. at Chichester Cath. 1674-1720. 3. b. 1677; d. Sept. 2, 1764. Orgt,, master of choristers, Lincoln, and REAY REICHA orgt. after 1707 at several London churches; one of these is supposed to be compr. of tune Adeste fideles. Reay, Samuel, teacher, b. Hexham, Eng., Mar. 17, 1822; d. Newark, July 22, 1905. Chorister at Durham ; pupil of Henshaw and Stimpson; orgt. in several places; song school- master of Newark Parish Ch. after 1899; condr. Newark Philharmonic Soc.; compr. of anthems and services, editor of Songs and ballads of North- ern England. Reber (ra-bar), Napoleon Henri, compr. b. Miihlhausen, Alsace, Oct. 21, 1807; d. Paris, Nov. 24, 1880. Studied with Reicha and Lesueur at Paris Cons., where he was prof, of harmony after 1851, of comp. 1862; inspector of branch cons. 1871; member of Academy 1853; composed chamber mus., ballet, operas (Le pere Gaillard, 1852), noteworthy orchestral works (4 symphonies, suite, scenes lyriques Roland); wrote useful Traite d'harmonie. Rebicek (ra'-W-chgk), Josef, vU. b. Prague, Feb. 7, 1844; d. Berlin, Mar. 24, 1904. Pupil at Prague Cons.; vlt. in Weimar court orch.; leader at theatres Wiesbaden and Prague; director Warsaw, condr. Pesth, Wiesbaden; capellmeister Berlin Philharmonic 1897-1903; composed symph. in D minor. Rebikoff (ra-bl'-kof), Vladimir Ivano- vitch, compr. b. Krasnoyarsk, Si- beria, June 1, 1866. Studied at Moscow Cons., at Berlin with Miihler, and at Vienna; lived in Odessa, in Kishineff, where he founded branch Mus. Soc., then in Moscow; early compositions simple and pleasing; later ones, chiefly for pf. (Melomimiques, Esclavage et liberte, etc.), are experiments in un- conventional forms and unusual consonances, imitations, etc. Redhead, Richard, orgt. b. Harrow, Eng., Mar. 1, 1820; d. Hellingley, Sussex, Apr. 27, 1901. Chorister at Magdalen Coll., Oxford, where he was pupil of Vicary; orgt. in London 1839-1901; composed services, an- thems, etc., for Anglican Church, and compiled collections of hymns, chants, etc. Reeves, John Sims, tenor, b. Wool- wich, Sept. 26, 1818; d. Worthing, Oct. 25, 1900. Early played org., vln., 'cello, oboe, and bassoon; pupil of Cramer, Callcott, Hobbs, and Cooke; d6but as baritone Newcastle- on-Tyne, 1839, sang tenor in London 1842; after further study with Bor- dogni and Mazzucato, appeared Milan 1846 as leading tenor; very popular in England, especially, in both opera and oratorio; " Ids operatic career was more or less overshadowed by the great place he made for himself in oratorio," at Handel Festival, 1857, in Eli and Naaman (written for him) and many new works; farewell concert 1891, but reappeared under pres- sure of need in 1893, and 1896; published reminiscences My Jubilee. Reger (ra-ger), Max, compr. b. Brand, Bavaria, Mar. 19, 1873. Pupil of Lindner and H. Riemann at Sonders- hausen and Wiesbaden, where Reger taught, 1895-96; after military ser- vice and severe illness finally settled in Munich 1901; prof, of harmony and counterpoint at Royal. Acad. and condr. of Porgesscher Gesangverein, Leipzig, 1908; compr. of great origi- nality and contrapuntal skill; ex- treme in disregard of established limitations of form and key; he has composed songs, variations, sonatas (some for vln. alone), org. works, and Sinfonietta and Serenade for orch. Rehberg (ra-berg), Willy, pst. b. Merges, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1862. Pupu of father, Friedrich R., of Hegar, Weber, and Freund at Zurich, and at Leipzig Cons., where he later taught; condr. concerts of court orch. and Singakademie at Alten- berg 1888-90; teacher of pf. at Geneva Cons.; after 1890 capell- meister of Geneva orch.; composed sonata, gavotte, etc., for pf. Rehfeld (ra'-felt), Fabian, vtt., compr. b. Tuchel, W. Prussia, Jan. 23, 1842. Studied with Zimmermann and Griinwald; Royal chamber musician, Berlin, 1868; concertmaster court orchestra 1873, professor 1903; compr. for vln. Reicha (ri'-ka), Anton, theorist, compr. b. Prague, Feb. 27, 1770; d. Paris, May 28, 1836. Pupil of uncle REICHART Joseph R. [or Rejcha], compr. and vlt.; flute player Bonn orch., where Beethoven played viola; pf. teacher Hamburg 1794-99; lived in Vienna 1801-08, intimate with Beethoven and circle; lived in Paris after 1808; B -educed operas, taught (Elwart, ancla, etc. among pupils); prof, counterpoint and fugue at Cons. 1818; member Academy 1835; com- posed chamber music (some for horns, etc.) and wrote theoretical works, clear and successful, but now out of date. Reichardt (rlk'-ardt), Johann Friedrich, compr. b. Konigsberg, Nov. 25, 1752; d. Giebichenstein, near Halle, June 27,1814. Pupil of C. G. Richter and Veichtner; student of philosophy at Leipzig; capellmeister to Frederick the Great 1775; founded Concerts spirituels, for which he wrote pro- grams; journeys to London and Paris 1786; dismissed by F. Wilhelm II, 1794; inspector of salt works at Giebichenstein; capellmeister to Jerome Napoleon; his numerous Singspiele affected German opera by establishing national character; as song compr. he marks transition between earlier comprs. and Schu- bert; also wrote passion music, anthems, etc.; instrumental works of no great importance. Reichmann (rik'-man), Theodor, dram, baritone, b. Rostock, Mar. 15, 1849; d. Marbach, Lake of Constance, May 22, 1903. Studied in Berlin, Prague and with Lamperti in Milan; sang at Magdeburg 1869, Berlin, Cologne, Munich, etc.; at Vienna Court Opera 1882-99; created Am- fortas in Parsifal, Bayreuth, 1882; N. Y. 1889-91; after 1893 again in Vienna. Reimann (ri'-man), Heinrich, orgt. b. Rengersdorf, Mar. 14, 1850; d. Charlottenburg, May 24, 1906. Pupil of father at Glatz Gymnasium, Bres- lau Univ.; resigned positions as teacher and school director; con- ducted choral societies; critic and writer; asst. librarian Roval Library, Berlin, orgt. to Berlin Philharmonic until 1875; teacher of org. and theory at Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons, until 1894; orgt. at Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church 1895; critic for REOTKEN Allgemeine Musik Zeitung, compr. of org. mus., author of biog. of Schumann, etc. Reinagle (ri'-nagle), Alexander Robert, orgt., compr. b. Brighton, Aug. 21, 1799; d. Kidlington, near Oxford, Apr. 6, 1877. Of musical family; teacher, orgt. at Oxford; wrote instruction books for vln. and 'cello; composed hymn tune St. Peter. Reinecke (ri'-nek-6), Carl Heinrich Carsten, pst., compr., condr. b. Altona, June 23, 1824; d. March 10, 1910, at Leipzig. Pf. pupil of father; after 1843 made tours in Scandinavia and Germany; friend of Mendels- sohn and Schumann at Leipzig; pst. to Christian VIII; after some years in Paris, taught at Cologne Cons. 1851; was director Barmen 1854-59; dir. and condr. Singaka- demie, Breslau, 1859-60; condr. Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1860-95; also prof, of pf. and comp. at Leipzig Cons. 1860-1902, where he had many famous pupils, Joseffy, Maas, etc.; leader in Leipzig for 25 years; works, especially those for pf., and chamber mus., show skill in con- struction and considerable romantic feeling; settings for women's voices 'of Dornroschen, Schneewittchen, etc., also noteworthy; besides concertos for 'cello, vln., harp, operas, can- tatas, overtures, etc., contributions to English and German periodicals. Reinhold (rin-holt), Hugo, compr. b. Vienna, Mar. 3, 1854. Chorister at court chapel; pupil of Bruckner, Dessoff, and Epstein at Cons.; suite for pf. and strings, minuet and fugue for orch., and string quartet have at- tracted notice, as well as songs and pf. music. Reinken (rin'-ken), Johann Adam, orgt., compr. b. Wilshausen, Lower Alsace, Apr. 27, 1623; d. Ham- burg, Nov. 24, 1722. Pupil of Scheidemann at Hamburg 1654-57; orgt. at Deventer 1657-58; then assistant and successor, 1663, to Scheidemann; distinguished per- former whom Bach walked from Liineberg to hear; wrote Hortus musicus (2 vlns., via., bass), Partite diverse, toccata, variations, and fugue; other works burned by direction of his will. REINTHALER RESZKE Reinthaler (rin'-ta-ler), Carl Martin, compr. b. Erfurt, Oct. 13, 1822; d. Bremen, Feb. 13, 1896. Pupil of G. A. Ritter, and of Marx, in sing- ing of Geraldi and Bordogni in Paris and in Rome; teacher of singing, Cologne Cons., 1853; mus. dir., orgt. at Cathedral; condr. of Singakademie and Liedertafel at Bremen; compr. of 2 operas, widely popular oratorio Jephtha, famous Bismarck- Hymne, symphony, and choral works. Reisenauer (ri'-zen-ou-er), Alfred, pst. . b. Konigsbers:, Nov. 1, 1863; d. Libau, Oct. "31, 1907. Pupil of Kohler and Liszt; d^but with Liszt 1881; after studying law in Leipzig, reappeared with brilliant success 1886; prof. pf. at Leipzig Cons. 1900; in America 1904; special characteristics not spectacular ex- hibition, but sympathetic interpre- tation of varied' comprs.; at his best with Schumann and Liszt. Reissiger (ris'-sig-er), Carl Gottlieb, compr. b. Bebiig, near Wittenberg, Jan. 31, 1798; d. Dresden, Nov. 7, 1859. Pupil of Schicht at Leipzig; appeared 'as singer and pst. at Vienna; stud. comp. with Winter at Munich; tour of Italy 1824 to examine conservatories and submit plan; after teaching at Berlin Inst. for Ch. Mus., organized The Hague Cons. 1826; dir. German Opera at Dresden; court capellmeister; com- posed some 10 operas (overture to Die Felsenmuhle was popular), ora- torio, masses, many sonatas and rondos for various instruments. Reissmann (ris'-man), August, writer. b. Frankenstein, Silesia, Nov. 14, 1825; d. Berlin, Dec. 1, 1903. Pupil of Jung, Baumgart, Richter, etc.; in Weimar with Liszt 1850-52; lived in Halle, in Berlin 1863-80, where he lectured at Stern Cons., in Leipzig, Wiesbaden, and again Ber- lin; wrote biographies of Schumann, Schubert, Haydn, Weber,, etc.; books on opera and history (Geschichte des deutschen Liedes), edited Cathy's lexicon, and Mendel's; composed operas, ballet, oratorio, etc. Rellstab (rel'-stab), Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig, writer, b. Berlin, Apr. 13, 1799; d. there, Nov. 27, 1860. Son of Johann Carl Friedrich R., printer, lecturer, critic (1759-1813); artillery officer, teacher of mathematics and history in military school; retired from army 1821; critic on Vossische Zeitung; author of satires against Sontag and Spohr, for each of which he was imprisoned; edited mus. paper Iris, etc., 1839-41; contributed to others' biographies of Liszt, etc.; well known as novelist, author of " 1812." Remenyi (re-men '-yl), [real name Hoff- mann], Eduard, vlt. b. Heves, or Miskolcz, Hungary, July 17, 1830; d. San Francisco, Cal., May 15, 1898. Pupil at Vienna Cons, of Bohm; played in America; after advice from Liszt, 1853, solo vlt. to Queen Victoria, and, 1860, to Emperor of Austria after amnesty (he was exiled in '48); after 1865 began series of long successful tours, Paris 1865, 1875, London 1877, even around the world; transcribed for vln. Field's nocturnes, Chopin's waltzes and other pf. music; of great tech- nical skill, brilliance, and vigor of execution at his best, but uneven in achievement as he was wandering by nature; gave Brahms his start as accomp., first discovering his genius. Renaud (re-no). Maurice, baritone, b. Bordeaux, 1862. Studied at Paris Cons.; sang at Brussels 1883-90; Ope>a Comique, Paris, 1890-91; at Opera since 1891; N. Y. 1906-10; of wide repertoire; sings and acts with great intelligence and so much care that at times he is accused of lack of spontaneity. Rendano (ren-da'-no), Alfonso, pst._ b. Carolei, near Cosenza, Calabria, Apr. 5, 1853. Studied at Naples and Leipzig Cons, and with Thalberg; popular as performer in London and Italy; composed considerable salon music. Reszke (resh-ka), Jean de, dram, tenor, b. Warsaw, Jan. 14, 1852. Studied with Ciaffei, Cotogni, and Sbriglia; d<5but 1874, London 1875, and engagements in Italy and Paris as baritone; d6but as tenor Madrid 18.79; 1st tenor at Paris Ope>a 1884-89; sang in London after 1887, and in New York after 1895; retired REYER to Paris 1902. where he teaches singing; remarkable singer, whose repertoire finally included Wagner- ian operas as well as French and Italian. Brother Edouard, dram, bass. b. Warsaw, Dec. 23, 1855. Pupil of Jean, Ciaffei, Steller, and Coletti; dbut Warsaw 1876; at Th. Italien, Paris, 1885-98; followed Jean in English and American engagements and into retirement. Reyer (ra-yar), [properly Rey], Louis Etienne "Ernest, compr. b. Mar- seilles, Dec. 1, 1823; d. Toulon, Jan. 15, 1909. While in government office at Algiers, composed mass and songs; studied mus. in Paris with aunt, Mme. Farrenc; prod, sym- phonic ode 1850; member of Acad- emy 1876; composed operas La statue 1861, Sigurd 1884, Salammbd 1890, latter two successful; choruses and church music; highly ranked as compr. of richly colored music in school of Berlioz, and as critic and essayist. Reznicek (rez'-ni-chek), Emil Nicolaus, Freiherr von, compr. b. Vienna, May 4, 1861. Studied law at Graz, music at Leipzig Cons.; theatre capellmeister in several places, finally at Mannheim 1896-99; founded concerts for small orch. at Berlin, where he has lived since 1902, con- ducting also in Warsaw and Russia; teacher at Klindworth-Scharwenka Cons. 1906; composed overtures, symphonies, etc., and operas (not- ably Donna Diana, Till Eulenspiegel). Rheinberger (rin'-berger), Joseph Ga- briel, compr. b. Vaduz, Liechten- stein, Mar. 17, 1839; d. Munich, Nov. 25, 1901. Pupil of Herzog, Leonhard, and J. J. Mayer at Royal Sch. of Mus., Munich, where he taught 1859; orgt. at court ch., condr. Oratorio Soc. ; re'pe'titeur court opera 1865-67; court capelln\eister 1877; teacher in Royal Acad. from 1867 till death; renowned every- where as teacher (Chadwick, Parker, and Goodrich among many Ameri- can pupils); composed operas (Die sieben Raven, etc.), cantatas and oratorios (Christophorus, etc.), over- tures,, concertos (2 for org.), and especially 20 org. sonatas, which combine great skill with ideas of greater smoothness and beauty. RICHTER Rhodes, Mrs., see Hardelot, Guy d'. Richards, Henry Brinley, compr., pst. b. Camarthen, Wales, Nov. 13, 1817; d. London, May 1, 1885. Pupil at Royal Academy, King's Scholar 1835, '37; concert pst. and teacher in London; composed pf. mus., songs, notably popular God bless the Prince of Wales, military marches, Albert Edward, etc. Richardson, Nathan, teacher, b. S. Reading, Mass., July 31, 1827; d. Paris, France, Nov. 19, 1859. While pupil in Boston composed popular march Gen. Taylor's Own, etc.; pupil in Leipzig of Moscheles, etc., in Dresden of Willmers, and espe- cially at Prague of Dreyschock; after return to America published Modern School for Pf.; publisher and mus. seller in Boston; despite increasing ill health, for which he journeyed to Smyrna and to Paris, published New Method for pf. 1859. Richter (rik'-ter), Ernst Friedrich Eduard, theorist, compr. b. Gross- Schonau, Saxony, Oct. 24, 1808; d. Leipzig, Apr. 9* 1879. Student of theology at Leipzig Univ.; music pupil of Weinlig; asst. of Haupt- mann at Cons. 1843; condr. of Singakademie 1843-47; orgt. at vari- ous churches, finally, 1868, director and cantor at Thpmaskirche; beside skilful compositions, wrote widely known Text-book of Harmony 1853, of Counterpoint 1872, of Fugue 1859. Son Alfred, b. Leipzig, Apr. 1, 1846. Taught at Cons. 1872-83; lived in London, then again in Leipzig; published additional exer- cises, etc. to father's Harmony. Richter, Hans, condr. b. Raab, Hun- gary, Apr. 4, 1843. Chorister in court chapel, Vienna; pupil of Sechter and others at Cons., learn- ing pf. and French horn; horn player in th. orch., Vienna; copied Die Meistersinger for Wagner at Lucerne 1866-67; chorusmaster Munich Opera; court condr. under Von Biilow 1868-69; condr. of first per- formance of Lohengrin, Brussels, 1870; capellmeister at Pesth Nat'l Th. 1871-75, at Vienna Opera 1875- 1900, 1st capellm. 1893; condr. of Vienna Gesellschaft concerts, 1884-90; after 1900 condr. of Halle" RIEDEL RIMBAULT Orch. at Manchester, England, and of annual concerts in London; con- ducted 1st performances of the Ring 1876 and subsequent Bayreuth fes- tivals; Lower Rhine and Birming- ham festivals after 1885; remark- able mastery due to complete knowledge of technic of every instru- ment. Riedel (re'-del), Carl, condr., compr. b. Kronenberg, Oct. 6, 1827; d. Leipzig, June 3, 1888. Revolution of '48 turned him from silk dyeing to music; after study with Carl Wilhelm and at Leipzig Cons., organized, 1854, Riedelverein for per- formance of ancient church music; pres. 1868 of Allge'meiner deutscher Musikverein, and of Wagnerverein; edited works of Schiitz, Frank, Eccard, etc.; published collections of old Bohemian and German songs. Riego (re-a'-go), Teresa del, compr. b. London. Musical studies carried on chiefly at West Central Coll. of Mus., London, pf. and comp. under Sewell-Southgate, also studied vln. and singing; composed about 75 songs, sacred and secular, including cycles; pf. works in Mss. Riemann (re'-man), Carl Wilhelm Julius Hugo, writer. b. Gross- mehlra, near Sondershausen, July 18, 1849. Pupil of Frankenberger, Barthel, and Ratzenberger, of law, philosophy, and history at Berlin and Tubingen, and, after war of 1870, at Leipzig Cons.; Ph.D. Gottingen 1873, with mus. thesis; teacher and lecturer at Bielefeld, Leipzig, Cons, of Hamburg, Sonders- hausen, and Wiesbaden; 1895 again univ. lecturer at Leipzig; beside numerous compositions, chiefly for pf., has written on history of nota- tion, history of theory, pf. playing (notably Guide to Art of Phrasing), series of musical catechisms (Instru- mentation, Bach's well-tempered Clav- ichord, etc.); edited works of Ra- meau, Friedemann Bach, etc.; com- piled Opern-Handbuch, Musik-Lexi- kon (1882; 7th ed. 1909), of great value. Riemenschneider ( re'-men-shni-der ) , Georg, condr. b. Stralsund, Apr. 1, 1848. Studied with- Haupt and Kiel; theatre condr. Liibeck and Danzig; orch. condr. Breslau; com- posed opera and symphonic "pict- ures " Julinacht, etc. Ries (res), Ferdinand, pst., compr. b. Bonn, Nov. 29, 1784; d. Frankfort- on-Main, Jan. 13, 1838. Son of Franz (1755-1846), music director to Elector Franz at Bonn, and friend of Beethoven; pupil of Beethoven at Vienna 1801-^5, and of Albrechts- berger; after living in Paris, tour- ing in Germany, Scandinavia, and Russia, teaching and playing in London 1813-24, he retired; lived at Frankfort after 1830; though good pst. and compr. of operas, sympho- nies, chamber mus., etc., he is chiefly known for intimate biog. of Beetho- ven. Brother Hubert, vlt. b. Bonn, Apr. 1, 1802; d. Berlin, Sept. 14, 1886. Pupil of Spohr and Haupt- mann; leader royal orch. Berlin 1836; teacher Kgl. Theatreinstru- mentalschule 1851-72; author of excellent methods and exercises. His son Franz (b. 1846), excellent vlt.; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1868; gave up playing because of health; head of music publishing firm, Ries and Erler, Berlin. Rietz (retz), Julius, 'cellist, condr., compr. b. Berlin, Dec. 28, 1812; d. Dresden, Sept. 12, 1877. Son of royal chamber musician Johann Friedrich; brother of Eduard (1802- 1832); friend of Mendelssohn, foun- der Berlin Philharmonic; pupil of Schmidt, Romberg, and Ganz; mem- ber th. orch. Konigstadt; condr. at Diisseldorf, as asst., 1834, and suc- cessor, 1835, of Mendelssohn; at Liepzig, condr. at th. 1847-54, at Gewandhaus 1848, prof, of comp. at Cons.; condr. of opera and court chapel, Dresden, 1860, and director of Cons.; edited works of Mozart, Beethoven, and complete works of Mendelssohn, to whose period belong R's compositions, operas, concertos, choruses, etc. Rimbault (rim-bolt), Edward Francis, writer, b. London, June 13, 1816; d. there, Sept. 26, 1876. Pupil of father, Stephen Francis R. (1773- 1837), orgt., of, Samuel Wesley, and Crotch; gave lectures on English music history from 1838; founded, with Taylor and Chappell, Mus. Antiquarian Society, for publication RIMSKY-KORSAKOV RITTER of old English mus. 1840; edited publications of Antiquarian, Motet, Percy societies, Cathedral Chants, some of Handel's works; wrote histories of org., of pf., etc. Rimsky-Korsakov (rim'-ski-kor'-sa- koff), Nikolas Andreievitch, compr. b. Tikhvin, prov. of Novgorod, May 21, 1844; d. St. Petersburg, June 21, 1908. While student at Naval Inst. at St. P. studied 'cello with Ulich and pf. with Kanill6; officer in navy until 1873 (coming to U. S. in 1862); began serious study of music with Balakirev of whose circle he became influential member; prof. comp. St. P. Cons. 1871-1905, when he resigned to be reinstated in a few months, then served until death; inspector of marine bands 1873-84, director of Free Sch. of Mus. 1874- 87, and condr. of its concerts until 1881; asst. condr. Imperial Orch. 1883, and one of condrs. of Russian Symph. Concerts 1886-1901; he composed operas (Mlada, etc.), many orchestral works, 3 symphonies (Antar is No. 2), overtures, sym- phonic poems (Sadko, etc.), suite for orch. (Scheherazade), chamber mus., pf. pieces, songs, choruses (By the Waters of Babylon, etc.), and edited 2 collections of folk-songs; most admired in Russia as compr. of operas dealing with local mythol- ogy; he is best known elsewhere as compr. , of orchestral music remark- able not for form but for an almost oriental richness of color (attained in earlier works by skilful handling of limited orch.), by variety of me- lodic effects, and insistent rhythms. Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich, orgt. b. Elgersburg, Thuringia, Feb. 18, 1770; d. Darmstadt, Aug. 7, 1846. Pupil of several orgts., finally of Kittel (pupil of J. S. Bach); town orgt. Giessen, 1790; orgt. and teacher Darmstadt 1805; made tours through Thuringia; one of foremost players of time; besides large Orgelschule, wrote many Choral- vorspiele, etc. Rinuccini (rin-u-che'-ne) , Ottavio, li- brettist, b. Florence, 1562; d. there, 1621. Wrote words for earliest operas, Peri and Caccini's Dafne, Peri's Euridice, and Monteverde's Arianna a Nasso. Risler (ris-lar), Joseph Edouard, pst. b. Baden-Baden, Feb. 23, 1873. Pupil of Die'mer and Dubois at Paris Cons. 1883-90, and of d'Albert and Stavenhagen; rptiteur at Bay- reuth 1896, '97 and at Paris Opera for performance of Meister singer; 1906 member of Conseil supe'rieur at Paris Cons.; of impeccable technic, specially praised for soft- ness of touch and statue-like repose. Ritter, Alexander, vlt. b. Narva (or Reval), Russia, June 27, 1833; d. Munich, Apr. 12, 1896. Pupil of Franz Schubert in Dresden, of David and Richter at Leipzig Cons.; leader at Meiningen, Weimar, and Wiirzburg where he founded music business; member of Meiningen orch. under Von Billow; later in Munich; composed 2 operas (Derfaule Hans, Wem die Krone), symph. poems (Erotische Legende, etc.); an enthusi- astic radical whose influence on others (R. Strauss, etc.) was through philos- ophy and poetry rather than music. Ritter, Frederic Louis, teacher. b. Strassburg, June 22, 1834; d. Ant- werp, July 22, 1891. Studied with Schletterer, Hauser, and J. G. Kastner; taught in Lorraine; went 1856 to Cincinnati where he orgah- ized Cecilia voc. soc. and Phil- harmonic Orch.; in New York 1861, . condr. of Sacred Harmonic Soc. and Arion; 1867-95 prof, of mus. at Vassar Coll. ; wrote Hist, of Music, Mus. in Eng., Mus. in America; composed unimportant symphonies, concertos, psalms, etc. Ritter, Hermann, teacher, b. Wismar, Sept. 16, 1849. Teacher at royal mus. school at Wiirzburg; note- worthy for introduction of a larger viola alta, with fuller and less nasal tone, sort of revived tenor, con- structed after rules of violin-making; use of instr. spread by many pupils; author of history of viola alta, theory of mus. and of aesthetics, illustrated mus. hist. Ritter, Theodore [pseud, of T. Rennet], pst., compr. b. near Paris, Apr. 5, 1841; d. Paris, Apr. 6, 1886. Pupil of Liszt; successful performer; com- posed pf. pieces, dramatic scenes (Le paradis perdu, Mephistopheles) and two unsuccessful operas. RIVHE-KING Rive-King (re'-va-king), Julie, pst., compr. b. Cincinnati, O., Oct. 31, 1857. Pupil of Wm. Mason and S. B. Mills, of Reinecke and Liszt; dbut Leipzig 1874; compositions include Impromptu, Polonaise hero- vjue, etc.; has played with almost every orch. and under every condr. in America. Robjohn, W. J., see Florio, Caryll. Robyn, Alfred G., compr. b. St. Louis, Apr. 29, 1860. Son of Wm. R. (" who organized first symph. orch. west of Pittsburgh." Hughes.); orgt., suc- ceeding father; solo pst. with Emma Abbott Co.; composed sacred and secular songs and successful comic operas (The Yankee Consul, etc.); removed from St. Louis to Brooklyn, 1910; orgt. and teacher there. Rochlitz (r6k'-litz), Johann Friedrich, writer, b. Leipzig, Feb. 12, 1769; d. there, Dec. 16, 1842. Studied music with Doles at Thomasschule, theology at Univ.; wrote novels touching music; founded Attgemeine musikalische Zeitung 1798, editor to 1818, contributor to 1835 (one of first to recognize Beethoven's great- ness); director of Gewandhaus con- certs after 1805; wrote Fur Freunde der Tonkunst, collected essays, bio- graphical studies, etc. Rockstro [originally Rackstraw], Wil- liam Smyth, writer, b. North Cheam, Surrey, Jan. 5, 1823; d. London, July 2, 1895. Pupil at Leipzig of Men- delssohn, Hauptmann, and Plaidy; taught pf. and singing in London; lived at Torquay; orgt. Babbacombe; lectured at Royal Acad. after 1891, taught plain song at Royal Coll. Mus.; wrote Practical Harmony, lives of Handel, Mendelssohn, Jenny Lind, General History of Music, History of Music for Young Students; composed madrigal, too cruel fair, sacred cantata; edited psalter, with accomp. Rode (rod'), Jacques Pierre Joseph, vlt. b. Bordeaux, Feb. 16, 1774; d. Chateau-Bourbon, near Damazon, Nov. 25, 1830. Pupil of Fauvel and Viotti; dbut Paris 1790; leader of 2d vlns. at Th. Feydeau 1790-94; solo vlt. Ope>a 1794-99; tours in Holland, Germany, and to London; ROGERS prof, at Cons. 1795; solo vlt. to Napoleon 1800, to Emp. Alexander of Russia 1803-08, having gone there with Boieldieu; after further tours in Germany, etc., lived in Berlin before retiring to Bordeaux; Boc- cherini wrote concertos for him in Spain 1799, Beethoven finished sonata Op. 96 in Vienna; final ap- pearance in Paris? 1828 a failure; compositions include concertos, quar- tet, etc. no longer popular; but a Method (written with Baillot and Kreutzer) endures, as do his 24 Caprices en forme d' etudes. Rbder (reader), Martin, compr. b. Berlin, Apr. 7, 1851; d. Cambridge, Mass., June 10, 1895. Studied at Berlin Hochschule; chorusmaster at Milan Th. 1873-80; organized Choral Soc. there; after some ex- perience as opera condr., taught singing in Berlin, at Scharwenka Cons. 1881-87; prof, at Royal Acad. Mus. in Dublin 1887-92; director vocal dept. N. E. Cons., Boston, after 1892; composed 3 operas (Vera only one produced), 2 mysteries, symphonic poems, songs; also wrote essays in German and Italian. Roeckel (r6k'-el), Joseph Leopold, pst., teacher, b. London, Apr. 11, 1838; d. 1908. Studied with father and with brother Eduard, with Eisen- hofer and Gotze; prolific song compr., also wrote cantatas (Fair Rosa- mond, Ruth, etc.), baritdne scena Siddartha; used pseud. Eduard Dorn; married Jane Jackson, pst., teacher, compr., under pseud. Jules de Sivrai. Rogers, Clara Kathleen, soprano, b. Cheltenham, Eng., Jan. 14, 1844. Daughter of John Barnett, compr. Pupil of parents, of Gotze, after 1860 of Moscheles, Richter, etc. at Leipzig Cons., of Sangiovanni at Milan; dbut Turin 1863, under stage name Clara Doria; sang in Italy, London, in U. S. with Parepa-Rosa Co., with Maretzek Co. 1872-73; married Henry M. Rogers, Boston, 1878; wrote songs, Philosophy of Singing and My Voice and I (1910). Rogers, James Hotchkiss, orgt., compr. b. Fair Haven, Conn., Feb., 1857. Pupil of J. M. Towne, C. Eddy; in Berlin with Loeschhorn, Ehrlich, Haupt, and Rohde, and in Paris ROHDE with Guilmant, Widor, and Fissot; orgt. in Burlington. la.; since 1883 in Cleveland, 0., as orgt., teacher, dir. of Rubinstein Club; compr. of Lenten cantata The Man of Naza- reth, Easter The New Life, songs, pf. pieces, anthems, etc. Rohde (ro'-da), Eduard, compr., teacher. b. Halle-on-Saale, 1828; d. Berlin, Mar. 25, 1883. Choirmaster St. Georgenkirche; singing teacher at Sophien Gymnasium; compr. of ex- cellent motets, cantata Schildhorn, and an elementary text-book for pf. Rolla, Alessandro, vlt. b. Pavia, Apr. 22, 1757; d. Milan, Sept. 15, 1841. Studied with Renzi and Conti; court soloist at Vienna, leader of ducal orch. at Parma; maestro, solo vlt. to Eugene Beauharnais, prof, at Cons, at Milan; teacher of Paganini; com- posed ballet, concertos, etc. for vln. Romberg, Andreas Jakob, vlt. b. Vechta, near Miinster, Apr. 27, 1767; d. Gotha, Nov. 10, 1821. Son of Ger- hard Heinrich R. (1745 7 1819), clari- net player and mus. dir.; dbut at 7; on tour with cousin Bernhard R. 1784; soloist Concerts spirituels Paris 1784; member Bonn orch. 1790-93; after tours in Italy and unsuccessful attempt to produce compositions in Paris, succeeded Spohr as capell- meister, Gotha, 1815; composed 8 operas, Das Lied von der Glocke and other cantatas, psalms, etc. His cousin Bernhard Romberg, 'cellist. b. Dincklage, near Miinster, Nov. 12, 1767; d. Hamburg, Aug. 13, 1841. Son of Anton (1742-1814), bassoon- ist, brother of Gerhard; went on tour throughout Europe with An- dreas; prof, at Paris Cons. 1800-03; soloist in Berlin court orch. 1805, capellmeister 1815-19; composed 9 concertos, caprices, etc. on national airs, operas, etc. Ronald, L., see Russell, Landon. Ronconi (ron-ko'-nl), Giorgio, baritone, singing teacher, b. Milan, Aug. 6, 1810; d. Madrid, Jan. 8, 1890. Son of Domenico R. (1772-1839), tenor; established music school at Cordova 1863; taught in New York 1867. Rbntgen (rnt'-gen), Julius, pst. b. Leipzig, May 9, 1855. Son of Engel- bert (1829-1897), vlt.; pupil of ROPARTZ Hauptmann, Richter, Plaidy, etc., and of F. Lachner in Munich; dbut Stuttgart 1875; teacher Amsterdam Mus. Sen. 1878; cpndr. of concerts of Soc. for Promotion of Mus. 1886- 1898; one of founders of Amster- dam Cons.; popular as player and teacher; composed chamber music, symph., ballad for orch., edited 14 altniederlandische Volkslieder. Root, George Frederick, teacher, compr. b. Sheffield, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820; d. Barley's Island, Aug. 6, 1895. Taught flute playing by father, learned other instruments easily; in music store in Boston 1836, mem- ber Boston Academy chorus, pupil of G. J. Webb; 1850 studied in Paris; Flower Queen, first cantata by American compr., published over pseud. G. Friedrich Wurzel; 1853 opened Normal Music Institute; 1858 member of publishing firm Root and Cady in Chicago; compiled alone or with others many collections of part-songs Academy Vocalist, Sabbath Bell, etc. ; most widely known as prolific compr. of Civil War songs (The Battle-cry of Freedom, Just before the battle, mother, Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching) and songs of religion and sentiment (The vacant chair, Knocking, knock- ing, etc.). R. was pioneer in writing of cantatas, war songs, and gospel hymns; in his autobiography Story of a Musical Life, he says: tf I am one who, from such resources as he finds within himself, makes music for the people, having always a particular need in view. His son Frederick Woodman R., singing teacher, b. Boston, Mass., June 13, 1846. Pupil of father, B. C. Blpdgett, and Wm. Mason; orgt. in Chicago; after study hi Europe 1869-70, edited Song Messenger. Rooy, Anton van, see Van Rooy. Ropartz (ro-parts), J. Guy, compr., condr., critic, writer, b. Guingamp, June 15, 1864. Studied for the bar; pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the Paris Conservatory, and later of Cesar Franck; dir. of Conservatory at Nancy 1894; wrote orchestral and choral works, incidental music for plays, chamber music, piano and organ pieces and songs. RORE ROSSINI Rore, Cipriano de, compr. b. Mechlin or Antwerp, 1516; a. Parma, Sept. 1565. Pupil of Willaert; in service of Duke of Ferrara; asst. and suc- cessor 1563 to Willaert as maestro at St. Mark's, Venice; soon after chorusmaster to Duke of Parma; published first book of madrigals 1542, various later ones, motets, and 3 masses; " he went much beyond his master and his school in the free and dexterous use of chromatic tones and harmonies, and his style has a novel richness and geniality." [Pratt.] Rosa, Carlo [real name Carl August