MENTAL CULTURE 
 
 OR 
 
 HINTS 
 
 ADDRESSED ESPECIALLY TO YOUNG MEN ENGAGED IS 
 COMMERCIAL PURSUITS. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. DEALBY; 
 
 WITH 
 
 KXPLANATORY ITALIAN NOTES 
 or 
 
 JOHN MILLHOUSE 
 
 AUTHOR OF TUB NEW 
 
 English and Kalian Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary, 
 del Corsp graduate c complete di lingua inglosi',ecc.,ecr. 
 
 Cent. 50. 
 
 M I L A N 
 
 Millhouse; - Rome, Gallarini; -Naples, Margliiefi ; * 
 and all Booksellers. 
 
 1850,
 
 AVVERTIMENTO. 
 
 Prima di accingcrsi a leggere queslo libretto, conviene che 1'Allievo 
 abbia studiato il Primo Passo, e letto almeno dugento pagine degli 
 Elegant Extracts. 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
 SOTTO I TORCH! 
 
 La terza edizionc dei Dialogues anglait et fran;ait, ed il secondo vo- 
 lume del Nuovo English and Italian Pronouncing and Explanatory Dir- 
 tionary. Fra un mese si dan'i alle stampe la scllima edizionc dclla 
 tirammatica inglcse.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The present Pamphlet has been written with a design 
 to awaken (1) in commercial young men a desire for 
 self-Improvement (2), and to afford (3) some instruction 
 in prosecuting this important and somewhat (4) difficult 
 work. 
 
 The writer is aware (5) that books have been written 
 to aid in forming the intellectual character of the student, 
 and the value of these books he is not backward in 
 acknowledging (6); but it will be found that they are 
 more adapted to persons intended for professions, than 
 to those engaged in mercantile occupations. 
 
 If any one more capable than himself had undertaken (7) 
 to offer to such, some hints (8) on self-culture, ho would 
 gladly (9) have reHnguTShed a task (10) for which he 
 feels but imperfectly qualified. As, however, nothing has 
 been written, as far as he is aware, specifically to as- 
 sist commercial young men in the work of mental im- 
 provement according to (11) their present position in so- 
 ciety and as he is not altogether (12) ignorant of the 
 difficulties which impede their menial progress, by having 
 once had to contend with such difficulties himself, he 
 has been induced to give them what aid he could in 
 
 (<) Risvegliare. (2) La coHnra della mente, il collivarsi, miglio- 
 rarsi, perfezionarsi. (3) Oflnre , porgerc. (4) Alquanlo. 
 (5) E consapevolc, sa. (6) Not backward in acknowledging, di- 
 sposlissimo a riconoscer*. (7) Inlrapreso. (8) Cenni. (9) Vo- 
 Icnticri. (10) Lavoro. (11) Accomodalo a, secoudo. (H) Af- 
 falto, del lulto. 
 
 2016180
 
 4 PREFACE. 
 
 the following hints. He has been further (1) induced, 
 from his having urged in a former paj_nj5hjei, the justice 
 and importance of closing business at a reasonable time, 
 thinking that, as some had adopted this system, it might 
 not be unprofitable to give a few directions on the right (2) 
 improvement of leisure, hours. 
 
 As his remarks are cursorily made, he has sought (o) 
 only to express them in as concise and lucid a manner 
 as possible; and if lie need offer any apology for the 
 quotations he has given from other writers, it must be 
 that he deems (4) it always advisable to allow (5) another 
 to speak on the point in question, when that other can 
 do it better than himself (0). 
 
 He would only add his sincere desire that what he 
 lie has attempted for the benefit of a class of individuals 
 in whose best welfare^?) he shall always feel interested, 
 may not have been" 'attempted in vain. 
 
 W. B. 
 
 Condon, January, 1S40. 
 
 (1) Iiiollre. (2) Giuslo, rello, arconcio, giuriizioso. (3) Cor- 
 c;ilo. (4) Slima, pcns:i. {'.>) Permeltere. (6) Tlie writer 
 would gratefully acknowledge llic assistance he lias derived from 
 it Todil's Student's Manual n an invaluable work, which, though 
 designed principally for regular students, will nevertheless prove* 
 of great service lo all 11 concerned to cultivate Ilieir minds, and 
 to he respectable aud happy ill life, it ^7) Deucstarc, ben ta- 
 serc, fclicila. 
 
 * niusdte, e?scrp.
 
 CULTIVATION OF THE MIND 
 
 It has been justly said of the human mind, that it is 
 the glory of man, and the highest displayjl) of the 
 wisdom. (2) and power of the Infinite Creator. 
 
 It is his spiritual and immortal part; it is that which 
 assimilates him to the moral likeness (o) of his Maker, 
 which gives him a pre-eminence in the scale of sentient 
 existence, and which constitutes him lord of creation. 
 The world (4) was made for him, adorned and beautified 
 for his habitation, and all its rich productions, whether 
 viewed on the out-spread lap (ii) of nature, or found se- 
 creted beneath (G) the soil on which he treads (7), are 
 designed and adapted to minister both to his use (8) and 
 happiness. It is by that endowment (9) of his nature 
 which we term reason, that he is enabled to render all 
 nature subservient (10) to his good. In this we see the 
 
 (I) Manifesla/ionc, inoslrn, prova. (2) Saviozza, sapicnza. 
 (3) Somiglianza. (4) Moiulo. (K) Grembo, faccia, superficie. 
 - (6) Solto. (7) Cammina. (8) Utilila, uso. (9) Dole, 
 facolla. (10) Servipgcvolc, giovcvolc, "minislralivo.
 
 G MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 vast superiority of mind over matter, and to what an 
 illimitable extent the former may be capable of rendering 
 the latter the source or medium of numberless enjoy- 
 ments. The progress of civilization the rise of nations 
 
 the might and wealth of empires are only confir- 
 mations of this fact. What will not even a few minds 
 accomplish! It is to the mental power of Davy, Watt, 
 and Arkwright, that we are indebted for a thousand 
 conveniences of life ; and in the present day, how great 
 are the achievements (1) of mind for raising the social 
 condition of man! But, however (2) superior mind may 
 be to matter in its highest forms, its vigour and power 
 are, in a great measure, attributable to human culture 
 and discipline, without which it is probable that many 
 who have astonished the world by their discoveries in 
 science, would have gone off the stage (5) of life without 
 effecting any work to perpetuate the remembrance of 
 their names. 
 
 The human mind is capable of unlimited improve- 
 ment; no boundary (4) can be given beyond (5) which 
 it shall not advance. Man is a progressive being, and 
 enters upon his existence with all the capabilities of pro- 
 gression. His reason, at first feeble, strengthens (G) and 
 expands with the growth (7) of his physical powers , 
 
 (1) Conquisli, acquisti, asseguirucnli. (2) Comcch6, per quanto. 
 
 (3) Palco, scena, Icatro. (4) Confine, limile. (S) Al di la 
 di. (6) Si rinforza. (7) Accrescimcnto.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 7 
 
 becomes more capable of action and training (1), until, 
 by its right exercise in the acquisition of knowledge, it 
 is constituted a great director, not only of individual 
 actions, but ofttimes of the movements of nations, while 
 it leaves scattered (2) over the earth the manifestos of 
 its power. 
 
 The dissimilarity between the fierce barbarian, exulting 
 over the slaughtered (5) victims of the battle-field, and 
 the lofty (4) mind of a Newton, calmly contemplating 
 the celestial courses of the planets, is immensely great ; 
 but this dissimilarity is not so much to be attributed 
 to anything inherent in the mind of the one, which is 
 not in the mind of the other, as to the mental discipline 
 and culture which the one has enjoyed, and to which 
 the other is a total stranger. 
 
 There is mind enough among the wildest savages of 
 the forest to explore the regions of science and philoso- 
 phy, but no cultivating hand has directed its growth, 
 or watered it from the fount of knowledge (5). Mind , 
 wherever it is found (6), is treasure: but it maybe as 
 treasure hidden, buried (7) under ruins, and wasting 
 away. 
 
 The marble hewn (8) from the quarry (9) shows 
 neither its value nor its beauty, till the skilful (10) hand 
 
 (1) Educazione , discipline , studio. (2) Sparsi, scminati. 
 (3) Trucidate. (4) Elevate, sublime. (B) Scienza. (6) Oviin- 
 que si Irovi. (7) Seppellilo. (8) Taglialo. (0) Cavo. 
 (10) Esperla, perita.
 
 8 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 of the sculptor has given to it form , and brought to 
 tiew its purple veins. 
 
 These truths may appear so trite as to render the 
 statement of them superfluous, but our familiarity with 
 truths is often the cause of our slight (1) appreciation 
 bf them, and since the fact of the superiority of mind 
 over all material systems impels so few to its right cul- 
 tivation, it cannot be too frequently stated (2) or stated 
 in too impressive a manner. The greater number of 
 young men, it is to be feared, pass through life with a 
 comparative indifference as to correct formation of cha- 
 racter and true cultivation of mind, whilst it is painfully 
 cognizable that very many yield themselves (3) to the do- 
 mination of vain and fashionable amusements, or to the 
 blandishments of a destroying sensuality. Now, whatever 
 ftiay be the views of such respecting the nobility of 
 their mental nature, we cannot hesitate to affirm, if we 
 judge them by their acts, that they are not very cor- 
 rect or elevated. We could ill believe that the proprietor 
 of a landed estate (4) set a high value upon it , if he 
 permitted an exuberance of weeds and brambles (f>) to 
 infect it in every part, and allowed the venerable man- 
 sion, that was once the pride of some chivalrous lord, 
 to moulder into ruins (0); so in like manner, to permit 
 
 (I) Lcjgibra, poca. (2) Detlo, espresso. (3) Si danno, 
 K'abbandbnano. (4) Bcnc stabile, terra. ((i) Male crbe c spi- 
 ne. (f>) Andarc in roviua, ridursi in polvcre.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 9 
 
 tlic noble structure of the mind to lapse into a feeble 
 and dilapidated state , is an unfailing sign of a wrong 
 estimation of its intrinsic value. 
 
 To neglect the nil in re of the mind is to abuse a 
 gift (1) which worlds could not bestow (2). To be in 
 the possession of reason, is to be in the possession of a 
 treasure that lays its possessor under the greatest obli- 
 gations of gratitude, and in the most imperative manner 
 bids (5) him esteem and use it aright. Every gift with 
 which Heaven has blessed (4) man, has been bestowed 
 for some definite and noble end (!>). He was not made 
 rational to perform (G) irrational acts. The eye, was it 
 not given to see the car to hear and the mind 
 to judge, to reflect, and to reason ? If the organ of sight 
 or hearing be defective, we promptly seek (7) a remedy; 
 mid if the mind, from inanity or lethargy, be incapable 
 of rightly judging and reasoning concerning subjects 
 which involve the highest interests of man., ought noi 
 the moans for the rectification of these defects be as 
 promptly sought for (8) and applied? 
 
 Hut are there not to be found sufficient reasons why 
 you should attend to mental culture in the mere advan- 
 tages you would derive from it? Apart from all other 
 considerations , it can be affirmed to be absolutely im- 
 
 (I) Dono, lalcnlo. (2) Dare, regalarc. (3) Comanda. 
 (4) Fiivorilo ( hcncficato). (fi) Fine, scope. (G) Fare, csc- 
 guirc. (7) CiTdiiamo. (S) Riccrcali.
 
 10 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 portant in the benefit it confers upon those wlio prose- 
 cute it; in the elevation it gives them over the vulgar 
 and illiterate ; in the respect which it obtains for them 
 from others, and in the power it affords to act in the 
 various callings (1) of human life. It must be admitted, 
 that he who possesses a mind strengthened and sharp- 
 ened (2) by an assiduous application to the pursuits of 
 study, takes a higher ^tand (3) in society, and has a 
 greater influence to exert than the man who has only 
 menial energy enough to go the mechanical round (4) 
 of his daily duty. The former has over the latter many 
 advantages; he feels that he is not out of his element 
 when engaged in conversation with an intelligent indi- 
 vidual, on topics which have not an immediate con- 
 nection with the business of his secular sphere; he shrinks 
 not (5) from grappling (6) with the arguments of en op- 
 ponent, nor remains passive when his views are assailed 
 with the glossed invectives of a pedant, while the other 
 is obliged to hear all, and bear (7) all, being either un- 
 able to distinguish clearly between truth and error, or 
 feeling himself only capable of giving his assent to the 
 one, and of observing silence as to the refutation of the 
 other. He feels in the company of the intellectual a kind 
 of fear, that makes the time to him a time of bondage, 
 
 (1) Vocazioni, profession!, arli. (2) Aguzzato, acuito. (3) Po- 
 slo, liiogo, rango, grado. (4) Ronda, giro, ccrcbio. (ti) Non 
 si arrelra. (G) Venire alle prcse, impugnare. (7) Sopporlare.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 1 t 
 
 and tlie conversation irksome (1) and strange. He feels 
 that he cannot sympathise with it, nor join in it with 
 pleasure and freedom; and with such feelings he waits 
 for (2) an opportunity to make his exit (3) as anxiously 
 as would a fledged (4) captive to escape from its pri- 
 son-cage. 
 
 Such individuals often deplore their mental destitu- 
 tion, the deficiency of their youthful education, and their 
 neglect in not making up (5) in after life for the meagre 
 instruction of the school-house; they feel their little- 
 ness and insignificance as compared with others they 
 wish they could experience that mental fortitude which 
 results from mental discipline and intellectual culture 
 they bewail (G) their defects, but the task of remedying 
 them appears so formidable that they fall back (7) from 
 the attempt , and continue , from want of a steady (8) 
 and noble resolution, to endure the penalties of ignorance 
 and to wear (9) its slavish chains. 
 
 Now it is to such, as well as to those who have al- 
 ready given some attention to the pursuits of knowledge, 
 that we desire to offer a few hints on the subject of 
 mental improvement, in the hope that they may incite 
 some to this commendable work , and assist others in 
 the prosecution of it. 
 
