istorical Juries, o. 23. -vz^ i fifcz, /z^#^ - VISITS SARATOGA BATTLE - GROUNDS 1780-1880. With an Introduction and Notes. By WILLIAM L. STONE, AUTHOR OF " THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON, BART.,";" REVO- LUTIONARY LETTERS," PAUSCH'S JOURNAL," " BURGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN AND ST. LEGER'S EXPEDITION," " MEMOIRS OF MRS. AND GEN. RIEDESEL," "HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY," "LIFE AND WRITINGS OF COL.WM. L. STONE," " REMINISCENCES OF SARATOGA AND BALLSTON," " THE STONE GENEALOGY," "THE STARIN GENE- ALOGY," ETC., ETC. " There is a charm in footing slow, " Across a silent plain, '' Where patriot battle has been fought. " Where glory had the gain." KEATS. ALBANY, N. Y. JOEL MUNSELL'S SONS, PUBLISHERS, 1895. 93677 E gou. gotm of Wa^infltott, g. (^., the *. game, of lUw ^[0rfe (Kity, s f $\/ v^ <-./ ^-^Kjv /-,^r^>-^r^ INTRODUCTION. The disastrous result of the campaign of General Burgoyne is to be ascribed more to his own blunders and incompetency than to any special military skill on the part of his conqueror. In December, 1776, Burgoyne concerted with the British ministry a plan for the campaign of 1777. A large force was to pro- ceed toward Albany from Canada, by way of the lakes, while another large body advanced up the Hudson, in order to cut off communication between the northern and southern colonies, in the expecta- tion that each section, being left to itself, would be subdued with little difficulty. At the same time Col. St. Leger was to make a diversion on the Mohawk river. In pursuance of this plan, in the early sum- mer of 1777 he sailed down Lake Champlain, forced the evacuation of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, de- feated the Americans badly at Hubbardton, and took possession of Skenesborough (Whitehall).* * The royal army was divided into three brigades, under Major-General Phillips, of the Royal Artillery, 1 4 Introduction. Up to this time all had gone well. From that point, however, his fortunes began to wane. His true course would have been to return to Ticonde- roga, and thence up Lake George to the fort of that name, whence there was a direct road to Fort Ed- ward ; instead of which he determined to push on to Fort Ann and Fort Edward, over roads that were blocked up by the enemy a course which gave Schuyler ample time to gather the yeomanry to- gether and effectually oppose his progress. Nor was this all. On his arrival at Fort Ann, instead of advancing at once on Fort Edward, and thence to Albany before Schuyler had time to concentrate his forces in his front, he sent a detachment of Brims- wickers, under Colonel Baum, to Bennington, to sur- prise and capture some stores which he had heard were at that place. General Riedesel, who com- manded the German allies, was totally opposed to this diversion, but being overruled, he proposed that Baum should march in the rear of the enemy, by way of Castleton, toward the Connecticut river. Had this plan been adopted, the probability is that and Brigadier-Generals Fraser and Hamilton. The German troops, consisting of one regiment of Hes- sian Rifles, a corps of dismounted dragoons, and a mixed force of Brunswickers, of which 100 were artillerists, were distributed among the three bri- gades, with one corps of reserve under Colonel Breyman, and were commanded by Major-General Riedesel. KOOT OF ONE OF RIEDESEL'S DRAGOONS- At Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh, N. Y. Introduction. 1 5 the Americans would not have had time to prevent Baum from falling unawares upon their rear. Bur- goyne, however, against the advice of Riedesel and Phillips, insisted obstinately on his plan, which was that Baum should cross the Battenkil opposite Sara- toga, move down the Connecticut river in a direct line to Bennington, destroy the magazine at that place, and mount the Brunswick dragoons, who were destined to form part of the expedition. In this lat- ter order a fatal blunder was committed, by employ- ing troops the most awkward and heavy in an enter- prise where every thing depended on the greatest celerity of movement, while the rangers, who were lightly equipped, were left behind. Let us look for a moment at a fully equipped Brunswick dragoon as he appeared at this time. He wore high and heavy jack-boots, with large, long spurs, stout and stiff leather breeches, gauntlets reaching high up upon his arms, and a hat with a huge tuft of ornamental feathers.* On his side he * The weight of the Brunswick Jack-Boot a re- presentation of which is here given is 5^ Ibs. or 1 1 Ibs. for the pair when, moreover, it is observed that a considerable portion of the top has rotted away, the boot, when new, must have weighed fully 6 Ibs. or 12 Ibs. for the pair ! ! And this only for the boots to say nothing of the dragoon's other equipments. The man, who wore this boot, was captured at Saratoga. He travelled on foot with other prisoners on his way to Easton, Pa., as far as Middlehope (North Newburgh), where he exchanged his boots for a lighter pair. 1 6 Introduction. trailed a tremendous broadsword, a short but clumsy carbine was slung over his shoulder, and down his back, like a Chinese mandarin's, dangled a long queue. Such were the troops sent out by the British general on a service requiring the lightest of light skirmishers. The latter, however, did not err from ignorance. From the beginning of the campaign the English officers had ridiculed these unwieldy troopers, who strolled about the camp with their heavy sabres drag- ging on the ground, saying (which was a fact) that the hat and sword of one of them were as heavy as the whole of an English private's equipment. But, as if this was not sufficient, these light dragoons were still further cumbered by being obliged to carry flour and drive a herd of cattle before them for their main- tenance on the way. The result may be easily foreseen. By a rapid movement of the Americans under Stark, Baum was cut off from his English allies, who fled and left him to fight alone, with his awkwardly equipped squad, an enemy far superior in numbers. After maintaining his ground for more than two hours, his ammunition gave out, and being wounded in the abdomen by a bullet, he was forced to surrender, having lost in killed 360 men out of 400. Yet, even with all these disadvantages, it is doubtful upon whose ban- ners victory would have perched, had not Burgoyne, though having ample time, failed to support Baum by keeping Breyman's division too far behind. Introduction. 1 7 With the failure of this expedition against Ben- nington, the first lightning flashed from Burgoyne's hitherto serene sky. The soldiers as well as their officers had set out on this campaign with cheerful hearts, for, the campaign successfully brought to a close, all must end in the triumph of the royal arms. " Britons never go back," Burgoyne exultantly had said, as the flotilla passed down Lake Champlain. Now, however, the Indians deserted by scores, and an almost general consternation and languor took the place of the former confidence and buoyancy.