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IT:
4--
SPIRALS
for
Street Railway Curves and
Easement Curves
for
treet Railway Branch-Off s
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
Complete Formulas and Tables
The Pennsylvania Steel Company
a I .
Steelton, Pa.
FROG AND SWITCH DEPARTMENT
Copyright 1906 by The Pennsylvania Steel Company, SteeUon, Pa.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
LIST OF OFFICES
1 ne Pennsylvania kteel (Company
GENERAL SALES OFFICE
Philadelphia, Pa., Girard Trust Building
Cable .A/Jress, Penns/ee/, Philadelphia. (l/se Lieber's Code.)
BALTIMORE, MD. . . Continental Trust Building
BOSTON, MASS. . . . . . . . 70 Kilby Street
CHICAGO, ILL. . ' . . . Western Union Building
LONDON, ENG ..... 110 Cannon Street, E. C.
MEXICO, MEX. ... 76 Calle de Cinco de Mayo
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. ... . . 71 Broadway
PHILADELPHIA, PA. . . . Girard Trust Building
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. . -
ST. Louis, Mo. . Commonwealth Trust Building
STEELTON, PA ........... Works
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 5
JHE Spiral System presented
in the following pages has
been in use by The Penn-
sylvania Steel Company for the last
decade, and has given general satis-
faction. It consists of a transition
formed of arcs of diminishing radii,
and is calculated upon the center line
of track, since that is substantially the
path followed by the center of gravity
of the cars. The purpose of a spiral
ending on a short radius street railway
curve is not as in steam railroad prac-
tice, to enable the super-elevation of
the outer rail of curve to be gradually
attained, but to reduce the shock due
to the change in direction of the car.
The switch easements are so designed
that a plain curve can be converted
1
6 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
into a branch-off with the minimum
disturbance of existing work while re-
taining standard switches and mates,
and some simplification of computation
is also obtained. The solutions of the
various problems given present suffi-
cient information to enable any data
required for the laying out or con-
struction of track to be readily secured.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
PROBLEM 1. To select a spiral.
(a) The radius of the main curve must be less
than the preceding branch of the spiral, must be
more than the next branch would be were it pro-
duced, and should nearly equal the latter.
(b] The longer the spiral, the easier the entrance
will be. But bear in mind that the main body of the
curve should be circular, the spiral simply acting as
an entrance to it.
(c} A spiral of less than three branches should
not be used.
Problem
PROBLEM 2. Given: A circular curve with sym-
metrical spirals, to find the tangent and external
distances.
O G R+X versine S R;
GS=Y sineSR;
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Tangent distance O G tan y 2 A +G S ;
External distance O G ex sec V 2 A +X-
S R.
PROBLEM 3. Given : The tangent distance V S,
the intersection angle A, and the desired length of
spiral, to find the radius of the curve. Approximate
R=cotangent y z A(V S ^ length of spiral). Hav-
ing selected a spiral by this radius, the exact radius
may be found, if required, by the following formula :
p _cos y 2 A (V S Y X tan y 2 A )
sine (y 2 A S)
Caution If the result is enough different from
the original radius to require a change in the spiral
by Problem 1, a second trial must be made.
PROBLEM 4. Given : The intersection angle A
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
and the external distance V H, to find the radius.
Approximate to the radius by finding that for a
simple curve passing through the point H, and select
a spiral for a radius somewhat smaller.
Then R= VHcosKA-X
cos S cos y 2 A
Caution If the result is enough different from
the original radius to require a change in the spiral
by Problem 1, a second trial must be made.
Problems 5 and 6
PROBLEM 5. Given : The X and Y for any point
on the spiral ; to find the deflection from the tangent
at the point of spiral.
Tangent deflection angle^^-
PROBLEM 6. Given : The X and Y for any point
on the spiral, to find the long chord.
Y
(a) Long chords : -j -. .
cosine det angle
or (b] Long chord ^^/xa-i-Y 2 .