 (1) Nojosa, uggiosa. (2) Aspelta. (3) Prendcre congedo, 
 andarsene. (4) Pennulo. (5) Compensare. (6) Lamentano, 
 deplorano. (7) Indielreggiano, s'arrctrano. (8) Ferma, soda, 
 salda. (0) Porlare.
 
 12 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 The first stop (1), \vc think, to be taken by commercial 
 young men towards this object is^ to rid themselves (2) 
 of the erroneous notion , that it is not necessary for 
 them to know much; thill, as commercial individuals, 
 a moderate degree of mental culture will suffice. This 
 notion has entailed upon thousands (3) the miseries of 
 ignorance, and will ever prove injurious while it is 
 suffered to have a lodgment in the head. Apart from 
 what we have already said on the claims that arc in- 
 cumbent upon us to cultivate the mind, arising from its 
 superlative value, and from the pleasures which spring 
 from such cultivation, on which we could largely dwell, 
 it is highly serviceable to us in whatever station of life 
 / we arc called to occupy. The man with a mind disci- 
 plined a memory retentive. a judgment sound an 
 understanding acute, must surely possess advantages over 
 him who is destitute of these mental qualities. What- 
 ever may be your trade (4) or calling, the acquisition 
 of knowledge will not unfit (Ji) you for its duties, but, 
 on tbe contrary, will the better qualify you for their 
 discharge. Knowledge is power, and whether it be 
 possessed in the shop (0) the counting-house the 
 forum the pulpit or in the senate-house, it is still (7) 
 
 (1) Passo. (2) Spogliarsi , disfarsi. (5) Ha dalo di mi- 
 gliuja di pcrsonc in balia a. (4) Mesliere. (5) Disnbililarc, 
 rendere disadallo. (G) Rollcpa , fondaco. (7) Ancora , tul- 
 lora, scinpru (adj. qnielr, cliclo).
 
 MENTAL CL'LTni!-:. 15 
 
 power, and power of the highest order and most en- 
 viable kind, n Nothing can bo more erroneous than tho 
 idea, that to discipline and expand Ilia mind with general 
 knowledge unfits a man devoted to business for his par- 
 ticular calling. It is a libel on mercantile, agricultural, and 
 mechanical employments to assert that they arc further- 
 ed (1) by ignorance, and that the less a man knows beyond 
 them the better it is for his business, n The writer 
 from whom the above extract is taken, states that u a 
 gentleman of large wealth , and of most estimable cha- 
 racter, informed him that when he first became an ap 
 prentice he took lodgings in a boarding-house (2) with 
 eleven other young men. A part of them solicited of tho 
 lady who kept the house the favour of studying in her 
 dining-room, a prescribed portion of the evening, and 
 of having the room kept still for that purpose. The others 
 refused to come to this arrangement (3), and while their 
 companions were studying, they were out spending their 
 evenings in theatres and other places of amusement and 
 dissipation. The difference between the characters and 
 prospects of these two classes gradually increased. Every 
 one of those who wasted (4) their evenings in amuse- 
 ment and pleasure, subsequently failed in business, and 
 finally came to nothing; while all those who devoted 
 
 (I) Vanlajrg'atij avanz-it', promossi. (5) Pcnsionc, casa tlovo 
 si sla a dozzina. (3) Accomoilasaenlo, accordo. ( 4 ) Sciupa- 
 vano, sprccavano, seialacqaayano.
 
 14 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 their leisure time to study, succeeded well in business, 
 and, with the exception of one who has since died, they 
 are still living, as distinguished and valuable citizens, u 
 
 All persons are daily called upon (1), more or less, 
 to exercise their judgment and reason upon matters re- 
 lative to themselves, and at times also on things con- 
 cerning the interests of others; and will not the advan- 
 tages of a cultivated mind be then materially felt ? An 
 intelligent man is so [in any occupation ; you cannot 
 but (2) discern it. If he be not acquainted (3) with any 
 particular department of business on which he may be 
 solicited to offer a remark, he will display (4) his wisdom 
 either by observing silence or by making some collater- 
 al observations which will at least be acceptable, if 
 not particularly useful ; while an ignorant individual 
 would probably assume a. knowledge of it, and. expose 
 himself to be condemned as a fool by so presuming. 
 
 The man of knowledge cannot but manifest it. It is a 
 light within him that must shine forth, either in a greater 
 or less degree ; and though for a time circumstances 
 may partially eclipse it, you can no more fail in perceiv- 
 ing it than you can the light on the distant rock, though 
 it casts its rays but faintly (S) over the dark expanse. 
 
 If, however, commercial young men prize (6) the ben- 
 
 (I) Ciiesle, ricliestc. (2) Non potelc non. (3) Pralico, fa- 
 migliare. (t) Hoslreraj fara vcderc. (5) Ficvolmcnte. 
 (C) Trcgiauo,
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 18 
 
 efits of mental culture only in proportion ns they may 
 augment their secular gain , we confess that their esti- 
 mate of it must be comparatively low (1), and posi- 
 tively unjust. Such a view of intellectual improvement is 
 mean (2) and contracted , and only confirms tho igno- 
 rance of those who look at it in this light. Are the re- 
 lationships which a mercantile individual sustains only 
 those of a mercantile nature? and is his sphere of action 
 bounded by the narrow (3) precincts of his workshop (4) 
 or counting-house? Were he a solitary and independent 
 unit, he might be content with such knowledge as would 
 be sufficient to acquire the means of animal existence; 
 but he forms part of a community, and, from the con- 
 nexion which subsists between the several parts , cor- 
 responding duties are necessarily required to be perform- 
 ed. The good of the whole is made up (8) of the good 
 of the parts the moral improvement of each member 
 of a community involves the happiness of the whole; 
 but the secular advancement of each does not involve 
 the moral and intellectual elevation of the community 
 itself. 
 
 To attend , then , only to what increases your com- 
 mercial knowledge, or your mercantile profits, is not 
 the way to seek the real good of society at large, nor, 
 
 (f) Bassu. (2) Meschino, mczznno, basso. (3) Slrclti , ri- 
 slrelli. (.') Lavoratojo, studio d'arligiano, fucina. (5) E com- 
 poslo, si compone.
 
 16 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 to a certain extent, your own good. Besides (I), you 
 have, or may have, the relationships of husband (2) and 
 parent to sustain ; to become a co-operator in the great 
 work of moral reformation, and of patriotic benevolence ; 
 to connect yourself with associations which call for the 
 ful! exercise of sound (5) judgment and strong reason ; 
 and will you then discover that you have need (4) of 
 no more mental illumination than would enable you to 
 detect (d) an error in the calculation of pounds, shillings, 
 and pence, or to direct the management of your own 
 business? Will you not rather feel (6) the necessity there 
 is of forming a correct habit of thought and investiga- 
 tion, and judicious plans for the acquisition of knowledge, 
 that you may act with confidence and power? It is 
 when an individual is called to occupy such positions 
 in society, that, if he has neglected the cultivation of 
 such habits, memory is most ready to recall to his sor- 
 row a thousand opportunities which he has suffered to 
 pass by unimproved , while conscience , once slumber- 
 ing (7) but now awake, covers him with shame (8) by 
 her rebukes (9). Let the present time, then, be improved; 
 and u deeply impress upon your minds the vast impor- 
 tance of a good judgment, and the rich and inestimable 
 advantages of right reasoning. t 
 
 (I) Inn lire, d'altrciide. (2) Marilo, sposo. (5) Sano, sodo. 
 (4) L'opo, bisogno. (5) Scoprire, trovare. (6) Anzi sen- 
 lire. (7) Addormcntala. (8) Vcrgogna (9) Riprci)dimcnli, 
 rimordlmcnli,
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 17 
 
 A most important element in mental culture is the 
 right and judicious improvement of time. Take care 
 of the pence, cries the economist, u the pounds will 
 take care of themselves; it and in a similar spirit would 
 we urge upon you to note the passage of the small sub- 
 divisions of your leisure (t). Remember, that u time is 
 ever on the wing; and when any portion of it has 
 fled (2) unemployed it cannot be recalled it has fled 
 for ever. 
 
 u Time, says a philosopher, u is my estate. Alas! 
 how many are the prodigals of this (perhaps their only, 
 or at least) their invaluable possession! You will not 
 try (3) to improve your time, unless you are first im- 
 pressed with the necessity of doing so. 
 
 Though your time for mental cultivation be limited, 
 and perhaps exceedingly contracted, yet it may be well 
 improved, and be the means ultimately of rendering you 
 respectable in the acquisition of knowledge. Because your 
 time is limited, it should no more be permitted to pass 
 away unemployed than food (4) should be rejected be- 
 cause the quantum is not proportioned to your appetite 
 or desire. All in mercantile pursuits have not the same 
 time, but he who has the least may advantageously im- 
 prove it. Do what you can, and you will, at least, have 
 the consolation of knowing that you are free from the 
 
 (1) Ozio, agio, tempo d'ozio. (2) Fuggilo, passalo. (3) Pro- 
 curare, provarvi. (4) Cibo. 
 
 2
 
 18 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 charge of folly for not doing more. Young men are too 
 apt to look at the daily amount of time they have, rather 
 than what the accumulation of it would be at the end 
 of one or five years. Five minutes a day would amount 
 to above thirty hours in a year, and one hour a day to 
 more than a month in the year. Let such time, then, be 
 diligently employed in the pursuit (1) of knowledge, and 
 the result, at the end of one or five years, will show (2) 
 what the right employment of minutes can do. He that 
 shall walk with vigour three hours a day, will pass, in 
 seven yiears, a space equal to the circumference of the 
 globe. it is the doing of something every day that 
 brings out at last the niultum. u It was a matter of 
 astonishment to all Europe that Luther, amidst all his 
 travels and active labours, could present a Very perfect 
 translation of the whole Bible. But a single word explains 
 it all. He had a rigid system of doing something every 
 day. ' Nttlla dies, ' says he in answer to the question 
 how he did it, ' nulta dies sine versu (3) ; and this, 
 in a few >ears, brought him to the close of the whole 
 Bible, w 
 
 y We have many recorded instances of individuals de- 
 voting their spare (4) moments to intellectual pursuits, 
 
 (1) Ricerca. (2) Dimoslrcra. (3) 11 No day without (a line) 
 a verse u that is, lie suffered no day to pass without doing 
 something in the work of translating. (4) D'avanzo, d'ozio, 
 rt'agio, non occupali.
 
 MENTAL CULTUUE. 19 
 
 and successfully overcoming the most formidable difficul- 
 ties , when poverty and secular drudgery (t) seemed 
 combined to crush (2) their aspiring souls (5). 
 
 Thomas Simpson , a weaver (4) in very humble cir- 
 cumstances, prosecuted the study of mathematics, during 
 his leisure time, with such diligence and patience, that, 
 in a few years, he was enabled to give the world some 
 treatises on this most important science, and ultimately 
 to obtain the mathematical chair (3) in one of our col- 
 leges. 
 
 William Ilutton, a stocking-weaver (0), experiencing 
 many hardships (7) and privations in his youthful days, 
 rose to the occupation of a respectable bookseller ; and, 
 by assiduously employing , amidst all his difficulties , 
 what time he could steal (8) from his daily duties, ren- 
 dered himself capable of writing several historical works, 
 one of which is a u History of Birmingham, which has 
 maintained a high reputation among the class of pro- 
 ductions to which it belongs. 
 
 James Ferguson first acquired the elementary princU 
 pies of natural philosophy while attending his father's 
 sheep (9), and afterwards while in the service of a far- 
 mer and a miller (iOj. This great man was also enabled 
 
 (1) Travaglio, fatica da facchino, facchineria, lavoro pcnoso. 
 (2) Schiacciare. (3) Anime, spirit!. (4) Tcssitore. (5) Cat- 
 Icclra, sedia. (6) Calzettajo, tessitorc di calze. (7) Affanni , 
 travagli , durezze. (8) Rubare , involare. (9) Pecore. 
 (10) Mugnajo.
 
 20 MENTAL CULTl'RE. 
 
 to acquire, by himself (1) the art of painting, by which 
 he obtained, for many years, a comfortable subsistence, 
 besides making such advancement in philosophical stu- 
 dies, as to enable him to publish several works as the 
 result of his investigations. 
 
 Daniel De Foe, a well-known writer, whose name is 
 familiar to most as the author of Robinson Crusoe, n was 
 apprenticed to a hosier (2), and afterwards commenced 
 in thai trade for himself; but before he had finished his 
 apprenticeship, he had acquired sufficient knowledge to 
 give to the public a political tract. 
 
 A book might be filled with the names of those who, 
 though much occupied in commercial duties, have found 
 both time and opportunity for the work of self-improve- 
 ment; and who, after the lapse of years, have had their 
 names appended to the list of distinguished literary and 
 scientific men. We quote these instances to show what 
 may be done even by those engaged in mercantile oc- 
 cupations; not that all may become authors, nor even 
 attain to that intellectual elevation which those did whose 
 names we have just mentioned, but that all may in 
 some measure rise in intelligence , and become more 
 happy as they advance in years. 
 
 The time for self-improvement which many commer- 
 cial men have had , who have given to the world pow- 
 erful proofs (5), both of the extent of their knowledge 
 
 (I) Da se. (2) Calzellajo. (3) Prove.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 21 
 
 and the strength of their intellect, was, as yours may 
 he, very limited; and, if it be asked, how it was that 
 they accomplished what they did, we answer, by dili- 
 gently using aright what time they had , by seizing 
 upon (1) every opportunity, by plying (2) every energy 
 of their minds with untiring (3) industry to the acqui- 
 sition of knowledge. 
 