* On the 1 3th of September the royal army crossed the Hudson by a bridge of boats, with the design of forming a junction with Sir Henry Clinton at Albany. It encamped on the heights and plains of Saratoga, near the mouth of Fish Creek (the present site of Schuylerville), within a few miles of the northern division of the Continentals under Gates ; Burgoyne selecting General Schuyler's house as his head- quarters. After the evacuation of Fort Edward, Schuyler had fallen down the river, first to Stillwater, and then to Van Schaick's Island, at the mouth of the Mohawk, f * For a most romantic incident, said to have been the cause of this desertion of Burgoyne's Indian allies, see " The Lost Child," in " Tales of the Garden of Kosciusko," by Samuel L. Knapp, New York, 1834. fThe entrenchments which Schuyler threw up on this island, in anticipation of Burgoyne's advance, 3 1 8 Introduction. On the igth of August, however, he was superseded by Gates, who, on the 8th of September, advanced with 6000 men to Bemus Heights, three miles north of Stillwater. These heights were at once fortified, under the direction of Kosciusko, by a line of intrench- ments running from west to east, half a mile in length, and terminating on the east end on the west side of the intervale. The right wing occupied a hill nearest the river, and was protected in front by a wide marshy ravine, and behind by an abatis. The left wing, commanded by Arnold (who, after the defeat of St. Leger at Fort Stanwix, had joined Gates), ex- tended on to a height three-quarters of a mile further north, its left flank being also protected on the hill- side by fallen trees. Gates's head-quarters were in the centre, a little south of what was then and is now known as the " Neilson Farm." On the 1 5th, Burgoyne gave the order to advance in search of the enemy, supposed to be somewhere in the forest ; for, strange as it appears, that general had no knowledge of the position of the Americans, nor had he taken any pains to inform himself upon this vital point. The army, in gala dress, with its left wing resting on the Hudson, set off on its march, with drums beating, colors flying, and their arms glisten- ing in the sunshine of that lovely autumn day. " It was a superb spectacle," says an eye-witness, " re- are yet (1895) plainly to be seen, even by the traveller on the Troy & Saratoga R. R. Introduction. \ 9 minding one of a grand parade in the midst of peace." That night they pitched their camp at " Dovogat's House" (Coveville). On the following morning the enemy's drums were heard calling the men to arms ; but, although in such close proximity, the invading army knew not whence the sounds came, nor in what strength he was posted. Indeed, it does not seem that up to this time Burgoyne had sent off patrols or scouting parties to discover the situation of the enemy. Now, however, he mounted his horse to attend to it himself, taking with him a strong body-guard, consist- ing of the four regiments of Specht and Hesse-Hanau, with six heavy pieces of ordnance, and 200 workmen to construct bridges and roads. This was the party with which he proposed " to scout, and, if occasion served " these were his words "to attack the reb- els on the spot." This remarkable scouting party moved with such celerity as to accomplish two and a half miles the first day, when, in the evening, the en- tire army, which had followed on, encamped at "Sword's House," within five miles of the American lines. The night of the i8th passed quietly, the patrols that had finally been sent out having returned with- out discovering any trace of the enemy. Indeed, it is a noteworthy fact that throughout the entire cam- paign Burgoyne was never able to obtain accurate knowledge either of the position of the Americans or of their movements, whereas all his own plans were publicly known long before they were officially given 2O Introduction. out in orders. " I observe," writes Baroness Riedesel, at this time, " that the wives of the officers are before- hand informed of all the military plans. Thus the Americans anticipate all our movements, and expect us wherever we arrive ; and this, of course, injures our affairs." On the morning of the iQth a further advance was ordered an advance which prudence dictated should be made with the greatest caution. The army was now in the immediate vicinity of an alert and thor- oughly aroused enemy, of whose strength it knew as little as of the country. Notwithstanding this, the army not only was divided into three columns, march- ing half a mile apart, but at eleven o'clock a cannon, fired as a signal for the start, informed the Americans of the position and forward movement of the British. The left column, which followed the river road, consisted of four German regiments and the Forty- seventh British, the latter covering the bateaux. These troops, together with all the heavy artillery and baggage, were under the command of General Riedesel. The right column, made up of the English grenadiers and light infantry, the Twenty-fourth Brunswick Grenadiers, and the light battalion, with eight 6-pounders, under Lieutenant-Colonel Breyman, were led by General Fraser, and followed the present road from Quaker Springs to Stillwater on the Heights. The centre column, also on the Heights, and midway between the left and right wings, con- sisted of the Ninth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, and Introduction. 2 1 Sixty-second regiments, with six 6-pounders, and was led by Burgoyne in person. The front and flanks of the center and right columns were protected by Cana- dians, Provincials, and Indians. The march was exceedingly tedious, as frequently new bridges had to be built and trees cut down and removed. About one o'clock in the afternoon, Colonel Mor- gan, who, with his sharp-shooters, had been detached to watch the movements of the British and harass them, owing to the dense woods, unexpectedly fell in in with the centre column and sharply attacked it. Whereupon Eraser, on the right, wheeled his troops, and coming up, forced Morgan to give way. A regi- ment being ordered to the assistance of the latter, whose riflemen had been sadly scattered by the vigor of the attack, the battle was renewed with spirit. By four o'clock the action had become general, Arnold, with nine Continental regiments and Mor- gan's corps, having completely engaged the whole force of Burgoyne and Fraser. The contest, acci- dentally begun in the first instance, now assumed the most obstinate and determined character, the sold- iers being often engaged hand to hand. The ground, being mostly covered with woods, embarrassed the British in the use of their field artillery, while it gave a corresponding advantage to Morgan's sharp-shoot- ers. The artillery fell into the hands of the Ameri- cans at every alternate discharge, but the latter could neither turn it upon the enemy nor bring it off. The woods prevented the last, and the want of a match the 2 2 Introduction. first, as the linstock was invariably carried away, and the rapidity of the transitions did not allow the Americans time to provide one. Meanwhile General Riedesel, who had kept abreast of the other two columns, hearing the firing, on his own responsibility; and guided only by the sound of the cannon, hastened, at five o'clock, with two regi- ments through the woods to the relief of his com- mander-in-chief. When he arrived on the scene, the Americans were posted on a corner of the woods, having on their right flank a deep, muddy ravine, the bank of which had been rendered inaccessible by stones and underbrush. In front of this corner of the forest, and entirely surrounded by dense woods, was a vacant space, on which the English were drawn up in line, The struggle was for the possession of this clearing, known then, as it is to this day, as " Freeman's Farm." It had already been in posses- sion of both parties, and now served as a support for the left flank of the English right wing, the right flank being covered by the corps of Fraser and Brey- man. The Continentals had for the sixth time hurled fresh troops against the three British regiments, the Twentieth, Twenty-first and Sixty-second. The guns on this wing were already silenced, there being no more ammunition, and the artillery-men having been either killed or wounded. These three regiments had lost half their men, and now formed a small band surrounded by heaps of the dead and dying. The timely arrival of the German general alone saved the Introduction. 