Nicolas Rose], impresario, b. Ham- burg, Mar. 21, 1842; d. Paris, Apr. 30, 1889. Made early tours as vlt.; after study at Leipzig and Paris Cons., concertmaster at Hamburg 1863-65; on concert tour 1867, met and married Parepa, singer; opera company they organized played successfully in U. S. and in London; after Parepa's death 1874, R. con- tinued as Carl Rosa Co. seasons of English opera in London and prov- inces. Rosellen (ro-zel-lan), Louis Henri, pf. teacher, b. Paris, Oct. 13, 1811; d. there, Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of Prad- her, Zimmermann, Fe"tis, HaleVy, etc. at Paris Cons., and of H. Herz; re'pe'titeur in solfeggio at Cons.; pub- lished useful Manuel des pianistes, and over 200 pf. pieces, very popular in their day. Rosenhain (ro'-zen-hin), Jakob, pst. b. Mannheim, Dec. 2, 1813; d. Baden- Baden, Mar. 21, 1894. Pupil of Schmitt and Schnyder von Warten- see; tour as prodigy at 9; lived at Frankfort, Paris, and Baden-Baden; accompanied Paganini 1830; dis- tinguished teacher and able per- former; compr. of operas, sym- phonies, pf. concertos and other orch. works, pf. mus., and songs. Rosenthal (ro'-zen-tal), Moritz, pst. b. Lemberg, Dec. 18, 1862. Pupil of Galoth who left him to work out own technic, of Mikuli, and Joseffy; dbut Vienna 1876, followed by tour; pupil of Liszt 1876-86, at both Weimar and Rome, at same time studying philosophy at Vienna University; after 6 years without public appearance, he played at Liszt Verein in Leipzig, in America with Kreisler 1888-89, where he gained first great success; following seasons in Europe have been marked by increasing enthusiasm; his tech- nic is prodigious, and he is some- times accused of displaying it at the cost of good taste; others claim that he gives adequate artistic expres- sion to a virile temperament, quite free from sentimentality. Rossi, Countess, see Sontag, Henriette. Rossini (ros-se'-nl), Gioacchino Antonio, compr. b. Pesaro, Feb. 29, 1792; d. Ruelle, near Paris, Nov. 13, 1868. Father town trumpeter and mother amateur singer; pupil pf A. Tesei at Bologna and of Mattei for composi- tion, giving himself further training by copying scores; 1st opera pro- duced Venice 1810; first serious opera Tancred 1813, followed by L'ltaliana in Algeri, so firmly established his reputation that he agreed to supply 2 operas a year to Barbaja at Naples; besides this contract, composed Barber of Seville (Rome 1816) in three weeks; jealousy for Paisiello's work on same subject made first performance a failure, but the sec- ond was a triumph; wrote for Bar- baja in Milan and Naples about 28 operas; cool reception of Semira- mide, Venice, 1823, made him go to London where he gained fortune from concerts and lessons; after five months went to Paris as director of Theatre Italien; R. became thor- oughly French and produced for Paris Ope>a, 1829, his French opera William Tell; thereafter fell into inexplicable inactivity, writing prac- tically nothing else but the Stabat Mater 1832; married singer Isa- bella Colbran, later Olympe Pelis- sier. As a man he was brilliant, witty, cynical, pleasure-loving; in music he differed from his Italian forerunners in his use of full accom- paniments in place of older recitativo secco, in development of orchestral variety, especially in horn parts, in composition of cadenzas (not leav- ing them to singers); he falls short of later composers in idealism; he wrote quite frankly for popularity both with singers and audience, sup- plying voice parts of originality and ROTOLI RUBINSTEIN brilliancy; his great fertility in in- vention of melody led to too great facility and frivolity; but just these qualities when they are appropriate, as in the Barber of Seville, make a masterpiece. Rotoli (rot-o-ll), Augusto, compr. b. Rome, Jan. 7, 1847; d. Boston, Nov. 26, 1904. Pupil of Lucchesi; chor- ister at St. Peter's; condr. and founder of choral soc.; teacher of princess; maestro of royal chapel of Sudario 1878; vocal instructor New England Cons, after 1885; choir- director at St. James Church, Bos- ton, after 1896; compr. of Roman Mass, many songs, and secular comp.; successful teacher. Rouget de L'Isle (ro-zha-de'-lel), Claude Joseph, compr. b. Lons-le-Saunier, Jura, May 10, 1760; d. Choisy-le- Roi, June 26, 1836. Composed French national hymn, La Marseil- laise, 1792, while military engineer at Strassburg; later in Paris com- posed Chant du combat, etc., 25 Romances and 50 Chants fran$ais. Rpugnon (ro-non), Paul Louis, compr. b. Poitiers, Aug. 24, 1846. Student at Paris Cons. (1st prize counter- point and fugue 1870) where he became prof, of solfeggio 1885; composed 2 operas, pf. studies and pieces; author of Dictionnaire mus- ical des locutions etr anger es. Rousseau (ro-so), Jean Jacques, theor- ist, b. Geneva, June 28, 1712; d. Ermenonville, near Paris, July 3, 1778. Though not trained in music, soon after coming to Paris he copied music for living, wrote articles on music for the Encyclopedic, pam- phlets on notation, and entered the Guerre des bouffons on the side of Italian music; his Lettre sur la musique franchise went so far as to deny all musical or melodic possi- bilities to the French language; his own opera Le devin du village prod, at Fontainebleau 1752 and Paris 1753 was simple pastoral; his Pygmalion 1775 is accompanied declamation. Rousseau, Samuel Alexandra, compr. b. Neuve-Maison, Aisne, June 11, 1853; d. Paris, Oct. 1, 1904. Pupil at Paris Cons.; Prix de Rome 1878; chef d'orchestre at Th. Lyrique after 1892; maltre de chapelle at Ste. Clothilde; chorusmaster Soc. des Concerts; critic for L' Eclair; prof, of harmony at Cons.; composed operas which had not striking suc- cess (La cloche du Rhin, etc.), masses, psalms, etc. Rowbotham, John Frederick, writer. b. Edinburgh, Apr. 18, 1854. Stud- ied at Oxford, at Stern Cons., Berlin, Paris, Vienna, etc.; author of History of Music [as far as trou- badours], How to write music cor- rectly, Private life of great composers, The troubadours and courts of love. Roze, Marie Hippolyte [nee Ponsin], soprano, b. Paris, Mar. 2, 1846. Pupil of Mocker at Cons., 1st prizes in singing and opera 1865; de"but Ope>a Com., 1865, led to engage- ments there and at Ope>a until 1870 when she went to the war; there- after she sang in London; married Henry Mapleson; in America 1877; member Carl Rosa Co. 1883-89; Car- men favorite part; after 1890 teach- ing in Paris; farewell tour 1894. Rubini (ru-be'-ne), Giovanni Battista, tenor, b. Romano, near Bergamo, Apr. 7, 1795; d. near there, Mar. 2, 1854. Pupil of father Rosio; d6but Pavia 1814; sang at Naples, Vienna, Milan, Paris, success mounting to triumph during last three engage- ments; 1832^43 alternately in Lon- don and Paris; went with Liszt to Berlin 1843; retired with fortune 1845; his methods influenced comprs. of period, Rossini, Donizetti, and es- pecially Bellini; a poor and indiffer- ent actor, he was master of every kind of ornament and of simple melody. Rubinstein (ro'-bin-stin), Anton Gre- gorovitch, pst., compr. b. Wech- wotynecz, Bessarabia, Nov. 28, 1829; d. Peterhof, near St. Peters- burg, Nov. 20, 1894. Pupil of his mother and Villoing; played with teacher in Paris; on advice of Liszt studied with Dehn in Berlin; in Vienna and Hungary 1846-48, teaching and playing; in St. Peters- burg, composed several Russian operas (Dimitri Donskoi, etc.); fur- ther tours in Western Europe 1854- 58; condr. of St. P. Music Soc. 1859; founder of Cons., director 1862-67 and later 1887-90; con- ducted Philh. Soc. and Choral Soc. RUBINSTEIN RUSSELL Vienna 1871-72; 1867-70 in Europe, 1872-73 in America his triumphs as pst. were continuous; as pst. his technic rivaled even Liszt's, but his playing was even more note- worthy for its variety of emotion and almost magic charm. His great ambition was to be known as a compr., and he wrote songs, many pf. pieces, quartets and sonatas, 6 symphonies (of which the 2d, Ocean symph., has 7 movements), mus. character pieces, overtures, 5 pf. concertos, vln. concerto, 2 for 'cello, operas and oratorios (Feramors, Der Damon, Das verlorene Parodies, Nero, etc.). His compositions suffered be- cause of his lack of sympathy for contemporary movements; he ad- mired classical form and disliked works of Wagner, Liszt, and Berlioz; but beside this his lack of ability to criticize his own work left much of it tedious; his smaller works, notably the songs and some of the pf . pieces, attain greatness; the larger ones, with the exception of the D minor con- certo, seem to be passing from sight, though some critics, among them Saint-Saens, hold that " when we have passed over the fashion of ex- treme modulation, when we have ignored the strivings after effect and complication . . . . " we may come back to his strong simplicity. Rubinstein, Nikolai Gregorovitch, pst. [brother of Anton R.]. b. Moscow, June 2, 1835; d. Paris, Mar. 23. 1881. Pupil at Berlin of Dehn and Kullak; founded 1859 Moscow Mus. Soc. which established Moscow Cons., 1866, of which R. was director until death; conducted concerts in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and 1878 in Paris; as pst. resembled his brother; distinguished as teacher of Taneiev, Siloti, Sauer, etc. Riibner (riib'-ner), Cornelius, pst. b. Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1853. Pupil of Gade and Reinecke; condr. Carlsruhe Philharmonic Soc. 1892- 1904; appointed prof, of mus. at Columbia Univ., New York, March 1904, to succeed E. A. MacDowell. Ruckers, harpsichord makers at Ant- werp. Hans, Sr., d. about 1642, had four sons: Franz, b. 1576; Hans, Jr., b. 1578; Andries, b. 1579; and Anton, b. 1581; of whom 2d and 3d were especially noted; Andries Jr. (1607-1667), also maker; instru- ments of this family are scarce, but all of a singularly sweet, pure tone; many of them very elaborately painted, inside and out. Riickauf (riik'-ouf), Anton, compr. b. Prague, Mar. 13, 1855; d. Schloss Alt-Erlaa, Austria, Sept. 19, 1903. Pupil at Prague Organ Sch. and of Proksch (at whose institute he taught), on gov't stipend, studied with Nottebohm and Navratil in Vienna, where he lived; aided in song comp. by his friend Gustav Walter; wrote about 80 songs, modern in feeling, for both voice and pf. Rudersdorff (roo'-ders-dorf), Hermine, dram. sop. b. Ivanowsky, Ukraine, Dec. 12, 1822; d. Boston, Mass., Feb. 26, 1882. Pupil of Bordogni and Micherout; concert singer in Germany 1840; after 1841 opera at Carlsruhe, Frankfort, Breslau, Ber- lin, and London 1854-65; married Dr. Kiichenmeister 1844; sang at Boston Jubilees 1871-72; remained there as teacher (Emma Thursby among pupils) , and as concert singer. Rumford, Robert Henry Kennerley, see under Butt, Clara. Rummel, Franz, pst. b. London, Jan. 11, 1853; d. Berlin, May 3, 1901. Pupil of Brassin at Brussels Cons., 1st prize 1872; tour in Holland with Ole Bull and Minnie Hauck 1877-78; American tours 1878, 1886, 1898; taught in Berlin at Stern Cons.; lived for some time at Dessau; distin- guished pst. and comp. for pf. Russell, Henry, baritone, compr. b. Sheerness, Dec. 24, 1812; d. Maida Vale, London, Dec. 8, 1900. Studied in Bologna, with Rossini in Naples; singer in London 1828 and Canada 1833; orgt. in Rochester, N. Y.; gave concerts in U. S. and England; composed many famous songs, A life on the ocean wave, Cheer, boys, cheer (official army and navy songs), Woodman spare that tree; success in dramatic songs, The maniac, etc.; 2 volumes of memoirs. Son Henry, singing teacher, impresario. Covent Garden and Boston Opera Co. Son Landon, b. London, June 7, 1873, compr., under pseud. Landon Ronald, RUSSELL SAFONOFF of many popular songs; pst. with L' Enfant prodigue 1891, condr. at Drury Lane Th. 1896; 1910 director of Guildhall School of Music, succeed- ing Wm. H. Cummings. Russell, Louis Arthur, teacher, writer. b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 24, 1854. Pupil of Warren and Miiller in New York, of Tours, Shakespeare, and Henschel in London; orgt. in New- ark 1878-95; condr. Schubert Vocal Soc., etc.; founder of Newark Coll. of Mus. where he is director, teacher of singing, pf., and theory; author of Embellishments of Music, The Commonplaces of Vocal Art, English Diction for Singers and Speakers. Rust, Wilhelm, orgt., editor, b. Des- sau, Aug. 15, 1822; d. Leipzig, May 2, 1892. Pupil of uncle W. C., and Schneider; in Berlin, teacher, orgt., condr. of BachVerein 1862-74, teacher of theory Stern Cons.; 1878 in Leipzig, orgt. at Thomaskirche, teacher in Cons., 1880 cantor at Thomasschule; composed motets and choruses; distinguished co- editor of works of Bach, publ. by Bach Gesellschaft. Ruthardt (root'-hardt), Adolf, pf. teacher, b. Stuttgart, Feb. 9, 1849. Student at Cons, there; teacher in Geneva 1868-85, at Leipzig Cons, since 1886; wrote Das Klavier: ein geschichtlicher Abriss, Chormeister- Buchlein (biographies) and some volumes of Eschmann's Wegweiser. Ryan, Thomas, clarinet and viola player, b. Ireland, 1827; d. New Bedford, Mass., Mar. 5, 1903. Came to U. S. 1844, studied in Boston; original member of Men- delssohn Quintet Club formed in 1849 (other members A. and W. Fries, F. Riha, and Lehmann), and only member who persisted during 40 years of the club and its wide tours; published Recollections of an old musician 1899. Ryder, Thomas Philander, orgt. b. Cohasset, Mass., June 29, 1836; d. Someryille, Mass., Dec. 2, 1887. Pupil of G. Satter; orgt. at Tremont Temple, teacher, successful choral director, gifted accomp.; popular piano transcriptions of Old Oaken Bucket, Nearer my God to Thee, etc. Saar (sar), Louis Victor Franz, compr., critic, b. Rotterdam, Dec. 10, 1868. Pupil of Rheinberger and Abel at Munich Cons, and of Brahms in Vienna; accompanist to New York Opera 1892-95; teacher of counter- point and comp. at Nat'l Cons. 1896-98, at Coll. of Mus., Cincin- nati. 1909; critic for Staats-Zeitung and New York Review; comp. for pf. and many songs. Sacchini (sa-ke'-ne), Antonio Maria Gasparo, compr. b, Pozzuoli, near Naples, July 23, 1734; d. Paris, Oct. 8, 1786. Son of fisherman; aided by Durante, studied with him, Fiorenza, and Manna at Cons, in Naples; success of early operas so great that he rivaled Piccini in Rome; after Alessandro nell' Indie 1768, director of Cons, in Venice; lived in London 1772-82, producing several operas; fled for debt to Paris, where he produced remodeled operas and two new ones Dardanus and CEdipe a Colone; in later works influenced by Gluck; operas care- fully, effectively composed, obsolete because lacking in originality. Sachs (saks), Hans, master singer, b. Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494; d. there, Jan. 19, 1576. Wrote some 5000 poems and tales, composing numer- ous melodies; most important of Nuremberg mastersingers; shoe- maker by trade; represented by Wagner in Die Meistersinger. Safonoff (saf-5n'-of), Wasili, condr. b. Istchory, Caucasus, Feb. 6, 1852. Pupil of Zaremba, Brassin, and Les- chetizky at St. Petersburg Cons., where he taught 1881-85; teacher 1885 and director Moscow Cons. 1889-90; Goedicke and Lhe'vinne his pupils; condr. in various cities, St. Petersburg Imperial concerts 1890, Vienna, New York Philhar- monic 1904-1909; conducts with- out baton, with great skill and the force of magnetic personality. SAINTON SALMON Sainton (san-ton), Prosper Philippe Catherine, vlt. b. Toulouse, June 5, 1813; d. London, Oct. 17, 1890. Studied with Habeneck at Paris Cons., 1st prize 1834; member Ope>a and Cons, orchestra; taught Toulouse Cons. 1840-44, at London Royal Acad. after 1845; leader Philharmonic 1846-54, of Sacred Harmonic Soc. after 1848, at Covent Garden, etc.; composed vln. con- certos, solos, etc. His wife Sainton- Dolby, Charlotte Helen, contralto, b. London, May 17, 1821; d. there, Feb. 18, 1885. Pupil of Mrs. Mon- tague and at Royal Acad. of Ben- nett, Crivelli, and Elliott; de"but Philharmonic concert 1841; sang on Continent; from time of her marriage 1860 to 1870 leading singer in concert and oratorio; Mendels- sohn wrote contralto part in Elijah for her voice and dedicated songs to her; 1872 opened vocal academy; also composed cantatas and songs. Saint-Saens (san r s6ns') ,Charles Camille, compr. b. Paris, Oct. 9, 1835. Pre- cocious pst.; pupil at Cons, of Stam- aty, Maleden, Hale"vy, and Benoist; 1st organ prize 1851; orgt. St. Me"ry 1853, Madeleine 1858-77; pf. teacher at Niedermeyer Sch.; resigned all positions 1870; as pst. and orgt. has long held enviable reputation in Europe (America 1906); has com- posed for stage La princesse jaune, Samson et Dalila (Weimar 1877), Les barbares (1901), etc., several can- tatas, five pf . concertos, three violin concertos, chamber music, and many pieces for pf., beside symphonic poems, by which he is most widely known, Phaeton, Le rouet d' Omphale, La jeunesse d' Hercule, and Le danse macabre; has published essays Har- monic et melodie, Portraits et souve- nirs, Essai sur les lyres et cithares; dryness of which his music is often accused is due partly to following of scholastic formulas, which -his great skill enables him to do; vivid roman- tic coloring in his symph. poems. Salaman, Charles Kensington, pst. b. London, Mar. 3, 1814; d. there, June 23, 1901. Studied with Rimbault and C. Neate, and after London d^but 1828, with Herz in Paris; taught in London after 1831; gave annual orchestral concerts, founded chamber concerts, Mus. Soc., and Mus. Ass'n; lived in Munich, Vienna, and Rome 1836 and 1846; contrib- utor to Times, Concordia, etc.; com- posed songs (/ arise from dreams of thee), music for Jewish synagogue, etc. Saleza (sa-la'-za), Luc Albert, dram, tenor, b. Bruges, Barn, Oct. 18, 1867. Won 1st prize in singing and opera at Paris Cons. 1888; de'but Ope>a Com. 1888; sang at Nice, Grand Ope"ra, Paris, Monte Carlo, New York 1899-1901. Salieri (sal-e-a'-rf), Antonio, compr. b. Legnano (Verona), Aug. 19, 1750; d. Vienna, May 7, 1825. Studied with brother Francesco, vlt., and Simoni, orgt., and with Pescetti and Pacini at Venice; taken to Vienna by Gassmann for whom he acted as substitute and whom he succeeded as Italian opera condr. and chamber musician; intimate pupil of Gluck who helped him bring out Les Dan- aides at Paris (at first announced as joint production, but G. gave S. full credit after success); next success with Tarare, revised as Axur, re d' Ormus; court capellmeister Vienna 1788-1824; composed about 40 operas, skilfully written both for voice and instruments, none of which survived. Salmon, Alvah Glover, pst., compr. b. at Southold, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1868. His father was in business, but pre- vious generations included members who attained literary and musical distinction; he began the study of music at six years of age and made a number of appearances in various parts of the U. S. as a boy pianist; graduated from the New England Conservatory 1888, and later studied in St. Petersburg; since his return to the U. S. has given piano recitals and lecture recitals on Russian music before the leading conservatories, colleges and musical clubs in various parts of the country; his composi- tions include about 100 numbers in different forms, although the major- ity of his published works are for the piano; he has also edited many pieces for American publishers, and contributed to the leading musical magazines; teacher in Boston for a number of years; New York 1909. SALOME SANDBERGER Salome (sa-lo-ma), Theodore Cesar, orgt. b. Paris, Jan. 20, 1834; d. St. Germain, July, 1896. Studied at Paris Cons, with A. Thomas and Bazin; 2d Prix de Rome 1861; re'pe'titeur of solfeggio at Cons. 1872-73; 2d orgt. at La Trinite"; maltre de chapelle at Lyce"e St. Louis, professor at Coll. Rollin; comp. symphony and org. mus. Salomon, Johann Peter, vlt. b. Bonn, Jan., 1745; d. London, Nov. 25, 1815. Member of Elector's orch. at Bonn; concertmaster to Prince Henry of Prussia; in London after 1781 dis- tinguished as quartet player and orchestral leader; founded London Philharmonic Soc. 1813; gave series of concerts 1786; persuaded Haydn to visit London 1791 and 1794; H. wrote several symphonies and last quartets for S., and began The Creation at his suggestion; S. com- posed opera Windsor Castle 1795. Salter, Mary Turner, compr. b. Peoria, III., March 15, 1856. Parents musi- cal but not professionals; began career as singer when a child ; studied singing with Alfred Arthur, of Cleve- land, O., and Dr. Schilling, of Burling- ton, Iowa; in 1876 went to Boston, studied at N. E. Cons., with O'Neill and Mme. Rudersdorff ; sang in Port- land, Me., with Annie Louise Gary and in Ole Bull's concerts in Boston; held church positions in Boston, New Haven and New York; taught sing- ing at Wellesley College; married Sumner Salter; lives at Williams- town, Mass.; has composed about one hundred songs, some of them very successful. Salter, Sumner, orgt., compr. b. Bur- lington, Iowa, June 24, 1856. Grad- uated at Amherst Coll.; studied music in Boston; editor of Pianist and Organist, N. Y. 1895-97; director of music at Syracuse, N. Y., 1881- 1886; Atlanta, Ga., 1886-1889; Cor- nell Univ. 1900-1905; Williams Coll. 1905; composed church music, songs, etc. Samara (sa-ma'-ra), Spiro, compr. b. Corfu, Nov. 29, 1861. Studied at Athens with Stancampiano and at Paris with Delibes; composed several operas which have been successful in Paris and Italy, notably Flora mirabilis 1886; realistic La martire 1894 and Mile, de Belle Isle 1905 fairly successful. Samaroff, Olga [nee Hickenlooper], pst. b. at the military post of San Antonio, Tex., Aug. 8, 1881; her grandmother, Mrs. L. P. Griinewald, in her younger days a concert pianist of Munich, and later in New Orleans, was her first teacher; later she studied in Paris with the elder Marmontel and Widor; in 1895 she entered the class of Delaborde in the Conservatoire, the first American woman to be ad- mitted to the piano classes; from Paris she went to Berlin and studied under Jedliczka; her general educa- tion was received from private teachers and in the Couvent du St. Sacrement, Paris; professional career began in New York, Jan. 18, 1905, with the N. Y. Symphony Orchestra; she has had three American, three London, and one Continental season, about 300 concerts and recitals up to season of 1909-1910, appearing with the leading orchestras; makes her home mostly in Paris. Sammartini (sam-mar-te'-ne), Gio- vanni Battista, orgt. b. Milan, 1704; d. 1774. Orgt. in 2 Milan churches; maestro di cappella at convent 1730- 70; teacher of Gluck; sometimes called (Riemann says " most un- justly ") forerunner of Haydn in composition of symphonies (S. wrote 24) and chamber mus. Samuel, Adolphe Abraham, compr. b. Lie"ge, July 11, 1824; d. Ghent, Sept. 11, 1898. Studied at Cons, at Lie"ge and Brussels, where he won Grand prix de Rome 1845 and where he taught harmony after 1860; founded Brussels pop. concerts 1865 and annual festivals 1869; director Ghent Cons. 1871; composed 5 operas, 5 symphonies, symphonic fragment Roland d Roncevaux, a " mystic " symph. with chorus Christus, over- tures, etc.; wrote Cours d'harmonie. Sandberger, Adolf, compr., editor, b. Wurzburg, Dec. 19, 1864. Studied at Royal Schools at Wurzburg and Munich, at Univ. of W. and Berlin; Ph.D. 1887; custodian mus. dept. Munich Library, lecturer at Univ.; prof, of mus. Prague Univ. 1898, Munich 1900; edited works of Lassus, SANDERSON SAURET is general editor of Denkmdler der Tonkunst in Bayern and ed. of some vols., compr. of overtures, symph. poems, etc., author of life of Cornelius, essays on Chabrier's Gwendoline, Lassus, Haydn's quar- tets, etc. Sanderson, Sibyl, dram, soprano, b. Sacramento, Cal., Dec. 7, 1865; d. Paris, May 16, 1903. Early ability; pupil at Paris Cons, of Massenet, and also of Sbriglia and Marchesi; dbut The Hague 1888; at Op^ra Com. 1889; Massenet wrote Esdar- monde and Thais for her, Saint-Saens Phryne; in New York 1894 and 1898 with Grau Co.; retired 1897 after marriage to A. -Terry, who died shortly after, but returned to stage 1901; of rare beauty, an exquisite though light voice, she charmed rather by her own personality than through art. Sandoni, Mme., see Cuzzoni. Santley, Sir Charles, baritone. b. Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1834. Pupil of Nava in Milan, of Garcia in London: de"but at Pavia 1856, London 1857, stage d6but 1859; member of Carl Rosa Co. 1875; visited America 1871 and 1891, Australia 1899; especially distinguished in Elijah, Faust, Fly- ing Dutchman (which he first sang in English); composed some church music, published reminiscences Stu- dent and Singer 1892, The Art of Sing- ing and Vocal Declamation, 1908; knighted 1907. Sapellnikoff (sa-pel'-nl-kof), Wassili, pst. b. Odessa, Nov. 2, 1868. Pupil of Kessler and of Brassin and Sophie Menter at St. Petersburg Cons., whither he was sent by town on A. Rubinstein's advice; de"but 1888 Hamburg; widely successful tours. Saran, August Friedrich, condr. b. Altenplathow, Saxony, Feb. 28, 1836. Studied with Ehrlich and Robt. Franz; studied theology at Halle, teacher, army chaplain, supt. at Zehdenick, Brandenburg; condr. of choral soc. at Bromberg; arranged old German songs; wrote pamphlet on Franz. Sarasate (sa-ra-sa'-te), Pablo de [in full P. Martin Meliton S. y Navas- cuez], vlt. b. Pamplona, Spain, Mar. 10, 1844; d. Biarritz, Sept. 20, 1908. Precocious appearance in Spain; pupil of Alard at Paris Cons, where he won 1st prize 1857; career of long successful tours, to the East and to America several times, 2d 1889 with d'Albert; Lalo, Bruch, and Saint- Saens all wrote works for him; note- worthy for purity of tone, flexi- bility of style, accuracy and firmness of technic; his own compositions Zigeunerweisen, Jota aragonesa and 4 books of transcriptions for vln. of Spanish dances; not so remarkable for technical dexterity as for irre- sistible swing with which he played, especially own compositions. Sarti, Giuseppe [called "il Domeni- chino"], compr. b. Faenza, Dec. 28, 1729; d. Berlin, July 28, 1802. Pupil of Padre Martini; orgt. at Faenza; opera II re pastore (Venice 1753) led to call to Copenhagen as opera- director and royal condr.; dismissed 1775 for political reasons; director of Cons, at Venice; maestro at Milan Cath. 1779; teacher of Cheru- bim, compr. of successful operas; last 18 years of life in St. Petersburg with exception of few years before 1793 when he founded mus. sch. in the Ukraine, where he developed Italian opera, composed Te Deum and other works for court choir; prolific compr. but of the little that was published the most is now obsolete. Sauer (sou'-er), Emil, pst. b. Ham- burg, Oct. 8, 1862. Pupil of his mother, of N. Rubinstein at Moscow, and of Liszt at Weimar 1884-85; successful virtuoso since 1882; direc- tor of Klavier-Meisterschule at Vienna Cons. 1901-07; living in Dresden; composed 2 pf. concertos, Suite moderne for pf., smaller pf. works and songs; also wrote Meine Welt: Bilder aus dem Geheimfache meiner Kunst und meines Lebens 1901; played in America 1899 and 1909; of wonderfully fluent technic himself, he is also admirable teacher; works are skilfully composed, but are not profound in idea. Sauret (so-ra), Emile, vlt. b. Dun-le- Roi, Cher, France, May 22, 1852. Pupil at Paris Cons, and of De BeYiot at Brussels Cons.; appeared 1866, SAWYER SCARLATTI first in England, then in France, Italy, America 1872, 1874-76 (later, 1877, 1895); teacher Kullak's Acad. Berlin 1880-81, at Royal Acad. Mus. London 1891-1903, at Chicago Mus. Coll. 1903-06; now teaching privately in Geneva; married Teresa Carreno 1872, later divorced; com- posed considerable music for vln. and has written valuable method; playing graceful and elegant, of French school. Sawyer, Frank Joseph, orgt., writer, b. Brighton, Eng., June 19, 1857; d. Brighton, May, 1908. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Richter and others; pupil and asst. of J. F. Bridge; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1884; orgt. at Brighton and condr. until 1896 of choral and orch. soc.; prof, sight singing Royal Coll. Mus.; gave recitals, lectures on hist, of org., dance, etc.; composed oratorio, cantatas, Concertstiick, Romance, etc., technical pf. exer- cises; author of Primer on Extempori- sation. Sax, Antoine Joseph [called Adolphe], instrument maker, b. Dinant, Nov. 6, 1814; d. Paris, Feb. 4, 1894. Pupil of Bender at Brussels Cons, on flute and clarinet ; invented improvements in clarinet; 1842 invented saxophone, metal wind instr. with single-reed mouthpiece and conical bore; instrs. encouraged by Berlioz and other musicians; added saxhorn and sax tromba; teacher of saxophone Paris Cons. 1857. Sbriglia (sbril'-yia), Giovanni, singing teacher, b. Naples, 1840. Pupil of De Roxas at Naples Cons.; d6but as operatic tenor 1861; sang in Italy, in New York with Patti, in Havana, etc.; distinguished teacher of sing- ing in Paris; reformed voice of Jean de Reszke" from baritone to tenor, taught Plangon, Nordica, Sanderson, etc. Scalchi (skal'-kl), Sofia, dram, mezzo sop. b. Turin, Nov. 29, 1850. Par- ents both singers; pupil of Bocca- badati; d6but Mantua 1866; sang at various Italian cities, in England 1868-90; first appeared in America 1882; married Lolli 1875; voice of fine quality and such range that she could take mezzo sop. and contralto parts. Scaria (ska'-ria), Emil, dram. bass. b. Graz, Sept. 18, 1840; d. Blasewitz, near Dresden, July 22, 1886. Pupil of Netzer, Gentiluomo, and Lewy; dSbut Pesth 1860; after few months' study with Garcia in London 1862, was engaged at Dessau, Leipzig, Dresden, and Vienna Opera after 1872; first Wotan in Wagner's Ring Bayreuth 1876, and Gurnemanz in Parsifal 1882. Scarlatti, Alessandro, compr. b. Tra- pani, Sicily, 1659; d. Naples, Oct. 24, 1725. Nothing known of early life and training; conducted first known opera Rome 1680; maestro to Queen Christina of Sweden, to Viceroy at Naples 1694; asst. to Foggia, maestro at Sta. Maria Maggiore, Rome, 1703, and successor 1707-09; maestro at royal chapel, Naples; teacher at 3 conservatories there; among pupils Durante, Leo, Hasse, Porpora, etc.; dir. Sta. Maria Maggiore, dir. to Cardinal Ottoboni in Rome; in Naples again after 1709; composed over 100 operas and 200 masses; founder of Neapolitan school of opera; broke up the monotony of continued recitative by using recita- tive both with and without full accomp. and by introducing formal aria; established popular type of overture in three movements, the 2d slow; within these forms his own work is entirely lacking in diversity; it has " grace, suavity, dexterous neatness of articulation." His son Domenico Scarlatti, compr., harpsichord player, b. Naples, Oct. 26, 1685; d. there, 1757. Pupil of father and Gasparini; arranged and composed operas; chosen to compete with Handel 1709, he equaled H. on harpsichord, but not at org. ; maestro at St. Peter's, Rome, 1715-19; maes- tro al cembalo Italian Opera, London, 1719-20; court cembalist at Lisbon 1721-54 (except 1725-29); returned to Naples, where gambling reduced his family to poverty, which Fari- nelli relieved; in his harpsichord music used new effects, gained by crossing hands, by broken chords, by displaced accents, etc., which contributed largely to beginning of technic; style of his works also is modern in its freedom from formal construction. SCHARWENKA Scharwenka (shar-ven'-ka), Ludwig Philipp, compr. b. Samter, Posen, Feb. 16, 1847. Pupil of Wiierst at Kullak's Acad., Berlin, and of H. Dorn; teacher of theory and comp. at Kullak's 1870; with brother Xaver founded Scharwenka Cons. 1881; went with X. to New York 1891, but continued own cons, with Gold- schmidt 1892 until it was joined with Klindworth Cons. 1893; com- posed many pf. pieces (Landler, Album polonais, choral works, 2 symph., suite, symph. poem, etc. His brother Franz Xaver Schar- wenka, pst., compr. b. Samter, Jan. 6, 1850. Pupil of Kullak and Wiierst at K's Acad., where he taught 1868- 74; after successful de"but 1869, gave annual concerts of chamber and orchestral music; founded Scharw. Cons, with Philipp 1881; director till 1891, then established S. Cons, in New York; 1898 director of Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons., and teacher of pf.; as pst. remarkable for combination of great power with repose and rich, singing tone; as compr. he shows power, strong sense of rhythm, and Polish national color, in symph., 4 pf. concertos (of which 1st is widely praised), chamber music, Polish dances, etc. for pf., and one opera, Mataswintha (Weimar 1896, N.Y. 1897). Visited U.S. 1910. Scheel (shal), Fritz, condr. b. Liibeck, Germany, Nov. 7, 1852; d. Philadel- phia, March 12, 1907. Condr. of juvenile orch. at 10, vln. pupil of David at Leipzig; concertmaster Bremerhaven City Orch.; director Chemnitz; at Hamburg 1890 alter- nated with Von Bulow at subscrip- tion concerts; 1893 conducted at World's Fair; then in San Francisco; first condr. of Philadelphia Orch. 1900 until death, building up and establishing orch. ; condr. of Orpheus Club and Eurydice Chorus. Scheidemann (shl'-de-man), Heinrich, orgt. b. Hamburg, about 1596; d. there, 1654. Pupil of father, Hans, and his successor; also pupil of Sweelinck at Amsterdam; associated with Praetorius in contributing to Himmlische Lieder, one of which, Frisch auf und lasst uns singen, was popular; teacher of Weckmann and Reinken; other works not extant. SCHILLINGS Scheldt (shidt), Samuel, orgt. b. Halle- on-Saale, 1587; d. there, Mar. 14, 1654. Pupil of Sweelinck at Am- sterdam; orgt. and capellmeister at Halle; composed mostly for voice, but wrote also chorale preludes (one of first to develop chorales in elabo- rate style) ; famous work Tabulatura nova, 1624, org. fantasies, and church pieces; in technic, extended use of pedal. Schein (shin), Johann Hermann, compr. b. Griinhain, Saxony, Jan. 29, 1586; d. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1630. Soprano at Electoral Chapel at Dresden; studied at Schulpforte and at Leipzig Univ.; capellmeistei' Weimar 1615; cantor Thomasschule Leipzig 1616; composed Cantional, choral melodies for Lutheran ch., Vemis Krantzlein, songs in 5 parts, concerted instr. pieces; style notably smooth and masterly. Schelling (shel-ling), Ernest Henry, pst. b. Belvidere, N. J., July 26, 1876. Precocious appearance in Philadelphia 1880; pupil of Mathias, Moszkowski, Pruckner, Leschetizky, Paderewski, etc.; has played since 1901 in Europe, N. and S. America; court pst. to Duke of Mecklenburg- Schwerin; compr. symph., symph. legends, chamber music, pf. concerto and small pieces. Schikaneder (shi-kan-a'-der), Emanuel Johann, librettist, b. Regensburg, April 9, 1751; d. Vienna, Sept. 21, 1812. Tragedian, singer in traveling troupe; met Mozart in Salzburg; when manager in Vienna, wrote Zauberflote, for which M. composed music; success of opera lifted him only temporarily from poverty; also wrote texts for Winter, Haibel, etc. Schilling, Bertha, see Breval, Lucienne. Schillings (shil-lings) , Max, compr. b. Diiren, Rheinland, Apr. 19, 1868. Studied with Brambach and Von Konigslow at Bonn and at Munich; trainer of chorus at Bayreuth; chief condr. of Stuttgart Court Opera and concerts of court orchestra 1907; composed operas, Ingwelde 1894, Der Pfeifertag 1896, Moloch 1906; fantasia for orch., orchestral accomp. for declamation of Hexenlied, etc.; accused of imitating Wagner, he is strongly defended by admirers, who SCHINDLER claim for him individuality of style, pure " aristocratic " melody, har- monic skill and care above other moderns, extreme regard for modu- lation, and deep personal feeling. Schindler (shint-ler), Anton, writer. b. Medl, Moravia, 1796; d. Bocken- heim, Jan. 16, 1864. Vlt., capell- meister at German Opera, Vienna, and later at Minister and Aix-la- Chapelle; about 1817-27 intimate friend and helper, living in same house with Beethoven, whose biog- raphy he wrote 1840. Schira (she'-ra), Francesco, condr., teacher, b. Malta, Sept. 19, 1815; d. London, Oct. 15, 1883. Studied at Milan Cons.; produced 1st opera there; conducted at Lisbon and taught in Cons.; after 1842 in Lon- don as condr. of Princess's Th.; at Drury Lane 1847 and 1852, and at Covent Garden 1848-52; after that gained renown as teacher of singing; composed some 10 operas and other vocal music. Schlesinger (shla'-sing-er), Sebastian Benson, compr. b. Hamburg, Sept. 24, 1837. Came to Boston at 13, where he studied with Dresel; Ger- man consul at Boston; later living in Paris; compr. of over 100 songs and pf. pieces. Schmitt (shmit), Aloys, pst., teacher, b. Erlenbach, Bavaria, Aug. 26, 1788; d. Frankfort-on-Main, July 25, 1866. Father a cantor, who taught him; studied comp. with Andre'; lived in Frankfort after 1816, except for short time in Berlin and Hanover; wrote valuable method, delicate eludes, etc., as well as chamber and orch. music. Schmitt, Hans, pf. teacher, b. Koben, Bohemia, Jan. 14, 1835; d. Vienna, Jan. 15, 1907. At first oboe player; pf . pupil of Dachs when 25 at Vienna ons., where he won medal, and later taught, having classes in pf. expres- sion 1875-1900; composed many re- markable works for pf. instruction, notably 300 studies without octaves, pedal studies, etc.; wrote a valuable work on The Pedals of the Piano. Schnecker (shnek'-er), Peter August, orgt., compr. b. Hesse-Darmstadt, Aug. 26, 1850; d. N. Y., Oct. 3, 1903. Came to America 1865; pupil of SCHOENEFELD S. P. Warren, N. Y., and at Leipzig Cons. 1874 of O. Paul and Richter; orgt. in N. Y. after 1872; written more church music than almost any other American (org. mus. and cantatas for church), songs, and vln. works, etc., beside numerous transcriptions. Schneider (shnl'-der), Johann Chris- tian Friedrich, compr. b. Alt-Walt- ersdorf, Saxony, Jan. 3, 1786; d. Dessau, Nov. 23, 1853. Son and pupil of orgt. Johann Gottlob S. (1753-1840); student at Leipzig Univ.; also pupil of Unger; orgt. Leipzig 1807, of Thomaskirche 1812; opera condr. 1816, director Stadt Th. 1817; in Dessau court capellmeister 1821, organizer of Liedertafel, found- er of School of Mus. 1829 (closed 1854); R. Franz among pupils; conducted at many festivals; com- posed oratorios popular at time, Das WeUgericht, Die Siindflut, etc., 23 symph., overtures, etc.; pf. works collected. Schnorr von Carolsfeld (shnor-von-ka'- rols-felt), Ludwig, dram, tenor, b. Munich, July 2, 1836; d. Dresden, June 21, 1865. Son of painter; studied at Leipzig Cons., and with J. Otto and Devnent; dbut Carls- ruhe 1858; tenor at Dresden after 1860; created part of Tristan, Munich, 1865, his wife Malvina (1825-1904) singing Isolde. Schnyder von Wartensee (shni'-der von var'-ten-sa), Xaver, teacher, compr. b. Lucerne, Apr. 16, 1786; d. Frank- fort-on-Main, Aug. 27, 1868. Stud- ied with Kienlen in Vienna; after fighting in 1815, taught at Yverdun, and after 1817 at Frankfort; wrote charming vocal music, opera For- tunat, cantatas, part-songs, etc., 2 symphonies, and published System der Rhythmik. Schoenefeld (sh6-ne-felt), Henry, pst. b. Milwaukee, Oct. 4, 1857. Studied at Leipzig with Papperitz, Richter, Schradieck, etc., and at Weimar with Lassen ; after tour in Germany settled in Chicago; from 1879 in Chicago as pst., teacher, condr. of Germania Mannerchor; 1904 removed to Los Angeles; composed Three Indians, ode with orch., 2 symph. (Rural, etc.), 2 overtures (In the Sunny South contain* negro melodies), vln. sonata, etc. SCHOLTZ Scholtz (sholts), Hermann, pst., compr. b. Breslau, June 9, 1845. Pupil of Brosig, Riedel, Plaidy, and at Munich of Von Billow and Rhein- berger; taught at Royal Sch. Mu- nich, 1870-75; since 1875 in Dresden ; composed pf. concerto, trio, pas- sacaglia, ballade, etc: for pf.; edited Peters's Ed. of Chopin's and Heller's Etudes. Scholz (sholts), Bernhard E., compr. b. Mayence, Mar. 30, 1835. Studied with E. Pauer at Mayence and Dehn at Berlin; teacher at Royal School, Munich, 1856-59; court capellmeister Hanover 1859-65; after seasons in Florence and Berlin, condr. of Breslau Orch. Soc. 1871-83, succeeded Raff 1883-1908 as director of Hoch Cons., Frankfort, where he made his way in face of intriguing opposition ; composed songs, chamber music, symph. (Malinconia), choral works, requiem, etc. Schradieck (shra'-dek), Henry, vlt. b. Hamburg, Apr. 29, 1846.^ Pupil of father, of Leonard at Brussels Cons., of David at Leipzig; leader of orch. at Bremen; teacher Moscow Cons. 1864-68; leader of Philhar- monic concerts, Hamburg, of Gewand- haus Orch., Leipzig, 1874-82, teach- ing at Cons.; prof. Cincinnati Cons. 1883-89, and, after season in Ham- burg, prof, at Nat'l Cons., New York, at Broad St. Cons., Phila., and 1910 Institute of Applied Music, New York; compr. of valuable technical exercises. Schroeder (shre"d-er), Alwin, 'cellist. b. Neuhaldensleben, near Magde- burg, June 15, 1855. Pf. pupu of father and brother Hermann (b. 1843), vln. pupil of De Ahna at Berlin Hochschule, self-taught as 'cellist; 1st 'cellist in orchestras in Leipzig, and Hamburg; 1881 succeeded broth- er Carl (b. 1848) at Gewandhaus, in th. orch., and at Cons.; member of Petri Quartet; member Boston Symph. Orch. 1886-1903 and 1910, of Kneisel Quartet 1891-1908, of Hess- Schroeder Quartet 1908-10. Schroeder-Devrient (shre'-dar-de'-vri- ant), Wilhelmine, dram. sop. b. Hamburg, Dec. 6, 1804; d. Coburg, Jan. 26, 1860. Father baritone, mother actress Sophie Schroder, she acted herself until 17; pupil of SCHUBERT Mozatti at Vienna; de"but there 1821; great success, especially in revival of Fiddio, 1822; married actor C. Devrient 1823, divorced 1828; at Court Opera, Dresden, 1823-1847, except for visiting sea- sons in other capitals; her voice was not remarkable or very well man- aged, but her abilities as actress were great. Schroeter (shre"-ter), Christoph Gott- lieb, orgt., theorist, b. Hohenstein, Saxony, Aug. 19, 1699; d. Nord- hausen, Nov., 1782. Pupil at Kreuz- schule, Dresden, student of theology at Leipzig; copyist for Lotti 1717; after travel in Germany and Eng- land, lectured at Jena Univ.; orgt. at Minden, after 1732 at Nord- hausen; composed seven sets of cantatas for church year, other church music; wrote on general bass (" first to represent major and minor triads as sole fundamental chords ") and description of hammer action for keyed instruments, on which invention of pf. is based; claims this invention in work pub- lished 1763, ten years after death of Silbermann, who is usually supposed to have established invention of Cristofori. Schubert (shu-bart), Franz Peter, compr. b. Lichtenthal, near Vienna, Jan. 31, 1797; d. Vienna, Nov. 19, 1828. Son of schoolmaster, one of 19 children (brother Ignaz gave him lessons and Ferdinand took care of him); sweetness of soprano voice secured him attention at Convict School and Court Chapel, where he was taught harmony by Rucziszka; taught in lowest class of father's school 1813-16; released 1817 from this by friend F. von Schober, with whom he lived thereafter (except 1819-21); taught music to daugh- ters of Count Esterhazy 1818; ac- quainted with Beethoven during his last illness 1827; concert of his own works early in 1828; repeated efforts to gain some lucrative position always failed; though appreciated by contemporary musicians and to some extent by the public, he was underpaid by his publishers and always struggling against poverty. Began to compose very early, and fertility of production increased as SCHUCH SCHUMANN life lasted; during last year wrote 10th symph., mass in E flat, Miri- am's Song, quintet, quartet, 3 sonatas, and songs later published as Swan Songs; Sir Geo. Grove, whose article on S. in his Dictionary is the standard in English, describes him as a " bom bourgeois, never really at his ease except among his equals and chosen associates; with them he was genial .... even boisterous . . . Simplicity curi- ously characterizes his whole life." He composed 17 operas, of which 7 were performed and of which Die Zwillingsbriider, Alfonso und Estrella, Fierabras, are at least familiar names; the incidental music to Rosamunde is well known from orchestral suite; 6 masses, several psalms, hymns, occasional cantatas, Miriams Siegesgesang, etc.; chamber music (octet, quintets, trios), pf. mus. (sonatas, waltzes, impromptus, etc.); 7 overtures, vln. concerto; 10 symphonies, of which one is known as the Unfinished; several hundred songs. Most admired for sym- phonies and songs. The symphonies are praised for their romantic emo- tional expression; Schubert's great innovation was " the introduction of the song into the symph.", most notably in the Unfinished symph. in B min.; the fluency and fertility of his invention command admira- tion but his work is condemned for diffuseness, lack of firmness and originality in harmonic structure. For the best of the songs there is little but praise; he wrote three kinds of songs: the simpler Lied, like those of his predecessors; a more dramatic and original variety in which the changing emotions of the poems are followed throughout; and declamatory ones. Among so many, inevitably some songs are of inferior quality; sometimes this was due to lack of care, sometimes to poor words. At his best, in such songs as Who is Sylvia? The Erl King, etc., S. shows perfect dramatic appropriateness combined with sheer loveliness of melody, unequaled by any other composer. Schuch (shook), Ernst, condr. b. Graz, Nov. 23, 1847. Vln. pupil of Stoltz and Dessoff; mus. dir. at Breslau, Wiirzburg, Graz, Basle, etc.; at Dresden court condr., court council- lor, general dir. ; married Clementine Proska (b. 1853), singer at Dresden since 1873. Schulhoff (shool'-hof), Julius, pst., compr. b. Prague, Aug. 2, 1825; d. Berlin, Mar. 13, 1898. Pupil of Kisch, Tedesco, and Tomaschek; dbut Dresden 1842; after playing in Leipzig, lived in Paris, where he gave concerts; friend of Chopin; long tours in Europe 1849-53; taught in Paris, Dresden, Berlin; compositions all for pf., good salon music, include sonata, 12 Etudes, caprices waltzes, etc.; not to be confounded with J. Schulhof, compr., in Pesth. Schumann (shoo-man), Georg Alfred, compr. b. Konigstein, Saxony, Oct. 25, 1866. No relation to Robert; pupil pf father (city mus. director), of Fischer, Rollfuss, etc. at Dresden, and of Reinecke, Zwint- scher, etc. at Leipzig Cons. ; director Danzig Gesangverein 1891-96, of Bremen Philharmonic 1896-99, of Berlin Singakademie 1900; his chief compositions are cantata Amor und Psyche, overture Liebesfruhling, or- chestral variations on choral, Toten- Tdage for chorus and orch., Ruth, an oratorio. Schumann, Robert Alexander, compr. b. Zwickau, Saxony, June 8, 1810; d. Endenich, near Bonn, July 29, 1856. Son of publisher and book- seller, who had made some transla- tions from English; showed mus. ability at school, organizing band of his fellows; after death of father, 1825, mother insisted on his study- ing law at Leipzig Univ. and at Heidelberg; supported by teacher Wieck, gained permission to be musician; maimed his hand per- manently by use of a machine for ringer development; studied com- position with Dorn, and composed early pf. works. In 1834 with others founded Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik, which he edited until 1844 and which was published until 1908; in this paper he wrote acutely and gener- ously of his contemporaries and introduced Brahms and others to general notice; here too started the device, afterward transferred to his SCHUMANN SCHtiTT music, of writing under several names, Florestan, Eusebius, etc., as members of " Davidsbiind," a society of defence against Philistines; S's essays for the journal were later issued in separate volumes. Having fallen in love with his teacher's daughter, Clara Wieck, whose father refused his consent, S. had to go through the unpleasant ordeal of asserting his right in the courts; he married after long delay in 1840. Nervous troubles, loss of memory, etc., drove him from Leipzig to Dresden, and thence to Diisseldorf, where he was not successful as director of choral society; after concert tour with wife in Holland, morbid moods increased, until, after an attempt at suicide, 1854, he was confined in an asylum at Bonn. S. composed curiously almost all his works in one form at one time; his pf. works before his marriage, songs in years immediately after, then symphonies (3 in one year), then chamber music and at the end, less successfully, choral works. All his works are marked by strong personality and tinged with the romantic ideal of close union between art and life. In his pf. mus. many of the titles (Camaval, for example) suggest more or less definite pro- grams; yet with this modern color is combined a polyphony based on admiration and study of Bach; it is distinguished for " beauty of phrases, variety of accompaniment, audacity of discord." [Hadow.] In the songs and less directly in the chamber music (besides 3 quartets for strings, notably lovely one in A minor, 3 pf. trios and pf. quintet, these, too, have titles Mdrchenerzah- lungen, Fantasiestucke) , his music is always uttering a message of sig- nificance. " He marks an epoch because for the first time details of form are not so much derived from established rules as freshly gener- ated by the necessities of the idea." [Pratt.] His orchestral works con- sist of 4 symph., 4 concert over- tures, concertos and concertstiicke for pf. and for yln., etc.; choral works are Paradise and the Peri, Das Gluck von EdenhaU, etc., and opera Genoveva. In these larger forms, though they contain passages of rare beauty there is a lack of sustained nobility which keeps them below the highest. Schumann, Clara Josephine, pst. b. Leipzig, Sept. 13, 1819; d. Frankfort- on-Main, May 20, 1896. Daughter and pupil of Friedrich Wieck; first appearance in public 1828; played at Leipzig 1830, tours 1832, Paris 1839, with brilliant success; married Robert Schumann 1840; after S's death, lived in Berlin and Wies- baden, again appearing at concerts; taught at Hoch Cons. Frankfort 1878-92; as player she had as wide renown as any woman ever gained; her specialty lay in a soft, lingering finger pressure; her compositions are earnest and original both in idea and in harmonic treatment; she edited, also, her husband's complete works. Schumann-Heink (hink), Ernestine, [nee Roessler], dram, contralto, b. Lieben, near Prague, June 15, 1861. Studied in Graz with Marietta Leclair; de"but Dresden 1878; sang Dresden until 1882 when she married Heink and went to Hamburg; ap- pearances as guest at Paris, London; Bayreuth 1896 increased fame; 1899- 1904 Berlin court opera; first ap- peared in N. Y. 1898, at Metropoli- tan irregularly until 1902, at Man- hattan 1906; season of comic opera with Edwards' Love's Lottery 1904; concerts 1907, etc.; became an Amer- ican citizen 1908; strong, deep voice and excellent dramatic power. Schuppanzigh (shoop-pan'-zig), Ignaz, vlt. b. Vienna, 1776; d. there, Mar. 2, 1830. Organized and conducted Augarten concerts; as member of Prince Rasumovsky's quartet played quartets of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven (the last under the compr's own direction); quartet went on tours to Germany and Russia; S. member court orch. 1824, director German opera 1828; com- posed for vln. solo. Schiitt (shutt), Eduard, pst. b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 22, 1856. Pupil at St. Petersburg Cons, of Petersen and Stein, and at Leipzig Cons.; condr. Akademischer Verein, Vienna ; has composed pf. concerto, serenade for strings, opera, variations for two SCHtfTZ pf. and very many pf. works of un- equal value; at the best brilliant and difficult. Schiitz (shiitz), Heinrich, compr. b. Kostritz, Saxony, Oct. 8, 1585; d. Dresden, Nov. 6, 1672. Chorister in court chapel at Kassel; entered as law student Marburg Univ.; Landgrave Mpritz sent him to Venice where he studied with Gabrielli 1609- 12; court orgt. Kassel; capellmeister at Dresden (acting 1615, actual appointment 1617); during confusion at Dresden during 30 Years' War, frequently acted as court condr. at Copenhagen; conditions at Dresden were so confused that the greater part of S's activity lay elsewhere. S. first brought into Germany the new ideas and is important as pred- ecessor of Bach and as compr. of Daphne, 1st German opera (written on same libretto by Rinuccini that Peri had used), produced at Torgau 1627; also wrote several -Passions, motets which tend to dramatic oratorio form, chorales, etc. Schytte (shut'-ta), Ludwig Theodor, pst., compr. b. Aarhus, Jutland, Apr. 28, 1848; d. Berlin, Nov. 10, 1909. Druggist before 1870; after that pupil of Ree, Neupert, Gade, etc., of Taubert and Liszt; taught at HoraVs Inst. Vienna 1887-88; later lived at Berlin; composed about 110 pf. works, Nordische Volkstim- men, Amorinen, etc., concerto, song cycle, opera Der Mamduk, burlesque operetta Circus-Damen, and Hero. Scontrino (skon-tre'-no), Antonio, compr. b. Trapani, May 17, 1850. Pupil of Platani, and at Palermo Cons.; after tours as contra-bass player, and study in Munich, taught and played in Milan; teacher of comp. Palermo Cons. 1891; since 1892 at Mus. Inst. in Florence; com- posed mus. to d'Annunzio's Fran- cesco da Rimini, several operas, Sinfonia marinaresca, overtures, vln. works, etc. Scriabine (skrya-ben), Alexander Ni- colaievitch, compr. b. Moscow, Jan. 10, 1872. Pupil of Safonoff and Taneiev at Moscow Cons.; gold medal 1892; after bringing out many compositions on European tours, taught pf. 1898-1903 at Moscow SEIDL Cons.; now devoted to comp.; has produced 2 symph., Reverie for orch., concerto, 3 sonatas, studies, etc. for pf.; widely spoken of as brilliant pst. and compr. of individuality, though delicacy of pf . pieces suggests Chopin, and general orchestral style suggests Wagner. Visited U. S. in 1907. Sechter (sek'-ter), Simon, teacher, b. Friedberg, Bohemia, Oct. 11, 1788; d. Vienna, Sept. 10, 1867. Studied with Kozeluch and Hartmann; teacher at Inst. for Blind 1811; court orgt.; prof, harmony and counter- point Vienna Cons, after 1851; Henselt, Bruckner, and Vieuxtemps among pupils; masterpiece Grund- satze der musikalische Komposition; composed much church music but published little. Seeboeck (sa-bek), W. C. E., pst. b. Vienna, 1860; d. Chicago, 1906. Pupil of Epstein and Nottebohm in Vienna, and of Rubinstein; traveled in Europe and East; came to Chicago 1881; accompanied Apollo club, taught, composed innumerable songs and 2 operas; delicate and ingenious per- former. Seeling (sa'-ling), Hans, pst. b. Prague, 1828; d. there, May 26, 1862. Went to Italy 1852, thence on tour to the East, living in turn after 1857 11. Italy, Paris, and Germany; performer of excellent style and continued success; composer of brilliant pf. pieces, Lorelei, Memories of an Artist (arranged later for orch. by Miiller- Berghaus). Seidl (sidl), Anton, condr. b. Pesth, May 7, 1850; d. New York, Mar. 28, 1898. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; chorusmaster at Vienna Opera under Richter; recommended by R. to Wagner whom he assisted with pro- duction of Ring, etc., until 1879; condr. Leipzig opera 1879-82; condr. of Neumann's touring Wagner Opera Co. 1882-83; condr. Bremen ope^a 1883-85; at Metropolitan, N. Y.. 1885-1892, 1895-97, supplementary German opera 1895; of Philharmonic Concerts in N. Y. and on tours with orch.; 1897 condr. at Covent Garden and at Bayreuth; not an academi- cally trained condr., his complete devotion (especially to Wagner's music), his great gifts, and mastery SEIFERT SEROV of orchestra made him very power- ful; most important in establishing admiration for Wagner in U. S. Seifert (sf-fert), Uso, pf. teacher, b. Romhild, Thuringia, Feb. 9, 1852. Studied with Blassmann, Merkel, Nicod6, etc. at Dresden Cons., where he now teaches; orgt. at Dresden; known for editions of older instruc- tive pf. music, compositions for pf., songs, and widely used pf. method. Seiss (sis), Isidor Wilhelm, pst. b. Dresden, Dec. 23, 1840; d. Cologne, Sept. 25, 1905. Pupil of Wieck and J. Otto, and at Leipzig Cons, of Hauptmann; teacher at Cologne Cons. 1871; condr. Mus. Gesellschaft; made very interesting transcriptions of Haydn quartets, editions of Beethoven's dances, etc.; fine critic, as well as tasteful compr. chiefly of instructive pieces. Selby, Bertram Luard, orgt. b. Ightham, Kent, Eng., Feb. 12, 1853. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke and Jadassohn; orgt. Salisbury Cath. 1881-83, in London, Rochester Cath. since 1900; composed incidental music to Helena in Troas 1886, a musical duologue, Weather or no, 1896, orchestral Idyl, quintets, pf. pieces, songs, etc. Selmer, Johann, compr., condr. b. Christiania, Norway, Jan. 20, 1844; d. Venice, July 22, 1910. After pre- liminary studies he spent two years at the Paris Cons, under Thomas; at Leipzig 1872-74; returning to Norway he succeeded Syendsen as director of the Christiania Musical Society; compositions include num- bers for orchestra, choral works, transcriptions of folk-songs and many songs; his works belong to the music school with a realistic tendency. Sembrich (sem'-brik) Marcella [stage name of Praxede Marcelline Kochan- ska; Sembrich is mother's maiden name], dram. sop. b. Wisniewczyk, Galicia, Feb. 15, 1858. Pupil in vln. and pf. at Lemberg Cons, of Stengel (whom she later married), also of Epstein at Vienna; discovered the value of her voice and became pupil of Rokitansky, and Lamperti; d6but Athens 1877; after study of German opera with R. Lewy, engaged at Dresden 1878-80, at London 1880- 85; first appearance in N. Y. 1883, sang there 1898-1900, 1901-1909, when she formally retired; on con- cert tours of wide range, from St. Petersburg to Spain and San Fran- cisco, and in operas where genuine soprano is required, she has every- where won ardent admiration for the exquisite quality of her voice (which is compared to Patti's) and at the same time for her deeply in- telligent artistic mastery. Senesino (sen-e-ze-no), [stage name of Francesco Bernardi], dram, mezzo sop. b. Siena, about 1680; d. there, about 1750. Pupil of Bernacchi at Bologna; first sang at Dresden; 1719 engaged by Handel for London where he appeared in several of Handel's and Bononcini's operas 1720-28, 1730-33, then at rival house under Porpora 1733-35; returned to Siena with for- tune; voice of less wide compass than Farinelli's, but quite its equal in clear, flexible tone, and in simple expressiveness . Senkrah [pseud, of Anna Loretta Hark- nes], vti. b. Williamson, New York, June 6, 1864; d. Weimar, Sept., 1900. Pupil of Hilf, Wieniawski, and Mas- sart; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1881, concert tours since 1882; married Hoffmann, of Weimar, 1888; com- mitted suicide. Serafino (se-ra-fe'-no), Santo, vln.- maker. b. Udine, 1678; d. Venice, 1735. Pupil probably of Tyrolese maker, later, by own statement, of Amati; as early as 1710 he was settled at Venice; shape of instru- ments like Stainer's or Amati's, seldom varied; closely resembles work of Ruggeri; wood of ex- traordinary beauty, with remarkable red varnish. Grandson Giorgio, also maker at Venice 1742-47; inferior imitative work. Serov, Alexander Nikolaievitch, compr. b. St. Petersburg, Jan. 23, 1820; d. there, Feb. 1, 1871. Lawyer by pro- fession, holding government offices till 1868; had lessons on 'cello from Schuberth; after some early composi- tions, in 1850 turned to mus. criti- cism, in which he showed violent par- tisanship for Wagner, etc.; composed grand operas to his own librettos, SERVAIS SHEPARD Judith 1863, Rogneaa 1865, and 3 unfinished (Power of Evil completed by Soloviev, produced 1871); lect- ured at Moscow and St. Petersburg universities; operas especially ad- mired for natural quality of national life. Servais (sar'-va), Adrien Frangois, 'cellist, b. Hal, near Brussels, June 6, 1807; d. there, Nov. 26, 1866. Pupil of father and at Brussels Cons, of Platel; played in theatre orch.; concert de"but Paris 1834; after playing in London and further study spent 12 years in tours; prof, at Brussels Cons, after 1848; composed 16 fantasias, 3 concertos, caprices and duets on operatic airs with Gre- goir and Vieuxtemps. Son Joseph (1850-1885), also Cellist; member Weimar orch., prof, at Brussels Cons. Sevclk (s6f-chlk), Otokar Joseph, vln. teacher, b. Horazdowitz, Bohemia, Mar. 22, 1852. Pupil of father, A. Sitt, and Bennewitz; concertmaster Salzburg and 1873 Vienna; teacher at Kiev 1875-92; 1892-1909 at Prague Cons.; 1909 Vienna Con- servatory; his original system has K'oduced many notable pupils, ubelik, Kocian, Marie Hall, etc.; method, published in 4 books, fol- lows system of stopping of semitones by same fingers on each string; in later book technic of bow carried out in minute detail. Seyfried (si-fred), Ignaz Xaver, Ritter von, compr. b. Vienna, Aug. 15, 1776; d. there, Aug. 27, 1841. Gave up study of law; mus. pupil of Mozart, Kozeluch, Albrechtsberger, and Von Winter; capellmeister at Vienna theatres 1797-1826; compr. of many unimportant works; edited Beethoven's exercises, Albrechts- berger's theoretical works, etc.; contributor to Allgem. Zeitung and Cdcilia. Sgambati (sgam-ba'-te) , Giovanni, pst., compr. b. Rome, May 18, 1843. Pupil of Aldega, Barbieri, Nata- lucci, and Liszt; gave orchestral concerts; produced Beethoven's Eroica and Liszt's Dante symph. in Italy; after concert tours in Italy and Germany, taught, since 1877, at pf. school connected with Accad. di S. Cecilia; admirer of Wagner, who recommended him to publisher 1876; composed symph., widely known quartet in D flat, quintets, requiem, exquisite pf. music (Pieces lyriques, Melodies poetiques, etc.). Shakespeare, William, singing teacher. b. Croydon, Eng., June 16, 1849. Chorister and orgt. when a boy; pupil of Molique, at Royal Acad. of Bennett, as Mendelssohn Scholar at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke, and at Milan with Lamperti for voice especially; fine tenor singer, popular in Eng. concerts, etc. after 1875; prof. Royal Acad. 1878-86; distin- guished as teacher; published Art of Singing 1898, '99, revised 1910. Sharpe, Herbert Francis, pst. b. Hali- fax, Yorkshire, Mar. 1, 1861. Stu- died at Nat'l Training School, where he was Queen's Scholar; d6but Lon- don 1882; prof. Royal Coll. Mus. 1884, examiner of Associated Board 1890; organized trio concerts 1899- 1902; composed comic opera, over- ture, pieces for flute or vln. and pf., songs, etc. Shedlock, John South, writer, b. Read- ing, Eng., Sept. 29, 1843. Graduated at London Univ. 1864; pupil of Lii- beck and Lalo; taught and played in London; critic for Academy 1879; for Athenaeum 1901; lectured Royal Acad.; published many articles, useful book on Pianoforte sonata, origin and development. Shelley, Harry Rowe, compr. b. New Haven, Conn., June 8, 1858. Pupil of G. J. Stoeckel at Yale, of Dudley Buck, Vogrich, and DvoMk; orgt. in New Haven, Brooklyn, and N. Y.; teacher of theory and comp. at Metropolitan Coll., N. Y.; composed opera, cantatas (The inheritance divine, Death and life), ballads, songs, and excellent church and org. music. Shepard, Frank Hartson, orgt. b. Bethel, Conn., Sept. 20, 1863. Pupil of E. Thayer, and, after several appointments as orgt., of Zwint- scher, Jadassohn, Reinecke, etc., at Leipzig, where he was orgt. of Eng. church; orgt. and founder of music school at Orange, N. J.; author of How to Modulate and Harmony Simplified, in which he develops interesting theory of " attendant chords." SHEPARD SILOTI Shepard, Thomas Griffin, orgt. b. Madison, Conn., Apr. 23, 1848; d. Brooklyn, 1905 (?). Pupil of G. W. and J. P. Morgan; orgt. in New Ha- ven, at various churches since 1865; instructor of Yale Glee Club; condr. New Haven Oratorio Soc., of Apollo Club, teacher of theory, org., etc.; compr. of cantata, anthems, offer- tories, etc. Sherwood, William Hall, pst., teacher b. Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1854; d. Chicago, Jan. 7, 1911. Pupil of his father, of Wm. Mason, etc., and for five years in Europe of Kullak, Weitzmann, Deppe, Liszt, etc.; de"but Berlin; after 1876 gave con- certs in U. S., then taught at N. E. Cons., Boston, and in N. Y.; after 1889 in Chicago head of pf. dept. at Cons., 1897 of Sherwood Piano Sch.; head of music department Chautau- qua, N. Y.; teacher of Clayton Johns and A. Whiting; compositions, all for pf., include suites, Scherzo caprice, etc.; eminent American vir- tuoso, especially remarkable for wide range, intelligent use of tech- nical ability, and reposeful reser- vation of power. Shield, William, compr. b. Whickham, Durham, Mar. 5, 1748; d. London, Jan. 25, 1829. Pupil of father and of Avison; after apprenticeship to shipbuilder, became condr. in Scar- borough th.; vlt. in opera orch., London 1772, 1st viola 1773-1791; compr. to Covent Garden 1778-91, 1792-97; resigned from theatre 1807; master of royal music 1817; author of popular songs (The Thorn, The Ploughboy, etc.), Introd. to harmony, Rudiments of thorough-bass, and about 40 farces, operas, etc., into which he frequently interpolated famous songs of others; melodies vigorous, refined; English favorite. Sibelius (si-ba'-lius), Jean, compr. b. Tavastehus, Finland, Dec. 8, 1865. Pupil of Wegelius at Mus. Inst., Helsingfors, and of A. Becker and K. Goldmark; teacher of theory at Inst. and Orchestra School, Helsing- fors, after 1893; for a time enjoyed gov't pension; composed Finnish opera The Maiden in the Tower, said to be first nat'l opera, 2 sym- phonies, symph. poems, Der Schwan von Tuonela,En Saga Lemminkdinen, Finlandia, etc., and songs; note- worthy for use of folk-songs, per- sistent repetition of single notes and of 5-4 rhythms. Sieber (se'-ber), Ferdinand, singing teacher, b. Vienna, Dec. 5, 1822; d. Berlin, Feb. 19, 1895. Pupil of Misch and Ronconi; sang in opera; taught in Dresden 1848-54, then in Berlin; composed over 100 works, including very many valuable vocalises and exercises as well as songs; compiled catalog of 10,000 songs, arranged according to voice. Sieveking (se'-v6-king), Martinus, pst. b. Amsterdam, Mar. 24, 1867. Studied with father, F. Coenen, and with Rontgen at Leipzig Cons.; played with success in Paris, London, and U. S. 1895. Silas (se'-laz), Eduard, pst., compr. b. Amsterdam, Aug. 22, 1827; d. Lon- don, Feb. 8, 1909. First appearance as prodigy at Amsterdam, 1837; studied with Grua, Lacombe, Kalk- brenner, and at Paris Cons, with Benoist and HaleVy; orgt. in Eng. 1850; prof, harmony at Guildhall Sch. and at London Acad. Mus.; compositions, which have made way in face of adverse criticism, include mass (prize, Belgium, 1866), oratorio Joash, pf. concerto, Mythological pieces for orch., many pf. pieces; opera and theoretical works unpub- lished. Silcher (sil'-ker), Friedrich, compr. b. Schnaith, Wiirttemberg, June 27, 1789; d. Tubingen, Aug. 26, 1860. Pupil of father and orgt. Auberlen: taught at Stuttgart; mus. dir. Univ. Tubingen after 1817; by his Samm- lung deutscher Volkslieder and Choral- buch, did much to advance German popular singing; some of his song*- therein have become folk-songs (Aennchen von Tharau, Ich weii nicht was soil es bedeuten); published harmony method. Siloti (sl-16'-te), Alexander, pst. b. Charkov, Russia, Oct. 10, 1863. Studied at Moscow Cons. 1875-81 with Zwereff, N. Rubinstein, and Tchaikovski; d6but Moscow 1880, followed by great success in Leipzig; after further study with Liszt, 1883-86, at Weimar, prof, at Moscow Cons. 1887-90; concert tours; condr. SIMPER SLAUGHTER Moscow Philharmonic 1901-02, St. Petersburg, etc.; American tours 1898, 1903. Simper, Caleb, orgt. b. Barford St. Martin, Wiltshire, Sept. 12, 1856. Orgt. in Worcester 14 years ; manager for E. J. Spark; living in Barnstable; compr. of many simple anthems (7 will feed my flock, He is risen), and of some prize hymn tunes. Sinding, Christian, compr. b. Kongs- berg, Norway, Jan. 11, 1856. Stud- ied at Leipzig Cons, with Reinecke, and at Dresden, Munich, and Berlin; orgt. and teacher at Christiania; composed for orch. symphonies, pf. concerto, symph. poem, pf. quartets and quintet, vln. sonatas, and many pf. pieces (Variations, Romance, Characterstucke, very popular Friih- lingsrauschen, etc.); technical ability is fluent and sure, his ideas, though not deep, are melodious and often interestingly national in flavor, and his treatment of them is modern. Singelee (san-zhe-la), Jean Baptiste, vlt. b. Brussels, Sept. 25, 1812; d. Ostende, Sept. 29, 1875. Composed many works for vln., especially fan- tasias on operatic airs, and several concertos. Daughter Louise (1844- 1886) was singer, and his brother Charles (1809-1867) was also vlt. Singer, Otto, pst. b. Sora, Saxonv, July 26, 1833; d. New York, Jan. 3, 1894. Pupil at Kreuzschule, Dres- den, at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc., and of Liszt; taught in Leipzig, Dresden, in New York at Mason and Thomas Cons. 1867-73, in Cincinnati Coll. of Mus. 1873-1893, then again in N. Y.; also condr. May Festivals at Cincinnati; composed cantatas (Landing of Pil- grim Fathers, etc.), symphonies, con- certos, Symphonic fantasia, etc. His son Otto, condr., compr. b. Dresden, Sept. 14, 1863. Early youth spent in U. S. A. where he studied with his father; then in Germany with Kiel, Joachim and Rheinberger. Condr. Heidelberg Liederkranz, 1888; suc- cessor to Zollner as teacher Cologne Cons, and dir. Mannergesangsvereins 1890; in Leipzig 1892; later settled in Munich. Especially skilful in transcr. for piano complicated mod- ern orchestral scores. Sirt, Hans, vlt. b. Prague, Sept. 21, 1850. Son of vln. -maker, Anton S.; pupil at Prague Cons, of Bennewitz, Mildner, etc.; leader th. orch. Bres- lau 1867, capellmeister there, in Prague 1870-73, and in Chemnitz 1873-80; condr. at Nice; founder of popular concerts at Leipzig, teacher in Cons., viola player in Brodsky Quartet, condr. Bach Verein 1885- 1903, Singakademie, and concerts at Altenburg; composed concertos for vln. and viola, solos, etc. which have been well received. Sivori (sl-vo'-rl), Ernesto Camillo, vlt b. Genoa, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there, Feb. 18, 1894. D6but at 6 as pupil of Restano; later studied with Costa and Paganini, whom he imitated and whose works he interpreted well; almost constant tours after 1827 to England, to U. S. 1846-48, etc. ; style somewhat cold and devoid of feeling. Sjbgren (sha-gren'), Johann Gustav Emil, compr. b. Stockholm, June 16, 1853. Studied at Stockholm Cons, and at Berlin with Kiel and Haupt; orgt. in Stockholm since 1891 ; compr. of pf. music, vln. sonatas, and espe- cially of songs, not exclusively Scan- dinavian in feeling. Skroup (shkroop), Franz, compr. b. Vosicz, Bohemia, June 3, 1801; d. Rotterdam, Feb. 7, 1862. Student of law and music at Prague; condr. Bohemian Th., Prague, and at Rot- terdam opera after 1860; brought out works of Wagner; as compr., es- pecially of songs, attained great pop- ularity (national hymn Where is My Country f), and of first national Bohe- mian opera (Dr&Tenik); with Sme- tana accomplished deliberately the emancipation of national art by developing national color; Skroup initiated movement. Brother Jan Nepomuk (1811-1892), chorusmaster, capellmeister, condr., singing teacher at Prague. Slaughter, Walter A., compr. b. Lon- don, Feb., 1860; d. there, Apr. 2, 1908. Pupil of A. Cellier and Jacobi; condr. of several London theatres; compr. of several success- ful musical comedies, An Adamless Eden, A French Maid; music to Thackeray's Rose and Ring, etc. SLIVINSKI SMITH Slivinski (sli-vin'-ski), Joseph von, pst. b. Warsaw, Dec. 15, 1865. Studied at Warsaw with Strobl, at Vienna with Leschetizky for four years, at St. Petersburg with A. Rubinstein; d6but 1890; played in England and America 1893 (again in 1900 and 1901); playing remarkable for ac- curacy, strength, spirit, and variety. Smallwood, William, orgt., compr. b. Kendal, Eng., Dec. 31, 1831; d. there, Aug. 6, 1897. Studied with Camidge and Phillips; orgt. Kendal 1847-97; compr. of instructive pf. pieces (Flowers of Melody, etc.), anthems, etc.; author of widely sold Piano- forte Tutor. Smart, Sir George Thomas, compr. b. London, May 10, 1776; d. there, Feb. 23, 1867. Chorister in Chapel Royal under Ay rton ; pupil of Dupuis and Arnold; vlt. at Salomon con- certs; condr. of concerts at Dublin, knighted there; original member Philharmonic Soc. ; condr. of its con- certs 1813-44; director City Con- certs 1818; orgt. 1822, and compr. 1838, at Chapel Royal; gave lessons in singing until over 80; edited Gib- bons' madrigals, etc., published 2 vols. of sacred music, collection of glees (Squirrel and Butterfly's Ball, well known) ; as condr. he introduced several important- works into Eng- land (Beethoven's Mount of Olives'); influential in engaging Weber to bring out Oberon in Eng.; Weber died at S's house. Smart, Henry, orgt., compr. b. London, Oct. 26, 1813; d. there, July 6, 1879. Pupil of father Henry (1778-1823, brother of Sir George), and Reams; orgt. at several London churches after 1836; blind after 1864; dis- tinguished orgt., composed much for his instrument; also wrote can- tatas (Bride of Dunkerron, King Rent's Daughter, etc.); especially noteworthy as compr. of part-songs (Waves' Reproof, Ave Maria, Night Sinks on the Wave, etc.). Smetana (sme'-ta-na), Bedrich, compr. b. Leitomischl, Bohemia, Mar. 2, 1824; d. Prague, May 12, 1884. Pf. pupil of Proksch and Liszt; opened mus. school Prague 1848; condr. Philharmonic Soc. at Gothenburg, Sweden, 1856; after concert tour in Sweden and Germany, condr. Nat'l Bohemian Th., Prague, 1866-74, when he became deaf; continued composition under increasing diffi- culty until he became insane, 1882; in asylum April, 1884; beside many works for pf., songs, etc., composed for orch. (Wallenstein's Lager, series of 6 symphonic poems, Md vlasl, " My Country "), and 8 operas (Die verkaufte Braut, Libusa, Der Kuss, etc.), quartet Aus meinem Leben (mus. autobiography); greatest of Bohemian composers, real creator of artistic Bohem. mus. and of later school (Dvorak and Fibich). [Lives by WaUek, Ritter, and Hostinsky.] Smith, Alice Mary, compr. b. London, May 19, 1839; d. there, Dec. 4, 1884. Studied with W. S. Bennett and G. A. Macfarren; married F. Meadows White 1867; comp. 5 cantatas (Ode to the Northeast Wind, etc.), symph., overtures (Endymion, Masque of Pandora), quartets, clarinet concerto, songs, duets (O That We Two Were Maying, etc.); possibly most distin- guished of English women comprs. of her period. Smith, Edward Sydney, compr. b. Dorchester, July 14, 1839; d. Lon- don, Mar. 3, 1889. Studied with Moscheles, Plaidy, etc. at Leipzig Cons.; teacher in London after 1859; composed showy but not very difficult pf. mus. (Le jet d'eau, The Spinning Wheel, etc.); some- times used pseud. Victor Delacour. Smith, Gerrit, orgt. b. Hagerstown, Md., Dec. 11, 1859. Graduated at Hobart College, N. Y.; pupil at Stuttgart Cons., of E. Thayer, W. H. Sherwood, Haupt, and Rohde; orgt. at Buffalo while still studying; since at Albany and New York; prof, of music at Union Theological Semi- nary; pres. Mss. Soc.; distinguished concert orgt.; compr. cantata David and smaller works, chiefly songs and pf. pieces. Smith, Wilson George, pst., compr. b. Elyria, O., Aug. 19, 1855. Studied at Cincinnati with O. Singer 1876- 80, at Berlin with Kiel, P. and X. Scharwenka, Moszkowski, etc. 1880- 82; teaching in Cleveland since 1882; composed many brilliant pf. works, Hommage a Grieg, a Schumann, a SMYTH SPALDING Chopin, etc., in which he skilfully follows the masters in question; teaching works, Scale playing, etc., are valuable. Smyth, Ethel Mary, compr. b. Lon- don, Apr. 23, 1858. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, and of H. von Herzogenberg; comp. chamber mus., serenade for orch., overture Antony and Cleo- patra, Solemn Mass (London 1893); operas Fantasia (Weimar 1898) and Der Wold (Dresden 1901, London 1901, '02 and New York Metropoli- tan 1903), Les naufrageurs (Leipzig and Prague 1906). Sodermann (se'-der-man) , August Johan compr. b. Stockholm, July 17, 1832; d. there, Feb. 10, 1876. Pupil of Leipzig Cons.; condr. Stockholm Th. after 1862; composed about 60 works, operettas Wedding at Ulfasa, incidental music to Jungfrau von Orleans, part-songs (Brdllop, quartet for women's voices, popular in Ger- many), mass (said to be greatest work), songs to words of Bellman; " compositions, though thoroughly Swedish, are not national." [Grove.] Sokolov (sok-o-loff), Nicholas Alex- androvitch, compr. b. St. Peters- burg, Mar. 26, 1859. Pupil of Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov at St. P. Cons.; teacher of theory at Imperial Chapel 1886, at Cons. 1896; composed string quartets, symphonies, works for vln., pf., and voices, music to Shakespeare's Winter's Tale and to A. Tolstoi's Don Juan. Soloviev (sol-o-vyof), Nicolai Theo- pemptovitch, compr., critic, b. Petro- sadovsk, prov. of Olonetz, Russia, May 9, 1846. Pupil of Zaremba at Imp. Cons.; prof, of harmony and mus. hist, at St. Petersburg Cons.; counsellor of state; critic and editor of lexicon; composed operas (Cor- delia 1885), overture on a national theme, symph. poem Russes et Mongols; completed Serov's Power of the Demon. Somervell, Arthur, compr. b. Wind- ermere, Eng., June 5, 1863. Studied at Berlin Hochschule, and at Royal Coll. Mus. with Parry and Stanford; government inspector for England, Wales, and Scotland; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1903; composed many graceful songs, orchestral ballads and cantatas, Helen of Kirkconnell, Forsaken Merman, Seven Words from Cross, few orchestral works. Somis (so-mis'), Giovanni Battista, vlt. b. Piedmont, 1676; d. Turin, Aug. 14, 1763. Pupil of Corelli; court soloist and condr. at Turin; teacher of Giardini, Leclair, and Chabran; comp. sonatas for vln., 'cello, and pf. Sontag, Henriette Gertrude Walpurgis, dram. sop. b. Coblenz, Jan. 3, 1806; d. Mexico, June 17, 1854. Child actress; pupil at Prague Cons, of Pixis, Triebensee, Czeska, etc.; sang at Vienna; created title part in Euryanthe 1823; great success in Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris, where she defeated Catalani, breaking Berlin contract 1827; married Count Rossi in London 1828; retired from stage 1830, continued success in concerts, returned to stage 1848, singing with unfailing fortune in London, Paris, New York, 1852, and Mexico. Soubies (so-bes'), Albert, writer, b. Paris, May 10, 1846. After admis- sion to bar, studied comp. at Cons, with Savard and Bazin; revived Almanack des spectacles 1874-79; critic for Le soir, contributor to Menestrel, etc.; has written series of histories of music in separate coun- tries (Russia, Portugal, etc.), histories of opera and comic opera chiefly in Paris, and work on Wagner. Sousa, John Philip, condr., compr. b. Washington, D. C., Nov. 6, 1856. Pupil of J. Esputa and G. F. Ben- kert; condr. traveling company at 17; vlt. in Offenbach's Co. 1877; director Philadelphia Church Choir Pinafore Co.; leader of U. S. Marine Corps band 1880-92; condr. of own band with which he has been on extended tours; compr. of several comic operas (The Bride-elect, El Capitan, etc.), and many stirring military marches, which have been very popular. Spalding, Albert, vlt. b. Chicago, Aug. 15. 1888. Studied with Jean Buit- rago in New York, with Chiti in Florence (where he appeared at private concert at 10); passed examination for professorship at Bologna Cons, at 14; after further study with Lefort in Paris, d6but SPALDING SPITTA there 1906; continued success in Europe 1907, '08 and in New York 1909. Spalding, Walter Raymond, teacher, b. Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1865. Graduated Harvard 1887, A.M., with honors in music, 1888; also studied in Paris and Munich; master of classics and mus. at St. Mark's School, Southboro, 1889-92; orgt. at Emmanuel Ch., Boston, 1887-88, orgt. and choirmaster 1898- 1900; teacher 1895, asst. prof, after 1903 of harmony at Harvard, made prof, in 1907; influential in raising standard of school mus.; author of Tonal Counterpoint (with Foote) and Modern Harmony. Spanuth, August, compr., critic, editor. b. Hanover, March 15, 1857. Began musical education at an early age and made first public appearance at seventeen; studied composition with Raff and piano with Carl Heymann; made American d^but as pianist in 1886; teacher in Chicago Musical College 1887-1893; then located in New York City as private teacher and musical critic for New Yorker Stoats Zeitung; removed to Berlin 1906; teacher in the Stern Conser- vatory and editor of Signale fur die musikalische Welt; published works consist of piano pieces, songs, studies; editor of the Liszt piano volumes in The Musicians Library. Spark, William, compr. b. Exeter, Eng., Oct. 28, 1823; d. Leeds, June 16, 1897. Chorister at Exeter Cath.; articled pupil of S. S. Wesley; orgt. at Leeds, founder Leeds Mus. Soc.; Mus. Doc., Dublin, 1861; editor Organists' Quarterly Journal; com- posed oratorio, org. mus., wrote Memoirs of Wesley and H. Smart, Musical Memories, Musical Remi- niscences; also published cantatas, anthems, etc. Speidel (spi'-del), Wilhelm, pst. b. Ulm, Sept. 3, 1826; d. Stuttgart, Oct. 13, 1899. Pupil of father (teacher and chorus director), and at Munich with Wanner, Kuhe, and I. Lachner; taught at Thann, and Munich 1848-54; mus. dir. Ulm; at Stuttgart, condr. Liederkranz 1857, part founder of Cons., teacher there, except 1874-84 when he had his own Kunstler und Dilettanten- schule fiir Klavier; composed cho- ruses, symphony, sonatas, etc. Spicker, Max, condr., teacher. b. Konigsberg, Aug. 16, 1858. Pupil for five years of L. Kohler, and at Leipzig Cons, for one year under Wenzel, Richter, etc.; theatre condr. at Heidelberg, Ghent, etc.; condr. Beethoven Mannerchor, New York, 1882-88; dir. Brooklyn Cons. 1888- 95; later teacher of harm, and counterpoint at Nat'l Cons., N. Y.; composed suite, cantata, and many songs. Spiering (sper'-ing), Theodore B., vlt. b. St. Louis, Sept. 5, 1871. Studied with Schradieck at Cincinnati, and four years with Joachim at Berlin; founder and leader S. Quartet of Chicago, which gave admirable concerts 1893-1905; with Thomas Orch. 1892-96; dir. of S. Vln. Sch., Chicago, 1899-1902, of Chicago Mus. Coll. 1902-05; gave concerts in Europe 1905-06; located in Berlin 1907-1909; concertmaster Philhar- monic Society, N. Y., 1909-10. Spindler (spind'-ler), Fritz, pst., compr. b. Wiirzbach, Nov. 24, 1817; d. Niederlossnitz, near Dresden, Dec. 26, 1906. Studied theology first; pupil of Fr. Schneider; successful teacher in Dresden after 1841 ; com- posed over 300 pieces for pf. (Frisch- es Leben very popular), 2 symph., pf. concerto, string quartet, etc. Spinney, Walter, orgt., compr. b. Salisbury, Mar. 26, 1852; d. Leam- ington, June 21, 1894. Of musical family, father and brothers orgts., sister pst.; articled pupil of Richard- son at Salisbury Cath.; orgt. at parishes of Salisbury, Doncaster, Leamington, succeeding brother Frank S. (1850-1888); issued col- lections The organ library and The vesper bell, which contain some origi- nal works. Spitta, Johann August Philipp, his- torian, b. Wechold, Hanover, Dec. 27, 1841; d. Berlin, Apr. 13, 1894. Student of philology at Gottingen; teacher at several gymnasia; co- founder of Bach Verein at Leipzig; 1875 prof. mus. hist. Berlin Univ., teacher and director 1882 in Hoch- schule; author of exhaustive and SPOHR authoritative life of J. S. Bach (trans, in 3 vols.), life of Schumann origin- ally for Grove's Diet., 2 collections of essays; contributions to periodicals, esp. to Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musik- wissenschaft, which he founded, with Chrysander and Adler; edited works of Buxtehude, began those of Schiitz ( finished by brother Friedrich, b. 1852). Spohr (sp6r), Ludwig, vlt., compr. b. Brunswick, Apr. 5, 1784; d. Kassel, Nov. 22, 1859. His father, a physi- cian, was amateur flute player, his mother, a singer and pst., was S's first teacher; pupil at five of Riemenschneider, Dufour, and at Brunswick of Maucourt and Hart- ung; member of ducal orch. and at duke's request pupil of F. Eck, with whom he went to St. Petersburg; 1803 again in orch.; 1804 successful first tour; 1805 leader at Gotha, married Dorette Scheidler, harp- player; on tour with her 1807, 1809; condr. 1st mus. festival in Germany, Frankenhausen 1809; condr. in Vienna 1812-15; after tour of Italy, where he played with Paganini, opera condr. Frankfort 1817-19; 1820 visited England, first to conduct there with baton; court condr. at Kassel 1822 until retirement 1857; conducted at several festivals, visited England 1839, but could not get leave to conduct his Fail of Babylon at Norwich 1842; besides several works for pf., harp, and songs, com- posed 11 operas (Faust, Jessonda much the best), oratorios (Das jiingste Gericht, etc.), 9 symphonies (some with titles, Die Jahreszeiten, Irdisches u. Gottliches im Menschen- leben); several overtures, and 15 vln. concertos (8th a Gesangsszene) , which are still played; wrote also valuable Violin School and Auto- biography, full of self-content and strange criticisms; as condr., among first to appreciate Wagner. Spontini (spon-te'-nl), Gasparo Luigi Pacifico, compr. b. Majolati, An- cona, Nov. 14, 1774; d. there, Jan. 24, 1851. Son of peasants, who intended him for priesthood; ran away to a friendly uncle; pupil of Sala and Tritto at Cons, in Naples; early operas won advice from Pic- cini; composed at Rome, Venice, STAINER etc.; in Paris after 1803 friendship with poet Jouy and admiration for Mozart changed style; La Vestale, brought out at Opra through influence of Empress Josephine 1807, won prize offered by Napoleon; married daughter of Erard; di- rector of Italian Opera 1810-12, dismissed on charge . of " financial irregularity," declined offer of rein- statement 1814, when he became court compr. to Louis XVIII; as compr. to Friedrich Wm. II, had great success at Berlin; difficulties there, however, led to retirement 1841 as narrow escape from disgrace; operas (especially La Vestale, Fer- nand Co'rtez, Olympic) are planned with fine breadth, but details do not carry 'out plan; his technical knowledge of harmony and instru- mentation was defective and his melody lacked lightness and variety. Stadler, Maximilian, compr., writer, b. Melk, Lower Austria, Aug. 4, 1748; d. Vienna, Nov. 8, 1833. Son of baker, educated at Jesuit College, Vienna; entered Benedictine Order 1772; priest, abbot at Lilienfeld 1786, Kremsmunster 1798; during residence at Vienna, friend of Haydn and Mozart; compr. of much church music; ardent de- fender of authenticity of Mozart's Requiem (Verteidigung der Echtheit . . . 1826). Stainer, Jakob, vln.-maker. b. Absam, Tyrol, July 14, 1621; d. there, 1683. Possibly pupil of Herz, an org. builder, but probably pupil of some of many obscure makers of his dis- trict; went to Italy 1646, where he had chance to examine Italian models, though he was probably never pupil of Amati; vln.-maker to court of Austria 1669; accusa- tion of heresy destroyed prospects; died in debt and insane; greatest German maker; vlns. are heavy in form (" clumsy " ace. to Hart), later ones somewhat improved in design and varnish; all have moderately strong, clear tone. Stainer, Sir John, compr., orgt. b. London, June 6, 1840; d. Verona, Mar. 31, 1901. Chorister at St. Paul's; pupil of Bayley, Steggall, and Cooper; positions as orgt., Univ. orgt. Oxford 1860; Mus. Doc. STAMATY STASNY there 1865; orgt. St. Paul's 1872- 88; prof, of mus. at Oxford 1889, of org. and harmony at Nat'l Training School; principal there 1881, prof, after School became Royal Coll. 1883; gov't inspector 1882; knighted 1888, and other distinctions; composed oratorios Gid- eon, Crucifixion (most popular), cantatas (Daughter of Jairus, etc.), many services, etc. (Sevenfold Amen is well known), all marked by dignity and feeling which he showed as orgt.; wrote manuals Harmony, Organ, Music of the Bible and Dufay and His Contemporaries. Stamaty (sta-ma-te), Camille Marie, pst. b. Rome, Mar. 23, 1811; d. Paris, Apr. 19, 1870. At first em- ployed at gov't office; pupil of Kalkbrenner; at first concert, 1835, appeared as pst. and compr.; after further study with Mendelssohn returned to Paris, where he was suc- cessful as teacher; Gottschalk, Saint- Saens among pupils; wrote valuable Rhythme des doigts, and many Etudes, sonatas, and a pf. concerto; " at a time when others were seeking easy successes, he was distinguished for purity of style and elevation of thought." [Rapin.] Stamitz (sta'-mitz), Carl, vlt. b. Mann- heim, May 7, 1746; d. Jena, 1801 (buried Nov. 11). Son of Johann Wenzl Anton S., vlt. (1717-1761); pupil of father and of Cannabich; member Electoral Orch.; leader orch. of Due de Noailles in Paris 1770-85; after tours in Germany and resi- dence in St. Petersburg, condr. academical concerts at Jena after 1800; composed operas Der verliebte Vormund and Dardanus, 70 sym- phonies, duets for vln., 'cello, etc.; one of very first to cultivate symph. as form; disputes priority with Haydn. Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers, compr., condr. b. Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852. Of musical family; pupil of Sir Robt. Stewart, A. O'Leary, E. Pauer; student at Cambridge; orgt. Trinity Coll. 1873-92, condr. C. Univ. Mus. Soc. 1874-93; after study with Reinecke and Kiel, took M.A., Camb., 1877; Mus. Doc. at both univ. ; prof, of comp. and condr. at Royal Coll. Mus. after 1883; prof. mus. at Cambridge since 1887; condr. Bach Choir 1885, Leeds Philharmonic Soc. 1897; com- posed several operas (Canterbury Pilgrims, Shamus O'Brien), remark- able choral works (The Revenge, Phaudrig Crohoore, etc.), 5 sym- phonies, notably an Irish one, music to Tennyson's Queen Mary, and smaller instrumental works; edited coll. of Irish airs; especially skilful in use of orchestral colors. Stanley, Albert Augustus, orgt., teacher. b. Manville, R. I., May 25, 1851. After study in Providence, pupil of Reinecke, Richter, etc., in Leipzig at Cons, and privately; orgt. Provi- dence 1876-88; prof. mus. Univ. of Michigan since 1888; composed symph. The Soul 's awakening, symph. poem Attis, ode for Providence cen- tennial, songs, church music, etc. Stark, Ludwig, teacher, b. Munich, June 19, 1831; d. Stuttgart. Mar. 22, 1884. Studied philosophy at Univ., mus. with I. and F. Lachner; co- founder Stuttgart Cons. 1857, where he taught harmony, history, and singing until 1873; condr. S. Sing- verein; edited with Lebert Grosse Klavierschule, with Faisst Lieder- schule, and other valuable instruc- tive works. Stasny (staz'-ne), Ludwig, compr., arranger, b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1823; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Oct. 30, 1883. Pupil Prague Cons.; military condr. 1846-68; condr. Frankfort Palmen- garten after 1871; produced 2 operas; made orch. arrangements of Wagner operas, etc.; composed dances based on or imitated from folk-tunes. His son, Stasny (staz'-ne), Carl Richard, pst., teacher, b. Mayence, Mar. 16, 1855. Early showed aptitude for music, and at 8 began lessons in pf. playing; entered a course in civil engineering which he gave up at 17; on the advice of Raff the father sent young Stasny to Vienna to study with Ignaz Briill; two years later he went to Kriiger at Stuttgart, and in 1879 to Weimar with Liszt, where he remained for two years; in 1878 he began a series of concert tours which lasted until 1885, and took him to all the important cities of STAUDIGL STENHAMMER Europe; teacher at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 1885-1891, where he made a special study of Schumann's works with Clara Schumann; in 1891 he came to the N. E. Cons., Boston, and is still, 1910, connected with that institution. Staudigl (stou'-digl), Joseph, dram, bass. b. Wollersdorf, Lower Austria, Apr. 14, 1807; d. Michaelbeuern- rund, near Vienna, Mar. 28, 1861. tudent of medicine; member of opera chorus at Vienna, then chief bass; court singer 1831; distinguished in concert hall as well as on stage; insane after 1856. Son Joseph, bari- tone, b. Vienna, Mar. 18, 1850. Pupil of Rokitansky at Vienna Cons.; singer at Carlsruhe. Stavenhagen (sta'-ven-ha-gen), Bern- hard, pst. b. Greiz, Reuss, Nov. 25, 1862. Pupil at Berlin Meister- schule of Kiel, at the Hochschule of Rudorff, of Liszt 1885-86; Mendels- sohn Prize, Berlin, 1880; after brilliant tours in Europe and U. S. 1894-95, court condr. at Weimar 1895-98, at Munich 1898; director Royal Academy 1901-04; now in Weimar; distinguished player, espe- cially of Liszt's works; compr., also, of pf. pieces, Norse songs, pf. concerto, etc. Stcherbatcheff (stcher'-bat-chof), Nico- las de, compr. b. Russia, Aug. 24, 1853. After spending some time in Rome and elsewhere (pupil of Liszt at Weimar) became closely connected with young Russian school; composed 2 Idyls and Sere- nade for orch., several charming pf. pieces (Feeries et pantomimes), and songs to Russian and German words. Steane, Bruce Harry Dennis, orgt., compr. b. Camberwell, London, June 22, 1866. Chorister at 8, asst. orgt. at 12; held various posi- tions as orgt. and choirmaster; very numerous services, anthems, and org. pieces, and sacred cantata Ascension. Steggall, Charles, orgt. b. London, June 3, 1826; d. there, June 7, 1905. Studied at Royal Acad. with Ben- nett; prof, there of org. and harmony 1851-1903; Mus. Doc. Camb.; orgt. Lincoln's Inn Chapel after 1864; composed services, edited psalter, Hymns, Ancient and Modern. Son Reginald, compr. b. London, Apr. 17, 1867. Pupil at Royal Acad. and org. professor there since 1895; compositions (mass, symph., 2 scenas Elaine and Alcestis) show him to belong to advanced modern school. Steibelt (stl-belt), Daniel, pst. b. Ber- lin, 1765; d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 20, 1823. Studied with Kirnberger; published sonatas and gave concerts in Saxony, etc., before coming to Paris 1790; superseding J. D. Her- mann and Pleyel became favorite pst. and teacher; opera Romeo et Juliette successful 1793; leaving Paris for debts, etc., 1797, won renown in London; German tour 1799 included disastrous challenge to Beethoven; brought out Haydn's Creation, Paris, 1800, and revisited city 1805-08; after further tours, condr. of opera in St. Petersburg 1810; his pf. music is of melodramatic style (L'Orage, finale of 3d concerto, was played widely) ; also composed operas. Steinbach (stln-bak), Fritz, condr. b. Grunsfeld, Baden, June 17, 1855. Pupil of brother Emil (b. 1849) ana at Leipzig Cons, where he won Mozart Scholarship; 2d capellmeis- ter, Mayence, 1880-86; court condr. Meiningen 1886-1902; condr. and dir. of cons, at Cologne 1902; compr. of septet, 'cello sonata, and other works. Steingraber (stin'-grab-er), Theodor, publisher, b. Neustadt-on-Orla, Jan. 25, 1830; d. Leipzig, Apr. 5, 1904. Founder of firm in Hanover, in Leipzig since 1890; under pseud. Gustav Damm, wrote pf. method, and editions of pf. works. Stengel, Mme. W., see Sembrich, MarceHa. Stenhammer, Wilhelm, compr. b. Stockholm, Feb. 7, 1871. Son of Ulrik, song compr.; pupil at Stock- holm Cons., and of H. Barth in Berlin; director Philharmonic Soc. 1898, condr. Royal Th. 1900 in Stockholm; member Aulin Quartet; after some smaller works, gained distinction by Prinzessan och Sven- nen, festival cantata, etc.; 2 operas 1898, 1903 have been successful; also composed choral works, sonata, songs, etc. STERLING STEWART Sterling, Antoinette, contralto, b. Ster- lingsville, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1850; d. Hampstead, London, Jan. 9, 1904. Studied with Abella, Mme. Mar- chesi, Viardot-Garcia, and Manuel Garcia; church singer in Brooklyn; after concert dbut, London, 1873, had great success in oratorio and concerts; married J. Mackinlay 1875; gave series of concerts in America 1875; " essentially a ballad singer "; Lost Chord and other songs written for her; son published A. S. and Other Celebrities 1906. Stern, Leopold Laurence, 'cellist, b. Brighton, Eng., Apr. 5, 1862; d. London, Sept. 10, 1904. Student of chemistry; studied music with Piatti, and at Leipzig with Klengel and Davidoff; tour 1886 with Patti; brought out Dvorak's concerto 1895; toured U. S. and Canada 1897-98; after that appeared but rarely; married Nettie Carpenter, vlt., 1891, and Suzanne Adams, singer, 1898. Sternberg, Constantin Ivanovitch von, pst., compr. b. St. Petersburg, July 9, 1852. Studied with Moscheles, Coccius, Richter, etc. at Leipzig Cons., with Kullak, Dorn, etc. at Berlin Akademie, and with Liszt in vacations; condr. and chorusmas- ter Leipzig 1867-69; condr. Wiirz- burg, Mecklenburg (where he was dir. of Acad. and court pst.); after tours in Germany, Russia, Asia Minor, U. S., 1880-85, became direc- tor of Atlanta Coll. of Mus. 1885-89; director of S. Sch. of Mus. in PhUa. since 1890; compositions for pf. show skill and knowledge of the genius of the instrument. Stevens, Richard John Samuel, compr. b. London, Mar. 27, 1757; d. there, Sept. 23, 1837. Chorister at St. Paul's under William Savage; orgt. at Temple Church 1786 and Charter House 1796; prof, in Gresham Col- lege 1801; composed harpsichord sonatas, edited Sacred Music but is chiefly noted as compr. of remark- able glees; prizes from Catch Club 1782 and '86; among favorites are Ye Spotted Snakes, Blow, blow, thou winter wind, and Sigh no more. Stevenson, Frederick, orgt., compr. b. Newark, Nottinghamshire, Eng., Sept. 16, 1845. Father and mother musical, the