 The cry (4) too often heard, We can do nothing for 
 want (5) of time and opportunity, n will rarely escape 
 the lips (6) of him who has sympathy with truth and 
 love for knowledge; he will look abroad (7) on what 
 has been accomplished by others similarly placed; he 
 will endeavour (8) to catch (9) something of their 
 spirit to redeem the moments as they speed their 
 rapid course , and perseveringly pursue the work of 
 mental cultivation, until he takes his stand in society 
 above the multitude who bewail (10), their ignorance, 
 but who have not the noble resolution to employ the 
 time they have to deliver themselves from its ignoble 
 bondage. 
 
 With many young men their deficiencies in knowledge 
 are not so much attributable to the want of time as to 
 the want of inclination, and, more than all, of active per- 
 
 (1) Afferrare, coglierc. (2) Adoperare, dirigere. (3) Inde- 
 fesso, inslancabile. (4) Grido. (5) Mancanza. (6) Labbra. 
 (7) Fuori, inlorno. (8) Cercare, sforzarsi di. (9) Carpiro, 
 rogliere. (10) Deplora, lamenla.
 
 22 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 severance. Indolence has been, and still is, the secret 
 cause of the adversity which overclouds the path 
 of many. The student sitting under the u academic 
 bower (1) has been smitten (2) with this leprosy, and 
 lost for ever that moral power which he might otherwise 
 have acquired and exercised to the good of thousands ; 
 while others, too, in circumstances less advantageous, 
 have felt its withering (5) influence, utterly (4) prevent- 
 ing the attainment (5) of that knowledge which might 
 have been secured. 
 
 Indolence consists in the indulgence of an inactive dis- 
 position, leading (G) you continually to delay till to-morrow 
 what ought to be done to-day; or when not leading you 
 to postpone , causing you to perform your work in a 
 manner that leaves it only half-done. When you read 
 or study, the energies of your mind should he concen- 
 trated upon the subject, and your attention fixed, as 
 though you were in quest (7) of gold beneath a foreign 
 soil (8). Two persons will read the same book; the one 
 will read with the application of the mind, and remem- 
 ber e great portion of its contents; the other will read 
 with a kind of laxity, and forget them. It is a lamen- 
 table circumstance that so many forget what they read, 
 
 (1) Pergola, pcrgolato. (2) Infctlaio, avvelenato. (3) Di- 
 scccanle, paralizzantc. (4) AfTatlo , del lullo. (5) Consogui- 
 incuto, acquislo. (C) Conduremlo, inducendo. (7) Cerea, ri- 
 eerca. (8) Suolo, Icrreno, terra.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 25 
 
 aid appear to have little profited from what they have 
 done towards improving their intellectual powers. Such 
 may complain of their memories the early deficien- 
 cies in their mental training the obtuseness of their 
 minds; but the chief ground (1) of complaint will in gen- 
 eral be found to lie (2) in the lurking indolence which, 
 they suffer to infest them when applying themselves tq 
 the acquisition of knowledge. You do not easily forg<4 
 that, to obtain which you have expended considerable 
 labour, and put forth (5) all the ingenuity of your mincj. 
 If you be determined on the acquisition of knowledge, 
 and have a just appreciation of its value, you will make 
 corresponding exertions, and secure as your own wha^ 
 you purposed to acquire. Besides this diligence in the 
 work of self-improvement, perseverance is absolutely ne? 
 cessary. Some circumstance may have convinced you of 
 your mental wants ; an accidental interview (4)- will] 
 some intelligent individual engaged like yourself in mer? 
 cantile pursuits, may have shown to you your ignorance 
 as you had not seen it before, and more deeply impressed 
 upon your mind the necessity of mental culture. For a, 
 time, you prosecuted this work with energy: but the 
 little progress you seemed to make, the extent of ground 
 you had to traverse, and the difficulties that rose up as 
 if to forbid (5) a further advance, damped (6) the ar- 
 
 (1) Causa, cagionc. (2) Stare, giacere, csscrc. (8) Messa 
 fuori, splegata, esercilala. (4) Abboccamenlo, conversazione. 
 (5) Violarc. (6) Sccmava, indeboliva.
 
 24 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 dour of your spirits, relaxed the energies of your mind, 
 weakened your noble purpose, and induced you to re- 
 linquish the task as too formidable to be accomplished. 
 With very many has this been the case, and it is prob- 
 able that nearly (1) all students have had, at times, 
 some such feelings of discouragement. But the fact of 
 such discouragements not being uncommon in the expe- 
 rience of students, should act as a stimulus to go forward, 
 remembering that if others have persevered and over- 
 come, you may go and do likewise. All who desire to 
 obtain learning, whatever may be the amount they de- 
 termine to possess , should believe that there is no 
 royal road (2) to it , that its rugged path must be 
 trodden (3) not only with toil (4), but perseverance. To 
 walk this path a little way, and then to turn back, is 
 humiliating to him who does so. Forward n should 
 be your motto; and if the path be not smooth \8) nor 
 your senses regaled by the odour of flowers, the music 
 of birds, or the murmuring of brooks (6), yet remember 
 you are approaching something that shall amply reward 
 for the tediousness and cheerlessness of the way, that 
 the tract which to your senses seems a desert one, 
 leads to a Canaan. 
 
 Could learning of any kind be attained without effort 
 and continuous application, the sluggard (7) might share (8) 
 
 (1) Quasi. (2) Slrada. (3) Calcato. (4) Fatica. - 
 (5) Piano, liscio. (6) Rnscelli. (7) Pigro. (8) Dividere.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 2o 
 
 with tlio industrious the laurels of literary fame ; and 
 one of the primary ends (1) of study, the discipline of 
 the mind, would then be unrealised. Learning would 
 lose half its value did it not strengthen the mind, which 
 it cannot do unless there be labour and perseverance 
 given in its pursuit. Would you read Euclid? you must 
 be prepared to have your patience tried, and the energy 
 of your mind called into active play. You may read a 
 tale without this, but, in that case, you must not expect 
 to reap the same advantages as you would from reading 
 Euclid. That which is acquired at little expense is gener- 
 ally worth (2) little. We do not set much value upon that 
 which cost us not much trouble to obtain. But that which 
 we secure at a considerable sacrifice of time and labour 
 we are disposed to regard as very valuable. A writer 
 remarking on the boast (5) of one that he wrote his 
 own memoirs (a large octavo) in six or eight days, says, 
 " It cost him nothing; and, what is very natural, it is 
 worth nothing, n Difficulties, then, in the way of obtain- 
 ing knowledge, will 'be beneficial to you, if they incite 
 you, as they should, to greater industry and perseve- 
 rance to overcome them. Besides, is there not a plea- 
 sure in overcoming (4) difficulties to which the indolent 
 and irresolute are altogether strangers? The warrior 
 counts not upon so triumphant a return from the bat- 
 
 (I) Fini, scopi. (5) Is worth, vale. (3) Vanlo, vanlamcnto. 
 (4) Vinccre, sorpassare.
 
 26 MBNTAt CULTURE. 
 
 tie-field, when the enemy has surrendered without op- 
 position, as when, by his courage and military skill, ho 
 lias obtained a complete victory; and so does he feel a 
 higher pleasure, and is conscious of a nobler triumph, 
 who has climbed (1) the rugged steep (2) of learning, 
 thrust down every obstacle that checked (5) his pro- 
 gress, and seized the treasure as his own, than if he 
 had calmly walked to take possession of it without a 
 single struggle (4). Few have become even respectable 
 in mental attainments, much less distinguished for them, 
 without having been compelled to maintain a spirit of 
 untiring industry and unabated perseverance; and, at 
 the same time, to admit that the difficulties which re- 
 quired such industry and perseverance were essential to 
 the strengthening and improving of their minds. Culti- 
 vate, then, a habit of industry and perseverance. 
 
 Having mentioned some of the requisites for prose- 
 cuting a course of study, it is necessary to answer a 
 question that may now very naturally be proposed. 
 What department of learning , or what books are best 
 for commercial young men to become acquainted with, 
 in order to fit them for more usefulness in the stations 
 which they occupy in society? In answering this question 
 there is some difficulty, as the tastes (b) of men in re- 
 ference to the different departments of knowledge are 
 
 (I) Asceso, si 6 arrampicato sopra. (2) Erla SCOSCPSC, salitn 
 scabra. (3) Impediva, an'Calava, frcnava. (-4) Lolla, baltaglia. 
 (5) Gusto.
 
 MKNTAL CULTURE. 27 
 
 very varied , and their daily engagements such as 
 to render the course of self-improvement which one 
 might take, not altogether adapted to another. The ship- 
 wright (1} would be more consistent in cultivating the 
 science of mechanics than that of botany, and the build- 
 er (2) in studying geometry rather than geology. It is 
 wise then to direct your attention , first to the study 
 of that which may be directly or indirectly connected 
 with the employment which is or may be assigned 
 to you , and by which you are to support yourself 
 through life. 
 
 u Business, as well as other subjects, has its great 
 original and elementary principles. It is a science , yet 
 how few consider it as such! How many are the me- 
 chanics, merchants, and farmers, who do not understand 
 the principles on which their business proceeds; who 
 only acquire a little round of practical detail, in which 
 their minds move like a horse in a mill! They know 
 that, for some reason, a sharp tool (5) cuts better than 
 a dull (4) one , and that it is well to sharpen the tool 
 that is dull ; they know how to keep an account of debt 
 and credit , how to buy and sell (5) , when they sell 
 at loss or profit, arid how to raise their prices when 
 they can get more ; they know the appropriate soil , 
 
 (1) Falcgncmc di vasccllo, fabbricalore, coslnitlore di nave. 
 (2) Mnstro inuratore. (3) Orcligno , slromento. (*) Oltuso. 
 (S) Compcrare e vcndere.
 
 28 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 dressing, and cultivation for different crops, and how 
 to dispose of the produce; but they never think of look- 
 ing for that elementary and scientific knowledge of these 
 things which gives to the mind expansion, elevation, in- 
 dependence, and power. The men who do this are those 
 who eventually stand at the head of their departments, 
 and give laws to the busy (1) world, n To desire know- 
 ledge only as it may serve the purpose of pecuniary 
 gain , argues a contracted and barren (2) mind ; and 
 those greatly err who imagine that it does not belong (5) 
 to them to be able to explain anything more of the na- 
 ture of the commodities in which they traffic than what 
 is actually necessary to make use of in their barter (4); 
 and likewise do they err, on the other hand, who con- 
 sider that to understand what is connected with their 
 business is all the knowledge they need as to this life. 
 To give the attention of the mind principally to that by 
 which you live is no more than justice requires and 
 reason approves; but to give your attention to no other 
 object, is unworthy of your nature to do the one is 
 right, to do the other is wrong. The writer once knew 
 a young man, a butcher (5) by trade, who was greatly 
 devoted to the pursuit of knowledge, and who was in 
 the habit of rising early in the morning, even in the 
 
 (I) AITacenclalo, clie lavora (2) Sterile, gretla. (3) Com- 
 pete, appartiene, tooca- (4) Barallare, liurallo, camblo. (8) Ma- 
 crlliijo, heccnjo.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 29 
 
 winter, to study the anatomy of the sheep with a view 
 to the study of the anatomy of the human body. This 
 was nobleness of purpose, and evinced (1) a superior 
 mind. 
 
 Although, in all cases, the study of that which bears 
 an affinity to your secular calling may not be productive 
 of pecuniary gain , ( and for this reason the study is 
 often forsaken (2) ) yet, in many cases, the contrary holds 
 true. The mason (3) might not find it pecuniarily advan- 
 tageous to him to know that a stone is a number of 
 particles closely united together by the laws of cohesion ; 
 but the accountant might find it advantageous to know 
 the philosophy of arithmetic, and the principles of alge- 
 braic calculations. The coal (4) merchant might not find 
 a pecuniary benefit accrue (8) from understanding the 
 chemical properties of coal, but the farmer might find it 
 very advantageous to know the chemical properties of 
 the soil. 
 
 A knowledge of the French language would prove (6) 
 useful to the greater portion of commercial young men. 
 It is often connected with the transactions of their com- 
 mercial duties, and offers pecuniary advantages. In 
 carrying on of trade (7), and in the affairs of merchants, 
 it is frequently of absolute necessity to be able to speak 
 
 (1) Indicava, dinotava, palesava. (2) Abbandonalo. (3) Mu- 
 ralore. (4) Di carbon fossile. (3) Proveuirc , clcrivare. 
 (6) Riescirebbe. (7) Ncl ncgoziare.
 
 50 MENTAL CULTURF. 
 
 and write French. A young man, whether (1) in trade of 
 wholesale (2) or of retail, and especially in tho count- 
 ing-house of a merchant , is worth a great deal more 
 when he possesses the French language than when he 
 does not. n Besides, a young man makes a more credit- 
 able appearance in the commercial world when he is 
 conversant with this language than when he staggers (3) 
 at a French sentence, either spoken or written. It ought 
 to be the ambition of young men employed in commer- 
 cial pursuits to render themselves as valuable as they 
 can, and to take as respectable a standing as is attain- 
 able, 
 
 We have spoken of the difficulty in directing the 
 minds of commercial young men to courses of study 
 most beneficial for them , arising from the variety of 
 their occupations and the difference of their mental tastes, 
 yet there is a mental improvement important for them 
 to possess , whatever may be the stations they fill , if 
 they have any desire to be distinguished from such 
 grovelling (4) minds as have no sympathy with anything 
 but what is associated with their animal existence. 
 
 4 
 
 The first study, then, that claims your attention, and 
 which ought to be taken up whatever be your occupa- 
 tion, is that of your mother tongue, u Bad grammar, 
 says the ingenious Cobbett, u is only another word for 
 
 (I) Sia die, sia, si. (2) Indigrosso. (3) Esila, lituba, sla 
 in ilubbio, Ircnui, baiTolIit. (t) Grossolanc, di paslagrossa, grctlc.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 51 
 
 nonsense. You will, probably, think that you acquired 
 a sufficient knowledge of your own language during 
 your school days; you may have done so; but, gener- 
 ally speaking, those who forsake this study when they 
 finally forsake the schoolhouse are rather doggerel (1) 
 grammarians. It is one thing to write free from posi- 
 tive inaccuracies, and another to write good English; 
 and, although the one may do for a commercial man, 
 the other would do better. Good diction, either in speak- 
 ing or writing, stamps respectability upon an individual. 
 Dr. Johnson used to say , that a man was the belter 
 all his life from having learned his grammar. 
 