23 army of Burgoyne from total rout. Charging on the double-quick with fixed bayonets, he repelled the American ; and Fraser and Breyman were pre- paring to follow up the advantage, when they were recalled by Burgoyne and reluctantly forced to retreat. General Schuyler, referring to this in his diary, says : " Had it not been for this order of the British gene- ral, the Americans would have been, if not defeated, at least held in such check as to have made it a drawn battle, and an oppurtunity afforded the British to col- lect much provision, of which he \_sic\ stood sorely in need." The British officers also shared the same opinion. Fraser and Riedesel severely criticised the order, telling its author in plain terms that "he did not know how to avail himself of his advantages." Nor was this feeling confined to the officers. The privates gave vent to their dissatisfaction against their general in loud expressions of scorn as he rode down the line. This reaction was the more striking be- cause they had placed the utmost confidence in his capacity at the beginning of the expedition. They were, also, still more confirmed in their dislike by the general belief that he was addicted to drinking. Night put an end to the conflict. The Americans withdrew within their lines, and the British and Ger- man forces bivouacked on the battle-field, the Bruns. wickers composing in part the right wing. Both parties claimed the victory ; yet as the intention of the Americans was not to advance, but to maintain their position, and that of the English not to main- 24 Introduction. tain theirs, but to gain ground, it is easy to see which had the advantage of the day, The loss of the former was between 300 and 400, including Colonels Adams and Coburn, and of the latter from 600 to 1000, Captain Jones, of the artillery, an officer of great merit, being among the killed. General Burgoyne resolved after the engagement to advance no further for the present, but to await the arrival at Albany of Sir Henry Clinton, who had promised to attempt the ascent of the Hudson for his relief. Accordingly, on the following day (the 2Oth), he made the site of the late battle his ex- treme right, and extended his intrenchments across the high ground to the river. For the defense of the right wing, a redoubt (known as the " Great Re- doubt") was thrown up in the late battle-field, near the corner of the woods that had been occupied by the Americans during the action, on the eastern edge of the ravine. The defense of this position was in- trusted to the corps of Eraser. The reserve corps of Breyman was posted on an eminence on the western side of the ravine, for the protection of the right flank of Eraser's division. The right wing of the English brigade (Hamilton's) was placed in close proximity to the left wing of Eraser, thus extending the line on the left to the river-bank (Wilbur's Basin), where were placed the hospitals and supply trains. The entire front was protected by a deep muddy ditch running 900 paces in front of the outposts of the left wing. This ditch ran in a curve around the right wing of the English Introduction. 25 brigade, thereby separating- Eraser's corps from the main body. General Burgoyne made his headquar- ters between the English and German troops, on the heights at the left wing. This was the new camp at " Freeman's Farm." During the period of inaction which now inter- vened, a part of the army, says the private journal of one of the German officers, was so near its an- tagonist that " we could hear his morning and evening guns, his drums, and other noises in his camp very distinctly ; but we knew not, in the least, where he stood, nor how he was posted, much less how strong he was." " Undoubtedly," naively adds the journal/' a rare case in such a situation." Meanwhile the work of fortifying the camp was continued. A place cfarmes was laid out in front of the regiments, and fortified with heavy batteries. Dur- ing the night of the 2ist, considerable shouting was heard in the American camp. This, accompanied by the firing of cannon, led the British to believe that some holiday was being celebrated. Again, in the night of the 23d, more noise was heard in the same direction. " This time, however," says the journal of another officer, " it may have proceeded from work- ing parties, as the most common noise was the rat- tling of chains." On the 28th, a captured cornet, who had been allowed by Gates to return to the British camp for five days, gave an explanation of the shouting heard on the night of the 2ist. This was that General Lincoln had attempted to surprise 4 26 Introduction. Ticonderoga, and, though unsuccessful, had captured four companies of the Fifty-third, together with a ship and one bateau. Thus Burgoyne was indebted to an enemy in his front for information respecting his own posts in his rear. But the action of the igth had essentially dimin- ished his strength, and his situation began to grow critical. His dispatches were intercepted, and his communications with Canada cut off by the seizure of the posts at the head of Lake George. The pick- ets were more and more molested ; the army was weakened by the sick and wounded, and the enemy swarmed on its rear and flanks, threatening the strong- est positions. In fact, the army was as good as cut off from its outposts, while, in consequence of its close proximity to the American camp, the soldiers had but little rest. The nights, also, where rendered hideous by the howls of large packs of wolves that were attracted by the partially buried bodies of those slain in the action of the igth. On the ist of Octo- ber a few English soldiers who were digging potatoes in a field a short distance in the rear of headquarters, and within the camp, were surprised by the enemy, who suddenly issued from the woods and carried off the men in the very faces of their comrades. There were now only sufficient rations for sixteen days, and foraging parties, necessarily composed of a large number of men, were sent out daily. At length Burgoyne was obliged to cut down the ordi- nary rations to a pound of bread and a pound of meat ; Introduction. 2 7 and as he had heard nothing from Clinton, he became seriously alarmed. Accordingly, on the evening of the 5th of October, he called a council of war. Riede- sel and Eraser advised an immediate falling back to their old position behind the Battenkil, Phillips de- clined giving an opinion, and Burgoyne reserved his decision until he had made a reconnoissance in force " to gather forage and ascertain definitely the posi- tion of the enemy, and whether it would be advisable to attack him." Should the latter be the case, he would, on the day following the reconnoissance, ad- vance on the Americans with his entire army ; but if not, he would march back to the Battenkil. At ten o'clock on the morning of October 7, liquor and rations having been previously issued to the army, Burgoyne, with 1500 men, eight cannon, and two how- itzers, started on his reconnaissance accompanied by Generals Riedesel, Phillips, and Eraser. The Cana- dians and Indians were sent ahead to make a diversion in the rear of the Continentals, but they were speedily discovered, and after a brisk skirmish of half an hour, driven back. The British advanced in three columns toward the left wing of the American position, en- tered a wheat field about 200 rods southwest of the site of the action of the igth, deployed into line, and began cutting up wheat for forage. The grenadiers, under Major Ackland, and the artillery, under Major Williams, were stationed upon a gentle eminence. The light infantry, skirted by a low ridge of land, and under the Earl of Balcarras, was placed on the ex- 28 Introduction. treme right. The "centre was composed of British and German troops under Phillips and Riedesel. In advance of the right wing General Fraser had com- mand of a detachment of 500 picked men. The movement having been seasonably discovered, the centre advanced guard of the Americans beat to arms. Colonel Wilkinson, Gate's adjutant-general, being at head-quarters at the moment, was dispatched to ascer- tain the cause of the alarm. He proceeded to within sixty rods of the enemy, and, returning, informed General Gates that they were foraging, attempting also to reconnoitre the American left, and likewise, in his opinion, offering battle. "What is the nature of the ground, and what your opinion ? " asked Gates. "Their front is open," Wilkinson replied, "and their flanks rest on woods, under cover of which they may be attacked ; their right is skirted by a height. I would indulge them." " Well, then," rejoined Gates, order on Morgan to begin the game." At his own suggestion, however, Morgan was allowed to gain the ridge on the enemy's right by a circuitous course, while Poor's and Learned's brigades should attack his left. The movement was admirably executed. At half past two o'clock in the afternoon, the New York and New Hampshire troops marched steadily up the slope of the knoll on which the British grenadiers and the artillery under Ackland and Williams were stationed. Poor had given them orders not to fire until after the first discharge of the enemy, and for Introduction. 