PROBLEM 7. Given : X and Y for a point on the
spiral, -to find X' and Y' on a line parallel to the
spiral, and offset the distance S S' inside the spiral.
X'=X S S' versine S;
Y'=Y SS'sineS .
Note Problems 5 and 6 can then be applied to X'
and Y' if it is desired to use deflection angles to lay
out the curve.
10 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
it.
Problem 7
As these curves will almost invariably be laid out
on an offset varying with the gage of the road, the
deflections are not figured in the table.
Problem 8
PROBLEMS. Given:
A circular curve with spi-
rals to find the distance
V V, in order to lay out a
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 11
tangent to the circular curve, from which the latter
may be laid out in the usual manner.
V H = see Problem 2;
V H=R ex secant (^ A S) ;
V V'=VH V H.
-Jt-L
------s--
PROBLEM 9. General solution for unsymmetrical
curves.
O G=R+X R versine S ;
-G S=Y R sine S;
O G' R+X' R versine S' ;
GS'=Y RsineS ';
V S=tan y 2 AO G+G S G '~
V S'=tan y z AO G+G' S'
sine A
Q G' O G
tan A
12
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Note in above; + if A is more than 90,
and if A is less than 90.
A'= A (S+S 0/ );
V Lor V L'=tan #A' R;
V B=X+V LsineS ;
VB=VS (Y+V L VLversine S);
VV' = VB if C =45 -;
cosine C
VV'=-X^if C=45+.
sine C
PROBLEM 10. Given : The middle ordinate for a
chord of length a b for R and R', to find the middle
ordinate at the P C C. From the figure it is evident
that d' c' bisects c d.
.-. ef=
cf+df
2
Therefore, the middle ordinate at any P C C in the
spiral equals one-half the sum of the middle* ordi-
nates for the radii on each side for the same chord.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 13
D'
v.
A F B
Problem 11
PROBLEM 11. Given: That portion of a spiral
with equal chords L, L' and L" and angles a b, a,
and a+b, to find the middle ordinate at the center of
the chord L in the length D' C'.
CF=C' AandDF=D'B.
From the figure it is evident that D' C' bisects C D.
CF+DF
.-. E F=-
2
Then C' A=% L tan tfa+L' sine (% a
D' B y 2 L tan X+ L " sine (K a
and since the sines of small angles are proportional
to the angles,
C F+D F
=E F=X L tan % a+L, sine a.
But this last equation equals the middle ordinate in
the length A B for the radius of the central arc ; and
since the increment to the angle b would be equal if
L' and L" were equal, the middle ordinate at the
center of any arc of the spiral, for any length of
chord, is equal to the middle ordinate of the radius
of that arc in the same length.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 15
Standard Spirals.
The Pennsylvania Steel Co
Center Line Data.
16 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
SPIRAL No. 2
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
O
Versine
Sine
300
150
100
75
60
50
42^
37^
0-30'
1-00'
1-30'
2-00'
2-30'
3-00'
3-30'
4-00'
0.011
0.057
0.160
0.342
0.627
1.036
1.587
2.309
2.618
5.235
7.851
10.463
13.065
15.651
18.187
20.703
0-30'
1-30'
3-00'
5-00'
7-30'
10-30'
14-00'
18-00'
.00004
.00034
.00137
.00381
.00856
.01675
.02970
.04894
.00873
.02618
05234
.08716
. 13053
.18224
.24192
.30902
SWITCH EASEMENT S 2-75
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
s
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G equal to
and a G S
3. 346 less than
vSpiral No. 2.
75
45K
42^
37^
7-50'
2-40'
3-30'
4-00'
0.700
1.036
1.587
2.309
10.222
12.305
14.841
17.357
7-50'
10-30'
14-00'
18-00'
SPIRAL No. 2^
Rad.