 Nothing evidences (2) more clearly an uneducated 
 mind than an ill-written letter , if it does not evidence 
 an ignorant mind; for those who have made themselves 
 intelligent by observation and reading, have generally 
 acquired the art of writing with propriety. The study 
 of your own tongue should be considered first in place 
 and chief in importance; and if you consider what the 
 art of grammar is, this will be apparent. An author has 
 well remarked, that, u The actions of men proceed from 
 their thoughts. In order to obtain the co-operation, the 
 concurrence, or consent of others, we must communicate 
 our thoughts to them. The means (5) of this communi- 
 cation are words, and grammar teaches us how to 
 
 (I) Grellc, miserabili. (2) Palcsa, scuopre, fa vcdcrc. 
 (") Mezzo, intzzi.
 
 52 MENTAL CULTCRE. 
 
 make use of words. Therefore, in all ranks, degrees, and 
 situations of life , a knowledge of the principles and 
 rules of grammar must be useful ; in some situations it 
 must be necessary to the avoiding of really injudicious 
 errors, and in no situation which calls on a man to 
 place his thoughts upon paper, can the possession of it 
 fail to be a source of self-gratification , or the want of 
 it a cause of mortification and sorrow (1). n Whatever 
 you may have studied, if you have not studied this you 
 cannot rise in society ; or, if you do rise, it must be by 
 a display of mighty intellectual power. Cultivate, then, 
 this study, and especially as it may be done at the 
 expense of little time and labour. 
 
 Perhaps the study that next claims your attention is 
 that of history, and of English history in particular. Few 
 young men , even of common education , are entirely 
 ignorant of Hs leading events: but it is one thing to read 
 history, and another to make it the subject of systema- 
 tic study. It is not to be taken up in the course of your 
 general reading , but to have allotted (2) for it specific 
 times, in which you should peruse it with constant re- 
 ference to geography and chronology, which have been 
 called u the eyes (3) of history, n It is not difficult to 
 perceive the importance of this study , for it imparts to 
 you a knowledge of human nature : it shows you man 
 in all ages , in all countries , and in all conditions ; the 
 
 (I) Dolorc, rincrcscimento. (2) Assegnalo. (3) Occhi.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 55 
 
 gradual progress of civilization , the grand development 
 of human intellect , and the influence of circumstances 
 in aiding the formation of the moral and political cha- 
 racter of communities. It is replete (1) with moral les- 
 sons exhibiting the instability of human power, and the 
 ruinous consequences of pride (2) and ungovernable am- 
 bition ; it teaches you that true greatness must consist 
 in something more than rank or station ; that moral 
 excellence alone exalteth , and gives dignity and power 
 to man. The attentive student of history cannot fail of 
 rendering himself a pleasing and instructive companion: 
 he can always draw (5) from his own memory matter 
 for the most profitable conversation, and feels capable of 
 adding fresh interest to almost any subject by the intro- 
 duction of new facts or pleasing illustration. 
 
 With some commercial young men more than an or- 
 dinary share of time offers for mental cultivation , and 
 to the attention of such we would strongly recommend 
 the study of the mathematics. This science is of too great 
 an extent to allow of your Attaining more than a small 
 knowledge of it, yet this knowledge is sufficient to se- 
 cure the end you should chiefly have in view in this 
 study , viz. (4), mental discipline. Nothing can so well 
 discipline your mind as mathematics ; they will teach 
 you to think deeply and accurately, and strengthen your 
 
 (1) Picno, ripicno, pregno (2) Orgoglio, superbia. (3) Ti- 
 rarc, Irarrc. (4) Viz. videlkot (lat,), namely, that is. 
 
 3
 
 54 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 reasoning faculties. Pure mathematics, n says Bacon, 
 a remedy and cure many defects in the wit (1) and facul- 
 ties intellectual; for, if the wit be dull they sharpen it, 
 if too wandering (2) they fix it, if too inherent in the 
 sense they abstract it. n You might practise arithmetical 
 calculations , read a portion of Euclid , and acquire the 
 art of solving algebraical questions with a moderate de- 
 gree of industry , and the advantages would far exceed 
 all the labour you would have to bestow. The first and 
 great object of education is to discipline the mind ; and, 
 though you cannot go through (3) that systematic course 
 of education which is necessary to discipline the mind 
 in all its parts, yet you may do something towards it ; 
 and you should regard this as of more importance than 
 the mere acquisition of knowledge. If you possess know- 
 ledge, and do not know how to use it, your knowledge 
 is of little worth. It is certainly something to possess 
 tools (4), but then they are not of much value if we know 
 not how to use them. You may read through volume?, 
 but what of all this, if your memory be weak and trea- 
 cherous (3)? The writings of a Locke would be of no benefit 
 to you unless your mind were strengthened sufficiently 
 to understand and examine their great truths. Let per- 
 ception be quick (G) reason strong, and memory reten- 
 tive, and then you will read to immense advantage. In 
 
 (I) Spirilo. (2) Svagato. (3) Pcrcorrere. (4) Ordigni , 
 stronicnti, ingcgni. (5) Labile, inflda, traditricc. (6) Viva, vivace.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 55 
 
 recommending the study of the mathematics, the writer 
 cannot forbear giving the remarks made by a tutor to 
 his pupils, of whom he had the honour to be one : 
 11 It was not without reason that the Greeks bestowed 
 on this study the title of the learning (1) ; it well de- 
 serves the highest encomiums. Languages may become ob- 
 solete, systems of philosophy may spring up (2), flourish, 
 fade , and be forgotten ; even what we are apt to ac- 
 count facts in natural history, may, by future discove- 
 ries, be proved to be fictions ; but the truths of mathe- 
 matics are unchangeable and indisputable , time cannot 
 alter them . scepticism cannot obscure them. It would 
 be difficult to point out (5), in the whole compass (4) of 
 human knowledge, one portion which so much tends to 
 the enlargement of the mind and the discipline of its 
 powers, as the study of mathematics. It produces a habit 
 of patient investigation, of calm and dispassionate judg- 
 ment; it accustoms the mind to distinguish between that 
 which is true and that which is false : it takes nothing 
 for granted that can possibly be gainsayed (5); it ascends 
 from truths simple and easy of apprehension truths 
 that no man in his senses will venture to impugn 
 to the highest range of human thought and human in- 
 tellect, while every step in the passage is as firmly fixed 
 as the eternal rocks, n 
 
 (I; Sdcnza, erudizione. (2)Sorgere. (3) Adilitare. (4) Cer- 
 cliio. (5) Cotilraddetlo.
 
 36 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 There are other studies which you might profitably 
 pursue to a certain extent, such as mechanics, chemis- 
 iry, and like subjects of natural philosophy, which are 
 both useful and entertaining; but we dwell (1) not upon 
 these , since few into whose hands this tract may fall , 
 may have both the time and taste for such studies; and 
 since the three we have already dwelt upon are, in our 
 opinion , sufficient , as subjects of systematic study , to 
 answer the ends which those destined to commercial 
 pursuits may need and desire. Nevertheless (2)', we 
 would prescribe no boundary to your advance in either 
 art or science. These regions are as open to you as to 
 others, and it is as much your prerogative, when cir- 
 cumstances permit, to enter and explore them, as it is 
 his whose name, as a philosopher, is engraven (5) on 
 the roll of immortality. For the ground of a man's 
 culture lies in his nature, not in his calling. His powers 
 are to be unfolded (4) on account of their inherent dig- 
 nity., not their outward direction. He is to be educated 
 because he is a man, not because he is to make shoes, 
 nails , or pins (5). A trade is plainly not the great end 
 of his being; for his mind cannot be shut up in it; his 
 force of thoughts cannot be exhausted on it. He has fa- 
 culties to which it gives no action ; and deep wants it 
 
 (1) Ci fermiamo, ci slciuliamo. (2) Tutlavia, cio non ostantc. 
 (3) Scolpilo , inciso, scrillo. (4) Svlluppatc, svolte. 
 (5) Scarpc, chiodi o spilli.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 57 
 
 cannot answer. We would, in leaving this part of our 
 subject, urge upon you the necessity of disciplining tho 
 mind by diligent , persevering , and systematic study ; 
 H of bringing it under proper subjection , of making it 
 become obedient to you , and of fitting it for future 
 acquisitions and future usefulness. i 
 
 We now come to make some observations on general 
 reading. Many who have not time or sufficient physical 
 energy after the labours of the day to pursue a system- 
 atic course of study, have yet some moments and 
 some physical vigour , to experience both pleasure and 
 profit by general reading; and to such, as well as others, 
 some hints on this head (1) may not be altogether unac- 
 ceptable. 
 
 Here we enter upon a field (2) as extensive as the bound- 
 less ocean ; a field amid whose beauteous flowers are 
 plants of deadliest poison (3) ; and amid whose paths that 
 wind (4) to retreats of light and loveliness, are those that 
 conduct to the recesses of gloom (S) to the very shadow 
 of death. (G) On entering upon such a track (7) in quest of 
 truth, you need a chart to direct you where it lies ; and 
 especially do those need direction as to what books arc 
 best to read , whose scanty (8) time would render the 
 reading of such as are corrupt or trivial doubly injurious. 
 
 (i) Capo, soggelto. (2) Cainpo. (3) Mortale velcno. 
 (4) Scrpcggiano, conducono. (5) Oscurita, tristczza, tulragginc. 
 (6) Ombra della morte. (7) Traccia, scntiero. (8) Scarso.
 
 38 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 It may be said of reading, as of making, books, there 
 is no end. You may read much and know little, and 
 read little and know much. How important then to know 
 what books to read, and how they should be read! In 
 answering the first question, we cannot do better than 
 commence by telling you what you should not read. 
 
 We would say, then, read not those works which 
 are daily issuing from the press under the designation 
 of novels. Discard (1) them as the insinuating corrupter of 
 the mind as the attractive but vitiating companion 
 of youth. We do not mean to affirm that all are alike (2) 
 injurious, nor that truth may not be presented to the 
 mind under the form of fiction, but that the majority 
 of works under that form are intended and adapted only 
 to gratify the lower propensities of our nature. Even 
 the writings of Sir Walter Scott have a spell (5) about 
 them which is likely to make you more and more in 
 love with such kind of reading, and give you a distaste 
 for every other, u Who does not know that they who 
 are given to reading works of fiction, leave a mass of 
 most valuable and solid reading untouched and un- 
 known? And who, desirous of truth, and having but 
 little time for its acquisition, would be so irrational as to 
 read that which is more calculated to stunt or stultify his 
 intellectual growth (4), than to give vigour and enlargement 
 to his mind ? If even you might gain some improve- 
 
 (1) Scarlale, rigeliatc. (5) Ugualmente, del pari. (3) Fa- 
 sciuo, incanlo. (4) Crcseimento.
 
 MENTAL CULTUUE. 39 
 
 ment from the perusal of such books, why spend your 
 money for that which is scarcely bread ? Why not go 
 the direct road to improvement? You would not, in 
 travelling upon some important business, take a circuitous 
 route, if there were a direct road to the place whither (1) 
 you were journeying ; and why should you, in quest of 
 knowledge, loiter (2) on your course to its repository? 
 why stay (3) to be amused with every tinselled (4) object 
 that may present itself to your notice, when you know 
 not but that circumstances may arise that may prevent 
 you from ever obtaining much of this imperishable trea- 
 sure? You may urge your plea (5) for novel-reading, upon 
 the ground that it affords a relaxation to your mind. 
 Were you mnch engaged in abstruse studies, you might 
 with better grace urge this plea ; but , even then , are 
 there not an abundance of works of the most captivating 
 description, and of the most edifying nature, by the read- 
 ing of which your mind would have ample relaxation? 
 But you have no time to read for relaxation apart 
 from edification; the time at best that you have for self- 
 improvement is very contracted , and , therefore , you 
 need to be exceedingly careful how you occupy it. It is 
 not , however , solely on account of the time that is 
 comparatively, and more often absolutely, lost in reading 
 the works we have alluded to, that you should shun (6) 
 
 (1) Al qualc, dove. (2) Indugiare , tardarc , Iraltenervi. 
 (3) Fcrmarvi. (4) Orpcllalo. (8) Ragionc, argomcnlo, scusu. 
 (6) Evilarc, scansarc.
 
 40 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 them altogether, but on account of the evil influence that 
 is exerted on the mind after they have been perused (1), 
 It is true that some minds may feel, after reading such 
 productions , no exciting and injurious influence ; but 
 such minds are only exceptions, and rare very rare; 
 and few have a right to presume that they possess such 
 self-control : for works of this character contain in gen- 
 eral matter, not for the active exercise of thought , but 
 for the idle play (2) of the imagination , producing a 
 dreamy and wandering (3) state of mind , which few 
 have power to check or prevent, and giving frequently 
 a stimulus to the mind for projects, wild in their cha- 
 racter, and sometimes ruinous in their consequences. 
 The wary (4) lover, the fair but foolish maiden (5), their 
 grief and joy, their sighs (G), their vows (7), their tears, 
 are all so felicitously depicted in the amorous plot (8), 
 as to render the perusal of it calculated to work upon 
 the susceptibilities of your nature, to excite its passions, 
 and unfit your mind to contemplate the sober realities 
 of truth , and steadily to pursue that course of intel- 
 lectual training which leads to the noble possession of 
 moral wcaltli and true happiness. When you have laid 
 down a novel, do you find yourself a better man than 
 when you took it up? and is your mind more vigor- 
 
 (1) Letlc. (?) Vancggiamcnto, Iraslullo. (3) Svagalo, girovago. 
 (4) Scallro, avvcduto^ astuto. (3) Fanciulla, vcrginella. - 
 (<>) Sospiri. (7) Voli, giuramcnti. (8) Intrcccio, noclo.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 41 
 
 ous for the investigation of some important subject? 
 Do you perform the monotonous duties of life with more 
 success and pleasure, or do they not appear more dull 
 and monotonous than ever,, so that you would fain have 
 the wings of a dove, that Vbu might flee to some fairy 
 land, and quaff (1) the cup of pleasure amid its enchant- 
 ing scenery? It is not difficult to anticipate the answers 
 that must be given to such questions. They are daily 
 practically answered in the conversation, manners, and 
 actions of novel-readers. 
 