29 a moment there was an awful stillness, each party seeming to bid defiance to the other. At length the artillerymen and grenadiers began the action by a shower of grape and musket-balls, which had no other effect than to break the branches of the trees over the heads of the Americans, who, having thus re- ceived the signal, rushed forward, firing, and opening to the right and left. Then again forming on the flanks of the grenadiers, they mowed them down at every shot, until the top of the hill was gained. Here a bloody and hand-to-hand struggle ensued, which lasted about thirty minutes, when, Ackland, being badly hurt, the grenadiers gave way, leaving the ground thickly strewn with their dead and wounded. In this dreadful conflict one field-piece that had been taken and re-taken five times, finally fell into the hands of the Americans. Soon after Poor began the attack on the grena- diers, a flanking party of British was discerned ad- vancing through the woods upon which Colonel Cilley was ordered to intercept them. As he approached near to a brush fence the enemy rose from behind and fired, but so hurriedly that only a few balls took effect. The officer in command then ordered his men to " fix bayonets, and charge the damned rebels." Colonel Cilley, who heard this order, replied, " It takes two to play that game. Charge, and we'll try it ! " His regiment charged at the word, and firing a volley in the faces of the British, caused them to flee, leaving many of their number dead upon the field. 30 Introduction. As soon as the action began on the British left, Morgan, true to his purpose, poured down like a tor- rent from the ridge that skirted the flanking party of Fraser, and attacked them so vigorously as to force them back to their lines; then, by a rapid movement to the left, he fell upon the flank of the British right with such impetuosity that it wavered and seemed on the point of giving way. At this critical moment, Major Dearborn arrived on the field with two regi- ments of New England troops, and delivered so gall- ing a fire upon the British that they broke and fled in wild confusion. They were, however, quickly rallied by Balcarras behind a fence in rear of their first position, and led again into action. The Conti- nentals next threw their entire force upon the centre, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Specht with 300 men. Specht, whose left flank had been exposed by the retreating of the grenadiers, ordered the two regiments of Rhetz and Hesse-Hanan to form a curve, and, supported by the artillery, thus covered his flank, which was in imminent danger. He main- tained himself long and bravely in this precarious situ- ation, and would have stood his ground still longer had he not been separated from Balcarras in conse- quence of the latter, through a misunderstanding of Burgoyne's orders, taking up another position with his light infantry. Thus Specht's right flank was as much exposed as his left. The brunt of the action now fell on the Germans, who alone had to sustain the impetuous onset of the Americans. Introduction. 3 1 Brigadier-General Eraser, who, up to this time, had been stationed on the right, noticed the critical situa- tion of the centre, and hurried to its succor with the Twenty-fourth Regiment. Conspicuously mounted on an iron-gray horse, he was all activity and vigilance, riding from one part of the division to another, and animating the troops by his example. Perceiving that the fate of the day rested upon that officer, Morgan, who with his riflemen, was immediately op- posed to Eraser's corps, took a few of his sharp- shooters aside, among whom was the celebrated marksman " Tim " Murphy men on whose precision of aim he could rely and said to them, " That gal- lant officer yonder is General Eraser. I admire and respect him, but it is necessary for our good that he should die. Take your station in that cluster of bushes and do your duty." Within a few moments a rifle-ball cut the crupper of Eraser's horse, and another passed through his horse's mane. Calling his atten- tion to this, Eraser's aid said, " It is evident that you are marked out for particular aim ; would it not be prudent for you to retire from this place ? " Eraser replied, " My duty forbids me to fly from danger." The next moment he fell mortally wounded by a ball from the rifle of Murphy, and was carried off the field by two grenadiers. Upon the fall of Eraser, dismay seized the British, while a corresponding elation took possession of the Americans, who, being reinforced at this juncture by General Tenbroeck with 3000 New York militia, 32 Introduction. pressed forward with still greater vehemence. Up to this time Burgoyne had been in the thickest of the fight, and now, finding himself in danger of being surrounded, he abandoned his artillery, and ordered a retreat to the " Great Redoubt." This retreat took place exactly fifty-two minutes after the first shot was fired, the enemy leaving all the cannon on the field, except the two howitzers, with a loss of more than 400 men, and among them the flower of his officers, viz., Fraser, Ackland, Williams, Sir Francis Clarke, and many others. The retreating British troops had scarcely entered their lines, when Arnold, notwithstanding he had been refused a command by Gates, placed himself at the head of the Continentals, and, under a terrific fire of grape and musket-balls, assaulted their works from right to left. Mounted on a dark brown horse, he moved incessantly at a full gallop over the field, giv- ing orders in every direction ; sometimes in direct opposition to those of the commander, at others leading a platoon in person, and exposing himself to the hottest fire of the enemy. " He behaved;" says Samuel Woodruff, a sergeant in the battle, in a letter to the late Colonel Stone, " more like a madman than a cool and discreet officer;" But if it were " mad- ness," judging from its effect there was " method in it." With a part of Patterson's and Glover's brigades, he attacked, with the ferocity of a tiger, the " Great Redoubt," and encountering the light infantry of Bal- carras, drove it at the point of the bayonet from a In tro duct ion. 3 3 strong abatis into the redoubt itself. Then spurring boldly on, exposed to the cross-fire of the two armies, he darted to the extreme right of the British camp. This right-flank defense of the enemy was occupied by the Brunswick troops under Breyman, and con- sisted of a breastwork of rails piled horizontally be- tween perpendicular pickets, and extended 200 yards across an open field to some high ground on the right, where it was covered by a battery of two guns. The interval from the left of this defense to the " Great Redoubt" was intrusted to the care of the Canadian Provincials. In front of the rail breastwork the ground declined in a gentle slope of 