Angle
x
Y
s
Versine
Sine
444
222
148
111
89
74
63^
55^
49
44X
40^
0-20'
0-40'
1-00'
1-20'
1-40'
2-00'
2-20'
2-40'
3-00'
3-20'
3-40'
0.007
0.038
0.105
0.226
0.414
0.684
1.051
1.529
2.128
2.870
3.763
2.583
5.166
7.748
10.328
12.910
15.478
18.038
20.576
23.070
25.550
27.983
0-20'
1-00'
2-00'
3-20'
5-00'
7-00'
9-20'
12-00'
15-00'
18-20'
22-00'
.00002
00015
.00061
.00169
00381
.00745
.01324
.02185
.03407
.05076
.07282
.00582
.01745
.03490
.05814
.08716,
.12187
.16218
.20791
.25882
.31454
.37461
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 17
SWITCH EASEMENT S 2^-100
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
o
This
Ease-
ment gives an
102^
6-30'
0.658
11.584
6-30'
O G equal to
56X
5-30'
1.529
16.936
12-00'
and a
G S
49
44^
40^
3-00'
3-20'
3-40'
2.128
2.870
3.763
19.430
21.910
24.343
15-00'
18-20'
22-00'
3. 640 less than
Spiral No. 2|-.
SWITCH EASEMENT S 2^-200
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
s
Tvjiic
200
4-00'
0.487
13.951
4-00'
ment gives an
129
1-00'
0.664
16.196
5-00'
O G
0.250
74
63^
55^
49
2-00'
2-20'
2-40'
3-00'
0.934
1.301
1.779
2.378
18.764
21.324
23.862
26.356
7-00'
9-20'
12-00'
15-00'
greater
G S
greater
and a
3.286
than
44^
3-20'
3.120
28.836
18-20'
Spiral No. 2.
40^
3-40'
4.013
31.269
22-00'
SPIRAL No. 3
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
s
Versine
Sine
300
1-00'
0.046
5.236
1-00'
.00015
.01745
150
2-00'
0.229
10.468
3-00'
.00137
.05234
100
3-00'
0.639
15.688
6-00'
.00548
.10453
75
4-00'
1.368
20.871
10-00'
.01519
.17365
60
5-00'
2.501
25.982
15-00'
.03407
.25882
50
6-00'
4.118
30.959
21-00'
.06642
.35837
40
7-00'
6.143
35.403
28-00'
.11705
.46947
18 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
SWITCH EASEMENT S 3-100
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G equal to
and a G S
4. 391 less than
Spiral No. 3.
102X
81
60
50
40
6-30'
3-30'
5-00'
6-00'
7-00'
0.658
1.368
2.501
4.118
6.143
11.584
16.480
21.591
26.568
31.012
6-30
10-00'
15-00'
21-00'
28-00'
SWITCH EASEMENT S 3-200
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G 0.250
greater and a
G S 2.853
greater than
Spiral No. 3.
200
132
75
60
50
40
4-00'
2-00'
4-00'
5-00'
6-00'
7-00'
0.487
0.889
1.618
2.751
4.368
6.393
13.951
18.541
23.724
28.835
33.812
38.256
4-00'
6-00'
10-00'
15-00'
21-00'
28-00'
SPIRAL No. 4
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
Co
Versine
Sine
420
210
140
105
84
70
60
0-42'
l-24'
2-06'
2-48'
3-30'
4-12'
4-54'
0.031
0.157
0.439
0.939
1.720
2.839
4.352
5.131
10.261
15.384
20.490
25.561
30.567
35.469
0-42'
2-06'
4-12'
7-00'
10-30'
14-42'
19-36'
.00007
.00067
.00269
.00745
.01675
.03273
.05794
.01222
.03664
.07324
.12187
. 18224
.25376
.33545
SWITCH EASEMENT S 4-200
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
s
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G 0.178
greater and a
G S equal to
Spiral No. 4.