 Let one young man devote his time to the reading 
 of fiction, and another to the study of philosophy, and 
 you will soon discover a developement of character in 
 the one, as different from that of the other as fiction is 
 from philosophy. But what harm (2) can accrue from 
 reading a little of fictitious works ? Your little reading 
 is likely to end in much reading. Besides, if your little 
 reading does you no harm , does it do you good ? Re- 
 member that if you could gain more by giving your 
 time to the reading of some other book than to the one 
 which does you no harm, and you do not, you are a 
 loser according to the old adage a penny saved is a 
 penny got. A person that might augment l>is property 
 and does not, may be said to be a loser. The rule for 
 you to adopt in improving your mind is, to secure as 
 much time for it as you can, and to employ it to the 
 
 (1) Bcre, Irincarc. (2) Male, clanno. '
 
 42 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 best advantage. Act upon this flrmly and constantly, and 
 you cannot fail to get knowledge and rise in intelligence. 
 Politics is a branch of knowledge which it is advisable 
 you should attend to with caution. Thousands, in steer- 
 ing (1) their course through" life, have foundered (2) in 
 this dangerous sea. In voyaging on it, you need to be 
 on your guard that you are not drawn unawares (3) 
 into some vortex. To give intelligent consideration to 
 the science of human government , is highly commend- 
 able and really important; but this is somewhat different 
 from giving an undue (4) attention to that which is a 
 mere substitute for this science, viz., the factious politics 
 of parties. Politics, as attended to and understood by the 
 mass , is little else than an exhibition of party feeling , 
 and the bitter (5) hostility of political sects ; and those 
 who are only happy when meddling (6) with them, are 
 more likely to acquire a facility in political abuse (7), 
 than an aptness for comprehending political science. We 
 do not say that you should not attend to what is going 
 on in the political world, but that you should not attend 
 to it with the avidity the mass of society generally do. 
 If you desire to study the principles of civil government, 
 and to ascertain what principles and laws are best 
 adapted to secure the greatest amount of happiness to 
 
 (I) Timoneggiare , dirlgere. (2) Affondali, naufragnti. 
 (3) Inavvcdutamcntc, all' improvvista. (4) Indebita, sconvcnicn- 
 tc, sovcrchia. (f ) Accrha, acre, nvvclcnata. (6) S' impacciano. 
 (7) CoiUumclic, villanie, invettivc.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 45 
 
 a nation at largo, you must not merely go to the jour- 
 nals of the day, but to the writers on u political eco- 
 nomy, ii and take up Ihe subject as one requiring deep 
 thought and patient investigation. Few subjects do the 
 generality of individuals think themselves more capable 
 of discussing than those of a political nature , although 
 their previous qualifications for it are often exceedingly 
 inefficient. An attention to the political movements of 
 the present day, without duly fortifying the mind against 
 their seductive and all-absorbing influence, is likely to 
 impede, if not entirely to prevent, intellectual progres- 
 sion. There is naturally in us, more or less, at least in 
 young persons , a love of novelty , change , and excite- 
 ment. The result of an election, an expression in a par- 
 liamentary debate, the discharge (1) of a servant of the 
 Crown, and even a squabble (2) among the ladies of the 
 bed-chamber, will become a topic of conversation for a 
 week or a month , in the mansion as well as in the 
 meanest domicile. To talk on such subjects is easy work; 
 and because it is so, too many like to adopt this mode 
 of being thought intelligent. But they cannot succeed in 
 sensible company. The proofs of a well-cultured mind 
 lie beyond the capability of descanting (3) on the news 
 of the day. The most ungifted minds , the meanest in- 
 tellects, are proficients at this. 
 
 (I) Licenziorc, congcdo , demissione. (2) Zufla, rissa, ba- 
 ruffa. (3) Comenlarc, osservare, discorrere.
 
 44 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 The newspaper (1) that mighty organ of good and 
 evil , attracting the attention of all classes of society , 
 giving direction to human opinion, and influencing the 
 world of mind should be read in some intervening mo- 
 ments of the day, and not^fcccupy any portion of that 
 lime which should be given to the systematic work of 
 self-culture. In like manner should other periodicals, 
 u excepting such as are devoted to grave discussions 
 of important principles, together with every species 
 of light reading, be dispatched, and never occupy the 
 place due to study. Reading of this kind is, perhaps, the 
 greatest drawback (2) to real mental cultivation. Those 
 who complain that they have no time for study, are 
 often the very individuals who brood over the contents 
 of a newspaper for hours, forgetting the amount of time 
 they consume in this way in a year. We call it compar- 
 atively waste of time, for how little is retained of such 
 reading ; how few are able to recollect at the end of a 
 week, a day, or an hour, a thousandth part of what 
 they have gleaned (3) from the journals and periodicals 
 of the day ! u After you have spent hours over them , 
 it is very doubtful whether you have done anything 
 more than crowd the mind with vague images and im- 
 pressions , which decidedly weaken the memory, n Let 
 those who may be disinclined to credit this assertion, 
 test the truth of it in their own experience. 
 
 (1) II giornale. (2) (Ribasso, sconlo), oslacolo, impedimcnlo, 
 nemico. (3) Spigolnlo.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 4S 
 
 As to what you should read , a remark or two may 
 comprise all that is necessary to be said on this point. 
 Read the writings of the best and the wisest of men, 
 such as others lias tried, and can testify to their worth; 
 books which have bequeathed (1) to their authors im- 
 mortal fame. Of course, you must choose (2) from among 
 these according to your taste, and to the knowledge in 
 which you are most deficient; but only choose from 
 among such books. To commune with great minds 
 through their works, is the surest way to become rich 
 and powerful in thought , and to have expansive and 
 noble views of truth. Who would talk with [a jnov- 
 elist, when he might hold converse with a Milton or a 
 Locke? u In reading the thoughts of such men, thoughts 
 greater than the growth of our own minds are trans- 
 planted into them ; and feelings more profound, sublime, 
 or comprehensive , are insinuated amidst our ordinary 
 train (3), while, in the eloquence with which they are 
 clothed (4) we learn a new language, worthy of the 
 new ideas that are created in us. Of how much pure 
 and exalted enjoyment is he ignorant, who never en- 
 tertained, as angels, the bright and loftier emanations of 
 loftier intellects than his own! By habitual communion 
 with superior spirits, we are not only enabled to think 
 their thoughts, speak their dialects, feel their emotions, 
 but our own thoughts are refined, our scanty language 
 
 (1) Legalo, donato. (2) Sccglicre. (3) Seric, seguito, trcno, 
 corlco, (4) Riveslilc.
 
 40 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 is enriched, our common feelings aro elevated ; and though 
 we never attain their standard (1), yet, by keeping com- 
 pany with them, we shall rise above our own, as trees 
 growing in the society of a forest aro said to draw each 
 other up into shapely (2) and stately proportion, while- 
 field and hedgerow stragglers, exposed to all weathers, 
 never reach (3) their full stature, luxuriance, and beauty. 
 
 You would not deny that the best food is conducive 
 to the health and vigour of the body; and is it not 
 equally necessary that food for the mind should be of 
 the best quality? It is not that inferior works c^itain 
 nothing to benefit that we counsel you not to read them, 
 but because there are works which .would impart incal- 
 culably, more benefit because you should not toil for 
 a shilling when you might obtain a pound. You may 
 become mentally opulent, if you will gather up (4) the 
 treasures which the mightiest spirits of our earth have 
 left behind them. 
 
 The greatest minds that were ever created, and who 
 have passed away, have given their thoughts as a legacy 
 to the world , a legacy common to all , and one inore 
 valuable than the wealth of empires. Oh, tis an elevated 
 pleasure to converse with the wise the great the good; 
 to summon, as it were, into our presence the distant 
 and the dead , and to have our minds strengthened 
 and refreshed by their eloquence and wisdom! 
 
 (I) Taglio , allezza , misura. (2) Simmelrica , formosu. 
 (3) Pcrvcngono a. (4) Raecocliere.
 
 MKNTAU CULTURE. 47 
 
 If the works of some great authors be too extensive 
 for your perusal , you may remedy this by reading 
 abridgments (1) of them. If you cannot read through 
 the deep reasoning of many volumes, read through one. 
 Because you cannot dig up (2) all the wealth of a mine, 
 do not cease to labour for a part of it. A page of some 
 standard (3) work is of more value than a volume which 
 cost its author little more trouble than the mere act of 
 writing. It is not how much you read that should be a 
 matter of concern with you, but what you read. Many 
 minds have had a nobility given to them have been 
 propelled (4-) on to noble achievements in learning 
 from the perusal of one book, u If I may be allowed to 
 speak of my own experience, says President Porter, 
 a as a theological student, I would say, that to ' Edwards 
 on the Will, ' which I read at least three several times 
 before I entered the ministry, besides frequent reviews 
 of it since, I am more indebted than to all other human 
 productions. The aid which it gave was to me invaluable.n 
 A bad book, especially a licentious one, has an opposite, 
 but not less powerful, tendency; for it often gives a 
 tone and bias (5) to the mind, which last through life. 
 Beware of such books; shun them as a pestilence, lest 
 your moral nature become loath somely (G) corrupted 
 lest your end be shame and ruin. 
 
 (1) Compcntlj. (2) Disotlerrare, scavare. (3) Classics, ele- 
 gantissima. (4) Slimolati, spinti. risospinli. (3) Piega, cal- 
 tiva picga. (C) Schifosamente, al>ominevolmenle.
 
 48 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 But it is not only important what you read, but how 
 you read. From a want of due attention to this, it is 
 to be feared that numbers have profited but little from 
 having read even the best of authors. It .is as vain to 
 cram (1) the mind with knowledge if you wish to benefit 
 from it, as it to overcharge your stomach with food. 
 
 The mind must have time to digest by reflection what 
 it receives. " Meditation and reflection are the better 
 half of study. Accustom yourself, as you peruse (2) 
 a book, to pause at the end of every paragraph or sen- 
 tence to consider what you have read to ask yourself, 
 do I uuderstand it? do I believe it? is*it true or false? 
 Such a method as this will astonishingly expand and 
 improve your mind , and accelerate your progress in 
 knowledge. 
 
 But will not this method of reading be a slow (5) 
 one? Yes, very slow, but very sure and very profitable. 
 By this method you will acquire a habit of thought, 
 whereby (4) you will be enabled to turn what you read 
 to good account, and increase to a great extent the 
 usefulness of your knowledge. Thought generates thought; 
 one idea of a great author suggests to a reflecting mind 
 a train of others, and frequently opens up a wide field 
 for intellectual range. To have the power of creating 
 thoughts, of concentratiug them upon any subject, of 
 directing and controlling them at pleasure, is to have 
 
 (I) Rimpinzarc. (2) Leggete. (3) Lenlo. (4) Con cui.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 49 
 
 advanced far in self-improvement. Intellectual culture 
 consists not chiefly, as many are accustomed to think, 
 in accumulating information, though this is important, 
 hut in building up a force of thought which may be 
 turned at will on any subject on which we are called 
 to pass judgment. 
 
 Our intercourse with great men through their works 
 should not weaken our intellectual independence. Wo 
 read to be better fitted to think and judge for ourselves, 
 and not to pin (1) our faith (2) to the sleeve (3) of any 
 man, how extolled soever he may be, unless reason give 
 consent. It is a fine characteristic of a mind to pay rever- 
 ence to the opinions of great men, and yet not to allow 
 them to shackle (4) the free , patient , and independent 
 action of its own. The mere act of gathering knowledge 
 from books is similar to collecting materials for a build- 
 ing, valuable in themselves, but comparatively useless, 
 without the exercise of that intellectual power which 
 forms out of them a noble and beautiful structure, u It 
 is not so important to know everything, as to know the 
 exact value of everything; to appreciate what we learn, 
 and to arrange (5) what we know. 
 
 But books are not the only means of obtaining know- 
 ledge; much may be acquired from lectures, observation, 
 and from the conversation of intelligent individuals. 
 
 (I) (Allaccarc con uno spillo), afflbbbfare. (2) Fcdc, crcdenra. 
 (3) Manica. (4)Iuceppare, impaslojarc. (5) Riorclinare, asscstare.
 
 \JO MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 With respect to lectures, we certainly should advise you 
 to be careful of what time you give to them, since the 
 knowledge you might thence derive, could be more 
 successfully obtained from books. In regard to the ono 
 method of communicating knowledge, you must keep 
 pace (1) [with the lecturer (2), whilst in regard to the 
 other, you can take your own time, and reflect as the 
 subject is unfolded (3) to you. On observation we need 
 only remark, that there is no lime nor place, circum- 
 stance nor engagement, which excludes you from this 
 method of improving your mind. The crowded objects 
 of the city , as well as the more beauteous works of 
 nature , impart instruction to those who are ready to 
 learn; and you may find, to use the words of an im- 
 mortal bard, 
 
 < longues in trees, books in tlie running brooks, 
 Sermons in slones, and good in everything. 
 
 it Nature, revelation, the human soul, and human life, 
 are freely unfolded to every eye. The great sources of 
 wisdom are experience and observation, and these are 
 denied (4) to none. To open and fix our eyes upon what 
 passes without and within us is the most fruitful study, n 
 Sir Walter Scott said he had never met with a man, 
 how""?r humble his calling , without learning some- 
 thing from him. It is surprising to find individuals (as 
 
 (1) Camminarc a pari passo. (2) Profcssore (di University). 
 (5) Svollo, spfcgaln, sviluppalo. (i) Riflutate, negate.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 81 
 
 we sometimes do), who seem to know a little of every- 
 thing, although they have never read nor studied much; 
 we can only attribute it to their allowing nothing to 
 escape their notice. A constant habit of observing what 
 is passing around you should be cherished as a means 
 of knowledge knowledge, too, which is not conveyed (1) 
 to us by books. 
 