120 yards, when it sunk abruptly. The Americans had formed a line under this declivity, and, covered breast-high, were warmly engaged with the Germans, when, about sun- set, Learned came up with his brigade in open col- umn, with Colonel Jackson's regiment, then in com- mand of Lieutenant-Governor Brooks, in front. On his approach he inquired where he could "put zWwith most advantage." A slack fire was just then ob- served in that part of the enemy's line between the Germans and light infantry, where were stationed the Canadian Provincials, and Learned was accord- ingly requested to incline to the right, and attack that point. This slack fire was owing to the fact that the larger part of the Canadian companies belonging to the skirmishing expedition of the morning were absent from their places, part of them being in the u Great 5 34 Introduction. Redoubt," and the others not having returned to their position. Had they been in their places, it would have been impossible, Riedesel thinks, for the left flank of Breyman to have been surrounded. Be this as it may, on the approach of Learned the Canadians fled, leaving the German flank uncovered, and at the same moment Arnold, arriving from his attack on the " Great Redoubt," took the lead of Learned's brig- ade, and passing through the opening left by the Canadians, attacked the Brunswickers on their left flank and rear with such success that the chivalric Breyman was killed, and they themselves force to re- treat, leaving the key of the British position in the hands of the Americans. Lieutenant-Colonel Specht, in the " Great Redoubt," hearing of this disaster, hastily rallied four officers and fifty men, and started in the growing dusk to retake the intrenchment. Un- acquainted with the road, he met a pretended royal- ist in the woods, who promised to lead him to Brey- man's corps ; but his guide treacherously delivered him into the hands of the Americans, by whom he and the four officers were captured. The advantage thus gained was retained by the Americans, and darkness put an end to an action equally brilliant and important to the Continental arms. Great numbers of the enemy were killed, and 200 prisoners taken. Burgoyne himself narrowly escaped, one ball having passed through his hat, and another having torn his waistcoat. The American loss was inconsiderable. Introduction. 35 In their final retreat the Brunswickers turned and delivered a parting volley, which killed Arnold's horse and wounded the general in the same leg that had been injured by a musket ball at the storming of Quebec two years previously. It was at this moment, while he was striving to extricate himself from his saddle, that Major Armstrong rode up and delivered to him an order from Gates, to return to camp, fearing he "might do some rash thing." " He indeed," says Mr. Lossing, " did a rash thing in the eyes of military discipline ; he led troops to victory without an order from his commander." " It is a curious fact," says Sparks, "that an officer who really had not command in the army was the leader of one of the most spirited and important battles of the Revolution. His mad- ness, or rashness, or whatever it may called, resulted most fortunately for himself. The wound he received at the moment of rushing into the very arms of dan- ger and death added fresh lustre to his military glory, and was a new claim to public favor and applause." In the heat of the action he struck an officer on the head with his sword and wounded him an indignity which might justly have been retaliated on the spot, and in the most fatal manner. The officer did, in- deed, raise his gun to shoot him, but he forbore, and the next day, when he demanded redress, Arnold de- clared his entire ignorance of the act, and expressed his regret. Wilkinson ascribed his rashness to intoxi- cation, but Major Armstrong, who, with Samuel Woodruff, assisted in removing him from the field, 36 Introduction. was satisfied that this was not the case. Others as- cribed it to opium. This, however, is conjecture, un- sustained by proofs of any kind, and consequently improbable. His vagaries may, perhaps, be suffi- ciently explained by the extraordinary circumstances of wounded pride, anger, and desperation in which he was placed. But his actions were certainly rash when compared with " the stately method of the comman- der-in-chief, who directed by orders from his camp what his presence should have sanctioned in the field." Indeed, the conduct of Gates does not compare favorably either with that of his own generals or of his opponent. While Arnold and Burgoyne were in the hottest of the fight, boldly facing danger, and almost meeting face to face, Gates, according to the state- ment of his adjutant-general, was discussing the merits of the Revolution with Sir Francis Clarke, Burgoyne's aid-de-camp who, wounded and a pris- oner, was lying upon the commander's bed seem- ingly more intent upon winning the verbal than the actual battle. A few days afterward Sir Francis died. Gates has been suspected of a lack of personal courage. He certainly looked forward to a possible retreat, and while he can not be censured for guard- ing against every emergency, he was not animated by the spirit which led Cortez to burn his ships behind him. At the beginning of the battle, Quartermaster- General Lewis was directed to take eight men with him to the field, to convey to Gates information from time to time concerning the progress of the action. Introduction. 3 7 At the same time the baggage trains were loaded up, ready to move at a moment's warning. The first information that arrived represented the British troops to exceed the Americans, and the trains were ordered to move on ; but by the time they were under motion, more favorable news was received, and the order was countermanded. Thus they continued alternately to move on and halt, until the joyful news, "The British have retreated!" rang through the camp, and reaching the attentive ears of the teams- ters, they all, with one accord, swung their hats and gave three long and loud cheers. The glad tidings spread so swiftly that, by the time the victorious troops had returned to their quarters, the American camp was thronged with inhabitants from the sur- rounding country, and presented a scene of the greatest exultation. From the foregoing account it will be seen that the term, " Battle of Bemus Heights," used to desig- nate the action of October 7, is erroneous and calcu- lated to mislead. The maps show that the second engagement began on ground 200 rods southwest of the site of the first (known as the " Battle of Free- man's Farm"), and ended on the same ground on which that action was fought. The only interest, in fact, that attaches to Bemus Heights fully one mile and a quarter south of the battle-ground is that they were the headquarters of Gates during and a short time previous to the battle. This action is called variously the " Battle of Bemus Heights" and 38 Introduction. "Saratoga." Properly, the two engagements should be designated as the " First and Second Battles of Saratoga." On the morning of the 8th, before daybreak, Bur- goyne left his position, now utterly untenable, and defiled to the meadows by the river, where were his supply trains ; but was obliged to delay his retreat until the evening, because his hospital could not be sooner removed. He wished also to avail himself of the darkness. The Americans immediately moved forward and took possession of the abandoned camp. Burgoyne having concentrated his forces upon some heights, which were strong by nature, and covered by a ravine running parallel with the intrenchments of his late camp, a random fire of artillery and small- arms was kept up through the day, particularly on the part of the German chasseurs and the Provin- cials. These, stationed in coverts of the ravine, kept up an annoying fire upon every one crossing their line of