200
125^
84
70
60
4-00'
3-00'
3-30'
4-12'
4-54'
0.487
1.117
1.898
3.017
4.530
13.951
20.490
25.561
30.567
35.469
4-00'
7-00'
10-30'
14-42'
19-36'
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 19
SPIRAL No. 5
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
600
300
200
150
120
100
85
0-30'
1-00'
1-30'
2-00'
2-30'
3-00'
3-30'
0.023
0.114
0.320
0.685
1.255
2.073
3.175
5.236
10.471
15.703
20.926
26.130
31.302
36.374
0-30'
1-30'
3-00'
5-00'
7-30'
10-30'
14-00'
.00004
.00034
.00137
.00381
.00856
.01675
.02970
.00873
.02618
.05234
.08716
.13053
.18224
.24192
SWITCH EASEMENT S 5-200
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G equal to
and a G S
4. 468 less than
Spiral No. 5.
200
144
120
100
85
4-00'
1-00'
2-30'
3-00'
3-30'
0.487
0.685
1.255
2.073
3.175
13.951
16.458
21.662
26.834
31.906
4-00'
5-00'
7-30'
10-30'
14-00'
SPIRAL No. 6
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
900
450
300
225
180
150
128
0-20'
0-40'
1-00'
1-20'
l-4Q'
2-00'
2-20'
0.015
0.076
0.213
0.457
0.837
1.385
2.125
5.236
10.472
15.706
20.936
26.158
31.365
36.524
0-20'
1-00'
2-00'
3-20'
5-00'
7-00'
9-20'
.00002
.00015
.00061
.00169
.00381
.00745
.01324
.00582
.01745
.03490
.05814
.08716
.12187
.16218
SWITCH EASEMENT S 6-200
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
This Ease-
ment gives an
O G equal to
and a G S
7. 770 less than
Spiral No. 6.
200
255
150
128
4-00'
1-00'
2-00'
2-20'
0.487
0.837
1.385
2.125
13.951
18.388
23.595
28.754
4-00'
5-00'
7-00'
9-20'
20 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
SPIRAL No. 7
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
1260
0-15'
0.012
5.498
0-15'
.00001
.00436
630
0-30'
0.060
10.995
0-45'
.00009
.01309
420
0-45'
0.168
16.492
1-30'
.00034
.02618
315
1-00'
0.360
21.987
2-30'
.00095
.04362
252
1-15'
0.660
27.475
3-45'
.00214
.06540
210
1-30'
1.091
32.957
5-15'
.00420
.09150
180
l-45'
1.678
38.424
7-00'
.00745
.12187
157
SPIRAL No. 8
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
1890
0-10'
0.008
5.498
0-10'
.00000
.00291
945
0-20'
0.040
10.996
0-30'
.00004
.00873
630
0-30'
0.112
16.493
1-00'
.00015
.01745
472^
0^0'
0.241
21.990
1-40'
.00042
.02908
378
0-50'
0.441
27.483
2-30'
.00095
.04362
315
1-00'
0.729
32.973
3-30'
.00187
.06105
270
1-10'
1.120
38.457
4-40
.00332
.08136
236
SPIRAL No. 9
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
2730
0- 7'
0.006
5.559
o- r
.00000
.00204
1365
0-14'
0.028
11.118
0-21'
.00002
.00611
910
0-21'
0.079
16.677
0-42'
.00007
.01222
682^
0-28'
0.170
22.234
1-10
.00021
.02036
546
0-35'
0.311
27.791
l-45'
.00047
.03054
455
0-42'
0.515
33.346
2-27'
.00091
.04275
390
0-49'
0.792
38.899
3-16'
.00162
.05698
341
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 21
SPIRAL No. 10
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
S
Versine
Sine
3780
0-05'
0.004
5.498
0-05'
.00000
.00145
1890
0-10'
0.020
10.996
0-15'
.00001
.00436
1260
0-15'
0.056
16.493
0-30'
.00004
.00873
945
0-20'
0.120
21.991
0-50'
.00011
.01454
756
0-25'
0.220
27.488
1-15'
.00024
.02181
630
0-30'
0.364
32.983
l-45'
.00047
.03054
540
0-35'
0.560
38.478
2-20'
.00083
.04071
472
SPIRAL No. 11
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
o
Versine
Sine
5250
0-04'
.0035
6.109
0-04'
.00000
.00116
2625
0-08'
.0178
12.217
0-12'
.00001
.00349
1750
0-12'
.0498
18.326
0-24'
.00002
.00698
1312^
0-16'
.1066
24.434
0-40'
.00007
.01164
1050
0-20'
.1955
30.542
1-00'
.00015
.01745
875
0-24'
.3234
36.649
l-24'
.00030
.02443
750
0-28'
.4975
42.756
l-52'
.00053
.03257
656
SPIRAL No. 12
Rad.