 As to conversation , much might be said on what 
 may be obtained in this way. Those who seek the best 
 books for improvement , will surely seek virtuous and 
 intelligenl individuals for their companions. It is a great 
 privilege to be acquainted with persons wiser than our- 
 selves ; you cannot but be improved by it if you will. 
 It must be indeed your own fault, if you have to exclaim, 
 it I have lost my lime in the company of the learned. 
 You cannot be long in the company of another without 
 being either the better or the worse: you will ( it may 
 be imperceptibly) copy something from him. It was the 
 advice of a professional gentleman, of considerable talent 
 and learning, to a young friend who complained of want 
 of more time for reading, to entertain at his house liter- 
 ary men, and thus he would acquire knowledge with- 
 out labouring for it. He who is permitted to draw 
 from this great fountain , can hardly fail of having 
 thought poured upon him sufficient to render him in- 
 telligent, even though he should never open a book, n 
 
 (I) Comunicaln, dala, Irasmcssa.
 
 82 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 Varilles has said that of ten things which he knew, 
 he had learned nine from conversation. 
 
 Be choice, then, of your companions, if you wish (4) 
 to improve by them ; act upon the advice of the wisest 
 of men , u Go from the presence of a foolish man 
 when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge. 
 Time is too valuable, and the space allotted to man too 
 short, to be frittered away in the society of triflers , 
 when it might be profitably and delightfully employed 
 in the society of those who dispense light and intelli- 
 gence in whatever circle they move. When you are in 
 the company of one superior to yourself in intellect and 
 acquirements, ply him with questions, obtain from him 
 as much as you possibly can , without wearying him , 
 or infringing on the laws of politeness. Shun , above 
 everything, the companionship of those whose conversa- 
 tion is polluted by profaneness or licentiousness. Such 
 will inevitably defile (2) you, corrupt your manners, de- 
 teriorate your mind, vitiate your taste, and soon render 
 you a complete counterpart of themselves. You may be 
 slow (3) to learn what is good, but not so as to what 
 is evil. You are more likely to copy from another what 
 is bad, and leave what is good, than copy what is good, 
 and leave what is bad. This is poor human nature, frail 
 and weak at best. Young men are very apt, when 
 
 (1) Desiderate, volctc. (2) Coiitaminare, lordare. (5) Lento, 
 tvdo.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. S3 
 
 together, to indulge in loose (1) conversation; and hardly 
 anything so assimilates them do the spirit of darkness 
 as this, for it argues a degraded mind, a filthy (2) taste, 
 and a foul (3) heart; for out of a pure heart can come 
 forth nothing but what is pure. Besides, such conversa- 
 tion is so unmeaning (4), so useless, so wanton (S), so 
 vile, and so destroying, that it should never be counte- 
 nanced by any who have one spark (6) of virtuous 
 feeling within their breasts ; but should be shunned as 
 the noisome pestilence, and fled from as you would the 
 flres of the bottomless pit (7). 
 
 That you may not be drawn into immoral company, 
 or be exposed to the temptation af sharing in its giddy 
 mirth (8) resort not to theatres, concert-rooms, or other 
 places of fashionable amusements. Such a caution need 
 not bo given to those whose religious principles teach 
 them u to flee youthful lusts (9) and follow after right- 
 eousness, n They have no sympathy with anything that 
 has a tendency to deteriorate their moral nature ; and 
 that such places have such a tendency, we think, were 
 it in harmony with the design of this treatise, and did 
 space permit, we could easily demonstrate. But it is not 
 only on moral, but also on intellectual grounds, that we 
 would counsel young men to forsake the retreats (10) of 
 
 (1) Dissolute. (2) Schifo, sporeo. (5) Sozzo, Immondo. 
 (4) Insulso, stupido, insensate. (K) Lascivo. (6) Scintilla. 
 (7) Abisso , inferno. (8) Allegria. (9) Concupiscenza. 
 (10) Ridotti.
 
 34 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 gay amusements. To say the least , they allure without 
 profiting, they engage the attention and engross a large 
 portion of time wjthout giving an equivalent in return; 
 and it is not compatible with the dignity of a rational, 
 an accountable, and an immortal being, to participate in 
 amusements which are incapable of profiting. 
 
 There is naturally an inclination in young men, rather 
 to seek that which excites the passions and pleasurably 
 influences the senses, than that which especially engages 
 the judgment and the reflecting faculties. This inclina- 
 tion is a sufficient obstacle to mental pursuits , without 
 having fresh strength given to it; and with many, un- 
 less (1) their love for acquiring knowledge be very ardent 
 indeed, the temptation to listen to a well-sung song will 
 be stronger than the inducement to read a well-written 
 book; and the gaudy (2) or ludicrous exhibitions of some 
 playhouse (5) will appear to them more attractive than 
 anything that could be presented in the lecture-room. 
 Some will defend their nightly visits to the assemblies 
 of the giddy and the gay, on the ground that they 
 impart many moral lessons in an agreeable manner, and 
 give a better knowledge of men and manners than 
 anything beside; but we need only adduce, in refutation of 
 this position, the fact that the characters who frequent our 
 u evening entertainments n are chiefly those whose motto 
 is u let us eat and drink (4) for to-morrow we die. 
 
 (i) A meno chc. (3) Sfoggiate. (3) Tcalro. (4) Man> 
 giamo c licvKimo,
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 55 
 
 We learn more of men and things in the reading- 
 "oom , or the lecture-room , than at the card-table , the 
 tteatre, the dance, or the tavern revelry (1). If anything 
 be learnt at such places , it is the practice of immoral 
 habits and loose conversation, and the proof of this is 
 too frequently , alas ! and too deplorably , developed in 
 practice to admit of a doubt. There is nothing in such 
 recreations, if recreations they can be called, that can, 
 in any way, assist those devoted to mental culture , or 
 give facilities for the range of sober and elevated thought. 
 The steady and anxious seeker of knowledge knows that 
 there is a spell (2) about them which strengthens the 
 oftener these scenes are frequented, and that when a 
 young man has once become fastened (5) by it , the 
 pursuits of inspiring literature must be abandoned, and 
 systematic study forsaken as a chimerical enterprise. 
 Those living in large towns, and at all desirous of hav- 
 ing their minds enlightened , and their hearts purified , 
 should especially be careful what amusements they seek, 
 and what time they give to them ; for the temptations 
 in such towns are numerous, and more speedily than 
 they are aware are they liable (4) to fall into them. 
 When once an inclination is created to pass a leisure 
 hour in vain and idle amusements , they will soon be- 
 come unfitted for anything else, and all the endearing 
 
 (1) Orgic. (2) Fascino, incanto, incanlcsimo, malia. (5) Le- 
 galo, altaccato, affascinalo. (4) Soggetli, csposli.
 
 J>0 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 delights which accompany intellectual pursuits, and which 
 once, it may be, they anticipated experiencing, will only 
 become farther removed from them : whilst, as the lov<3 
 of sensual enjoyments waxes stronger and stronger, tteir 
 mental and physical nature will, at length, be destroyed 
 by reckless (1) dissipation. Cultivate, then, a taste for 
 what is pure and intellectual, as the best means of being 
 kept from imbibing what is impure and sensual , 
 remembering u that there is a susceptibility 01' incessant 
 elevation in the human character, enabling you to pass 
 from the animal man to the rational man, from the ra- 
 tional to the intellectual man, from the intellectual to the 
 spiritual man transformed into the Divine image, and 
 soaring to joys unutterable, n 
 
 There is one means of self-improvement which we 
 would especially urge upon the attention of those who 
 by local circumstances are more exposed to the tempta- 
 tions offered by the various places of gaiety and plea- 
 sure which exist in our large towns. We allude to those 
 associations which are designated u Friendly Discussion, 
 or Mutual Improvement Societies, n 
 
 When rightly conducted , and carried on in a right 
 spirit, they become of great use to all who wish for 
 real improvement, and we offer a few remarks in sup- 
 port of this, that some may avail themselves (2) of 
 Ihcir advantages, aud others be induced to form such 
 
 >(l) Non curante, spensierata. (2) Valersi, giorarsi.
 
 MENTAL CULTUftB. 57 
 
 associations themselves where they may not exist ; and 
 wo remark, first, respecting them, that they promote a 
 spirit of research. 
 
 Set a man on this road, and you have accomplished 
 the greater part of what is necessary to raise (1) him 
 above the world of monotonous thought and antiquated 
 notions create in him a thirst (2) for investigation , 
 and nothing can arrest his onward course: you can then 
 no more keep him ignorant than roll back the moun- 
 tain torrent. 
 
 But this spirit of research has, with most, to be im- 
 planted , and it fs often necessary for a man to know 
 and feel his ignorance before be will take much pains 
 to remove it. And nothing , we think , lends more to 
 this, than that kind of intercourse of which we are now 
 speaking, for our ignorance then appears more con- 
 spicuous , and our knowledge is stringently tasked. 
 Discussion is a pretty (5) good criterion to ascertain a 
 man's mental stamina , and most retire from it con- 
 vinced that they are of less intellectual dimensions than 
 they believed when they entered upon it. Such a con- 
 clusion , then , is calculated to promote a spirit of 
 research. No one likes to appear less than he thought 
 himself to be. He will add a cubit to his mental stature 
 if he can. Whatever incites to this is good, and friendly 
 discussions arc, in tWs respect, most desirable. 
 
 (I) Innalzarc, elevare. (2). Sele, brama. (3) Rastantemcnle.
 
 88 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 Another advantage derived from them is, that they 
 quicken (1) thought. 
 
 As iron sharpens (2) iron, so mind quickens mind. It 
 is with the mental as with the bodily powers, that 
 action increases the capability of action, and is produc- 
 tive of augmented strength. It is painful to contemplate 
 the world of mental stagnancy. It may, not unfitly, be 
 compared to the broad lake, when amid the deep calm 
 of an autumnal eve no zephyr ripples (5) its glassy (4) 
 surface. This intellectual torpor is generally seen when 
 mind has little contact with mind where it exists com- 
 paratively alone. Hence the marked difference , as to 
 mental developement, which exists between a town and 
 rustic population. In the former, they become sharp as 
 it were (5) by friction in the latter, they are dead- 
 ened (G) by isolation. In the town population there may 
 not be much depth or range (7) of thought , but there 
 is some mental life. Intellect is quickened, and the petty 
 disputations of the market the keen (8) contention in 
 barter the shrewd (9) contrivances for gain and the 
 busy talk on passing events all tend to effect this. In 
 those who dwell where there is almost the absence of 
 these things, we find a somewhat opposite state of mind. 
 
 (I) Avvivano. (2) Come il ferro aguzza. (3) Increspa. 
 (4) Liscia, levigata. (5) Per dirlo cosi, per cosl dire. (6) Am- 
 mortali, intorpidili, islupiditi. (7) Profomlila o cslensione. 
 (8) Aculo, sottile, flno, furbo, astulo, oculato, argulo. (9) Sa- 
 paci, pcrspicaci, scaltrilc.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. S9 
 
 They may be surrounded (1) by all that is adapted to 
 charm the eye and regale the senses. Nature may unfold 
 to them her brightest scenes: yet thought is not quicken- 
 ed. Her voice is not heard by the unlettered mind. The 
 sunny hill, the flowing stream, the glowing landscape, 
 speak eloquently speak, but the rustic understands 
 not their language, nor hears the music of their voice. 
 Such scenes are unimpressive when mind has no reci- 
 procity of action. Nature can quicken mind , but mind 
 cannot quicken nature. Even in regard to books, we 
 perceive how in some particulars friendly controversy 
 may have the superiority in quickening thought. Books, 
 like nature, are silent teachers they give us facts 
 they furnish us with thoughts, and, what is still more 
 important , they suggest thoughts , but we speak to 
 them and they do not answer us. We sometimes un- 
 derstand not their meaning we cannot interpret their 
 language; but they speak on, uttering (2) the same voice 
 speaking the same language. A reason why books 
 so often fail to be as productive of good as they might, 
 may be found in the fact, that they are read with too 
 much belief with too much willingness to receive as 
 truth what another may choose to write ; or it may 
 arise from selecting authors for whom we have a pre- 
 dilection , and in whose favour , on account of some 
 excellences, we are prejudiced. In friendly discussions 
 
 (1) Circondati. (2) Profferendo.
 
 60 MBNTAL CULTURE. 
 
 these things do not easily occur , for , in an association 
 of this nature , we have the opinions of many we 
 cannot select the mind with whom only we will con- 
 verse. We are not likely to receive as truth all that 
 each may have to say, otherwise we should receive as 
 truth a mass most heterogeneous - a medley (1) most 
 complete. Opinions vary our views are controverted 
 thought combats with thought action and reaction 
 goes on, and mind is quickened. 
 
 There is one more benefit we would name as deriv- 
 able from these associations, which is, the eliciting of 
 truth. 
 
 Pre-eminently do we think that they conduce to this. 
 This will appear from what we have already said. If 
 discussion incites to research , and tends to quicken 
 thought , two important steps are secured towards the 
 discovery of truth, and more than this, it tends to bring 
 out to the light what a man does believe. It is neces- 
 sary to remove error, in order to implant truth. Dislodge 
 error from the mind, and you must lodge truth in its 
 place. The mind knows of no vacuity, and it is painful 
 to contemplate the vast amount of positive error which 
 is piled up (2) like worthless lumber (3) in the human 
 soul, and often continues to be thus piled, till consumed 
 by the fire of a manly and honest controversy. Discus- 
 
 (1) Guaz/abuglio. (2) Abbiccato, ammuccbinto. (3) Masse- 
 riziaccia, arnesi usati.
 