vision, and it was by a shot from one of these lurking parties that General Lincoln received a severe wound in the leg while riding near the line. It was evident, from the movements of the British, that they were preparing to retreat; but the American troops, having, in the delirium of joy consequent upon their victory, neglected to draw and eat their rations - being withal not a little fatigued with the two days' exertions, fell back to their camp, which had been left standing in the morning. Retreat was, indeed, the only alternative left to the British commander, Introduction* 39 since it was now quite certain that he could not cut his way through the American army, and his supplies were reduced to a short allowance for five days. Meanwhile, in addition to the chagrin of defeat, a deep gloom pervaded the British camp. The gallant and beloved Fraser the life and soul of the army- lay dying in the little house on the river bank occu- pied by Baroness Riedesel. That lady has described this scene with such unaffected pathos that we give it in her own words, simply premising that on the previous day she had expected Burgoyne, Phillips and Fraser to dine with her after their return from the reconnoissance. She says : " About four o'clock in the afternoon, instead of the guests who were to have dined with us, they brought in to me upon a litter poor General Fraser, mortally wounded. Our dining-table, which was already spread, was taken away, and in its place they fixed up a bed for the general. I sat in a corner of the room, trembling and quaking. The noises grew continually louder. The thought that they might bring in my husband in the same manner was to me dreadful, and tormented me incessantly. The general said to the surgeon, l Do not conceal any thing from me. Must I die?' The ball had gone through his bowels, precisely as in the case of Major Harnage. Unfortunately, however, the general had eaten a hearty breakfast, by reason of which the intestines were distended, and the ball had gone through them. I heard him often, amidst his groans, exclaim, ' O 4o Introduction. fatal ambition ! Poor General Burgoyne ! My poor wife ! ' Prayers were read to him. He then sent a message to General Burgoyne, begging that he would have him buried the following day at six o'clock in the evening, on the top of a hill which was a sort of a redoubt. I knew no longer which way to turn. The whole entry was filled with the sick, who were suffering with camp sickness a kind of dysentery. I spent the night in this manner : at one time com- forting Lady Ackland, whose husband was wounded and a prisoner, and at another looking after my children, whom I had put to bed. As for myself, I could not go to sleep, as I had General Eraser and all the other gentlemen in my room, and was con- stantly afraid that my children would wake up and cry, and thus disturb the poor dying man, who often sent to beg my pardon for making me so much trouble. About three o'clock in the morning they told me that he could not last much longer. I had desired to be apprised of the approach of this moment. I accordingly wrapped up the children in the cover- ings, and went with them into the entry. Early in morning, at eight o'clock, he died. "After they had washed the corpse, they wrapped it in a sheet and laid it on a bedstead. We then again came into the room, and had this sad sight before us the whole day. At every instant, also, wounded officers of my acquaintance arrived, and the cannonade again began. A retreat was spoken of, but there was not the least movement made toward Introduction. 4 1 it. About four o'clock in the afternoon I saw the new house which had been built for me, in flames ; the enemy, therefore, were not far from us. We learned that General Burgoyne intended to fulfil the last wish of General Eraser, and to have him buried at six o'clock in the place designated by him. This occasioned an unnecessary delay, to which a part of the misfortune of the army was owing. " Precisely at six o'clock the corpse was brought out, and we saw the entire body of generals with their retinues assisting at the obsequies. The English chaplain, Mr. Brudenell, performed the funeral services. The cannon-balls flew continually around and over the party. The American general, Gates, afterward said that if he had known that it was a burial, he would not have allowed any firing in that direction. Many cannon-balls also flew not far from me, but I had my eyes fixed upon the hill, where I distinctly saw my husband in the midst of the enemy's fire, and therefore I could not think of my own danger." " Certainly," says General Riedesel, in his journal, "it was a real military funeral one that was unique of its kind." General Burgoyne has himself described this funeral with his usual eloquence and felicity of ex- pression : " The incessant cannonade during the solemnity ; the steady attitude and unaltered voice with which the chaplain officiated, though frequently covered with dust, which the shot threw up on all sides of him ; the mute but expressive mixture of 6 42 Introduction. sensibility and indignation upon every countenance -these objects will remain to the last of life upon the mind of every man who was present. The grow- ing duskiness added to the scenery, and the whole marked a character of that juncture that would make one of the finest subjects for the pencil of a master that the field ever exhibited. To the canvass, and to the faithful page of a more important historian, gal- lant friend ! I consign thy memory. There may thy talents, thy manly virtues, their progress and their period, find due distinction ; and long may they sur- vive, long after the frail record of my pen shall be forgotten ! " As soon as the funeral services were finished and the grave closed, an order was issued that the army should retreat as soon as darkness had set in ; and the commander who, in the beginning of the campaign, had vauntingly uttered in general orders that memor- able sentiment, " Britons never go back," was now compelled to steal away in the night, leaving his hospital, containing upward of 400 sick and wounded, to the mercy of a victorious and hitherto despised enemy. Gates in this, as in all other instances, ex- tended to his adversary the greatest humanity. The army began its retrograde movement at nine o'clock on the evening of the 8th, in the midst of a pouring rain, Riedesel leading the van, and Phillips bringing up the rear with the advanced corps. In this retreat the same lack of judgment on the part of Burgoyne is apparent. Had that general, as Introduction. 43 Riedesel and PhiHips advised, fallen immediately back across the Hudson, and taken up his former position behind the Battenkil, not only would his communications with Lake George and Canada have been restored, but he could at his leisure have awaited the movements of Clinton. Burgoyne, how- ever, having arrived at Dovogat two hours before daybreak on the morning of the Qth, gave the order to halt, greatly to the surprise of his whole army. "Every one," says the journal of Reidesel, "was, notwithstanding, even then of the opinion that the army would make but a short stand, merely for its better concentration, as all saw that haste was of the utmost necessity, if they would get out of a dangerous trap." At this time the heights of Saratoga, com- manding the ford across Fish Creek, were not yet occupied by the Americans in force, and up to seven o'clock in the morning the retreating army might easily have reached that place and thrown a bridge across the Hudson. General Fellows, who, by the orders of Gates, occupied the heights at Saratoga opposite the ford, was in an extremely critical situa- tion. On the night of the 8th, Lieutenant-Colonel Sutherland, who had been sent forward to reconnoitre, crossed Fish Creek, and, guided by General Fel- lows's fires, found his camp so entirely unguarded that he marched