Angle
X
Y
s
Versine
Sine
7140
0-03'
.0027
6.231
0-03'
.00000
.00087
3570
0-06'
.0136
12.462
0-09'
.00000
.00262
2380
0-09'
.0381
18.692
0-18'
.00001
.00524
1785
0-12'
.0816
24.923
0-30'
.00004
.00873
1428
0-15'
.1495
31.153
0-45'
.00009
.01309
1190
0-18'
.2474
37.384
1-03'
.00017
.01832
1020
0-21'
.3806
43.613
l-24'
.00030
.02443
892
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 28
Tables giving elements of
SPIRALS
for \
Inner Gage Line Lengths
of Rails and
Tie Rod Spacing for
Various Gages.
34 THE PENNSYLVANIA STtfEL COMPANY
00
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TH' TH OJ 03 ^ 10*
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 71
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O TH TH
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THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 78
Middle Ordinates
for
10-Foot Chords
74 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
MIDDLE ORDINATES, 10 FT. CHORDS
M. O.
Radius
M. 0.
Radius
M. O.
Radius
"
infinity
1"
150- Q l / 2 "
2"
75'- 1"
*x
4807'- 8"
1 i "
145'- 6"
gi"
73' HT?T"
2399'- 3"
W
141'- 2H"
^yV"
72'- 9X"
A*
1600'- 6"
1A"
137'- 2/8"
2 3 ^"
71'- 8X"
H"
1200'- 9"
W
133'- 4X"
2>|"
70'- 8y 8 "
A;
960'- 1"
1A"
129'- 9 T y
2A"
69'- 7^"
800'- 3 T y
1A
126'- 4^"
2 T y
68'- 7f|"
f"
682- 3 T y
IFF
123'- 2^"
37."
67'- 8y&"
600'- 0^"
IX"
120'- 0^"
sx;;
66'- 9>|"
a 9 /
533'- 4^"
1A"
117'- IX"
65-10^"
"
480'- T y
1A"
114'- 4^"
2 T B /
64'-ll T y
"
436'- 4 T y
lii"
in'- 8 T y
2**[
64- i T y
"
400'- T y
1H"
109'- IX"
63'- 8A"
H;
369'- 3"
HI;;
106'- 8|*"
s^r
62'- 5#"
342'-10 T y
104- 4H"
61'- 7H"
;
320'- OX"
300'- OX"
i>l"
102'- 2X"
100'- OX"
*f"
2 ^f"
60'- IX"
if
282'- 4 T y
HI"
98- OX"
59'- 4^"
:
266'- 8 T y
253'- Oif"
iA'
HI"
96'- OX"
94'- 2 T 3 ff "
S :
58'- 7X"
57-11X"
#"
240'- OA"
W
92'- 4^"
2^"
57'- 3"
21"
228'- 7 T y
if*'
90'- 7 T y
2|i"
56'- 7"
11"
218'- 1H"
iff'
88-11 X"
2ii"
55-11 H"
ft*
209'- l^f"
jB:
87'- 4>6"
2ft"
55'- 3 T y
'X*
200'- 2 T y
85'- 9 T y
2X"
54'- 7||"
ir
192'- 0^"
it!"