 MENTAL CULTCRli. 61 
 
 sion seems to give a kind of resuscitation to the train 
 of false ideas which by the absence of quickening in- 
 fluences had descended to the grave of memory , but 
 which, when called up from their sepulchre and placed 
 in their true light, excited our wonder, that ever they 
 could have found in us a welcome and a home. 
 
 It is surprising how prone we are to consider our 
 own views correct our own opinions as the true ones, 
 especially if they have never been contravened, or if the 
 arguments adduced against them have wanted strength 
 and clearness. Like the eastern prince , who disbelieved 
 the existence of ice (1) because he had never seen $, we 
 are inclined to think that there are no arguments to 
 overturn (2) our favourite theories, because we have 
 never been brought in contact with them. Now , to an 
 honest and unprejudiced mind, nothing is better calcu- 
 lated to give true views on a subject than the calm 
 examination of the views of others , and the comparing 
 of those views with our own , just as , in selecting a 
 commodity of life, we maka a comparison , in order to 
 select the best. 
 
 There is, too, in discussion, what is of great advaa- 
 tage immediate and striking contrast. It is when things 
 are thus placed that they most impress us. The hill 
 appears but of small elevation when our eye surveys 
 the mountain heights. The barrenness of the heath (3) 
 
 (1) Ghiaccio. (2) Rovcsciare. (3) La stcrilitfc della latula.
 
 62 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 looks more barren still (1) when the flowery landscape 
 girts (2) it on every side. The cloudy evening seems to 
 wear a darker aspect when it has been preceded by a 
 cloudless (3) day. So it is in reasoning. Error appears 
 more glaring (4), and truth more radiant, when placed 
 in juxtaposition. 
 
 Such are Some of the benefits which we consider may 
 be obtained by an attendance on an association formed 
 to discuss great and important truths: and, in addition 
 to what we have stated, we Tnight also name the habit 
 of good speaking, which may be so favourably acquired 
 at such societies ; a qualification which may be found , 
 in after life, to have been worth possessing. 
 
 There is one thing more we must name which has a 
 bearing upon our subject, and that is marriage. 
 
 Multitudes of young men have never been able to rise 
 in mental attainments, or even in their own commercial 
 occupations, above what is comparatively mean and grov- 
 elling; and why? because they married too soon. They 
 married before they had a competency to meet the expen- 
 ses attendant upon this union, and they were never able 
 to recover themselves. Their whole lime and soul being 
 engrossed (ij) about what they should eat and where- 
 withal (0) they should be clothed (7), intellectual culture 
 
 (I) Ancora. (2) Cingc. (3) Scn?.a nuvolo, sercno. (4) (Ab- 
 luirbaglianlc) palcnle, cvidcnlc. (5) Assorbile, occupatc. 
 (<) Coir flic- (7) Vcstiti.
 
 MENTAL CULTURB. 63 
 
 was utterly (1) forsaken, and the mind was left to be 
 clouded (2) by ignorance and error. If you wish to settle 
 in life (3) so as to maintain through it a respectable 
 standing as a commercial man, take care that you have, 
 previous to your entering into the matrimonial state , 
 well counted the cost, and made preparation accordingly. 
 See to it that you lay a good foundation, before you 
 attempt to rear the superstructure; and if you desire to 
 pass through life with a good stock (4) of knowledge, 
 and to be respected for your intelligence and informa- 
 tion, lay up this stock, if possible, and cultivate your 
 mind before you take that step which is inseparably con- 
 nected with domestic cares. 
 
 That you may advance in knowledge in the married 
 state we admit, for there is scarcely any condition in 
 which this may not be done', but it is highly probable 
 you will not have the opportunity for the work of sys- 
 tematic study, and that your means of intellectual im- 
 provement will, at best, be irregular and precarious. 
 How desirable is it to have both the head and the 
 pocket replenished before taking upon you the marriage 
 vow; for the wants which are inseparably connected with 
 such a union draw largely both on the head and the 
 pocket. The duties which devolve upon a parent are 
 not those which may be undertaken without much con- 
 
 (1) Del tutlo, affallo. (2) Annuvolalo, appannalo. (3) Ac- 
 rasarvi, slahilirvi. (4) Fondo.
 
 64 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 sideration and previous attention to the right culture 
 both of the head and heart. They are onerous, and in- 
 volve great and solemn responsibility; and the rashness 
 and thoughtlessness (1) with which many young men 
 enter into a state which entails upon them (2) the dis- 
 charge of parental duties is as astonishing as it is culpa- 
 ble, and can only be attribuled to the want of that 
 strength of judgment and reason , to obtain which wo 
 urge them to remain longer in a state of celibacy. 
 
 Youth is the time for intellectual improvement; then 
 tho spirits are buoyant, the mind active, and capable of 
 being trained and disciplined ; habits are more easily 
 rooted up (3); prejudices more easily removed, and hope 
 burns (4) with a brighter flame. We are altogether, at 
 that period , more alterable creatures. It is the spring 
 of life, and the seed-time too; and if the season be well 
 occupied in sowing (5), great expectations may be enter- 
 tained of reaping (6) a plenteous harvest (7); but neglect 
 to sow then , and it is probable you will never sow at 
 all; and if you do, it will be at an unfavourable season 
 for remember, human life has no second spring. At 
 this period the cares of domestic life have not cast their 
 shadows over your u primrose path, n You are, in a 
 great measure, freed from those heavy duties which 
 
 (I) Tcmerila c spcnsieratezza. (2) Li obbliga a. (3) Sra- 
 dicali. (4) Arde, bntcia. (S) Seiuiunre. (0) Raccogliere, 
 uiiclerc. (7) Mcssc.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 6S 
 
 devolve more upon those who have passed on to the 
 meridian of life. What you will be through life will, in 
 a very great degree, be determined by what you are now. 
 If you neglect self-improvement now, it is very prob- 
 able you will never do otherwise. The writer has fre- 
 quently met with individuals who deplored the heedless 
 and neglectful manner in which they suffered their 
 youthful days to glide by the advantages for mental 
 improvement they disregarded, the frivolities with which 
 they sought to fill up their leisure time; and who, though 
 feeling and lamenting these things, and desirous of mak- 
 ing some intellectual advancement during the remainder 
 of their lives, confessed, with regret, that anxieties of a 
 domestic kind , and their own want of application ari- 
 sing from cherished habits opposed to studious pursuits, 
 appeared obstacles in the way too great to be surmoun- 
 ted. Of how many is this the confession ! Could such 
 roll back the wheels of time, and commence again the 
 journey of life, how gladly would they improve its spring- 
 time in the hope of reaping fruit in after years ! But 
 this , alas ! cannot be , and the consequences of misem- 
 ployed time will and must be felt without the power 
 of recalling it. 0! said one, as he lay dying, call 
 back time again ; if you can call back time again, then 
 there may be hope for me; but time is gone! 
 It must not , however , be supposed that there is no 
 making up in more mature years somewhat for Iho 
 neglect of self-culture at an earlier period. Numerous 
 
 5
 
 66 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 instances might be cited of individuals making considera- 
 ble progress in learning, though they commenced com- 
 paratively late in life. But still these are exceptions; and 
 what we wish to impress upon you is, that the rule is 
 always to be taken, and not the exceptions. If, however, 
 you have disregarded the cultivation of your mind du- 
 ring a period most advantageous for the work, do not 
 continue to neglect it; still you nuy do something, and 
 although you may not be able to acquire that amount 
 of knowledge which you might have acquired had your 
 mind been directed to it earlier, yet acquire what you 
 can. Light is cheering and pleasant, if its rays dart but 
 faintly on our pathway. Remain not, then, in darkness 
 because you may not expect the light of perfect day to 
 pour in upon your soul. Let no place or circumstance 
 prevent your acquiring knowledge. Whenever and wher- 
 ever a leisure moment offers , improve it ; and , that 
 you may be prepared to do this , always carry a book 
 in your pocket. If the writer may refer to his own 
 experience on this point, be would say, that by following 
 this course for years, he has acquired a considerable 
 portion of his information. In waiting for another , if it 
 be but for a minute or two, open your book, you may 
 fasten on a sentence that will supply you with matter 
 for thought for hours afterwards. You will be told that, 
 in so doing, business will most likely he neglected, and 
 that business must be attended to; but may it not be 
 said in answer, that the mind should not be neglected,
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 67 
 
 and that business cannot be neglected when there is no 
 business to be transacted. The interest of a master is 
 not more likely to be promoted when his servant is 
 sitting or standing idle than when he is enlightening his 
 mind by means of a book ; for if he be not, in his spare 
 moments, gathering up the thoughts of others, it is very 
 probable that his own, like the fool's eye, will be wan- 
 dering to the ends of the earth. Thousands in this great 
 city waste a considerable fraction of their time in wail- 
 ing for business. Now, if they cannot put forth fresh 
 efforts to obtain it, it were better for them, till it comes 
 to occupy themselves in the important duty of self- 
 improvement. Time , invaluable time , should never be 
 passed in idleness ; for time with us will soon be no 
 more. Acquire knowledge, then, whenever you can. In 
 all places, under' all circumstances, acquire knowledge. 
 Let your determination to acquire it be but fixed , and 
 you will succeed. 
 
 Before concluding these hints on mental improve- 
 ment, we deem it most important to offer a remark on 
 the necessity of moral improvement. 
 
 Self-culture, to be truly so, must be religious as well 
 as intellectual. To attend to the mind, in neglect of the 
 heart, is to attend only to a part of your nature. It is 
 like adorning the casket , while the jewel remains in- 
 crustated with soil. There can be no compensation found 
 for the neglect of the religious culture of the social and 
 benevolent affections of your nature. To be mentally
 
 68 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 great, is of little account, in comparison with being mo- 
 rally good. The union of the two forms the complete 
 the really great man. Intellectual superiority and attain- 
 ments may ally you to the statesman, the philosopher, 
 or the poet ; but moral goodness unites you to God, and 
 this alone can do it. How unphilosophical as well as 
 injurious is it to seek no higher good in your intellectual 
 pursuits than what is confined to earth and bounded (1) 
 by time. We say unphilosophical, because it is contrary 
 to the high intention of heaven to the utterances of 
 conscience, and to all the analogies of nature. 
 
 Man is a religious being. The religious element is found 
 within him wherever he may roam (2) or rest. Every 
 shore bears the impress of his bended knee (3) ; and from 
 the shady wood and silent mountain there ascends to 
 heaven the smoke of incense and ihe flame of sacrifice. 
 He cannot rid himself (4) of the belief that there is some 
 spirit presiding over his destiny , taking cognizance of 
 his acts, and which will ultimately render to him ac- 
 cording to his deserts (5). 
 
 The fears and hopes, loo, which alternately rise within 
 his breast and agitate his soul , when about to cross 
 the threshold (G) of time, speak with solemn intonations 
 of a retributive world of a judgment to come. 
 
 (1) Limitalo. (2) Ramingare, vagare. (3) Ginoccliio. 
 (4) Disfarsi , spogliarsi. (3) See a most admirable work on this 
 subject, entitled, u The Crisis of Being, n by the Rev. D. Thomas. 
 () Soglia.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 69 
 
 To treat with a flippant air such truths is thought , 
 by not a few, to be a sign of a freethinking and manly 
 spirit, as if implicit faith in such verities was character- 
 istic only of a weak and sentimental mind. But there 
 are moments oven with such moments suited to 
 reflection by the gloom (1) which some grave event has 
 spread over the sunny scenes of life, when they think 
 and feel otherwise : and this more fearfully is the case 
 when- the goal (2) of life is reached when its flame 
 flickers in its socket. Why this, but for sin, and the 
 thought of 
 
 it that undiscover 'd country , from whose bourne (3) , 
 No traveller returns ? 11 
 
 Men may talk about their irresponsibility, in following 
 their own desires , and in doing what seems good in 
 their own eyes; but whatever may be their reasoning 
 and thinking, they suffer more or less, even ia the 
 present life, for their evil (4) doings. If man were not 
 responsible for his course of moral action, it were strange 
 that any course which his inclinations might prompt 
 him to adopt and pursue, should entail on him any 
 amount of suffering. But such is the case. There is such 
 a thing as retribution, though partial, going on in the 
 world that now is ; and sometimes fearful is the ven- 
 geance which overtakes and crushes (5) the transgressor. 
 You may not quite live as you please. The pains and 
 
 (1) II tetro, il cupo ; 1' oscurila, la Iristezza. (2) Mela. 
 5) Confine, lirnile. (4) Mali. (5) Raggiungc e schiaccia.
 
 70 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 penalties may almost be accurately specified, which will 
 result from certain lines (1) of conduct; and when this 
 is seen taking place, as it is at times among communi- 
 ties and nations, the thoughts of most hearts, if embod- 
 ied (2) in words, would be, Verily, there is a God 
 who judgeth in the earth, w 
 
 Beware then of imbibing a sceptical spirit of em- 
 bracing infldel principles. Some who would be ashamed 
 openly to avow (3) themselves as the advocates of such, 
 are yet found lingering on its deceitful paths, and cher- 
 ishing its darkening views. It is not surprising that such 
 should not like to be recognised as belonging to this 
 class, if they have but acted out (4) their sceptical 
 principles ; for where are the men to be found who have 
 been made better by the teachings (5) of infidelity 
 who have been rendered models of universal imitation 
 and blessings to their species ? 
 
 History bears its fearful testimony to the social and 
 moral degradation which the writings antagonistic to 
 revealed religion have effected. 
 