round it without being hailed. He then returned, and, reporting to Burgoyne, entreated permission to attack Fellows with his regiment, but was refused. " Had not Burgoyne halted at Dovo- 44 Introduction. gat," says Wilkinson, "he must have reached Sara- toga before day, in which case Fellows would have been cut up, and captured or dispersed, and Bur- goyne's retreat to Fort George would have been unobstructed. As it was, however, Burgoyne's army reached Saratoga just as the rear of our militia was ascending the opposite bank of the Hudson, where they took post and prevented its passage." Bur- goyne, however, although within half an hour's march of Saratoga, gave the surprising order that " the army should bivouac in two lines and await the day." Mr. Bancroft ascribes this delay to the fact that Burgoyne "was still clogged with his artillery and baggage, and that the night was dark, and the road weakened by rain." But, according to the universal testimony of all the manuscript journals extant, the road, which up to this time was sufficiently strong for the passage of the baggage and artillery trains, be- came, during the halt, so bad by the continued rain that when the army again moved, at four o'clock in the afternoon, it was obliged to leave behind the tents and camp equipage, which fell most opportunely into the hands of the Americans. Aside, however, from this, it is a matter of record that the men, through their officers, pleaded with Burgoyne to be allowed to proceed notwithstanding the storm and darkness, while the officers themselves pronounced the delay " madness." But whatever were the motives of the English general, this delay lost him his army, and, perhaps, the British crown her American colonies. Introduction, 45 During the halt at Dovogat's, there occurred one of those incidents which relieve with fairer lights and softer tints the gloomy picture of war. Lady Harriet Ackland had, like the Baroness Riedesel, accom- panied her husband to America, and gladly shared with him the vicissitudes of campaign life. Major Ackland was a rough, blunt man, but a gallant soldier and devoted husband, and she loved him dearly. Ever since he had been wounded and taken prisoner his wife had been greatly distressed, and it had re- quired all the comforting attentions of the baroness to reassure her. As soon as the army halted, by the advice of the latter, she determined to visit the American camp and implore the permission of its commander to join her husband, and by her presence alleviate his sufferings. Accordingly, on the gth, she requested permission of Burgoyne to depart. " Though I was ready to believe," says that general, " that patience and fortitude in a supreme degree were to be found, as well as every other virtue, under the most tender forms, I was astonished at this pro- posal. After so long an agitation of spirits, exhausted not only for want of rest, but absolutely want of food, drenched in rains for twelve hours together, that a woman should be capable of such an undertaking as delivering herself to an enemy, probably in the night, and uncertain of what hands she might fall into, ap- peared an effort above human nature. The assist- ance I was enabled to give was small indeed. All I could furnish to her was an open boat, and a few 46 Introduction. lines, written upon dirty, wet paper, to General Gates, recommending her to his protection."* In the midst of a driving autumnal storm, Lady Ackland set out at dusk, in an open boat, for the American camp, accompanied by Mr. Brudenell the chaplain, her waiting-maid, and her husband's valet. At ten o'clock they reached the American advanced guard, under the command of Major Henry Dear- born. Lady Ackland herself hailed the sentinel, and as soon as the bateau struck the shore, the party were immediately conveyed into the log-cabin of the major, who had been ordered to detain the flag until the morning, the night being exceedingly dark, and the quality of the lady unknown. Major Dearborn gal- lantly gave up his room to his guest, a fire was kindled, and a cup of tea provided, and as soon as Lady Ack- land made herself known, her mind was relieved from its anxiety by the assurance of her husband's safety. "I visited," says Adjutant-General Wilkinson, "the guard before sunrise. Lady Ackland's boat had put off, and was floating down the stream to our camp, where General Gates, whose gallantry will not be denied, stood ready to receive her with all the ten- derness and respect to which her rank and condition gave her a claim. Indeed, the feminine figure, the benign aspect, and polished manners of this charm- ing woman were alone sufficient to attract the sym- h These " lines " are preserved in the archives of the New York Historical Society. Introduction. 47 pathy of the most obdurate ; but if another motive could have been wanting to inspire respect, it was furnished by the peculiar circumstances of Lady Har- riet, then in that most delicate situation which can not fail to interest the solicitudes of every being pos- sessing the form and feelings of a man." On the evening of the gth the main portion of the drenched and weary army forded Fish Creek, waist deep, and bivouacked in a wretched position in the open air on the opposite bank. Burgoyne remained on the south side of the creek, with Hamilton's bri- gade as a guard, and passed the night in the mansion of General Schuyler. The officers slept on the ground with no other covering than oil cloth. Nor did their wives fare better. " I was wet," says the Baroness Riedesel, "through and through by the frequent rains, and was obliged to remain in this condition the entire night, as I had no place whatever where I could change my linen. I therefore seated myself before a good fire and undressed my children, after which we laid down together upon some straw. I asked General Phillips, who came up to where we were, why we did not continue our retreat while there was yet time, as my husband had pledged himself to cover it, and bring the army through. ' Poor woman,' an- swered he, ' I am amazed at you. Completely wet through, have you still the courage to wish to go further in this weather? Would that you were our commanding general ! He halts because he is tired, and intends to spend the night here, and give us a 48 Introduction. supper.' " Burgoyne, however, would not think of a further advance that night ; and while his army were suffering from cold and hunger, and every one was looking forward to the immediate future with appre- hension, "the illuminated mansion of General Schuy- ler," says the Brunswicky MY DEAR MR. STONE. You asked me some time since for an autograph of Lady H. Acland. I Letters front the Earl of Carnarvon. 337 could not then find one that I cared to send you ; but I have since come upon a volume with her name in it, which I send you with this letter. I do not have it bound as I think you will prefer to have it exactly as she left it, in its old fashioned boards and with the leaves doubtless cut by her own hand. The subject of the book is characteristic of her [the title was *' Lectures on the Gospel of St. Matthew," by Rev. Dr. Porteus, the favorite bishop of London of George IV], for she was a very re- ligious person and devoted much of her time to the religious literature of the day. It will give me very great pleasure if you will accept this little recollection of one whom I honor so much and whose memory it rejoices me to think is cherished on the other side of the Atlantic. Believe me, my dear sir, Yours very faithfully, CARNARVON. 43 ERRATA. Paige 189, 3d line from bottom, for " Breyton " read " Breymann." Page 195, 1 3th line from bottom, for "extracted" read " extricated." Page 195, 5th line from bottom, for "covered" read " carried." Page 201, I4th line from top, for "Greek" read " Creek." Page 300, 9th line from bottom, for "Samuel" read " Simon." INDEX ABERCROMBIE, Gen., 163. Acland, Maj., 28, 224. Acland, Lady, 40,46, 126, 172 Adams, Col., 135, 194. Adams, John Q., 157. Albany, 219, 248, 331. Anbury, Lt, 57, 131. Anne, Queen, 103. Anstruther, Col., 192. Anthony's Kill, 64. Armstrong, Gen., 35. Arnold, Gen., 7, 18, 32, 35, 68, 151, 163, 190, 228, 265. Ayers, Robt., 206. BAILEY, Gen., 248. Balcarras, Earl of, 27, 127, 135. i5 6 ! 