Q/l ' Q 7 "
84- d T %
2ff"
54'- T y
it:
184'- 7X"
177- 9ii"
ifi;
82-10"
81'- 5X"
8t :
53'- 5 T y
52-10^"
|I"
171'- 5/ 2 "
80'- OH"
2^1 "
52'- 3^"
29"
165'- 6^"
ill"
78'- 9X"
2f-|"
51'- 8{f *
15"
160'- OX"
i**"
77'- 6"
2|f"
51'- 2X"
'
if*"
76'- 3X"
3fi"
50'- 71f
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
75
MIDDLE ORDINATES, 10 FT. CHORDS
M. O.
Radius
M. O.
Radius
M. 0.
Radius
3"
3ff
50'- !#'
49'- 7 T y
49'- IX"
48'- 7^"
48'- 1 T V
47'- 7^"
47'- 2 T y
46- 8}f
46'- 3^"
45'-10 T y
45'- 5 T V'
45'- 0"
44'- 7"
44'- 2y 8 "
43'- 9^i"
43'- 4ft'
43'- T y
42'- iy 2 n
42'- 3 T y
41'- 6;
41'- ft<
40-10"
40'- 5j
40- 1;
39'- 6 r y
39- 2A"
38'- 3}f
37-11^'
4"
4/8
37'- 8"
37'- 4;
37'- Ij
36'- 9;
36'- 6,
35'-
35- 5ft"
OK' O9"
OO ^y%
84'-llA'
Jt":
34'- 2ft'
33'-!!^"
33'- 6X'
QO' O T/ '
OO ^5/2
33'- Olf '
32-10^'
32- iy 2 '
32'- 4^'
32'- 2^'
31'-
31'-
31'-
31'-
30'-11
30'- 9
30'- 7
30'- 4
30'- 2}4'
30'- OX"
29'-10 T V"
29- 5lf"
29'- 3H"
29'- 1 T V"
28'- 9>^"
28'- lyz"
28- 5>^"
28'- %y 2 "
28'- 1 T 9 ^'
27'-!!^"
27- 9X"
27'- 7^"
27'- 6"
27^- 4^
27'- T 9 ^"
26'-101f"
26'- 9 T y
26'- 7 T 5 ff "
26'- 5^"
26'- 31f"
26'- 2X"
26^- 0^
25;- 7ft;
25'- 4A'
76 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
\Vneel Contours
GREAT variety of wheel con-
tours are used on street rail-
ways, and often the extremes
are used on the same track sys-
tem to the great detriment of both special
work and wheels.
Since there are now no standard wheel
contours except the M. C. B. (steam rail-
road), it seems proper to offer some de-
signs which will meet most of the difficul-
ties found in our practice.
The contour of wheel fixes the charac-
ter of the special work as to whether the
frog work is to be " flange bearing." This
term means that at the ''waist of frog,"
i. e., just in advance of the point of frog,
the floor of the throat is raised to carry the
wheel through the waist and past the point
upon its flange. The latter cannot be of a
shape or character of metal well adapted to
this service, and more or less chipped
flanges are thereby caused. It is, however,
inevitable that this support be provided,
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 77
unless the tread is wide enough to carry
the wheel past this critical point.
Contour "A" is the M. C. B. standard
wheel, and is adapted to open track and
streets where rails with deep and wide
flangeways are provided, and the paving is
such that the tread will not be seriously
chipped by contact with the same.
Contour "B" is a compromise wheel,
for use where a portion of the track system
is used by wheels having Contour "A" and
the remainder has not the deep flangeway,
but the width of flangeway is provided. If
the paving conditions of this .portion are
such that the width of tread must be re-
duced from that shown, all frog work on
the entire portion of system used by Con-
tour "B " must be made "flange bearing."
Contour "C" is adapted to track sys-
tems where wide and deep flangeways can-
not be provided but the paving conditions
are such that the width of the tread shown
can be used.
Contour "D" is adapted to track sys-
tems where a narrower tread is required by
78 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
the paving conditions, the shape and size
of flange being the same as " C." As wide
a tread as possible should be used, as the
life of special work will thereby be mate-
rially prolonged besides increasing the fac-
tor of safety on any open track in the
system. " Flange-bearing " frogs will be
required for this contour.