 A celebrated writer, in speaking on this, in reference 
 to the reign of terror during the French Revolution , 
 says, 11 Have not the barbarities which have stained (6) 
 the revolution in that unhappy country, been justly 
 chargeable on the prevalence of Atheism? Let those who 
 
 (i) Manicrc, gencri, specie. (2) Incorporali , incarnali, rivc- 
 sliti, (3) Dichiararsi. (4) Operate sccondo. (5) Ammao- 
 stramento. (6) Macchialo.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 71 
 
 doubt this recollect, that the men who, by their activity 
 and talents, prepared the minds of the people for that 
 great change, Voltaire, D'Alembert, Diderdt, Rousseau, 
 and others, were avowed enemies of revelation: that 
 in all their writings the diffusion of scepticism and re- 
 volutionary principles went hand in hand. The reign of 
 Atheism was avowedly and expressly the reign of ter- 
 ror. In the full madness of their career in the highest 
 climax of their horrors, they shut up the temple of God 
 abolished his worship and proclaimed death to 
 be an eternal sleep. This is only one of a thousand 
 instances (1) which might be named in support of tho 
 statements we have made. Such is the tendency of 
 principles opposed to revealed religion; nor can it bo 
 strange that results so formidable and destructive should 
 be produced by them. 
 
 Man is born with the tendencies to evil, and this, 
 alas! is too painfully manifested as he advances from 
 infancy to manhood. But not only has he the tendency 
 to evil, but he does the evil. Wherever he exists he is 
 found, but with few exceptions, living according to the 
 desires of the flesh. Injustice and oppression, cruelty 
 and bloodshed, is almost the burden (2) of universal 
 history; and all the systems of morals and philosophy 
 which have emanated from human wisdom, have been 
 utterly inefficient to counteract the evil tendencies of his 
 
 (1) Escmpi. (2) Soggedo.
 
 72 MBNTAL CULTURE. 
 
 nature, to controul his passions, or regulate the work- 
 ings of his heart. 
 
 Greece and Rome had their famed moralists and wise 
 men, who, in their lauded schools, gave forth their 
 lectures on justice and liherty, virtue and happiness; 
 hut the moral features of society were unaltered the 
 tide (1) of evil rolled on with accelerated flow and ac- 
 cumulated force, till it sapped the foundations of social 
 order and national prosperity, and they fell to rise no 
 more. 
 
 It is not difficult to discover why so many of our 
 young men have a sympathy with infldel views, when 
 we consider that they can be entertained and yet no 
 curb (2) be put upon the indulgence of their passions 
 no check be given to their evil inclinations. They have 
 only to look within, and they will find this to be the 
 secret of their being numbered in the ranks of scepticism. 
 They dislike (3) the religion of the Bible, or pretend to 
 disbelieve its credentials. With better grace could they 
 dislike and disbelieve, if it did not utter its voice against 
 the lust of the flesh the lust of the eye and the 
 pride of life. 
 
 We have said that man must have a religion; and 
 what religion can he have suited (4) to his moral 
 nature and condition but Christianity? 
 
 (1) Picna, marca, diluvio. (2) Frcno. , (3) Disamano, odiano, 
 (4) Adallato.
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 73 
 
 What religion has such sanctions, and is supported 
 with such evidence which so appeals to his understand- 
 ing and conscience which so enables him to develope 
 his whole nature as to make life all-important and valu- 
 able, as that propounded by Him, who spake as 
 never man spake? and who 
 
 a Sixteen hundred years ago 
 
 Was nailed for our advantage to the bitter cross ? 11 
 Nothing purer, nothing nobler than this ever dawned (1) 
 on the human mind; and since the Great Teacher of 
 Christianity appeared in our world, society has made an 
 onward progress the scope of man's thinking has been 
 enlarged, and the social and benevolent feelings of his 
 heart refined and expanded. The religious systems of 
 antiquity dazzled and bewildered for a time, and then 
 vanished and left man unpurified; but this, like the 
 morning light, gradually brightening, and spreading over 
 the world, assures us of the -perfect day. 
 
 It is only natural that it should do this , for it is a 
 system of truth pre-eminently suited to the moral wants 
 and necessities of human nature. Christianity , by its 
 simple majesty by its reasonableness, and by its won- 
 derful ( V 2) adaptedness to man in every variety of state 
 and character, must stand its ground, and fight its way 
 in spite of all contending forces. What is the grand 
 duty, involving all others, it enjoins? love to God and 
 
 (i) Spuntd brillo. (2) Meraviglioso.
 
 76 MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 You may perhaps entertain the idea that this book 
 commends itself more to the unphilosophical , and is 
 lauded chiefly by the religious enthusiast, forgetting that 
 it has attracted to itself the noblest spirits of our raco 
 the master-intellects of our world. Its evidences have 
 engaged the labours of a Locke its prophecies have 
 called forth the mental energies of a Newton its su- 
 blime poetical conceptions have charmed the imagination 
 of a Milton, and even a Shakspeare has done homage at 
 its page. 
 
 We repeat, too, that the Bible is the book for every 
 man for every man has it (in embryo) within him. 
 It is but a fuller re-publication ( with additions , we 
 grant), of moral laws and sentiments which have been 
 engraven on the heart by Him who fashioned man, and 
 who made him at the first in his own moral image; 
 and it is the great means designed to give to man 's 
 thoughts and affections their right direction to assist 
 him in the true development of his nature, and to bring 
 the whole moral machinery of his beiug to act in har- 
 mony with universal law. Such is the Bible, and as such 
 it is surely worthy of your study. Think not to elevate 
 your character, nor to obtain a position in society in- 
 fluential for good and dignified by respect, if you 
 designedly turn away from the .thoughtful perusal of its 
 pages. The constitution of your being your relation- 
 ship to God and man, and the world in which you live,
 
 MENTAL CULTURE. 77 
 
 all demand that you give heed (1) to its instructions. 
 You have life given to you for high purposes. Your 
 probationary sojourn on earth is for a great end. Heaven 
 bids you be good and do good , and to accomplish this 
 requires all your energy, watchfulness (2), and caution. 
 The day, too, in which you live is rampant (3) with 
 errorjand evil in a thousand insinuating forms, and soli- 
 cits you to become its votary even under the garb of 
 religion. There never was a period in which it was more 
 important to have settled (4) principles in religion , to 
 have the soul fortified by truth, and the mind enlight- 
 ened (9) by knowledge, than the present. The signs of 
 the times are ominous. There is going on around us a 
 mighty conflict between truth and error might and 
 right. The powers of darkness (6) and thrones of despot- 
 ism are being shaken (7), while science and art, the 
 changes of dynasties, and convulsions of nations, are all 
 urging forward (8) the universal and triumphant reign 
 of righteousness and peace. Let it be your aim to act 
 your part worthily with all who are endeavouring to 
 raise (9) the moral and intellectual condition of man. 
 
 Are there not reasons, then, all powerful, why you 
 should avail yourself of every opportunity for your own 
 menial and moral improvement? why, amid (10) the du- 
 
 (t) Allenzione, cura, guardia. (2) Vigilanza, (3) Rampante, 
 rigurgilantc. (4) Fissi, fernii, sodi, slabilili. (5) Illuminate. 
 (0) Tcncbre, buio, ignoranza. (7) Scosse, sconquassalc. 
 (S) Spingono avanli, nccelerano. (9) Innalzarc. (40) In mezzo a.
 
 78 , MENTAL CULTURE. 
 
 ties of your secular callings, you should seek the enlarge- 
 ment of the mind and the rectification of the heart? 
 Neglect it you may, but not without a loss, for which 
 nothing can compensate. You are a progressive being ; 
 stationary you cannot remain ; you must either advance 
 on the upward road of virtue and of wisdom ; or be 
 hurried (1) down the steep (2) of sin and folly. It is 
 for you to determine what shall be the moral features 
 of your character. It is for you to anticipate the kind 
 of fruit you shall reap by seeing to it, what is the 
 kind of seed you are sowing now? 
 
 If, then, real self-improvement be to expand and ele- 
 vate the mind , to enlarge your ideas , to purify your 
 affections, to ennoble your desires, to capacitate you for 
 the contemplation of what is great and good , to excite 
 the benevolence of your nature , and fit you to accom- 
 plish the great purposes of your creation if this be 
 self-culture, awake then to its importance. Set your 
 heart to the work ; with high expectations pursue it , 
 and pursue it like one conscious of the worth, dignity, 
 and immortality of his being. 
 
 (t) Strasciiiato, prccipilalu. (2) Dcclivio, prccipizio.
 
 MILLHOUSE. COBSO CRADUATO E COMPLETO DI LINGUA INGLESE: 
 Opera ad tm tempo didasealica, morale c letteraria. In 5 parti : 
 
 Partc l. a It PBIMO PASSO ALL'INGLESE, ossia Traduzionc interli- 
 ncare dell' English Narrator. Libretto il qualc, nicntrc inscgna al 
 principiante le parole c Ic forntolc piu pratiche c tisnali, lo inizia 
 gradatamcnte nella conoscen/a clcllc rcgole grammatical! piu gcnc- 
 rali e semplici, c 1' abilita in due o tre scltimane a leggcre e ca- 
 pire i libri di prosa facile scnza dizionario c sen/a maestro. Sestn 
 cdizionc, colla pronuncia segnala a norma della Grammatica Ana- 
 litica c del nuovo Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary. Fr. i. 
 
 2. a GRAMMATICA ANALITICA, ossia parlc tcorica del Corso graduate 
 e complete. Scttima edizione, corredata d'un Trattato dcll'Acci-nlo 
 e di altri miglioramcnli ; le leltere mute di tullo il volume di- 
 stinte con curattere corsivo, e quelle che si pronunciano scgnalc 
 con cifre di nuova invenzione indicant! il modo di profferirlc. Mi- 
 lauo, 1851, Fr. 2. 
 
 it Egli e difficile il dire se questa Grammalica avanzi tulle Ic 
 altre piu nella cbiarczza e precisione de' suoi preeelli, o nella l>cl- 
 lezza c originalila dc' suoi escinpi.it Lo studio della lingua in- 
 glcsc, come ci vicne inscgnala in queslo libro, e uno studio filoso- 
 lico an/.i die un mcro studio di parole. IL FURETTO. 
 
 it I nuovi preeelli, simili a quei delle prcccdenli edizioni, sono 
 modelli di ehiarczza c prccisionc. it IL BAZAR. 
 
 5. a ELEGANT EXTRACTS in prose and verse, ossiano le migliori pa- 
 role del migliori Scrillori inglesi , con seimila note spicgalive e 
 millc note grammaticali. Libro il quale , mcntre serve di applica- 
 zionc alle regole della parle leorica di qucsto Corso, c d' introdu- 
 zione allo studio della lelteralura inglcse, pone lo studioso in grado 
 di leggere qualunque piu difficile prosa in un mese, e qualunquc 
 poesia in due, senza dizionario e senza maestro. Quinta edizione, 
 corredata d'esercizi e domande sulle regole della sintassi , di tre- 
 mila nuove note spiegalivc, e d'osservazioni eritiche sopra lutli i 
 buoni Scrittori inglcsi dal secolo XIII sino all'anno 1850. Fr. 4. 
 
 it Non vi e ne in Italia, ne in Francia, ne in Germania, e nep- 
 purc in Inghillcrra , una Raccolta di Square! Scclti della slessa 
 mole che possa stare in confronlo con questa ; n6 conosciamo noi 
 alcun allro libro di 838 paginc, che sia nello slcsso tempo tunlo 
 istrullivo e tanto dileltevole. IL FURETTO.
 
 IL CORSO GIUDUATO , cioe la prima , seconda e tcrza partc del 
 CORSO GRADUATO E CoMpLETo legate in un volume, si vendc a Fr. C. 50. 
 
 u IL CORSO GRADDATO E COMPLETO, il primo chc si pubblico in 
 Italia, e, a noslro parere , il migliorc die csista in Europa. n 
 
 GiZZETTA DI MlLANO. 
 
 4." TEMI SCENECGIATI, ossiano Dialoghi Inglcsi c ilaliani per isvol- 
 gere le regole della Grammatica Analitica, o quelle di qualunquc 
 altra Grammatica inglesc. Quarla eilmone. Fr. 2. 
 
 u I Icmi degli allri Grammalici fniino una cosa sola : svolgono 
 le regole. Quest! ne fanno qualtro : svolgono le regole, ricreano lo 
 sludioso, e lo iniziano e 1'avviano nel parlare famigliare , agevo- 
 landogli la pronunzia e sforzandolo, diremmo quasi, a prcslamcntc 
 impararla. Noi crediamo che qucsto sia il miglior Corso di 
 Tern! flnora pubblicato. n IL HESSAGCIERE TORIHESE. 
 
 b'. a CHIAVE, ossia Traduzione del Temi Scencggiali, coIPaccento 
 di prosodia e coi suoni dclle vocali, a norma della Grammatica, 
 del Primo Passo* del Nuovo Dizionario. Libro per mezzo del 
 quale si impara ad un tempo la pronuncia, la sinlassi c hi conver- 
 sazione inglese senza dizionario c senza maestro. Terza cdiz. Fr. 2. 
 
 M1LLHOUSE'. English and Italian Pronouncing and Explanatory 
 Dictionary. Fr. 8. Si 6 pubblicato il primo volume. 
 
 DIALOGUES ANGLAIS ET FRANCAIS. Milano, 1850. Terza cdiz. Fr. 1. 
 
 MITCHELL'S Conversations on General Knowledge , with explan- 
 atory Italian Notes, by JOUH MILLHOUSE. Fr. i. SO. 
 
 SHERIDAN'S Select Comedies, the Rivals and the School for Scandal, 
 with explanatory Italian Notes, by J. MILLHOUSE. 1851, Fr. \. 
 
 A'KEMPIS'. Following of Christ, accented edition. Fr. i SO. 
 PINNOCK'S. British Biography. Cent. bO. 
 
 Tll> Gl C.L1ELMIM.
 
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