95, 203. Ballston Spa, in, 232. Bancroft, 44, 258, 295. Baron de Tott, 230. Battenkill Creek, 15, 27, 175, 202, 249. Baum, Col., 14 Bear Swamp, 98. Bemus, Jotham, and his descendants, 316. Bemus Heights, 37, 66, 115, 144, 164, 171, 222, 257,320,322; Point, 323. Bemus Tavern, 164, 309. Bennington, 15, 70, 102, 167. Biddle, Capt., 295. Bird, Col., 127. Bloody Pond, 184. Boardman, Sergeant, 245. Boswell, Sir Alex., 235. Brant (Thayendanegea), 278. Brent, Hon. Rich., in, 246. Breymann, Col., 14, 185, 247, 287. Breymann's Hill, 70, 314. Brickett, Gen., 254. Brooks, Gov., 33, 191, 247. Brudenell, Chaplain, 41. Brunswick Journal, 48. Brunswick Dragoons, 15. Bryan, Alex., 283. 340 Index. Buel,.Maj., a guide, no, 142, 150, 237. Bullard, Gen. E. F., 7, 242, 286. Burgoyne, Gen, 13, 19, 36, 59, 78, 92, 101, 119, 125, 136, 143, 150, 1 60; map of, 324, 348. Burgoyne, Sir John, 84. Burgoyne Ballads, 9, 81, 1 60, 1 70. CARLETON, Gen., 75. Carnarvon, Earl, 126, 335. Chadwick, Dr. E. 227. Champlain, Lake, 13, 79, ^ 104, 175. Charlottesville, Va., 161. Cilley, Col., 7, 144. Cilley, Jonathan, 146, 155, 169, 193. Clark, Sir Francis, 32, 113, 117. 131, 185. Clinton, Sir Henry, 17,24, 56, 1 12, 218, 222. Cochran, Col., 49. Cohoes Falls, 63, 91. Colburn, Col., 135. Condon, Michael, 106. Continentals, The, 222. Convention Troops, 2^0. r- r- Lonway, Gen., 121. Cook, Col. Thaddeus, 1 28 Cook, Ransom, 206. (^ooke, Joseph G., 154. Cornwallis, Gen. 63. Cortlandt, Gen. Van, 143. Cross, S. O., 278. Crown Point, 13, 163. Cummings, Rev. Hooper, DEARBORN, Gen., 7, 30, 46, '55 172, 243. D'Estaing, Count, 164. DePeyster, Gen. J. Watts, 7, 70, 25 7, criticised, 265; 272, 277, 287. De Ridder, J. H., 300. De Ridder, Killian, 299. De Ridder, Simon, 300,332. De Ridder, Walter, 300. Dieskau, Baron, 215. Dovogat's House, 19, 43, 201, 305. Draper, Lyman C., 239. Durham, Capt., 285, 328. Dwight, Theodore, 88, 141. Dwight, Theo. W., 106. Dwight, Timothy, 105. EASTMAN'S Life of Stark, , 130, 145- Eastman, Hon. Samuel C., 1 1. Ehlers, M. L., 228. Elliott, Hon. Jno., 134. English, William Alex., 133- Index. FELLOWS, Col., 43, 52, 179. Fish Creek, 17, 43, 52, 72, 107, 132, 174, 201, 213, 250, 260, 326. Forbes, Maj., 193. Fort Anne, 14, 136, 275. Fort Edward, 14, 17,65, 150, 164, 184, 218, 248, 277. Fort George, 52, 164. Fort Hardy, 134, 204, 215. Fort Independence, 164. Fort Miller, 180, 259, 278, 283. Fort Neilson, 320. Fort Stanwix, 18, 232. Fort Ticonderoga, 13, 29, 55- 79. J 35, 163- Fort William Henry, 184. Francis, Col., 135. Franklin, 10, 76. Fraser, Gen., 14, 19, 31, 41, no, 130, 143, 173, ^198, 223. Freeman's Farm, 25, 37, 67, 116, 166, 191, 2ii, 224. Furnival, Col., 248. GALL, Gen., 55. Gansevoort, Gen., 232. Gates, Gen., 10, 18,35,46, 56, 62, 68, 78, 102, 116, 121, 152, 159, 164, 285. George, Lake, 14, 26, 56, 164, 170. Germaine, Lord, 137. Glover, Gen., 32, 49, 241, _ 254, 296. Gordon, quoted, 189, 221. Grant, Gen., 81. Graves, Wm., 146. HAINS, Moses, 275. Half-Moon Point, 63, 213. Hamilton, Gen., 14. Hanson, H. B., 304. Hardy, Gov., 215. Hardin, Lt. Jno., 285. Harnage, Maj., 39. Heath, Gen., 70. Hessians, 14, 158, 241, 294. 3i5- Howe, Lord, 163. Hoyt, Gen. E., 182. Hubbardton, 130. Hudson River, 7, 17, 77, 107, 215, 229, 259. Hull, Maj., 194. JACK-BOOT, Hessian, 15. Jackson's Regiment, 33, 190. Jefferson, Randall's Life of, 60. Johnson, Sir William, 2'5- Johnson, Sir John, 228, 278. 342 Index. K ETC HUM'S Tavern, 197. King's Mountain, 84. Kingsbridge, 157. Knapp, Sam. L., 1 7. Knox, Gen., 182. Kosciusko's Garden, 1 7. LANSING, Mrs. Abraham, 233- Lansingburgh, 213. Lazell, Sergeant, 245. Learned, Gen., 7, 28, 189, 204. Lee, Gen. Robt. E., 81. Lee's Memoirs, 119. Leggett, Ebenezer, 133, i5 6 , 193- Lester, Chas. S., 154. Lester, C. C., 154. Lester, Willard, 154. Lincoln, Gen., 25, 38, 70, 240, 248. Lincoln, Abraham, 228. Lossing, quoted, 35, 92. Loudon, Lord, 80. Lovelace, Thos., 76, 284. McCREA, Jane, 170, 184. McCrea, Col. John, 319. McLane, Lt., 244. Madison, Gov., 61. Markham, Clements R., 273- Markham, J. C., 264, 273. Marshall, Mrs. Jane, 306. Marshall House, 177,249. Marvin, Hon. Jas. M., 312. Mayhew, Chas. W., 79, 300. Mayhew, Thomas, 300. Mersereau, Wm. S. , n. Millard, Mrs. Jane, 306. Millard, Nelson, 307. Millard, Ira, 307. Mohawk River, 63, 87. Money, Capt., 136. Monmouth, Battle of, 145. Montgomery, Gen., 249. Mooers, Benj., 254. Morgan, Col., 7, 28, 49, in, 119, 136, 152, 185, 208, 224, 240, 265. Moseley, Col., 249. Munchausen, Baron, 230. Murphy, " Tim," 7, 31, 246. NEILSON, 17, 92, 117, 158, .185. Nixon, Gen., 49, 204, 243. PATTERSON, Capt. Sher- man, 249. Patterson, Gen., 32. Philips, Gen., 13, 27, 47, 124, 172, 237. Pond, Daniel B., 1 1. Poor, Gen., 7, 28, 155. Potter, Hon. D. S M 117. Porter, Col. Elisha, 251. Post, Daniel H., 316. Index. 343 Pruyn, Chancellor, 312. Pruyn, Mrs. J. V. L., 312. Pullman, Geo. M , 314. Putnam, Gen. Israel, 231. Putnam, Gen. Rufus, 231. QUAKER Springs, N.Y., 20. Quebec, 249. RIEDESEL, Gen., 14, 22, 126, 173, 201, 225. Riedesel, Madame, 146, 173, 177, 225, 238, 305. Rivington's Gazette, 163, 193. Rochambeau, Count de, 64. Rogers, Gen. Horatio, 10. Rogers, Joseph, 156. Round Rock, 98. SACK, Registrator, 231. St. Clair, Gen., 164. St. Leger, Col., 13. Sandy Hill, N. Y., 143. Saratoga Springs, 141, 235. 270. Saratoga, Old, 71, 100, 149, 165, 175. Saratoga Lake, 93, 97, 262. Saratoga Monument As- sociation, 104, 117, 211, 238, 327- Saratoga Monument, 263, ^ 308, 330. Saratoga Battle Grounds, 105, 236. Scammell, Col., 193. Schenectady, 100. Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 14, 17, 23, 47, 60, 65, 73, 86, 94, 149, 175, 212, 217, 33 1 - Schuyler, John Philip, 76, ^ 86, 100, 104, 332. Schuyler's House and Mills, 134, 216. Schuylerville, N. Y., 1 74. Silliman, Prof., 1 10, 133, 150. Simms, Jeptha R., 246, 284. Skeensborough (VVhite- , hall), 13. Skeene, Col., 287. Slade's History, 289. Slocum, Giles B., 313, 325. Slocum, Elliott T., 327. Smith (Taylor) House, 93, 115- Southerland, Lt.-Col., 43. Specht, Col., 30. Stafford's Bridge, 94, 97. Starin, Hon. John H , 104. Stark, Gen., 16, 76, 164. Stark, Caleb, 163. Stevens, B. F., 1 1. Stevens, Col., 163. 344 Index. Stillwater, 19, 63, 106, 115, 151, 164, 283. Stiles, Prest., 105. Stone, Col. Wm. L., quo- ted, 93, 141, 212, 214. Stone, Wm. L., 2d, 126, 256, 262. Stone, Arthur D., 206. Stone, Russell, 128. Stone, T. L., 128. Squier, Sergeant, 297. Strover, Col. George, 284. Sugar Loaf Hill, 163. Sword's House, 19, 200. Sword, Thos., 200. TARLETON, Col., 123. Tenbroeck, Gen, 32. Tory Hill, 230. Trinity Church, N. Y., 200. Trumbull, Col., Jno., 163. UNITED STATES Flag, His- tory of, 232. VAN ALSTYNE, Jacob, 284. Van Rensselaer, Eliza- beth, 86. Van Schaick Island, 17. WAKEFIELD, Capt, 151. Walker Homestead, 156. Walloomsac, 146. Waltermeyer, the Tory, 331. Walworth, Mrs. E. H., 238, 285, 307, 311. Ward, John, 331. Washington, Gen., 62, 1 20 231, 281. Waterford, N. Y., 162. Wayne, Gen., 163. Webster, Daniel, 157. West, Hon. George, 314. Whipple, Gen., 296. Whitehall, N. Y., 146,326. Wilbur's Basin, 24, 92, 125, 200. Wilkinson, Gen., 7, 27, 1 24, 144, 190, 227, 240. Wilkes, John, 73. Willard's Mountain, 248. Willett, Col. Marinus, 233. Williams' Rock, 184. Williams, Maj., 192, Wilson, Gen. Jas. Grant, 172. Woodworth, Capt. Eph- raim, 320. Wyoming Massacre, 97, YANKEE DOODLE, 80. Yates, Col., 230. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. NOVlt DEC 5 1958 MAY 9 i960 5019 DEC 3 C 196 DEC 3 01964 Form L9 40m-7,'56(C790s4)444 ;pn rsv UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 001 156410 1