Contours "A" and "C" will give the
best results where conditions permit their
use and do not require "flange-bearing"
frogs.
Contour "B" will not give entire sat-
isfaction, since the flange is not of the best
shape, and should only be used when com-
pelled by the conditions stated.
Contours "C" and " D " can be used
on the same track system if "flange-bear-
ing " frogs are provided for that portion on
which Contour "D" is used.
Contours "C" and "D" cannot be
satisfactorily used on track systems de-
signed for Contours "A" or "B," or vice
versa.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 79
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 81
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Angles
Bulb
Reinforcing
Switch
Equal Legs
Unequal Legs
Braces
Acme
Switch
Guard
Interlocking
Tie Plate
Bridges
Buildings
Chairs
Rail chairs for steam railroads in paved streets
Channels
Circles
Turntables
Coal storage tracks
Clamps
Guard rail
Crossings
Bolted
Bolted Plate
Keyed
" Manard" Steel
Movable Point
Riveted
Street Railway
"Manard" Renewable Centre
Double Slip
Single Slip
Three Rail
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
DROP FORGED SOCKET
ACME BRACE
84 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
MANARD ANVIL FACE FROG, DESIGN 153
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 85
MANARD ANVIL FACE SPRING RAIL FROG
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Crossovers
Single Crossovers
Double Crossovers
Portable Crossovers
Forgings
Frogs, Rigid
Bolted
Bolted Plate
Keyed
"Manard" Steel
"Manard" Renewable Centre
Riveted
Frogs, Spring
Bolted
Bolted Plate
Double
Hinged
Keyed
"Manard" Steel
Riveted Plate
Twin
Vaughan Hinged
Vaughan Sliding
Joints
Angle
Channel
Compromise
Deep Girder Rail
Plain
Knees
Mates '
Built
"Manard" Bolted
"Manard" Key Fast
Plates
. Frog
Slide
Switch
Tie
Rails, Guard
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
MANARD GROOVED TONGUE SWITCH FOR STEAM
RAILROADS IN PAVED STREETS
88
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 89
RAPID RENEWABLE MANARD CENTRE FROG
90 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Rails
A. S. C. E. Sections
Cast Weld Compromise
Check
Flat
Girder
Girder Guard
Slot Rails and Conductor Bars
Tee
High Tee
Tram
Rails, Renewable Guard
Rods, Switch Connecting
Splice Bars
Spikes
Spiral Curves
Steam Railroad Track Equipment
Street Railway Special Work
Street Railway Track Fastenings
Steel
Bessemer
Billets
Blooms
Castings
Forgings
Flats
Basic Open Hearth Acid Open Hearth
" Manard "
Merchant
Round
Shapes
Slabs
Special
Square
Tool
Structural Steel
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
91
92 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
GROUND LEVER, MODEL 16
Low NEW CENTURY ADJUSTABLE SWITCH STAND
MODEL 51 A
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
INTERMEDIATE MAIN LINE SWITCH STAND
MODEL 47 B
94 THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
Switches
Adjustable
Angle
Challenge
Lorenz
" Manard " Big Pin Grooved Tongue
" Manard " Big Pin Tongue
"Manard" Steel
Plain
Reinforced
Socket
Stub
Three Way
Switch Stands
Automatic
Banner
Steelton Detective
Ground Levers
Upright Levers
Long Safety
Main Line Adjustable
Positive
Automatic
Mine
Mine Kickover
New Century
New Century Adjustable
New Era
Pet
Semaphore with disappearing blade
Spring Ground Throw
Tie Plates Yard Stands
Tie Rods
Track Bolts
Track Fastenings
Track Girders
Track Material of All Kinds
Trough Floors
Trough Sections
Viaducts
"Z" Bars
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY 95
INTERMEDIATE SEMAPHORE SWITCH STAND, MODEL 50 E
THE PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
Chasmar-Winchell Press New York and Pittsburgh
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