latter a fine singer; sang in parish choir as a boy, studied org. with Thirtle and Reay; attended St. John's Coll., Hurstpierpoint, sang in choir; 1867-1883 orgt. in London and suburbs; studied harmony with Macfarren, counterpoint with Bridge; conductor of three choral societies, prof, of voice and theory Blackheath Cons.; 1883 came to U. S. as pre- centor of St. John's Cath., Denver; later orgt. and choirmaster St. Mark's Ch., dir. of Denver Cons.; 1894 removed to Los Angeles, Cal., where he is orgt. and choirmaster of St. John's, Christ Church and Jewish Temple, dir. of choral clubs; has written in many forms, sacred and secular choral works, part-songs, anthems, songs, and a few pieces for orchestra and military band. Stewart, Humphrey John, compr., orgt. b. London, Eng., May 22, 1856. Boy chorister, and church organist at the age of 11; education carried on under private teachers, during which time he served as organist of several English churches; came to the United States in 1886, locating at San Francisco, where he was or- ganist of several churches; for sev- eral years organist of Trinity Church, Boston, from which city he returned to San Francisco, where he now (1910) resides; organist of St. Domi- nic's church, and of two Jewish synagogues, condr. Handel and Haydn Society. Compositions in- clude three comic operas, Bluff King Hal (1889), His Majesty (1890) and The Conspirators (1900); The Na- tivity, oratorio (1888); Mass in D minor (1907); music drama Monte- zuma (1903) produced as a forest play by the Bohemian Club of San Francisco; orchestral suite, Scenes in California (1906); incidental music to many plays, songs, piano and violin pieces, part-songs and church music; won the gold medal for composition A. G. O., 1900, Kimball Prize of the Chicago Mad- rigal Club (1907); Mus. Doc. Uni- versity of the Pacific; music critic San Francisco Examiner and Even- ing Post. Stewart, Sir Robert Prescott, orgt. b. Dublin, Dec. 16, 1825; d. there, Mar. 24, 1894. Chorister and orgt. at STIEHL STRADIVARI Dublin; condr. Univ. Choral Soc.; Mus. Doc. Dublin 1851; prof. Dublin Univ. 1861, at Royal Irish Acad. 1872, condr. of Philharmonic 1873; knighted 1872; composed several important odes, cantatas, and many deservedly popular glees; lectures and writings are of value. Stiehl (stel), Heinrich Franz Daniel, orgt. b. Liibeck, Aug. 5, 1829; d. Reval, May 1, 1886. Studied with Lobe, and at Leipzig Cons, with Moscheles, Gade, and Hauptmann; orgt. and condr. Singakademie at St. Petersburg 1853-66; tours in Ger- many, Italy, and England, condr. at Belfast; after 1880 orgt. and condr. at Reval; many compositions for orch., chamber music and 2 operas. Stock, Frederick, condr. b. Nov. 11, 1872, at Jiilich, Germany. Father, a bandmaster in the German army, was his first teacher; entered Cologne Conservatory in 1886, graduating as violinist ; while a member of the Mu- nicipal Orchestra studied composi- tion under Humperdinck, Zollner and Franz Wiillner; came to the U. S. in 1895, joined the Chicago Orches- tra, becoming assistant conductor to Theodore Thomas in 1899; from 1903-1905 he conducted all of the orchestra concerts outside of Chicago and on Thomas' death succeeded to the conductorship; compositions in the large forms include overtures, a symphonic poem, symphonic varia- tions on an original theme, played in Chicago, Pittsburg, and at the Wor- cester Festival in 1906, a symphony in C minor, produced at Chicago, Dec. 31, 1909, and afterward at the Cincinnati Festival 1910; Stock is also conductor of the Musical Art Club (vocal), of Chicago. Stockhausen (stock'-hou-zen) , Julius, baritone, teacher, b. Paris, July 22, 1826; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Sept. 22, 1906. Son of Franz, compr. and harpist (1792-1868), and concert singer Margarete Schmuck (1803- 1877); studied at Paris Cons, and with Manuel Garcia; favorite con- cert singer; condr. Philharmonic and Singakademie at Hamburg 1862-67; condr. Stern Gesangverein at Berlin 1874-78; teacher of singing at Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 1878-79, and 1882-98; then gave private lessons; published method; beauty of voice and care for interpretation made him wonderful singer of Schu- bert's and Schumann's works. Stojowski (sto-yofs'-ki), Sigismund Denis Antoine, pst. b. Strelzy, Poland, May 14, 1870 [Riemann. Paris Cons, documents Apr. 8]. Studied at Cracow with Zelenski and at Paris Cons, with Dimmer and Delibes; 1st prizes pf. and comp. 1889; later pupil of Paderewski; teacher at Inst. of Mus. Art, N. Y., from 1906; has composed orchestra suite, symph., pf. concerto, studies, and sonatas for pf. and vln. Storace, Stephen, compr. b. London, Jan. 4, 1763; d. there, Mar. 19, 1796. Studied vln. with father and at Cons, of San Onofrio, Naples; traveled with sister Ann Selina, singer (1766- 1817), in Italy, lived in Vienna, where he knew Mozart; produced 2 operas in Vienna, and, after 1787, many in London (The Haunted Tower, No Song, no Supper, etc.); often intro- duced work of other comprs. into operas; pleasant melodies, with orch. accomp. ; much influenced by Mozart. Story, Emma Eames, see Eames, Emma. Stradella (stra-del'-la), Alessandro, compr. b. Naples, 1645; d. Genoa, June, between 6 and 16, 1681. Dates, places, and details of biog- raphy are all obscure; unauthenti- cated story that he eloped with a Venetian lady whose lover hired a man to murder S.; the assassin, fascinated by S's music, advised him to flee; a second murderer fol- lowed him to Genoa and there killed him; subject of Flotow's opera Stradella; said to have been fine singer and harpist; composed about 150 works, operas, oratorios (San Giovanni Battista best known), can- tatas, madrigals, etc., fluent, but not deep; his Serenata contains sub- jects which Handel used in Israel in Egypt; familiar Pieta Signore, attributed to S., probably by Rossini. Stradivari (stra-di-va'-ri), or Stradi- varius, Antonio, vln.-maker. b. Cre- mona, 1644; d. there, Dec. 18, 1736. Pupil of Amati; began to sign vlns. with own name 1666; early instr. on Amati model, of rather poor mate- rials; from 1684-1700 carried on STRAKOSCH series of experimental alterations in shape and in cuttings; " Long Strad " first made 1690; final period after 1703, attained highest point ever reached in vln.-making, care- fully looking after smallest details himself, and making slight variations apparently to meet variations in material; "his varnish also varies in color and defies analysis, the secret of it having been long sought in vain; many instruments are named Messie, Dolphin, Pucelle, etc.; S. also made 'cellos and violas; author- itative life is that by W. H., A. F., and A. E. Hill (London, 1902). Strakosch (stra-kosh'), Maurice, im- presario, b. Lemberg, 1825; d. Paris, Oct. 9, 1887. Pf. pupil of Sechter in Vienna; taught in N. Y. 1845-60; after 1856 managed opera troupe; organized opera season at Paris 1873-74; European agent for Patti (who was his sister-in-law) and for other singers; managed theatre Rome 1884-85; published Souvenirs d'un impresario 1887. Brother Max (d. 1892) managed in America while Maurice was in Eng.; joined him in Rome. Strauss (strous), Johann, I, compr. b. Vienna, Mar. 14, 1804; d. there, Sept. 25, 1849. Son of keeper of beer garden and dance hall; having run away from apprenticeship to bookbinder, became pupil of Poly- schansky and Seyfried; member of dance hall orch., of Lanner Quartet 1823; deputy condr. of L's orch.; organized own orch. 1826, compos- ing first waltzes at this time; after concert tours, bandmaster 1st Vienna Militia reg't 1834; further tours took him as far as Paris and London 1837-38; condr. court balls in Vienna 1845; " father of the waltz," com- posed over 150 waltzes, quadrilles and marches, in which by fire and spirit and by skilful orchestration he raised dance mus. to high level. His son, Strauss, Johann, II, compr. b. Vienna, Oct. 25, 1825; d. there, June 3, 1899. Against wishes and without knowl- edge of father pupil of Drechsler; as condr. of restaurant orch. at Hietzing won great success; after father's death made tours with united orchestras; condr. St. Peters- burg 1855-63, of Vienna court balls STRAUSS 1863-70; after 1870 composed sev- eral charming operettas Die Fleder- maus, Zigeunerbaron; called " The Waltz King"; composed Blue Dan- ube, Wine, Woman, and Song, etc.; music has never been surpassed in its kind for popularity or for merit. His brothers, Joseph (1827-1870), deputy condr. for Johann 1853; later condr. of own orch.; also successful compr. of dance music; Eduard (b. 1835) followed Johann, as court ball condr. 1870; also compr. Strauss, Richard, compr. b. Munich, June 11, 1864. No relation to Viennese dance compr.; son of Franz, horn player in court orches- tra; pupil in comp. of F. W. Meyer while still at gymnasium; preco- cious as compr.; condr. at Meiningen succeeding Von Billow 1885; after travel in Italy, 3d capellmeister Munich 1885-89; asst. to Lassen, court capellm. at Weimar 1889-92; journey to Greece and Egypt to recover from illness 1892; married singer Pauline de Anna 1894; court capellm. Munich 1894, and at Berlin 1899; visited London 1897 and as condr. 1903; came to America 1904, gave concerts with Philadelphia Orch., with Wetzler Orch. in N. Y., and conducted other orchestras. His works include a few pf. pieces, sonata for vln. and pf., 'cello and pf., concerto for vln., quartet, etc., many very beautiful songs and some larger choral works (Wanderers Sturm- lied, Taillefer, etc.), 2 symph., 8 symph. poems, A us Italien 1886, Don Juan 1889, Macbeth 1891, Tod und Verklarung 1890, Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche 1895, Also Sprach Zarathustra 1895, Don Quixote 1898, Ein Heldenleben 1899; Burleske for pf. and orch.; Sinfonia Domestica; incidental mus. for pf. to Enoch Arden; 4 operas Guntram 1894, Feuersnot 1901, Salome 1905, Elektra 1909. Early works follow closely classical forms and traditions, not without some individuality. Later, somewhat under influence of Alex- ander Ritter (more in directions of general culture than in music) he turned to freer modern forms, with Aus Italien; he has carried on the Berlioz-Liszt idea of poetic or program music to a greater degree STREABBOG of realistic effect, at times, as in Don Quixote, even to the grotesque; he endeavors to express not only moods and emotions, but psycho- logical states of mind and systems of abstract thought. Not an inventor of especially beautiful or long sus- tained melodies, he is a complete master of the resources of the modern orchestra, which he has extended by some new devices and the adop- tion of some new instruments (heckelphone, etc.). Though he is capable of producing passages of great beauty, e. g. songs, Tod und Verk., his unusual skill seems at times to have led him into mere piling up of effects, just as his extraordinary audacity, his ambi- tion to present the whole of life, his sense of contrast, have led him to over insistence on the merely ugly, as in the Heldenleben and Elektra and the merely trivial, as in the Sinf. Domestica. Streabbog, see Gobbaerts. Strelezki (stre-let-ski), Anton [pseud, of A. B. Burnand], compr. b. Croydon, Dec. 5, 1859. Studied at Leipzig Cons, and with Clara Schumann; compr. of some very popular pf . music. Strong, George Templeton, compr. b. New York, about 1855. Son of Geo. T., once pres. of N. Y. Phil- harmonic; pupil at Leipzig Cons.; teacher at N. E. Cons. 1891-92; obliged to resign because of ill- health; living in Switzerland; compr. of 2 symph. (No. 2 Sintram, several times performed, shows brilliant instrumentation) , symph. poems, Haunted Mill for chorus and orch., etc. Strube (stroo'-be), Gustav, vlt., compr. b. Ballenstedt, Harz, Mar. 3, 1867. Pupil of father, member of local orch.; studied at Leipzig Cons, with Hermann, Brodsky, Reinecke, and Jadassohn ; member Gewandhaus Orch.; prof. Mannheim Cons.; mem- ber Boston Symph. Orch. since 1891; condr. summer popular concerts, asst. condr. Worcester Co. Mus. Ass'n; has comp. suite for vln. and pf., 3 overtures, 2 symph. poems, 2 vln. concertos, 2 symphonies, etc. many of which have been played by Boston Symph. Orch. SULLIVAN Sucher (sook'-er), Rosa [nee Hassel- beck], dram. sop. b. Velburg, Upper Palatinate, Feb. 23, 1849; d. Apr. 5, 1908; d6but at Treves; sang at Konigsberg, Berlin, and Danzig; engaged for Leipzig Stadt Th. by Josef Sucher (1844-1908), whom she married 1877; went to Hamburg with husband 1879; and to Berlin Opera 1888-1898 (Josef retired from post at Berlin 1899); extraordinary range of repertoire, but notable for Isolde, Eva, and Kundry; sang at Bayreuth 1886 and 1888; and in N. Y. under Damrosch 1894; retired 1903. Sudds, William F., compr., writer, b. London, Mar. 5, 1843. Parents moved 1850 to Gouverneur, New York state; self-taught in vln., 'cello, guitar, and cornet; band- master in Civil War; later studied at N. E. Cons, with Thayer and Eichberg; many published pf. pcs. and songs, teacher at Gouverneur. Suk (sook), Josef, compr. b. KfeSovic, Bohemia, Jan. 4, 1874. Studied with father and at Prague Cons, with Bennewitz and Dvorak, who " later became his father-in-law; 2d vln. in Bohemian Quartet from 1892, with Hoffmann, Nedbal, and Wihan; compr. overtures, serenade, chamber music, suite Ein Mdrchen, and 2 symphonies. Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour, compr. b. London, May 13, 1842; d. there, Nov. 22, 1900. Chorister at Chapel Royal under Helmore; first Mendels- sohn Scholar at Royal Acad. Mus., pupil pf Goss and Bennett; studied at Leipzig with Moscheles, Haupt- mann, etc.; orgt. in London; condr. Promenade concerts at Covent Gar- den 1878-79; principal Nat'l Train- ing School 1876-81; knighted 1883; composed songs (Lost Chord, The Long Day Closes), oratorios (Prodigal Son, Golden Legend), incidental music to Tempest and Merchant of Venice, a grana opera, Ivanhoe, 1891 ; great popularity, however, rests on long series of comic operas produced chiefly at the Savoy Theatre, many of them to words by W. S. Gilbert, among which may be named Trial by Jury 1875, H. M. S. Pinafore which had unequaled popularity in England and U. S. (whither S. SUPPE SZUMOWSKA came 1879), Pirates of Penzance 1880, Patience 1881, Mikado 1885; The Emerald Isle, completed by E. German, 1901; distinguishing feat- ures of these operettas are unity of spirit between compr. and libret- tist, unfailing gaiety and variety of rhythm and melody, and at same time refinement of educated musical taste. Suppe (soop-pa), Franz von [real name Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo Cavaliere Suppe Demelli], compr. b. Spalato, Dalmatia, Apr. 18, 1820; d. Vienna, May 22, 1895. Played the flute and composed early; while student of philosophy at Padua, studied mus. with Cigala and Ferrari, later at Vienna Cons, with Sechter and Seyfried; theatre condr. at Pressburg, Baden, and Vienna 1865- 95; produced great number of operet- tas and musical farces and burlesques ; chiefly known out of Germany by Fatinitza 1876, Boccaccio 1879, and overture to Poet and Peasant. Surette, Thomas Whitney, lecturer, b. Concord, Mass., Sept. 7, 1862. Studied with A. Foote and J. K. Paine (grad. Harvard 1891); orgt. at Concord, musicmaster at Hill School, Pottstown, Pa., orgt. choir- master at Baltimore; since 1896 lecturer on mus. for Amer. Univer- sity Extension Soc.; lectured at Univ. of Oxford, Eng. 1899, 1905, regularly appointed there 1907; author of valuable syllabi on various periods of mus. hist.; operetta Pris- cilla; or, the Pilgrim's Proxy 1889, very popular. Siissmayer (siis'-ma-er), Franz Xaver, compr. b. Schwanenstadt, Upper Austria, 1766; d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 1803. Pupil of Salieri, pupil and friend of Mozart; capellmeister Nat'l Th., Vienna, 1792, court opera 1794; compr. of several operettas (Der Wildfang, etc.); supplied in- strumentation for some airs in Mozart's Titus. Svendsen (svent'-sen), Johan Severin, vlt., compr. b. Christiania, Sept. 30, 1840. Bandmaster in army, wander- ing vlt.; studied at Leipzig Cons, with David, Hauptmann, etc.; toured Scandinavia and England; member Paris orchestras 1868-69; concert- master Leipzig Euterpe concerts 1871; visited New York and married an American 1871; condr. Christiania concerts 1872-77, 1880-83; court condr. Copenhagen 1883; condr. Royal Theatre there since 1896; works remarkable for individuality and entire lack of " national " char- acteristics, include songs, chamber mus., concertos for vln. and 'cello, two symphonies, Carnaval a Paris, Rhapsodies norvegiennes, etc. Sweelinck (sva'-link), Jan Pieter, compr. b. Amsterdam, 1562; d. there, Oct. 16, 1621. Pupil of Jacob Buyck, and of his father Pieter (d. 1573), orgt.; successor of father at church, composed psalms, masses, sacred and secular songs; complete works published by Amsterdam Soc. for Promotion of Mus.; chief work was establishment of true organ fugue with development from single subject; said to have been first to employ pedal in fugal part. Swert (svart), Jules de, 'cellist, b. Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d. Ostende, Feb. 24, 1891. Pupil of Servais at Brussels Cons.; after long tours, concertmaster Diisseldorf 1865; 1st 'cellist Weimar 1868; royal concert- master, 'cellist, prof, at Hochschule, Berlin, 1869-73; traveled, lived in Wiesbaden and Leipzig; director Ostende Mus. Sch. 1888; prof, at Cons, of Ghent and Bruges; com- posed operas, symphony, fantasias, etc. for 'cello. Sydenham, Edwin Augustus, orgt., compr. b. Somersetshire, Oct., 1847; d. Scarborough, Feb. 18, 1891. Chorister at Stratford-on-Avon; pupil at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at several places, finally at Scarborough; teacher, compr. of anthems, pf. and vln. pieces. Szarwady, see Clauss-Szarvady, Wil- helmine. Szekely (she'-ke-le), Imre Emeric, pst. b. Matyfalva, Hungary, May 8, 1823; d. Pesth, April, 1887. Studied at Pesth; after many long concert tours, with especial success in London, settled finally in Pesth after 1852; taught, composed works for orchestra and pf. (concertos, e 1 tudes, etc.). Szumowska, Antoinette, see Adamow- ski, Mrs. Joseph. TALLIS TARTDfl Tallis, Thomas, compr., orgt. b. be- tween 1520 and 1529; d. London, Nov. 23, 1585. Orgt. at Waltham Abbey until 1540; gentleman of Chapel Royal under Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth; joint orgt. with his pupil Byrd, with whom he also obtained privilege of printing music and ruled paper 1575; composed services, prayers, responses, etc., and song in 40 parts for 8 five- part choirs. Tamagno (ta-man'-yo), Francesco, dram, tenor, b. Turin, 1851; d. Varese, Aug. 31, 1905. After slight instruction at Cons, sang in choruses, and after military service made dbut at Palermo 1873; selected by Verdi to create Otetto at Milan 1887; thereafter of universal fame, sang successfully at European capitals and in U. S. 1890, 1893; especially remarkable for power of voice and physique. Tamberlik (tam'-ber-lik), Enrico, dram, tenor, b. Rome, Mar. 16, 1820; d. Paris, Mar. 15, 1889. Left study of law to study singing at Bologna with Guglielmi and Borgna; debut Naples 1840; sang in Spain, London 1850-64, winters at St. Petersburg, Paris, Spain, and America; settled in Madrid after 1877 as manufac- turer of arms. Tamburini (tam-boo-re'-nl), Antonio, dram. bass. b. Faenza, Mar. 28, 1800; d. Nice, Nov. 9, 1876. Pupil of father, Boni, and Asioli; d6but Cento 1818; sang in Italy for im- presario Barbaja at Naples and Milan 1824-32; at Th. Italien, Paris, 1832-41, with Grisi, Rubini, La- blache, etc.; alternate seasons in London; 10 years in Russia; retired 1859. Taneiev (tan-e'-yef), Sergei Ivanovitch, pst., compr. b. Russia, Nov. 25, 1856. Pupil at Moscow Cons, of N. Rubinstein, Hubert, and Tchai- kovski; tour with Auer 1876; after two years in Paris, prof, of harmony and instrumentation Moscow Cons. 1878, of pf. 1880-88, of free comp. 1883-87; director and condr. of ensemble classes 1885-89; prof, of counterpoint 1888, of fugue 1891, of mus. from 1897; as pst. first to play Tchaikovski's C min. con- certo and other works; as compr. of operatic trilogy Oresteia (St. Peters- burg 1895), symph., 6 pf. quartets, etc. remarkable as contrapuntist; author and translator of books on counterpoint. Tans'ur, William, compr. b. Dun- church, about 1700; d. St. Neots, Oct. 7, 1783. Orgt. and teacher in several places in Surrey and Leicestershire; composed Compleat Melody (many editions of this popular psalm collec- tion have varying titles), Melodia Sacra, Psalm-singer's Jewel, etc., and wrote New Musical Grammar and Dictionary 1756. Tapper, Thomas, author, teacher, b. Canton, Mass., Jan. 28, 1864. Grad- uated at Am. Coll. of Musicians of Univ. of State of N. Y.; studied in Europe; married pst. Bertha Feiring Maas; editor The Musical Record and Review 1903-1904, Musician 1904-1907; lecturer; instructor Inst. Mus. Art, N. Y.; author of Chats with Music Students, Natural Course in Mus., The Music Life, First Studies in Music Biography, etc. Tappert, Wilhelm, writer, b. Ober- Thomaswaldau, Silesia, Feb. 19, 1830; d. Sudende, near Berlin, Oct. 27, 1907. Schoolmaster until 1856; pupil at Kullak's Acad. and of Dehn; in Berlin after 1866; editor Allgem. deutsche Musikzeitung 1876-80; there- after on staff Musikalisches Wochen- blatt; author of Wagner- Lexikon (coll. of terms of abuse against W.), Wandernde Melodien, works on old notation, etc., also published ar- rangements of old German songs and pf. studies. Tartini (tar-te'-nl), Giuseppe, vlt. b. Pirano, Istria, Apr. 12, 1692; d. Padua, Feb. 16, 1770. Studied theology and law, with eager desire for vln.; secret marriage led to charge of abduction before which TAUBERT TELEMANN he fled to monastery at Assisi, where for two years he studied mus. with Cernohorsky; after appearing at Padua, so influenced by hearing Veracini at Venice that he retired again to Ancona, where further study by himself led to better knowl- edge of intonation and discovery of combinational tones; solo vlt. and condr. Padua 1721; chamber musi- cian in Prague 1723-25; again in Padua, where he founded vln. sch. 1728; Nardini, Laboussaye among pupils; works consist of very many concertos and sonatas for vln. and other instruments; (famous Tritto del diavolo, supposed to have been produced in rivalry w r ith devil, one of posthumous works) ; " style united finish of Corelli with greater vigor, passion, and daring, and he excelled in double-stopping and other effec- tive devices." [Pratt.] Taubert (tou'-bert), Carl Gottfried Wil- helm, pst., compr. b. Berlin, Mar. 23, 1811; d. there, Jan. 7, 1891. Pupil of Neithardt, L. Berger, and B. Klein; student at Berlin Univ.; taught in Berlin; accomp. at court concerts 1831; condr. opera and symph. concerts 1842, court capell- meister 1845; 1st capellm. 1869; re- tired 1870; composed 5 operas, music to Tempest (very successful), Othello, and other plays, 4 symph. , and smaller works, popular Kinderlieder, etc. Tauscher, Mme., see Gadski, Johanna. Tausig (tou'-sig), Karl, pst. b. War- saw, Nov. 4, 1841; d. Leipzig, July 17, 1871. Pupil of father Aloys T. (1820-1885), who was pupil of Thai- berg, and compr.; pupil of Liszt from age of 14 (1855-59); dSbut Berlin 1858 at orchestral concert under Von Billow; gave orch. con- certs in Vienna 1862; opened school for advanced pf. playing in Berlin 1866; composed some pf. music, but is especially noted for editions of dementi and other older writers, arrangements of Bach, pf. edition of Meister singer, Daily Stiidies, etc.; surpassed even Liszt in wonderful brilliancy of technic, but despite remarkable sense of style never quite equaled him in interpretation. Taylor, Samuel Coleridge-, see Cole- ridge-Taylor, Samuel. Tchaikovski (chi-kof'-ski), Peter Ilyitch, compr. b. Wotkinsk, province of Wjatka, May 7, 1840; d. St. Peters- burg, Nov. 6, 1893. As a child dis- played no especial mus. ability; entered gov't service; 1855-58 pf. lessons from Kiindinger, sang in choir under Lomakin; attempts at composition led him to give up ser- vice 1863 to enter St. Petersburg Cons., where he was taught by Zaremba (theory), A. Rubinstein (comp.), Ciardi (flute), and Stiehl (organ); taught theory at Moscow Cons. 1866-77; contributor to jour- nals 1872-74, and thereafter devoted to composition; married 1877 and separated from wife after few weeks; same year formed friendship with Frau von Meek, who out of her riches gave him generous pension that he might be free to create; 1887- 89 tours as condr. in Germany; 1890 lived in Florence; 1891 conducted in Paris and New York, 1892-93 in Germany and England, where Camb. Univ. gave him degree; composed 11 operas (Eugen Onegin, Pique Dame best known), cantatas, songs, 6 symphonies (No. 6 is the " Pathe- tique), 7 symph. poems (Tempest, Manfred, Francesca da Rimini, Romeo and Jidiet, Hamlet, Fatum, Le Voie- vode), 3 pf. concertos, 1 vln. concerto, 3 string quartets, trio, etc., some pf. works, and songs. Most widely known of Russian comprs., but con- sidered by Russians as less charac- teristically national than any other. His music is marked by bold modula- tions, strong rhythms, and gorgeous- ness of orchestral coloring, by which he expresses intense personal emo- tions; he is quite romantic in the warmth of his feeling, brilliancy of imagination and lack of reserve; " his real contribution to the history of music lies in his modification of symphonic form in obedience to a poetic idea." [Newman.] Remark- ably detailed life by brother Modest T. has been translated into German by Juon, and, in part, into English by Rosa Newmarch. Telemann (tel'le-man), Georg Philip, compr. b. Magdeburg, Mar. 14, 1681; d. Hamburg, July 25, 1767. Self-taught in all but rudiments; composed opera at 12, conducted TEMPLE church music at 14; student of law and languages at Leipzig Univ.; orgt. 1704, and mus. dir. at Neukirche; concertmaster at Eisenach 1708, capellmeister there 1709 until death, though he never lived there; capell- meister Frankfort 1712; mus. dir. to town of Hamburg after 1721; more widely known and rated higher in his day than his friend and con- temporary J. S. Bach; composed fluent and correct works, operas, overtures, sonatas, etc. Temple, Hope, see Messager, Mme. Andre. Ternina (ter-ne'-na), Milka, dram. sop. b. Begizse, Croatia, Dec. 19, 1864. Pupil of Gansbacher; debut at Leip- zig 1883; sang at Ganz, Bremen, Munich 1890, New York after 1896, (sang Kundry in Parsifal there 1903), Bayreuth 1899; one of most power- ful of great Wagnerian singers. Terpander, Greek musician, b. Antissa, Lesbos, 7th cent. B. C. Called " father of Greek music "; developed lyric forms. Terry, Mme., see Sanderson, Sibyl. Tesi-Tramontini (ta'-zg-tra-mon-te'-ni) , Vittoria, singer, b. Florence, about 1695; d. Vienna, 1778. Pupil of Redi at Florence and Campeggi at Bologna; d6but Bologna; sang in Handel's Rodrigo 1709; Agrippina 1719, etc.; engagements in Venice and Dresden 1719, Venice and Naples 1719-38; for many years in Madrid with Farinelli; in Vienna 1749. Thalberg (tal'-barg), Sigismond, pst., compr. b. Geneva, Jan. 7, 1812; d. Naples, Apr. 27, 1871. Natural son of Prince Moritz Dietrichstein who had him educated at Vienna; pupil of Hummel and Sechter, but greatly indebted to Mittag, bassoon player; early appearances as pst. and compr. ; first tour, 1830, won triumph in Paris 1835, withstood rivalry of Liszt 1836; went to Brazil 1855, to North America 1856, retired to Naples 1858-62, again on tours to Paris, London, and Brazil in 1863, then again in retirement; compr. of concerto, sonata, nocturnes, Etudes, many operatic fantasias; developed use of 3d staff with melody between chord passages; as virtuoso he was THEILE remarkable for breadth and power as well as delicacy, especially for ability to bring out an air strongly, facility in crossing hands, etc.; yet playing is said to have lacked expres- siveness of Chopin's and Liszt's. Thayer, Alexander Wheelock, writer. b. South Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 1817; d. Trieste, July 15, 1897. Graduated at Harvard 1843; asst. librarian there 1843-49; in Germany 1849-51 collecting material for Beethoven biog., writing to Dwight's Journal, etc.; staff N. Y. Tribune after 1852; after 1854 lived in Europe (except 1856-58 in Boston); attached to American Embassy at Vienna 1862, consul at Trieste after 1865; pub- lished chronological list of Beetho- ven's works, Ein kritischer Beitrag zur B. Literatur and 3 vols. of Life of B. translated into German by Deiters (1866-78); Vol. IV not com- pleted; new ed. by Deiters cut short by his death; life based on most thorough and faithful use of sources. Thayer, Arthur Wilder, compr., condr. b. Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1857. Pupil of Guilmette, Adams, Chad- wick, and Zerrahn; condr. of choral societies in Lowell, Salem, Worcester, Providence; supt. schools in Ded- ham and Milton; mus. dir. Newton- churches. Thayer, Whitney Eugene, orgt. b. Mendon, Mass., Dec. 11, 1838; d. Burlington, Vt., Jan. 27, 1889. Pupil in Boston and later in Ger- many of Haupt and Wieprecht; assisted at opening of Boston Music Hall organ 1862, where he was orgt. later; editor Organist's Journal, Choir Journal, condr. Boston Choral Union, etc.; gave free org. recitals in Boston 1869; orgt. N. Y. 1881-88. Theile (ti'-la), Johann, compr. b. Naumburg, July 29, 1646; d\ there, June 24, 1724. Gamba player in Leipzig; studied with H. Schiitz; capellmeister to Duke of Holstein 1673; wrote Adam und Eva for opening of Hamburg Opera 1678; capellm. to Duke of Brunswick, later at Merseburg; taught Zachau and Buxtehude; composed also Christmas oratorio, a German Pas- sion, Noviter inventum opus mus., etc. (20 masses), and opus secundum THIBAUD THOME (sonatas, etc. for various instru- ments) ; called " father of counter- point " by his contemporaries. Thibaud (ti-bo), Joseph Jacques, vlt b. Bordeaux, Sept. 27, 1880. Pupi: of father; then at Paris Cons. oJ Marsick; 1st prize 1896; solo vlt in Colonne's orch.; later, through many concert tours, became known as a distinguished artist. Thibaut (ti-bo), Anton Friedrich Justus, writer, b. Hameln, Jan. 4, 1774; d Heidelberg, Mar. 28, 1840. Prof, oi jurisprudence at Univ.; author oi Ueber Reinheit der Tonkunst (Engl. as Purity in Musical Art) of which there have been many editions; it is opposed to romantic theories. Thiele (te-la), Friedrich Ludwig, orgt. b. Harzgerode, near Bernburg, Nov. 18, 1816; d. Berlin, Sept. 17, 1848. Studied with A. W. Bach at Royal Inst. for ch. mus., Berlin; orgt. Paro- chial church there after 1839; vir- tuoso performer and compr. for his instrument. Son Felix Richard T. (1847-1903), compr. of Deutschen Flaggenliedes. Thoma (to'-ma), Rudolf, teacher, b. Lehsewitz, near Steinau-on-Oder, Feb. 22, 1829; d. Nov., 1908. Studied at Royal Inst. for ch. mus., Berlin; cantor at Hirschberg 1857, Breslau 1862; founder of singing society and- director of mus. school; Royal mus. dir. 1870; composed 2 operas, 2 oratorios, church music, etc. Thomas, Arthur Goring, compr. b. Ralton Park, Sussex, Nov. 21, 1851; d. London, Mar. 20, 1892. Did not begin study of music until 1874, when he was pupil of E. Durand in Paris; 1876-79 studied with Sullivan and Prout at Royal Acad. Mus., London; operas Esmeralda 1883 and Nadeshda 1885, cantata Swan and Skylark, and other compositions (psalm, choral ode, vocal scenes, songs, suite, vln. sonata, etc.) were of such a quality as to cause deep regret at the shortness of his career. Thomas (to-ma'), Charles Louis Am- broise, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 5, 1811; d. Paris, Feb. 12, 1896. Son of a musician; pupil at Paris Cons, of Zimmermann, Kalkbrenner, Dour- len, and Lesueur; 1st prizes pf. 1829, harmony 1830, Grand prix de Rome 1832; produced 9 works in Paris 1837-43, then only one in five years, after which he reappeared with Le Caid; however not until Mignon, 1866, did he attain distinc- tion; Hamlet, 1868, was also popular, but Mignon seems the only one des- tined to hold its place in general repertoire; member of Acad. 1851, prof, of comp. at Cons. 1852, and director there 1871; also composed songs, occasional cantatas, and very popular male choruses (Le chant des amis, Le carnaval de Rome, etc.); " style is characterized by great dramatic truth, by striking versa- tility in handling characters and situations, and by thorough mastery of orchestration. Had his gift of real musical invention been greater, he would have ranked among the best opera writers." [Pratt.] Thomas, Theodore, condr. b. Esens, East Friesland, Oct. 11, 1835; d. Chicago, Jan. 4, 1905. Vln. pupil of his father; public appearance at 6; family emigrated 1845 to New . York; member of N. Y. orch.; went on concert tours as soloist after 1851 with Jenny Lind, Grisi, etc.; founded Mason and Thomas Soirees of chamber music with Wm. Mason; played in orchestras, occasionally conducting until 1861; 1864 organ- ized orch. of his own for Symphony Soire'es which continued with some interruptions to 1878; 1866 started summer concerts with programs far in advance of anything previously given in N. Y.; tour of orch. 1869; disbanded 1876; director Cincin- nati Festivals after 1872, of Cin. Coll. of Mus. 1878-80, of Brooklyn Phil- harmonic 1862, '63, '66-68,* 73-91, of N. Y. Philharmonic 1877-78, 79- 91, of Am. Opera Co. 1885-87 of World's Columbian Exposition 1893 and of Chicago Orch. from 1891 till death; at various times condr. of choral societies; remarkable influ- ence on music in U. S. especially in developing wide taste for orchestral music of best kind. Thome (to-ma), Francis [Francois Luc Joseph], compr. b. Port Louis, Mauritius, Oct. 18, 1850; d. Paris, Nov. 16, 1909. Studied at Paris Cons, with Marmontel and Duprato; 1st prize counterpoint 1870; teacher THOMSON TINEL in Paris; compr. of ballet (Djelma), pantomimes (L' Enfant prodigue), mystery (L' Enfant Jesus'), symph. ode, romances, many popular simple pf. pieces (Le simple aveu, etc.), and some songs. Thomson (ton-son), Cesar, vlt. b. Lie'ge, Mar. 17, 1857. Studied with father and at Lie'ge Cons, where he won gold medal at 11; pupil of Vieux- temps, Leonard, Wieniawski, and Massart; very successful in Spain and Italy; chamber musician Baron von Derwies at Lugano; capell- meister Bilse's orch. at Berlin; teacher at Lie'ge Cons. 1883-97, at Brussels Cons, since 1898; many concert tours in Europe and America (1894-95); as teacher and player his influence tends to establishment of technic of very high order (his own work, especially in double- stopping, is remarkable); on the side of expression, especially in comparison with Ysaye, he is called cold, lofty, ascetic. Thuille (tu-e-ye"), Ludwig Wilhelm Andreas Maria, compr. b. Bozen, Tyrol, Nov. 30, 1861; d. Munich, Feb. 5, 1907. Studied at Innsbruck with Pembaur, at Munich with Baermann and Rheinberger; teacher of pf. and theory there after 1883, prof. 1890; first attracted notice by sextet; later composed operas (Lo- betanz 1898, Gugeline 1901), songs, etc.; author, with R. Louis, of Harmonielehre. Thursby, Emma, sop. b. Brooklyn, Nov. 17, 1857. Pupil of Meyer, Erani, Mme. Rudersdorff, and in Milan of Lamperti and Sangiovanni; American concert dbut 1875, fol- lowed by series of concerts with Gilmore and church appointment in New York; European tour with Maurice Strakosch 1878, 1881-82 very successful; living in N. Y.; voice not very large, but of great charm and admirably managed. Tichatschek (ti-ka-chek), Joseph Aloys, dram, tenor, b. Ober-Weckelsdorf, Bohemia, July 11, 1807; d. Blase- witz, near Dresden, Jan. 18, 1886. Son of weaver; went to Vienna to study medicine, but became pupil of Cicimera; member of theatre chorus and chorusmaster; sang at Graz, Vienna, and Dresden court opera 1838 until 1872 when he was pensioned; created Rienzi 1842, Tannhauser 1845. Tieffenbriicker, see Duiffopruggar. Tiehsen (te'-sen), Otto, compr. b. Danzig, Oct. 13, 1817; d. Berlin, May 15, 1849. Studied at Royal Acad., Berlin; especially known as song compr.; wrote also opera Annette, Christmas cantata, a 6-part Kyrie and Gloria. Tiersot (ti-ar-so), Jean Baptiste Elisee Julien, writer, b. Bourg, Bresse, France, July 5, 1857. Studied with Savard, Massenet, and Ce"sar Franck at Paris Cons., where he . became asst. librarian in 1883, librarian 1909; contributor to Menestrel and other periodicals; author of Histoire de la chanson populaire en France, Rouget de Lisle, Hector Berlioz et la societe de son temps; Ronsard et le musique de son temps, etc.; editor of works of Gluck, Adam de la Halle, etc. Tietjens (tet-yens), Therese Johanne Alexandra, dram. sop. b. Hamburg, July 17, 1831; d. London, Oct. 3, 1877. D6but Hamburg 1849; sang at Frankfort, Vienna 1856, London 1858-71, with Lumley at Her Majesty's Theatre, at Drury Lane, Co vent Garden, and Haymarket; sang in Paris 1863 and America 1875; as an actress, she was earnest but lacking in magnetism; her style of singing was noble and pure and became greater as her voice increased in flexibility. Tinctoris, Johannes [real name Jean de Vaerwere], writer, compr. b. Poper- inghe, about 1446; d. Nivelles, 1511. Maestro to Ferdinand of Aragon at Naples; sent to France to engage singers, he stayed there; became canon at Nivelles; wrote earliest dictionary of mus. terms (about 1475), book on counterpoint, and various points of theory; composed mass and chansons. Tinel (ti-nel), Edgar, compr. b. Sinay, Belgium, Mar. 27, 1854. Pupil of father, an orgt., and at Brussels Cons, of Brassin, Dupont, Gevaert, Kuf-. ferath, and Mailly; 1st prize pf. 1873, Grand prix de Rome 1877; TIRINDELLI TORELLI director of Inst. for Sacred Mus. at Mechlin; inspector of state mus. schools 1889; prof, of counterpoint and fugue at Brussels Cons. 1896; dir. Cons. 1909; oratorio Franciscus, 1888, widely produced because of its great height of originality (marred by prolixity), masses, motets, pf. pieces, songs, etc. have followed; author of Le chant gregorien. Tirindelli (tf-rfn-dgl'-ll), Pietro Adolf o, vlt. b. Conegliano, May 5, 1858. Studied at Milan Cons, and with Boniforti, later with Griin in Vienna, and with Massart in Paris; prof, at Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice, 1887, director 1893; condr. of orch. there; prof, at Cincinnati Coll. of Mus.; composed operas and suc- cessful songs. Titl (tetl), Anton Emil, compr. b. Pernstein, Moravia, Oct. 5, 1809; d. Vienna, Jan. 21, 1882. Capell- meister at Vienna Burgtheater after 1850; composed operas (Die Burg- frau, Das Wolkenkind), overtures, mass, etc. Tomaschek (to'-ma-shgk), Wenzel Johann [Vaclav Jan Tomagek], compr., teacher, b. Skutsch, Bo- hemia, Apr. 17, 1774; d. Prague, Apr. 3, 1850. Pupil of Wolf at Chrudim; gave mus. lessons while studying law at Prague Univ.; finally devoted himself to music teaching in Prague; Dreyschock, Tedesco, etc. among pupils; good pst. and orgt., compr. of symph., pf. concerto, cantatas, songs, sonatas, etc., for pf., of remarkably finished style, unfortunately obscured by contemporary Beethoven, meetings with whom he records in his autobiography, which appeared in periodical Libussa for 1845; mus. said to have influenced Schumann. Tombelle (ton-bel'), Fernand de la [real name Antoine Louis Joseph Gueyrand Fernand Fouant de la T.], compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3, 1854. Studied at Cons, with Guilmant and Dubois; teacher of theory at Schola Cantorum; won Chartier Prize for chamber mus.; composed much prg. and church mus. and orch. suites, Impressions nationales, Tableaux musiciens, and operetta. Tomlins, William Lawrence, teacher. b. London, Feb. 4, 1844. Pupil pf G. A. Macfarren and Silas; in America after 1869; condr. Chi- cago Apollo Club 1875-98; organ- ized children's choruses and wage- earners' concerts; trained 1500 children for World's Fair chorus; vocal teacher; author of Children's Songs and How to Sing Them; since 1898 devoted to training school- teachers; organized Nat'l Training Sch. for sch. mus. teachers, Chicago, 1903; later removed to London. Topfer (te'p'-fer), Johann Gottlob, orgt., writer, b. Niederrossla, Thuringia, Dec. 4, 1791; d. Weimar, June 8, 1870. Studied with Schlomilch and with Destouches, Riemann, and A. E. Muller; teacher at Weimar Gymnasium and Seminary 1817; town orgt. Weimar 1830; wrote authoritative works on org. con- struction Die Orgelbaukunst, etc., also Theoretischpraktische Organisten- schule, Choralbuch, cantata Die Or- gelweihe, and various compositions for instrument. Topliff, Robert, orgt. b. 1793; d. London, Apr. 27, 1868. Blind; orgt. at South wark; edited Selection of Melodies of Tyne and Wear, Script- ure Melodies, etc.; composed sacred songs (Consider the Lilies, Heaven Our Home, etc.). Torchi (tor'-kl), Luigi, writer, b. Mor- dano, Bologna, Nov. 7, 1858. After graduation from Cons., studied with Serrao at Naples, and with Reinecke, Jadassohn, and Paul at Leipzig; prof. mus. hist. Pesaro 1885-91, of mus. hist. 1891, and comp. 1895 at Bologna, where he is also pres. of Philh. Acad.; compr. of symph., operas, church music, but better known as author of contributions to mus. hist., many of which have appeared in Rivista mus. italiana; editor of L'Arte mus. in Italia (mus. of 17th and 18th cent.). Torelli (to-rel'-li), Giuseppe, vlt. b. Verona, about 1660; d. Ansbach, 1708. Studied at Bologna, church vlt. there; after concert tour in Germanv, concertmaster at Ans- bach after 1703; helped, with Corelli, to establish form of con- certo grosso, in which solo instrument TOSI is set off by accomp. of others; T. long considered inventor of the form, but, although his were published before Corelli's, C. had used the form earlier; T. is, however, originator of solo vln. concerto; instrumental works are all sonatas or concertos. Tosi (to'-zK), Pier Francesco, singing teacher. b. Bologna, 1647; d. London, 1727. Pupil of father, a compr.; after singing with success in Italy and Dresden, settled in London 1692; gave concerts and lessons; noted for one book, Opinioni de' canton . . . . o sieno osser- vazioni sopra canto figurato, in Eng- lish as Observations on Florid Song. Tosti, Francesco Paolo, singing teacher, compr. b. Ortona, Abruzzi, Apr. 9, 1846. Pupil at Naples of Pinto, Conti, and Mercadante; asst. teacher there until 1869; taught in Rome, London after 1875, where he taught royal family and became prof, at Royal Acad. 1894; pub- lished coll. of Canti populari abruz- zesi and many Italian and English songs (Non m' ama piu, etc.). Tourjee (toor-ja/), Dr. Eben, teacher. b. Warwick, R. I., June 1, 1834; d. Boston, Apr. 12, 1891. Chiefly self- taught ; sang and played org. ; opened mus. store in Fall River, and organ- ized classes in pf., voice, and org.; orgt. and choirmaster at Newport; founded Mus. Inst. at Greenwich 1859; in Germany 1863, took lessons of A. Haupt and studied conserva- tory system; founded Providence Cons, and N. E. Cons., Boston, 1867; first to establish class teaching and conservatories in U. S.; also influen- tial in peace jubilees, and in public school music. Tours (toorz), Berthold, vlt., editor, b. Rotterdam, Dec. 17, 1838; d. Lon- don, Mar. 11, 1897. Studied with father, orgt., Verhulst, and at cons, of Brussels and Leipzig; after two years in Russia, settled in London 1861; adviser to publishers Novello, Ewer & Co. after 1870, and editor of many works and arrangements for them; author of Primer of Violin, compr. of services, anthems, etc. Tourte (toort), Francois, bow maker. b. Paris, 1747; d. there, Apr., 1835. Of family of bow makers; effected TROUTBECK such radical reforms that he is prac- tically creator of modern bow; paid attention to selection of wood (ren- dering it flexible and permanently curved), length, and method of at- taching hairs, etc.; improved bow had great importance in develop- ment of modern vln. technic. - Tozer, John Ferris, orgt., compr. b. Exeter, Nov. 8, 1857. Chorister Exeter Cath.; pupil of Angel and Wood; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1896; orgt. and amateur tenor; holds position in Exeter Bank; composed psalms, cantata King Neptune's Daughter, pf. pieces, and songs, of which Lead, kindly light is best known; ed. coll. of sailors' songs. Trebelli, Zelia (stage name of Z. Therese Caroline Guillemin or Gillibert], dram, mezzo sop. b. Paris, Nov. 12, 1838; d. Etretat, Aug. 18, 1892. Pupil of Wartel; de"but Madrid 1859; successful in Germany and London after 1862; marriage to Bettini, 1863, soon followed by separation; tour to U. S. 1884; excellent actress, had voice of great flexibility and brill- iancy. Treville (tra-ve-ye') , Yvonne de, sop. b. Galveston, Aug. 25, 1881. Appeared in Boston 1898; after singing in New York with Castle Sq. Opera Co., studied with Mme. Marchesi in Paris 1900; sang in Madrid 1901, Ope>a Comique, Paris, 1902, Stock- holm Opera and St. Petersburg Opera 1903, Cairo 1904. Trotfcre, H. [pseud, of Henry Trotter], compr. b. London, Dec. 24, 1855. Compr. of popular songs (In Old Madrid, The Deathless Army, Love Can Wait, etc.). Troutbeck, Rev. John, writer, b. Blen- cowe, Cumberland, Eng., Nov. 12, 1832; d. London, Oct. 11, 1899. Graduated at Oxford 1856, took orders 1855, precentor Manchester Cath. 1865, minor canon Westmin- ster 1869; wrote Primer of Mus. for Schools, Primer for Ch. Choir Train- ing, compiled Westminster Hymn- book, and translated librettos of Bach's Christmas Oratorio, Gluck's two Iphigenias and Orpheus, Wag- ner's' Flying Dutchman and several others. TROWBRIDGE TYE Trowbridge, John Eliot, compr. b. Newton, Mass., Oct. 20, 1845. Parents good church choir singers; studied organ with B. C. Blodgett, piano with Junius W. Hill; salesman of musical instruments, teaching after business hours; organist in Boston and suburbs, principally Newton, where he still (1910) resides; pianist to Musical Association of Newton conducted by the late Eugene Thayer, and gained experi- ence in the training of large bodies of singers,which he afterwards turned to account as conductor of choral societies and composer of choral works; published compositions in 1870, the first of a long series of suc- cessful works on large and small forms, over one hundred in number, including two oratorios, two can- tatas, Mass in E, operetta, anthems, quartets, songs, etc. Truette, Everett E., orgt., compr. b. Rockland, Mass., 1861. Graduated at New England Cons. 1881; Mus. Bac. Boston University, 1883; studied in Europe, 1883-1885, with Haupt, Guilmant, and Best; from Jan., 1885, he was orgt. and choir- master at various Boston churches and now serves the Eliot Congrega- tional Church, Newton, a suburb of Boston; he has been active as a recitalist, especially in inaugurating organs; has been successful as a teacher, many of his pupils filling responsible positions in Boston and vicinity; a founder of the Amer. Guild of Orgts.; composer of organ works and anthems. Tua (too'-a), Teresina [properly Maria Felicita. T.], vU. b. Turin, May 22, 1867. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mas- sart; 1st prize 1880; brilliant success on Continent, in England (after 1883), and America 1887; married Count Franchi-Verney 1891, with- drew from concerts until 1895. Tuckerman, Samuel Parkman, orgt. b. Boston, Feb. 11, 1819; d. New- port, June 30, 1890. Pupil of C. Zeuner; orgt. and choirmaster St. Paul's Ch., Boston, 1840, and after trip to England, where he received degree Mus. Doc. at Lambeth and studied in various cathedrals; one of first to play on Mus. Hall Organ, Boston; gave many lectures and re- citals; composed church music. Turk, Daniel Gottlob, orgt., teacher, b. Claussnitz, Saxony, Aug. 10, 1750; d. Halle, Aug. 26, 1813. Pupil in harmony of Homilius; and in vln. of Hiller while at Leipzig Univ.; theatre vlt.; cantor and teacher at Halle 1776-1787, mus. dir. of Univ. there 1779, orgt. 1787; Karl Lowe his pupil; published org. method, im- portant Clavierschule, books for beginners, sonatas, sonatinas, etc. Turle, James, orgt., teacher, b. Somer- ton, Somerset, Eng., Mar. 5, 1802; d. London, June 28, 1882. Asst. orgt Westminster, orgt. and choirmaster 1831-1875; condr. of Antient Con- certs 1840-43; musicmaster-at sch. for Indigent Blind 1829-56; com- posed church music, compiled, with Bridge, Westminster Abbey Chant Book, edited with Taylor People's Music Book, wrote Art of Singing at Sight; very famous as teacher. Turner, Alfred Dudley, pf. teacher, b. St. Albans, Vt., Aug. 24, 1854; d. there, May 7, 1888. Pupil of J. C. D. Parker and Mme. Schiller at N. E. Cons., where he taught; Porter and Dennee his pupils; composed smaller pf . pieces and valuable octave studies. Turpin, Edmund Hart, orgt. b. Not- tingham, May 4, 1835; d. London, Oct. 25, 1907. Studied with Hullah and Pauer in London; orgt. at Not- tingham, London, after 1857; Mus. Doc. Lambeth 1889; editor Mus. Standard for some years after 1880; editor Mus. News; condr. various societies; compr. of Song of Faith, oratorios, anthems, symph., and chamber music. Tye, Christopher, orgt., compr. b. Westminster, about 1508; d. Mar., 1572. Chorister and gentleman of Chapel Royal; orgt. Ely Cath. 1541- 62; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1545; translated chapters 1-14 of Acts of Apostles into verse and set them to mus.; -also published services and anthems in strong, sincere style; much admired by contemporaries; revival of Eng. church music after upheaval of Reformation attributed to him. UGOLINI VAN BREE u Ugolini (oo-gole-rrf), Vincenzo, compr. b. Perugia, about 1570; d. there, May 6, 1638. Pupil of Nanini in Rome, maestro at St. Peter's 1620-26; teacher of Benevoli; compr. of 2 books of madrigals, 4 of motets, masses, psalms, etc., in style of Palestrina. Ulibisheff, see Oulibischeff. Upton, George Putnam, writer, b. Boston, Oct. 25, 1834. Graduated from Brown University 1854; in journalism in Chicago after 1855, on staff of Tribune since 1861; founder of Apollo Club; besides critical work which has done much to develop mus. taste in the West, has written several books: Woman in Mus., and a full series Standard Operas, Can- tatas, Oratorios, Symphonies, also Concert Guide, Musical Memories, etc., giving useful summaries. Urban (or'-ban), Heinrich, vlt., compr. b. Berlin, Aug. 27, 1837; d. there, Nov. 24, 1901. Pupil of Hies, Laub, Hellmann, etc.; teacher at Kullak's Acad. after 1881; noted theorist; composed FriMing symph., 3 over- tures, vln. concerto, vln. pieces, songs. Brother Friedrich Julius U. (b. 1838), singing teacher in Berlin. Urso, Camilla, vlt. b. Nantes, France, June 13, 1842; d. New York, Jan. 20, 1902. Father orgt. and flute player; began vln. at 6, gave concert at 7; at Paris Cons, pupil of Mas- sart; came to America 1852 and played throughout country with great success, at first with Sontag, Alboni, and then alone; after mar- riage to F. Lucre did not appear until 1863; after that gave concerts chiefly in West and South of U. S.; very distinguished player, who did a great deal toward arousing en- thusiasm for vln. among American women. Urspruch (6r'-spruk), Anton, pst., compr. b. Frankfort-on-Main, Feb. 17, 1850; d. there, Jan. 11, 1907. Studied with I. Lachner and Wallen- stein, Raff, and Liszt; teacher of pf. at Hoch Cons.; at Raff Cons. Frank- fort since 1887; composed opera Der Sturm (after Shakespeare's Tempest), comic opera, symph., pf. concerto, chamber mus., sonata and other small pf. works. Vaccai (yac-ca-I), Niccold, compr. b. Tolentino, Papal States, Mar. 15, 1790; d. Pesaro, Aug. 5, 1848. Stud- ied with Jannaconi at Rome -and with Paisiello at Naples; produced 1st opera 1815; dissatisfied with success on stage, became singing teacher at Venice, Vienna, Paris, and London; prof, of comp. and censor at Milan Cons. 1838-44; 3d act of his Giulietta e Romeo was gen- erally substituted for that of Bellini's Capuleti ed Montecchi; composed several other operas, etc., and good method of singing. Valentini (val-en-te'-nl), Pietro Fran- cesco, compr. b. Rome, about 1570; d. there, 1654. Studied with Nanini; composed some operas and motets, but is chiefly known as compr. of especially learned canons, of one of which 2000 solutions are possible. Valle de Paz (val-la-da-paz), Edgardo del, compr., writer, b. Alexandria, Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Of Italian parentage; pupil of Cesi and Serrao at Cons, at Naples; since 1890 pf. prof, at Royal Inst. at Florence; founder and editor of La nuova musica 1896; comp. symph. suites, notable pf. sonata, etc. Van Bree (van-bra), Jean Bernard, vlt., compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29, 1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. After study with Bertelmann, member of th. orch., Amsterdam; director Felix Mentis Soc. 1829-1857, founder of Cecilia, dir. Mus. School of Soc. for VAN CLEVE VEccm Promotion of Mus..; composed 3 operas, 2 melodramas, masses, over- tures, cantata, etc. Van Cleve, John Smith, pst., teacher. b. Maysville, Ky., Oct. 30, 1851. Blind from 9th year; pupil of Noth- nagel in Columbus, O., of Lang and Apthorp in Boston and of Stein- brecher in Cincinnati; taught at Inst. for Blind, at Columbus and at Janesville, Wis.; critic and teacher Cincinnati 1879-97; after a period in Chicago, moved to Troy, O.; now in Cincinnati; published poems, lectures on mus., etc. Van den Eeden (van-den-a/den) , Gilles, orgt. d. Bonn [buried, June 20], 1782. Court compr. at Bonn; retired 1780; first teacher of Beethoven. Van den Eeden (van-den-a'den), Jean Baptiste, compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26, 1842. Pupil at Ghent and Brussels Cons.; prize for comp. 1869; dir. mus. sch. at Mons; composed oratorio (Jacob van Artevelde, etc.), symph. poem La lutte au X VI sie.de, etc. Vanderstraeten [Van der Straeten], (van- diir-stra-ten), Edmond, writer, b. Oudenarde, Belgium, Dec. 3, 1826; d. there, Nov. 25, 1895. Studied philosophy at Ghent, counterpoint and comp. at Brussels with Bosselot and F6tis, whose secretary he be- came; held life position in Royal Library and made several trips to Germany and Italy to report on musical questions; compositions are of no importance compared to La musique a Oudenarde avant le XIX siecle in 7 vols., and other authori- tative works, the results of careful research in archives. Van der Stucken (van-der-stoo'-ken), Frank Valentin, condr. b. Fredericks- burg, Texas, Oct. 15, 1858. Went to Antwerp 1866; pupil there of Benolt, at Leipzig of Reinecke, Grieg, and Langer; capellmeister Breslau 1881-82; in Rudolstadt with Grieg and in Weimar with Liszt 1883; director Arion Soc. New York 1884 (taking soc. on tour in Europe 1892), of concerts of " novelties " and of American comprs., in N. Y. 1885-88, of Cincinnati Cons, and Orch. 1895, dean of Cin. Coll. of Mus. 1897-1903; resigned 1908 and removed to Europe; composed songs, choral works, music to Shakespeare's Tempest and orchestral pieces Idylle, Pax Triumphans, symphonic prolog (he first used the term) William Ratcliff; work both as compr. and condr. shows power, full command of widest modern forces and methods, and originality of idea. Van Dyck (van-dik), Ernest Marie Hubert, dram, tenor, b. Antwerp, Apr. 2, 1861. Studied law first, was journalist at Brussels and Paris; pupil in mus. of Callaerts, Demast, Wicart, and Bax; sang at Lamou- reux concerts, Paris, 1883-88, sing- ing Lohengrin for first time in Paris at concert performance, and other Wagnerian parts; sang and acted the role at Bayreuth 1888; then engaged at Vienna, Paris Op<3ra 1888 for about ten years, at St. Petersburg, London, and in America (where he first sang in Chicago 1899). Van Rooy (van roy), Anton [Antonius Maria Josephus], dram, baritone. b. Rotterdam, Jan. 12, 1870. Boy chorister; then in cigar business; studied with Stockhausen at Frank- fort; first successes in concert; sang at Bayreuth 1897, London 1898, New York 1899; Wotan one of great parts. Van Westerhout (van ves'-ter-6t), Niccolo, compr. b. Mola di Bari, Italy, Dec., 1862; d. Naples, Aug. 21, 1898. Studied with Arienzo at Roy. Cons. Naples; taught harmony there after 1897; composed 5 operas, symph., vln. concerto, excellent pf. pieces, etc.; theatre in Mola named for him. Van Zandt, Marie, dram. sop. b. New York, Oct. 8, 1861. Pupil of Lamperti; d6but Turin 1879; sang in London, Paris 1880-85; tours throughout Europe and America 1890; back at Opera Comique 1896; voice light, but sweet ; on one or two occasions it has failed her, and caused reversals in otherwise suc- cessful career; Mignon her great part. Vecchi (vec'-ke), Orazio, compr. b. Modena, 1550; d. there, Feb. 19, 1605. Canon and archdeacon of Correggio; maestro at Modena Cath. and at ducal court; composed can- zonets, madrigals, etc., but most notably Amfiparnasso, " commedia VECSEY VIADANA harmonica," series of 5-part madri- gals accompanied by pantomime (1597), early step in direction of operatic music. Vecsey (vetchy), Franz von, vlt. b. Budapest, Mar. 23, -1893. Father vlt., mother pst.; pupil of Hubay; debut as infant prodigy Budapest; played in Berlin 1903, and England 1904; later in U. S. especially praised by Joachim. Veracini (vg-ra-che-nl) , Francesco Maria, vlt. b. Florence, about 1685; d. near Pisa, 1750. Appearance at Venice had great influence on Tar- tini's style; soloist at London Italian opera 1715-17; chamber virtuoso at Dresden and at Prague; again in London 1735-36, success of his opera Adriano did not counterbalance his envy of rival, Geminiani; retired 1747; compositions, 24 vln. sonatas, etc.; rather modern in feeling. Verdelot (var-de-lo), Philippe, compr. d. before 1567. Lived at Florence 1530-40; singer at St. Mark's, Venice ; composed several books of madri- gals, motets, and masses. Verdi (var'de), Fortunio Giuseppe Fran- cesco, compr. b. Le Roncole, near Busseto, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813; d. Milan, Jan. 27, 1901. Son of work- ing people; org. lessons from local orgt. whom he succeeded at 11; while employed in distillery at Busseto, lived in house of musical people, took lessons of one, Provesi, j and became leader of local Philhar- I monic Society; refusal of authorities j to admit him to Milan Cons, (they did not find evidence of talent for music) sent him back to Busseto where he conducted an orchestra in face of opposition; 1838, two years after marriage to Margherita Barezzi moved to Milan; failure of first opera and death of wife and two children came close together; first success was Nabucco 1842, followed by I Lom- bardi 1843 and the triumph of Ernani, 1844; then after several minor works came Rigoletto 1851, Trovatore and Traviata 1853, Uri ballo in maschera 1859; with Laforza del destino 1862, and Don Carlos 1867, and markedly in Alda (written for Khedive of Egypt, 1st performed at Cairo 1871), he turned away from earlier style which was the purely lyric Italian manner to one with more attention to richness of orchestration and appropriateness of music; between 1871 and 1887, Verdi wrote no dra- matic works, only the Manzoni Requiem 1874; in 1887 with Otello and 1893 with Falstaff he achieved the only adequate operatic settings of Shakespeare, and also wrote with an entire truthfulness of dramatic expression, an elaborateness of in- strumentation, and an absence of empty ornament surprising in a man so old and so successful in other styles; question of the influ- ence of Wagner on these later works is still debated, but the influence seems to have been limited to seri- ousness of attitude and careful orchestration rather than in adapt- ing of leit motif or subordination of voice parts. In still widely pop- ular earlier operas he shows a fer- tility of melody scarcely equaled by any one except Rossini, which overbalances the extreme thinness of his orchestration. Vere (var), Clementine Duchgne de [de Vere-Sapio], sop. b. Paris. Pupil of Mme. Albertine-Baucarde" at Florence; de"but there at 16; after concert success in Europe, returned to stage 1896; came to U. S. 1899 with troupe managed by her hus- band, Sapio; sang in N. Y. 1897, etc.; strong, brilliant soprano; Lucia one of favorite parts. Verhulst (var-hoolsf), Johannes Jo- sephus Herman, compr. b. The Hague, Mar. 19, 1816; d. there, Jan. 17, 1891. Studied at local Cons, with Volcke, at Cologne with Klein, and at Leipzig with Mendels- sohn; condr. Euterpe concerts, Leip- zig; Royal Mus. Dir. at The Hague 1842; condr. of concerts of Soc. for Promotion of Mus. at Rotterdam; organizer of great Dutch festivals; condr. of Diligentia 1860-86 and Cecilia concerts at The Hague; re- tired 1886; composed symph., 3 overtures, 7 festival cantatas which give him high rank among Dutch comprs.; friend of Schumann. Viadana (ve-a-da'-na), Ludovico da [properly L. Grossi], compr. b. Via- dana, near Mantua, 1564; d. Gual- tieri, May 2, 1645. Member of VIARDOT-GARCIA VINCENT monastic order; maestro at Mantua 1594-1609, and after 1644, in the meantime at Fano and Venice; to his Cento Concerti, 1602, used to be attributed use of basso continue, but figured bass occurs in works of Banchieri 1595; V. was, however, first to use the term, and first to use bass as necessary part of church con- certo, distinctly in style of modern melodic comp. Viardot-Garcia (vi-ar-do garthi'-a), [Michelle Ferdinande] Pauline, dram, mezzo sop. b. Paris, July 18, 1821. d. Paris, May 18, 1910. Daughter of Manuel del P. G. with whom she early went to America; pf. lessons in Mexico and after return to Europe of Meysenberg and Liszt; studied comp. with Reicha; concert dbut Brussels 1837; stage dbut London 1839; sang at The&tre Italien, Paris, 1839, until marriage with director Viardot 1841; then long tours in Europe; created Fides in Le Prophete, 1849, and Sapho, 1851, at Paris Opfra ; sang Orphee and Alceste in revival of Gluck's operas at Paris 1859, and Brussels 1861; retired 1863; taught Paris Cons. 1871-75; among pupils Artot, A. Sterling, M. Brandt; com- posed operas, vocalises, etc. Daugh- ters Louise Heritte-V., teacher of singing, and compr. ; Mme. Chamerot V. and Marianne V., concert singers. Son Paul vlt. and writer. Vidal (vi-dal), Louis Antoine, writer. b. Rouen, July 10, 1820; d. Paris, Jan. 7, 1891. Pupil of Franchomme on 'cello; great work Les instruments d archet, 3 volumes, with illustra- tions, giving accounts of bow instru- ments, famous makers, virtuosi, of music printing, and catalogs of cham- ber music. Vidal, Paul Antonin, compr. b. Tou- louse, June 16, 1863. Won Grand prix de Rome at Paris Cons. 1881; teacher there of solfeggio since 1894, of pf. accomp. since 1896; condr. of Sunday concerts and 1896 chef d'orchestre at Paris OpeYa; com- posed ballets, pantomimes, comic operas (La maladetta, etc.), oratorio Le noel, orch. suites. Vierling (ver-ling), Georg, compr. b. Frankenthal, Palatinate, Sept. 5, 1820; d. Wiesbaden, June 1, 1901. Pupil of father, orgt., of Neeb, Rinck, and Marx; orgt. at Frankfort-on- Oder 1847; condr. Liedertafel at Mayence 1852-53; founder and condr. Berlin Bach-Verein; resigned 1859; composed chiefly cantatas and other choral works (Hero und Lean- der) O Roma noblis, for 6-part chorus, symphony, overtures. Vieuxtemps (vie-ton), Henri, vlt. b. Venders, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1820; d. Mustapha, Algiers, June 6, 1881. Pupil of father, instr. maker and tuner, Lecloux (with whom he made tour at 8), pf De Beriot at Brussels; while playing in Paris, Germany, Austria, and London, took lessons in comp. from Sechter in Vienna and Reicha in Paris; tours in Russia 1838-39, America 1844-45 (again in 1857 and 1870); vlt. to Czar and prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1846- 52; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1871-73; paralysis of left side ended career 1873; as player he was fond of dra- matic effects and was remarkable for perfect intonation; with De Be>ipt, founder of modern school pf playing; compositions, especially six concertos, are popular. Vilbac (v!l-bak), Alphonse Charles Renaud de, pst., orgt. b. Mont- pellier, June 3, 1829; d. Brussels, Mar. 19, 1884. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Lemoine, Hale'vy, and Benoist; Grand prix de Rome 1844; orgt. at St. Eugene, Paris, after 1856; nearly blind; composed much cheap mus. besides operas Au dair de lune, Almanzor, method and pleasant pieces for pf. Villoing (vil'loing), Alexander Ivano- vitch, pf. teacher, b. St. Petersburg, 1808; d. there, Sept., 1878. Teacher of Anton and Nicolas Rubinstein; author of Ecole pratique du piano with clever exercises, and of concerto and pf. pieces. Vincent, Charles John, orgt., compr. b. Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, Eng., Sept. 19, 1852. Pupil of father, chorister at Durham Cath. under Armes; studied at Leipzig Cons.; various appointments as orgt.; head of firm of music pub- lishers in London; examiner for Trinity Coll.; composed oratorio VINCI Ruth, cantatas, overtures, songs; wrote First Principles of A/MS., Choral Instructor for Treble Voices, etc. Vinci (vin'-che), Leonardo, compr * b. Strongoli, Calabria, 1690; d. Naples, 1732. Studied with Greco at Naples Cons.; maestro at Royal Chapel, Naples; entered monastery of Broth- ers of the Rosary 1728; as opera compr. noteworthy for simple dra- matic emotion and quality of ac- comp.; most noted operas are Ifigenia in Tauride, Didone abban- donata, Alessandro nell' Indie; said to have been poisoned. Viotti (ve-ot'tl), Giovanni Battista, vlt., compr. b. Fontaneto da P6, Ver- celli, Italy, May 23, 1753; d. London, Mar. 3, 1824. Son of blacksmith; without teaching played so well that he was sent to Pugnani at Turin; member of royal orch.; after 1780 made tours to Germany, Russia, London, and Paris, with great suc- cess; irritated at lack of attention at one of his concerts, gave up play- ing and devoted himself to teaching (Rode and Baillot were pupils) and direction of Italian opera with Lon- ard until the Revolution; after living in London and Hamburg, settled in Paris again; director of Ope>a 1819- 22 when he resigned; as composer of nearly 30 concertos, sonatas, etc., teacher and performer, he is leader of modern vln. music; " the first to apply to the vln. concerto the full system of sonata form and the new resources of orchestration." [Pratt.] Virdung (vlr-doongh'), Sebastian, orgt. [Dates not known.] Priest; orgt. at Basle; author of important early illustrated work Musica Getutscht, etc., Basle, 1511, describing mus. instruments of period and giving tab- lature of lute and flute. Visetti (vi-set'-tl), Alberto Antonio, condr., teacher, b. Spalato, Dalma- tia, May 13, 1846. Studied at Milan Cons, with Mazzucato; conducted concerts at Nice; condr. to Empress Eugenie in Paris; at fall of Empire j became director of vocal dept. in London Nat'l Training School; wrote History of Art of Singing, translated into Italian Hullah's Hist, of Mod. Mus. and Hueffer's Studies. VOGLER Vitali (vi-ta'-le), Giovanni Battista, compr. b. Cremona, about 1644; d. Modena, Oct. 12, 1692. Pupil of Cazzati; via. player inch, in Bologna; 2d maestro to Duke of Modena after 1674; important compr. in sonata form before Corelli. Vittoria, Tomaso Ludovico da [properly Tomas Luis de Victoria], compr. b. Avila, Spain, about 1540; d. Madrid, about 1613. Pupil at Rome of Escobedo and Morales; maestro at German Coll. 1573, at San Apollinare 1575; vice-maestro at Royal Chapel, Madrid, 1589-1602; contemporary and friend of Palestrina; published hymns (before P's), motets, and masses (especially noteworthy is a requiem); style closely resembles that of Palestrina, but is, neverthe- less, not merely imitative. Vivaldi (vl-val'-dl), Antonio, vlt. b. Venice, about 1680; d. there, 1743. Son of vlt. at San Marco; early ordained priest and called " il prete rosso " because of red hair; in service of Elector of Darmstadt; director after 1713 of Venetian Cons, della Pieta, and vlt. at St. Mark's; wrote about 25 operas and many vln. con- certos, of which Bach arranged 16 for clavier, 4 for org. and one for four claviers and string orch. Vogl (vogl), Johann Michael, tenor. b. Steyr, Aug. 10, 1768; d. Vienna, Nov. 19, 1840. Law student at Vienna; under persuasion of Siiss- mayer joined opera co. at Court Th. 1794-1822; first to introduce to public songs of Schubert who was his friend and companion. Vogler (vog'-ler), Georg Joseph [known as Abt V.], compr., orgt. b. Wurz- burg, June 15, 1749; d. Darmstadt, May 6, 1814. Pupil of Padre Martini at Bologna, and of Vallotti at Padua; entered holy orders in Rome; found- ed Tonschule, became court chap- lain and 2d capellmeister at Mann- heim; journeyed to Paris, Spain, and the Orient 1783-86; court condr., founder of mus. school at Stockholm 1786-99; court capellm. and again founder of mus. school at Darmstadt; Meyerbeer and Weber his pupils; traveled with portable organ to illustrate his theories of simplifica- tion of instrument; wrote advanced theoretical works on harmony, choral VOGRICH VUILLAUME singing, etc., some 10 operas, much church and org. music. Vogrich (vog'-ritch), Max Wilhelm Carl, pst., compr. b. Hermannstadt, Transylvania, Jan. 24, 1852. Played in public at 7; pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Wenzel, Reinecke, Moscheles, etc.; long tours in Europe and S. America 1870-78, N. America with Wilhelmj 1878, Australia 1882-86; since 1886 living in N. Y.; produced 4 operas with his own librettos, oratorio, cantatas, mass, 2 symph., vln. con- certo, numerous pf. pieces. Vogt, A. S., orgt., compr., condr. b. Washington, Ont., Aug. 14, 1861; father an organ builder; showed early aptitude for music; organist at twelve; educated in public schools and abroad; early musical education begun under local teachers, contin- ued at New England Conservatory, 1881-82 under Dunham, Emery, and Buckingham, and at Leip- zig under Jadassohn, Klengel, Ren- berg, Ruthardt and Reinecke; re- turned to Toronto in 1888; orgt. and choirmaster at Jarvis St. Baptist church, choir gaining splendid repu- tation during his incumbency up to 1906; teacher in Toronto College of Music 1888-92, Toronto Conserva- tory of Music from 1892 to the pres- sent (1910); conductor Mendelssohn Choir, of Toronto, one of the best in America; author of Modern Piano- forte Technique (1900); composer of part-songs; for several years music critic of Toronto Saturday Night. Vogt, Jean, pst., compr. b. Gross-tinz, Jan. 17, 1823, near Leignitz; d. Eberswalde, July 31 , 1888. Pupil of Bach and Grell in Berlin, and Hesse and Seidel in Breslau; made many concert tours; in 1861 he located in Dresden, in 1865 went to Berlin as teacher in the Stern Cons., and in 1871 to New York; returned to Ber- lin in 1873; most important work an oratorio, Lazarus. Voigt, Henriette [nee Kuntze], pst. b. Leipzig, Nov. 24, 1808; d. there, Oct. 15, 1839. Pupil of Berger, and friend of Rochlitz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann. , Volbach (vol-bak), Fritz, condr. b. Wipperfurth, near Cologne, Dec. 17, 1861. Studied at Cologne Cons., at Heidelberg and Bonn, and at Royal Acad. Berlin with Haupt, Taubert, and Loeschhorn; teacher of hist, and Gregorian chant at Inst. for Ch. Mus. 1887; condr. Klindworth Cho- rus; condr. of choral societies in Mayence 1892; comp. symph. poems Ostern, Alt Heidelberg du feine, can- tatas, etc.; has written life of Handel and books on performing of H's works and on Gregorian chant. Volckmar (volk'-mar), Wilhelm Valen- tin, orgt. b. Hersfeld, Kassel, Dec. 26, 1812; d. Homberg, near Kassel, Aug. 27, 1887. Ph.D. at Marburg; mus. teacher at Homburg Seminary after 1835; excellent performer and compr. of org. concertos, 20 sonatas, symph., method, and exercises. Volkmann, Friedrich Robert, compr. b. Lommatzsch, Saxony, Apr. 6, 1815; d. Pesth, Oct. 30, 1883. Org. and pf. pupil of father, a cantor; vln. and 'cello with Friebel, comp. with Anacker and K. F. Becker at Leipzig; encouraged by Schumann; taught at Prague 1839-42, and, except for 1854-58 at Vienna, at Pesth, part of the time at Nat'l Acad.; composed 2 symphonies, serenades for strings and overtures and smaller works for various instruments, many pf. works, 2 masses, sacred and secular songs, etc.; akin to Schumann in manner of writing, V. is most widely known for string serenades. Voss, Charles, pst. b. Schmarsow, near Demmin, Pomerania, Sept. 20, 1815; d. Verona, Aug. 28, 1882. After study in Berlin, became great favor- ite in Paris; composed much salon music and some serious concertos, Etudes, etc. Vuillaume (vwe-yom), Jean Baptiste, vln.-maker. b. Mirecourt, Vosges, Oct. 7, 1798; d. Paris, Mar. 19, 1879. Worked with father Claude, at Paris with Chanot, and in partnership with Le'te'; after 1828 alone; enthu- siasm for old vlns. so hindered sale of his own that he manufactured almost perfect imitations of Strads. and of Duiffopruggar vlns. and 'cellos (theory that D. was perfector of vln. due to these forgeries); several inventions, octobasse, contre-alto, p6dale sourdine, machine for making gut strings of equal thickness, etc. WACHS WAGNER w Wachs (vaks), Etienne Victor Paul, pst. b. Paris, Sept. 19, 1851. Stud- ied at Paris Cons, with Masse 1 , Mar- montel, and C. Franck; 1st prize org. playing 1877; orgt. at St. Mary; treatises on harmony and counter- point; comp. popular pf. pieces. Wachtel (vak'-tel), Theodor, dram. ten. b. Hamburg, Mar. 10, 1823; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Nov. 14, 1893. Son of livery stable keeper, whose business he carried on until voice was "discovered"; pupil of Fraulein Grandjean; d6but in Hamburg, and, after further study in Vienna, sang in many cities, London 1862, Berlin 1865, Paris 1869, U. S. 1871 and 1875; brilliant lyric tenor, good in French and Italian operas. Waelrant (wal'-ront), Hubert, teacher. b. Tongerloo, Brabant, about 1517; d. Antwerp, Nov. 19, 1595. Stud- ied with Willaert at Venice; founder of school in Antwerp 1547, partner of Laet as publisher; "as teacher he broke with old system of solmisation by hexachords, introducing new system of 7-tone names, 60, ce, di, ga, lo, ma, ni, called bocedisation or bobisation." Wagenseil (va'-gen-sil), Georg Chris- toph, compr. b. Vienna, Jan. 15, 1715; d. there, Mar. 1, 1777. Pupil of J. J. Fux; mus. teacher to Maria Theresa, teacher and compr. to her children ; composed divertimenti, symph., sonatas, operas, etc. Wagner (vag'-ner), Cosima, b. Dec. 25, 1841. Daughter of Franz Liszt and Countess d'Agoult, who wrote over pseud, of Daniel Stern; after their separation, C. lived with Liszt's mother, then with mother of Hans von Billow, whom she married in 1857; visited Wagner and his wife on their wedding trip and again a year later; C. went to live with Wag- ner about 1864, and after her divorce from Von Biilow, in 1869, married W. 1870; her devotion and sym- pathy were a great support to him during his life; after his death she managed the Bayreuth festivals. Wagner, Richard [orig. Wilhelm Rich- ard], compr. b. Leipzig, May 22, 1818; d. Venice, Feb. 13, 1883. Son of Friedrich W., clerk of the police, and Johanna Rosina, nee Bertz; after death of Fr., widow married Ludwig Geyer, actor, singer, author and portrait painter who took her children to Dresden; Richard went to the Kreuzschule, and 1827, when family moved to Leipzig after death of stepfather, to Nikolai Gymnasium at Leipzig; took early interest in mythology, great tragedies, and in music, though he never learned to play on an instrument; after some independent attempts at comp., had some ineffective lessons from G. Miiller, and while student pf philol- ogy and esthetics at Leipzig Univ., studied comp. with Th. Weinlig and became familiar with scores of Beethoven and Mozart; symphony performed 1833; 1833 became chorus- master at Wvirzburg Th., where his brother Albert was singer and stage manager, here wrote Die Feen, not performed until 1888; 1834 condr. of Magdeburg Th., where two per- formances of his Das Liebesverbot ended its career; married Wilhelmine Planer 1836; condr. at Konigsberg 1837, at Riga 1837; 1839-42 lived in great poverty in Paris, compos- ing songs, arranging dances, etc., trying to get hearing at Ope>a, where, despite some help from Mey- erbeer, he got but little for the li- bretto for The Flying Dutchman. With the performance of Rienzi in Dresden 1842, began W's fame and his even greater troubles (he was there to superintend rehearsals); its great success led to performance 1843 of Der Fliegende Hollander, which was, however, too advanced to succeed. The remaining events of his life, briefly, are as follows: Became condr. at Dresden 1843 and produced Tannhauser there 1844; his Proposition for Nat. Th. having been ignored, W. became impatient and expressed some sympathy with May Revolution; as a result, he was obliged to leave Dresden 1849; lived WAGNER WALLNOFER in Zurich for 3 years, publishing many pamphlets (The Art Works of the Future, Judaism in Music, Opera and Drama, etc.), in which he ex- pounded many of the theories he later put into practise; 1855 con- ducted 8 concerts in London; 1860 Liszt produced Lohengrin at Weimar; 1861, after concerts in France, came three performances of Tannhauser in Paris which ended in practical riots; from 1861-64', W. gave con- certs in Russia and elsewhere; 1863 published poem of Das Ring der Nibelungen, in despair of a chance to produce it; at this juncture Lud- wig II came to the throne of Ba- varia and invited W. to live at Munich and superintend perform- ances of his works; Von Biilow came to conduct, and it was at this time that his wife Cosima transferred her affections to W., who had separated from his wife in 1860; 1865, owing to protests of Ludwig's court against extravagant favors, W. left Munich for Switzerland, where he lived until 1872, when he moved to Bayreuth; Tristan and Die Meistersinger were produced at Munich in 1865 and '68; and there were preliminary perform- ances of parts of the Ring 1869, '70; W. societies, formed all over the world, raised money to build theatre at Bayreuth, where finally the com- plete Ring 1876, and Parsifal 1882, were performed; died while at Venice for health. The chief reforms which W. introduced into the opera are first, unity to which drama, music, and scenery all contribute, conse- quent subordination of singers, and removal of all separate numbers and opportunities for individual display; second, the expression by the ac- companying orchestra of the states of mind and soul of the characters, made clear by the use of leading motives, that is, short musical phrases identified with single ideas. Aside from these technical points, the music is the loftiest attempt yet made in the history of opera, for gen- eral depth -of significance combined with rare beauty of tone. His son, Wagner, Siegfried Richard, compr. b. Triebschen, June 6, 1869. Studied architecture at polytechnic school; music with Kniese and Humperdinck; concert cpndr. in vari- ous places in Germany since 1893; at Bayreuth as assistant dir. since 1894, joint condr. since 1896; compr. of symph. poem Sehnsucht, and operas Der Barenhduter 1899, Herzog Wild- fang 1901, Der Kobold 1904, Stern- engebot 1908, Banadietrich 1909. Waldteufel (vald'-toi-fel), Emil, compr. b. Strassburg, Dec. 9, 1837. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel and Laurent; exhibitor in pf. manufac- tory; success of waltzes turned him to comp.; compr. to Empress Eu- genie, dir. of court balls; very popu- lar compr. of dances Espana, Estu- diantina, etc. Walker, Edyth, dram, contralto, b. Hopewell, New York, 1870. At first school-teacher; church singer; pupil of Orgeni at Dresden Cons., sang at Vienna Court Opera 1899-1903; at New York since 1903; developed her voice, naturally of great range, so that she now sings soprano parts. Walker, Ernest, orgt., writer, b. Bom- bay, July 15, 1870. Author of His- tory of Mus. in England; compr. of songs for 1, 2, and 4 voices, which are praised for delightful originality; successful settings to verses by W. E. Henley. Wallace, William Vincent, compr. b. Waterford, Ireland, June 1, 1814; d. Chateau de Bages, Haute Ga- ronne, Oct. 12, 1865. Vlt. in Dub- lin churches; after 1835 wandered to Australia, S. America, Mexico, U. S., etc. giving successful concerts; in London 1845-47, prod. Maritana, Matilda of Hungary; after 1853 chiefly in London and Paris; operas, especially Maritana, Lurline, The Amber Witch, etc., were very success- ful, as were also pf. nocturnes; operas full of fluent if somewhat ordinary melody, and rivaled Balfe's in popularity. Wallnofer (val'-ne"f-er), Adolf, singer. b. Vienna, Apr. 26, 1854. Studied comp. with Waldmuller and others, singing with Rokitansky; sang con- certs in Vienna as baritone; after 1880 sang tenor at Olmiitz, with Neumann's Wagner Co., at Bremen, and Prague, New York 1897-99, and Russia; composed 3 operas and many ballads (Schon Rohtraut, etc.). WALMISLEY WASIELEWSKI Walmisley, Thomas Forbes, compr. b. London, 1783; d. there, July 23, 1866. Pupil of Thomas Attwpod; orgt. at St. Martin-in-the-Fields after 1810; composed many popular glees, of which he published 4 col- lections. Son Thomas Attwood W. (1814-1856), orgt., prof, of music at Cambridge, compr. of church music. Walther von der Vogelweide (val'-ter von-der vo'-gel-wi-dg), minnesinger, b. in Tyrol, about 1168; d. Wiirz- burg, about 1230. Most famous lyric poet of mediaeval Germany; introduced as character in Die Meistersinger by Wagner. Walther (val'-ter), Johann Gottfried, orgt., lexicographer, b. Erfurt, Sept. 18, 1684; d. Weimar, Mar. 23, 1748. Studied with Adlung, Kretschmar, and J. B. Bach; orgt. Erfurt 1702; town orgt. at Weimar 1707, court musician 1720; compr. of choral variations, preludes, fugues, etc.; chief work Musikalisches Lexikon, first encyclopedia of biography, terms, etc., 1732, a work whose value is greater than would appear from meagre mention of W's friend J. S. Bach; corrections prepared for the second edition were used by Gerber. Walthew, Richard Henry, compr. b. Islington, London, Nov. 4, 1872. Pupil at Roy. Coll. Mus. of Hubert Parry; first gained notice by per- formance of own concerto, London, 1894; has comp. orch. suite, festival march, pieces for clarinet and pf., and music to Browning's Pied Piper of Hamelin. Wanhal (van-hal), Tohann Baptist, compr. b. Neu-Nechanitz, Bohemia, May 12, 1739; d. Vienna, Aug. 26, 1813. Son of peasant; at first self- taught, later studied in Italy; men- tally deranged for several years; compr. of numerous symph., sonatas (some with titles, Battle of Trafalgar, etc.), and chamber music; very pop- ular at time of Haydn despite super- ficiality of his music. Wareing, Herbert Walter, orgt. b. Birmingham, Apr. 5, 1857. Pupil of Swinnerton Heap, and at Leip- zig of Reinecke, Jadassohn, etc.; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1886; vari- ous org. appointments; pf. prof, at Malvern Coll.; composed cantatas ( New Year's Eve, Wreck of the Hes- perus), overture, 10 concert pieces for vln. and pf., anthems, and services. Warren, George William, orgt. b. Albany, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1828. Self- taught; positions in Albany, Brook- lyn, and at St. Thomas's, N. Y.; composed church music and pub- lished Hymns and Tunes. Warren, Richard Henry, condr., compr., orgt. b. Albany, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1859. Son of George William War- ren, orgt.; began study of music at an early age; orgt. and choirmaster in New York at various churches after 1877; 1907 at Church of the Ascension, which position he still holds (1910); condr. N. Y. Church Choral Society 1886-1895, 1903- 1907, and of series of orchestral con- certs 1905; condr. Yonkers Choral Society; has composed 6 operettas, cantata, orchestral works, string quartet, songs, anthems, etc. Warren, Samuel Prowse, orgt. b. Montreal, Feb. 18, 1841. Org. pupil pf Haupt, pf. of Gustav Schumann, instrumentation of Wieprecht; orgt. at All Souls', N. Y. 1866-68, at Trinity 1874-76, .at Grace Church 1868-74 and 1876-94; since 1895 1st Presby. at Orange, N. J., has given great many recitals throughout coun- try; compr. of church music, part- songs, org. and pf. mus. Wartel (var-tel'), Pierre Fransois, tenor, singing teacher, b. Versailles, Apr. 3, 1806; d. Paris, Aug., 1882. Studied at Choron's Inst., at Paris Cons, under Banderali, and Nourrit; (1st prize 1829); dbut 1830; sang at Paris Op4ra for 15 years; after tours, taught in Paris; Trebelli among pupils. WasielewsM (va-sl-e-lef'-ski), Joseph W. von, vlt. b. Gross-Leesen, near Danzig, June 17, 1822; d. Sonders- hausen, Dec. 13, 1896. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of David, Hauptmann, and Mendelssohn and of David pri- vately; member of Gewandhaus Orch!; critic for Signale and other journals; concertmaster at Di'issel- dorf under Schumann 1850-52; condr. singing society at Bonn; after living in Dresden, became town mus. WATSON WECKERLIN dir. at Bonn, 1869-1884, when he re- tired; taught history at Sonders- hausen Cons.; wrote lives of Schu- mann, Reinecke, etc., histories of vln., 'cello, and of instrumental music; composed vln. music and patriotic songs. Watson, William Michael, compr. b. Newcastle-on-Tyne, July 31, 1840; d. E. Dulwich, London, Oct. 3, 1889. Founded West End Sch. of Mus., London, 1883; composed cantata Aladdin, songs (Afloat, my country calls me, etc.), pf. mus.; wrote poetry; composed under pseudonym Jules Favre. Webb, George James, orgt. b. Rush- more Lodge, near Salisbury, Eng., June 24, 1803; d. Orange, N. J., Oct. 7, 1887. Orgt. at Falmouth, at Old South Ch., Boston, after 1830; co-founder and condr. Boston Acad- emy of Mus. 1836; pres. Handel and Haydn Soc. 1840; went to Orange 1870, and retired there, after teach- ing in N. Y. 1876-85; edited period- icals Mus. Library, Mus. Cabinet, published Vocal Technics, etc., edited Young Ladies' Vocal Class Book, and similar collections; did much to establish popular interest in music and to extend public instruction. Webbe, Samuel, compr. b. Minorca, 1740; d. London, May 25, 1816. Pupil of Barbandt; master of music at Portuguese chapel in London; secretary to Catch Club 1784; li- brarian of Glee Club 1787; composed nine books of glees, 27 of them win- ning Catch Club prizes (Discord, dire sister, When winds breathe soft, etc.). His N son Samuel W., Jr. (1770-1843), also composed catches, and held several positions as orgt. Weber (va'-ber), Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst, Freiherr von, compr. b. Eu- tin, Aldenburg, Dec. 18, 1786; d. London, June 5, 1826. Son of lieu- tenant, counsellor and judge; youth spent among wandering actors, etc.; pupil of his brother, of Heuschkel, of M. Haydn, and Kalcher, and of Abt Vogler in Vienna; private secretary to Duke of Wiirttemberg, gay life cut short by imprisonment and exile for insult to King; wandered to Mannheim, Darmstadt, Switzer- land, giving concerts; mus. dir. 'of opera in Prague 1813, worked hard to accomplish improved results; established a national opera at Dresden 1817; encountered difficul- ties as champion of German opera against Italian; composed cantata, a very popular concert piece, Invi- tation to the Dance, for pf. and orch., and songs; became widely known, however, only in 1821 with per- formance of Der Freischiltz at Ber- lin; Euryanthe followed 1823; Oberon was composed on order from London and brought out there 1826; after con- ducting 12 performances of the work W. died. He composed many works for pf . (of which he was distinguished player), some for orch., but is most important as opera compr. Keen, first hand knowledge of the stage enabled him to make his works dramatically effective, and he seems to have anticipated Wagner in de- sire to have all the arts contribute to one operatic whole. Depth of meaning and significance, and lofti- ness of expression are entirely lack- ing in his work; his melodies are often superficial and his accompani- ments heavy. His value lies in his power of presenting a romantic pict- ure, of suggesting the emotional setting of a folk-story, by ingenious details of orchestral color (he made several discoveries in wood-wind effects). He was the first thorough- ly German opera compr. and the first of the line of German roman- ticists. Weber, Gottfried, theorist, b. Freins- heim, near Mannheim, Mar. 1, 1779; d. Kreuznach, Sept. 21, 1839. Lawyer, public prosecutor at Darm- stadt; amateur pst., 'cellist, and flute player; condr. soc. at Mannheim, founder of cons, there; opera direc- tor at Mayence; his Versuch einer Geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst introduced system of indicating major chords by capital, minor by small letters, etc.; wrote other theo- retical books and articles; founded journal Cacilia 1824. Weckerlin (vek'-ar'-lan), Jean Bap- tiste Theodore, writer, b. Gebweiler, Alsatia, Nov. 9, 1821; d. Paris, May 20, 1910. Left business of cotton- dyeing 1844 to study at Paris Cons, with Ponchard and Halevy; taught; WEELKES WEISS joint dir. of Soc. Ste. C6cile; asst. librarian at Cons. 1869, librarian 1876-1909; published bibliog. cata- log 1885; success with one-act opera L'Organiste dans I'embarras followed by others; compr. of larger choral works; has written Histoire de V in- strumentation, Musiciana (interest- ing anecdotes and essays), collected Chansons populaires des provinces, etc. Weelkes, Thomas, compr. b. about 1578; d. Dec., 1623. Orgt. at Win- chester Coll. 1600, at Chichester Cath. 1608; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1602; published ballets and madrigals from 1598 to 1614, contributing 4s Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending to the Triumphs of Oriana; part-writ- ing excellent and original. Wegelius (va-ga'-lius), Martin, condr., compr. b. Helsingfors, Nov. 10, 1848. Student of philosophy and condr. of academical choral society; pupil of Bibl at Vienna and of Rich- ter and Paul in Leipzig; condr. Fin- nish opera and mus. soc. at Helsing- fors, director of cons.; published overture, cantatas, songs, etc., Swed- ish text-book on harmony, and Course in Key Finding. Weidenbach (vl-den-bak), Johannes, pf. teacher, b. Dresden, Nov. 29, 1847; d. Leipzig, June 28, 1902. Pupil at Leipzig Cons., and teacher there from 1873. Weigl (vlgl), Joseph, compr. b. Eisen- stadt, Hungary, Mar. 28, 1766; d. Vienna, Feb. 3, 1846. Son of orch. 'cellist and opera singer; studied with Albrechtsberger and Salieri; produced over 30 operas 1788-1825, mostly for La Scala, Milan; 2d court condr. 1825, and after that wrote masses, offertories, etc.; most popular opera Die Schweizerfamilie; long in repertoire. Weil, Oscar, compr., teacher, b. Co- lumbia Co., N. Y., 1839. Educa- tion carried on in private school at Albany, N. Y., after which he went to Leipzig, where he studied under Richter, Reinecke, and Plaidy, and at Paris, where he became closely acquainted with Stephen Heller; served in the War of the Rebellion in which he was wounded, and com- menced his professional career after the close of the war; compositions include four operas, many songs, duets, etc., ana piano pieces; now (1910) lives in San Francisco. Weingartner (vln'-gart-ner), Paul Felix, condr., compr. b. Zara, Dalmatia, June 2, 1863. Pupil of W. A. Remy, won Mozart Prize at Leipzig Cons., and stayed with Liszt at Weimar; th. condr. at Konigsberg 1884, Danzig 1885-87, and Hamburg 1887- 89, Mannheim 1889-91; 2d capell- meister Berlin Court opera 1891-97; ill health obliged him to resign all but conducting of symph. concerts 1897; 1898-1908 conducted Kaim Orch. in Munich; 1908 succeeded Mahler as director of the Vienna Court opera; conducted concerts in America 1904, '05, '06; joint editor of works of Berlioz; composed 3 operas (Sakuntala, Malawika, and Genesius) , 3 symphonies, several sym- phonic poems (Konig Lear, Gefilde der Seligen), songs, sextet, etc.; has written Ueeber das Dirigiren and Die Symphonie nach Beethoven; condr. of remarkable breadth, being able to bring out not only the intellectual structure of a work, but also its poetic significance. Weinlig (vln'-lig), Christian Ehregott, orgt. b. Dresden, Sept. 30, 1743; d. there, Mar. 14, 1813. Pupil of Horhilius; orgt. at Leipzig, Thorn, and at Dresden, where he was also accomp. at Italian Opera; cantor at Kreuzschule 1785; composed so- natas, cantatas, etc. Nephew and pupil Christian Theodor W. (1780- 1842), was cantor at Bologna, Dres- den, and Leipzig; teacher of theory to Richard Wagner; wrote a Magni- ficat, and Anleitung zur Fuge. Weinzierl (vln-zerl), Max, Ritter von, compr. b. Bergstadtl, Bohemia, Sept. 16, 1841; d. Modling, near Vienna, July 10, 1898. Capellmeister at Vienna theatres, chorusmaster of Mannergesangverein ; artistic dir. of singakademie; composed operettas (Don Quixote, etc.), psalm, oratorio, part-songs, etc. Weiss (vis), Julius, vln. teacher, writer. b. Berlin, July 19, 1814. Pupil of Henning and Rungenhagen; music selling business established by father descended to him in 1852; published instructive vln. pieces, critical works. WEITZMANN WESTPHAL Weitzmann (vltz'-man), Karl Fried- rich, teacher, author, b. Berlin, Aug. 10, 1808; d. there, Nov. 7, 1880. Pupil of Henning, Klein, Spohr, and Hauptmann; chorusmaster and vlt. at Riga Th., at Reval 1836; leader of Imp. Orch., St. Petersburg, and ch. mus. dir. there; after study in libra- ries of Paris and London, settled in Berlin as teacher; friend of Liszt; wrote 3 operas, books of studies, on counterpoint, etc., on Greek mus., and, most notably, Geschichte des Klavierspiels und der Klavierliteratur (trans.). Wellings, Joseph Milton, compr. b. Handsworth, Staffordshire, Dec. 4, 1850. Compr. of a "sketch," The Dancing Master (produced London 1894), other larger works, and many popular songs (At the Ferry, Some Day, Only a Rose, etc.) . Wendling (vend'-ling), Carl, vlt. b. Strassburg, Aug. 10, 1875. Pupil of Schuster at Strassburg Cons., of Joachim and Halir at Berlin; con- certmaster 1899-1903 at Meiningen and Stuttgart; of Boston symph. orch. 1907-08; of Festival orch. at Bayreuth; now at Stuttgart. Wenzel (vent'-sel), Ernst Ferdinand, pst. b. Walddorf, Saxony, Jan. 25, 1808; d. Bad Kosen, Aug. 16, 1880. While student of philosophy at Leip- zig was pupil of Wieck and intimate with Schumann; frequent contribu- tor to Neue Zeitschrift; taught pf . at Leipzig Cons. 1843-1880. Wert (vart), Jacob van [Jacques or Giaches de], compr. b. Netherlands, 1536; d. Mantua, May 23, 1596. Going to Italy when young, became maestro to Duke of Mantua about 1566, later at Ch. of Sta. Barbara; prolific compr. of madrigals, motets, etc. Wesley, Samuel, orgt. b. Bristol, Eng., Feb. 24, 1766; d. London, Oct. 11, 1837. Son of hymn writer, and nephew of the famous Methodist; pupil of brother Charles W. (1757- 1834); amazingly precocious vlt. and orgt.; injury to head caused frequent attacks of nervous disease during his life and prevented work altogether after 1830; condr. Bir- mingham Festival; greatest Eng. orgt. of his day both in improvising and in playing works of Handel and Bach; influential in introducing works of latter to England; pub- lished edition of Wohltemperirte Kla- vier 1810; composed much church music, sonatasj marches for pf., etc.; wrote also Letters to Mr. Jacobs about Bach. His son Samuel Sebastian, orgt., compr. b. London, Aug. 14, 1810; d. Gloucester, Apr. 19, 1876. Chorister at Chapel Royal; orgt. at several London churches (at one time at 4 simultaneously), at Here- ford Cath. 1832-34, at Exeter Cath. 1835, at Leeds Parish Ch. 1842, Win- chester Cath. 1849, Gloucester Cath. 1865; condr. there of Three Choirs Festival; Mus. Doc. Oxford; one of best of Eng. church comprs.; wrote anthems (especially vol. of 12), ser- vices, songs, and glees; in every- thing his music was distinguished by exquisite appropriateness; his church music had good influence on contemporaries through dignity and loftiness of tone and its combination of old form with original harmonies. West, John Ebenezer, orgt., compr. b. Hackney, London, Dec. 7, 1863. Son of William W. compr. and Clara soprano; studied at Royal Acad. with Bridge and Prout; orgt. and choirmaster at St. Mary's; adviser to Novello, Ewer & Co.; composed cantatas, incidental music to King Robert of Sicily, overture, org. music, etc. Westbrook, William Joseph, orgt. b. London, Jan. 1, 1831; d. Sydenham, Mar. 24, 1894. Pupil of Temple; several appointments as orgt.; condr. S. Norwood Mus. Soc. 1865-78; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1878; founder, with Hammond and Crowdy, of Musical Standard; comp. oratorio, cantata, services, etc.; translated vln. meth- ods of Alard, De Beriot, and Dancla; wrote Organ Tutor, Alphabet of Mus. Notation, etc. Westphal (vest'-fal), Rudolf Georg Her- mann, writer, b. Oberkirchen, Lip- pe-Schaumburg, July 31, 1826; d. Stadthagen, July 11, 1892. Stud- ied philology at Marburg; lecturer at Tubingen, prof, at Breslau, Jena, Moscow; after 1880 lived in Leipzig and Stadthagen; wrote many books on rhythm and metre, especially that of the Greeks; differed from other WETZLER WIDOR writers in conclusion that Greek music was polyphonic, an opinion which he himself finally abandoned. Wetzler (vetz'-ler), Hermann Hans, orgt., condr. b. Frankfort-on-Main, Sept. 8, 1870. Studied pf. with j Clara Schumann, comp., etc. with B. [ Scholz, Knorr, and Humperdinck; came to N. Y. 1893; orgt. at Trinity Ch. 1897-1901; conducted orch. con- certs 1902, founded W. Symph. Con- certs (Lichtenberg condr.) 1903-05; since then in Hamburg. Composed for pf., concert overture, symph. poem. White, Maude Valerie, compr. b. Di- eppe, June 23, 1855. Studied with May and Rockstro, and at Roy. Acad., where she won Mendelssohn scholarship, and in Vienna; com- posed mass and pf. music, and is ranked very high among women comprs. in England because of songs (especially settings of Shelley), not only for beauty of music but because" of regard to words. Whiting, Arthur Battelle, pst. b. Cam- bridge, Mass., June 20, 1861. Pupil of Sherwood, Chadwick, J. C. D. Parker, and at Munich Mus. Sch. of Rheinberger; after some years in Boston, settled in New York as pst. and teacher; gives frequent recitals and plays with Kneisel and other quartets; has given at Harvard and elsewhere illustrated lectures on chamber music; compositions (song- cycle Floriana, chamber mus., over- ture, suite for string orch. and horn quartet, fantasia for pf. and orch.), noteworthy for intelligent construction, show gain in expres- sive feeling; has published a book on the use of the piano pedals. Whiting, George Elbridge, orgt., compr. J b. Holliston, Mass., Sept. 14, 1842. ! Played at Worcester, Hartford j . (where he founded Beethoven Soc.), and at Boston; after study with G. W. Morgan in N. Y. and Best in Liverpool, and later with Haupt and Radecke at Berlin, taught at N. E. Cons., Boston, resigning 1897; at Cincinnati Coll. of Mus. 1878-83; again at X. E. Cons.; orgt. Church of Immaculate Conception, Boston, 1876-78, and 1883-1910; composed organ sonata and other pieces for the instrument, church music, masses, a festival Te Deum, cantatas, of which The Tale of the Viking and Henry of Navarre are best known, a symph., an overture and concerto. Whitney, Myron William, bass. b. Ashby, Mass., Sept. 5, 1836; d. Sandwich, Mass., Sept. 19, 1910. Studied with Frost, Randegger, and Vannuccini; d6but as oratorio singer, Boston, 1858; success in oratorio, sang also with Boston Ideal Co. in opera; retired 1900. Whitney, Samuel Brenton, orgt. b. Woodstock, Vt., June 4, 1842. Pupil of Wels in N. Y., of Paine in Cam- bridge; orgt. at Appleton Chapel, Cambridge, and at Ch. of the Advent, Boston, 1871-1908; one pf earliest to establish boy choir in America; organized festivals of par- ish choirs; founded class in church music at X. E. Cons.; composed many services, processionals, etc. Wichtl (viktl), Georg, vlt. b. Trost- berg, Bavaria, Feb. 2, 1805; d. Bunz- lau, Silesia, June 3, 1877. Studied at Munich; member of Th. orch.; 1st vlt. in court orch. at Lowen- burg, Silesia; mus. dir. and capellm. there; retired on pension 1863; to Breslau 1870, then to Bunzlau; comp. opera, oratorio, melodrama, mass, and songs, orch. mus., con- certo, method, and many instructive pieces for vln. Wickede (vik'-6-d6), Friedrich von, compr. b. D6mitz-on-Elbe, July 28, 1834; d. Schwerin, Sept. 11, 1904. Army officer, then official in post- office; pupil in mus. of J. Vieth; after 1872 composing in Leipzig and Munich; wrote opera, funeral march forEmp. Wm. I, overture Per aspera ad astra, and notable songs. Widor (vi'-d5r), Charles Marie, orgt., compr. b. Lyons, Feb. 21, 1844. Son of orgt., pupil of Lemmens and Fe'tis at Brussels; orgt. at Lyons 1860-69, at St. Sulpice, Paris, 1870; prof, of org. at Cons. 1890, of coun- terpoint and fugue 1896; critic; elected member of Academy 1910; has composed operas, ballets ( La Kor- rigane was popular), masses, psalms, symphonies for orchestra, etc., but most original works are 10 organ WIECK WILHELMJ "symphonies" (Gothique, etc.); wrote also Technique of Modern Orch. (sup- plement to Berlioz). Wieck (vek), Friedrich, pst., teacher. b. Pretzsch, near Wittenberg, Aug. 18, 1785; d. Loschwitz, near Dres- den, Oct. 6, 1873. Student of theology, private tutor, founder of pf. factory and circulating library of mus. at Leipzig; distinguished as pf. teacher; among pupils his daugh- ter Clara and her husband R. Schu- mann, Von Biilow, Krause, etc.; after 1840 in Dresden taught singing also; published pf. studies, etc. Wiegand (ve'-gant), Josef Anton Hein- rich, dram. bass. b. Frankisch- Krumbach, Odenwald, Sept. 9, 1842; d. Frankfort, May 28, 1899. In business in Paris, took lessons in singing; member of opera at Zurich 1870, Cologne, Frankfort 1873-77, Leipzig 1878-82, Vienna 1882-84, Hamburg 1884-90, Munich 1890-97; sang in America 1877, at Bayreuth 1886; became insane 1897. Wiehmayer (ve'-mi-er), Johann Theo- dor, pst. b. Marienfeld, Westpha- lia, Jan. 7, 1870. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Jadassohn, Reinecke and Coccius, and of M. Krause; de"but Leipzig 1890; after tour in Sweden, settled as teacher in Leipzig, after 1902 at Cons.; now at Stuttgart; compositions for pf., special studies, Schule der Finger-Technik, Ton- leiterschide, etc. Wieniawski (vyen-yaf'-ski), Henri, vlt. b. Lublin, Poland, July 10, 1835; d. Moscow, Apr. 12, 1880. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Clavel and Massart (1st prize 1846), and, after concerts in Russia, of Colet in harmony; after long tours in Europe with brother Joseph, solo vlt. to Czar 1860-72; prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1862- 67; played in U. S. with Rubinstein 1872; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1874- 77; composed 2 vln. concertos, Le- gends (very popular), Phantasie on Faust, La carnaval russe, Etudes, etc.; technical ability was very great; he was accused of lack of taste in dis- play of it and of falling short in mat- ter of expressiveness. His brother, Wieniawski, Joseph, pst. b. Lublin, May 23, 1837. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Zimmermann, Marmontel, and Alkan, after tour with Henri of Liszt at Weimar, and of Marx at Berlin; taught at Moscow Cons. 1865-69, and founded pf. sch. there; director Warsaw Soc. 1875-76; teacher in Brussels Cons.; composed pf. concerto, waltzes, polonaises, and mazurkas for pf. Wietrowetz (vye'-tro-vetz), Gabrielle, vlt. b. Laibach, Carniola, Jan. 13, 1866. Studied with Casper and Joachim, winning Mendelssohn Prize at Berlin; de"but Miinster 1885; tours in Europe; 1st woman to teach at Berlin Hochschule. Wih'tol, Josef, compr. b. Wolmar, Livonia, July 26, 1863. Studied at Mitau, at St. Petersburg Cons, with Jadassohn and Rimsky-Korsakov; prof, of harm, there since 1886, at mus. sch. since 1897; mus. editor of St. P. paper; composed symph. poem, dramatic overture, symph., quartet, pf. pieces; named by Pougin among more original of modern Russians. Wilbye, John, compr. b.!573(?). Prob- ably teacher of mus.; perhaps lute player; composed two sets of mad- rigals of exceptional charm; orgt. in London 1598; contributed to Tri- umphs of Oriana. Wild, Harrison M., orgt., condr. b. at Hoboken, N. J., Mar. 6, 1861. Educated at Dyrenfurth College; studied at Leipzig, with Zwintscher, Rust, and Richter; began professional work in Chicago at fourteen years of age; organist at Unity, Ascension, and Grace churches; conductor of Apollo Club and Mendelssohn Club, Chicago, and Mendelssohn Club, Rockford, 111.; lives (1910) in Chicago. Wilhelm (vil'-helm), Carl, compr. b. Schmalkalden, Sept. 5, 1815; d. there, Aug. 26, 1873. Pupil of Bott, Spohr, Andr6, and A. Schmitt; di- rector of Krefeld Liedertafel for which he wrote Die Wacht am Rhein, first publ. 1854, for which he received pension 1870. Wilhelmj (vil-hel'-my), August Emil Daniel Ferdinand, vti. b. Usingen, Nassau, Sept. 21, 1845; d. London, Jan. 22, 1908. Pupil of Fischer; dbut at 8; introduced to David by Liszt, became D's pupil at Leipzig WILHEM WINDERSTEIN Cons., also studying with Haupt- mann and Richter; after further study with Raff, made tours to Switzerland 1865, then all over Europe, to America (1871-74, 1878), and 4 years' trip around the world 1878-82; leader Bayreuth orch. at production of Nibelungen Ring 1876; founded vln. sch. with Niemann at Biebrich-on-Rhine; 1894 prof, at Guildhall, London; arranged tran- scriptions from Wagner and pub- lished vln. school. Wilhem (vil'-em), [real name Boc- quillon], Guillaume Louis, condr. b. Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. there, Apr. 26, 1842. Left army to study mus. at Paris Cons.; applied method of "mutual instruction," in vogue in French schools, to teaching of mus.; 1819 organized system for mus. teaching in Paris schools; 1820 dir. of normal schools; 1830 from re- unions of pupils developed Orpheons, popular societies for choral singing, quite new in France and still exist- ing; details of method published in many manuals. Willaert (vil'-lart), Adrian, compr. b. Bruges (?), Flanders, about 1480; d. Venice, Dec. 7, 1562. Pupil of Jean Mouton and Josquin Depr6s; in Rome 1516, and Ferrara; in service of Ludovic II of Bohemia; maestro at St. Mark's, Venice, after 1527; at his mus. school taught De Rore, Gabrieli, etc.; founder of Venetian school of comp., generally character- ized by richer, broader effects in place of puzzling detail; creator of style of writing for 2 choirs. Willeby, Charles, compr. b. Paris, Aug. 4, 1865. Studied with Lam- perti; has written a number of suc- cessful songs. Williams, Charles Francis Abdy, writer. b. Dawlish, July 16, 1855. Edu- cated Sherburne and Cambridge; studied in Leipzig; compr. of music for Greek plays at Bradford Coll. 1895, 1898, 1900, hymns, anthems, etc.; author of lives of Bach and Handel, Story of Musical Notation, Story of Organ, and Story of Organ Music. Willis, Richard Storrs, compr., writer. b. Boston, Feb. 10, 1819; d. Detroit, May 7, 1900. Brother of N. P. Willis; composed for orch. while a Yale student; pupil of Schnyder von Wartensee and Hauptmann; jour- nalist in N. Y., editor of Mus. World and other magazines and compr. of Ch. Chorals, Student Songs, Waif of Song (patriotic songs), author of poems Pen and Lute. Wilm (vilm), Nicolai von, pst., compr. b. Riga, Mar. 4, 1834. Studied at Leipzig Cons, with Hauptmann, Plaidy, etc.; 2d capellmeister Riga 1857-58; teacher of pf. and theory at Imperial Nicolai Inst. at St. Peters- burg 1860-75; lived in Dresden, since 1878 in Wiesbaden; composed chamber mus., suites for pf., 4 hands, and popular pf. solos (10 Character- stiicke, etc.). Wilson, Grenville Dean, teacher, compr. b. Plymouth, Conn., Jan. 26, 1833; d. Nyack, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1897. Pupil of mother, Donheim, and A. W. Johnson; taught in Lenox, New York, Saratoga, and at Lasell Semi- nary, Auburndale, Mass.; in charge of mus. dept. Rockland Inst., Ny- ack, 1871; founder of Nyack Symph. and Choral Societies; composed many songs and popular pf. pieces (Chapel in the Mountains, etc.). Wilson, John, lute player, b. Favers- ham, Kent, Apr. 5, 1594; d. West- minster, Feb. 22, 1673. Mus. Doc. Oxford 1644; prof, of mus., Oxford, 1656-62; gentleman of Chapel Royal, musician to Charles II; wrote Psal- terium Carolinum, on sufferings of Charles, Cheerful Ayres, etc., music to some of Shakespeare's songs, Sigh no more, etc.; identity with actor questioned. [Rimbault: Who was Jack Wilson?] Wilson, Mrs. W., see Hopekirk, Helen. Winderstein (vin-der-stln), Hans Wil- helm Gustav, condr. b. Liineberg, Hanover, Oct. 29, 1856. Pupil of Schradieck, Hermann, Richter and Rust at Leipzig Cons.; member of Gewandhaus Orch., of private orch. at Nice 1880-84; vln. teacher at Winterthur Cons. ; condr. at Nurem- berg; director of Kaim Concerts and PhUh. Orch., Munich, 1893-96; or- ganized W. Orch., Leipzig, 1896, Philh. concerts there and at Halle; condr. Leipzig Singakademie 1898; composed few orch. and vln. works. WINDING WOLF-FERRARI Winding, August (Henrik), pst., compr. b. Taars, Denmark, Mar. 24, 1835. Studied at Copenhagen, with Rein- ecke and Re"e, at Prague with Drey- schock, and with Gade at Copen- hagen; dir. of Copenhagen Cons.; compositions mostly for piano, and chamber music. Winkelmann (vin'-kel-man), Hermann, dram, tenor, b. Brunswick, Mar. 8, 1849. Studied with Koch at Han- over; de"but Sondershausen 1875; sang at Altenburg, Darmstadt, Ham- burg, and Vienna after 1883; sang Parsifal at Bayreuth 1882. Another of same name, teacher at Raff Cons. and orgt. Frankfort; d. Mar. 11, 1899. Winogradsky (ve-no-grad'-ski), Alex- ander Nicolaievitch, condr. b. Kiev, Russia, Aug. 3, 1854. Pupil of Soloviev at St. Petersburg Cons.; dir. Imp. Sch. of Mus. at Saratov 1884- 86; pres., dir., and condr. of Imp. Soc. of Mus. at Kiev after 1888; condr. Russian programs in Paris 1894 and 1896. Winter (vin'-ter), Peter von, compr. b. Mannheim, 1754; d. Munich, Oct. 17, 1825. Pupil of Abt Vogler; vlt. in Electoral Orch., dir. court theatre; court capellmeister at Munich after 1788; in frequent leaves of absence produced operas in Italy, Paris, and London; most successful operas were Das unterbrochene Opferfest 1796, Marie von Montalban 1798; his Labyrinth is sequel to Magic Flute of Mozart, whom W. violently dis- liked; mus. entertaining but not learned. Winterberger (vin'-ter-bar-ger), Alex- ander, pst. b. Weimar, Aug. 14, 1834. Studied at Leipzig Cons, and with Liszt; in Vienna 1861-69; pf. prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1869- 72; then in Leipzig; compr. of origi- nal pf. mus., songs, editor of Liszt's Technical Studies. Wirth (vlrt), Emanuel, vlt. b. Luditz, Bohemia, Oct. 18, 1842. Pupil of Kittl and Mildner at Prague Cons.; concertmaster Baden-Baden; J;each- er at Rotterdam Cons., orch. leader 1864-77; viola player in Joachim Quartet, in place of Rappoldi 1877; prof, at Berlin Hochschule; remark- able vlt., has also acquired distinction in viola playing. Witek (vtt-gk), Anton, vlt. b. Saaz, Bohemia, Jan. 7, 1872. Pupil at Prague of Bennewitz; 1894-1910 concertmaster of the Philharmonic Orch., Berlin; 1910 concertmaster Boston Symphony Orch.; has given many concerts in European music centers and is highly esteemed as a chamber music player; 1903 organ- ized Berlin Philharmonic Trio, with Joseph Malkin 'cellist and Mrs. Witek (nee Vita Gerhardt) a Danish pianist. Wohlfahrt (vol'-fart), Heinrich, teacher. b. Kossnitz, near Apolda, Dec. 16, 1797; d. Connewitz, near Leipzig, May 9, 1883. Studied with Haser at Weimar; cantor and tutor in va- rious towns; teacher at Jena and Leipzig; author of Kinder-Clavier- schule, Theoretisch-praktische Mod- ulationsschule, and instructive pieces especially for children. Wolf (volf), Hugo, compr. b. Win- dischgratz, Styria, Mar. 13, 1860; d. Vienna, Feb. 22, 1903. Self-taught, except for one year at Vienna Cons, whence he was dismissed for dis- obedience to rules; once thought of emigrating to America but aban- doned idea; 2d capellmeister at Salz- burg for short time in 1880; mus. critic for Wiener Salonblatt 1884-88; most fruitful period of life ten years after 1886; became insane in 1897 and had only brief periods of con- valescence after that; composed op- era Der Corregidor produced 1896, mus. to Ibsen's Fest im Solhaug, symph. poem Penthesilea, etc.; but widespread enthusiasm which has led to formation of Hugo-Wolf- Ve- rein, publication of life, letters, and his works rests upon his songs Mori- kelieder, Goethe-Cydus, Spanisches Liederbuch, Italienisches Liederbuch, etc.; his songs carry the principle of absolute truth to the words to ex- treme; the accomp. fixes the mood, and explains the voice part. Wolf -Ferrari (volf-fer-ra'-re), Ennan- no, compr. b. Venice, Jan. 12, 1876. Son of painter; self-taught until en- trance at Munich Sch. 1893 as pupil of Rheinberger; director since 1902 of Liceo Benedetto Marcello at Ven- ice; noteworthy opera compr. (La Sulamita, Cenerentola 1900, Le dnnne curiose, etc., and oratorio La vita nuova 1903; also chamber music. WOLFL WORMSER Wolfl (velfl), Joseph, compr. b. Salz- burg, 1772; d. London, May 21, 1812. Pupil of L. Mozart and M. Haydn; so distinguished as pst. that he was called superior to Beethoven and Mozart; lived Warsaw 1792-94, Vienna 1794-98; tour to Paris 1801; on tour with Ellmenreich, obliged on account of E's faults to flee to Brus- sels and London; published concer- tos, pf. works, operas. Wolle (wol'-la), John Frederick, condr. b. Bethlehem, Pa., Apr. 4, 1863. Educated at Moravian Coll. and Theol. Seminary; teacher of mus. 1879; orgt. 1881-84; pupil of Rhein- berger at Munich 1884-85; orgt. at Bethlehem 1885-1905, at Lehigh Univ. 1887-1905; organized Bethle- hem Choral Union 1882; conducted Bach Festivals, 1900, 1901, 1903; now prof. mus. at Univ. of Cali- fornia, and dir. of symph. concerts. Wollenhaupt (vol'-len-haupt), Her- mann Adolf, pst. b. Schkeuditz, near Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1827; d. New York, Sept. 18, 1863. Pupil of Knorr and Hauptmann at Leipzig; after 1845 taught and played in New York; European concerts 1855; composed about 100 effective works for pf. Wolstenholme, William, orgt. b. Blackburn, Feb. 24, 1865. Blind from birth; educated at Worcester College for Blind; studied mus. with Dr. Done; early appearances in Wor- cester; Mus. B. Oxford 1887; orgt., teacher after 1888 at Blackburn; American tour 1908; composed can- tata Lord Ullin's Daughter, songs, org. and pf . pieces. Wolzogen (volt'-zo-gen) , [und Neu- haus], Hans Paul, Freiherr von, writer, b. Potsdam, Nov. 13, 1848. Student of mythology and philology at Berlin; wrote in Potsdam; sum- moned by Wagner to edit Bayreuther Blatter 1877, published many the- matic guides to operas as well as pamphlets supporting theories of Wagner whom he ardently admired. Wood, Henry Joseph, condr. b. Lon- don, Mar. 3, 1870. Precocious pst. and orgt.; appeared as orgt. at ex- hibitions 1883 and '85; pupil of Prout, Macfarren, etc., at Royal Acad.; some success as compr. of songs, cantatas, etc.; condr. with Rousbey Co. 1890, asst. at Savoy under Cel- lier, condr. at several operatic per- formances; gave lessons in singing and held opera classes; 1895 gave Promenade Concerts with selected band, since 1896 Symphony Con- certs, at which most distinguished condrs. have appeared as guests; conducted in Paris, Berlin, and N. Y. 1904; as condr. less successful with sustained classical works than in modern compositions where his vivacity and force have sway. Wood, Mary Knight, compr. b. East- hampton, Mass., Apr. 7, 1857. Pu- pil of Lang, Parsons, Cornell, and Huss; songs are noteworthy for un- expected effects; Serenade, AsJies of Roses are popular; also wrote pf. trio. Woodman, Raymond Huntington, orgt., compr. b. Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1861. Pupil of father, Buck, and C6sar Franck at Paris; asst. to father, orgt. on Long Island, and orgt. himself at Norwich, Conn., and in New York; editor of N. Y. Evangelist 1894y97; prof, of mus. at Packer Inst. since 1894; head of org. dept. Metropoli- tan Coll. of Mus. 1889; composed excellent works for pf ., org. and voice. Woodward, Rev. Herbert Hall, compr. b. at The Friars, near Liverpool, Jan. 13, 1847; d. London, May 25, 1909. Educated at Oxford and Cuddeston Theol. Seminary; priest at Wantage; minor canon Worcester Cath. 1881, precentor 1890; composed several services, Te Deum, and anthems (The sun shall be no more thy light, The radiant morn hath passed away), etc. Woolf, Benjamin Edward, critic, compr. b. London, Feb. 16, 1836; d. Boston, Feb. 7, 1901. Pupil of his father, with whom he came to America in 1839; org. pupil of W. R. Bristow, New York; condr. theatres in Bos- ton, Philadelphia, and New Orleans; dram, and mus. critic Boston Globe, Gazette, and Herald; compr. of sev- eral successful operettas (Westward Ho! etc.); author of play Mighty Dollar. Wormser (v5rm-zar), Andre Alphonse Toussaint, compr. b. Paris, Nov. 1, 1851. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mar- montel and Bazin; 1st prize for pf. WORK playing 1872, Grand prix de Rome 1875; composed overtures and suites for orch., pf. works, ballets, and pantomimes (Diane et Endymion, and notably L' Enfant prodigue 1890, which was also given in London 1891, and America 1893). Work, Henry Clay, compr. b. Middle- town, Conn., Oct. 1, 1832; d. Hart- ford, June 8, 1884. Self-taught; compr. of songs on Northern side of Civil War, with great earnestness of feeling and swing that made them at once popular; also wrote temper- ance songs (Father come home, etc.); best known song is Marching through Georgia. Wouters (vo'-tar), Francois Adolphe, compr. b. Brussels, May 28, 1841. Pupil at Brussels Cons.; since 1871 prof, of pf. there; also orgt. and compr. of 3 solemn masses, 3 short masses, symph. overture, pf. studies, etc. Woyrsch (voirsh), Felix von, compr. b. Troppau, Silesia, Oct. 8, 1860. Self-taught, except for some lessons from Chevallier in Hamburg; condr. of Singakademie since 1895 and orgt. at Altona, and condr. since 1903 of town symph. and Volkskonzerte; composed prolog to Dante's Divine Comedy, operas, oratorios and choral works (Passion music, Deutsche Heer- bann, etc.). Wrangell, Wassili Georgievitch, Baron, compr. b. St. Petersburg, June 25, 1862; d. there, Mar. 10, 1901. Court page (retired 1883), pupil of Johannsen at St. Peters- burg Cons. 1885-90; editor Nouvellist 1898-99; composed one symphony, a suite for orchestra, music to plays, songs, etc. Wranitzky (vran-it'-skl), Paid, vlt., compr. b. Neureisch, Moravia, Dec. 30, 1756; d. Vienna, Sept. 28, 1808. Studied in Vienna with Krauss; vlt. in Esterhazy Orch. under Haydn; capellmeister Vienna symph. opera 1785-1808; composed operas, ballets, incidental mus., chamber mus., and 27 symphonies almost as popular as Haydn's at the time. Wrede (vra'-da), Ferdinand, compr. b. Brokel, Hanover, July 28, 1827; d. WYMAN Frankfort-on-Oder, Jan. 20, 1899. Pf. pupil of Marschner, Methfessel, and Litolff; cantor at Frankfort, condr. of Singakademie, and public school singing teacher; compr. of choruses, etc. Wiillner (vul'-ner), Franz, condr. b. Munster, Westphalia, Jan. 28, 1832; d. Braunfels an der Lahn, Sept. 7, 1902. Pupil of C. Arnold, Schind- ler, Kessler, Dehn, and Rungen- hagen, and at Brussels, Cologne, and other cities; pf. teacher at Munich Cons. 1856; town mus. dir. Aix-la- Chapelle 1858; conducted, with Rietz, Rhine Festival 1864, also those of 1882, '86, and '90; again at Munich condr. court chapel, dir. of choral classes in sch. of mus. 1867; condr. court opera and acad. con- certs 1869; court capellmeister and artistic dir. cons, at Dresden 1877; condr. Berlin Philharmonic 1883-84; of Giirzenich concerts at Cologne and dir. of cons.; composed some works for chorus, distinguished as teacher and condr. Wiillner, Ludwig, baritone, b. Mun- ster, Aug. 19, 1858. Son of Franz W. Educated at Munich, Berlin, and at Strassburg; Ph.D.; 1884- 87 teacher at Munster and began to study music; 1889 began career as actor at Meiningen; 1895 made tours as reader, and in 1896 began ap- pearances as a lieder singer, in which his splendid intelligence and great gifts in interpretation have given him world-wide recognition; espe- cially noted as ballad singer and for his renderings of Brahms' songs. Wurm (vorm), Marie J. A., pst. b. Southampton, Eng., May 18, 1860. Pupil of Pruckner and Stark at Stuttgart, of Mehlig, Krebs, Raff, and Frau Schumann, and of Sullivan, Bridge, etc.; recitals in London, Berlin, Meiningen, etc.; compr. of concerto, quartet, sonata, etc. for pf.; teacher cons. Hanover. Wyman, Addison P., compr. b. Corn- ish, N. H., June 23, 1832; d. Wash- ington, Penn., Apr. 15, 1872. Teach- er of vln. in Wheeling, W. Va.; founder of mus. sch. at Claremont, N. H., 1869; compr. of pf. pieces such as Silvery Waves, Woodland Musings. YRADIER ZELTER Yradier (e-ra-di-a), Sebastian, compr. d. Vittoria, 1865. Works in Span- ish style. Ysaye (e-za-a'), Eugene, vlt. b. Li6ge, Belgium, July 16, 1858. Pupil of father, condr. and vlt. at Liege Cons., and at Brussels Cons, of Wieniawski and Vieuxtemps, and, with state aid, of Massart at Paris; leader in Bilse's Orch. Berlin until 1881; tours with A. Rubinstein; in Paris, friend of Franck; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1886-97; condr. of orchestra founded by himself (Soci^te" des Concerts Ysaye) since 1894; as player, his technic is admirable, but subser- vient to warm emotional expression; some compositions not published, in- cluding 6 violin concertos. Zachau (tsa'-kou), Friedrich Wilhelm, orgt. b. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1663; d. Halle, Aug. 14, 1712. Orgt. at Liebfrauenkirche after 1684; org. teacher of Handel; some org. pieces, chorals, etc. have been published by Breitkopf and Hartel. Zarembski (tsa-remb'-ski), Jules de, pst. b. Shitomir, Russian Poland, Feb. 28, 1854; d. there, Sept. 15, 1885. Pupil of Dachs and Liszt; pf. prof, at Brussels Cons, after 1879; has composed concert studies, Sere- nade burlesque, etc. Zarlino (tsar-le'-no) , Gioseffo, theorist. b. Chioggia, Mar. 22, 1517; d. Ven- ice, Feb. 14, 1590. Member of Franciscan order 1537; studied with Willaert at Venice after 1541; maes- tro di cappella at St. Mark's 1565 till death; famous in his day as compr., but only few compositions extant (Modulationes, Lectiones pro Mortuis) ; published Instituzioni Har- moniche 1558, and 2 later works, beside pamphlets on other subjects; he gives clear statement of prin- ciples of canon and elaborate coun- terpoint; was the first to work out distinction between the major and minor as types of harmonic structure, theory developed later by Haupt- mann and others. Zarzycki (tsar-tsits'-kp, Alexander, pst. b. Lemberg, Austrian Poland, Feb. 21, 1831; d. Warsaw, Nov. 1, 1895. Pupil at Lemberg and Paris; success- ful concerts on the Continent; condr. Warsaw Mus. Soc. 1870; dir. Cons. there after- 1879; composed concerto, polonaises, etc. for pf. Zeckwer, Richard, teacher, b. Stendal, Prussia, Apr. 30, 1850. Educated at gymnasium, Stendal, and at Univ. of Leipzig; musical education at Leipzig Cons., under Moscheles, Hauptmann, E. F. Richter, Pap- peritz and Reinecke; grad. there, 1869; came to U. S. 1869; began teaching in Phila. Musical Acad., 1869; became its prop'r 1876; organ- ist at Ch. of St. Vincent de Paul, Germantown, 1871-78; organist Ca- thedral, Phila., 1879-80; lecturer on acoustics before musical societies and at Franklin Inst., Phila.; also at Phila. Acad. Natural Sciences; composer of songs and piano com- positions, also of two overtures, Festival and Bride of Messina; author of A Scientific Investigation of Touch 1902. Zeisler, see Bloomfield-Zeisler, Fanny. Zelter, Carl Friedrich, condr. b. Ber- lin, Dec. 11, 1758; d. there, May 15, 1832. Son of mason and intended for same trade; but after study with Kirnberger and Fasch, became lead- er in Rellstab's concerts; member of Singverein (afterwards Singakad- emie), deputy condr., condr. 1800; organized Ripienschule for orch. practise 1807; also orgt. Berlin Lie- dertafel 1809, first of such male choral societies; founder of Roy. Inst. for Ch. Mus. 1819, dir. until death; noteworthy for large corre- spondence with Goethe, as theory ZEPLER ZOLLNER teacher of Mendelssohn, and for im- portant songs and part-songs; also wrote oratorio, requiem, etc., and biog. of Fasch. Zepler, Bogumil, compr. b. Breslau, May 6, 1858. Graduated in medi- cine at Breslau; mus. pupil of H. Urban; parody on CavaJleria Rus- ticana called Cavatteria Berolina, 1891, attracted notice; compr. of 2 or 3 other operettas, ballet, songs, etc. Zerrahn (zer-ran'), Carl, condr. b. Malchow, Mecklenburg, July 28, 1826; d. Milton, Mass., Dec. 29, 1909. Studied at Rostock with Weber, and at Hanover and Berlin; came to America 1848 as flute player in Germania Orch. ; condr. of Handel and Haydn Soc., Boston, 1854-95, of Harvard Mus. Ass'n concerts, of Worcester Festival, Salem Oratorio Society, occasional festivals like Handel and Haydn and Peace Jubi- lees; teacher of harmony and con- ducting at N. E. Cons.; not so highly trained as Th. Thomas, he yet ac- complished much in accustoming audiences of U. S., esp. Boston, to good orchestral music and in de- veloping taste for it. Zichy (zitchy), Geza, Count, pst. b. Sztdra, Hungary, July 22, 1849. Lost right arm at 17, but persisted, with lessons from Mayrberger, Volk- mann, and Liszt, until he became amazing virtuoso with left hand; lawyer, in public service, gives con- certs chiefly for charity; pres. of Hung. Nat'l Acad., intendant of Pesth Opera 1890-94; composed 2 operas, cantata, melodrama, studies and pieces for left hand. Zielinski, Jaroslaw de, pst., compr. b. Galicia (Austrian Poland), Mar. 31, 1847. Educated at gov't school, Lemberg, and military school, Vi- enna, at the same time studying music under Mikuli, Schulhoff, Ce- rutti and Frye; 1863-64 engaged in the Polish revolt against Russia; early in 1864 came to U. S., served in Mass, regiment until close of the Civil War; took up music as a pro- fession, lived in New York City, Grand Rapids. Mich., Detroit, nd Buffalo, 1888-1910; moved to Los Angeles 1910; compositions for orch. and pf . ; has contributed many articles to magazines; article in Century Li- brary of Music on The Poles in Music. Zimmermann, Agnes Marie, pst. b. Cologne, July 5, 1845. Studied at Royal Acad., London, with Potter, Pauer, Macfarren, etc.; twice King's scholar; de"but London 1863, Leip- zig 1864; especially excellent in play- ing classical mus., some of whicn she has edited; composed vln. sonatas, pf. trio, songs, choruses, and nu- merous pf. works. Zimmermann, Pierre Joseph Guillaume, pf. teacher, b. Paris, Mar. 19, 1785; d. there, Oct. 29, 1853. Son of pf. maker; pupil at Cons, of Boieldieu, Rev, Catel, and Cherubini; 1st prize pf/ 1800, harmony 1802; pf. prof, there 1816-48; among pupils were Alkan, Marmontel, etc.; composed songs and variations, romances, etc. for pf.; great work is Encyclopedic du pianiste (parts 1 and 2 pf. method, part 3 harmony). Zingarelli, Nicola Antonio, compr. b. Naples, Apr. 4, 1752; d. Torre del Greco, near Naples, May 5, 1837. Pupil of Fenaroli and Speranza at Cons, in Naples; produced 1st opera 1768, but had not much success be- fore Alsinda, Milan, 1785; wrote 27 operas before 1811 (most famous Giulietta e Romeo, Milan, 1796); maestro at Milan Cath. 1792, at Loreto, at St. Peter's Rome 1804; imprisoned and sent to Paris 1811 for refusing to conduct Te Deum at birth of Napoleon's son, was released by N.; dir. royal coll. of mus. at Naples 1813, maestro at Cath. 1816; Bellini, Mercadante, Morlacchi among pupils; composed operas and great deal of church music, 2 masses for every day in year, etc. Zb'llner (tseT-ner), Heinrich, compr. b. Leipzig, July 4, 1854. First in- tended for law; pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke, Jadassohn, Richter, and Wenzel; mus. dir. Dorpat Univ. 1878; condr. of several societies and teach- er at Cons., Cologne, 1885; took male chorus on tour to Italy 1889; condr. New York Deutscher Lieder- kranz 1890; dir. mus. Leipzig Univ. 1898, and condr. Paulinerchor; teacher of comp. at L. Cons. 1902. succeeding Reinecke; mus. critic of ZUMPE ZWINTSCHER Tageblatt; 1907 went to Berlin as teacher in Stern Cons.; 1908 at Ant- werp as dir. Flemish op.; composed many male choruses, cantatas, etc., as well as symph., orch. episode, etc. Zumpe (tsom-pa), Hermann, condr., compr. b. Taubenheim, Apr. 9, 1850; d. Munich, Sept. 4, 1903. Teacher in Weigsdorf and Leipzig; played triangle in Stadt Theatre, pupil in music of Tottmann; helped Wagner in preparation of scores of Nibdungen Ring at Bayreuth 1873- 76; capellmeister in theatres at Salz- burg, Frankfort, Hamburg, etc., and after few years' teaching, court ca- pellm. at Stuttgart 1891; condr. Verein fur Klassische Kirchenmusik 1893; court capellm. Munich 1895; court capellm. at Schwerin 1897; resumed position at Munich 1900; composed operas, overture, songs. Zumsteeg (tsom-stag'), Johann Rudolf, 'cellist, compr. b. Sachsenflur, Od- enwald, Jan. 10, 1760; d. Stuttgart, Jan. 27, 1802. Intimate with Schil- ler; diverted from sculpture by mus. lessons of Poli, etc.; court capellm. 1792; composed 8 operas and works for 'cello, but most notably 20 bal- lads; first of many comprs. to set music to Ritter Togqenburg, Leonore, and other ballads later treated by Schubert, Loewe, etc. Zwintscher (zvint'-sher), Bruno, pst. b. Ziegenhain, Saxony, May 15, 1838; d. March 4, 1905. Pupil of J. Otto and at Leipzig of Plaidy, Moscheles, Richter, etc.; teacher of pf. there 1875-1896 when he re- signed and went to Dresden to teach privately; his Technical School is a continuation of Plaidy 's; also wrote School of Ornaments. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. SRLF r - D 2 WEEK FEB A 000106705 7 - . . , . . . . . - I ' - . . . . j - - - - .